(LSI. il'.TZi/o. Technical Information Appropriate for Developing Countries PB86-122058 selected abstracts from the NTIS database 1982-1984 Supplement— January 1986 International Technical Information Network, A Project of the U.S. Agency for International Development and the National Technical Information Service ABOUT NTIS The National Technical Information Service (NTIS) is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. It is the central source for the public sale of U.S. Government-sponsored scientific and technical research, development and engineering reports and plays a key role in the international exchange of information. In addition, it handles most federally generated, machine processable data files and software programs and it also manages the Federal Software Exchange Center. NTIS has become a leading participant agency within the Federal establishment in bilateral, regional and worldwide activities involving technology transfer and information. 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Springfield, VA 22161 USA Technical Information Appropriate for Developing Countries selected abstracts from the NTIS database 1982-1984 Supplement— January 1986 /t"A 200X) for less highly polymerized gels but was found to occur in all cases, and it therefore is pre- dicted to be a general property of metal alkoxide-de- rived gels. (ERA citation 08:021 1 68) DE83007165/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Methods for Evaluating the DOE Appropriate- Technology Program: A Review and Compilation of Evaluation Methods. B. Lucarelli. Jul 82, 92p LBL-14782-Rev. Contract AC03-76SF00098 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted. Keywords: "Project evaluation, "Renewable energy, Program management, Evaluation, Wind power, Hy- droelectric power, Biomass, Solar water heating, Solar space heating, Passive solar heating systems, Weath- erization, Energy conservation, Geothermal space heating, Geothermal water heating, Load collector ratio, Solar fraction, ERDA/299000. Procedures are described for evaluating the energy impact of renewable energy resource projects. Four recommendations are made: td establish a common set of guidelines for evaluating the energy impact of federal energy grant programs; use a simplified eval- uation approach in the interim until the guidelines are set; develop additional project evaluation methods; and analyze the non-energy impacts of the Appropri- ate Technology Program. Previously used evaluation approaches are discussed as regards energy impact definition, sample selection, project evaluation, and program impact analysis. Methods are described for determining direct energy impacts of: wind electric, hy- droelectric, anaerobic digestion (biomass); solar water heating and space heating; passive solar; weatheriza- tion/conservation; and geothermal space and water heating technologies. The methodology for estimating the cost-effectiveness of an energy system is present- ed. Tables of load collector ratios and solar savings fraction for different passive systems are supplied. (ERA citation 08:020865) DE83007218/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA. Potential of Composite Materials in Surface Trans- portation Applications. S. V. Kulkarni. 16 Dec 82, 49p UCRL-53351 Contract W-7405-ENG-48 76 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: "Automobiles, Uses, Materials, Weight, Fibers, Graphite, ERDA/360300, ERDA/330604. This study addresses the different issues associated with materials substitution with fiber-reinforced com- posites in surface transportation vehicles, and identi- fies pertinent high risk R and D areas having payoff in the far term. Initially, a brief summary of the various materials and processes, and prototype development programs is presented. Subsequently, factors inhibit- ing the use of composites are listed and finally, future R and D areas are delineated. No attempt has been made to perform an exhaustive study and cover every aspect and activity in this technology area. This is due primarily to the limited scope of this effort and to the vastness of the field. (ERA citation 08:01 8293) DE83007385/GAA PC A09/MF A01 New York State Coll. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering. Feasibility of Biogas Production on Farms. W. J. Jewell, B. A. Adams, B. P. Eckstrom, K. J. Fanfoni, and R. M. Kabrick. Jan 82, 178p SERI/PR- 9038-1 -T1 Contracts AC02-77CH00178, AC02-76ET20051 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Methane, * Biogas, Production, Econom- ics, Safety, Recommendations, Regulations, Supply and demand, 'Technology assessment, ERDA/ 140504, ERDA/299003, ERDA/090222. An overview of biogas technology is presented. The following topics are discussed: the potentials and limi- tations of anaerobic digestion; on-site energy genera- tion: relationship of demand to supply; economics of farm-scale biogas production; design considerations of the biogas production system; gas utilization; safety guidelines and regulations; and operation, mainte- nance, and diagnostics of small methane generation systems. (ERA citation 08:020021) DE83007542/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Los Alamos National Lab., NM. Nonlinear Seismic Response of Small Reinforced- Concrete Shear Wall Structures. E. G. Endebrock, and R. C. Dove. 1983, 11p LA-UR- 83-318, CONF-830805-3 Contract W-7405-ENG-36 International conference on structural mechanics in re- actor technology, Chicago, IL, USA, 22 Aug 1 983. Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Reinforced Concrete, Materials Testing, Dynamic Loads, Mechanical Vibrations, ERDA/ 420500. The paper describes dynamic tests on small shear wall structures. The purpose of the tests was to obtain in- formation on the behavior of reinforced concrete struc- tures loaded into their nonlinear range. The small shear wall structures were subjected to classical sine- sweep vibration tests and to generated earthquake records. The results indicate that sine-sweep tests on degrading structures do not yield useful results be- cause of fatigue effects and because steady-state mo- tions cannot be achieved; however, the earthquake tests did yield useful information. From the earthquake tests results, responses were obtained that were plot- ted on computed linear and nonlinear non-dimensiona- lized response spectra. For loading within the linear range, the data indicate that the equivalent viscous damping for the test structures is about 12.5%. The test results also indicate that, in general, manipulation of the viscous damping coefficient cannot be used to predict nonlinear behavior. The more significant obser- vation was that the effective stiffness of the shear wall structures, as determined from the dynamic tests, was only about 1/5 to 1/7 of the stiffness calculated using standard calculation methods. (ERA citation 08:041947) DE83007739/GAA MF A01 Argonne National Lab., IL. Argonne Energy Model - Portugal. F. R. Wyant, and C. M. Macal. 4 Apr 81, 81 p DOE/ NBM-3007739 Contract W-31-109-ENG-38 Microfiche only, copy does not permit paper copy re- production. Microfiche copies only. Keywords: 'Portugal, 'South Korea, 'Energy manage- ment, Government policies, Cost benefit analysis, Energy models, Developing countries, Economic impact, Economic development, Energy conservation, ERDA/290100, ERDA/290200. The Argonne Energy Models (AEMS) for Portugal and Korea were constructed to analyze the economic im- pacts of various conditions and policies that could alter the energy-sector outlook in Portugal and Korea. Some preliminary conclusions from this energy-model- ing exercise for Portugal are presented. Individual sec- tions provide a brief description of the model method- ology; a discussion of key data inputs to the model; an analysis of reference case results, a comparison of other economic growth, energy price, and government policy cases; and a summary. (ERA citation 08:023692) DE83008178/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Energetic and Environmental Aspects of Utilizing Crop and Forest Residues for Biomass Energy. Final Report. D. Pimentel, S. Fast, D. Gallahan, and M. A. Moran. Feb 83, 119p DOE/ER/60002-1 Contract AC02-81 ER60002 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Wood wastes, 'Agricultural wastes, Re- source potential, 'Biomass, Yields, Harvesting, Land use, Availability, Nutrients, Terrestrial ecosystems, Erosion, Combustion, Ethanol, ERDA/140504, ERDA/ 299003. Crop and forest residues are essential to protect the soil from erosion and rapid water runoff and to main- tain soil organic matter and nutrients. Only an estimat- ed 20% of the total residues remaining after harvest can be utilized for conversion because of environmen- tal limitations and the impracticality of harvesting resi- dues on some lands. The residues available for bio- mass energy could produce a maximum amount of gross energy equal to either 232 million barrels of high- grade liquid fuel (about 6% of current US oil consump- tion), 5% of the electrical energy, or 1.5% of total US energy if residues were used as heat (steam). The net yields of energy from the residues, however, would range from only 10 to 50% of the gross because of the large energy inputs for harvesting, hauling, nutrient re- placement, and processing. Although these potential contributions to US energy needs are relatively small, it is renewable energy (assuming no environmental deg- radation) and therefore has some long-term value to the nation's energy program. (ERA citation 08:019987) DE83008249/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Iowa Univ., Iowa City. Div. of Energy Engineering. Vacuum Distillation of Fuel Alcohol Using Solar Energy. Final Report. M. L Holden, and T. F. Smith. 30 Nov 82, 117p DOE/ID/12341-T1 Contract FG07-81ID12341 Keywords: 'Alcohols, 'Solar energy, 'Fuels, 'Ethanol, Solar distillation, Pilot plants, Control systems, Data acquisition systems, Flow rate, Construction, Oper- ation, Calibration, Solar collectors, Thermal energy storage equipment, Vacuum distillation, ERDA/ 140909, ERDA/140504, ERDA/090222. Solar assisted distillation of ethanol fuel is examined by building, calibrating, and operating a pilot plant. First, the pilot plant was desingned and built with the components of solar collector, thermal energy storage tank, distillation unit, and data acquisition and control systems. Next, the instruments and control loops were calibrated to ensure accurate and repeatable meas- urements. Finally, experiments using solar energy and electric energy determined technical performance and feasibility of solar assisted distillation. Experiments de- termined representative temperatures, pressures, flow rates, and product composition. Comparison of solar and electric energy experiments determined the effect of solar energy varying over the period of one day and effects due to passing clouds. Experimental results in- dicate solar assisted distillation of ethanol fuel is tech- nically feasible. (ERA citation 08:020088) DE83008728/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN. Technical In- formation Center. Information for Technology Innovation. Summary Paper. C. E. Stuber. 20 Jan 81, 14p DOE/TIC-3008728 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Information sources, Reviews, Research programs, Inventions, Productivity, Management, ERDA/990300, ERDA/ 290500. Research and development are integral parts of the innovation process, but they make no economic contri- bution unless the knowledge generated is integrated into the production process or manifested in a new or improved product that is sold on the market. Success- ful innovation depends in a large part on the effective integration of market and technical information by the innovating organization. Various Congressional and Executive actions have been taken in the last few years to enhance technology transfer and information transfer to assist in the process. The DOE Technical Information Center has the following ongoing pro- grams to promote innovation through increased infor- mation availability: (1) a technology-transfer program to announce information, devices, or processes with potential application in industry; (2) bilateral and multi- lateral information-exchange agreements to acquisi- tion the international energy-related information; (3) a computerized Technical Information Management System to ensure proper and timely reporting of DOE- sponsored R and D information; (4) a computerized Research in Progress retrieval system containing infor- mation about DOE ongoing research projects; (5) a computerized Energy Data Base retrieval system con- taining information on all foreign and domestic energy- related R and D; and (6) a series of publications to an- nounce all energy-related R and D information. Also the Office of Energy Research, DOE Headquarters, is coordinating the technology transfer program of the DOE Federal Laboratories. (ERA citation 08:025284) DE83009591/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Argonne National Lab., IL. Fine Particles and Precipitation: Some Case Stud- ies. S. A. Johnson, D. L. Sisterson, and R. Kumar. 1983, 5p CONF-830438-1 Contract W-31-109-ENG-38 American Association for Aerosol Research annual meeting, College Park, MD, USA, 18 Apr 1983. Keywords: 'Aerosols, Aerosol Monitoring, Particle Size, Atmospheric Precipitations, Ammonium Sulfates, Chemical Composition, Precipitation Scavenging, Ad- vection, Absorption Spectroscopy, ERDA/500200. The chemical composition and mass loading of atmos- pheric fine-particle aerosols were examined, before, during, and after 25 individual precipitation events during a 12-month period. The sub-micrometer (0.3 to 1.0 mu m) aerosol particles were collected using a modified Lundgren cascade impactor, and analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectros- copy. In several cases where the precipitation was not accompanied by a frontal passage or other means of air mass change, two types of fine-particle aerosol be- havior were observed. In one, the concentration of aer- osol particles was reduced during the rain, but the con- centration recovered quickly after the event. In the other, the aerosol particle concentrations increased during or after the rain, so that the precipitation event was an apparent source of particles in the 0.3 to 1 .0 mu m size range. The chemical composition of the aer- osol particles was also affected by the precipitation, leading to changes in the ammonium sulfate content of the aerosols, which changes were not always similar to the changes in the particles' mass loading. The mete- orology associated with each precipitation event was examined in detail to determine the factors responsi- ble for the observed behavior of the aerosol particles. The first type of behavior, a decrease in aerosol mass loading during the precipitation but recovery after- wards, is illustrated. The decrease could be attributed to the precipitation scavenging the particles locally; the subsequent recovery was caused by advection of other portions of the same air mass to the sampling location. The second type of behavior, an increase in the particle concentrations during or after the precipi- tation, is shown. An example of a decrease in ammoni- um sulfate in the particles simultaneous with an in- crease in the particle mass loading is shown. (ERA ci- tation 08:030333) 77 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS DE83009665/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Merix Corp., Babson Park, MA. Low-Energy Route for Alcohol/Gasohol Recovery from Fermentor Beer. Final Report. T. W. Mix. Mar 82, 40p DOE/ID/12321-T1 Contract FG07-81ID12321 Keywords: *Ethanol, *Alcohols, *Gasohol, Solvent Ex- traction, Fermentation, Solvent Properties, Distillation, Distillation Equipment, ERDA/140504, ERDA/ 090222. The production of gasohol directly from fermentor beer and gasoline is feasible and will enable a major reduc- tion in the energy requirements for gasohol production. The fermentor beer is first enriched in a beer still to a 69 mol % ethanol, 31 mol % water product which is then dehydrated by extractive distillation with gasoline as the extractive agent. Gasohol is produced directly. In one version of the process, a heavy cut of gasoline, presumed available at a refinery before blending in of light components, is used as the extractive agent. The enriching column overhead vapors are used to reboil the extractive distillation and steam stripping columns and to contribute to the preheating of the fermentor beer feed. Light components are blended into the heavy cut-ethanol bottom product from the extractive distillation column to form the desired gasohol. Energy requirements, including feed preheat, are 1 1 ,000 Btu per gallon of ethanol in the product gasohol. One hun- dred and fifty pound steam is required. In a second version, full range gasoline is used as the extractive agent. The enriching column overhead vapors are again used to reboil the extractive distillation and steam stripping columns and to contribute to the pre- heating of the fermentor beer feed. Light gasoline components recovered from the decanter following the overhead condenser of the extractive distillation column are blended in with the gasoline-ethanol prod- uct leaving the bottom of the extractive distillation column to form the desired gasohol. Energy require- ments in this case are 13,000 Btu/gallon of ethanol in the product gasohol. In both of the above cases it is energy-conservative and desirable from a process standpoint to feed the enriched alcohol to the extrac- tive distillation column as a liquid rather than as a vapor. (ERA citation 08:025845) DE83009725/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Bend Research, Inc., OR. Countercurrent Reverse Osmosis for Ethanol- Water Separation. Final Report, August 7, 1981-No- vember6, 1982. E. K. L Lee, W. C. Babcock, and P. A. Bresnahan. Mar 83, 66p DOE/ID/12320-T1 Contract FG07-81ID1 2320 Keywords: 'Ethanol, Osmosis, Separation Processes, Membranes, Water, ERDA/140504, ERDA/090222. The objective of this program was to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of producing con- centrated ethanol from dilute feedstocks using a mem- brane process called countercurrent reverse osmosis (CCRO). A number of commerical membranes pre- pared in our laboratory for their suitability for CCRO application were evaluated. Included were some of the best RO membranes currently available for desalina- tion. In all cases the membranes exhibited decreasing ethanol-water selectivities with increasing ethanol concentration in the feed stream, becoming essentially non-selective toward a 50- to 60-vol % ethanol feed. Thus, it appears that even with state-of-the-art mem- branes, concentration of ethanol above 50 vol % is not possible. It was also observed various degrees of deg- radation among the membranes. To test the feasibility of using CCRO to reduce osmotic pressure across the membranes, experiments were performed in which ethanol solutions were introduced on the permeate side of the membrane. In only one membrane (devel- oped at Bend Research and designated 3N8) was a large effect observed, the results obtained with 3N8 membranes were used as the basis for projecting the performance of the CCRO process. An economic anal- ysis of CCRO was conducted, including a comparison of the economics of CCRO with distillation. The results of this analysis suggest that CCRO is more energy-effi- cient than distillation for a given product concentration and output rate, but that it involves higher capital equipment costs. (ERA citation 08:025844) DE83010221/GAA ESG, Inc., Atlanta, GA. PC A04/MF A01 Project Status Report on Field Research Tasks and Technical Services, December 1, 1982-Febru- ary 28, 1983. Mar 83, 69p DOE/CH/10122-13 Contract AC02-82CH10122 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: *Solar water heating, 'Research and de- velopment, 'Solar heating systems, '3uildings, Resi- dential Buildings, Design, Performance Testing, Com- mercial Buildings, Industrial Plants, Computerized Sim- ulation, Biomass Conversion Plants, Technology Transfer, Surveys, ERDA/ 140901, ERDA/ 140907, ERDA/140504. Relative to Field Measurement, Analyses, and Report- ing Related to Building Energy Systems and Biomass Projects, sound progress continued on monitoring of 8 priority Class B sites. Attention is being given to initial data analysis, including basic comparison with other field work. Site documentation is being developed while working with the day-to-day instrumentation up- grades and data collection tasks. Major work has been completed on the SLR-Plus analysis tool, including near completion of the algorithm reference manual. Work is continuing on improved techniques for han- dling mass walls with particular attention to cooling load interactions. Analysis of performance results of domestic hot water monitoring program results and major reporting tasks are covered. Technology trans- fer efforts for industry and other special applications was continued to the extent feasible. This work was at a relatively low level of effort. Good progress is being made on Technical Services in Support of Appropriate Technology Program. Twenty-nine additional project files were received at ESG, bringing the total for review to 85. A large percentage of the initial review work has been completed. Seven selected site visits were made, and appropriate telephone monitoring contin- ued. A presentation on project activities was made for a meeting involving state energy office personnel in the region involved. (ERA citation 08:02941 1) DE83010824/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM. Fracture-Toughness Testing of Ductile Cast Irons. R. Salzbrenner, J. A. VanDenAvyle, and T. J. Lutz. 1983, 37p SAND-83-0029C, CONF-830820-1 Contract AC04-76DP00789 16. national symposium on fracture mechanics, Co- lumbus, OH, USA, 1 5 Aug 1 983. Keywords: 'Metals, Fracture Properties, Temperature Dependence, Experimental Data, ERDA/360103. The fracture toughness of ferritic, spheroidal graphite ductile cast iron has been measured by a single speci- men J-integral technique. Two ductile cast irons were investigated; they had similar volume fractions of graphite, graphite nodule sizes, and ferrite grain sizes. One, however, contained approximately 15% pearlite, while the other had less than 1 % pearlite. The alloy with greater pearlite content exhibited higher strength and higher ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Al- though cast irons are generally perceived as being low in toughness, the toughness values measured on fully ferritic nodular iron were quite high (K/sub IC/ = 80 to 106 MPa sqrt m or 73 to 96 ksi sqrt in from -80 to 25 exp C). (ERA citation 08:041 577) DE83011403/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Resources, Recycle, and Substitution. R. G. Wymer. 1982, 33p DOE/NBM-3011403 Contract W-7405-ENG-26 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Metals, 'Minerals, 'Natural resources, Resource Conservation, Developed Countries, Devel- oping Countries, Recycling, Raw Materials, Reserves, ERDA/290400, ERDA/360100. A two-fold strategy appears necessary to ensure that the resource needs of the developed and developing nations are met. First, recycle and substitution must be encouraged in those instances where they do find ap- plication. Although these measures have limited appli- cability, they may be of vital importance in those in- stances where they do apply; in any event, they buy time. Second, practical and economical technologies must be developed to exploit the lower-grade and mar- ginal ores and the oftentimes abundant but highly re- fractory ores, as well as to greatly increase the recov- ery of secondary elements present in the ores - ele- ments whose form and amounts in the ores make them economically unrecoverable by themselves, but which are economically recoverable as by-products. It is often the case that if these elements are not recov- ered during the initial mining and milling operations, they are rendered unrecoverable, in a practical sense, forever. Furthermore, they may even become environ- mental pollutants. Specific examples of recovery from refractory ores, by-product recovery, and recycle are given. Also, some suggestions of substitutes for impor- tant resources are tabulated. (ERA citation 08:031829) DE83011432/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Understanding Cost Growth and Performance Shortfalls in Pioneer Process Plants, E. W. Merrow, K. E. Phillips, and C. W. Myers. 1981, 113p RAND/R-2569-DOE Contract AC01-79PE Keywords: Synthetic fuels industry, 'Industrial plants, 'Fuels, 'Chemical industry, Chemical plants, Demon- stration plants, Commercialization, Forecasting, Per- formance, Energy source development, Energy policy, Synthetic fuels industry. Misestimation of the capital costs and performance of innovative energy process plants and other chemical process facilities creates fundamental problems for government and industry in planning the development and commercialization of such plants. What factors are responsible for inaccurate cost estimates for proc- ess plants. How well do pioneer plants perform and what factors are responsible for poor plant perform- ance. What are the implications of the answers to the above questions for planning by the process industries and DOE. Thirty-four firms in the process industries provided data. Detailed proprietary information on 44 process plants sustained the analysis. Most of the vari- ation found in cost-estimation error can be explained by the extent to which the plant's technology departs from that of prior plants, the degree of definition of the project's site and related characteristics, and the com- plexity of the plant. Most of the variation in plant per- formance is explained by the solid materials. The rou- tinely high performance assumed for pioneer process plants is unrealistic. Over fifty percent of the plants in the sample failed to achieve their production goals in the second six months after start up. DE83012737/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Office of In- dustrial Programs. Energy Conservation and Cost Benefits in the Meat and Poultry Processing Industry. 1983, 24p DOE/TIC-11375 Contract AC06-76RL01830 Keywords: 'Poultry, Fowl, 'Energy Conservation, 'Food Processing, Heat Recovery, Heat Exchangers, Electric Motors, Modifications, Drying, ERDA/320303, ERDA/320304, ERDA/298000, ERDA/291000. Many processes can benefit from the use of heat ex- changers for recovery of waste heat, efficient electric motors, and insulation. Modifications such as combus- tion air control for boilers and efficient compressors for refrigeration systems are also beneficial and widely ap- plicable. Processes unique to the industry can also be modified to save energy. These modifications typically are capital intensive and often have adjunct product income in addition to energy savings that make them economically attractive. Examples of industry-specific technologies include hog skinning, continuous coagu- lation and drying of whole blood, and electrical stimula- tion and hot boning of beef. (ERA citation 08:041433) DE83014336/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Argonne National Lab., IL. Modeling Energy-Sector Issues of Developing and Industrializing Countries. C. M. Macal, and R. R. Cirillo. 1983, 24p CONF- 8304106-1 Contract W-31-109-ENG-38 Joint national meeting of the Operations Research So- ciety of America and the Institute for Management Sci- ence, Chicago, IL, USA, 25 Apr 1983. Keywords: 'Energy, 'Energy source development, Energy Models, Planning, Government Policies, Pric- ing Regulations, Accounting, Simulation, Optimization, Equilibrium, ERDA/290100. 78 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS This paper identifies important energy-planning issues in industrializing and developing countries based on the Argonne experience in energy-planning studies for Egypt, Korea, Portugal, Argentina, and Jamaica. Mod- eling approaches are reviewed for applicability to these issues. (ERA citation 08:046510) DE83014425/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Lindsey Industries, Inc., Azusa, CA. Design and Fabrication of Polymer-Concrete Pipe for Testing in Geothermal-Energy Processes. Final Report. J. E. Schroeder. Jul 81, 68p BNL-33130 Contract AC02-76CH00016 Keywords: *Geothermal energy, 'Pipes, Design, Fabri- cation, Testing, Brines, Mechanical Properties, Service Life, Geothermal Fluids, ERDA/1 50903. Polymer concrete is a composite material which has strength and durability characteristics greatly superior to those of portland cement concrete and better dura- bility in hot brine than steel. Polymer concrete has been successfully tested in brine, flashing brine, and steam at temperatures up to 260 exp C (500 exp F). Exposures were as long as 960 days. Glass-fila- ment-wound polymer concrete pipe was developed with excellent strength, low weight, and a cost compa- rable to or less than Schedule 40 steel. Connections can be made with slip joints for low-pressure applica- tions and flanged joints for high-pressure applications. (ERA citation 08:040566) DE83015398/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Wastes to Resources: Appropriate Technologies for Sewage Treatment and Conversion. S. P. Anderson. Jul 83, 30p DOE/CE/ 15095-2 Contract AC01-82CE 15095 Keywords: *Sewage treatment, *Waste recycling, Waste Processing, *Waste Management, Waste Water, Water Pollution, Ground Disposal, Appropriate Technology, ERDA/320604. Background information is presented on sewage treat- ment in the US and the key issues facing municipal sewage managers. Conventional sewage treatment systems are outlined and alternative and innovation technologies are introduced. Case studies present the experiences of five municipal systems: the technol- ogies involved, the costs, the project problems and subsequent solutions, the energy considerations, and the current status of each project. Some of the lessons learned and future possibilities for the application of appropriate technologies to sewage treatment and conversion are reviewed. Each chapter includes a glossary and abbreviation list, reference sources, and a list of agencies and people who can provide further assistance. (ERA citation 08:049454) DE83016272/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Snyder Associates, Inc., Essex, CT. Design and Construction of a Mobile Biomass Gasifier Close-Coupled to an Engine-Generator Set. 30 Apr 82, 77p DOE/R1/10372-T1 Contract FG41-80R1 10372 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: *Wood, * Biomass, *Gasification, Compara- tive Evaluations, Design, Construction, Feasibility Studies, Economic Analysis, Biomass Conversion Plants, Gas Generators, Packed Bed, Thermal Effi- ciency, Cost, Appropriate Technology, ERDA/090122, ERDA/200102, ERDA/140504. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate hard- ware that can be used in specific power generation ap- plications to reduce the use of liquid petroleum fuels. Objectives that have been met include the following: (1) a fixed-bed, updraft biomass gasifier that is close- coupled to an engine/generator set has been de- signed, constructed and operated; (2) a design ap- proach has been followed that utilizes locally available materials and construction methods; (3) a cost analy- sis has been completed to project the costs of power generated with a 2-kw biomass powered generator set - this power cost has been compared with the cost of power generated in the same engine/generator when the system is operated on gasoline; (4) a technical report, technical drawings and two public articles have been produced to disseminate project results. The cost of electric power derived from gasoline and bio- mass have been estimated to be $1.10 and $2.25/kw- h (1982 dollars) respectively. The author has conclud- ed that small biomass gasifiers close-coupled to engine/generator sets are not cost competitive in the 1981 marketplace. When applied to small-scale elec- tric power generation applications, biomass gasifica- tion is labor intensive, capital intensive, and presents hazards that may require significant product liability costs for the small manufacturer. The low thermal effi- ciency of the internal combustion engine lowers the overall thermal efficiency of the biomass electricity conversion process to 9.9 percent. The resulting system is approximately three times as heavy as a simple engine/generator that is gasoline powered; thus, mobility is restricted. It is recommended that large-scale systems be investigated to determine whether labor and capital costs can be reduced. (ERA citation 08:048772) DE83017866/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Battle (Mark) Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. Development of a Commercialization Strategy and Performance of Special Projects for the Office of Inventions and Small-Scale Technology. Final Report. 27 May 81, 64p DOE/CS/10135-T1 Contract AC01-80CS10135 Keywords: "Energy, "Technology assessment, Anaer- obic Digestion, Commercialization, Efficiency, Energy Demand, Evaluation, Geothermal Energy, Heat Re- covery, Inventions, Manures, Passive Solar Heating Systems, Performance, Program Management, Sur- veys, Waste Heat Utilization, Water Heaters, ERDA/ 299000. In developing evaluation criteria, issues relating to the application of appropriate business and investment techniques were given careful consideration. A discus- sion of specific criteria used and projects selected is presented. The final plan developed for each project is discussed in detail. The national commercialization plan is presented. The DOE regional manager survey is described and the results are summarized. (ERA ci- tation 08:055885) DE83018210/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Drying Wood with the Sun: How to Build a Solar- Heated Firewood Dryer. Aug 83, 26p DOE/CE/ 15095-3 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted. Keywords: *Wood, *Solar Drying, *Solar heating sys- tems, Construction, ERDA/ 140909, ERDA/299001. Construction details are given for a solar-heated fire- wood dryer along with some helpful hints for the wood burner. Appendices list DOE Appropriate Technology small grants related to wood drying and wood burning. (ERA citation 08:053801) DE83900279/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Zaininger Engineering Co., San Jose, CA. Benefits to Utility Systems of Coproduction of Methanol and Electricity. Final Report. H. W. Zaininger, and D. J. Bell. Sep 82, 66p EPRI- AP-2587 Keywords: "Methanol, "Industrial plants, "Electric power, "Coal, Production, Coal gasification, Economic analysis, Petroleum, Boiler fuels, Power generation, Optimization, Capacity, Cost, Electric utilities, ERDA/ 200102, ERDA/090220. Electric utilities have a continuing need for clean liquid fuels for electric power generation in the near and in- termediate term. One potential alternative to petrole- um oil is methanol produced by adding a once-through methanol synthesis to coal gasification-combined cycle plants. An initial assessment of the potential benefits of installing methanol and electricity copro- duction units was performed in this study. The project results indicate substantial potential savings to sys- tems using relatively large quantities of oil-fired gen- eration by adding once-through methanol synthesis to coal gasification-combined cycle units. Although po- tential savings are less for utility systems using a large percentage of coal-fired generation, total capital re- quirements for expanding such systems could be re- duced, even though capital must be spent for the methanol producing facilities. (ERA citation 08:000526) DE83900801/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Ml. Demonstration of Solar-Energy Conversion of Ag- ricultural or Industrial Wastes to Fuels. Final Report. J. A. Morris, D. J. Milligan, J. A. Quick, Jr., and G. W. Mann. Aug 79, 113p TENRAC/EDF-017 Keywords: "Algae, Production, Harvesting, Fermenta- tion, Pilot plants, Methane, Ethanol, Nitrogen, Phos- phorus, Bioassay, Nutrients, Productivity, Salinity, Pes- ticides, Water quality, Saccharose, Anaerobic diges- tion, ERDA/140504, ERDA/090122, ERDA/090222. The investigation reported was to evaluate the poten- tial of using marine algae in the production of renew- able energy, to investigate the technical feasibility of such a system, and to identify the problems that must be resolved for the process to be successful. Tech- niques for producing algae biomass were conducted in 750-gallon outdoor pools and in a one-acre pilot plant. Algae produced from the one-acre pilot plant was used to evaluate various harvesting techniques. Both algae harvested from the pilot plant and from the smaller ex- perimental pools were used for conversion studies in laboratory-sized anaerobic fermenters. (ERA citation 08:012099) DE83900814/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Center for Energy and Mineral Resources. On-Site Energy Production from Agricultural Resi- dues. Final Report. E. A. Hiler. Apr 82, 83p TENRAC/EDF-074 Keywords: "Energy source development, "Agricultural wastes, "Gasification, Cotton, Sorghum, Maize, Rice, Calorific value, Fluidized bed, ERDA/140504, ERDA/ 090122, ERDA/299003. Gasification experiments were carried out in a 51 mm diameter fluidized bed using cotton gin trash, sorghum stalks, corn cobs and rice hulls as feedstocks. Differ- ences exist in the gas composition and heating value produced by these feedstocks, but each can be used satisfactorily in a fluidized-bed gasifier. The predomi- nant products of gasification suitable for combustion are carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane. Pre- ferred operating conditions are 760 exp C at atmos- pheric pressure. The quality of gas produced at these conditions is primarily a function of the fuel-to-air ratio. Typical heating values of gases produced by gasifica- tion are: cotton gin trash-6.26 MJ/m exp 3 , sorghum stanks-7.74 MJ/m exp 3 , rice hulls-9.71 MJ/m exp 3 , and corn cobs-8.22 MJ/m exp 3 . Particulate removal from the low energy gas produced by a 30 cm diameter fluidized bed was evaluated using a two-stage cyclone. (ERA citation 08:012104) DE83900875/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Ethanol Production in Small- to Medium-Size Facili- ties. Final Report. E. A. Hiler, C. G. Coble, and H. P. O'Neal. Apr 82, 152pTENRAC/EDF-066 Keywords: "Ethanol, "Industrial plants, Design, Test- ing, Field tests, Energy efficiency, Maize, Sorghum, Sugar cane, Energy balance, ERDA/140504, ERDA/ 090222. In early 1980 system design criteria were developed for a small-scale ethanol production plant. The plant was eventually acquired from Coulter Copper and Brass Company in Toronto and was installed on No- vember 1, 1980. It has a production capacity of 30 liters per hour; this can be increased easily (if desired) to 60 liters per hour with additional fermentation tanks. Sixty-six test runs have been conducted to date in the alcohol production facility. Feedstocks evaluated in these tests include: corn (28 runs); grain sorghum (33 runs); grain sorghum grits (1 run); half corn/half sor- ghum (1 run); and sugarcane juice (3 runs). In addition, a small bench-scale fermentation and distillation system has been used to evaluate sugarcane and sweet sorghum feedstocks prior to their evaluation in 79 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS the larger unit. In each of these tests, evaluation of the following items was conducted: preprocessing require- ments; operational problems; conversion efficient/ (for example, liters of alcohol produced per kilogram of feedstock); energy balance and efficiency; nutritional recovery from stillage; solids separation by screw press; chemical characterization of stillage including liquid and solids fractions; wastewater requirements; and air pollution potential. (ERA citation 08:01 21 03) DE83900881/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX. Cottonseed Oil as a Diesel-Engine Fuel. Final Report. H. E. Staph, and J. J. Staudt. 31 Jul 82, 97p TENRAC/EDF-070-Pt.1 Keywords: 'Diesel engines, 'Oilseed crops, 'Fuels, Fuel substitution, Diesel fuels, Performance, Econom- ics, Cost, Mixtures, Testing, ERDA/330800, ERDA/ 330102. If diesel fuel becomes unavailable for any reason, can diesel powered farm equipment function on alternate fuels from energy crops that are available on the farm. This project sought to gain some insight into this ques- tion through the use of once-refined cottonseed oil as fuel in a typical unmodified agricultural diesel engine. The engine used for test was an International Harvest- er Model DT-436B 6 cylinder, inline, direct injection, turbocharged engine of approximately 175 brake horsepower at 2500 rpm. The engine was run on a sta- tionary stand using blends of reference diesel fuel (DF- 2), once-refined cottonseed oil (CSO), and transesteri- fied cottonseed oil (ESCO). The latter is cottonseed oil which has been processed to give a methyl ester in- stead of a glyceride. The volume percent blends of fuels used in the tests ranged from 100% DF-2, to 20/ 80 DF-2/CSO, 50/50 DF-2/ESCO, 50/50 CSO/ ESCO, and 100% ESCO. The test procedures and re- sults are presented in this volume. The results suggest that ESCO would probably be a satisfactory substitute for diesel fuel, but more testing is required. None of the fuels tested is a cost effective alternative to diesel fuels. ESCO presently costs four to five times as much as commercial diesel fuel. (ERA citation 08:012656) DE84000232/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Brevard Community Coll., Cocoa, FL. Energy and Energy Conservation Workshop for High School Facul- ty- Module Four: Building Construction. 1980, 42p DOE/IR/10037-T3 Contract FG05-79IR10037 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Energy Conservation, Air Flow, Building Materials, 'Construction, Curriculum Guides, Ducts, Educational Tools, Glass, Orientation, Size, Thermal Insulation, Training, Walls, Windows, ERDA/ 320900, ERDA/3201 00. The following are included: information on materials and sizing of ductwork, selection of insulation, includ- ing duct insulation, attic and wall insulation, weather- stripping, window placement and selection of glass, door locations, building orientation, and selection of surface treatments for reflection or absorption. (ERA citation 08:055930) DE84000261/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Fielder (Mary V.), Gainesville, FL. High-Efficiency Cooking Utensil for Use on Elec- tric Stoves. Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program. Final Report. M. V. Fielder. May 81, 58p DOE/R4/10102-T1 Contract FG44-80R410102 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Burners, 'Containers, Design, 'Food, Stoves, Testing, Thermal efficiency, ERDA/3201 01. Design criteria were developed for an energy efficient pan. The criteria included: fabrication from a metal that not only is high in heat transfer, but that also has high heat retention; be shaped to surround and fit the standard burner element well; and have a well fitting lid. Such a pan was designed, and three prototypes were constructed. All three prototypes met the above criteria. The prototypes were tested by a consulting firm, and one of the prototypes performed more effi- ciently on every test than any of the tested commercial cookware. (ERA citation 09:000679) DE84000283/GAA PC A02/MF A01 John C. Campbell Folk School, Brasstown, NC. Two-Story Solar Greenhouse. Final Quarterly Report (Appropriate Technology) for Period Ending March 31, 1980. 1980, 10p DOE/R4/10147-T1 Contract FG44-80R410147 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Greenhouses, Fuel consumption, Per- formance, 'Tomatoes, Trees, ERDA/ 140901. Over the winter of 1981-82, greenhouse was able to sustain plant life without any additional heat. Both eat- able and noneatable plants were maintained. Quantity of production was not able to be calculated due to change of personnel responsibilities. Greenhouse is well designed for both winter and summer operation. Surrounded by deciduous trees, greenhouse does not overheat in the summer (in fact, more direct sunlight would probably be beneficial). Winter heating can exceed 90 exp F. Although not scientifically accu- rate, the oil consumption for the heating of Keith House was reduced an estimated 2000 gallons (or 28%). It is impossible to credit the greenhouse with this reduction totally, since storm windows were added to the building. We are satisfied with the greenhouse both with regard to its production and energy saving capacity. (ERA citation 09:000384) DE84000371/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Mountain Community Workshop, Berea, KY. Waste Not - Want Not. DOE Appropriate Technolo- gy Small Grants Program. 1981, 77p DOE/R4/10084-T1 Contract FG44-80R4 10084 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Waste recycling, Bibliographies, Commu- nities, Kentucky, Planning, Recycling, Surveys, ERDA/ 320604. The work reported was to look at various alternatives for local solid waste management and develop an im- plementation strategy for a resource conservation and recovery plan for the community of Berea, Kentucky. A library on recycling and conservation of resources was compiled, and state and local plans were examined. To get a better understanding of how the community would respond to a waste reduction and recycling pro- gram, a series of surveys was conducted. A community recycling project plan is proposed. (ERA citation 08:057284) DE84000374/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Environmental Alternatives, Inc., Louisville, KY. Urban Alternative Homestead. 1981, 11p DOE/R4/10089-T1 Contract FG44-80R4 10089 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Houses, Composting, 'Energy conserva- tion, Fireplaces, Food processing, Solar cooling sys- tems, Solar space heating, Storm doors, Storm win- dows, Thermal insulation, Toilets, ERDA/3201 01, ERDA/140901. The energy-efficient model home was completed. Work was done on the inside of the house to insulate and finish the walls, build displays on insulation, fire- places and wood heat, and educational signs depicting the workings of a building designed with active and passive solar heating and cooling. The grant made possible the installation of a Clivus Multrum compost- ing toilet with food trap, also, and educational materi- als on the workings of the clivus. It made possible dis- plays on window treatments, storm windows and doors, and installation of donated kitchen cabinets and appliances, as well as a donated furnace and duct- work. These items have made it possible to have the demonstration house open five days per week for over two years, with literally thousands of school classes, as well as adult classes taking tours at least three days per week. Literally thousands of persons have taken tours of the house where reams of educational hand- outs are available, and over fifty conservation work- shops have been held in two years. Without the finish- ing touches on conservation provided by this grant, these thousands of persons would have missed this opportunity to learn about energy conservation. (ERA citation 08:057256) DE84000381/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Nuttle (David A.), Raleigh, NC. Innovative Conservation Housing. Final Progress Report. D. A. Nuttle. 1983, 38p DOE/R4/10493-T1 Contract FG44-81R410493 Keywords: 'Algae, 'Houses, 'Waste water, Compost- ing, Cultivation, Curtains, Design, Passive solar heat- ing systems, Recycling, Supports, Thermal mass, ERDA/140901, ERDA/320101. A new passive solar thermal storage brick was devel- oped and tested. A new insulating curtain concept was developed to assist in passive solar heating and cool- ing. A steel truss was designed to replace the wood truss in solar attic applications where the wood truss typically suffers some 50% loss of structural strength. Improvements were made of the dry composting toilet and grey water recycling for homes. An algae cultiva- tion system was created for production of food, feed, fertilizer, or biomass as needed for home, farm, or in- dustry. New concepts were explored in the areas of economy shelter, solar hot water heating, home gen- eration of electricity, edible landscapes and other home food production, growing of fiber crops for cot- tage industry, storage, insulation, solar cooking, and solar refrigeration. (ERA citation 09:000409) DE84000382/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Peckworth (Ralph H.), Charlotte, NC. Solar Greenhouse and Warm Room with a Spiral Piping System for Hot Water and a Low-Cost Building-Construction Method. Final Report. R. H. Peckworth. 1983, 15p DOE/R4/10504-T1 Contract FG44-81R410504 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Greenhouses, 'Buildings, Attached greenhouses, 'Energy conservation, Recy- cling, Solar collectors, Solar space heating, Waste product utilization, ERDA/320100, ERDA/140901, ERDA/141000. This project involved the construction of two small buildings, each mounted on skids, so that, if desired, they could be moved to various sites to demonstrate the following energy proposals: the use of a combina- tion greenhouse and warm room as an addition to an older house for an economical heating solution; the use of PB (polybutylene) black flexible pipe as a solar water heating collector housed in the above solar area; and the use of COST FREE BUILDING BLOCKS made from readily available recycled waste material, namely empty steel and tin cans, repacked in used corrugated cartons. These blocks, laid up into a wall, using glue instead of mortar, make an excellent core wall that can later be covered with protective surfacing, perhaps a rigid foam plastic surface. (ERA citation 09:000705) DE84000389/GAA PC A02/MF A01 North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Dept. of Me- chanical and Aerospace Engineering. NCSU (North Carolina State University) Solar Energy and Conservation House. Final Report. Oct 81, 19p DOE/R4/10141-T1 Contract FG44-80R410141 Keywords: 'Houses, Attached greenhouses, 'Energy conservation, Performance testing, Rock beds, Solar space heating, Solar water heating, Trombe walls, ERDA/140901. A passive solar energy house has been built adjacent to the NCSU McKimmon Continuing Education Center. The house contains a two-story embedded sunspace, two Trombe walls, active solar hot water heating, ther- mal storage in a rock filled ceiling/floor, and numerous research treatments, and energy conservation fea- tures. (See attached photo brochure; Appendix 1). The house is completely decorated and furnished in an at- tractive manner and the exterior architecture is tradi- tional and has broad consumer appeal. It is also thor- oughly instrumented to monitor performance. The house is open to the public on weekends and numer- ous people come to visit on their own initiative and others take advantage of the close proximity to McKimmon while there attending conferences. The house will influence and motivate large numbers of people to consider solar and energy conservation facets in their homes and will provide data to substanti- ate performance to prospective home buyers and 80 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS meaningful data on design and construction for build- ers. (ERA citation 08:057082) DE84000395/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Rehder (John B.), Knoxville, TN. Designs and Applications for Floating-Hydro Power Systems in Small Streams. J. B. Rehder. 1 Jan 83, 45p DOE/R4/10415-T1 Contract FG44-81R410415 Keywords: * Hydroelectric power, 'Plant layout, 'In- dustrial plants, 'Turbines, Bibliographies, Design, Re- views, Uses, ERDA/ 130700. The project focuses on an appropriate technology for small-scale hydro power: floating waterwheels and tur- bines. For background, relic and existing systems such as early floating mills, traditional Amish waterwheels, and micro-hydro systems are examined. In the design phase of the project, new designs for Floating Hydro Power Systems include: an analysis of floatation mate- rials and systems; a floating undershot waterwheel design; a floating cylinder (fiberglass storage tank) design; a submerged tube design; and a design for a floating platform with submerged propellers. Finally, in the applications phase, stream flow data from East Tennessee streams are used in a discussion of the po- tential applications of floating hydro power systems in small streams. (ERA citation 08:057040) DE84000429/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Buckhorn Children's Center, KY. Construction and Installation of Low-Cost Energy- Conservation Devices on Existing Residential Structures. Final Report. 1983, 31p DOE/R4/10491-T1 Contract FG44-81R4 10491 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Houses, 'Energy Conser- vation, 'Greenhouses, Heat Storage, Passive Solar Heating Systems, Retrofitting, Shading, Shutters, Solar Water Heaters, Thermal Insulation, Windows, ERDA/3201 01 , ERDA/1 40901 , ERDA/ 1 40907. Through the Neighborhood Housing Services, Incor- porated of Charlotte, a series of hands-on workshops and a demonstration site was provided to enable resi- dents of the Plaza-Midwood Neighborhood to build and install a variety of low-cost, durable, small scale, energy conservation systems. This experimental ap- proach enabled homeowners to apply specific tech- nologies to their own homes. These cost effective measures were designed to encourage both self reli- ance and the use of renewable resources. The week- end projects included protected entry, numerous moveable window insulation devices, solar air collec- tor/greenhouse, window greenhouse and water stor- age tubes. The building used for retrofit was the office for the Neighborhood Housing Services (NHS), a non- profit corporation formed to help revitalize residential structures and maintain the economic, racial, and social character of existing neighborhoods. The par- ticular neighborhood involved was Plaza-Midwood and covers approximately a 2 square mile area. The neigh- borhood housing stock is of the 1910 to 1940 variety with the predominate architectual style being bunga- low frame, having 1 000 to 1 900 square feet in area. The neighborhood is a racially integrated one, with about 70% of the residents being homeowners. An es- timated 1700 housing units are in this area. The NHS office presently serves as a resource center for area residents who need loans and/or construction assist- ance. Providing a continuing educational program is a function of this organization. The Grant provided a sig- nificant contribution as a resource for energy conser- vation mined residents. A resource room displaying procedures and diagrams for the various projects in this proposal was established. Additional resource lit- erature was provided and used by local residents. (ERA citation 09:000704) DE84000492/GAA PC A11/MF A01 EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls. Risk-Management Guide. G. J. Briscoe. Sep 82, 226p DOE/SSDC-76-45/11- Rev.1, SSDC-11-Rev.1 Contract AC07-76ID01570 Keywords: 'Safety, 'Occupational safety and health, Data analysis, Occupational safety, ERDA/570000. The role of risk assessment is to provide the neces- sary information to make decisions regarding the cost effective commitment of resources to accident preven- tion and reduction. Risk assessment can also be used to determine if a proposed action is acceptable in those situations where it is impractical to eliminate par- ticular hazards. A limitation in this process is that esti- mates of future losses are necessarily based on prob- abilities, statistics, and even subjective judgment; and therefore can never be precise. The decision to allo- cate resources, thus, is always made in the face of un- certainty. The purpose of risk analysis is to reduce that uncertainty as much as practical by providing a frame- work for the incorporation of all available information regarding the costs and risks of various alternatives. This guide provides some methods for analyzing and presenting this data to management. (ERA citation 09:001362) DE84000495/GAA PC A03/MF A01 EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls. Work Process Control Guide. M. G. Bullock. Apr 79, 50p DOE/SSDC-76-45/15, SSDC-15 Contract AC07-76ID01570 Keywords: 'Safety, Work, Management, 'Occupation- al safety and health, Systems analysis, ERDA/ 990100, ERDA/570000. This guide identifies the elements necessary in the de- velopment and evaluation of the ingredients that make up the work process. It defines the interrelationships between people, plant, and procedures. Also, it pro- vides managers, supervisors, and safety specialists with concepts, information, and techniques to use in establishing and maintaining adequate worksite con- trol. The analytical tree is designed to set down, in a logical manner, factors which need consideration in a work process system. The tree is to be used in the conventional manner when analyzing an existing system. That is, one considers each element of the tree and makes judgments as to whether the element under consideration is adequate or less than adequate in maintaining adequate worksite control. (ERA citation 09:001719) DE84000503/GAA PC A04/MF A01 EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls. Effective Safety Review. J. R. Buys. Sep 82, 55p DOE/SSDC-76-45/25, SSDC-25 Contract AC07-76ID01570 Keywords: 'Occupational safety and health, 'Safety, Management, Personnel, Recommendations, ERDA/ 570000. Effective safety review is a key ingredient of a high- quality safety-assurance and loss-control program. It can be performed by independent reviewers or by monitored self-reviewers, acting in accordance with established criteria. It can be accomplished by individ- ual reviewers or by established criteria. It can be ac- complished by individual reviewers or by a review board, whichever best fits the review task. Reviewers, in either case, must be carefully selected on the basis of their managerial, technical, or review process capa- bilities and capabilities balance; their objectivity and in- dependence; and their motivation to do the review task. Properly selected reviewers must be provided with appropriate review criteria in order to properly evaluate review inputs, carry out review activities, and arrive at meaningful, objective, reproducible findings, conclusions, and recommendations. The basic charac- teristics that reviewers and review criteria, inputs, ac- tivities and outputs must possess have been identified in this monograph and are common to all review types. (ERA citation 09:001 373) DE8400081 1/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Georgia Univ., Athens. Drying Grain Using Crop Residence as a Fuel Source. Final Technical Report. C. Hammond. Aug 82, 14p DOE/R4/10125-T1 Contract FG44-80R410125 Keywords: 'Waste recycling, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Crops, Boiler fuels, Calorific value, Combustion, Cotton, Dryers, 'Drying, Experimental data, Heat ex- changers, Maize, Refuse-fueled boilers, Temperature measurement, Waste product utilization, ERDA/ 090400, ERDA/140504, ERDA/320301. An indirectly-fired biomass fueled furnace was evaluat- ed to determine the feasibility of drying grain using crop residues as a fuel source. The furnace efficiency and total heat delivery were determined. Funds for this project were provided by the Department of Energy through an appropriate technology grant. Stalks and residue were harvested in large round bales using con- ventional hay-handling equipment available on most farms. Calorimeter tests were made to determine the heat content available in various residues prior to com- bustion in the Stormor Bio Mass Heat System. This al- lowed total efficiency measurements by comparing total heat available and total heat delivered to the grain dryer. For example, a bale of cotton stalks returned over 60 percent of the useable heat for an efficiency of 63.7 percent. Other residues such as corn stalks gave slightly lower efficiency but clearly showed that ade- quate heat could be obtained to dry grain using heated air and no petroleum fuels. The air from the furnace went through an air-to-air heat exchanger to prevent contamination of the grain from smoke and combus- tion by-products. Although reducing efficiency some- what, the heat exchanger allows grain or other materi- als such as peanuts to be dried for human consump- tion. Some evidence of overheating of the firebox doors was observed which led to some warping of the doors. This warping subsequently made temperature control more difficult, since the air supply and burn rate are directly related. Air temperatures of up to 1 60 exp F were measured. The results show that biomass com- bustion as a fuel source to dry grain is possible with fuel savings of about ten cents per bushel at current fuel prices. Thus, the cost of the biomass burner could be recovered in drying some 70,000 bushels of grain. 5 figures, 5 tables. (ERA citation 08:057034) DE84000837/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH. Relationship of DNA Repair Processes to Muta- genesis and Carcinogenesis in Mammalian Cells. Three-Year Report, February 1, 1981 -September 30 1983 H.H. Evans. 