SS . 3t ; / 
 
 
 INTERNATIONAL 
 FIELD YEAR FOR THE 
 GREAT LAKES 
 
 IFYGL BULLETIN 
 
 NO.l 
 
 'S 
 
 US IHD 
 
 1965 - 1974 
 
 JANUARY 1972 
 
IFYGL BULLETIN No. 1 
 
 JANUARY 1972 
 
 INTERNATIONAL 
 FIELD YEAR FOR THE 
 GREAT LAKES 
 
 « 
 
 IFYGL 
 
 US IHD 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 
 
 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 
 
 NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF 
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 
 
 CANADA 
 
 ENVIRONMENT CANADA WATER MANAGEMENT 
 AND ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICES 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES 
 AND RESOURCES 
 
 ONTARIO WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION 
 
 ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS 
 
 Published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 
 U.S. Department of Commerce, Rockville, Md. 20852 
 
EDITORIAL NOTE 
 
 The field operations phase of the International Field Year for the 
 Great Lakes (IFYGL) will begin on April 1, 1972. The IFYGL Bulletin has 
 been designed as a means of reporting on the planning, progress, and results 
 of this joint Canadian-United States scientific effort. It will also serve 
 as a vehicle for information exchange among IFYGL participants, as well as 
 others who have an interest in the program and may wish to use IFYGL data. 
 This first issue of the Bulletin gives a preliminary overview of the present 
 status of the organization and planning for the scientific program to be 
 conducted by the United States. IFYGL Bulletin No. 2 will provide similar 
 coverage of Canadian participation. Subsequent issues will review status 
 and results of both the United States and Canadian programs in relation to 
 the Joint (U.S. -Canadian) Technical Plan now under development and will con- 
 tain contributions both from the U.S. and Canadian participants. As the 
 field operations get underway, announcements of general interest to the sci- 
 entific community and to those directly engaged in the program will be made, 
 and when data collected during the field operations become available, from 
 individual scientists and IFYGL archives, their existence will be made known. 
 Still later issues will report on experimental results and analyses of indi- 
 vidual experiments and projects, both Canadian and United States. 
 
 Contributions on all aspects of the IFYGL program are invited from par- 
 ticipants in Canada and the United States, including comments and critiques 
 pertinent to plans and to problems encountered as the program enters its 
 active field phase. Such contributions should be sent to: 
 
 IFYGL Centre 
 
 Canada Centre for Inland Waters 
 
 P.O. Box 5050 
 
 Burlington, Ontario 
 
 or 
 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 
 Code EM^P-IFYGL, Room 805, Building 5 
 
 6010 Executive Boulevard 
 
 Rockville, Md. 20852 
 
 li 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Editorial Note ii 
 
 International Overview 1 
 
 IFYGL Basic Objectives 3 
 
 U.S. Organization and Participating Agencies 4 
 
 U.S. Scientific Program 9 
 
 U.S. Engineering and Testing 19 
 
 U.S. Field Operations 28 
 
 U.S. Data Management 35 
 
 in 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation 
 
 http://archive.org/details/ifyglbulletiOOrock 
 
INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW 
 
 Conceived as a part of the International Hydrological Decade (1965- 
 1975), the International Field Year for the Great Lakes is a joint Canadian- 
 United States program of environmental and water resources research, with 
 Lake Ontario and the Ontario Basin chosen for the field observations to be 
 conducted between April 1, 1972 ; and March 31, 1973. 
 
 As illustrated by the diagram in figure 1, with UNESCO in a coordinating 
 role, the National Research Council in Canada and the National Academy of 
 Sciences in the United States are responsible through the respective National 
 Committees for general policy as related to the concentrated and cooperative 
 studies of worldwide water resources called for by the International Hydro- 
 logical Decade (IHD) . Members of these National Committees, IHD, include: 
 
 Canada 
 
 H.A. Young, Chairman 
 
 I.C. Brown, Executive Secretary 
 
 United States 
 
 H.G. Hershey, Chairman 
 
 L.A. Heindl, Executive Secretary 
 
 W.H. Brutsaert, Liaison Member to IFYGL 
 
 Dwight Metzler, Liaison Member to IFYGL 
 
 The IFYGL Joint Steering Committee, on a more immediate level, is re- 
 sponsible for overall policy and for providing advice and recommendations. 
 Members of the Steering Committee are: 
 
 Canada 
 
 T.L. Richards, Chairman 
 
 J. P. Bruce 
 
 W.J. Christie 
 
 A.K. Watt 
 
 D.F. Witherspoon 
 
 J. MacDowall, Coordinator 
 
UNESCO 
 
 CANADA 
 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
 - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 
 
 CANADA 
 NATIONAL COMMITTEE, IHD 
 
 CANADIAN 
 AGENCIES 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 NATIONAL COMMITTEE, IHD 
 
 IFYGL JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE 
 
 CANADIAN 
 COORDINATOR 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 COORDINATOR 
 
 JOINT MANAGEMENT TEAM 
 
 CANADIAN 
 
 MANAGEMENT 
 
 TEAM 
 
 PROJECTS 
 
 U.S. IFYGL 
 PROJECT OFFICE 
 
 PROJECTS 
 
 PANELS - SUBCOMMITTEES 
 
 JITED STATES 
 AGENCIES 
 
 Figure 1 . 
 
 -2- 
 
United States W.J. Dresher, Chairman 
 
 L.D. Attaway 
 
 E.J. Aubert 
 
 D.C. Chandler 
 
 A. P. Pinsak 
 
 C.J. Callahan, Coordinator 
 
 Responsibility for policy implementation lies with the Joint Management 
 Team, whose function is to work out problems presented by the interdependent 
 roles played by Canada and the United States, to inform the Joint Steering 
 Committee of such problems, as well as progress, and to effect as close pro- 
 gram coordination as possible. The "executive arm" of this team in the United 
 States is the U.S. IFYGL Project Office; in Canada, the Canadian Management 
 Team. Cochairmen are T.L. Richards, Environment Canada, and E.J. Aubert, NOAA. 
 
