£U>| . io !0hO Ohio Exports ■ ^mmgi U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ^^^^ International Trade Administration An , TA Washington, D.C. 20230 Publication August 1984 ■ ■ ■ EXPORTS . . . their importance to the United States economy Exports play an important role in our economy and in the increasingly interdependent world econ- omy. The United States is the world's largest exporter — currently selling $200 billion of U.S. goods abroad — and is the world's largest economy. With 5 percent of the world's population, our coun- try produces 24 percent of the world's industrial goods. Exporting provides a broader marketing base for U.S. firms and is considerably more important than many Americans realize. Exports currently account for 5 million jobs in the United States. On average, 25,000 jobs are generated per $1 billion of U.S. merchandise exports. Many jobs depend on exports Employment generated by exports is much great- er than the number actually employed in producing the final products shipped abroad. Exports create a large demand for employment that spreads throughout our economy. This includes all the jobs needed to produce goods and services supplied to export pro- ducers, the jobs needed by the export producers to produce exports, and the jobs needed to move prod- ucts to our ports or borders for transport to other countries. Most of the export-related jobs are in manufactur- ing and services. According to the latest estimates, 49 percent of the jobs are in manufacturing, 37 percent in services, and 14 percent in production of nonmanufactured goods. The importance of export employment varies among the industries. About one out of every eight Americans currently employed in manufacturing is dependent on exports of manufac- tured goods. About one out of every six jobs produc- ing nonmanufactured goods and one out of 24 jobs in services are export-related. Exports affect production and employment in all industries, not just in a few major export industries. For example, while the primary metals industries directly export about $6 billion of their products annually, an additional $21 billion of steel and other metals are exported in the form of American- made computers, aircraft, tractors, and other man- ufactured goods. Exports are of great importance to America's farm- ers as well. They account for $1 of every $4 of farm sales. Likewise, many jobs in the coal mining and mineral industries, as well as a considerable number in the fishing industry, are dependent on overseas sales. Exports also support employment in the truck- ing, rail transport, insurance, and other service industries. Exports essential But the basic importance of exports is that they are the principal means by which America pays for its purchases from foreign countries. The United States imports proportionately far less than other major countries, but imports have become increas- ingly important to the American standard of living — and they have to be paid for. The other major indus- trial nations generally cover the cost of the goods they import by their exports. Merchandise exports and imports each account for an average of about 20 percent of the gross national product in that group of countries. American exports, however, were only 5.9 percent of GNP in 1983, while the ratio of imports to GNP stood at 7.8 percent. This gap between exports and imports is the trade deficit, which amounted to $57.6 billion in 1983. The strength of our exports means a great deal to America. Exports are important to all the 50 states, and each state plays a significant role in meeting the need to export more. This report helps explain that role and shows the significance of exports in rela- tion to employment and production. CONTENTS Inside front Importance of Exports to U.S. Economy cover 1 Ohio's Export Highlights Explanatory 2 Notes 3 Table 1 - Ohio's Manufactured Exports, Production, and Employment, 1981 4 Table 2 - Growth in Ohio's Manufactured Exports 5 Table 3 - U.S. Manufactured Exports by State 6, 7 Map - U.S. Manufactured Exports by State 8 Table 4 - Ohio's Agricultural Exports 9 Table 5 - U.S. Agricultural Exports by State 10 Table 6 - Ohio's Manufactured Production, Export-Related Manufactures and Employment, 1981 11 Table 7 - Growth in Ohio's Export- Related Manufactures 12 Table 8 - Export-Related Manufactures and Employment by State Inside Chart - Exports of U.S. Manufacturing back Industries Related to Domestic cover Production Ohio Export Highlights Ohio was the fourth largest