n r >\,.\5: N«FS NOAA Technical Report NMFS 66 April 1988 Atlas and Zoogeography of Common Fishes in the Bering Sea and Northeastern Pacific ,V'°'c 0i \ T ^rcs o* *■ / M. James Allen Gary B. Smith U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORT NMFS The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for their optimum use. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS series was established in 1983 to replace two subcategories of the Technical Reports series: "Special Scientific Report— Fisheries" and "Circular." The series contains the following types of reports: Scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS: intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope; papers on applied fishery problems; technical reports of general interest intended to aid conservation and management; reports that review in con- siderable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research; and technical papers originating in economics studies and from management investigations. Since this is a formal series, all submitted papers receive peer review and those accepted receive professional editing before publication. Copies of NOAA Technical Reports NMFS are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained from: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service. 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield. VA 22161. Although the contents have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted entirely, reference to source is appreciated. 13. Guidelines for reducing porpoise mortality in tuna purse seining, by James M. Coe, David B. Holts, and Richard W. Butler. September 1984, 16 p. 31. Shark catches from selected fisheries off the U.S. east coast, by Emory D. Ander- son, John G. Casey, John J. Hoey, and W. N. Witzell. July 1985, 22 p. 14. Synopsis of biological data on shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur 1818, by Michael J. Dadswell, Bruce D. Taubert, Thomas S. Squiers, Donald Marchette, and Jack Buckley. October 1984, 45 p. 15. Chaetognatha of the Caribbean sea and adjacent areas, by Harding B. Michel. October 1984, 33 p. 16. Proceedings of the Ninth and Tenth U.S. -Japan Meetings on Aquaculture, by Carl J. Sindermann (editor). November 1984, 92 p. 17 Identification and estimation of size from the beaks of 18 species of cephalopods from the Pacific Ocean, by Gary A. Wolff. November 1984, 50 p. 18. A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard- bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight, by E. L. Wenner, P. Hinde, D. M. Knott, and R. F. Van Dolah. November 1984, 104 p. 19. Synopsis of biological data on spottail pinfish, Diplodus holbrooki (Pisces: Sparidae), by George H. Darcy. January 1985, 11 p. 20. Ichthyoplankton of the Continental Shelf near Kodiak Island. Alaska, by Arthur W. Kendall. Jr., and Jean R. Dunn January 1985, 89 p. 2 1 . Annotated bibliography on hypoxia and its effects on marine life, with emphasis on the Gulf of Mexico, by Maurice L. Renaud. February 1985, 9 p. 22. Congrid eels of the eastern Pacific and key to their Leptocephali, by Solomon N. Raju. February 1985, 19 p. 23. Synopsis of biological data on the pinfish. Lagodon rhomboides (Pisces:Sparidae), by George H. Darcy. February 1985, 32 p. 24. Temperature conditions in the cold pool 1977-81 : A comparison between southern New England and New York transects, by Steven K. Cook. February 1985, 22 p. 32. Nutrient Distributions for Georges Bank and adjacent waters in 1979, by A. F. J. Draxler, A. Matte, R. Waldhauer, and J. E. O'Reilly. July 1985, 34 p. 33. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea. by D. Keith Serafy and F. Julian Fell. September 1985, 27 p. 34 Additions to a revision of the shark genus Carcharhinus: Synonymy of Apriono- don and Hypoprion, and description of a new species of Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae), by J. A. F. Garrick. November 1985, 26 p. 35. Synoptic review of the literature on the Southern oyster drill Thais haemastoma floridana, by Philip A. Butler. November 1985, 9 p. 36. An egg production method for estimating spawning biomass of pelagic fish: Application to the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. by Reuben Lasker (editor). December 1985, 99 p. 37. A histopathologic evaluation of gross lesions excised from commercially impor- tant North Atlantic marine fishes, by Robert A. Murchelano, Linda Despres-Patanjo, and John Ziskowski. March 1986, 14 p. 38. Fishery atlas of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, by Richard N. Uchida and James H. Uchiyama (editors). September 1986. 142 p. 39. Survey of fish protective facilities at water withdrawal sites on the Snake and Columbia Rivers, by George A. Swan, Tommy G. Withrow, and Donn L. Park. April 1986, 34 p. 40. Potential impact of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) on fisheries, by Edward P. Myers, Donald E. Hoss, Walter M. Matsumoto, David S. Peters, Michael P. Seki, Richard N. Uchida, John D Ditmars, and Robert A. Paddock. June 1986, 33 p. 25. Parasitology and pathology of marine organisms of the world ocean, by William J. Hargis, Jr. (editor). March 1985. 135 p. 26. Synopsis of biological data on the sand perch, Diplearum formosum (Pisces: Serranidae), by George H. Darcy. March 1985, 21 p. 27. Proceedings of the Eleventh U.S. -Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Salmon Enhancement, Tokyo, Japan, October 19-20, 1982, by Carl J. Sindermann (editor). March 1985, 102 p. 28. Review of geographical stocks of tropical dolphins (Stenella spp. and Delphinus delplus) in the eastern Pacific, by William F. Perrin, Michael D. Scott, G. Jay Walker, and Virginia L. Cass. March 1985, 28 p. 41 . A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community struc- ture of coral reef fishes, by James A. Bohnsack and Scott P. Bannerot. July 1986, 15 p. 42 Effects of temperature on the biology of the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, in the Gulf of Maine, by Spencer Apollonio, David K. Stevenson, and Earl E. Dunton, Jr. September 1986, 22 p. 43. Environment and resources of seamounts in the North Pacific, by Richard N. Uchida, Sigeiti Hayasi, and George W. Boehlert (editors). September 1986, 105 p. 44. Synopsis of biological data on the porgies. Calamus arctifrons and C. proridens (Pisces: Sparidae), by George H. Darcy. September 1986, 19 p. 29. Prevalence, intensity, longevity, and persistence of Anisakis sp. larvae and Lacis- torhynchus tenuis metacestodes in San Francisco striped bass, by Mike Moser, Judy A. Sakanari, Carol A. Reilly, and Jeannette Whipple. April 1985, 4 p. 45. Meristic variation in Sebastes (Scorpaenidae), with an analysis of character associa- tion and bilateral pattern and their significance in species separation, by Lo-chai Chen. September 1986, 17 p. 30. Synopsis of biological data on the pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis Kr6yer, 1838, by Sandra E. Shumway, Herbert C. Perkins, Daniel F. Schick, and Alden P. Sticlcney. May 1985, 57 p. 46. Distribution and relative abundance of pelagic nonsalmonid nekton off Oregon and Washington 1979-84, by Richard D. Brodeur and William G. Pearcy. December 1986, 85 p. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 66 Atlas and Zoogeography of Common Fishes in the Bering Sea and Northeastern Pacific M. James Allen Gary B. Smith April 1988 l£ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & '4W Wk% C. William Verity, Jr., Secretary i^^B W mjh National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration * '"-^^^^^^^B ..' William E. Evans, Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere °^k National Marine Fisheries Service a The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or pro- prietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction 7 Methods Data sources and characteristics 7 Database retrievals and analyses 2 Survey coverage and limitations 3 Extensions of known ranges 3 Distributional classification schemes 3 Characteristics of Common Species 7 Class Chondrichthyes Chimaeriformes Chimaeridae: Shortnose chimaeras 10 Squaliformes Squalidae: Dogfish sharks 77 Rajiformes Torpedinidae: Electric rays 12 Rajidae: Skates 13 Class Osteichthyes Clupeiformes Clupeidae: Herrings 17 Salmoniformes Bathylagidae: Deepsea smelts 19 Osmeridae: Smelts 20 Salmonidae: Salmonids 23 Stomiiformes Chauliodontidae: Viperfishes 24 Gadiformes Macrouridae: Grenadiers 25 Merlucciidae: Merlucciid hakes 27 Gadidae: Cods 28 Moridae: Morid cods 33 Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae: Toadfishes 34 Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes 35 Anoplopomatidae: Sablefishes 61 Hexagrammidae: Greenlings 62 Cyclopteridae: Lumpfishes and snailfishes Psychrolutidae: Soft sculpins 70 Agonidae: Poachers 73 Hemitripteridae: Spinulated sculpins 79 Cottidae: Sculpins 80 Perciformes Embiotocidae: Surfperches 97 Bathymasteridae: Ronquils 98 Zoarcidae: Eelpouts 100 Stichaeidae: Pricklebacks 108 Zaproridae: Prowfishes 112 Trichodontidae: Sandfishes 113 Ammodytidae: Sand lances 114 Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae: Whiffs 775 Pleuronectidae: Righteye flounders 776 Extensions of Known Ranges 134 Zoogeographic and Life Zone Classification 135 Discussion 144 Conclusions 145 Acknowledgments 145 Citations 146 Systematic Index 149 65 in Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/atlaszoogeographOOalle Atlas and Zoogeography of Common Fishes in the Bering Sea and Northeastern Pacific M. JAMES ALLEN 1 GARY B. SMITH 2 Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 ABSTRACT The geographic and depth frequency distribution of 124 common demersal fish species in the northeastern Pacific were plotted from data on file at the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC), National Marine Fisheries Service. The data included catch records of fishes and invertebrates from 24,881 samples taken from the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Bering Sea, Aleutian Basin, Aleutian Archipelago, and the Gulf of Alaska, and from southeastern Alaska south to southern California. Samples were collected by a number of agencies and institu- tions over a 30-year period (1953-83), but were primarily from NWAFC demer- sal trawls. The distributions of all species with 100 or more occurrences in the data set were plotted by computer. Distributions plotted from these data were then compared with geographic and depth-range limits given in the literature. These data provide new range ex- tensions (geographic, depth, or both) for 114 species. Questionable extensions are noted, the depth ranges determined for 95% of occurrences, and depths of most frequent occurrence are recorded. Ranges of the species were classified zoogeographically, according to life zone, and with regard to the depth zone of greatest occurrence. Because most species examined have broad geographic ranges, they do not provide the best informa- tion for testing the validity of proposed zoogeographic province boundaries. Because of the location of greatest sampling effort and methods used in sampling, most fishes examined were eastern boreal Pacific, sublittoral-bathyal (outer shelf) species. INTRODUCTION The coastal region of the northeastern Pacific and Bering Sea can be divided into a number of zoogeographic provinces, each of which contains a relatively distinctive fauna (Briggs 1974). Each zoo- geographic region represents a particular set of environmental con- ditions, and includes species that have lived together during their recent evolutionary history. Zoogeographic studies of marine fishes are typically based on distributional records of the species from museum collections or from the literature. However, because of the relatively small numbers of records available from these sources, the geographic distribution of the fishes is sketchily defined and undue importance is often placed on records from the edges of the species' ranges. Because individuals taken at the extreme edge of a range may be strays or may represent a transiently established population in an atypically occupied region, zoogeographic patterns are often unclearly defined. During the past 20 years a number of foreign and domestic agen- cies have conducted research surveys (mostly using bottom trawls) in the northeastern Pacific and Bering Sea to assess the status of fish stocks in these regions. Data on the species composition of about 25,000 samples are at present in computer files at the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), described by Mintel and Smith (1981). Because of recently developed computer-mapping techniques, the distribu- tion of individual species occurring in these surveys can easily be plotted for the whole northeastern Pacific and Bering Sea. These distributional plots provide a better description of the overall distribution of each species within these regions than is generally available for most zoogeographic studies. This is because regions of rare occurrence near the edges of ranges can be distinguished from regions of common occurrence. The objectives of this study are to provide an atlas of the overall distribution pattern (including both depth and geographic distribution) of the most common fish species in the northeastern Pacific and Bering Sea, and to classify these species with regard to their distributional patterns (zoogeo- graphic, life zone, and bathymetric). METHODS ■Present address: MBC Applied Environmental Sciences, 947 Newhall St.. Costa Mesa, CA 92627 2 Present address: Northwest Images, 3218 Franklin Ave. East, Seattle. WA 98102. Data sources and characteristics This study is based on information available in the computer database system developed at the NWAFC for storing and using fisheries survey information (Mintel and Smith 1981). The database includes results from approximately 32 years of resource survey investiga- tions by the NMFS (and its predecessor agencies) in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska regions. Most of these data were collected in large-scale, bottom-trawl surveys conducted by the NWAFC's Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering (RACE) Divi- sion. In addition, the database contains extensive collections of fisheries survey data from other sources, including the following: 1) surveys using other sampling methods, such as midwater trawls and fish traps; 2) published and unpublished cruise results from the International Pacific Halibut Commission, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory (Shi- mizu, Japan), Fisheries Research Board of Canada, and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; and 3) fisheries survey data from cooperative foreign research cruises with Japan, Poland, the U.S.S.R., Canada, and Republic of Korea. The data from most of the resource surveys represented in the database (and particularly surveys conducted by the RACE Divi- sion) were collected by relatively standard procedures (see Dark et al. 1980; Gunderson and Sample 1980; Parks and Hughes 1981 ; and Smith and Bakkala 1982 for representative examples). Sam- pling stations were located within a study area in a prearranged pattern, usually a systematic grid. At each station a trawl net was towed, or a fish trap was set, for a standard duration. Fish and in- vertebrates recovered in the sample were identified to the lowest reliable taxonomic level, weighed, and counted. Taxonomic iden- tifications of fishes have generally been made by fishery biologists using the best available field guides and keys, but also by specialists with particular expertise in fish systematics. The principal literature used to identify fishes in the various regions has been Wilimovsky (1958), Hitz (1981), Miller and Lea (1972), Hart (1973), and Eschmeyer and Herald (1983). In surveys conducted by the RACE Division, all standard data were edited and filed with all previous results in the NWAFC's com- puter database at the end of each cruise leg. Database retrievals and analyses The data resources in the NWAFC system are organized into three geographic databases: Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, Gulf of Alaska, and Pacific Coast (Mintel and Smith 1981). The database for each area has five primary files that include the basic survey data. Two of them, haul and catch files, were used for this study. Haul file data describe the characteristics of each sampling site. At the time of this study, the haul file contained 24,881 records, distributed as follows: Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands 10,697; Gulf of Alaska 10,806; and Pacific Coast 3,378. Catch file data describe the catch information from each survey sample and include a 5-digit species code, weight, and number. There is one record per taxon and usually multiple catch records per haul. The catch file includes more than 330,000 records. In this study, catch data for a particular fish species were first retrieved from each regional database, then associated with the cor- responding haul data, and finally mapped and summarized statistical- ly. The geographic distribution of a species was plotted using three computer programs: STATION; UNDER/PLOT; and MAP (Mintel and Smith 1981 ). Program STATION was used to select data from the haul file