 IFYGL BASIC OBJECTIVES 
 
 The central objective of IFYGL is the development of a sound scientific 
 basis for water resource management on the Great Lakes as an aid in solving 
 problems of water quality and quantity. Lake Ontario and the Ontario Basin 
 were selected as representative of physical characteristics typical of the 
 Great Lakes, and, more generally, as offering the opportunity for investigat- 
 ing typical water resource problems. A series of hydrological and limnological 
 studies, as well as special phenomenological investigations associated with 
 the effects of ice and lake storms, will serve to meet management requirements 
 for environmental factors pertinent to navigation, hydropower, public water 
 supply, waste disposal, recreation, fish productivity, highway transportation, 
 and the operation of port facilities. Undertaken during a period when the 
 currents and thermal structure of the lake will be known in some detail, IFYGL 
 will offer an opportunity for important chemical and biological studies. It 
 is anticipated not only that all the interlocking scientific programs as now 
 planned will yield better knowledge of the physical, chemical, and biological 
 processes occurring in Lake Ontario,but that this knowledge will be useful in 
 resolving water resource problems as they apply to Lake Ontario and to other, 
 smaller or larger, lakes. 
 
U.S. ORGANIZATION AND PARTICIPATING AGENCIES 
 
 Within the international framework shown in figure 1, the responsibility 
 as lead agency for the U.S. part of the IFYGL program rests with the National 
 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , where an IFYGL Project Office 
 has been established. The relationship of this office to the NOAA management 
 is shown in figure 2. Other participating units within NOAA are the Environ- 
 mental Data Service, the Environmental Research Laboratories, the National 
 Environmental Satellite Service, the National Ocean Survey, and the National 
 Weather Service. 
 
 Important roles in the cooperative effort that IFYGL represents are 
 played by several other United States Government agencies, as well as by pri- 
 vate institutions and universities. Participating Federal agencies, and 
 units within them, include the following: the U.S. Air Force Air Weather 
 Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Naval Oceanographic 
 Office, Department of Defense; the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife 
 and the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior; the U.S. Coast 
 Guard and the Federal Aviation Agency, Department of Transportation; the En- 
 vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ; and the National Science Foundation. 
 
 The various functions within the IFYGL Project Office organization are 
 schematically illustrated in figure 3. 
 
 Eugene J. Aubert, NOAA, as IFYGL Project Office Director, has the overall 
 planning, executive, and fiscal responsibility for IFYGL, delegating functional 
 responsibilities to each of the supporting groups as required. Direct assis- 
 tance to the Project Office Director is given by Terry C. de la Moriniere, 
 NOAA, in the area of System Integration and Management and by Carl F. Jenkins , 
 NOAA, in the area of Scientific Program Coordination and Management. The 
 primary purpose of the system integration and management effort is to coor- 
 dinate the financial and technical planning, the field operations, data man- 
 agement, and engineering and testing activities with the scientific studies 
 program and field operations plans. Scientific program coordination and 
 management consists primarily of program planning, documentation, and contract 
 initiation, monitoring > and review. 
 
 Norman R. Glass, EPA, as Associate Director for Biological and Chemical 
 Programs, is responsible for the planning and operations of the chemical and 
 biological projects that are an important part of IFYGL, and he also serves 
 as chief liaison between EPA and NOAA. Dr. Glass is supported in this role 
 by Tudor Davis 3 EPA. On advice related to technical plans, particularly as 
 they pertain to hydrological aspects, the Project Office is supported by 
 M.A. Kohler, NOAA, and E. Harbeck 3 U.S. Geological Survey, Consultants for 
 Hydrological Studies. To ensure close coordination between United States and 
 Canadian efforts, and in support of the Joint Steering Committee and the Joint 
 Management Team, Cornelius J. Callahan, NOAA, serves as U.S. IFYGL Coordinator. 
 Public Information affairs are handled by Roland Paine of NOAA. 
 
OFFICE OF THE 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR 
 
 OF NOAA 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR 
 R.M. WHITE 
 
 DEPUTY 
 ADMINISTRATOR 
 
 H.W. POLLOCK 
 
 ASSOCIATE 
 ADMINISTRATOR 
 
 J.W. TOWNSEND, JR. 
 
 ASSOCIATE 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 
 
 AND PREDICTION 
 
 R.E. HALLGREN 
 
 IFYGL 
 PROJECT OFFICE 
 
 E.J. AUBERT 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
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Of the four task groups that play a central role both in the planning and 
 operational phases of the IFYGL program, Engineering and Testing, headed by 
 Orville Scribner of NOAA, is responsible for the system engineering of data 
 acquisition systems to be used in IFYGL, such as weather radars, rawinsondes, 
 buoys, aircraft, and ships. As chief of Field Operations , William S. Barney, 
 NOAA, carries the responsibility for those aspects of the IFYGL field opera- 
 tions that are under the control of the Project Office and for coordinating 
 the total field operations with the Canadian operations staff - particularly 
 for the scheduling, procurement, installation, maintenance, and operations of 
 the data acquisition systems and associated platforms. Data Management is 
 directed by Joshua Z. Holland, NOAA, and includes planning for data flow and 
 communications, data processing locations and schedules, and data reduction, 
 quality control, archiving, retrieval, and dissemination. This will include 
 the development of computer program specifications for IFYGL data processing. 
 Scientific Studies are the concern of a multidisciplinary group of scientists 
 who will synthesize the analyses and scientific studies to ensure that the 
 data developed in IFYGL are relevant to the needs and decision-making functions 
 of water resource managers, and to contribute to the development of a scien- 
 tific basis for resource management of the Great Lakes. The scientific projects 
 are discussed in the section that follows. 
 
 As indicated earlier in figure 1, advice is provided to both the Canadian 
 Management Team and the U.S. IFYGL Project Office by scientific panels. Ameri- 
 can cochairmen of these panels are: 
 
 Terrestrial Water Balance B.E. DeCooke 3 U.S. Army 
 
 Corps of Engineers 
 
 Energy Budget A. P. Pinsak 3 NOAA 
 
 Lake Meteorology and Evaporation E.M. Rasmusson 3 NOAA 
 
 Boundary Layer J.Z. Holland, NOAA 
 
 Water Movement J. Saylor 3 NOAA 
 
 Biology and Chemistry N. Jaworski 3 Environmental 
 
 Protection Agency 
 
 The gross schedule established by the IFYGL Project Office for American 
 participation is shown in figure 4. 
 
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U.S. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM 
 
 Greater knowledge is needed concerning the details of the physical, 
 chemical, and biological processes of the Great Lakes - a water resource of 
 importance to 35 million citizens in the United States and Canada. It is not 
 known how much waste material can be discharged into these lakes before they 
 are destroyed as a natural resource and neither is it known what happens to 
 the waste materials once they are deposited in the lakes. What we do know, 
 however, is that eutrophication is occurring, with desirable species of fish 
 being depleted, beaches being closed, erosion destroying the coastline, and 
 harbors constantly being filled with sand and sediment washed from upstream. 
 