U.S. exporter of manufactured goods in 1981. These exports totaled $10.4 billion, 72 percent above the 1977 value. They rose considerably faster than production. The state ranked fourth in U.S. exports of nonelectric machinery, transportation equipment, and chemicals. An estimated 96,100 jobs were directly related to producing manufactured exports in 1981. About 83,500 additional jobs were required to produce materials and parts for incorporation in products exported from the 50 states. Thus, 179,600 jobs in Ohio were dependent on exports of manufactured goods — about one of every seven manufacturing jobs in the state. Ohio's share of U.S. agricultural exports totaled $1.1 billion in FY 1982. In Ohio's farm sales, about $1 of every $3 came from exports. Manufactured exports grew rapidly Ohio's exports of manufactures totaled $10.4 bil- lion in 1981, an increase of 72 percent since 1977. The state ranked fourth nationally in sales of these prod- ucts to foreign countries. Its exports accounted for 6.3 percent of the U.S. total. During 1977-1981 the expansion in exports outpaced the 28 percent increase in production of manufactures. Nonelectric machinery, transportation equipment, and chemicals were the largest of Ohio's exports. Together they accounted for nearly two-thirds of the state's exports. There were also large foreign sales of electric and electronic equipment, primary metals, and fabricated metal products. Ohio ranked fourth nationally in its major export industries: nonelectric machinery, transportation equipment, and chemicals. Among lesser exports the state ranked second in primary metals, fabricated metals, and printing/publishing. More than doubling the 1977 value, export sales of nonelectric machinery were $2.8 billion in 1981. About 30,700 workers were employed in jobs directly related to these exports, and nearly 20 percent of production in the industry was sold overseas. Forty- two percent of the growth in output since 1977 stemmed from exports. Exports of transportation equipment were valued at $2.8 billion, 39 percent higher than the 1977 value. Fifteen percent of production in the industry stemmed from these exports, which generated em- ployment for an estimated 22,600 workers. The increase in the value of exports since 1977 comprised 43 percent of the industry's growth. Chemical exports in 1981, valued at $1.1 billion, jumped three and a half times the 1977 amount. About 15 percent of this industry's production in the state, exports accounted for one-fourth of the increased production in the 4 year period. These exports generated 4,600 jobs, nearly one-tenth of the industry work force. The state's economy benefits from goods produced not only for direct shipment to foreign destinations but also from those for ultimate export through other states. Tables 6 to 8 show Ohio's export fig- ures of manufactures including the output of the supplying establishments that furnish parts and mate- rials to manufactures producing goods in final form for export. Such indirect exports are particularly important in industries whose products require fur- ther processing such as primary metals, fabricated metal products, and chemicals and also in those industries whose products constitute components and parts for assembly into machinery, electric equip- ment, and transportation equipment. The Census Bureau has estimated that the full impact of U.S. exports on Ohio's manufacturing (continued on back cover) S. Depository Copy Explanatory Notes State export statistics presented in this report are esti- mates, in contrast to national export statistics, which are compiled from export documents prepared at the time goods leave the country. This note considers the reasons for, and consequences of, that difference. Export estimates for each state are needed in order to measure the relative impact throughout our nation of changes in goods sold abroad. National export data are compiled each month in detail by types of goods sold and summarized in large commodity aggregates and overall totals — but in order to measure exports by each state of origin, which is not identified in shippers' export docu- ments, special studies are necessary. This report — one in a series of reports for each state — brings together state export estimates from studies by various U.S. Government agencies on manufactured goods, agricultural products, fishery products, and selected miner- als. Overall totals for all goods exported from each state are not shown since these studies differ in