30 Sep 83, 27p DOE/EV/04472-T3 Contract AC02-77EV04472 Keywords: 'Health, Animal cells, Biological repair, Car- cinogenesis, Dose rates, EMS, Genetic control, Gua- nine, Herpes simplex, Liquid column chromatography, Mammals, Mutagenesis, Nitrosamines, Strand breaks, Tracer techniques, Tritium Compounds, X Radiation, ERDA/560151, ERDA/560306, ERDA/550201. Mutant strains were selected which are deficient in various DNA repair pathways and these were studied with regard to (1 ) the nature of the defect in repair, and (2) the mutability and transformability of the defective cells by various agents as compared to the wild type parental cells. Lightly mutagenized wild-type cells were infected with irradiated herpes simplex virus (HSV). Cells which repair HSV are lysed so the surviving pop- ulation is enriched in repair-deficient cells. Six strains which survived two rounds of infection were character- ized with respect to their radiosensitivity. (ERA citation 09:003386) DE84000925/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Florida Univ., Gainesville. Biomass-Energized Crop Drier. L N. Shaw, D. M. Post, and K. M. Eoff. 1982, 6p CONF-821 257-1 Contract FG44-80R410299 American Society of Agricultural Engineers winter meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, 14 Dec 1982. Keywords: 'Crops, 'Wood wastes, Design, 'Drying, 'Biomass, Fuel substitution, Gasification, Internal combustion engines, Performance, Testing, 'Waste heat utilization, ERDA/090122, ERDA/140504, ERDA/320304. Crop drying is one of the most energy-intensive agri- cultural operations. The concept of a totally self-con- tained crop drier energized with biomass such as wood chips was proposed. The concept included the use of a gas producer or gasifier to make fuel gas from bio- mass for an internal-combustion engine used to drive the drier fan. Since nearly 75% of the energy going into an internal combustion engine is lost in heat car- ried away in the engine exhaust and the cooling system, it was proposed that most of this energy could be reclaimed if the waste heat from the fan power unit was utilized in heating the drying air. The components of the proposed drier were arranged as shown in 81 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Figure 1 , with the engine and the gasifier along with the gas cleanup equipment mounted in a duct through which the drying air was drawn before the air entered the bin containing the commodity to be dried. It was invisioned that this biomass energized drier would be used to complement solar crop driers because it could function on cloudy days or at night. This unit might also be used in developing countries where LP gas or fuel oil are in short supply and electricity is not readily avail- able. Results of testing are presented. (ERA citation 08:057002) DE84001763/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA. Cytometry of Mammalian Sperm. B. L Gledhill. 11 Oct 83, 18p UCRL-89918, CONF- 8310197-1 Contract W-7405-ENG-48 DOE reproductive toxicology workshop, San Francis- co, CA, USA, 1 2 Oct 1 983. Keywords: * Health, Biological effects, Biological radi- ation effects, Cattle, Chromosomal aberrations, Eval- uation, Genetic effects, Hamsters, Histological tech- niques, Mice, Morphological changes, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Rabbits, X Chromosome, X Radi- ation, Y Chromosome, ERDA/550300, ERDA/5601 52, ERDA/560305. Male germ cells respond dramatically to a variety of insults and are important reproductive dosimeters. Semen analyses are very useful in studies on the ef- fects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental hazards on testicular function, male fertility and heritable germi- nal mutations. The accessibility of male cells makes them well suited for analytical cytology. We might auto- mate the process of determining sperm morphology but should not do so solely for increased speed. Rather, richer tangible benefits will derive from cyto- metric evaluation through increased sensitivity, re- duced subjectivity, standardization between investiga- tors and laboratories, enhanced archival systems, and the benefits of easily exchanged standardized data. In- roads on the standardization of assays for motility and functional integrity are being made. Flow cytometric analysis of total DNA content of individual sperm is an insensitive means to detect exposure to reproductive toxins because of the small size and low frequency of the DNA content errors. Flow cytometry can be ap- plied to determine the proportions of X- and Y-sperm in semen samples. (ERA citation 09:001 290) DE84002515/GAA PC A03/MF A01 EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls. Job Safety Analysis. P. V. Pavlov. Nov 79, 43p DOE/SSDC-76-45/19, SSDC-19 Contract AC07-76ID01570 Keywords: *Safety, 'Occupational safety and health, Systems analysis, ER DA/570000. The concepts and techniques for the development and performance of an effective job safety analysis (JSA) are presented and discussed. The elements of an ana- lytic tree are identified. These elements include man- agement controls, identification of a method for job se- lecting, analysis of the job, incorporation of the JSA into operational systems and monitoring a JSA pro- gram. The contribution of employees based on their experience and knowledge is illustrated. (ERA citation 09:001367) DE84003402/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Diesel Fuel Extenders and Substitutes. W. L. Griffith, and A. L. Compere. 1983, 10p CONF- 830847-7 Contract W-7405-ENG-26 Energy resource management '83, San Francisco, CA, USA, 23 Aug 1983. Keywords: * Fuels, 'Diesel engines, Diesel fuels, *Eth- anol, Fuel substitution, maintenance, Repair, Vegeta- ble oils, ERDA/330800, ERDA/320301, ERDA/ 330102. Several technologies for augmenting fuel oils have been demonstrated. The simplest of these is the direct use of vegetable oils as an extender of diesel fuels. In US tests conducted by the Department of Energy, DOE, in conjunction with International Harvester, IH, a major tractor manufacturer, the use of vegetable oils as a direct diesel fuel replacement or extender in field tractors proved unsatisfactory. The joint DOE-IH tests also covered a number of methods for using ethanol in diesel engines, such as macroemulsions and vaporiza- tion/ventilation. For the most part, diesel fuel augmen- tation with these renewable resource materials was not effective in current equipment. This is important, because equipment, such as tractors, is seldom re- placed and is critical to the quality of the owner's life in a developing country. Repair may be hampered by lo- gistics difficulties. Thus, there is a considerable need to develop and provide appropriate fuel oil augmenta- tion methods to developing countries, so that they can use renewable resource technology to meet their most critical needs. (ERA citation 09:007834) DE84003427/GAA PC A03/MF A01 New Mexico Energy Research and Development Inst., Albuquerque. Solar Kiln Handbook and Workshops. Final Report. A. M. Robbins. 31 Jun 82, 44p DOE/R6/12322-T2 Contract FG46-81R612322 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Wood, Information, Meetings, 'Solar drying, Training, ERDA/1 40905. The DOE Appropriate Technology Small Grants Pro- gram project entitled Solar Kiln Handbook and Work- shops completed three Solar Lumber Kiln workshops and published a text called Solar Lumber Kilns - Design Ideas. In addition, much information was com- plied and shared in conversations with those that oper- ate solar kilns. The project is deemed a success, by the principal investigator, in that attendance goals were met at each of the workshops and many requests for the publication have been received. Audience par- ticipation, interest and enthusiasm was very high. Many compliments have been received concerning the text along with individual requests for obtaining copies. A total of 2250 copies were printed and successfully distributed to the Region Vl's five state energy offices county extension services, forestry centers and other energy related agencies. A copy of this text is attached to this report. (ERA citation 09:007412) DE84003428/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Alamo Navajo School Board, Inc., Magdalena, NM. Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems. Final Report. 1984, 6p DOE/R6/12325-T1 Contract FG46-81R612325 Keywords: 'Solar water heating, Appropriate technolo- gy, 'Construction, Low income groups, Market, ERDA/140907. This report deals with the application of an appropriate technology, namely, solar domestic hot water heaters in a very specialized milieu within the larger society. In bringing solar domestic hot water to the Alamo Navajo Reservation this unique project was involved in the so- cialization of an appropriate technology. During the period of the project, the people of the Reservation became acquainted with principles of solar heat as used in the domestic hot water units, and learned to construct and install these units into various plumbing conditions. The project has demonstrated that a tech- nology can be brought into a nontechnical community provided the community has a sense of trust in the local representative and the activity is locally based so that recourse on either the manufactured product or the maintenance service will be available. The experi- ence of this project suggests several areas for contin- ued inquiry. (ERA citation 09:007413) DE84003507/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Thomas (G. Richard), Stillwater, OK. Human/Electric Hybrid Vehicle. Final Report. G. R. Thomas. 16 Mar 82, 7p DOE/R6/12041-T1 Contract FG46-80R612041 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Transportation, 'Electric power, Appropri- ate technology, Demonstration programs, Fabrication, Testing, ERDA/330400. Demonstrations of the electric-assisted pedal vehicle are described. Newspaper photos are included. (ERA citation 09:004927) DE84003531/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Oklahoma Electric Cooperative, Norman. Solar and Weatherization Education for Appropri- ate Technology: A Community Barn Raising. Final Report. Department of Energy Small Grants Pro- gram. J. Ferrell. 1984, 13p DOE/R6/10992-T1 Contract FG46-79R610992 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Solar heating systems, Solar water heat- ing, 'Houses, Attached greenhouses, Elderly people, Energy audits, Low income groups, Meetings, Passive solor water heaters, Weatherization, ERDA/140907, ERDA/320101. The project consisted of two workshops which were open to the general public and those interested in building a low-cost, easily constructed and maintained solar water heating system. The two workshops were jointly sponsored by Oklahoma Electric Cooperative, a local community action program and a non-profit edu- cational organization. Two homes were chosen which belonged to the elderly or low-income homeowners who met income guidelines. Each home was insulated, caulked, weatherstripped and had storm windows in- stalled by workshop participants. The participants learned how to construct and install two low-cost solar water heating systems from readily available materials. One system was a direct gain type, while the other was to operate on a thermosiphon principle. The partici- pants were encouraged to explore how their knowl- edge might be applied to their homes and others in their communities. Upon selection of the two sites, Oklahoma Electric Cooperative performed an Energy Conservation Assessment, a computerized analysis of the structure's hourly heat loss. Upon completion of the Energy Conservation Assessment, Sunspace workshops conducted an engineering study leading to the design of a solar water heating system for each site. (ERA citation 09:007396) DE84003542/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Harambee, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK. Passive Solar Retro-Fit, Multipurpose Community Center. 23 Apr 81, 34p DOE/R6/10999-T1 Contract FG46-79R610999 Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Greenhouses, 'Solar energy, Attached greenhouses, Cost, Program management, Retrofitting, ERDA/ 140901. An appropriate technology monitoring evaluation is given for a project to retrofit a solar greenhouse to a community center in Okalahoma. Progress on the con- struction is evaluated, and the management and book- keeping for the project are very briefly described. Ap- pended are correspondence and financial documents related to the project. (ERA citation 09:007399) DE84003543/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Campbell (James R.), Carrollton, TX. Evaporative Precooler Retrofit for Air Cooled Con- densers. Small Scale Appropriate Technology Grant Program. J. R. Campbell. 1984, 32p DOE/R6/10963-T1 Contract FG46-79R610963 Keywords: 'Coolers, 'Condensers, Air Flow, Evapora- tive Cooling, Evaporators, Spray Cooling, ERDA/ 320100. Three methods of evaporative cooling were evaluated; direct evaporative cooling of the condenser coil (spray directly on condenser coil), wetted media acting as evaporator and eliminator, and a spray type with elimi- nator. The direct spray achieved the lowest head pres- sure and greatest energy savings under all conditions. The major disadvantage in applying this method to an existing unit not designed for direct evaporative cool- ing is the inevitable build up of scale and decrease in heat transfer of the condenser. The direct spray type system should not be considered without some type of water treatment. The wetted media provided a temper- ature that had a closer approach to wet bulb tempera- ture and less stratification than the spray system with eliminator. Its primary disadvantage was a reduction in air flow to the condenser of about 14%. This reduced air flow limited the effectiveness of the system at higher wet bulb temperature and could cause the con- denser to use more energy as wet bulb approached dry bulb temperature. The spray with eliminators ap- pears to be the best compromise for areas which have the possibility of high wet bulb temperature from time 82 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS to time. The primary disadvantage, other than the somewhat lower approach to wet bulb, is the duct work required to allow the spray system and eliminator to be installed. A fourth method was considered - injection of precooled air to the condenser coil. Under this ap- proach the condenser coil functions normally with an injection system around its perimeter. (ERA citation 09:006068) DE84003549/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Sunspace, Inc., Ada, OK. Solar Community Appropriate Technology House. Report on Phase II of the Monitoring Program. 1984, 21p DOE/R6/10998-T1 Contract FG46-79R610998 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Houses, 'Coolers, 'Solar water heating, Computerized simulation, Cooling systems, Design, Heat exchangers, Performance, Tubes, Underground, ERDA/140907, ERDA/140901. The first phase of the project consisted of reworking a typical house of the sort occupied by many of Oklaho- ma City's low-income residents so that it made mini- mum use of energy in general and maximum use of solar energy. After the systems were installed and op- erating, some inexpensive monitoring systems were in- stalled to collect data about how they were working. The analysis of the data collected during the first year of this project indicated that some of the systems were not working as well as expected. It was decided to con- tinue the project for an additional few months in order to correct some of these problems. While this work was going on, Oklahoma City Community Action (OKC CAP) gathered more data on the performance of the underground air cooling system, and, once modifica- tions on the solar water heater were complete, on the water heater. The present report analyzes these data that OKC CAP collected. Briefly, the analysis shows that: (1) the computer program developed to model the performance of underground cooling systems (earth- air heat exchangers) did an excellent job of predicting the performance of the system built as part of this project. This success suggested that the computer simulation model might be of use to other people and organizations working with earth-air heat exchangers. Unfortunately, although the model was successful in predicting system performance, the system did not provide sufficient cooling to meet the demands of an Oklahoma summer. This report discusses this problem and outlines the conditions under which an earth-air heat exchanger system might make economic sense; and (2) modification of the solar water heater dramati- cally improved its performance. Before the reworking of the unit, daily high water temperatures were in the range of 90 exp to 1 00 exp F. After the reworking the water regularly reached temperatures approaching 150 exp F. (ERA citation 09:007398) DE84004392/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Maryland Univ., College Park. Preservation of Fresh Solid Foods by Gas Ex- change. Final Report of Phase I. 30 Sep 80, 66p DOE/CS/40075-T1 Contract AS01-77CS40075 Keywords: 'Food, Energy analysis, Energy conserva- tion, Equipment, Food industry, 'Food processing, Gases, Preservation, Research programs, ERDA/ 320303. GASPAK is a new system for preserving fresh, solid foods through gas-exchange methods. Its objective is to stabilize or at least significantly extend like-fresh, high-quality shelf-life at ambient and/or chilled tem- peratures. This is a brief, comprehensive final report of Phase I of a projected three-phase GASPAK project carried out by the University of Maryland. Work to date indicates that through gas exchange procedures the like-fresh quality of peeled and sliced apples and pota- toes can be maintained for extended periods. This was determined through gas exchange processing in a device engineered specifically for the purpose and by laboratory tests. From an energy consumption stand- point, it was determined that for more acid (less than ph 4.6) foods at least, the energy cost for the process itself is about one-fourth that required for canning or freezing. It was also determined that total energy costs from harvest to the consumer are approximately half those for canning or freezing. (ERA citation 09:010138) DE84004466/GAA PC A09/MF A01 ESG, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Midwest Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program Project Summaries. Oct 83, 178p DOE/CH/10122-19 Contract AC02-82CH 10122 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Education, 'Energy conserva- tion, 'Energy source development, 'Solar energy, 'Wind power, Demonstration programs, Energy policy, Financial incentives, National Government, Research Programs, State Government, Technology Transfer, ERDA/290200, ERDA/293000. This document contains Project Summaries and As- sessment Memorandums on 84 projects funded under the Midwest ATSGP conducted in Federal Region V. This region encompasses the states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The projects were reviewed, assessed, and summarized by Energy Systems Group, Inc. under contract to the DOE Chicago Operations Office. The information in this document is organized alphabetically by state, and al- phabetically by grantee within each state grouping. More information on these and other ATSGP projects can be acquired through the National Center for Ap- propriate Technology, P.O. Box 3838, Butte, MT 59702 or through the National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. (ERA citation 09:009977) DE84004482/GAA PC A04/MF A01 ESG, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Midwest Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program: Management Analysis. Oct 83, 65p DOE/CH/10122-18, ESG-83108 Contract AC02-82CH10122 Keywords: 'Energy source development, Biomass, Demonstration programs, Education, 'Energy conser- vation, Evaluation, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minneso- ta, Ohio, Program management, Recycling, Solar energy, Wind power, Wisconsin, ERDA/290500. This report reviews 84 projects conducted with DOE funding. The projects cover a number of energy-relat- ed topics, including biomass conversion, solar energy, wind energy, energy education, energy conservation, and recycling. In an effort to assist DOE-Chicago in analyzing what types of grantees were more success- ful and why, the projects were ranked and grouped by several variables. To determine if particular character- istics functioned to make one project more successful than another, several statistical tests were conducted. While the results of quantitative testing are somewhat offset by the subjective nature of the project rankings, some patterns did seem to develop: The overall distri- bution of the projects showed a normal division: 23% superior, 55% average, and 23% poor. No particular grantee type was significantly more successful than the others, but colleges and universities did have fewer highly ranked projects than any other group. Michigan had proportionately more superior projects; Illinois and Ohio proportionately fewer. Grant awards over $40,000 yielded fewer superior projects. (ERA citation 09:009999) DE84004580/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Integrated Palm Oil Processing. A. L. Compere, W. L. Griffith, and J. M. Googin. 1983, 9pCONF-831 205-5 Contract W-7405-ENG-26 Miami international conference on alternative energy sources, Miami Beach, FL, USA, 12 Dec 1983. Keywords: 'Fuels, 'Vegetable oils, Butanols, By-prod- ucts, Diesel fuels, Ethanol, Fuel additives, Fuel substi- tution, Methanol, Processing, Trees, Yields, ERDA/ 090122, ERDA/ 140504. Tree palms are a promising source of fuel extenders and substitutes. They are perennials which bear oil for a period of two to three decades after a roughly four year preliminary growth period. Tree palms are now one of the most efficient energy crops: the best modern varieties can provide up to 6 tonnes per hec- tare per year of mesocarp and kernal oils. Palms are particularly attractive in areas where more convention- al farming would pose a significant threat of lateriza- tion of cause major ecological problems. Technology for palm oil production is can range between village level manual operations and highly industrialized mills. Process energy is often supplied by combustion of by- products. Although palm oil is a good energy crop, its physical and combustion properties preclude most use in conventional diesel engines, although palm oil could be directly blended with residual fuel oils for use in some large engines. At present, two uses for palm oil as a diesel fuel extender or substitute appear attrac- tive: microemulsion blends using palm soapstock and monoesters produced by exchanging small alcohols for the glycerol in triglycerides. The amount of alcohols required for conversion of a substantial fraction of palm oil or palm oil soapstock to fuel extenders or sub- stitutes is proportionately small, and, to a major extent, can be supplied by palm processing waste materials. Fermentation and gasification produced alcohols in the one to four carbon range are suitable for use in formulating palm oil based fuels. On a stoichiometric basis, it appears that the value of the palm oil and alco- hols are very close to their value as export items. Use of these palm oil fuels could help to decrease balance of payments problems for developing countries, as well as provide a secure market for agricultural prod- ucts and improved rural employment. (ERA citation 09:009535) DE84005322/GAA PC A03/MF A01 New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque. Lung Cancer Epidemiology in New Mexico Urani- um Miners. First Annual Report, 1 April 1983-1 Jan- uary 1984. J. M. Samet. Jan 84, 45p DOE/ER/60119-T1 Contract AS04-83ER601 19 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Safety, 'Occupational safety and health, 'Mining, 'Health, Chronic exposure, Data compilation, Daughter products, Epidemiology, Medical surveil- lance, Occupational diseases, Pathology, Radioinduc- tion, Tobacco smokes, Uranium mines, ERDA/ 560151. This Technical Progress Report for the first nine months of the contract Lung Cancer Epidemiology in New Mexico Uranium Miners describes by task the ac- tivities finished or begun since April, 1983. Data collec- tion during the period has included copying all avail- able Grants Clinic examination records for miners in the current study cohort, for completion of smoking and mining histories, and abstracting, coding, and veri- fying 500 of these records; copying all State Mine In- spector reports and abstracting, coding, and verifying 225 of these records; coding, verifying, and keying all except one batch of employment histories from com- panies, and tracing gaps in histories through company personnel logs; receipt of output from the National In- stitute of Occupational Safety and Health with informa- tion on New Mexico miners included in the US Public Health Service Colorado Plateau study; and updating some 30 miners from status unknown to status known by means of new information from personnel offices, the Grants Clinic, and interviews in the community. In order to examine the feasibility of a study of later miners, we have created a computer file of working level months (WLM) records, cumulated WLM for each miner for each year, and cumulated WLM for each miner over the years 1967 to 1982. We have records for 10,516 miners not in the current cohort, most of whom began mining in the 1970's. They have relatively low WLM because of their later, briefer mining experi- ence. We have not yet done power calculations based on complete WLM data, 1967 to 1982. We have also not yet collected Grants Clinic examination records for all these miners. (ERA citation 09:010845) DE84006144/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Introducing Supplemental Combustion Air to Gas- Fired Home Appliances. Dec 83, 27p DOE/CE/ 15095-7 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted. Keywords: 'Houses, Air, Appropriate technology, Chimneys, Combustion, Gas furnaces, Planning, US DOE, Water heaters, ERDA/320100, ERDA/421000, ERDA/034000. The way a home heating furnace works is explained briefly, and techniques are provided for making one work more safely and efficiently. Also explained is how 83 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS to recognize a combustion-air problem. Code-pre- scribed formulas are provided for calculating available combustion air. Also provided are code-approved ap- pliance clearances for enclosing furnaces and water heaters, detailed instructions and drawings for installa- tion of several supplemental air options, and summa- ries of DOE projects related to the topic of supplemen- tal combustion air. (ERA citation 09:01 4111) DE84007097/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Solar Greenhouses and Sunspaces: Lessons Learned. Jan 84, 37p DOE/CE/1 5095-8 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Keywords: 'Greenhouses, 'Solar energy, Appropriate technology, Construction, design, Maintenance, Oper- ation, Performance, Safety, ERDA/ 140901. The experiences of the DOE Appropriate Technology grantees provide valuable information for others to use in building and operating better sunspaces and green- houses. Their experiences are the basis for Solar Greenhouses and Sunspaces: Lessons Learned. This publication is divided into six major categories: design; construction tips; management, maintenance, and safety; horticulture; greenhouse construction work- shops; and information sources. Each chapter pre- sents basic background material on the topic and rele- vant information from selected project reports. A ques- tion and answer format is used to present information on ways greenhouses and sunspaces can be im- proved. This publication has been developed as a sup- plement to the existing literature to help prospective sunspace/greenhouse owner/builders get started in the right direction. It is not a text book, and is not a substitute for any of the good "how-to" greenhouse books available. Its purpose is to identify common mis- takes in design, construction and/or operation that affect performance, and provide useful advice to help consumers avoid these mistakes. (ERA citation 09:028144) DE84007102/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Using the Earth to Heat and Cool Homes. Dec 83, 23p* DOE/CE/1 5095-6 Contract AC01-82CE 15095 Keywords: 'Coolers, Appropriate technology, Cooling, Grants, Heat distribution systems, Heating, 'Houses, Reviews, 'Technology transfer, ERDA/320101. The types of earth- and water-coupled systems avail- able are described. More information on the advan- tages and drawbacks of these systems is provided. A five-step, decision-making process that helps the con- sumer decide which system, if any, is most appropriate for his or her situation is also included. The systems used by several grantees from the US Department of Energy's Appropriate Technology Small Grants Pro- gram are described and some of the lessons they learned about this technology are highlighted. A re- source list is provided that includes current literature on the technology, organizations that can provide more information, and what to look for when shopping for system equipment. (ERA citation 09:0141 10) DE84007422/GAA PC A02/MF A01 TEM Associates, Inc., Berkeley, CA. Administrative Support of Regional Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program. Final Report. Dec 83, 7p DOE/SF/1 1686-T1 Contract AC03-82SF1 1686 Keywords: 'Solar cooling systems, 'Biomass, Chim- neys, Passive solar cooling Systems, Pelletizing, Pro- gram management, Renewable energy sources, Wind power, ERDA/299000, ERDA/140901, ERDA/ 140504, ERDA/1 70000. The support of the DOE San Francisco Operations Office in the Regional Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program was in two parts: administrative as- sistance to the DOE regional program manager and technical monitoring of the active grants in Arizona and New Mexico. A final summary of the status of each of the three remaining projects is presented. The three projects are: Sagebrush Pelletizer for Use as a Fuel Source, Demonstration Program Using Wind-Power to Generate Electricity, and Passive Solar Chimney Dem- onstration. (ERA citation 09:020346) DE84007725/GAA PC A03 Fluhrer (Donald B.), Charles City, IA. Development of a Self-Contained Heating System for Home and Farm Use. Final Report. D. B. Fluhrer. 