C \ X ■ r <-x - -/'"o-LlMj; ^^i!^ULo^ AT THE KNOXVILLE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY EXPOSITION • FINAL REPORT AT THE KNOXVILLE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY EXPOSITION 1982 FINAL REPORT ^TES O* U. S. Depository Copy HMNHR ■■• ■• ■ .- -- - .■ ran P^M : -MUMMi r-~=_~^ a 'aaBcBs ■*" ■-- 1 1 i !■ rscsrrpjrv" - r Lj . ' '•= ! — — Mil irfAMt Bj g5i f~- -iS. ; : :aL -- ;. • i Bl • * •' ;.i..jTQ;:j*.- \< ; m. ir-:j MliiiL :Ill ■■*■* |lr- : ' I' I Malcolm E. Baldrige Secretary of Commerce Joe M. Rodgers Commissioner General of the United States Section The United States Commissioner General of Section U. S. Department of Commerce The Honorable Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce Washington, D.C. 20230 Dear Mr. Secretary: It is with pleasure that I submit herewith the Final Report of the United States Pavilion at the 1 982 Knoxville International Energy Exposition for your personal benefit and for forwarding to the President and to the Congress. The United States Pavilion was the highlight of the 1 982 World's Fair and was well worth the effort put forth. The image of the United States as a leader in technology was portrayed, but most importantly our staff and the facility played the outstanding role as leader in the promotion of good will among nations. I am convinced that many people from around the world feel much closer to the United States because of the untiring effort of the U.S. Pavilion staff in making our foreign visitors feel welcome. This dedicated group of mostly non-career government employees, in particular Al Beach, performed in an outstanding manner to accomplish a very difficult assignment. I cannot speak highly enough of their contribution to the success of the U.S. Pavilion. The report will show that when this Administration came into office the overwhelming odds were against the success of the Knoxville International Energy Exposition and, to some degree, the United States Pavilion. Both the Fair and the Pavilion were a great success because of the tremendous assistance given by you and the entire staff of the Department of Commerce, and, in particular, Bill Morris, George Pratt, Lyle Ryter, and Ron Eberhardt. Also invaluable were the roles played by Senator Howard Baker, Ambassador William Brock, former Secretary of State Alexander Haig, and former Secretary of Energy James Edwards and his staff. Of course, the President himself and many on the White House staff were unstinting in their support. I cannot overly stress the foregoing. I was honored to be selected to serve as the Commissioner General of the United States Section at this international event, and I appreciate the opportunity to serve my country. Sincerely, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY EXPOSITION, Knoxville, Tennessee ■ May 1 -October 31, 1982 1 Energy Place ■ Knoxville, TN ■ 37902 1982 ■ 615/971-1050 --.Mum~m-mm^M~m TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE I THE FAIR II THE UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION III OFFICE OF THE U.S. COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF SECTION* IV CONSTRUCTION V EXHIBITS VI PUBLIC AFFAIRS VII SPECIAL EVENTS VIM ADMINISTRATION IX THEATER X ATTENDANCE XI OPERATIONS XII AWARDS XIII DISMANTLING AND INVENTORY XIV RESIDUAL USE XV APPENDICES XVI Interior United States Pavilion at Knoxville International Energy Exposition 1982 Photo courtesy of James Carmel DOC — U.S. Department of Commerce BIE ■ — Bureau of International Expositions DOE — U.S. Department of Energy GSA — General Services Administration IAWG — Interagency Working Group COTR — Contracting Officer's Technical Representative CM ■ — Construction Manager PA — Public Affairs GMP — Guaranteed Maximum Price Commissioner General of Section — Commis- sioner General for the U.S. Pavilion I. PREFACE The award-winning United States Pavilion and exhibits at the 1982 Knoxville International Energy Exposition (KIEE) was, by all standards, an unqualified success. It ranked favorably with such outstanding U.S. Pavilions as the ones in Brussels in 1958, Montreal in 1967 and Osaka in 1970. It was the centerpiece and the pace-setter at the Knoxville Fair as well as one of the Fair's major attendance attractions. The exhibit held strictly to the energy theme, containing dis- plays and live shows that educated, informed and enter- tained. It told the story of the past, present and future of energy in the United States utilizing state-of-the-art com- puter/video technology and climaxed with a film, produced especially for the Fair. The structure won awards for design, with its sloping glass roof and spectacular cantile- vers. Six million people visited the U.S. Pavilion during its 27-week run, May 1 to October 31, 1982. There was something for everybody. The entire project stayed well within its budget showing unob- ligated balances both in the congressional appropriation and the Gifts and Bequests Fund. The image of the United States as a leader in technol- ogy was reinforced, and the goal of furthering international friendship and understanding was actively pursued. Over 8,000 guests from many walks of life and many parts of the United States and the world were hosted in the Pavilion's special guest lounge, including nationally and internationally renowned leaders in business, politics, science, sports, literature and the arts. The report that follows will attempt, in narrative, charts and photos, to portray not only the successes and accomplish- ments, but the problems in the planning, erecting, installing and operating the U.S. Pavilion at the Knoxville Exposition. Files and records aiong with individual reports of the staff were combed and compressed in order to report the most salient milestonesln the progress toward the comple- tion of this mission. Photo courtesy of Preston G. Haag, Jr. II. THE FAIR Category The Knoxville International Energy Exposition was a "special" category exposition, approved by the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE), which is a treaty organization made up of member states, vested with sanctioning authority for all international expositions. The United States joined the BIE in 1968. A "special" category exposi- tion has a limited or single subject theme, devoted to one branch of human endeavor. The host organizers of a "special" exposition must provide exhibition space or pavilions for the guest nations. The participants then lease the space from the organizers. In the Knoxville exposition, the host country provided its own pavilion. Fair Theme The BIE General Provisions of the General Regulations set forth the title of the exposition: "Knoxville International Energy Exposition — Energy Expo '82." The theme of Energy Expo '82 was "Energy Turns the World," focusing on the impact of energy production and use on the lives of the world's people. The stated purpose of the exposition was "to offer citizens of the world a greater comprehension of the effec- tive use of energy and energy resources in the physical field and more discriminating appreciation of creative energy in the artistic field." Setting The U.S. Pavilion's 4 1 /2 -acre site was in the southern portion of the 77-acre elongated Fair site. The 400-foot long pavilion dominated the Fairgrounds and could be seen from nearly all locations in the Fair as well as from many vantage points outside the Fair. Because the long and narrow pavilion nearly bisected the Fair site, the bottom "leg" of a rough figure- eight Fairground's circulation pattern passed along the Pa- vilion's broad east-west con- course between the Pavilion and the above grade portion of the theatre. The U.S. Pavilion site became a part of the main- stream of traffic. The Pavilion's north face bordered the "Waters of the World" reflecting lake. The Fairgrounds was con- structed on the site of a nearly unused railroad yard which cut a large swath between the City's downtown and the University of Tennessee. The population of the City of Knoxville is 183,000. The Knox County population numbers nearly 320,000 and the metro- politan area, serviced by Knox- ville, exceeds 475,000. The University of Tennessee has an average enrollment of 30,000. The Fair Organizers, in pro- jecting an 11 million Fair attendance, took into account that 52 million people live within a 400-mile radius of Knoxville. In addition, Knox- ville is located one hour's drive from the Great Smoky Moun- tains National Park which aver- ages 9 million visitors a year. International Participants International participants in the Fair were Italy, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, the European Community, Japan, Australia, Mexico, the Royal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, Canada, the Hungarian People's Republic, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of the Philippines, Egypt and Peru. View of U.S. Pavilion Sunsphere from U.S. Pavilion III. UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION Legislative and Executive History In April 1977, the President informed the Secretaries of State and Commerce that Federal recognition had been granted to the Knoxville Inter- national Energy Exposition, based on fulfillment of the provisions of Public Law 91 -269 (which implements United States treaty obligations to the Bureau of International Expositions) and on the recom- mendations of the Secretaries of Commerce and State. On April 27, 1977, the BIE officially registered Expo '82 as a Special Category International Exposition on Energy. In December 1978, the President issued a proclamation directing the Secretary of State to invite such foreign countries as he might consider appropri- ate to participate in the Knox- ville International Energy Exposition. Public Law 96-169 was enacted on December 29, 1979, to provide for Federal participation in the International Energy Exposition to be held in Knoxville in 1982. This law authorized the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Commissioner General of the United States for the exposition. It also provided for the Secretary of Commerce to designate a Commissioner General of Section who would serve as the Director of the United States Pavilion. On July 8, 1980, Public Law 96-304 was enacted authorizing $20,800,000 for designing, constructing and operating a Federal Pavilion in the Knoxville International Energy Exposition. THE WHITE HOUSE IATION 162 Knoxville International Energy Exposition of 1982 By the President oj the United States of America A Proclamation rid nk e Exposition offers for a deeper stimulation of trade and cultural extend the fullest possible recogni- Law 91-269. On April 26, 1977, I relationship with the pervasive force of energy which fundan choices people have .is to the endurance and enjoyment of life itself. This exposition, whose theme ix "Energy Turns the World," will provide a splendid selling in which to explore new technologies to conserve energy, to harness the long-lasting and most renewable sources, and to carry on the search for new sources of energy. Because of the opportunities which t understanding of energy issues and foi the lion to this event in accordance with Publi. advised the Secretaries of Stale and Commerce that the Exposition warrants Federal recognition as provided by statute. On April 27, 1977, upon request of the United Slates, the Bureau of International Expositions officially regis- tered the event as a Special Category exposition by unanimous vote. Also, in accordance with law. I shall appoint a United States Commission- er Genera) to exercise the responsibility of the United Slates Government for fulfillment ol the Convention of November 22, 1928. Relating lo International Expositions, as modified, and to invite the several Slates of the Union to participate. NOW. THEREFORE, I, JIMMY CARTER. President of the United States of America, m further recognition of (his International Energy Exposition, do hereby authorize and clued die Secretary of State to invite, on my behalf, such foreign countries as he may consider appropriate lo participate in this event. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, 1 have hereunto set my hand this sixth day of December, in the year ol out Lord nineteen hundred and seventy-eight, and of the Independence ol the United States of America the two hundred and third. ^ Interagency Committee Under Public Law 91-269, the Department of Commerce was designated the lead agency to plan official Government participation in major Federally recognized expositions in the United States. To carry out this mandate, the Secretary of Commerce, in May 1977, requested Federal Agencies with "substantial interest in achieving a successful Federal Pavilion and exhibitions" to designate Agency representa- tives to an Interagency Working Group on Expositions (IAWG). The purpose of the IAWG was to provide for full government support and a coordinated effort for the Federal participa- tion at the Knoxville Inter- national Energy Exposition in 1982. A major task of the IAWG was to participate in ' planning the theme of the exhibits in the Federal Pavilion, as well as the residual use of the building. The IAWG first met on July 13, 1977 and subsequently played an active role in the development of the United States Pavilion. The IAWG established an Exhibit Review Committee and partici- pated in the Architect-Engineer and Exhibit Design and Film Selection Board. The IAWG also reviewed fine-cut versions of the film prior to its accept- ance for presentation. (See Appendix for IAWG Members.) Selection of Design Team The architect, exhibit de- signer and film-maker final selection process was initiated in May 1979, with the appoint- ment of a selection board. Prior to this, in December 1978, the design project was pub- lished in the Commerce Business Daily, requiring offers to reach DOC by January 1979. After several changes in membership, a selection board was ultimately organized, composed of eleven members representing the Department of Commerce, General Services Administration, International Communications Agency, University of Tennessee, National Park Service, National Endowment for the Arts, Smithsonian Institution and Haworthy and Anderson Consultants. From an initial field of 51 architect/engineer, exhibit design and film-maker joint- venture groups, five firms were given grants of $5,000 to develop their designs and enter into active competition. An architectural and engineer- ing (A/E) firm in joint venture with an exhibit designer and film-maker, ultimately won the THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON Dear Mr. Rodgers: The last time a world's fair was held in the United States was in Spokane, Washington in 1 974 and the last world's fair anywhere was in Okinawa, Japan in 1 975. So I am particularly pleased and proud that Knoxville, Tennessee has been selected by the Bureau of International Expositions in Paris as the site for the 1 982 World's Fair. The theme — Energy Turns the World — is most appropriate for Knoxville because the area represents one of the world's most important energy centers. The United States Pavilion, approved by Congress last year, is already under construction. Many countries have agreed to participate and numerous American corporations are making plans to present their philosophy, their technology and their commitments to future progress. I support this idea of a world's fair in Knoxville. I hope to be there to open the fair officially in May of I982. I believe this fair will focus the world's attention on the importance of energy conservation and the uses to which creative energy can be applied. Fairs like this have historically provided a focal point around which progress is noted and plans for the future dramatically expressed. The 1 982 World's Fair in Knoxville promises to continue that great tradition. Sincerely, \ \f^J»JiJi ( Cx*^~ Mr. Joe M. Rodgers Commissioner General of Section 1 982 World's Fair Suite 2I0 I0I0 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 competition. Before final contracts were awarded, the Department of Commerce requested separate contracts for each company in the group, thus breaking up the joint venture but allowing closer supervision of each participant. The A/E was given a letter contract on February 1, 1980, to continue preliminary design work. The final contract was not entered into with the A/E until July 1, 1981. Likewise, on September 2, 1980, a letter of agreement was given the exhibit designer with final contract signed on October 19, 1981. The film-maker letter was signed on August 1 , 1980, and a contract signed on June 18, 1981. A letter contract for computer/video content pro- duction was signed Decem- ber 7, 1981 , with a final contract signed April 16, 1982. IV. OFFICE OF THE U.S. COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF SECTION The United States Govern- ment, as the host nation in a Fair approved by the Bureau of International Expositions, is required to appoint two Commissioners General, each with distinct areas of responsibility. The U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair is appointed by the President to represent the Government in matters of protocol and rela- tions between the participating governments and the Fair Organizers. The U.S. Commissioner General also serves as the chairman of the College of Commissioners General, made up of Commis- sioners and Deputies of all official foreign government pavilions. The Commissioner General assists and advises the Organizers in expanding international participation, working closely with them in offices at the Fair's executive headquarters. During the Fair, the U.S. Commissioner General acts as the President's envoy in all official ceremonies. The U.S. Commissioner General of Section, the section reserved for the official U.S. Pavilion, is appointed by the Secretary of Commerce. The Department of Commerce is the agency responsible for (From left) U.S. Pavilion Commis- sioner General Joe M. Rodgers, Mrs. Rodgers, Mrs. Testerman and Associate Commissioner General, Kyle C. Testerman. implementing the appropria- tion made available by Congress to assemble and operate a U.S. Pavilion. The Commissioner General of the U.S. Pavilion, with offices in the Pavilion, has the responsibility of overseeing all matters related to the Pavilion and staff. The Commissioner General of Section, or designate, sits as a member of the College of Commissioners General and represents the U.S. Pavilion at official ceremonies and other functions. In August 1980, Charles E. Fraser was appointed the U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair. Because the Commis- sioner General of Section was not scheduled to be appointed until later, the staff of the U.S. Pavilion and the U.S. Com- missioner General shared offices. The U.S. Commissioner General acted as an interim Commissioner General of Section, guiding its early planning and operations and assisting in key staff selections. The Fair Organizers at that time were having difficulty in securing both private and international participation commitments. In March 1981, Joe M. Rodgers was designated the Commissioner General of Section and Pavilion Director. He added to his immediate staff Charles T. Hagel as his Deputy. Their principal efforts were initially devoted to strengthen- ing the Fair Organizers' campaign to broaden private participation. This allowed the U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair and his staff more time to concentrate their efforts on the Fair's international program and the College of Commissioners General. As a result, the number of interna- tional participants and private participants increased. Allen E. Beach, then Assistant Commissioner General of Section and Deputy Pavilion Director, had been employed in the late fall of 1980. In July 1 981 , due to the critical need for a senior officer in Knoxville, he transferred to the Pavilion field office. The Deputy Commissioner General man- aged the Washington, D.C. Pavilion Office in Georgetown until his departure in September 1981 to accept a senior Federal appointment. Daily coordina- tion of the Georgetown office activities was then divided between the Assistant Com- missioner General in Knoxville and Dr. George L. B. Pratt, Director of the Office of International Expositions, in the main Commerce Building, until February 1982, when all Pavilion staff, except the Administrative Officer and Budget and Fiscal Officer, moved to Knoxville for the duration. In March 1982, Commis- sioner General Rodgers named Kyle C. Testerman of Knox- ville the Associate Commis- sioner General for the Pavilion, to act in a voluntary capacity as a protocol and ceremonial advisor, and simultaneously named Beach Deputy Commissioner General. U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Rodgers chats with Robin Beard, former Congress- man for Tennessee, at reception in the lounge. Guest from Saudi Arabia registers