methodology, frequency, export valuation, and U.S. geographic cover- age, and the manufactures and agricultural studies some- what overlap the products covered. Manufactured Exports in this report relate to manufac- tures as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and include manufactured food, mineral fuel prod- ucts, fats, oils, firearms, and ammunition not typically part of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) definition of manufactures. For the United States as a whole, exports of these additional products totaled $28.5 billion in 1981. Exports, normally valued at the port of exportation, are adjusted to f.o.b. plant values to make accurate comparisons with production (shipments) data. The state estimates for manufactured goods are based on surveys of manufacturers conducted by the Industry Division of the Bureau of the Census. These studies are for selected years; cover the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii; and present data classified by the 20 major SIC industry groups (2-digit). Tables 1 to 3 show the value of state exports and state production, and the number of workers employed in manufacturing plants producing the finished goods for direct shipment to for- eign destinations. State economies also benefit from manufactured goods produced for ultimate export through other states, and from jobs related to manufactured exports which are gen- erated in nonmanufacturing industries. In the table below, percentages show the full impact of export-related manufactures on state employment. Tables 6 to 8 show the percent of production and the value of state export- related manufactures — direct exports plus indirect exports or the value of materials and parts incorporated in prod- ucts exported from elsewhere in the nation — and the number of state export-related workers employed in manufactur- ing plants producing these goods. Table 8 also shows the total number of workers related to manufactured exports — in manufacturing plus the number in nonmanufacturing industries supporting manufactured exports by supplying materials or services such as forwarding, warehousing, transport, and other foreign trade-related services. Agricultural Exports relate to food products other than those from marine sources, unmanufactured tobacco, and other agricultural products simply processed such as fibers, raw hides and skins, fats and oils, wine and beverages other than distilled types. The state estimates for agricultural exports are from studies prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Exports reflect shares in national exports according to each state's production and sales data. Export values were obtained by multiplying each state's share of farm pro- duction by corrmodity times the total export value for each of the respective commodities. These annual studies are for fiscal years ending September 30 and for all states except Alaska, and show data classified by 18 commodity groups. Tables 4 and 5 show the value of state exports and the percent of farm sales. Other Exports — Fishery products, various minerals, and fuel export estimates shown in the Highlights on page 1 for selected states are from studies prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Department of Interior, and the U.S. Department of Energy, respectively. Exports generally reflect shares in national exports according to state production. Annual Exports and Employment Related to Manufactured Exports Manufactured exports Manufacturing employment Total employment, including nonmanufacturing employment Percent of Percent of (million dollars) (thousands) manufacturing employment (thousands) civilian employment Ohio* 1976 5,794 165.7 12.9 242.3 5.6 1977 6,028 153.2 11.5 231.2 5.2 1980 10,200 188.0 15.0 293.4 6.2 1981 10,353 179.6 14.7 284.0 6.2 United States 1976 83,098 2,125.4 11.3 3,452.1 4.0 1977 85,796 1,990.2 10.2 3,258.2 3.6 1980 151,216 2,639.3 12.8 4,808.3 4.8 1981 164,283 2,603.8 12.8 4,794.0 4.7 ♦Ohio's export-related manufactures were as follows in million dollars: 1976, 10,576; 1977, 11,047; 1980, 17,394; and 1981, 18,132. About 26 percent of the increase in Ohio's manufacturing production from 1977 to 1981 was generated by growth in export-related manufactures. TABLE 1 Ohio Manufactured Exports, Production, and Employment, 1981 • Ohio's leading manufactured exports were nonelectric machinery, transportation equipment, and chemicals. • These three industries accounted for 65 percent of Ohio's total exports of manufactures. Industry