1984, 39p DOE/R7/01107-T1 Contract FG47-80R701107 Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche pro- duction. Keywords: 'Greenhouses, 'Turbines, 'Houses, Ap- propriate technology, Coal, Design, Electric genera- tors, Farms, Fuel substitution, Furnaces, Houses, Maize, Operation, ERDA/320301, ERDA/320101. A central heating system in a basement garage to heat several farm buildings is described. One of the primary fuels used is cracked corn and fines from a grain drying operation mixed with a small amount of coal. A wind energy system and a greenhouse with solar panels were also part of the project. The design and operation of the various systems are described. (ERA citation 09:016805) DE84007795/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Chiarello (Emily), Sioux City, IA. Solar Assist for Older Home. Final Report. Aug 81, 20p DOE/R7/01006-T1 Contract FG47-79R701006 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Houses, 'Solar collectors, 'Energy man- agement, 'Solar energy, 'Construction, Appropriate technology, Construction, Demonstration programs, Solar air heaters, Solar space heating, ERDA/140901. The work done during this grant period attempted to demonstrate that solar energy is adaptable to large, historic homes. Through careful planning, collectors can be installed in spite of, and without detracting from, the many ornamentations, porches and irregular elevations of this style of architecture. Furthermore, the work done during this grant attempted to demon- strate that a system could be low cost and low technol- ogy, made from stock materials found in most local areas or available through mail order. It can be within the capability of a handyman homeowner or local car- penter. Dissemination of information was an important objective of this grant. (ERA citation 09:022242) DE84007877/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Heat Recovery Ventilation for Housing: Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers. Mar 84, 33p DOE/CE/1 5095-9 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Heat transfer, Airflow, Control, Ducts, Economics, Indoor air pollution, Installation, 'Maintenance, Reviews, Uses, Ventilation systems, ERDA/320101. Air-to-air heat exchangers were researched and devel- oped in the Appropriate Technology Small Grants Pro- gram, 1978 to 1981. This publication examines the re- sults of this work as well as provides information for builders, architects and skilled owner-builders on the basics of using air-to-air heat exchangers in residential settings, including: how heat exchangers work; why they are needed and when they are appropriate; how to choose an adequate ventilation rate and a machine that fits the purpose; how to install, control and main- tain the machine; assessing the state-of-the-art in this technology; and information on supplies, ventilation standards and where to go for further information on heat exchangers. (ERA citation 09:01 8681 ) DE84008866/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Window Insulation: How to Sort Through the Op- tions. B. A. Miller. Mar 84, 38p DOE/CE/1 5095-1 2 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted. Keywords: 'Energy management, 'Buildings, Appro- priate technology, Cost, Double glazing, 'Energy con- servation, Grants, Heat losses, Seals, Thermal insula- tion, ERDA/320101. Options available for residential settings are dis- cussed, including: how to identify window insulating devices that can save a significant amount of energy, including a discussion of components and types; how operating window insulating devices compares with using conventional, non-insulating window coverings; how to choose a product that can serve all the func- tions traditionally required of window coverings; how to avoid problems with do-it-yourself projects; and how to estimate costs and savings with window insulation. In addition, this publication provides information on window choices for new construction, and an overview of current research in window insulation. The appendi- ces provide summaries of selected grant projects, and a reading list is presented for those who want more information on window insulation. (ERA citation 09:022748) DE84009730/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Introduction to Biogas Production on the Farm. Mar 84, 24p DOE/CE/1 5095-1 3 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Keywords: 'Bioconversion, 'Manures, 'Methane, An- aerobic digestion, Biomass conversion plants, Bior- eactors, Design, Economics, Farms, Production, Re- search programs, Technology utilization, US DOE, ERDA/090122, ERDA/140504, ERDA/299003, ERDA/290500. A number of farmers, ranchers, and engineers re- ceived support from the US Department of Energy Ap- propriate Technology Small Grants Program to design, construct, and demonstrate biogas production sys- tems. Many of these projects generated more than just biogas; grantees' work and results have contributed to a growing body of information about practical applica- tions of this technology. This publication was devel- oped to share some of that information, to answer the basic questions about biogas production, and to lead farmers to more information. Section I introduces biogas and the various components of a biogas pro- duction system, discusses the system's benefits and liabilities, and provides a brief checklist to determine if biogas production may be applicable to an individual's particular situation. Section II features descriptions of four biogas projects of various sizes. Section III pro- vides sources of additional information including de- scriptions of other biogas production projects. (ERA ci- tation 09:019870) DE84009759/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bryant (Paul J.), Prairie Village, KS. Optimization of Wind Turbine Design for SWECS. Final Report, October 1, 1981 -October 1, 1983. P. J. Bryant. 1983, 5p DOE/R7/01221-T4 Contract FG47-81R701221 Keywords: 'Turbines, 'Wind energy, 'Engines, Optimi- zation, Reviews, Tilt mechanisms, ERDA/1 70602. Current research to optimize wind turbine designs cen- ters on the most important parameter, the useful life- time of the rotor assembly. The original cost and main- tenance of this portion of a wind machine has tradition- ally been the most important factor in cost effective- ness. Thus, the effort under this project has concen- trated on a rotor design which promises to extend the lifetime of the full rotor assembly. That design improve- ment includes the integration of a teetered rotor hub and a delta-3 angle. This design concept was proven in helicopter and rotor craft applications. The adapta- tion to wind turbines has been the primary task of this appropriate technology utilization project. Test rotors, incorporating the teetering hub, delta-3 angle design, have been constructed and tested. The research model provides a full range of settings for a complete evaluation of the relevant parameters; e.g. the delta-3 angle is variable from +70 to -70 exp , the rotor posi- tion may be varied fore and aft of the teeter axis, the teeter spring rate is continuously variable, also the teeter and yaw stops are adjustable. The use of a dc generator permits the rotor to change angular speed with wind speed. The lack of a yaw drive allows the rotor to display its own passive yawing rates and ac- commodation factors as a function of delta-3 angle, rotor-axis position, and teeter spring rate settings. Test rotors and wind machines were assembled for data 84 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS collection. The equipment was designed specifically for research, i.e., with a range of variables so that the relevant parameters could be evaluated. The con- trolled velocity testing (CVI) method was adapted for rapid, inexpensive data collection. This technique re- places the more expensive wind tunnel tests. By mounting the test machine and wind turbine above a small truck the testing process was facilitated. The ad- aptation of the CVT technique expedited this project and set an example for future low cost use of the CVT technique. (ERA citation 09:019973) DE84009899/GAA PC A02/MF A01 ESG, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Project Status Report on Field Research Tasks and Technical Services, June 1, 1983-September 30, 1983. Oct 83, 12p DOE/CH/10122-20 Contract AC02-82CH10122 Keywords: 'Renewable energy, 'Buildings, Biomass, Data analysis, Energy systems, Information dissemina- tion, Monitoring, Solar water heaters, Technology transfer, ERDA/299000, ERDA/ 140907, ERDA/ 320100. This status report covers progress during the period June 1 , 1 983 through September 30, 1 983. The work is divided into two areas as follows: (1) Field Measure- ment, Analyses, and Reporting Related to Building Energy Systems and Biomass Projects. The key effort is on the Class B performance monitoring program, in- cluding a limited amount of special data evaluation and analysis. Other work relates to design tools, passive selection criteria, hot water performance documenta- tion, and other renewable systems. (2) Technical Serv- ices in Support of Appropriate Technology Program. A total of 84 project files have been reviewed and sum- marized, telephone contacts and selected site visits are being made on a small number of active projects, and technical information dissemination tasks are un- derway. A summary paper on project activities was prepared, approved, and finalized for publication. (ERA citation 09:026164) DE84010082/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Cardinal Management Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program Evaluation: Case Studies. Volume III. Mar 84, 155p DOE/CE/15151-T2 Contract AC01-82CE15151 Keywords: Demonstration programs, "Energy conser- vation, 'Energy management, Evaluation, Grants, Re- newable energy sources, Sampling, Solar cells, Solar energy, Waste management, Wind power, ERDA/ 320000, ERDA/ 140000, ERDA/299000. A non-random sample of the Appropriate Technology Program grantees was selected to ensure that the basic goals of the evaluation study were met. Case studies of selected outstanding projects could provide with respect to the Program dynamics associated with success. It was believed that the non-random case study approach would assist us in assessing which ap- proaches have the potential to impact a reduction in our nation's use of non-renewal energy. From this group of projects, 20 projects were selected to high- light in a case study format which illustrates the various types of projects approaches the Program supported. (ERA citation 09:020355) DE84010090/GAA PC A04 Miller (James A.), Kearney, NE. Direct Gain Passive Solar, Domestic Hot Water and Wind Generation System. Final Technical Report. J. A. Miller. 8 Jan 82, 66p DOE/R7/01172-T1 Contract FG47-80R701172 Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche pro- duction. Keywords: 'Turbines, 'Wind energy, 'Houses, Appro- priate technology, Electric generators, Performance, Solar space heating, 'Solar water heating, ERDA/ 140901, ERDA/ 140907, ERDA/ 170602. The passive solar residence was occupied in late Oc- tober, 1980. During the past year the dwelling was monitored and performed according to design expec- tations. There have been several hundred people visit the project and there have been several newspaper stories and television spots pertaining to the solar house, the wind energy conversion system, and the solar domestic hot water heater. Considerable time was spent in working with the local Public Power Com- pany on a contract to interconnect the wind system with the public power grid. The double metering system and the rate structure of the Power Company eliminates almost all incentive for a person to pur- chase a wind energy conversion system with intent to interconnect with the public power grid. At present, based upon limited data, a consumer who owns a wind system is able to realize only about 25% of the total output of a system as compared to what his monthly electricity bill would be without the system. The Jacobs Wind Electric System with the static frequency chang- er (inverter) interconnected with the public power com- pany has proven to be an excellent unit. A Domestic Hot Water Heater was installed in December of 1980. The unit has provided approximately 60% of the hot water needs for a family of five. The system has caused few problems with the exception of the sensor unit. Other than this one problem the solar DHW system seems to be of high quality and will provide a respectable payback for money invested by a home- owner. (ERA citation 09:030553) DE84010098/GAA PC A03 Energy Research and Information Foundation, Des Moines, lA.Thoreau Center. Demonstration House and Resource Center for Appropriate Technology. Final Report, October 1, 1981 -June 30, 1982. 18 Apr 83, 32p DOE/R7/01204-T1 Contract FG47-81R701204 Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche pro- duction. Keywords: 'Houses, 'Construction, 'Energy manage- ment, Appropriate technology, Caulking, Energy con- sumption, Solar water heating, Thermal insulation, Thermostats, Water heaters, Weatherstripping, Win- dows, ERDA/320101, ERDA/140907. The Thoreau Center was developed as an effective demonstration for appropriate technology in Des Moines, Iowa. Efforts included: (1) physical improve- ments for which funding was granted: insulation of walls of the brick house from inside, and painting of walls with vapor-barrier paint; construction of a batch- type or breadbox solar hot water pre-heating system; construction of a variety of window insulation treat- ments for all windows; evaluation of the Center's energy use over a three year (4th year included as well) period; insulation of basement (office) space using several alternative methods; investigation of var- ious projects, such as the originally proposed greywater system and ceiling fans; and continued em- phasis on winterization and low-cost conservation methods such as caulking, weatherstripping, water- heater insulation, lowered thermostat, etc. Services of the Resource Center Library which were supported through grant funds are summarized. (ERA citation 09:020384) DE84010458/GAA PC A02 Missouri Forest Products Association, Jefferson City. Appropriate Technology Program: Wood Residue for Energy. Final Report. 30 Dec 82, 18p DOE/R7/01246-T1 Contract FG47-81R701246 Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche pro- duction. Keywords: 'Fuels, 'Energy management, 'Wood wastes, Appropriate technology, Availability, Energy consumption, Marketing research, Supply and demand, Transport, ERDA/090400, ERDA/ 140504, ERDA/299003. We began the project by reviewing the major users and potential users of wood residue for energy. We then reviewed the inventory and sources of supply and began the process of matching the supply up with the potential users. Considerable effort was expended in developing the sources of supply for handling and loading the material and the transportation net work required to assure timely delivery of the material. One of the objectives of the project was to develop a com- plete and viable delivery system that would assure long range supply at relatively stable prices. This was accomplished by the Missouri Forest Products Asso- ciation expanding and developing an existing for-profit corporation set up for this purpose. Considerable effort was expended in organizing this entity as a permanent institution. A plan for informing the appropriate people of our work and resources was carried out by being ever available for meetings, phone calls and corre- spondence. We developed into a center of information about the potential of wood residue as an alternate fuel in specific locations around the State of Missouri. The files developed as a result of this paper of the work are used almost daily to answer related ques- tions. At this writing, there are installations in Missouri which will consume approximately 50,000 tons of wood residue in a year's time. This is short of the goal we set of 214,580 tons. There are, however, projects in the planning or construction phase that will easily consume that quantity of material. Missouri Forest Products Marketing, Inc., which this grant assisted during the past year, will play a strong role in getting this material utilized. The Environmental Engineer es- tablished guidelines for potential users to determine the environmental impact of using wood for energy. This assisted in establishing the trade-offs connected with the overall impact of using wood versus other fuels. (ERA citation 09:024662) DE84010674/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Cardinal Management Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program Evaluation. Volume II. Mar 84, 149p DOE/CE/15151-1-V.2 Contract AC01-82CE15151 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, Demonstration pro- grams, Evaluation, Government policies, Grants, Pro- gram management, Recommendations, Research pro- grams, ERDA/320000, ERDA/299000, ERDA/ 140000, ERDA/1 70000. An introduction to the Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program Evaluation is presented. Program background is presented, including history, guidelines and operation. The evaluation methodology is present- ed, specifically the problem statement, study limita- tions and study methodology. The findings of the study are presented and policy recommendations are dis- cussed. (ERA citation 09:02481 1 ) DE84010675/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Cardinal Management Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program Evaluation. Volume I. Executive Summary. Mar 84, 26p DOE/CE/15151-1-V.1-Exec.Sum. Contract AC01-82CE15151 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, Demonstration pro- grams, Evaluation, Government policies, Grants, Pro- gram management, Recommendations, Research pro- grams, ERDA/320000, ERDA/299000, ERDA/ 140000, ERDA/ 170000. Volume One contains the Executive Summary which provides a concise overview of the study, including a brief description of the Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program and of the study methodology, high- lighted key findings and the Evaluation Team's policy recommendations. (ERA citation 09:02481 0) DE84010952/GAA PC A99/MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Appropriate Technology Management Information System. Feb 84, 763p DOE/CE/15095-14 Contract AC01-82CE 15095 Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Energy conservation, *Geo- thermal energy, 'Hydroelectric power, 'Solar energy, 'Wind power, Data acquisition, Grants, Information systems, Program management, ERDA/299000, ERDA/320000, ERDA/150000, ERDA/140000, ERDA/1 70000, 'Data bases. From 1978 to 1981, the Department of Energy (DOE) awarded more than 2200 small grants worth more than $25 million to individuals, organizations and small busi- nesses across the nation for the purposes of research- ing, developing and demonstrating appropriate tech- nologies. Grants were given in the full range of tech- 85 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS nology areas, including conservation, solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, and hydro power. The final report from each DOE grantee was reviewed in an effort to extract information about new ideas and proven con- cepts that could be of value to the public. To manage the growing wealth of information from the grant re- ports, and to monitor the report review process, the Appropriate Technology Management Information System (ATMIS), a computer data base, was devel- oped. The ATMIS can classify data into numerous cat- egories (technology area, geographic location, project status, etc.). This manual was generated directly from the data base. (ERA citation 09:024804) DE84010957/GAA MF A01 National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. Technical Assistance and Information Dissemina- tion for the Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program. Final Report, May 4, 1982-February 17, 1984. 1984, 200p DOE/CE/15095-T1 Contract AC01-82CE15095 Microfiche only, copy does not permit paper copy re- production. Keywords: 'Information services, 'Technical assist- ance, Data acquisition, Evaluation, Grants, Informa- tion, Information dissemination, Program manage- ment, Reviews, ERDA/299000, ERDA/320000, ERDA/140000, ERDA/170000. The Final Report is organized according to the four major contract tasks, with a description of the activities associated with each task followed by a summary of achievements against task milestones. These tasks are to: provide technical assistance; obtain, review, and evaluate grantee final reports; screen the informa- tion in reports for dissemination; and prepare how-to publications and other suitable information products. The appendices that follow present several support documents, including a summary of technical assist- ance clients and the forms used in delivering the serv- ice; data collection forms and technology categories used in the report review process; copies of the infor- mation materials that were produced; and the mailing list of organizations and agencies participating in the national dissemination program along with support let- ters and announcements used to coordinate the pro- gram with these organizations. (ERA citation 09:028558) DE84013287/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Northampton County Board of Education, Jackson, NC. North Carolina Energy Conservation Plan. Final Program Report. 1984, 12p DOE/CS/23986-T1 Contract FG01-80CS23986 Keywords: Communities, Appropriate technology, 'Energy conservation, Meetings, School buildings, Solar collectors, Solar cookers, ERDA/140901, ER DA/320900. The Energy Conservation Project's objective was to alert and bring the schools and communities together to conserve energy, making them aware of the energy crisis as well as involve them in energy conservation techniques through surveys, materials, supplies, re- views, energy trends and activities such as live projects in construction of solar panels, cookers, hand- books, workshops, etc. Areas of energy waste were pointed out and dealt with. The project also suggested ways and means of providing for the utilization of natu- ral resources to reduce cost of heating, cooling, light- ing and water. The project served to eliminate a large quantity of energy for the schools and communities; students and teachers by participation in the program. The objectives of the project were accomplished and the lack of knowledge of the energy crisis is no longer a myth. The LEA supplemented the project funds in the purchasing of materials, supplies, secretarial as- sistance, workshops, energy conferences, printing, and consultants fees. The project was a success. (ERA citation 09:032934) DE84015290/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY. Importance of Energy Efficiency in the Developing Countries. D. J. Jhirad. 1983, 39p BNL-34301, CONF-830365-2 Contract AC02-76CH00016 Seminar on energy efficiency and conservation, Lome, Togo, Africa, 30 Mar 1 983. Portions are illegible in microfiche products. Keywords: 'Energy management, 'Industrial plants, 'Brazil, 'Economic analysis, Energy conservation, Energy efficiency, Financial incentives, Technology assessment, ERDA/291000, ERDA/320300. Some results are presented from ongoing work on the economics and potential for energy-efficiency and substitution in the developing countries. The emphasis is on energy conservation in the industrial sector. A detailed financial analysis of one particular technology, industrial heat pumps, is presented for one developing country, Brazil, to illustrate the effect of government financial incentives on the attractiveness of invest- ments in energy efficiency. (ERA citation 09:040278) DE84750112/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Norsk Inst, for Skogforskning, Vollebekk. Integrating Forest Operations with Small-Scale In- dustrial Activities - Including Energy Conversion. Case Studies Carried out in Colombia, Gambia, India, Norway, Senegal and Thailand. O. Gislerud, and K. Wibestad. 1981, 168p NP- 4750112 U.S. Sales Only. Keywords: 'Colombia, 'Gambia, 'India, 'Senegal, 'Thailand, Biomass, Charcoal, 'Economic develop- ment, Economy, Energy audits, Energy conservation, Energy source development, Energy supplies, Finan- cial data, 'Forestry, Forests, Harvesting, Resource de- velopment, Statistical data, Wood, Wood fuels, Wood products industry, ERDA/290200, ERDA/299003. Wood harvested for direct use as fuel accounted for 5- 6 % of man's energy consumption. Due to rapidly in- creasing energy prices, the wood processing industry made greater use of wood residues to meet their energy needs. In many developing countries wood fuels are the only economical source of energy avail- able to a large part of the population. The availability of woodfuels is a question of great concern in many re- gions and countries. When the drain of wood re- sources from an area exceeds growth, the result is eventually destruction of the forest. The case study on Thailand is limited to a description of the activities of the Forest Industries Organization, which has for ex- ample been successful in establishing an agri-silvicul- tural program at the village level. The main purposes of the program are better land use, control of shifting cul- tivation, improved forest utilization, and employment, income, and education for the people. The other five case studies give brief descriptions of socio-economic and energy aspects in the countries covered. In each land the forest and forest industry situation is de- scribed and discussed as well as cases of integrated forest and forest industry operations. 76 drawings, 29 tables. (ERA citation 09:007686) DOE/PE-0016/1/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Office of Policy and Evaluation. Reprint of Soft Energy Notes: Access to Tools for Soft Energy Path Studies, March 1978 Through July 1979. Oct 79, 195p Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Renewable energy, 'Energy, Comparative evaluations, Design, Informa- tion, Research programs, Technology utilization, ERDA/292000, ERDA/291000. This reference volume provides wider access to the technical literature in energy-efficiency improvements and renewable-resource technologies. The substance of the volume is reprinted from Soft Energy Notes, a quarterly publication of the International Project for Soft Energy Paths, Friends of the Earth Foundation, San Francisco, California. It contains brief reviews, en- gineering and cost data, and comparative analyses of contemporary research developments in the United States and abroad. It is presented to the energy sys- tems analysis community as a guide to a rapidly grow- ing body of literature that is often difficult to obtain in a timely way. A complete table of contents - taken from the first part of each issue - is placed at the beginning of this volume. It is pointed out that this reference guide is published for information purposes only. The US Department of Energy does not necessarily ap- prove or endorse this information. (ERA citation 05:007263) DOE/SF/01963-T4/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Department of Energy, San Francisco, CA. Region IX. Summary of Projects: Appropriate-Energy Tech- nology Regional Pilot Program. 1978, 32p Contract FG03-78SF01963 Keywords: 'Energy, 'Solar energy, Energy supplies, Grants, Research programs, Energy sources, Solar energy, Energy storage, Solar water heaters, Energy conservation, Biomass, Wind power, 'Geothermal energy, Water resources, Aquaculture, Education, ERDA/290500, ERDA/299000, Total energy systems. Brief summaries are presented of over 1 00 projects in the Appropriate Energy Technology Program in the fol- lowing areas: solar; solar storage; solar water heaters; heat recovery; energy conservation; biomass (wood and recycle/aquaculture); wind; geothermal; water; aquaculture; integrated systems; and education and workshops. DOE/TIC-10125/GAA PC A10/MF A01 State Univ. of New York Coll. of Environmental Sci- ence and Forestry, Syracuse. Effects of DDT on the Oribatid Mite Community (Acarina:Oribatei) of an Old-Field Herbaceous Community. D. D. Folts. Nov 72, 21 Op Contract EY-76-S-02-3474 Thesis. Keywords: 'Ecology, 'Pesticides, 'Insects, Biological effects, Contamination, Mineral cycling, Population density, Soils, Terrestrial ecosystems, ERDA/560304, ERDA/553000, ERDA/510100. Oribatid mites make up approximately 40 to 50% of the total microarthropods in the litter and soil. They are saprophagous, primary consumers in the litter and soil, and as a group could be considered to be on one trophic level. It has been suggested that oribatid mites could affect soil structure and formation by aiding in humification and mineralization, by enhancing the for- mation of soil structure, and by increasing the depth of the humus (02) horizon. Nutrient cycling and the break- down of organic matter is believed to be an important function of oribatids. The mites influence nutrient cy- cling indirectly through the control of fungal and bacte- rial populations. It is possible that pesticides affect nu- trient cycling as an indirect result of changes in oribatid populations. The pesticide DDT, although it has been banned throughout the entire country, is still produced for foreign markets and is in widespread use in many developing countries. The persistance of DDT in soil has been verified by a number of workers. This persis- tance is of potential danger to the balance of soil mi- croarthropod populations long after the initial effect of the pesticide has disappeared. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine quantitative changes in numbers of individuals of oribatids as a whole and changes in numbers of individualson the specific level; (2) to determine changes in the structure of the oriba- tid community that occurred as a result of DDT treat- ment; and (3) to compare the effect of the DDT on the oribatids of the upper three cm of soil with the oribatids from the fourth cm of soil. EPRI-AP-1268/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Westinghouse Research and Development Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Refractories for Coal Gasification and Combustion Systems. T. Vojnovich. Jul 80, 57p Keywords: 'Gasification, 'Industrial plants, Aluminium oxides, 'Coal, Coal gasification, Combustion, Corro- sion, Erosion, Refractories, Silicon carbides, Thermal shock, ERDA/010404, ERDA/014000, ERDA/ 360200. Information on the state-of-the art of refractories for slagging and nonslagging coal gasification and com- bustion systems is presented. This information was ob- tained as part of a program to design refractories for the high temperature erosion/corrosion and slagging conditions found in these systems. Under these condi- tions the refractories are subject to wear mainly by ero- sive solids, corrosive gases, or corrosive slags. The conditions leading to wear of the linings are found to be most severe in the slagging gasifiers and combus- tors; moderately severe in the gas transfer lines and cyclones; and least severe in the fluidized bed reactors 86 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS based on the experience of pilot and small-scale dem- onstration plants. Thin refractory linings with substan- tial water cooling and thick refractory linings with or without water cooling are used in the slagging environ- ments. Silicon carbide and chrome-alumina refractor- ies are the major refractories used in these designs. High purity alumina castable refractories are mostly used for the erosion/corrosion conditions found in flu- idized bed reactors, gas transfer lines and cyclones. Fired shapes of alumina or silicon carbide refractories are used instead in gas transfer lines and cyclones where severe wear has been observed. The study indi- cates the need for improved refractory linings for the slagging and more severe erosion/corrosion environ- ments. Development of improved refractory linings is expected to be useful for gasification systems which may be used by the utilities for the production of elec- tric power in environmentally-clean and cost-effective plants. (ERA citation 05:030094) ERATL-83/15/GAA PC$760.00 ERA Technology Ltd., Leatherhead (England). Benefits to Industry of Improved Efficiency Motors. Final rept., D. E. Knights. Aug 80, 226p* ERA-80-8 Keywords: "Motors, Efficience, AC motors, Economic analysis, Performance evaluation, Design, Energy con- servation. The report considers the effects on industry of utilizing a.c. motors with operating efficiences superior to those presently available from the manufacturers' standard range of motors. The report includes a survey of the current trends in the design of improved efficiency motors in Europe and America, and investigates what improvements in efficiency and power factor are possi- ble from conventional motor designs. Advice is also given on the benefits of improved efficiency motors and their efficient use in industry. A survey of the crite- ria used for selecting motors and the future require- ments of motor users is also included. HRP-0903624/5/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Greater St. Louis Health Systems Agency, Inc., MO. Cardiac Catheterization: Criteria and Standards. Nov 80, 19p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: "Health, Criteria, Standards, Guidelines, Availability, Accessibility, Quality, Cost effectiveness, Financing, Construction. These criteria and standards have been developed to provide guidelines for certificate of need review of pro- posed expenditures which involve the construction, expansion, renovation, or reduction of an adult or pedi- atric cardiac catheterization service. The primary ob- jective of these criteria and standards is to promote the development of needed, accessible, coordinated, quality, and cost-effective cardiac catheterization serv- ices which are acceptable to area residents, to dis- courage the duplication and proliferation of unneces- sary and/or underutilized cardiac catheterization serv- ices, and to improve health status. The criteria and standards are divided into seven categories: communi- ty need-availability (1 criterion, 6 standards); communi- ty need-accessibility (1,5); continuity (1,2); acceptabil- ity (1.4); quality (1,10); financial feasibility (1,6); and cost-effectiveness (1,3). Some of the standards con- tain several elements and measurable requirements. Some cite the source of the standard. No rationale for the standard is given. A glossary of relevent terms is included. HRP-0903752/4/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Health Systems Agency of New York City, Inc. Primary Care: Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards Guide. Mar 81, 20p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: 'Diseases, "Occupational safety and health, "Health, Etiology, Signs and symptoms, Public health, Hazardous materials, Exposure. A quick reference about the environment and work-re- latedness of disease is provided in this guide. Its pur- pose is to alert the primary care practitioner to the role of environmental and occupational factors in the etiol- ogy of diseases and to aids in their diagnosis. Included in this booklet is an overview of the problem, a list of common signs and symptoms, a sample environmen- tal and occupational history form that can be photoco- pied for inclusion in all patients' records, a table of se- lected toxic exposures and manifestations, agencies and organizations serving as resources, and recom- mended desk-top references on environmental and occupational medicine. Over the past ten-year period, numerous health problems have been traced to expo- sures to hazardous substances in the workplace, home, and community environments. Those diseases which have received widespread attention, such as lead poisoning and asbestosis, serve to illustrate the causal relationship between environmental and occu- pational exposure and human disease. Awareness and suspicion are the practitioner's best tools for tracking down environmentally and occupational^ induced dis- ease, and he/she should take an environmental and occupational history on each patient. HRP-0903763/1/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern New Jersey Health Systems Agency, Bell- mawr. Home Health Services Guidelines. Mar 78, 10p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: "Health, Guidelines, Cost effectiveness, Standards, Criteria. This publication delineates guidelines for use in the health systems agency's review of certificate of need applications for establishing or expanding home health care services on need, and program costs. Variables of importance in evaluating health care need are the target population, the availability of existing services, and whether the provision of home care has been ad- dressed in the agency's health systems plan. Factors to consider in analyzing the impact of proposed ac- tions on need include what services will be provided; essential versus nonessential or desirable services; whether the program has been well conceived and de- signed with regard to patient care continuity, indigent populations, and outreach and referral; staff orienta- tion and education programs; service utilization and peer review procedures; and whether the applicant in- tends to provide home care 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Cost considerations are the applicant's charge schedule and the cost-effectiveness of providing serv- ices directly or by contract. The National League for Nursing's classification of home health care as basic essential, other essential, and desirable services is provided. HRP-0903764/9/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern New Jersey Health Systems Agency, Bell- mawr. Hospital Bed Addition Guidelines. Nov 77, 7p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: "Health, "Health planning, Guidelines, Standards, Criteria, Planning, Cost effectiveness. Hospital bed additions are the focus of these guide- lines for reviewing medical/surgical, pediatric, and ob- stetric bed needs. The guidelines deal with the hospi- tal's target population, whether beds in other hospital departments operate at occupancy levels below that recommended by the State, what changes in popula- tion are projected for the hospital's service area and how this will affect the need for proposed beds, and the hospital's average length of stay. The State De- partment of Health recommends the following hospital bed occupancy rates: medical/surgical, 90 percent; obstetrics, 75 percent; and pediatrics, 75 percent. In assessing bed needs, attention must be paid to the ac- cessibility of beds to all persons in the target popula- tion regardless of social or economic barriers, out- reach mechanisms, adequate staff, and health status indicators. Cost factors of concern are whether bed costs appear to be in line with State standards, wheth- er the hospital's financing method appears sound, whether the bed need can be met via a more cost- effective means such as outpatient services, and whether existing operating rooms and ancillary serv- ices like the laboratory and radiology departments can handle an additional workload resulting from bed addi- tions. HRP-0903769/8/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern New Jersey Health Systems Agency, Bell- mawr. Preventive Screening Programs Guidelines. Feb 79, 12p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: "Health, Cost effectiveness, Diagnosis, Guidelines. Guidance is presented to facilitate the review of certifi- cate of need and/or Federal funding applications for establishing or operating preventive screening pro- grams. Whether there is a need for preventive screen- ing services depends on the target population size, the prevalence of disease and associated impairment or disability, and the effectiveness of the prevailing health care system in the target area. The likely outcome of not having screening services must be considered, as well as the number of 'abnormal' results that screening will produce. If disease or a health problem is detected via screening, it is then necessary to determine ame- nability to treatment, i.e., whether it can be corrected or cured. The impact of proposed screening activities can be ascertained by examining the percentage of the target population the program expects to reach, tests or preventive screening services the program will provide, education and outreach mechanisms, and ef- fective followup diagnosis and treatment of persons screened who have abnormal test results. Consider- ation must also be given to whether the screening pro- gram provides for periodic retesting or rescreening of clients. Program cost factors must be evaluated in re- lation to the program's total cost, cost per test, cost per abnormal test, provision of care to the indigent, and whether the applicant will use government or foun- dation funds in operating the screening program. Ex- planatory notes on the preventive screening guidelines are included. HRP-0903802/7/GAA PC A07/MF A01 PACE Management Associates, Washington, DC. Proposed Methodologies for Conducting Assess- ments of Health Status and Health Systems Status with Regard to Problems of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Oct 79, 144p Sponsored in part by Health Systems Agency of Southeastern Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and Bureau of Health Planning, Hyattsville, MD. Keywords: "Drugs, "Health, "Alcoholism, Assess- ments, Methodology, Drug addiction. This health systems agency explored methodologies for determining gross needs, unmet needs, and de- mands for services for alcohol and drug abusers. Three study tasks were specified: (1) resource-based methodology; (2) population-based methodology; and (3) methodologies for interrelating the first and second tasks. The decision was made to recommend an inte- grated methodology which appropriately interfaces data from populations and data from resources to achieve two principal analyses required by Federal law and the health systems planning taxonomy. This meth- odology involved an analysis of the population's health status and an analysis of the health system's impact on health status. As shown by a literature review, most alcohol and drug abuse plans developed by single State agencies and even most health systems plans presented data on populations and resources but did not evidence the use of any successful methodologies for interrelating these data elements. The following recommendations are made to achieve an interrelated methodology: use existing treatment data, synthetic estimators, existing survey data, and census tract data to estimate incidence and prevalence data for alcohol and drug abusers; use a small sample survey tech- nique to develop refined data on health, socioeconom- ic, educational, and other needs; administer a special resource survey to non-network resources to provide both program and client information; administer a spe- cially-designed evaluation protocol to elicit process and outcome data tailored to health systems agency taxonomy requirements; and employ a management review procedure to generate data on costs and man- power. Appendixes are not included with the docu- ment. HRP-0903819/1/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Three Rivers Health Systems Agency, Inc., Columbia, SC. 87 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Plan for Institutional-Based Cardiac Services. Apr 80, 77p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: "Health, *Health planning, Heart diseases, Criteria, Standards, Quality, Acceptability, Continuity. This revised section of the health systems plan con- cerns coronary care units, cardiac catheterization, and open heart surgery. Three health status goals seek to lower mortality from various types of heart disease. The services are then briefly analyzed in terms of health system characteristics, and need methodolo- gies are presented for each. Appendices contain crite- ria and standards for appropriateness and certificate of need reviews. Those for coronary care units are availability (2 criteria, 2 standards); accessibility (7, 7); cost (4, 7); quality (13, 17); acceptability (4, 4); and continuity (3, 5). Those for cardiac catheterization are availability (3, 9); accessibility (7, 9); cost (5, 10); qual- ity (11, 29); acceptability (4, 7); and continuity (4, 11). Those for open heart surgery are availability (3, 7); ac- cessibility (7, 9); cost (5, 9); quality (12, 27); acceptabil- ity (4, 7); and continuity (4, 9). There is no discussion of rationale for the standards. Many standards contain several elements. Although references are given for the main body of the plan, they are not included for the criteria and standards. HRP-0903822/5/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Three Rivers Health Systems Agency, Inc., Columbia, SC. Plan for Radiation Therapy Services. Jul 80, 56p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: 'Health, 'Health planning, Ionizing radi- ation, Assessments, Criteria, Standards, South Caroli- Radiation therapy is a clinical, medical specialty in which patients with cancers or other neoplasms are treated with ionizing radiation. This study, which fo- cuses on megavoltage radiation therapy, considers a needs assessment methodology for radiation therapy services and presents specific criteria and standards for certificate of need and appropriateness reviews of these services. Future need is determined by first mul- tiplying the Three Rivers health service area popula- tion by the incidence rate for new cancer to determine the number of new patients. Of these patients, 50 per- cent will require 30 treatments annually, while 2 per- cent will require 10 treatments annually. The resulting total number of required treatments is the projected need for radiation therapy services. Following a gener- al discussion of cancer incidence and treatment mo- dalities, the existing radiation therapy system in the Three Rivers area is reviewed and the desired system is considered. Criteria and standards are presented for each of the health system characteristics: availability (3 criteria, 6 standards); accessibility (5, 5); cost (5, 8); quality (5, 13); continuity (3, 6); and acceptability (2, 5). Standards include measurable requirements. No dis- cussion of rationale is presented. Cancer data by spe- cific site, state aid cancer clinics in South Carolina, and the minimum requirements for these clinics are ap- pended. An executive summary, tables, footnotes, and a bibliography are included. HRP-0903845/6/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Northern Indiana Health Systems Agency, Inc., South Bend. Search for Safe Drinking Water, Margaret A. Hairsine, and Herbert A. Schumm. Aug 81, 68p Grant PHS-05-P-0002 12-07 Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Water quality, 'Potable water, Surveys, Malignant neoplasms, Heart diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Preventive medicine, Indi- ana, Tests, Water pollution, Water treatment. This report correlates information available on drinking water quality with cancer and heart disease and rec- ommends actions to reduce the potential of develop- ing heart disease and/or cancer from materials found in drinking water. Chapter 1 discusses the historical development of safe drinking water while Chapter 2 examines the water treatment process as it stands today. Chapters 3 and 4 investigate the correlation be- tween drinking water and cancer and review the re- search done on heart disease and drinking water. The potential drinking water problems in northern Indiana are studied in Chapter 5. The results of a telephone survey of the area's water suppliers are presented in Chapter 6. It examines the extent and frequency of tests on drinking water in the northern Indiana area. The survey responses, a listing of water suppliers, and the tests by plants surveyed are all tabulated. A copy of the survey form is appended. Tables, map, and ref- erences are included. HRP-0903887/8/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Three Rivers Health Systems Agency, Inc., Columbia, SC. Plan for Institutional-Based Maternal and Newborn Services. 15 Oct 80, 41 p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: 'Health, 'Health care delivery, 'Children, Obstetrics, Pregnancy, Criteria, Standards, Availability, Accessibility, Costs, Quality, Acceptability, Continuity. A regionalized approach to the delivery of maternal and newborn services offered in an institutional setting is explained in this service-specific plan. Discussion centers around services for prenatal complication, labor and delivery, post-partum care, and newborn care from birth up to 28 days. The study is divided into 2 components (status and system analysis) for plan- ning obstetric and neonatal services. General criteria and standards follow each discussion of service type, and when plausible, specific standards are established and presented in the appendices for the six basic char- acteristics. The respective numbers of criteria and standards for obstetric services are availability (3 crite- ria, 3 standards); accessibility (7, 7); cost (4, 7); quality (5, 6); acceptability (5, 6); and continuity (3, 4). For neonatal special services, the numbers are availability (3, 4); accessibility (6, 6); cost (3, 3); quality (5, 5); and continuity (3, 3). Source and rationale are not present- ed; measurable statements are in the standards. A modified Hill-Burton formula is used to determine ob- stetric and neonatal bed need. Tables, appendices, and an executive summary are included. HRP-0904149/2/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Oregon State Health Planning and Development Agency, Salem. Office of Rural Health. Clinic Management Handbook, Christine Sajewski. Apr 82, 125p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Keywords: 'Health, 'Health planning, 'Management planning, Personnel management, Office manage- ment, Office equipment, Financial management, Ac- counting, Billing, Salaries, Oregon. This handbook was written to acquaint rural communi- ties with rural clinic management. It is intended to assist small rural health clinics in performing daily and long-term management tasks. The handbook should be helpful to both clinic employees and to the boards of directors of nonprofit rural clinics. Clinic manage- ment issues for small rural clinics are very similar to those faced by larger urban clinics. However, the mag- nitude of the issues and the methods for dealing with them are usually different for rural clinics. This hand- book addresses clinic management issues from a rural clinic perspective and discusses the following topics: clinic staffing, personnel policies, recruitment and interviewing, job descriptions and performance re- views; effective management of a rural clinic's recep- tion area; medical record systems suitable for a small rural clinic; information on the components of a finan- cial management system for a rural clinic-accounts re- ceivable, accounts payable, fee schedules, billing and collections, insurance reimbursement, and payroll; in- formation on private foundations that may be potential financial resources for rural clinics; insurance needs of a rural clinic; the Principles of Practice (POP), which is a clinic management document that should be pre- pared by all clinics; and information on informing the community about a new rural clinic. HRP-0904237/5/GAA PC A03/MF A01 United Health Systems Agency, Inc., Concord, NH. Cardiac Catheterization, F. Reed Willis. 1980, 30p Keywords: 'Health, History, Trends, Criteria, Stand- ards, Availability, Accessibility, Costs, Quality. A discussion of the practice of cardiac catheterization in New Hampshire is presented in this report along with guidelines for the rational development of cathe- terization units in the state. Cardiac catheterization is defined and explained, and its history and trends are reviewed. The cardiac catheterization resources in New Hampshire are described, and criteria and stand- ards are identified. Cardiac catheterization has been available in New Hampshire for over 25 years. Four facilities currently report cardiac catheterization proce- dures: Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital (Hanover); Elliot Hospital (Manchester); Littleton Hospital (Little- ton); and Catholic Medical Center (Manchester). Utili- zation of the cardiac catheterization services in the four hospitals varies according to total procedures, age of patient, type of procedure, and patient resi- dence. The number of cardiac catheterization proce- dures performed in each hospital by patient age is summarized in table form. The maximum (optimum) volume of cardiac catheterizations which New Hamp- shire hospitals report they can perform assuming cur- rent resources and unlimited patient population is 200 cases at Elliot, 250 cases at Littleton, 350 cases at Catholic Medical Center, and 520 cases at Mary Hitch- cock. HRP-0904467/8/GAA PC A05/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Primary Health Care Bibliography and Resource Directory, Joel Montague, Shahnaz Montague, and Edward Capparelli. 1982, 82p ISBN-0-87553-105-9 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Library of Congress catalog card no. 82- 71980. Keywords: 'Health, Professional personnel, Rural areas, Requirements, Education, Bibliographies. The purpose of this bibliography is to make information on primary health care activities and programs more readily available to planners, managers, decision- makers, and health personnel in both developed and developing countries. Criteria used in the selection of references for the bibliography include: (1) Usefulness; (2) Timeliness; (3) Access; (4)Cost; (5) English Lan- guage. The publication is divided into two sections: (1) an annotated bibliography and (2) a resource directory. HRP-0904468/6/GAA PC A06/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Primary Health Care: Progress and Problems. An Analysis of 52 AID-Assisted Projects, Margaret Burns Parlato, and Michael N. Favin. Aug 82, 104p ISBN-0-87553-106-7 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 See also HRP-0904467. Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hyattsville, MD. Library of Con- gress catalog card no. 82-13843. Keywords: 'Health, 'Health care delivery, Communi- ties, Participative management, Design, Management, Costs. This document chronicles the problems and progress in 52 AID-funded projects in primary health care, many of which began before Alma-Ata. The diversity and scope of these projects demonstrate the wide range of approaches to primary health care. It is still impossible to assess the implications of these approaches; the timeframe has been far too short. However, evidence of progress made provides a convincing rationale to sustain PHC efforts as an alternative to historical ap- proaches of health care delivery. HRP-0904469/4/GAA PC A05/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Primary Health Care Issues, Series 1, Number 4. Community Financing of Primary Health Care, Wayne Stinson. 1982, 93p ISBN-0-87553-100-8 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Library of Congress catalog card no. 82- 4016. See also rept. no. 3, HRP-0904470. Keywords: 'Health, 'Financial management, Financ- ing, Communities, Project planning, Resources. 88 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS This paper concerns resource mobilization, with par- ticular emphasis on community participation. It de- scribes ways users of public sector health services have helped defray one-time and recurrent costs and how these contributions fit into the overall picture of primary care financing. It is written for persons who may be thinking about community financing. It re- counts where and how such methods have been at- tempted, what costs they have defrayed, and what kinds of extracommunal assistance they have needed. Its ultimate objective is to help readers fit community financing into an overall financing plan and to suggest ways in which community schemes can be implement- ed. HRP-0904470/2/GAA PC A04/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Primary Health Care Issues, Series I, Number 3. Growth Monitoring of Preschool Children: Practi- cal Considerations for Primary Health Care Projects, Marcia Griffiths. Oct 81 , 75p Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Errata sheet inserted. See also rept. no. 2, HRP-0904471, and rept. no. 4, HRP-0904469. Keywords: 'Health, Growth, "Children, Rural areas, Measuring instruments, Education. The purpose of this paper is to examine the state of the art of growth monitoring as it is undertaken on a regular basis at the community or clinic level in primary health care and nutrition programs throughout the de- veloping world. The paper is intended to present es- sential findings from research and field experiences on monitoring growth that will enable the primary health care program planner to understand: (1) the activities that comprise a growth monitoring project; (2) the major issues and problems involved in growth monitor- ing exercises; and (3) some of the lessons learned in various projects and settings. HRP-0904471/O/GAA PC A03/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Primary Health Care Issues, Series I, Number 2. Im- munizations, Edward Sabin, and Wayne Stinson. Oct 81, 43p Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. See also rept. no. 1 , HRP-0904472, and rept. no. 3, HRP-0904470. Keywords: * Health, 'Diseases, Services, Communi- ties, Project management. Immunization against the major infectious diseases is defined as one of nine key basic components of pri- mary health care according to the report of the WHO- UNICEF Conference on Primary Health Care held at Alma Ata in 1978. Even before the primary health care movement, there was universal consensus that essen- tial and basic child health services must include child- hood immunizations. Of an estimated one hundred twenty-five million children born every year, approxi- mately twelve million (or nearly 1 percent) die before age one-97 percent of the deaths occurring in devel- oping countries. The major causes of deaths are gas- trointestinal and respiratory diseases alone and in combination with malnutrition. A significant portion of these deaths could be prevented by effective infant im- munization, yet only about 10 percent of the children in developing countries are properly immunized at present. Expansion of immunization coverage is a nec- essary and important step. HRP-0904472/8/GAA PC A04/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Primary Health Care Issues, Series I, Number 1. Using Radio for Primary Health Care, William O. Sweeney. Sep 82, 59p ISBN-0-87533- 109-1 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Sponsored in part by Bureau of Health Planning, Hy- attsville, MD. Library of Congress catalog card no. 82- 16284. See also rept. no. 2, HRP-0904471. Keywords: 'Health, 'Communications, Radio broad- casting, Rural areas, Mass media, Cost analysis. The use of radio in Primary Health Care is one tech- nique that has received limited attention in the health literature. While perhaps of limited interest to the clini- cian, this report has much to say to those responsible for national or regional health programs. It is for this particular audience that it has been written and refer- eed by professionals with many years of 'hands-on' ex- perience with media in the developing world. HRP-0904666/5/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Institute for Health Planning, Inc., Madison, Wl. Development Fees for Health Facilities Construc- tion. Aug 83, 205p Keywords: 'Construction, 'Health, Hospitals, Plan- ning, Design, Services, Construction costs. This study describes the many financial, legal, plan- ning, and design services that may be used in the de- velopment of a complex modern health facility like a hospital, in addition to describing each development service, the study identifies those variables that most influence the cost of each service and provides current examples of service fees or charges. Having examined development services individually, the study proceeds to analyze the broad issues and trends that have influ- enced costs across multiple services in the past decade or two. These include changes in health facility design, construction methods, modes of financing, and regulation. Also examined are the tradition of percent- based fee structures, the tradition of service competi- tion based on factors other than price, and the lack of industrywide evaluation of construction products and methods. The study should serve as a useful reference for anyone involved in the development of a major health facilities construction project. HRP-0904763/O/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ. Preventing Tooth Decay: Results from a Four-Year National Study. Special rept. no. 2, M. Leon. 1983, 19p Keywords: 'Health, Effectiveness, Cost analysis. Children's teeth found to be healthier than expected. Most preventive measures proved to be more expen- sive - and less effective. The value of water fluorida- tion underscored. IBRD-WP-01 1/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Foregone Benefits and Costs of a Prevented Birth: Conceptual Problems and an Application to the U.A.R. Staff working paper, George C. Zaidan. Jan 68, 41 p Keywords: 'Cost benefits, 'Population control, 'Birth control, Benefit cost analysis, Developing countries, Expenses, Productivity, Quality assurance, Developing country application. This paper treats investment in population control as any other investment and sets as its objective to refine and extend the cost-benefit analysis of such an invest- ment. The essence of this approach is to work out the consumption and productivity streams of an unborn child, and- after appropriate discounting- to subtract the latter from the former to get the net economic ben- efits of preventing a birth. The benefits are measured in terms of the income stream that becomes available to the economy as a whole, as a result of preventing one birth. The paper seeks then to analyze the as- sumptions and hence limitations of such a procedure. IBRD-WP-012/GAA PC A08/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. French Academic and Private Research on Eco- nomic Development Problems. Staff working