C5^x.\b". t^\I\^^"^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Maurice H. Stans, Secretary ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator RESEARCH LABORATORIES Wilmot N. Hess, Director ESSA TECHNICAL REPORT ERL 170-ITS 108 HF Sky-Wave Measurements and Predictions L. L. PROCTOR D. D. CROMBIE H. G. SELLERY L. L. MELANSON B. C. WILLMARTH >» a o u 1 & a 3 INSTITUTE FOR TELECOMMUNICATION SCIENCES BOULDER, COLORADO June 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 Price $1.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE EXPERIMENT 2. 1 Instrumentation 2. 1 . 1 Transmitting Equipment 2. 1. 2 Receiving Equipment 2. 2 Data Analysis 2. 3 Discussion 3. THE MODEL 3. 1 General Description 3. 2 Discussion 4. COMPARISON AND EVALUATION 5. TRANSMITTER POWER ANALYSIS 6. POTENTIAL INTERFERENCE 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9. REFERENCES APPENDIX A. Signal-to-Noise Ratios Required for Satisfactory Service APPENDIX B. "HF MUFES2" Long Branch-to-Boulder Prediction Estimates APPENDIX C. Angle and Power Estimation for 90 Percent Reliability APPENDIX D. A Collection of Amplitude Probability Distributions Page ii iv iv 1 1 2 2 2 3 6 7 10 10 14 16 18 27 31 32 33 35 39 57 77 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Receiving system 5 2» Data reduction system 6 3. Sample CRT microfilm A PD curve and calibration of day 113 8 4. Channel 5 amplitude probability distributions for hours 2 through 1 1 UT for days 100, 101, 113, 114, and 115 11 5. Autocorrelations for day 94 12 6. Comparison of measured and predicted field strengths 17 7. Range and bearing of allocated station assign- ments on 2.666 MHz 29 LIST OF TABLES Ij, Data recording times^ 4 2. Analyzed 5-min recordings of receiver voltage for desired transmission channel 9 3. Summary of maximum and minimum mean power levels (dBW) at 500 km for interference which is 90% reliable at a S/N ratio of 12 dB 21 4. Summary of maximum and minimum mean power levels (dBW) at 1000 km for interference which is 90% reliable at a S/N ratio of 12 dB 22 5. Summary of maximum and rainimum mean power levels (dBW) at 2 000 km for interference which is 90% reliable at a S/N ratio of 12 dB 23 6. Summary of maximum and minimum mean power levels (dBW) at 3000 km for interference which is 90% reliable at a S/N ratio of 12 dB 24 7. Summary of maximum and minimum mean power levels (dBW) at 4000 km for interference which is 90% reliable at a S/N ratio of 12 dB 25 IV LIST OF TABLES (cont'd) Page 8. Summary of maximum and minimum mean power levels (dBW) at 5000 km for interference which is 90% reliable at a S/N ratio of 12 dB 2 6 9. Estimated transmitter mean nighttime power required to produce a threshold CW signal in a 100-Hz bandwidth with 90% reliability 27 10. Radio station assignments for 2.666 MHz 28 HF SKY-WAVE MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS (Task 2.6 g of Addendum No. 2) L. L. Proctor, D. D. Crombie, H. G. Sellery, Li. L. Melanson, and B. C. Willmarth Measurements for the month of April I969 were made on a 2.666-MHz east-west path between Long Branch, Illinois, and Boulder, Colorado, to validate current ESSA/ITS prediction programs. After the difference between the measured observations and the computer calculations had been determined, additional path calculations centered about the Boulder receiving site were made to identify potential interfering sources. Point-to-point calculations along quadrature radials were used^ with the range being incremented five times along each radial between the limits of 500 and 5000 km. The analysis determines the required transmitter power to produce a CW signal via the predominant mode which is 90 percent reliable and 12 dB above the con- trolling noise (atmospheric, man-made, galactic, or a combination). The averaged night values of required transraitter power including an 8-dB correction factor found from the measured observations, are tabulated by raonth as a function of both the bearing and range. Key Words: High-frequency, ionospheric, measurements, predictions, signal-to-noise, sky-wave, transmission, transmitter power. 1. INTRODUCTION A short range ( < 1 00 km) ground-wave communication system operating in the 2-to- 3-MHz region of the spectrum may be subject to accidental or deliberate interference from sky-wave signals from distant transmitters operating on the same frequency. Since this band has many transmitter allocations for each channel (IFRB, 1969), a study was undertaken to determine the interference threat these allocations might present. Signals from a transmitter operating on 2.666 MHz at Long Branch, Illinois, were measured at Boulder, Colorado. The results were used to confirnn the validity of the ESSA/ITS prediction program (Barghausen et al. , 1969). The program was then used to predict the transmitter power necessary to cause intolerable interference on this frequency from various distances. This pilot study illustrates an available method for determining potential sky-wave interference. 2. THE EXPERIMENT For verification of the present ESSA/ITS HF sky-wave pre- dictions, a transmitter operating in the 2 -to- 3-MHz band was established at Long Branch, Illinois, and monitored in Boulder, Colorado. The path distance is 1288 km. Measurements of the nighttime signal strength in a number of adjacent 100-Hz channels were recorded and analyzed for April 1969. 2. 1 Instrumentation The system used for the Long Branch-to-Boulder circuit was representative of those expected for a narrow-band (100 Hz) ground- wave communication system. The system consisted of a CW trans- mitter operating on a frequency of 2.666240 MHz, with the receiving terminal equipment being a 100-Hz IF bandwidth receiver. 2. 1. 1 Transmitting Equipment The transmitting terminal parameters for computer circuit simulation were: Location - Havana, Illinois 40.30ON, 90.06°W Frequency - 2.666240 MHz Power - 1.2 kW (input to antenna) Emission - Continuous wave Antenna - Sloping vee; feed height 80 ft (24.4 m); termination height, 20 ft (6.1 m); semi-apex angle, 35 ; leg-length, 250 ft (76.2 m); orientation, on great circle to receiver site. Because preliminary daytime observations indicated that the signals could not be detected in Boulder, most data were recorded at night. Both the days and hours of operation are indicated in table 1. 2.1.2 Receiving equipment The receiving terminal parameters for computer circuit simu- lation were: Location - Boulder, Colorado, 40.11°N, 105.24°W Frequency - 2.666 MHz ±(^500 Hz) Required SNR - 20.0 dB (signal-to-noise power ratio) Man-made noise - Suburban (equivalent to -148.6 dBW) Antenna - Vertical monopole; quarter wavelength at 2.666 MHz. The receiving terminal system shown in figure 1 consists of a Hammur- land SP 600 receiver, with the local oscillator replaced by a pro- grammed frequency synthesizer. The receiver's first IF output was heterodyned to 1 kHz and passed through a square 100-Hz bandpass filter. The filter output was rectified and fed to both a strip- chart recorder and an FM tape recorder. The receiver's local oscillator was programmed to cover 1000 Hz of RF bandwidth in 1 steps of 100 Hz each at a rate of 12 steps per hour. Thus, eacfl step's sample time was 5 min , with the fifth 100-Hz step centered on the desired Long Branch transmitter frequency of 2.666240 MHz. Year 1969 09U 119 120 121 135 Table 1. Data Recording Times. Day of Time (UT)>:< 1 2 3 i+ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1^ (D (8) @ © 099 (D 100 ** 101 (D © 105 25 106 108 iii^ © 115 (3) 123 2 3 11 12 106 1 ^ 7 . 