group Estimated Production exports (million dollars) Exports as percent of production Estimated employment related to exports (thousands) Employment related to exports as percent of total employment Total 1 122,287 10,353 8.5 96.1 7.9 Machinery, except electric 14,228 2,834 19.9 30.7 16.8 Transportation equipment 18,380 2,781 15.1 22.6 15.5 Chemicals and allied products 9,912 1,089 11.0 4.6 9.8 Electric and electronic equipment 7,975 789 9.9 10.3 10.5 Primary metal industries 17,379 762 4.4 4.5 3.6 Fabricated metal products 13,609 710 5.2 7.2 5.1 Stone, clay, and glass products 3,622 310 8.5 3.4 6.8 Rubber and plastic products 5,020 306 6.1 3.6 5.6 Food and kindred products 11,290 220 2.0 0.8 1.2 Instruments and related products 1,290 207 16.1 3.6 15.7 Printing and publishing 3,852 112 2.9 2.1 3.2 Paper and allied products 3,343 48 1.4 0.5 1.5 Petroleum and coal products 8,085 39 0.5 0.1 1.7 Textile mill products 359 38 10.7 0.3 5.6 Apparel and textile products 863 18 2.1 0.3 2.2 Furniture and fixtures 914 17 1.9 0.2 1.4 Lumber and wood products 916 16 1.8 0.2 1.4 Leather and leather products 174 1 0.7 ( 2 ) - Misc. manufacturing industries ( 1 ) ( 1 ) — ( 1 ) ~ Tobacco manufactures o o — o ~ 1 Total includes estimated exports, production values, and employment numbers which are withheld for certain industry groups to avoid disclosure of individual companies' data. 2 Less than 50 employees. — Not applicable. TABLE 2 Ohio Growth in Manufactured Exports • In 1981, Ohio's manufactured exports totaled $10.4 billion, over one and a half times the 1977 value. • Two-thirds the increase stemmed from growth in nonelectric machinery, transport equipment, and chemicals exports. < Export value million dollars Percent increase trom 1977 to 1981 Export increase as percent of production Industry group 1960 1969 1972 1977 1981 Exports Pro- duction increase 1977-81 Total 1,219 2,338 3,054 6,028 10,353 72 28 16 Machinery, except electric 360 644 697 1,382 2,834 105 32 42 Transportation equipment 279 748 948 2,005 2,781 39 11 43 Chemicals and allied products 69 122 206 305 1,089 257 47 25 Electric and electronic equipment 116 173 253 468 789 69 20 24 Primary metal industries 110 181 146 288 762 164 31 12 Fabricated metal products 66 152 225 477 710 48 23 9 Stone, clay, and glass products 22 41 80 194 310 59 18 21 Rubber and plastic products 77 83 117 206 306 49 -7 100 + Food and kindred products 45 58 48 392 220 -44 36 Instruments and related products 12 32 59 121 207 72 58 18 Printing and publishing 7 19 16 31 112 258 47 7 Paper and allied products 9 21 14 34 48 42 34 2 Petroleum and coal products n 6 ( 1 ) 17 39 130 104 1 Textile mill products 3 5-10 (') 47 38 -18 -8 — Apparel and textile products 3 1-5 n 17 18 7 5 3 Furniture and fixtures 2 1-5 ( 1 ) 12 17 38 27 2 Lumber and wood products 2 5-10 ( 1 ) 6 16 179 31 5 Leather and leather products 2 1-5 ( 1 ) 1 1 62 55 1 Misc. manufacturing industries 34 35 n 25 2 n — — — Tobacco manufactures 1 1-5 ( 1 ) n ( 1 ) ~ — ~ ' Not available. 2 1976. ~ Not applicable. Note: Totals include values for industry groups which are not shown separately. TABLE 3 United States Manufactured Exports by State California, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan continued to be the top five exporters of manufactures in 1981. Manufactured exports totaled $2 billion or more for almost half of the 50 states. Employment Export value Percent Estimated related to (million dollars) increase exports as exports as Rank as exporter trom 1977 to percent of state percent of state State in 1981 1969 1972 1977 1981 1981 production employment U.S., total — 29,210 36,608 85,796 164,283 91 8.1 7.3 California 1 2,721 2,809 9,116 18,775 106 9.8 9.7 Texas 2 1,468 1,982 5,386 11,687 117 6.5 7.2 Illinois 3 2,343 2,902 6,313 10,369 64 8.2 6.9 Ohio 4 2,338 3,054 6,028 10,353 72 8.5 7.9 Michigan 5 2,613 3,522 6,937 10,275 48 9.8 7.6 New York 6 2,296 2,795 5,833 10,155 74 8.5 6.5 Washington 7 954 1,781 2,805 9,023 222 24.5 21.9 Pennsylvania 8 1,902 2,351 4,714 8,129 72 7.1 6.9 Massachusetts 9 818 920 2,310 5,096 121 10.6 8.6 Indiana 10 998 1,404 2,942 5,008 70 7.1 7.0 North Carolina 11 739 705 2,291 4,682 104 7.5 5.0 New Jersey 12 1,114 1,328 2,881 4,469 55 6.1 5.8 Wisconsin 13 785 916 2,132 4,031 89 7.4 7.4 Louisiana 14 396 541 1,494 3,725 149 6.4 6.6 Florida 15 426 567 1,583 3,352 112 9.1 6.6 Virginia 16 581 716 1,573 3,344 113 9.3 6.7 Tennessee 17 472 679 1,501 3,285 119 8.0 5.6 Connecticut 18 659 848 1,662 3,083 85 10.2 8.2 Missouri 19 634 577 1,682 3,013 79 