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 T54 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
 S01 189944 
 
This book is due on the date indicated 
 below and is subject to an overdue 
 fine as posted at the circulation desk. 
 
 EXCEPTION: Date due will be 
 earlier if this item is RECALLED. 
 
 
 — 150M/01-92-941680 
 
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 >4 
 
SILOS AND ENSILAGE 
 
 THE PRESERVATION 
 
 OF 
 
 Fodder Corn and Other Green Fodder Crops. 
 
 Comprising the Most Recent Information. 
 
 NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION. 
 EDITED BY 
 
 DE. GEOEGE THUEBER, 
 
 OF THE AMERICAN AGKICULTURIST. 
 
 I L L U S T RAT E D 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 0. JUDD CO., DAVID W. JUDD, Pres't, 
 
 751 BROADWAY. 
 1886. 
 
 m- 
 
Entered, accoraiDg to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by the 
 
 O. JUDD CO., 
 
 In the OflSce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 How is the Fodder Preserved. - 9 
 
 Chapter I. 
 The Progress of Ensilage 11 
 
 Chapter II. 
 Raising Fodder Corn for Ensilage 13 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 Location of and Building the Silo - 15 
 
 The Size of the Silo... 19 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 Cutting and Storing the Fodder 20 
 
 The Proper Size to Cut Fodder 20 
 
 Filling the SUo 21 
 
 Covering the Silo 22 
 
 Salt and Straw 22 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 Concrete Silos . ... 23 
 
 Whitman & Burrell on 26 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 European Experiments in Ensilage 27 
 
 Chapter VII. 
 Messrs. Buckley's Experience in Ensilage 36 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 Whitman & Burrell's Silos.. 41 
 
 (3) 
 
 192C 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 Ensilage in Himgaxy 47 
 
 Chapter X. 
 Tlie Ensilage of Brewers' Grains - 51 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 The Ensilage of Other Crops than Com. --. 54 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 The Nutritive Value of Ensilage --. 60 
 
 Chapter XIH. 
 An Above Groimd Silo - 66 
 
 Chapter XIV. 
 ' ' Sour-Fodder " — Primitive Ensilage - - - 69 
 
 Chapter XV. 
 Ensilage in Germany - - - '''S 
 
 Chapter XVI. 
 Sweet Ensilage - 77 
 
 Chapter XVII. 
 
 Experience with Ensilage 80 
 
 Chapter XVIII. 
 
 Supplementary Notes on Ensilage 85 
 
 Increasing the Capacity of a Silo 85 
 
 Ensilage for Poultry 86 
 
 The Chemistry of Ensilage 86 
 
 The Character of the Manure 88 
 
 The Ensilage Congress 88 
 
 Crimson or Scai-let Clover 89 
 
 To Build a Cheap Silo 89 
 
 The Temperature in the Silo 90 
 
 Nomeuclatm-e--- - - 90 
 
PEEFACE TO THE NEW AND ENLARGED 
 EDITION. 
 
 When this work was first published the preservation of 
 green fodder in the silo was new to the majority of Ameri- 
 can farmers. Since then this method has passed beyond 
 its doubtful stage, and the question at present is not 
 so much as to whether it is practicable and profitable to 
 preserve fodder as ensilage, as how to build the best and 
 most economical silos, and the proper treatment of their 
 contents. The object of the first edition was to present 
 in a compact form the essential facts concerning silos and 
 ensilage ; a new edition being called for, such additions 
 have been made as the progress of the method required, 
 and the work is thus materially enlarged as well as es- 
 sentially improved. 
 
 Though the agricultural world is indebted to M. Gof- 
 fart, of France, for first demonstrating the practicability 
 of preserving fodder in the silo upon a large scale, others, 
 especially in this country, have done much to simplify 
 and improve the method. Here, where the principal 
 fodder-crop, maize, attains its greatest perfection, this 
 method of preserving it should prove of the greatest value 
 to our agriculture. Already American ingenuity has pro- 
 duced machines and appliances for facilitating the labor 
 incidental to the method, and the construction of the silo 
 has been greatly simplified. American scientists have 
 increased our knowledge of the chemistry of the silo, and 
 investigations still in progress promise to enable us to 
 control the changes, which occur within the silo more 
 effectively than heretofore. 
 
 Neiu York, June, 1886. 
 (5) 
 
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The method of preserving green crops, especially tliose 
 of fodder com, by means of Ensilage, is one that the 
 wide-awake farmer of the present day can not afford to 
 ignore. The experiments already made in this conntry 
 show that this method of preserving green crops must, 
 it niay be in an Americanized form, be adopted as a part 
 of our system of agriculture. The farmer who looks for 
 information on this subject finds it scattered through 
 the various agricultural journals, or in works which are 
 ostensibly upon Ensilage, but often largely devoted to 
 advertising other matters. 
 
 To bring together the facts concerning Ensilage that 
 are really important to the farmer, scattered through the 
 journals and elsewhere, and to present them in a com- 
 pact form, divested of all irrelevant matter, is the object 
 of the present work, which claims only to be a com- 
 pilation. In the earlier chapters the leading points are 
 presented, and these are illustrated by such accounts of 
 individual experience as seem most appropriate. 
 
 In a compilation like the present, any omission to 
 give credit must be regarded as accidental rather than 
 intentional. 
 
 That this little work may be of aid to those seeking 
 information on the subject of Ensilage is the wish of 
 
 The Editoe. 
 
 (6) 
 
X 
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Within a very few years the term ''Ensilage" has ap- 
 peared in our agricultural journals, meaning the preserv- 
 ing of green fodder by placing it in Silos. In an intro- 
 duction to a work on Silos and Ensilage, it is well to 
 define the meaning of these terms. European writers 
 all give the word "Silo" as derived from the Spanish. 
 It means any underground place for preserving grain, 
 roots, or other farm products. In American usage the 
 term " Ensilage " means the preservation of green fodder, 
 especially corn fodder in Silos. The term of M. Goffart, 
 ^'Ensilage de Mais," has been abbreviated in this country 
 to Ensilage, and is supposed to apply solely to fodder 
 corn thus jn-eserved, unless modified, by naming some other 
 crop, as ensilage of rye, etc. 
 
 In England the terms "Pitting" and the "Potting" 
 of fodder are sometimes used, to mean the same as 
 ensilage. 
 
 Ensilage is used, not only to indicate the process of 
 preserving fodder, but also as a noun, and applied by our 
 writers to the fodder that is thus preserved. 
 
 The process of ensilage consists in packing green corn 
 fodder, or any other succulent fodder, in close pits or 
 receptacles, called Silos. It is essential that the silos be 
 perfectly air-tight. They may be built in either of the 
 methods indicated in this work. They may be entirely 
 above the ground, partly below the surface, or altogether 
 undergi'ound, in the form of a well or pit ; the impor- 
 tant point being to have a thoroughly air-tight receptacle. 
 
 This method, which has come into prominence through 
 the experiments of M. Goffart, of Burtin, France, has 
 
 /)¥ 
 
8 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 long been in use in other countries and for other materi- 
 als. Some twenty years ago the ' 'American Agriculturist " 
 gave an account of a method of preserving clover in Ger- 
 many. In October, 1873, that journal pubHshed an ac- 
 count, by a Hungarian correspondent, of the method of 
 storing fodder com in pits as practised in Hungary. 
 
 In August, 1874, was an account, from the same corre- 
 spondent, of the method of storing beets, and other roots, 
 cut and mixed with chaff, as followed in Hungary. 
 
 In April, 1875, pages 139-40, there was described and 
 illustrated "A Dairy Barn" in Westchester County, 
 N. Y., in which was a pit for the storage of brewers' 
 grains. Several thousand bushels of grains were here 
 kept in good condition for months, simply by excluding 
 the air. 
 
 About this time the presei*vation of gi-een fodder 
 attracted much attention in Belgium and France, and 
 several articles, by farmers and professors in agricultural 
 schools, appeared in the ''Journal d' Agriculture Pra- 
 tique," Paris, the leading agricultural journal of France, 
 giving methods and reporting general success. The im- 
 portant portions of these articles were presented in a 
 condensed form in the "American Agriculturist" for 
 June, 1875, pages 222-223, with six illustrations showing 
 simple pits and extensive receptacles for the fodder, 
 built above ground, with the method of filling, etc. 
 
 In September, 1877, pages 335-336, was described 
 "An American Silo." This gave two illustrations of 
 the pit attached to the Westcliester County, N. Y., 
 bam, described in April, 1875, with hints as to the 
 utilization of such pits for the storing of corn fodder. 
 
 In 1877, M. Auguste Goffart, an eminent French agii- 
 culturist, published at Paris a work on "Ensilage." 
 This was translated by J. B. Brown, of New York, and 
 published in 1879. Besides Goffart's original work, this 
 has an appendix giving several other articles and notes 
 
INTRODUCTION. y 
 
 by that author and several of his countrymen, the expe- 
 rience of Francis Morris, of Maryland, extracts from the 
 ''American Agriculturist," besides a note giving "Con- 
 clusions of the Translator," in which he says: "The 
 first notice of this matter in this country seems to have 
 been made in the 'American Agriculturist' of June, 
 1875." As shown above, Mr. Brown was not exactly 
 right as to the date, though quite correct as to the fact. 
 Prof, M. Miles, then of the Illinois Industrial Uni- 
 versity, in 1875 experimented in the preservation of 
 broom-corn seed. He stored it in pits. Just as turnips or 
 other roots are stored, putting on a layer of straw, and 
 covering this with some eight to twelve inches of earth. 
 Pits put up in September were opened the following 
 March, and were found in satisfactory condition ; where 
 the covering was only eight inches deep, theoutor portion 
 was dry and moulded, forming a compact crust a few 
 inches thick, but the interior was fresh and bright, while 
 a covering of twelve inches of earth preserved it better. 
 A sample of this ensilaged seed, sent to us at the time, 
 was perfectly sweet, and had much the odor of brewers' 
 grains. AVhat may be the feeding value of these imma- 
 ture seeds of Broom Corn is not determined ; cattle ate 
 them readily, and there would appear to be no difficulty 
 in keeping them perfectly well, should it be desirable. 
 
 HOW IS THE FODDER PRESERVED? 
 
 It is well known that a mass of green fodder, if loosely 
 stacked up, will soon ferment, heat, and pass into decay. 
 In the silo, the fodder is closely packed, and in an air- 
 tight receptacle, and these conditions, instead of encour- 
 aging decay, prevent it, and favor the preservation of the 
 mass. Several chapters have been written on " The 
 Chemistry of the Silo," but to understand them requires 
 
10 SILOS AND E^'SILAGE. 
 
 a familiarity with chemistry not possessed by tlie average 
 farmer and general reader. 
 
 Every farmer knows that manure, another form of 
 vegetable matter, if allowed free access of air, will fer- 
 ment, heat, and decay. He also knows that manure, if 
 kept under cattle or sheep, and daily trodden down 
 through the winter, will come out in the spring quite 
 unchanged. These are familiar illustrations of the well- 
 known fact that the presence of air is necessary to decay, 
 and that the complete exclusion of air tends to the pres- 
 ervation of perishable substances. 
 
 In the fodder corn we have a mass of succulent stems 
 and foliage in which preparation has been made for the 
 production of grain. These are filled with juices hold- 
 ing in solution the material that would soon be deposited 
 in the grain as starch, etc., but now largely in the form 
 of sugar. When the corn plant is cut and packed in 
 the silo, fermentation, the first step in decay, at once 
 begins. By th ) action of the oxygen of the air on the 
 sugar and other contents of the stalks, etc., various 
 changes take place, one of which is to produce Carbonic 
 Acid. This acid is a gas, in which a candle can not burn 
 or any animal live, and in which no further fermentation 
 can occur. If the silo is air-tight, the very first steps in 
 the fermentation of its contents produce a gas that acts 
 as a preservative and prevents further change. The 
 more compact the fodder corn, the less air will there be 
 among it, and the sooner Avill the fermentation stop. 
 
 The fermentation not only acts upon and changes the 
 composition of the air within the silo, but the fodder 
 itself is acted upon and changed. 
 
 Sugar, when present in the juices of the corn, is at 
 first converted into alcohol ; and if fermentation contin- 
 ues far enough, acetic acid, or vinegar, will be formed 
 from the alcohol thus produced. 
 
 If the silo is properly air-tight, and its contents cut 
 
THE PROGRESS OF ENSILAGE. 11 
 
 fine and well packed and carefully covered, there cannot 
 be sufficient air present to allow fermentation to go on to 
 an injurious extent. 
 
 The fact that injury may occur to the contents of the 
 silo from undue exposure to the air, should be kept in 
 mind at every step in filling the silo and in feeding its 
 contents. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF ENSILAGE. 
 
 Since this work first appeared, ensilage has passed the 
 experimental stage, and has been adopted by so many 
 farmers that it may be considered as an established 
 method among many who devote themselves to dairy- 
 ing. The number of silos in the United States in 1880 
 is said to have been only six, while it is estimated 
 that there are now about two thousand. In England 
 there were in 1880 only four silos, while now, Mr. M. J. 
 Sutton, in his recent admirable work on "Permanent 
 and Temporary Pastures," estimates that there are be- 
 tween eleven and twelve hundred. In England, the silo 
 will come into competition with ordinary hay-making, 
 allowing the farmer to secure his crops of grass and 
 clover in veiy wet seasons more promptly and safely than 
 he could as hay. In this country, on the other hand, 
 ensilage will be mainly directed to the preservation of 
 fodder com, a crop of admitted value, but one which is 
 on all liands regarded as very difficult to cure. In the 
 Southern States, the silo will allow the farmer to pre- 
 serve one of his most important crops, the Southern Cow- 
 pea. This, which is regarded as most valuable as hay. 
 
12 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 is difficult to cure, as the large leaves are shaken off in 
 the process, but packed in the silo, they would yield 
 most valuable cattle food, probably equal in value to 
 ensiloed clover. 
 
 An important contribution to the literature of the silo 
 is the report of "Experiments on Ensilage, conducted at 
 Eothamsted, season 1884-5, by Sir J. B. Lawes, LL. D., 
 R E. S., and J. H. Gilbert, LL. D., F. E. S." Eotham- 
 sted as an experimental station has a world-wide re])uta- 
 tion, and the names of Lawes and Gilbert attached to 
 any statement impart perfect confidence in its accurracy. 
 Possessing ample means, their experiments are conducted 
 on a scale large enough to be regarded as practical, and 
 having no other object than to arrive at the real facts of 
 the case, their conclusions are accepted as final. It 
 would be well if some of those who in this country think 
 they are making "experiments," but are only guessing, 
 could observe the accuracy and precision with Avhich 
 everything is weighed and measured at Eothamsted. This 
 careful summing up of the experiments on ensilage will 
 not be likely to please the enthusiastic advocates of that 
 method. Their conclusions from their experiments are 
 presented in twenty-two numbered paragraphs, the last 
 four of which are as follows : 
 
 " 19. — There can be no doubt that good food may be 
 preserved in a favorable state for future use by being 
 properly ensilaged. But the results obtained at Eotham- 
 sted do not favor the idea that produce which is itself 
 not good food, can be made good food by being ensilaged. 
 
 " 20. — Good ensilage, given in such amount as to sup- 
 ply the same quantity of dry substances as would be 
 given in chaff or roots, is no doubt a very good food for 
 fattening oxen. 
 
 "21. — Good ensilage, given in less proportion and in 
 conjunction with roots, with the ordinary dry foods in 
 addition, is no doubt a very good food for milking cows. 
 
RAISING FODDER CORN FOR ENSILAGE. 13 
 
 '< 22. — In conclusion, it is hoped that the details which 
 have been given of the first year's experiments on en- 
 silage at Rothamsted will afford some useful basis for the 
 consideration of those who may be deliberating whether 
 or not to adopt the system." 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 RAISING FODDER CORN FOR ENSILAGE. 
 
 To one about to undertake the preservation of fodder 
 corn by ensilage, the important points are : growing the 
 crop, building the silo, cutting and storing the fodder, 
 and the methods of feeding. All preparation in the way 
 of raising the crop must have been done some months 
 earlier than the date of the publication of this work ; 
 still, for the sake of completeness, we give a brief 
 chapter on raising the crop. 
 
 If, as now seems probable, the method of ensilage shall 
 be generally adopted and incorporated in our system of 
 agriculture, Ave shall soon be sujiplied with such imple- 
 ments as Avill facilitate all the work relating to it. 
 
 The readiness with which inventors and manufacturers 
 have met the demand for cutting implements, is an indi- 
 cation of what may be expected in other steps of the pro- 
 cess, so soon as the needs are made known. Thus far, 
 the experiments in cultivation and harvesting have heen 
 made with the implements and machines already in use 
 on the farm. Not only may we look for new facilities in 
 the mechanical appliances, but for improvements in the 
 material, the kinds of corn best suited to the purpose. 
 
14 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 One about to experiment with ensilage is met at the 
 outset by the question, " AVhat kind of corn shall I sow ? " 
 Here European experience is of no value as a guide, as 
 the varieties recommended there are not known here, and 
 we no doubt already have kinds of corn better suited to 
 the purpose than any known in Europe. 
 