10 11 9 12 13 L2) © ^^•' @ ^ © ^ ^ © @ ]_ U. 7 10 11 2 5 8 11 12 23 6 9 12 12 126 2 3 6 9 12 127 1 4 7 9 11 129 258 10 12 10 12 li+0 2 5 8 10 l42 ' 1 ^ 7 10 11 TOTAL 4 11 66866 878 9 13 Circled hours are used in the data analyzed in table 2. * Local time at path midpoint corresponding to 1 UT is 1 8. 5 hrs, ** Day 100 is equivalent to April 10. \ / AVC ■ 460 1000 ft "^0 STEP ATTENUATOR SP-600 RECEIVER MIXER 10 100 Hz B.P FILTER AND DETECTOR RG I7/.I •i ) kHz kHz HP 606 -rZ STEP CONTROL DIGITAL CLOCK TAPE RECORDER *- HP 5I00A SYNTHESIZER 2 7.126 CHART RECORDER MIXER ^ . iJ MHz 3.126 MHz ,. .... - 2 H vinz 900 kHz Figure 1. Receiving System. The amplitude stability of the receiving equipment and tape recorder were frequently checked by means of a 1-millivolt signal generator reference level and an impedance matched step attenuator for calibration. The detected output voltage of the receiver system corresponded to a level of 15. 5 dB above the measured field strength in microvolts per meter. The field strength used for this calibration was produced by a 2. 666-MRz transmitter located at a field site near Erie, Colorado, and measured by a calibrated field intensity meter at the receiving antenna. The 15. 5-dB factor was used in determining the actual field strength from the recorded analog voltages. 2. 2 Data Analysis The analog data obtained from field measurements were recorded on FM magnetic tape that had been programraed to interface with available ESSA/ITS data analysis equipment. The calibration and received signal voltages were both processed on the Time Data ] 00 (TD-100) "hard-wired" computer to produce autocorrelation functions and digital cumulative amplitude distributions. The block diagram in figure 2 illustrates the method used. KROHN-HITE 330-A BAND-PASS FILTER 0.125 TO 3.125 Hz (REAL TIME) * ANALOG MAGNETIC TAPE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM Data Control /'Tlme'\ l^Codey TIME DATA 100 DIGITAL PROCESSOR A-D CONVERTER O-A CONVERTER 3003 -WORD MEMORY (PER CHANNEL) CONTROL * Note-. Band-Pass Filter Is used only In autocorrelation X-Y PLOTTER DIGITAL RECORDER DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAPE CENTRAL COMPUTER FACILITY GRAPHS 35 mm FILM Figure 2. Data reduction system. In the data reduction process the first step was the generation of an amplitude histogram by sampling the recorded analog signal 62 times per second with an aperture width of 16 us. Each sample was converted to a digital integer value between 000 and 254 (8 bits). This integer value established the address in a 255-word section of memory to be incremented by one. Thus, at the end of the 5-min tirae segment, the accumulated value in each word represents the number of times the corresponding discrete amplitude occurred in the input function. The content of the 255-word memory was recorded in digital form on magnetic tape for final processing. The ERL central computer facility (CDC 3800) processed the histogram amplitude distributions of the received 2.666-MHz signals and of the noise of adjacent channels to produce the plots shown in appendix D. The amplitude probability distribution (APD) curves for the two 100-Hz channels adjacent to the signal channel show a marked change from those of the other noise channels. The APD curves of the desired signal are identified as being recorded 20 min (MIN 20) after the hour. The decibel calibration curves referenced to stable 1 -millivolt level are identified as MIN 70. Figure 3 shows an example of a calibration curve for April 2 3. The horizontal scale displaceraent toward the right aids the visual identifica- tion of the increasing attenuation levels. A linear decibel transfer function was assumed for the collected data generated in the computer program by which the CRT plots were made. Because the daily calibration plots showed variations due to the actual nonlinearity of the receiving and recording equipment, manual scaling and transferring of the individual APD plots to a standard scale were required as intermediate steps. Table 2 identifies the analyzed signal data scaled for the 10, 50, and 90 percentages of time levels. 2. 3 Discussion The 2.666-MHz transmissions from Long Branch, Illinois, (WWI) were consistently received at Boulder, Colorado, during the nighttime and relatively few consistent and/or strong additional signals were * CRT is an abbreviation for cathode ray tube. o d o o u CO Q ■ . I , I . . J I I , . I ■ .1. .1. ■ -I ■ ■ l.l .. ■. i... :i . I I ■ , . I I ■ ■ I ■ I . .. , 1 ■^ «M fj i 8UO o; SAT^BXSH bEvx[o/^ psioaiSQ o o on 0^ Q / -^ y A / / ^^-"""^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 (U I' 1 > p— 1 M U >s cl n) T3 •f-l 4-i ^1 U o m i-H rt a U o u ■iH 1 — 1 «i o no (U > u o Q o» CU < 1 — 1 •i-i O o ■I-H o> a 0» t3 H (U o u X W r— 1 o Oh fi H (Xt o at Q f-H > u •H o r-H m I— 1 •1-1 <0 S CiO n) 1 1 -M r— 1 O 4-> > q; > •H > nJ •H .-H O H ^H o 0) CJ d (U d rt CJ U ■3 d »H 1 •r-l in CO CO Xl (U G tsl G >> CO ^H d rt rt fl h < H • ro (U •— 1 ^ a H 00 C\J H O H a -iH H VD cn CM OX) (^ J-> 1 — 1 d 0) (U > u (U u J > u nJ (t Q ^ H LTWD CM LP\ -d- -cf Lr> 1 1 1 CO H PO UA VD v£i 1 1 1 LfN CM CM ^ LTWD UA UA 1 1 1 CO 00 en m^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 00 UA 1 1 1 UA (7\ J- m 00 J- t 1 1 H VD 1 1 CX) 00^ H CM 1 1 1 ir\ 0\ H H 1 1 1 H CO 1 1 CM 1 CM 00 CO H 1 1 1 o\.^ en H CM 1 1 1 LlA H LTNVD H 1 1 UA H 1 1 CM CM 1 LfA OAOO H 1 1 1 o o Q H LTN OS ^ 0000 t>- O O H I I I O VD UA O O H I I VD CM UA -H CVJ 1 1 1 0000 [^ H 1 1 1 CM 1 00 t-\ CM 1 1 00 C7N H H H CY^ 1 1 1 o\co cn 0-4- VD 1 1 1 1 LfA cn H CM I 1 CO J- u^ H CM 1 1 1 UA H CO OHO) 1 1 1 (3^ UA j- H CM 1 1 1 cn 1 CM H CVI 1 1 CO 1 UA UA H OJ 1 1 O-CM H H CV] 1 1 1 o o Q H UA OS ON 0^ Q O Q H UA OS o Q P o Q H UA OS H UA OS 9 o Q H UA oS o cn ^. H H H H o o Q H UA OS ir\ recorded over the 1000-Hz band sampled. To confirm that no other signal than WWI was being received on 2.666Z40 MHz, an overnight recording was made on June 26, 1969, with the transmitter specially keyed to produce long noise breaks. No additional station activity, other than what could be attributed to noise, was recorded on this date. A second overnight recording of the frequency range 2.5 to 3.0 MHz based on 5000 100-Hz samples, two per second, suggested that night occupancy of this 5 00-kHz sector of the spectrum was very similar to the more restricted 1-kHz section, i. e. , relatively low occupancy as received at Boulder during the test period. Figure 3 shows a microfilm APD reproduction resulting from a 5-min CW signal starting at 03:20 universal time on April 2 3, 1969 (day 113). Also shown is the calibration for this date. The CRT plots are displayed on a linear decibel scale versus a Rayleigh probability distri- bution scale. Figure 4 is the result of transcribing several APD points at the 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 90, and 99 percentage of time levels to a common scale. The figure shows the median value as a curve with scatter points for hours 2 through 11 UT. Three autocorrelation functions of the received signal for day 94 (April 4) are shown in figure 5 as computed with the TD-100 and the X-Y plotter. The autocorrelation decays in a few seconds to zero and then oscillates about zero for larger time lags. 3. THE MODEL 3. 