 The IFYGL scientific program has been structured in terms of management 
 needs to meet these problems by providing information that will aid in reach- 
 ing decisions related to municipal, industrial, and rural water supply; water 
 quality and pollution control; fish population; commercial and recreational 
 navigation; hydropower; water levels and flows; and shore use and erosion. 
 Also, a better understanding of lake-atmosphere interactions will result in 
 better systems of warning of hazardous and destructive conditions in order to 
 reduce damage and loss of life and property. 
 
 To fulfill these needs, the IFYGL Project Office has been collecting 
 information on data requirements of organizations responsible for water re- 
 source management, such as the Great Lakes Basin Commission and the New York 
 State Department of Environmental Conservation. This, and further collection 
 of similar, information will be used to maintain the central focus of IFYGL - 
 to serve the needs of water resource management. 
 
 Hydrological Studies 
 
 Three main hydrological studies of Lake Ontario and the Ontario Basin 
 are envisioned, consisting of two balance or budget projects - the terrestrial 
 water balance and the atmospheric water balance - and an evaporation synthesis 
 project. These are discussed in greater detail below. 
 
 As is evident from what follows, any clear delineation between the planned 
 hydrological and limnological investigations is to some degree arbitrary. For 
 example, such projects as those dealing with the natural distribution and vari- 
 ability of water levels, the atmospheric boundary layer, and simulation model- 
 ing, which are discussed under limnological studies, have a strong bearing on 
 the planned hydrological investigations as well. 
 
TERRESTRIAL WATER BALANCE 
 
 Objective: Determine the contribution of each of several factors affecting 
 water balance relationships. 
 
 Products: Improved understanding of these factors for better management of 
 water supply for domestic and industrial use, navigation, power, 
 recreation, and shoreline use. 
 
 Approach: Measure terms in water balance equation. 
 
 • Inflow (Niagara and Welland). 
 
 • Precipitation. 
 
 • Tributary contribution. 
 
 • Ground water contribution. 
 
 • Evaporation. 
 
 • Outflow (St. Lawrence). 
 
 • Lake storage. 
 
 • Land storage. 
 
 Determine biweekly averages for all terms. 
 Obtain evaporation as a residual term. 
 Test empirical relationships. 
 
 Data Aoquisit-ion System: 
 
 • Flow meters at inflow, outflow, and some tributaries; 
 calibration equipment and techniques. 
 
 • Rain gage network. 
 
 • Water-level network. 
 
 • Radar network and calibration mesoscale network. 
 
 • Test wells. 
 
 • Snow survey. 
 
 • Aircraft and satellites. 
 
 • Standard hydrometeorological and meteorological networks 
 
 10- 
 
U.S. Participants: 
 
 Project scientist B.G. DeCooke, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
 
 Participants : 
 
 I.M. Korkigian, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Inflow and outflow) 
 
 R.J. Dingman, U.S. Geological Survey (Tributary and ground water 
 contribution, land storage) 
 
 *F.C. Polcyn, University of Michigan (Tributary and ground water 
 contribution, land storage) 
 
 B.G. DeCooke, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Evaporation) 
 
 E. Megerian, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Lake storage) 
 
 Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) , NOAA 
 (Precipitation) 
 
 R.B. Sykes, State University of New York, Oswego (Precipitation) 
 
 *J.W. Wilson, Center for Environment and Man (Precipitation) 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC WATER BALANCE 
 
 Objective: Determine the magnitude of the terms in the atmospheric water 
 
 balance equation and their contribution to the hydrologic cycle 
 of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Products: Information on the atmospheric water balance equation terms, 
 including estimates of evaporation. 
 
 Approach: Measure terms in atmospheric water balance equation. 
 
 • Precipitation. 
 
 • Storage in atmosphere. 
 
 • Liquid water flux across boundaries. 
 
 • Water vapor flux across boundaries. 
 
 Determine weekly averages for all terms. 
 Obtain evaporation as a residual term. 
 
 Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation 
 
 -11- 
 
Data Acquisition System: 
 
 • Radar network and calibration mesoscale network 
 
 • Rawinsonde network. 
 
 • NOAA Research Flight Facility aircraft. 
 
 • Satellites. 
 
 • Standard meteorological network. 
 
 U.S. Participants, 
 
 Project scientist Eugene M. Rasmusson, Center for Experiment 
 
 Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) , NOAA 
 
 Participants : 
 
 R.B. Sykes, State University of New York, Oswego (Precipitation and 
 liquid water flux) 
 
 *J.W. Wilson, Center for Environment and Man (Precipitation and liquid 
 water flux) 
 
 Eugene M. Rasmusson, Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis 
 (CEDDA), NOAA (Storage and water vapor flux) 
 
 EVAPORATION SYNTHESIS 
 
 Objective: To determine the best estimate of evaporation based upon terres- 
 trial water balance, atmospheric water balance, and lake heat 
 balance estimates and on evaporation pan data and boundary layer 
 measurements . 
 
 Products: Feedback to terrestrial water balance, atmospheric water balance, 
 and lake heat balance on improved evaporation rates information; 
 parameterization techniques. 
 
 Approach: Analyze multisource data on evaporation in combination with other 
 Field Year data. 
 
 Develop parameterization techniques for generating routine evapor- 
 ation estimates with IFYGL data networks and with routinely avail- 
 able data. 
 
 Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation. 
 
 -12- 
 
Data Acquisition System: 
 
 • Evaporation pans. 
 
 • Standard and special land networks. 
 
 • Aircraft. 
 
 • Towers and buoys . 
 
 • Terrestrial water balance, atmospheric water balance, 
 and lake heat budget evaporation estimates. 
 