 In the majority of the experiments in this country, 
 thus far, the variety sown has been the Southern White, 
 or "Horse-tooth" Corn. A recent variety, " Blunt's 
 Prolific," has been highly commended, and a special kind 
 called "Mammoth Ensilage Corn" is advertised. 
 
 The greatest possible weight to the acre of quickly- 
 grown and succulent herbage is required. When the 
 plant has completed its growth, and commences to pre- 
 pare for a crop of seed, it then becomes woody ; the nu- 
 tritive material in the stalk and leaves is diverted to the 
 grain, and there deposited in a different form. 
 
 The production of varieties best suited for ensilage 
 will no doubt soon follow, if we have not already such. 
 In January, 1881, the "American Agriculturist " figured 
 and described the " Cuzco," or " Peruvian Corn," which, 
 by its rapid and gigantic growth before showing either 
 tassel or ear, suggests that it may be useful in establishing 
 a variety of maize for ensilage, either through acclimation 
 by selection, or by crossing it ujDon other kinds of corn. 
 
 The cultivation of fodder corn for ensilage is not dif- 
 ferent from that where the crop is to be cured in the 
 usual manner. The land being thoroughly prepared and 
 highly manured, is laid out in rows, twenty to thirty-six 
 inches apart, and the corn dropped four to eight kernels 
 to the running foot, the distances dependmg upon the 
 size of the variety. The subsequent culture is the same 
 as usual. Several mention the great utility of the Thomas 
 Smoothing Harrow in keeping the crop clean until it is 
 eight to twelve inches high, or too tall for this treat- 
 ment. Some have raised satisfactory crops without the 
 
LOCATIOX OF AXD BUILDIXG THE SILO. 15 
 
 k 
 
 use of any other implement or tillage than that given by 
 this harrow, the corn soon smothering the weeds. 
 
 The precise condition in which the fodder should be 
 harvested is not generally mentioned by those who have 
 given accounts of their'Operations, the date being usually 
 stated instead. Some say that they cut up the fodder 
 when "in tassel," and others when the ears were "partly 
 formed." We should naturally expect to find the plant 
 itself the most nutritious just at flowering time, that is, 
 when it has "silked"; how far beyond this it may stand 
 with advantage, experiments are needed to determine. 
 
 In cutting up the corn, the sickle or corn knife is 
 generally preferred to a reaper, though we may expect in 
 due time to find tliese hand implements superseded by 
 more rapid machines, especially devised for the work. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LOCATION OF AND BUILDING THE SILO. 
 
 If one were to lay out a plan for buildings with reference 
 to feeding ensilage, he would make the silos the central 
 point around which all the rest would be arranged. But 
 our farms are already planned, the barns already built, 
 hence the silos must come in and form a part of an estab- 
 lished order of things. The silo is to preserve fodder 
 which is to be fed at the barn, hence its location must be 
 with reference to the most convenient feeding of its con- 
 tents. If, as is often the case, the barn has been built 
 near a bank, then this bank may be utilized for the silo, 
 placing this with reference to the feeding floor. The large 
 silos of Whitman & Burrell, at Little Falls, N. Y., were 
 
16 SILOS AXD ENSILAGE. 
 
 SO built that the roof of the barn could be extended to 
 cover the silos. In some cases it may be most convenient 
 to build the silo within the barn, or, where a basement 
 has been made for the reception of manure, it may be 
 better to convert the basement iirto silos, and dispose of 
 the manure elsewhere. 
 
 So long as our experimenters are not yet agreed as to 
 the best form of the silo, some holding that a deep and 
 narrow one, in the form of a pit or well, is better than a 
 long and shallow one upon the surface, the proper loca- 
 tion is difficult to determine. The essential points to 
 be observed in building a silo are given in the following 
 pages, and a consideration of these may help in determin- 
 "ing the location. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the silo is to be filled 
 and to be emptied. The filling is accomplished in a few 
 days, while the emptying, by feeding out its contents, 
 may extend through several months. Hence convenience 
 in feeding the contents must, other things being equal, 
 largely determine the location of the silo. 
 
 BUILDING A SILO. 
 
 It is unfortunate that the first accounts of ensilage 
 were by those who were not obliged to regard expense, 
 but, having abundant means, could construct such silos 
 as seemed to be required. We may add here, that much 
 is yet to be done in "Americanizing " the whole matter, 
 and we have no doubt that the experiments now being 
 made will greatly simplify, not only the building of the 
 silo, but every other step in the method. The wealthy 
 dairy man or other proprietor may make an investment 
 of a few thousands, if he sees that it will give a good 
 return in the feeding of his hundred or more cows, 
 while the farmer with five cows, who all the more needs 
 the benefits that this new method may bring, can not, as 
 
LOCATION OF AKD BUILDING THE SILO. 17 
 
 a general thing, afford the outlay of a few hundreds of 
 dollars. Before going into the particulars of building, it 
 may be well to consider what a silo is expected to do, 
 whatever may be the plan. In speaking of ensilage, we 
 now have reference to tlie preservation of fodder corn by 
 the method though, as will be seen, other farm crops 
 and products may be preserved in a similar manner. 
 The fodder corn, cut small, is packed in a receptacle 
 which is perfectly tight, so that it will not allow water to 
 enter from without, or gases to escape from within. 
 Could a glass jar be made of suflBcient size it would be a 
 perfect silo. Large capacity, with perfectly air-tight and 
 water-tight walls, being the objects in view, the structure 
 will vary according to the locality and surroundings. In 
 some places a silo can be most cheaply built of stone ; in 
 other places brick will be found the most available mate- 
 rial. In other localities still, concrete will be cheaper 
 than either stone or brick, and just as good. These, 
 stone, brick, and concrete, are all well understood build- 
 ing materials, and where one has the means to allow him 
 to avail himself of them, are no doubt the best. But 
 those who can not command either of these should not 
 be deprived of the benefits of ensilage. There are several 
 accounts of successful preservation of fodder corn in silos 
 excavated in a bank of heavy clay soil, in which the 
 fodder corn was packed directly against the earthern 
 walls. We do not recommend this method, as there are 
 many chances of failure. There are many localities 
 where the soil is of such a character that cisterns for 
 rain-water are built by making an excavation of proper 
 size and shape, and covering its interior with one or more 
 coats of cement mortar directly upon its earthern walls. 
 Wherever cisterns of this kind may be built, a silo may be 
 made in a similar manner. 
 
 Another modification is possible in wooded countries, 
 where logr-bams and even log-houses are still built. A 
 
18 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 silo may be laid up of logs as for a log-house, and by 
 taking special pains with the *' chinking up," with clay, 
 both inside and out, an air-tight and temporarily useful 
 silo may be constructed. 
 
 Silos have been built by partitioning off a space within 
 the barn, using two thicknesses of boards, and placing a 
 layer of tarred sheathing paper between the boards. It 
 is not likely that a silo with wooden walls can last a great 
 while, as a large mass of fermenting material in direct 
 contact with the boards will soon cause them to decay. 
 
 Another kind of silo is possible in lumber districts, 
 where slabs are cheap. A frame may be made with slabs 
 set up about a foot apart, to build a hollow wall, which 
 is to be filled in with stiff, clayey soil, to be put in grad- 
 ually and rammed down hard. By either of these, and 
 other make-shifts, which are, of course, only offered as 
 suggestions, those who can do no better may secure the 
 benefits of ensilage, as well as those who can erect more 
 permanent and more costly silos. 
 
 A detached silo must be provided with a roof. In 
 some cases it may be so placed that the roof of the barn 
 can be continued to extend over the silo, and thus mate- 
 rially lessen the cost of building. 
 
 In building a silo, whether of brick, stone, concrete, or 
 other material, drainage is not to be forgotten, for to be 
 successful the silo must be not only air-tight but water- 
 tight. In building with brick or stone, the services of a 
 mason will usually be required. If the silo is of con- 
 crete, there is nothing in its structure that can not be 
 managed by a person of ordinary tact and ingenuity. 
 Probably the larger number of silos built in this country 
 will be of concrete, and, in view of the importance of 
 the subject, we give a separate chapter on building con- 
 crete walls. 
 
LOCATIOi^ OF AKD BUILDIKG THE SILO. 19 
 
 THE SIZE OF THE SILO 
 
 Of course will be determined by the number of animals. 
 The description of Whitman & Burrell's, and other large 
 silos will give some idea of the larger structures. It is 
 estimated that one cow requires for a year five hundred 
 and fifty cubic feet of ensilaged fodder, and if the cows 
 are pastured for half the year, then two hundred and 
 seventy-five cubic feet will be sufficient. Mr. Bailey es- 
 timates that to keep two cows for a year, a silo ten feet 
 wide, long and deep will hold sufficient. A silo twelve 
 feet wide, thirty feet long, and twelve feet deep, he esti- 
 mates will hold about eighty-seven tons, enough to win- 
 ter twelve to fifteen cows. Where stone is plenty, he 
 thinks that a silo of this size can be built at a cost, be- 
 sides the labor, of about fifty dollars. Silos have been 
 made by digging a pit, putting in the fodder as in pitting 
 roots, piling it as high as practicable, and then covering 
 with earth. The difficulty in this case is, that in open- 
 ing, the earth mixes with the fodder ; besides there is a 
 trouble in keeping the covering tight as the contents set- 
 tle ; this method might answer where straw is plenty, and 
 a sufficient covering of that can be placed over the fodder 
 before putting on the earth. 
 
30 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 CUTTING AND STORING THE FODDER. 
 
 While some have succeeded in preserving the fodder 
 corn in pits without first cutting, it is generally conceded 
 that it should be cut before storing. Already several ma- 
 chines, to be driven by horse or steam-power, have been 
 invented and are manufactured expressly for the jDurpose 
 of cutting fodder corn for ensilage. 
 
 THE PROPER SIZE TO CUT THE FODDER. 
 
 The fodder has been cut by different experimenters in 
 pieces varying from one inch down to one-fourth of an 
 inch, the majority regarding three-eighths of an inch as 
 the most desirable size. One object in cutting fine is to 
 insure the most compact storage possible and consequent 
 exclusion of air. The packing away should follow im- 
 mediately upon the cutting, in order that the juices of the 
 plant may not evaporate and be replaced by air. For the 
 same reason, there should be the least possible delay 
 between the field and the machine that is to cut it for 
 the silo. As Dr. Bailey properly suggests, " tearing or 
 shredding the stalks would be much better than cutting," 
 and leads us to hope that a machine for this purpose may 
 be forthcoming in due time. But at present the corn 
 must be cut, and for this there is no lack of suitable 
 appliances. 
 
 That the size of the pieces is of importance in other 
 respects than as regards the preservation of the fodder, 
 is shown by a case that recently came to our knowledge. 
 A friend informed us that one of his neighbors, who had 
 succeeded admirably in preserving the fodder, found that 
 
CUTTING AND STORING THE FODDER. 21 
 
 after his cows had fed upon it for a while with evident 
 relish, they all at once seemed reluctant to eat it. An 
 examination showed that the gums of the cows were 
 badly cut and inflamed to such a degree that they were 
 unable to chew the fudder. This trouble was found to 
 be due to the fact that in the act of chewing, the short 
 pieces of fodder would generally be bitten endwise, and 
 the outer portions of the corn, which at the base of the 
 stalk might get very hard, being presented endwise to the 
 teeth, were so sharp as to lacerate the gums and the tender 
 parts of the mouth. This gentleman proposed to over- 
 come the difficulty by cutting the fodder longer ; if the 
 pieces were longer than broad, the animal would take 
 hold of them in the usual way and bite against the cir- 
 cumference of the stalks rather than against the ends. 
 It IS not probable that a difficulty of this kind could occur 
 unless the base of the stalks had become too hard and 
 firm for feeding in any form, and as many have fed the 
 short-cut fodder without any trouble of this kind, it is 
 a warning against letting the fodder get too old, rather 
 than a caution not to cut it too fine. 
 
 FILLING THE SILO. 
 
 Experimenters generally agree that about two feet in 
 depth daily is better than a more rapid filling of the silo 
 with the cut fodder. The form of the silo will govern 
 the rapidity of filling somewhat : if narrow and deep, it 
 may be necessary to fill in a greater depth daily. 
 
 The importance of thoroughly compacting the fodder 
 is strongly enforced by all who have had any experience. 
 The fodder should be spread evenly, mixing leaves and 
 stalks as thoroughly as possible, and as the Avork proceeds 
 be trodden down very closely and firmly. AVhere the silo 
 is of a size to allow it, horses or mules have been intro- 
 duced to do the trampling. The usual custom is to keep 
 
22 SILOS AXD ENSILAGE. 
 
 one or two men in the silo to tramp down the fodder as 
 fast as it comes from the cutter. If during the night the 
 surface of the fodder in the silo has dried appreciably, it 
 should, upon resuming the filling tlie next day, be wetted 
 sufficiently to restore the original moisture ; this may be 
 most conveniently done by the use of garden watering pots. 
 
 COVERING THE SILO. 
 
 When the silo is filled, six or eight inches of straw are 
 laid over the top of the fodder, and upon this a covering 
 of two-inch plank, cut so short that they cannot bind 
 against the walls, as the contents settle. The plank cover 
 is then heavily weighted with whatever material may be 
 most available. Where large stones are at hand, these may 
 be used ; logs will answer ; boxes filled with gravel or with 
 earth, and even bags of grain have been used. Much of 
 the success of the process depends upon having sufficient 
 pressure. The weighting material must be of a kind that 
 will allow of its removal in part without disturbing the 
 rest. 
 
 SALT AND STRAW. 
 
 In the early experiments, salt was scattered among the 
 fodder, but this is now abandoned, as it is not necessary 
 to the preservation of the contents of the silo. 
 
 In some cases cut straw has been mixed with the fod- 
 der in filling the silo, some claiming that it is useful in 
 absorbing superabundant moisture. On grain farms, 
 where straw is abundant, it would be desirable to use a 
 portion of it in this manner, but experiments are needed 
 to show to Avhat extent such a mixture may be made 
 without injury to the corn fodder, by preventing that 
 from being sufficiently compacted. One writer claims 
 that the feeding value of straw thus mixed with fodder 
 corn in the silo is greatly increased. This is one of the 
 
CONCEETE SILOS. 33 
 
 unsettled points in ensilage, and one worthy of careful 
 investigation. 
 
 In some instances, where the quantity of fodder corn 
 was not sufficient to fill the silo, hay, especially rowen, 
 has been used to complete the filling. This was put in 
 as soon as cut, and when the silo Avas opened was found 
 to be in most excellent condition. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 CONCRETE SILOS 
 
 One of the best methods of laying concrete is by means 
 of planks to form the mold to hold the mortar, the 
 planks being held in place by posts set at the angles of 
 the wall, and at other points if necessary, and by clamps, 
 both the planks and the clamps being held in place by 
 wedges, all of which is shown in the accompanying en- 
 gravings. Figure 1 represents the planks in position, 
 and the posts set, held together at their tops by strips 
 nailed upon them, while at the ground they should be 
 held in position by stakes and braces. Figure 3 is a 
 diagram showing a section or ground plan of the same 
 things ; a, h, in both figure 1 and figure 2, are iron 
 clamps holding the middle of the planks in position in 
 case they are likely to spread apart. Figure 3 is a rep- 
 resentation of the walls while in process of erection. 
 
 Planks, planed on the side towards the walls, are pro- 
 vided sufficient for the entire circuit of the building, and 
 when in position the space between them is filled with 
 the mortar. When the mortar sets, which, with a pro- 
 portion of cement it will do very soon, then the planks 
 
24 
 
 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 are raised and fixed in position by driving wedges between 
 the posts and the wall, as shown in figures 4 and 5, in 
 which a, a, are the wedges ; b, b, the planks ; c, a clamp 
 
 Fig. 1. — THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE POSTS. 
 
 holding the planks together, and wedged on one side, and 
 d, d, the posts. The posts will usually need to be braced 
 well to prevent their springing when the wedges are 
 driven tight enough to support the planks. 
 
 Figure -i shows a section of the wall and one post with 
 
 Fig. a. — AKBANGBMENT OF THE PLANKS. 
 
 the wedges, as looked down upon, and figure 5 is a per- 
 pendicular cross-section of the same, the letters refer to 
 
CONCKETE SILOS. 
 
 25 
 
 the same parts in both engravings. The door frames are 
 introduced in their places and held by braces until the 
 walls rise around them. 
 
 Materials Used. — It is best, unless indeed some 
 one in the neighborhood has had experience, to test be- 
 forehand the proportions of sand, gravel, and lime, or 
 
 Fig. 3.— METHOD OF lATTNG THE CONCRETE, 
 
 cement, which are best suited to the proposed work. 
 There is so much difference in the various kinds of lime 
 that proportions can only be given approximately. 
 
