©t|f S. 1. Bill ICtbrarjj iiayt ■\ Nnrtb (Earaltna i>tatp (CoIUqf SF525 N8 --^ -V'^« *■^»^ -'^. ■^■* ♦«»».^':!. 148712 148712 This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: I 50M— May-54— Form 3 y Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/practicaldirectiOOnutt INSERT FOLDOUT HERE PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HONEY BEES, UPOX AX IMPEOVED AND HUMANE PLAN, BY WHICH THE LIVES O? BEES MAY BE PRESERVED, AND ABUNDANCE OF HONEY OF A SUPERIOR QU.\LITY MAY BE OBTAINED. BY THOMAS NUTT. DISCARDED REVISED, ENLARGED, AND EDITED, BY THE Rev. THOMAS CLARK. ^YISBECH : PRINTED BY JOHN LEACH, FOR THE WIDOW OF THE LATE T NUTT, Of whom it may he had at her Residence, Rose Cottage, Spalding, or at Neighboue axd Son's, 127, High Holborn, London. SOLD AL80 BT LONGMAN AND CO. PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON, AND J. SHOLL, PHILADELPHIA, NORTH AMERICA. PRICE TEN SHILLINGS. 1848. ENTERED AT STATIONERS" HALL. DEDICATION, BY PERMISSION, QUEEN ADELAIDE, MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY, To pen a dedication skilfully is generally the most diflacult part of an author's task ; but a dedication to ROYALTY is so delicate a matter, that I almost tremble for the success of my undertaking — tremble lest a 148712 IF DEDICATION. I should fail to express myself dutifully, gratefully, properly ; though I am not with- out hope that your Majesty's goodness will graciously extend to the Author that degree of indulgence of which he is sensible he stands so much in need, especially as nothing unbecoming a dutiful subject to write, or improper for a gracious Sovereign to read, is intended to be here expressed. As, however, every colony of Bees, wherever domiciled, whether in a box, or in a cottage-hive, in the roof of a house, or in the trunk of a hollow-tree, is under an admi- rable government, the presiding head and Sovereign of which is a QUEEN, — as no colony of Bees, deprived of its QUEEN, ever prospers, or long survives such loss, — as this insect government, or government of DEDICATION. V insects, exhibits to man the most perfect pattern of devoted attachment, and of true allegiance on the pait of the subject Bees to their Sovereign, and of industry, ingenuity, prosperity, and ajDparently of general happi- ness in their well-ordered state, — and as these most curious and valuable little creatures have hitherto been most cruelly treated — have been, and still are, annually sacrificed by millions, for the sake of their sweet treasure ; I do feel a pleasure, and think there is a sort of analogical propriety, in dedicating to your Gracious Majesty this work, the leading feature of which is — Humanity to Honey-Bees. Under your Majesty's fostering and influential Patronage, I cannot but anticipate that this object ^vill be essentially promoted, and that the man- agement of Bees, in this country at least, VI DEDICATION. will not hereafter reflect disgrace upon their owners. In this pleasing hope, I humbly beg to subscribe myself, YOUR MAJESTY'S most dutiful and most grateful Subject and Servant, THOMAS NUTT. Moulton-Ciiapel, Lincolnshire, Nov. 27th, 1832. PKEFACE. Could I disarm criticism as easily as I can deprive Bees of their power to sting, this would be the proper place to do so ; thdugh I am doubtful whether it would be well-judged in me, or to my advantage, to stay the critics' pen. But possessing no such talismanic power, I shall adventure my little book into the world, without any attempt to conciliate the critics' good-will, or to provoke their animosity, conscious that from fair criticism I have nothing to fear. That I shall be attacked by those apiarians who are wedded to their own theories and systems, however faulty, is no more than I expect : of them, I trust, I have nowhere spoken disparagingly ; towards none of them do 1 entertain unkindly feelings — far otherwise. Their number, I Mil PREFACE. am led to believe, is not formidable; and as gentlemen, and fellow-labourers in the same work of humanity, their more extensive learn- ing will hardly be brought to bear against me with rancour and violence. Should any one of them, or of any other class of writers, so far degrade himself, I shall have the advantage of the following preliminary observations, viz. that one set of my collateral-boxes placed in a favourable situation, and duly and properly attended to, for one season only, will outweigh all the learning and arguments that can be adduced against my Bee-practice, — will be proof positive, visible, tangible, that there is in my pretensions something more than empty boast. Luckily for me, there are plenty of those proofs to be met with in the country, and there are some — several, not far from town ; they are at Blackheath, at Kensington, at Clapham, and at other places. As hundreds of the Nobility and Gentry of this country will recollect, there was one of these incon- trovertible proofs of the truths of what I am stating, exhibited for several weeks at the National Repository last autumn, where it was seen, examined, admired, and, I may without any exaggeration add, universally approved. PREFACE. IX Practice, which has resulted from more than ten years' experience in the management of an apiary, and from innumerable experiments, carried on, and a hundred times repeated, during that period, is what I ground the utility of my discoveries upon. To theory I lay no claim. Bom and brought up in the fens of Lincolnshire, where I have spent the greater part of my life amidst difficulties, misfortunes, and hardships, of which I will not here complain, though I am still smarting under the effects of some of them, my preten- sions to learning are but small : for, though sent to the respectable Grammar School at Horncastle in my boyhood, my education was not extended beyond writing, arithmetic, and merchants' accompts. As soon as it was thought that I had acquired a competent knowledge of these useful branches of educa- tion, it was my lot to be bound apprentice to learn the trades and mysteries of grocer, draper, and tallow chandler. Whilst en- deavouring to gain an honest livelihood as a grocer and draper, at ^Nloulton Chapel, in 18-2-2, I was afflicted with a severe illness, which, after long-protracted suffering, left me as helpless as a child, the natural use and X PREFACE. strength of my limbs being gone; and, though supported by and tottxjring between my crutches, it was a long time before I was able to crawl into my garden. Fatigued and exhausted with the exercise of journeying the length of a garden-walk of no great extent, it was my custom to rest my wearied limbs upon a bench placed near my Bees. Seated on that bench I used to while away the lingering hours as best I could, ruminating now on this subject, now on that, just as my fancy chanced to fix. Among other things my Bees one day caught my attention : I watched their busy movements, — their activity pleased me, — their humming noise long-listened to became music to my ears, and I often fancied that I heard it afterwards when I was away from them. In short, I became fond of them and of their company, and visited them as often as the weather and my feebleness would pennit. When kept from them a day or two, I felt uneasy, and less comfortable than when I could get to them. The swarming season anived ; and with it ideas took posses- sion of my mind which had not until then possessed it: — I conceived that swarming was an act more of necessity than of choice, — PREFACE. xi that as such it was an evil ; but how to provide a remedy for it — how to prevent it — was a problem that then puzzled me. I studied it for a long time, and to veiy little purpose. The old-fashioned method of eking did not by any means satisfy my mind ; it might answer the purpose for one season, but how to proceed the next did not appear. Tlien the time for taking honey was approaching : to get at that treasure without destropng my little Mends that had collected it, and that had, moreover, so often soothed me in my sorrow and my sufferings, was another problem that long engaged my mind. After some years' unremitted attention to my Bees, for I had formed a sort of attachment to them during" the first stage of my convalescence, which never left me, an accident aided my studies by directing my attention to the effects of ventilation, as will be found related in the body of this work, and I began to make experiments, which being repeated, varied, improved, and then gone through again, have gradually led to the development of my im- proved mode of Bee-management, attempted to be explained in the following pages. At the time I have been speaking of, I had h XU PEEFACE. not read one single book on Bees ; nor had 1 then one in my possession. Whatev^er my practice may be, it has resulted from my own unaided experience and discoveries. To books I am not indebted for any part of it : nay, had I begun to attempt to improve the system of Bee-management by books, I verily believe, I never should have improved it at all, nor have made one useful discovery. The hees them- selves have been my instructors. After I had so far succeeded as to have from my apiary glasses and boxes of honey of a superior quality, to exhibit at the National Repository, where, with grateful thanks to the Managers of that Institution for their kindness to me, I was encouraged to persevere, Bee-books in profusion were presented to me, some of them by friends with names, some by friends whose names I have yet to learn. I have read them all : but nowhere find, in any of them, clear, practical directions, how honey of the very purest quality, and in more considerable quantity than by any of the plans heretofore proposed, may be taken from Bees, without recourse to any suffocation whatever, or any other violent means ; — how all the Bees may be preserved uninjured ; — and how swarming PREFACE. XIU may be prevented. These are the grand features in my plan ; and minute directions for the accomplishment of these most desirable objects are laid down in this book. I by no means maintain that my system of Bee-management is incapable of improvement; but I do think that the principles upon which it is founded are right ; — that the foundation is here properly laid, — and that every apiarian who may hereafter conform to, or improve upon, my practice, will be instrumental in contributing a part towards raising the super- structure — namely — an asylum or sanctuary for Honey-Bees. I cannot close tliis preface without acknow- ledging myself to be under the greatest obligations to the Rev. T. Clark, of Gedney- Hill. But for his assistance the following work would not have made its appearance in its present form ; if indeed it had appeared at all. He has revised, coiTected, connected, and arranged the materials of which it is composed; and he has, moreover, gratuitously added much that is original and valuable from his own rich stores of knowledge. To him I am indebted for the selection of the Latin mottos. As an apiarian he is one of my most XU PREFACE. not read one single book on Bees ; nor had I then one in my possession. Whatever my practice may be, it has resulted from my own unaided experience and discoveries. To books I am not indebted for any part of it : nay, had I begun to attempt to improve the system of Bee-management by books, I verily believe, I never should have improved it at all, nor have made one useful discovery. The bees them- selves have been my instructors. After I had so far succeeded as to have from my apiary glasses and boxes of honey of a superior quality, to exhibit at the National Repository, where, with grateful thanks to the Managers of that Institution for their kindness to me, I was encouraged to persevere. Bee-books in profusion were presented to me, some of them by friends with names, some by friends whose names I have yet to learn. I have read them all : but nowhere find, in any of them, clear, practical directions, how honey of the very purest quality, and in more considerable quantity than by any of the plans heretofore proposed, may be taken from Bees, without recourse to any suffocation whatever, or any other violent means j — how all the Bees may be preserved uninjured ; — and how swarming PREFACE. Xlll may be prevented. These are the grand features in my plan ; and minute directions for the accomplishment of these most desirable objects are laid down in this book. I by no means maintain that my system of Bee-management is incapable of improvement; but I do think that the principles upon which it is founded are right ; — that the foundation is here properly laid, — and that every apiarian who may hereafter conform to, or improve upon, my practice, will be instrumental in contributing a part towards raising the super- structure — namely — an asylum or sanctuary for Honey-Bees. I cannot close tliis preface without acknow- ledging myself to be under the greatest obligations to the Rev. T. Clark, of Gedney- Hill. But for his assistance the following work would not have made its appearance in its present form ; if indeed it had appeared at all. He has revised, corrected, connected, and arranged the materials of which it is composed ; and he has, moreover, gratuitously added much that is original and valuable from his own rich stores of knowledge. To him I am indebted for the selection of the Latin mottos. As an apiarian he is one of my njost XIV PREFACE. improved and skilful pupils, and bids fair to become an ornament to the science of Bee- management. As a mechanic he is ingenious enough to make his own Bee-boxes, and has actually made some of the very best I have yet seen. To his knowledge of mechanics it is o^^dng that the description and explanation of each of the different boxes, of all the other pai'ts of my Bee-machinery, and of my obser- "vatory-hive, in particular, are more detailed, clearer, and more intelligible than they would have been in my hands. As a scholar there are passages in the following work that afford no mean specimen of his abilities. I have only to regret that the reward for the pains he has taken with it must be my thanks — that it is not in my power to remunerate him for his kind labours more substantially than by this public acknowledgment of the obligations I am under, and of my sense of the debt of gratitude that is due to him. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. "Oct of print," though a somewhat laconic, might be a not inappropriate preface to this second edition, and of itself a quaint apology for its appearance. Out of frint is certainly exhilarating news to the author anxious for the success of a work inculcating a new system of Bee -management, in wliich not only is his reputation as an apiarian involved and evolved, but, it may be, the very means of his subsis- tence are hound up in it; the often er therefore he hears the bibliopolist expression — out of 'print — the more animating and welcome it becomes ; because its reiteration can hardly fail to be considered by him an indication that the demand for his book continues, — that his system is progressing, — or, at any rate, that either curiosity respecting it, or some higher XVI PREFACE TO THE and more laudable motive, is still existent in the public mind. Thus cheered on, thus, as it were, encored, it has become his duty to the public no less than to himself, to proceed forthwith to the publication of a new edition. Previously, however, to stating what altera- tions, emendations, &c. have been introduced in order to render the work, as far as I am yet able to render it, worthy a continuance of public patronage, I consider it to be my duty to record my grateful thanks for the success and encouragement I have already received. To the scientific and literary press, and to the several gentlemen of scientific attainments connected therewith, who, by their influence and kind professional assistance, and promp- titude in the furtherance of my interest, have greatly contributed to my success, my best thanks are due, and are hereby respectfully tendered : amongst these I have sincere plea- sure in particularizing Dr. Birkbeck — the talented President of the London Mechanics' Institution, — Dr. Hancock — Fellow of the Medico-Botanical Society — a veteran of high and esteemed attainments, — and Mr. Booth — the popular Lecturer on Chemistry — a young man of first- rate abilities. SECOND EDITION, XVU To J. C. Loudon — the erudite editor of the Gardeners' Magazine, — to E. J. Robertson, Esq. — the able and ingenious editor of the Mechanics' Magazine, — to Richard Newcomb — the editor and pubhsher of the Stamford Mercury, — and to the several editors of the Metropohtan and Provincial Press, who have made favourable mention of my labours, my public thanks are justly due, — and particularly to the editor of the Cambridge Quarterly Review, for a highly commendatory notice of my work, evidently written by a practical apiarian, and with competent knowledge of his subject, which appeared in No. 3 of that Review, published in March 1834. Also to my long-tried, worthy Friend — George Neigh- bour — it is gratifying to me to have this opportunity of offering my sincere thanks for his valuable services in my behalf; — and to the conductors of those excellent and useful institutions — the National Gallery of Practical Science, Adelaide Street, — and the Museum of National Manufactures, Leicester Square, London, I gratefully acknowledge myself to be under no shght obligations for the advan- tageous opportunities which I have there possessed of extending the knowledge of my Xviii PREFACE TO THE system, and of exhibiting, year after year, to thousands of visitors, the products of my apiary. With the view of making " The Humane Management of Honey-Bees" more interesting, the dialogue, which formed the introductoiy chapter in the first edition, has been withdrawn, and in its place have been substituted some valuable remarks of Dr. Birkbeck, Dr. Hancock, and Mr. Booth, respecting Bees, honey, wax, &c. of course the first chapter is new ; as is chapter X. giving an account of the apiary of the Most Noble the Marquess of Blandford, at Delabere Park, which can hardly fail of being interesting to every reader : it is principally from the able pen of Mr. Booth. Chapter XVIII. on Apiarian Societies, is new also. And, besides these three entire chapters, not short paragi'aphs merely, but whole pages of new matter have been introduced interspersedly by my most respected friend — the Rev. T. Clark of Gedney-Hill, who has revised, corrected, and re-arranged the whole ; and who has not only bestowed much time and pains upon the improvement of my work, but in the kindest and most disinterested manner has, in super- intending this and the former edition through SECOND EDITION. XIX the press, actually travelled upwards of eigld hundred miles. The friendly performer of services so generous, so laborious, and so per- seveiingly attended to, without any stipulation for fee or reward, merits from me, and has from me, eveiy expression of my gratitude, and, were it in my power, should have one expression more. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. Preface after Preface may perhaps savour of pedantry ; or, if not, may require an apolo- gy : that apology the following preface will amply furnish. Some things there are relating to almost every edition of a work that the author deems it to be his duty to say, and that he cannot say so appropriately anywhere as in a few prefatory pages. His hopes, his fears, his motives, objects, expectations, and, if it be not his first appearance before the public, in the character of an author, the treatment, encou- ragement, patronage he has experienced, are matters that come under this description. Now, this Utile work having in the short space of four years passed through three editions, unscathed, and unattacked, save only FOURTH EDITION. Xxi by an afi07iijmous proserin aweeklj periodical, who somewhat hypercritically commented iij^on certain passages — particulariy upon the Introductory Chapter of the first edition, after the pubhcation of the second edition, in which the said chapter had been superseded by another, which, it was thought, would be more generally interesting ; and which even Mr. or Mrs. Anonymous has not, as far as I know, ventured to assail, I cannot usher into the wide world this fourth edition without ex- pressing my thankfulness to the real critics for their forbearance hitherto. And though I still feel conscious that I have nothing to fear from fair, legitimate criticism, yet would not I rashly, or willingly let slip one word to evoke so mighty a power as that by real critics wielded; and if tlie worthy editor hath dropped an expression * that may be construed into a political meaning, he has authorized me to state explicitly that he will esteem it an honour to bear all the blame that can be attached to it. For the patronage I have all along received, and am still daily receiving, I must plead my inability to express my gratitude — I candidly * In page 41, XXll PREFACE TO THE acknowledge that I have not words to do it. From a hst (far too long for insertion herein) of names of great respectability, 1 select and subjoin the following as a fair average specimen of the whole — The Marquess of Blandford Lord Willoughby de Eresby Lord Charles S. Churchill Lord King Timothy Abraham Curtis, Esq. Deputy Governor of the Bank of England Richard Ellison, Esq. Sudbrooke Holmes, Lincolnshire George Ridge, Esq. Morden Park William Everard, Esq. Lynn Regis The Honourable Brook Greville, Fulham Sir John Owen, Bart. Wales R. Davies, Esq. Regent's Park John Allcard, Esq. Stratford Countess Galloway, Hampstead Mrs. Teed, Cambdcn-House, Kensington Major Lardy, Egham John Dobinson, Esq. Egham William Forbes, Esq. Sleaford W^illiam Pratt, Esq. Woodmanstone Mr. Daniel Dccastro, VVaifield Mrs John Shell, New York, Ameiica FOURTH EDITION. XXlll The Rev. George Kcnt^ Scawtlionie The Rev. Thomas Clark, Gedncy-llill And upwards of one hundred Clergymen of the Church of England might be hereto added. As an accom})animent to these good friends, and as showing the opmion — nay, as the highly valuable testimony of a gentleman, whose scientific attainments no one will be disposed to call in question, I have sincere pleasure in hereby making public the following kind, encouraging letter, with which I have been lately honoured by Dr. Birkbeck. 38, Finsbury Square, April 16th, 1837. My Dear Sir, It gives me gi'eat pleasure to learn that the public require another im- pression of your truly useful, practical treatise on the management of our favourite, beautiful insect — the Honey-Bee. I am very anxious that your important opinions on this subject should be extensively circulated, being fully persuaded that they are sound, and that they tend to the comfort and accommodation of the little labourers, as well as to preserve in a state of perfection the delightful saccharine XXIV PREFACE TO THE product of flowers, which they so industriously collect. When the influence of temperature to which you have so ably directed our attention, is thoroughly understood, the introduction of collateral hives upon the plan recommended by you must become universal. The con- sequence as to the quantity and quality of honey produced, as you have given an ample opportunity of knowing, will be most im- j^ortant. The work in a hive from which it is notrequisite lor the Bees to emigrate, proceeds, I am certain, much more eflectually ; and the condition of the honey and the combs, in the section of the hives in which from the want of sufficient warmth, the Queen-Bee will not deposit her eggs, is rendered invariably su- perior to the honey and the wax where storing and breeding go on together. You have thus completely attained to the art of deriving from old stocks, honey of that degree of purity which was previously supposed to be derivable only from young swarms; and which on that account was distinguished by the appellation of virgin-honey. In the arrangements to which I have ad- verted, you have likewise attained to the grand FOURTH EDITION. XXV object of saving the life of your busy friends, when you wish to become possessed of the fruits of their toil. As you obtain by your plan along with this advantage, more honey, and honey of a much finer quality, humanity in this case appeal's to be, like honesty in every case, the best policy. When you have time and opportunity to make observations on the subject, I hope you will endeavour to obtain some acquaintance with the history of Bees, as to the duration of life and the effects of age upon their habits and powers ; which in ordinary hives it would be next to impossible to accomplish. There are many points in this purely matriarchal establishment — purely I say, because tlie Queen is the sole mother as well as governor of her subjects — which it is most desirable to investigate, and which until we had the ad- vantage of your ingenious contrivances for Bee-management, must have been attempted in vain. What we do know of the economy of these wonderful insects is very considerable and very interesting: what we do not know is, I suspect, neither less nor less interesting. To these matters I wish to keep your attention alive J at the same time that I am most XXVI PREFACE TO THE especially desirous that you should in the first place extend with all your zeal and activity through every part of this Island and through Europe, a knowledge of the important, prac- tical discoveries which you have already satisfactoiily accomplished. With ardent wishes for your future success, I remain, my dear Sir, very faithfully yours, George Birkbeck. Were a stimulus requisite, here is enough to encourage me to persevere in my apiarian pursuits, — enough to cheer me on to, and in, and after, the re-publication of the following •work ; with which gi'eat ])ains have been taken to render it more complete and more worthy of the public favour. Several, I tiiist, interesting additions will be found in its pages : and, if I have forborne to encumber it with a detail of a vaiiety of conflicting suggestions that have reached me, respecting the improvement of my several hives, it is from no want of respect for those with whom they ha^•e severally originated. Some recommend that my boxes be made considerably larger ; others maintain that they are too large already : some would FOURTH EDITION XXVll vary one thing, some another: many would dispense altogether with the imder-boxes, — many think them indispensably necessary ; — more would, as they fancy, improve the ventilation, which, in the opinion of several of the most successful apiators upon my plan, is already sufficiently powerful, jjrovided it be properly attended to : some advise that the dividing tins be introduced and worked horizontally; others hold that the present perpendicular mode of working them is safer and far better : some would enlarge the com- munications between the middle-box and the end boxes, and vary the direction of the bars and openings ; others would nan'ow those communications and keep the bars and open- ings in their present horizontal form. Among these ingenious friends, for friends I esteem them all, it would be an act of injustice not to particularize Mr. Henry Taylor, ofHighgate, who has been indefatigable in his endeavours to eifect improvements. His hints have not been thrown away upon me ; and I thus pub- licly thank him for the interest he has taken in my behalf But, until I have satisfactoiy proof, that honey of purer quahty (if that be possible) or of equal quality and in greater d XXVlll PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. quantity, has been procured from some of the 2^?^/?ror^c?hiveSjthan has everyetbeen procured from mine, I must respectfully decline their adoption, and adhere to my own as they are. Into Scotland and Ireland; into France and Spain ; into Germany (where my book has been translated) ; into America, where (at New York) I have an active and intelligent agent for the sale of both books and hives in the Mr. John Sholl already mentioned; and even into Oude, in the East hidies, my book and my hives have already found their way : so that Dr. Birkbeck's wish is in a fair way to be realized. In short — it is, as it long has been, the study of my life to diffuse and to inculcate the knowledge of an imjyroved and humane system of Bee-management : and as respects the contents of this little work, I would, in the thousandth time quoted words of the Koman Poet, say to every reader — Si quid novisti rectius istis, Candidus impcrti: si non his utere mecum. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH EDITION. Were the author, ahas the proprietor of the following work, to attempt to write another Preface (there being no fewer than three already, understood to be author's Prefaces) the substance of it would probably be to ex- press in glowing language his gratitude to his patrons particularly, and to the public gene- rally, for the encouragement he has met with, and for having purchased every copy of all the preceding editions ; and modestly to announce the superiority of the sixth to all the former editions. But, to spare the osten- sible author the disagreeable task of puffing, the editor in propria persona takes the opportunity here afforded him of informing XXX ADVERTISEMENT TO THE the reader — that the materials for the follomng work were originally put into his hands in an unconnected and well-nigh unintelligible state, — they were literally a "rudis indiges- taque moles," which required considerable labour and persevering industry in order to their being gradually moulded into the form in which they now appear ; — and that he has again been prevailed upon to bestow more than a little labour upon the revision, en- largement, and, he thinks, improvement of the work. For the Notes now introduced, he (the editor) begs to state, that he alone is re- sponsible : — Mr. Nutt has had no handm them. Therefore if they, viz. the notes, or any of them, should, and they probably may, excite hostility in certain quarters, that hostility can in fairness be directed against him only, and not against Nutt. It should be remembered too, that those two or three writers, who have been chastised, have, in the plenitude of their zeal for, and admiration of, exploded and an- tiquated systems of Bee-management, or out of jealousy and envy of Nutt's improved plans, uncharitably and rashly, if not mali- ciously and out of sheer ill-will to Nutt, attempted — vainly attempted — to write him SIXTH EDITION. XXXI doT^Ti : tlierefore, however sore those writers, critical or professional, as the case may be, may feel under the castigation that has been occasionally bestowed upon them, it will be seen, and perhaps allowed — that they them- selves have provoted it, — and consequently that they deserve it. Dr. Bevan may nibble, and egg on Dunbar to disgrace himself by his pitiful calculations, — the Quarterly may be big and dictatorial ; but neither the one nor the other, aided by all their mercenary auxili- aries, can convince the unprejudiced reader that Nutt is not the inventor of his own col- lateral Bee-boxes. Because White, nearly a century ago, enlarged his wooden hives by adding to them plain, wooden boxes, having very imperfect communication with the mother-boxes, and totally without the means of ventilation, and without under-boxes, there- fore they — Dr. Bevan and the Quarterly — hold that White, and not Nutt, was the in- ventor of Bee-boxes ! As reasonably might they maintain that, because a boiling tea- kettle throws out steam, the tinker, or whoever he was that made the first tea-kettle, was the inventor of Watt's steam-engine. Nutt's boxes arc as superior to Wliite's as the steam- iXXXll ADVERTISEMENT TO SIXTH EDITION. engine is to a tea-kettle. No one, however — not even Bevan — has yet had the hardihood to deny Nutt the merit of having invented the inverted-hive ; which, when properly stocked and well-managed, affords one of the most pleasing and beautiful sights that an apiarian can contemplate. Why has not this invention been attacked ? why, but because it is unassailable ? Lastly, and by way of blunt- ing one at least of the dastardly shafts that the skulking concealed skirmishers may per- chance be pleased to level at him, the editor states positively — that he neither has, nor claims, nor expects to have, any part or share of the profits arising from the sale of this work ; and further — that he never had, nor ever claimed to have, any part or share of the profits already realized, — nor has he ever stipulated for any remuneration in any shaj^e whatever. Gedney-Hill, December 26, 1845, TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter Page I. Introductory Matters 1 II. Bee-hoxes and Management of Bees in them 14 III. Ventilation 55 IV. Thermometer 64 V. On Driving Bses 104 VI. Inverted-Hive 110 VII. Observatory- Hive 121 Mode of Stocking an Observatory- Hive 1.33 VIII. Fumigation , 135 IX. Objections against Piling Boxes . . 150 X. Apiary at Delabere Park 186 XI. Honey'Bees 174 For the Sting of a Bee . • . • , 193 XII. Impregnation of the Queen- Bee . . 190 XIII. Supernumerary Queens 207 XX XIV CONTENTS. Chapter Page XIV. Bee-Feeding 217 Bee-Food ^ 228 XV. Catalogue of Bee- Flowers, ^-c. .. 235 XVI. Honey-Comh 240 XVII. Bees' Wax 266 XVIII. Winter Situation for Bees, ,.,,, 271 XIX. Apiai'ian Societies 280 XX. Miscellaneous Directions 287 EsDEX TO THE ENGRAVINGS. Frontispiece to f.ice Title Page Octagonal-Cover for the Pavilion 1 ^ Collateral-boxes apart ^ ^ Ditto closed ^^ Inverted Hive ^^^ Observatory-Hive 123 Ditto ^\-ith additions 1'^^ Fumigator ■*•'' Tower at Delabere to flic e 168 The Three Bees 1 '5 Honey-Comb 242 Bee-knives 303 MANAGEMENT OF BEES; CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTORY MATTERS. The object of the generality of persons who keep Bees, is — profit : and that profit might be indefinitely augmented were Bees properly managed, and their lives preserved — were the still extensively-practised, and cruel system of destroying Bees in order to get their honey, superseded by a conservative one. Some few there may be in the higher ranks of life, who cultivate Bees from motives of curiosity — for the gratification of witnessing and ex- amining the formation and progress of their ingenious and most beautiful works, and with a view to study the instinct, habits, propcn- A D. H. HILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College sities, peculiarities, or, in one word, the nature of these wonderful, little insects, in order to improve their condition, and to gain additional knowledge respecting their natural history, hitherto, it must be confessed, enveloped in much uncertainty, and very imperfectly un- derstood. To this class of Bee-masters and Bee-friends the system of management to be explained in the following pages, will, it is hoped, unfold discoveries and impart facilities and improvements hitherto unknown in apia- rian science. And they, whose sole object in keeping Bees i^ profit, may derive incalculable advantage from conforming to the mode of management, and strictly attending to the practical directions hereinafter to be detailed : because as their profits are expected to arise principally from honey and wax, it evidently must be for their interest to know how to obtain those valuable Bee-productions in their purest state and in the greatest quantity. The quan- tity obtained in a good honey -year (viz. 1826) from a well-stocked and exceedingly prosperous colony was so considerable, and so far beyond anything ever realized from a common straw- hive colony, that my statements respecting it have been doubted by some, and totally discredited by others,* unacquainted with, or prejudiced against, my (I trust 1 may say) improved system of Bee -management. With respect to the purity of the honey taken according to my plan, and the general pro- perties and medical virtues, and, of course, value of honey when pitre, I have much plea- sure in being enabled to submit to the reader the opinions of the late Dr. Birkbeck, of Mr. Abraham Booth, Lecturer on Chemistry, and of the late Dr. Hancock ; because, as emi- nently scientific men, their opinions may safely be considered as unimpeachable authority on this subject, viz. the uses and medical virtues of pure honey. In some obsen ations on the effect of the temperature of Bee-hives on the quality of honey, published in a scientific journal, Mr. Booth obsen-es — "notwithstanding the ade- quate justice which has been done to Mr.Nutt's im]3roved and admirable system of Bee-man- agement, there is one point which does not appear to have elicited much attention— -the superiority in quality both of the honey and * In the foremost rank of these doubters and disbelievers may be placed Dr. Edward Bevan, who has published a Work on Bees ; and of whom something more will be said by and by.— Ed. the wax. It does not appear to me that the whole of this superiority consists in freedom from extraneous animal or vegetable matters, a point of very great importance, however, as its dietetic purposes are concerned ; but that it gi-eatly depends upon the modified degree of temperature at which the Bees effect their labours, and which is insufficient to produce any chemical changes in the constitution of these substances; whereas under the old system, the continued high temperature of the hive is sufficient to induce those changes which impart the colour that so materially deteriorates the quality as well as the value of the products. Froyn Mr. Nutfs hives we obtain pure honey, as it is actually secreted hy the Bee, which cannot be ensured by any other mode of management." To my late, lamented friend and steady patron. Dr. Birkbeck, whose uniform liberality and kindness, from the infancy of my pursuits, I have reason to appreciate, I am indebted for introducing this subject in a Lecture * at the London Institution, Moorfields, on the appli- cation of the oxy-hydrogen light to illustrate the economy and stiTicture of the insect world. In the course of his observations, on referring » Delivered April 23d, 1834, to the tongue of the Bee, the learned Doctor made copious alkisions to my system, and the advantages which would in his view result from its general extension. He observed that " so small is the supply that we derive from the labours of Bees in this country, that the production of wax does not even more than equal its consumption in the simple article of lip-salve. Under this improved system, we may however hope that the advantages of Bee- management may be more generally diffused throughout the kingdom, — that Bee-hives will be multipHed, and that the choicest flowers of the field and forest will no longer 'waste their sweetness in the desert air.' In a dietetic point of view, it is of great importance that a saccharine, secreted by one of the most curious processes of nature, should be substituted for one produced by the most imperfect and com- plicated process of art, whilst the more salu- taiy properties of the former would recommend it as far more eligible for use. He could not but hope that in this view the system would soon receive that extension in practice to which its merits fitted it."* * Dr. Birkbeck related the following instance of the power of recognition possessed by Bees to myself and Mr, Booth, V 6 Some very important observations on honey, in a medical point of view, are those which were contained in a paper written by my late very learned and highly valued fiiend. Dr. Hancock, and read before the Medico-Botanical Society at their sitting November 26th, 1833.* An abstract of this important paper f I shall communicate for the information of my readers. " The great objects which recommend Mr. Nutt's plan, consist in the great improvement in quality and augmentation of honey pro- duced, and that without destroying the Bees — a discovery equally creditable to Mr. Nutt, as a man of benevolent mind, and to his industry and indefatigable research. which I cannot suifer to pass unnoticed. When a boy, he was accustomed to cover his hand with honey, and go to the front of one of the hives in his father's garden. His hand was soon covered by the Bees, banqueting on the proffered sweets, and the whole of it was speedily removed. The Bees appeared to recognize the learned Doctor ever afterwards when he ap- peared in the garden, his hand being always surrounded by them in expectation of there finding their accustomed boon. * For a copy of the first edition of this work, with speci- mens of honey, &c. the author received the thanks of the Society ; and he has since been honoured with a diploma, which constitutes him a corresponding member thereof. t An abstract of the paper was published in the Lancet and several other journals. " The cultivation of honey-bees is of remote antiquity. The Bee was regarded as the em- blem of royalty with the ancient Egyptians, and Bees have been held in the highest esteem by all nations, whether barbarous or civilized ; yet the united experience of ancients and modems has never hitherto led to the happy results, which, by a connected series of experi- ments, patient research, and logical induction, have in twelve years been achieved by Mr. Nutt. In the course of his observation he saw, not only that the destruction of the Bees was barbai'ous in the extreme, but that this cruelty was equally subversive of the crops of honey ; his inquiries were hence directed to find how this destructive system could be exchanged for a conservative one. In this he has com- pletely succeeded, and by preserving the Bees has been enabled to increase their produce many-fold, and that too, in a far more salutary and improved quality. It is equal even to the samples usually obtained from young hives, called virgin honey, which is scarce, dear, and seldom to be had genuine. " Owing to the want of knowledge on the subject, the consequent impurities, and the great price of foreign honey, together with the 8 adulterations praciised, the use of this vahiable article has been nearly abandoned in this country, whether as an article of the materia medica or of domestic economy ; and for the reasons just stated, the preparations of honey have even been expunged from the Edinburgh Pharmacopeia. From the recent improvement, however, by the gentleman just mentioned, we have reason to hope its use will be restored in a condition vastly improved, and that at a gi'eat reduction in price, the facilities of production being greatly enhanced, and such as to render it in time available to all classes of society. " Pure honey was justly considered by the ancients to possess the most valuable balsamic and pectoral properties — as a lenitive, eco- protic, and detergent ; and it is well known to dissolve viscid phlegm and promote expecto- ration. As a medium for other remedies, it is in its pure state far superior to sirups, as being less liable to run into the acetous fermentation. It appears that honey procured on Mr. Nutt's plan is not excelled by the finest and most costly samples from the continent, as that of INIinorca, Narbonne, or Montpelier. The various impurities and extraneous matter usually contained in honey, cause it in many 9 cases to produce griping pains, or uneasy sen- sations in the stomach and bowels ; this how- ever has no such effect, unless it be taken to an imprudent extent. " Pure honey, though in its ultimate elements similar to refined sugar, yet differs considerably in its physiological effects on the body, being a lenitive, aperient, or general laxative, and hence incomparably more beneficial in costive habits. It has in a dietetic or medicinal point of view been recommended in gravel or cal- culous complaints ; of this however I have no knowledge, but its utility in asthma I have ex- perienced in my own person as well as in others; as also as an efficacious remedy in hooping cough, taken with antimonial wine, camphor, and oj^ium. For sedentary persons and those troubled with constipation of the bowels, there is no dietetic or medicinal sub- stance so useful as pure honey, whether taken in drink or with bread and butter, &c. It is well known as a detergent of foul sores, and I have often found it to succeed in healing deep- seated sinuous or fistulous ulcers, and thus to obviate the necessity of surgical operations. "In South America and amongst the Span- iards, honey is considered as one of the best 10 detergents for sloughing sores and foul ulcer- ations ; so it was formerly in Europe. Its uses in a surgical point of view have in this country- long been lost sight of. Its detergent power is such, that it was formerly denominated a vegetable soap, as we may see in the older writers. It is still made the basis of cosmetics, and this empirical practice goes to prove its efficacy — to those at least who have experienced its effects in cleansing and healing sinuous ulcers, its stimulating property producing withal the sanitary adhesive inflammation. A species of wine made from honey, called metheglin and mead — the mulsiim of the an- cients — was formerly much in use in this country, and most deservedly so from its pleasant taste and salutary properties. By the perfection of honey, this may now be obtained no doubt of equal excellence here, and a rich mellifluous species of wine of the most wholesome kind will be acquired, and open a new source of national industiy. "It has been said, that where the air is clear and hot, honey is better than where it is variable and cold, and this seems to have served as an apology for the inferiority of much of the honey contained in this country. It is a 11 position, which I am persuaded is not well- founded ; for the honey in hot climates, not- withstanding the fragi'ance of the flowers, is mostly inferior to the commonest samples produced here. This inferiority, however, may be entirely owing to the difference in the Bees — for I speak here of the wild or native honey — and it is probable that the apis mellifica might, in South America on Mr. Nutfs plan, produce the best of honey, and in very great abundance, because it would there work all the year, and the product therefore would be gi'eatly increased. " I have seen honey taken in the forests of South America from several different species of Bees ; they were always destitute of a sting, although entomologists consider it as one of the generic characters of apis. It is also singidar that their wax is always black, or dark brown, although the pollen of the flowers, which is said to give colour, is equally yellow as in this countiy. Bees obtain honey from most kinds of flowers, but appear in general to prefer the labiati or hp flowers, as those of sage, maijoram, mint, thyme, lavender, &c. Mr. Nutt, in the course of his obseiTation, has noticed the curious fact, that the nectar 12 or honey obtained from different plants is carefully deposited by the Bees in separate cells, or at least that the nectar from different genera of plants is kept distinct. It appears indeed, that the produce of the flowers is classed by them, and arranged with a precision not inferior to that of the most accurate bot- anist. What but a hand Divine could guide those little insects thus to mock the boasted power of human reason ! This consideration too, coupled with our own interests, should operate as a powerful argument in favour of Mr. Nutf s new conservative system of man- agement, and against the reckless destruction of the Bees. Mr. Nutt has already been patronised by the Royal Family and several of the nobility, and no doubt his plan will be adopted by all persons of intelligence, who engage in this pursuit, whether for profit, or the most rational amusement." When I first entered into my apiarian pursuits, I felt convinced of the great and profitable extent to which they might be carried ; and of this I have been all along since confirmed as success has crowned my efforts. If I could demonstrate — and I have repeatedly demonstrated — how much honey might be in- 13 creased in quantity, its superior quality also struck me as a point of no less importance ; and in this I am now most satisfactorily con- firmed by the sanction of those scientific friends whose valuable opinions have been above quoted. With alacrity and pleasure I will therefore proceed, without further intro- duction, to give a description of my Bee boxes, and other hives, and of all my Bee-machinery, — and directions for the proper construction of them, — and also for the proper ordering and management of Bees in them. CHAPTER II. BEE-BOXES AND MANAGEMENT OF BEES IN THEM. The schemes and contrivances, and ways and means, to which apiarians have had recourse, in order to deprive Bees of their honey, with- out at the same time destroying their hves, have been various, and some of them ingenious; but hitherto not one of them has been crowned vrith the desired success. The leaf-hives of Dunbar and of Huber — Huish's hives with cross-bars, — the piUng of hive upon hive, or box upon box, called storifying, strongly ad- vocated by Dr. Bevan, and practised by him and his disciples — and several other contri- vances, have all had this great object in view, — have all had their patrons and admirers, — have all had fair trials, — but have, notwith- standing, all failed of fully accompHshing it. 15 Whether my inventions may merit and may meet with a similar, or with a better fate, it is not for me to predict, — time will show, — I think I may safely say — time has shoicn. I feel wan'anted, however, in asserting of my COLLATERAL BOX- HIVE, which I am now about to explain, — of my INVERTED HIVE, and of my OBSERVATORY HIVE, of which in their proper places minute descrip- tions will be given, — I feel, I say, wan*anted in asserting, that these — my inventions — pos- sess such conveniences and accommodations both for Bees and Bee-masters, that the pure treasure stored in them by those industrious, little insects, may at any time be abstracted from them, not only without destroying the Bees, but without injuring them in the least, or even incommoding their labours by the operation ; that they afford accommodations to the Bees which greatly accelerate the pro- gress of their labours in the summer-season ; — and that the Bees never leave them in disgust, as it were, as they not unfrequently do leave other hives, after being deprived of their stores ; but, as if nothing had happened to them, continue day by day to accumulate fresh treasures, the quantity of which in good 16 seasons has astonished many strangers and friends who have visited my apiary, and not only the quantity, but the quahty also. That my boxes do not admit of improve- ment is more than I assert ; but having worked them successfully for upwards of twenty years, and knowing that many other persons, follow- ing my directions, have succeeded with them as well as myself, and far beyond their utmost expectations, I do flatter myself that the pi'ijiciple of managing Bees according to my plan is right. 17 18 The engravings here presented to my readers exhibit a set of my collateral Bee-boxes open, and every compartment exposed to view, es- pecially to the view and for the examination of experienced workmen. I make use of the yvoTdej:perienced,hec3iUseth.e better the boxes are made, the more certain will the apiarian be of success in the management of his Bees in them. There has been great difference of opinion as to the most suitable dimensions for Bee- boxes. I approve of and recommend those which are from eleven to twelve inches square inside, and ten inches deep in the clear. The best wood for them is by some said to be red cedar ; the chief grounds of preference of which wood are — its effects in keeping moths out of the boxes, and its being a bad conductor of heat. But of whatever kind of wood Bee-boxes are made, it should be well seasoned, perfectly sound, and free from what carpenters term shakes. Good, sound, red deal answers the purpose very well, and is the sort of wood of which most of my boxes have been made hitherto. The sides of the boxes, par- ticularly the front sides, should be at the least an inch and a half in thickness j for the ends, top, 19 and back part, good deal one inch thick is sufficiently substantial; the ends, that form the interior divisions and openings, must be of quarter-inch stuff, well dressed off", so that when the boxes and the dividing tins are closed, that is, when they are all placed to- gether, the two adjoining ends should not ex- ceed three-eighths of an inch in thickness. These ends, the bars of which should be ex- actly parallel with each other, form a commu- nication with, or a division from, the end- boxes, as the case may require, which is veiy important to the Bees, and by which the said boxes can be immediately divided without in- juring any part of the combs, or incommoding, and, as it were, bird-liming the Bees with the liquid honey, which so frequently annoys and destroys numbers of them, by extracting their combs from piled or storified boxes. This is not the only advantage my boxes possess: the receptacles or frame-work for the ventilators, which appear upon each of the end boxes, — the one with the cover off, the other with it on — should be four inches square, with a perforated, flat tin of nearly the same size, and in the middle of that tin must be a round hole, to con*espondwith the hole through 20 the top of the box, and in the centre of the frame-work just mentioned, an inch in diame- ter, to admit the perforated, cyHndrical, tin ven- tilator, nine inches long. This flat tin should have a smooth piece of wood made to fit it closely, and to cover the frame-work just men- tioned, so as to carry off the wet; then placing this cover over the square, perforated tin, your box will be secure from the action of wind and rain. The perforated cylinder serves both for a ventilator, and also for a secure and con- venient receptacle for a thermometer, at any time when it is necessary to ascertain the tem- perature of the box into which the cylinder is inserted. Within this frame-work, and so that the perforated, flat tin already described may completely cover them, at each corner make a hole with a three-eighths centre-bit through the top of the box. These four small holes materially assist the ventilation, and are, in fact, an essential part of it. We next come to the long floor, on which the three Bee-boxes, (A. C. C), which con- stitute a set, stand collaterally. This floor is the strong top of a long, shallow box, made for the express purpose of supporting the three Bee-boxes, and must, of course, be 21 superficially of such dimensions as those boxes, when placed collaterally, require ; or, if the Bee-boxes project the eighth part of an inch over the ends and back of this floor-box, so much the better, because in that case the rain or wet, that may at any time fall upon them, will drain off the better. For ornament, as much as for use, this floor is made to project about two inches in front ; but this projection should be sloped, or made an inclined plane, so as to carry off" the wet from the front of the boxes. To the centre of this projecting front, and on a plane with the edge of the part cut away for the entrance of the Bees into the middle-box, is attached the alighting-board, which consists of a piece of planed board, six inches by three, having the two outward cor- ners rounded off a little. The passage from this alighting board into the middle-box, (not seen in the plate, it being at the centre of the side not shown) is cut, not out of the edge of the box, hut out of the floor-hoard, and should be not less than four inches in length, and about half an inch in depth ; or so as to make a clear half-inch way under the edge of the box for the Bee -passage. I recommend this as preferable to a cut in the edge of the 22 box, — because, being upon an inclined plane, if at any time the wet should be driven into the pavilion by a stormy wind, it would soon drain out, and the floor become dry ; whereas, if the entrance-passage be cut out of the box, the rain that may, and at times will, be drifted in, will be kept in, and the floor be wet for days, and perhaps for weeks, and be very detrimental to the Bees. In depth the floor- box, measured from outside to outside, should be four inches, so that, if made of three fourths inch deal, there may be left for the depth of the box-part full two inches and a half Internally it is divided into three equal compartments, being one under each Bee-box : admission to these compartments or under-boxes is by the drawer and drawer-fronts, or blocks, which will be described presently. The bottom, or open edge of each of the boxes, (A. C. C.) should be well planed, and made so even and square that they will sit closely and firmly upon the aforesaid floor, and be as air-tight as a good workman can make them, or, technically expressed, he a dead Jit all round. In the floor board are made three small openings, i. e. one near the back of each box. These openings are of a 23 semi -lunar shape, (though any other shape would do as well) the straight side of which should not exceed three inches in length, and will be most convenient if made parallel with the back-edge of the box, and about an inch from it. They are covered by perforated, or by close tin slides, as the circumstances of your apiaiy may require. The drawer (G.) the fi'ont of which appears under the middle box, is of gi'eat importance, because it affords one of the greatest accommodations to the Bees in the middle-box. In this drawer is placed, when necessity requires it, a tin made to fit it, and in that tin, another thin frame covered with book-muslin, or other fine strainer, which floats on the liquid deposited for the suste- nance of the Bees. Here, then, we have a feeding apparatus, conveniently situated, in the immediate vicinity of the mother-hive, so as not to admit the cold or the robbers to annoy the Bees. When you close the drawer thus prepared with Bee- food, you must draw out the tin placed over the opening already described, which will make for the Bees a way to their food in the drawer beneath. The heat of the hive follows the Bees into the feeding apartment, which soon becomes of nearly the same temperature as their native hive. Here 24 the Bees feed in the utmost security, and in nearly the temperature of their native domi- cil. Under such favorable circumstances it is an idle excuse, not to say — a want of hu- manity, to suffer Bees to die for want of attention to proper feeding. I now come to notice the use of the block- fronts on each side of the fee ding- drawer, marked G. These two block-fronts answer many good purposes, and furnish the apiarian with several practical advantages: first, in the facility they afford of adding numbers to the establishment, as occasion may sometimes re- quire, which is done without the least incon- venience or trouble to the apiarian, and with- out the least resentment from the native Bees; second, in affording to the Bees a place of egress when you are taking from them either of the end-boxes ; third, in the effectual and beautiful guard they furnish against robbers ; for instead of the solid block, seen in the plate, a safety-block (of which a descrij)tion will be given presently) may be substituted, which is so contrived that ten thousand Bees can with ease leave their prison and their stores in the possession of the humane apiarian, without the possible chance of a single intruder forcing its entrance to rob the box or to annoy the 25 operator. Perhaps this is the most pleasing part, and the most happy convenience attached to the boxes. Its origin was this : Whilst explaining to some gentlemen at the National Repository the method to be pursued in the management of Bees in a set of collateral- boxes,' — and, in particular, the manner of taking off a box of honey, it was objected — that, on removing the block-front and withdrawing the tin that opens a communication into the box above, though a passage would thereby be opened for the imprisoned Bees by which to make their escape, it would at the same time afford an opening and an opportunity — nay, be a sort of invitation for the Bees of other hives, — for strange Bees and robbers to get in, annoy, and destroy the native Bees, then subdued by having been imprisoned, and to plunder and cany away their treasures. This objection, to persons unskilled in Bee- matters, may, I grant, appear to be plausible — nay, reasonable : but every practical apiarian, who has taken off end-boxes of honey, knows veiy well that there is not the least danger to be apprehended from robbers or marauders during the short time that the liberated, native Bees are hunying away as fast as they can get. D 26 I have never witnessed any thing Uke an attempt to besiege and rob a box so situated. Were, however, the communication to be left open for any considerable time after the Bees have departed, I have no doubt that, if not discovered by Bees belonging to other hives, it (the vacated box) would be re-entered by its own Bees, and by them be soon entirely emptied of its honey. Nothing, however, but down -right carelessness on the part of the operator, will ever subject a box of honey to a visitation of this description. But, notwith- standing the conviction in my mind that the above-stated objection is in fact groundless, I set my wits to work to answer it in a way more satisfactory to the highly respectable persons who raised it, and, if by any means I could, to obviate it entirely. It did not cost me much mental labour to invent — a safety- hlock, — nor does it require much manual labour to make one. A safety-block must be made to fit the place of the common block, and may be cut out of a piece of half-inch deal board, ha^ning one side planed oif so as to leave the bottom-edge less than one-fourth of an inch in thickness ; then with a three-eighths-inch centre-bit cut 27 as near the lower, that is — the thin edge, as you can, a row of holes. Ten holes in a length of six inches will allow a convenient space between each hole. Next, over each of these small holes, suspend a piece of talc, cut of a proper size for the purpose, by a thread, and make that thread fast round a small brass nail above. The talc, which is a mineral sub- stance as transparent as glass, and much lighter, and on that account much better than glass, thus suspended over each hole, is easily lifted and passed by Bees from within, but is heavy enough to fall again as soon as a Bee has made its exit, and forms an effe c tual bar or block against the entrance of Bees from the outside. A block of this description may be had for a trifling expense, and is recommended to all such inexperienced and timid — timid because inexperienced — apiarians, as are apprehensive of being annoyed by intruders when they are taking off a box of honey. Though this safety -block rather impedes the escape of the Bees, it has nevertheless a pretty appearance when it is neatly made, — and it is amusing enough to see the busy little creatures pushing open first one little door and then another, popping out their heads, and then winging 28 their flight to the entrance of the middle- box. After all, though it certainly is a com- plete safety-block, and was invented to ob- viate a groundless objection, it is more an article of curiosity than of real usefulness. Lastly, I have to notice the security which the under-box or frame gives to the stability of the three upper boxes, — the firmness with which it supports them, — and the dry and comfortable way in which the Bees by it are enabled to discharge their dead, and other superfluities of the colony, without their being exposed to the cold atmosphere of an autumnal or a spring morning. The octagon-box marked H, is a covering for the bell-glass, marked B, which is placed on the middle-box, or seat of nature. It matters not of what shape this covering is, because any covering over the glass will answer the same purpose, provided the under-board of it is large enough to cover the two joinings between the middle and end-boxes, and to throw off' the wet. I choose an octagon be- cause of the neatness of its appearance. In endeavouring to recommend these Bee- boxes as worthy of general adoption, in order to succeed in my object, it is undoubtedly 29 necessaiy that the parts and constniction of them, and of every thing pertaining to them, be fully explained and clearly understood : I therefore proceed to give another view of them. In the former plate they are exhibited as open, or detached and apart from each other: in the following one they are represented as closed and standing together, as when stocked with Bees, and in full operation in an apiary : in both it is the back of the boxes that is pre- sented. With the exception of the alighting- board, the fi'ont is quite plain, being without window-shutters in the boxes, and without drawer or block-fronts in the under -board. 