1 General Description Computer programs are available that predict many of the indica- tors of performance for ionospheric telecommunication systems (Barghausen et al. , 1969), such as propagation mode, takeoff and arrival angles, time delay, probability of ionospheric support, median available signal-to-noise ratio, median field strength at the receiving site, circuit 10 60- u 0) (U o > p 0) c O — 40- 5 20- q: c (75 -20 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - o -8 o o ; o - o 8^ ~ 8 ~"k ^^^v^® ^,--- Median .^ o P^^f o o ^v. o - ^0^ o N. O - Rayleigh Slope ^''*^\,..^^ N. O ^"\ 8 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "^ -20 •20 — ai 10 50 90 99 Percent of Time Exceeded --60 99.9 0) o Q o > Q> C O 0) > (U --40 ^ > CC Figure 4. Channel 5 amplitude probability distributions for hours 2 through 11 UT for days 100, 101, 113, 114, and 115. 11 ti u o CO d o u u o o o < in Qi U ■rH spuooag pu-B sjnoH ui atuTjL X'^sjSATun 12 reliability, and service probability. The reverse process of deter- mining, for a given communication circuit, the transmitting power required for a given value of circuit reliability or service probability and time availability on HF ionospheric systems is equally desirable (Rosich, 1969). These long-term monthly median prediction estimates of system performance are based on such parameters as season, solar activity level, the geographic location of the transmitting and receiving antennas, and required SNR. The HF power prediction program has been des- cribed by Rosich (1969) and will not be reviewed in detail here. In this study, a computer print-out presentation was developed whereby potential interference can be evaluated on the basis of the ESSA/ITS prediction model. The evaluation is complicated by the fact that the signal strength depends strongly upon frequency, time of day, and other system pararaeters. It should be kept in mind that the model yields only long-term estimates of system performance and does not include short-term phenomena. It is convenient and practical to distinguish between short-term and long-term variations of signal strength. Variability within a single hour is arbitrarily classified as "short term", and is allowed for by a minimum hourly median required SNR. This additional SNR quantity is simply that number of decibels by which the predetection hourly median rms signal level exceeds this rms noise level in order to pro- vide the specified grade of service during that hour. The study of long- term variability is then concerned with the variability of these hourly medians. 13 3.2 Discussion Once the circuit terminal hardware parameters have been deter- mined, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the primary factor in determining circuit reliability", which is directly associated with a grade of service. The grade of service defines the type of communication transmissions desired -- for example, the percentage of error-free messages in tele- type, the intelligibility of voice, or the percentage of satisfactory observa- tions of facsimile. A minimum required SNR is associated with the desired grade of service (Akima et al. , 1969). The SNR specified by the program user as input data is determined from the class of emission, modulation index, modulation rate, signal codes, error-correcting schemes, effects of fading, noise reducers, optimum modulation detec tion techniques, and diversity schemes. The required SNRs for satis- factory service for some systems are listed in appendix A as reproduced from Barghausen et al. (1969). The procedure for calculating circuit reliability for a particular path and frequency consists of (a) determining the maximum frequency that will be supported by the ionosphere; (b) calculating the probability that the specific frequency of interest will be propagated at a given hour within the month; (c) finding the distribution of SNR from the median and standard deviation of both signal power and noise power; (d) calculating the probability that the SNR will exceed the required SNR; and (e) multi- plying the two probabilities from (b) and (d) to give an estimate of circuit reliability. The median value of received signal power P required for mini- mum acceptable grade of service during the month at a given hour is (CCIR, 1964) P =F +R ^ + B - 204 (dBW) , (1) e am md where 14 F = median of the hourly values of radio noise power density am F within a seasonal time block (dBW/Hz), R , = required system signal-to-noise power density ratio in md i ^ o 1-Hz bandwidth, (dB), and B = effective receiver bandwidth (dB: log b; b in Hz). The values of F_,^ are representative of those that would be obtained am with a short vertical lossless antenna over a perfectly conducting plane earth. The use of other antennas requires some correction because of directivity and polarization. The available signal-to-noise ratio, R , , at the receiving antenna terminals is calculated by combining the received signal power with the received noise power: Rg/j^ = S - N (dB) , (2) ■where S = monthly median signal in decibels for the specific hour, and N = raonthly median of the hourly median radio noise power in decibels. The probability, qc/ivr » that the available signal-to-noise ratio, R„,^, exceeds the required SNR, R j* is evaluated by the chi- square proba- bility functions. The chi square, X^ » ^^ gamma distribution is used in order to represent reasonably well both the positively and negatively skewed data distributions that have been incorporated into the coraputer prediction programs. The )^ probability distribution function is convenient because the ionospheric F-layer data distribution and other physical data based on observations have been recorded and reduced for years in terms of only the 10, 50, and 90 percent points. These forms of ionospheric data reduced to numerical maps and tables are represented in the ESSA/ITS computer prediction program and associated data tapes. The statistical model is fitted to these three points and evaluated when a probability of occurrence other than 10, 50, or 90 percent is needed. Since in cora- puter applications the entire distribution has to be estimated, it is 15 assumed that the observed variable can be approximated by a linear function of a chi- square variable with unknown degrees of freedom. The many detailed uses of the x^ probability distribution function for determining the expected system performance can be found in recent reports (Barghausen et al. , 1969; Zacharisen and Crow, 1970). Two different measures of expected system performance are provided by the prediction program (see app. B), The first is based on circuit reliability, discussed earlier in this section, which is obtained from monthly median estimates of all operational parameters and their distributions. Circuit reliability represents simply the expected frac- tion of days in the month at the given hour that successful communication is expected at the operating frequency of interest. An alternate method gives estimates of the service probability, which is defined as the probability of obtaining a predetermined grade of service or better during a specific percentage of time. It includes esti- mates of the prediction uncertainties associated with the operational parameters as a function of the percentage of time the specified grade of service is required. 