in U.S. Pavilion lounge. (Left) Patti Wilson, U.S. Pavilion staff. V. CONSTRUCTION Design Development Authorization to construct a U.S. Pavilion at the Knoxville International Energy Exposition, granted by Public Law 96-169, specified that "the Department of Commerce build a pavilion which would pre- serve and enhance, to the greatest extent practicable, the utility of the property for public purposes, needs or other benefits following the close of the exposition." The law expressed Congressional desire for a permanent building that would have lasting residual usage. One of the principal reasons the A/E member of the design group was selected was because of the firm's concept for solution to the residual use requirement. The design Pavilion interior takes shape. proposed a large open volume which created a pleasing ambience for exhibits while allowing for internal construc- tion of new floors after the Fair. The design called for building only the floor space required for exhibit use but with the volume needed for reuse. Construction Budget The appropriation legislation for the Pavilion was not passed until July of 1980, when Congress provided $20,800,000 to supplement the $500,000 budgeted for initial planning phases. $12,000,000 was for the construction cost including fees and construction related services. This eventually rose by about 5%. Early in the planning stage, cost had been estimated at $25 million for Pavilion design and construction, exhibit design and fabrication, and administration and operation. However, prior to this, in October 1977, the President informed the Office of Manage- ment and Budget (OMB) that the Federal involvement should be $20 million. With the pas- sage of time, DOC officials recommended that the $20 million figure be increased to about $24 million due to inflation between the time of the initial estimate and actual start of construction. In May 1979, DOC submitted a budget proposal to OMB of $24.3 million: Design and Construction $12.0 million Exhibitry and Related Costs 8.0 million Operation, Administration and Miscellaneous Costs 4.3 million $24.3 million K:^ <4&? - s ^ Later, the Government reduced the request to $20.8 million, adhering more closely to the President's recom- mendation. The budget for the Pavilion was adjusted to reflect this total: Design and Construction $12.3 million Exhibitry and Related-Costs 4.5 million Operation, Administration and Miscellaneous 4.0 million $20.8 million in Interior view of north wall, ready for glazing Cost Reductions Use Uninsulated Delete Solar Exhibitry was adjusted to "Trimwall" around Shades 36,700 $4.5 million, including afilm Elevator in Lieu Modify Theatre production, while design and of "Foamwall" 1 1 ,800 from Underground construction costs were Change Theatre to Aboveground 226,000 increased by $300,000; how- Seats to Benches 10,800 Delete Railroad ever, it became apparent that Deduct Alternate Portal 41,000 numerous changes had to be Paint Finish on Reduce Allowance made to reduce the construc- Metal Panels 21,000 for Exterior tion scope to stay within the Remove 20 Percent Lighting 56,000 appropriation as well as time limitations. Some of the prin- of Operable Glass on North and Total $2,529,700 cipal cost reductions are South Walls 22.700 This reduction of over $2.5 listed below: Delete Power Tower million from the original design COST (includes Research and exhibit scheme necessi- ITEM ESTIMATE Costs) 886,500 tated a major change in the concept and philosophy of the Delete Glass Delete Biomass U.S. Pavilion and content. The Domes over Generator 500,000 original scheme presented by Escalators $ 146,500 Modify Rooftop the joint venture group had Delete VIP Solar Collectors 296,000 made the Pavilion as energy Entrance 50,700 Delete Lighting Control self-sufficient as possible. The Microprocessor 224,000 11 energy-self-sufficient scheme was commendable, and reflected the United States energy policy at that time, but would have been impossible to carry through, considering the time and monies available. The structure was also reduced from a gross square footage of over 100,000 to about 87,000 square feet. It was mandatory to the successful opening of the Pavilion by May 1, 1982, and the preservation of the budget, that these reductions be made, even at the risk of criticism. Guests at U.S. Pavilion Topping Out Ceremony autograph "last beam" before it is hoisted into place. Framing for glazing on the Pavilion's north sloping wall. Criticism did result from the scheme change and scope reduction mainly by the Depart- ment of Energy (DOE) which had been represented on the IAWG from the beginning. The criticism was based, however, on a brief review, by in-house DOE architects, of a set of "pricing" drawings, meant only to show the scope of construc- tion work. Most criticism was due to the incomplete nature of the drawings and most ques- tions raised were adequately addressed. Moreover, many energy conservation and energy-producing elements of the original scheme still remained in the plans .(See Energy Conservation Features under Operations.) Pavilion Design The A/E entered into a letter contract with DOC in February 1980, and through various changes in the original proposal, put together a definitive design. The final design featured a sloping north face built from insulated foam-filled steel panels and glass, faceted with alternating vertical, then sloped glass. The north slope allowed natural 1 2 Ceremonial "last beam" is hoisted in place. Assistant Secretary William Morris, U.S. Department of Commerce (left), and U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Joe M. Rodgers with guests at Pavilion Topping Out Ceremony. , / 7Jmk i^ Helicopter lifts roof solar panels in place. Dewey Smith and Frank Weiskopf, Pavilion engineers, check progress. light to fill the exhibit floors, yet minimized direct sunlight. This glass proved to be a mixed blessing, in that the daylight effect was dramatic and con- served energy, but it also led to problems with water leakage. The south side featured an exposed steel "cage" with inset escalators, stair towers, elevator shafts, balconies and office pods. Eight pairs of spine trusses sloped from the vertical south facade. Four in the center of the building were supported; one at the east end and three at the west were cantilevered. The voids created by the cantilevers lessened the "barrier" effect of the long building by providing north- south, see-through vistas at ground level as well as through the inside of the building because of the expanses of glass on both sides. The stepped, west-end cantilever sheltered an outdoor amphitheater. Visitors approached the entrance to the Pavilion via the ground level concourse, then proceeded up open-air escala- tors, inside the "cage," to the fifth level where they entered from a balcony at the southwest corner above the highest canti- lever. From the fifth level, visitors descended by stairs and ramps through the exhibits. The lowest exhibit level con- tained the theatre holding area and tunnel leading to a 1000- seat theatre. Exit from the theatre placed visitors back on the concourse at the original entrance level. 13 Construction on the U.S. Pavilion continues in the snow. The cantilever design required extensive computer- assisted calculations and special structural features. The structural "cage" which makes up the southern facade supports the cantilevers. To help resist the loads the canti- levers place on the frame, special "post-tensioned" concrete diaphragms, at roof level and concourse level, were designed. The seven- inch thick, roof diaphragm runs the length of the building and extends forty feet from the back of the steel "cage" out to the sloping north face. The fourteen-inch-thick concourse diaphragm also runs the length of the building. Distortion was designed into the structure so that during erection the building would deflect to a vertical position. All towers were erected out of plumb, canted backward as much as 1 5 /s inches in the overhang and forward as much as 1 inch elsewhere. The southern wall steel "cage" was anchored to rock by deep caissons. This foundation was designed to resist the uplift forces on the cantilever, rather than having the foundation support weight from above, as is usual. (See Appendix for building statistics.) Construction Management The sponsors of the Knoxville International Energy Exposition were late in organizing a finan- cial plan to ensure success. As a result, DOC delayed its request for authorizing and funding legislation until a plan was approved. The appropria- tion was thus too late to provide sufficient lead-time for Pavilion design and construction using conventional Government methods. The General Services Administration (GSA) was originally asked to provide DOC with contract administration, but declined due to their concern about lead-time. When funds were appropriated in July 1980, the schedule for design and construction had slipped 13 months. DOC was not organized for or experi- enced in construction administration of a project of this magnitude on a very limited schedule. As a result, a construction management (CM) firm was retained to provide this service, and guarantee the Pavilion would open on time and within budget. Generally, Government construction projects are scheduled sequentially; the first phase is design. From a total design package, a lump sum contract is awarded. The compressed schedule for the U.S. Pavilion did not permit completion of total design prior to the start of construction. The Pavilion had to be built under a "fast track" schedule where design is started and construction follows closely behind designs as they come off the drawing boards. This process requires very close coordination between owner, A/E and construction manager. Guaranteed Maximum Price The CM, operating under a letter contract from October 1980 until September 1981, was originally to assume all risks for completing the project within a guaranteed maximum price (GMP), but under only a letter contract, with GMP not definitized, the contractor's fiscal incentives were weak- ened, and the risk onus would remain the Government's until the definitized contract was negotiated. The Pavilion staff urged the closing of the GMP contract and several negotia- tion sessions were held. During that time, a majority of the separate work packages were completed by the CM and sub- contracts let. Often when a package was over budget, the scope of the work was redefined or funds transferred from contingency funds or other budget items to cover overruns, rather than the CM and A/E negotiating design and specifi- cations changes to bring the price in line with the budget, which was the original purpose of retaining a CM. When the GMP contract was finally signed, construction was well underway, with nearly all bid packages finalized, thus the GMP contract became essen- tially a "fixed price contract" plus a known contingency for change orders. Once the con- tract was signed, contract administration consisted of tracking progress, negotiation and approval of change orders. There were a significant number of change orders due to the "fast-track" schedule, the unusual structure, changing requirements of exhibits and the use of donated materials. However, despite the prob- lems encountered, the A/E and CM presented the Government a pavilion which provided dramatic space for the exhibits, and attracted a very high percentage of the Fair attendance. Effective use of natural light and open space provided a pleasant atmos- phere to visitors. The design brought two American Institute of Architect awards to the architects. The Pavilion was a popular success. Sky Ride The Fair Organizers con- tracted with a sky ride operator to erect and operate a ski-lift type passenger ride in two segments, running north and south nearly the length of the Fair site. The route of the segment at the west end of the U.S. Pavilion passed through one of the structural steel frames on the outside of the building, adding a dramatic dimension to the ride. A license, allowing a connection of the overhead cable bogies to the steel frame and the erection of two support towers on the Pavilion site, was authorized by DOC. View of north face of the U.S. Pavilion and "Waters of the World. 15 VI. EXHIBITS Theme Development In Fall 1977, the Department of Commerce retained a consulting firm to undertake the development of a theme for United States participation in the Knoxville International Energy Expo '82. In February 1978, the IAWG approved a theme statement which was published by DOC in a docu- ment entitled Theme Develop- ment for the United States Participation in Energy Expo '82. This document grew out of a preliminary, thematic development retreat held in Knoxville in November 1977. In attendance were representa- tives from DOC, the Depart- ment of Energy and the General Services Administration, as well as Energy Expo '82 organizers and architects; and consultants from the KIEE Energy Advisory Committee, comprised of inter- nationally recognized energy experts from Oak Ridge and the University of Tennessee. The purpose was to examine and identify a theme for the U.S. Pavilion and to provide a work- ing direction for its planners, architects, exhibit designers, and implementers. In June 1979, the Secretary of Commerce transmitted to the President the Proposed Federal Participation in the International Exposition at Knoxville, Tennes- see, May 1 -October 31, 1982. This document included the February 1 978 theme statement, "Energy and Us: Individually and Together for a New Tomor- row" — which was the theme adopted by the Interagency Working Group. The Logo The United States Pavilion logo was developed by the DOC Design and Graphics Division and the Pavilion Exhibits Section. The spherical symbol, with its five stripes of color, symbolized the major sources of energy examined in the exhibit. Red represented nuclear energy; red/orange — coal, oil and natural gas; ocher — biomass; yellow/orange — wind, water, and geothermal energy; and yellow — solar energy. Time-Energy Curve "sculpture' 16 Conceptual Design The exhibit design contrac- tor, in association with the architect, presented a final conceptual description of the proposed U.S. Pavilion exhibit to the Secretary of Commerce, other Department officials, and members of the IAWG on March 10, 1981. The concept was also presented to a group of 50 corporate and industry leaders. The associated docu- ment, referred to as the "Blue Book," became the conceptual basis for the exhibit. Design Options A major goal of the United States Pavilion was to utilize state-of-the-art interactive computer/video systems in order to present a large volume of information while at the same time engaging visitor participa- tion in the exhibit. This was an ambitious goal and one which could not be achieved under the available budget. The designer, working with the exhibit staff, produced a design plan with a number of grada- tions: its complexity and extent would depend on the amount of donated equipment which could be secured, as well as on donations to other areas of the exhibit and building, which would free up funds for the high option computer/video design. Donations A wide-ranging program to obtain loans and donations was begun with a major priority on computer/video equipment. Since no single company could produce all the technology required for the envisioned system, the Government and the designer worked together to identify compatible equipment and ultimately secure loans. The interactive computer/video programs envisioned required random access, laser-read video disc machines and com- patible computers to run the programs. The final equipment package contained 63 random access video disc machines, 71 monitors, 6 overhead video projection systems, and 23 ex- hibit computers (plus 13 for office use). To complete the complex interactive displays, loans for equipment were secured for the core memory system, for six color graphics generators and for 1 touch panels. The total of these loans was a dollar savings of over $500,000. In addition, all com- panies donated packing, ship- ping, and free service on their equipment. This not only saved on service costs, but because of the companies' professional commitment to the project, the U.S. Pavilion exhibitry was 90% operational during the run of the Fair. In order to stay within budget for the building and other parts of the exhibit, a wide range of other donations and loans were also solicited. Staff members and contractors identified items or services for possible loan or donation. Donations ranged from building items such as paint, carpet, theatre seats, telephone system, and appli- ances, to services such as shipping for museum and industry artifacts. Financial contributions were also soli- cited to fund U.S. Pavilion special events and representa- tion during the Fair. (See Appendix for a complete list of donors.) Selecting a Fabricator The selection of an exhibit fabricator took place in Fall 1981. The exhibit design con- tractor prepared the exhibit fabrication bid package which was sent out in response to 135 requests. A pre-bid meet- ing was held August 18, 1981. Following this meeting, and by the September 10, 1981, bid deadline, five proposals had been received. An evaluation team consisting of the Exhibits Director and five exhibits staff members ranked the technical portion of the proposals. Based on the technical evaluation and cost proposal comparisons, a fabrication firm was selected. The exhibit fabrication contract was signed November 2, 1981 for $1 ,079,000 and covered 80% of the exhibit fabrication. The remaining fabrication costs were covered by contract amendment. 17 Obtaining Exhibits Artifacts The United States Pavilion exhibit concept featured a large number of historical and indus- trial artifacts. The design contractor was responsible for choosing each artifact, identify- ing and locating a source, and getting preliminary agreement to loan the artifact for display in the exhibit. An exhibits staff member then contacted the potential lender to work out a formal loan agreement, if required; initiate DOC loan acceptance procedures; and arrange for shipping, insurance, and security for the item. In almost all cases, industry arti- fact lenders agreed to transport their artifacts to the Pavilion at no cost to the Government. The generous assistance provided by private industry contributed significantly to the success of the exhibit. The loaned artifacts plus the shipping, donated by a moving company, amounted to a combined donation equiva- lent to approximately $325,000. The U.S. Pavilion contained 120 artifacts, including the Gossamer Penguin, the first solar-powered airplane, loaned by the Southwest Museum of Science and Technology-The Science Place. The largest number of artifacts from one source came from the Edison Institute/Henry Ford Museum which provided 20 historical artifacts, including a 10,000 lb. portable steam engine dating from the middle of the last century. The Smithsonian Institution/National Museum of American History provided 15 artifacts. Other museum lenders included The Chicago Historical Society, Georgia Agrirama and TVA — Land Between the Lakes. A significant number of historical items were borrowed from private individuals. (See Appendix for list of artifact lenders.) Fabrication and Installation Exhibit fabrication began behind schedule due to the lateness of the appropriation, with its resulting delays in con- struction and installation. The exhibits staff, the design contractor and fabricator were faced with a number of chal- lenges. The exhibit conceptual and content development spanned two Administrations. To produce an exhibit that accurately reflected Federal energy policy, the exhibit design contractor retained an administration energy consul- tant as the prime exhibit con- tent advisor. In a further step to assure factual and policy accuracy, it was decided to seek review and approval from the DOE for all exhibit text. The review amounted to over 900 pages of copy and over 6 hours of video tape masters for video disc production. Due in great part to the cooperation and assistance of DOE, a two-day turn-around for copy approval was achieved. This enabled the exhibit fabricator to adhere to a very tight production schedule. In addition, the success of the donations program often meant additional effort for the U.S. Pavilion exhibits team and the fabricator and designer. The incorporation of loaned or donated items had to be decided on a case-by-case basis. As donations of equip- ment materialized, the design- ers changed designs to accommodate the donation. This meant new detailed draw- ings and new consultation, resulting in slippage in the fabrication schedule. It is a credit to the fabrication con- tractor and to the coordination efforts of the exhibits staff that despite design changes, even