30 In this plate the engraver has made the floor-box to extend beyond the ends of the C. C. boxes; but, as has already been observed, and for the reason before given, it is better that the floor-box be made so that those (C C.) boxes project a little over the ends and also over the back of the floor. EXPLANATION OF THE REFERENCES TO THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A SET OF COLLATERAL- BOXES. A. is the pavilion, or middle-box, which may be most easily stocked by a swarm of Bees, just as a cottage-hive is stocked. B. is the bell-glass in the first plate, — in the second, it only points to the place where the glass stands. C. C. are the collateral, or end-boxes. D. D. are neat mouldings, about an inch and a half wide, made of three-fourths-inch deal, and are so fastened to the middle-box in front, (i. e. the side not here shown) as well as at the back, that three fourths of an inch of each may project beyond each comer of that box, and form a cover and protection for the edges of the dividing-tins, and also for the seams, or joints, necessarily made by placing the end- boxes against the middle one. already described. 31 E. E. are the frame-work and covers of the ventilation and thermometer. F.F. are the block-fronts ^ G. is the feeding-drawer H. is the octagon-cover - I. I. I. are the window-shutters, five inches by four, or larger or smaller, as fancy may direct : these shutters open as so many little doors by means of small brass-joints, and are kept fast, when closed, by a brass-button set on the box. 1, 2, 3, 4, are so many tin slides, to cut off, or to open, as the case may require, the communications between the pavihon and the bell-glass ; between the pavilion and the feeding drawer ; and between the end-boxes and their under-boxes. For a bee-passage between the pavilion and the bell-glass, is cut, in the centre of the top of the pavilion, a circular hole, an inch in diameter, and from the edge of that circular hole are cut four or six passages, just wide enough to allow the Bees space to pass and re-pass. These hneal cuts must of course terminate within the circumference of the circle formed by the edge of the bell-glass that is placed over them. 32 Perhaps it may be said, — in fact, it has been said — that these boxes are in reality nothing more than a common cottage-hive. Be it so: but it is an improved cottage-hive, made convenient by being divisible, and by having its parts well arranged. The middle-box, or department, marked A, is, however, square, and not round, like the common straw-hive. But beyond this one box the comparison cannot easily be carried ; the common straw- hive possesses no such conveniences and accommodations as those afforded both to Bees and Bee-masters by the end-boxes of my hive. In the middle-box the Bees are to be first placed : in it first they should construct their beautiful combs, — and, under the government of one sovereign — the mother of the hive — carry on their curious works, and display their astonishing, architectural ingenuity. In this box the REGINA of the colony, surrounded by her industrious, happy, humming subjects, carries on the propagation of her species, — deposits in the cells prepared for the pui-pose by the other Bees, thousands upon thousands of her eggs, though she deposits no more than one egg in a cell at one time : these eggs are 33 hatched and nursed up into a numerous progeny by the other inhabitants of the hive. It is at this time, viz. when hundreds of young Bees are daily coming into existence, that my col- lateral boxes are of the utmost importance both to the Bees domiciled in them, and to their proprietors; for when the brood has become perfect Bees in a common cottage hive, a swarm is the necessary consequence. The Queen, accompanied by a vast number of her subjects, leaves the colony, and seeks some other place in which to carry on the work nature has assigned to her. But as swai-ming may, by proper precaution and attention to my mode of management, gene- rally be prevented, it is good practice to do so ; because the time necessarily required to estabhsh a new colony, even supposing the cottager succeeds in saving the swarm, would otherwise be employed in collecting honey, and in enriching the old hive. Here, then, is one of the advantages of my plan, viz. the 'prevention of swarming. When symptoms of swarming begin to present themselves, and which may be known by an unusual noise in the hive or box (for it is of Bees in boxes that I am now treating), by the appearance of 34 more than common activity among the Bees in the middle-box, and by a sudden and ex- traordinary rise of temperature, which in tight, well-made boxes, may be ascertained by a thermometer, inserted in either of the empty end-boxes, provided the wind be still, but if otherwise, the thermometer should be in the leeward box : when these symptoms are appa- rent then the Bee-master may conclude that more sj)ace is required. At this period, there- fore, he should draw out the sliding tin, marked 1, from under the bell-glass ; which simple operation will immediately open to the Bees a new room, which they will soon occupy, fill with beautiful combs and honey as pure as the crystal stream. But if by mistake the manager should draw up either of the col- lateral-slides, which divide the end-boxes from the middle one, in that case the Bees will refrise to go up into the glass, and will commence their works in the collateral-box opened to them, in preference to the elevated glass ; so well aware are they of the incon- venience attending the carrying of their burdens into an upper room, when a more convenient store-house is to be had in a lower one. The natural movements of Bees have 35 demonstrated to me this fact by innumerable trials : year after year I have made this ex- periment to my entire satisfaction. The natural movements of the Bees also suggested to me the idea of the utility of ventilation, and that by its influence their works might be both divided and kept more pure ; and that a place of safety might still be preserved for the Queen in the middle-box. She wants a suit- able situation in which to carry on the work of propagating her species. Like the fowls of the air, she will not, if she can avoid it, pro- pagate her young whilst under the observation and influence of man : she, therefore, prefers the middle-box for the propagation of her species : as well on account of its privacy, as because the ventilation of the end-boxes so cools their temperature, that they are not the situation nature requires to bring the embiyo brood to perfection ; yet they can be kept at such a temperature as to make them desirable store-rooms for honey. By this mode of man- agement we prevent the necessity of swarm- ing, — namely, by simply accommodating the Bees with additional room when iliey want it ; and by so accommodating them we gene- rally obtain plentiful stores of pure honey, 36 unadulterated by the necessaiy gathering of immense quantities of farina for the larvae,* which we see in the piling system, as well as in the common cottage-hive ; for this is all carried into the immediate vicinity of the seat of nature, the place where it is wanted, and never deposited in a properly ventilated end-box. When the glass is nearly filled, which in a good season will be in a very short space of time, the Bees will again want accommodation. Previously, however, to drawing up a tin- slide to enlarge their crowded house, the manager should take off the empty end-box he intends to open to them, carefully and thoroughly cleanse it, and then smear or dress • From the time of the Queen's laying an egg in a cell to its issuing therefrom a perfect Bee, a space of twenty-one days intervenes, during which time the embryo Bee undergoes several changes : from the fourth to the ninth day, or it may be a day earlier or a day later, according to the temperature of the stock, entomologists term the embryo Bees — larvd^ ; and it is during those five days that these larvs require to be fed with what is called Bee-bread. This is applicable to the case of the common Bee only : the developement of a Drone requires a longer space of time, and of a Queen a shorter by some days, as will be noticed more particularly in Chapter 11.— Ed. 37 the inside of it with a httle Hquid honey. Thus prepared he must return the box to its proper situation, and then withdraw the shding- tin that hitherto has cut it off from the middle- box, and by so doing he will enlarge the Bees' store-house room, which will afford them the accommodation they then require, and apparently produce gi'eat satisfaction. The Bees will immediately commence their opera- tions in this new apartment. This simple operation, done at a proper time, generally prevents swarming ; and by it the Queen gains a vast addition to her dominions, and con- sequently additional space for the increasing population of her domicil. There is now no want of store-house room, nor of employ- ment, for our indefatigable labourers. And while the common Bees are employed in col- lecting, and manufacturing (if I may so say) their various materials, the Queen-bee will be employed in carr}'ing on the great, first prin- ciple of nature — the propagation of her species. This she does in the department (A.) re-filhng with her eggs the brood-cells which have been vacated by the young Bees. When, how- ever, her next new progeny are about to be brought into life, the Bee-master should draw 38 out the other tin-sHde, and thereby open a communication to the other empty apartment, and so make a further addition to the Queen's dominions ; which the new, and even veteran labourers, will presently occupy, and set about improving and enriching as in the former case. When the Bees have advanced their operations in the several compartments of their box-hive, which may be ascertained by looking through the windows at the back and ends of the boxes, the Bee-master should gently put in the tin slide (1.) lift up the lid of the octagon-box or cover (H.) and take off the bell-glass, which will be^ filled with the purest honey. Before, however, he endeavours to take off the glass, it is necessary that he should cut through between the bell-glass and the box, with a fine wire, or some sharp in- strument, in order that the tin may the more easily pass under the full glass of honey ; when this is done, he may take off the full glass and re-place it with an empty one. He must then draw out the tin-slide (1.) and so on through the honey-season as often as it may be necessary. The operation of taking off a glass, or a box, of honey, may be best performed in the 39 middle of a fine, sunny day ; and in taking off a glass, the operator, having put in the tin-shde (1.) as akeady directed, should wait half an hour, or longer, if necessary, to see whether the Bees made prisoners in the glass manifest any symptoms of uneasiness ; be- cause, if they do not, it may be concluded the Queen-bee is amongst them ; and in that case it will be advisable to withdraw the slide (1.) and to re-commence the operation on a future day. But if, as it generally happens, the prisoners in the glass should run about in confusion and restlessness, and manifest signs of great uneasiness, then the operator may conclude that all is right ; and, having taken off the octagon-cover, may envelope the glass in a silk handkerchief, or dark cloth, so as to exclude the light, remove it with a steady hand, and place it on one side, or so that the Bees may have egress from it, in some shady place, fifteen or twenty yai'ds from the boxes; and the Bees that were imprisoned in it will in a short space of time effect their escape, and return with eagerness to the middle -box and their comrades. And what may be done with B, may also be done with either of the C. C. boxes, as 40 occasion requires. It may not, however, be amiss to be more explanatory of the mode of taking away the treasures of the Bees in the side-boxes. It will be necessary to examine minutely the state of your boxes, particularly when the whole of them is full of the Bees and their works. When the tin is put down to divide an end-box from the mother-hive, you no doubt make many prisoners ; to pre- vent which, the night before separating an end- box from a middle one, lay open the ven- tilator, which will not only lower the heat of the box, but will admit the cool, night air, which naturally causes the Bees to leave that apartment, and to draw themselves into the middle-box — their native climate ; when this is done, you may put down the tin-sHde (D.) as already directed, and let your Bees remain at the least twenty minutes in total darkness ; then open the windows of the box you are about to take off, and if the Queen-bee is not within that box, the Bees that are in it will show a great desire to be liberated from their disagreeable confinement, by running about in the most hurried, agitated, and restless manner. But should the Queen-bee be there, you will then find the Bees show no desire to 41 leave her ; — the commotion will appear in the middle-box. Under such circumstances, which sometimes happen, you must act with caution ; for were you to open the egress from the box, that is, the block (F.) and tin-slide (2. or 4. as the case may be) to permit their departure, very shortly would the whole of the working Bees join their Queen in the box you intended to take off; and this would be a great dis- appointment and complete puzzle to the Bee- master, not thoroughly acquainted with the proper mode of managing his valuable hive. To me such an occuiTence would be a repe- tition only of a demonstration of facts — of pleasures unspeakable, in witnessing for the hundredth time the influence of her majesty — the Queen of the Bees, and the wonderful attachment, and, (if I may so express myself) the Tory loyalty of all her subjects. When, however, you do find the Queen in the box you are about to take off, it is an easy matter to draw the tin-slide up again. Do so, then ; and, that done, the Queen-bee will probably embrace the opportunity of leaving the place of her confinement; and then, having again put down the dividing-tin in the course of a day or two, you will be in a situ- F 42 ation to accomplish your object. You will soon see the Bees running to and fro upon the windows in the box you are about to take off; and when you thus find them anxious to leave your box of honey, close the windows, and open an egress by withdrawing the tin, No. 2. or 4. as your box may require ; the Bees finding an aperture, with light to direct their departure, will eagerly embrace the opportunity of regaining their liberty — will fly away from their prison, and join their fellow- labourers at the entrance of the middle-box. In a short time you will be in possession of a box of honey, and all your Bees will be in safety, humming plaintively with their parent and QueeUr Take from them the box your humanity entitles you to, taking care that the tin-slide is close to the middle-box. You may then empty the full box, and return it when emptied to its former place ; then draw up your tin, and you again enlarge the domi- cil, having gained a rich reward for your ope- ration, at the expense of the labour of your Bees ; but without the destruction of the lives of any of them, except by mere accident. A child of twelve years of age may be taught to do this without the least danger ; there need 43 be no Bee-dresses, — there needs no fumi- gation of any sort, — it is an easy movement, and promotes the welfare of these worthies, inasmuch as it tends to prevent their swarm- ing, and secures to the Queen her rightful throne. Reader, this declaration is founded on facts, gained by the practical experience of twenty years. And that you may adopt this principle, and mode of managing Honey- Bees, that is, of taking from them their super- abundance of honey, and preserve your Bees uninjured, and, if you can contrive it, improve upon the instructions here given, and upon the example here set you, is my hearty wish, for my country's welfare, and for the welfare of my admired, nay, my beloved BEES. Should it, however, so happen, as it some- times may, owing to a variety of causes, such, for instance, as the negligence, or unskilfulness, or unavoidable absence of the Bee-master at a critical time; or from any other cause, should it, I say, so happen that the Bees in the middle-box should swarm ; take such swarm into one of the end-boxes, prepared for such an event, by merely making an entrance to it, at, or as near as possible to, the comer far- thest from the entrance into the middle-box ; 44 and before this new entrance fix an alighting board. The swarm will thus become a family of itself, and as much a stock pro tempore, as if it were placed on a separate stand, provided the dividing- tin, which separates the middle- box from that into which the swarm is put, be carefully adjusted, and made perfectly tight and secure, so that a Bee cannot pass from one box to the other. To this material point the apiarian will necessarily attend when he first removes the end-box in order to put the swarm into it. In the evening place the box containing the swarm on its floor, just where and as it was before it was taken off. Let the Bees thus managed work two or three weeks, or as the nature of the season may require, — I mean — until the end-box appears to be about half-filled with combs. Then close up the exterior entrance of the collateral -box con- taining the swarm of Bees, and draw out the sliding-tin which hitherto has separated the two families or colonies, and the Bees will presently unite, and become one family. The apiarian will likewise witness with pleasure the effect of ventilation in the hive ; for as soon as the Bees have deposed one of the Queens, and the end-box has been cooled by means 45 of the cylindric-yentilator, he will discover that the combs will be presently emptied of eveiy material necessary for the support of the brood or young larvse ; so that the combs, that had been so recently constructed for brood-combs, soon become receptacles for pure honey, and the numerous Bees become the united subjects of one sovereign in the middle-box. This is a neat method of re-uniting a swarm to its parent-stock ; and the operation is so easy that the most unpractised apiarian may perform it without subjecting himself to the shghtest danger of being stung by the Bees. It can however only be practised with Bees in boxes. Another and a more prompt method of returning a swarm to its parent-stock, and which is practicable with swarms from cottage- hives, as well as with those from boxes, is the following. After the swarm has been taken in the usual way into an empty box, or into a straw-hive, and suffered to settle and cluster therein for an hour or two, gently and with a steady hand take the box or hive, and, having a tub of clean water placed ready and conveniently for the purpose, with a sudden jerk dislodge 46 the Bees from the box or hive and immerse them in the water. Let them remain therein two or three minutes : then drain it off through a sieve, or other strainer, and spread the now harmless Bees — harmless, because apparently half-drowned, upon a dry towel or table-cloth, and search for and secure the Queen. This done, and this may very easily be done, place a board or two in a slanting direction from the entrance of the parent-hive to the ground ; upon this lay the cloth on which are your im- mersed Bees, and spread them thinly over it, in order that they may the sooner become dry ; and, as they become dry, you will with pleasure see them return to their native-hive, which they will be permitted to enter without the slightest opposition from the Bees already therein. By this operation not only are the immersed Bees cooled, but their re-union with those already in the hive cools them also, and considerably lowers the temperature of the whole stock. With a late swarm from any sort of hive, as well as with an accidental swarm from boxes, this is a good method to be adopted ; and, if the apiarian possess suffi- cient coolness and dexterity to perform it 47 cleverly, it is a practice I would recommend whenever it is advisable to return a swarm to its native-hive. When a swarm has thus been returned to a cottage-hive, an eke should be added forthwith. Besides these two methods of returning a swarm, there is another, and that by far the most masterly one, which, though it has been detailed in every edition of this work, in the chapter headed "THERMOMETER," I have hitherto forborn to recommend, lest I should subject myself to the imputation of directing a dangerous, if not an impracticable operation. As, however, it has been repeat- edly performed, in the course of the last ten summers, at Gedney-Hill, and at other places, by some of my apiarian friends, and always with complete success, I may now venture to give a more particular account of it, and to recommend it as one of the cleverest and most skilful and pleasing operations that can be performed with a swarm of Bees. I would, however, premise that, until the operation alluded to has been witnessed, and until the apiarian who may wish to adopt it be so well- acquainted with the Queen-bee as to be able to descry her the moment she becomes visible. 48 and confident of his courage to seize and secure her, I do not advise him to undertake it : but when he possesses these quahfications he will be in no danger of marring the operation. Instead of a repetition of my own mode of proceeding, which will be again detailed in its proper place, I will here give as a proof and confirmation of its practicability an instance which I witnessed at Gedney-Hill on the 8th of June, 1835, because it was not done by myself, nor under my direction, — I having engaged not to interfere unless my friend should be at fault; because it was gone through in the coolest and most skilful manner, and because it alone will be sufficient both to ex- plain and to recommend the practice to my apiarian readers. Having taken a swarm into a common hive in the usual manner, and suffered the Bees to settle in it even longer than was necessary, (an houris generally long enough for that purpose), nay respected friend — the Rev. T.Clark, spread three empty sacks on his garden-walk, about twelve or fourteen yards from and in fi'ont of the hive from which the swarm had issued. This done, he proceeded to take and gently 49 turn up the hive containing the swaim, and to look for the Queen : but not being able to descr}^ her, he carried it to the place where the sacks were spread out, and having suddenly shaken out a quantity of the Bees upon one of them, he placed the hive containing the residue upon the next to it : he then commen- ced his search for the Queen-bee, spreading and tuiTiing the Bees about with the top of a quill and frequently with his bare finger, so little was he apprehensive of being stung, or so well was he aware that those subdued Bees would not harm him. When satisfied that the Queen was not in that lot of Bees, they and the sack all over which they had been spread were taken and quietly laid upon a board, which had been previously placed in a slanting direction fi'om the ground to the entrance of the mother-hive, into which the examined Bees returned as fast as they could run, to the gi'eat delight and astonishment of the bye-standers who had never before wit- nessed so novel a scene. Then a second ex- amination of the Bees that had been left in the hive upon the second sack immediately took place, and no Queen appealing, a second quantity of Bees was instantaneously dis- 50 lodged, and upon the sack : among these the Queen was 'quickly espied, and as quickly- secured. The Bees on the sack, and those still in and clinging to the hive, were then carried and placed as conveniently as possible for their easy return to their parent-hive ; and in less than twenty minutes from the com- mencement of the operation, they were all at home again, and the business was completed. It is but justice to my worthy friend — the operator, to add that no Bees were killed ; and that, though there were several lookers-on, and hundreds of Bees soon on the wing, not one person was stung. The fact is that when Bees are under the influence of fear, their hostility is subdued, and they are as harmless as if they had no stings ; and here was a con- vincing proof of it. Notwithstanding these directions respecting the several methods of dealing with swarms, I most strenuously maintain that prevention is heiter than cure, — and that by proper man- agement of stocks in my boxes, swarming may he prevented ; — at least so far prevented that it may, when by any accident it occurs, be considered as the exception, and not the general rule as heretofore. Out of fourteen 51 stocks in my apiary at Moulton-Chapel, in 1835, not one swarmed; and the summer of 1835 was a remarkable one for swarming: and out of six stocks in the garden of my friend — Mr. Clark — in the year, 1836, hut one swarmed : and one stock he keeps in a single box, for the express purpose of swarming. Before I further explain the advantages derivable from the adoption of my collateral Bee-boxes, I would briefly but earnestly ex- press my desire that my readers will attend particularly to the discovery of the effects of ventilation. I have been asked — " Of what use is ventilation in the domicil of Bees?" I answer — one of its uses has already been de- scribed ; and much more of its use, I may say, of its necessity, in the humane management of Bees will be told presently. Many trea- tises on the management of Bees have ap- peared, but in none of them do I find any allusion to this important point — important in my practice at least, and essentially necessary in it. Therefore — To works of nature join the works of man, To show, by art improved, what Nature can. Nature's great efforts can no further tend. Here fix'd her pillars, all her labours end. Dkyden, 52 Perhaps the divided labour of Honey-Bees was anticipated by the author of these Hues : but, be that as it might, I in my turn, will ask — How can we preserve our Bees uninjured, divide their works, and take away their super- abundant treasures, without the influence of ventilation ? I think it is impossible. A lesson, a true lesson from nature, has demonstrated this fact to me, and twenty years' constant practice and attention to this important sub- ject have put into operation my plans for the welfare of that wonderful insect — the Queen of Bees. Well might Dr. Bevan say — First of the throng, and foremost of the whole. One stands confess 'd the sovereign and the soul. Curious facts respecting this extraordinary insect are before me, which have been ascer- tained and proved by means of my obser- vatory-hive. This hive is unknown in any work hitherto published on the interesting subject of Bee-management : and with refer- ence to it I may here first observe — that when a new principle is discovered by studying nature, such principle will seldom fail to produce effects beneficial in proportion to its being understood and skilfully applied. So simple and so rational (if I may so say) is my 53 observatory-hive, that it cannot but be ap- proved, when it is once understood, by the followers of my apiarian practice. But to resume my immediate subject: — be my