paper, Alexander G. Nowicki. Feb 68, 151p Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Economic development, Developing countries, Research projects, Consultants, Reviews, Developing country application. This paper has been written to acquaint the reader with a French economic development school. This survey concentrates on academic and semi-academic research institutes and consulting firms. The aim of the survey is to report on the major aspects and features of French thinking and research on economic develop- ment problems and the major institutions active in this field. IBRD-WP-013/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Productivity Growth and Development in Latin America. Staff working paper, Henry J. Bruton. May 68, 55p Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Latin America, Statistical analysis, Policies, Growth, Developing country applica- tion. This paper focuses on the derivation of the 'production function,' i.e., output as a function of, on the one hand, increased inputs of capital and labor and, on the other hand, productivity growth. This leads to a comparison of productivity trends in industrialized countries and in four Latin American countries. IBRD-WP-014/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Forecasting Steel Demand in Developing Coun- tries. Staff working paper, Bertil Walstedt, and Jose Datas-Panero. Jun 68, 68p Keywords: 'Steel industry, 'Economic analysis, Con- sumption, Forecasting, Trends, Steels, Developing country application. This paper reviews long-term trends and growth pat- terns in world steel consumption, highlighting factors which, at various stages, have accelerated or slowed growth. It appraises attempts made by the U.N. Eco- nomic Commission for Europe to find a general statisti- cal formula which could be used to describe and to project the growth of steel consumption in the world and in its major regions. It next sets out to study the growth of steel consumption in relation to selected macro-economic variables. The study uses geographi- cal cross-section data. IBRD-WP-016/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Treatment of Population in Bank Economic Work. Staff working paper, G. Zaidan, and E. K. Hawkins. May 68, 88p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Demography, Birth control, Developing country application, 'Family planning. This paper provides a general discussion of the inter- relationships between population and growth and eco- nomic growth with particular reference to the question of defining the conditions under which a country can be said to have a population problem. It provides a brief guide to the evaluation of family planning pro- grams directed to the non-specialist with guidelines enabling him to understand the problems posed by such programs and thus be in a better position to for- mulate a judgment as to the possibilities for their suc- cess. IBRD-WP-017/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Quantitative Analysis of Urban Water Demand in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Avigdor Meroz. Jun 68, 42p Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Water supply, 'Water use, Demand(Economics), Income, Weather, Cost analysis, Forecasting, Developing country application. This paper reports on an attempt to estimate the ef- fects of income, price, and weather on the consump- tion of water in urban areas of developing countries and to derive functional relationships between these 89 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS factors and the demand for water which can be used for forecasting. The study is based on data for 38 cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. IBRD-WP-018/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Review of Past Efforts at Deriving Agricultural Supply Models for Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Bernard Oury. Jun 68, 47p Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, Bibliographies, Models, Supply(Economics), Developing country appli- cation. This paper reviews some twelve econometric studies of agricultural producers' behavior in developing coun- tries. In addition, it provides a tentative and more de- tailed bibliography including also works which, though identified, could not be obtained. It is part of an explo- ration of the possibilities of deriving an agricultural supply model for developing countries. The author concludes that the major weakness of existing models are the serious lack of specification and frequent use of data proxies; comparisons based on different time periods and different sets of assumptions. A need exists for a more rigorous approach to agricultural supply model building in developing countries, includ- ing the specification of a better theoretical framework and a more systematic empirical investigation, in order to make agricultural supply models comparable from country to country or area to area and from commodity to commodity. IBRD-WP-023/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Saving and Taxation in Developing Countries: An Empirical Study. Staff working paper, K. Krishamurty, and Dawn E. Elvis. Aug 68, 25p Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Economic devel- opment, 'Taxes, Savings, Consumption, Policies, Sta- tistical analysis, Developing country application. The aim of this statistical study is to investigate the relationships between taxation, private consumption, and savings. The author states that an increase in the savings-investment rate is one of the crucial factors in promoting economic development. IBRD-WP-028/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Automobile Demand in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Alexander G. Nowicki, and Suzanne M. Snell. Oct 68, 66p Keywords: 'Automobiles, 'Economic analysis, Devel- oping countries, Models, Forecasting, Developing country application, Developed countries. This note reviews problems in projecting demand for automobiles in developed countries and gives exam- ples of approaches to demand projection in some de- veloping countries. It then proposes a new method of calculating demand in developing countries based on a growth and saturation model of the car market, and discusses how it could be used to formulate policy with respect to automobile manufacture. IBRD-WP-029/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Optimum Number of Berths of a Port. Staff working paper, Jan de Weille, and Anandarup Ray. Nov 68, 50p Keywords: 'Ships, 'Ports, Ship piers, Services, Cost analysis, Models, Developing country application. This paper presents a method of specifying the rela- tionship between the total waiting times of ships at a port and the number of ship arrivals, the number of berths and the average service time per ship. This rela- tionship enables us to derive curves showing the varia- tion in waiting time costs with different numbers of ship arrivals. IBRD-WP-036/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Competitiveness of Capital Goods Industries in Selected Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Barend A. de vries. Jan 69, 26p Keywords: 'Industrial development, Cost analysis, Policies, Developing country application. This paper presents certain empirical data on industrial competitiveness in selected developing countries, based on studies undertaken in the World Bank. It dis- cusses some of the implications of these findings for industrial policy and the 'orientation' of development, and makes suggestions for future research. IBRD-WP-038/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Briefing Notes on Food Processing Industries in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Helen Hughes. Feb 69, 94p Keywords: 'Food processing, Manufacturing, Exports, Problem solving, Developing country application. This paper discusses the principal economic problems facing the food processing industries in developing countries. The main emphasis is on food processing for local consumption, but the prospects of increased processing for export are examined. IBRD-WP-041/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Analysis of Capital Flows between the Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sectors of West Pakistan. Staff working paper, Per Eklund. Apr 69, 19p Keywords: 'Pakistan, 'Economic development, 'Agri- culture, Developing country application. This paper analyzes the generation of savings from ag- ricultural production in West Pakistan. It confirms the view that substantial transfers of private savings were and are being made out of the agricultural sector and briefly discusses the policy implications which follow. IBRD-WP-042/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Analysis of Capital Flows between the Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sectors of India. Staff working paper, Emmerich M. Schebeck. Jun 69, 33p Keywords: 'India, 'Economic development, 'Agricul- ture, Developing country application. The purpose of this study is to determine the direction and magnitude of capital flows between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of India within the context of rising agricultural income, supplemented by subsi- dies, which almost entirely escape direct taxation. IBRD-WP-046/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Project Appraisal in Inflationary Conditions. Staff working paper, Sanjaya Lall. Jun 69, 33p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Project evaluation, Economic conditions, Prices, Developing country ap- plication. This paper discusses some general difficulties in project appraisal under inflationary conditions and how they might be overcome. It presents evidence of large fluctuations in relative prices apparently attributable to inflation. IBRD-WP-047/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Shadow Prices for Project Evaluation in Less De- veloped Countries. Staff working paper, Richard S. Weckstein. Jun 69, 32p Keywords: 'Project appraisal, 'Economic analysis, Developing country application. This paper examines some fundamentally different processes used to develop shadow prices. The author cites the origins of these weaknesses as market im- perfections such as the coexistence of unemployed labor and an artificially high labor wage, the power ex- erted by monopolies over prices, the existence of non- optimal income distribution and non-optimal purchas- ing power. The paper then rates some of the available synthetic 'shadow' prices. IBRD-WP-051/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Aspects of the Pulp and Paper Industry, with Special Reference to Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Jose A. Datas-Panero. Oct 79, 103p Keywords: 'Paper industry, 'Economic development, Characteristics, Developing country application. The object of this paper is to provide background infor- mation on the pulp and paper industry to facilitate an understanding of the economic aspects which are rel- evant to establishment or expansion of the industry in developing countries. IBRD-WP-056/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Use of Simulation in Appraising a Livestock Breed- ing/Fattening Project. Staff working paper, Tariq Husain. Jan 70, 131p Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Project evaluation, 'Manage- ment planning, Models, Computer programming, Beef cattle, Developing country application. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of computer simulation in the appraisal of livestock projects, and to present one model for appraising a beef breeding/fattening project. A second objective is to develop a set of computer programs which may be used as computation tools in appraising livestock projects. IBRD-WP-057/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Production and Supply Response Re- search: A Review for Project Planners in Develop- ing Countries. Staff working paper, James A. Seagraves. Jan 70, 71 p Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Research and devel- opment, 'Management techniques, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, Budgeting, Evaluation, Developing country ap- plication. This paper reviews available research methodology and findings which would help resolve some questions raised by practitioners of development planning. It re- views estimation techniques allowing project planners and economists to more easily choose research meth- ods. A brief review of the state of the art pertaining to agricultural production and supply functions is includ- ed, as are tables and references. IBRD-WP-066/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Evaluation of Benefits from Season-to-Season Grain Storage Programs. Staff working paper, Shlomo Reutlinger, Norman Wilde, and Philip King. Feb 70, 54p Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Grains(Food), Stor- age, Production, Consumption, Cost analysis, Devel- oping country application. This paper reports on progress of a study on planning and evaluation techniques for grain storage programs in developing countries. Storage demand and benefits, 90 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS production, consumption and prices of grain in each season are shown to be jointly determined by the supply and demand functions for grain in each period, the variable storage costs, storage capacity and the amount of grain wasted during storage, given that stor- age is carried out with a view to maximizing benefits. IBRD-WP-067/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Optimum Depth of Water in a Port. Staff working paper, Anandarup Ray. Feb 70, 80p Keywords: 'Ports, "Ships, Cost analysis, Cargoes, De- veloping country application. This paper discusses the problems of cost benefit analyses of port deepening projects. It defines the re- lationship between the concepts of optimum vessel size and optimum shipment size and discusses how this relationship is affected by depth limitations in the port. The paper also presents some data on depth re- quirements for various vessel sizes and on vessel op- erating costs. IBRD-WP-068/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Are There Economies of Size in Government Cur- rent Expenditures in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Ved P. Gandhi. Mar 70, 22p Keywords: "Taxes, Government, Expenses, "Econom- ic development, Developing country application. This paper is the result of research done on the sub- ject of the economies of 'size' in government current expenditures. It suggests, among other things, that a developing country is likely to consume almost the same proportion of its gross national product in gov- ernment administration expenditures and civil con- sumption expenditures as its population and gross na- tional product grow. Through an empirical investiga- tion, the author concludes that there is a lack of econo- mies of scale in government expenditures with respect to the size of the nation. Thus, no developing country should expect that there would be savings by virtue of the 'economies' in expenditure on government admin- istration following the growth in its population or gross national product. IBRD-WP-070/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Appraisal Methodology for Feeder Road Projects. Staff working paper, Arturo Israel. Mar 70, 71 p Keywords: "Financial management, "Roads, Access roads, Project planning, Models, "Regional planning, Developing country application. This paper deals with the measurement of the benefits of feeder road investments in developing countries. It centers on two stages: project identification, and ap- praisal of specific investment alternatives. The paper also presents guidelines for carrying out a regional project identification survey and a parallel survey of in- stitutional and sociological factors. IBRD-WP-071/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Measurement of the Economic Benefits from Family Planning Projects and Programs. Staff working paper, Timothy King. Mar 70, 52p Keywords: "Population control, "Cost benefits, Benefit cost analysis, Income, Developing country application, "Family planning. This paper analyzes the main economic issues that arise in attempting to evaluate the results of family planning programs and projects. It discusses the validi- ty of using the objective of maximizing national income per head as the criterion for measuring the economic benefits of such a project, and the way in which family planning projects lead to a rise in income per head. IBRD-WP-073/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Framework for Urban Transport Studies. Staff working paper, Koichi Mera. Mar 70, 46p Keywords: "Urban planning, "Transportation, Urban development, Models, Developing countries, Develop- ing country application. This paper presents a framework for urban transporta- tion studies which could be adopted as part of a gener- al urban development study for operational purposes as opposed to educational purposes. Such a study is designed to produce a long-range transportation in- vestment program for an urban area and to identify and evaluate high priority transport projects to be un- dertaken in the immediate future. IBRD-WP-074/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Concentration of Urbanization and Economic Effi- ciency. Staff working paper, Koichi Mera. Mar 70, 37p Keywords: "Urban planning, "Productivity, Decentralization(Dispersal), Services, Income, Devel- oping country application. This paper examines the efficiency of large cities as opposed to medium-sized and smaller cities in the context of developing countries as well as developed countries. IBRD-WP-076/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economics of Rail Line Closure. Staff working paper, Ranjit K. Sau. May 70, 87p Keywords: "Rail transportation, Stopping, "Economic analysis, Developing country application. This paper discusses how to determine which sections of a rail system to close and when. These decisions are analyzed for both the economic (net social bene- fits) and financial (railway company's gains) objectives. IBRD-WP-077/GAA PC A09/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Systems Analysis of Rural Transportation. Staff working paper. May 70, 179p Keywords: "Transportation, "Rural areas, Developing countries, "Economic analysis, Models, Developing country application. This paper is the result of a systems analysis study of rural transportation. The emphasis is on the develop- ment of techniques for measuring the economic impact of alternative transport system investments (different feeder road grids). IBRD-WP-083/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Skilled-Manpower Demand Projections for Irriga- tion Projects in Northwest Mexico. Staff working paper, I. Haissman. Jun 70, 105p Keywords: "Training, "Irrigation, Developing countries, Schools, "Mexico, Models, Developing country appli- cation. This study gives a simple, practical method for calcu- lating the skilled-manpower requirements of irrigation projects in developing countries and designing school- ing systems for training of the necessary personnel. The study defines the occupations required in irrigation project development, shows in what activities each is deployed, and gives standards for manpower require- ments as a function of the irrigated area, crop type, land tenure system, and other parameters. IBRD-WP-091/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Investment Analysis in Electricity Supply. Staff working paper, Dennis Anderson. Nov 70, 97p Keywords: "Electric power, "Financial management, Supply(Economics), Developing country application. This study reviews, develops, and tests quantitative methods of appraising investments in electricity supply. Typical decision variables considered are: choice of fossil, nuclear, or single- or multi-purpose hy- droplant; location of plant; directions of electrical energy transport; timing of investments; replacement; and, in all cases, the optimum mode of system oper- ation. IBRD-WP-094/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Brazil Transport Study Models. Staff working paper, Clell G. Harral. Dec 70, 20p Keywords: "Transportation, Models, "Brazil, High- ways, Railroads, Water transportation, Developing country application. This paper describes two applications of systems models to transportation planning problems in Brazil. The basic objective of the two studies is essentially the same- transport project identification and preliminary evaluation for an entire mode or sector through appli- cation of a formal network model. The earlier study en- compasses all modes (road, rail, and water) while the latter study is restricted to highways. IBRD-WP-100/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Some Aspects of Public Education Expenditure in Africa. Staff working paper, Ved P. Gandhi. Feb 71 , 36p Keywords: "Education, "Africa, Instructors, Cost anal- ysis, Developing country application. This paper establishes the trends of high and rapidly growing education expenditures in Africa. It suggests, among other things, that the large number of expatri- ate teaching staff in the secondary (as well as higher) education institutions, high salaries and other pecuni- ary benefits given to these teachers, relatively low school enrollment ratios, and high teacher-pupil ratios in African countries perhaps account for the present 'costliness' of African education. It concludes that the 'underutilization' of such a costly resource as expatri- ate teachers in Africa must be thoroughly examined if some kind of 'optimization' of public education ex- penditure is to be immediately achieved in African countries. IBRD-WP-103/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Son-Preference and Fertility Behavior. Staff working paper, Robert Repetto. Apr 71, 38p Keywords: "Fertility, "Children, Males, Developing country application. This paper tests the hypotheses that fertility behavior is influenced by the desire to have a particular ratio of sons to daughters. It is based upon survey data from developing countries in Asia and Africa. The author as- serts that apart from a general preference for sons, this preference may be linked to economic conditions under which parents may have to rely on the support of surviving sons in their old age. IBRD-WP-106/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Effects of Various Methods of Educa- tional Finance. Staff working paper, Daniel C. Rogers. May 71, 66p 91 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Education, "Financial management, Fees, Students, Income, Taxes, Universities, Developing country application. This paper offers a survey of the main methods of edu- cational finance and analyzes their economic effects. These effects are examined against the background of various objectives, such as resource mobilization, equality, internal and external efficiency of education, etc. The general conclusion of the study is that any method of finance which does not either require an in- crease in general taxation or draw public resources away from other development tasks is desirable. In particular, fees, fees concerned with loans, and ear- marked taxes are all methods of financing education worthy of careful consideration. IBRD-WP-112/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Development in Relation to the Em- ployment Problem. Staff working paper, Shlomo Reutlinger, G. F. Donaldson, P. Duane, A. C. Egbert, and Tariq Husain. May 71, 72p Keywords: "Farming, "Agriculture, "Employment, "Rural areas, Policies, Farms, Unemployment, Produc- tivity, Developing country application. This paper presents in a global context, a discussion of the rural employment problem and the policy issues that flow from it. The benefits and difficulties arising from the 'green revolution' are considered in the over- all farm development scene. The policy requirements to facilitate the involvement of the unemployed and under-employed in the process of development are considered, as they relate to both the governments of developing countries and outside agencies. IBRD-WP-1 18/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. International Comparison of Low Income in the Agricultural Sector in Selected LDC's. Staff working paper, Dipak Mazumdar. Oct 71, 28p Keywords: "Income, "Farming, "Agriculture, "Rural areas, Developing country application. This study develops a method for international com- parison of income at particular points or ranges in income distributions, thereby permitting countries to be ranked, for example, by reference to the income position of the poorest groups. The method is applied to income and income distribution data relating to the rural populations of a number of less developed coun- tries. IBRD-WP-1 19/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Project Appraisal in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa. Oct 71 , 27p Keywords: "Project evaluation, "Economic analysis, Return on investment, Foreign exchange rate, Devel- oping country application. In this paper, the author evaluates alternative methods of project appraisal in developing countries with a view to their practical application. In particular, comparisons are made between methods involving (a) the use of the rate of return to capital and the domestic cost of foreign exchange criteria; (b) the inclusion of direct as against indirect domestic costs in the calculations; and (c) the use of the shadow exchange rate and the Little- Mirrlees methods of valuing all goods at world market prices. Further consideration is given to the problems of project evaluation under alternative policy assump- tions. IBRD-WP-123/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. International Division of Labor: The Case of Indus- try. Staff working paper, Hollis Chenery, and Helen Hughes. Jan 72, 39p Keywords: "International trade, "Economic develop- ment, "Industrial development, Developing country ap- plication. This paper brings together recent currents of thought regarding the role of exports in the growth of manufac- turing in developing countries. It relates patterns of in- dustrial development to overall economic growth, and discusses the principal policy implications. It suggests that for both developing countries and industrialized nations, policy issues regarding industrial and related trade growth are likely to be key development prob- lems in the future. Many tables and a bibliography are appended. IBRD-WP-128/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Adjustments for Trade Distortions in Project Anal- ysis. Staff working paper, Deepak Lai. Mar 72, 50p Keywords: "Economic analysis, Commerce, "Project evaluation, Developing country application. This paper sets out the nature of the adjustments which are required in project analysis in an economy with trade distortions. It shows the implicit or explicit assumptions alternative project selection procedures made about the adjustment processes and/or various structural features of the economy, and finally evalu- ates the practical usefulness of the alternative proce- dures. IBRD-WP-129/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Employment, Income Distribution and a Poverty Redressal Index. Staff working paper, Deepak Lai. Mar 72, 19p Keywords: "Cost benefits, "Employment, "Income, Earnings, Cost benefit analysis, Distributing, Develop- ing country application. This paper argues that the aspect of the 'employment' problem not taken into account by the conventional ef- ficiency 'shadow' wages used in social cost-benefit analysis is essentially distributional in nature. A poverty redressal index is then developed to take account of these distributional effects. It is a rough and ready measure which does not involve the specification of a full social utility function, and only requires very simple and probably generally acceptable value-judgements about income distribution. IBRD-WP-130/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Estimating Income Distribution Weights for Project Analysis. Staff working paper, Deepak Lai. Mar 72, 43p Keywords: "Economic analysis, "Income, "India, "Project evaluation, Developing country application. This paper provides a method for deriving distributive weights based on a constant elasticity social utility function. This function integrated the three dimensions of income-distribution which may be relevant to project choice: the inter-temporal income distribution repre- sented by the savings-consumption distribution of the net benefits of the projects; the inter-regional distribu- tional effects dependent on the regional location of the project: and the intra-regional distribution of benefits as between recipients in different income groups in the region. Illustrative distributional weights are then de- rived for India. IBRD-WP-137/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Evaluation of Family Planning Programs Using Service Statistics. Staff working paper, Roberto Cuca. Nov 72, 62p Keywords: "Birth control, Evaluation, "Tunisia, Statisti- cal analysis, Developing country application, "Family planning. This paper presents a method of evaluation based upon statistics from the World Bank's family planning program and tries to evaluate the output of a family planning program in terms of births averted. The method provides a way of evaluating programs without the use of electronic data processing facilities; it can be used on a yearly or monthly basis, with only the assistance of a desk calculator. The paper includes an appendix in which the case of Tunisia has been taken to illustrate the methodology. IBRD-WP-141/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Internal and External Aspects of Development Plans and Performance, 1960-1970. Staff working paper, Hollis B. Chenery, and Nicholas G. Carter. Feb 73, 55p Keywords: "Economic development, Policies, Growth, Fixed investment, Developing country application. This paper presents a summary evaluation of the inter- relations between internal and external policies in the development experience of the 1960s, focusing on the needs of policy makers in both developing and devel- oped countries. Growth rates are shown to have accel- erated in most countries, and over the decade a number of aid recipients have gone through the antici- pated sequence of increased investment rates, struc- tural transformation, and declining aid requirements. Other countries have confirmed the suspicions of the aid skeptics and have shown little benefit from the as- sistance received. IBRD-WP-1 52/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Nutrition and Health of Indonesian Construction Workers: Endurance and Anemia. Staff working paper, Darwin Karyadi, and Samir Basta. Apr 73, 59p Keywords: "Health, "Nutrition, "Indonesia, Males, Nu- tritional deficiencies, Developing country application. This paper describes a study of nutritional and health deficiencies in a sample of 571 male Indonesian con- struction workers. The study was undertaken to deter- mine if dietary deficiencies or poor health were lower- ing workers' endurance as measured by the Harvard Step Test, and whether a nutrition intervention study was warranted. IBRD-WP-1 57/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Financing of Education: An Examination of Basic Issues. Staff working paper, Jean-Pierre Jallade. Jul 73, 47p Keywords: "Education, "Economic Analysis, Develop- ing countries, Financing, Developing country applica- tion. This paper treats a number of issues in the field of edu- cation finance. The escalating costs of education in recent years give these problems a special importance and urgency, particularly in less developed countries. The nature of education as a semi-public good togeth- er with its implications for finance, are discussed. The case for a mix of private and public finance for educa- tion is made, and its income distribution effects are considered. IBRD-WP-1 59/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Micro-Economic Theories of Fertility. Staff working paper, Robert Repetto. Jul 73, 35p Keywords: "Fertility, "Economic analysis, Family rela- tions, Models, Developing country application. This paper presents simple economic models of household behavior to clarify the normative and pre- dictive implications of so-called economic theories of fertility. It also contains some new empirical tests of 92 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS hypotheses derived from economic theories of fertility based on the existence of economic discrimination be- tween populations. IBRD-WP-162/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Automobiles and Cities: Strategies for Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Wilfred Owen. Sep 73, 29p Keywords: 'Automobiles, *Urban planning, Develop- ing countries, Mass transportation, Recommenda- tions, Developing country application. This paper summarizes information immediately avail- able on the problems of automobiles and their relation to mass transport in the cities of the developing coun- tries. It is intended to serve as a basis for discussion of further research required in this field rather than to pro- vide a comprehensive analysis of the wide variety of problems involved. IBRD-WP-163/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Fertility, Mortality and Population Growth: Interre- lation and Policy Implications. Staff working paper, K. C. Zachariah, and G. Zafros. Sep 73, 19p Keywords: 'Fertility, Developing countries, Popula- tions, Infants, Quality of life, Developing country appli- cation. This paper examines the long-term implications of the interrelation between fertility and mortality rates for population programs in high mortality countries. In the long run most population mortality trends seem to assume a major role in determining the course of fertili- ty trends after the mortality rate has declined to a rela- tively low level. It could be advantageous to concen- trate on programs which include a strong component for the reduction of infant mortality. Such emphasis on mortality reduction is likely to accentuate some of the population problems in the short-run, but in the long run it should be highly beneficial, not only for improving the quality of life, but also for reducing the size of the total population. IBRD-WP-164/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Protection and Development. Staff working paper, Helen Hughes. Oct 73, 27p Keywords: 'International trade, Imports, Government policies, Developing country application. This paper summarizes the pros and cons of protec- tion as an instrument of industrialization policy in de- veloping countries. The paper argues that while there are strong arguments for moderate levels of protection as an instrument of industrialization, in the past many countries have used protection excessively with coun- terproductive economic and social effects. IBRD-WP-165/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Alternative Strategies for Development. Staff working paper, Hollis B. Chenery, and Hazel Elkington. Oct 73, 99p Keywords: 'Economic development. 