during actual fabrication, delays in Pavilion construction, and recurring roof leaks, the entire task of shipping and installing 42,000 square feet of exhibits was accomplished in only a little over four months. Although the fabrication and installation period was frantic and exhausting, the exhibits were finished on time. The Final Exhibit Product The United States Pavilion and its exhibits were uniformly mentioned in press accounts and reviews as one of the major highlights of the Fair. Pavilion attendance, which routinely approached building capacity, was generally half of the total Fair attendance on any given day. The Pavilion visitor experi- ence was enhanced by such elementary considerations as an air-conditioned atmosphere, especially appreciated during the hot summer months, and after some early exhibit place- ment adjustments just after opening, there was a smooth traffic flow with easy accessi- bility to exhibits; there were drinking fountains, restrooms, and a first-aid station. Some seating was available at various locations in the Pavilion for visitors to rest. The one draw- back of consequence was a S »»K§ First exhibits arrive at Pavilion loading dock. 19 limited elevator capacity which, during peak attendance periods, caused some handicapped visitors minor inconvenience. There were two major phases to the visitor experience at the U.S. Pavilion; the Pavilion exhibits and the large screen film presentation. A decision was made early in the project to use an innovative technology in the exhibit to communicate energy information to the public. Taking experimental technology directly from the laboratory to the exhibit floor, the U.S. Pavilion used interac- tive computer video systems to foster individualized information presentation and visitor interac- tion with the exhibit. The film presentation, following the same theme as the exhibit, used the large film image to convey the immense scale and dynamism of the energy scene to a large audience. Walking Through the U.S. Pavilion Visitors approached the Pavi- lion from both sides and walked along a wide promenade, from which they could view a portion of the Pavilion's interior through the glassed mid-portion of the wall. A series of escalators leading up through the open steel structure of the south face of the building moved visitors to the fifth-level entrance to the exhibit, while at the same time providing a panoramic view of the south end of the Fair site. (See Operations for conveying systems.) LEVEL A In the introductory level, the visitor viewed nine glass towers containing specimens of energy sources. A graphic wall intro- duced the nine color coded energy source symbols used throughout the exhibit. The color code was used in the dramatic three-dimensional time-energy sculpture which depicted major energy events, the growth of energy use and the changing mix of energy sources in the United States from 1800 to the present. LEVEL B From a general introduction to national energy production and use, the visitor descended to the next exhibit level de- voted to history. Moving through a series of low platform clusters containing historical artifacts, graphic images and printed information organized by historical periods related to previous world's fairs, the visitor saw how energy influenced work, recreation, communica- tion, travel, commerce and consumption. Six video towers brought the visitor up to date through the 1960's and 1970's, showing news clips on energy events, heightening awareness of the importance of energy in contemporary social, political and economic life. Each tower showed film segments on laser- video disc machines which were programmed to play the segments and loop back to continuously repeat. Moving along a walkway to the next exhibit area, the visitor passed by the suspended Gossamer Penguin airplane, the first solar-powered airplane. The transparent airplane, sus- pended 40 feet above the bottom exhibit floor, was designed and built by Dr. Paul J. MacCready, Jr. le-Energy Curve 20 History Enter Level A Level - Introduction LEVEL C The next exhibit area was dominated by two major exhibits. One was a color- coded energy supply and demand chart translated into a three-dimensional suspended neon sculpture. Just below, a keyed relief map presented more detailed information concerning supply and demand. The second exhibit was a wall of 20 television monitors which made up the Energy Debate. Three microcomputers and floppy disc drives, five touch screens and 10 random access video disc players were used to produce a visitor-con- trolled debate. Using 80 video segments, featuring energy experts and energy-concerned citizens, each debate sequence lasted about 10 minutes. The segment began with a montage of energy pictures and films flashed across 20 wall-mounted television screens. A speaker giving an energy opinion filled the 20 screens. Then up to View of "neon sculpture" matching supply and demand diagram below. five faces of speakers with dif- fering opinions appeared on certain screens. The first face touched by a visitor became the next debater and filled the 20 screens, to be followed by more optional speakers to be selected by the audience. This continued through 10 choices and then recycled to the open- ing montage and a new debate. The computer picked the alter- natives and the visitor chose the speaker from that group of alternatives. The computer kept track of who had spoken and presented choices in logical transition depending on where the visitors' choices took the debate. LEVEL D From the debate exhibit, vis- itors proceeded down an elevated ramp extending through the largest open vol- ume of the Pavilion. At the end of the ramp they entered the 21 North Carolina's Governor James B. Hunt and Mrs. Hunl and son Baxter tour the pavilion with Anita Grinvalds U.S. Pavilion staff. 22 Visitors examine disassembled car showing new fuel conserving features. "demand level." Visitors first viewed a transparent house whose plexiglas wall panels illustrated home energy conser- vation techniques. A second exhibit illustrated the energy required to make a variety of industry and agriculture prod- ucts. This effective and popu- lar exhibit used a multi-media approach combining interactive video-disc monitors, actual product samples, and visitor- activated touch panels. By touching a product symbol, the visitor could instantly call up a video segment which illustrated how energy was used to produce a given product. Further along, an automobile display illustrated improve- ments in energy efficiency, including improvement in aerodynamic engineering. LEVEL E Moving along a walkway one floor above the ground level, visitors were provided access to outside balconies overlook- ing the Fair to the North and the "Waters of the World" reflecting lake. Inside, visitors were offered a view of the bottom exhibit level devoted to energy supply. LEVEL F The nine major energy sources — coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, biomass and wind — each had a dedicated display area. Each area featured energy source specimens, a piece of equipment used in the pro- duction of energy from that source and pictures and print information. A video tower with a touch sensitive screen featured energy terms specific to each of nine fuel options. The visitor touched a word on the screen to call up a defini- tion; the definition could be text, text over a picture, or a film clip. Often a definition had key words in yellow. Touching Visitors examine early steam engine in energy history exhi a yellow-highlighted word called up its definition. The program could continue branching through up to seven levels. Scrolling the screen brought up a new "page" of glossary from which to select words to be defined. In addition to the nine energy video towers, 500 energy terms were incorporated into four systems displayed on the main exhibit level. Energy terms seemed to swoop out from the screen; by touching a graphic bar on the screen the visitor could speed up, slow down, stop and even reverse the movement of the terms. Touch- ing a stopped term called up a definition. One video disc provided all the information for the system. Along one wall of the bottom exhibit level, six computer/ video stations with touch- sensitive television screens and corresponding images pro- jected on large television screens, presented a graphic rendition of the U.S. energy supply/demand schematic. Touching any of the supply or demand options on the graphic caused the display to go to video disc clips on the subject touched. Touching the screen during the playing of a video clip caused the display to branch to a more detailed clip of what was on the screen at that point. One-and-one-half hours of material was available on each of the six units in the Pavilion, and visitors could explore the subjects as far as their interest took them. Live Energy Show One of the most popular at- tractions in the Pavilion was the Live Energy Show, devoted to energy in the future. Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) was contracted to develop, fabricate and operate a live stage show to be presented on the bottom level of the Pavilion. ORAU was uniquely qualified to produce such a show since they had been doing traveling live energy shows since 1948 for government and industry. An inspired addition to the Live Energy Show was the robot, loaned to the Pavilion for the duration of the Fair, who soon became the Pavilion's most popular personality. Audiences for "The Robot Show," as it was popularly called, usually numbered around 700. Shows lasted 10 minutes and were presented every 45 minutes. The contractor developed an excellent and popular show which was operated through most of the Fair. When contract money for the show ran out, with six weeks to go until the end of the Fair, U.S. Pavilion guides took over presenting the show. This was a morale booster for the guides and they made sure that the Live Energy Show continued to live up to its well-earned reputation as an engaging, crowd-pleasing experience. Visitors watch "Debate Wall." Visitors await start of U.S. Pavilion Live Energy Show. 23 Theater and Holding Area The entrance to the 1 ,000- seat IMAX Theater was adjacent to the bottom exhibit level. Visitors, up to the 1 ,000 theater capacity, assembled in the theater holding area next to the souvenir shop. The 27-minute film was shown every 45 minutes, with 7.5 minutes allotted before and after the film for filling and clearing the theater, and 3 minutes for a security check. There were 16 shows a day, with an average daily attendance of 800. The total theater attendance for the run of the Fair was 2,296,644. The waiting period to see the IMAX film usually did not exceed 45 minutes, even during peak visitor periods. If the theater holding area filled up, visitors would opt to leave the building through a series of doors on the east end of the bottom exhibit level and return later in the evening when attendance was lighter. While waiting to enter the theater, visitors could use a bank of telephones to call up energy tips provided by the Better Business Bureau and interact with glossary displays which featured information on energy terms. One wall of the holding area listed acknowledgments to the many sponsors to the United States Pavilion. Theater attendants counted visitors, made sure visitors were evenly distributed in the theater, and gave a brief safety message on emergency exits and leaving the theater after the show. Visitors exited through doors at the top and back of the theater onto the concourse level. IMAX film crew on location. The theater achieved an excellent 98% operating reli- ability record. Much of the credit for the technical efficiency of the theater belongs to those behind the scenes. The diligence and expertise of the projectionists, combined with high guality projection and sound systems, and consistent eguipment manufacturer and consultant cooperation, all contributed to this effort. The Film The movie "Energy, Energy" was an acknowledged hit of the Fair. Its popularity spread by word of mouth and through reviews of Fair attractions which appeared in the regional and national media. It was the feature of the U.S. Pavilion experience which received the most praise from visitors. In tandem with Pavilion exhibits, the motion picture was deemed to be the most effective medium for furthering public understanding and con- veying the United States energy message. It provided a con- centrated experience for an audience seated in a darkened theater, free from other distrac- tions. The IMAX film format was chosen to convey the magnitude and scope of the energy theme. The IMAX film process, with its peripheral screen and large film image exceeded the power of the standard 35mm or 70mm picture in its ability to move, entertain and inform its audiences. According to the film makers, one of the keys to the visual brilliance of the IMAX process is the large film frame. The larger the film frame, the better the picture quality. This system uses the largest film frame in motion picture history — ten times the size of a conventional 35mm frame and three times the size of a standard 70mm frame. The screen can also be ten times the size of a conventional screen. The screen at the theater in the U.S. Pavilion measured 93.5 feet by 66.5 feet. ;m A synopsis of the film was submitted in March 1981. The confract was signed June 1 5, 1981, for $1,225,000. Principal photography for the film was scheduled for spring and summer of 1981 , with the unique IMAX camera traveling to 23 states to photograph such contrasting scenes as midtown Manhattan, the Rocky Moun- tains, and the California sea- coast. In all, more than fifty locations of importance to the energy story were filmed. The film went through a number of screenings, begin- ning with a rough assembly viewing in October 1981. Subsequent screenings, to which the IAWG and DOC and other agency officials were invited, took place in Wash- ington in November and December 1981, and in February 1982. The producers were present at all the screen- ings to answer questions and participate in the discussion sessions that followed. In addition, written comments solicited from attendees were used in attaining energy policy consistency in the film. Throughout the production process, the concept, the script, and the film footage were reviewed by the Depart- ment of Energy, as was all exhibit content. Though some changes were requested very late in the production process, most areas of difference were resolved. Most important, the audiences loved the film, appreciating both its content balance and entertainment impact, which reflected well on U.S. participation at the Fair. Film Format Comparison One of the keys to IMAX: the larger the film frame, the better the picture quality. IMAX uses the largest film frame in motion picture, history — ten times the size of a conventional 35mm frame, and three times the size of a 70mm frame. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ rr 1 IMAX 70mm, 15 perforations/frame 1.91" X 2.74", Area = 5.23 sq in 48.51mm x 60.60mm, Area = 3376.30 sq mm STANDARD 70mm, 5 perforations/frame .870" x 1.91", Area = 1.66 sq in 22.10mm X 48.51mm, Area 1 072.07 sq mm STANDARD 35mm, 4 perforations/frame .825" x .600", Area = .50 sq in 20.96mm x 15.24mm, Area = 319.43 sq mm STANDARD 16mm, 1 perforation/frame .284" x .380", Area = .11 sq in 7.21mm x 9.65mm, Area = 69.58 sq mm VII. PUBLIC AFFAIRS Staffing Staffing of the U.S. Pavilion Public Affairs (PA) Section began earlier than originally planned. Even with the previously listed reductions to keep within budget, funds for the presentation of a first-class U.S. Pavilion and exhibit were tight, and no funds had been appropriated for a Commis- sioner General of Section's discretionary use. This left the Office of the U.S. Pavilion's Commissioner General unable to sponsor courtesies that must be extended to special guests, especially from other nations, and with no means to reciprocate special courtesies and support extended to the U.S. Pavilion. Because the pavilion of the host country is expected to excel in courtesy and diplo- matic matters, it became apparent that additional funds were needed. The augmenting of a major U.S. exhibition's appropriation with private material donations, loans and cash, has been done in all past U.S. Pavilions, but was more urgent in this case because of the size and uniqueness of the Pavilion. The number of guests requiring various levels of special treatment went beyond what was originally anticipated, so the duties of scheduling reservations and transportation was assigned to a guide who worked full time for the PA section. The original plan had called for guides to be assigned daily to the PA section as press aides, escort guides and limou- sine drivers, and this program continued but expanded as needed to accommodate over- load days. This often caused shortages in other areas of the Pavilion. Before opening, in March 1982, the Commissioner General of Section, anticipat- ing the need, designated a prominent local citizen and former Knoxville Mayor to act as an Associate Commissioner General to advise and assist in greeting and hosting special guests on behalf of the Com- missioner General. This was a part-time, voluntary position but a valued addition to the Office of the Commissioner General of Section and con- tributed greatly to the overall public relations effort. Corporate Recognition Days Planning for recognition of the corporations, organizations and individuals that had donated or loaned services, materials or funds to the U.S. Pavilion began with the com- piling of lists, addresses, phone numbers, contact persons, and items donated. Exhibits officers worked with the PA Office in assembling this information. Once this information was compiled, each corporate donor was contacted to reserve a day at the Pavilion to recognize their contribution. ?u Corporations donating or loaning materials and services were pleased with the activities planned for them and numerous letters of gratitude were received. In addition to certificates of appreciation, corporate sponsors received the following: complimentary admission to the grounds; guided tours of the U.S. Pavilion and the film; souvenir pack- ages; group reception in the U.S. Pavilion Lounge; public recognition at the U.S. Pavilion and in official publications; admission to the U.S. Pavilion & lounge when visiting the Fair on other than their recognition day; and official sponsor status for advertising and marketing with specified limitations. Club '82 The Club '82 project was initiated to raise monies for the Gifts and Bequests Fund for use in recognizing corporate sponsors, hosting international guests and for other courtesy activities in the Pavilion. A list of prominent leaders in the Knoxville area was compiled and a letter from the U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General sent, asking for a $1 ,000 dona- tion. Although not as successful as anticipated, the response was good, with 24 members contributing. Passports to the U.S. Pavilion and lounge were mailed to each member. Four receptions were given for all members, and members were on the invitation list for other Pavilion events. Commissioner General's Lounge and Activities The guest lounge in a national pavilion at an interna- tional exposition serves as the location for diplomatic and courtesy functions. The com- missioner general of a pavilion, as the senior representative of a government's exhibit partici- pation, must have an area apart from the exhibits and general public, where domestic and international dignitaries may be received in an appropriate setting. The U.S. Pavilion lounge was particularly unique due to the design and configuration of the structure. The lounge was situated on the sixth level with an open inside view to all levels U.S. Pavilion Associate Commis- sioner General Kyle Testerman presents certificates of recogni- tion to U.S. Pavilion corporate supporters. 27 Senator Paul Laxalt and Senator Howard Baker with U.S. Commissioner General Dortch Oldham. Former President Jimmy Carter visits the U.S. Pavilion, escorted by Allen Beach, U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General and Jake Butcher (left), Chair- man, and Bo Roberts (right), President, of KIEE. 28 of the exhibit. Through large windows or an outside balcony facing north, visitors were offered a spectacular view of the fairgrounds, the "Sun- sphere" theme tower and the "Waters of the World" reflect- ing lake below. The lounge was staffed, managed and partially supplied by a generous corporate dona- tion. (See Appendix for services donations.) A caterer was con- tracted, using monies from the Commissioner General's Gifts and Bequest Fund, to serve special receptions, luncheons and dinners. Pavilion souvenirs with the U.S. Pavilion logo, were obtained through dona- tions, as well as purchases, using donated funds. A distinc- tive lapel pin with the Pavilion logo was designed and pur- chased. The "pinning" of guests become a pleasing ceremony. Following USA Day, a series of informal weekly luncheons in the 6th level conference/ dining room were initiated, hosted by the U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General. Former Vice President Walter Mondale signs U.S. Pavilion guest book. Jake Butcher (left), Chairman KIEE. General Carl Wallace Tennessee National Guard, and U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Joe M. Rodgers. The Honorable James Edwards, U.S. Secretary of Energy, and Mrs. Edwards tour the Pavilion with James Ogul, U.S. Pavilion staff. :W/ %. The French Pavilion sponsors luncheon for His Excellency, Bernard Vernier-Palliez, Ambassador of France to the United States in the Pavilion lounge. 