4. COMPARISON AND EVALUATION Examination of data frora field measurements converted into cumulative distribution functions showed that the maximum median field strength occurred between 2 and 11 UT. The raedian value for the data taken (5-min saraple/hr) during all these hours was 34 dB above 1 \J. v/m, with upper and lower deciles of 39 dB and 2 3 dB, respectively. Figure 6 shows an averaged plot of analyzed data for each hour taken during this test period; these data are tabulated in table 2. The hourly predicted median values for April are plotted for comparison with observed medians. The computed median value for the dominant 1 F mode during the night hours of 3 through 11 UT was 26 dB above 1 ^ v/m. Although the predicted median field strengths were about 8 dB lower than those 16 60 50 :9 40 o O 30 o > o CC 10 c a> w 55 1 ■10 -20 SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION FOR DAYS 94,99,100,101,113,114,115 Upper Median Deciles o A a X Level Exceeded 10 % of the Time 50 % " 90 % Median Predicted Value for April 1969 6 8 Time - UT 12 14 Figure 6. Comparison of measured and predicted field strengths. 17 observed, the general agreement between the observations and predic- tions is considered very good. This result is in agreement with other comparisons between predictions and observations for other frequencies and other paths as shown in section 7.6 of Barghausen et al. (1969), where 8 months of calibrated data of observed monthly median field strength values are plotted together with the values predicted by the computer program. The two sets of curves agree, on the average, within about 7 dB. A point of interest is that the calculations indicate a 3.7-dB median signal difference for the night hours between the 1 F and 2 F modes. The 2 F mode is dominant during the sunrise and sunset transi- tion hours, and the 1 E mode is dominant for 14 UT. The median arrival angles are 22 and 41 degrees for the F modes. Additional arrival angle and transmitter power statistics for April, May, and June are tabulated in appendix C. The computer program contains a provision for calculating the likelihood of multipath transmissions where this source of interference can cause intolerable bit error rates for high speed data transmission systems, but multipath propagation is not considered here. 5. TRANSMITTER POWER ANALYSIS The demonstrated adequacy of the ESSA/ITS ionospheric model to estimate HF circuit performance permits a computerized study of potential HF sky-wave interference. The required distant transmitter power that will cause interference at the Boulder site is estimated. The distance and the required transmitter power level that is expected to exceed the receiver's threshold level were evaluated as follows: (1) On the basis of limited measurements, the calculated med- ian field strengths from the ITS model appear to be low by approximately 8 dB; (2) the predicted power levels with 90 percent reliability and an assumed SNR of 20 dB produced estimate^ power levels 20 dB higher 18 than the desired threshold power level; (3) thus, the level to exceed the receiver's noise threshold estimated from calculated data requires a 12-dB reduction. The field measurements and the computer analysis of the Long Branch-to-Boulder circuit initially were carried out independently. The parameters for coraputer circuit simulation are given in section 2.1. Based on sunspot number information for April, the HF prediction pro- gram "HF MUFES2" was used to determine the circuit's median monthly operational SNR and reliability for each hour of the day for an operating frequency of 2.666 MHz. This prediction is included as appendix B. After it had been determined from the model that the night hours were the only hours that would support communication as well as inter- ference, data for hours 1 through 11 UT only were produced and analyzed. The required transmitter power data were generated with the prediction program "HFPOWERX" using the same system characteristics as before, except for a fixed reliability of 90 percent and a changed trans- mitting antenna. The transmitting antenna was changed to a quarter - wavelength vertical radiator. The power to cause interference in the directions north, east, south, and west of the Boulder receiving site at distances of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 km were calculated. The required transmitter power data contained in appendix C were based on the 6-month data tape with month and sunspot numbers: April, SSN = 106.0; May, SSN = 105.7; June, SSN = 104.6. The computer- simulated noise threshold corresponds to a 20-dB level for a 100-Hz band. For satisfactory operation above this threshold, a SNR of 20 dB was assuraed. Any modification in the total operational system gain that increases or decreases either the actual or apparent received signal strength likewise modifies the assumed required SNR. An increase in the received signal strength may result from (a) the use 19 of increased antenna power gains without a corresponding increase in noise gain for receiving antennas and/or (b) increased transmitter power. Apparent gain is achieved by reducing the signal-to-noise power ratio required at the receiver terminals through use of improved receiv- ing and transmitting terminal equipment or of receiving antennas that discriminate more strongly against noise. Tables 3 through 8 summarize, under two headings, the maximum and minimum (with respect to bearing) of the average power level for the 3-month period April, May, and June, that will achieve 90 percent reli- ability at the Boulder receiver site. The standard deviation of the values entering into each average is also tabulated. These tables are derived directly from appendix C. Each table (one for each of the six distances) contains four subgroups for hours 1 through 11 UT. Subgroups are identified by the bearings contained in the summation, that is, one bearing, two bearings, three bearings, and all bearings calculated. If we assume that the predictions for other distances are equally high, as determined in section 4, the predicted minimum power levels in tables 3 through 8 should be lowered by 12 dB to obtain threshold power levels, since the calculations given in appendix C were based upon an equivalent SNR of 12 dB. The minimum nighttime CW power (dBW) required for detectable signal levels at the Table Mountain field site in a 100-Hz bandwidth at 2.666 MHz with 90 percent reliability is summarized in table 9, which gives estimated mean transmitter power levels north, east, south, and west of the receiver at distances of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 km for April, May, and June, 1969. We can conclude that it would be relatively easy to cause intoler- able interference with a transmitter as far away as 5000 km. This con- clusion includes the assumption that the difference between observations and predictions at 1288 km on an east-west path is 8 dB and that this same correction is applicable at the other distances. 