humble theory what it may, it hath truth for its foun- dation ; and by perseverance and industry I flatter myself I shall materially improve, if not bring to perfection, the cultivation and management of Honey -Bees, merely by point- ing out how the produce of their labour may be divided, how a part thereof may be taken away, how a sufficiency may be reser\^ed for the sustenance of the stock, and how their lives may be preserved notwithstanding these novel operations. Much has been said respecting the probable results of this practice : but facts are stubborn things ; and luckily for me and for my mode of Bee-management, I have an abundance of the most incontrovertible facts to adduce in confirmation of the truth of my statements, which facts will, I think and hope, convince all those who have heretofore entertained doubts upon the subject. The first movement in my apiarian practice commences with the Bees in the middle-box, or paviUon of nature, as by way of distinction 54 that box may be designated. This paviHon, which is equivalent to a cottage-hive, is the sub- ject of my presentobservations and explanation. I say, then, — disturb not this box — this pavilion of nature : weaken not its popu- lation ; but support its influence, and extend to it those accommodations which no practice, except my own, has yet put into operation, or made any adequate provision for. The prac- tice here advocated partakes not of the driving, nor of the fumigating, nor of the robbing system. It is a liberal method of Bee-culti- vation founded on humanity. And it is by such practice that we must succeed, if we hope to be benefited by the culture of Honey-Bees. The de'struction of Bees in order to get at their honey is ever to be de- precated as a species of murder and robbery of which it is a shame, if not a crime, to be guilty. Let us then preserve the lives of our Bees, and take from them only the honey they have to spare. From good stocks well managed we shall always get enough ; and with enough we ought to be content. With- out the Bee we cannot get one drop ; and, be it always remembered — it is the living Bee that collects the honey. CHAPTER lit. VENTILATION. To ascertain the degree of heat in a colony of Bees, and to regulate that heat by means of ventilation, as circumstances may require, recourse should be had to the use of the ther- mometer, as "will be explained presently. But first I would ask my worthy Bee-keepers, whether, in the course of their experience, they have at any time beheld a honey-comb suspended beneath the pedestal of any of their hives — a circumstance that not unfrequently occurs under old stools } * The beautiful ap- pearance of a comb suspended in so singular a situation is, as it were, the finger of Providence * An instance of this description occurred at Weston, near Spalding, in the summer of 1835, under the stool of a stock of Bees belonging to Mr. John Mossop, and was seen and admired by certain sceptical persons who had previously discredited the above statement of a similar, and now admitted fact. 56 pointing out the effects of ventilation, and teaching us by an example the necessity there is for it in a crowded, busy hive. Behold the purity of a comb so suspended, — examine the cause of that purity, and you will find that it is owing — solely and undoubtedly owing — to the influence of VENTILATION. An occurrence of this description, I mean — the discovery of a beautiful comb suspended from the stool of one of my hives, having excited my curiosity and my admiration, led me to inquire into the cause of it, and to study to discover, if by any means I could, why my sMlful, little Bees should have constructed a comb in that particular situation. My obser- vations soon satisfied me that one of these two causes, viz. either a want of room in the hive, — or a disagreeable and oppressive heat in it, — or, most probably, a combination of these two causes, had rendered it necessary for them, if they continued working at all, to carry on their work in that exposed and houseless situation. My next step was to endeavour to prove the truth of my reasonings and conclusions, in which, I flatter myself, I have fully succeeded, after no inconsiderable labour, and many contrivances to accommodate 57 my Bees with additional room^ as they have had occasion for it, and after repeated experi- ments to keep such room, when added, at a temperature agreeable to them by means of ventilation. In short, my COLLATERAL- BOXES and VENTILATION are the results of my studies and experiments on this point of Bee-management. There are few persons, who are managers of Honey-Bees under the old hive system, who, if they have not seen a comb constructed and suspended in the manner just described, have not, however, beheld these httle creatures, when oppressed with the internal heat of their crowded domicil, and straitened for want of room in it, unhappily clustering and hanging at the entrance, or from and under the floor-board of their hive, in a ball frequently as large as a man's head, and sometimes covering all the front part of their hive, for sixteen or twenty days together; and this, be it remarked, at the season of the year which is the most profitable for their labours in the fields and among the flowers. During this distress of the Bees in, or belonging to, such a hive, their labours are of necessity suspended, — their gathering of honey ceases, — ceases too at the very time that H 58 that saccharine substance is most plentifully secreted by the vegetable world. And — why ? Because they want an enlargement of their domicil — an extension of the dominion, or (if it may be so termed) of the territory of the Queen ; by which enlargement kepi at a proper temperature swarming is superseded, and the Royal Insect, relieved from the necessity of emigrating, retains her home, continues and extends the propagation of her species in that home, and of course increases the busy labours of her innumerable subjects. Tliis accommo- dation is provided for Bees in my collateral- hoxes. Ancient as well as modem Bee-keepers have frequently adopted the plan of eking, that is — placing three or four rounds of a straw hive (called an eke) under their hives. This method of enlarging a hive does in many instances prevent swai'ming during that one season. Notwithstanding, from all that I can see in it, it tends only to put off the evil day for a short time, and to accumulate greaternum- bers of Bees for destruction the following year. This is certain, because on minute examination of the middle-box, we find an increase of wealth, as well as an increase of numbers 59 therein; but there is no provision or con- trivance in the comroon hive for dividing the wealthy produce of the laboiu-s of those in- creased numbers : eking will not do it,—- eking enlarges the hive, and that is all it does; consequently to get at their honey, the neces- sity for destroying the Bees follows, and the suffocating fumes of brimstone at length bring them to the groimd — to the deadly pit in which they are first suffocated, then buried, and are, alas, no more ! a few minutes close the ex- istence of thousands that had laboured for their ungrateful masters ; and their once flourishing and happy domicil becomes a scene of murder, of plunder, and of devastation, which is a disgrace to Bee-masters, and ought by all means to be discountenanced and dis- continued. Assuredly Bees ai'e given to us by the gracious Giver of all good things for a better purpose than that of being recklessly destroyed by thousands and by millions. Are we not instructed by the sacred writings to go to the Bee and to the ant, and learn wisdom ? We are not told, neither are we wan-anted, by this language, to go and destroy them and their inimitable works, — to disobey the com- mands of their, no less than of our Maker, 60 who has given Bees to us for our edification and comfort, and not wantonly to commit a species of murder, in order to procure their delicious treasure. Nor is there the slightest necessity for destroying Bees in this cruel manner, because an act of humanity will ob- tain for us their purest honey, and secure to us their lives for future and profitable labour. Surely, then, an act of humanity to Bees cannot be displeasing to any one, especially when we are taught by the beneficial results of many years' experience, that their lives 7nay he preserved, and their labours for us thereby may be continued. Apiarian reader, take this subject into thy serious consideration : in the busy hive behold the curious works of God's creatures — the Bees : misuse not, then, the works of his hands ; but improve upon this lesson from nature : and for a moment pause before thou lightest the deadly match, — before thou appli- est it with murderous intent to the congregated thousands in thy hive. It's he who feels no rev'rence for God's sacred name. That lights the sulphur up to cause the deadly flame : Alas '. I think, viewing the monster's busy hand Taking the dreadful match, I see a murderer stand. 61 These insects' indefatigable labours should humanize our feelings for them, and induce us to spare their lives, for the rich treasures which they first collect, and then unresistingly yield up to us when operated upon by the healthy influence of ventilation. Why should we lay the axe to the root of the tree that produces such delicious fruit ? Rather let us gather from its pure branches, and let the root live. Examine the nature and effects of my Bee-machinery, and you will discover its utility and its value in the management of Bees. By the proper appli- cation of that machinery you may instan- taneously divide the treasures of the Bees, even in the most vigorous part of their gathering season, without the least danger to the operator, and without the destruction of a single Bee, except by mere accident. Is not this, then, a rational and humane practice ? I trust it wants only to be properly understood in order to be universally adopted. Again : Does not she that is a kind mother know the wants and desires of her children ? Take the lovely offspring from its mother's care and protection, and imprison it before her eyes, and will she not impatiently call aloud 62 for its release and restoration to liberty ? and will not the child's screams show its affec- tion for its fond parent ? and when its liberty is restored, does not mutual consolation quickly follow ? The lost child being once more under its mother's care, both mother and child are again happy. Similar facts are exemplified by the mother of the hive, who loves her multi- tudinous offspring, and lives in harmony and affection with them. She evidently dislikes a separation from her subjects, who seem to be, and doubtless are, most devotedly attached to her : for when, on taking off a glass or a box, they are divided only for a few minutes, we witness their agitation, and hear their plaintive lamentations in the hive, — the Queen-mother piteously calUngfor her children, who ai'e anx- ious on their part to be released; and as soon as an opportunity is afforded them of effecting their escape, they embrace it ; — the moment they regain their liberty, they gladly take ad- vantage of it, and return to the pavilion in multitudes, so that in a short time tranquillity is restored, and peace and happiness are again enjoyed by the previously unhappy mother of the hive, — her subjects crowd around her, and the place that had lately been their prison, now (J3 becomes their palace, and a magazine for future treasure, which the humane apiarian will in due time be again entitled to. Much has been said on the piling or stori- fying mode of managing Bees ; and I admit that it possesses advantages which we do not meet with in the cottage-hive system. It is, notwithstanding, imperfect in the design, — it is founded in error, — in practice it is liable to many difficulties, — and it is particularly dis- advantageous to the labours of these valuable insects, as will be more fully shown when I come to state my objections to it. We have only to study the nature and habits of Bees, and to attend particularly to their wants. They alone will teach us the lesson. But follow them through their movements during a summer's day, and you will behold them, as it were, piteously asking for the as- sistance of man, according to the varying state of the thermometer. CHAPTER IV, THERMOMETER. As I hav e been frequently asked to explain the utility of ventilation in a hive or colony of Bees, so have I as frequently been asked, sometimes with civility and politeness, some- times jeeringly and in contempt, — " What has the thermometer to do with Bees ? " I answer — We shall see presently; and I trust, see enough to convince the veriest sceptic on the subject, that the thermometer is an instrument that is indispensably necessary in the man- agement of Bees according to my plan. Such inquirers might as reasonably ask what the mainspring of a watch has to do with the movements of that machine ? Without the mainspring the watch would not work at all ; and without the thermometer we cannot ascer- tain with any degree of accuracy the interior 65 temperature of a colony of Bees ; the know- ledge of which temperature is of the utmost consequence in the humane and scientific management of Honey-Bees. The thermom- eter is the safest, if not the sole guide to a real knowledge of their state and condition. To ventilate a colony of Bees, when their interior temperature is under 60 degi-ees, would be ruinous to them, — because contrary to the prosperous progress of their natural labours. From a continued series of observations in the summer of 1825, and from innumerable observations and experiments since that year, I am fully satisfied on this point. Their nature is to keep up at least that — viz. a temperature of 60 degrees, and sometimes a much higher temperature in the workshop of their inde- fatigable labours ; and as the temperature of the liive rises, so does it in\'igorate and en- courage an increase of population, which naturally occasions an increase of their trea- sures, — i. e. of honey. As the hive fills, so will the thermometer rise to 100 and even to 110 degrees, before the Bees will by overheat be forced to leave their wealthy home. Wlien the thermometer is at the above height, they will have arrived at the highest state of per- I 66 fection, — every store-house will be completely filled with their treasures, and they, as it were, petitioning the observer of their too limited store-house for more room. Thus circumstanced then give them a fresh room, accommodate them with such a store-house as either of my collateral -boxes will, and is intended to a.fford them. Force them not to swarm : an emigration from a prosperous colony of one-half, or perhaps of three -fourths of its population, cannot fail of being very disadvantageous, both to those that emigrate, who must necessarily be poor, however great their number, because they have, as it were, to begin the world afresh, and to those that remain, on account of the great diminution of their number, be that diminished number ever so industrious. When, therefore, you discover your ther- mometer rising rapidly, and, instead of stand- ing, as it generally does, in a well-stocked colony, at about 80 degrees, getting up in a few hours to 90, and perhaps to 96, or even to 100, you may conclude that venti- lation is theii highly necessary. The more you ventilate, when, their temperature gets to this oppressive and dangerous height, the 67 more you benefit the Bees living in and labouring under it ; for when they find a com- fortable temperature within, they evidently enjoy it, and, instead of emigrating, will pro- ceed to fill every vacant comb. Nature has provided the Queen of Bees with the power of multiplying her own royal species, and of providing against any casualty which in so numerous a state may fi'equently happen. That all seeing eye that neither slumbers nor sleeps, but constantly superin- tends alike the affairs of insects and of men, has, doubtless, long beheld the mismanagement or neglect of man, which is the main cause of the distress of the hive, and which forces it to swarm. Let man, then, learn to remedy the distress and mischief which he occasions, hy preventing it. It is the Queen -Bee that emigrates ', were she not to lead, none would lead ; nor would any follow were another than the Queen to lead, to seek and settle in some place more congenial to them than an over- heated, over-stocked, though rich hive. She well knows she cannot live in a state sub- jected to a suffocating heat, amidst an over- grown population, unaccommodated with con- venient room for the prosperous continuance 68 of their works. She, therefore, leaves in an undeveloped state in cells peculiarly con- structed, and called royal cells, several em- bryo Queens ; which are assiduously attended tOj and nursed up to maturity by the Bees that do not emigrate with the swarm. Having made this wondrous provision for a successor, the old Queen* withdraws from the hive, * It is here said — " the old Queen withdraws from the hive, reluctantly, one may suppose : " Bagster, in page 29, of his "Management of Bees," says — " the first swarm is invariably conducted by the old Queen : " Sir William Jardine, in the Naturalist's Library, vol. 6, page 139, says — " the first swarm is invariably led off by the old Queen ; " and that " this has been ascertained by actual observation : " Mr. H. Taylor, in his " Bee-keeper's Manual," page 6, speaking of first swarms, states — that " on these occasions the old Queen leads forth the future colony : " Dr. Bevan, in page 40 of his book on Bees, published in 1838, says — *' a first swarm is always led off by the old Queen : " the Rev. W. C. Cotton, M. A. of Oxford, and Chaplain of the Bishop of New Zealand, in page 286 of " iMy Bee Book," an elegant, costly, prosy, con- cern — says, " when the old Queen is almost ready to lead off the fresh swarm, which she always does," &c. and last, not least, in a long, light article on '* The Honey-Bee and Bee Books," in the Quarterly Review — a pretty good authority on most subjects j but, softly be it said, not infallible. No. 141, page 38, it is stated that — " the old Queen always accompanies the first swarm," In short, all the apiarian authors since the time of Huber, who have made express mention of this matter, have published, and consequently 69 reluctantly, one may suppose, though accom- panied by myriads of her subjects. The propagated the doctriae (if it may be so termed) that the old Queen " invariably, always," &i.c. goes off with the first swarm. Notwithstanding the above-quoted authorities, the writer of this note still demurs ; and cannot but express his astonish- ment that among so many shrewd authors, not one of them, not even Dr. Bevau, with the superior advantage of at least six or seven pairs of eyes,* and one of those pairs the eyes of & scientific observer too, should have perceived that the fact (if it be a fact) of the old Queen's always going off with the first swarm, involves an absurdity, — nay, more,— an impossibility, unless the Queen-Bee be immortal. First swarms are by Bee-keepers considered to be the most valuable : even Dr. Bevan himself observes (page 144) that "first swarms are the most important to the preservation of the species, which in all probability renders them instinctively more careful of themselves than after-swarms." But, if the life of the Queen-Bee be limited to two, three, or even to four years, t the value of first swarms must be very precarious indeed ; for the old Queen cannot go off with more than two or three first swarms on account of her age : if then first swarms be the most valuable, and they no doubt are, other than old Queens, i. e. young Queens, must occasionally and frequently lead them. By way of exemplifying the absurdity of the opinion that the old Queen invariably emigrates with the first swarm, — suppose a person purchases a first swarm of this year, with which the old Queen, no matter how old, has gone off: sup- pose this swarm to prosper through the summer, — to survive * See the Advertisement to Dr. Bevan's Book, t Dr. Bevan, page 253. 70 old Queen leads the swarm to seek a place of comfort, and to establish another home, the next winter, — and to swarm early next spring j of course the old Queen must go off again. Well, let her go j this is only the second going since we took notice of her. Having got another prime swarm let us keep it for a stock, as we did the swarm of last year from which it issued ; and let this very best of all practice for keeping up an apiary be persevered in for tvventjf, forty, sixty years, aye, for ever ; and it will be evident that the Queen-Bee, if she always leads the first swarm, must be immortal. This absurdity arises from api- arian authors implicitly adopting the theoretic view of a blind guide; for poor Huber had the misfortune to be blind, and could not possibly have ocular proof of what he advanced theoretically on this subject; nor can the matter be fully tested without subjecting stocks from which first swarms issue to the destructive operation of being fumigated, dis- sected, and thoroughly examined, as soon as the first swarms have left them — an operation which not one peihaps of the above-quoted gentlemen, critics included, ever performed in order to verify tjieir, or rather, Huber's theory. It is not here meant to be asserted that the old Queen never goes off with a first swarm ; but only that it is not " always, invariably,^' the case. Why, as Queen-regnant — the undis- puted, uncontrolled sovereign of the hive, may she not be allowed to exercise her own royal pleasure, and either emi- grate with a first swarra, or retain her dominion, and send out a junior Queen to be the leader and ruler of a new colony, as best suits her inclination 1 To this it may be added, that by reference to Mr. Cotton's book, page 207, 208, it will be found that Mr. R. Sydserff of Leigh, on Mendip, who in 1792 published " a Treatise on Bees, being the result of upwards of thirty years' experience," 71 where not one cell nor one drop of honey exists. To estabhsh the truth of these assertions, and to prove the utility of ventilation and of the thermometer, in regulating the degree of ventilation in the management of Bees, I will now give my reader an account of some interesting experiments that I made in 1826, and then add a few extracts from my thermo- metrical journal of that summer, which in fact guided me in those experiments, for without the assistance of my thermometer I could not have made them ; from which, taken together, it will, I think, be sufficiently evident that ventilation and the thermometer are highly necessary, — are alike important, — in short, are indispensable in the humane management of Honey-Bees. makes tlie old Queen go off with a swarm,— and in the very next page complacently informs his readers that the old Queen answers the piping of the young Queen previously to a second swarm. And, to crown the whole, Mr. Cotton himself— the lauded in the Quarterly— after dispatching the old Queen with the fresh swarm, which he says, "she always leads," within two pages actually makes the old Queen, " in a gruff note," answer the " peep, peep, of the young Queen ! ! " * One word of comment on such inconsistent statements is un- necessary. — Editor. * My Bee-Book, pages 286 & 288. 72 On the 26 th of June, 1826,1 suffered a colony of Bees to swarm, in order to prove the truth of the foregoing statements. It was a very fine colony : the thermometer had been standing at 110 for six days previously, in one of the collateral boxes; on the eighth day it rose suddenly to 120. I was then forcing my Bees to leave their home ; I could have lowered their temperature, and by so doing I could have retained my worthies in their native boxes: but I was then about to prove a fact of the greatest moment to apiarians. On the ninth day, at half-past twelve o'clock, the finest swarm I ever beheld towered above my head, and literally darkened the atmosphere in the front of my apiary. After remaining about five minutes in the open air, the Queen perched upon a tree in my garden, where she was exposed to the rays of a scorching sun ; but her loyal subjects quickly suiTounded her, and screened her from its influence. I imme- diately did what I could to protect my grand prize, by hanging a sheet before it, to ward off the intense heat of the sun. I allowed the Bees to hang in this sheltered situation until the evening. During the absence of the swarm fi*om the colony, my employment was 73 to observe the parent-stock, in order that I might, if I should think it advisable, return the Bees of this very fine swarm to their native hive, which they had been forced to leave. Curiosity and a desire to solve a doubtful problem, for the good of future api- arians, led me to act as already related, at the expense of much inconvenience to the Bees. The Bees remaining in the hive continued to labour during the remainder of the day ; and in the evening of that same day, the thermo- meter was standing at 90 degrees in that stock ; so that the absence of the swarm had lowered the temperature of the pavihon 30 degrees ; and I was quite sure I could reduce it in the collateral boxes to that of the exterior atmo- sphere, which after the sun had gone down, was only 66. To effect this, I resolved at once to take off a fine top-glass filled with honey. I did so : its weight was fourteen pounds. This opera- tion reduced the interior heat of the colony to 75. But looking at my grand swarm, and intent as I was upon re-uniting it to the parent-stock, I thought it impossible for the vacant space conveniently to hold all the Bees. I had one, and only one, alternative left, — and K 74 that was to take from my colony a collateral- box. I therefore took it ; and a beautiful box it was : its weight was fifty pounds. I imme- diately put an empty box in the place the full one had occupied. I then drew from the side of the pavilion the dividing tin-slide, and the whole of the colony was shortly at the de- sired temperature of 65, that being the exterior heat of the evening. I was now fully convinced of the propriety of returning the swarm. I commenced operations for accom- plishing that object at ten o'clock in the evening, by constructing a temporary stage near the mouth of the parent-stock. I then procured a sheet, and laid it upon the table or temporary stage, and in a moment struck the swarm from the hive into which the Bees had been taken from the bough in the evening, so as to fall directly upon the sheet aforesaid. My next difficulty was to imprison the Queen- bee ; but with a little labour I succeeded in discovering her, and quickly made her my captive. No sooner was she my prisoner than the Bees seemed to be sensible of their loss. But so near were they placed to the mouth of the parent-stock that they soon caught the odour of the hive, and in the space of about 75 fifteen minutes the whole swarm, save only the Queen, were under the roof of their parent- hive. The following morning increased my anxiety about the welfare of my stock. Fear- ful lest my anticipations should meet with a disappointment, at sun-rise in the morning I released from her imprisonment the captive Queen. I placed her on the front-board, near the entrance of her hive, in order to ascertain, if possible, whether there was with- in the state one greater than herself. But no visible sign of such being the case presented itself. The influence of the cheery sun soon caused her to move her majestic body to the entrance of her native domicil, where she was met, surrounded, and no doubt welcomed, by numbers of her subjects, who soon conducted her into the hive, and, it may be presumed, re-instated her on the throne, which the day before she had been compelled to abdicate. The Bees afterwards sallied forth with extraor- dinary alacrity and regularity, and, beyond my most sanguine expectations, filled a large glass with honey in the short space of six days. That glass of honey was exhibited at the National Repository, with a model of my apiary, and was much admired by many 76 of the members and visitors of that noble institution. I have now to remark, that during the nine days after the swarm had been returned to the parent-stock, the thermometer continued to rise until it reached the temperature of 90 with- in the collateral boxes; and on the tenth day at five o'clock in the morning, I witnessed the grand secret — I viewed with unutterable dehght the extraordinary fact I had been endeavour- ing to ascertain, — viz. two royal nymphs laid 'prostrate on the alighting-hoard^ near the exterior entrance of the hive. This circum- stance alone convinced me that no more swarming would ensue. I have further to notice, that on the third day afterwards the Bees commenced their destruction of the drones, which was a satisfactory proof that I had gained my point. That colony has never swarmed since the period 1 thus hrst satis- factorily ascertained the utility of ventilation. And on minutely attending to the extraordi- nary movements of this my favorite colony, it was not uncommon to notice the most infant appearance of the royal brood lying upon the front-board of the pavihon. So that I am well satisfied that the royal liu'va is always in 77 existence in the hive, independently of the reigning Queen. Let me not be misunder- stood ; I do not mean by this expression to assert — that the royal larva exists in the hive without the instrumentality or agency of the reigning Queen ; — far from it ; for no com- mon Bees can make a sovereign Bee without the egg from the royal body : what I do mean is — that the royal larva is always in existence in a colony of Bees, notwithstanding the ex- istence and presence of a reigning Queen — that the Queen is there, and the royal larva is there at the same time. In this the wisdom of Providence is manifest ; for Nature has thus provided that the royal cradle should contain the royal brood, that in case any ac- cident, misfortune, casualty, or necessity, should occasion the loss of the reigning Queen, another may be brought into existence. This larva in reserve, as it were, is protected and reared by the inhabitants with the utmost care, nay, in the absence of the Queen, it is almost worshipped, until it becomes sufficiently matured to take the office and fulfil the duties of its royal predecessor; of course it then reigns supreme, — it is then Queen absolute. On this point I not only coincide in opinion 78 with Thoiiey, but have seen enough in the course of my experience among Bees to con- firm the truth of what I have now stated. As, however, the further discussion of this nice point belongs to the natural history of the Honey-Bee rather than to the explanation and inculcation of my practical mode of Bee-ma- nagement, I refrain from saying more upon it, lest by so doing I should inadvertently ex- cite criticism and controversy. I therefore proceed with my proper subject. The following thermometrical observations are from the journal before mentioned. Tlie first column gives the day of the month, — the second shows the hour of the day when the thermometer was examined, — and the third is its height at those several times in the colony of Bees upon which my experiments were so successfully made. 1826. April Hour Ther. 1 8 35 — 12 46 2 8 38 — 12 43 3 8 32 — 12 37 4 12 37 At this state of the ther- mometer it is highly necessary to remove your Bees to their summer stand. A great decrease of wealth in the hive will appear daily under this temperature ; and feeding should be resorted 79 April Hour Ther. 5 37 6 37 7 37 8 8 40 12 45 9 8 46 10 12 58 11 6 46 10 58 12 9 52 — 1 64 13 12 64 14 64 15 64 16 64 17 64 18 8 54 19 12 60 9,0 56 21 12 58 22 50 23 52 24 60 25 65 26 70 27 74 28 68 29 74 30 70 to UDtil it rise to 50 : and if moderate feeding be continued until the interior temperature reach 55 or even 60, it will materially strengthen and in- vigorate your Bees. And as the thermometer continues to rise, you will find your hive improve. It will soon be in a good state for the spring. Considerable improvements in the combs, and immense gather- ing of faiina, appear to occupy the Bees at this time. The enemies of Bees are numerous and active in this month. As much as possible guard against their attacks, and be careful to defend your Bees against them. At all times keep their floor-boards clean ; and now withdraw the dead Bees, if there should appear to be any lying on the floor-boards or other stands. This will save the live Bees much labour, and may be done very easily. 