7.3 6.2 Minnesota 20 492 654 1,605 2,730 70 7.7 7.1 Iowa 21 412 590 1,578 2,705 71 8.1 8.2 Georgia 22 428 580 1,419 2,505 76 5.3 4.8 South Carolina 23 254 312 1,150 2,230 94 8.0 5.5 Alabama 24 318 287 895 1,936 116 6.3 5.5 Kentucky 25 345 451 1,354 1,935 43 6.4 5.1 Oregon 26 240 237 906 1,724 90 9.2 9.0 Arizona 27 157 266 680 1,639 141 13.1 15.4 Arkansas 28 204 320 626 1,604 156 8.7 6.1 Kansas 29 241 283 689 1,517 120 5.7 7.6 Oklahoma 30 158 252 639 1,515 137 6.0 7.3 Colorado 31 157 245 668 1,283 92 7.5 8.6 Maryland 32 362 314 634 1,219 92 5.7 5.3 West Virginia 33 235 295 438 1,199 174 10.0 6.1 Mississippi 34 181 236 718 1,159 61 5.9 4.6 Nebraska 35 100 134 328 945 188 6.1 6.3 Alaska 36 33-48 ( 1 ) 374 653 75 33.4 32.5 New Hampshire 37 74 103 290 637 120 8.8 8.9 Rhode Island 38 110 107 297 586 98 7.7 6.8 Maine 39 77 83 232 498 114 5.5 5.6 Idaho 40 35 27 246 460 87 9.2 6.8 Utah 41 48 127 173 449 159 4.6 5.8 Delaware 42 124 128 155 375 142 4.1 3.7 Vermont 43 52 52 183 229 25 6.3 6.0 South Dakota 44 13 ( 1 ) 95 185 96 6.3 4.5 North Dakota 45 7 14 73 156 114 6.6 7.9 Nevada 46 10-25 7 31 105 238 6.8 5.1 Hawaii 47 10-25 ( 1 ) 26 96 265 2.7 2.3 New Mexico 48 16 18 37 64 73 2.0 0.9 Montana 49 14 ( 1 ) 59 61 4 1.4 1.8 Wyoming 50 1-5 ( 1 ) 6 18 192 0.6 — 1 U.S. total includes values withheld to avoid disclosure for individual companies or because estimate did not meet publication standards. - Not applicable. U.S. Manufactured Exports by State All 50 states shared in U.S. exports of manufactures. Exports accounted for varying percentages of domestic production Estimated Value of Exports of Manufactures, 1981 (in millions of dollars) 12,000 r- 10,000 0) o w T3 21 I 1,000 TO k. o 18,775 500 100 ^ ^ *y \ v \ N " »5>" A" \*v ^ vV \v ^ rV »S* \^> r vV A ? v v? vV <>\ vv ^r ^ ° v^ # J *< Estimated Exports as Percent of Production, 1981 (Indicated by shading) 0.6% to 4.9% 5.0% to 6.4% 6.5% to 9.9% 10% or more illions of dollars) TABLE 4 Ohio Agricultural Exports • In fiscal 1982, Ohio's share of U.S. agricultural exports totaled $1,052 million, one tenth more than the 1977 value. • Soybeans, feed grains, and wheat were the leading farm exports from the state. Estimated exports (million dollars) Percent increase Product FY 1968 FY 1972 FY 1977 FY 1982 1977 to 1982 Total 194 262 957 1,052 10 Soybeans and products 61 130 419 420 (D Feed grains and products 41 51 286 293 2 Wheat and products 46 28 92 215 133 Meats and products 4 5 17 26 56 Dairy products 6 6 9 14 59 Hides and skins 4 6 19 13 -31 Fats, oils, and greases 6 5 12 11 -10 Tobacco, unmanufactured 2 2 6 9 58 Poultry and products H 2 4 9 133 Vegetables and preparations 4 2 4 7 52 Fruits and preparations 2 1 2 4 137 Nuts and preparations ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 1 — Other products 17 24 87 29 -67 * Exports reflect shares in national exports according to each state's production. 1 Less than one half of one percent. 2 Less than $500,000. 3 Not available. ~ Not applicable. TABLE 5 United States Agricultural Exports by State Exports accounted for over one fourth of total U.S. farm sales in FY 1982 and for more than 25 percent of sales from 20 of the states. Illinois, Iowa, California, and Texas each exported more than $2 billion of farm products. Export value Percent (million dollars) increase Exports as Rank as FY 1977 percent ol exporter to farm sales' Slate FY 1982 FY 1968 FY 1972 FY 1977 FY 1982 FY 1982 FY 1982 U.S., total — 2 6,315 8,050 24,013 2 39,094 63 27.5 Illinois 1 585 758 2,539 3,306 30 43.3 Iowa 2 392 620 2,042 3,026 48 28.9 California 3 413 592 1,774 2,854 61 20.6 Texas 4 551 456 1,761 2,569 46 25.4 Minnesota 5 226 347 918 1,883 105 29.4 Nebraska 6 230 283 988 1,808 83 26.4 Kansas 7 296 365 998 1,628 63 29.3 Indiana 8 252 384 1,319 1,559 18 36.6 Missouri 9 174 317 766 1,404 83 34.4 North Dakota 10 166 250 554 1,326 149 50.7 Arkansas 11 255 352 907 1,283 41 39.2 North Carolina 12 366 420 964 1,247 29 29.8 Ohio 13 194 262 957 1,052 10 31.6 Washington 14 152 163 414 946 129 33.0 Mississippi 15 164 230 648 787 21 35.8 Oklahoma 16 115 108 410 781 90 26.9 Michigan 17 92 107 318 753 137 28.2 Kentucky 18 69 132 473 731 55 24.7 Georgia 19 132 173 476 706 48 21.7 South Dakota 20 95 124 210 655 212 23.8 Louisiana 21 155 191 543 626 15 37.4 Colorado 22 63 98 239 612 156 19.6 Wisconsin 23 59 104 263 592 125 11.9 Tennessee 24 102 143 390 590 51 31.0 Florida 25 101 148 390 586 50 14.2 Montana 26 107 101 322 559 74 37.9 Idaho 27 66 91 262 551 110 24.6 Alabama 28 56 102 332 481 45 21.7 Oregon 29 49 65 182 