20 Table 3. Summary of Maximum and Minimum Mean Power Levels (dBW) at 500 km* for Interference Which is 90% Reliable at a S/N Ratio of 12 dB. MINIMUM MAXIMUM HOUR 3EAKING POWER STND BEARING POWER STnO (UT) (DBW) DEV, (UBW) DEV. 1 S 30,3 6.9 W 35.3 4,8 2 s 22.0 5.7 N 27.3 6,8 3 s 22.0 2,fl E 29.0 4.2 ^ s 24,0 0,8 t 31.3 2.6 5 s 27.0 0.0 E 33.0 2,2 6 s 29.0 0.8 E 33.0 2,2 7 s 28.3 0,5 E 34.7 2,4 a s 2fl.0 0.0 £ 33.7 2.4 9 w 2B.0 0.8 E 32.3 2.6 10 s 24.7 0.5 £ 28.3 1.9 U s 22,3 1.2 £ 24.7 0.9 1 £ S 32.0 7,7 N W 35.0 5.8 2 t S 23.8 7,2 N W ij7,3 6.5 3 s w 22.3 2,6 N E 26,3 4.8 4 s w 24.3 2.0 N E d9,Z 4.1 5 s M 27.0 1.0 N E 30,8 3,8 6 s w 28.2 1.1 N E 31.3 3,1 7 s w 28.3 0.? N E 32,2 3,7 B s w 26.0 0.6 N E 31,3 3,8 9 s w 28.3 0.7 N E 30,8 3,3 10 N s 25.0 2.4 E W 27,2 1.9 11 N s 22.8 1.3 £ W 24,2 1.2 I N E S 32.9 7.5 N E W 34,6 6.7 2 E s w 25.0 7.1 N E w 26.8 7.1 3 N s w 22.8 3,1 N E w 25.1 4.5 4 N s w 25,6 3.1 N E w 28.0 4,0 5 N s w 27.6 2.5 N E w 29.6 3.7 6 N s w 28.7 2.1 N E w 30,3 3,0 7 N s w 28.8 2.0 N E w 30,9 3,6 8 N s w 28.3 2.2 N E w 30,2 3,5 9 N S W 28.7 2,1 N E s 30,1 2,9 10 N s w 25.3 2,1 N E w 26,6 2,6 11 IN s W 23.1 1.4 N E w 23,9 1.3 1 NESW 33,5 7.0 2 NESW 25.6 7.1 3 NESW 24.3 4.4 4 NESW 27.0 3.9 5 NESW 28.9 3.4 6 NESW 29.8 2.8 7 NESW 30.3 3.3 8 NESw 29.7 3.2 9 NeSW 29.6 2.7 10 NESW 26,1 2.4 11 NtSW 23.5 1.4 >'fi Centered on Boulder, Colorado 21 Table 4. Summary of Maximum, and Minimum Mean Power Levels (dBW) at 1000 km=:= for Interference which is 90% Reliable at a S/N Ratio of 1 2 dB. HOUR (UT) BtAf^ING POWER (DdW) STND DEV. 1 S 49,3 7.4 2 s 30.3 9.8 3 s 20,3 U2 4 s 21.0 0.8 5 w 21.7 1.7 6 s 23,0 1.^ 7 w 24.0 0,0 8 M 22.3 0,5 9 W 22,3 0.5 10 w 21.7 0.5 11 s 19.7 1.7 1 E S bo.o 9.5 a E S 33,5 11.2 3 S w 23,7 6.5 4 s w 21,7 1.6 5 s w 22,3 1.7 6 s w 23,5 1.3 7 s w 24,0 1.0 8 3 w 23,2 1.3 9 s w 23,5 1.8 10 s w 21.7 1.4 11 s w 20,3 1.7 1 E s w 53,2 9.4 2 E s w 36,6 11.0 3 E S w 25,7 6.4 4 N s w 23,6 3.8 5 N S w 23.9 3.6 6 N S w 24,7 3,1 7 N 3 W 25,1 3,2 8 N s w 24,1 3,0 9 N s w 24,3 3.1 10 N s w 22,0 2.2 11 N s w 23,3 5,7 1 NESW 55,1 9,5 2 nesw 38,2 11.9 3 NESW 27,2 7,7 4 NESW 25.8 5.2 5 NESW 26.0 5.0 6 NESW 26.8 4.7 7 NESW 27.3 s.o 8 NESW 26.4 5.0 9 NESW 25,8 3.9 10 NESW 23.0 2.8 11 NESW 24,8 6.7 MAXIMUM BEARING POWER stno (DBW) dEv. N 60.7 7.4 N 43,0 13.1 N 31.7 9.4 £ 32.3 2.6 E 32,3 2,6 E 33.0 2.8 e 34.0 2,8 E 33.3 3.3 E 30.0 2.e E 26.0 2.2 E 29.3 7.5 N W 60.2 6.3 N W 42,8 10.6 N E 30,7 7.2 N E 29,8 4,2 N E 29,7 4,4 N E 30.0 4,7 N E 30,7 5,i N E 29.7 5.3 N E 28.0 4,1 N E 24.3 3.1 N E 29.3 6,9 N E W 57.0 9.4 N E W 40.8 11.3 N E W 29.4 7,7 N E W 27,3 5.1 N E S 27.4 4,9 N E W 28,0 4.8 N E s 28,4 5.3 N E s 27,8 5,1 N E s 26,9 3,9 N E s 23,4 3,1 N E W 26,6. 6,9 Centered on Boulder, Colorado 22 Table 5. Summary of Maximum and Minimum Mean Power Levels (dBW) at 1000 km* for Interference which is 90% Reliable at a S/N Ratio of 12 dB. HOU« (UT) BtAKiNG MINIMUM POW^R (Oaw) STND OEV. BEARING MAXIMUM PUWER (DBW) OEv. 1 E 67.0 18.0 2 S 43,0 13.6 3 s 24.0 0,0 4 s 24. C 0.0 5 w 24.7 0.5 6 w 25,0 0.0 7 rt 2S.0 0.0 d w 25,0 0.0 9 M 23,7 0.5 10 W 23.7 0.5 11 S 23.3 0.9 1 E S 71.8 14.6 2 E S &3.3 12.7 3 E S 30,5 6,6 4 S w 25.5 2.5 5 S w 25.2 1,1 6 s w 25.3 0.9 7 s w 25.7 1.4 8 s w 25.5 1.6 9 s Vi 25,0 2.6 10 s w 24,7 1.4 11 s «( 23.5 0.8 1 N E s 78,1 15.4 2 N E s 53,9 20.9 3 E s w 35.7 13.1 4 E S w 29,7 6.3 5 E S w 29,7 6,6 6 E s w 30,1 6.9 7 E s ri 30,0 6.4 e N s vJ 27,4 3.3 9 N s w 27.1 3.9 10 N s M 26,7 3.3 11 E s W 31.8 14,6 M/ 96.0 4,2 W 77.0 9.9 N 51.3 10.7 N <^0.0 1.4 N 42.3 2.9 N 42.3 2.5 N 42,3 2.5 £ 37,7 2.4 E 33,7 1.7 E 34.3 3,4 IM E 48.7 46.5 15.5 N W 93.3 6,6 N W 76.0 14,5 N W 48.7 14.1 N E 39.0 1,7 N E 40.5 3.2 N E 41.0 2,8 N E 40.5 3,0 N E 34.5 3.9 N E 32.5 2,4 N E 32.5 3,* 15.3 NSW b7.8 10,4 NEW 65.2 20.5 NEW ^4.8 12.8 NEW 35.0 6.1 N E S 35.6 7.5 N E S 35.9 7,6 N E S 35.8 7.2 N E S 31.7 5.3 N E S 30.4 3.9 N E S 30.2 4.3 NEW 40.2 17,1 NESW 82,6 15.6 2 NESW 59.7 21.3 3 NESW 39.6 14.3 4 NESW 32.3 7.1 5 NESW 32.8 9.0 6 NESW 33,2 B.l 7 NESW 33.1 7.8 8 NESW 30,0 5.4 9 NESW 28,8 4.5 10 NkiSW 28.6 4.7 11 NESW 36,0 16.6 * Centered on Boulder, Colorado 23 Table 6. Summary of Maximum and Minimum Mean Power Levels (dBW) at 3000 km-i^ for Interference which is 90% Reliable at a S/N Ratio of 12 dB. HOUR (UT) BtAt^ING MINIMUM (D6W) STND uev. I E 56.3 20.7 2 E 33,7 2.5 3 S 30.0 0.0 4 s 30,7 0.5 5 w 32.0 0.0 6 M« 32.7 0,9 7 M 32.7 0.9 8 W 32.7 0.9 9 W 31.3 0.5 10 W 31,3 0.5 11 W 31.3 0.5 1 E S 75.2 24,4 2 E S 43.3 12,1 3 E s 34,0 4.1 4 S w 34.0 4,9 5 S w 32.5 0,8 6 S <'.' 33.0 0,8 7 s W 33.5 1.1 6 s 1^ 33.7 1.2 9 E w 33.2 2.0 10 S rt 32.5 1.3 11 S w 31.7 0.7 1 IM E S 82.9 22.7 2 M E S 57,3 24.0 3 N E S 43.4 17.4 4 E S W 36.0 5.0 5 E s w 35.4 4,3 6 E s w 36.2 4.6 7 £ s w 36.2 4,0 8 N s w 34,7 1,9 9 E s w 33,8 1,9 10 E 3 W 33.6 3,4 11 E S w 42.3 20,1 1 NESW 86,9 20,9 2 NESW 67.5 27,2 3 N=;S«i/ 50,8 22.9 4 NcSW 37,7 5,7 5 N£Sw 37.5 5,3 6 NE ISfi 37,8 5.0 7 NE ■s^ 37.8 4,5 8 NES'^ 35.4 2.1 9 NES-t/ 34,7 2,4 10 NES*' 36.3 4.6 11 iNi; :s^ 4«.l 23.6 MAXIMUM BEARING POWER STrjD (DBW) OEv. w 99,0 0,0 w 98,0 1.4 w 73,0 23.0 N 42,7 4.7 N 43,7 2,6 N 42,7 2.5 N 42,3 2.6 £ 37.7 0.5 N 37.3 1.7 N 40.3 4.0 N 65.3 25.0 N W 98,7 0.7 N W 91,7 13.0 N W t»7,7 21.5 N E 41,3 3,8 N E 42.5 2.4 M E 42.7 1.9 N E 42.0 1.9 N E 37.2 1,1 N E 36,2 1,8 N E 36.0 5,1 N E b4.5 24,1 N S W 97.1 4.7 N S W 77.1 24.8 N E w 57.8 22,4 N E w 40.0 4.6 1^ E s 39.3 4.9 N E s 39.6 4,7 N E s 39.4 3,9 N E s 36,3 1.5 IM E s 35,8 1.6 N E s 36,6 4.6 iN E s 53.7 24,9 Centered on Boulder, Colorado 24 Table 7. Summary of Maximum and Minimum Mean Power Levels (dBW) at 4000 km- for Interference which is 90% Reliable at a S/N Ratio of 1 2 dB. MINIMUM HOUR BLaHIimG POWER ST NO (UT) (DBW) DF.V. 1 fL *8,0 7.3 2 S 37. C 7.P 3 s 26.0 0.0 4 s 26,0 0,0 5 s 28.7 0.5 6 s 28.3 0.9 7 w 29.3 0.5 6 w 29,3 0.5 9 M 29,3 0.5 16 W 29,3 0.5 11 s 27.0 1.4 t s 73.2 5.7 2 t s 38,2 5.6 3 £ s 32.2 6.4 4 t s 33.0 7.2 5 S w 29,3 1.2 6 S w 28,8 0.9 7 S w 29.5 0.5 8 S w ;p9.fl 0.7 9 S w 30.2 1.3 10 s w 29.8 0.7 11 s w 28.2 1.6 1 fM E S 81.3 24.3 2 N E S 56.7 26.9 3 N E S A7.7 26.4 4 E s w 36.0 8.7 5 £ S W 33.3 5.9 6 E s w 33.3 6.4 7 t s w 32.3 4.1 8 t S w 