80 May FIoui Ther. 1 5 42 9 58 12 70 o 5 41 8 48 12 60 3 5 43 — 12 56 4 7 51 5 7 52 4 52 6 7 46 1 63 7 5 42 8 12 60 9 1 78 10 12 58 11 12 54 12 12 62 13 12 72 14 12 70 1 75 15 5 43 — 12 70 2 74 16 12 70 17 12 68 18 8 58 19 8 50 12 70 20 8 58 — 12 60 21 8 54 — 12 62 Swarming may be expected in this month if the hives be rich and the season favourable. To prevent which enlarge your hives, by adding three or four rounds, i. e. an eke to the bottom of each of them. If you have the collateral-box hives, you need only draw up the tin-slides, or one of them, as occasion may require. By this means you enlarge the Bees' domicil, without admitting the atmospheric air. This easy op- eration so pleases these inde- fatigable creatures, that you will behold at once the utility and humanity of this mode of ma- nagement. Should the weather be season- able, the boxes will now be filled rapidly, and the thermometer will rise quickly. At this period ventilation will demonstrate what has hitherto been a secret of nature ; — viz. many young Queen-Bees in various states of 81 May Hour Ther 21 O 58 22 8 54 — 12 62 2 58 23 7 50 12 62 2 70 24 7 50 12 68 2 72 25 5 60 8 62 11 64 12 70 3 71 26 7 58 10 74 1 80 — 4 73 27 6 61 10 74 12 84 — 2 82 4 80 5 70 28 6 60 12 68 2 68 3 70 8 61 29 5 60 — 10 64 1 76 7 66 perfection will be frequently seen cast out of the hives : and the waxen cells will be extended to the remotest comers of their domicil. Riches are now rapidly accu- mulated : and the glasses filled with the purest honey. Small glasses may be taken off from the inverted hives, if the weather prove fine. Mem. — A glass of honey, weighing 12 lbs. and a collate- ral box, weighing 42 lbs. taken. After taking the above trea- sure from the collateral-hive, and placing an empty glass, and an empty box in the places of those taken off, the interior temperature was reduced to 60 degrees, while the atmosphere was 56 at twelve o'clock at night. The pure honey taken was about one fourth of the weight of the hive, and it will be ob- served that the heat shows a L 82 May Hour Tber. 29 9 64 30 6 60 8 64 — 9 74 12 78 31 6 61 12 74 2 78 4 76 June 1 7 62 12 76 2 6 62 12 78 — 5 76 3 6 60 — 12 76 — 5 74 4 6 60 — 12 74 — 3 78 5 6 54 12 68 6 6 58 12 66 3 62 7 6 54 ..» 2 62 — — 4 64 8 6 52 — 12 56 — 4 52 9 7 54 — 12 74 ^-. 2 80 decrease in the temperature of one fourth. Mem. — A collateral-box of honey, weighing 56 lbs. and a glass on the 10th, weighing 14|- lbs. taken. 83 June Houi • Ther 10 6 60 — 12 74 — 3 72 11 6 60 — 12 70 — 3 76 _^_ 4 9 78 70 12 6 12 2 64 jVIem. - - A collateral-box. 74 82 weighing 60 lbs . and another, 13 6 60 weighing 5 ►2 lbs. taken , 10 82 12 6 90 64 14 12 84 — 9 88 June Hour Ther. June Hour Ther. 4 86 21 7 60 26 11 49 15 7 m — 12 70 — 5 91 10 70 — 3 72 9 86 3 88 22 9 70 27 7 84 6 80 — 12 70 — 9 90 17 12 70 3 Qb 1 m — 3 88 23 6 70 28 6 88 — ' 9 68 12 75 12 94 18 6 m — 3 82 — 11 90 — 12 70 6 76 29 6 86 2 76 24 7 %Q 12 94 19 6 60 8 82 — o ^Q — 12 70 3 90 7 91 — 5 m 25 6 70 30 5 90 20 8 60 — 10 90 — 12 96 12 70 12 94 4 84 — 3 76 26 7 86 84 Jaly Hour Ther. 1 6 94 — 12 96 — • 4 94 — 7 94 2 6 94 — 12 96 — 6 94 — 10 94 3 6 94 — 12 96 — 6 94 — 10 90 4 6 92 — 12 94 — 6 90 5 6 90 — 12 92 — 6 90 7 6 90 ~ 12 92 — 6 92 — 10 92 8 7 92 — 12 92 — 6 90 — 11 90 9 10 6 88 12 92 3 82 10 80 6 78 — 12 80 — 6 82 11 6 80 If the pasturage for Bees begin to fail in your neighbourhood at this time, it is advisable, if it be practicable, to remove your colonies to a better and a more profitable situation. You will be richly rewarded for this attention to the prosperity of youi* apiary. July Hour Ther. July Hour Ther. 11 12 84 16 10 80 6 86 17 6 78 10 90 10 78 12 6 86 — 12 80 12 80 18 6 76 6 76 12 80 10 74 — 6 78 13 6 74 10 76 12 76 19 6 76 6 76 12 80 14 6 76 6 74 12 78 10 74 6 76 20 6 68 15 6 74 __ 12 70 12 76 - — 6 70 6 78 — . 10 70 16 6 78 21 6 66 12 86 12 68 — 6 88 4 64 85 Summary of memorandums of the several deprivations or takings of honey from one set of boxes this season — 1826. May 27. Glass and box ... 54 lbs. June 9. Box 56 — 10. Glass 14i — -— ■ 12. Box 60 — 13. Ditto 52 -- Collateral-box 60 — 296J lbs. Since the pubhcation of the first edition of this work I have received communications from different quarters, intimating doubts as to the accuracy of the foregoing statement. To re- move, oratleast — to modify those doubts, I feel it to be my duty — ?iot to retract one word nor one figure of the account, but to add by way of explanation — that the above is the gross weight of what was taken; in which, of course, is included the weight of the several glasses and boxes ; — that that year (1826) was the most extraordinary honey-year I have ever wit- nessed; — and that I have nowhere said that that mighty colony of Bees actually collected in that one season the whole of the honey I took from it; the factis that it was superfluously 86 rich at the commencement of the season with honey that / inight have taken the autumn before. With these allowances there still was from one colony of Bees a produce unequalled in the annals of Bee-husbandry.* * Dr. Bevan, with the assistance of his friend— the Rev. W. Dunbar — a Scotch apiarian, has endeavoured to throw dis- credit upon the truth of this statement by showing that the boxes, affirmed hy Mr. Nutt to have been taken, were not sufficiently capacious to contain so great a quantity of honey ; and has, rather injudiciously, paraded an array of figures to convince his readers that that quantity could not be taken ; — consequently, that Nutt's statement is a falsehood. The foundation upon which these cummig gentlemen have built their proof is, unfortunately for their credit, too extraordinary to be passed by without special notice. It is this — " a box measuring 12 in. x 12 x 9= 1044 solid inches can contain only fifty pounds of honey-comb."* This, if true, would have been startling, had it been first proved that the boxes in which Nutt states that the honey was taken were of the assumed dimensions : but that preliminary is not proved ; neither is it true that 12x12x9=1044: it equals 1296, that is 252 cubic inches more in a box than Dr. Bevan and his calculator Dunbar have found, and quite enough to show the utter worthlessness of their argument: but aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus ! Apprized, however, as Dr. Bevan has been for upwards of six years of this blemish in his book, it is not creditable to his character to continue the sale of it with this mischievous blunder uncorrected. If it was inten- tional he may let it stand ; if it were accidental, it is his duty to rectify it : — candour, character, honesty, justice, alike de- mand it from his hand. — Ed. * Bevan, p. 128. Edition of 1838. 87 As an accompaniment to the foregoing state- ment of facts, and as data from which may be formed a comparative estimate of the ad- vantages Bees managed in collateral -boxes possess, — and at the request of my Rev. friend T. Clark, who has flimished me with the follow- ing particulars, I respectfully refer the reader to a detailed and well-authenticated account of an extraordinary colony of Bees, from which 146|-lbs. of rich honey-combs" were taken in one year — 1800, and in which " 35 lbs. of honey-combs" were left. That colony — the property of a Mr. Wotton of Moreton-Hamp- stead, was so poor as to require feeding in the winter previous to its great prosperity. It was managed in ill-assorted hives, and had serious inconveniences to encounter. In 1799 it was a stock in a cottage-hive mounted upon an eke: in 1800 two more ekes were added; then by means of a horizontal tube that for- midable pile was connected with another hive upon another eke, and that was afterwards connected by a second tube with a third cottage-hive ; so that in the whole it occupied three cottage-hives and four ekes ; or, as the account states it, " the room of near three bushels," — i. e. a space exceeding that con- 88 tained mjive boxes, each eleven inches square and ten and a half deep, — and almost equal to that of all the boxes and glasses taken from my colony. " About the beginning of June, " a Queen or Mother-Bee was found on the " ground before the Bee-house." Notwith- standing that decisive proof that it would Qiot swarm, " Mr. Wotton still indulged the " hope that another young Queen might come " forth, and a swarm would reward his atten- " tion. But in this he was entirely disap- pointed;" consequently the ekes and hives were added, as before related. Now, had that powerful colony been judiciously accommo- dated with glasses and collateral-boxes, I hesitate not to say that its produce would probably have equalled, if not have exceeded that of my fine colony. Managed as it was, it approximated nearer to it than any other I have either met with or yet heard of,* and affords good proof that Bees have done great things long before collateral-boxes, ventilation, * The editor is in possession of a well-authenticaled account of a similar extraordinary taking in 1842 from a single stock of Bees in a cumbrous pile of straw hives : but he thinks enough has been already said to settle this matter with- out its introduction here. 89 and my mode of management were in- troduced. Though this account of Mr. Wotton's colony is no corroboration of the truth of the statement respecting mine, yet an inference in favour of its probability may be fairly drawn from it. The account alluded to is published in "the Transactions * of the Western Apiarian Society," and bound up with "the General Apiarian." It is given in a letter to Sir Lawrence Palk, Bart. M. P. by the Rev. J. Isaac, Secretary of that Society and Author of the General Apiarian, Did I deem it necessary, I could, from the letters of a variety of highly respectable cor- respondents, show that the mode of managing Bees in the way, and upon the principles, now explained, has been adopted, and has succeeded even beyond the most sanguine expectations of many of my worthy Mends and patrons ; but I will content myself at present with giving the two following letters, which I have just received from a Gentleman in this neighbourhood, whose veiy name, to all who have any knowledge of, or acquaintance • Pp. 43—48. M 90 with liim, will be a suflScient guarantee that his statements are facts. Besides, his letters are a condensed, and I must say — clever epitome of my practical directions for the management of Bees in my boxes, and may be useful on that account ', and moreover, I have, as will be seen presently, his unsolicited authority to make them public, and therefore run no risk of being called to order for so doing. " Gedney-Hill, 13th July, 1832. " Dear Sir, " You will, I am persuaded, excuse me for troubling you with the information that I yesterday took off a fine glass of honey from one of my Bee-colonies. I went to work, secundum artem, that is, in one word, scientifically, or in four words, according to your directions ; and I have the satisfaction, nay more, — I have the pleasure to add that I succeeded — I had almost said completely, but I must qualify that expression by saying, that I succeeded allhut completely ; for one luckless Bee had the misfortune to be caught between the edges of the dividing- tin and the glass, and to be crushed to death in consequence. 91 Excepting that accident, I believe that not one Bee was injured, nor lost. They left the glass, as soon as I gave them the opportunity of leaving it, in the most peaceable manner ; in a subdued and plaintive tone they hummed round me, — settled upon me, — crept over me in all directions, — but not one of them stung me: in short, they retiurned to their home without manifesting the slightest symptoms of resentment, and in less than half an hour from the commencement of the operation, there was not a single Bee left in the glass. In my eye it is a very handsome glass of honey ; it weighs exactly 13 lbs. and it has not one brood-cell in it. I intend to close it up, — to label it, — and to keep it, at least until I get another as handsome. It is a rich curi- osity to exhibit to one's friends, especiallv to those who have never seen such a thing. " On the other side, 1 send you a fortnight's register of the heights and variations of a thermometer, placed in the colony fi'om which I have taken the glass, and also, of one placed in the shade, and apart from all Bees ; from which register you will know, in a moment, whether I have managed my Bees properly. I am willing to flatter myself that I have 92 and that you will say I have been very attentive indeed. Ther. Ther. Ther. Ther. 1832. in the in the 1832. in the in the July Hour Colony Shade July Hour Colony Shade 1 11 86 66 5 9 88 64 • ••• 6 88 66 6 8 88 64 2 6 90 65 . , ,, 2 88 65 10 92 66 .... 9 88 64 1 92 66 7 8 89 64 9 86 65 . ••• 9 88 64 8 88 65 8 9 86 64 1 87 65 , , ,, 9 86 64 3 89 65 9 7 90 64 5 87 64 .... 2 89 65 9 88 64 ,,,, 8 88 66 4 88 64 10 8 88 66 10 83 64 • • • • 2 89 66 12 86 65 11 9 88 66 5 90 65 • • • • 2 89 66 9 86 64 12 9 90 65 7 89 64 ■ ••• 1 94 66 10 88 64 > • • • 9 89 68 1 90 65 13 8 89 66 5 89 65 ■ • • • 5 90 66 "In addition to this, I could, time and space permitting, tell you from what point the wind blew on each of these days, when it came full in front of my boxes, and when it came upon them in any other direction, when it was high, and when it was otherwise, on what days llie 93 Bees were able to get abroad, and also when they were kept at home by rain, or by any other cause. From these observations of the wind and weather, and particularly from the manner in which the wind was directed to- wards, or into the ventilators in the boxes, in conjunction with the movements of the Bees, I think I can account pretty satisfactorily for what may appear, at first sight, to be a little contradictory, viz. for the rising of the ther- mometer in the boxes sometimes when it was falling in the shade ; and vice versa, for its sometimes rising in the shade when it was falling in the boxes. But instead of writing you a dissertation on these subjects, or on any of them, I choose rather to put you into possession of the whole of my Bee-practice, by submitting to your notice a copy, or as nearly as I can make it a copy, of a letter I took the liberty of addressing to the Editor of *The Voice of Humanity,' in October last, after the appearance in No. V. of that pub- lication, of a representation and imperfect explanation of your boxes- I was encouraged to write that letter by the following announce- ment in an article in that No. — ' A due regard of rational humanity towards the Bee, though 94 but an insect, we shall feel a pleasure in promoting in the future as well as the present pages of our publication. This subject has, moreover, a very strong claim, inasmuch as it also exemplifies the grand principle upon which the Voice of Humanity is founded — the true prevention of cruelty to animals, by substituting a practical, an improved syatem, in the place of one which is defective, this, in reference to the present subject, &c. is true prevention of cruelty, not only to units, but to thousands and tens of thousands of ani- mals.' Notwithstanding this very rational announcement, and the prompt acknowledge- ment of the receipt of my letter, it did not appear in either of the next two numbers, nor am I aware that it is in the last, but I have not yet seen the last No. of that publication, therefore must not be positive. But this is not all ; in No. 6, the conductors of that work express 'sincere pleasure ' in inserting an article, which, they say, * forms an admirable addition to that on Mr. Nutt's Bee-hive;' and that 'the plan which it developes, in addition to its humanity, has the recommendation of being more simple and practicable than even the excellent improvements of Mr. Nutt.' Now 95 what do you suppose this admirable addition to your Bee-hive, — this plan recommended on account of its humanity, as well as on other accounts — is ? It is no other than that most cruel and destructive one of depriving Bees of their honey and of every thing else, by ' driving them out of a full hive into an empty one, so early in the season as to afford the Bees sufficienttime to provide themselves with another stock of winter food before the bad weather begins.' Very considerate this, cer- tainly ! but who can tell how soon the bad weather may begin ? Of all the methods ever resorted to of getting their honey from Bees, this, in my humble opinion, is the most cniel and inhuman : suffocating the Bees and destroying them at once is far preferable to this (I had hoped) exploded mode of robbing them. If practised, it will however, soon cure itself; but is it not a strange practice for *The Voice of Humanity' to revive? Either the utterers of that sweet Voice are unac- quainted with the humane management of Bees upon your plan, or they are unaware of the mischievous and destructive consequences attendant on the driving mode of deprivation, or they have httle claim to the title they bear 96 on the score of their humanity to Bees. I beUeve the former to be the case with them : and therefore, in addition to the reason ah'eady given for troubUng you herewith, and in order to set them right on this vital subject, I give you full power to do what you please with these letters. If they will be of any use to you in your projected publication, give them a place in it, and welcome : only do not garble \heiai,give them entire, if you give them at all. I am decidedly opposed to the driving scheme ; and I as decidedly approve of yours, which is, if properly attended to, at once simple, practicable, profitable, admirable, and truly humane. Accept me. Dear Sir, Yours very truly, Thomas Clark." " Mr. Editor, " Since the publication of the last No. of *The Voice of Humanity,' in which you treated your readers with some interesting particulars explanatory of the construction and diiferent parts of Mr. Nutt's Bee-boxes, and also of the mode'of managing the Bees in them, so far at least as regards 97 the taking away a box when stored with the deUcious sweet (i. e. with honey), it has been suggested to me, that a plain, simple history of a colony of Bees in my possession, and managed according to Mr. Nutt's excellent plan, may not be altogether unacceptable to the general readers and friends of ' The Voice of Humanity,' and may be even a treat to amateur apiarians, who may be unacquainted with the merits of Mr. Nutt's plan ; or who, if partially acquainted therewith, may have their doubts as to its practicability, or, at least, as to its advantages, i. e. superiority over other plans. As far, then, as ' The Voice of Humanity ' can make them (the merits of Mr. Nutt's plan) known, I trust it will be as music to that Voice to publish the following facts. " Having had a complete set of Mr. Nutt's boxes presented to me, I, though comparatively a novice in apiarian science, and not at that time particularly attached to it, could not, in compliment to the donor, do less than endeavour to work them, that was — get them stocked. That was done with a swarm on the 18th of May, 1830; and the middle-box, or pavihon of nature, as Mr. Nutt calls it, N 98 into which the said swarm was taken just in the same way it would have been if put into a common straw-hive, was conveyed a distance of nearly four miles and placed in my garden in the evening of the same day. The next day being fine, I observed that the Bees were very busy constructing comb, and had, within twenty-four hours of their being domiciled in their new abode, actually made a progi'ess in that most curious work that astonished me : they were passing and re -passing, and literally all alive ; many were visibly loaded with ma- terials for their ingenious work. My curiosity was excited, and so much was I pleased with mj multitudinous labourers that I visited them daily, and many times in the course of each day, when the weather was favourable for their getting abroad. Their combs were rapidly advanced : but to my great mortification they very soon obstructed my view of their interior works, by bringing a fine comb quite over the only little window at the back of the pavilion, at the distance of about half an inch from the glass. I was not, however, without the means of ascertaining that they were filling the pa- vilion with their treasures, and consequently that they would soon be in want of more room. 99 I, therefore, at the end of a fortnight admitted them into the large bell-glass by withdrawing tlie sUde, which, when closed, cuts off the communication between the pavilion and the said glass. They (the Bees) immediately re- connoitered it, as it were, and examined it round and round, and presently took posses- sion of it in gi'eat numbers ; and in the course of the second day afterwards I could perceive that they began to continue their work up- wards from and upon the combs in the box. Here I was again inexpressibly gratified by daily observing the progress of their beautiful work, and by the busy thousands in perpetual motion. When they had about half-filled the glass, and before I was aware that there was any occasion for their admission into either of the collateral-boxes, they suddenly threw off'a swarm. That event I attribute partly to my own inexperience in apiarian matters, and partly — principally to the want of a thermo- meter by which to ascertain and regulate the temperature of the crowded pavihon, so as to keep the Bees at the working, and below the swarming j^oint of heat. Mr. Nutt assures me that a barn would not contain a colony of Bees if its temperature were raised above a 100 certain degree. What that precise degree of heat is I leave to Mr. Nutt to determine and explain : at present it is enough to state that I am convinced it is possible, nay, quite easy, to keep Bees at work, and to prevent their swarming, by giving them plenty of room, and by proper ventilation. After my Bees had thrown off the swarm, as abovementioned, the work in the glass progressed but slowly, indeed it was for some time almost deserted, owing, I presume, to the room made in the pavilion by the absence of the thousands that had left it: for whenever the weather was such that they could get abroad, they were always busy. The season, however, it is well- known, was so wet as to be very unfavourable for Bees: — the summer of 1830 was not by any means what is called a Bee-year; and early in the autumn I could see that, instead of adding to their store, they were under the necessity of living upon it. They were, how- ever, abundantly provided for the winter, and lived through it almost to a Bee. In the spring of this year (1831) they appeared to be strong and in excellent condition. As early as the middle of May they had replenished the emptied combs in the glass, and, it may 101 be presumed, in the pavilion too. In the first week of June, the glass was completely filled in the most beautiful manner. I therefore opened the communication to one of the end or collateral-boxes, and two or three days afterwards, \\z. on the 10th of June, I took off the glass and replaced it with another. So rapidly did those industrious little insects proceed with their work, that in about six weeks they completely filled the end-box. I then opened the way to the empty box at the other end of the pavilion ; and a few days afterwards had the full box taken off by Mr. Nutt himself (who happened to call upon me, and who handsomely volunteered his services on the occasion), without any stifling of any sort — without the destruction, or the loss, of — scarcely a Bee, — as nearly in the manner described in your last No. as circum- stances would permit ; for the Queen-Bee being in the box taken off made it necessary for Mr. Nutt to vary the operation a little ; — not a person was stung, though ladies, very timid ladies, and children too, were among the admiring lookers-on ; only, in returning the Queen-Bee, found in the box, to the pavihon, I myself was stung, owing to my over-anxicty 102 to see how she would be received by the Bees in the pavihon. Her majesty's presence in that box (the box taken oft) at that time might probably have puzzled me ; but to Mr. Nutt it presented no difliculty ; and to witness his operation was to me a most instructive lesson, and would have delighted any fiiend of humanity. It was performed in the middle of a fine day. That box contained, as nearly as we could estimate, about 35 lbs. of honey, incomparably purer and finer than any T ever saw, except from Mr. Nutt's boxes. The glass beforementioned contained 12 lbs. — so that I have this yeoxidkeu forty-seven poimds of the very finest honey from one stock of Bees ; — I have all my Bees alive — and they are at this time abundantly provided for the ensuing winter ; nay, without impoverishing them, I believe, I might take 6 or 8 lbs. more ; but I have already had enough ; and, if my Bees have more than enough for their winter's consumption, they will not waste it ; — it will be found next year. " The preservation of the Bees unhurt, un- injured, very many of them undisturbed at all, — the quantity of honey that may be had,— ^ the very superior quality of that honey, are 103 advantages of Mr. Niitt's mode of Bee-man- agement, over the barbarous, stifling system, that cannot fail to recommend it to the adoption of every friend of humanity, — to every lover of the deUcious sweet, — and to every apiarian who has nothing beyond self- interest in view. " One word more, and I have done. There are, I observe with pleasure, persons of con- siderable influence among your subscribers, and probably there may be persons of still greater influence among your readers. To such I would most respectfully suggest the propriety of doing something to reward Mr. Nutt for the services he has already rendered the Honey-Bee and the cause of humanity. I — an obscure, country clergyman, know not how to set about procuring it ; but a premium was never more richly deserved, " Though longer than I intended, when I sat down to write, I hope you will find no difliculty in giving the foregoing communica- tion a place in your pages ; and, in this hope, I beg to subscribe myself, Your humble senant, Thomas Clark. Gedney-Hill, near Wisbech, Oct. 20, 1831." CHAPTER V. ON DRIVING BEES. As my reverend correspondent has introduced the subject of driving Bees from their full hive into an empty one, in order that they may be deprived of their honey and wax, and has animadverted upon that practice with some severity, I will take the opportunity of here stating my objections to it. Mr. Huish, in his treatise on Be«;;s, has twice described the manner in which " driving a hive " may be performed ; but nowhere, that I can find, has he once recommended it. In a note (in page 24) he says — that by " driving a hive may be understood the act of obliging the Bees to leave their own domicil, and take refuge in another. This is performed by placing the full hive under an empty one, (or he might have said, by placing an empty hive 105 upon the full one inverted) aud by gently tapping the lower hive the Bees will ascend into the upper, and the lower one then remains vacant for experiments, or the purpose of de- privation." He afterwards (in page 252) gives a more detailed account of the manner of performing this operation ; and having done so, he presently observes that " by the driving of the Bees a number is unavoidably killed." I do not find that Mr. Huisli himself practises it further than for the purpose of making experiments; and that, having made those experiments, he returns the driven Bees to their hives and to their treasures in them. In short, he describes it to his readers because they may wish to be acquainted with it, and not because he approves of it. I mention this because I consider Mr. Huish to be respectable authority on such a subject. Now, were there nothing in a hive but Bees and honey, driving them into an empty hive (were it as easy in practice as it seems to be upon paper, though I presume it is not) in order to rob them of their all, would be a most arbitrary and unjust method of treating them: but, besides Bees and honey, there are other substances in a prosperous hive which ought o 106 > This substance is at first soft and phable, but soon becomes firmer ; when it has acquired its proper consistency, it is harder 187 than wax and is an excellent cement. They guard against the entrance of ants and other inimical intruders into their hive, by gluing or filhng up with this propohs the smallest inlets; and with it they fasten the edge of their hive to its floor in a very secure manner. Some Bees stand as sentinels, and mount guard, as it were, to prevent the intrusion of strangers and enemies. But if a snail, or other reptile, or any large insect, too heavy to be dislodged by their united efforts, forces its way into the hive, they first kiU it, and then coat it over with propohs, to prevent being annoyed by the noisome smell, or