423 132 24.1 South Carolina 30 107 135 312 407 30 35.6 Arizona 31 61 70 285 404 42 23.3 Virginia 32 80 92 225 384 71 23.5 Pennsylvania 33 65 42 137 246 79 8.3 New York 34 63 44 109 214 96 8.2 Maryland 35 35 41 136 188 39 17.9 New Mexico 36 24 28 82 121 48 13.6 Wyoming 37 8 16 38 95 154 15.8 Utah 38 14 19 55 80 45 14.7 Delaware 39 15 14 53 73 38 18.5 New Jersey 40 19 11 38 65 72 13.9 Hawaii 41 16 17 59 41 -30 8.4 Maine 42 6 5 28 28 1 6.5 Massachusetts 43 5 6 12 24 105 7.6 Nevada 44 2 4 10 22 118 10.5 West Virginia 45 6 4 11 22 97 9.5 Connecticut 46 8 12 22 15 -32 4.6 Vermont 47 2 4 3 8 138 1.9 New Hampshire 48 1 1 2 4 89 3.6 Rhode Island 49 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 1 1 11 3.1 Alaska 50 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 4 ) — — * Exports reflect shares in national exports according to each state's production. 1 Commercial sales plus net Commodity Credit Corporation loans and purchases under price support programs. 2 Includes exports that were not apportioned among states. 3 Less than $500,000. * Not available. 5 Less than $100,000. - Not applicable. TABLE 6 Ohio Manufactured Production, Export-Related Manufactures and Employment, 1981 • About 1 out of 7 Ohio jobs in manufacturing are due to exports. • Three industries — nonelectric machinery, transportation equipment, and primary metals — accounted for 5 1 percent of Ohio's export-related jobs in manu- facturing. Industry group Export- related Production manufactures (million dollars) Export related as percent of production Employment for export- related manufactures (thousands) Employment for export related as percent of total employment Total 1 122,287 18,132 14.8 179.6 14.7 Machinery, except electric 14,228 3,579 25.1 41.0 22.3 Transportation equipment 18,380 3,366 18.7 27.5 19.0 Primary metal industries 17,379 3,274 18.8 22.5 18.1 Chemicals and allied products 9,912 1,936 19.5 8.8 18.7 Fabricated metal products 13,609 1,825 13.4 18.9 13.4 Electric and electronic equipment 7,975 1,140 14.2 15.1 15.3 Rubber and plastic products 5,020 626 12.4 7.7 11.9 Stone, clay, and glass products 3,622 508 14.0 6.1 12.2 Food and kindred products 11,290 455 4.0 2.2 3.3 Petroleum and coal products 8,085 433 5.3 0.4 6.8 Paper and allied products 3,343 313 9.3 3.1 9.4 Instruments and related prodcuts 1,290 252 19.5 4.4 19.2 Printing and publishing 3,852 164 4.2 3.0 4.5 Lumber and wood products 916 74 8.0 1.1 7.5 Textile mill products 359 54 14.9 0.5 9.2 Apparel and textile products 863 36 4.1 0.6 4.3 Furniture and fixtures 914 25 2.7 0.3 2.0 Leather and leather products 174 3 1.6 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Misc. manufacturing industries ( 2 ) ( 2 ) — ( 2 ) — Tobacco manufactures ( 1 ) ( 1 ) n ' Total includes production and export-related values, and employment numbers which were withheld for certain industry groups to avoid disclosure of individual companies' data. 2 Not available. 3 Less than 50 employees. " Less than one half of one percent. — Not applicable. 10 TABLE 7 Ohio Growth in Export-Related Manufactures • The 64 percent growth in the value of export-related manufactures from 1977 to 1981 was much faster than the rate of expansion in production. • Nearly half of the increase in nonelectric machinery production and over half of the rise in transportation equipment output was generated by growth in export-related manufactures. Export-related manufactures (million dollars) Percent increase from 1977 to 1981 Export-related increase as percent of production Industry group 1977 1981 Export related Pro- duction increase 1977-81 Total 11,047 18,132 64 28 26 Machinery, except electric 1,908 3,579 88 32 48 Transportation equipment 2,419 3,366 39 11 52 Primary metal industries 2,030 3,274 61 31 30 Chemicals and allied products 717 1,936 170 47 39 Fabricated metal products 1,284 1,825 42 23 21 Electric and electronic equipment 716 1,140 59 20 31 Rubber and plastic products 500 626 25 -7 100 + Stone, clay, and glass products 313 508 62 18 35 Food and kindred products 501 455 -9 36 Petroleum and coal products 94 433 361 104 8 Paper and allied products 177 313 77 34 16 Instruments and related products 147 252 71 58 22 Printing and publishing 58 164 183 47 9 Lumber and wood products 36 74 102 31 17 Textile mill products 59 54 -8 -8 — Apparel and textile products 33 36 10 5 8 Furniture and fixtures 18 25 38 27 4 Leather and leather products 2 3 93 55 2 Misc. manufacturing industries 36 2 O — — ~ ' Not available. 