31.7 2.7 9 £ S w 31,8 2.6 10 £ s w 35,7 10,3 11 N s w 44,0 27.5 1 NESW 86.1 22.3 2 |>^esw 53^.9 31.3 MAXIMUM BEAWIMG PuWEf^ ?T.vD (UBW) OE^. N 99.0 0.0 W 99,0 0.0 W 63,7 21.7 N t>4,J 10.7 IM 47.7 5,2 N 45,7 3.9 N 44,7 3,3 N 40.3 4.0 N 42.3 5.4 N 49,3 10.7 E b3.7 21,7 IM w 99.0 0.0 N W 96.3 6,0 N W 61.2 23.0 N W 46.2 11.3 N E 44.5 5.1 N E 44.0 3.3 N E 41.3 4.2 N E 37.3 3.8 N E 38.7 5,3 N E 48.3 10,7 N E 79.7 25.1 N 5 W 98.8 0,6 N E W 77.3 ?7,3 N E W 66.9 ?7.6 N E W 45.4 lo.i N E W 39.7 8.0 N E W 39.1 7,4 N E s 37.4 6.5 N E s 35,3 4.7 N E s 36, i 5,7 N E S NEW 42,3 62,9 12.2 31.4 Centered on Boulder, Colorado 25 Table 8. Summary of Maximum and Minim.um Mean Power Levels (dBW) at 5000 km- for Interference which is 90% Reliable at a S/N Ratio of 12 dfi. HOUR (Ut) SEARING MINIMUM POWER (OBW) STND DEV. MAXIMUM BEARING POWER stnd (DBW) dev« N 99.0 0,0 W 99,0 0.0 W 94.0 7.1 W 66.3 11.1 N 59.0 10.7 M 56.3 9.5 N 55.7 9.5 N 53.7 10.3 N 55.7 u.i E 62.3 8.2 N 94.3 6,6 N S 99.0 0.0 N W 98.0 2.2 N W 66.2 17,4 N W 64.5 12,5 N E 50.7 11.4 N E 48.6 10.2 N E 47.5 10.6 N E 45.5 10.9 N E 49.5 10,3 N E 61.2 U.O N E 94.0 7,i N S W 99.0 0.0 N E W 80.2 25,2 fM E W 71.2 25,5 N E W 56.8 15.0 N E W 47,7 10. Jd N E W 43.8 U.O N E W 42.9 10. s N E W 41.6 10,5 N E S 43.9 11.6 N E s 51.6 16,3 N E w 73.4 29,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 N N N N E E E E E N E 52,0 42,0 31.3 31,3 31,3 »1.3 32,0 32,0 32,3 32,3 31,3 75,5 43,3 36,3 36,3 36,5 32.5 32,8 32,8 32,5 32,3 31.8 83,3 61,2 50,3 45,1 38,4 35,4 35,0 34.3 36,1 41,6 52,4 4,5 7.5 0,5 0,5 0.5 0.5 0,8 0,8 0,5 0,5 1,2 23,7 5,6 5.2 5,2 6,8 1.4 1,2 1,2 1,3 0,9 1,1 22,3 25,8 23,5 15,2 6,3 4,5 3,3 2,4 5,6 15,1 29,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 11 NESW NESW NESW NESW NESW NESW NESW NESW NESW NeSW NESW 87,3 70,7 61,3 50,4 43.6 40,7 40,2 39,2 41,0 46,8 62,9 20.5 27,7 28,0 17,0 11.7 U.O 10.5 10.0 11.2 16,4 31,5 * Centered on Boulder, Colorado 26 Table 9. Estimated Transmitter Mean Nighttime Power Required to Produce a Threshold CW Signal in a 100-Hz Bandwidth With 90% Reliability. April May June NESW NESW NESW Range (km) 500 13 17 13 14 13 16 13 13 20 23 15 17 1000 12 16 11 11 11 17 11 10 20 23 09 11 2000 27 23 14 13 22 24 14 12 26 28 12 13 3000 26 27 21 20 30 27 21 21 30 27 21 21 4000 29 27 16 21 31 28 16 19 43 28 19 20 5000 33 31 20 24 44 33 20 26 60 34 21 23 6. POTENTIAL INTERFERENCE The remaining task is to compare location and power of station allocations operating at a frequency of 2.666 MHz with the calculated interference power. The 2.666-MHz frequency assignments were obtained from IFRB (1969) and Telecommunication Management (1969). Table 10 lists 27 transmitting stations identified by bearing and distance from Boulder, Colorado, and figure 7 shows a plot of these same poten- tial interfering sources. Where the two information sources have con- flicting allocated transmitter power, both are listed. The type of modulation and the hours of operation are not considered in this report, since varying degrees of interference are expected with different types of modulation schemes and at different times of day. The experimental transmitter site at Sunset, Colorado (KC2XML) was omitted because of its extremely high pulse power, its intermittent operation, and its proximity to the receiver site. For short ground ranges, multipath interference becomes of prime concern, since the ionosphere is capable of multiple mode support and since the sky-wave 27 Table 10. Radio Station Assignments for 2. 666 MHz Location Relative to Boulder, Colorado Power Bearing Distance (kW) (Deg. ) (km) Transmitting Station Name Call Ident. 308° 71° 109° 117° 320° 66° 117° 324° 66" 67° 64° 51° 59° 316° 314° 55° 59° 61° 111° 311° 327° 315° 309° 313° 32° 38° 90 1783 0.03 2168 0.30 2411 *1.00 2487 * 1.00 2625 r 0. 50 1 1*1.00 J 2639 0.30 2824 1.00 2887 r 0. 50 1 1*1.00 J 3174 0. 03 3221 0.03 3440 0.30 3646 0. 10 3813 0.08 3921 * 3.00 3940 * 1.00 3967 0.08 4057 0.08 4213 0.08 4441 r o.5| 1*1.0 J 4616 *1.0 4727 * 1.0 4928 *1.0 5432 *1.0 6060 r 0.51 1*1.0 J 7471 0.02 7768 0.25 7894 1.00 Pt. Renfrew, B.C., Canada CJW236 Toronto, Ontario, Canada CIT Jacksonville, Fla. NMV St. Petersburg, Fla. NOF Ketchikan, Alaska NMJ; Montreal, P. Q. , Canada CIZ Miami, Fla. NMA J\ineau, Alaska NMJl Frederiction, N. B. , Canada CIX6 St. John, N. B. , Canada CIX3 Charlottet, Pei, Canada CIX Otter Ck. , NFLD, Canada XMX39 Conner BRK, NFL, Canada XMX26 Kodiak, Alaska NOJ Sitkinak, Alaska NRWl St. Anthony, NFLD, Canada XMX53 Gander, NFLD, Canada XMX49 St, Johns, NFLD, Canada XMF67 San Juan, Puerto Rico NMR Cape Sarichef, Alaska NRW Pt. Clarence, Alaska NRW3 St. Paul, Alaska NRW2 Adak Lorsta, Alaska NMJ Attu, Alaska NMJ22 Kristiansands, Norway LBD Hilversum, Netherlands PEP2 Narian Mar, Soviet Union RLQ6 * Teleconnmunication Management (1969) 28 X vO C o d s d • I-* CO CO nS d O CO T) (U j-j ctJ o o 00 a •iH nt 0) at (1) &o C! ni PI) 0) 29 versus ground-wave field strengths present interference possibilities. Two additional roving allocations were also omitted because their exact location is unknown; one station was confined to the state of Alaska, and the other to the 46 contiguous states. A high degree of correlation would be expected between the ionospheric control points chosen by the computer program and the sun's position, since the latter is the principal hourly variable, and it is verified by the hourly shift of the raaximum and minimum required power noted for the various path lengths. The minimum transmitter antenna input power required for 90 percent reliability at Boulder from a distance of 500 km was received from a south bearing for 10 of the 11 hours calculated. Increasing the distance to 1000 km showed an equal distribution of minimum required transmitting power between south and west bearings. Increasing the path length to 2000 km showed an increase of the west bearings to a total of 6 hours, with the south bearing reduced to 4 hours and only a single east bearing indicated. For the 3000-km path, the west bearing continued to increase to its maximum of 7 hours, with the south bearing decreasing to its minimura of 2 hours. The maximum number of east bearings showing a value of minimum required power was 2 in the 11 hours calculated for the 3000-km path. As expected, of the four bearings being compared, no northerly paths of any length for any hour calculated showed the lowest required transmitter power for 90 percent reliability. Extending the path length to 4000 km reversed the favored bearing to the south for 6 hours, with 4 hours of west bearings indicated. As shown in tables 3 through 8, the maximum transmitter antenna input power required for 90 percent reliability at the Boulder receiver displays a shift from a predominantly east bearing at 500 km to a 30 predominantly north bearing for path lengths greater than 2000 km. The west bearing for a total of 3 hours displayed the highest required transmitter power for the 3000- kra path. An interesting detail about the occurrence of the minimum standard deviation as a function of distance is apparent in these tables. For path lengths of 5 00 and 1000 km, the smallest variability is indicated at 8 UT, shifting to 9 UT for 2000 km, and to 1 UT for 3000, 4000, and 5000 km. The arrival angle statistics given in appendix C as a function of hour and month may prove important to antenna studies for the suppres- sion of interference. The arrival angle's standard deviation indicates whether the mode is changing and/or the possibility of multipath. 