 U.S. Participants: 
 
 Project scientists Eugene M. Rasmusson, Center for Experiment 
 
 Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) , NOAA 
 
 G.E. Harbeck (Consultant), U.S. Geological 
 Survey 
 
 Participants : 
 
 T.J. Nordenson, National Weather Service, NOAA (Evaporation pan studies) 
 
 Eugene M. Rasmusson, Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis 
 (CEDDA), NOAA (Evaporation estimate synthesis) 
 
 Limnological Studies 
 
 Limnological projects in support of the need for improved water quality 
 management include study of the lake heat budget, water movements, atmospheric 
 boundary layer, as well as chemical and biological variables. Several chemical 
 and biological projects are included, pertaining to major physical, biological 
 and chemical variables on Lake Ontario and its coastal and tributary areas. 
 Water movement projects will deal with both lake and coastal circulation and 
 diffusion, and study of the atmospheric boundary layer is expected to provide 
 data on lake-air interactions to support the lake heat budget, circulation and 
 diffusion, atmospheric water balance, and simulation projects. Simulation 
 models will be developed to aid in improving prediction techniques to serve 
 water resource management needs. 
 
 LAKE HEAT BALANCE 
 
 Objective: Determine three-dimensional thermal structure of Lake Ontario and 
 its variation with time; compute evaporation; determine lake heat 
 storage. 
 
 Products: Information on thermal structure of Lake Ontario and factors af- 
 fecting temporal changes; evaporation estimates; lake heat storage 
 data. 
 
 -13- 
 
Approach: Measure terms in lake heat budget equation. 
 
 Heat inflow and outflow. 
 
 Storage. 
 
 Radiation, incoming and outgoing. 
 
 Sensible and latent heat flux. 
 
 Determine the biweekly average for all terms. 
 Obtain evaporation as a residual term. 
 
 Data Acquisition System: 
 
 • Gaging stations and survey catamarans (inflow and 
 outflow volume and temperature) . 
 
 • Ships (temperature profiles and long- and short- 
 wave radiation) . 
 
 • Buoys (water temperature) . 
 
 • Towers (water temperature and radiation) . 
 
 • Aircraft (radiation and ice cover) . 
 
 • Land and island stations (radiation and ice surveys) 
 
 • Sky cameras (cloud photography) . 
 
 • Satellites (cloud photography, water temperature, 
 and ice cover) . 
 
 U.S. Participants: 
 
 Project scientist A. P. Pinsak, Lake Survey Center, NOAA 
 
 Participants: 
 
 *M.A. Atwater, Center for Environment and Man (Radiation modeling) 
 
 A.E. Strong, National Environmental Satellite Service, NOAA (Cloud cover, 
 water temperature) 
 
 *W.A. Lyons, University of Wisconsin (Cloud cover, water temperature) 
 
 *K.R. Piech, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory (Optical properties) 
 
 *P.M. Kuhn, Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, NOAA (Radiation) 
 
 A. P. Pinsak, Lake Survey Center, NOAA (Lake heat storage) 
 
 D.R. Rondy, Lake Survey Center, NOAA (Ice measurements) 
 
 * 
 
 Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation. 
 
 -14- 
 
LAKE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 
 
 Objective: Determine the materials balance, i.e., the inflow, storage, and 
 outflow of certain key materials in Lake Ontario; determine the 
 chemical and biological status and processes, e.g., conditions 
 and their variability in time and space, both in the lake and 
 in-shore areas. 
 
 Products: Analyses of chemical and biological constituents as sampled over 
 space and time. 
 
 Approach: Collect water samples at a grid of points over the lake on a 
 
 weekly or less frequent schedule and conduct laboratory analyses 
 on board ship and at shore laboratories. 
 
 Measure dissolved oxygen profile and conductivity profile. 
 
 Conduct fish population measurement cruises. 
 
 Measure phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic quantities. 
 
 Data Acquisition System: 
 
 • Two ships with on-board laboratory and data acquisition and 
 processing facilities. 
 
 • Research Vessel Kaho of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and 
 Wildlife. 
 
 • Two T-boats for near-shore water sampling. 
 
 • Laboratory facilities in Rochester. 
 
 U.S. Participants: 
 
 Project scientists D. Casey, Environmental Protection Agency 
 
 (Materials balance) 
 
 N. Jaworsky, Environmental Protection Agency 
 (Lake status and processes, near-shore 
 monitoring and processes) 
 Participants : 
 
 *C.L. Schelske, University of Michigan 
 *J.H. Judd, State University of New York, Oswego. 
 *D. McNaught, State University of New York, Oswego. 
 *R. Sweeney, State University of New York, Oswego. 
 *W. Diment, University of Rochester 
 
 *Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation 
 
 -15- 
 
J. Reynolds, Great Lakes Fisheries Laboratory, Bureau of Sport Fisheries 
 and Wildlife 
 
 A. P. Pinsak, Lake Survey Center, NOAA (Harbor water quality studies) 
 
 WATER MOVEMENT 
 
 Objective: Determine the characteristics of large-scale water motion and the 
 processes responsible for natural distribution and variability. 
 
 Products: Comprehensive data base on natural distribution and variability 
 of physical properties, diagnostic models, and simulation models 
 of lake and coastal circulation and diffusion, internal waves, 
 and surface waves. 
 
 Approach: Collect and analyze data on the dynamic limnology of the lake, 
 such as wind stress, wind tides, currents, circulation, surface 
 and internal waves, diffusion, temperature, and air-water and 
 air-sediment interactions. 
 
 Data Acquisition System: 
 
 • Aircraft and satellites (multispectra and IR) . 
 
 • Buoys and towers (waves, currents, water temperature, 
 winds) . 
 
 • Ships (water temperature) . 
 
 • All-sky cameras. 
 
 • Drogues (currents) . 
 
 • Outfall water sampling. 
 
 • Buoyant floats. 
 
 U.S. Participants: 
 
 Project scientists J. Saylor, Lake Survey Center, NOAA 
 
 (Lake circulation and diffusion) 
 
 *J. Scott, State University of New York, 
 Albany (Coastal circulation and 
 diffusion) 
 
 'Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation 
 
 16- 
 
Participants : 
 
 *F.C. Polcyn, University of Michigan (Multispectral aircraft flights) 
 
 P.C. Liu, Lake Survey Center, NOAA (Wave measurements and modeling) 
 
 *J. Scott, State University of New York, Albany (Coastal currents and 
 temperature measurements) 
 
 *C.H. Mortimer, University of Wisconsin (Temperature profile measurements) 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER 
 
 Objective: Determine air-water interface fluxes of heat, moisture, and 
 
 momentum; describe response of boundary layer structure to vari- 
 ations of surface conditions; provide data for parameterization 
 and simulation models. 
 
 Products: Flux and stress data for input to lake heat budget, circulation 
 and diffusion, and atmospheric water balance projects. 
 
 Approach: Collect data on surface fluxes by various methods. 
 