 Roughly the proportions may be stated as one part lime 
 to seven parts of other materials, half of which should be 
 clean washed sand. When sufficient materials are accu- 
 mulated upon the mixing board, they are first mixed dry 
 by repeated shoveling, then the lime, slaked to a creamy 
 consistency, is added, and well mixed through the whole, 
 adding more water if necessary. The addition of one- 
 fourth cement, the lime being reduced to three-fourths 
 of one part, and the cement being added after the mortar 
 3 
 
26 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 is mixed, makes a much quicker setting and harder con- 
 crete. When all cement and no lime is used, but a small 
 quantity can be mixed at a time, for it sets so quickly 
 that it could not be placed in position before it became 
 solid. The proportions for a smooth, solid concrete are : 
 one part Portland cement to five parts sharp sand. If 
 
 Figs. 4 and. 5. —RAISING the planks. 
 
 mixed rather liquid, one-third or more, often nearly or 
 quite two-thirds, of the wall as completed, may consist 
 of gravel and coarse broken stones, put in while the 
 cement is being placed in the molds forming the walls. 
 
 WHITMAN & BURRELL ON CONCRETE SILOS. 
 
 These gentlemen, in their paper on silos, given else- 
 where, append the following directions for construct- 
 ing a silo of concrete : First, having excavated for the 
 silo, dig a trench all around the bottom and fill in 
 with cobble stones, and from one corner lead a drain, 
 if possible, so as to carry off all water. The trench 
 under the i)roposcd walls of the silo behig filled with 
 
CONCRETE SILOS. 27 
 
 cobble stones, place standards of scantling long enough 
 to extend twelve inches higher than the top of the wall 
 when it is finished. Place these standards on each side 
 of the proposed wall, and if you desire the wall to be 
 twenty inches thick, then place the standards twenty- 
 three niches apart, and place a pair of standards every 
 five or six feet around the entire foundation. Be par- 
 ticular to have these standards exactly plumb and exactly 
 in line. Fasten the bottoms of the standards firmly in 
 the ground, or by nailing a strip of wood across at the 
 bottom of the standards, and a little below where the 
 floor of the silo will be. Fasten the tops of the stand- 
 ards by a heavy cross-piece, securely nailed, and fasten 
 the pairs of standards in their plumb j)osition by shores 
 reaching the bank outside. Now take plank, one and a 
 half inch thick and fourteen inches wide, and place them 
 edgeways inside the standards, twenty inches apart, thus 
 forming a box fourteen inches deep, and running all 
 along and around the entire foundation of the proposed 
 wall. Fill this box with alternate layers of cobble stone, 
 or any rough stone, etc., and mortar or concrete. First, 
 a layer of concrete mortar, and then a layer of stone, 
 not allowing the stones to come quite out to the boxing 
 plank, but having concrete over the edges, and the con- 
 crete must be tamped down solid. Prepare the concrete 
 as follows : Take one part of good cement, Portland is 
 the best probably, and mix with this four parts of sand, 
 and mix the cement thoroughly with the sand while dry, 
 and then mix four parts of clear gravel ; make into a 
 thin mortar, and use at once. Put into the box an inch 
 or two of this mortar, and then bed in cobble stones ; 
 then fill in with mortar, again covering the stones, and 
 again put in a layer of stone. When the box is filled 
 and the mortar "set," so that the wall is firm, then raise 
 the box one foot, leaving two inches lap of plank on the 
 wall below, and go around again, raising the wall one foot 
 
28 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 each day cTcry second day, according to amount of labor 
 at hand. If one-half the bulk of fine-slaked quick- 
 lime is added to the water-lime, it will improve it, and 
 costs but little. If Rosendale or Akron cement is used, 
 instead of Portland, then the i)roportious should be as 
 follows : One barrel of good live cement, three barrels of 
 good sand, three - barrels of good clean gravel. If no 
 gravel is obtainable, then use five barrels of sand to one 
 of cement, and bed in all the cobble stones possible. 
 Stone with rough edges are better than smooth, as they 
 bind the wall more thoroughly, but any flat stones found 
 about fields will do as well. A layer of loose cobble 
 stones should be placed against the outside of the wall 
 before the earth is brought against it, so as to have an 
 air space and a free passage for water. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 EUEOPEAN EXPERIMENTS IN ENSILAGE. 
 
 The " American Agriculturist " for June, 1875, gave, 
 so far as we are aware, the first full account of the Euro- 
 pean methods of ensilage ; the article is here reproduced 
 as a part of the history of the subject, and as giving the 
 methods followed in Europe at that time. . . . The 
 recent experiments in France and Germany in the pres- 
 ervation and feeding of fodder of various kinds are of 
 great value to our farmers. Their object is to economize 
 the use of cattle food. In almost every department of 
 industry it is the savings in labor and material that are 
 cheapening the cost of production, and at the same time 
 increasing the profits of the producers. In every opera- 
 
EUROPEAN EXPERIMEJ^TS IN ENSILAGE. 29 
 
 tion in agriculture there is a vast scope for saving in both 
 labor and materials. Our method of feeding stock is very 
 wasteful ; the greater part of the fodder fed every winter 
 is expended in merely keeping the cattle alive. A loss of 
 weight or condition in all kinds of stock equal to from 
 ten to sixty per cent is suffered every winter. There is 
 no necessity for this ; stock may be kept increasing in 
 weight during the winter, if the fodder is of the right 
 kind and the stock is properly housed and protected. 
 The feeding of poor, unpalatable fodder is the chief 
 cause of this loss. The appetite needs to be stimulated 
 at the season when the greatest draft is made upon the 
 physical condition of the ani- 
 mal ; and to meet this need 
 there must not only be palata- 
 ble or enticing food, but there 
 must be plenty of it. Corn 
 fodder is largely depended upon 
 as food for stock over a great 
 extent of country, and its use 
 might be well nigh universal, 
 as no forage plant is so easily 
 grown as corn. Could it be pre- ^i^- ^- "'' before covering. 
 served fresh and green for six months or more, instead of 
 curing it and using it dry, its value would be greatly in- 
 creased. That it may be so joreserved has been shown by 
 experiment, and the process is claimed to be easy and 
 very profitable. Of late years a great number of French, 
 Belgian, and German farmers have adopted the plan, and 
 some extensive stock-feeders have used it largely, with 
 the most favorable results. Several communications by 
 prominent farmers and professors of agriculture in farm 
 schools have been made to the ''Journal of Practical 
 Agriculture," of Paris, from which the following facts 
 have been condensed, and, by the aid of the illustrations, 
 the methods in use may be learned. In figures 6, 7, and 
 
30 
 
 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 8 are shown tlie pits, or silos, as they are filled with the 
 cut corn fodder, then covered with earth and pressed 
 down with its weight, and finally as the cut fodder has 
 shrunk through fermentation to less than half its ori- 
 ginal bulk. These pits are about seventy-five feet long, 
 nine feet wide above, six feet wide at the bottom, and 
 six feet deep. The sides and ends are built up of masonry 
 laid in cement. In these pits the corn-stalks are laid 
 evenly with care in layers of about eight inches thick, 
 after having been cut and exposed to the sun for two or 
 three days. During this time the stalks lose, by expos- 
 
 Fig. 7.— PIT AFTEB COVERING. 
 
 Fig:. 8. — PIT APTEE SIX MONTHS. 
 
 ure to the sun, two-fifths of their weight when first cut. 
 A quantity of salt is scattered over every layer equal to 
 about sixty-six pounds for each pit. [N. B. It should 
 be borne in mind that this is an account of the early 
 experiments ; the previous drying and the use of salt are 
 now abandoned. Late experience has shown that the 
 more succulent the fodder, the better it will keep.— Ed.] 
 The three pits hold about eighty tons, or seventy-five 
 thousand kilos, of green fodder. The fodder is heaped 
 up, as shown in figure 6, to a hight of six feet above the 
 surface of the ground, and then covered with earth to a 
 thickness of two or three feet. On the 14th of Septem- 
 ber, 1872, this work was finished. On the 15th of April 
 
EUEOPEAN EXPERIMENTS IN ENSILAGE. 
 
 31 
 
 following, one pit was opened, and the fodder was found 
 in perfect condition, except for an inch or two upon the 
 surface and the sides, where it was black and decayed. 
 Its color was yellow, its odor agreeable, but the stalks 
 
 had lost all their sweetness, and had acquired some de- 
 gree of acidity. Twenty-four beeves were tlien fed about 
 nine hundred pounds daily of the preserved fodder, or 
 nearly forty pounds per head on the average, which was 
 
33 SILOS AJfD EInSILAGE. 
 
 equal to about sixty pounds of fresh green fodder. The 
 fodder was eaten with great relish, and only some por- 
 tions of tliG harder stalks vvcre loft. Tlie second i)it Avas 
 consumed July 3d, having been preserved equally well 
 with the first. The third was not opened until the 20th 
 of April, 1874, eighteen months after covering. The 
 fodder was in as good order as that from the other pits, 
 excepting that the discolored and decayed layer was 
 somewhat thicker in this pit than in the others ; a result 
 attributed in a great degree to the gravelly and porous 
 character of the covering earth, the preservation being 
 due solely to the exclusion of air. In this instance the 
 fodder was preserved whole, and the cost of cutting 
 avoided. But when the fodder has to be cut for final 
 use, it has been found an economy to cut it before it is 
 stored. This system has been adopted by M. Piret, the 
 manager of a large estate owned by M. A. Hoiiette, at 
 Bleneau, in Belgium. From his statement we find that 
 he made a small experiment in 1868 which was perfectly 
 successful, the cut fodder being withdrawn from the pit 
 in 1869 in excellent condition. In 1870 two pits of 
 masonry were erected above ground, protected at the 
 sides only by banks of earth. They were found equally 
 serviceable with those sunk below the surface, and much 
 more convenient. Following the statement of this gen- 
 tleman closely, we learn that by the aid of about four 
 hundred and fifty pounds of superphosphate of lime per 
 acre, he has obtained, on fairly good soil, seventy-five 
 tons per acre of green fodder, although the average of 
 his crop was not more than forty-five tons per acre ; two 
 hundred and fifty tons of this was cut by a fodder cutter 
 driven by horse-power, cutting two tons per hour, and 
 stored in the pits as follows. The pit was built as shown 
 in figure 9, which represents the section, a dividing 
 wall in the center separating it into two parts. The cut 
 fodder, falling into the pit, Avas carried in baskets upon 
 
EUROPEAN EXPERIMENTS IN ENSILAGE. 33 
 
 a truck on a portable railway to the end of the pit, where 
 it was packed away in sections formed by a movable par- 
 tition, and trampled down tightly, salt at the rate of 
 
 about two ponnds to the ton of fodder being added. This 
 pit is seen in figure 10, which represents it in a longitu- 
 dinal section, and in figure 11, which shows it in plan. 
 
34 
 
 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 and in which one division is seen filled, and the other in 
 course of filling. When the pits are filled, the fodder is 
 covered with a layer of fine clay, nine inches thick, well 
 
 beaten down. In these figures the parts are shown by 
 the following letters : D, is the fodder cnttcr ; C, the 
 rail track ; D, the exterior walls ; E, the division wall ; 
 F, the filled compartment ; G, that in course of filling ; 
 
EUROPEAJf EXPERIMENTS IN ENSILAGE. 35 
 
 n, the movable partition with a transverse bar, P, which 
 holds it in position ; /, the truck. The pit is shown in 
 figure 9, as covered with a roof of boards as protection 
 from the weather, a measure of economy strongly recom- 
 mended by M. Piret. In this figure the covering of clay 
 is shown on the toj) of the fodder. This is beaten down 
 frequently, as it may become cracked or disturbed by the 
 settlement of the mass beneath. 
 
 The cost of the process here described is represented 
 as being about three dollars per ton, including the cut- 
 ting, carrying, curing, and feeding of a crop equal to 
 nearly fifty tons per acre of green fodder, fifty thousand 
 kilos per hectare. This enormous yield appears almost 
 incredible to us, being a ton to less than four square 
 rods ; still we can not doubt but such a yield is not only 
 frequent, but that it is sometimes surpassed. It goes to 
 show that in the cultivation and use of this, our most 
 common crop, v/c come far short of the possible yield, 
 notwithstanding our favorable climate and the necessity 
 of every available economy to cheapen or increase its 
 production. 
 
36 
 
 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MESSRS. BUCKLEY'S EXPERIENCE IN ENSILAGE. 
 
 BY M. C. WKLD, IN " AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST." 
 
 The good result which many persons obtained last year 
 in pitting corn fodder, leads this year to the making of 
 many pits, or silos, for this purpose, all over the country. 
 
 So that if there is the least (juestion as to the utility of 
 this process for the preservation of corn fodder, it Avill 
 be soon set at rest by a thousand experimenters. 
 
 I was much interested in witnessing the filling of the 
 pits built by the Messrs. Buckley Brothers, of Port Jervis, 
 N. Y., whom I visited about the middle of September. 
 
MESSRS. BUCKLEY'S EXPERIENCE IN ENSILAGE. 37 
 
 It has been their habit for many years to put in a large 
 area of sowed corn, which was cut and put up for curing 
 in stooks, and afterwards housed or stacked near the 
 barns. This year they have a larger area than usual, a 
 large part of which they put down in pits for winter 
 feeding. This matter of pitting or ensilaging corn 
 fodder has been carefully investigated by them, and they 
 have made, this year, two pits under the cow-barn floor. 
 These pits, figure 13, are twenty-two feet long, nine feet 
 wide, and fifteen and a half feet deep, side by side, with 
 a two-foot wall between them. They are walled all 
 
 HAY BAY 
 
 COW. STALLS 
 
 FEEDING riCOR 
 
 COW STALLS 
 
 Fig. 13, — FLOOR PLAN OF BARN, CATTLE STABLES, ETC. 
 
 around, and cemented water-tight. They would answer 
 well as cisterns. These two are just built, but there is 
 an old one, ten feet wide, fifty feet long, and seven feet 
 deep, which is under the feeding floor. The location of 
 these pits is shown in the accompanying plan, figure 13. 
 The cow-barn is one hundred and twenty feet long, by 
 thirty feet wide. The feeding floor is ten feet wide, and 
 the standing space for the cows is the same width on 
 each side. There is room for thirty-six cows in this 
 stable, up to the barn floor. The floor, the stalls, and all, 
 from side to side, was taken up for the filling of the pits, 
 but was relaid. 
 
 At the time I was there the work of filling was going 
 
38 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 on in full blast. A pair of powerful mules -were at work 
 in the horse-power. The feed-cutter stood directly be- 
 hind them, and cut the stalks in half-inch pieces, at the 
 rate of two tons an hour. It required three men to tend 
 the cutter, taking the corn from the wagon, feeding it to 
 the cutter, and seeing that it was properly shunted off 
 into the pits, where one man spread it as evenly as pos- 
 sible and trampled it down. At noon and evening half- 
 a-dozen men got into the tanks, and trampled the fodder 
 down as firmly as they could. One man and one team 
 were required to haul the fodder from the field. As soon 
 as a wagon load was brought into the barn, the team was 
 ungeared and hitclied to the empty wagon. In the field, 
 the teamster assisted in the loading. There were three 
 men in the field cutting up the corn and loading the 
 wagon. Thus the labor required was as follows : Two 
 teams and one driver, four men in the barn, and three in 
 the field ; eight men in all. With this force they were 
 putting in about twenty tons a day. 
 
 The stalks were rather dry ; the juice did not squirt 
 out of them when they went through the cutter, and the 
 chafiings were not even moist to the touch. AVhen 
 packed in the pits, a strong fermentation sets in very 
 soon. The corn that had been packed the day before 
 was steaming hot, no doubt having a temperature of one 
 hundred and ten to one hundred and twenty degrees 
 Fahrenheit. It had a vinous odor, which was very 
 sweet and pleasant. Mr. Charles Buckley gave us 
 the figures of the cost of these two pits, which is as 
 follows : 
 
 Digging, 113 days work at $1 $112.00 
 
 Masons' bill 94.44 
 
 Men to assist the masons, twelve days work 12.00 
 
 Bill for lime and cement 78.10 
 
 Total outlay $296.54 
 
 This does not include anything for stone, for the stones 
 
MESSRS. Buckley's experience in ensilage. 39 
 
 taken out of the j)it were sufficient for the walls, and 
 more too. Neither is any charge made for superinten- 
 dence, and no doubt it would be fair to add fully ten per 
 cent for the supervision and actual labor, which at one 
 time or another the farmer himself gave, or say three 
 hundred and twenty-five dollars in all. There were 
 fifty barrels of cement used, and about half as much 
 lime, part of which, eight barrels, was very good, and 
 the rest, fifty bushels, cheap and of a low grade. 
 The proportion of sand to cement and lime in the 
 mortar with which the walls were laid up, Avas about 
 two-thirds, but in coating over the surface, to make the 
 whole water-tight, nearly pure cement was used. Thus 
 the pits were filled, each one receiving its quota of ten 
 tons, more or less, being well trodden down, allowed to 
 settle over night, and again trodden down in the morning 
 before work, all hands being engaged in the trampling. 
 When full as possible, settled and trampled, and begin- 
 ning to heat in the tojD layers, it is covered with six 
 inches of long rye straw, any other straw will answer, 
 and this, with a layer of planks, cut to fit crossways, but 
 not so long as to bind. Stones are piled, or rather laid, 
 upon the planks, so that fully one hundred pounds to the 
 square foot rests upon the fodder. Thus it is left for 
 winter use. Filled full, one of these pits will hold sixty 
 tons. That is, containing as they do over three thou- 
 sand cubic feet, or two thousand four hundred bushels, 
 at fifty pounds to the bushel, which the compressed, 
 moist, and almost solid fodder will weigh ; this is equal 
 to one hundred and twenty thousand pounds, or sixty 
 tons. 
 