20 U.S. Astronauts Hartfield and Mattingly visit U.S. Pavilion, with Edward Buckbee, Director, Alabama Space and Rocket Center. W. K. Wiechers, Deputy Director of KEMA, Arnhem, the Netherlands (right) and Commissioner General of the EC Section Andries Ekker (center) is given guided tour by Emmett Cunningham, U.S. Pavilion staff. Bob Hope and Mrs. Hope register in U.S. Pavilion guest book. Guests included the Fair's international community, the Fair Organizers and the U.S. Pavilion staff. Each luncheon was limited to twelve and funds for catering were drawn from the U.S. Pavilion's gifts and bequests funds. These events proved to be popular. Inter- national participants appreci- ated the opportunity to become acquainted with each other in an informal and relaxed atmosphere. During each international participant's national day at the Fair, all staff, including guides, were invited to a U.S. Pavilion "open house." The U.S. Pavilion staff and guides on duty rotated to the lounge to greet and mingle with the guests. The Pavilion lounge was also used for entertaining numerous national and inter- national dignitaries. The Sec- retary of Commerce hosted a luncheon in the Pavilion dining room on Opening Day; the U.S. Commissioner General for the Fair entertained the Ambas- sador of Luxembourg, and the Fair sponsored a luncheon in the lounge for the Ambassador of France and an evening reception for the President of the Philippines. Former Presi- dent and Mrs. Carter visited the lounge in October, as did former Vice President Mdndale and party earlier. U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Rodgers hosted several dinners, lunches and receptions for business, political and sports leaders, and Assistant Secretary William H. Morris held a reception for civic leaders of Tennessee. :;o Printing and Publications A great variety of printed material was needed prior to opening and particularly during the operations period. Costs for some of this material were charged against the Gifts and Bequests Fund. Stationery and Envelopes Office of U.S. Pavilion letter- head Office of U.S. Commissioner General letterhead Office of U.S. Commissioner General of Section letterhead Guides Manual Information Kits Pavilion rendering folder for informational inserts Press kit folders Press release paper letterhead Invitations and Envelopes Film preview day with RSVP card Opening Day with RSVP card and gate pass Commissioner General's Ball, USA Week, with RSVP card Luncheon or dinner invitations: Secretary of Commerce; Assistant Secretary of Commerce; U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General, Associate Commissioner General, Deputy Commissioner General Brochures Promotional brochure for lamp or tree donation and sub- scription card "Energy Place" brochure Certificates Corporation recognition Guides and staff appreciation Entertainment appreciation First Lady of the Philippines and Governor of Metro Manila, Madam Marcos is escorted through the U.S. Pavilion by Bo Roberts (left) President of KIEE and Emmett Cunningham, Pavi- lion Exhibits Director. Allen Beach, U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General, presents Pavilion souvenir to the Hon. Robert Eaton (center) Minister, W.P., and Commissioner General John Powles (right), from Canada. 31 Canadian delegation representing the Vancouver Expo '86 pauses at U.S. Pavilion entrance. The Honorable Patrick Reid (left) Commissioner General, Vancouver Expo '86, is greeted by U.S. Pavilion staff. Senator Howard Baker, on one of his several visits to the Fair, tours the U.S. Pavilion with Pavilion staff. U.S. Pavilion officers explain exhibits to His Excellency, Dr. Laszlo Kapolyi of Hungary, Commissioner General of Section and State Secretary of Industry (center). Special Identifications Club '82 membership card Pavilion staff ID cards Guest day pass/stickers U.S. Commissioner General's Report U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General's Report The International Directory During the last months of the Fair, the U.S. Pavilion under- took the production of an International Directory. The intention was to provide a memento of the Fair and a pictorial address book of the staffs of International Pavilions. In previous world's fairs this type of memento has been very popular and has usually been provided by the Fair Organizers. When it was apparent that the Knoxville Fair Organizers were not planning such a publication, the PA staff of the U.S. Pavilion took on the project. The Directory was given to staff members of all the Inter- national Pavilions and was well received. 32 VIII. SPECIAL EVENTS Pre-Fair Activities There were several major pre-Fair events arranged and managed by the staff of the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Pavilion. The first was the Pavilion topping out ceremony held on October 22, 1982. Officials of KIEE, the Com- missioner General of Section and Assistant Secretary of Commerce participated. The press attended and the cere- monial "last beam" was put in place. Then, on Sunday afternoon, April 4, a party and preview of the U.S. Pavilion was hosted for the construction company employees and the U.S. Pavilion staff and families by the construction company, and the Sunsphere owners. Attendees toured the nearly- finished U.S. Pavilion. Pavilion staff was present to greet the guests and explain the building and exhibits. The next major event was the official pre-opening screening of the film "Energy, Energy." Two hundred guests were invited including members of the Fair's international com- munity and Fair officials. This was the first screening on the huge 6 1 /2 -story-high screen. The reaction could not have been more gratifying; through- out the film, various scenes and sequences were applauded, and at the end the audience indicated its approval with a prolonged ovation. ^ Solar energy Knoxville World's Fair Breeder reactor Knoxville World s Fair Synthetic fuels Knoxville Worlds Fair * • • • Fossil fuels Knoxville World's Fair First Day of Issue Stamp Ceremony on U.S. Pavilion West Plaza. On April 29, the United States Postal Service held its "First Day Stamp Issue" ceremony on the "West Plaza," the Pavilion's huge outdoor area, located under the building's cantilevered floors and adjacent to the Pavilion's fountain-pool. By law, an event such as this must be open to the general public. Special security arrangements involving KIEE and U.S. Pavilion Security Services were necessary. 33 The final pre-Fair event, and a "test-run" for Opening Day, was Press Preview Day, April 30. For this event, each of the U.S. Pavilion corporate spon- sors and donors sent repre- sentatives to be available to answer questions from approxi- mately 800 members of local and national media previewing the Fair. Press representatives toured the U.S. Pavilion, as the general public would do on the following day. Pavilion press kits were available at the 5th floor entrance where press representatives were greeted by uniformed U.S. Pavilion guides. Corporate representa- tives stationed themselves near their loaned or donated item to answer questions. In the evening, a reception was held in the U.S. Pavilion lounge for the corporate contacts who had been dealing with the Pavilion staff on a regular basis. Corporate CEO's received invitations to the KIEE Pre- Opening Gala at the Court of Flags and the Tennessee Amphitheatre. The evening ended with a party for 1 ,000 people sponsored by the KIEE in the Pavilion's West Plaza. THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON February 11, 1982 I want to extend a warm welcome to all of those visiting the United States Pavilion! The timely energy theme of this World's Fair makes this a major event and guarantees each of you an exciting and stimulating experience. In this land- mark structure you will explore the reality and the dream of the American energy story. The developmenl of energy resources past, present, and future is depicted in a wide array of creative exhibits that are both enlightening and entertaining. Innovative scientific and technological break- throughs, new ideas for energy use by consumers, and imaginative ways for industry and commerce to deal more effectively with energy demands are all explained in terms that provide practical infor- mation for today as well as fascinating insights into the energy world of tomorrow. The United States Pavilion stands as a symbol of America's commitment to the energy challenges of the future. I invite you to share that commitment as you view the progress that lies ahead in your visit here today. ft^crv^Jkk \^L^>-v :M Secretary Malcomb Baldrige introduces President Reagan at the U.S. Pavilion dedication ceremony. Omar Baldanado presents season tickets from his penny drive to President and Mrs. Reagan at Pavilion dedication ceremony. U.S. Senator James Sasser (left) is introduced at Pavilion dedica- tion: other platform dignitaries, U.S. Commissioner General Dortch Oldham, Senator Howard Baker, Secretary John Block, Department of Agriculture. Opening Day Opening Day, May 1, 1982, was the culmination of all the staff efforts in planning for the visit of the President of the United States. The Commis- sioner General of Section invited special guests to the U.S. Pavilion ceremony and to special seating areas at the Court of Flags for the Fair's official opening beginning at 11:00 a.m., followed by the Pavilion dedication at 1:30 p.m. The guest list for the Pavilion dedication included Pavilion corporate sponsors; Federal, State and local officials; and KIEE officials and their families. Detailed planning for Open- ing Day began in mid-April with the arrival of White House advance people to survey the Pavilion and Fairground routes for the President. The first Opening Day activity in the U.S. Pavilion was an 8:00 a.m. breakfast recep- tion for 1,000 invited guests. Meanwhile the U.S. Marine Band and U.S. Army Trumpeters took their places and final work on the special stage for the President and platform guests, and the press box, was com- pleted. The President first came briefly to the Pavilion at 12:00 noon to broadcast his weekly radio talk, then was trans- ported to the Fair Opening Ceremonies. He returned to the U.S. Pavilion about 1 :30 p.m. to be received by the Commissioner General of the Pavilion, who officiated at the ceremonies and introduced the President and platform guests. The ceremonial platform was located on the ground floor. Several thousand guests viewed the ceremony from all levels of the Pavilion's interior. 35 The President and First Lady at the U.S. Pavilion dedication ceremony on Opening Day. Joe M. Rodgers, U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General, is at the podium. U.S. Pavilion guide does signing for hearing impaired at opening ceremony of U.S.A. Week. U.S. National Week An important part of nations' participation in al! international expositions takes place during their national week or day. It is an opportunity to expand the thematic exhibits in their pavi- lions with cultural events and visits of national dignitaries. Nearly all the participating nations made elaborate plans to celebrate their national week and day. The U.S. Pavilion appropria- tion did not include funds for a USA National Week. The absence of such an event would have been embarassing to the United States as the host nation. KIEE, the prime host, had no special entertainment plans for a USA Week. In the Summer and Fall of 1981, the PA staff contacted show producers and potential financial supporters. This resulted in a well-known impressario and producer of fireworks spectaculars agreeing to produce the USA National Week with funds to come from sales of souvenir books, TV time and admission to the 36 U.S. Pavilion guide becomes Uncle Sam for USA Week. University of Tennessee (U.T.) stadium for a July 4th Spectacular. Financial arrangement was made for advance funds between the producer, the Fair souvenir book publisher and a well-known public relations firm, giving the public relations firm the right to sell souvenir books at the stadium show and on the Fairgrounds to recover the advance backing. Other private sources also contributed funds. The PA staff planned addi- tional activities for USA Week which included a "National Week Gala" ball on June 28, attended by over 500 people; Court of Flags Ceremony on the Fairgrounds; a special cere- mony honoring U.S. Veterans; a ceremony honoring the Daughters of the American Revolution, and other events, such as special parades and the arrival of the "Recreated Continental Army Units." Twice daily a "Rocket-Belt Pilot" was launched from the U.S. Pavilion for a brief flight. The jet pro- pulsion energy source was contained in a back-pack. The pilot controlled the speed and direction with hand controls attached to the belt. This event attracted thousands of visitors to the U.S. Pavilion and the Fair. The week culminated with the "Star Spangled Spectacu- lar" at the U.T. Stadium on July 4th. The USA National Week was considered a success, in spite of some financial and other difficulties. The exhaustive effort of the PA staff as well as the entire U.S. Pavilion staff resulted in an impressive schedule of events. The fire- works spectacular and show on July 4th, despite a major storm the night before which nearly destroyed the set-pieces, was truly spectacular, and was attended by nearly 50,000 people. USA Week opening ceremonies Bo Roberts, President, KIEE; Mrs. Rodgersand U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General Joe M. Rodgers. U.S. Pavilion Commis- soner General Joe Rodgers, addresses audience at Court of Flags on opening day of USA Week. U.S. Marines raise flags on U.S. Pavilion con- course; USA Week. 37 The USA Day Evening Program 7:00-7:30 Pre-Show Enter- tainment 7:30-8:00 "Sounds of America" United States Army Band, Chorus and Herald Trumpets, Colonel Eugene W. Allen, Leader and Commander; Captain Frank Dubuy, Director, Army Chorus, Dr. W. C. Julian, Director of Bands, University of Tennessee, Guest Conductor 8:00-8:15 Gymnastic Demonstration Members of the U.S. Gymnastic Team USA Week opening ceremonies. Jake Butcher, Chairman, KIEE and Mrs. Butcher; Allen Beach, Deputy Commissioner General, U.S. Pavilion, and Mrs. Beach and Randy Tyree, Mayor of Knoxville. 8:15-8:30 Official Opening Ceremony Fanfare and "Americana Overture" U.S. Army Band and Herald Trumpets Welcome to International Guests Commissioners General of Participating Nations Entrance of the Colors Commander-in-Chief's Guard, Company A, Third U.S. Infantry, Military District of Washington Invocation National Anthem 8:30-9:15 Johnny Cash with June Carter and the Johnny Cash Show Band 9:15-10:30 "A Star Spangled Spectacular" Scene One: "Celebration" Scene Two: "A Nation is Born" Scene Three: "Way Down Yonder" Scene Four: "Hello Broadway" Scene Five: "L'il Bit of Country" Scene Six: "Battle of the Galaxies" Scene Seven: "An American Mosaic" Scene Eight: "Space — The Quest of Man" Scene Nine: "Salute to America's Gallant Men" Scene Ten: "Grand Finale" :m List of donors to international party on Pavilion West Plaza. West Plaza The architectural configura- tion of the U.S. Pavilion, with its east and west cantilevers, resulted in an ideal covered ampitheatre at the west end. The plaza, with its adjacent fountain pool was envisioned by the architects as a covered rest area for visitors; however, early in planning, the Pavilion staff designated this as the "West Plaza," an area for live entertainment and other events. Folding chairs, portable platforms, a public address system and other equipment were procured. To the south there was convenient access, through a wide passageway under the concourse to the Pavilion parking lot, and enter- tainers' busses and equipment could be brought directly to the Plaza. The generator room, off the passageway, had ample space for costume changes and musical instrument storage. With the wide stairs plus the folding chairs, the Plaza could seat an audience of over 500. From the west portion of the Pavilion's grade- level east-west concourse, several hundred more visitors could look down over the railing-bulkhead to view shows. J^IIS^ * USPAV'UON •v Knoxville College Plaza. Musical Memories" perform on Pavilion West 39 - < *f 1*4 The Hon. Hamish Gray, Minister of State, Department of Energy for Great Britain, and Trevor Gatty, Consul General and Commissioner General of the British Pavilion, tour the U.S. Pavilion during British week. International Relations In addition to the daily entertainment features, the Plaza was an ideal all-weather location for other events, particularly events that brought together personnel of the international pavilions and the Fair staff. The U.S. Pavilion staff and guides took the lead in this by hosting several gatherings on the West Plaza after pavilions closed at 9:30 p.m. Many Knoxville suppliers contributed food and bever- ages. Other international parties were organized by other pavilions and corporate sponsors, both on and off the Fair site. Commissioners General partici- pate in flag presentation ceremony during meeting of College of Commissioners General Susan Carroll, (left center foreground) U.S. Pavilion staff, assists. U.S. Pavilion hosts "open house" for Saudi Arabia Pavilion staff on their national day. Prince Faisal bin Abdullah bin Turki Al-Saud, Manager, Public Relations, Royal Commissioner of Jubail (3rd from left). 40 Norishige Hasegawa, President, Sumitomo Chemical Co., LTD (center), Japan, receives USA pin in Pavilion lounge. Honorable Ryo Kawade (right), Commissioner General of Japan - and President of the Steering Committee of the College of Commissioners General. His Excellency Yoshio Okaware, Ambassador to the United States from Japan (right), is escorted to the U.S. Pavilion by Chris Arnold, U.S. Pavilion staff. Pavilion staff member explains exhibits to delegation from the Camaroons and Nigeria. Lt. Gov- ernor John S. Wilder (right) accompanies group. His Highness, the Royal Crown Prince of Jordan (left) and official party escorted through pavilion by U.S. Pavilion Asso- ciate Commissioner General Kyle Testerman (2nd from left). Chinese Pavilion officers and staff at U.S. Pavilion open house during China Week. Guests from international pavilions and KIEE hosted at luncheon in U.S. Pavilion dining room by U.S. Pavilion staff. His Excellency Ambassador Alberto Balladelli, Commissioner General Italian Pavilion (far right), and Anuar Karam, Deputy Commissioner General, Mexican Pavilion (2nd from left). Mary Beach, U.S. Pavilion (left). The Rt. Honorable Douglas Anthony, C. H., M.P., Deputy Prime Minister (right), is greeted at the U.S. Pavilion during Australian week. Commissioner General Eric Wigley and Mrs. Wigley (2nd and 3rd from left). 41 His Excellency Suk Joon Suh, Minister of Commerce and Industry, Republic of Korea, signs registry book at U.S. Pavilion with aid of Patti Wilson, Pavilion staff. Korean Stamp Exhibit During Korea's National Week, May 17-23, the U.S. Pavilion donated exhibit space, on the ground level in the large covered passageway adjacent to the West Plaza, for an out- standing and excellently presented exhibition of Korean postage stamps commemor- ating events in the 100 years of Korean-American diplomatic relations. Columbus Day The PA staff and other Pavilion employees and guides organized a special day of activities for the International Participants honoring Colum- bus Day, October 1 1 . The day started with ceremonies at the Court of Flags. The U.S. Pavil- ion Associate Commissioner General served as master of ceremonies and presented King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella, and Christopher Columbus. Costumes were obtained and the parts were played by U.S. Pavilion personnel. The event was open to the general public. The main events of the day were an International Pavilion raft race and a "homemade" m U.S. Pavilion entry in Columbus Day Regatta A? Italian, Australian and Japanese Pavil entries line up for Columbus Day Reg boat regatta held on the Waters of the World. Prizes were awarded the winners by a judges' panel made up of officials from U.T., KIEE and the U.S. Pavilion. That evening, a Columbus Day reception for all internationals was held on the West Plaza. Sports The Special Events Section of the Public Affairs Office initiated an interpavilion sports program of weekly softball and volleyball games. At one time or another, teams from 10 pavilions played volleyball and 8 pavilions played softball. This was in addition to 8 teams formed from various depart- ments of the Fair Organizers. This effort by the U.S. Pavilion PA Section brought together different pavilions' staffs in a spirit of friendly competition, contributing to the overall Fair spirit of developing international understanding and friendships. Gymnasts clubs, although not part of the interpavilion league, performed daily at the U.S. Pavilion and became a popular attraction, bringing many fans through the Fair gates and to the Pavilion. USA gymnastic £ E^^Mrfl ■L\lpl m. A^^i^JMn IB«^ WniA i JL^K? rms on West Plaza. U.S. Pavilion Associate Commis- sioner General Kyle Testerman prepares to introduce "Columbus," "Queen Isabella" and "King Ferdinand" at Court of Flags. 