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The ITS ionospheric computer prediction model was used for estiraating the transmitter power required to produce a uniform 100-Hz bandwidth CW signal via the dominant mode that is 90 percent reliable at the Boulder site. These estiraates indicate the potential interference, either accidental or deliberate, that may arrive via sky-wave signals from distant transmitters operating on the same frequency. In summary, the results of this study are as follows: (1) Further measurements at other distances and bearings over an extended time period are required for a better determination of computational accuracy. (2) The 2.666-MHz transmissions from Long Branch, Illinois, during the nighttime were consistently received at Table Mountain. (3) Relatively few consistent and/or strong additional signals were recorded over the 1000-Hz band monitored despite the large number of allocations. 31 (4) The predicted median field strengths were 8 dB lower than the medians of limited observations on a 1288-km east-west path. Good general agreement in diurnal shape was observed, as shown in figure 6. (5) The estimated transmitter mean nighttime power required to produce a threshold CW signal with 90 percent reliability at the Boulder site, is based on an assvimed 8-dB correction at all distances. The s\immary of transmitter power values (dBW) are given in table 9. (6) From table 9, we can conclude that it would be relatively easy to cause significant interference from as far away as 5000 km. 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is the resiilt of a coordinated effort of many groups and individuals within ITS, ESSA Research Laboratories. In particiilar, the authors wish to acknowledge the helpful suggestions and encourage- ment of Mr. Alfred F. Barghausen in the preparation of this report; Mr. J. W. Finney and Mr. R. K. Rosich for their consioltative advice and assistance; and Mr, Gary D. Gierhart and Mr. Garth H. Stonehocker for their critical review of the manuscript; 32 9. REFERENCES Akima, H. , G. G. Ax, and W. M. Beery (19 69), Required signal-to- noise ratios for HF commiinication systems, ESSA Tech. Rept. ERL 131 -ITS 92 (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 2 0402). Barghausen, A. F. , J. W. Finney, L. L. Proctor, and L. D. Schioltz (1969), Predicting long-term operational parameters of high- frequency sky-wave telecommunication systems, ESSA Tech. Rept. ERL 110-ITS 78 (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 2 0402). CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee) (1964), World distribution and characteristics of atmospheric radio noise, Report 322, Documents of the Xth. Plenary Assembly, Geneva, 1963, International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Geneva, Switzerland. IFRB (I969), International Frequency List, 4th ed. I_, February 1, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland. Rosich, R. K. (1969), Predicting the power requirements of high- frequency ionospheric tele commiini cation circuits, unpublished ESSA Tech. Memo. ERLTM-ITS 1 69 ESSA Research Labor- atories, Bo\ilder, Colorado 80302 . Telecommunication Management (I969), Frequency Assignments to Government Radio Stations, JI, 2505-4603 KHz. Zacharisen, D. H. and E. L. Crow (1970), Fitting distributions of telecommxinication variables with chi- square distributions (submitted to a technical journal). 1 This document is in the public domain, but is considered unpublished since it was not printed for wide public distribution. 33 APPENDIX A Signal-to-Noise Ratios Required for Satisfactory Service 35 u > u u o o (t m m • H -M 05 CO o •r-t n (0 (A CO O • H -t-> pc; (U CO •H O 'Z I o C/3 >^ -»-> 1—1 •H oi CO >s ;j Vh •l-l 1 — 1 bO o Q (1) > -r-( o o o o o vo r- ;3 •iH Q ^ 'd a 1—1 t3 OS •r-l X) >^ fl cti h Q -iH & m .1-1 O CO u ^ T3 ■ ?H ^ (U IT) CO c^J •^ T^t^ m r^J ^^ 1) > r^ r- r- r^ r~- r^ a o -r-l Q d 0) O (U o -r-t > o o JO o3 cn 4-> -1-1 ■xi a o lO ^ vo vO r-- vD vD vO -t-> hU u (ti < CO cr; ^ >, ni ^ -i-> d) 1— ( OJ Q CO •■H -r-f 00 vO m t^ r- 00 •7 (U ^ 1 — I > ^ Tt< ^ ■rf tJI -"stl 1 -r-l o u o Q :nal-t to N Q -l-> (U Xi OJ •r-l d o -t-> •rH to DO (U 5- 1 U o ^1 r-^ as 00 O O -H (U > in Tj< ^ uD m iT) Td Oj o -M •r-l Q u i> 1 •H Qi ^ ^ u o cr +-> d 0) 03 • H X) d U o 00 r^ Til ^ o o o ■<;^ -^ lD u s CO to to <: 1— 1 .— 1 I— 1 OJ (P OJ •r-l CO 0) 0) 0) CJ o o •H -r-l -rH GOO o o Si XJ A > > > •ji tn (U (U ^3 +-> 1 1 1 -0 (U XI XI d Oh rQ rQ rQ (U CO CO CO CO CO I-H (U 1—1 < < <:<;<: CO d CO DO CO CO oo q; vO O t\] <; Q <: d •rH < XJ d 1— 1 ■ — p sO CO CO vO CO XJ u o XI u o ■(-> •rt r-l • H rQ •r-l bO •rH 1— < 1—4 (U 4-> d d (U o 0) Oh O C7^ U O 36 •S pq o N +-» rr: rt 1 PCi -H Z 1 — 1 a o C -4-> 00 OJ w > •rH 13 ■U 01 1— 1 ^^ a> •r-( 3 « o* (U tf o M U Q rg o u Q > tn O >H • rH Q >^ O U o r- in CM 00 iT) r^ r- 0> vO O IT) ir> — H 00 iT) vO IT) CM 00 ID ■<:*< o on in in so in o in vD —t in in vD in in o (0 d o o ■ ^ O CO a* o —I c/5 nO u <0 u u n) o T) (U to N E C C u in p^ tn Ph o O C ■!-> O W CO < CO m to 4J U (NJ I f-H T) I— I fi u (U u o > U CO :3 Oi o o d o o o "J u CO CO u CO ?5 t^ o J3 CO (U OJ 0) c (J CJ — * o C7^ » < CQ tv] CO n. CO > 1-" ■M (J o o ■>-> >< CO CO 3 -H ,-i HH 4-) "5 ^^ u C! C «) Si u c c T! o u >. 1—1 v< 1— ( n rti !-i d M cr 0) (U n Tl r! u •rH (U ? 37 APPENDIX B "HFMUFES2" Long Branch-to-Boulder Prediction Estimates 39 A description of the circuit parameters used in the calculations of the system, performance predictions is shown in the heading for each hour of data. This appendix shows on each sheet four computer printed pages in a single modified and reduced form. Starting at the top of the page, this heading is as follows: The first line contains the month, day, and year, and the solar activity level as indicated by the 10-cm flux and the 12-month running average Zurich sunspot number. The second and third lines contain the name and coordinates of the transmitter and receiver locations, the azimuthal bearings in degrees of the receiver from the transmitter and vice versa, and the length of the circuit in statute miles and kilometers. The minimum angle on the fourth line indicates the lowest vertical angle considered in the mode selection process. The fifth and sixth lines describe the frequency range (2 to 30 MHz), the antenna type, the physical parameters of the antenna system for each terminal^and the orientation of the antenna's main beam relative to the great-circle path. The seventh line contains the pow^er output of the transmitter; the man-made noise level assumed for the receiver location, in decibels relative to 1 watt in a 1 -Hz