 As to the keeping, there can be no question, if the 
 work is properly done. A brisk fermentation comes on, 
 as we have seen, as it does in a tub of apple pulp for 
 making cider. If the air has very slight access it will go 
 on to ultimate decay ; but if it is kept out, the little air 
 
40 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 at first present is driven off by the carbonic acid gas 
 which is formed, and the mass ceases to ferment, and re- 
 mains as if it were in an air-tight case. There is, how- 
 ever, a slight access of air upon the surface, and its action 
 upon the juices in the straw and upper layer of fodder is 
 just enough to maintain an atmosphere of carbonic gas 
 over the mass, and in the straw, which is like a rubber 
 blanket, confined as it is beneath the planks. The stable 
 will be replaced over the pits, and v»^hen the time comes 
 for feeding there Avill be no going out in storms and 
 "slush" and ice to haul in the fodder from out-of-door 
 pits, but the floor will be taken up over a sufficient space, 
 and enough feed removed from one end for two days, 
 when it will be packed down again and covered closely. 
 I think rubber blankets, tarpaulins, canvas, or any coarse 
 cloth painted with boiled oil, would be excellent to pack 
 close down upon the fodder to exclude the air. One 
 thing strikes me as very important, and that is, to know 
 for a certainty that there is no settling of carbonic acid 
 gas in the pit, after a considerable opening is made. A 
 man going into a place filled with this gas, as often occurs 
 in deep wells, is overpowered before he knows it, falls, and 
 drowns as surely as if he were under water, and is even 
 less likely to be resuscitated. The way to know whether 
 a man can enter with safety, is to lower a lantern, which, 
 if it burns freely, shows that there is not a dangerous 
 proportion of gas in the air of the pit. 
 
WHITMAN & BURRELL'S SILOS. 41 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 WHITMAN & BURRELL'S SILOS. 
 
 Among the most enterprising experimenters with en- 
 silage are Messrs. Whitman & Burrell, dairymen at Little 
 Falls, N.'Y. They have given very full accounts in 
 their local paper, the " Little Falls Journal and Courier," 
 from which we quote the essential portions of their article 
 describing their silos : 
 
 Our new barn and silo are located on a side-hill. The 
 barn is ninety-two feet long, thirty-six feet wide, and has 
 three floors : First, the cow stable in the basement, nine 
 feet high, two rows of stanchions, twenty feet space 
 between the rows. About three feet four inches back 
 from the stanchions is a wrought-iron grating, three feet 
 three inches wide, after the plan of Prof. E. W. Stewart, 
 upon which the hind feet of the cows stand. Under the 
 grating is a trench, three feet two inches wide, and 
 twenty-eight inches deep ; this is laid in cement, and is 
 water-tight. All droppings from the cows pass through 
 the grating, and the urine is all saved, as well as the solid 
 excrement. There is a drive-way, eight feet wide, be- 
 tween these gratings. Sections of the gratings are on 
 hinges, and can be turned up, and the manure from the 
 pit loaded on to the sleigh or wagon. The vault has to 
 be cleaned out once in three or four weeks. Cows are 
 kept perfectly clean and dry, and we think the arrange- 
 ment is a good thing. 
 
 On the floor above the cows, also nine feet high, and 
 the same size as the cow stable, is the granary and room 
 for storage of all agricultural tools, implements, and 
 machinery. This floor also has entrances so that a team 
 can be driven in at one end and out at the other. The 
 
42 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 floor above is the main barn floor, and entrance is from 
 the side-hill right into the center of the barn. The silo 
 is on the hill-side next to the barn, thus : 
 
 Drive-way to Silo. Silo. 
 bd 
 
 § : 27x16x20 27x10x30 
 
 Bakn, 92x36. 
 
 The bottom of the silo is on a level with the cow- 
 stable floor, and there are entrances into the silo from 
 both the cow-stable and the floor above. The top of the 
 silo is on a level with the upper or main floor of the 
 barn, so that the fodder can be taken out on either of 
 the three floors of the barn. You will appreciate the 
 convenience of this arrangement. The silo is built of 
 stone ; the walls are three feet thick next to the bank, 
 and two feet thick next to the barn ; the roof of the barn 
 extends over the silo. All around the walls twelve inches 
 of cobble stone are filled in from top to bottom, so as to 
 jirevent any water lodging against the walls. Capacity of 
 entire silo about four hundred tons, or two hundred tons 
 for each compartment. 
 
 On June 1st we put in about seven acres of corn, with 
 a drill, rows twenty-one inches apart, and dropping six 
 or eight kernels to a foot. In September we cut the same, 
 hauled to the silo as fast as we cut in the field, and with 
 a feed cutter of the largest size, or next to largest size, we 
 cut, at the rate of over one hundred loads per day, into 
 pieces three-sixteenths to one-quarter of an inch in 
 length, which was evenly distributed in the silos and 
 
WHITMAN" & BURRELL's SILOS. 43 
 
 trodden down. The corn was large, stalks twelve to 
 fourteen feet liigli, single ones weighing five to five and 
 a half pounds, with ears on full of milk. Into one silo 
 we put sixteen feet, and into the other eleven feet. As 
 soon as filled, one taking three days and the other four, 
 we put on the covers. These are of plank, three feet 
 wide, sixteen feet long, and two inches thick, fitting to- 
 gether closely ; and upon these covers we put fifty tons 
 of stone to each silo, the stone having been picked up on 
 the farm. Within a wtick one had settled to twelve and a 
 half feet and the other to eight and a half feet. 
 
 On the 2Gth of October we opened the silo having 
 eight and a half feet of ensilage, and found the fodder as 
 green and sweet as when first put in. We used no straw 
 under the covers, and yet right next to the boards the 
 corn was all right. We have fed the stock since October 
 26th, and they are all right, looking and feeding well. 
 One cubic foot of ensilage weighs forty-seven pounds. 
 We are feeding sixty-five pounds to eacli cow per day, 
 with four pounds of middlings and half a pound of oil- 
 meal, or cotton-seed meal. We had, before Ave began feed- 
 ing the ensilage out to the stock, two hundred and twelve 
 tons, and the exact cost of harvesting it, filling the silos, 
 putting on stone, etc., was two hundred and seventeen 
 dollars, allowing full wages for our own time, etc. We 
 are now going to feed fifty to fifty-five pounds to each 
 cow per day, and increase the gram to about six or seven 
 pounds for the cows still giving milk, and half as much 
 to the dry ones. 
 
 This two hundred and twelve tons from seven acres, 
 or a little over, is a large result, and is equal to seventy 
 odd tons of hay, costing but three dollars per ton, or ten 
 tons to the acre. We believe that by putting all the 
 manure back on the seven acres of land that we can get 
 up to forty and possibly fifty tons to the acre. We see 
 no reason now why the cows that are being fed on en- 
 
44 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 silage will not continue to do well in condition and prod- 
 uct, and our plan now is to raise about fifteen acres of 
 corn next season, 1881, and this will be sufficient to fill 
 the silos full, giving us four hundred tons, and this will 
 keep forty cows three hundred and sixty-five days ; but 
 as we shall pasture all of the side-hill during the summer 
 season, al)out twenty acres, the pasture will also grow 
 better, because the cows will drop more upon it than they 
 take fi'om it. We think we can give the cows all they 
 will eat, morning and evening, of the ensilage, and keep 
 in this way fifty head the year round on fifteen acres of 
 corn and twenty acres of hill-side pasturage. We, how- 
 ever, immediately after taking o2 the corn early in Sep- 
 tember, plowed up the stubble and put in winter rye. 
 This came up finely, and we will top-dress it this winter, 
 and early in the spring give it a good bushing in. We 
 expect to cut the rye by June 1st or 5th, and cut that up 
 the same as we do the corn and store it in one of the 
 silos, then immediately plow the same seven acres and 
 put in corn ; Avhether this will work remains to be seen. 
 But we have full confidence in the perpetual fertility of 
 this corn land, because it is to be replenished, not only 
 with what grew upon it, but from the grain fed with the 
 ensilage : for, by the plan we have adopted, the liquid 
 manure is as perfectly saved as the solid, and the most 
 accurate experiments show that the fertilizing matter of 
 the liquid is greater than in the solid manure. Prof. 
 Stewart reports that he has found the manure from one 
 cow, standing upon the self-cleaning platform, carried 
 fresh to the field, the liquid all absorbed by the soil, 
 equal to the manure from three cows saved in the old 
 way, by throwing into a pile and carrying it to the field 
 months afterward. In fact, there is no fertilizing matter 
 wasted or lost, except that carried off in the milk. 
 
 The beauty of the system is, that, instead of spreading 
 the manure from forty or fifty cows over two hundred 
 
WHITMAN & BURRELL'S SILOS. 45 
 
 acres, we use it all on the fifteen acres that furnish the 
 fodder, and shortly the land must become yery rich, and 
 then Ave can use the manure on other land. If we were 
 to build a silo on level land, we would excavate ten or 
 twelve feet below the surface, and then let the walls of 
 the silo run up ten feet, using the earth that was excav- 
 ated to make a bank about the walls above ground. We 
 would locate the silo close to the barn, making the top 
 of the silo on a level with the barn floor over the coavs ; 
 then, in feeding out the silo, the fodder could be easily 
 raised with any of the same appliances used for raising 
 and carrying hay, and Avith a track running to the 
 shutes, the car could be dumped so that the fodder would 
 be deposited in front of the stock. The Avails of the silo 
 should be perfectly plumb and parallel, so that the fol- 
 lowers, although fitting closely, can settle without bind- 
 ing when loaded with stone. As you build the silo walls, 
 point up as you proceed, both inside and outside, and 
 then plaster the entire inside, bottom as well as sides, 
 with Portland cement, as it is necessary that the silo 
 should be water-tight, like a cistern. 
 
 A cheaper way to build a silo, and one which Prof. E. 
 W. StcAvart, of the "Live Stock Journal," advocates, is 
 to build it of water-lime concrete. 
 
 We think that stone walls two feet thick, plastered 
 with Portland cement, are better than concrete, and 
 Avhere people can afford to build of stone they had better 
 do so. In regard to the size of silos, we would make them 
 tAventy feet deep, and put them as much below ground as 
 possible, if good drainage can be had, banking up around 
 the outside with the earth that is excavated, as before 
 stated. A silo thirty feet by sixteen feet, and twenty 
 feet deep, will be large enough to contain two hundred 
 tons of pressed ensilage, and this Avould keep thirty-fiA'e 
 cows six months, feeding about sixty pounds per day. 
 For one hundred cows, Ave Avould advise building a silo 
 
46 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 one hundred feet long, dividing it into three compart- 
 ments by means of two cross walls, and then feed out 
 one at a time. This would provide an empty silo in the 
 spring, which would be ready for the winter rye, clover, 
 June grass, etc., Hungarian can't be grown early, which 
 could be harvested early in June, cut up same as the 
 corn fodder, and stored in the silos for summer feeding. 
 Our ideas are, that it is best to give the stock a good 
 feed from the silos every morning and night during the 
 summer in addition to pasturage. Now, as to whether 
 people can afford to put in silos, etc., we can only say 
 that on our upland farm we had, at the beginning of win- 
 ter, two hundred tons of hay. If we had put in fifteen or 
 twenty acres of corn, and cut and stored it in the silos, 
 we would now have been able to have spared all of the 
 two hundred tons of hay, and, as the price is now 
 extreme, twenty dollars per ton, we Avould have received 
 for it enough to have paid all expenses of building both 
 barn and silo, besides raising and harvesting the corn 
 fodder, and we should have had fully as much manure 
 to put back on the farm as we Avill have now in feeding the 
 hay. But even if hay was but eight dollars to ten dol- 
 lars per ton, it would pay to put in the corn crop for 
 ensilage, and build the silo to contain it. The stock 
 would be kept as well upon the ensilage as upon hay, and 
 give as much manure, and the hay, if it were sold at eight 
 dollars to ten dollars per ton, would pay all expenses the 
 first year. The right kind of corn for seed costs eighty- 
 five cents to one dollar per bushel, and we hope to get a 
 feed-cutter capable of cutting ten to twelve tons per 
 hour, or one hundred tons per day, for about one hundred 
 and fifty dollars, and not require over a two-horse tread 
 power to run it. Corn ensilage is probably not a perfect 
 food for cows in milk. Linseed meal, or cotton seed 
 meal, with bran or oat meal, will produce a good flow of 
 milk. Fifty-five or sixty pounds of ensilage food, with 
 
ENSILAGE IN" HUNGARY. 47 
 
 three ponnds of linseed meal, and four pounds of bran, 
 will answer satisfactorily. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 ENSILAGE IN HUNGARY. 
 
 The preservation of green fodder crops has long been 
 practised in several countries of the Continent of Europe, 
 by essentially the same process as that now termed ensi- 
 lage, but under the names of " Sour Hay," and "Sour 
 Keep." In Germany, clover has long been preserved in 
 this manner, and especially have the leaves of the Sugar 
 Beet been kept in pits for winter feeding. 
 
 In October, 1873, the " American Agriculturist" pub- 
 lished an article from its correspondent G. C, a farmer 
 in Hungary, entitled 
 
 " SOUR-FODDER MAKING," 
 
 the essential portions of which, with the engraving are 
 here given : " Although the writer is not acquainted with 
 American farming except by reading of the 'American 
 Agriculturist,' nevertheless I communicate a method of 
 preservation of juicy fodder peculiarly important for 
 corn-producing America. 
 
 " The corn is sown broadcast, or drilled in rows nine 
 to eighteen inches apart, two metzens to one Austrian 
 joch, or about 3.3 hectolitre to one hectare. [This 
 is nearly three and a half bushels to the acre. — Ed.] 
 The cultivation remains the same ; the field must be kept 
 free from weeds. At blossom time the corn is mown, 
 loaded into wagons, and hauled in. The home-brought 
 
48 
 
 SILOS AND EliSTLAGE. 
 
 corn is put in large ditches, German Grube, Mietlie, ten 
 or twenty rods long, and is here pressed in by a few men 
 walking on the green corn. The engraving, figure 14, 
 will explain the whole. The ditch is twelve feet deep, 
 twelve feet wide at the top, and six feet at the bottom. 
 The length will need to be sufficient to contain the fod- 
 der to be preserved. The ditch must be dug in dry 
 ground. When the ditch is filled, the green corn is built 
 like a stack upwards about ten feet over the level of the 
 
 Fig. 14.— SECTION OF HTJNGABIAN DITCH. 
 
 ground, as shown in the engraving. The finished stack 
 is then covered with earth about two feet thick on every 
 side. It is best to cover the top of the stack at first, be- 
 cause the weight of the earth pressing down the green 
 corn, so much earth is not needed for covering as is the 
 case Avhen the sides are covered at first. 
 
 "This sour-hay making enables us to store a large 
 quantity of juicy fodder for tlie winter, and if Avell 
 covered with eartli it may be stored for a few years with- 
 out any injury. Tlie most important of all is, the beasts 
 being once acquainted with this sour-hay, like it very 
 
ENSILAGE IN HUNGARY. 4^ 
 
 much. With us, in Hungary, the sour-hay is cut and 
 mixed with com meal, or some other ground grain, and 
 given to the cattle ; but the sour-hay may be fed uncut 
 also. 
 
 " In sections where stones and bricks are to be obtained 
 cheaply, the sides of the ditch may be walled, but it is 
 not necessary. 
 
 " I should be very glad if these lines would serve to 
 encourage the sour-hay making of corn by the American 
 farmers. " 
 
 ENSILAGE OF ROOTS. 
 