for plotting. Because some species occurred in numerous samples, it was necessary to control overplotting of sta- tions by using program UNDER/PLOT to subdivide all maps into a grid of statistical blocks about the size of a plot symbol, 5' latitude by 5' longitude, and representing all occurrences of stations within a block by a single " + " character. Program MAP was then used to draw an actual map and include 200-m depth contours. The distribution of a species, or a set of stations, with respect to sampling depths was summarized using the FREQUENCIES procedure available in the SPSS statistical package (Nie et al. 1975). This method calculated the total number of occurrences in each 50-m interval of the depth range, e.g., 0-49 m, 50-99 m, 100-149 m. TOTAL SAMPLING EFFORT 1953-1983 24,881 samples Figure 1 Distribution of the total sampling effort. Survey coverage and limitations The total sampling effort (i.e., 24,881 trawl and fish trap samples) represented in the database was distributed over an extensive geographic area (Fig. 1). Data were available for the continental shelf and slope of western North America and northeastern Asia from north of Cape Lisburne (lat. 68°53'N) in the Chukchi Sea, south throughout the Bering Sea (including the continental shelf of northeast Siberia north of Cape Olyutorski, U.S.S.R.), the Aleu- tian Basin and eastward from the Commander Islands along the Aleutian Islands, and along the U.S. Pacific coast from the Gulf of Alaska to San Clemente Island, California (ca. lat. 33°N, long. 118°30'W). Geographic distribution of the data was not even; 86.4% of the haul data had been collected off Alaska and only 13.6% were taken off California, Oregon, Washington, and western Canada. Similarly, although the sampling coverage extended to deeper than 1,200 m, it was biased toward continental shelf depths because most of the surveys were conducted to assess con- tinental shelf resources important to commercial fisheries. A total of 77.9% of the 24,881 survey samples had been taken at depths shallower than 200 m, mostly over continental shelf areas (see Figure 1, Table 1). This intensive sampling effort on the shelf was a potential source of bias and distortion in the summaries of vertical distribution patterns. In addition, few samples were taken at depths less than 30 m; hence, the importance of some species in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones may not be apparent. The database contained some misidentifications and errors. Some- times these appeared in maps as isolated points representing either incidental misidentifications or errors in data codes. In other cases, Table 1 Frequency distribut on of the total sampling effort vs. depth for data collected from the Chi kchi Sea and Bering Sea to southern California. Depth interval Percent Cumulative (m) Frequency frequency percent - 49 3,823 15.4 15.4 50 - 99 5,997 24.1 39.5 100 - 149 6,532 26.3 65.8 150 - 199 3,030 12.2 78.0 200 - 249 1,678 6.7 84.7 250 - 299 1,260 5.1 89.8 300 - 349 604 2.4 92.2 350 - 399 373 1.5 93.7 400 - 449 489 2.0 95.7 450 - 499 167 0.7 96.4 500 - 549 173 0.7 97.1 550 - 599 134 0.5 97.6 600 - 649 77 0.3 97.9 650 - 699 160 0.6 98.5 700 - 749 70 0.3 98.8 750 - 799 63 0.3 99.1 800 - 849 146 i) 6 99.7 850 - 899 32 0.1 99.8 900 - 949 12 <0.1 99.8 950 - 999 13 <0.1 99.8 1,000 - 1.049 13 <0.1 99.9 1,050 - 1.099 1 <0.1 99.9 1,100 - 1,149 0.0 99.9 1,150 - 1,199 0.0 99.9 » 1,200 34 (1 1 100.0 Total 24,881 100.0 100.0 Number of trawl and fish trap samples. several fish species were probably consistently misidentified over large areas for several years. These problems are discussed in the text describing the distribution of each species. Most of the survey data were collected using commercial fishing gear with large mesh sizes. Principal sampling gears included the 400-mesh Eastern trawl, 81/1 12 Eastern trawl, 61 -foot shrimp trawl, Nor'Eastern otter trawl, and similar nets (Wathne 1977; Gunder- son and Sample 1980) These were generally inefficient for captur- ing small fishes. Descriptions of depth distributions are based on reported "sam- pling depth" information. The sampling depth recorded was general- ly the maximum depth at which a trawl net was towed to collect a sample. However, since open mouth nets were used, all of the trawl samples must be considered to have been oblique net tows that may have collected organisms at any depth along the tow path. As a result, some fishes (pelagic fishes, especially) may have been recorded at greater depths than they actually occurred. In addition, the efficiencies of the various sampling gears probably varied with depth. The geographic distribution pattern of each species included in this study is based on the presence or absence of the species in a 5x5 minute block and, hence, does not show either frequency of occurrence in that block or abundance. Extensions of known ranges The geographic and depth ranges found in the survey data were then compared with ranges found in the literature for each species. Major references for this information included Andriyashev (1954), Wilimovsky (1964), Miller and Lea (1972), Quast and Hall (1972), Fedorov (1973a), Hart (1973), Howe (1981), and Eschmeyer and Herald (1983). Other sources were cited if they provided range limits not given in the general references or more specific locations. No attempt was made to track down original citations for range limits found in the more general literature. Some of these are cited in Andriyashev (1954), Quast and Hall (1972), and Hart (1973). Extensions of known ranges were then evaluated for potential validity. Questionable extensions were annotated as follows: 1) addi- tional specific information may occur in the literature, 2) the extension may represent a misidentification, 3) a maximum depth extension may not be representative, or 4) the extension is anoma- lous in occurring far outside the known range of the species. Distributional classification schemes Zoogeographic classification scheme Zoogeographic classification schemes group geographic areas with different faunas into zones, regions, and provinces. These faunal groups generally occur in different latitudinal (or climatic) zones and on different continents (or other definable geographic areas). Ekman (1953), Hedgpeth (1957b), and Briggs (1974) summarized the literature on zoogeographic patterns of coastal marine fishes and invertebrates and defined coastal zoogeographic zones for the world. Briggs (1974) divided major latitudinal climatic zones into regions (usually on different continents) and further divided these into provinces, each of which include 10% or more endemic species. Hubbs (1974) and Peden and Wilson (1976) have criticized this study with regard to the location of provincial boundaries in the north- eastern Pacific. The zoogeographic patterns of fishes in the North Pacific and Bering Sea have been described by Andriyashev (1939), ^5F" I I I =F ! I I 1 - 50 00N 40 OON - 30 OON - 20 OON 10 OON I I 150 OOE 170 OOE 150 OOW 110 OOW Figure 2 Important geographic locations mentioned in text. Shmidt (1950), Quast ( 1968), and Horn and Allen ( 1978). McGowan (1971) defined zoogeographic zones in the oceanic North Pacific based primarily on the distribution of zooplankton species. It should be noted that abyssal zoogeographic regions are different from those found in surface waters (Menzies et al. 1973). The zoogeographic classification scheme used in this study for describing the geographic ranges of fish species is based primarily on the schemes proposed by McGowan (1971) and Briggs (1974) (Figure 2, 3; Table 2). Regions and provinces pertinent to distribu- tions of common fishes in the Bering Sea include the following: 1) Arctic Region; 2) Eastern Boreal Pacific Region (including the Aleutian and Oregonian Provinces); 3) Western Boreal Pacific Region (including the Kurile, Okhotsk, and Oriental Provinces); 4) Oceanic Boreal Pacific Region (including the Subarctic Province and Transition Zone); 5) California Region (including the San Diego and Cortez Provinces); 6) Japan Region; 7) Western Boreal Atlan- tic Region; 8) Eastern Boreal Atlantic Region; 9) Carolina Region; and 10) Mediterranean-Atlantic Region (Lusitania Province only). Zoogeographic classification of species geographic ranges The geographic range of each species usually extends over more than one zoogeographic province. Hence, the range of each species can be described in terms of the zoogeographic provinces through which it extends. Where one or two provinces are spanned by the range, the terms given here will be those of the provinces. Terms that require further definition include the following: amphiboreal— occurring in both Atlantic and Pacific boreal regions. circumboreal— occurring throughout the coastal boreal regions of an ocean. In the North Atlantic this includes both the Western Boreal Atlantic and Eastern Boreal Atlantic Regions. In the North Pacific this includes Oriental, Kurile, Okhotsk, Aleutian, and Oregonian Provinces. northeastern boreal Pacific— includes Kurile, Okhotsk, Aleutian, and Oregonian Provinces, but not the Oriental Province. northwestern boreal Pacific— includes Oriental, Kurile, Okhotsk, and Aleutian Provinces, but not the Oregonian Province. northern boreal Pacific— includes Okhotsk, Kurile, and Aleutian Provinces. eastern boreal Pacific— includes Aleutian and Oregonian Provinces. western boreal Pacific— includes Oriental, Kurile, and Okhotsk Provinces. oceanic boreal Pacific— includes the Subarctic Province and Tran- sition Zone. temperate— includes boreal (cold-temperate) and warm-temperate provinces. antitropical temperate— includes all temperate regions in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. temperate North Pacific— includes all temperate regions in the North Pacific. eastern temperate Pacific— includes Aleutian, Oregonian, San Diegan, and Cortez Provinces. I ' I I I - 40 00N 115 OOE 125 OOE 135 OOE 145 OOE 155 OOE 165 OOE 175 OOE 175 00* 165 OOW 155 OOW 145 OOW 135 OOW 125 OOW 115 OOW 105 OOW Figure 3 Zoogeographic provinces of the North Pacific. Three geographic regions were considered "gray areas" in terms of classification. These include the Bering Sea from Nunivak Island and Cape Olyutorski to the Bering Strait; the coast from Sitka, Alaska, to Puget Sound, Washington; and the coast from Point Con- ception, California, to Cedros Island, Baja California. Each of these regions can be classed as either of two provinces recognized by Briggs (1974): Arctic or Aleutian for the Bering Sea, Aleutian or Oregonian for the eastern Gulf of Alaska, and Oregonian (Montereyan) or San Diegan for southern California-Baja California. If the range of a species extends from the north into one of the regions (but no further south), the region was included with the northern classification and the reverse if the species range was to the south. For instance, an Arctic species extending into the Bering Sea was considered to be Arctic and an Aleutian species extending to the Bering Strait was considered to be Aleutian even though both occurred in the northern Bering Sea. Species extending into the Chukchi Sea were considered Arctic although they may not extend further north. Life zone classification scheme Life zone classification schemes divide lifestyle regions (pelagic or benthic) into depth zones with different faunas. Other divisions of habitat (such as rocky bottom, soft-bottom, or kelp bed) are not considered in these schemes. Because many physical parameters (such as light intensity, pressure, and temperature) vary directly or indirectly with depth, organisms living in one zone are often quite different from those living in contiguous zones. The most widely-used life zone classification scheme is that of Hedgpeth (1957a). This classification scheme divides the marine environment into two lifestyle regions: pelagic and benthic. The upper pelagic environment is divided into a Neritic Region above the shelf (0-200 m) and an Oceanic Region above the slope and basins. This latter region is divided into an Epipelagic Zone (0-100 m), a Mesopelagic Zone (100-1000 m), and a Bathypelagic Zone ( 1000-4000 m). The upper benthic environment is divided into an Intertidal Zone, a Sublittoral Zone (0-200 m), and a Bathyal Zone (200-4000 m). In addition, deep ocean (Abyssal, Abyssopelagic, and Hadal) and estuarine zones are included. Hedgpeth (1957a) suggested that the shelf could be divided into Inner and Outer Sublittoral Zones, the former extending from to 100 m and the latter from 100 to 200 m. Allen (1982) described three major zones for demersal fishes on the southern California shelf. These include an Inner Shelf Zone from to 20 m, and Outer Shelf Zone from 20 to 80 m, and an Upper Slope Zone from 80 to 170 m (the shelf break is at 80 m). In the Bering Sea (the broadest Table 2 Geographic limits of zoogeographic provinces of the Arctic-temperate Northern Hemisphere pertinent to distributions of common fishes in the Bering Sea and North- eastern Pacific (based primarily on McGowan 1971 Briggs 1974). Zoogeographic regions Geographic limits and provinces Northern Southern Arctic Ocean Arctic Region North Pole Above Atlantic: Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador; northern Iceland; Murmansk coast, USSR. Includes Greenland and Spitsbergen. Bering Sea: Cape Olyutorski, USSR; and Nunivak Island, Alaska Temperate North Pacific Boreal (cold-temperate) Eastern Pacific Region Aleutian Province Nunivak Island; Aleutian Islands Uncertain 2 . Sitka, Alaska; Dixon Entrance (Alaska-British Columbia border); or Cape Flattery, Washington Oregonian Province Uncertain 3 . Sitka, Alaska; Dixon Entrance (Alaska-British Point Conception, California; discontinuously in upwelling Columbia border); or Cape Flattery , Washington areas of northern Baja California b Western Boreal Pacific Region Kurile Province Cape Olyutorski, USSR (western Bering Sea); includes eastern Peter the Great Bay, USSR (western Sea of Japan); includes Kamchatka, USSR Kurile Islands, Hokkaido, Japan, and western Sea of Japan Okhotsk Province Northern Sea of Okhotsk; southern Kamchatka, USSR Northern Hokkaido. Japan (includes all of Sea of Okhotsk) Oriental Province Northern Honshu, Japan Yellow Sea, China; Cape Inubo, eastern Honshu, Japan (in- cludes southern Sea of Japan but does not include southern South Korea or the south coast of Honshu) Oceanic Boreal Pacific Subarctic Province Sea of Okhotsk; Aleutian Basin; Gulf of Alaska Lat. 43°N; Sea of Japan Transition Zone Lat. 43°N Lat. 37°N (midocean); east-central Honshu, Japan; southern Baja California Sur Warm-temperate California Region San Diego Province Point Conception, California Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico Cortez Province' Northern Gulf of California La Paz, Baja California Sur; Topolobampo, Sinaloa, Mexico Japan Region Cape Inubo, Honshu, Japan Formosa Strait, China (including the south coast of Honshu and southern South Korea) Temperate North Atlantic Boreal (cold-temperate) Western Boreal Atlantic Region Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Eastern Boreal Atlantic Region Murmansk coast, USSR Western English Channel (includes southern Iceland) Warm-temperate Carolina Region Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Cape Rojo, Mexico (does not include southern Florida) Mediterranean- Atlantic Region Lusitania Province English Channel Cape Verde, Senegal (includes Mediterranean Sea) 'Bnggs (1974) places this boundary at Dixon Entrance, but Peden and Wilson (1976) suggest that it nay be at Sitka, Alaska, or Cape Flattery, Washington. The discontinuous distribution in northern Baja California was noted by Hubbs (1960). Hubbs (1974) noted that a Montereyan subprovince of this region may occur south of Cape Mendocino, California. 'Hubbs ( 1974) considered the Cortez Province to be more closely related to the Mexican Province of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Region than to the San Diego Province. shelf in the region we studied) there are three faunistically-important hydrographic domains: 1) Inner Shelf (0-50 m); 2) Middle Shelf (50-100 m); and 3) Outer Shelf (100-150 m; Kaimmer et al. 1976; Kinder and Schumacher 1981; Smith and Bakkala 1982). The shelf break occurs at 170 m. At present there is no consensus on the number and location of subdivisions of the Bathyal Zone (Menzies et al. 1973). Fedorov (1973a), based upon Bering Sea fishes, divided the bathyal environ- ment into two zones: Mesobenthal (200-500 m) and Bathybenthal (500-2500 m). In this scheme the Abyssal (Abyssobenthal) Zone begins at 2500 m rather than at 4000 m, as proposed by Hedgpeth (1957a). Based on the above information, the following life zone classifica- tion scheme was used in this study (Fig. 4): 1) Peripheral environ- ments—Fluvial (riverine), Estuarine, and Intertidal Zones; 2) Pelagic environments— Neritic (0-200 m) and Oceanic (Epipelagic, 0-200 m; Mesopelagic, 200-1000 m; Bathypelagic, 1000-4000 m) Zones; and 3) Benthic environments— Sublittoral (Inner Shelf, 0-50 m; Middle Shelf, 50-100 m; Outer Shelf, 100-200 m) and Bathyal (Mesobenthal, 200-500 m; Bathybenthal, 500-2500 m). The depth range of the Epipelagic Zone was arbitrarily extended to 200 m to make it equivalent to the depth range of the Neritic Zone. It should be noted that the Inner Shelf Zone may actually end at depths shallower than 50 m in some parts of the study area. The species were classified as pelagic or demersal based upon their use of the benthic environment. Pelagic species are regarded here as species which do not use the benthic marine environment during foraging or for refuge (although they may deposit untended -Pelagic- -Oceanic -Nentic Estuarine/Fluvial SubU.ttpt?!? i i ' Outer shelf. 