 Conduct mesoscale boundary layer analyses of standard parameters 
 
 Synthesize information to obtain horizontal distributions and 
 area averages of fluxes. 
 
 Data Acquisition System: 
 
 • Buoys and towers (including special instrumentation) . 
 
 • Rawinsondes. 
 
 • Land stations. 
 
 • Aircraft. 
 
 • Captive balloons. 
 
 U.S. Participants : 
 
 Project scientist J. Holland, Center for Experiment Design 
 
 and Data Analysis (CEDDA) , NOAA 
 
 Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation, 
 
 -17- 
 
Participants : 
 
 *J.A. Businger, University of Washington (Boundary layer structure^f luxes, 
 parameterization) 
 
 *J. Telford, University of Nevada (Lake effects on atmospheric boundary 
 layer) 
 
 *H.A. Panofsky, Pennsylvania State University (Horizontal coherence of 
 turbulence) 
 
 *M.A. Estoque, University of Miami (Lake-land circulation) 
 
 B.R. Bean, Wave Propagation Laboratory, NOAA (Boundary layer flux 
 measurements) 
 
 SIMULATION 
 
 Objective: To develop and test models capable of reproducing the hydrological 
 and limnological characteristics of Lake Ontario and the Ontario 
 Basin. 
 
 Products: Simulation models useful for prediction of factors important to 
 Great Lakes water resource management. 
 
 Approach: Modify, develop, and test simulation models in each of several 
 project areas based on IFYGL data. 
 
 U. S. Participants : 
 
 *D.B. Rao, University of Wisconsin (Storm surge model) 
 
 P.C. Liu, Lake Survey Center, NOAA (Wave generation, growth, decay model) 
 
 *J. Pandolfo, Center for Environment and Man (Lake circulation model) 
 
 *L.M. Gilbert, General Electric Company (Ice generation, growth, decay 
 model) 
 
 *C.H. Mortimer, University of Wisconsin (Internal wave model) 
 
 *M.A. Estoque, University of Miami (Mesometeorological effects model) 
 
 Pending availability of funds and contract negotiation. 
 
 18- 
 
U.S. ENGINEERING AND TESTING 
 
 Radar Equipment 
 
 Two U.S. radars, a 10-cm WSR-57 National Weather Service radar at Buffalo, 
 N.Y., and a new C-band 5.3-cm MR-782 radar to be installed near Oswego, N.Y., 
 are planned for IFYGL use. The MR-782 radar, to be operated by the State 
 University of New York, will be located south of Oswego, about 10 mi from the 
 lakeshore. Current plans are to install the console, receiver-transmitter, 
 and other units inside a van, with the antenna on a platform above it. The 
 new radar has the following characteristics: 
 
 Frequency: 5,600 to 5,650 MHz (5.3 cm) 
 
 Peak power: 250 kW 
 
 Pulse repetition frequency: 250 PPS 
 
 Pulse length: 2 usee 
 
 Beam width (half power): 1.7°; side lobes down 20 db 
 
 Scan modes : 
 
 Continuous azimuth, to 6 rpm 
 Azimuth 30°, 60°, 90° sectors 
 Elevation 10°, 20°, 30° sectors 
 Manual azimuth and elevation 
 
 Receiver characteristics: 
 
 Log gain, 80-db dynamic range 
 
 Automatic frequency control (AFC) 
 
 Range normalization 
 
 Provision for video integrator and processor (VIP) 
 
 Presentations : 
 
 PPI cathode ray tube (12- inch) 
 
 RHI cathode ray tube (same tube as PPI, switchable) 
 
 Azimuth, elevation, and range indicators 
 
 PPI scope ranges: 
 
 25 n mi (5-n-mi range marks) 
 125 n mi (25-n-mi range marks) 
 250 n mi (50-n-mi range marks) 
 
 RHI ranges: 50 and 125 n mi 
 
 Antenna in a radome 15 ft in diameter 
 
 -19- 
 
A major problem in any meteorological data collection effort by radar is 
 the mechanism for recording, storing, organizing, and analyzing the huge vol- 
 ume of data that can accumulate in a relatively short time. To meet this 
 problem, a so-called VIP (video integrator and processor), a radar data digi- 
 tizer, and a digital magnetic tape recorder are planned for the Buffalo and 
 Oswego sets. The VIP, in segments occupying 2° of arc and 1 n mi in range, 
 quantizes the radar returns into 16 levels, each of which can be related to 
 an interval of precipitation rate (or absence of precipitation) . The quan- 
 tized video is then handled in two ways. It is placed on the PPI scope 
 (compressed to six levels) in a predetermined set of black-to-white shades 
 and also sent to the digitizer unit, where the 16 video levels, and segment 
 position, are reduced to a digital data stream for magnetic tape recording. 
 After the Field Year, the tapes will be analyzed by means of computers. 
 
 The digitizer to be used with the Buffalo radar set will be the D/RADEX 
 system developed by the National Weather Service, with a NOVA 1200 minicomputer 
 for data processing. For the Oswego radar, the digitizer will be a hard-wire 
 processor designed and built by NOAA's National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 Both systems will record the digital data, quantized in 16 levels, on IBM- 
 compatible magnetic tape. Data will be recorded every 10 min when there are 
 precipitation echoes. 
 
 Both radar systems will have a remote display with an automatic 16-mm 
 camera for photography of the video image as a backup to the digital recording 
 system. Photographs will be taken every 5 min at Oswego, but probably less 
 frequently at Buffalo because of radar operational requirements of the Nation- 
 al Weather Service. 
 
 Lake Ontario Fixed Data Collection System 
 
 An integrated buoy, tower, island, and land system manufactured by 
 Texas Instruments, Inc. _, will be used for gathering hydrological and meteoro- 
 logical data. Of the 10 buoy platforms planned, two will be located offshore 
 30 Mile Point, four near Oswego and four near Rochester, N.Y. Four tower 
 platforms will be installed, two offshore 30 Mile Point and two at Rochester. 
 There will be one island station at Galloo Island and five land meteorolo- 
 gical stations at Fort Niagara, 30 Mile Point, Rochester, Oswego, and Stony 
 Point, N.Y. 
 
 Each of the five land meteorological stations will interrogate the 
 measurement platforms in its associated subnetwork and relay data to the 
 Control Center located at Rochester, N.Y. The Control Center in turn, after 
 changing data format, relays the data to the Lake Survey Center in Detroit, 
 where the data are recorded on magnetic tape in preparation for initial 
 processing. 
 