by the maggots which might proceed from its putre- faction, if left to putrefy. Bees can perceive the approach of bad weather ; for when black clouds are in the sky indicating rain, they immediately hurry home with the greatest speed ; and when to the eye of man there is no visible token of a sudden shower or other immediate change from fine weather to foul, Bees are aware of it, and by their sudden, hurried return to their hives, are the first to prognosticate a change as near; nor, often as I have obsen-ed them, have I ever found them wrong in this respect. The manner in which 188 Bees rest when they settle, after having swarmed, and frequently in the hive also, is by collecting themselves into a cluster and hanging to each other by the hooks of their feet. When the weather has been warm I have frequently seen them, presently after being admitted into an end-box, hang in catkins or ropes : this they no doubt do to cool themselves the more. To view the Bees suspended from one another in these single ropes is a natural curiosity well worth attention. The flight of Bees when swarming is singularly rapid and most extraordinary : during some minutes after having risen into the air, they dart across each other in every conceivable direction, wheel round and shoot through the merry crowd again, again wheel round and again dart through ; and notwithstanding the very limited space within which they confine their gambols on these occasions, they never seem to come in contact or to clash with each other ; though animated and excited to a degree of apparently frantic ovation, I never have observed one Bee fall ioul of another, and this it is that strikes me as being wonder- ful. The balls attached to the legs of Bees returning to the hives, consist of a powder 189 gathered from the stamina of flowers. The Bee, when it enters the cup of the flower, rolls itself till its whole body is covered with the yellow farina that is therein. It then brushes off this powdery farina with its hind legs, and kneads it into two balls or small I^ellets, loaded ^ith which it returas to the hive. Bees powdered all over with farina, may fre- quently be seen entering their hives ; the Bees thus covered carry their loads upon their whole bodies, without the labour of packing them upon their thighs. Probably when farina is collected in the immediate vicinity of their hives. Bees may have the wisdom (I know not what else it can be properly called) to save themselves the labour of brushinoj and making it into pellets. Some authors hold that this substance is eaten by degrees, and being di- gested in the body of the Bee, that it becomes wax, — or that by some peculiar process it certainly is converted into wax, — and that when there is a superfluous quantity of this undigested, or unmanufactured matter, it is laid up in store, and is called Bee-bread. For my part I am of opinion that farina is stored up purely as Bee-bread and food for the young brood, and that it enters not into the co)?i])o- 190 sition of wax. The material of which wax is formed I take to be quite distinct from farina — a material of a different nature. The following account of a working Bee appeared in the Farmers' Journal some time ago, I subjoin it, because, in some respects, it is more particular than that just given ; but in one thing it is deficient — it makes no men- tion of the eyes — the two luminaries or lights of the body. The eyes of Bees are of an oblong figure, black like jet, transparent and immoveable. BEE, says the Farmers' Journal, a small and well known insect, famous for its industry. This useful and laborious insect is divided by two ligaments into three parts or portions, — the head, the breast, and the belly. The head is armed with two jaws and a trunk, the former of which play like two jaws, opening and shutting to the right and left; the trunk is long and tapering, and at the same time ex- tremely pliant and flexible, being destined by nature for the insect to probe to the bottom of the flowers, through all the impediments of their chives and foliage, and drain them of their sweet treasures : but were this trunk to be always extended, it would prove incommo- 191 dious, and be liable to be injured by a thousand accidents ; it is therefore of such a structure, that after the performance of its necessary functions, it may be contracted, or rather folded up ; and besides this, it is fortified against all injuries by four strong scales, two of which closely sheathe it, and the two others, whose cavities and dimensions are larger, encompass the whole. From the middle -part or breast of the Bee grow the legs, which are six in number ; and at the extremity of the paws are two little hooks, discernible by the microscope, which appear like sickles, with their points opposite to each other. The wings are four, two greater, and two smaller, which not only serve to transport them through the air, but, by the noise they make, to give notice of their departure and arrival, and to animate them mutually to their labours. The hairs, with which the whole body is covered, are of singular use in re- taining the small dust that falls from the chives of the flowers. The belly of the Bee consists of six rings, which slide over one another, and may therefore be lengthened or con- tracted at pleasure ; and the inside of this part of the body contains the intestines, — the 192 bag of honey,— the bag of poison, — and the sting. The office of the intestines is the same as in other animals. The bag of honey is transparent as crystal, containing the sweet juices extracted from the flowers, which the Bee discharges into the cells of the magazine for the support of the community in winter. The bag of poison hangs at the root of the sting, through the cavity of which, as through a pipe, the Bee ejects a portion of this venomous liquor into the wound made by the sting, and so renders the pain more excessive. The mechanism of the sting is admirable, being composed of two darts, inclosed within a sheath that tapers into a fine point, near which is an opening to let out the poison ; the two darts are ejected through another aperture, which being armed with several sharp beards, like those of fish-hooks, are not easily drawn back again by the Bee ; and indeed she never disengages them if the wounded party happens to start and put her in confusion; but if, when stung, one can have patience to continue calm and unmoved, the stinging Bee clinches those lateral points round the shaft of the dart, by which means she recovers her weapon, and gives less pain to the person stung. 1.Q3 FOR THE STING OF A BEE. The poisonous liquor which the stinging Bee infuses into the wound causes a fermentation, attended with a swelling, which continues sometimes several days j but that may be prevented by immediately pulling out the sting, and enlarging the puncture, to let the venomous matter have room to escape. Many nostrums have been recommended as cures — infallible cures, of course — for the sting of a Bee, a few of which I will just mention ; premising, however, that I myself never make use of any of them ; for, if by chance a Bee happens to sting me, which is veiy rarely indeed the case, though I never so much as cover my face, nor even put on a pair of gloves, when operating among thousands and tens of thousands of Bees, I extract the sting instantly, and never afterwards experience the least pain, nor suffer the slightest inconvenience. But, if the sting be suffered to remain in the flesh, during a few seconds only, it is not veiy easy to stop the inflammation and allay the pain. An onion cut horizontally into thin slices, and pressed closely to the wounded part, and re- newed at short intervals, has been accounted a good application. If the part stung be first 2 b 194 well-rubbed with one of those slices, that would perhaps have a soothing effect. The juice of the plantain is also said to be a specific ; olive oil is another; so is common salt; so is lauda- num ; so is spirits of hartshorn ; so is a solution of sal ammoniac; and so is chalk or whitening. The Doctor (and who so likely to prescribe properly for the case as the Doctor ?) says * " common whitening proves an effectual re- medy against the effects of the sting of a Bee or wasp. The whitening is to be moistened wdth cold water, and immediately applied. It may be washed off in a few minutes, when neither pain nor swelling will ensue." In " The Apiarian's Guide by J. H. Payne," published since the first edition of this work, I find the following novel mode of treatment recommended as " almost a perfect cure," and which is said to be " as immediate as it is effec- tual." "The method I (J. H. Payne, Esq.) have of late adopted, by which the pain is instantly removed, and both the swelling and inflammation prevented, is to pull out the sting as soon as possible, and take a piece of iron and heat it in the fire, or for want of that, take a live coal, (if of wood the better, because * See •' The Doctor," page 15. 195 it lasts longer) and hold it as near to the place as I can possibly endure it, for five minutes ; if from this application a sensation of heart (quere heat) should be occasioned, a little oil of turpentine or goulard cerate must be applied. " I have found the quicker the application, the more effectual the cure,"^ •See the Apiarian's Guide, pp. 58, 59. As a fitting accom- paniment of Payne's novel metliod of curing the sting of a Bee by the application of heated iron, or of a live coal, for Jive minutes, to the part stung, and as a ne plus ultra remedy for the pain inflicted by a Bee's sting, though that pain, Mr. Cotton would persuade us, if we did not know better, " only lasts two minutes," nay, " goesoff in a moment," the following specific, given by the aforesaid Cotton from SydserfF, must not be omitted. — *' Many have asked my (SydserfF's) advice when stung, and I have always recommended — "THAT ANOTHER STING THEM NEAR THE SAME PLACE, AND ALL WILL BE WELL," (Cotton, page 190.) This is admi- rable ! — zyja— capital, for it is so printed in Cotton's "elegant volume," and that makes it CAPITAL!! The following passage from the same authority will serve to explain what Dr. Bevan would perhaps term the rationale of Sydserff's treatment. *' If," says he, in page 187, 188, of Cotton, " I am stung by a Bee in the face, I generally swell almost blind ; if on the back part of the hand, the swelling ascends to the tops of my fingers ; but if I am stung by two Bees near ihe same place, the swelling is not so much ; and if I am stung by ten or more Bees, the swelling it very little, or none at all. I would not of choice be stung by them, if it can be avoided, but after I have been stung once, I have no objection against being stung 196 Pressure with the hollow end of a 'small key, or with a pencil case, is practised by twice, and after J have been stung twice or three times, I do not mind if I am stung fifty or a hundred times." The first sting then, it should seem, is the only one that gives pain j the second must be pleasant, the third gratifying, the fourth ex- quisite, &c. ad infinitum ; ergo, stinging indefinitely repeated must constitute the long sought summum bonum, because THE STING OF ONE BEE SERVES TO MOLLIFY, PRE- VENTS THE SWELLING, AND IN EFFECT CURES THE STING OF ANOTHER * But supposing a person to have the satisfaction of being stung" fifty or a hundred times," and supposing SydserfF's stinging remedy to be had recourse to, and to be efficacious, would not the last sting remain uncured, and occasion as much pain as the first would have occasioned had no second, &c. followed ? — And how happens it that not only men, but horses, cows, &c. are frequently stung to death. The sting of a Bee is doubtless a formidable little weapon, with which great pain is inflicted upon almost every person who happens to be so unfortunate as to experience it j and in spite of all the remedies herein prescribed, Payne's and Sydserff's included, that pain is not easily cured, unless it be cured instanter, which it very seldom can be, and very often cannot be. Lightly as Mr. Cotton treats this matter, he ad- mits that *' there are some people who if they get a sting in their finger straightway swell up to the shoulder, or even fur- ther : this is certainly not pleasant, though I do not believe any great harm comes of it : " perhaps not ; but still it is not pleasant. He then tells us that *' the worst place in which a person can be stung is the inside of the throat," — and goes on to aay that** he has heard of a man dying of swallowing a * Cotton, page 186. 197 some unfortunates, and is said to check the circulation of the poison. This last mode of treatment— i. e. pressure with a small key or pencil-case— the smaller the better— is the simplest, and, \i immediately adopted, is I beheve the very best : but its efficacy depends upon the instant apphcation of the key or pencil-case to the part stung, by which the poisonous matter is not only prevented from being absorbed into the system, wasp, whicli stung him in the throat, which closed up the passage of the breath, and so stifled him : " in that case then *• great harm" did ensue. Having stijied his unfortunate, and made a most unbecoming remark upon the sufferer, he relates the following occurrence, which is here quoted as one of many specimens of the ridiculous to be met with in the elegant volume. " I, myself, (Cotton, page 97), was once blowing into a glass, to drive the Bees out, when in drawing in my breath sharply I swallowed a Bee. I prepared myself for a run to the Doctor's, had I felt its sting in my throat, or lower down in my inside pocket ; but the Bee passed so rapidly down, that he had not time to sting ; when he got to his journey's end, no doubt not a little surprised at the path he had travelled, he resigned himself to his fate, like a good Bee, and did not revenge himself by stinging me." How, poor fellow, could he sting 1 He Bees have no stings ; and from the hes in the tale it is evident that he (Cotton) swallowed a drone Bee. I was expecting, observed a person in whose hearing this passage was lately read, the conclusion would have been, that he passed so rapidly on as soon to make his exit through Cotton's postern, and that '* he then feu- away like a good Bee." Ed. 198 but the puncture is laid open, and the virus thereby expressed and entirely got rid of more readily than by any other means. Accidents may sometimes happen, and the most cautious and humane apiarian may occasionally receive a sting ; but gentle treat- ment does not irritate Bees ; and when not irritated they have no disposition to use their stings. Note. While the foregoing note was passing through the press, the following paragraph appeared in the Lincolnshire Chronicle of August 1st, and is here inserted as a confirmation of the fact that animals are sometimes slung to death by Bees, — and also a confutation of Sydserff's outrageous recom- mendation already stated. "A dog belonging to Mr. Thompson, Back Sandholes, Paisley, which had been chained in the garden for the purpose of watching it and some Bee -hives, had snapped at a few of the Bees that were humming about him, and killed some of them. As is the usual practice with these busy insects, the whole swarm turned out to revenge the death of their fellows. The dog was accordingly attacked by the humming tribe in hundreds, and so unmercifully punished for his temerity that he died in the course of the afternoon. On examining the dog after death, it was found that sixty-nine of his tormentors had fixed their stings in one ear." If the sting of one Bee mollifies the sting of another Bee, and in effect cures it, how happened it that with sixty-nine stings in one ear only the poor dog died? — Ed. CHAPTER XII. IMPREGNATION OF THE QUEEN-BEE. Notwithstanding the most persevering attention of Huber and of other ingenious apiarians, and notwithstanding the experiments and expedients had recourse to, to discover the secret, it is still doubtful — it is still undis- covered, in what precise way the Queen-Bee becomes impregnated. No one has ever yet witnessed the fact of her copulation with a drone, either in the hive or elsewhere, — in all probability no one ever will be witness to it; consequently the contradictory conclusions apiarians have come to on this subject are unsatisfactory, because unsupported by suffi- cient and convincing proofs. Huber, after having made a variety of observations and tried numberless experiments to get at the fact, gives it as his opinion — that the impregnation 200 of the Queen is accomplished by her inter- course with the drone during a flight in the open atmosphere ; but modestly states that he never witnessed the act of copulation. On this last point I entirely coincide with him, and firmly believe that no man ever yet has been present to confirm the supposed fact ; neither can any person deny the possibiUty — not to say — the probability of such an union. On the other hand, Mr. Huish is an advocate for the drones in another way, stating them to be the male Bees, and that they fecundate — not the Queen, but all the eggs of the Queen, produced by her, the year in which drones are brought into existence. But Mr. Huish has nowhere stated, in his treatise on Bees, what fecundates those eggs of the Queen which are produced by her in the absence of all di'ones. It is well known that those eggs do well and come to perfection, long after the drones have ceased to exist in the hive. Eggs are laid and matured into Bees when there is not one drone iii the hive. This, therefore, is an argument in favour of Mr. Ruber's opinion — namely — that the Queen once impregnated remains so during her life, — and that, as the Queen lives some years, the drones are called 201 into being to fecundate the young Queens, brought into existence for purposes that will be noticed in the next chapter. Neither should we overlook the singular services of the short-lived drones in other circumstances of the colony; for most essential is their presence in the hive during the months of May, Jime, and July. In those months we behold the extraordinary rapidity \vith which the working Bees leave their hive in search of materials for their various works } So indefatigable are they in collecting from the flowers of the fields — i. e. from abroad, the various sub- stances M-ith which to enrich their common- wealth, that in the time of honey-dews, scai'cely a mechanical labourer is left in the hive. Now, were it not for the drones — those large bodied Bees — what would become of the larvae then in existence ? It would undoubtedly perish.* No sooner, however, is this busy ♦ The affection of Bees for the brood is so strong that it is a difficult matter to take from them the smallest porlioa of brood-comb : they cling to it to the very last, and protect it to the utmost, and resent every attempt to disturb it. Con- sequently it may be safely inferred — that, if there were not a drone in the hive, the brood therein would not perish for want of proper attention. In fact the great brooding-time is over before the drones are hutched at all, — they are the last, or among 2 C 202 season at an end, than the total destruction of the drones takes place ; but not until the animal the last Bees that are annually brought into existence ; there- fore, they are not produced for the express purpose of brood- ing the eggs from which the working Bees issue : nor is it reasonable to suppose that eighteen hundred or two thousand male Bees should be necessary for the impregnation of two or three young Queen- Bees. For what specific purpose or purposes Drone-Bees are annually produced, it is perhaps be- yond the ken of mortal eyes to discover. This much, how- ever, is known ; and is perhaps ** enough for man to know," — drones are a constituent part of every good colony of Bees ; — no stock is prosperous without them ; — they make their appearance in the hive annually at, or just before the commencement of the main gathering of honey ; at its con- clusion they are quickly dispatched. Nevertheless they are in some way necessary during that particular season ; and, as they arc not collectors of honey, nor of pollen, nor of materials of any kind, — as they are neither builders of comb, nor ex- uders of wax, may they not be rectifiers of the honey 7 may it not undergo some filtering, purifying process, previously to its being finally stored and sealed up for future use, for which process the drones alone are qualified ? Virgil bestowed upon the poor, harmless drones an opprobrious epithet.* '* Ignavum, fucos, pecus a proesepibus arcent ; " And fromhis time downward they have been stigmatized as lazy, idle drones; and the poetical expression has even passed into a proverb. As, however, the hive never fills so fast with honey as when the drones are inmates, and never fills at all without them, I am inclined to think that great injustice has been done to them ; and that ignorance of the specific way in which the •Geor.lib. iv. v. 168. 203 heat which the drones impart to the hive has accelerated the production of the young Bees, and added thousands of them to the mother hive. It is not possible that the di'ones can im- pregnate the Queen's eggs, particularly those eggs which are produced after the total de- drones are necessary in a hive, has displayed itself too much. Were those writers, and amongst them he in the Quarterly,* fairly entitled to a pair of the '* feather -breeches" he has intro- duced from Russia, which said feather-breeches would fit him nicely, and it is "to be hoped, would make him quite com- fortable ; were those writers who glibly term the drones a lazy race, S)C. able to make good their too hasty assertions, this plea for the vilified drones would not be here set forth : or, were the particular ofl&ce of drone-Bees in a hive the only mystery in the world that needed a solution, then it would be another thing. But the animal and vegetable and insect world abounds with mysteries : we live surrounded by mys- teries as inexplicable as this. Why, for instance, does the Bcarlet-runner kidney-bean invariably climb round the stick set for its support, in a direction contrary to the course of the sun 1 and why do the hop-plant and the common bind-weed twist themselves in that direction too 1 For my part I love to see the drones, — I hail their first appearance ; because I then calculate upon the prosperity of the stock in which I know they are ; and I always deplore their destruction, as well on account of their apparently cruel fate, as because the accu- mulation of honey is over for that season. — Ed. * Quarterly Review, No, 141, page 6. 204 8truction of tlie drones, which generally takes place in August, and sometimes in the latter end of July. These later eggs are hatched, and brought to a state of perfection by the population of the hive at that period : for a sufficient number of common Bees, that is — a well-populated hive, will always bring to per- fection the Queen's eggs that have been de- posited in the cells, after the destruction of the drones. This seems to prove, that there is some truth in Ruber's opinion respecting the agency of the drones in the procreation of Bees, by their sexual union with the Queen. Though I was once inclined to differ in opinion with Huber on this subject, and even went so far as to venture to say with Huish, and in Huish's own words — that the Queen knows not coition, and that she is both virgin and mother,* from what I have seen in my ob- servatory-hive since that was said, I am led to doubt the accuracy of the remark, and am disposed to lean to Ruber's doctrine, and to think, that there may he more truth in his ex- periments than has hitherto been awarded to them : in short, I see no objection to ITuber's theory, although there is no direct proof of *See Huish on Bees, page 18. 205 the copulation of the drones with the Queens. All apiarians allow that there are males and females in a hive or stock of Bees ; — all ad- mit — indeed, it is impossible to deny — that Bees do increase and nni It i ply a.t a. prodigious rate, and so fulfil the Divine injunction ; the only question to be solved is this — Hota is the Queen-Bee impregnated ? This secret in nature — if those matters, or natural operations which we cannot clearly explain, which, though in themselves sensible and gross, mav, never- theless, be too subtile, too refined, for our obtuse understandings to comprehend, and for our dull faculties to investigate, — if these may be called secrets in nature, there is a secret of this description respecting the sexual union of Queen and drone Bees, or, at any rate, respecting the manner of the impregnation of the Queen-Bee. I condemn no man wl]o differs from me on this nice sub- ject, as I have no direct proof, either that Huber is right, or that Huish is wrong, in their surmises relative to this disputable matter. Individually they are men deserving the highest respect ; their labours and per- severance to throw light upon this mystic branch of apiarian science deserA'e the utmost 206 praise ; as also do the labours of Dr. Bevan, whose treatise on Bees I have read with pleasure ; and have occasionally referred to, and shall again make use of it, in this my humble attempt. We have all exerted our best abilities to become the favourites of our patrons and friends. How much each of us deserves the honours conferred on us, is best known to those who have been most benefited by our unceasing endeavours to improve and extend apiarian science. My great object is — not to dispute with the naturalist, the philosopher, or with the apiarian, how the Queen-Bee becomes impregnated : because, be that as it may, it is, no doubt, consistent with the law of nature, — it is, no doubt, a part of that all-prevailing law ; and though hitherto undiscovered, — hitherto "one of nature's gambols with the human mind," I do cherish strong hopes that the observatory-hive I have constructed, will on some auspicious, future day, disclose such facts as will set the matter at rest for ever : my great object at present is — to endeavour to improve the cultui'e of Honey- Bees, and to lay before my readers practical instructions for the more humane, and more profitable management of those interesting, little insects. CHAPTER XIII. SUPERNUMERARY QUEENS. In the last chapter we were at sea without a compass by which to steer our course aright, — with two pilots on board, 'tis true ; one of them a foreigner, experienced beyond most other men, though aged, and infirm, and defective in his eyesight, but wilHng, nevertheless, nay, anxious to conduct us to our wished-for haven ; the other, though not inexperienced, less practised, it is thought, in voyages of discovery, and more venturesome than his senior in the office, contending that the re- spectable, old gentleman had put us on a wrong tack,— that we were in a wrong latitude, — that our reckoning was incorrect, and even making merry with the old man's infirmities. Perplexed, and doubting in whom it is most reasonable and safest to confide, we seize 208 the helm ourselves, and make to the nearest shore, and luckily land on terra firma — terra cognita, and are now approaching a field with every comer of which we are thoroughly acquainted. But, metaphor apart, lest we should not properly sustain it. There is but one reigning Queen in a colony of Bees at one time : but previously to swarm- ing, royal cells are constructed, and provision made, for ensuring a successor to the Queen that leads the swarm and emigrates, when the too-crowded population, and over-heated tem- perature of the hive, render such emigration necessary. That it is the old Queen that leaves the hive with a swarm, I am well con- vinced, notwithstanding what some apiarians assert to the contrary.* To satisfy myself on this point, I have sometimes in the evening of the day on which a hive has swarmed, at other times on the second, and at others on the third day after that event, put the parent-stock under, or rather, I may say — over fumigation, dissected and examined the combs and Queen- cells minutely, and the Bees also, andwhenev^er I did find a Queen, she was invariably a young one ; but, instead of a Queen, I have * See the note on this debatable subject, pages 68 — 70. — Ed. 209 more frequently found a royal cell just ready to give birth, as it were, to a successor to that which had left the hive ; and in general there are several of these royal cells containing embryo Queens, in different states of forward- ness: so that it seems. Bees have an instinctive foresight which leads them to provide against casualties, for they are generally provided with the means of bringing forth supernumerary Queens, that in case the first that comes forth should prove steril, should be defective, or in any way unfortunate, or unfitted to assume the sovereignty of the hive, there may be others ready to burst into being, and remedy the misfortune that would ensue, were there but one chance of a successor, and were that one chance to prove abortive. But no sooner is a young Queen enthroned, as it were, and estabhshed in the government of the hive, than the supernumerary ones, in whatever stage of existence, are all discarded, and cast out of the colony. Mr. Porter, of Cowbit, has this year (183*2) picked up eight of those discarded, virgin Queens, together with the old Queen, which last was sorely mutilated, hut not killed — she alone was cast out alive, the others had been killed; these nine supernumerary Queens 2 D 210 were all cast out of one fine colony of Bees in the course of two successive days. That colony is a remarkably prosperous one, and has not swarmed. I myself have observed no fewer than twenty-four supernumerary, virgin Queens that were cast out of one of m} stocks ; and that stock is flourishing, and has not swarmed: and my respected friend, Mr. Salmon, lately of Stokeferry, informed me that he once collected upwards of thirty of these young Queens ; whether his stock swarmed or not I am unable to state positively, but presume it did not ; for, generally speaking, when super- numerary, virgin Queens are cast out of a colony, it may be considered as an indication that that colony is not only prosperous, but that swarming is not contemplated — in fact, is abandoned for that season. The question then is — how are Bees to be managed, in order that they may be induced to rid themselves of these supernumeraries ? The relation of the following practical lesson will both answer the question, and exemplify and confirm the foregoing remarks. It has already been related (in pages 72 — 76) that in 1826 1 forced a colony of Bees to swarm, — that I returned that swarm to its 211 parent-stock, and managed so as to prevent its swarming in futiu'e, — and that two royal nymphs were cast out on that occasion. To prove whether I could not accomphsh the same object, and prevent swarming altogether, I had recourse to the following experiment. On the ^Gth of June, 1827, at one o'clock p.m. the thermometer, in one of my colonies of Bees, suddenly rose to 96.The progressive rise and constantly high temperature in that colony, during the evening and night, together with the extraordinary weight of the hive, induced me to suspect that swarming, if not prevented, would shortly take place. Not, however, perceiving any of the symptoms that usually precede the immediate act of swarming, I suffered matters to go on until the 6th of July, on which day the thermometer stood at 102. The drones came out and sung tlieir meiTy tune ; and duiing the whole night the temper- ature of the colony continued to increase. On the next day unequivocal symptoms of swarming presented themselves. These urged me to push my experiment to the highest de- gree of proof; I therefore went on narrowly watching and ventilating this stock, until the 10th of July, when, in spite of my endeavours 212 to keep down the temperature by merely ven- tilating, the thermometer was standing at 112, consequently I concluded that it was high time to lay this prosperous colony under contri- bution ; and in the evening of that day I took from it a beautifully finished glass of honey, as pure as the crystal stream ; its weight was sixteen pounds. I continued ventilating the side boxes, and placed an empty bell-glass upon the middle-box, from which I had just before taken the full one ; I then withdrew the di- viding-slide, and the Bees immediately entered the empty glass, and began their works in it, and in four days filled it with comb, and partly filled the cells with honey. On the sixth day after those operations had been performed, a continuance of the former temperature demon- strated to me the necessity of taking away a side-box. I did so, and found its weight to be no less than sixty-five pounds.