2 1976. -- Not applicable. Note: Totals include values for industry groups which are not shown separately. 11 TABLE 8 United States Export- Related Manufactures and Employment by State California, New York, Texas, Pennsylvania, and Ohio led the states with the largest number of jobs related to manufactured exports. Employment rates were highest in Connecticut, Washington, Ohio, and Delaware for jobs in all industries related to manufactured exports. 12 Export-related manufactures ! Employment for export Total em relat manufactu ployment ed to red exports Rank as export 1977 1981 Percent increase Percent of state related as percent of Percent of related from 1977 production manufacturing civilian State in 1981 (million dollars) to 1981 1981 employment (thousands) employment U.S., total — 142,404 271,703 91 13.4 12.8 4,794.0 4.7 California 1 13,319 27,399 106 14.2 14.5 526.5 4.7 Texas 2 9,196 22,651 146 12.5 12.7 285.5 4.2 Ohio 3 11,047 18,132 64 14.8 14.7 284.0 6.2 Illinois 4 10,216 17,039 67 13.4 12.9 275.4 5.4 Michigan 5 10,975 15,512 41 14.7 14.6 218.9 5.7 Pennsylvania 6 8,955 15,485 73 13.4 13.2 284.1 5.5 New York 7 8,894 15,260 72 12.7 11.4 372.0 4.9 Washington 8 3,716 10,773 190 29.2 26.3 121.9 6.5 Indiana 9 5,784 9,692 68 13.7 13.3 140.3 5.8 New Jersey 10 4,880 8,204 68 11.2 11.9 175.0 5.4 North Carolina 11 3,883 7,808 101 12.5 9.8 150.3 5.5 Massachusetts 12 3,498 7,425 112 15.4 14.2 155.1 5.6 Louisiana 13 2,734 7,415 171 12.8 11.9 63.7 3.6 Wisconsin 14 3,607 6,590 83 12.0 13.0 114.9 5.3 Tennessee 15 2,716 5,567 105 13.4 10.3 102.5 5.3 Virginia 16 2,480 5,163 108 14.3 11.1 88.3 3.6 Georgia Florida 17 2,723 4,981 83 10.5 9.7 106.1 4.3 18 2,294 4,965 116 13.4 10.8 129.9 3.0 Connecticut 19 2,687 4,886 82 16.2 14.9 103.5 7.1 Missouri 20 2,834 4,861 72 11.7 11.1 94.7 4.3 South Carolina 21 2,117 4,194 98 15.0 11.7 76.4 5.5 Minnesota 22 2,298 4,135 80 11.6 12.4 90.9 4.5 Alabama 23 2,061 4,024 95 13.1 11.0 71.1 4.6 Iowa 24 2,228 3,940 77 11.8 12.0 60.0 4.5 Kentucky 25 2,367 3,751 58 12.3 10.6 58.7 3.9 Oregon 26 1,498 2,801 87 14.8 14.5 58.7 4.7 Oklahoma 27 1,044 2,752 164 10.8 12.4 54.5 4.0 Kansas 28 1,158 2,678 131 10.1 12.4 47.2 4.3 Arkansas 29 1,086 2,524 132 13.6 10.5 40.8 4.3 Arizona 30 1,050 2,461 134 19.7 20.5 53.7 4.4 West Virginia Maryland 31 1,108 2,361 113 19.7 14.6 30.7 4.2 32 1,327 2,348 77 11.0 10.8 53.8 2.6 Mississippi 33 1,111 2,066 86 10.4 8.2 36.9 3.7 Colorado 34 976 1,922 97 11.1 12.7 49.4 3.3 Nebraska 35 576 1,477 156 9.5 10.0 24.4 3.3 Utah 36 416 1,050 153 10.6 10.3 20.5 3.3 Rhode Island 37 540 1,018 88 13.4 12.0 24.9 5.8 New Hampshire 38 455 994 119 13.6 14.1 24.3 5.5 Maine 39 425 924 118 10.1 9.9 20.9 4.5 Delaware 40 346 852 146 9.4 13.5 15.1 6.1 Idaho 41 381 740 94 14.7 11.7 15.4 3.9 Alaska 42 393 711 81 36.3 34.1 6.3 3.3 Vermont 43 287 451 57 12.3 11.6 10.1 4.0 Montana 44 182 327 80 7.6 7.5 7.9 2.2 South Dakota 45 130 267 105 9.1 7.9 8.1 2.6 North Dakota 46 98 242 147 10.2 11.1 7.8 2.6 New Mexico 47 109 235 116 7.2 4.6 9.5 1.7 Hawaii 48 66 232 252 6.3 4.5 6.4 1.5 Nevada 49 70 205 192 13.1 10.1 5.4 1.2 Wyoming 50 43 180 320 5.6 4.4 5.1 2.1 v.- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1984 - 421-009 - 227/781 Exports of U.S. Manufacturing Industries Related to Domestic Production, 1981 Direct Exports and Indirect Requirements to Support Exports Percent of Domestic Production 10 15 20 25 Machinery, except electric Tobacco manufactures Chemicals and allied products Primary metal industries Instruments and related products Transportation equipment Electric and electronic equipment Paper and allied products Fabricated metal products Lumber and wood products Rubber and plastic products Textile mill products Misc. manufacturing industries Stone, clay, and glass products Food and kindred products Petroleum and coal products Leather and leather products Apparel and other textile products Furniture and fixtures Printing and publishing industries Length of bars represents percent of production; values within bars denote direct exports and indirect requirements Direct exports Indirect requirements to support exports Note: Percentages shown for each industry indicate the total relative impact of exports on the domestic economy, including direct exports and goods shipped from domestic establishments for use as inputs in manufactured products exported from other establishments. Such inputs are included in domestic production industry totals. continued from page 1 activity was 14.8 percent rather than the 8.5 percent attributable to direct exports as shown in table 3. Thus, of the expanded