 The sequential sampling of each of the 20 measurement platforms is con- 
 trolled by the Rochester Control Center, where a real-time clock generates a 
 command every 6 min to the master sequence controller, which initiates the 
 
 -20- 
 
polling sequence. The VHF authorized for use in IFYGL is 171.125 MHz for 
 interrogation and 170.250 MHz for data reception. 
 
 The buoys will measure air temperature, atmospheric pressure, dew point, 
 wind direction, and wind speed at a height of 3 m above the lake surface. 
 Subsurface measurements will yield data on current direction and speed at 
 depths of 5, 15, and 30 m, as well as at 3 m above the bottom of the lake. 
 Water temperature will be measured at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 
 45, and 60 m from all buoys and at 75, 100, and 150 m from other platforms. 
 
 Air temperature, precipitation, and dew point at a height of 3 m, and 
 atmospheric pressure, radiation, wind direction, and wind speed at a height 
 of 10 m, will be measured from the offshore tower platforms. Subsurface 
 measurements of current direction and speed at depths of 1, 3, 7, 13, and 19 m 
 will be obtained from the deep water towers, which also will measure water 
 temperature at levels of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 m. The 
 shallow towers will provide data on current direction and speed at depths of 
 1 and 4 m and on water temperature at levels of 1, 2, 3, and 4 m. 
 
 Island station observations will include atmospheric measurements of pan 
 evaporation at 0.25 m; air temperature, dew point, wind direction, and wind 
 speed at 1.5 and 10 m; atmospheric pressure and precipitation at 1.5m; and 
 radiation at 2 m. Subsurface water temperature measurements will be made at 
 a depth of 1 m. 
 
 The land meteorological stations will provide data on temperature, atmos- 
 pheric pressure, dew point, and precipitation at the 1.5-m level, radiation at 
 the 2-m level, and wind direction and speed at the 10-m level. 
 
 Types of sensors to be used in the fixed data collection system are des- 
 cribed in table 1, and their performance characteristics are given in table 2. 
 
 Table 1. Sensors to be used in the fixed data collection system 
 
 Parameter 
 
 Temperature (air and water) 
 
 Atmospheric pressure 
 
 Dew point 
 
 Wind (speed and direction) 
 
 Current (speed and direction) 
 
 Radiation 
 
 Precipitation 
 
 Pan evaporation 
 
 Manufacturer 
 
 Yellow Springs Instrument Co 
 H.E. Sostman § Co. 
 The Foxboro Co. 
 R.M. Young Co. 
 
 Bendix-Marine Advisers, Inc. 
 The Eppley Laboratory. 
 Fischer § Porter 
 Weather Measure Corp. 
 
 21- 
 
Table 2. Sensor performance characteristics 
 
 Parameter 
 
 Range 
 
 Allowable error 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Air 
 Water 
 
 Atmospheric pressure 
 
 Wind 
 Speed 
 Direction 
 
 Current 
 Speed 
 Direction 
 
 Dew point 
 
 Radiation 
 
 Incident allwave 
 Reflected allwave 
 Incident shortwave 
 Reflected shortwave 
 
 Precipitation 
 
 Pan evaporation 
 
 -25 to +40 C 
 - 2 to +30°C 
 
 950 to 1,050 mb 
 
 to 50 m/sec 
 to 360° 
 
 to 100 cm/sec 
 to 360° 
 
 -25 to +40°C 
 
 to 4 ly/min 
 to 4 ly/min 
 to 2 ly/min 
 to 2 ly/min 
 
 to 25 cm 
 
 to 10 cm 
 
 +0.5°C 
 
 +0. 
 
 2°C 
 
 
 +0. 
 
 2 mb 
 
 +1 
 
 m/sec 
 
 I 5 ' 
 
 > 
 
 
 +2 
 
 cm/ 
 
 'sec 
 
 + 5 C 
 
 > 
 
 
 + l' 
 
 'C 
 
 
 +0. 
 
 ,05 
 
 ly/min 
 
 +0, 
 
 .05 
 
 ly/min 
 
 +0, 
 
 .05 
 
 ly/min 
 
 +0, 
 
 .05 
 
 ly/min 
 
 +0, 
 
 .025 cm 
 
 +0 
 
 .02 
 
 cm 
 
 Shipboard Data System 
 
 The basic data system to be used aboard the two U.S. ships - NOAA's 
 Researcher and the Advance II of the Cape Fear Technical Institute - is shown 
 in figure 5. The Researcher will have the additional capability of acquiring 
 water samples with a Rosette-type multisampler, monitoring dissolved oxygen 
 and chlorophyll, and automatically obtaining humidity, wind speed, wind direc- 
 tion, and air temperature data. The ships will be equipped with electrobathy- 
 thermographs for profiling from the surface to the bottom of the lake and with 
 a separate towed transducer for continual measurement of water surface tempera- 
 ture. After the signals are sensed by the transducer, they enter a sensor 
 acquisition module (SAM), a device located close to the sensor for performing 
 the following functions: 
 
 -22- 
 
Signal-condition the incoming data from 15 data channels. 
 
 Amplify the signal to a level of 5 v D.C. 
 
 Digitize the amplified signal to a 12-bit word and feed 
 a serial digital data stream to a high-density analog 
 recorder. 
 
 Calibrate the data system by substituting precise voltage 
 levels for the incoming data signals. 
 
 Upper Air (Rawinsonde) System 
 
 Three U.S. rawinsonde stations will be operated in support of the atmos- 
 pheric water balance program and other IFYGL scientific studies. The three 
 stations will be located near Stony Point, Sodus Bay, and Point Breeze, N.Y. 
 
 The ground equipment to be used is basically the LORAN-C LOCATE Navaid 
 Integrated Upper Air Sounding System manufactured by Beukers Laboratories, 
 Inc., Hauppauge, N.Y., with a compatible radiosonde unit, AUTOMET Sonde Model 
 1223, made by the VIZ Manufacturing Co. of Philadelphia, Pa. The expected 
 performance (system RMS error) of the integrated system is as follows: 
 
 Winds Vector error +_ 0.5 mps for 1-min averages 
 
 Temperature +_0.2°C 
 
 Relative humidity +_ 5% 
 
 Pressure +_ 2 mb 
 
 Wind data and meteorological data (pressure, temperature, humidity, and 
 calculated heights) will be correlated by the common parameter of elapsed 
 time from balloon release. The overall system concept is illustrated in 
 figure 6, and a block diagram of the system is shown in figure 7. 
 