* On re- moving the box of honey, I replaced it with an empty one ; and on drawing up the tin- slide, in order to admit the Bees into the empty box, to my great gratification I found * Boxes of about two-thirds of this capacity are preferable, as being more easily managed and kept free from brood and impurities —Ed. 213 the thermometer standing at 8*2 in that box, and in the space of five minutes the other collateral-box was under the same agreeable temperature. By this continued ventilation, within the short space of twenty-four hours afterwards, I ascertained the following impor- tant fact, — viz. — that no sooner did the Queen-Bee feel the agreeable change that had taken place in the interior of her domicil, than the royal nymph was dislodged from its cell, and by the Bees brought out of the pavihon, and laid lifeless on the front-board. This fact taught me by experiment, that the reigning Queen would very soon, from absolute necessity, have been compelled to leave the now discarded nymph to take possession of the hive. The Queen, owing to the excessive and daily increasing heat of the hive, would have left her wealthy colony — would have been compelled to leave it — had not the ventilation, and the enlai'gement of her domicil, prevented the painful necessity of her so doing. This, I think, proves the truth of the observation — that it is the old Queen which leaves, when Bees are compelled * to swarm ; but, if not, • There is no compulsion in the case ; swarming may he a necessary act, but it is always a voluntary one. — Eu, 214 the following experimental operations have de- monstrated the fact. I have united many swarms, and every sovereign Bee I have been tinder the necessity of Quaking a captive, has invariahly been an old one. On the 25th of June, 1828, I took up a parent-stock, four days after it had thrown off a swarm, and there found only the royal nymph within its cradle — there was no Queen left in that stock, save the one in embryo — the old Queen had gone with the swarm. This lesson caused me to carry my experiments farther. Having taken up the parent-stock, as just stated, I united all the working Bees of that stock to those of the swarm already mentioned, and I also put the larvse found in the parent-stock, to the now united stock. I then placed the intended royal species — the nymph already mentioned — with the remainder of the young brood, in one of the collateral- boxes, and immediately let the odour of the stock through the communicating slide. To my great satisfaction I discovered the willing- ness of the old Bees to bring to perfection the young they had been compelled to leave in their former domicil. The royal nymph, however, was an exce})tion ; she alone was 215 dragged from her cell, and cast out of the hive. This confirmed the proof of the important fact gained the preceding year, — namely — that ventilation and the means of dividing the treasures of the Bees, by taking off a glass or a box of honey, — or, if necessary, by taking off both a glass and a box, set aside the necessity of swarming.* On all occasions, under this practice, a proper temperature may be supported in a colony ; and in all critical points, by a just observation of the state of the thermometer, Bees may be relieved and ♦ In and after July this practice may, and probably will, prevent swarming ; but in May and June, and before there are any glasses or boxes ready to be removed, the prevention of swarming is no easy matter ; and, if the weather during those two months be unfavourable for the collection of honey, the difficulty is thereby greatly increased, if not rendered in- surmountable ; because in such seasons, and such are neither few nor far between, as the number of Bees in a hive multi- plies daily and rapidly, so their stock of provision diminishes, — or, in fashionable phrase, the supply does not keep pace with the demand, consequently emigration becomes necessary, and cannot easily be prevented. The experiments above re- lated were, it seems, made either in July, or late in June, at which advanced period of the Bee-season enlarged space and proper ventilation will check swarming, and generally prevent it. — £d. 216 assisted, and all the mischiefs attending the old mode of management may be guarded against and prevented. For when adequately relieved and properly assisted, they proceed to rid the colony of all embryo Queens, which would only become so many supernumeraries in a hive where the reigning Queen is fertile, and the necessity for emigration is superseded. But, unless Bees could be made to understand that accommodation will be extended to them at the proper time, they, guided by their sense of their situation — not by ours — naturally and wisely provide their own means of relieving themselves ; and in so doing frequently bring forth what afterwards become supernumerary Queens, which are invariably destroyed and cast out of the colony, as soon as the Bees are sensible that they have no occasion for them. And, whenever a royal nymph or a virgin Queen is thus cast out, swarming need not be apprehended. CHAPTER XIV. BEE-FEEDING. Neglected generally, as is the management of Bees by their cottage possessors, there is no part of it less attended to, nor more slovenly performed, when performed at all, than that of feeding. The cottager commonly takes up, as he terms it, his best hives for the sake of the treasures they contain, or are supposed to contain. This is destroying Bees because they are rich ! He also takes up the lightest and poorest — of course the late swarms — and those that are the least likely to live through the winter ; because if he get from one of these but two or three pounds of honey, though he seldom gets so much, and a few ounces of wax, he thinks that that is all clear gain : and, if he get neither honey nor wax, he, at any rate, gets rid of the expense and trouble of feeding 2 E 218 his good-for-noiMng swarms^ which, in his opinion, however fed, would never come to any good. A pennyworth of brimstone will do the job at once, and is more easily paid for than a pound of sugar, and after that another, and perhaps another. Such is the reasoning, and calculation, and cniel practice of the generality of cottage Bee-keepers ! Such is the destruction annually dealt out to hun- dreds of poor swarms, and thousands and millions of poor Bees ! ! I do from my heart pity and deplore the untimely fate of these suffocated, innocent, valuable insects. To destroy Bees because they are rich is a harharous practice, and ought by all means to be discountenanced and discontinued : — to destroy Bees because they are poor and may need support, is ciiiel — is inhuman — is shock- ing, however little may be thought of it by those who still adhere to this practice. Even with the common straw-hives, this temble havoc among poor stocks and late swarms might be prevented, if they, who happen to have them, would so far improve themselves in the practical management of an apiary, as to be able to fumigate, and to take such Bees out of the hives containing them, and to join 2IP tliem to tlieir richer stock-hives, in the latter end of August, or any time in September. This is by far the best plan that can be adopted with poor hives ; and there really is no diffi- culty in the operation : it strengthens the popu- lation of rich stocks, and causes them to swarm early in the ensuing spring, — it preserves the Bees, which is of itself, independently of the advantages accruing from it afterwards, a consideration that never should be lost sight of, — it leaves the contents of the fumigated hive, as absolutely in the possession of the Bee-owner, as if the Bees had been suffocated and destroyed, — and in most cases it entirely does away with the necessity of feeding. I confess I should rejoice greatly, and flatter myself that every friend of humanity would rejoice with me, to see this mode of disposing of weak hives universally adopted ; because, it may be presumed, that the next step in the way of improvement would be to take away the superabundant treasure of the Bees and still preserve them. Not^\'ithstanding, under certain circumstan- ces it will always be necessary, and judicious in Bee-masters, to have recourse to feeding. If, for instance, after an early swarm is put 220 into a hive, or into a box, two or three or more cold, ungenial days should follow, and more particularly if those days should happen to be rainy also, by feeding such a swarm you will assist your famishing labourers, not only with necessary food, but with materials for building comb, which, unfortunately for them, they cannot at such an unfavorable juncture get abroad to collect elsewhere. Different apiarians have adopted and recom- mended different ways of feeding Bees, none of which, in my opinion, possesses any great merit. In order, therefore, to improve this part of Bee-management, my endeavours have been directed to the contrivance and construction of a feeding department ; which is attached to my collateral-hives in so convenient a manner, that 1 can feed my Bees, at any time whenfeedingisrequired — ins23ring, in autumn, or in winter, without disturbing the position of the hive, and without changing its interior temperature ; which temperature cannot be kept equable and comfortable, where a hive is frequently lifted up from its stand, and its interior is suddenly exposed to the action of perhaps an extremely cold atmosphere. Besides, a hive cannot be lifted up without 221 breaking the propolis by which it has been cemented all round and made fast to its floor- board. In sharp, cold weather, disruption of the hive from its floor-board is a serious mis- chief done to the Bees ; because, however carefully it may be set down again, there will have been made many vents and crevices be- tween the edge of the hive and the floor, which will occasion various currents of air, cold, fi-osty, or other — proper or improper — to be continually passing through the lower part of the hive. And should Bees be tempted by food, or urged by hunger, to descendinto these currents in sharp, frosty weather, but few of them will get away alive ; the keen air acting upon them whilst feeding, paralyzes and kills them. I am an advocate for keeping Bees cool in winter — yes, cool and still also; let them not be disturbed nor disunited, — let them not be forced nor tempted to (if I may so say) uncluster themselves. I have no objection to a cun-ent of air passing through the lower part of a hive in winter, provided the Bees he not distiirhed — he not exposed singly to its nipping influence; but I strongly object to the feeding of Bees in such cun'ents, because, in that case, feeding is prejudicial to them. The cottager seldom protects his hives in winter 222 with any other covering than that which a pot, called a pancheon, whelmed over each hive, forms ; capped with this unsightly piece of earthenware, his hives are exposed to all weathers ; * consequently the less he disturbs them the better. He therefore should give his weak stocks a copious feeding, in September at the latest, — not molest them during the severity of winter, — but in the spring, as soon as the Bees begin to make their appearance at the mouth of his hives, introduce his wooden trough furnished with a liUle Bee-sirup, and then close up the entrance, — withdraw the trough in the morning, and return itre-plenished every evening as long as feeding is necessary. Tearing off a hive at Christmas, and scat- tering a few ounces of brown sugar upon the stand, and then setting down the hive again, deserves not the name of feeding; though it is all the bounty that is bestowed on some stocks ; and is even more than others * This is true of the cottage Bee-keepers in this neigh- bourhood ; but in the northern counties and in Scotland stock-hives are generally protected in the winter with a sub- stantial coat of wheat or rye straw. This covering is called by some a /joofi, by others a hackle; and, if well made, is very neat in appearance, and looks comfortable : but then it har- bours mice and vermin that are destructive to Bees when in a state of tori-idity. — Ed. 223 are treated with. It need not then be wondered at that so many stocks of Bees perish in the winter, and in the spring of every year. By judicious feeding, at proper seasons, almost any stock of Bees may he ^9re.9eyT^fZ ; hy injudicious feeding, at an improper season, even good stocks — stocks that would survive, if not fed at all, nor molested, during the depth and severity of winter, may be seriously injured — may be totally destroyed. The peasant Bee-keeper, however, does not often subject himself to the charge compUmental of being accessary to the death of his Bees through inistaken kindness. The sum and substance of my directions, as respects Bee-feeding, are these : — 1. In spring feed sparingly : 2. In autumn feed plentifully : 3. In winter do not feed at all: 4. Feed swarms, if unseasonable weather immediately follow the act of swarming : 5. Preserve the Bees of weak stocks,* and ♦"NEVER KILL YOUR BEES, —NEVER KILL ONE,* " — is the emphatic advice of the " Bee Preserver," — Mr. Cotton. •' Feed them," (weak hives) " with a match made of brimstone, as by far the shortest and best way," is a barbarous direction, re-published in the said Mr, Cotton's Booh,f * Cotton, pp. 60 and 66. t Page 225. 224 prevent a great deal of the necessity for feed- ing, by adding them to those that are rich and able to support them. This last is the best, without one word of comment upon it, or of reprobation of this suffocating practice, although utterly at variance with the humane advice in his " simple letter to cottagers." In the pre- face * to his book the self-same Mr. Cotton has written — " As for profit I do not pretend to have made much by my Bees, though I hope the Bees of England will make much by me be- fore I have done with them. At least, they will get as much by me as their lives are worth, and I will leave each Bee to put a price upon his own life, and the sum total which they put upon themselves will be the value of the good I have, or shall do to English Bees : to say nothing of what my book, if any copies go into foreign parts, may do for outlandish Bees." What a rigmarole enunciation of some incomprehensible benefit conferred, or to be conferred on English Bees is here put forth! Its real meaning, if any such it have, is unintelli- gible ; but it may be supposed to shadow forth some disin- terested, mighty boon, which the benevolent " Bee-preserver'' — Cotton has bestowed, or has to bestow upon "English Bees, to say nothing of what may be done to outlandish Bees.'' Who, after this flourish would have dreamt of the introduction of brimstone matches with which to feed weak bives ? Is this what Bees' lives are worth 1 Is this the price each Bee puts upon its own life 1 But the value of the good Mr. Cotton has done to " English Bees, to say nothing of outlandish Bees," will further appear from the very minute instructions t how to stifle the Bees of rich, poor, or other hives with brimstone, given in another part of the elegant volume, audaciously ex- tolled in the Quarterly. — Fie, Cotton ! Fie, Quarterly ! — Ed. * Page xli. t Cotton, pages 129, 130. 225 and cheapest, and most scientific, nay — it is even a profitable method of feeding Bees. Early swarming, where swarming is ne- cessary, as in the straw-hive colonies, is of great advantage to the watchful apiarian, but not to the inattentive and slothful manager. I have seen in a cottager's garden a swarm of Bees on the 10th of May, which was con- siderably weaker in the month of August, than was a swarm on the 10th of July, and that solely on account of not having been fed and properly attended to. If early swarms are judiciously fed, and supported by a natural heat within, they will be greatly benefited thereby, and eventually prosper. But, notwithstanding what has been already said, the cottager may probably ask — " how can I feed my Bees without hfting up their hive ? " I again and again request him to examine my collateral box-hive and the feeding apparatus attached to it, and he will perceive that he may easily feed the Bees in his cottage- hive in the same easy manner, if he have but ingenuity enough to attach a proper feeder to the stool or floor of his hive. Mr. Huisli advises apiaiians to make choice ^ F 220 of a fine and warm day in which to feed Bees : he says, the danger to be apprehended from the change of the temperature in the hive will thereby be obviated. This, I grant, is rational and humane, and in some degree a confirmation of my already expressed opinion, respecting the mischiefs resulting from the inconsiderate practice of exposing the interior of a hive to sudden and extreme alternations of temperature. But it matters not what sort of weather it may be, if my mode of feeding be adopted. I feed my Bees in their native temperature, without disturbing them or ex- posing their food to the temptation of robbers, which feeding in the ordinary way so frequently encourages, during the spring and autumnal seasons ; and it is at these times that Bees stand in most need of assistance. In the year 1828, 1 purchased a cottage-hive of a neighbour, it was a large hive, and well- stocked with Bees, but extremely light ; I was fearful for the safety of its inmates, and, therefore, placed it over one of my feeders ; in order to give them support by feeding, I placed the sirup intended for their food beneath the hive ; but to my great surprise the Bees refused to take the proffered bounty. 2'27 I persevered in my endeavours to induce them to feed for four days, but they would not toucli the well-intended boon : 1 therefore resolved to ascertain the cause of their refusal, and on turning up the hive I discovered that thousands of the Bees were in a dying state. I had the curiosity to take the whole of them out singly. After several hours' particular attention and patient seai'ch, I found the Queen was dead. I then united the weak, enfeebled Bees to a rich stock, and they neaily all recovered their strength. Their numbers gi'eatly assisted in the labour of the hive to which they were joined. Certain it is, that if any accident befal their Queen in winter, it is total ruin to that stock of Bees : where such a death is discovered, feeding will avail nothing, the Bees dwindle away and perish. Mr. Huish says — and he is perfectly correct in saying — that there are some persons who deferthe feedingof their Bees until the moment they suppose that they may be in actual want. This is a most reprehensible plan ; for should feeding be too long delayed, the Bees will become so weak and debilitated, that they will be unable to convey the food into their cells : the food ought to be administered to 228 poor stocks, three weeks or a month before they may be suj^posed to be in actual want ; it will then be conveyed with the greatest despatch into the cells, and the hive will be saved from death by famine. He then goes on to observe — that some apiarians conceive that the feeding of Bees in the spring renders them lazy and inactive. On what this opinion is grounded he is at a loss to conjecture, as must be every practical apiarian ; for it is in direct contradiction, not only to Mr. Huish's experience, but also to that of many other apiarians. A little food granted to a populous, and even well -provisioned box or hive in the spring, is attended with very beneficial consequences. It diffuses animation and vigour throughout the whole community ; — it accelerates the breeding of the Queen — and consequently conduces to the production of early swarms, where room is not previously given in order to prevent swarming altogether. BEE-FOOD. Artificial food proper for Bees may be made by mixing coarse, raw sugar, and good, sound, ale or sweet-wort, in the following pro- portions : — 229 To a quart of ale or wort add a pound and a half of sugar, gently boil tliem in a sweet, well-tinned saucepan, over a fire clear from smoke, for five or six minutes, or until the sugar be dissolved and thoroughly incorporated with the ale ; and, during the process of boiling, skim off the dross that rises to the surface. Some persons boil these ingredients much longer, and until they become, when cool, a thick, clammy sirup ; this not only diminishes the quantity of the mixture, but renders it rather disadvantageous, to weak Bees in particular, by clogging and plaguing them, if, as they are almost sure to do, they get their legs or wings daubed with it. I prefer siiiip in a more liquid state. For spring feeding, I advise — that not more than a pound of sugar be put to a quart ot ale, or sweet wort, if it can be obtained, and that a small quantity of common salt be added. By a small quantity I mean — a drachm or two at the most to a quart of the sirup. Salt, it has been said, is conducive to the health of Bees, and the most efficacious remedy for the dysentery, which sometimes aifects Bees in the spring ; therefore, it may not be amiss to put a little salt into their food, by way of 230 preventive, rather than to have recourse to it afterwards as a remedy. Spealdng of the substances which are pro- per for the feeding of Bees, Mr. Huish says * — " he is perfectly convinced that honey alone is very injurious to Bees, as it in general gives them the dysentery." Whether by this extraordinary passage Mr. Huish has, or has not, subjected himself to the lash of his own ridicule, it would be hypercritical and unbe- coming in me to determine. As an apiarian I respect him ; in no other charac-ter am I acquainted with him. His work on the management of Bees I have read, and have derived information and occasionally assistance from some of its pages. There are in it, nevertheless, several untenable positions, of which I consider the above-quoted passage to be one : and, if what he has remarked some- what sarcastically, in a note at the foot of page 31, be read in conjunction with this passage, it will be for the candid reader, apiarian, or other, to decide whether Mr. Huish in propria persona does not, oddly enough, exemplify his own remark. It is there said — that " there is no w onder in nature which * Huish OP Bees, page 272. 231 an apiarian has not seen." Professedly an apiarian himself, he must have seen some, at least, of the wonders in nature, othei-wise he never could have been '''•perfectly convinced^'' — that honey — " honeij alone''' — the very sub- stance which Bees, guided by the instinct of their nature, collect with so much industry, and store up with so much care, for their subsistence, should be "very injurious to them, and in general give them the dysentery." From this it seems that the substance, which is the natural food for one stock of Bees, is physic for another, if not poison ! ! I cannot but express my astonishment that a gentleman, so acute and experienced as Mr. Huish undoubtedly is, should have asserted in the most unqualified manner — that " honey alone is very injurious to Bees," Were this the fact, rich stocks, and all stocks that subsist upon "honey alone," during winter, would "in general" be affected with dysentery in the spring, which certainly is not the case. "In general," rich stocks are healthy and strong in the spring. Poverty is the predis- posing cause of dysenteiy among Bees : a regular supply of their natural — their pecidiar food, does not induce dysentery or disease 232 of any sort. Had Mr. Hiiisli analyzed the lioney given to Bees as food, and which induced dysentery, he would, I suspect, have discovered that it was not " honey alone," but — medicated lioney — honey and brimstone, or honey strongly tinctured either with brimstone or tobacco. That honey, tinctured with the pernicious qualities of those substances, should have a laxative effect upon impoverished, debilitated Bees, is no more than might be expected : but then it is not the honey that has the "injurious" effect, but the essence of the brimstone or of the tobacco that is administered along with it. What effect honey, that has not been stove d and saturated with brimstone or with tobacco, may have upon weak Bees, when given to them for spring food, I pretend not to determine, because I have never tried the experiment. But I do say that before the arrival of spring, honey, that has been drained or expressed from the comb, undergoes fermentation, and that fermentation may, for aught I know, impart to it physical properties, which in its pure, liquid, unchanged state, in the warm hive, it does not possess. I am not chemist enough to venture to assert that it is so, but 233 1 think it highly probable that fermentation may alter the properties of honey, and perhaps may render it unwholesome to Bees. But fresh, unfermented honey, even that in the blackest and oldest combs — the very refuse, and all such as the cottage-housewife makes into common mead, if spread upon large dishes and placed in an apiary, will be ban- queted upon by the Bees in the most eager manner, and is apparently much enjoyed by them. They soon carry into their hives what they do not consume on the spot and suffer no inconvenience whatever from the treat. I have feasted my Bees in this way scores of times, and esteem it the very best mode of autumnal feeding, and the most profitable way of disposing of broken combs and refuse honey. " Honey alone" is the natural food of Bees, and if given to them pure and untainted, in its primitive, limpid state, so far from being injurious, it is highly beneficial to them ; of this I have not the shadow of a doubt. For autumnal feedings I prefer honey to all other substances, and recommend it as the most proper food that can be given to them. I may add that I am supported and bonie out in this opinion by the practice of my respected 2g 234 friend — the Rev. T. Clark — who says that he esteems the refuse or waste honey in a hive or box to be as valuable for autumnal feeding for his other stocks as the fine honey is for market — and that it is a truly apiarian plea- sure to see the Bees banquet upon it in a fine day. I hardly need observe that I entirely agree with him. CHAPTER XV. CATALOGUE OF BEE-FLOWERS, &C. From the account of the mode of supplying Bees with artificial food, to the enumeration of such trees, plants, and flowers as are most frequented by Bees, for the purpose of culling from them the various substances, which their necessities, their nature, or their instinct (which is a part of their nature) urge them to seek for, the transition is so easy and natural — is so akin to the subject of Bee-feeding, as to be rather a continuation thereof than a transition to a fresh one ; I therefore proceed to give a catalogue of those trees and plants which afford pabulum for Bees. It is furnished principally from my own ocular observation, and is partly collected from the observation of others, whose curiosity has led them to pay attention to the subject, and to make remarks upon it. 23(j Alder-tree Celery Almond-tree Cherry-tree Althea frutex Chesnut-tree Alyssum Chickweed Amaranth us Clover Apple-tree Cole or Coleseed Apricot-tree Coltsfoot Arbutus (alpine) Coriander Ash-tree Crocus Asparagus Crowfoot Aspin Crown-imperial Cucumber Balm Currants Bean Cypress-tree Beech-tree Betony Blackberry Black-currant-tree Daffodil Dandelion Dogberry-tree Borage Box-tree TO 1^1 Elder-tree Elm-tree Bramble Broom Endive Bugloss (viper's) Fennel Buckwheat Furze Burnet Goldenrod Cabbage G ooseberry-tree Cauliflower Gourd 237 Hawthorn Marigold (French) Hazel-tree Marigold (single) Heath Maple-tree Holly Mai j Oram (sweet) Holly-hock (trumpet) Milelot Honeysuckle Melon -tree Honey-wort (cerinthe) Mezereon Hyacinth Mignionette Hysop Mustard Ivy Nasturtium Jonquil Nectarine-tree Kidney Bean Nettle (white) Laurel Laurustinus Lavender Leek Oak-tree Onion Orange-tree Ozier Lemon-tree Lily (water) Lily (white) Parsley Parsnip Pea Peach-tree Pear-tree Peppermint Lime-tree Liquid-amber Liriodendrum, or Tu- hp-tree Lucerne Plane-tree Plum-tree Mallow (marsh) Poplar-tree 238 Poppy Sycamore-tree Primrose Privet Tacamahac Tansy (wild) Radish Tare Ragweed Teasel Rasberry Thistle (common) Rosemary (wild) Thistle (sow) Roses (single) Thyme (lemon) Rudbechioe Thyme (wild) Trefoil Saffron Turnip Sage Vetch Saintfoin St. John's wort Violet (single) Savory (winter) Wallflower (single) Snowdrop Woad Snowberry-tree Willow-herb Stock (single) Willow- tree Strawberry Sunflower Yellow weasel-snoi Of these some are valuable for the supply of pabulum they afford Bees early in spring ; as the white alyssum, hroom, crocus, furze, hazel, laurustioius, mezereon, ozier, plane-tree, poplar-tree, snowdrop, sycamore-tree, the wil- low tree, 8fc. Others again are valuable on 239 account of the lateness of the season that Bees