manufacturing output gen- erated between 1977 and 1981, 26 percent — or $1 out of every $4 — was due to export-related shipments. Soybeans led farm exports Ohio's share of U.S. agricultural exports in FY 1982, including some manufactures of farm origin, totaled an estimated $1.1 billion. The combined sales of soybeans and products valued at $420 million and feed grains at $293 million accounted for two-thirds of the state's agricultural exports. The state was also an important supplier of wheat and flour to world markets. Ohio's exports of soybeans and products ranked sixth among the states. The growth in exports of agricultural products from FY 1977 to FY 1982 accounted for 18 percent of the rise in farm sales. In FY 1982 the export contri- bution to each dollar amounted to 32 cents. Major exporter of ferrosilicon Ohio was a major exporter of ferrosilicon, with foreign sales valued at $5.8 million in 1981. Bitumi- nous coal shipments totaling $17 million and small amounts of clay and salt were recorded in 1981 export figures. Export-related employment grew Ohio's $10.4 billion worth of manufactured exports provided direct employment for an estimated 96,100 workers in 1981. Those jobs constituted 7.9 percent of the total manufacturing employment in the state. From 1977 to 1981, the number of workers engaged in the production of manufactures fell by about 8 percent, while employment directly related to exports rose by nearly 24 percent. About one-third of these workers were concentrated in the nonelectric mach- inery industry. These jobs accounted for 17 percent of the work force in that industry. In addition, an estimated 83,500 jobs were required in the state to manufacture products used by other establishments in the United States as inputs for manufactures that were ultimately exported. Thus, an estimated 179,600 jobs in Ohio were directly or indirectly dependent on exports of manufactured goods. This number was 14.7 percent of all manu- facturing employment in the state. Half of the jobs dependent on manfuactured exports were concentrated in the nonelectric machinery, transportation equipment, and primary metals indus- tries. These jobs accounted for one out of four jobs in the nonelectric machinery industry and one out of five/six jobs in the transportation equipment and primary metals industries. An additional 104,400 jobs were generated in non- manufacturing industries that supply materials and services supporting manufactured exports. Ohio's total employment related to manufactured exports amounted to 284,000 jobs, the fifth largest among the states. It is estimated that Ohio's farm employment related to exports in 1982 amounted to 40,800 or about one of every three farmers. This estimate assumes that the number of farmers dependent on exports corre- sponds to the ratio of exports to farm sales in the state. Depending on numerous variables, including the character of the product, mechanization, and degree of intensiveness of farming, it may some- what understate or overstate the actual number dependent on exports. STATE EXPORT REPORTS This report is one of a series of 50 prepared by the Office of Trade and Industry Information /Trade Information and Analysis, International Trade Administration on exports from the individual states. Data on manufactured and agricultural exports are presented in tabular form for a series of years. In addition, recent information is included on state exports of fish, fish products, and minerals. The statistics on 1981 exports of manufactures by state were taken from Origin of Exports of Manufac- tured Products, 1981 Annual Survey of Manufac- tures, M81 (AS)-5, issued by the Bureau of the Census in May 1983. That publication can be ordered from the Data User Services Division, Customer Services (Publications), Bureau of the Census, Wash- ington, D.C. 20233, or from any U.S. Department of Commerce District Office for $2.75 per copy. Data for earlier years were taken from similar Census reports now out of print. The information on state shares of agricultural exports was taken from various issues of Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Special compilations on exports of minerals and fuels by state were provided by the Bureau of the Mines, U.S. Department of Interior, and by the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, and on fish and fishery products by Nation- al Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. rf^T&v PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES rflAoe AQDDQ7BfiS71