 Meteorological data will be conveyed by frequency modulation of the 
 403-MHz transmitted carrier frequency of the radiosonde. The modulation 
 frequency varies from 50 to 2,000 Hz as a function of the sensed parameters, 
 and the transmitter power is about 1/2 W. Specially selected carbon hygris- 
 tors and ceramic rod thermistors will sense humidity and temperature respec- 
 tively. Pressure will be obtained from an aneroid cell that drives a pen-arm 
 contact over a strip on which 180 contacts are printed, each representing a 
 discrete pressure. Each contact places one of three resistors in the modulator 
 circuit in a fixed pattern so that each contact can be identified in the data 
 output; recovery will be possible in the event of temporary interruption in 
 the data stream. Intermediate pressures between the beginning edge of adjacent 
 contacts can be determined by interpolation in the data reduction process. 
 
 ■23- 
 
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A complete meteorological data cycle will cover 0.8 sec, with approxi- 
 mately 0.2 sec allocated to, respectively, temperature, humidity, pressure, 
 and a reference near 1,900 Hz produced by a fixed precision resistor. There 
 will be an occasional additional reference near midscale since one of the 
 three pressure resistors is also a precision resistor. Switching among the 
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 trast to data obtained by the conventional U.S. radiosonde, in which the 
 pressure contacts are used for switching the other parameters. 
 
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 (50-2,000 Hz) and send them to a meteorological data converter. A meteoro- 
 logical data synchronizer will phase lock an internal segment generator to 
 the high reference signal telemetered from the radiosonde, allowing complete 
 timing, decoding, and digitizing of the meteorological elements with a 10-MHz 
 clock. Each time a new element is sensed on the ground, the data will be 
 digitized and output signalled to the central processor. The central processor 
 will then convert the data into a format compatible with the magnetic tape 
 recorder. It will also drive a strip-chart recorder, where the meteorological 
 data are recorded in analog form. 
 
 In wind data acquisition, the LORAN-C signals will be captured by the 
 radiosonde's antenna and a miniature receiver that continuously will modulate 
 the 403-MHz carrier at the 100-kHz LORAN-C frequency. The ground 403-MHz 
 receiver will extract the LORAN-C data and send them to the LOCATE LORAN-C 
 processor, at which point the LORAN-C data will be replicas of those received 
 by the sonde. The processor will track the LORAN-C signals and produce two 
 output signals, each representing the phase difference between the signals 
 from two LORAN-C transmitters. The two sets of phase differences, expressed 
 in terms of tenths of microseconds, will be recorded on an analog strip-chart 
 recorder, and also sent in digital form to the central processor for formating 
 in preparation of recording on the magnetic tape recorder. 
 
 The time difference between the signals received from a pair of LORAN-C 
 transmitters will place the sonde on a hyperbolic line of position (LOP), the 
 intersection of two LOP's, one from each of the two pairs of signals, establish- 
 ing a position. Changes in position of the sonde from second to second will 
 yield a measure of the wind at the level of the sonde, and the data will be 
 recorded on magnetic tape in terms of time differences for off-line processing. 
 This will permit a sophisticated computer program, with necessary smoothing 
 and editing for optimum precision in the computations, for post-flight data 
 reduction. The central processor will also compute the winds (without edit) 
 for direct output, as a function of time, on the teletype input-output associ- 
 ated with the processor. 
 
 The accuracy of LORAN-C wind data is dependent upon the crossing angles 
 of the LOP's established by the selected pairs of stations. Fixes with acute 
 angles are much less precise than those from crossing angles near 90°. 
 Because of the location of the Lake Ontario region, the combination of the 
 LORAN-C stations at Cape Fear, N.C. (Master), Cape Race, Newfoundland, and 
 
 -27- 
 
Dana, Ind., will result in crossing angles close to the optimum. Since winds 
 are derived from changes in position rather than absolute positions, propaga- 
 tion anomalies tend to cancel out. Hence, it should be possible with the 
 IFYGL network to obtain wind data accurate within +1 knot (0.5 m/sec) or better, 
 
 Four recording media will be used in the IFYGL upper air network. The 
 primary mode will be a digital seven-track IBM- compatible magnetic tape 
 recorder on which the data will be recorded in primitive digital form for 
 post-flight processing at a central computer facility. These data will 
 consist of time, frequency count of each meteorological parameter, and 
 reference each 0.8 sec, and of time differences for each of two pairs of 
 LORAN-C signals every second. 
 
 Two analog strip-chart recorders will serve as supplement and backup to 
 the primary data record. One is dual pen. It displays two traces, one 
 representing the time-of-arrival difference between one pair of LORAN-C 
 stations, and the other representing the same information from the other pair. 
 This chart can be used for semiautomatic determination of the winds in the 
 event of magnetic tape malfunction, but its primary purpose is simply to 
 provide a real-time monitor of the quality of the data being processed. The 
 second strip-chart recorder will be used for meteorological data and will 
 produce a record similar to that obtained with a conventional radiosonde 
 recorder. Because of the fast commutation rate, however, only samples of 
 the meteorological data will be recorded, since the pen drive cannot react 
 fast enough to catch each 0.2-sec transmission period. As with the LORAN-C 
 recorder, an analog recorder will serve both as quality control monitor and 
 semiautomatic backup to the primary system. 
 
 The fourth recording medium is the input-output teletype, which will 
 print out wind data, averaged over 1-min periods, as a function of time. 
 The azimuth angle from ground station to the sonde will also be printed out 
 as an aid in aiming the directional antenna used with the ground station. 
 
 U.S. FIELD OPERATIONS 
 
 As indicated in the preceding section, U.S. plans call for the use of 
 various data acquisition platforms during the Field Year to supplement the 
 existing data network in the Great Lakes area. Although many details related 
 to these platforms are still to be worked out, including construction and 
 testing of special instrumentation, some tentative commitments can be reported, 
 
 Shown in figure 8 is the IFYGL data collection network designed and con- 
 structed by Texas Instruments, Inc. This integrated system will operate 
 automatically to read out buoys, towers, and land stations every 6 min and to 
 consolidate and transmit data to the computer facility at NOAA's Lake Survey 
 Center in Detroit, Mich. 
 