43 £f&.Bl Farewell Party The Steering Committee of the College of Commissioners General formed a "Farewell Party" Planning Committee to organize a party to be given by all international participants as a "thank you and farewell" to members of the community and the Fair Organizers, on October 28. It was to be the final opportunity for all of the Inter- national Pavilion staffs, attend- ants and guides to get together. The U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General, Special Events Officer and Exhibits Officer served on the Com- mittee for the U.S. Pavilion. Committee members were assigned to specific tasks. At the party, the "Maxwellaires" Air Force Jazz Band performed and entertainment and skits were presented by Interna- tional Pavilion staffs. Formal presentations, by the Com- mittee and Chairman of the College of Commissioners General, were made to the Fair Chairman, and President, the U.S. Commissioner General and his predecessor, and the Governor and Mayor. All of the International Pavilion staffs and attendants contributed in some way. Many pavilions set up decorated counters serving food and beverage of their country. On October 31 , the official Fair Closing Ceremony was held at the Tennessee Amphi- theatre and the Court of Flags. U.S. Volleyball team readies for match with Australia. Jim Van Slyke, U.S. Pavilion staff (front row right). 44 IX. ADMINISTRATION Administration In July 1979, the Department of Commerce submitted a Fiscal Plan to Congress for approval of $20.8 million for participation in Energy Expo '82. It detailed the breakdown of the $20.8 million as: design and construction — $12.3 million; exhibit design, fabrica- tion, installation and dismant- ling — $4.5 million; operations — $2.0 million; and administration —$2.0 million. The staffing requirements were 25 people for the U.S. Pavilion and 5 people for the U.S. Com- missioner General. Budgeting Employing a staff began in the Fall of 1980. The first critical task was to develop and refine a fiscal plan which would reflect all cost informa- tion available at that time. A process of periodically refining the plan as actual costs became apparent was continued throughout the entire project. In December 1980, the budget was revised into Fiscal Plan II. At this point the Pavilion Administrative Officer was informed of two necessary changes. First, the Pavilion would be required to pay into the DOC Working Capital Fund an estimated $147,000. How- ever, this item was not included in the July 1979 plan submitted to Congress. An agreement was reached with the Chief of the Working Capital Fund, deferring charges until after the Fair if budget savings could be found sufficient to allow pay- ment. Funds for construction and exhibits and operation of the Pavilion were priority. Second, the U.S. Pavilion Office was informed that only 25 people were to be hired and divided between the U.S. Pavilion and the U.S. Commis- sioner General's Office, instead of the original 30 approved. This resulted in a review of positions and a reduction of personnel in the Office of the U.S. Commissioner General to four and the U.S. Pavilion to 21. These remaining 25 posi- tions still had to perform all the work as seen in the original planning. Also not originally included in the plan submitted to Congress, was a sufficient staffing allotment for guides for the U.S. Pavilion. About 60 guides were needed instead of 40, but there was an even greater problem. The U.S. Pavilion could not employ the guides directly. After discus- sions with DOC Personnel and Contracts sections, it was determined that the only way to provide guides was to do so through an independent con- tractor. Fortunately, with a major university in the city of Knoxville, hundreds of students wishing to work at the Fair were available. DOC contracted with the University of Ten- nessee to provide a guide supervisor and guides. The above changes were reflected in Fiscal Plan II. (See Appendix for budget summary.) Accounting Records It was the responsibility of the Pavilion's Administrative and Budget and Fiscal staffs to keep the entire project within the appropriation. A manual system for each cost center was set up by the Pavilion's Ad- ministrative Section and every expenditure was subtracted daily from the total so that the exact financial position was known by the staff at all times. The categories of expenditures, in this type of project, do not all fall neatly into the DOC speci- fied cost centers, but since these procedures could not be modified, the budget was divided into categories as close as possible to standard DOC categories, 54-01 — Administra- tion and Operations, 54-02 — Construction, 54-03 — U.S. Commissioner General, 54-04 — Exhibits, 54-05 — Film; and 54-06 — Commissioner General of Section. There were also three gift accounts set up: The U.S. Pavilion, The U.S. Com- missioner General, and the Commissioner General of Section. All gifts of money or items were recorded in the respective gift funds. 45 Federal Participation Budget $0.9 m Appropriation Requested OFFICE OF Total $20.8 Million COMMISSIONER GENERAL (4.3%) $1.3m OPERATIONS DURING EXPO (6.3%) $2.1 m ADMINISTRATION (10.1%) Fiscal Plan II Through Fiscal Plan VI As the project progressed toward opening, more infor- mation was known, and more actual cost decisions were made, allocations within the budget could be more accurately adjusted. Fiscal plans changed periodically to meet the then current budget allocations. By March 1981, the Commis- sioner General of Section was appointed and a support staff hired. The original budget had called for this appointment later in the year. This necessitated a review of the budget to find extra funds for this manning schedule change. Reduction adjustments were made in several cost categories, mostly in supplies and salaries. How- ever, these earlier than planned additions were much needed to add strength to the Orga- nizers' campaign in solicitating private industry participation in the Fair, as well as similar U.S. Pavilion efforts. In later fiscal plans, other general economies were made. Payroll was reduced by filling many staff positions later than originally scheduled and at a lower rate. Shipping costs to and from the site were substantially reduced. Savings were made by moving D.C. staff from Georgetown back to the Commerce Building and remaining there until the staff returned from Knoxville, thus avoiding outside rent for the first and second quarter of FY 1983. Supply needs were dramatically reduced. The initial purchase of office equip- ment was deemed enough to carry through the entire Fair, albeit minimal and often causing inconvenience. The film contract was reduced by $160,000 by relinquishing distribution rights. 46 0.46m Federal Participation Budget BALANCE Post Fair January 1,1983 1 .5% Total $20.8 Million 0.49m 2nri\ / /- PAVILION >< / A/E* //X ^__^- UhMUt Ul- -"~~COMMISSIONER GENERAL 2.12m 9.7% f//\ ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS 8.8% 10.96m Wy -L ^ 0.47m PAVILION INCL i&i'^"* OFFICE OF CM** FEES i \ '"""""""-—. COMMISSIONER 52.6% 1 \ 1 .7m""*" "~~i \ GENERAL I \ EXHIBIT \ \ DESIGN \ \9.5% / 1m X FILM 4.9% OF SECTION 1 .6% \ N v 1.6m EXHIBIT - FABRICATION 9.4% A/E = Architect/Engineer CM = Construction Management Conservation and Augmentation of Budget From the appropriated funds, $12,000 was authorized for the U.S. Commissioner General of the Fair for entertainment of foreign officials, but this was insufficient, and there were no similarly designated funds for the Office of the Commissioner General of the Pavilion. Because of the popularity of the U.S. Pavilion, the Office of the Commissioner General of the U.S. Section had as many, if not more, representation responsibilities than the U.S. Commissioner General for the whole Fair. Prior to opening of the Fair, in order to provide funds for entertainment, receptions, and other courtesies, a Gifts and Bequests fund was set up for the Pavilion Commissioner General, as well as for additional funds for the Commissioner General for the Fair. Privately donated funds were deposited in these accounts. Supplies and services were also donated for use in protocol and courtesy representation, critical to the United States image in this international event. Also in order to cut other costs, loans of exhibits' hard- ware and software, artifacts, furnishings, and services were given to both the U.S. Pavilion and the U.S. Commissioner General. These loans greatly reduced the burden on the budget and in many instances provided a better display or better materials and services than it would have been possible to purchase from existing funds. Administrative Coordination Washington D.C. Offices Office space was not avail- able in the main Commerce building for the expanding staff of Schedule A term employees. Outside space was sought and found at 1010 Wisconsin Avenue in a building in the 47 final stages of completion. On December 1, 1980, the U.S. Pavilion offices and Washington office for the U.S. Commis- sioner General were transferred to this Georgetown location. By April 1981, the staff had nearly outgrown the space. The move across town from the support services and the International Expositions Staff office in the DOC building meant many commutes between the two offices, sometimes several times a day, in order to coordinate efforts, exchange documents and attend meet- ings. After the Fair opened, the remaining staff of three was transferred back to the DOC building. Knoxville Field Office A temporary field office in Knoxville had been in the original planning, but it became urgent in January 1981, that this office should be established and staffed, particularly with a resident Pavilion engineer, as soon as possible. Fortunately, ground floor space, reguiring only minimal refurbishing and with six adjacent parking slots, was located two blocks from the U.S. Pavilion site. Securing space through GSA delayed occupancy until May. By June 1981, an engineer, administra- tive assistant and secretary were employed locally and one secretary transferred from the Washington, D.C., office. Over half the appropria- tion was designated for construction. Faced with this budget priority, critical schedules and other matters needing attention, the Assistant Commissioner General of the U.S. Pavilion transferred to Knoxville in July 1981, to direct all field operations. Pavilion Offices Offices in the U.S. Pavilion could not be occupied until April 1982, but by February, all the staff to be assigned to Knoxville had been transferred, resulting in an overload on office eguipment, telephones and space in the temporary field office. To relieve the situation, the Pavilion Engineer, Facilities Manager and a secretary moved first to a rented trailer on the site, and later into the first available room in the Pavilion with heat and phones. Several devices and systems were initiated to alleviate the multi-office communications problem. Telecopiers were established in the Georgetown office, U.S. Commissioner General's office and Pavilion field office (later in the Pavilion office); DOC had a telecopier in the central mail room. Staff meetings were scheduled simultaneously in both the Georgetown and field office. Each office had telephone conference speakers in case discussions between offices were required. Other measures to improve communications were taken. The Commissioner General of Section established a liaison person in his Nashville office to coordinate with the Pavilion staff. A member of the KIEE staff was invited to sit in on the Pavilion staff meetings. Computerization One of the most helpful corporate loans to the U.S. Pavilion was the computer systems. This gave the Pavilion word processing, mail- list handling, inventory, scheduling and budget systems. With this system, the budget was programmed for each cost center and cost category. Columns to show total budget, total obligated to date, and balance left in each fiscal year was set up. Each day, every obligation was recorded in the system and new totals for obligations and balances computed. In this way, staff was able to know, on a daily basis, exactly how much money was committed and how much money was still unobligated. Each time budget changes were made in the Fiscal Plan, the figures were brought up to date. The computer system ensured that all expenditures were recorded instantly and that the latest information was always available. Because it was computerized, the balances were figured automatically and the bottom line figure was always $20.8 million. This system was more accurate and much faster in handling the hundreds of obligations on the project than the cumbersome manual system. It also produced a concise, easily-read report that provided a daily check on amounts spent and pending obligations. X. THEATER Theater Management The originally approved 1979 Pudget did not adequately take into account the personnel and other requirements for the operation ot a 1 000-seat theatre with a show every 45 minutes, 16 times a day; a theater holding area, and an adjacent information and book counter. As early as January 1981 , the staff discussed how to augment funds in order to properly operate the theater. An effort was launched to find a single donor to underwrite all or even part of the cost of the film and projection equipment. Post- Fair distribution rights to the film, with certain usage reserved for DOC, was considered as an added incentive. Several companies expressed interest, but the donation did not materialize. Other ideas, such as a small admission to the theater or sale of Pavilion souvenirs at the book and information counter were discussed and researched as to legality. The admission idea was quickly dropped — BIE objections could be expected and possibly public criticism. A quasi-State Government organization in Alabama, successfully operating a space and rocket museum along with souvenir sales, expressed interest in managing the theater. The Alabama organization offered to supply the projection and other equipment, operate the theater and holding area, and book and information counter in exchange for a fixed payment and rights to sell U.S. Pavilion "Official" souvenirs at the counter to help recover expenses. An agree- ment was consummated in March 1982. A committee of the Tennessee State Legis- lature hold special morning session in the U.S. Pavilion theater. Persons 600,000 500,000 Theater Attendance/Sales H^H Theater (persons) Sales (dollars) 2,296,644- 1,621,968 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 June August September October TOTAL 49 Souvenir Counter Although having a sales counter in the U.S. Pavilion added several logistics and cleaning problems, it was an added attraction for the visitor. The quality of the U.S. Pavilion souvenirs was kept high; prices were competitive and often less than the prices of similar souvenirs being sold elsewhere at the Fair. The counter was always busy and visitors appreciated the opportunity to buy a U.S. Pavilion memento. The presence of the souvenir stand in the Pavilion made available a ready supply of a variety of souvenirs for presentation to special guests. The operators donated the original supply; when this ran out, additional souvenirs were ordered at reduced rates, using monies donated to the Pavilion Gifts and Bequests Fund. Former U.S. Commissioner General Charles Fraser with guest Dr. Solaiman Al-Solaim, Minister of Commerce, Saudi Arabia, view Fair from U.S. Pavilion balcony. U.S. Pavilion souvenir counter. ',0 XI. ATTENDANCE Crowds awaiting entrance to the U.S. Pavilion. Attendance at the Knoxville Fair did not follow the predicted attendance pattern. Usually, after the Opening Day excite- ment and the first week, attendance drops. It then increases as schools close for summer vacation, peaking in August, then dropping again in early September followed by a rapid rise in mid-September through the close of the Fair. In Knoxville, a steady rise started shortly after opening with consistently high atten- dance in May and June; then a steady decline occurred through July, August and September, with a sharp rise again in October. Interesting also, is the fact that throughout the Fair, Sunday's attendance was the lowest, when traditionally it is the highest. With the crush of attendance starting early, there was little time for people-handling adjustments and fine tuning. Long queu lines developed, particularly at the U.S. and Chinese Pavilions. The U.S. Pavilion's "Design Day" attendance was 50,000, and the two escalators to the first plat- form and the two more to the exhibit entrance level could easily handle such capacity at nearly 5,000 per hour, but congestion developed on the walkway and in the building. A method was devised to route visitors between the two entrance escalators with guides with walkie-talkies stationed in strategic locations, controlling the volume of people by open- ing and closing the second escalator as needed. An inside observer kept the guide at the entrance informed of crowd conditions in the building. The system worked and even on the most crowded days, visitors waited no more than 15 minutes to enter the U.S. Pavilion. Hand counters were used to monitor U.S. Pavilion atten- dance at the exhibit entrance. Over 5.8 million were counted. There is always a percentage of error on the low side when using a hand counter, especially on crowded days. Also, enter- tainers and special guests, entering directly from the concourse to the theater or to the exhibit by elevator, were not always counted. Allowing for this, the net attendance is estimated at well over 6 million, but for reporting purposes, a rounded 6 million is used as the U.S. Pavilion official attendance over the Fair's 184 days. This averages approxi- mately 33,000 a day. Over 8,000 special visitors registered in the Commissioner General's lounge. This, too, is less than the actual, since many visitors, especially those in large groups, did not sign the guest book. The hundreds of handicapped visitors who used the elevator were included in the general attendance count. Attendance Chart The attendance chart is based on the gross attendance of 1 1 million. Persons 1,070,844 MAY JUNE JULY 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 00,000 Theater Pavilion Fair Theater Pavilion Fair Theater Pavilion Fair (right scale) Persons 1,074,632 JUST 977,753 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 2,500,000 2,250,000 802,498 1,960,019 2,000,000 1,750,000 fl ,610,177 1,500,000 1,364,348 1,250,000 1,000,000 750,000 500,000 250,000 fheater Pavilion Fair Theater Pavilion Fair Theater Pavilion Fair The Fair's overall attendance goal of 1 1 million was surpassed. This figure is a total "turnstyle" count and includes employees, which were estimated to be in excess of 6 thousand a day, plus season pass repeats and those entering and leaving one or more times on one ticket using the "hand stamp" re-entry system. Based on the gross attendance figure for the Fair, the U.S. Pavilion attracted over 50%- Fairgoers viewed from U.S. Pavilion 6th floor offices. Commissioner General Rodgers (rear, 3rd from right) and Mrs. Rodgers (front, 3rd from left) with visiting group from Montgomery, Alabama. 