bandwidth at a frequency of 3 MHz; the time availability for service probability calculations; and the hourly median signal-to-noise ratio required to provide the type of service requested. The first line of each time block gives the universal time (UT) in hours followed by the complete tabulation of all quantities used in the calculations for each hour. The first parameters listed under "Reflec- tion Area Data" are those associated with the five reflection areas considered for each path. Reflection area data 1 is used for path lengths less than or equal to 2000 km; 2, 3, and 4 are used for path lengths be- tween 2000 and 4000 km; and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are used for path lengths greater than or equal to 4000 km. 40 For each reflection area, the follo^wing parameters are listed (if zero appears, the parameters are not calculated): (a) Distance from transmitter in kilometers. (b) Geographic latitude in degrees, (c) Geographic longitude in degrees. (d) Geomagnetic latitude in degrees. (e) Local time at the reflection area. (f ) Absorption factor (see sec. 7. 2 of Barghausen et al. , 1969). (g) E-layer critical frequency in MHz. (h) Virtual height of the F-layer's lower limit in km. (i ) Gyrofrequency in MHz. (j ) F -layer critical frequency in MHz. (k) fEs sporadic -E median critical frequency in MHz. The parameters for the specific circuit determined from the above values at the various reflection areas are then listed as follows: (a (b (c (d (e (f (g (h (i (J (k (1 (n (o Local time at the receiver. Absorption factor. E-layer critical frequency in MHz. Gyrofrequency at E-layer height in MHz. Height of the F-layer's maximum in km. Semithickness of the F layer in km. F-layer critical frequency in MHz. MUF (maximum usable frequency) in MHz FOT (optimum traffic frequency) in MHz. HPF (highest possible frequency) in MHz. Excess system loss in decibels. The 50 percent value of fEs in MHz. (m) The 90 percent value of fEs in MHz. The 10 percent value of fEs in MHz. Adjusted MUF for K indices from to 9. 41 The adjusted MUF is an estimate of the modified MUF due to magnetic activity, specifically the MUF for a local magnetic K index of through 9. The remaining two blocks of data are frequency dependent. The first block is calculated for the MUF frequency and the second for the desired 2. 666-MHz frequency. For each frequency the following items associated w^ith the median noise pow^er in a 1 -Hz band- width at the receiving location in decibels relative to kT b are listed: (1) Atmospheric noise; (2) galactic noise; (3) man-made noise; (4) a value in decibels used to adjust the controlling noise w^^hen tw^o or more types of noise are nearly the same value; (5) the efficiency, expressed in decibels, of the receiving antenna; (6) the controlling noise at the receiving antenna site. The value of k (Boltzmann's constant) is 1. 38 X 10"^^ joules per degree Kelvin, the reference temperature T^ is 288° K, 10 log.iokT^ = -204 dB relative to one joule (1 w/Hz), and b is the bandw^idth in Hz. The follow^ing parameters for each of seven modes are considered, i. e. , tw^o E mcides, three F modes, and two mixed modes (mixed modes are computed only if the path length is equal to or greater than 3000 km): (a (b (c (d (e (f (g (h (i (J Number of hops. Vertical angle in degrees. Virtual height in kilometers. Time delay in milliseconds. Free-space loss in decibels. Absorption loss in decibels. Ground reflection loss in decibels. Transmitting antenna gain in decibels relative to an isotropic source. Receiving antenna gain in decibels relative to an isotropic source. Median monthly transmission loss in decibels. 42 (k) Median monthly incident field strength in decibels relative to 1 uv/m. (1) Median monthly signal po-wer in decibels relative to 1 watt. (m) Signal-to-noise ratio in decibels. (n) Fraction of days during the month for the indicated hour the sky wave is expected to exist. 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Of in 55 APPENDIX C Angle and Power Estimation for 90 Percent Reliability 57 An algorithra developed and implemented by Rosich (1969) permits calculation of the transmitter power required to achieve a given value of circuit reliability or service probability and time availability on HF ionospheric telecommunication systems. The accuracy of this computer program has been demonstrated by direct hand calculation and by comparison of the results with predicted reli- abilities and service probabilities for given input power levels. Thus, the accuracy is an implicit function of the original prediction program. The first page for each distance of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 km of this appendix summarizes the required transmitter power and arrival angles for hours 1 through 11 UT at four bearings for April, May, and June, 19 69. Additional information about the system parameters are contained in section 5 of this report. 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K (u •-• o (>< ». 1*1' n z 4 -« ^ ^ ^ o •-• K — z zujis r^mr-r)' in ni oo vin IT in. 4 S O ■'•:•< •' ■) ai •! ■• •! m\ uii zuiroO' mntuni (^'-^--^--oK'N 1- 4X1L— tn-tf-nn -^ ■« ■4- tn €1 rt P- K Z z (E o a: « Ul K 4 (S m » ■too O — bi z nj- ni ni K OK -•e. in o tn mom X 4 •- O 4 (D (_l M oo K •-< O 4 o a> (T a> o» o I •o a> o a> o> O -40 -50 ■60 — 02 Hr 05 ond 08 Mrs 1 1 Hr 12 Hr 0.01 0.1 I 10 50 90 99 99.9 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 1 for day 94 -- identified as 00 min after the hour. 79 ■o o > 9} C O o - a> _> o a> q: 0) P I o a> 0.01 0.1 I 10 99 50 90 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 2 for day 94 -- identified as 05 min after the hour. 99.9 80 CD ■o o > 6 a> > 4) a: o> o» o I •D 4> U 4) O Percentoge of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 3 for day 94 -- identified as 10 min after the hour. 81 0.01 0.1 I 10 50 90 99 99.9 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 4 for day 94 -- identified as 15 min after the hour. 82 00 -o o > c O o - 0) _> o a> (r o I a> o tt> tt) O ^ ' 1 1 \% ^vN. 02 Hr — no Ur 1 ^v , ytj Hf -10 \ ^ V. \. >:•. 12 Hr \ I X X ^ ^^ _ \ \ \ \"» ^^ -20 -30 \ \ ^ • V \ \ \ \ '-^ -40 \ \ \ \ ^ -50 \ \ \ '\ - \ \ \ ' *•• -60 1 1 1 1 T-, \ 0.01 0.1 I 10 50 90 99 99.9 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 5 for day 94 -- identified as 20 min after the hour. 83 0.01 ai I 10 50 90 99 99.9 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 6 for day 94 -- identified as 25 min after the hour. 84 m X) o > c O a> o a> cr c O o q: o I «> o 0) O 0.01 0.1 I 10 50 90 99 99.9 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 8 for day 94 -- identified as 35 min after the hour. 86 GQ T3 1 -20 c O 0) _> o o I T3 0) O 0) a 0.01 0.1 I 10 50 90 99 99.9 Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 9 for day 94 -- identified as 40 min after the hour. 87 o > « c O ^> o 0) tr o» O « o Percentage of Time Exceeded Record of channel No. 10 for day 94 -- identified as 45 min after the hour. 88 GPO SS9-EB2 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ADDDD7EDEDDb7