derive assistance from them ; as the golden- rod, heath, ivy, laurustimis, mignionette, ragweed, S^c. Some abound with honey ; as borage, buckwheat, burnet, coleseed, currant, and gooseberry-trees, heath, leek, mignionette, mustard, onion, tMjme, the blossoms of afple, apricot, cherry, nectarine, pear, and plum- trees, and the leaves of those trees remarkable for what is called honey-dew, as the aspin, blackberry, laurel, laurustimis, lime, maple, oak, plane, poplar, and sycamore-tree . Among those that are rich in pollen may be classed— the arbutus, ash, blackberry, box, chesnut, cy- press, elder, laurel, marsh-mallow, turnip, ^c. The cultivation of some of the most valu- able of these is too limited to be particularly advantageous to Bees, as alyssum, borage, burnet, golden-rod, laurustimis, mezereon, mignionette, S^c. The most extensive and last- ing Bee-pasturage in this country is clover, heath, and in my own immediate neighbour- hood, mustard. In short, every one of the flowers, &c. mentioned in the foregoing cata- logue, and others innumerable, are in their turns resorted to by Bees, and of course are more or less advantageous to them. CHAPTER XVL HONEY-COMB. To excite our admiration of the industry and ingenuity of Bees, we need only take into our hands a piece oi honey -comb, and examine it attentively. Its neatness, its beauty, its construction, the similarity and exact pro- portion of its double web of cells (for a honey- comb is in fact a yreb of cell-work on both sides) are most admirable, and calculated to lead the contemplative mind from nature's work up to nature's God. When a swarm of Bees is put into a hive, or into a box, they immediately set about constructing combs in it, and proceed in their building work with a rapidity that is truly astonishing. The cells that are opposite to each other are advanced alike : the work on one side is just as forward and in the same 241 state as that on the other side. In the cells first iinished the Queen begins to deposit her eggs. In an incredibly short space of time, an immense number of cells is completed, and the Bees store pollen, farina, or Bee-bread, (which are so many names for the same substance) in some of those not already occupied by eggs, and in others honey soon becomes visible ; all is activity, industry, and apparently happiness. But, to come to particulars : — As Dr. Bevan, in the course of his masterly chapter '' on the Architecture of Bees,^' has given an engraved representation of a piece of honey-comb, — and as ]VIr. Huish also has given a somewhat similar representation, but better than Dr. Bevan's, inasmuch as it is more varied, and shows the royal-cells in their different stages to more advantage, and the drone-cells likewise ; — I cannot, perhaps, do the honey- comh so much justice in any way, as by presenting to my reader a copy of IVIr. Huish's piece of comb, which has been greatly improved by the skilful hand of my engraver, and by giving along with it Dr. Bevan's able descrip- tion. Though alter all, a piece of real comh, to look at and examine, is more beautiful and •2 H 242 far better than any engraving possibly can be, however cleverly it may be executed : and therefore, notwithstanding the plate, I would recommend it to my reader to procure a piece of real honey-comb, and with it in his hand read the following account, which is chiefly from Dr Bevan's pen, or from his book at least. Royal-cells in different states of forwardness, common-cells, and drone -cells, are intended 243 to be severally represented in this plate. The ranges forming the upper half, and marked — a. are intended to represent common brood- cells and honey-cells — most of them in an empty state. The lower ranges, marked — b. are drone-cells, and are represented as closed up, and as they appear* when full of brood, with here and there an empty one, and two or three as if stored with pollen. Drone-cells, when filled with brood and sealed up, present a fuller and more convex surface than the cells containing common brood — these, that is — the cells containing the brood that become working Bees, are sometimes flat and even, and sometimes rather concave. The four large cells, attached perpendicularly to the edge of the comb, and marked — c. d. e. f. are royal-cells in different states of foi*wardness ; that marked — c. is similar in size and shape to an acom-cup, and is supposed to be quite empty; that marked — d. is in a more advanced state, and is supposed to contain a royal embryo, in its larva state : the royal-cell, marked — e. is considerably lengthened, nar- rowed, and nearly closed, because the larva it is supposed to contain is about to be transformed into a royal nymph, in which 244 stage of its existence, as it docs not require the assistance of nurses or common Bees, it is closed up entirely, as in the royal-cell, marked - — f. In this closed cell it progresses from nymph to Bee, and in due time — that is, in about sixteen days from its being deposited as an egg, it emerges a virgin Queen. When the temperature of a hive, or pavilion of nature, is at a proper height — namely, between 70 and 80 degrees, sixteen days is the period nature requires for the production of a Queen -Bee, — twenty-one for the perfection of a working Bee, — and twenty-six for a drone Bee. But, as Dr. Bevan very justly remarks, "the developement of each species proceeds more slowly when the colonies are weak, or the air cool, — and that when the weather is very cold it is entirely suspended." But to return from this short, though it is hoped, not uninteresting digression, into which the explanation of the Queen-cells has led us. " The combs of the Bee-hive comprise a congeries of hexagonal cells, formed by the Bees, as receptacles for honey or for embryo Bees. A honey-comb is allowed to be one of the most striking achievements of insect industry, and an admirable specimen of insect 245 architecture. It has attracted the admiration of the contemplative philosopher in all ages, and awakened speculation, not only in the naturalist, but also in the mathematician : so regular, so perfect, is the structure of the cells, that it satisfies every condition of a refined problem in geometry. Still a review of their proceedings will lead to the conclusion, as Huber has observed, that "the geometrical relations, which apparently embelHsh the productions of Bees, are rather the necessary result of their mode of proceeding, than the principle by which their labour is guided." " We must therefore conclude, that Bees, although they act geometrically, understand neither the rules nor the principles of the arts which they practise so skilfully,* and that * Bees are by nature practical geometricians. To under- stand " the rules and principles," i. e, to understand the theory of geometry, or of any otlier science, rational facultiei are requisite. Reason is the distinguishing characteristic of man. Animals, insects, all living creatures below man in the scale of creation, are not endowed with reason, however sur- prising may be their instinct. Bees are irrational, aod there- fore incapable of comprehending the theory of their art: but they are by nature endowed with that skill which enables them to construct their combs so admirably that the most eminent disciples of Euclid cannot detect in them the slight- est deviation from the rules and principles of geometry. 246 the geometry is not in the Bee, but in the great Geometrician who made the Bee, and made all things in number, weight, and measure. " Before the time of Huber, no naturalist had seen the commencement of the comb, nor traced the several steps of its progress. After many attempts, he at length succeeded in attaining the desired object ; by preventing the Bees from forming their usual impenetrable curtain by suspending themselves from the top of the hive ; in short, he obliged them to build upwards, and was thereby enabled, by means of a glass window, to watch every variation and progressive step in the construc- tion of a comb. " Each comh in a hive is composed of two And when by accident or otherwise, a comb happens to be broken, displaced, or injured, they display astonishing archi- tectural skill in the means they adopt to repair such accident or injury, and soon make all right and safe, and neat. The writer hereof has in his possession some combs that had been transferred from one hive to another, on which the Bees, to surmount the difficulties and to repair the damages occasioned by the transfer, have displayed ingenuity that proves them to be, as circumstances may require, skilful engineers and good practical mechanics: but still ihey are devoid of reason: un- erring instinct is their guide in all they do ) of other rules and principles they have no need. — En. 247 ranges of cells, hacked against each other ; these cells, looking at them as a whole, may be said to have one common base, though no one cell is opposed directly to another. This base or partition, between the double row of cells, is so disposed as to form a pyramidal cavity at the bottom of each, as will be ex- plained presently. Tlie mouths of the cells, thus ranged on each side of a comb, open into two parallel streets (there being a con- tinued series of combs in eveiy well filled hive). These streets ai'e sufficiently contracted, to avoid waste of room, and to preserve a proper warmth, yet wide enough to allow the passage of two Bees abreast. Apertures through different parts of the combs are reserved to form near roads, for crossing from street to street, whereby much time is saved to the Bees. These in firm phalanx ply their twinkling feet, Stretch out the ductile mass, and form the street. With many a cross- way path and postern gate, That shorten to their range the spreading state. Evans, " Bees, as has been already observed, build their cells of an hexagonal form, having six equal sides, with the exception of the first or 248 uppermost row, the shape of which is an irregular pentagon, the roof of the hive form- ing one of the members of the pentagon. " There are only three possible figures of the cells," says Dr. Reid, " which can make them all equal and similar, without any useless interstices. These are — the equilateral tri- angle, the square, and the regular hexagon. It is well known to mathematicians, that there is not a fourth way possible, in which a plane may be cut into little spaces, that shall be equal, similar, and regular, without having any interstices." Of these three geometrical figures, the hexagon most completely unites the prime requisites for insect architecture. The truth of this proposition was perceived by Pappus, an eminent Greek philosopher and mathematician, who lived at Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the Great, and its adoption by Bees, in the construction of honey-comb, was noticed by that ancient geometrician. These requisites are : — " First, economy of materials. There are no useless partitions in a honey-comb, each of the six lateral panels of one cell forms also one of the panels of an adjoining cell; and of the three rhombs which form the 249 pyramidal base of a cell, each contributes one third towards the formation of the bases of three opposing cells, the bottom or centre of every cell resting against the point of union of the panels that are at the back of it. " Secondly, economy of room ; no interstices being left between adjoining cells. " Thirdly, the greatest possible capacity or internal space, consistent with the two former desiderata. " Fourthly, economy of materials and econ- omy of room produce economy of labour. And, in addition to these advantages, the cells are constructed in the strongest manner possible, considering the quantity of materials employed. Both the sides and bases are so exquisitely thin, that three or four placed on each other are not thicker than a leaf of common writing paper ; each cell, separately weak, is strengthened by its coincidence with other cells, and tJie cfiirance is fortified with an additional ledge or border of wax, io pre- vent its bursting from the struggles of the Bee-nymph, or from the ingress and egress of the labourers. This entrance border is at least three times as thick as the sides of the cell, and thicker at the angles than elsewhere, 2 I 250 which prevents the mouth of the cell from be- ing regularly hexagonal, though the interior is perfectly so. On books deep poring, ye pale sons of toil. Who waste in studious trance the midnight oil. Say, can you emulate with all your rules, Drawn, or from Grecian or from Gothic schools, This artless frame 1 Instinct her simple guide, A heaven- taught insect baflBes all your pride. Not all your marshall'd orbs that ride so high, Proclaim more loud a present Deity, Than the nice symmetry of these small cells, Where on each angle genuine science dwells, And joys to mark through wide creation's reign, How close the lessening links of her continued chain. Evans. "Having just adverted to the ingenuity of Bees in thickening and thereby strengthening the mouths of the cells, it may here be observed — that additional strength is also dei'ivedfrom the Bees covering the whole surface of the co7nhs, hut more particularly the edge of the cells, with a peculiar kind of varnish, which they collect for the purpose. At first the combs are delicately white, semi-transparent, and exceedingly fiagile, smooth but un- polished: in a short time their surfaces be- come stronger, and assume more or less of a yellow tint. The deepening of the colour of 251 honey-combs has been supposed, by some, to be the effect of age ; and in part it may be : but it is principally owing to the coat of varnish, with which the Bees cover them. This varnish strongly resembles propolis, apj^earing to differ from it only in containing the colouring material which imparts to wax its yellow hue. The source of this colouring matter has not been discovered : it is insoluble in alcohol, but the manufacture of white wax shews that it is destructible by light. But to return to the construction of the cell-work. " The pyramidal basis of a cell is formed hy the junction of three rhomhoidal or lozenge- shaped portions of wax : the apex of the pyramid being situated where the three obtuse angles of the lozenges meet. To the exterior edges and angles are attached the six panels or sides of each cell. The apex of each pyramidal bottom, on one side of a comb, forms the angles of the bases of three cells on the op])osite side, the three lozenges re- spectively concurring in the formation of the bases of the same cells. This will, 1 hope, explain what is meant by " each cell sepa- rately weak, being strengthened by coincidence with others." The bottom of each cell rests 252 upon three partitions of opposite cells, from which it receives a great accession of strength. " As it is' desirable that the reader should thoroughly comprehend this subject, I will re-state it in other words. The partition which separates the two opposing rows of cells, and which occupies, of course, the middle distance between their two surfaces, is not a plane but a collection of rhombs, there being three at the bottom of each cell : the three together form in shape, a flattened pyramid, the basis of which is turned towards the mouth of the cell ; each cell is in form, therefore, a hexagonal prism, terminated by a flattened trihedral pyramid, the three sides of which pyramid are rhombs, that meet at the apex by their obtuse angles. " The union of the lozenges in one point, in addition to the support which it is the means of affording to the three partitions between oppo- sing cells, is also admirably adapted to receive the little egg and to concentrate the heat necessary for its incubation. " Each obtuse angle of the lozenges or rhombs forms an angle of about 110 degrees, and each acute one, an angle of about 70 degrees. Mr. Maraldi found by mensuration that the angles of these rhombs, which com- •253 pose the base of a cell, amounted to 109 degi'ees and 28 seconds, and 70 degrees and 32 seconds ; and the famous mathematician Koenig, pupil of the celebrated Bernouilli, having been employed for that purpose by M, Reaumur, has clearly shown, by the method of infinitesimals, that the quantity of these angles, using the least possible wax, in the cell of the same capacity, should contain 109 de- grees and 26 seconds, and 70 degrees and 34 seconds. This was confirmed by the cele- brated Mr. Mac Laurin, who very justly ob- serves, that Bees do truly construct their cells of the best figure, and with the utmost mathe- matical exactness. " The construction of several combs is generally going on at the same time. No sooner is the foundation of one laid, with a few rows of cells attached to it, than a second and a third are founded on each side, parallel to the first, and so on, (if the season give en- couragement to the operations of the Bees,) till the hive is filled with their works ; the first constructed comb or combs being always in the most advanced state, and therefore the first to be completed. " J7ie design of every comb is sketched out 254 a}id thejlrst rndiments are laid by one single Bee. This founder-Bee forms a block, out of a rough mass of wax, drawn partly from its own resources, but principally from those of other Bees, which furnish materials, in quick succession, from the receptacles under their bellies, taking out the plates of wax with their hind feet, and carrying them to their mouths with their fore feet, where the wax is moistened and masticated, till it becomes soft and ductile. Thus filter'd througli yon flutterer's folded mail. Clings the cool'd wax, and hardens to a scale j Swift, at the well-known call, the ready train (For not a buzz boon nature breathes in vain) Spring to each falling flake, and bear along Their glossy burdens to the builder throng. Evans. " The architect-in-chief, who lays, as it were, the first stone of this and each successive edifice, determines the relative position of the combs, and their distances from each other : these foundations serve as guides for the ulterior labours of the wax working Bees, and of those which sculpture the cells, giving them the advantage of the margin and angles already formed. " The expedients resorted to by that inge- nious naturalist, Huber, unfolded the whole 255 process. He saw each Bee extract with its hind feet one of the plates of wax from under the scales where they were lodged, and cany- ing it to the mouth in a vertical position, turn it round, so that every part of its border was made to pass in succession, under the cutting edge of the jaws; it was thus soon divided into veiy small fragments ; and a frothy liquor was poured upon it from the tongue, so as to form a perfectly plastic mass. This liquor gave the wax a whiteness and opacity which it did not possess originally, and at the same time renders it tenacious and ductile. The issuing of this masticated mass from tlie mouth was, no doubt, what misled Reaumur, and caused him to regard wax as nothing more than digested pollen. " The mass of wax, prepared by the assist- ants, is applied by the architect-Bee to the roof or bottom of the hive, as the case may be; and thus a block is raised of a semi-lenticular shape, thick at top and tapering towards the edges. When of a sufficient size, a cell is sculptm'ed on one side of it, by the wax- working Bees, who relieve one another in succession, sometimes to the number of twenty, before the cell is completely fashioned. 256 At the back and on each side of tliis first cell, two others are sketched out and excavated. By this proceeding the foundations of two cells are laid, the line betwixt them con-e- sponding with the centre of the opposite cell. As the combs extend, the first excavations are rendered deeper and broader ; and when a pyramidal base is finished, the Bees build up walls from its edges, so as to complete what may be called the prismatic part of the cell. Every succeeding row of cells is formed by precisely similar steps, until there is a suffi- cient scope for the simultaneous employment of many workers. These, with sharp sickle, or with sharper tooth, Pare each excrescence and each angle smooth. Till now, in finish'd pride, two radiant rows Of snow-white cells, one mutual base disclose. Six shining panels gird each polish'd round, The door's fine rim, with waxen fillet bound, "While walls so thin, with sister-walls combin'd. Weak in themselves, a sure dependence find, Eva ns. "The pyramidal bases and lateral plates are successively formed, with surprising rapidity ; the latter are lengthened as the comb proceeds, for the original semi-lenticular form is pre- served till towards the last, when, if the hive 257 or box be filled, the sides of all the cells re- ceive such additions as give them equal depth. " TJie cells intended for the drones are con- siderably larger, and more substantial, than those for the working Bees, and, being later formed, usually appear near the bottom of the combs. Last of all, are built the royal cells, the cradles of the infant Queens ; of these there are usually three or four, and sometimes ten or twelve, in a hive, attached commonly to the central part, but not un- frequently to the edge or side of the comb. Mr. Hunter says that he has seen as many as thirteen royal cells in a hive, and that they have very little wax in their composition, not one third, the rest he conceives to be farina. Such is the genuine loyalty of Bees, that the wax which they employ with so much geomet- ric ceconomy, in the consti-uction of hexagonal cells, is profusely expended on the mansion of the royal Bee-nymph, one of these exceeding in weight a hundred of the former. They are not intei*woven with them, but suspended perpendicularly, their sides being nearly pa- rallel to the mouth of the common cells, several of which are sacrificed to support them. 2 K 258 No more with wary tbriftiness imprest, They grace with lavish porap their royal guest, Nor heed the wasted wax, nor rifled cell, To bid, with fretted round, th' imperial palace swell. EVANS» " The form of these royal cells is an oblong spheroid, tapering gi-adually downwards, and having the exterior full of holes, somewhat resembling the rustic work of stone buildings. The mouth of the cell, which is always at its bottom, remains open till the maggot is ready for transformation, and is then closed as the others are. " Immediately on the emergence of a ri- pened Queen, the lodge which she inhabited is destroyed, and its place is supplied by a range of common cells. The site of this range may always be traced, by that part of the comb being thicker than the rest, and forming a kind of knot ; sometimes the upper portion of the cell itself remains, like an in- verted acorn-cup, suspended by its short peduncle. Yet no fond dupes to slavish zeal resign'd. They link with industry, the loyal mind, Flown is each vagrant chief. They raze the dome. That bent oppressive o'er the fretted comb. And on its knotted base fresh garners raise. Where toil secure her well earn'd treasure lays. Evans, 25.Q " In this mutilated state only, and not in the breeding season, could Mr. Hunter have seen this cradle of royalty ; for he describes it as the half of an oval, too wide and shallow to receive its supposed tenant. " I have spoken of the perfect regularity in the cell-work of a honey-comb ; — particular circumstances, however, induce a departure from this exactness : for instance, where Bees have commenced a comb with small cell-work, and aftei'wards wish to attach to it a set of large cells, as in the case of drone-cells being required to be appended to workers'-cells. These deviations from the usual regularity renew our admiration of Bee-ingenuity, though Reaumur and Bonnet have regarded them as examples of imperfection. They effect their object by interposing three or four series of, what may be called — cells of transition, the bottom or bases of which are composed of two rhombs and two hexagons, instead of three rhombs ; the rhombs and hexagons gi'adually varying in form and relative pro- portion, till the requisite size, namely, that of the cells which they are approacliing, has been attained. " The same gradation is observed when 260 returning to smaller cells. Every apparent irregularity is therefore determined by a sufficient motive, and forms no impeachment of the sagacity of the Bees. " The common breeding-cells of drones or workers are occasionally (after being cleaned) made the depositories of honey ; but the cells are never made so clean, as to preserve the honey undeteriorated. The finest honey is stored in new cells, constructed for the purpose of receiving it, their configuration resembling precisely the common breeding-cells : these honey-cells vary in size, being made more or less capacious, according to the 'productiveness of the sources from which the Bees are col- lecting, and according to the season of the year : the cells formed in July and August vary in their dimensions from those that are formed earlier; being intended for honey only, they are larger and deeper, the texture of their walls is thinner, and they have more dip or inclination ; this dip diminishes the risk of the honey's running out, which, from the heat of the weather, and the consequent thinness of the honey, at this season of the year, it might otherwise be liable to do. When the cells, intended for holding the winter's pro- 261 vision, arejilled, they are always closed with icaxen lids, and never re-opened till the whole of the honey in the unfilled cells has been expended. The waxen lids are thus formed ; — the first Bees construct a ring of wax within the verge of the cell, to which other rings are successively added, till the aperture of the cell is finally closed with a Ud composed of concentric circles. " The brood-cells, when their tenants have attained a certain age, are also covered with waxen lids, like the honey-cells ; the lids differ a httle, the latter being somewhat con- cave, the former convex. Tlie depth of the hrood-cells of drones and working Bees is about half an inch ; their diameter is more exact, that of the drone-cells being three lines * and one third, that of the workers two lines and three fifths. These, says Reaumur, are the invariable dimensions of all the cells, that ever were, or ever will be made. " From this uniform, unvarying diameter of the brood-cells, when completed, their use has been suggested, as an universal standard of measure, which would be understood, in all countries, to the end of time." * A line is the twelfth part of an inch. 262 While heav'n born instinct bound their measur'd view, From age to age, from Zambia to Peru ; Their snow-white cells, the order'd artists frame, In size, in form, in symmetry, the same. Evans. Notwithstanding my admiration of the abiUty displayed in the foregoing account, I cannot but observe, as the reader ^dll probably have already observed, that in it Dr. Bevan makes mention of ^^ the founder -Bee, — the architect-in-chief — the architect Bee, (^• Religion of Ancient Britain „ Sacred Annals ... Southey's Life of Wesley .... Stebbing's Christian Church ... ,, Reformation .... Steepleton --.... Svdney Smith's Sermons Tate's History of St. Paul Tayler's(Rev.C.B.)Margaret - .» n Ladv Mary Taylor's (Jeremy) Works . - . To'mline's Introduction to the Bible Turner's Sacred History 15 15 16 16 16 18 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 26 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 17 17 29 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 Twelve Years Ago ..... 31 Wardlaw On Socinian Controversy Weil's Bible, Koran, and Talmud - Wilberforcc's View of Christianity Willoughby's (Ladv) Diary Wilson s Lands of the Bible Woodward's Sermons and Essays - „ Sequel to Shunam'mite RURAL SPORTS. Blaine's Dictionary of Sports ... 6 Ephemera on Angling • . . • )1 Hawbuck Grange ..... 13 Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen - 13 Loudon's(Mrs.) Lady's CountrvCompanion 18 Stable Talk and Table T.ilk '- . -29 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, AND MATHEMATICS. „ Pages Baker's Railway Engineering ... 5 Bakewell's Introduction to Geology - 5 Brando's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 7 Brewster's Optics - - - - * - 17 Conversations on Mineralogy - . 8 De la Heche on theGeology of Cornwall, etc. 10 Donovan's Chemistry - - - - 17 Farey on the Steam P-ngine - - - 11 Fosliroke on the Arts of the Ancients - 17 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 12 Herschel's Natural Philosophy - - 17 ,, Astronomy - - - ' ^Z Holland's Manufactures in Bletal - - 1{ Humboldt's Cosmos - ... 15 Hunt's Researches on Ligbt - - - 15 Kater and Lardner's Mechanics - - 17 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopc-edia . - 17 ,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics - 17 ,, and Walker's Electricity - 17 ,, Arithmetic - - - - 17 ,, Geometry - - - - 1" ,, Treatise on Heat - - - 17 Marcet's Conversations on the Sciences 2i MatteucciOn Physical Phenomena - 21 Memoirs of the Geological Survey . .22 Moseley's Practical Mechanics . .23 ,, Engineering and Architecture 23 Owen's Lectures On Comparative Anatomy 24 Peschel's Physics ----- 24 Phillips's PaljeozoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc. 24 ,, Mineralogy, by Prof. Miller - 25 ,, Treatise on Geology - - - 17 Portlock's Geology of Londonderry - 25 Powell's Natural Philosophy - - - 17 Ritchie- (Robert) on Railways - - 26 Topham's Agricultural Chemistry - - 30 TRAVELS. Allan's Mediterranean - - - - 5 Costello's (Miss3 North Wales - - 9 Coulter's California, etc. - - - 9 Pacific 9 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - - 10 Dunlop's Central America - - - 10 Erman's Travels through Siberia - - 11 Francis's Italy and Sicily - - - 11 Gardiner's Sights in Italy - - - 12 Harris's Highlands of ^Ethiopia - - 13 Hutton's Five Years in the East - - 15 Kip's Holydays in Rome - - - 16 Laing's Tour in Sweden - . - 16 Lang's Cookslaiid ..... 16 ,, Phillipsland . . . .16 Mackay's English Lakes . .. .20 Marryat's Borneo . - ... 21 Mitchell's Expedition into Australia - 22 Montauban's Wanderings . . - 22 Parrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat - - 24 Schomburgk's Barbados - . . .26 Schopenhauer's Pictures of Tr.ivel - - 27 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 27 TischendorfTs Travels in the East - - 30 Von Orlich's Travels in India - - 31 Wilson's Travels in the Holy Laud - 32 VETERINARY MEDICINE Miles On the Horse's Foot - - .22 Stable Talk and Table Talk . - - 29 Thomson on Fattening Cattle . - 30 Winter On the Horse - . . .32 M= NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS PUBLISHED BY Messrs. 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