 The following year the "American Agriculturist," 
 published, in August, 1874, another article from the same 
 Hungarian correspondent, in which he describes the 
 preservation of beets with chafP, giving this also the 
 name of "sour- fodder." "The ciiief necessity of every 
 dairy farm, or cheese and butter factory, is to feed a juicy 
 food to the cows at every season of the year ; this is 
 easily provided for in the spring, summer, and autumn, 
 by feeding green rye, wheat, clover, a mixture of oats 
 and peas, corn, etc., but in the winter we have no other 
 milk-producing fodder than beets and corn sour-hay. It 
 is known to every farmer, how difficult is the preserving 
 of roots in the winter, and that large quantities of them 
 are injured and therefore spoil. To avoid this, we cure 
 the beets and other roots witli chaff into sour-fodder. 
 This method of using root-fodder has been in use on 
 large farms in Hungary for some years, and has always 
 been successful. The method of making this so-called 
 sour-fodder is as follows : at first we have a ditch made 
 in a dry place [the ditch may be of the dimensions already 
 given for corn fodder. — Ed.] When the beets are taken 
 up in the usual manner they are hauled in, washed, and 
 cut with a machine. Then the pit may be divided into 
 3 
 
60 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 sections, for instance, for a length of ten rods into five 
 sections, and by this division the labor is very much 
 facilitated, because the first section can be covered with 
 earth, while the second section is being filled. When a 
 certain quantity of beets are cut, we place at first a layer 
 of chaff upon the ground of the first section, upon this 
 chaff is placed a layer of cut beets, in the proportion of 
 one pound of chaff' to ten pounds of cut beets ; these two 
 layers are then solidly mixed with a fork ; after having 
 done so, a layer of chaff and beets is again laid down, 
 and agaiu well mixed. This is repeated until the mixture 
 reaches the top of the ditch ; then it must be built up- 
 
 Fig. 15. -PIT OF BEETS AND CHAFF. 
 
 ward from six to nme feet above the level of the ground. 
 On the top of the stack are laid a few sheaves of rye- 
 straw, to prevent the fodder being mixed with earth ; 
 then the first section is covered with earth, commencing 
 the covering at first on the top of the stack. When the 
 first section is finished, the second and all following sec- 
 tions are managed in the same manner, as above described; 
 when the whole ditch is filled, we take care that the stack 
 is covered on every side with one and a half to two feet 
 of earth. This sour-fodder, mixed with corn meal or 
 
THE ENSILAGE OF BREWERS' GRAINS. 51 
 
 other feed, will be relished by the daintiest beast. The 
 engraving, figure 15, shows the whole arrangement. The 
 first and second section of the ditch is filled, the first one 
 is also covered with earth." 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE ENSILAGE OF BREWERS' GRAINS. 
 
 In an article published in the ''American Agriculturist/' 
 there was given a description of a silo for the preserva- 
 tion of Brewers' Grains. This was attached to a dairy 
 barn at Katonah, Westchester Co., N. Y., and had at 
 that time been in successful use for many years. The 
 silo in this case is square and deep, and attached to the 
 barn. The engraving, figure 16, shows the shape and 
 method of construction of the silo, and at figure 17, the 
 manner in which' it is used. It will be seen that the only 
 difference between the operation of this and the French 
 silo, is, that the former has not so dense and compact a 
 covering as the latter. A very close covering is not so 
 essential with brewers' grains, as with corn fodder, be- 
 cause they pack much closer and exclude the air better 
 than the looser corn stalks ; but when the latter are cut 
 up into chaff, and thoroughly well pressed down, a mere 
 covering of planks, nicely Jointed upon the edges, would 
 be sufficient for the exclusion of the air from the mass 
 below. It is always preferable to cut the fodder into 
 pieces, not longer than one inch, for the reason that it 
 then packs more closely and the preservation is more com- 
 plete. The silo, shown in figure 10, consists of a sort of 
 basement cellar, with the door opening into the cow- 
 
52 
 
 SILOS AXD EXSILAGE. 
 
 stable, and tlie rear sunk for the most part beneath the 
 ground ; a road passes to the end of it, where there is a 
 door, shown by dotted lines, for the purpose of receiving 
 the grains. Tlie walls are of stone, and the floor is of 
 cement. The silo is covered with an ordinary shingle 
 roof. The grains are packed in solidly, until they reach 
 the level of the door at the top, when they are covered 
 with boards, and some straw is thrown over the boards. 
 
 Fia;. 16.— method of construction of the silo. 
 
 When tlie grains are required, the lower door is opened, 
 and the grains, as fresh as when put in, but somewliat 
 sour, are dug out for use. As the mass is cut away, 
 nothing is done to the surface which is left exposed to the 
 air ; but as the grains are very quickly used in this large 
 dairy, tliere is not time for them to be injured, and the 
 surface is made fresh every day by the removal of what 
 was left exposed the day before. The same method may 
 be applied to the preservation of corn fodder. As cut 
 
THE ENSILAGE OF BREWERS' GRAINS. 
 
 53 
 
 green fodder lies in a looser and more open mass than 
 grains, it would be necessary to have a cover as nearly im- 
 pervious to air as possible, for use when the silo is opened 
 and the preserved fodder is in course of consumption. 
 This maybe easily done by means of wide planks, jointed 
 smoothly at the edges, which should be laid upon the 
 face of the mass of fodder as it is cut away. Pins may 
 be inserted in a few of these planks, upon which another 
 
 Fig. 17. — MASNEB OF COVERING. 
 
 plank may rest, and the whole cover may then be pressed 
 tightly against the fodder by means of a piece of timber 
 placed with one end against the wall, and the other end 
 resting upon the cross-plank, and thus made to act as a 
 wedge. This is shown in figure 17; It will be necessary 
 to cut away the mass of fodder smoothly and regularly, 
 leaving an even surface for the planks to rest against. 
 
64 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 ^ CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE ENSILAGE OF OTHER CROPS THAN CORN. 
 
 The experiments with ensihige have been, in this coun- 
 try, at least, so generally made with Indian corn, that, 
 in the popular mind, the term is understood to refer to 
 the preservation of that crop. Reference has already 
 been made to the preservation of other crops, and some 
 examples have been given, including one of the success- 
 ful preservation of Brewers' grains for a series of years in 
 a receptacle that is essentially a silo. 
 
 In Germany and France, where large areas are devoted 
 to the cultivation of the Beet as a source of sugar, the 
 closest economy is observed in every step. Indeed, the 
 success of this culture depends largely upon the proper 
 expenditure of the beet-root pulp after the factory has 
 extracted the sugar, or all that it can profitably remove. 
 
 Frost greatly diminishes the yield of sugar ; hence the 
 beets are topped and harvested before there is any danger 
 from this source. As a consequence, the leaves are in 
 excellent condition, being in nearly full growth. "While 
 beet-leaves, and especially beet-pulp, contain a large 
 amount of earthy matter, salts of various kinds, that 
 unfit them as an exclusive food for animals, they are of 
 great value when properly mixed with feed of other 
 kinds, and their preservation is an important matter to 
 the farmer who cultivates the sugar-beet. The great 
 mass of beet-tops can not be fed out before it would 
 spoil, and ensilage comes in as an important aid in its 
 preservation. From the accounts given in European 
 works it appears that the beet leaves are merely packed 
 away in pits, and directly in contact with the earth. 
 
 The farmer who delivers his beets at the sugar factory 
 
THE ENSILAGE OF OTHER CROPS THAN CORN. 55 
 
 bargains for the return of the pulp, and this valuable 
 cattle food has also been preserved with success by bury- 
 ing it in a similar manner. ^ 
 
 The Beet-sugar industry is making a slow, but healthy 
 growth in this country, and the time is not far distant 
 when the preservation of the leaves and pulp by ensilage 
 will be of great importance. 
 
 Hungarian grass usually comes in to supplement a 
 short hay crop, and being sown late, it is cut late, and is 
 often in danger of being caught by frost before it can be 
 cut and cured. The few experiments that have been 
 made show that this grass may be preserved in silos, and 
 thus treated makes excellent fodder. 
 
 Mr. W. C. Strong, the well-known horticulturist of 
 Brighton, Mass., tried packing Hungarian grass in the 
 silo, just as it came from the field, without cutting. The 
 attempt resulted in failure, there being so much air in- 
 cluded in the mass that decay took place. In other 
 instances, where the grass was cut before storing, it kept 
 in a satisfactory manner, and made excellent ensilage. 
 
 Millet, — Under this name a variety of plants are cul- 
 tivated in this country, and there is much confusion in 
 the application of the term. The true Millet of Europe, 
 Panicum MilicBcum, is rarely cultivated with us. It is 
 to this plant that the name. Millet, should be restricted^ 
 and with all other grasses it should be used with a prefix. 
 The plant most generally cultivated in this country as 
 *' Millet " is one of the forms of Setaria Italica, (also S. 
 Gennanica, which is but another name for the same,) 
 and is a variety of the " Hungarian grass." The form 
 known as "Hungarian grass" runs more to foliage, 
 while those varieties known as " Giant," " Hungarian," 
 "Bengal," "Golden," and other kinds of Millet, have 
 larger panicles, and produce more largely of seed or grain 
 than the others. 
 
 For the purpOi=es of ensilage, the variety known as 
 
56 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 Hungarian grass would be better than any of the forms 
 called Millet, as they are likely to give a large supply of 
 herbage. 
 
 The name of Millet, with the i)refix " Pearl," that is, 
 "Pearl Millet," has, within a few years, been given to a 
 plant well known in Southern localities as " Cat-tail 
 Millet," from a resemblance of its dense heads to those of 
 the real " Cat- tail," Typha latifulia. 
 
 "Pearl Millet" is -^vo^exlj Penicillaria spicata, and 
 belongs to a different genus from any other grass known 
 as Millet. The trials that have been made with it show 
 it to have value as a fodder plant. Like several other 
 grasses, which are large enough when well established, 
 this is very small at the start. When a stand is fairly 
 made, it grows on with gi"eat vigor, and allows several 
 cuttings to be made during the season, the number de- 
 pending upon the latitude. As a plant for ensilage it is 
 worthy of the attention of southern farmers. 
 
 Sorghum, in its different kinds, is worthy of considera- 
 tion as a plant for ensilage. Sorghum vulgare has devel- 
 oped into several distinct races. Those forms which are 
 grown for an unusual development of the seed panicle 
 are known as Broom Corn. Other varieties have been 
 produced in which the saccharine matter of the stalks is 
 developed to its highest point, and arc cultivated for 
 syrup and sugar. Other varieties still are cultivated for 
 their grain, which, under the name of Durra, etc., are 
 the principal bread food of some oriental peoples. Of 
 late, some of these grain-producing forms have been 
 offered as forage plants, and it is likely that some of these 
 may be found of value for ensilage. Indeed, all of these 
 kinds of Sorghum, with the exception of Broom Corn, 
 are likely to give ensilage of great value, and should re- 
 ceive attention in those localities where their culture is 
 found profitable for feeding green or curing dry. 
 
 Rye sown for a forage crop is of great value, especially 
 
THE ENSILAGE OF OTHER CROPS THAN CORN. 57 
 
 on a dairy farm. It has the disadvantage of maturing 
 rapidly, and all at once ; so soon as the heads begin to 
 form, the stalk becomes hard and woody, especially at 
 the lower part, and loses its nutritious qualities. 
 
 AYhere ensilage is practised to a large extent, it is well, 
 as Messrs. Whitman & Burrell propose, to have a silo 
 empty by the time the rye is in its best condition for 
 fodder, at which time it may be cut and stored, thus 
 preserving this valuable crop in its greatest perfection. 
 
 Both Oats and Wheat, cultivated for fodder crops, have 
 been successfully converted into ensilage. We have not 
 heard of the use of Oats and Peas as an ensilage crop. 
 This mixture is a favorite fodder crop with many farm- 
 ers, and converting it into ensilage would allow it to 
 be secured for future feeding at just the time of its great- 
 est perfection, which is before the formation of the grain 
 and seeds has materially diminished the nutritious value 
 of the herbage in either. 
 
 Among the kinds of forage that have been preserved 
 in silos in Europe is the foliage of the Jerusalem Arti- 
 choke, Helianthus tuber osus. A variety of this, called 
 the "Brazilian Artichoke," is most generally cultivated, 
 though it is " Brazilian " only in name. It differs from 
 the old and well-known form in having shorter and 
 rounded tubers, which grow close around the base of the 
 plant, and these usually have a red skin. The variety 
 known as " Brazilian " is regarded as vastly preferable to 
 the old form with long and scattered tubers. 
 
 This crop is coming into use in some parts of the 
 country, as affording a valuable food for swine. The 
 yield of tubers is often enormous, and as the harvesting 
 is done by the animals themselves it is cheaply raised. 
 The crop is, however, a very exhausting one, there being 
 few plants that take from the soil and deposit in their 
 herbage such a large amount of potash as does this. 
 Wherever the Artichoke is grown, the stalks and foliage 
 
58 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 should be returned to the soil in some form. The French 
 convert them into ensilage. Cattle and other animals 
 are remarkably fond of the recent foliage, and it will be 
 worth while for those who cultivate the crop for the 
 tubers to experiment in the saving of the herbage in 
 silos, either by itself, or mixed with corn or some other 
 plant, that its valuable constituents may be returned 
 to the land in the manure. 
 
 In the agriculture of the Southern States the Cow Pea 
 largely takes the place occupied by clover on northern 
 farms, both as a crop to be plowed under for green ma- 
 nuring, and as food for domestic animals. 
 
 The crop is not one that is cured into hay without diffi- 
 culty, as the large stems and foliage are very succulent 
 and heavy, and lie so compactly that there is danger of 
 moulding and decay. When made, the cow-pea hay needs 
 to be handled with care, as the leaves readily break away, 
 and every time it is moved the finer portions of the hay 
 become scattered ; consequently caution is required in 
 feeding it, or the rations will be very unequal. The por- 
 tions from the upper part of the mow will be little besides 
 bare stems, while that lower down will have more than 
 its proper share of the foliage. By preseiving the cow- 
 pea in silos these difficulties would be avoided, and the 
 southern farmer will be thus enabled to provide his ani- 
 mals with this rich fodder in a vastly better condition than 
 is otherwise possible. 
 
 It is not necessary that the value of the cow pea, as an 
 ensilage crop, should be confined exclusively to the South- 
 ern States. Though it cannot be depended upon to ripen 
 its seeds in northern localities, it Avill, in the climate of 
 southern New York, yield an abundant crop of most 
 nutritious herbage. This plant is one which should re- 
 ceive the attention of those interested in ensilage. There 
 are some twenty or more named varieties of the cow pea 
 in cultivation in the Southern States, varying almost 
 
THE ENSILAGE OF OTHER CEOPS THAN CORN. 59 
 
 as greatly iu the size and color of the seeds as do the 
 garden beans. The plants differ much in size and vigor, 
 as well as in their disposition to run, and seek some sup- 
 port upon which to climb. Some, if provided with poles, 
 would climb to the hight of several feet, and these, in 
 field culture, twine about one another and form a dense 
 matted mass that prevents harvesting by the mowing 
 machine. Some varieties are preferred by southern 
 farmers for plowing under, others are considered best for 
 hay, and still other kinds for the production of lipened 
 peas. 
 
 The "Johnson Grass," also in some localities called 
 *' Guinea Grass," and " Means Grass," is a tall perennial 
 species. Sorghum Ilalepense, with thick tuberous roots, 
 that is of late being planted extensively in the Southern 
 and some of the Middle States. It allows of several cut- 
 tings during the season, and is highly esteemed by those 
 who cultivate it, both for feeding green and for hay. 
 This is another plant that promises to have its value 
 greatly increased by being preserved in silos. 
 
 Buckwheat is one of tJie crops that has been suggested 
 as proper for ensilage, though we have no definite accounts 
 of its employment in this manner. It has the merit of 
 giving a fair crop upon poor land. The straw, after the 
 grain has been removed, is not regarded as especially val- 
 uable, and indeed, when fed to swine or used as bedding 
 for them, is apt to cause an eruption upon or irritation of 
 the skin. If stored in the silo, this should be done before 
 the grain has formed, just at flowering time, in order 
 that the herbage may be in the most nutritious condition. 
 
 Prickly Comfrey, Symphytum asperrimum, a plant that 
 has been rather slow in finding a place in our agriculture, 
 is in Europe commended as one useful for ensilage, espe- 
 cially to mix with fodder corn in the silo. We have seen 
 no definite accounts of experiments with this plant in 
 the form of ensilage. In some localities iu Virginia, and 
 
60 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 on some dairy farms in New England, it lias been cul- 
 tivated to some extent. The chief merit claimed for it 
 is its abilty to furnish green fodder very early in spring 
 and late in the fall, and we enumerate it as one of those 
 plants that may possibly be of value in the silo. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ENSILAGE. 
 
 BY J. M. MCBBYDE, PROFESSOR OF AGRICtJLTURE, ETC., UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 The success of Ensilage appears to be fairly established 
 by experiments in many different localities, and is there- 
 fore no longer an open question. Concerning the nutri- 
 tive value of the new food, however, the views are many 
 and conflicting. We have enthusiastic farmers, on the 
 one hand, declaring that ensilage is almost equal, pound 
 for pound, to hay, that it is sufficient by, and of, itself 
 not only to sustain life, but to fatten, that it can hardly 
 be improved upon ; and, on the other hand, scientists 
 assort that its value is to be estimated by its percentage 
 of dry matter alone. The first refer you to the results of 
 experiments where estimated amounts of this and other 
 stuffs were roughly fed to different farm animals of 
 various Aveights and ages ; the second to the results of 
 recent analyses, showing that it contains eighty per cent 
 and upwards of water. The last affirm : " Average 
 ensilage contains eighty-two and a half pounds of water 
 and seventeen and a half pounds of dry substance in one 
 hundred, and a ton of it, skillfully fed, will make twenty 
 pounds live weight of beef, which, at five and a half 
 
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ENSILAGE. Gl 
 
 cents, would be one dollar and ton cents. The manure 
 might bring it up to one dollar and fifty cents per ton, 
 feeding value. In view of the above showing, the claim 
 that ensilage is a nutritious feeding stuff is simply pre- 
 posterous." Now any one who will take the trouble to 
 make the necessary calculations from the data furnished 
 by No. 14, in Series 2d of the subjoined experiments, 
 will find that one thousand two hundred and twenty- 
 three pounds of ensilage made twenty-seven pounds of 
 beef, live weight, or about forty-three and three-quarter 
 pounds to the ton. In other words, the estimated amount 
 is wide of the mark by upwards of one hundred per cent. 
 Again, the results of all the following experiments go to 
 show that ensilage is not of itself a perfect food, and that 
 its nutritive value is greatly increased by the addition of 
 other matters. 
 