54 XII. OPERATIONS Guides The U.S. Pavilion guides were provided under a contract with the University of Tennes- see. In order to meet the building and exhibits needs and cover other duties, it was determined that a total of 61 guides were needed to staff the building from 8:00 am to 1 0:00 pm, seven days a week, with no one guide working more than 40 hours per week, and the total work hours not to exceed 2,440 per week. These require- ments did not include the 30 theater guides and information/ souvenir shop staff who were provided under contract with the theater managers. Guides were selected locally from a pool of applicants coming mostly from the Univer- sity of Tennessee and local colleges. Nearly 150 applicants were interviewed and 60 were chosen. Applicants were judged on the basis of poise, manner, maturity, and special skills, such as foreign languages and signing for the deaf. The Pavilion guide pool included young people pro- ficient in Arabic, French, German, Japanese and Span- ish, as well as deaf signing. U.S. Pavilion guide takes her shift as phone receptionist. Darrell Stingley of the Boston Patriots is given warm welcome at the U.S. Pavilion by Shirley Gray, U.S. Pavilion staff. 55 In addition to guides, U.T. was required to provide a guide supervisor. The supervisor's responsibilities included pre- paring payrolls, scheduling, and coordinating guides responsi- bilities with other departments in the Pavilion. The guide supervisor, along with the Pavilion staff, was responsible for maintaining morale and esprit de corps. Guides' duties were not lim- ited to greeting visitors and answering routine questions regarding the building and exhibit. In order to make the work as interesting as possible and to develop a sense of com- mitment, after a few weeks of experience, the guides were given much responsibility for supervising themselves. Each day, for each shift, a head guide was designated to be responsi- ble for supervising the rotation of guides through duty stations in the building. The appointed head-guide was non-rotating, as was the telephone recep- tionist, press aide, escort driver, and building operations as- sistant, who were assigned these duties for a full shift. All guides served in all positions during the course of the Fair; no one became a "specialist" in any one job, but everyone learned all necessary skills for all assignments. This resulted in a great deal of flexibility; the supervisor did not have to depend on one individual for a specific task. A formal training period took place during the last two weeks before opening. Each guide was given a training manual which included a history of the U.S. Pavilion, a description of the design concept, Pavilion facts and figures and the text of copy appearing in the exhibit. The training schedule included brief presentations by senior staff on each of the aspects of the Pavilion, ranging from con- struction to exhibits and public affairs. The intention was to give the guides a feeling for the Pavilion; what it represented, and the planning that went into it. Guide uniforms, in denim and red-check, reflected an "all- American" image. Uniforms were donated both for the guides and for the senior staff, who wore navy blue jackets and tan pants or skirts. The donation was confirmed in April 1981 and uniform designs were de- veloped in consultation with Pavilion staff. The guide staff had not been employed at that time but it was necessary for orders to be placed so that the uniforms would be ready by opening. Final uniform fittings required much last minute work of the part of the donor, to assure that every guide had a fitted uniform by Opening Day. The original agreement with U.T., negotiated by the DOC Contracts Section greatly limited guides' duties. This was later amended allowing more flexi- bility. Guides assisted in several operations tasks such as setting up sound equipment for enter- tainment on the West Plaza, arranging ropes and stanchions for crowd control, and other errands. Press aides assisted the PA Section in conducting Pavilion and Fair tours for the press and dignitaries and greeted visitors. When the Pavilion clerical staff was re- duced by attrition or transfers, guides aided as duty secre- taries. The guide supervisor worked with the PA Section to plan guide requirements for special events. The United States Pavilion guides served with enthusiasm and loyalty, with a very low turn-over rate for the size of the staff, age cohort, and at a near minimum pay scale. They performed all the tasks asked of them with enthusiasm. In the cold, the heat, the rain, with thousands of people each day, they worked hard and they worked well. The guides represented the Department of Commerce and the United States to millions of guests, consistently receiving high praise. U.S. guides with U.S. Pavilion logo. Scheduling The Fair started with a schedule of open hours from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. for pavilions. Later, due to a volume of attendance not anticipated so early in the season, gate open- ing was advanced to 9:30 a.m. U.S. Pavilion staff arrived between 8:30 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. to check Pavilion mechani- cal functions, activate electronic equipment and ready the Pavilion for opening. In order to staff the Pavilion for over 1 2 hours a day, seven days a week, for 1 84 days, a minimum of three shifts was required. Such a system was inaugurated on May 2, the day after Opening. All staff was present on Opening Day to assist in Pavilion ceremonies and the President's visit. The staff, including guides, was divided into three teams, working six consecutive days, with three days off. The six-day periods were staggered. When the starting hour was changed to 9:30 a.m., the Pavilion opened at 9:45, and all staff and guides were to be in uniform and at their stations. The first film showing in the theater was at 10:15 a.m., allowing early visitors time to see the exhibits before entering the theater. Three senior officers were designated "Duty Officers," so that a responsible Government representative would be in the Pavilion du'ring all open hours; the early shift officer checked the Pavilion for readiness and the late shift officer secured the building after closing. The clerical staff was also divided into three teams with a "duty secretary" assigned to each team. An administrative staff worked regular business hours. During the first few weeks of the Fair, several schedule modifi- cations were made to accom- modate irregular hours of some student guides and to add personnel to the staffs of the PA Section and Facilities and Services. Transportation The U.S. Pavilion's "official" vehicular transportation for officers, staff and special guests was supplied through generous loans. The U.S. Pavilion car fleet consisted of: 2 Cadillac Limousines 1 Pontiac J-Car Sedan 1 Chevrolet Cavalier Station Wagon 5 Jet Electric-Escort Sedans 1 Jet Electric Courier Pick-up Truck 3 Natural Gas Fairmont Sedans All cars were appropriately identified with decals or other markings as U.S. Pavilion official vehicles. The two limousines carried specially ordered Tennessee license plates— USA 1 and USA 2. In addition to the above regular car pool, a Knoxville Cadillac dealership supplied additional cars as needed. Parking The U.S. Pavilion location was excellent for vehicle access, directly from a city street to an open area, one level below Fairgrounds level, but *a$ U.S. Pavilion staff promotes U.S. exports. ED STATES PAVILION FFICIAL VEHICLE r ORLD'S FAIR ? 82 Jet electric vehicle on display in front of U.S. Pavilion. 57 with no access to Fair streets where vehicles were prohibited. This open area could accom- modate a portion of Pavilion employees and service personnel cars, U.S. Pavilion official cars, and limited, temporary parking for special guests and entertainers. The Fair organizers gener- ously assigned 16 additional parking slots to the U.S. Pavilion in a Fair parking lot outside the site, across the street from the Pavilion. These spaces were used for overflow parking on special days and for official vehicle storage when needed. Coordinated Hospital Services Group. First-Aid A fully equipped and staffed emergency aid station was established on the ground floor near the elevator, easily accessible to the west exit door and vehicle area outside for easy transfer of emergency victims to ambulances. The Pavilion budget could not contain the cost of a fully staffed aid station. However, an association of hospitals gener- ously contributed a professional staff, and other contributors provided modern equipment and supplies. Fortunately there were few serious accidents or health crises, but the station was constantly in use. During the Fair, 6,175 people were treated in the First Aid Station. <,B Maintenance and Cleaning The U.S. Pavilion's cleaning and maintenance services com- pany was selected through competitive bid. A Knoxville- based firm won the award. The bulk of the Pavilion cleaning was done after closing each night, but a daytime, open- hours crew was assigned to do continuous trash and litter pick-up and rest room maintenance. During the pre-Fair activities and Opening Day, additional personnel had to be added to do a variety of maintenance, cleaning and carpentry work. Immediately after opening, when the crush of visitors was beyond the Fair estimates, maintenance personnel were again added to work in the West Plaza area and the loading area. Throughout the balance of the Fair, with continued capacity or near-capacity attendance, the Pavilion was kept clean and maintained. Electro-Mechanical Systems A solar-powered heating and cooling system supplemented conventional building heating and air conditioning systems. State-of-the-art roof-mounted, sun-tracking, focusing col- lectors provided the solar energy collection equipment for the system. In summer opera- tion, an absorption chiller used the solar heat to provide base- line building cooling. When the solar system was fully loaded, a conventional electric-driven chiller was used. In winter operation, solar collectors, in conjunction with the absorption chiller, were designed to supplement the heating load. This system supplied roughly 10% of heating capacity at 1 80 degrees water temperature. An electrically driven centri- fugal, high-efficiency chiller provided maximum cooling with minimum electric input. The chiller was specified to provide building cooling with a maximum electrical consump- tion rate of 0.69 kwh per ton- hour load. Air handler economizer cycle units were controlled to take full advantage of free cooling pro- vided by fresh air instead of mechanical refrigeration. Whenever outside air conditions were such that building loads could be satisfied by introduc- tion of fresh air, the air handler economizer controls activated and reduced or eliminated the need for electrical refrigeration. All water heaters met ASHRAE energy requirements. All public lavatories were equipped with metering faucets Va gpm flow restrictors. Toilets were equipped with water- saving flush valves. Energy Conservation Features The U.S. Pavilion utilized a significant amount of glazing on its sloping north wall maxi- mizing use of natural light as well as allowing viewing of the Fair from within the building. Also, the building orientation attempted to maximize daylight while minimizing mechanical cooling requirements. Carefully selected reflecting-insulating glass provided all-season insulating properties while allowing excellent light trans- mission for the interior. A metallic coating reflected up to 29% of solar energy, while a substrata glass absorbed a portion of the remaining solar energy and rejected up to 36% of this energy to the exterior through re-radiation and convection. The Pavilion was oriented so that its long axis is almost perpendicular to Knoxville's prevailing May/October breezes, thus taking advantage of natural ventilation. Security and Communications A professional security com- pany was selected through competitive bid. An average of 12 guards, working in shifts, were required over a 24-hour period. Two guards covered the closed hours. The security service outfitted their personnel in identical jackets and slacks so they were easily identifiable. A central security control and Utilities/U.S. Pavilion Water/ Water Month Electric Gas Fire Protection and sewer Total May $10,784.16 $ 852.75 $ 32.00 $ 2,455.00 $14,124.47 June 10,996.65 1,363.93 32.00 4,654.70 17,046.78 July 10,816.46 2,118.95 32.00 3,425.90 16,393.31 August 11,541.94 1,186.98 35.00 4,385.82 17,149.84 September 11,218.60 3.30 35.00 3,675.17 14,932.07 October 10,204.38 3.30 35.00 702.59 10,945.21 $65,562.19 $10,927.03 $5,529.21 $1,382.30 $201.00 33.50 $19,299.18 3,859.84 $90,591.68 $15,098.61 59 communication room was established on the ground floor. From this room, all mobile communications stations could be monitored. Guards, as well as staff and guides assigned stations, could communicate with each other as well as the control room. Each station was assigned a code number. Originally, only guards, Duty Officers, operations personnel and the PA office were assigned walkie-talkies, but it was soon found that additional stations were needed including certain strategic guide positions. The mobile communications units were critical during visits of dignitaries reguiring special security precautions. The regional Secret Service and FBI personnel were exceedingly cooperative during these visits. One of the most difficult security posts was the vehicle entrance gate, where all vehicles, passengers and pedestrians including all Pavilian staff, were checked for proper Fair entry permits or I.D.'s and logged in and out. The gate entry report, along with the closed-hours "rounds" report and special "irregularity" reports, were submitted each morning, for the previous 24 hours, for inclusion in the log book. Certain telephones in the Pavilion were equipped so that announcements could be made over the building-wide public address system direct from the telephone set. In addition, the system had the capability to direct announcements to certain zones, such as the concourse, or the theater. Conveying Systems: Visitors ascended 12.5 feet in two 32" escalators to an elevated entry platform, then ascended an additional 25 feet on two more adjacent 32" escalators, within the cage wall, to a final entry platform outside the topmost exhibit level. This U.S. Pavilion security guard in summer uniform. M) arrangement of exterior esca- lators provided Pavilion visitors views of nearby Fair events and scenery while ascending. Once inside, visitors circulated down broad stairs and a bridge ramp through a series of exhibit plat- forms. An elevator provided access to each level for the physically handicapped. This system was able to carry 4,000 to 5,000 people an hour. Log Book Beginning with Opening Day and extending through the last day of the Fair, a log was kept covering all hours the Pavilion was in operation. The Duty Officer was responsible for making entries detailing general conditions, such as weather and attendance, and noting special occurrences or visitors, as well as operational problems and how they were being solved. The log was entered on a com- puter and available for viewing throughout the day and was printed out along with cumula- tive attendance figures each morning before the opening of the Pavilion. In addition, other operational units in the Pavilion, such as security and first aid, prepared detailed daily reports. These, along with the schedule of events, the official vehicle assignment log, the parking lot access log, and the Duty Officer's log were compiled daily and became the record of U.S. Pavilion operations. U.S. Pavilion interpreter explains fairgrounds from Pavilion balcony to Mitsubishi. XIII. AWARDS THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS PLEASED TO CONFER THE HONOR AWARD FINCH ALEXANDER BARNES ROTHSCHILD & PASCHAL, INC. UNITED STATES PAVILION - 1982 WORLD'S FAIR KNOXVILLE, TN 1fSZ "5— MrckicfiM jnsn0ti P$$J\rckU.]nc. ain / J* United Sjtatis (jomrnni left ' dmm ImxoAlxswi rr ward ctonJExcelkncc Presented to the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE For its innovative and progressive use of audio-visual, video and microcomputer technologies in the U.S. Pavilion of the 1982 World's Fair to demonstrate advanced technologies, and to enable visitors to become actively involved in learning about energy topics and issues, by THE NATIONAL AUDIO-VISUAL ASSOCIATION October 18, 1982 Deputy Secretary Guy Fiske (right) accepts the National Audio Visual Association's "Outstanding Achievement" Award for 1982, to the Department of Commerce for the U.S. Pavilion's interactive computer video systems; Harry McGee, Executive Vice President of the association presents the award. James Ogul (far left), U.S. Pavilion exhibit officer and Albert H. Woods (2nd from right) , of Ramirez and Woods, exhibit designers for the U.S. Pavilion look on. 61 XIV. DISMANTLING AND INVENTORY Dismantling and Inventory Plans for dismantling the United States Pavilion exhibit began in July 1982. With a wide variety of items ranging from lighting fixtures to exhibit arti- facts, and hundreds of indi- vidual items to dispose of, an efficient dismantling plan required an accurate inventory. Items in the Pavilion were obtained in one of four ways — loan, purchase, rental, or donation — and disposition requirements differed accord- ingly. Given the complexity of the task, the staff decided to use the Pavilion office com- puter capabilities to design a detailed inventory system with information which could be sorted in various ways to pro- duce a range of specific inventory information. Every item in the Pavilion fit into one of nine standard inventory categories: Building, exhibit, furnishings, office equipment, theater equipment, electronic equipment, vehicles, expendables, or miscellaneous. The inventory work sheet solicited information on each item's value, quantity, descrip- tion (such as serial number), method of procurement, loca- tion in building, date of inven- tory, and staff contact responsible for the item. Furthermore, the work sheet also requested information which could be later used in the dismantling process, such as: crating requirements, crate location, packing schedule, disposition, destination, trans- portation, and shipping schedule. Each inventory sheet was assigned a number and the information was transferred to the computer. The inventory sheets were kept on file for reference purposes. If the computer print-out did not provide detailed enough infor- mation, the disposition sheet number identified where further information could be found. With inventory information in hand, the staff began planning Pavilion dismantling procedures. A determination had to be made on the disposition of all items in the Pavilion. Rental or lease items were returned after use. Items loaned to the Pa- vilion, whether under the exhibit, building, or other category, were returned to the lender or arrangements were made to dispose of the item according to the lender's instruction. Items purchased by DOC or donated to the project were either designated to the New Orleans project or were identi- fied as items to be surplussed. Dismantling the U.S. Pavilion exhibit was a major task due to the number of large industry artifacts and delicate historical artifacts which had to be removed and returned. The exhibit installers were the most logical choice for dismantle- ment, since they were familiar with the technical aspects of installation. In order to hold down costs, close coordination was neces- sary between the exhibit staff, the dismantlement contractor and lenders of industry and historical artifacts. In dis- mantlement, as in installation, a number of companies and institutions sent experts to assist. Coordination and scheduling was important in efficiently utilizing specialized trades and equipment for taking down large exhibits. The exhibits were dismantled and shipped to their respective locations by the end of the third week of November and contract work was completed on schedule and within budget. 62 XV. RESIDUAL USE Residual Use of Exhibits Residual use was found for a majority of the exhibits. Indis- posing of DOC owned exhibits and equipment, priority was was given to the U.S. Pavilion in New Orleans. Items reserved in- cluded exhibit cases, computer racks, light tracks and fixtures. Much of the remaining exhibitry (30 displays) was declared surplus and transferred to DOE through GSA for display in the American Museum of Science and Energy in Oak Ridge, Ten- nessee, including the larger share of graphic panels, exhibit platforms, and the time/energy sculpture. TVA received mis- cellaneous exhibits, including the architecture/commerce exhibit. All loaned artifacts were either returned to the lender or loans were renego- tiated by the residual users. Residual Use of Building As this report goes to press, there is no firm purchaser for the U.S. Pavilion. The General Services Administration (GSA) is advertising for a sealed bid public sale on July 14, 1983. The City of Knoxville, in order to have time to find a private source of funds for purchase of the building to use as a sports or science museum, had requested a 180-day extension. This request was denied by GSA, but a sale cutoff date of June 14, 1983, was given the City. Security of the Pavilion is being maintained on a 24-hour basis under contract through September 30, 1983, with a 30-day cancellation clause if the building is disposed of sooner. President Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda Marcos view the "Live Energy Show" robot. School patrol winners of the AAA safety award are given tour through U.S. Pavilion. fc -J 63 XV. APPENDICES Legislation 1. City Certificate 2. Interagency Working Group 3. U.S. Pavilion Officers and Staff 4. Principal Contractors for Personnel and 5. Services Pavilion Guides Theater Guides Club '82 Membership 6. Pavilion Donors 7. Artifact Lenders 8. Photo Credits 9. Computer/Video Credits 10. Corporate Recognition Days 1 1 . USA Day Contributors 12. Contractors — Pavilion and Exhibits 13. West Plaza Entertainment 14. Gymnasts Pavilion Facts 15. Budget Summaries 16. Sample Daily Events Schedule 1 7. Chronological Summary 18. 