 •28- 
 
The area of coverage of the two meteorological radars provided by the 
 United States in support of the IFYGL project at Buffalo and Oswego, N.Y. - 
 and of the 5.2-cm Curtis Wright radar to be operated by Canada in Toronto - 
 is shown in figure 9. The arcs indicate only the radar coverage for measure- 
 ment of precipitation on lake Ontario. The actual effective radar ranges are 
 greater and will yield desired overlap in observations. 
 
 Two ships - NOAA's Researcher and the Advance II , provided by the Cape 
 Fear Technical Institute - will conduct cruises on the lake for meteorological 
 observations and for measurements of water temperature at various depths from 
 the bottom to the surface of the lake at 93 specified sampling locations. 
 Chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen content will be determined through water 
 sampling from the two ships at 12 different depths along the planned cruising 
 tracks shown in figure 10. This figure also shows the saw-tooth cruising 
 pattern to be followed by T-boats for near-shore surveys by the Environmental 
 Protection Agency of the biological and chemical properties of effluents from 
 heavily populated areas. 
 
 Figure 11 shows the IFYGL observation system, including the location of 
 the three rawinsonde stations to be operated by the United States with the 
 new LORAN-C LOCATE system. Observations will be made between September 15 and 
 December 15, 1972, from these three stations, which will be manned by members 
 of the U.S. Air Force Air Weather Service 6th Mobile Weather Squadron, Tinker 
 Air Force Base, Oklahoma. 
 
 Figure 12 schematically illustrates the communication lines to be main- 
 tained by the U.S. IFYGL headquarters in Rochester, N.Y., with the two U.S. 
 ships and 11 aircraft, as well as with the Canadian control center located at 
 the Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario. 
 
 The gross schedule for the field operations is as follows: 
 
 January 
 
 3, 
 
 1972 
 
 February 1 3 
 
 1972 
 
 March 
 
 25 3 
 
 1972 
 
 April 
 
 15, 
 
 1972 
 
 April 
 
 24 3 
 
 1972 
 
 April 
 
 25 3 
 
 1972 
 
 April 
 
 28, 
 
 1972 
 
 May 
 
 1, 
 
 1972 
 
 Install radar at Oswego. 
 
 Begin Oswego radar operations. 
 
 Install and test ship systems. 
 
 Primary vessels leave east 
 coast bases. 
 
 First aircraft operations. 
 
 Establish IFYGL field head- 
 quarters at Rochester. 
 
 Vessels arrive at Rochester. 
 
 Begin lake sampling phase. 
 
 -29- 
 
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 34 
 
U.S. DATA MANAGEMENT 
 
 Proper data management from planning through archiving is a vital part 
 of the comprehensive IFYGL program. NOAA's Center for Experiment Design and 
 Data Analysis (CEDDA), working in close cooperation with NOAA's Environmental 
 Data Service, Lake Survey Center, and National Oceanographic Instrumentation 
 Center, the NASA Mississippi Test Facility, the Environmental Protection 
 Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey, is responsible for meeting the needs 
 of those who are responsible for acquiring the data, those who process the 
 data, and those who use the data. Major functions of this data management 
 group are: 
 
 • Project-wide planning to ensure awareness of all data 
 sources 3 data requirements 3 and data reduction facilities. 
 
 • Project-wide reporting procedures for data handling, and 
 inventory and documentation standards . 
 
 • Review and solution of problems related to instrumentation 
 used by participants within NOAA, including calibration 
 procedures s reduction specifications , and hardware and 
 software systems. 
 
 • Assigning responsibility to appropriate data processing 
 facilities for reduction of the various types of data to 
 a level suitable for scientific analysis. 
 
 • Preparation of monthly data inventory reports during the 
 Field Year to maintain current awareness among all U.S. 
 participants . 
 
 • Exchange of data among the U.S. and Canadian data centers 
 and U.S. participants. 
 
 • Transfer of data, after format review, to appropriate 
 national archives for distribution to the scientific 
 community . 
 
 The most elementary aspects of the data management plan are illustrated 
 in the flow diagram in figure 13. Management of the raw data to be acquired 
 from the various observation platforms will include responsibility for system 
 development, hardware acquisition, testing, and installation in terms of 
 high-quality data acquisition. This means determining the overall suitability 
 of particular instrumentation for its intended purpose, arranging for proper 
 use of observation platforms, and providing for system integration, operator 
 training, calibration measurements, recording and transmittal of data, and 
 supporting documentation. These aspects of data management will not be the 
 sole responsibility of CEDDA. Other agencies and institutions, as well as 
 the individual investigators, will play a vital role in ensuring that data 
 acquired for their various projects will suit user needs. 
 
 -35- 
 

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 ■36- 
 
Processing of the raw data will be done at NOAA's Lake Survey Center, 
 Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis, and Environmental Data Service, 
 as well as by the Environmental Protection Agency, NASA's Mississippi Test 
 Facility and the U.S. Geological Survey. During this phase, calibration 
 corrections will be applied, data will be reduced to scientific units, veri- 
 fied, and converted to scientifically convenient formats. In addition to the 
 government units responsible for this task, principal investigators will also 
 participate both in the reduction and analysis of data acquired for their 
 individual projects. 
 
 The U.S. Data Centers, consisting of NOAA's Center for Experiment Design 
 and Data Analysis and Lake Survey Center, and the Environmental Protection 
 Agency (STORET system) , constitute switching networks through which the data 
 will flow from the processing to the analysis phase. These centers will be 
 concerned with identifying and resolving problems presented by the data and 
 providing overall assistance where needed to assure that all planned data 
 requirements are being met. They will also be the channel tor exchange of 
 data with the Canadian participants. 
 
 After further processing, IFYGL data, with supporting documentation, will 
 be permanently stored in archives, which will also maintain long-term custody 
 of edited raw data. These archives - the Great Lakes Data Center, now being 
 planned, the National Oceanographic Data Center, the National Climatic Data 
 Center, and the Environmental Protection Agency - will retrieve data upon re- 
 quest and will also provide referral service to all IFYGL data sets. 
 
 Analytical results as well as fully processed data of various types will 
 be reported both by individual investigators through media of their choice 
 and in official IFYGL publications. 
 
 An effort will be made to create current awareness on the part of each 
 participant concerning the relationship of individual data acquisition activi- 
 ties to the overall IFYGL program. To this end, block diagrams that de- 
 scribe in detail the data management plans are being prepared. These, as 
 well as fuller discussion of all aspects of the IFYGL program, will be pub- 
 lished in later Bulletins. 
 
 -37- 
 

 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
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