 I do not propose, however, to discuss in detail the ex- 
 periments of the several Series, my space is too limited 
 for this, but simply to ask that all those interested in the 
 subject will examine them, candidly and fairly, for them- 
 selves. I have said enough, I hope, to show the import- 
 ance of experiments carefully and accurately made, with- 
 out previous bias or prejudice. ■ As such these are 
 offered, for no expense or labor was spared to make them 
 thorough and reliable. They are herewith submitted in 
 full and without reserve, along with the fewest possible 
 words explanatory of their history and bearing. It must 
 be premised that every pound of food was carefully 
 weighed, the animals were confined in separate stalls, 
 and were as nearly as possible alike in age, blood, and 
 general condition, except in Section II of Series 1st, de- 
 signed simply to test the life-sustaining power of ensi- 
 lage, and in Series 3d, establishing its forcing qualities 
 when properly combined with other foods. 
 
 In Sections II and III, Series 1st, the results of the 
 experiments are not as unfavorable to ensilage as they at 
 
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 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
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64 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 first sight appear ; for it must be explained, first, that 
 the mouth of January, during wliich this Series was con- 
 tinued, was the coldest and most inclement experienced 
 in this section for years ; second, that No. 14 was a cow, 
 dry upwards of a month prior to the commencement of 
 the tests, but which, about one week thereafter, came 
 back to her milk, she was finally dried off about the 
 middle of February ; and, third, that No. 10 was a sin- 
 gularly savage and unthrifty two-year-old Shorthorn bull, 
 that ill-brooked the close confinement incident to the ex- 
 periment. Again, Nos. 1 and 4 of Section III were 
 yearlings, weaned only a week or so prior to January 2d. 
 They had received, up to within a few days of that time, 
 hay, meal, and slops. No. 1 refused its rations at first, 
 and never ate more than half of the amount allowed. 
 No. 3, after the first week, ate nearly all. The close cor- 
 respondence of the results of Nos. 3 and 5 in Section V, 
 and Nos. 8 and 11 in Section YI, is especially worthy of 
 notice, and makes these four experiments particularly 
 valuable. In No. 18 of Section VII the heavier loss is 
 perhaps explained by the greater flow of milk, as shown 
 by the same number in Section VIII. It was remarked 
 by several in attendance on the animals that those fed on 
 ensilage alone appeared to suffer much more from the 
 cold than the others. Here we have practice confirming 
 theory, for the conversion o' a portion of the carbohy- 
 drates into acid and other principles, by the fermentation 
 incident to the process, and the consequent loss, compar- 
 ative, of the fat-formers, the fuel of the animal body, 
 would lead us to expect just such results. 
 
 In Series 2d the animals were the same as those desig- 
 nated by similar numbers in Scries 1st. Each, No. 15 
 excepted, received during the interval between the two 
 Series a daily ration, per one thousand pounds of live 
 weight, of fifty pounds of ensilage, corn ; six pounds of 
 the best hay, and three pints of corn meal, and in this 
 
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ENSILAGE. 65 
 
 time, about six weeks, No. 15 gained forty pounds ; No. 
 9, thirty-eight pounds ; No. 14, fifty-three pounds ; No. 
 8, seventeen pounds ; and No. 10, thirty-seven pounds. 
 The weather during the continuance of tliis Series was 
 damp and unfavorable, but by no means as cold as in the 
 January preceding, hence the better results in case of 
 No. 14, fed on ensilage alone. No. 9 demands a word or 
 so of explanation. Our farm animals relished the corn 
 ensilage from the start, but rejected the clover ensilage 
 at first, and it was several days before they became accvis- 
 tomed to its use. This animal, No. 9, refused its rations 
 for a week, and in that time lost twenty-five pounds. 
 All the loss occurred in the first week. After that time, 
 becoming reconciled to the new food, it made steady and 
 continuous gains. This experiment enforces the neces- 
 sity of frequent weighings. It is evident that the highest 
 percentage of gain in both Series were made by animals 
 fed on mixed rations of ensilage and matters richer in 
 albuminoids. 
 
 In Series 3d, the animals were forced for the June 
 market, and all the dates save the first show the day 
 when each was sold to the butcher. In the interval be- 
 tween this Series and the preceding, all the animals ex- 
 cept No. 15 received the same rations as in the first 
 interval. No. 15 alone of all our farm animals, upward 
 of forty head, persistently refused the ensilage from the 
 first. It was therefore allotted the ration of hay in 
 Series 1st and 2d, and, in the first interval, three pints 
 of meal in addition. After the close of Series 2d, we 
 endeavored to force it to eat the ensilage, but without 
 success. Hence its loss of thirty pounds between the 
 last two Series. The rapid gain of No. 21, a thorough- 
 bred Shorthorn, three and four-fifth pounds per day, is 
 especially noteworthy. No. 14 was quite heavy with calf. 
 One striking fact greatly in favor of ensilage was noticed 
 during this Series. The animals, although receivinxr 
 
66 SILOS AND ESrSILAGE. 
 
 heavy and constantly increasing amounts of meal, never 
 became gorged. From the beginning to the end of the 
 Series their appetites were hearty and vigorous, their 
 bowels open but not too loose, their digestion good. One 
 word as to the cost of the rations. The price of meal 
 and hay, of course, varies in different localities. The 
 corn ensilage, from the planting to the final weighing 
 down in silos, cost us one dollar and fifty cents per ton, 
 or seven and a half cents per hundred- weight. This esti- 
 mate includes the price paid for fertilizers, interest on 
 land, etc. 
 
 [The experiments given above are worthy of the careful 
 consideration of all who are interested in the subject of 
 ensilage, and, with the explanations given of them, these 
 tables convey the story in a most comjjact form. Tables 
 with figures repel many persons, but there is no other 
 method by which facts like these can be presented so 
 compactly. The foregoing article, with the tables, is 
 from the " American Agriculturist." — Ed.] 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 AN ABOVE GROUND SILO. 
 
 The owner of a silo made of wood and entirely above 
 ground, describes in the French ''Journal d' Agriculture 
 Prati(iue " the method of its construction : A certain 
 number of beams. A, figure 18 (which are described here- 
 after), are laid upon the soil at a distance apart of about 
 two feet. Each one of these beams has a mortice at each 
 end. The corn-stalks are discharged upon these beams 
 and laid crosswise of them, building up the pile very 
 regularly. When this is done, some boards are laid upon 
 
AN" ABOV^E GKOUND SILO. 
 
 67 
 
 the pile, and other beams, C, phiced directly over the 
 lower ones. The uprights, B, B, pierced with holes, are 
 set in place ; these pass through the mortices of the beams, 
 and the ends which pass through the lower beam, A, are 
 secured below by strung iron bolts, through the holes in 
 
 Fig. 18.— AN OPEN-AIR SILO. 
 
 A. The pressure is produced by two powerful jacks, 
 placed opposite each other at the upright B, and resting 
 upon the beam C. The power of the jacks is exercised 
 against a stout iron bolt placed in a hole in B. As the 
 handles of the jacks are turned, the beam C is pressed 
 down, and when a new hole in the upright B is exposed, 
 an iron bolt is passed through it to r'etain the pressure, 
 
 Fifr. 19.— BEAM OF SILO. 
 
 and the jacks are taken to the next upright on the same 
 side of the silo. After all upon one side have been treated, 
 the jacks are taken to the uprights of the opposite side, 
 and the pressure applied. This is continued until the 
 last beam has been pressed at both ends. Pressure is 
 
68 SILOS AKD ENSILAGE. 
 
 applied in this manner daily for eighteen days ; after this 
 it suffices to press every eight or ten days. The ensi- 
 lage is removed by taking otf one frame, consisting of two 
 beams and two uprights, and cutting off the correspond- 
 ing slice of fodder. The corn-fodder preserved in this 
 manner was the ( .aragua corn, slightly whitened by frosts. 
 It was in a perfect state of preservation. Only a thick- 
 ness of between three and four inclies all around the pile 
 was black and moldy. One of the advantages of this 
 method is the ability to regulate the pressure at will. A 
 beam {A, C, figure 18) is shown in tigure 19 ; this is formed 
 of two pieces of timber, a, a, b, b, separated by the blocks, 
 c, d. The spaces between the end blocks, and those next 
 to them, form the mortices e, through which the uprights, 
 {B, figure 18) slide. The owner concludes the description 
 as follows: "The silo I have made, holds about two 
 and a half tons of corn-fodder. The frames are about 
 two feet apart, and the length of the mass is about ten 
 feet. The two jacks exercise a pressure of over twenty 
 thousand pounds at each end of the beams, amounting 
 in round numbers to about sixteen thousands upon each 
 square yard. It is to this powerful pressure that I at- 
 tribute the perfect preservation of the ensilage in the 
 open air, without the aid of a fodder cutter, and without 
 any masonry or earth-work." — American Agriculturist. 
 
**SOUR-rODDEE" — PRIMITIVE ENSILAGE. 69 
 
 CH APTEE XIV. 
 " SOUR-FODDER "—PRIMITIVE ENSILAGE. 
 
 [It has been evident to those who have watched the 
 progress of ensilage in this country that this method of 
 preserving fodder presented great advantages to those 
 with sufficient capital to construct silos and carry out 
 the method on. a large scale. On the other hand, it 
 offered little to the farmer with but a few cows, as he 
 could not afford the outlay required for building silos 
 and providing the appliances necessary in preparing and 
 storing the fodder. On page 47 is given an account of 
 the methods of preserving fodder, in Hungary, without 
 the use of a silo, but by merely pitting it in the earth, 
 and we now give a description, by Mr. H. Nicholas Jar- 
 chow, of the German method of preparing " sour fodder," 
 which was apparently the first attempt at preserving fod- 
 der by means of ensilage. This chapter will afford useful 
 suggestions to those who would preserve their fodder on 
 a small scale, and experiments judiciously made will, no 
 doubt, greatly extend the benefits of this method of pre- 
 serving green fodder of all kinds. — Ed.] 
 
 Mr. Jarchow says : — In Northern Europe there oc- 
 curred, about half a century ago, several successive years 
 which were so unusually cold and wet at harvest time 
 that farmers, being unable to harvest their forage crojis, 
 left them to rot on the field. The second cut of clover 
 and the aftermath were generally lost. A German farmer, 
 whose name is now forgotten, conceived the idea of throw- 
 ing his entire forage crop, cut late in the fall, into a deep 
 pit dug in the field, and to cover it with earth to protect 
 it from frost. The forage when thrown into the pit was 
 very wet, was hard on account of the growth of woody 
 fibre, and the most hoped for it was that it would make 
 
70 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 a useful addition to the compost or manure heap. Upon 
 opening the pit the following spring the farmer, to his 
 great astonishment, found, instead of a mass of manure, 
 a solid body of vegetable matter, giving off an agreeable 
 odor, the individual parts of which were thoroughly fer- 
 mented and softened. Upon trial, he found that the 
 farm animals ate the contents of the pit with avidity, 
 improved on it and soon preferred it to their usual feed. 
 
 The results of this farmer's experiment soon became 
 widely known, and agriculturists, especially dairy- 
 men, imitated this method of curing forage. The agri- 
 cultural journals took up the subject, and these and 
 scientific investigators concluded that there was here dis- 
 covered a new and cheap method of preserving fodder 
 plants, and one especially adapted to small farms. A 
 method, which, by fermenting them, would render the 
 plants more digestible and nutritious and at the same 
 time more palatable. 
 
 This method received the name of " Preparation of 
 Sour-Fodder." It is true that there appeared opponents 
 to this method who declared that animals did not like 
 forage thus prepared, and when forced to eat it were 
 subjected to maladies and even died. When these cases 
 were investigated, the untoward results were found to be 
 due to improper preparation, allowing the forage to 
 mold, to salting the fodder or to exclusive feeding on 
 fodder thus prepared. As early as forty years ago it was, 
 in Germauy, an established fact that well prepared sour 
 fodder, when properly fed, would not only be eagerly 
 eaten by the farm animals, but would agree with and 
 improve them. 
 
 I well recollect that in that year of general dearth, 
 1847, the agricultural journals advised farmers to preserve 
 their fodder plants in this manner in order to keep 
 them longer, to improve them and to increase the quan- 
 tity of forage. It was remarked that every plant, if it 
 
*' sour-fodder" — PRIMITIVE EIS'SILAGE. 71 
 
 were not poisonous and had not become too dry, could be 
 made useful for feeding purposes. The farmers accord- 
 ingly gathered not only the proper forage plants, but 
 potato vines, turnip leaves, the leaves of trees and grape- 
 vines, the last cut from meadows and clover-fields ; nay, 
 they even gathered plants which are usually refused by 
 animals, such as horsetails {Equisetum), swamp grasses, 
 sedges, etc. It was demonstrated that these plants, un- 
 der this treatment, became not only harmless but pala- 
 table. 
 
 TO PREPARE SOUR-EODDER. 
 
 The method followed in Germany is to excavate oblong 
 pits, having a surface of 200 to 300 square feet, and eight 
 to ten feet deep. These are made on a part of the farm 
 where there is a heavy clay soil, and where there is a per- 
 fect drainage, so that no water can settle in the pit. The 
 sides of the pit must be perpendicular. The forage, after 
 it is stowed in the pit, begins to shrink, and unless the 
 sides are perpendicular the mass cannot settle equally. 
 Some farmers line the bottom and sides of the pit with 
 brick. These afford excellent storage places for sour- 
 fodder, but the mason work is not necessary. 
 
 THE FILLING OF THE PITS. 
 
 As soon as the fodder plants are cut, and before they 
 can dry, a layer two or three feet thick is uniformly 
 spread over the bottom of the pit and tramped down by 
 the workmen. It is not advisable to use wooden ram- 
 mers as the layers are apt to be, in parts, too closely 
 compacted. Layer after layer of fodder is added, and 
 tramped down, until the mass of fodder reaches three or 
 four feet above the surface of the soil. Earth is then to 
 be thrown around this portion which projects above the 
 top of the pit to form a sort of curb around it about four 
 feet thick, which is to be firmly pressed down. By 
 
72 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 spreading the forage evenly as it is added, and tramping 
 it down uniformly, the air is expelled from the mass. To 
 expel the air more certainly, and to avoid air spaces in 
 the fodder, water is often poured into the pit shortly 
 before closing it. In case the fodder is cut during a dry 
 time, water will be required to generate fermentation. 
 Salt, the addition of which has been recommended by 
 some, has not been found to be advantageous, as it delays 
 fermentation. After the pit has been filled in the manner 
 described, a layer of clayey soil, three or four feet in thick- 
 ness, is thrown upon the fodder. This covering should 
 be somewhat the highest in the centre, and pressed down 
 all around so that it may shed water. A few days after 
 the pit is made the top will begin to settle and cracks 
 will appear in the covering of earth. More earth must 
 be added and firmly pressed down in order to exclude the 
 air. 
 
 In about six or eight weeks fodder thus pitted will be 
 cured and ready for use, and will be preserved, unim- 
 paired as food, for several years, if it has been judiciously 
 treated. 
 
 The method here given is the usual way in which Ger- 
 man farmers prepare " sour-fodder," though there may 
 be differences on account of local or climatic reasons. 
 
 OPENING THE PITS. 
 
 In opening the pits, care must be taken to prevent the 
 access of air and water to the forage. It is best to make 
 a small opening at one end of the jiit, and having taken 
 out the needed quantity of the fonige, to close the open- 
 ing with straw, or boards, and earth. TJie fodder Avithin 
 the pit will be found in a compact mass, which must be 
 cut with a suitable knife, and must be fed before it dries 
 and becomes worthless. 
 
ENSILAGE IN GERMANY. 73 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 ENSILAGE IN GERMANY. 
 
 [Those who, by travel or by reading, are at all familiar 
 with German agriculture, have known of the methods of 
 preserving fodder crops followed in that country. They 
 know that even the smallest farmers, as a matter of strict- 
 est economy, often preserved their clover and other fod- 
 der crops as "sour-fodder," "sour keep," and "brown 
 hay " — and these terms, and the articles they represent, 
 were familiar to them long before " silo " and " ensilage" 
 had a place in the literature of agriculture. The origin 
 of this German method is given in the preceding chapter 
 by Mr. Jarchow, and it will be seen that ensilage was 
 successfully practised by German farmers long before the 
 silos of M. Goflfart presented the subject of ensilage upon 
 a sufficiently grand scale to attract the attention of the 
 agricultural world. We would not detract from the 
 credit due M. Goffart for his labors, but we would not 
 have the humble farmers of Germany deprived of their 
 share of praise for establishing silos on a small and prac- 
 ticable scale. Mr. Jarchow has prepared, at our request, 
 the following chapter upon the general practice of ensi- 
 lage in Germany. — Ed.] 
 