65 Appendix 1 Legislation PUBLIC LAW 96-169— DEC. 29, 1979 93 STAT. 1281 Public Law 96-169 96th Congress An Act To provide for participation of the United States in the International Energy Exposition to be held in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1982, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That, in accordance with the Act entitled "An Act to provide for Federal Government recognition of and participation in international expositions proposed to be held in the United States, and for other purposes", approved May 27, 1970 (Public Law 91-269; 22 U.S.C. 2801 et seq.), the President is authorized to provide for United States participation in an international exposition to be known as Energy-Expo 82 (herein- after in this Act referred to as the "exposition"), to be held in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1982. The purposes of the exposition are — (1) to offer the citizens of the world a greater understanding of the effective uses of energy and energy resources, of the necessity to conserve existing energy resources, and of the need for creativity in the development of new and alternative energy sources; and (2) to encourage tourist travel in and to the United States, stimulate foreign trade, and promote cultural exchanges. Sec. 2. (a) The President, through the Secretary of Commerce (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the "Secretary") and the other officials designated in this Act, is authorized to carry out in the most effective manner the proposal for United States participation in the exposition, transmitted by the President to the Congress pursuant to section 3 of Public Law 91-269 (22 U.S.C. 2803), and to carry out the responsibilities of the Federal Government for the organization, development, and administration of the exposition as required by the Convention Relating to International Expositions, done at Paris on November 22, 1928 (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the "Convention"), and the General Rules for Energy-Expo 82, as ap- proved by the Bureau of International Expositions. (b) The President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, a Commissioner General of the United States Government for Energy-Expo 82, who shall be the senior Federal official for the exposition and who shall have such duties and exercise such responsibilities for the organization, development, and adminis- tration of the exposition as may be necessary and appropriate to fulfill the requirements of the Convention and the General Rules for Energy-Expo 82. The Commissioner General shall be in the Depart- ment of Commerce and shall be compensated at the rate of basic pay which is equal to the rate payable for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code. (c) The Secretary shall designate a Commissioner General of Section for United States participation in the exposition (as provided for in the proposal referred to in subsection (a)), who shall be in the Department of Commerce and who shall perform such duties in the execution of this Act as may be delegated or assigned by the Secretary, including serving as director of the United States pavilion. Dec. 29, 1979 [H.R. 5079] International Energy Exposition. Knoxville, Tenn. U.S. participation. Presidential appointment (,(, 93 STAT. 1282 PUBLIC LAW 96-169— DEC. 29, 1979 Consultants and experts. Buildings and other structure erection. Report to Congress. Sec. 3. (a) The Secretary is authorized to obtain the services of consultants and experts as authorized by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code, at rates not to exceed the daily rate in effect for grade GS-18 under the General Schedule, to the extent the Secretary deems it necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. Subject to the availability of appropriations, persons so appointed shall be reimbursed for travel and other necessary expenses incurred, includ- ing a per diem allowance, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code, for persons in the Government service employed intermittently. (b) Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary is authorized to enter into such contracts as may be necessary to provide for United States participation in the exposition. (c) The Secretary is authorized to erect such buildings and other structures as may be appropriate for United States participation in the exposition on land (approximately 4.6 acres, including land necessary for ingress and egress) conveyed to the United States in consideration of participation by the United States in the exposition and without other consideration. The Secretary is authorized to accept title in fee simple to such land and any interest therein if the Secretary determines that it is free of liens, or of any other encum- brances, restrictions, or conditions that would interfere with the use of the property by the United States for purposes of this Act or would prevent the disposal of the property as provided in section 6. In the acceptance of such property, and in the design and construction of buildings and other structures and facilities on such property, the Secretary shall consult with the Administrator of General Services and the heads of other interested agencies to assure that such activities will be undertaken in a manner that (1) minimizes to the greatest extent practicable any adverse effects on the recreational and other environmental values of the area, and (2) preserves and enhances to the greatest extent practicable the utility of the property for public purposes, needs, or other benefits following the close of the exposition. (d) Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary is authorized to incur such other expenses as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, including but not limited to (1) expendi- tures involved in the selection, purchase, rental, construction, and other acquisition, and in the disposition, of exhibits and of materials and equipment for exhibits and in the actual display of exhibits, and (2) related expenditures for transportation, insurance, installation, safekeeping, printing, maintenance and operation, rental of space, representing and dismantling, and the purchase of reference books, newspapers, and periodicals. Sec. 4. The head of each department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government is authorized — (1) to cooperate with the Secretary with respect to carrying out any of the provisions of this Act; and (2) to make available to the Secretary from time to time, on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, such personnel as may be necessary to assist the Secretary in carrying out any of the provisions of this Act. Sec. 5. Within one year after the date of the official close of the exposition, the Secretary shall transmit to the Congress a report on the activities of the Federal Government pursuant to this Act, including a detailed statement of expenditures. Upon transmission of such report to the Congress, all appointments made under this Act shall terminate, except those which may be extended by the Presi- 67 PUBLIC LAW 96-169— DEC. 29, 1979 93 STAT. 1283 dent for such additional period of time as he deems necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act. Sec. 6. After the close of the exposition, all Federal property shall be disposed of in accordance with provisions of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 and other applicable Federal 40 use 47 1 note laws relating to the disposition of excess and surplus property. Sec. 7. The functions authorized by this Act may be performed without regard to the prohibitions and limitations of the following laws: (1) That part of section 3109(b) of title 5, United States Code, which reads "(not in excess of one year)". (2) Section 16(a) of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (31 U.S.C. 638a) to the extent that it pertains to hiring automobiles. (3) Section 201 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481) (procurement). (4) Section 305(c) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 255(c)) (security for advance payments), and section 3648 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (31 U.S.C. 529) (advance of public moneys), if the Secretary determines that it is impracticable to obtain adequate security and that there is a compelling need to make an advance payment. (5) Section 322 of the Act of June 20, 1932 (40 U.S.C. 278a) (lease of buildings to the Federal Government), if the Secretary deter- mines that waiver of that section would be in the best interests of the Federal Government. (6) Section 2 of the Act of March 3, 1933 (41 U.S.C. 10a) (Buy AmPT , if > pin Aft*) (7) Section 501 of title 44, United States Code (printing by the Government Printing Office). (8) Section 3702 of title 44, United States Code (advertisements without authority). (9) Section 3703 of title 44, United States Code (rates of payment for advertisements). Sec. 8. To carry out United States participation in the exposition, there are authorized to be appropriated $20,800,000 to remain availa- ble until expended. Appropriation authorization. Approved December 29, 1979. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY: HOUSE REPORT No. 96-714 (Comm. of Conference). SENATE REPORT No 96-369 accompanying S. 1012 (Comm on Foreign Relationsi. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 125 (1979): Oct. 9 , considered and passed House. Nov. 14, S. 1012 considered in Senate; H.R. 5079 considered and passed Senate, amended, in lieu of S 1012. Dec. 20, Senate and House agreed to conference report. WEEKLY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS. Vol 15, No. 52: Dec. 31, Presidential statement i ,?•; Appendix 2 City Certificate CERTIFICATE The undersigned hereby certifies that the City of Knoxville, Tennessee ("City"), through its development agency, Knoxville's Community Development Corporation, is proceeding to acquire the site ("Site") on which the proposed Federal Pavilion is to be located for the Knoxville International Expo- sition in 1982 ("Expo '82"). As soon as the Site acquisition has been completed, the City will have the ability to convey by deed the Site to the Federal Government in fee simple and free of liens and encumbrances as authorized by Resolution of its City Council by Resolution Nos. 6374-77, R-175-78, R-176-78 and R-18-79 which is hereto attached as an exhibit.* The only consideration on the part of the Federal Government for the conveyance of the Site shall be the Federal Government's commitment to participate in Expo '82. •Available upon request from the United States Travel Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230 69 Appendix 3 Interagency Working Group National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Endowment for the Arts National Science Foundation U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. International Communications Agency 70 Appendix 4 U.S. Pavilion Officers and Staff Office of the Commissioner General of Section Joe M. Rodgers 3/81-11/82 Commissioner General and Director Chuck Hagel 3/81-9/81 Deputy Commissioner General Allen E. Beach 9/80-3/83 Deputy Commissioner General and Field Director Kyle Testerman 2/82-11/82 Associate Commissioner General* Susan Seguin 3/81-9/81 Secretary Exhibits Emmett Cunningham 12/80-11/82 Design and Exhibits Director MaraYachnin 9/80-9/82 Program Specialist Chris Arnold 4/81-1/83 Program Specialist Anita Grinvalds 5/81-3/83 Program Specialist Peter C.Hinz 8/81-2/83 Program Specialist JimOgul 10/81-3/83 Program Specialist Construction and Maintenance Frank Weiskopf 5/81-12/82 Pavilion Engineer Dewey Smith 9/81-3/83 Facilities And Services Manager Marty Cole 5/82-11/82 Guide — Services Aide Public Affairs Brent Bahler 6/80-5/82 Information Officer Director of Public Affairs Office Ron Eberhardt 9/81-5/82 Special Projects Director Patti Wilson** 1/81-3/83 Special Assistant to the U.S. Pavilion Commissioner General for Public Affairs Direction Jim Van Slyke Special Events Assistant Pat Thomas Information Specialist Press Terri Gallu Clerical and Press Aide Bob Dinwiddie Guide — Scheduling Aide Administration Sandy Libby Administrative Officer Bill Jordan Budget and Fiscal Analyst, Office Manager 3/82-11/82 8/81-5/82 2/82-12/82 5/82-11/82 11/80-3/83 4/81-3/83 * Honorary ** Transferred from Office of U.S. Commissioner General ** Transferred to Office of U.S. Commissioner General Certificates being presented to staff and guides by U.S. Pavilion Deputy Commissioner General. Karla Rhodes Administrative Services Technigian Susan Carroll*** Secretary, Administrative Assistant Merrender Quicksey Administrative Assistant Shirley Gray Secretary, Administrative Assistant Clerical Staff Elizabeth Faulkner Helen Frazer Wanda Sims Jane Park Joy Kakac Sidney Jeffers Consultant 5/81-9/82 5/81-9/82 6/81-9/82 6/81-3/82 12/80-11/82 4/81-2/82 8/81-2/82 1/82-12/82 2/82-11/82 71 Appendix 5 Principal Contractors for Personnel and Services Guides University of Tennessee Supervisor: Diane Cudahy (See Guide List) Theatre and Souvenir Counter Alabama Space and Rocket Center Supervisor: Don Neville (See Guide and Statf List) Computer-Video Equipment Maintenance New England Technology Group Supervisor: Stan Shurygailo Security Wackenhut Company Supervisors: Jim Marshall John Seay Jimmie Sharpe (See Officers List.) Cleaning and Maintenance Rolen-Rolen and Associates, Inc. Supervisor: Bill Rolen Photographers John R. King Thorn R. King Donated Operations and Personnel Services Commissioner General's Lounge Philip Morris Incorporated Supervisor: Mary Lou Schattily Assistants: Muffett Testerman Kim Ayers First Aid Station Coordinated Hospital Services Director: Sidney Ray Pavilion Guides Lea Adcock Kevin Aukerman Kendra Aukerman Opal Bailey Jeff Baker Kayne Beasley Jack Burdick Glen Bugos Bob Burns David Clary John Cole Marty Cole* Dana Coleman Caroline Dewhirst Robert Dinwiddie* Steve Dylewski Amanda Easter Dorraya El-Ashry Charlie Ferrell Karen Fly Mary Jane Forrest Michelle Fox Linda Geiss Julie Gettlefinger Chris Gonzales Eve Halsted Joan Hardy Linda Herlinger Lisa Hyatt Robin Ingle** David Ivins Amy Jetton Mark Jordan Mark Johnson Brett Johnson Rachel Kisber Theresa Kriegel Richard Law Fred Lay Brett LeSeur Mary Luther 7? Philip Marlino Robert Marlino Chuck Martin Sherry Martin Cathy Matthews Gary Matthews Bill Maytield William Moulton Steve Muldowney David Muldowney Laura McCall Lee McCampbell Steve McKamey Denise Ousley Vickie Painter Ashley Andreson Pizzato Tracy Phillips David Pollio Myke Pratt Dawn Pridmore David Rayson Anne Riordan Debbie Ross David Scott John Seay Steve Smith Myra Taylor Mickey Thomas David Van Audenhove Rebecca Wallace Barry Wallingford Jim Walls Christine Warrington Mark Wise James White * Assigned to Operations ** Assigned to U.S. Commissioner General's Office *** Assigned to PA Office Theater Guides and Staff Amy C. Adams Richard Angel Melinda F. Andrews Melanie L. Barker Jeffrey M. Bartling Elizabeth L. Brown Robert J. Bugos Yvonne M. Clark Susan Craig Teresa Crowe Elizabeth Cunningham Mary Beth Cunningham Donna M. Czegledi David C. Doyal Sean W. Doyle Pamela J. Duncan William C. Eckert Connie Frazer KarlaS. Galloway Ann A. Garst Brett Garrett Angelia Goodman Marvin A. Harrell Sharon Harrell Jerry W. Haston Thomas L. Holliday Anna R. Johnson Frank S. Johnson, Jr. Karen C. Kenney Nancy A. King Annetta K. Langdon Amy C. Longmire Kevin Mack Julie C. Marcum James E. Mathews Dennis T. Matthes Anita A. Mays Cynthia A. Mays Laura A. McCall Jane V. McDow Scott Millar Edwin D. Moeland Jenny L. Montgomery Doris Neville Diane L. Patton David L. Pearson Jeff R. Reece Jennifer B. Roberts Mary E. Ryan Christina M. Sanio Wilifred L. Sanio T. Charles Savas Linda M. Schauman Tammy L. Schrader Mary B. Sharp Eddie Siegel Evelyn G. Spillers Thomas L. Stewart Philip Susong Harold A. Swan Charles R. Thress Lisa G. Toot Anne E. Williams Jaybena R. Williams Rebecca A. Wilson Susan Wright Todd Zepke Security Officers Floyd Boring Samuel Kaiser Marshall Houston Samuel Howell Lonnie Spillers Donald Minier Sally Marshall Michael Parker 73 Appendix 6 Club '82 Membership Clinton Campbell Knoxville, Tennessee Roger A. Daley Knoxville, Tennessee Dr. William F. Gallivan Knoxville, Tennessee H. Pat Wood Knoxville, Tennessee F. Rodney Lawler Knoxville, Tennessee I. O. Johnson, Jr. Knoxville, Tennessee James A. Haslam, II Knoxville, Tennessee Lee Congleton Knoxville, Tennessee Ralph L. Millet, Jr. Knoxville, Tennessee James F. Smith, Jr. Knoxville, Tennessee John L. Cummings, Jr. Nashville, Tennessee Tom McHugh Ann Arbor, Michigan Dr. Edward J. Boling Knoxville, Tennessee John T. Lupton Chattanooga, Tennessee Larry J. Heard Knoxville, Tennessee Robert F. Worthington, Jr. Knoxville, Tennessee T. R. Bell Knoxville, Tennessee Gustave M. Handly Lenoir City, Tennessee James M. Overby Knoxville, Tennessee George F. Donovan Knoxville, Tennessee John R. King Kingsport, Tennessee Ira A. Lipman Memphis, Tennessee Jake F. Butcher Knoxville, Tennessee Marvin T. Runyon Smyrna, Tennessee Diane Cudahy, U.S. Pavilion staff, assists in hosting international guests from the Australian and Italian Pavilions. Visitors study exhibit of 19th cen- tury heating stove. 74 Visitor touches screen to activate video panel explaining energy needed to produce a product. Appendix 7 United States Pavilion Corporate Sponsors Advanced Electronics Design, Inc. Alabama Space & Rocket Center American Automobile Association American Expo American Financial Corporation American Hospital Supply Corporation Apple Computer, Inc. A. T. Cross Company Blue Coral, Inc. Brumfield-Gallagher, Inc. Cedar Crest Boot Company Collins & Aikman Corporation Comshare Execuchart Inc. Coordinated Hospital Services, Inc. Corning Glass Works Corvus Systems, Inc. Eastern Plastics and Fabrication, Inc. Elographics, Inc. Executone, Inc. Ficks Reed General Electric Company General Motors Corporation Genesco Grove Manufacturing Company Grumman Corporation Hampton House Studios, Inc. Harris Corporation Hyatt Regency Knoxville Home-Crest Corporation Interstate Van Lines, Inc. Ionization Systems, Inc. Jack Daniel Distillery Jarman Shoe Company J. B. Lansing Sound, Inc. Jet Industries, Inc. Johnson Controls, Inc. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Kidde, Inc. Land Design Associates, Inc. Lenox Crystal Levolor Lorentzen, Inc. Levi Strauss & Company Lunt Silversmiths Mademoiselle Magazine Manitowoc Equipment Works Marantz Company, Inc. The Martin-Senour Company Louis M. Martini McDonald's Corporation Medifac Miller Brewing Company Montgomery Elevator Company National Association of Advertising Publishers Notifier Company Open Plan Accessories, Inc. Joe Parrot Screen Printing, Inc. Perma Power Electronics, Inc. Philip Morris Incorporated Pickard Incorporated Polaroid Corporation Printing Industries of the South Red Devil, Inc. Renfield Imports, Ltd. Republic Steel Corporation Rockwell International Rohm and Haas Company Samsonite Contract Furniture Seven-Up Company ShowAmerica, Inc. Sonics Associates, Inc. Sony Corporation of America Sunbeam Appliance Company Temperature Control, Inc. Tennessee Nurserymen's Association Texaco, Inc. 3M Company United Textile Workers of America Vivar, Inc. Walpole's Wente Bros. Westinghouse Electric Corporation White-Westinghouse Appliance Company Wm. Hobbs, Ltd. Zippo Manufacturing Company 75 Appendix 8 Artifact Lenders Aerospace Research Corporation Alabama Space & Rocket Center American Can Company Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Bethlehem Steel Corporation California Raisin Advisory Board Carter Mining Company Chicago Historical Society Consolidation Coal Core Laboratories Corning Glass Works Duro Test Corporation Durward R. Center East Tennessee Natural Gas Company Enertech Bob Gallagher General Motors Corporation General Shale Products Corporation Glazer Steel Corporation Glen-Gery Corporation Georgia Agrirama — The State Museum of Agriculture, Tifton, Georgia Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Gordon St. Claire Dickerson Graybar Electric Company Robert E. Green Grumman Corporation Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan Hobie Cat Company Hughes Aircraft Museum Hughes Tool Company IBM Island Creek Coal Company Joy Machinery Company Kerr-McGee Corporation Keystone Consolidated Industries Michael D. Korolenko, Korry Productions Knoll International Land Between the Lakes, TVA Lava-Simplex International James Leffel and Company Let There Be Neon Lone Star Industries Lowe's of Knoxville Miller's Department Store Montgomery Ward & Company, Inc. National Coal Association National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution William J. Notto Peabody Family Seiscom Delta Solar Energy Research Institute Solarex Corporation Solar Kinetics, Inc. Southwest Museum of Science & Technology — The Science Place Suzanne Lipschutz, Second Hand Rose, N.Y. TVA — Land Between the Lakes Tennessee Farmers Co-Op Texas A and M University Tokheim Corporation Tosco Corporation Tri-County Oil Company Union Oil Company University of Idaho Jerry Valenta & Sons Inc. Vermont Castings, Inc. Peter M. Warner Westinghouse Electric Corporation Westvaco 76 Appendix 9 Photo Credits Aero Vieroument Inc. AGA Corporation Allied Corporation Aluminum Association American Airlines American Gas Association American Iron and Steel Institute American Institute of Architects American Petroleum Institute American President Lines Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company Atlantic Richfield Company Atomic Industrial Forum Bob Bailey Studios Bettman Archive Jonathon Blair Boeing Company Brookhaven National Laboratory Brown Brothers Bucyrus-Erie Company Burlington Industries, Inc. California Office of the State Architect Don Carstens CEI, Raymond Lowery Celanese Corporation Center for Renewable Resources Chessie System Railroads Clinch River Breeder Reactor Council Pipeline Company Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Consumers Power Company Corning Glass Works Ronald Corso Crosbyton Solar Power Project Cromwell, Truemper, Levy, Parker and Woodsmall, Inc. Bruce Dale/National Geographic Society Denver Public Library; Western History Department Perry Duis EG&Glnc. Electric Power Research Institute Ellerbe Associates, Inc. El Paso Company Ernest Franzgrote Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan Freelance Photographers Guild, Inc. Gas Research Institute General Electric Company General Foods Corporation General Montgomery Meigs, U.S.A. General Motors Corporation Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Grumman Corporation Hausman Bus Sales Heery & Heery, Architects and Engineers Brian Horrigan Greg Hursley IBM Image Bank James Leffel and Company Johnson/Burghee Architects Cathy Kelly Michael D. Korolenko, Korry Productions Lear Avia Corporation Library of Congress Lorenzand Williams Martin Marietta Corporation Chris McQueen Merrimack Valley Textile Museum Metropolitan Edison Company Meyers and Bennett/BRW Architect Modern Plastics Magazine, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Moore Grover Harper Museum of the City of New York, Byron Collection National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Archives and Records Services, Washington, D.C. National Coal Association National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution National Sunflower Association NKK America New York Historical Society, New York City Occidental Petroleum Corporation Old Sturbridge Village Palmer/Kane Inc. Peale Museum, Baltimore, Maryland Phillips Petroleum Company Public Service Electric & Gas Company Railroader's Memorial Museum, Inc., Altoona, Pennsylvania Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Rondal Partridge Rowe Holmes Associates Scribe Publishing Corporation Ted Speigel Standard Oil Company Sun Transport, Inc. Taft Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio Texaco Tosco Corporation Union Oil Company of California University of Virginia U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Windpower, Inc. Peter M. Warner Harry Weese, Associates Westinghouse Historical Collection Westvaco Wind Ship Development Corporation Woodfin Camp Inc. Woodward & Lothrop W. R. Grace and Company Photo courtesy of Preston G. Haag, Jr 77 Appendix 10 Computer Video Credits AGA Corporation Aluminum Association American Gas Association American Enterprise Institute American Textile Manufacturers Institute Americans tor Energy Independence Atomic Industrial Forum Barr Films Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Bethlehem Steel BFA Educational Media B. C. Hydro Blackwood Productions BP North America — -Index Film and Television Library LTD Brookhaven National Laboratory Brooklyn Union Gas Bullfrog Films C-E Power Systems Charles County Community College Churchill Films Colorado University Colorado State University Conoco, Inc. Consolidation Coal Consumer Power Company iH Commissioner General Lu of the Chinese Pavilion points out feature on the U.S. Pa- vilion's energy supply and demand d diagram to Chinese delegation. Coronet Films Creative Venture Films CTV Television Network Ltd. Department of Agriculture Department of Energy Department of Transportation Direct Cinema Walt Disney Telecommunications Document Associates Duro-Test Corporation Educational Materials & Co. Electric Council of New England Electric Power Research Institute Encyclopedia Britannica Envision Corp. Exxon Corporation Stuart Finley Inc. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. General Foods Corporation George Ancona Georgia Power Company Gibbs&Hill Inc. Glen-Gery Corp. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Green Mountain Post Films Sherman Grinberg Film Libraries Hobie Cat Company Indiana University International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers International Film Bureau Kai Dib Films International Kaiser Aluminum KPBS-TV KPHO-TV KSTW-TV Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory League of Women Voters Magic Lantern Ralph Nader (Amy Keolbel) NASA National Coal Association National Conservation Foundation National Film Board of Canada National Geographic Society New Hampshire Voices for Energy Oak Ridge National Laboratory Phillips Petroleum Co. Portland Cement Association Public Service Electric & Gas Co. Ramsgate Films James L. Ruhle & Associates Science & Mankind Inc. Shell Film Library Solar Energy Research Institute Solar Lobby Southern California Edison Company Steuben Glass Tennessee Valley Authority Time Life Video Underwood, Jordan Associates United Nations U.S. Navy Office of Information Valero Energy Corp. Western Electric Westinghouse Corporation Westvaco WGBH-TV WGGB-TV WIFT-TV WNET-TV WTBS-TV Appendix 11 Corporate Recognition Days Appendix 12 Contributors to U.S. National Week May 6,7 Apple Computer May 8 Executone Corporation May 10 Red Devil, Inc. May 11 Johnson Control, Inc. May 13 A. T. Cross Company May 15,16 Interstate Van Lines May 25 Coordinated Hospital Services May 28 Land Design Associates May 29 Texaco Inc. May 30 Blue Coral, Inc. June 7 J. B. Lansing Sound, Inc. June 12 Levi Straus & Company June 13 Miller Brewing Company June 23 Advanced Electronics Design, Inc. June 25 Oak Ridge Associated Universities July 11 Elographics, Inc. July 20 Alabama Space & Rocket Center July 29 Sony Corporation of America July 31 Temperature Control, Inc. Sept. 11 William Hobbs, Ltd. Sept. 26 Samsonite, Inc. Sept. 30 Grumman Corporation Oct. 3 Brumfield-Gallagher, Inc. Oct. 7 Manitowac Equipment Works Oct. 9 Tennessee Nurserymen's Association Tommy Walker Productions Brumfield-Gallagher, Inc. Carl Lindner — American Financial Corporation U.S. Pavilion staff hosts reception for Australian staff honoring Australia. Deputy Commissioner General John Maddern and Mrs. Maddern (9th and 10th from left, standing). Francis Thompson (far left, kneeling) and Bayley Silleck (far left standing), "Energy Energy" film producers, joined the event. Guests arrive for U.S. Pavilion weekly "Interna- tional" luncheon. John Maddern, Deputy Commissioner General, Australian Pavilion (2nd from right). The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Christopher Leaver, tries his hand at the piano in the lounge during his and Lady Leaver's visit to the U.S. Pavilion. 79 Appendix 13 Contractors for the U.S. Pavilion and Exhibits Design and Construction Pavilion Concept Haworth and Anderson, Inc. Washington, D.C. Cooper-Lecky Partnership Washington, D.C. Architect FABRAP Architects, Inc. FABRAP/LETCO Atlanta, Georgia Associated Architects Lindsay and Maples Architects, Inc. Knoxville, Tennessee Structural Engineer O'Kon and Company Atlanta, Georgia Landscape Architects Bill Oliphant and Associates, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia Korean Pavilion attendents await arrival of official party to open special Korean stamp exhibit at Pavilion West Plaza. HO Theater Design Consultant Will Szabo Associates, Ltd. New Rochelle, New York Construction Management Rentenbach Engineering Knoxville, Tennessee Landscaping Hickory Construction Knoxville, Tennessee Film Production Francis Thompson, Inc. New York, New York Exhibits Design Carlos Ramirez & Albert H. Woods, Inc. New York, New York Computer Software and Systems Design New England Technology Group Salem, Massachusetts Live Energy Show Oak Ridge Associates Universities Oak Ridge, Tennessee Fabrication and Installation Design and Production, Inc. Alexandria, Virginia USA Day Rocket Belt Pilot Clyde Baldshun Assoc. Woodland Hills, Calif. Appendix 14 West Plaza Entertainment Brigham Young Ambassadors Diana Warwick Army Tradoc Stage Band Hamilton High School Singers Abraham Baldwin College Band and Chorus Fort Ustis Drill Team Sound Foundations Wateseka Sensations Sho-Sei-Kai Koto Group from Japan The Expressions — Buffalo Grove High School The Natural High Singers — Lake Wells High School Kenny Rogers and Mrs. Rogers on U.S. Pavilion balcony. The Sounds of Sun Maxwell Air Force Jazz Band Palmetto State Cloggers-Columbia, S.C. Jebry Lee Briley Washburn University Singers The Minnesingers Ralph Case Cloggers & Case Brothers Band 572nd Air Force Jazz Band Drury High School Jazz Band Lower Columbia Singers — Washington State Tennessee Half-Pints with the Morristown County Cloggers First United Methodist Youth Choir Tuckertown Cloggers Duluth Cloggers Myles Caskie's Mimes & Clowns from Canada Knoxville College — Musical Memoirs U.S. Cheerleaders Association — National Grand Champions 82nd Airborne Band and Chorus General Assembly Chorus Countrytime Cloggers Caboose Cloggers U.S. Army Field Band and Chorus Georgetown Highsteppers — National Champion High School Dance Line Mississippi State Madrigal Singers The Madisonians — James Madison University Crabmeat Thompson Star Family Singers Premier Band U.S. Naval Academy Dixieland Band Mont Clair High School Concert Band Carson Newman College Men's Chorus Philippine Madrigal Singers London County Senior Citizens Kitchen Band 530th Air Force National Guard Band Starlite Cloggers Morris Dancers — Berea College Maxwell Airs Air force Jazz Ensemble Cleveland St. Youth Players United States Association of Independent Gymnastic Clubs The United States Association of Independent Gymnastics Clubs Performers at the United States Pavilion Gymnastics Plus, Columbus, GA Gymscamps of Florence, Florence, SC Salem Gymnastics Center, Winston/Salem, NC Camp Chattooga Gymnastics, Marietta, GA Cedar Hill Gym Center, Cedar Hill, TX Ponies Gym Team, Hume, VA Maverick Gym Club, Charleston, WV Mile High Twisters, Cranford, NJ Gymnastic Academy of Boston, Norwood, MA Olympiad Gymnastic Club, Wilmington, DE Bloomington-Normal Gym Center, Bloomington, IL Signal School Of Physical Education, Signal Mountain, TN First State Sch. of Gymnastics, Wilmington, DE Lake Gymnastic Center, Parsippany, NJ Gymnastics World, Broadview Heights, OH Giguere Gymnastic Exhibition Team, Cherry Valley, MA Gymnastics Chalet; Norman, OK Alt's Gymnastics School, Aberdeen, NJ Keystone Gymnastics, Mechanicsburg, PA Galesburg Gymnastic Club, Galesburg, IL Gymn. Acad, of Boston, Norwood, MA Richmond Olympiad, Richmond, VA American Turners, Algonquin, IL Royal T's, Crofton, MD Ski-Lan Performing Arts, Rutland, VT SPECS Gymnastics Club, McLean, VA Triple City Stars, Vestal, NY John Pancott Sch. of Gymn., Malvern, PA Gymstrada Schools, Virginia Beach, VA Wayne's Angels, Pinson, AL Gemini Gymnastics, Altoona, PA Greenville YWCA, Greenville, SC Jewarts Gymnastics, Pittsburgh, PA Terryette Gymn. Club, Milford, CT Angela's Angels, Gaffney, SC Dayton Academy of Gymn., Dayton, OH Liberty Belles Gymn. Club, Philadelphia, PA World of Sports Instruction, New Port Richey, FL Gymnastics, Ltd., Dayton, OH Springfield Gymn. Center, Springfield, MO Gymnastic Spectrum, Davenport, IA Stars Gymnastics Academy, Cedar Rapids, IA Gym Elite Gymnastics Training Cntr., Norcross, GA 81 Appendix 15 Pavilion Fact Sheet I. Dimensions A. Height 1. Lowest exhibit level to top of cage steel 124'-6- 1 / 2 " 2. Main concourse to top of cage steel ii2'-o-y 2 " 3. Main concourse to roof slab 75'-0" 4. Interior — main exhibit floor to highest interior point 94'-3- 1 /s" B. Length 1. Overall East/West Cage 417'-10- 1 / 2 ' 2. Overall North/South 145'-3- 1 / 8 " 3. Theatre — overall East/West 135'-0" overall North/South 113'-2" 4. Interior — main exhibit space— East/West 327'-0" main exhibit space— North/South 112'-6" Areas (Interior Environmentally Controlled) A. Exhibit 41.885SF B. Theatre (including lobby) 21,000 SF C. Support Areas 24,530 SF D. Total Interior Area 87,335 SF Conveying Systems Length of longest escalator — 65 Ft. (17Mtrs.) 1 . Travels 90 Ft. per minute (27.3 Mtrs. per minute) 2. Each unit carries a maximum of 5,000 people per hour 3. 2 parallel escalators, thus 10,000 people per hour Theatre Capacity Seating — Approximately 1 ,000 Solar Panels on Roof 4,100 Sq. Ft. or 381 Sq. Mtrs. of solar collector area Appendix 16 Budget/Summary/Cost Center (1 2/31 /82) United States Participation Cost Center Approved Budget FPU Obligations To Date Estimated Cost FPVI Projected Final Balance Admin & OPS $ 2,450,928 $ 1,631,679 $ 1,835,827 8.8% 615.101 Pav. & Const. $12,748,910 $12,941,253 $12,946,370 62.3% (197,460) U.S.C.G. $ 415,219 $ 397,506 $ 417,085 2.0% ( 1,866) Exhibits $ 3,901,115 $ 3,920,362 $ 3,931,540 18.9% ( 30,425) Film $ 1,175,000 $ 1,013,000 $ 1,015,000 4.9% 160,000 C.G.S. $ 108,828 $ 326,317 $ 340,872 1.6% (232,044) Reserve $ 313,306 1.5% (313,306) 82 TOTAL $20,800,000 $20,230,017 $20,800,000 —0— Appendix 16 (cont.) Budget/Summary/Cost Category (12/31/82) United States Participation Cost Category Description Approved Budget-FPU Obligations To Date Estimated Cost-FPVI Projected Final Balance 10/11 Per Comp $ 1,451,668 $ 1,242,577 $ 1,286,750 6.2% 164,918 12 Per Ben 145,055 115,656 119,809 0.6% 25,246 21 Travel 198,900 203,439 217,160 1.0% (18,260) 22 Trans Things 61,975 10,162 19,277 0.1% 42,698 23 Rent, Com, Ut 398,614 298,588 368,642 1.8% 29,972 24 Printing 50,391 58,610 82,457 0.4% (32,066) 25 Other Services 18,080,553 18,228,700 18,294,165 87.9% (213,612) 26 Supp. & Mat. 47,300 39,164 40,585 0.2% 6,715 31 Equipment 105,050 33,121 57,849 0.3% 47,201 80 Working Capital Fund Payment 146,825 — 0— — 0— 146,825 Reserve 113,669 — 0— 313,306 1.5% (199,637) TOTAL $20,800,000 $20,230,017 $20,800,000 —0— U.S. Pavilion staff gather for final staff meeting on Closing Day. 83 Appendix 17 (Sample Schedule of Events) Daily Schedule of Events for Wednesday, June 16, 1982 10:15 a.m. — Motorcade carrying Australian government dignitaries arrives at Pavilion service-gate. Party proceeds directly to Tennessee Amphitheatre. 10:30 a.m. — Camp Chattooga Gymnastics on West Plaza. 11:00 a.m. — Mr. L. W. Zinski and party arrive for a tour of the Pavilion. They should be directed to the VIP lounge, and given a tour by press aide. 12:00 noon — BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 1:00 p.m. — Mr. Jim Welch and a party of 4 arrive for a tour of the Pavilion. They should be directed to the 6th floor. 2:00 p.m. — BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 2:00 p.m. — Mr. Gene Heller and a party of 4 arrive to tour U.S. Pavilion. They are with the Grumman Corp. 2:30 p.m. — Limousine pick-up. USA will be dispatched to Island Airport to meet Alabama Space and Rocket officials. 2:40 p.m. — Commissioner General Joe Rodgers, Mrs. Rodgers, and Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Grawert arrive at Island Airport. USA-1 will be dispatched with special driver to meet. 3:00 p.m. — Mr. Brookhart and a party of 18 from Rotary International will arrive for a tour, and a visit to the VIP lounge. 3:00 p.m. — BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 4:00 p.m. — BYU Young Ambassadors on West Plaza. 7:00 p.m. — Camp Chattooga Gymnastics on West Plaza. Carol and Tom Barnette will also be arriving today for a tour. They should be directed to the VIP lounge. Appendix 18 Pre-Fair Chronological Summary 1976 Aug 28 U.S. Department of Commerce endorses Expo '82 plan. Nov 28 The BIE accepts KIEE's plan for World's Fair in Knoxville in 1982. Dec Consultants contracted to prepare Environmental Impact Statement for Knoxville exposition. 1977 Mar 25 Application for Expo '82 in Knoxville approved by DOC and forwarded to the president by the Secretary of Commerce. March 15 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) published. Apr 26 President recognizes Expo '82 as being in the National Interest. Apr 27 BIE gives official date approval and registers Expo '82. 84 May/June Aug 26 Sept 2 1978 Feb 15 Mar10 June 1 Nov 1 1979 1980 Interagency Working Group (IAWG) formed. Contractor selected to develop U.S. Pavilion theme. Architectural firm selected to assist with selection of design team. Consultants complete theme development statement for U.S. Pavilion. Department of Energy approves theme for Federal Pavilion. Expositions Staff reestimates budget for U.S. Pavilion and Commissioner General. DOC team meets in Knoxville with BIE President and French delegate to review documents reguired by BIE, also review project's financial status and plans. Progress sufficient for recommendation from Secretary to President for issuance of invitations Proclamation. Dec 1 President issues invitations to foreign nations to participate in Expo '82. Dec 12 U.S. Pavilion Design solicited by advertisement in Commerce Business Daily. Dec 29 Public Law 96-169 was enacted to provide for United States participation in the Knoxville International Energy Exposition in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1982. This law authorized the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Commissioner General of the United States for Energy Expo '82. It also provided for the Secretary of Commerce to designate a Commissioner General of Section, who would serve as the Director of the United States Pavilion. Five finalists for U.S. Pavilion design chosen by Architect/Engineer Evaluation Board. An eleven-member inter-agency design and architect selection board appointed. DOC/OBPA budget of $24.3 million for Federal participation in Expo '82 sent to OMB. Supplement to the FEIS completed by consultant and comments invited. Selection of U.S. Pavilion architect, exhibit designer, and film producer. Comments and responses to FEIS published by consultant. President signs U.S. Participation Plan for Expo '82. U.S. Participation Plan in Expo '82 submitted to Congress. President publicly announces U.S. Participation Plan in Expo '82. Letter agreement signed with architect of Pavilion for continuing preliminary design work. Public Law 96-304 enacted, authorizing $20,800,000 for designing, constructing and operating a Federal Pavilion in the Knoxville International Energy Exposition. July 29 Appropriation approved. Aug 1 Letter contract sign for IMAX film producer. Aug 29 Real estate closing for U.S. Pavilion site in Knoxville. Sept 2 Letter contract signed with exhibit designer Feb 2 May 2 May 11 June 11 June 28 Aug 9 Aug 17 Aug 27 Aug 28 Feb 1 July 8 85 1981 Sept 5 Title to land for United States Pavilion cleared and transferred. Signing of indemnity agreement with KIEE, and the City of Knoxville, and Knoxville's Community Development Corporation. Oct 20 Letter contract signed for construction management. Oct 23 Groundbreaking for United States Pavilion. June 1 8 Fixed price contract signed with film producer for the production of an IMAX film for $1,225,000. Aug 18 Pre-bid meeting with potential exhibit fabricators. Sept 10 Exhibit fabrication bid deadline. Oct 22 U.S. Pavilion Topping Out Ceremony. Nov 2 Contract for exhibit fabrication signed for $1 ,079,000 for 80% of exhibit fabrication. HI ■ Photo courtesy ol Preston G. Haag, J All U.S. Pavilion staff contributed to this report, which was organized and compiled by Allen E. Beach and Anita Grinvalds, assisted by Shirley Gray and Sharon Wells. liliiif ^ Solar energy Knoxville World's Fair Synthetic fuels Knoxville World's Fair Breeder reactor Knoxville World's Fair Fossil fuels Knoxville World's Fair