1 •'., Middle shelf I ". Inner shelf J Bathybenthal ■ Intertldal Figure 4 Coastal marine life zones. demersal eggs or be captured near the bottom by demersal trawls). Demersal species are considered here to be species that use the ben- thic marine environment during foraging, for refuge, or for nest sites. Some of these species may spend a considerable amount of their time in the water column while others stay on or near the bottom. Some pelagic or demersal species could have been placed in the opposite category given that the categories were defined differently . The species were assigned to life zone categories based on the range of life zones that include about 95% of the occurrences of each species. Fluvial, esruarine, intertidal, and epipelagic zones were included in the category name if these are important adult or juvenile habitats or spawning areas. The presence of pelagic juveniles was not considered when assigning species to categories. In addition to the range descriptor of the life zone occupied by a species, the life zone of the modal depth of occurrence was also included. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON SPECIES A total of 124 fish species (including three species complexes), representing 31 families, were found in 100 or more survey samples (Table 3). Families represented by the largest number of species were: Scorpaenidae 26; Pleuronectidae 18; Cottidae 17; Zoarcidae 8; Agonidae 6; Gadidae 5; Cyclopteridae 5; Rajidae 4; and Stichaeidae 4. Sixteen families were represented by only one species. In general, the species composition of the catch data showed the effects of the extensive sampling effort that had been conducted off Alaska. Nearly all of the most common species were northern, coldwater fishes (Table 4). Species that showed the highest fre- quency of occurrence among the 24,881 survey samples analyzed were the following: walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (oc- curring in 59.9% of the samples); arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias (52.3%); flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon (50.9%); Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus (49.8%); Pacific halibut, Hip- poglossus stenolepis (39. 1 %); and rock sole, Pleuronectes bilineatus (35.0%). Table 3 List of fish species collected from the Chukchi Sea to southern California that were found in 100 or more samples. 1 Species Common name Species Common name Class Chondrichthyes S. proriger Redstripe rockfish Order Chimaeriformes S. ruberrimus Yelloweye rockfish Chimaeridae S. rubrivinctus Flag rockfish Hydrolagus colliei Spotted ratfish S. saxicola Stripetail rockfish Order Squaliformes S. variegalus Harlequin rockfish Squalidae S. zaeenlrus Sharpchin rockfish Squalus acanthias Spiny dogfish Sebastolobus alascanus Shortspine thornyhead Order Rajiformes Anoplopomatidae Torpedinidae Anoplopoma fimbria Sablefish Torpedo californica Pacific electric ray Hexagrammidae Rajidae Hexagrammos stelleri Whitespotted greenling Bathyraja interrupta Bering skate Ophiodon elongatus Lingcod Raja binoculata Big skate Pleurogrammus monopterygius Atka mackerel R rhina Longnose skate Cyclopteridae R. stellulata complex 2 "Starry skate" 2 Aptocyclus ventricosus Smooth lumpsucker Class Osteichthyes Careproctus melanurus complex "Blacktail snailfish" 7 Order Clupeiformes Careproctus rastrinus complex "Pink snailfish" 8 Clupeidae Eumicrolremus orbis Pacific spiny lumpsucker Alosa sapidissima American shad Liparis gibbus Dusky snailfistv Clupea pallasii Pacific herring Psychrolutidae Order Salmoniformes Dasycottus setiger Spinyhead sculpin Bathylagidae Malacocottus kincaidi Blackfin sculpin Leuroglossus schmidti Northern smoothtongue 4 M. zonurus Darkfin sculpin** Osmeridae Agonidae Mallotus villosus Capelin Aspidophoroides banoni Aleutian alligatorfish Osmerus mordax Rainbow smelt Bathyagonus nigripinnis Blackfin poacher Thaleichihys pacificus Eulachon Occella dodecaedron Bering poacher Salmonidae 0. verrucosa Warty poacher Oncorhynehus tshawytscha Chinook salmon Podothecus acipenserinus Sturgeon poacher Order Stomiiformes Sarritor fremitus Sawback poacher Chauliodontidae Hemitripteridae" Chauliodus macouni Pacific viperfish Hemitriplerus bolini Bigmouth sculpin Order Gadiformes Cottidae Macrouridae Enophrys diceraus Antlered sculpin Albatrossia pectoralis Giant grenadier Gymnocanthus galeatus Armorhead sculpin Coryphaenoides cinereus Popeye grenadier 6 G. pistilliger Threaded sculpin" Merlucciidae G. tricuspis Arctic staghorn sculpin Merluccius productus Pacific hake Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus Red Irish lord Gadidae H. jordani Yellow Irish lord Boreogadus saida Arctic cod H. papilio Butterfly sculpin Eleginus gracilis Saffron cod Icelinus filamentosus Threadfin sculpin Gadus macrocephalus Pacific cod Icelus canaliculatus Porehead sculpin 1 " Microgadus proximus Pacific tomcod I. spiniger Thorny sculpin Theragra chalcogramma Walleye pollock Myoxocephalus jaok Plain sculpin Mondae M. polyacanthocephalus Great sculpin Amimora microlepis Pacific flatnose" M. verrucosus Warty sculpin Order Batrachoidiformes Triglops forficata Scissortail sculpin Batrachoididae T. macellus Roughspine sculpin Porichthys notatus Plainfin midshipman T. pingeli Ribbed sculpin Order Scorpaeniformes T. scepticus Spectacled sculpin Scorpaenidae Order Perciformes Sebastes aleutianus Rougheye rockfish Embiotocidae S. alums Pacific ocean perch Zalembius rosaceus Pink seaperch S. aurora Aurora rockfish Bathymasteridae S. babcocki Redbanded rockfish Bathymaster signatus Searcher S. borealis Shortraker rockfish Ronquilus jordani Northern ronquil S. brevispinis Silvergray rockfish Zoarcidae S. ciliatus Dusky rockfish Bothrocara brunneum Twoline eelpout" S. crameri Darkblotched rockfish Lycodes brevipes Shortfin eelpout S. diploproa Splitnose rockfish L. concolor 14 Ebony eelpout 1 " S. elongatus Greenstriped rockfish L. cortezianus Bigfin eelpout S. entomelas Widow rockfish L. diapterus Black eelpout S. flavidus Yellowtail rockfish L. palearis Wattled eelpout S. goodei Chilipepper L. raridens Marbled eelpout S. helvomaculatus Rosethorn rockfish L. turneri Polar eelpout S. jordani Shortbelly rockfish Stichaeidae S. melanostomus Blackgill rockfish Lumpenella longirostris Longsnout prickleback S paucispinis Bocaccio Lumpenus fabricii Slender eelblenny S. pinniger Canary rockfish L. maculatus Daubed shanny S. polyspinis Northern rockfish L. sagitta Snake prickleback Table 3 (Continued) Species Common name Species Common name Class Osteichthyes (Continued) E. jordani Petrale sole Order Perciformes (Continued) Errex zachirus Rex sole Zaproridae Hippoglossoides elassodon Flathead sole Zaprora silenus Prowfish H. robustus Bering flounder Trichodontidae Hippoglossus sienolepis Pacific halibut Trichodon trichodon Pacific sandfish Microstomas pacificus Dover sole Ammodytidae Platichthys stellatus Starry flounder Ammodytes hexapterus Pacific sand lance Pleuronectes asper 1 ' Yellowfin sole Order Pleuronectiformes P. bilineatus ' 5 Rock sole Paralichthyidae P. isolepis Butter sole Citharichthys sordidus Pacific sanddab P. proboscideus ' Longhead dab Pleuronectidae P quadrituberculatus Alaska plaice Atheresthes evermanni Kamchatka flounder P. vetulus ' English sole A. stomias Arrowtooth flounder Psettichthys melanostictus Sand sole Eopsetta exilis " Slender sole Reinhardlius hippoglossoides Greenland halibut 'Unless otherwise noted, common names are from Robins (1980) and the scientific names from Eschmeyer and Herald (1983). Higher taxa and their sequential order are from Nelson, J.S. (1984) except for Gadiformes, which follows Cohen (1984) and Scorpaeniformes, which is modified in part by Yabe (1985). Paralichthyidae ( = Bothidae, in part) is from Ahlstrom et al. (1984a). "Probably includes Alaska skate, Baihyraja parmifera, and starry skate. Raja stellulaia. 3 Peden (1981) "Fedorov (1973b) 'Eschmeyer and Herald (1983) 6 Ichthyological Society of Japan (1981) 7 May include the Alaska snailfish, Careproaus colletti; blackfinned snailfish. C. cypselurus; forktail snailfish, C. furcellus; and blacktail snailfish, C. melanurus. *May include the pink snailfish, Careproaus osbomi; monster snailfish, C. phasma, salmon snailfish, C. rastrinus; and peachskin snailfish, C. scotlae. 9 Kessler (1985) l0 Dina (1978) "Yabe (1985) l2 Peden (1978) '"New common name. l4 This species was recorded in the data as Lycodes soldatovi. E. M. Anderson (Dep. Ichthyol., Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, CA 941 18. pers. commun. April 1984) considers this species to be a junior synonym of Lycodes concolor. "Sakamoto (1984) Table 4 The 25 most common fish species, from the Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea to southern California, in order of frequency of occurrence in surveys. Total number of samples = 24,881. Percent Rank Species Frequency frequency 1 Walleye pollock, Jlwragra chalcogramma 14,912 59.9 2 Arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias 13,004 52.3 3 Flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon 12,676 50.9 4 Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus 12,402 49.8 5 Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis 9,719 39.1 6 Rock sole. Pleuronectes bilineatus 8,720 35.0 7 Rex sole. Errex zachirus 8,133 32.7 8 Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria 7,259 29.2 9 Yellowfin sole. Pleuronectes asper 6,978 28.0 10 Dover sole, Microstomus pacificus 5,142 20.7 11 Greenland halibut, Reinhardlius hippoglossoides 4,811 19.3 12 Alaska plaice. Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus 4,780 19.2 13 Pacific ocean perch, Sebastes alutus 4,378 17.6 14 Yeilow Irish lord, Hemilepidotus jordani 4,000 16.1 15 Pacific herring, Clupea paltasii 3,409 13.7 16 Eulachon, Thaleichthys pacificus 3,104 12.5 17 Shortspme thomyhead, Sebastolobus alascanus 3,024 12.2 18 Sturgeon poacher, Podothecus acipenserinus 2,916 11.7 19 Spinyhead sculpin, Dasycotlus setiger 2,802 11.3 20 Bigmouth sculpin, Hemitripterus bolini 2,712 10.9 21 Wattled eelpout, Lycodes palearis 2,477 10.0 22 Capelin, Mallotus villosus 2,345 9.4 23 Shortfin eelpout, Lycodes brevipes 2,236 9.0 24 Rougheye rockfish, Sebastes aleutianus 2,151 8.6 25 Great sculpin, Myoxocephalus polyacanlhocephalus 2.133 8.6 SPOTTED RATFISH, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett 1839) Chimaeridae: Shortnose Chimaeras Literature Reported from southeast Alaska to Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California, and in the northern part of the Gulf of Califor- nia (Miller and Lea 1972; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of to 913 m (Dean 1906; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Cape Spencer in southeast Alaska to Oxnard, California. Depth range 25 to 575 m, greatest frequency of occurrence (27.4%) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 95.0% from 50 to 400 m in depth. Survey data provide a more specific northern limit of the range. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-Californian Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range Cape Spencer, Alaska, to Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California, and the northern Gulf of California Depth to 913 m CHIMAERIDAE Spotted raffish Hydrolagus colliei 1497 occurrences 10 SPINY DOGFISH, Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758 Squalidae: Dogfish Sharks Literature Found in predominantly temperate regions in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In the North Pacific, from the Bering Sea to central Baja California (and possibly the Gulf of California) in the east (Miller and Lea 1972; Hart 1973; Compagno 1984); from eastern Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk to the southwestern Yellow Sea off China in the west (Bigelow and Schroeder 1957; Jones and Geen 1976; Compagno 1984). Occurs along the Aleutians to Attu Island (Okada and Kobayashi 1968). In the North Atlantic, from southern Greenland and southeastern Baffin Island to Cuba in the west and from the Murman Coast of the Barents Sea and Iceland south to Senegal and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas, in the east (Bigelow and Schroeder 1957). In the Southern Hemisphere, along Africa south of lat. 27°S (at least in the west; Bass et al. 1976), Reunion Island (Bigelow and Schroeder 1957), southeastern and southern Australia, Tasmania, possibly Papua-New Guinea, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay (Bigelow and Schroeder 1957; Jones and Geen 1976; Compagno 1984). Depth range reported from the surface and intertidal to 900 m (Compagno 1984). Survey data Found from Zhemchug Canyon on the central slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands south to San Nicolas Island in southern California; in the Bering Sea, found discontinuously along the outer shelf and slope in the southeast. Depth range 25 to 575 m; most occurrences (29.4%) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 95.9% from depths of <350 m. These data add more detailed information on distribution in the Bering Sea and provide a northern limit in the northeastern Pacific. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Antitropical-temperate Inner shelf-mesobenthal (outer slope) In temperate regions in the North Atlantic and Pacific, and off South America, southern Africa, Reunion Island, Australia, and New Zealand. In the North Pacific from the coast of China (southwestern Yellow Sea) to Zhemchug Canyon in the Bering Sea, west in the Aleutian Islands to Attu Island, and south to central Baja California (and possibly the Gulf of California). From intertidal and surface to 900 m II PACIFIC ELECTRIC RAY, Torpedo califomica Ayres 1855 Torpedinidae: Electric Rays Literature Reported from Dixon Entrance, British Columbia, to Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972; Hart 1973), at depths of to 274 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Cape Flattery, Washington, to Oxnard, California. Depth range 25 to 425 m; found most frequently (28.7% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 98.0% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 400 m. Although survey data were all within the known geographic range, the survey maximum depth of 425 m is a new record. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-San Diegan Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Dixon Entrance, British Columbia, to Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Baja California Depth to 425 m TORPEDINIDAE Pacific electric ray Torpedo califomica 101 occurrences ■ 50 00N ■ 40 00N 12 BERING SKATE, Bathyraja interrupta (Gill and Townsend 1897) Rajidae: Skates Taxonomic comment The Bering skate is Raja interrupta in Robins (1980), but has been placed in the genus Bathyraja by others more recently (e.g., Eschmeyer and Herald 1983; Ishihara and Ishiyama 1985). Ishihara and Ishiyama (1985) regard the sandpaper skate, Bathyraja (=Raja) kincaidii, to be the same species as the Bering skate, with Bathyraja kincaidii being a junior synonym of Bathyraja interrupta. In addition, an undescribed species, generally included with Bathyraja kincaidii, may also occur in the northeastern Pacific (J. D. McEachren, Dep. Wildl. Fish. Sci., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843-2258, pers. commun. August 1983). Literature Reported from the Bering Sea off Cape Navarin and Unalaska Island to Cortez Bank off southern California (Hart 1973; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983; Ishihara and Ishiyama 1985) and in depth from 54 to 1380 m (Miller and Lea 1972; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from the western Bering Sea off Cape Navarin and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands to Santa Barbara, Califor- nia. In the Bering Sea, along the outer shelf. Depth range 25 to 725 m, most commonly (24.9% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 97.5% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 450 m. Survey data extend the known range of this species along the Aleutian Islands, define its range in the Bering Sea, and extend its known range into more shallow water. However, the undescribed species may be included in the survey data (especially in the south) and, in the Bering Sea, other species of skates, such as the Alaska skate, Bathyraja parmifera, or Aleutian skate, Bathyraja aleutica, may have been confused with this species. Further study is needed on the systematics of this and other Bathyraja species to clarify their actual distribution. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From off Cape Navarin in the western Bering Sea and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands to Cortez Bank, California 25 to 1380 m 1 '° RAJIDAE Bering skate Bathyraja interrupta (= Raja interrupta) 1 107 occurrences 13 BIG SKATE, Raja binoculata Girard 1854 Rajidae: Skates Literature Reported from the Bering Sea and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to Cedros Island, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972; Simenstad et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 3 to 800 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from northeast of Cape Navarin to Glubokaya Bay in the western Bering Sea, along the outer shelf of the eastern Bering Sea, and along the Aleutian Islands to Stalemate Bank; occurred in survey catches from the Aleutians south to Santo Barbara, California. Depth range 25 to 725 m, most frequently (in 29.4% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 96.1 % of occurrences from depths <350 m. Although the survey data extend the known range of this species along the length of the Aleutian Islands and define its distribution in the Bering Sea, the Aleutian skate, Bathyraja aleutica, may have been confused with this species in these areas. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Inner shelf mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Glubokaya Bay, Cape Navarin, and Stalemate Bank to Cedros Island, Baja California Depth 3 to 800 m RAJIDAE Big skate Raja binoculata 637 occurrences 14 LONGNOSE SKATE, Raja rhina Jordan and Gilbert 1880 Rajidae: Skates Literature Reported from the southeastern Bering Sea to Cedros Island, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972; Kessler 1985), and from 55 to 622 m in depth (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon in the eastern Bering Sea and Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands to the Patton Escarp- ment off San Nicolas Island in southern California. Depth range 25 to 675 m, most frequently (31.2% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 96.6% of occurrences from depths <350 m. Survey data extend the known distribution of this species into the Bering Sea and slightly expand the known depth range of the species. However, the Aleutian skate, Bathyraja aleutica, may have been confused with this species in the Bering Sea. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Inner shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea and Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands to Cedros Island, Baja California 25 to 675 m (new depth range) RAJIDAE Longnose skate Raja rhina 918 occurrences 15 'STARRY SKATE," Raja stellulata Complex Rajidae: Skates Taxonomie comment This complex includes at least two species: the Alaska skate, Bathyraja pannifera (Bean 1881), and the starry skate, Raja stellulata Jordan and Gilbert 1880, which have been called "starry skate" in the field. Field characters used for distinguishing the two species have only recently been well described (see Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Literature The starry skate has been reported from the Bering Sea and Unalaska Island to northern Baja California at depths of 18 to 732 m (Wilimovsky 1964; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). The Alaska skate has been reported from the western Bering Sea and Amchitka Island to southeastern Alaska at depths of 18 to 1000 m (Andriyashev 1939; Fedorov 1973a; Simenstad et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983; Baxter 1985). Survey data Taken in surveys from Cape Navarin in the western Bering Sea and west of the Delarof Islands in the Aleutian Islands to Point Reyes, California. Depth range 25 to 675 m, most frequently (48.8% of occurrences) on the middle shelf between 50 and 100 m, and 94.9% of occurrences from depths <200 m. Survey data for this complex of species cannot be used to describe range limits; however, the data do show the distribution of this complex in the Bering Sea, and may be of use to future taxonomie and ecological studies. Most records of this complex in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands are probably of Alaska skate, and most south of southeastern Alaska are probably starry skate. Relative abundance of the two species in the Gulf of Alaska is not known at present, although the Alaska skate is probably the more abundant species. Conclusions "Starry skate" complex consists of two or more boreal Pacific, sublittoral species that need to be accurately identified in field collections before any conclusion concerning the distribution of the individual species can be reached. RAJIDAE "Starry skate" Raja stellulata complex 730 occurrences 16 AMERICAN SHAD, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson ca. 1811) Clupeidae: Herrings Literature Original range of this species is in the western North Atlantic from Sand Hill River, Labrador, to Indian River, Florida (Lee et al. 1980; Morrow 1980). The species is pelagic and anadromous, traveling more than 600 km up some east coast rivers (Hildebrand 1963; Moyle 1976). It was introduced to the Sacramento River, California, in 1871-81 and has spread in the North Pacific to Kamchatka and the Bering Sea in the north and to Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, in the south (Lee et al. 1980; Howe 1981). It is landlocked in Millerton Lake, California (Lee et al. 1980). The species has been reported from the surface to 183 m in depth (Howe 1981). Survey data Found from southwestern Vancouver Island to Monterey Bay, California. Depth range 25 to 375 m, most frequently (49.5% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 97.4% of occurrences from 50 to 250 m in depth. Survey data occur within the known geographic range, but include a greater maximum depth. However, because this species is epipelagic in the ocean and most of the survey samples were taken by bottom trawls, the species may have been taken near the surface but recorded at a greater depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Amphiboreal American (western boreal Atlantic-northeastern boreal Pacific) Fluvial-oceanic (neritic) From Sand Hill River, Labrador to Indian River, Florida, in the Atlantic, and from Kamchatka to Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, in the Pacific; up to 600 km upstream Surface to 250 m, possibly to 375 m CLUPEIDAE American shad Alosa sapidissima 192 occurrences - 50 00N 17 PACIFIC HERRING, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes 1847 in Cuvier and Valenciennes Clupeidae: Herrings Taxonomic comment Regarded as Clupea harengus pallasi in Robins (1980) and, thus, a subspecies of the Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus Linnaeus 1758. Based on genetic differences, Grant (1986) considered the Atlantic and Pacific herring to be distinct species. The correct species name is pallasii rather than pallasi (Jordan and Evermann 1896-1900). Literature In the North Pacific, the Pacific herring ranges from western Korea and the Sea of Okhotsk to the Bering Sea and south to Ensenada, Baja California (Hart 1973; Fitch and Lavenberg 1975). From the Bering Sea, into the Arctic, west to the White Sea, U.S.S.R., and east to the Coppermine River, Canada (Andriyashev 1954). In the Aleutian Islands, as far west as Adak Island (Wilimovsky 1964). Reported from the surface to 300 m (Andriyashev 1954). It is pelagic and also occurs in estuaries as far as the Oligohaline Zone (Moyle 1976; Simenstad 1983). Survey data Found near Bering Island and from Cape Olyutorski to Anadyr Bay in the western Bering Sea, north of Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea, throughout the eastern Bering Sea, and from Akutan Island in the Aleutian Islands south to Point San Luis, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (41.9% of occurrences) on the middle shelf from 50 to 100 m, and 94.6% of occurrences from depths <150 m. Survey data were within the known range, but provide a greater maximum depth for this species. However, because the Pacific herring is pelagic and surveys were conducted with bottom trawls and other nets, the species may have been taken near the surface but recorded at a greater depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic-circumboreal Pacific Estuarine-epipelagic (neritic) From the White Sea, U.S.S.R., and the Coppermine River, Canada, in the Arctic to western Korea and northern Baja California in the Pacific Surface to 150 m, possibly to 475 m GO 00N 18 NORTHERN SMOOTHTONGUE, Leuroglossus schmidti Rass 1955 Bathylagidae: Deepsea Smelts Taxonomic comment Regarded as a subspecies of the California smoothtongue, Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert 1890, during much of the period covered by these surveys; hence this species was called California smoothtongue in the field. Peden (1981) presented evidence to separate the northern and California smoothtongue as distinct species. The California smoothtongue is Bathylagus stilbius in Robins (1980). Dunn (1983) presented detailed evidence for placing the two species in the genus Leuroglossus. Ahlstrom et al. (1984b), however, continue to regard the two species as Bathylagus. Literature Reported from southeastern Hokkaido, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk to southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Borodulina 1968; Peden 1981). Species is pelagic and the eggs and larvae are found in the subarctic gyre south to about lat. 47°N (Dunn 1983). Reported from the surface to 1800 m (Fedorov 1973a), although adults are generally found at depths >150 m during the day (Peden 1981). Survey data Taken in surveys along the slope of the eastern Bering Sea from Navarin Canyon to Unimak Island and along the Aleutian Islands to Attu Island; also taken off Baranof Island in southeastern Alaska. Depth range 275 to 975 m, most frequently (15.8% of occur- rences) on the mesobenthal slope between 400 and 450 m, and 96.5% of occurrences between 250 and 900 m in depth. Although neither the known geographic nor depth range of this species were extended by the survey data, the depth range of frequent occurrence was more precisely defined. In addition, it should be noted that although the northern smoothtongue is a mesopelagic species, it was captured only along the slope. This probably reflects the distribution of demersal trawl tows rather than the distribution of the species. Few mesopelagic midwater tows were taken over the Aleutian Basin. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Oceanic subarctic Pacific Mesopelagic From southeastern Hokkaido north to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea and south to southern British Columbia Surface to 1800 m BATHYLAGIDAE Northern smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti 1 14 occurrences 19 CAPELIN, Mallotus villosus (Miiller 1776) Osmeridae: Smelts Literature Reported from Korea to the Juan de Fuca Strait between Vancouver Island and Washington in the North Pacific (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Range extends from the Bering Sea throughout the Arctic (Muus 1974) except off eastern Siberia (Hart 1973). Occurs in the Aleutians as far west as Attu Island (Wilimovsky 1964); in the North Atlantic, extends south to Maine, southern Greenland, Iceland, and Denmark (Leim and Scott 1966; Wheeler 1969, 1978). A pelagic species reported from the surface to 200 m, and oceanic in the Barents Sea (Andriyashev 1954; Wheeler 1978). Survey data Found from Cape Nizkiy on the Korak Coast (northeast of Cape Olyutorski) north throughout the Anadyr Gulf in the western Bering Sea and northeast of Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea south throughout the eastern Bering Sea. Taken near Great Sitkin Island in the Aleutian Islands and from there east to Prince of Wales Island in southeastern Alaska. Depth range 25 to 725 m, most frequent- ly (45.2% of occurrences) on the middle shelf between 50 and 100 m, and 98.5% of occurrences from depths <200 m. Survey data do not extend the known geographic range, although they do provide a new maximum depth (725 m). However, this depth is about 250 m greater than the next greatest depth of occurrence, and it can probably be assumed that although the trawl was towed at 725 m, the capelin caught were much nearer the surface. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic-amphiboreal (circumboreal Atlantic northern boreal Pacific) Neritic-epipelagic (neritic) Throughout the Arctic south to Korea and the Juan de Fuca Strait in the Pacific and to Maine and Denmark in the North Atlantic Surface to 200 m, possibly to 725 m OSMERIDAE Capelin Mallotus villosus 2345 occurrences 50 00N 20 RAINBOW SMELT, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill 1814) Osmeridae: Smelts Literature Found in the North Pacific from Wonsan, North Korea, and the Sea of Okhotsk, to Barkley Sound, British Columbia, north along both the Asiatic and American coasts of the Bering Sea to the Arctic (Hart 1973; Lee et al. 1980). Arctic range extends west to the White Sea and east to Bathurst Inlet, Canada. North Atlantic range extends south along the American coast from Lake Melville, Labrador, to the Delaware River, Pennsylvania (and questionably to Virginia), and inland along the Saint Lawrence River to Lake Superior. The rainbow smelt is replaced on the European coast by the European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus Linnaeus 1758 (Lee et al. 1980). A pelagic and anadromous species, migrating up to 1000 km upstream, with some populations strictly freshwater (Lee et al. 1980; Morrow 1980). Reported to depths of 120 m (Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea south along the Alaska coast of the Bering Sea to Unalaska Island and east to eastern Kodiak Island, Alaska. Depth range 25 to 425 m, most frequently (74.7% of occurrences) on the inner shelf between and 50 m, and 98.6% of occurrences from depths <150 m. Survey data were taken within the known geographic range. However, the data extend the maximum known depth to 425 m. Because the species is pelagic and trawls were demersal, the species may have been taken near the surface during deep tows. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic-amphiboreal (western boreal Atlantic-northern boreal Pacific) Fluvial-neritic (neritic) From Wonsan, North Korea, and Barkley Sound. British Columbia, to the Arctic as far as the White Sea and Bathurst Inlet, Canada, and from Lake Melville, Labrador, to the Delaware River, Pennsylvania (and questionably to Virginia), in the North Atlantic; up to 1000 km upstream in rivers Surface to at least 150 m, possibly 425 m Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax 665 occurrences 21 EULACHON, Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson 1836) Osmeridae: Smelts Literature Reported from the Pribilof Islands and Nushagak River, Alaska, in the Bering Sea and along the Aleutians south to Monterey Bay, California (Lee et al. 1980; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). A pelagic and anadromous species, migrating up to 160 km upstream (Morrow 1980), and reported to 31 m in depth (Howe 1981). Survey data Taken from west of Saint Matthew Island and off Kuskokwim Bay in the eastern Bering Sea to Bowers Bank in the Aleutian Islands and south to Monterey Bay, California. Depth range 25 to 625 m, most frequently (44.7% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 96.4% of occurrences from depths <300 m. Survey data extend the northwestern limit of the known range along the Alaskan mainland, in the Bering Sea, and along the Aleutian Islands, and extend its maximum known depth by almost 600 m. Because this species is pelagic, it may have been captured near the surface by trawls that were towed at greater depths; hence, the 625-m maximum depth given here may greatly overestimate its true maximum depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Fluvial-oceanic (neritic) From west of Saint Matthew Island and Kuskokwim Bay in the Bering Sea, and Bowers Bank in the Aleutian Islands to Monterey Bay, California, and to 160 km upstream Surface to about 300 m, possibly 625 m 60 00N OSMERIDAE Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus 3104 occurrences 22 CHINOOK SALMON, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum 1792) Salmonidae: Salmonids Literature Reported from the Arctic Ocean to northeastern Honshu, Japan, and San Diego, California (Fredin et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Range extends south in midocean to about lat. 40°N (Hubbs 1946; Hart 1973; Major et al. 1978), north to the Anadyr River in the western Bering Sea and east to the Coppermine River, Canada, in the Arctic (Hart 1973); also successfully introduced into New Zealand waters (Lee et al. 1980). Anadromous, migrating to 4827 km upstream (Browning 1980) and found to 200 m in depth in the ocean (Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from Port Clarence, Alaska, Zhemchug Canyon on the eastern Bering Sea slope, and the Islands of the Four Moun- tains in the Aleutian Islands south to Santa Cruz, California. Depth range 25 to 375 m, most frequently (24.7% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 97.8% of occurrences from depths <300 m. Survey data are within known geographic range, but extend maximum known depth to 375 m. Because this is a pelagic species generally found at depths of less than 128 m (Major et al. 1978), the fish were probably taken near the surface over deeper water. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Primarily Arctic-oceanic and northeastern boreal Pacific Fluvial-oceanic (neritic) From the Coppermine River in Arctic Canada to northeastern Honshu, Japan; also found from San Diego, California, and lat. 40°N in midocean, and introduced into New Zealand waters; migrates up to 4827 km upstream in rivers Surface to at least 200 m, possibly up to 375 m SALMONIDAE Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 369 occurrences 60 00N 23 PACIFIC VIPERFISH, Chauliodus macouni Bean 1890 Chauliodontidae: Viperfishes Literature A pelagic species that has been reported in the North Pacific, from the Bering Sea to Japan and central Baja California, and in the Gulf of California (Hart 1973; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at 76 to 4231 m (Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon on the northwest slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands discontinuously to the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Depth range 25 to 975 m, with 11.3% of occurrences above the bathybenthal slope between 550 and 600 m, and 95.8% at depths >250 m. Survey data provide a more specific northern limit and a shallower depth limit. The Pacific viperfish is a mesopelagic species and hence was captured primarily along the slope. The distribution found in the survey data reflects that of demersal trawl tows rather than necessarily that of the species. Only a few mesopelagic midwater tows were taken over the Aleutian and North Pacific Basins. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Oceanic boreal Pacific Mesopelagic From Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea to Japan, central Baja California, and the Gulf of California 25 to 4231 m (see note above) ■ 60 00N CHAULIODONTIDAE Pacific viperfish Chauliodus macouni 141 occurrences 24 GIANT GRENADIER, Albatrossia pectoralis (Gilbert 1892) Macrouridae: Grenadiers Taxonomic comment Although the giant grenadier is Coryphaenoides pectoralis in the most recent revision of the Macrouridae of the northeastern Pacific (i.e., Iwamoto and Stein 1974), it is placed in the genus Albatrossia in Eschmeyer and Herald (1983), based upon the present opinion of T. Iwamoto (Dep. Ichthyology, Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, CA 94118, pers. commun. March 1986). Literature Reported from northern Honshu, Japan, to the Bering Sea and south to northern Baja California (Quast and Hall 1972; T. Iwamoto, pers. commun. March 1986), at depths from 200 to 2189 m (Iwamoto and Stein 1974; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon on the northwestern slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Stalemate Bank and the Ulm Plateau in the Aleutian Islands to Christian Sound, southeastern Alaska. Depth range 25 to 1025 m, most frequently (13.6% of occurrences) on the slope between 500 and 550 m, and 94.9% of occurrences from depths of 300 to 900 m. Although the survey data provide a new shallow record, it is clear that this species occurs primarily in deep water along the slope. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Northeastern boreal Pacific Mesobenthal-bathybenthal (bathybenthal ) From northern Honshu, Japan, to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea and south to northern Baja California 200 to 2189 m. although generally below 300 m; possibly as shallow as 25 m MACROURIDAE Giant grenadier Albatrossia pectoralis 471 occurrences 25 POPEYE GRENADIER, Coryphaenoides cinereus (Gilbert 1896) Macrouridae: Grenadiers Literature Reported from northern Honshu, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk to the Bering Sea to Oregon (Iwamoto and Stein 1974; Howe 1981; T. Iwamoto, Dep. Ichthyology, Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, CA 94118, pers. commun. March 1986), at depths from 300 to 2832 m (Fedorov 1973a; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon on the northwestern slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Stalemate Bank and the Ulm Plateau in the Aleutian Islands to Kodiak Island, Alaska. Depth range 225 to 1025 m, most frequently (16.9% of occurrences) on the bathybenthal slope between 800 and 850 m, and 97.8% of occurrences from depths of 400 to 950 m. Survey data provide a more precise northermost limit in the Bering Sea and distribution in the Aleutian Islands, and a new shallow depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Northeastern boreal Pacific Life zone Mesobenthal-bathybenthal (bathybenthal) Range From northern Honshu, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea to Oregon Depth 225 to 2832 m MACROURIDAE Popeye grenadier Coryphaenoides cinereus 272 occurrences 26 PACIFIC HAKE, Merluccius productus (Ayres 1855) Merlucciidae: Merlucciid Hakes Literature A pelagic species reported from the Bering Sea to Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur (Frey 1971 ; Fedorov 1973a; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Reports of its occurrence in the Gulf of California (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) are in error (J. Arvizu, Centra Inter- disciplinary de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja Calif. Sur, Mexico, pers. commun. October 1986). Miller and Lea (1972) and Eschmeyer and Herald (1983) noted that it occurred on the Asiatic coast, but Svetovidov (1948) had previously discounted this occurrence (at Dekastries Bay, U.S.S.R., in the Tatar Strait) as unlikely. Depths range from to 914 m, but generally occurs at depths >229 m (Miller and Lea 1972; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Sanak Island (southeast of Unimak Island in the Gulf of Alaska) to the Patton Escarpment off southern Califor- nia. Depth range 25 to 575 m, with 28.6% of occurrences on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 97.9% of occurrences from depths between 50 and 500 m. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern temperate Pacific Neritic-mesopelagic (neritic) From the Bering Sea to Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur to 914 m $0 00N 1ERLUCCIIDAE Pacific hake Merluccius productus 1821 occurrences 27 ARCTIC COD, Boreogadus saida (Lepechin 1774) Gadidae: Cods Literature Circumpolar in the Arctic Ocean and reported from near the North Pole to Cape Olyutorski and Norton Sound in the Bering Sea and to the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, the southern tip of Greenland, northern Iceland, and the White Sea in the Atlantic and European Arctic (McKenzie 1953; Andriyashev 1954; Quast and Hall 1972; Muus 1974). A pelagic species found upstream in rivers and, in the ocean, to 731 m (Leim and Scott 1966; Morrow 1980) in depth. Survey data Found from northeast of Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea south in the eastern Bering Sea to Cape Navarin, the Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay. Depth range 25 to 175 m, with 46.1% of occurrences on the inner shelf between and 50 m, and 99.6% from depths < 1 50 m. Survey data extend the southernmost limit of the known range in the eastern Bering Sea to the Pribilof Islands and Bristol Bay . Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic Neritic-epipelagic (neritic) Throughout the Arctic to the White Sea, Iceland, and southern Greenland, in the western Atlantic into the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, and in the Bering Sea to Cape Olyutorski, the Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay Surface to 731 m GADIDAE Arctic cod Boreogadus saida 562 occurrences 28 SAFFRON COD, Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius 1810) Gadidae: Cods Literature Reported from Chemulpo, North Korea, in the Yellow Sea to Kotzebue Sound in the Chukchi Sea; south in the Aleutian Islands to Unalaska Island; and east to Sitka, Alaska (Svetovidov 1948; Andriyashev 1954; Wilimovsky 1964). Found at least 10 km up rivers (but within tidal influence) and to 60 m deep in the ocean (Svetovidov 1948; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Cape Olyutorski in the western Bering Sea and from southern Bristol Bay in the eastern Bering Sea to Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea. Depth range 25 to 75 m, most frequently (88.9% of occurrences) on the inner shelf at depths <50 m and occurred only at depths <75 m. Survey data extend known range slightly to the north and provide a new maximum depth record. The species has seldom been taken in the Gulf of Alaska. Conclusions Zoogeography Arctic-northwestern boreal Pacific Life zone Inner shelf Range From Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea to Chemulpo, North Korea, in the Yellow Sea and Sitka, Alaska Depth Surface to 75 m GADIDAE Saffron cod Eleginus gracilis 895 occurrences Percent occurrences 25 50 75 16 jU*. ' ..jJ..,),.u .t-LkyJuU.) 1 ' I 200 — v,::: 408 .'■• 800 — 900 1000 50 0ON 29 PACIFIC COD, Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius 1810 Gadidae: Cods Literature Reported from Lushun (Port Arthur), Manchuria, China, in the Yellow Sea to the Bering Strait, along the Commander and Aleutian Islands, and from there to Santa Monica, California (Andriyashev 1954; Okada and Kobayashi 1968; Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at to 675 m in depth (Fedorov 1973a; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Cape Olyutorski and Medny Seamount in the western Bering Sea to off Cape Rodney in the northern Bering Sea, throughout the eastern Bering Sea, along the Aleutian Islands to Attu Island, and from the Alaska Peninsula to Cape Mendocino, California. Depth range 25 to 875 m, most frequently (32.4% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 97.8% of occur- rences from depths <300 m. Survey data provide a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Circumboreal Pacific Inner shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From Lushun, Manchuria, China, to the Bering Strait, along the Commander and Aleutian Islands, and from there to Santa Monica, California to 875 m 50 00N 30 PACIFIC TOMCOD, Microgadus proximus (Girard 1854) Gadidae: Cods Literature Reported from the Bering Sea and Unalaska Island to Point Sal, California (Miller and Lea 1972; Hart 1973). Occurs in estuaries to the Mesohaline Zone and has been taken from to 260 m in depth (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983; Simenstad 1983). Survey data Found from off Kuskokwim Bay and the Pribilof Islands in the southeastern Bering Sea and Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands to Monterey Bay, California. Depth range 25 to 275 m, most frequently (51.5% of occurrences) on the middle shelf between 50 and 100 m, and 96.8% of occurrences from depths <150 m. Survey data provide a slightly greater maximum depth and better define the distribution of the species in the Bering Sea. However, some records in the southeastern Bering Sea may actually be of the morpho- logically-similar saffron cod, Eleginus gracilis (J. R. Dunn, Northwest Alaska Fish., Cent., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, Seattle. WA 98115, pers. commun. March 1986). Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Inner shelf-outer shelf (middle shelf) From Kuskokwim Bay. the Pribilof Islands, and Unalaska Island in the Bering Sea to Point Sal, California to 275 m GADIDAE Pacific tomcod Microgadus proximus 443 occurrences 60 0ON 31 WALLEYE POLLOCK, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas [1814]) Gadidae: Cods Literature Reported from the southern Sea of Japan to the Chukchi Sea, along the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island and south to Carmel, California (Wilimovsky 1964; Hart 1973; Wolotira et al. 1977), from to 750 m (Hart 1973; Fedorov 1973a). The occurrence of this species off northern Baja California given in Quast and Hall (1972) is apparently an error. Survey data Found from Bering Island in the western Bering Sea to Kivalina, Alaska, in the Chukchi Sea, south throughout the Bering Sea, Aleutian Basin, and Aleutian Islands to Cape Blanco, Oregon, and in midwater hauls from across the Aleutian Basin. Depth range 25 to 975 m, most frequently (32.3% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 94.8% of occurrences from depths <300 m. Survey data provide a new northernmost limit and extend the maximum known depth by 225 m. Midwater distribution across the Aleutian Basin indicates the species is pelagic. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic-circumboreal Pacific Neritic-mesopelagic (neritic) From Kivalina, Alaska (new northernmost limit), in the Chukchi Sea to the southern Sea of Japan and to Carmel, California to 975 m GADIDAE Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma 14,912 occurrences 60 O0N 32 PACIFIC FLATNOSE, Antimora microlepis Bean 1890 Moridae: Morid Cods Literature Reported from Shikoku Island, Japan, north to the southeastern Bering Sea, southeast to the Gulf of California, and off Johnston Island in the central North Pacific. Probably occurs throughout the Pacific north of lat. 10°N (Small 1981). Depth range from 363 to 3048 m (Miller and Lea 1972; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea along the southeastern rim of the Aleutian Basin to Attu Island (including Bowers Bank) and discontinuously along the rim of the northeastern Pacific Basin to Point Reyes, California. Depth range 25 to 1275 m, most frequently (18.9% of occurrences) on the bathybenthal slope between 800 and 850 m, and 96.4% of occurrences at depths >350 m. Survey data define a northern limit in the Bering Sea and more completely defines distribution along the Aleutian Islands. The shallow occurrence of this species in Bristol Bay must be regarded as questionable; the next shallowest occurrence was at 175 m. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Temperate north Pacific Mesobenthal-bathybenthal From Shikoku Island, Japan, to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea, the Gulf of California, and Johnston Island About 175 m (possibly 25 m) to 3048 m MORIDAE Pacific flatnose Antimora microlepis 169 occurrences 33 PLAINFIN MIDSHIPMAN, Porichthys notatus Girard 1854 Batrachoididae: Toadfishes Literature Taken from Sitka, Alaska, to Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur. Previous records south of there and in the Gulf of California are in error (Miller and Lea 1972; H. J. Walker, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. Calif., San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, pers. commun. December 1986). Depth range reported from intertidal zone to 366 m (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Commonly occurs inter- tidally during spawning season (at least north of Point Conception, California; Ibara 1967). Survey data Found from Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Santa Monica Bay, California. Depth range 25 to 275 m, most frequently (49.7% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150, m and 96.6% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 250 m. Survey data lie within the known geographic and depth ranges, but give a more precise depth of common occurrence. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-Californian Life zone Intertidal-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Sitka, Alaska, to Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur Depth Intertidal zone to 366 m BATRACHOIDIDAE Plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus 147 occurrences 60 00N 34 ROUGHEYE ROCKFISH, Sebastes aleutianus (Jordan and Evermann 1898) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Japan to the Bering Sea (but not in the Sea of Okhotsk), west in the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island, and south to San Diego, California (Miller and Lea 1972; Simenstad et al. 1977; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Reported depths from 88 to 732 m (deeper records to 2820 m were probably shortraker rockfish, Sebastes borealis; Fedorov 1973a; Hart 1973). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon on the northwestern slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Stalemate Bank and the Ulm Plateau in the Aleutian Islands to Point Sal, California. Depth range 25 to 875 m, most frequently (19.0% of occurrences) on the mesobenthal slope between 250 and 300 m, and 95.4% of occurrences from 50 to 450 m. Survey data provide a more precise description of the northern- most limit, distribution in the Aleutian Islands, and new depth limits. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Middle shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) From Japan to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea (but not in the Sea of Okhotsk), throughout the Aleutian Islands, and south to San Diego, California 25 to 875 m SCORPAENIDAE Rougheye rockfish Sebastes aleutianus 2151 occurrences 35 PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH, Sebastes alutus (Gilbert 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from north of Honshu, Japan, to Cape Olyutorski in the Bering Sea (but not in the Sea of Okhotsk), Attu Island in the Aleutians, and south to La Jolla, California (Shmidt 1950; Wilimovksy 1964; Quast and Hall 1972; Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of to 800 m, but generally at depths >128 m (Hart 1973; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from off Glubokaya Bay on the Korak Coast in the western Bering Sea to south of Cape Navarin in the northern Bering Sea, along the slope of the eastern Bering Sea to Unimak Island (including Medny Seamount off the Commander Islands) and from Stalemate Bank and the Ulm Plateau in the Aleutian Islands southeast to Oxnard, California. Depth range 25 to 825 m, most frequently (24.6% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 150 and 200 m, and 96.8% of occurrences from 100 to 450 m. Survey data provide a new northern limit for the Pacific ocean perch, as well as a more precise description of its distribution in the Aleutian Islands and a slightly greater maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Kurile-Aleutian Outer shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From Honshu, Japan, to Cape Navarin in the Bering Sea (but not in the Sea of Okhotsk) and La Jolla, California, and along the Aleutians from Stalemate Bank and Bowers Bank to the Alaska Peninsula to 825 m SCORPAENIDAE Pacific ocean perch Sebastes alutus 4378 occurrences - 50 0ON 36 AURORA ROCKFISH, Sebastes aurora (Gilbert 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfish.es Literature Reported from Amphitrite Point on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Cedros Island, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972), at depths of 183 to 768 m (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Cape Flattery, Washington, to the Patton Escarpment off southern California. Depth range 125 to 575 m, most frequently (45.8% of occurrences) on the mesobenthal slope from 400 to 450 m, and 95.8% of occurrences from depths of 150 to 500 m. Survey data provide a new shallow depth limit. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-San Diegan Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) Range From Amphitrite Point, Vancouver Island, to Cedros Island, Baja California Depth 125 to 768 m SCORPAENIDAE Aurora rockfish Sebastes aurora 144 occurrences v . 37 REDBANDED ROCKFISH, Sebastes babcocki (Thompson 1915) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Bering Sea and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, California (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 49 to 550 m (Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from northwest of Zhemchug Canyon on the central slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Tigalda Island in the Aleu- tian Islands to Morro Bay, California. Depth range 75 to 625 m, most frequently (28.5% of occurrences) on the mesobenthal slope from 250 to 300 m, and 96.6% of occurrences from depths of 150 to 450 m. Survey data provide a more precise description of the northern limit of this species in the Bering Sea and a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) Range From Zhemchug Canyon in the Bering Sea and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, California Depth 49 to 625 m SCORPAENIDAE Redbanded rockfish Sebastes babcocki 706 occurrences - 40 00N 38 SHORTRAKER ROCKFISH, Sebastes borealis Barsukov 1970 Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from southeastern Kamchatka to the northwest Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands south to Fort Bragg, California (Quast and Hall 1972; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of to 800 m (Fedorov 1973a; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon on the northwest slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Stalemate Bank and Bowers Bank in the Aleutian Islands south to Point Conception, California. Depth range 25 to 875 m, most frequently (19.6% of occurrences) on the meso- benthal slope from 250 to 300 m, and 95.2% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 650 m. Survey data provide a more precise description of the northern and Aleutian limits, a new southern limit, and a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-bathybenthal (mesobenthal) Range From southeastern Kamchatka to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea and in the Aleutian Islands to Stalemate Bank, and south to Point Conception, California Depth to 875 m SCORPAENIDAE Shortraker rockfish Sebastes borealis 670 occurrences 39 SILVERGRAY ROCKFISH, Sebastes brevispinis (Bean 1884) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Bering Sea to Baja California (Howe 1981 ; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of to 366 m (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Sanak Island in the Gulf of Alaska to Point Sur, California. Depth range 25 to 375 m, most frequently (37.4% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 150 and 200 m, and 94.4% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 300 m. Survey data slightly extend the known maximum depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From the Bering Sea to Baja California Depth to 375 m SCORPAENIDAE Silvergray rockfish Sebastes brevispinis 538 occurrences 40 DUSKY ROCKFISH, Sebastes ciliatus (Tilesius 1810) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Taxonomic comment The dusky rockfish collected in these surveys may include a new species that is being described by J. Blackburn. Alaska Dep. Fish Game (Kessler 1985). Literature Reported from the Bering Sea and from Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to Johnstone Strait, British Columbia (Simenstad et al. 1977; Richards and Westrheim in press), at depths of 2 to 366 m (Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Zhemchug Canyon on the central slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands east to Kruzof Island in southeast Alaska. Depth range 75 to 525 m, most frequently (35.0% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 150 to 200 m, and 95.6% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 300 m. Survey data provide a more precise description of the distribution in the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands, and a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Aleutian Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Zhemchug Canyon in the Bering Sea and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands to Johnstone Strait, British Columbia Depth 2 to 525 m SCORPAENIDAE Dusky rockfish Sebastes ciliatus 663 occurrence 41 DARKBLOTCHED ROCKFISH, Sebastes crameri (Jordan 1897 in Gilbert) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Bering Sea to Santa Catalina Island, California, at depths of 29 to 600 m (Fedorov 1973a; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from southeast of Zhemchug Canyon in the eastern Bering Sea and Tanaga Island in the Aleutian Islands south to Point Arguello, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (26.9% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 96.5% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 400 m. Survey data provide a more precise description of the distribution in the Bering Sea and extend the known range in the Aleutian Islands. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From southeast of Zhemchug Canyon in the Bering Sea to Santa Catalina Island, California Depth 25 to 600 m SCORPAENIDAE Darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri 1013 occurrences 42 SPLITNOSE ROCKFISH, Sebastes diploproa (Gilbert 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Alaska Peninsula to Cedros Island off Baja California and in the Gulf of California (Miller and Lea 1972; Hart 1973; Howe 1981), at depths of to 800 m (Mitchell and Hunter 1970; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Prince William Sound in the Gulf of Alaska to the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Depth range 75 to 475 m, most frequently (26.1% of occurrences) on the mesobenthal slope between 200 and 250 m, and 97.8% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 450 m. Although survey data provide no new information on geographic or depth range, they do provide a more detailed center of depth distribution. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern temperate Pacific Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) Range From the Alaska Peninsula to Cedros Island, Baja California, and the Gulf of California Depth to 800 m 208 did 400- SCORPAENIDAE Splitnose rockfish Sebastes diploproa 724 occurrences Percent occurrences 25 50 75 II ' I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I zzr 43 GREENSTRIPED ROCKFISH, Sebastes elongatus Ayres 1859 Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Green Island near Montague Island in the northern Gulf of Alaska to Cedros Island, Baja California (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 61 to 402 m (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from offshore of Chirikof Island (southwest of Kodiak Island) in the Gulf of Alaska to Santa Cruz Island, Califor- nia. Depth range 25 to 425 m, most frequently (42.3% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 95.0% of occurrences from depths between 50 and 250 m. Survey data extend both the known depth range and known geographic range in the northwest. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Chirikof Island in the Gulf of Alaska to Cedros Island, Baja California Depth 25 to 425 m SCORPAENIDAE Greenstriped rockfish Sebastes elongatus 759 occurrences 44 WIDOW ROCKFISH, Sebastes entomelas (Jordan and Gilbert 1880) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from southeastern Alaska to Todos Santos Bay, Baja California (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of to 366 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Middle Albatross Bank (east of Kodiak Island) to Point Arguello, California. Depth range 25 to 375 m, most frequently (26.9% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 150 and 200 m, and 99.2% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 350 m. Survey data extend the northern limit and provide a slightly greater maximum known depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Middle Albatross Bank in the Gulf of Alaska to Todos Santos Bay. Baja California Depth to 375 m Widow rockfish Sebastes entomelas 394 occurrences 45 YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH, Sebastes flavidus (Ayres 1863) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported geographically from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to San Diego, California, and at depths of to 549 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands to Point Conception, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most fre- quently (43.7% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 96.4% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 300 m. Survey data extend the northwestern known limit. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Unalaska Island, Alaska, to San Diego, California Depth to 549 m SCORPAENIDAE Yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus 647 occurrences 46 CHILIPEPPER, Sebastes goodei (Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from northwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Magdalena Bay. Baja California Sur (Hart 1973), at depths of to 329 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, to Oxnard, California. Depth range 25 to 425 m, most frequently (33.7% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 98.5% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 350 m. Survey data provide new maximum depth and northern limits. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-San Diegan Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, to Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur Depth to 425 m SCORPAENIDAE Chilipepper Sebastes goodei 270 occurrences 47 ROSETHORN ROCKFISH, Sebastes helvomaculatus Ayres 1859 Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Guadalupe Island off Baja California, at depths of 75 to 549 m (Hart 1973; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from offshore of Icy Bay in the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey Bay, California. Depth range 25 to 425 m, most fre- quently (32.1% of occurrences) on the upper slope between 200 and 250 m, and 96.1% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 350 m. Survey data provide a new minimum known depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) Range From Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Guadalupe Island, Baja California Depth 25 to 549 m SCORPAENIDAE Rosethorn rockfish Sebastes helvomaculatus 468 occurrences 60 00N 4S SHORTBELLY ROCKFISH, Sebastes jordani (Gilbert 1896) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from La Perouse Bank, Vancouver Island, to Benito Island, Baja California (Hart 1973; Moser et al. 1977), at depths of to 283 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Granite Island, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (37.3% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 97.5% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 350 m. Survey data extend the northernmost known limit and maximum known depth. However, the northern record is extremely far removed from the next most northerly records (La Perouse Bank, Vancouver Island, in the literature and Grays Harbor, Washington, in the survey data) and hence must be regarded as questionable. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-San Diegan Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From La Perouse Bank, Vancouver Island (possibly from Granite Island off the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska), to Benito Island, Baja California Depth to 350 m SCORPAENIDAE Shortbelly rockfish Sebastes jordani 316 occurrences 44 BLACKGILL ROCKFISH, Sebastes melanostomus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Washington to Cedros Island, Baja California (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Previously reported from the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, but these were presumably records of the closely related shortraker rockfish, Sebastes borealis, which was not described until 1970 (Barsukov 1970; Tsuyuki and Westrheim 1970; Hart 1973). Reported at depths of 218 to 768 m (Miller and Lea 1972; Hart 1973). Survey data Found from Pribilof Canyon in the southeastern Bering Sea to the Patton Escarpment off southern California. Depth range 125 to 625 m, most frequently (33.3% of samples) on the mesobenthal slope between 400 and 450 m, and 94.8% of occurrences from depths of 250 to 600 m. Survey data include records of this species in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Because the survey data extend as far back as 1953, before the discovery of the shortraker rockfish, these records may actually not be of the blackgill rockfish. Thus until recent verifiable records of the blackgill rockfish are obtained from these northern areas, Washington will be considered the northern limit for the species. The survey data extend the shallow edge of the known range of this species to 125 m. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-San Diegan Life zone Mesobenthal-bathybenthal (mesobenthal) Range From Washington to Cedros Island, Baja California Depth 125 to 768 m SCORPAENIDAE Blackgill rockfish Sebastes melanostomus 135 occurrences 50 BOCACCIO, Sebastes paucispinis Ayres 1854 Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Punta Blanca, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972), at depths of to 320 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Stepovak Bay on the Alaska Peninsula to south of San Nicolas Island, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (31.2% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 96.7% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 300 m. Survey data extend the known range to the northwest and to a greater depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific-San Diegan Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Stepovak Bay on the Alaska Peninsula to Punta Blanca, Baja California Depth to 475 m SCORPAENIDAE Bocaccio Sebastes paucispinis 651 occurrences 60 O0N 51 CANARY ROCKFISH, Sebastes pinniger (Gill 1864) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Cape Bartolome, Alaska, to Cape Colnett, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972), at depths of to 366 m (Hart 1973; Howe 1981). Survey data Found from the slope south of Shelikof Strait in the Gulf of Alaska to Santa Barbara, California. Depth range 25 to 425 m, most frequently (41.4% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 95.2% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 250 m. Survey data extend the known range into the western Gulf of Alaska and provide a greater maximum depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From south of Shelikof Strait in the Gulf of Alaska to Cape Colnett, Baja California Depth to 425 m SCORPAENIDAE Canary rockfish Sebastes pinniger 567 occurrences 52 NORTHERN ROCKFISH, Sebastes polyspinis (Taranets and Moiseev 1933) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from eastern Kamchatka to the Bering Sea, west in the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island, and east to Yakutat, Alaska (Quast and Hall 1972; Simenstad et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 73 to 358 m (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Pervenets Canyon on the northwest slope of the eastern Bering Sea and Stalemate Bank in the Aleutian Islands east to northern Graham Island. British Columbia. Depth range 75 to 625 m, most frequently (29.6% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 150 to 200 m, and 96.7% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 350 m. Survey data provide a more precise distribution in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, extend the known range to the east, and provide a new maximum depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Aleutian Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From eastern Kamchatka to Pervenets Canyon in the Bering Sea and from Stalemate Bank east to Graham Island, British Columbia 73 to 625 m SCORPAENIDAE Northern rockfish Sebastes polyspinis 856 occurrences 53 REDSTRIPE ROCKFISH, Sebastes proriger (Jordan and Gilbert 1880) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Bering Sea and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to San Diego (Miller and Lea 1972; Simenstad et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) at depths of 12 to 366 m (Hart 1973; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Taken from Pribilof Canyon in the southeastern Bering Sea and Atka Island in the Aleutian Islands to Bodega Bay, Califor- nia. Depth range 75 to 425 m, most frequently (33.3% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 150 to 200 m, and 95.5% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 350 m. Survey data provide a more precise range in the Bering Sea and a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From the Pribilof Canyon, Bering Sea, and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, California Depth 12 to 425 m SCORPAENIDAE Redstripe rockfish Sebastes proriger 427 occurrences 54 YELLOWEYE ROCKFISH, Sebastes ruberrimus (Cramer 1895) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Gulf of Alaska to Ensenada, Baja California, from 37 to 549 m in depth (Miller and Lea 1972; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Umnak Island in the Aleutian Islands to San Luis Obispo, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequent- ly (30.9% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 150 to 200 m, and 95.3% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 400 m. Survey data provide a more precise distribution of this species in the Gulf of Alaska and a slightly shallower minimum depth. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Umnak Island, Alaska, to Ensenada, Baja California Depth 25 to 549 m SCORPAENIDAE Yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus 149 occurrences 60 00N 55 FLAG ROCKFISH, Sebastes rubrivinctus (Jordan and Gilbert 1880) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Taxonomic comment The redbanded rockfish, Sebastes babcocki, was considered to be the same species as the flag rockfish, with babcocki being a junior synonym of rubrivinctus, from 1928 to 1972. Rosenblatt and Chen (1972) presented evidence to separate the two as distinct species. Literature Reported from San Francisco, California, to Cape San Quintin, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972). Because of the confu- sion of redbanded rockfish with flag rockfish, probably all fish identified as flag rockfish north of San Francisco from 1928 to 1972 were redbanded rockfish (Rosenblatt and Chen 1972). The flag rockfish has been reported at depths of to 302 m (Howe 1981). Survey data From south of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Depth range 125 to 425 m, most frequently (34.3% of occurrences) on the upper slope between 200 and 250 m, and 95.2% of occurrences from depths <350 m. Survey data show a geographic range for this species that is misleading. Because the data include samples collected as far back as 1953, records of flag rockfish north of San Francisco (and possibly some south of there) were probably records of redbanded rockfish. The two species were probably correctly distinguished after the mid-1970's. It is also not certain how the confusion of these two species affects the depth frequency distribution found in the data. Thus the range of this species will be regarded conservatively as being that found in the literature. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Oregonian-San Diegan Inner shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) From San Francisco, California, to Cape San Quintin, Baja California to 302 m (possibly to 425 m) SCORPAENIDAE Flag rockfish Sebastes rubrivinctus 251 occurrences 56 STRIPETAIL ROCKFISH, Sebastes saxicola (Gilbert 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from southeastern Alaska to Rompiente Point, Baja California Sur (Miller and Lea 1972), at depths of 10 to 547 m (Howe 1981; Allen 1982). Survey data Found from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (31.9% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 150 to 200 m, and 97.0% of occurrences from depths <350 m. Survey data provide a more precise northern limit in southeastern Alaska. Conclusions Zoogeography Oregonian-San Diegan Life zone Inner shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to Rompiente Point, Baja California Sur Depth 10 to 547 m SCORPAENIDAE Stripetail rockfish Sebastes saxicola 432 occurrences 60 00N 57 HARLEQUIN ROCKFISH, Sebastes variegatus Quast 1971 Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Unimak Pass in the Aleutian Islands to Goose Island Bank in Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia (Hart 1973), at depths of 70 to 558 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Bowers Bank in the Aleutian Islands to Bodega Bay, California. Depth range 125 to 425 m, most frequently (35.4% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 150 and 200 m, and 94.3% of occurrences from depths <300 m. Survey data extend the known range to the west in the Aleutians and to the south. Records of this species off Cape Flattery, Washington, and Bodega Bay, California, are regarded as questionable at this time. Conclusions Zoogeography Aleutian Life zone Inner shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From Bowers Bank in the Aleutians to Goose Island Bank, Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia (possibly to Bodega Bay, California) Depth 70 to 558 m SCORPAENIDAE Harlequin rockfish Sebastes variegatus 246 occurrences ■ 50 00N 58 SHARPCHIN ROCKFISH, Sebastes zacentrus (Gilbert 1890) Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from Sanak Island in the Gulf of Alaska to San Diego, California (Hart 1973), from 91 to 320 m in depth (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Semisopochnoi Island in the Aleutian Islands to the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (36.3% of occurrences) on the upper slope between 200 and 250 m, and 95.6% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 350 m. Survey data extend the known range to the west and expand the known depth range. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Outer shelf-mesobenthal (mesobenthal) Range From Semisopochnoi Island in the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, California Depth 25 to 475 m SCORPAENIDAE Sharpchin rockfish Sebastes zacentrus 694 occurrences 5^ SHORTSPINE THORNYHEAD, Sebastolobus alascanus Bean 1890 Scorpaenidae: Scorpionfishes Literature Reported from the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea, and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands to Cedros Island, Baja California (Miller and Lea 1972; Hart 1973; Simenstad et al. 1977), at depths of 20 to 1524 m (Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Medny Seamount and off Glubokaya Bay in the western Bering Sea, and from Navarin Canyon southeast along the slope of the eastern Bering Sea, west to Stalemate Bank and the Ulm Plateau in the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to off San Nicolas Island, California. May have been taken at shallow depths in the Gulf of Anadyr and Bristol Bay. Depth of capture ranged from 25 to 1275 m, with 20.8% of occurrences on the upper slope between 200 and 250 m, and 95.5% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 800 m. Survey data provide a more precise distribution in the Bering Sea and extend the known range in the Aleutian Islands. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Outer shelf-bathybenthal (mesobenthal) From the Sea of Okhotsk north to Navarin Canyon (and possibly the Anadyr Gulf) in the Bering Sea and from Stalemate Bank and Ulm Plateau in the Aleutian Islands southeast to Cedros Island, Baja California 20 to 1524 m 60 SABLEFISH, Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas [1814]) Anoplopomatidae: Sablefishes Literature Reported from east-central Honshu, Japan (but not in the Sea of Okhotsk), north to Cape Olyutorski in the Bering Sea, throughout the Aleutian Islands, and south to Cedros Island, Baja California (Shmidt 1950; Quast and Hall 1972; Hart 1973; Sasaki 1985). Only adults have been found in the western Pacific, suggesting that this region is not an important part of the range of the species (Sasaki 1985). Reported at depths of to 2740 m (Howe 1981; McFarlane and Beamish 1983). Survey data Found from Medny Seamount and off Glubokaya Bay north to off Cape Navarin, southeast along the outer shelf and slope of the eastern Bering Sea (and in an isolated area southeast of Saint Lawrence Island), west in the Aleutian Islands to Stalemate Bank and Ulm Plateau, and southeast to the Patton Escarpment off San Nicolas Island in southern California. Depth range 25 to 1325 m, most frequently (22.2% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 95.1% of occurrences from depths <700 m. Survey data provide a more precise northern limit in the Bering Sea. It should be noted that sablefish occur on a number of seamounts in the Aleutian Basin. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Eastern boreal Pacific Inner shelf-bathybenthal (outer shelf) From east-central Honshu, Japan, north to the Bering Sea (but not in the Sea of Okhotsk), southeast of Saint Lawrence Island, and from the Aleutian Islands to Cedros Island, Baja California to 2740 m ANOPLOPOMATIDAE Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria 7259 occurrences 61 WHITESPOTTED GREENLING, Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius 1810 Hexagrammidae: Greenlings Literature Reported from Peter the Great Bay, U.S.S.R., in the Sea of Japan, north to the Chukchi Sea, and south to Oregon (Andriyashev 1954; Howe 1981), at depths of intertidal zone to 48 m (Rutenberg 1962; Howe 1981). Survey data Occurred in catches from northeast of Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea south along the Alaska coast of the eastern Bering Sea to Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands and from there east to Cordova, Alaska, in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (73.1% of occurrences) on the inner shelf between and 50 m, and 98.6% of occurrences from depths < 100 m. Survey data provide a more precise northern limit in the Chukchi Sea and a new maximum depth record. However, the record at 475 m appears anomalous and may represent the capture of a pelagic juvenile from near the surface but above this depth. The next greatest depth of occurrence was at 175 m. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic-circumboreal Pacific Inner shelf-middle shelf (inner shelf) From Peter the Great Bay, U.S.S.R., in the Sea of Japan, to northeast of Cape Lisburne in the Chukchi Sea, west to Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands, and Oregon Intertidal zone to 175 m (possibly to 475 m) 60 0ON HEXAGRAMMIDAE Whitespotted greenling Hexagrammos stelleri 631 occurrences ■ 50 00N 62 LINGCOD, Ophiodon elongatus Girard 1854 Hexagrammidae: Greenlings Literature Reported from the Shumagin Islands in the western Gulf of Alaska (and possibly the Bering Sea) to Ensenada, Baja Califor- nia (Quast and Hall 1972; Hart 1973), and in depth from the intertidal zone to 427 m (Howe 1981; Garrison and Miller 1982; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from southwest of Chirikof Island (south of Shelikof Strait) in the Gulf of Alaska to Santa Cruz Island, California. Depth range 25 to 475 m, most frequently (31.1% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 98.3% of occurrences from depths < 300 m. Survey data provide a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Eastern boreal Pacific Life zone Estuarine-mesobenthal (outer shelf) Range From the Shumagin Islands in the western Gulf of Alaska (possibly the Bering Sea) to Ensenada, Baja California Depth Intertidal zone to 475 m HEXAGRAMMIDAE Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus 1021 occurrences 63 ATKA MACKEREL, Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pallas 1810) Hexagrammidae: Greenlings Literature Reported from the Yellow Sea to Cape Olyutorski in the Bering Sea and along the Commander and Aleutian Islands to Redondo Beach, California (Rutenberg 1962; Okada and Kobayashi 1968; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). It is rare south of Alaska (Rutenberg 1962). In depth, reported from the lower intertidal zone to 250 m (Rutenberg 1962; Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from Cape Olyutorski in the western Bering Sea north to northeast of Cape Navarin, southeast along the outer shelf and slope of the eastern Bering Sea to Bristol Bay, west in the Aleutian Islands to Stalemate Bank and Bowers Bank, and east to Icy Bay in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Depth range 25 to 575 m, most frequently (35.6% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 96.5% of occurrences from depths <300 m. Survey data provide a more precise northern limit in the Bering Sea and a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Northwestern boreal Pacific Inner shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From the Yellow Sea to Cape Navarin in the Bering Sea and from Stalemate Bank and Bowers Bank in the Aleutian Islands to Icy Bay, Alaska, rarely to Redondo Beach, California Lower intertidal zone to 575 m HEXAGRAMMIDAE Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius 1009 occurrences 64 SMOOTH LUMPSUCKER, Aptocyclus ventricosus (Pallas 1769) Cyclopteridae: Lumpfishes and Snailfishes Literature Reported from Pusan, South Korea, to the Anadyr Gulf in the Bering Sea (outside the Sea of Okhotsk), throughout the Com- mander and Aleutian Islands, and southeast to Mathieson Channel, British Columbia (Shmidt 1950; Wilimovsky 1964; Ueno 1970; Quast and Hall 1972; Hart 1973), at depths of to 1500 m (Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from southwest of Providence Bay on the Chukchi Peninsula to Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands, occurring primarily over the outer shelf and slope of the eastern Bering Sea and pelagically across the Aleutian Basin, and from the Aleutian Islands east to Baranof Island in southeastern Alaska. Depth range 25 to 975 m, most frequently (18.5% of occurrences) between 50 and 100 m, and 97.2% of occurrences from depths <850 m. Survey data show a distinct midwater distribution of this species across the Aleutian Basin. Since the species appears to occur pelagically with a modal depth of occurrence at 75 m, trawls made at greater depths may have actually captured the species nearer the surface than at the depth of tow. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Kurile-Aleutian Neritic-mesopelagic (neritic) From Pusan, South Korea, north (outside the Sea of Okhotsk) to Providence Bay in the Anadyr Gulf of the Bering Sea, throughout the Aleutian Basin and Islands, and southeast to Mathieson Channel, British Columbia to 1500 m CYCLOPTERIDAE Smooth lumpsucker Aptocyclus ventricosus 399 occurrences 65 "BLACKTAIL SNAILFISH," Careproctus melanurus Complex Cyclopteridae: Lumpfishes and Snailflshes Taxonomic comment This complex may include four species that have been called "blacktail snailfish" in the field, including the following: Alaska snailfish, Careproctus colletti Gilbert 1896; blackfinned snailfish, C. cypselurusQordan and Gilbert 1898 in Jordan and Evermann); forktail snailfish, C. furcellus Gilbert and Burke 1912; and the blacktail snailfish, C. melanurus Gilbert 1892. Good field characters for distinguishing these species have not been established. Literature The Alaska snailfish ranges from the Sea of Japan to the Bering Sea and from there to the slope south of the Alaska Peninsula at depths of 510 to 1350 m (Quast and Hall 1972; Fedorov 1973a; Baxter 1985). The blackfinned snailfish occurs from Sakhalin, U.S.S.R., to the Bering Sea and from there to Oregon at depths of 640 to 1775 m (Shmidt 1950; Quast and Hall 1972; Fedorov 1973a). The forktail snailfish is found from Sakhalin to the Bering Sea at 98 to 882 m (Shmidt 1950; Quast and Hall 1972; Fedorov 1973a; Baxter 1985). The blacktail snailfish has been reported from the Bering Sea and Unalaska Island to San Diego at 89 to 2286 m (Miller and Lea 1972; Quast and Hall 1972; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data The "blacktail smailfish" complex was found from south of Cape Navarin southeast along the slope of the eastern Bering Sea to Akutan Island, west in the Aleutian Islands to Kiska Island, and southeast to Santa Barbara, California, at depths of 25 to 725 m, most frequently (29.6% of occurrences) on the upper middle slope between 400 and 500 m, and 94.5% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 650 m. Survey data for this complex of species cannot be used to describe range limits. The data, however, do define the distribution of the complex in the Bering Sea and may be of use to future taxonomic and ecological studies. It is not certain which species is dominant in the Bering Sea although it may be the blackfinned snailfish (Kessler 1985). Most records south of Oregon probably refer to the blacktail snailfish. Conclusions The "blacktail snailfish" complex probably consists of at least four boreal Pacific, sublittoral and bathyal species that need to be accurately identified in field collections before any conclusion concerning the distribution of individual species can be reached. CYCLOPTERIDAE "Blacktail snailfish" Careproctus melanurus complex 108 occurrences 66 "PINK SNAILFISH," Careproctus rastrinus Complex Cyclopteridae: Lumpfishes and Snailfishes Taxonomic comment This complex may include four or more species that have been called "pink snailfish" in the field, including the following: pink snailfish, Careproctus osbomi (Townsend and Nichols 1925); monster snailfish, C. phastna Gilbert 1896; salmon snailfish, C. rastrinus Gilbert and Burke 1912; and peachskin snailfish, C. scottae Chapman and DeLacy 1939. Good field characters for distinguishing these species have not been established. Literature The salmon snailfish ranges from Sakhalin, U.S.S.R., in the Sea of Okhotsk to the Bering Sea and from there to southeast Alaska at depths of 1 16 to 640 m (Quast and Hall 1972; Fedorov 1973a). The monster snailfish occurs from western Kamchatka to Bristol Bay and west in the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island at 84 to 504 m (Shmidt 1950; Simenstad et al. 1977). The peachskin snailfish is found from the western Bering Sea to southeast Alaska with a known depth of occurrence at 183 m (Chapman and DeLacy 1934; Baxter 1985; Kessler 1985). The pink snailfish occurs off central and southern California at 805 m (Townsend and Nichols 1925; Howe 1981). Survey data The "pink snailfish" complex was found from Saint Lawrence Island in the eastern Bering Sea to Navarin Canyon and southeast along the outer shelf and slope to Unimak Island, west in the Aleutian Islands to Attu Island, and southeast to San Francisco Bay, California, at depths of 25 to 825 m, most frequently (42.4% of occurrences) on the outer shelf between 100 and 150 m, and 95.6% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 400 m. Survey data for this complex of species cannot be used to describe range limits, although they do define the distribution of the complex in the Bering Sea and may be of use to future taxonomic and ecological studies. The salmon snailfish is probably the most abundant species in the Bering Sea and the data presented here primarily describe the distribution of that species. However, records from California probably are those of the pink snailfish. Conclusions The "pink snailfish" complex probably consists of at least four boreal Pacific, sublittoral and bathyal species that need to be accurately identified in field collections before any conclusion concerning the distribution of the individual species can be reached. CYCLOPTERIDAE "Pink snailfish" Careproctus rastrinus complex 434 occurrences 67 PACIFIC SPINY LUMPSUCKER, Eumicrotremus orbis (Giinther 1896) Cyclopteridae: Lumpfishes and Snailfishes Literature Reported from Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk to the Chukchi Sea, occurring west along the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island and east to Puget Sound, Washington (Ueno 1970; Quast and Hall 1972; Simenstad et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of to 240 m (Fedorov 1973a; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from off Cape Nizkiy (on the Korak Coast of the western Bering Sea) to the Bering Strait, south in the eastern Bering Sea to the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island, west in the Aleutian Islands to Peterel Bank, and east to South Baranof Island in southeastern Alaska. Depth range 25 to 575 m, most frequently (57.1% of occurrences) on the middle shelf between 50 and 100 m, and 96.1% of occurrences from depths <200 m. Survey data provide a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Arctic-northern boreal Pacific Inner shelf-outer shelf (middle shelf) From Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk, Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands, and Puget Sound, Washington, north to the Chukchi Sea to 575 m ^Jf^?^q CYCLOPTERIDAE Pacific spiny lumpsucker Eumicrotremus orbis 231 occurrences 68 DUSKY SNAILFISH, Liparis gibbus Bean 1881 Cyclopteridae: Lumpfishes and Snailfishes Literature Reported from Avacha Bay in southeastern Kamchatka to southeastern Alaska, west to Unalaska Island, north along the Alaskan coast of the Bering Sea, across the Canadian Arctic and south in the North Atlantic to Nova Scotia (Able and McAllister 1980), at depths of 25 to 366 m (Able and McAllister 1980; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from onshore of Navarin Canyon in the eastern Bering Sea, southeast to the Alaska Peninsula and off Akutan Island, and east in the Gulf of Alaska to southeast of Kodiak Island. Depth range 25 to 275 m, most frequently (59. 1 % of occurrences) on the middle shelf between 50 and 100 m, and 94.9% of occurrences from depths < 150 m. Survey data do not extend the known range, either geographically or in depth. All records plotted here were recorded in the field as the marbled snailfish, Liparis dennyi Jordan and Starks 1895. However, all Liparis taken in the eastern Bering Sea during 1983 proved to be dusky snailfish; hence, it is assumed that most records for marbled snailfish were probably records of dusky snailfish. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Ranges Depth Arctic-western boreal Atlantic Inner shelf-outer shelf (middle shelf) From Avacha Bay in southeastern Kamchatka, Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands, and southeastern Alaska north along the Canadian Arctic to Nova Scotia in the western North Atlantic 25 to 366 m 69 SPINYHEAD SCULPIN, Dasycottus setiger Bean 1890 Psychrolutidae: Soft Sculpins Literature Reported from the Tatar Strait and Honshu in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk to the Bering Sea and from Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands southeast to Washington (Wilimovsky 1964; Okada and Kobayashi 1968; Quast and Hall 1972; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 18 to 750 m (Fedorov 1973a; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from Navarin Canyon on the northwestern slope of the eastern Bering Sea and from Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands east to Dall Island in southeast Alaska. Depth range 25 to 825 m, most frequently (53.8% of occurrences) on the outer shelf from 100 to 150 m, and 96.7% of occurrences from depths of 50 to 450 m. Survey data provide a more precise northern limit in the Bering Sea, extend, the known range westward in the Aleutian Islands, and provide a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Northern boreal Pacific Middle shelf-mesobenthal (outer shelf) From the Sea of Japan off Honshu to Navarin Canyon in the Bering Sea, west to Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to Washington 18 to 825 m PSYCHROLUTIDAE Spinyhead sculpin Dasycottus setiger 2802 occurrences 70 BLACKFIN SCULPIN, Malacocottus kincaidi Gilbert and Thompson 1905 Psychrolutidae: Soft Sculpins Literature Reported from Hokkaido, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk north to the southern Bering Sea, west in the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island, and east to Puget Sound, Washington (Shmidt 1950; Quast and Hall 1972; Simenstad et al. 1977; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 27 to 275 m (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983). Survey data Found from off Natalii Bay (on the Korak Coast of the western Bering Sea) north to Cape Navarin, southeast along the outer shelf and slope of the eastern Bering Sea to Unimak Island, west in the Aleutian Islands to Stalemate Bank and Bowers Bank, and east from the Aleutian Islands to north of Graham Island, British Columbia. Depth range 75 to 1025 m, most frequently (36.8% of occur- rences) on the mesobenthal slope between 200 and 300 m, and 96.2% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 650 m. This species is very similar to the darkfin sculpin, Malacocottus zonurus. Because of the available identification aids, many records of this species, particularly in the Bering Sea, may actually be records of the darkfin sculpin. Ignoring this possible source of error, the survey data extend the known range northward in the Bering Sea and westward in the Aleutian Islands, and provide a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Kurile-Aleutian Outer shelf-bathybenthal (mesobenthal) From Hokkaido, Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk north to Cape Navarin in the Bering Sea, west in the Aleutian Islands to Stalemate Bank, and southeast to Puget Sound, Washington 27 to 1025 m PSYCHROLUTIDAE Blackfin sculpin Malacocottus kincaidi 1542 occurrences 71 DARKFIN SCULPIN, Malacocottus zonurus Bean 1890 Psychrolutidae: Soft Sculpins Literature Reported from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea to Washington (Shmidt 1950; Howe 1981), at depths of 100 to 1980 m (Fedorov 1973a). Survey data Found from off Glubokaya Bay (on the Korak Coast of the western Bering Sea) north to southeast of Cape Navarin, southeast along the outer shelf and slope of the eastern Bering Sea to Akutan Island, west in the Aleutian Islands to Agattu Island, and east to South Albatross Bank off Kodiak Island, Alaska. Depth range 75 to 875 m, most frequently (23.6% of occurrences) on the mesobenthal slope between 250 and 300 m, and 95.0% of occurrences from depths of 100 to 650 m. Survey data provide a more precise distribution of this species in the Bering Sea, extend its known range west in the Aleutian Islands, and provide a new minimum depth record. Because of its similarity to the blackfin sculpin, Malacocottus kincaidi, some records of the darkfin sculpin may be concealed in the distribution of the blackfin sculpin. Conclusions Zoogeography Life zone Range Depth Northern boreal Pacific Outer shelf-bathybenthal (mesobenthal) From the Sea of Okhotsk to Cape Navarin in the western Bering Sea, southeast to Akutan Island, west in the Aleutian Islands to Agattu Island, and southeast to Washington 75 to 1980 m PSYCHROLUTIDAE Darkfin sculpin Malacocottus zonurus 232 occurrences 72 ALEUTIAN ALLIGATORFISH, Aspidophoroides bartoni Gilbert 1896 Agonidae: Poachers Literature Reported from the northern Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk to the Arctic, south to the Gulf of Alaska, and west along the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka Island (Wilimovsky 1964; Quast and Hall 1972; Howe 1981), at depths of 22 to 223 m (Howe 1981). Survey data Found from Pervenets Canyon and Nunivak Island in the eastern Bering Sea, southeast to the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Pass, and east in the Gulf of Alaska to North Albatross Bank off Kodiak Island. Depth range 25 to 325 m, most frequently (45.7% of occurrences) on the middle shelf between 50 and 100 m, and 98.9% of occurrences from depths <200 m. Survey data provide a specific location for the species in the Gulf of Alaska and a new maximum depth record. Conclusions Zoogeography Arctic-northern boreal Pacific Life zone Inner shelf-outer shelf (middle shelf) Range From the northern Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands, and North Albatross Bank, Kodiak Island, Alaska, north to the Arctic Depth 22 to 325 m AGONIDAE Aleutian alligatorfish Aspidophoroides bartoni 184 occurrences 73 BLACKFIN POACHER, Bathyagonus nigripinnis Gilbert 1890 Agonidae: Poachers Literature Reported from Kamchatka and Bering Island to the Bering Sea and the Aleutians, and southeast to Eureka, California (Quast and Hall 1972; Hart 1973; Howe 1981; Eschmeyer and Herald 1983), at depths of 18 to 1248 m (Ho" 3 10. All tables should be cited consecutively in the text and their placement, where first mentioned, indicated in the left-hand margin of the manuscript page. Lengthy tables that are typed in the proper format and are clean and legible can be used camera-ready. Figures. Photographs and line drawings should be of professional quality- clear and concise— and reducible to 42 picas for full-page width or to 20 picas for a single-column width, and a maximum of 57 picas high. All il- lustrations must be proportioned so that they are legible when reduced to fit the page format. Line weight and lettering should be sharp and even. Lettering on graphs should be upper and lower case, and vertical lettering should be avoided as much as possible (except for vertical, y, axis). For values less than 1, zeros should precede all decimal points. Reproductions of line art work are accepted in the form of photographic prints from negatives or photomechanical transfer. Halftones should be sharply focused with good contrast. Micron rules should be inserted on electron micrographs, even when magnification is included in the figure legend. There should be good distinction between identifying letters (preferably press-on) and background of photograph. All figures should be cited consecutively in the text and their placement, where first mentioned, indicated in the left-hand margin of the manuscript page. Each figure should be labeled in pencil on the back. DO NOT SEND original or photographic prints of figures to the Scientific Editor; they will be requested when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Copyright. Government publications are in the public domain, i.e., they are not protected by copyright. SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS Send original hardcopy and two duplicated copies of the manuscript to: Dr. Andrew E. Dizon. Scientific Editor NOAA Technical Reports NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA P.O. Box 271 La Jolla, CA 92038-0271 Indicate whether word processing storage media are available, but do not forward disks until requested by Scientific Editor or Scientific Publications office. Copies of published reports. For single monographs, the senior author will be provided with 50 copies free of charge and 50 to his or her organiza- tion. For collections of papers, each senior author will receive 50 separates and one cover, and his or her organization will receive the same. Additional copies may be purchased in lots of 100. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Questions regarding editorial policy and procedures may be forwarded to: Nancy Peacock, Managing Editor NOAA Technical Reports NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Scientific Publications Office Bin CI 5700 Seattle, WA 98115 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OFFICE BIN C15700 SEATTLE, WA 98115 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Penalty for Private Use, $300 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID U.S. Department of Commerce Permit No. G-19 NOAA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was established as part of the Department of Commerce on October 13, 1970. The mission responsibilities of NOAA are to assess the socioeconomic impact of natural and technological changes in the environment and to monitor and predict the state of the solid Earth, the oceans and their living resources, the atmosphere, and the space environment of the Earth. The major components of NOAA regularly produce various types of scientific and technical information in the following kinds of publications: PROFESSIONAL PAPERS— Important definitive research results, major techniques, and special investigations. CONTRACT AND GRANT REPORTS-Reports prepared by contractors or grantees under NOAA sponsorship. ATLAS— Presentation of analyzed data generally in the form of maps showing distribution of rainfall, chemical and physical conditions of oceans and atmosphere, distribu- tion of fishes and marine mammals, ionospheric condi- tions, etc. TECHNICAL SERVICE PUBLICATIONS-Reports con- taining data, observations, instructions, etc. A partial listing includes data serials; predictions and outlook periodicals; technical manuals, training papers, planning reports, and information serials; and miscellaneous technical publications. TECHNICAL REPORTS— Journal quality with extensive details, mathematical developments, or data listings. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS-Reports of prelim- inary, partial, or negative research or technology results, interim instructions, and the like. AQ0D0m317HS3 Information on availability of NOAA publications can be obtained from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161