 In German husbandry, beet raising is of the greatest 
 importance, not only for sugar making but also on ac- 
 count of the great nutritive value of both the beet and its 
 leaves. Though the leaves are occasionally thinned dur- 
 ing the time of the growth of the plants, at harvest, in 
 the fall, there is a great mass of green leaves on hand, 
 averaging 4,000 pounds to the acre. These leaves repre- 
 sent to the German farmer a money value of from six to 
 seven dollars. When dried, the leaves lose their nutritive 
 properties, while when pitted green they are not only 
 
74 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 fully preserved but underi^o chemical changes which 
 adapt them for feeding purposes. 
 
 Sour-fodder, made from beet leaves, is cured as follows : 
 The leaves, together with the upper, green, woody part 
 or " neck " of the root, are cut and left a day or so on tiie 
 field to dry ojff a little, so that the adhering soil may be 
 easily removed. Wooden forks are used aud a sieve five 
 feet kmg ; this is made of laths which are separated three- 
 quarters of an inch iu order to allow the adhering earth, 
 which is loosened by shaking the sieve, to pass through 
 readily. The leaves, after having been thoroughly shak- 
 en in the sieve and freed from the soil, are packed in pits 
 six to eight feet deep, which are at the bottom six feet 
 and at the top ten feet wide. The leaves are then closely 
 tramped down. The forage is accumulated in the pit in 
 this wise to a height of three feet above the surface of the 
 soil, and is then surrounded with a wall of closely pressed 
 earth three feet thick. The whole pit is then covered 
 with three feet of earth. Some farmers, fearing that the 
 fodder may be spoiled in the pit, add salt to it, but the 
 opinion at present universally accepted in regard to the 
 use of salt is that it is injurious. The principal object 
 of pitting the forage is to cause fermentation and the 
 formation of lactic acid, and both of these are hindered by 
 the use of salt. Lactic acid is formed when lime enters 
 into organic compounds, some of which contain — and 
 others do not contain — nitrogen. These conditions are 
 present in the beet leaves. From experiments it appears 
 that an addition of grain chaff to beet leaves has proved 
 to be very advantageous, because this dry, and by itself nu- 
 tritious substance, absorbs the liquid constituents of the 
 beet leaves when ])acked with them in the pits. Besides, 
 an addition of chaif, not exceeding five per cent of the 
 weight of lea\es and beet heads, regulates the fermenta- 
 tion of the green mass, renders it drier and more accepta- 
 ble to the farm animals, while at the same time the woody 
 
ENSILAGE IN GERMANY. 75 
 
 fiber in the chaff becomes softened. The sugar in the 
 beet leaves and heads is entirely decomposed, and those 
 parts of the plants which contain nitrogen are also sub- 
 jected to decomposition, while the fatty substances increase 
 by thirty-three per cent. In fresh beet leaves the propor- 
 tion of the nitrogenous nutritive properties, to those 
 which do not contain nitrogen is 1 : 2.5 (just as in clover 
 hay). After the beet leaves have undergone the full 
 process in the souring pit, this proportion is changed to 
 1 : 5, a proportion which is found in good meadow hay. 
 Owing to the fermentation in the souring pit, beet leaves 
 therefore lose the uncommonly rich proi)ortion of their 
 nutritive properties, and enter into a good medium pro- 
 portion, such as is found in the standard fodder, meadow 
 hay. 
 
 After from five to six months the pit may be opened, 
 and there will be found a well preserved nourishing fod- 
 der which every farm animal will eat with avidity. 
 
 Maize or Indian corn, in North German husbandry, 
 does not play so important a part as in South Germany, 
 because the summers in the northern portion are seldom 
 sufficiently hot to allow of its ripening. Maize, there- 
 fore, in North Germany, is only cultivated for soiling. 
 But if cut green, maize cannot be used exclusively in 
 feeding their cattle when farmers wish to fully utilize 
 it, because maize does not contain a sufficient amount 
 of nitrogenous substances. This proportion must be at 
 least 1 (containing nitrogen) : 7 (not containing nitro- 
 gen), but is in green maize mostly 1 : 10, seldom 1 : 9,5. 
 Farmers, therefore, mix green maize with other fodder 
 materials in order to make up for the deficiency of nitro- 
 gen in green maize. Usually they resort to clover in 
 blossom, young grass, oil-cake, etc. If, at the approach 
 of September, a farmer has a good stock of green maize 
 on hand, it is mixed with clover hay or good meadow hay 
 and pitted in the same way as other fodder plants are 
 
76 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 treated in the souring pit. The forage is ready for use 
 at the end of eight or ten Aveeks ; it has a dark green hue 
 and emits an agreeably sour odor. 
 
 In South Germany and Austria the summers are 
 warmer and of longer duration tlian at the north. There 
 the maize ripens in time and can be utilized in the same 
 manner as in America. Maize is, in these parts of Europe, 
 used for the preparation of sour forage, but only after it 
 is fully ripe and the ears are gathered. Freshly cut 
 maize stalks are laid lengthwise in pits ten feet wide and 
 the laborers closely tramp them down. When the pit is 
 filled, heavily loaded wagons or heavy rollers are drawn 
 over the pit, and thus its contents are pressed together as 
 much as possible in order to avoid cavities in the mass, 
 and the consequent accumulation of air. The space 
 gained by this pressing is at once filled with fresh stalks 
 and stamped down again, and the filling and refilling are 
 continued until the mass of fodder is three feet above tiie 
 surface of the soil. The top of the fodder heap is made 
 one foot narrower than at the surface of the soil in order 
 that in sinking, the mass may not catch on the Avail and 
 cause cavities. The projecting part of the souring pit is 
 surrounded with a heavily pressed earth-wall, three feet 
 thick, and then covered with a layer of earth of the same 
 thickness, to which a conical shape is given. In from 
 three to four months the fodder is ready for use and can 
 be preserved by proper treatment, especially by protec- 
 tion against air and Avater, for several years in a good, 
 sound condition. 
 
 In conclusion, I may remark that in Germany, in feed- 
 ing green maize in soiling, the earlier ripening kinds have 
 proved much more valuable than the late ripening. The 
 reports of several of the principal experiment stations 
 concur in stating that the early ripening sorts of maize, 
 grown upon equally large areas of the same soil, contain, 
 when cut at the same time (September 1st) from one- 
 
SWEET ENSILAGE. 77 
 
 sixth to one-fifth part more of dry substance than the 
 later ripening. Besides, the dry substance of the early 
 ripening varieties contain much more nutritive constitu- 
 ents than the later ripening, and that, in regard to the 
 nutrition of animals, three pounds of forage of the form- 
 er are estimated to be equal to four pounds of the late 
 ripening kinds. 
 
 CHAPTEK XVI. 
 
 SWEET ENSILAGE. 
 
 In the early days of ensilage the writer received a 
 fruit jar, the cover of which closed it air-tight, contain- 
 ing finely cut corn stalks. No letter of explanation ac- 
 companied the jar, and after waiting several days for one, 
 the contents of the jar were examined. Upon removing 
 the air-tight cover, the odor of acetic acid was so positive 
 and pervading as to suggest the thought that some one 
 had discovered a method of producing vinegar from corn 
 stalks and had sent this specimen to illustrate his 
 method. We afterwards learned that it was sent as a 
 sample of ensilage which was so sour that the owner 
 feared to feed it to his cows. It has been the experience 
 of those who have preserved fodder in silos that, when 
 opened, the ensilage was often intensely sour, and npon 
 exposure to the air, often grew still more sonr. On the 
 other hand, the contents of other silos, when opened, 
 were quite without acidity, and even had a rich odor like 
 that of dried fruit, as described by some, while others 
 compared the odor to molasses. While the animals ate 
 the sour ensilage with avidity, there was a feeling of ap- 
 prehension that long continued feeding upon such in- 
 tensely acid food might result unfavorably, and one of 
 
78 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 the first questions presented to those interested in the 
 science of ensilage was : "How can we secure sweet en- 
 silage ? " This subject early engaged the attention of 
 Manly Miles, M. D., now Professor of Agriculture at 
 the Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst. 
 Doctor Miles presenied the results of his experiments, and 
 the views derived from them, at the Ensilage Congress 
 of 188i. 
 
 Doctor Miles' conclusions are here given in our own 
 language : The various kinds of fermentation that take 
 place in vegetable substances are due to minute plants 
 (Fungi) which by their groAvth set up changes in vege- 
 table componnds. Thus, the yeast plant ferments the 
 bread, beer, etc. ; and similar minute plants, which occur 
 in fruit juices, produce wine, cider, etc. The minute 
 plants which produce these forms of fermentation re- 
 quire the access of air that they may perform their func- 
 tions. There is another group of these minute organ- 
 isms which multiply in a dili'erent manner from those 
 just noted, and which cause the formation of lactic and 
 other acids, which are known as bacteria. These occur 
 in myriads in fresh ensilage, and live, multiply and carry 
 on their fermentation when the air is completely excluded 
 from the silo. Doctor Miles' experiments were directed 
 to ascertaining the conditions under Avhich these bacteria 
 live, and how they could be destroyed. He found that 
 the bacteria of lactic fermentation, and of kindred fer- 
 ments, are killed by a temperature of 116°, if this be 
 long continued for some time ; but they are destroyed 
 much more promptly if exposed to a higher temperature 
 of l;iO° to 125°. 
 
 When freshly cut corn ensilage is exposed to free ac- 
 cess of air in the silo the mass heats. It undergoes a 
 process of gentle burning (Eremacaitsis), with a rise of 
 temperature which may readily reach to 150°. Hence, 
 if the cut fodder lies up loosely in the silo, and that is 
 
SWEET ENSILAGE. 79 
 
 slowly filled, the filling being continued through several 
 days, a high temperature, from 125° to 140°, or more, may 
 be easily obtained with an imperceptible loss of fodder. 
 
 Doctor Miles ascertained that the exclusion of air from 
 fresh ensilage, whether packed or not, does not only not 
 destroy the growth of the bacteria of fermentation, but 
 promotes it. The result of this continued growth of 
 bacteria is the conversion of the entire contents of the 
 silo into what is known as "sour ensilage." This is 
 sourer the older it is. There are a great variety of pro- 
 ducts from this repressed fermentation, and on exposure 
 to the air the ensilage becomes, in some cases, still 
 sourer from the formation of acetic acid, or vinegar. 
 
 It has been ascertained that the exclusion of air from 
 ensilage that has been heated to 120° or 125°, stops all 
 action, and the mass gradually cools down. The bacteria 
 of fermentation are, at this temperature, completely" de- 
 stroyed — root, branch and germ — and the mass remains 
 as if it were in a completely sealed preserve jar. Indeed, 
 the process of ensilage is much the same as that of pre- 
 serving fruits. By the exclusion of air while the sub- 
 stance is hot, fermentation cannot take place. 
 
 The above is essentially the theory as announced by 
 Doctor Miles. After its announcement, cases in which the 
 filling of silos had been, by accident, very slow, in which 
 great heat had taken place, and on this account were sup- 
 posed to be ruined, were reported ; but, contrary to expec- 
 tation, they yielded sweet ensilage, the best the farmers 
 reporting the cases had ever seen. The odor of the ensihige 
 was positively sweet — like tliat of molasses, and it wsls 
 greatly relished by the cows and j)rovcd to be supcrioi as 
 a milk-producing feed. 
 
 After the theory and practice of Doctor Miles were an- 
 nounced, we heard of those of Mr. Geo. Fry, in England, 
 who had been working in the same direction, and had ar- 
 
80 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 rived at the same conclusions. Since then Doctor Miles' 
 views have been confirmed over and over again. 
 
 In a pamphlet, entitled '' Tlie Theory and Prac- 
 tice of Sweet Ensilage," George Fry, F.L.S., gives the 
 results of his experiments upon sweet ensilage. The 
 reader of Mr. Fry's work must bear in mind that his en- 
 silage is very different from our own, where Indian corn 
 (maize) is almost the sole crop ensiloed. Mr. Fry's 
 experience was witli "green rye, crimson clover, with 
 and without oats ; tares or vetches, with oats ; Trifolium 
 pratense (red clover), with rye grass ; and meadow 
 grass." The whole teaching of Fry's book may be 
 summed up in this, from page 42 : 
 
 " One condition, I believe, to be absolutely essential for 
 the production of sweet ensilage, viz. : The temperature 
 of the ensilage must exceed 1 23° Fahr. ; if that tem- 
 perature is not reached, the ensilage will be sour." — 
 How far this axiom will apply to ensilage of Indian 
 com, experiments must verify. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 EXPERIENCE WITH ENSILAGE. 
 
 J. p. BOBEKTS, PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 I have had some experience in building silos, and in 
 cutting and feeding ensilage, and perhaps it may be of 
 some value to those who intend to adopt this new method 
 of preserving fodder. As I have formerly stated, the silo 
 should be long and narrow, with the long side next to 
 the barn. If the extreme inside length were thirty-two 
 feet and the width sixteen feet, there should be three 
 cross divisions in it ; this gives four compartments, eight 
 by sixteen feet each. If the extreme depth of the silo is 
 twenty feet, it can be filled up fifteen feet and will settle 
 
EXPESIENCE WITH ENSILAGE, 81 
 
 to about eleven, nearly all the settling occurring within 
 forty-eight hours. Nearly all the upper half of the silo 
 is for temporary use, and, therefore, may be constructed 
 of rough unmatched boards. There will be wanted, at 
 most, only twelve feet of air-tight, stone, or svooden wall. 
 One year I raised and ensilaged about three acres of 
 Southern white corn. The drouth cut it short, and 
 there proved to be scarcely fifty tons of it. It was fed 
 to fattening steers, milch cows, and three-fourths blood 
 Holstein heifers, coming two years old in June and July. 
 The three heifers selected were an average of six that had 
 been running in an open basement, and had been fed on 
 hay alone. They were put into stanchions on a plank 
 floor (for the first time) and about two weeks afterwards 
 Ihe experiment began. Each was daily fed fifty pounds 
 of ensilage and one-half pound of malt sprouts. The 
 weights at various times were as follows : 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 
 
 Feb. 34 770 pounds 650 pounds 780 pounds 
 
 Marcli 3 832 " 850 " 834 " 
 
 " 10 SSO " 890 '« 850 " 
 
 " 17 840 " sm "■ 820 " 
 
 " 24 824 " 882 " 824 " 
 
 March 31st two pounds of cotton-seed meal were added 
 to each ration : 
 
 April 7 890 pounds 850 pounds 840 pounds 
 
 " 14 872 " 93S " 862 " 
 
 " 22 870 " 925 " 902 " 
 
 May 1 916 " 960 " 926 " 
 
 If the weight of March 3d be taken as the most correct, 
 it is evident that there was no such true gain as the fig- 
 ures between February 24th and that date indicate, but 
 rather an increase of the contents of the stomach, due to 
 more palatable food — then, the increase shown is but 
 fourteen pounds for the three animals in twenty-one 
 days. It is evident that this ration was very close to a 
 maintenance one, as it was meant to be. The analysis of 
 the ensilage, as well as all the other foods experimented 
 with, has been made. The gain in the last twenty-three 
 
82 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 days, wlien the two pounds of cotton-seed meal were 
 added, was two hundred and twenty-two pounds, while 
 in the interim of fourteen days, from March 24th to 
 April 7th, the gain was fifty pounds. Without doubt, 
 this last gain was largely made during the first seven 
 days of April, when the meal was fed. From the above, 
 may not the following conclusions be drawn ? Tiiat 
 Southern corn ensilaged will maintain young animals, 
 but that it is better economy to add to it some food rich 
 in albuminoids. The heifers, fed as above, came through 
 the winter looking far better than the three of the same 
 age fed on hay, and done much better in the spring after 
 they Avent to pasture. 
 
 In February we had two aged cows go dry, and one 
 heifer ; they were then low in flesh, having been milked 
 over a year. With feeding stuffs ranging from thirty- 
 five to forty dollars per ton, they could not be sold at an 
 average of more than twenty-five dollars. I determined 
 to feed them. They weighed as follow's : 
 
 Heifer. No. 1. Xo. 2. 
 
 Feb. 21 1,150 pounds 1,000 pounds 980 pounds 
 
 April 20 1,320 " 1,150 " 1,070 " 
 
 Sellinfrprice.... $65 74 $50 00 $49 97 
 
 They were fed fifty-two pounds of ensilage and eight 
 quarts of corn-meal each, per day, until April 5th, when 
 two quarts of cotton-seed meal were substituted for two 
 quarts of corn-meal. The best results in feeding for 
 milk was when ensilage was fed in connection with about 
 two pounds of corn-meal, two pounds of bran and three 
 pounds of cotton-seed meal. 
 
 On the 16th and 17th of June following I put into one of 
 our silos (eleven by sixteen, and twenty-eight feet deep) 
 three acres of rye and one and a half acres of clover ; one 
 load of clover was sandwiched between two loads of rye. 
 The fuel was one and a half cords of two-foot wood ; the 
 engineer a sixteen-year old student ; one man in the silo 
 the first day, two the second ; seven men and two teams 
 
EXPEKIENCE WITH ENSILAGE. 83 
 
 to cut, haul, and feed the material. The rye averaged 
 fully six and a half feet in height, and grew on the 
 ground where the ensilage corn grew last year, which 
 was again planted to ensilage corn. The clover was 
 heavy, and together they filled twenty-two feet of the 
 silo. It settled six feet in forty-eight hours, and appeared 
 to be about done. This, at forty-five pounds to the cubic 
 foot, gave sixty-three tons. The pressure is secured by 
 about three tous of stone piled at the corners, and a 
 screw anchored in the bottom of the silo, made of two 
 sections of one and a quarter inch square iron ; the third 
 section round, four feet of it having threads cut, five to 
 the inch. Two eight-inch timbers are laid lengthwise 
 about four feet apart ; short blocks upon these form a 
 sure foundation for the circular, cast-iron cap, upon 
 which the nut turns. Notwithstanding all that has been 
 said against the rod pressure, I like it. The silo was 
 covered, weighted, and screwed down within half an hour 
 from the time the cutter stopped, and less than two 
 hours labor of one man had been spent in turning Jown 
 the screw ; ten minutes will unseal it. 
 
 The reader who is balancing the pros and cons of ensi- 
 lage in his mind, is without doubt still undecided, but I 
 think I have given data from which a better understand- 
 ing may be reached. It is utterly impossible for anyone 
 to make others' circumstances similar to his own, but it 
 may not be unprofitable to enumerate tlie various items 
 of cost, etc. First, we have a stationary engine for 
 threshing — a horse power may be used. The silos of 
 one hundred and fifty tons capacity together cost about 
 three hundred dollars. The cutter cost one hundred 
 dollars, but we need one for other use. Two of the men 
 employed cost one dollar per day; seven men, one dollar 
 and twenty-five cents per day; and one man, one dollar 
 and sevent3'-five cents per day. The teams are worth 
 very little to us about that time of the year and their 
 
84 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 labor is light. There is a little charge to be made for 
 the use of tools and implements. The three acres of rye 
 had a dressing of fifteen loads of farm manure, worth to 
 us fifteen dollars. Perhaps half of this should be charged 
 to the succeeding corn crop. 
 
 What it will cost A or B to raise three acres of rye, I 
 cannot say, nor what one and a half acre of clover is 
 worth ; the second growth will probably be heavier than 
 the first. From September until June I had ready sale 
 for about 5,000 quarts of milk per month, at five cents 
 per quart. If drouth comes, it is difficult to produce 
 it, for the more cows one purchases the more the evil 
 is aggravated ; but with ensilage, cows can be kept 
 from flies, out of the sun, fed in the stables, and turned 
 out at night. 
 
 I believe the greatest utility of silos will be found to 
 consist in the means they furnisli of preserving forage 
 plants in a green and palatable state, which may be easily 
 grown in abundance in May and June, but if not then 
 secured they would become dried up and nearly worth- 
 less ; or, if dried and housed, the animals appear to have 
 but little relish for them in the hot dry days of August. 
 The reasons for building silos with small compartments 
 are manifold ; a small compartment may be filled and 
 sealed up in a single day, thereby not seriously interfer- 
 ing with the regular work. Each forage plant may be 
 taken when in its best condition. One compartment 
 may be filled early with rye and clover, wliich is showing 
 a tendency to spoil by lodging, or is full of weeds that it 
 is desirable to eradicate ; a second, with oats and a second 
 cutting of the former clover field, or a weedy, belated 
 piece of timothy. A piece of fodder corn and aftermath 
 would fill a third compartment later in the season. 
 
 If the compartments are small, they may be uncovered 
 entirely and fed from the top, and if not all consumed, 
 they can be filled up with new material ; or, if one or 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON ENSILAGE. 85 
 
 more compartments are entirely emptied, they may be 
 refilled in September, thus securing a two-fold benefit 
 from them. From my experience, I judge that a com- 
 partment not entirely emptied in the spring, if disturbed 
 only on the top, would sustain little loss until June if re- 
 sealed, or it might be left open, and a little of that ex- 
 posed to the air daily, fed to the horses as cut feed. 
 Our horses, thus fed last winter, relished it very much. 
 
 There are many problems in regard to ensilage that arc 
 still unsolved ; but should everything be found favorable 
 to the new method, still there are men who would have 
 no more use for a silo, than for a trotting-horse. There 
 are men having so little energy and skill, that should 
 you give them the best herd of Shorthorns, they Avould 
 become little better than scrubs in ten years. Under cer- 
 tain conditions the method can be adopted with profitable 
 results ; but he who rushes thoughtlessly into it will find 
 that ensilage is too "Frenchy," unless mixed with a 
 liberal allowance of brains. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON ENSILAGE. 
 
 The following items, of interest to those who are in- 
 vestigating the subject of ensilage, not properly belonging 
 to either of the preceding chapters, are here brought to- 
 gether in a supplement. 
 
 INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF A SILO. 
 
 Cut fodder corn finally settles in the silo to two-thirds 
 or one-half its original bulk. If a silo be filled and 
 
86 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 weights put on, the mass settles, and there is a great 
 waste of space. To obviate this, and to utilize the full 
 capacity of the silo, Mr. Mills proposes to erect a frame of 
 plank to extend above the upper edge of the masonry of 
 the silo to a hight corresponding to about half its depth. 
 After the silo proper, the enclosure of masonry, concrete, 
 or of whatever the structure may be built, is filled with 
 the material, this frame is to be put on, and the filling 
 continued into that. The covers and weights are to be 
 placed upon the contents, and after these have settled 
 down to the silo proper, the frame is to be removed and 
 the covering put on permanently. 
 
 ENSILAGE FOR POULTRY. 
 
 All who have had any experience with poultry are aware 
 of the great benefit that comes from a proper supply of 
 green vegetable food during the winter. This is ordi- 
 narily supplied by feeding cabbages, stored in the usual 
 manner, or roots. Those who have tried it, assert that 
 ensilage of Indian corn may be fed to fowls as an equiva- 
 lent for other green food at a much less expense than such 
 food can be supplied in any other form. 
 
 THE CHEMISTRY OF ENSILAGE. 
 
 Like other new methods in agriculture, ensilage has 
 its enthusiastic advocates, and its opponents, or, at least, 
 those who are indifferent to it. 
 
 Much that has been written upon the subject is in a 
 style that may be considered as sensational, and calcu- 
 lated to repel the earnest seeker after facts, and convey 
 the imjiression that a method advocated in so extrava- 
 gant a manner may not be of real value. 
 
 It is claimed by those who are opposed to the method, 
 that chemical analysis shows that corn fodder is injured 
 by ensilage, and its feeding value lessened by the loss of 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON ENSILAGE. 87 
 
 important constituents. This statement rests mainly 
 upon the results obtained by Moser at the Vienna Experi- 
 ment Station, an abstract of whose article was presented 
 by Prof. H. P. Armsby, of the Sheffield Scientific School, 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 The summing up of the analyses of Moser shows that 
 the corn fodder, as treated by him, lost in the silo from 
 eight to thirty-eight per cent of albuminoids, and a loss 
 of thirteen to fifty-eight per cent of nitrogen-free extract, 
 such as starch, sugar, etc. 
 
 It should be stated that these analyses are not strictly 
 those of ensilage, but of corn fodder made into bundles, 
 placed in the silo at different depths, and surrounded by 
 the cut fodder. A portion of the bundles of fodder 
 were allowed to wilt for a few days before they were 
 buried in the cut fodder, a condition to which ensilage, 
 in this country at least, is not subjected. It is a well- 
 known fact that fermentation can not take place without 
 a loss in the material fermented. The object in ensilage 
 is not to encourage fermentation, but to check it. If 
 the silo is perfectly tight, fermentation will cease as soon 
 as the oxygen in the air that is inclosed in the cut fodder 
 is used up. The more perfect the process, the less Avill 
 be the fermentation, and, of course, the smaller the loss 
 in the constituents of the fodder. That there will be 
 some loss is inevitable, but it will not be claimed that 
 Moser's analyses show what that loss is, in the best con- 
 structed and best managed silos. When that loss of 
 feeding constituents is accurately ascertained, we shall 
 then be able to judge whether or not it is counterbal- 
 anced by the advantages of ensilage. 
 
 The author of the article referred to, Prof. Armsby, 
 in his admirable " Manual of Cattle Feeding," remarks : 
 " Corn being a comparatively cheap crop, the losses of 
 material during the fermentation might be compensated 
 by the improved quality of the residue." 
 
88 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
 "It does not appear from Grandeau's analyses, how- 
 ever, that there is any marked difference in this respect 
 between fresh maize and ensilage. If this is generally 
 the case, then fermented corn fodder has all the adran- 
 tagcs of the fresh fodder, and no others, except perhaps 
 as regards palatability, and ensilage is to be looked upon 
 simply as a method of preserving corn fodder ; and the 
 question of its adoption is a purely economical one." 
 
 THE CHARACTER OF THE MANURE. 
 
 In considering the advantages of ensilage, the superior 
 mechanical condition of the manure from animals fed 
 upon it, should not be overlooked. When ordinary corn 
 fodder is fed without cutting, the animals reject the liard 
 lower portions, and these go to the manure pile, adding 
 to its bulk rather than to its value, and making the- 
 manure very difficult to handle or to manage. The 
 fodder being cut fine for ensilage is all eaten. Should 
 any be rejected, and find its way into the manure, the 
 small size of the pieces make them unobjectionable. 
 
 THE ENSILAGE CONGRESS. 
 
 In the year 1882 some gentlemen interested in the 
 preservation of fodder by ensilage, and in the machinery 
 used in the process, issued a call for a meeting of those 
 who practised this method. It was lield in Xew York 
 City and was attended by an unexpectedly large number, 
 showing that the method of preserving fodder by ensilage 
 was already receiving the attention of many farmers and 
 dairymen. The results of the first gathering were so 
 satisfactory. that it was followed each year by others, and 
 at the meeting in 1886 a permanent organization. The 
 Ensilage Congress, was formed. The Congress has the 
 usual officers, and is to meet yearly in New York City at 
 the call of the President. The oflicers chosen for 1886 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON ENSILAGE. 89 
 
 were : President, Edward Gridley ; Secretary, J. B. 
 Brown ; Treasurer, W. W. Merriam ; Vice-Presidents, 
 0. B. Potter and nineteen others. The annual dues 
 are two dollars. A Report of ihe transactions of the 
 Congress is published yearly. 
 
 CRIMSON OR SCARLET CLOVER. 
 
 Those who read recent English works on ensilage will 
 find frequent mention of the Crimson or Scarlet Clover 
 {Trifolium incarnatum), frequently called in England 
 red-top clover. This is an annual species, growing about 
 two feet high, and bearing an oblong head of very brill- 
 iant flowers — so showy, indeed, that the plant is often 
 cultivated as an ornamental annual. As an agricultural 
 plant it is of some importance in Europe, being sown in 
 autumn and perfecting in early spring. In his work on 
 "Sweet Ensilage," Mr. George Fry makes frequent ref- 
 erence to this clover. On page 57 he says: "Then, 
 again, there are many excellent fodder crops, such as 
 Trifolium incarnatwn (in my opinion the finest of all 
 British fodder crops)," etc. 
 
 This clover was introduced into this country as early 
 as 1818, but has never made a place for itself in our agri- 
 culture. It may be now, in view of its value as an ensi- 
 lage crop, and the fact that being an annual, it may be 
 of use as a cleansing crop, that some of our farmers may 
 be induced to make a trial of it. Its feeding value, while 
 not equal to that of the perennial clovers, stands high. 
 
 TO BUILD A CHEAP SILO. 
 
 Whatever cheapens the cost of the silo, or lessens the 
 expense of filling it, will hasten the introduction of the 
 method, especially upon the farms of those of moderate 
 means. Professor Manly Miles, of the Massachusetts Ag- 
 ricultural College, in describing the silos used by him 
 
90 SILOS AND EXSILAGE. 
 
 in his important experiments on ensilage, says : ** A 
 balloon frame of scantling, of suitable size, covered on the 
 outside with matched boards, and lined on the inside 
 with two thicknesses of one-inch matched boards, with 
 a layer of tarred j^aper between them, thus securing a 
 practically air-tight inclosure, surrounded by a dead-air 
 space as a protection against frost, is, in the opinion of 
 the writer, the best and cheapest form of construction. 
 If the boards and timbers are saturated with hot coal-tar, 
 which can readily be done with trifling expense, the du- 
 ration of the silo will be very much increased." 
 
 THE TEMPERATUKE IN THE SILO. 
 
 To ascertain the temperature of the ensilage at any given 
 depth in the silo, provide a piece of gas-pipe an inch in 
 diameter. At the lower end of this pipe, weld, or attach 
 by a screw thread, a short, steel point. Just above this 
 point bore several holes about one-eighth of an inch in 
 diameter. At the upper end of the pipe, attach a ferrule 
 to which are welded two arms, six to nine inches long. 
 Thrust a lock of wool down to the bottom of the tube, to 
 serve as a cushion upon which the thermometer may rest. 
 To ascertain the temperature of the ensilage at any re- 
 quired depth, thrust the gas-tube down to this distance, 
 allowiiig it to remain for about ten minutes. Then lower 
 down to the bottom of the tube a thermometer (which 
 has its degrees marked on its stem) by means of a string 
 until it rests upon the wool below. In the course of an 
 hour witlidraw the thermometer quickly and read the 
 temperature. 
 
 NOMENCLATUKE. 
 
 New methods and new processes introduce new names, 
 and ensilage has proved no exception to this. It may be 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON ENSILAGE. 91 
 
 convenient to give here such names as have been adopted, 
 as well as some that have been proposed. 
 
 Silo — A pit, and, as now used, the receptacle for fodder 
 preserved by this process, whether above or below ground. 
 
 Ensilage — The method of saving fodder in silos ; also 
 the contents of a silo, or pitted fodder. In England this 
 is abbreviated to Silage, which is sometimes used in this 
 country, but it failed of adoption by the last Ensilage 
 Congress. 
 
 To Ensilo — To place in a silo. 
 
 Ensiloer — One who ensiloes. 
 
 Ensiloed — Perfect participle of to ensilo. 
 
 Ensiloing — Present participle of to ensilo. 
 
 The substitution of silage for ensilage would be conve- 
 nient, leaving ensilage to indicate the system of preserv- 
 ing fodder. The matter was discussed at the last Ensilage 
 Congress, the chief objection to silage being that it was 
 EngHsh. The Congress voted to retain ensilage to denote 
 both the system and the contents of the silo. Still, if it is 
 found more convenient, silage will come into general use. 
 
 THE champion SILO OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Royal Agricultural Society of England was last 
 year commissioned by its President, Sir Massey Lopes, to 
 offer a prize of $500 for *' the best silo in England 
 and AVales in actual work during the winter of 1885-86." 
 In the competition for this prize tlicre were no less than 
 thirty-seven silos, the result being that the prize was 
 awarded to Mr. John Morris, of Tutham Court, Madley, 
 Herefordshire, for the silo of which we give an illustra- 
 tion (fig. 20). In their report to the Royal Agricultural 
 Society, the judges give a capital description of this silo. 
 It is an entirely new structure, thirty-six feet in length, 
 fifteen feet in width, and thirteen feet in height, with a 
 
92 
 
 SILOS AND ENSILAGE. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON ENSILAGE. 93 
 
 super silo or shed above, seven feet in height; to the eaves 
 of the roof. The silo may be described as an underground 
 silo, walled in with stone, and excavated ten feet deep, the 
 surrounding ground being banked up three feet to the 
 top. On the coping are built ten brick piers, seven feet 
 in height, and upon these the roof is supported. The silo 
 is divided by two cross walls into three compartments. In 
 these walls are planked openings, affording ready commu- 
 nication from one compartment to the other. There is 
 a third opening m the front wall. The middle compart- 
 ment, which is approached from the farm-yard by a 
 walled, sloping road, wide enough for a cart to pass along. 
 The cost of building this silo amounted to one hundred 
 and two pounds, eighteen shillings and eightpence, (five 
 hundred and fourteen dollars and fifty-six cents), the 
 cost being moderate, and amounting to only fourteen 
 shillings (three dollars and fifty cents) jier fifty cubic feet 
 of capacity. The silo was filled in fourteen days, during 
 which time the weather was superb. The crop consisted 
 of oats and grass, cut in full bloom, and unchaffed. The 
 pressure adopted was that of men and horses first tread- 
 ing down the contents, and then continued pressure by 
 leverage. The ensilage was found good and sweet, and was 
 well utilized. The silo is in close proximity to the cattle 
 folds, Avherc some hundred head of pure bred Herefords 
 are kept. There were about one hundred and fifty tons 
 of ensilage made in this silo, and the whole has been 
 eaten by the Herefords without the slightest waste. The 
 silo has thus proved a success in every way. 
 
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