'Industrial devel- opment, Developing country application. This study defines a development strategy from com- parisons of a country's structure of production and trade to the average intercountry patterns of resource allocation. On this basis, fifty developing countries are classified into four principal development strategies described as (i) Primary Specialization, (ii) Balanced Allocation, (iii) Import Substitution, and (iv) Industrial Specialization. IBRD-WP-167/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Family Planning and Fertility Trends in Jamaica. Staff working paper, K. C. Zachariah. Nov 73, 34p Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Jamaica, Trends, Surveys, Vital statistics, Developing country application, 'Family planning. This paper describes recent trends in fertility in Jamai- ca and examines the factors which are associated with them. The paper concludes that, although the current fertility rates in Jamaica are very much higher than those observed in the country during much of the period before 1950 when there was very little orga- nized family planning effort, official or private, there has been a noticeable decline in the rates since the official program was launched. IBRD-WP-168/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Framework for the Promotion of Construction In- dustries in the Developing Countries. Staff working paper, John C. de Wilde, Marvin Gates, Nikolaus Werth, and Charles Cockburn. Nov 73, 131p Keywords: 'Construction, 'Industrial development, Requirements, Economic development, Government, Banks(Buildings), Developing country application. This report develops a framework for promoting the construction industry in the developing countries. The purpose of the report is to assist the World Bank by exploring the ways in which it can assist the develop- ment of domestic contracting industries. IBRD-WP-169/GAA PC A09/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Learning Tech- nologies in Industrial Training: A Study of In-Plant Training and Vocational Schools. Staff working paper, Manuel Zymelman, M. Horowitz, E. Herrnstaft, and A. Woodruff. Dec 73, 195p Keywords: 'Training, 'Industrial plants, Schools, Re- quirements, Vocational interests, Developing country application, On job training. The purpose of this paper is to explore the circum- stances under which in-plant training would be prefera- ble to formal vocational schools in developing coun- tries and to develop a methodology for the evaluation of vocational training schemes. A methodology for the evaluation of a vocational training scheme is devel- oped and illustrated with the help of a numerical exam- ple. IBRD-WP-170/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Employment Implications of Industrialization in Developing Countries: A Survey. Staff working paper, David Morawetz. Jan 74, 114p Keywords: 'Employment, 'Economic development, 'Industrial development, Developing country applica- tion. This paper is a survey of the post- 1966 literature on the employment implications of industrialization in de- veloping countries. Policies for augmenting employ- ment in developing countries are discussed throughout the survey and suggestions for future research are pre- sented. IBRD-WP-175/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Iron Deficiency Anemia and the Productivity of Adult Males in Indonesia. Staff working paper, S. S. Basta, and A. Churchill. Apr 74, 57p Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Indonesia, 'Productivity, Food habits, Nutritional deficiencies, Developing country ap- plication, Labor force. This paper presents the results of investigations of the labor force in Indonesia and the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia as a factor in labor productivity. To quantify the effects of anemia, a study was under- taken in which an attempt was made to correct this nutritional deficiency. The evidence presented here suggests that an increase in the consumption of some local foods, whose supply is plentiful, could lead to sig- nificant improvements in blood iron status. The paper includes a bibliography, tables and figures. IBRD-WP-178/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Potential Distributive Effects of Nationalization Policies: The Economic Aspects. Staff working paper, Jorge Cauas, and Marcelo Selowsky. Apr 74, 47p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, Distribution systems, 'Chile, Developing country application. This paper analyzes the potential redistributive effects of a nationalization program of a given degree of con- fiscatory nature where the target is a subset of the (do- mestic) corporate sector of the economy. It examines the choices open to a government. The framework de- veloped is afterwards evaluated with orders of the magnitude of the Chilean economy in the years 1971- 72. IBRD-WP-179/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Land and Public Policy: Social Appropria- tion of Betterment. Staff working paper, Orville F. Grimes, Jr. May 74, 99p Keywords: 'Land use, 'Urban planning, Policies, Gov- ernment, Netherlands, Sweden, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Developing country application. This study investigates the economics of urban land value increments and examines the means by which socially induced land price increases are captured for public use. It is a conceptual and empirical analysis. Isolating reasons for the success or failure of specific policy measures can help provide guidelines for land use which are potentially applicable across a wide range of experience. An extensive bibliography is in- cluded. IBRD-WP-180/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Quantitative Agricultural Planning Methodology. Staff working paper, Roger D. Norton, and Luz Maria Bassoco. May 74, 57p Keywords: 'Mexico, 'Agriculture, Planning, Develop- ing country application. This paper describes the quantitative agricultural plan- ning procedures used in Mexico as part of a national policy reformulation process. The procedures involved extensive use of the model Chac, developed in a joint DRC-Mexican government research project. In this paper, the operational version of the model is fully de- scribed and a rather complete set of applied results is presented with interpretations. IBRD-WP-182/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Student Loans in Developing Countries: An Eval- uation of the Colombian Experience. Staff working paper, Jean-Pierre Jallade. Jun 74, 77p Keywords: 'Colombia, 'Education, Recommenda- tions, Developing country application. This paper is an assessment of the Colombian experi- ence with student loans. The methodological ap- proach is empirical. The author suggests improve- ments for the ICETEX program and outlines the les- sons to be learned from the Colombian data which may be applicable elsewhere. Numerical tables are in- cluded as are samples of the loan application form and coding sheet. 93 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS IBRD-WP-183/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Fiscal/Financial Intervention, Factor Prices and Factor Proportions: A Review of the Issues. Staff working paper, Shankar N. Acharya. Aug 74, 97p Keywords: 'Financial management, Government poli- cies, "Employment, Capital, Developing country appli- cation. This paper reviews issues relating to the scope for fiscal and financial intervention in inducing economy- wide factor combinations with more employment per unit of capital. The scope for such intervention is limit- ed by: (i) technological substitution possibilities within a sector or product, (ii) the possibilities for changing the output-mix in favor of labor-intensive products, (iii) responsiveness of producing units to price signals and (iv) the success of intervention policies in changing prevailing factor prices in the desired direction. IBRD-WP-184/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Appraisal of Irrigation Projects and Related Poli- cies and Investment. Staff working paper, Roger D. Norton, Luz Maria Bassoco, and Jose S. Silos. Aug 74, 37p Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Project evaluation, Prices, De- veloping country application. This paper is a study of methods of handling interde- pendence in project appraisal. The kinds of interde- pendence analyzed are: (a) between investment projects and other policy instruments such as guaran- teed prices, (b) among different types of investment projects, and (c) between local and sector-level deci- sions on investment outlays. The method of analysis is linear programming, and the paper is organized in terms of seven numerical examples of treating interde- pendence with this tool. IBRD-WP-185/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Types of Economic Integration. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa. Sep 74, 28p Keywords: 'Regional planning, Commerce, 'Econom- ic development, Developing country application. This paper evaluates the experience of developed market economies, socialist countries, and developing nations with regional (plurinational) integration schemes. The paper further considers the question of the optimal degree of market and of production-and- development integration as well as the relationship be- tween economic integration and national sovereignty. IBRD-WP-186/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Integration Among Developing Coun- tries. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa, and Ardy Stoutjesdijk. Sep 74, 1 13p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Regional plan- ning, Commerce, Developing country application. This paper examines issues relating to economic inte- gration in developing countries. It analyzes the bene- fits and costs of regional integration through trade lib- eralization as well as the project approach to integra- tion. IBRD-WP-187/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Toll Financing of Highways: Economic and Finan- cial Considerations. Staff working paper, Nail Cengiz Yucel. 1974, 44p Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Roads, Develop- ing countries, Toll roads, Feasibility, Developing coun- try application. This paper examines toll financing of highways in terms of economic and financial considerations. It re- views and analyzes the experience of some toll using countries and draws conclusions on the feasibility and desirability of adopting toll financing of high standard highway networks in developing countries. IBRD-WP-188/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Education, Poverty and Development. Staff working paper, John Simmons. Feb 74, 78p Keywords: 'Education, Effectiveness, Investments, Learning, Developing country application. This paper reviews the major features of educational systems in developing countries, including investment; output; internal efficiency; benefits; and return on in- vestment, employment and income distribution. Op- tions for national strategies are discussed including dampening the social demand for schooling; increas- ing the economic relevance of alternative learning sys- tems; and, compensating for the inequal effects of ex- isting formal school systems. IBRD-WP-191/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Financing the Development of Small Scale Indus- tries. Staff working paper, D. Kochav, H. Bohlin, K. DiTullio, I. Roostal, and N. Wahl. Nov 74, 60p Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Financial man- agement, Requirements, Problem solving, Developing countries, Developing country application. This study distills the common elements needed to en- courage small enterprises and presents measures to provide effective financial support of such enterprises. Based on field experience in 8 countries, the report summarizes the common financial problems present in smaller manufacturing enterprises and presents solu- tions for consideration by international development agencies willing to assist such enterprises. IBRD-WP-195/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. African Experience with Rural Development: A Digest Report on the Africa Rural Development Study. Staff working paper, Rachel Weaving. Jan 75, 60p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Rural areas, 'Africa, Income, Services, Productivity, Developing country application. Planning for rural development in Africa has been hampered by lack of data and the lack of a framework of analysis which provides for the clear-cut identifica- tion of those constraints on productivity which pertain in specific areas, or to the prediction of responses to intervention. In order to build upon past experience, the African Rural Development Study undertook a series of reviews of rural development projects in Africa, with a view to evaluating the potential of differ- ent types of strategies under different conditions. IBRD-WP-196/GAA PC A10/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Investment in Education: National Strategy Op- tions for Developing Countries. Staff working paper, John Simmons. Feb 75, 221 p Keywords: 'Education, Government, Policies, Invest- ments, Strategies, Developing country application. This study is a collection of papers reviewing the main features of educational systems in developing coun- tries and the investment issues. Options for national educational strategies are proposed. IBRD-WP-197/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Rural-Urban Wage Gap, Migration and the Shadow Wage. Staff working paper, Dipak Mazumdar. Feb 75, 39p Keywords: 'Income, 'Employment, 'Rural areas, De- veloping countries, Population migrations, Developing country application. This paper examines the theoretical issue of the shadow wage when the creation of an additional job in the urban sector with artificially elevated wages in- duces additional migration from the rural areas. The analysis treats two functions for defining the volume of rural-urban migration and two methods by which job seekers finance themselves during their period of search in the urban market. IBRD-WP-198/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Theory of Urban Underemployment in Less Devel- oped Countries. Staff working paper, Dipak Mazumdar. Feb 75, 45p Keywords: 'Employment, Models, Salaries, Develop- ing country application. This paper investigates the working model of an urban labor market in LDCs which has two sectors; one char- acterized by ease of entry, variable hours of work, and flexible earnings, the other by rigid wages maintained at a relatively high level. IBRD-WP-200/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. How Effective Is Schooling in Promoting Learning. A Review of the Research. Staff working paper, John Simmons. Mar 75, 88p Keywords: 'Education, Effectiveness, Policies, Gov- ernment, Developing country application. This paper reviews the results of educational research in both developed and developing countries on the issue of schooling effectiveness and discusses the policy implications of its findings. IBRD-WP-201/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Determinants of School Achievement in Develop- ing Countries: The Educational Production Func- tion. Staff working paper, Leigh Alexander, and John Simmons. Mar 75, 74p Keywords: 'Education, Policies, Government, Schools, Developing country application. This paper reviews the literature on educational pro- duction functions for developing countries and sug- gests the policy implications. The paper includes tables, annexes, and a bibliography. IBRD-WP-203/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Reforming the System of Incentives in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa. Apr 75, 53p Keywords: 'Economic development, Tariffs, Re- sources, Employment, 'Taxes, Exports, Developing country application. This paper makes recommendations for reforming the system of incentives in countries which have estab- lished an industrial base behind high protective bar- riers. The recommendations aim at improving resource allocation and accelerating economic growth by re- moving or reducing distortions in factor and product markets. 94 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS IBRD-WP-206/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Cost Recovery Policies for Public Sector Projects. Staff working paper, Anandarup Ray. Jul 75, 49p Keywords: "Financial management, *Cost benefits, "Taxes, Cost control, Policies, Developing country ap- plication. This paper is a guide to the understanding of cost re- covery issues, and to the preparation of consistent operational guidelines in individual sectors and sub- sectors. IBRD-WP-2107GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Consequences of Farm Tractors in Pakistan: An Evaluation of IDA Credits for Financing the Mecha- nization. Staff working paper, John P. Mclnerny, and Graham F. Donaldson. Feb 75, 104p Keywords: "Farming, "Pakistan, Tractors, Grants, Evaluation, Developing country application. This study examines the major consequences of the introduction of tractor technology to farms in Pakistan. The assessment is based on information obtained from a survey of some 200 farms randomly selected from the 3868 which received tractors from the first credit in 1967-68. IBRD-WP-211/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Informal Sector. Staff working paper, Dipak Mazumdar. Jul 75, 61 p Keywords: "Urban plannng, "Employment, Earnings, "Productivity, Trends, Developing country application. This paper debunks some of the conventional wisdom concerning the informal sector. The paper confronts the prediction of a dualistic urban labor market model for trends over time in output, employment, productivi- ty, and earnings with the results of a case study of Peru by Richard Webb. A list of references and appendices on details of the model are provided. IBRD-WP-214/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Price Policy and Income Distribution in Low Income Nations. Staff working paper, John W. Mellor. Sep 75, 61 p Keywords: "Agriculture, Government policies, Income, Distribution systems, Developing country application. This paper examines the distributional impact of changes in the relative price of food in low income countries. The analysis covers the impact on consum- ers arising from the different share of their budget allo- cated to food depending upon their level of income, and the impact on producers arising from the propor- tion of the output they market by various size farms. IBRD-WP-215/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Internal Migration in Less Developed Countries: A Survey of the Literature. Staff working paper, Lorene Y. L Yap. Sep 75, 54p Keywords: "Migration, "Demography, Urban areas, Employment, Income, Developing country application. The paper reviews the determinants of migration as discussed in the available econometric and other types of case studies. Migrants tend to move from places of low economic opportunity to areas of higher potential opportunities. IBRD-WP-216/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Costing and Financing Education in LDCs: Current Issues. Staff working paper, Mats Hultin, and Jean-Pierre Jallade. May 75, 30p Keywords: "Education, "Financial management, Income, Developing country application. This paper reviews two different issues of concern to educational planners and policy-makers involved in the costing and financing of education. The first issue is the financial impossibility of continuing upward trends in educational costs. The second issue is that of education and income distribution. IBRD-WP-218/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Policy Framework for Irrigation Water Charges. Staff working paper, Paul Duane. Jul 75, 58p Keywords: "Cost benefits, "Financial management, "Irrigation, Decision making, Maintenance, Developing country application. This paper is intended to assist decisions on cost re- covery by providing an appropriate framework for de- termining the desirable means and degree of cost re- covery. This paper includes annexes of statistics from irrigation projects. IBRD-WP-224/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Public Works in Developing Countries: A Compara- tive Analysis. Staff working paper, S. J. Burki, D. G. Davies, R. H. Hook, J. W. Thomas, and R. V. Weaving. Feb 76, 88p Keywords: "Project evaluation, Public utilities, "Em- ployment, Low income groups, Quality of life, Develop- ing country application. This paper is a digest of a study of 24 public works programs in 14 countries. The potential of the public works instrument for absorbing unemployment, con- structing needed physical facilities, and improving the living standards of low income groups is assessed. Unless public works are part of a coherent develop- ment strategy favoring productive employment, they can have only a minor impact on poverty and unem- ployment. IBRD-WP-230/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Travel Characteristics in Cities of Developing and Developed Countries. Staff working paper, Yacov Zahavi. Mar 76, 1 1 1p Keywords: "Travel, Developing countries, Trends, Characteristics, Comparison, Developing country ap- plication. The purpose of this paper is to compare travel charac- teristics in cities of developing and developed coun- tries, in order to identify trends that are similar and iso- late tendencies which are specific to each group. The paper is based on tables and graphical presentation of relationships with a minimum of supporting text. IBRD-WP-231/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. 'Effects Method' of Project Evaluation. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa. Mar 76, 30p Keywords: "Project evaluation, Market value, Develop- ing country application. This paper critically evaluates the so-called 'effects method' of project appraisal, which involves valuing the product itself, as well as its direct and indirect im- ported inputs, at their shadow prices, which are equat- ed to world market prices. The author makes recom- mendations for modifying the effects method by shadow pricing all primary factors and tradeable inputs. With these modifications, the effects method will become equivalent to the domestic resource cost and the internal rate of return methods which provide alternative expressions of the general economic profit- ability criterion. IBRD-WP-233/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Unemployment, Labor Market Segmentation, the Opportunity Cost of Labor and the Social Returns to Education. Staff working paper, Sebastian Pinera, and Marcelo Selowsky. Jun 76, 53p Keywords: "Education, Unemployment, "Employment, Developing country application. This paper examines the discrepancy between the level of observed market wages and the true marginal product of labor classified by level of schooling in an urban economy. IBRD-WP-235/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Distributive Effects of Local Government Finances in Colombia: A Review of the Evidence. Staff working paper, Johannes F. Linn. Mar 76, 61 p Keywords: "Financial management, "Colombia, "Taxes, Services, Public works, Developing country application. This paper brings together scattered evidence avail- able mainly in unpublished sources in order to assess the distributive impact of Colombian local government in four areas of fiscal policy: taxation, public expendi- ture, public service pricing, and access to public serv- ices. IBRD-WP-236/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Some Effects of Commercial Policy on Internation- al Trade, the Location of Production, and Factor Movements. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa. Jun 76, 49p Keywords: "International trade, "Economic analysis, Developing countries, Developing country application. This paper examines the effects of commercial policy on international trade, the location of production, and factor movements in an international as well as an in- terregional context. The author analyzes the implica- tions for developing country trade of tariff escalation in the developed, and protection in the developing coun- tries. Calculations are also made to explain the effects of tariffs on imports and on industrial specialization in a group of 21 developed and developing countries. IBRD-WP-237/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Income Distribution and the Economy of the Urban Household: The Case of Belo Horizonte. Staff working paper, Anna Maria Sant'Anna, Thomas W. Merrick, and Dipak Mazumdar. Jun 76, 68p Keywords: "Income, "Brazil, Households, Earnings, "Employment, Developing country application. This paper empirically examines the effects of house- hold structure and related economic variables on urban poverty through the combined analyses of em- ployment and earnings capacity of households at four levels of income. IBRD-WP-238/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Export Subsidies by Developing Countries. Staff working paper, 95 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Bela Balassa, and Michael Sharpston. Jul 76, 51 p Keywords: 'International trade, Attitudes, Developing country application. This paper analyzes attitudes towards export subsidies granted by the developing countries, relying on avail- able public information and on discussions with gov- ernment officials and industrialists in major developing nations. It is prescriptive as it makes recommendations for policies by developing and developed countries and for modifying GATT rules in regard to export subsi- dization by developing countries. IBRD-WP-243/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Cost of the 'Internal' Brain Drain: Its Magnitude in Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Sebastian Pinera, and Marcelo Selowsky. Sep 76, 87p Keywords: * Economic analysis, * Education, 'Produc- tivity, Developing countries, Income, Developing coun- try application. This paper examines the hypothesis of factor comple- mentarity between (1) one's preschool ability and (2) education, in determining an individual's future produc- tivity. The authors propose a framework in which edu- cational resources are correlated to ability to produce the most positive impact and assert that the influence of factors such as family income in determining one's level of education cause a misallocation of educational resources. IBRD-WP-244/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Should Developing Nations Carry Grain Reserves. Staff working paper, Shlomo Reutlinger, David Eaton, and David Bigman. Sep 76, 36p Keywords: *Grains(Food), *Food supply, Investments, Developing country application. This paper develops a method to simulate an invest- ment in a grain reserve and calculate its efficiency, equity, trade, and stabilization impacts on a less devel- oped nation. The method is applied to a hypothetical country engaged in limited importing when domestic harvests are poor and world grain prices are low. IBRD-WP-245/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Stabilization, Adjustment and Diversification: A Study of the Weakest Commodities Produced by the Poorest Regions. Staff working paper, Dragoslav Avramovic. Nov 76, 66p Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, Developing coun- try application. This paper represents the results of an inquiry into the commodity problem faced by some of the poorest countries and regions in the world economy. It focuses on jute and hard fibers which have experienced a major loss of markets due to penetration of cheaper synthetics, irregular and insufficient supply, and recur- ring price fluctuations; and on tea which has suffered from a large and continuous price decline in real terms due to persistent surplus capacity and over-produc- tion. IBRD-WP-246/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Patterns of Educational Expenditures. Staff working paper, Manual Zymelman. Nov 76, 88p Keywords: 'Education, 'Financial management, Schools, Students, Cost analysis, Developing country application. This paper presents data on educational expenditures of LDCs and OECD countries and compares patterns of allocation of these expenditures by levels of educa- tion. Expenditures at each level are also analyzed in terms of their three components: unit costs, enrollment rates, and the proportion of the school-age population in the total population. IBRD-WP-248/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Export Incentives and Export Performance in De- veloping Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Staff working paper, Bela Balassa. Jan 77, 74p Keywords: 'International trade, Exports, Incentives, Developing country application. This paper provides a comparative evaluation of export incentives and their effects on exports and eco- nomic performance in eleven developing countries classified in four groups, depending on the timing and extent of their export promotion efforts. IBRD-WP-249/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Korea's Experience with Export-Led Industrial De- velopment. Staff working paper, Larry E. Westphal. Feb 77, 94p Keywords: 'South Korea, 'International trade, 'Indus- trial development, Economic policy, Developing coun- try application. This paper is a summary of Korea's industrial develop- ment experience since the 1964/65 policy reforms. The author states that this performance has been striking with monetary and fiscal policy in increasing public and private savings playing an important role. Exports also have been a powerful engine of growth and, due to their labor intensity, they have contributed to the rapid expansion of productive employment and, indirectly, to the relatively even distribution of income. The paper includes relevant statistical tables and an- nexes. IBRD-WP-251/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Perspective on the Foodgrain Situation in the Poorest Countries. Staff working paper, S. J. Burki, and T. J. Goering Apr 77, 58p Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Grains(Food), Supply(Economics), Developing country application. This paper gives a perspective on the availability of foodgrains in poor countries which takes account of short term fluctuations and also examines secular trends in production, trade and consumption. The author contends that without significant policy changes these countries' nominal foodgrain deficits are likely to triple between 1974 and 1985. The paper lays out in broad terms the strategies that seem most appropriate for increasing the availability of food in these countries, and estimates the additional domestic and foreign resource requirements necessary to meet output targets. Includes statistical tables and annexes. IBRD-WP-252/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. City Size and National Spatial Strategies in Devel- oping Countries. Staff working paper, Harry W. Richardson. Apr 77, 97p Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Economic development, Developing country application. This report reviews current theories on urban size and economic activity, and then discusses the range of policy options which have been adopted and factors to be considered in making policy choices. IBRD-WP-253-EN/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic and Social Analysis of Projects: A Case Study of Ivory Coast. Staff working paper, Johannes F. Linn. May 77, 78p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Project evaluation, 'Ivory Coast, Benefit cost analysis, Developing coun- try application. After a brief introduction to the principles of economic and social analysis of projects, the study estimates shadow price parameters for the case of the Ivory Coast in order to evaluate the project from an 'efficien- cy' as well as 'social' point of view. The efficiency view- point takes no account of the distributive or growth im- plication of project selection, while the social viewpoint does so explicitly by introducing distributive weights for private costs and benefits. IBRD-WP-253-FR/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Evaluation Economique et Sociale des Projets: Cas de la Cote d'lvoire (Economic and Social Analysis of Projects: A Case Study of Ivory Coast). Staff working paper, Johannes F. Linn. May 77, 94p Text in French. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Economic analysis, 'Ivory Coast, Benefit cost analysis, Developing coun- try application. After a brief introduction to the principles of economic and social analysis of projects, the study estimates shadow price parameters for the case of the Ivory Coast in order to evaluate the project from an 'efficien- cy' as well as 'social' point of view. The efficiency view- point takes no account of the distributive or growth im- plication of project selection, while the social viewpoint does so explicitly by introducing distributive weights for private costs and benefits. IBRD-WP-254/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Valorization Charges as a Method for Financing Urban Public Works: The Example of Bogota, Co- lombia. Staff working paper, William A. Doebele, and Orville F. Grimes, Jr. Mar 77, 92p Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Financial management, 'Waste Disposal, 'Taxes, Streets, Serves, 'Colombia, Developing country application. This paper provides an analysis of the financing of street improvement, sewer extensions and other urban services by valorization charges, a system of taxation by which the cost of these services is allocated to neighboring properties in proportion to benefits con- ferred. The experience of Bogota, Colombia, illustrates the impact of this system as a means of facilitating the provision of urban public services in developing coun- tries at a rate nearly in line with urban growth. IBRD-WP-255/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Employment Impact of Industrial Investment: A Preliminary Report. Staff working paper, Joseph J. Stern. Jun 77, 89p Microfiche copies only. Keywords: 'Employment, 'Industrial development, Unemployment, Developing countries, Developing country application. This paper discusses conceptual issues and measure- ment techniques with respect to identifying the indirect effects of industrial investment. Greatest attention is devoted to the use of input-output analysis to estimate indirect employment as a result of forward and back- ward linkages from industrial investments. A list of ref- erences, statistical tables and appendices are includ- ed. IBRD-WP-257/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. 96 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Measuring the Performance of Family Planning Programs. Staff working paper, P. S. Mohapatra. Jun 77, 72p Keywords: *Birth control, 'Project evaluation, Objec- tives, Developing country application, Family planning. The three essays in this document deal with the con- ceptual and practical problems of measuring the per- formance of family planning programs. They treat the subject from the separate viewpoints of managerial control and judging progress toward program goals. The essays are intended to provide administrators with a clear picture of the data system they need to evalu- ate programs and also for those in Research and Eval- uation Units responsible for designing, maintaining, and presenting evaluation measures. Topics treated include: the definition of program objectives, the devel- opment of an operational plan and setting of targets for measuring achievement; the measurement of output, particularly on the trend analysis of acceptor data; and, utilization of service statistics. IBRD-WP-258/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Multi-Level Programming and Development Policy. Staff working paper, Wilfred Candler, and Roger Norton. May 77, 56p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Mexico, 'Agri- culture, Developing country application. This paper presents a new algorithm which enables the simultaneous treatment of two sub-problems of economic policy: the behavioral problems of forecast- ing the economy's reactions to policy changes and the policy problem of choosing among the alternative pos- sible outcomes. It presents a modification of the sim- plex algorithm which permits the simultaneous oper- ation of distinct objective functions. For illustrative pur- poses, the procedure is applied to a model of Mexican agriculture. IBRD-WP-259/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Alternative Concepts of Marginal Cost for Public Utility Pricing: Problems of Application in the Water Supply Sector. Staff working paper, Robert J. Saunders, Jeremy J. Warford, and Patrick C. Mann. May 77, 89p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Sewage treatment, 'Water supply, Prices, Sewers, Developing country ap- plication. This paper discussed the rationale and problems of im- plementing marginal cost pricing for water supply and sewerage facilities. It examines several frequently used definitions of marginal cost. Using a number of assumptions about long-term trends in costs, output, and capital indivisibility, it evaluates each approach ac- cording to its implications for year-to-year price fluctua- tions, economic efficiency, and revenue generation. IBRD-WP-263/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Industrial Policy and Development in Korea. Staff working paper, Larry E. Westphal, and Kwang Suk Kim. Aug 77, 75p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'South Korea, 'Industrial development, Developing country applica- tion, Economic policy. This study is an examination of Korea's industrial in- centive policies from 1955 to 1975. It begins with a brief history of Korea's industrial policies, followed by a discussion of historical trends in the real, effective ex- change rates for exports and imports. Estimates of nominal and effective incentive rates for 1 968 are then presented and analyzed in detail after which the changes that have taken place in the structure of Korea's trade and production are quantified and relat- ed to its industrial incentive policies. The essay con- cludes with a summary of the principal findings in the form of an evaluation of Korea's industrial develop- ment performance. It contains an extensive bibliogra- phy and tables. IBRD-WP-264/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Incidence of Urban Property Taxation in Develop- ing Countries: A Theoretical and Empirical Analy- sis Applied to Colombia. Staff working paper, Johannes F. Linn. Aug 77, 116p Keywords: 'Taxes, 'Colombia, Consumers, Real prop- erty. This paper reviews and extends the theory of the inci- dence of urban property taxation in developing coun- tries through a detailed quantitative analysis of proper- ty tax practices in Colombia. IBRD-WP-265/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. India's Population Policy: History and Future. Staff working paper, Ravi Gulhati. Aug 77, 55p Keywords: 'Birth control, 'India, Vital statistics, 'De- mography, Contraceptives, Low income groups, De- veloping country application, 'Family planning. This paper asserts that the Indian birth-rate has start- ed declining as a result of socio-economic progress and the family planning effort. The paper includes an extensive bibliography. IBRD-WP-266/GAA PC A21/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Radio for Education and Development: Case Stud- ies, Volume I and II. Staff working paper, Peter L. Spain, Dean T. Jamison, and Emile G. McAnany. May 77, 479p Keywords: 'Education, 'Communication, Developing countries, 'Honduras, Developing country application. These volumes bring together a number of World Bank reports on their project experience using radio to stim- ulate educational and economic development. Papers included describe radio's use for in-school education, for formal education out-of-school, for non-formal edu- cation, for distance learning, and for interactive devel- opment communications. Most of the papers are case studies of project experiences. IBRD-WP-267/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Food Insecurity: Magnitude and Remedies. Staff working paper, Shlomo Reutlinger. Jul 77, 43p Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Grains(Food), Shortages, Consumption, Security, Developing country applica- tion. This paper defines food insecurity as the probability of food grain consumption in developing countries falling below a desired level due to a fixed upper limit on the food import bill they can afford and an unfavorable combination of poor harvests and world food grain prices. The author suggests that a food import bill in- surance scheme be used to attain security. Alterna- tively, security could be attained through a combina- tion of a financial scheme and a grain buffer stock in or on behalf of the developing countries. IBRD-WP-268/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Basic Education and Income Inequality in Brazil: The Long-Term View. Staff working paper, Jean-Pierre Jallade. Jun 77, 93p Keywords: 'Education, 'Income, 'Brazil, Government, Developing country application. This paper treats the long-term impact of basic educa- tion on income inequality in Brazil. First it examines how investment in basic education affects income. Second, it assesses how much government financing of educational services and taxing of the returns to education investment help to achieve a more equitable distribution of income. IBRD-WP-270/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Fluctuations and Speed of Urbanization: A Case Study of Korea: 1955-75. Staff working paper, Bertrand Renaud. Nov 77, 55p Keywords: 'South Korea, 'Economic development, 'Urbanization, Urban development, Developing coun- try application. This paper tests the hypothesis that there can exist a well-defined quantitative relationship between the eco- nomic performance of an LDC economy and its speed of urbanization. A distributed-lag model based on the growth rate of the non-farm sector and the farm terms- of-trade explains over 80% of the variance of the annual migration rate over the period 1955-75. A bibli- ography and statistical calculations are provided. IBRD-WP-271/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Nutritional and Economic Implications of Ascaris Infection in Kenya. Staff working paper, L. Latham, M. Latham, and S. S. Basta. Sep 77, 97p Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Kenya, Children, Adults, Ne- matoda, 'Nutrition, Developing country application. This study, carried out in Kenya by a research team from Cornell University, was undertaken to determine the effect of Ascaris (roundworm infection) from both a nutritional and economic viewpoint. Although the re- sults presented here largely pertain to children, their implications are equally valid to the well-being and pro- ductivity of adults. IBRD-WP-273/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Measurement of Spatial Differences in Poverty: The Case of Peru. Staff working paper, Vinod Thomas. Jan 78, 130p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Peru, Consumers, 'Food, 'Housing, Low income groups, Income, Devel- oping country application. This paper examines the implications of the spatial dif- ferences (i.e., those in living costs between different locations) for measures of poverty, and hence for the planning of anti-poverty programs. Taking Peru as an example, a method is described for measuring spatial differences in living costs, using regional consumer price indices. The proposed price index for items other than food is built up from household expenditure data. IBRD-WP-276/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Model of Agricultural Production and Trade in Cen- tral America. Staff working paper, Roger Norton, Carlo Capri, Lehman Fletcher, Carlos Pomareda, and Molly Wainer. Apr 78, 94p Keywords: 'Central America, 'Productivity, 'Agricul- tural economics, Production, 'Mexico, 'Honduras, 'Nicaragua, 'Costa Rica, 'Panama, *EI Salvador, International trade, Developing country application. This paper reports on an agricultural model for the five countries of Central America. Its structure is based on the earlier CHAC model for Mexico. The model de- scribes production by crop and by three farm size groups for each country, food processing activities, international trade, consumption demands, and price formation. It is utilized primarily for purposes of assess- ing some of the benefits and costs of expanded agri- cultural trade, both within the region and with the rest of the world. 97 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS IBRD-WP-277/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Impact of Agricultural Price Policies on Demand and Supply, Incomes, and Imports: An Experimen- tal Model for South Asia. Staff working paper, Marc Osterrieth, Eric Verreydt, and Jean Waelbroeck. Apr 78, 26p Keywords: *Grains(Food), 'Agricultural economics, *South Asia, Grains(Food), Food consumption, Food supply, Income, Developing country application. This paper examines the impact of agricultural price policies on foodgrain production, consumption, and trade in South Asia. The approach is aggregate, based on a model which describes the whole of the economy of that subcontinent. IBRD-WP-278/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Labor Market Segmentation and the Determination of Earnings: A Case Study. Staff working paper, Dipak Mazumdar, and Masood Ahmed. May 78, 45p Keywords: 'Income, 'Malaysia, 'Education, 'Employ- ment, Developing country application, Labor market. This paper is an essay on the determination of the earnings of employees in urban Malaysia based on a sample survey carried out by the World Bank in three towns of Peninsular Malaysia in the second half of 1 974. The main purpose is to assess the importance of institutional factors and to test a few widely held hy- potheses about the role of labor market segmentation in determining the level of earnings in different sectors of the market. IBRD-WP-280/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Educational Effects of Class Size. Staff working paper, Wadi D. Haddad. Jun 78, 25p Keywords: Instructors, 'Education, Developing coun- try application, Curricula. This paper relates research results to the questions: Do pupils learn better in small or large classes. Do the educational benefits of small classes, if they exist, jus- tify the additional cost. Is there an optimum class size that maximizes educational benefits and cost-effec- tiveness. On the basis of the reviewed studies, it cannot be concluded that an increase in class size will necessarily lead to a decrease in the level of academic achievements of pupils. What seems to be more im- portant is what the teacher does with the opportunities provided by the size of the class. IBRD-WP-283/GAA PC A10/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Land Policy Issues and Opportunities - Volume II. Staff working paper, Harold Dunkerley, A. Walters, J. Courtney, W. Boebele, and S. Shoup. May 78, 225p Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Land use, Developing countries, Developing country application, Ownership. This paper brings together some important urban land issues now affecting developing countries in a series of supporting papers on individual aspects. These issues include the rapidity of rises in urban land prices, the potential and problems of capturing publicly cre- ated land values, and various developmental problems inherent in ownership and land use rights. IBRD-WP-284/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Pakistan: Forestry Sector Survey. Staff working paper, S. A. Draper, J. Burley, A. J. Ewing, and G. Grayum. Jun 78, 62p Keywords: 'Forestry, 'Pakistan, 'Wood, Wood prod- ucts, 'Economic development, Resources, Demand(Economics), Developing country application. This paper was undertaken as an integral part of a mis- sion to assist the government of Pakistan and the World Bank with the preparation of forestry and forest industry projects suitable for external financing. It em- phasises the crucial nature of Pakistan's forests to the economic activity of the country in maintaining an envi- ronmental balance in the agricultural sector, contribut- ing a significant proportion of energy supply, and pro- viding wood-based products. The study proposes strategy aimed at finding solutions to the problem of arresting the degradation of the forests and subse- quently expanding the forest resource base. IBRD-WP-286/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Shadow Pricing and Power Tariff Policy. Staff working paper, Mohan Munasinghe, and Jeremy J. Warford. Jun 78, 38p Keywords: 'Taxes, 'Electric power, Cost analysis, Electric utilities, Developing country application. This paper discusses the details of a two-step proce- dure designed to compensate for the effect of distor- tions on the electric power sector. It examines the computation of basic marginal costs by direct use of appropriate shadow prices to correct for readily quanti- fiable market distortions, considering the adjustment of such basic marginal costs to reflect other social and economic constraints. IBRD-WP-287/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Wages, Capital Rental Values and Relative Factor Prices in Pakistan. Staff working paper, Stephen Guisinger. Jun 78, 54p Keywords: 'Pakistan, 'Income, 'Economic analysis, Salaries, Developing country application, Economic policy. This paper is a study of the role played by factor prices, especially labor and capital, in shaping the economic structure of Pakistan. The price series used in this study for capital relate to only one type of capital, but the results are indicative of a very considerable distor- tion and suggest the price of capital may, in proportion- al terms, play a far greater role in skewing the wage- rental ratio from its equilibrium level than distortions in the price of labor. IBRD-WP-288/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Educational Reform in the Soviet Union: Implica- tions for Developing Countries. Staff working paper, Irene Blumenthal, Charles Benson, and Sara Balderston. May 78, 113p Keywords: 'Education, 'USSR, Specialized training, Counseling, Literacy, Government policies, Develop- ing country application. This paper examines the causes and consequences of educational reform in the Soviet Union and draws les- sons for planners in developing countries who are con- fronted with similar issues. Recommendations for de- veloping countries include: the use of general educa- tion as the basis for effective technical-professional training; the need to direct students toward areas of need; the importance of universal literacy; initial em- phasis on primary education for all, and education for women; the value of nonformal education; and, state subsidies for high education. IBRD-WP-294/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Dimensions of Malnutrition in Young Children: A Survey of the Issues. Staff working paper, Marcelo Selowsky. Oct 78, 87p Keywords: 'Nutrition, Demography, Low income groups, 'Children, Developing country application. This paper is a review of the global magnitude and dis- tribution of the calorie deficit. It derives the differential incidence of malnutrition in children using earlier esti- mates on the distribution of malnourished populations by income group in connection with income specific demographic data. From this data the author con- cludes that the association between malnutrition and poverty gives origin to a larger incidence of malnutri- tion among children. The author constructs a taxono- my of target oriented food programs. IBRD-WP-295/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Technology of Rural Development. Staff working paper, John P. Mclnerney. Oct 78, 59p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Rural areas, Technology innovation, 'Agriculture, Developing coun- try application. This paper examines the nature of technical innovation in rural development, the conditions required for suc- cessful innovation in agriculture, and the implications of these for development activities. While maintaining an economic perspective, the study reflects the con- ventional micro-economic framework for analyzing technology changes as being too restrictive, and argues for a more complete systems framework. IBRD-WP-296/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Financial Cost of Agricultural Credit: A Case Study of the Indian Experience. Staff working paper, C. D. Datey. Oct 78, 78p Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Financial management, 'India, Developing country application. This study makes use of the limited data available in order to define the parameters of the financial costs of agricultural credit in India, and to make preliminary es- timates of the costs. IBRD-WP-297/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Sector Planning Models: A Selected Summary and Critique. Staff working paper, A. C. Egbert. Oct 78, 74p Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, Developing coun- try application. This report provides a description and evaluation of seven selected Agricultural Sector Planning Models. The report includes a summary of some special con- cepts, which are considered useful in agricultural sector planning, and planning in general. IBRD-WP-298-EN/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Textbooks and Achievement: What We Know. Staff working paper, Stephen P. Heyneman, Joseph P. Farrell, and Manuel A. Sepulveda-Stuardo. Oct 78, 45p Keywords: 'Education, Learning, Surveys, Reading, Developing country application. The authors present a review of the published evi- dence from less industrialized societies on the rela- tionship between textbooks available and academic achievement. The data used is from 12 countries. The authors conclude that the availability of books appears to be the most consistent school factor in predicting academic achievement, although their effect is far from uniform. IBRD-WP-298-FR/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. 98 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Les Manuels Scolaires et le Niveau Atteint par I'Eleve: Ce Que Nous Savons (Textbooks and Achievement: What We Know). Staff working paper, Stephen P. Heyneman, Joseph P. Farrell, and Manuel A. Sepulveda-Stuardo. Oct 78, 48p Text in French. Keywords: 'Education, Learning, Surveys, Reading, Developing country application. The authors present a review of the published evi- dence from less industrialized societies on the rela- tionship between textbooks available and academic achievement. The data used is from 12 countries. The authors conclude that the investment in reading mate- rials results more often in improved education than do other pedagogical variables. IBRD-WP-298-SP/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Los Textos Escolares y el Rendimiento Acade- mic©: Lo Que Sabemos (Textbooks and Achieve- ment: What We Know). Staff working paper, Stephen P. Heyneman, Joseph P. Farrell, and Manuel A. Sepulveda-Stuardo. Oct 78, 70p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Education, Learning, Surveys, Reading, Developing country application. The authors present a review of the published evi- dence from less industrialized societies on the rela- tionship between textbooks available and academic achievement. The data used is from 1 2 countries. The authors conclude that the availability of books appears to be the most consistent school factor in predicting academic achievement, although their effect is far from uniform. IBRD-WP-300/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Two Studies of Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Staff working paper, Shankar N. Acharya, and Bruce Johnston. Oct 78, 137p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Africa, Develop- ing country application. The study analyses the developmental conditions faced by post-colonial African nations, outlines alter- native development strategies followed by different groups of countries, and assesses the consequences for growth and poverty alleviation. The paper then out- lines policy priorities for the future. LBL-9642/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Projects from Federal Region IX: DOE Appropriate Energy Technology Pilot Program. Part I. C. W. Case, F. B. Lucarelli, J. Morris, and H. R. Clark. Aug 79, 42p Contract W-7405-ENG-48 Keywords: 'Research and development, Arizona, Cali- fornia, Federal assistance programs, Grants, Hawaii, Nevada, Solar energy, ERDA/290500. Some pilot programs for appropriate technology projects within Federal Region IX with information on technical and economic data are assembled. In Arizo- na, the following programs are included: concept test- ing of an energy management system; solar air active heater/passive cooler collector system; hardware package and workshop curriculum for residential solar hot water systems; Project SAW - solar, adobe, wind; Solar/ Adobe Project. The following programs are being conducted in California - two stage evaporative cooler, lompico logs, solar process heating for a bottle- sterilizing plant, solar/woodstove domestic water heating systems, solar-heated greenhouses, and remote-location wind electric system. A small farm and homestead anaerobic digester program is in progress in Hawaii. In Nevada, the following have been funded: solar heating for a rural firehouse; Pyramid Lake solar- assisted fish hatchery; and agua caliente. The follow- ing programs in the Western Pacific are being conduct- ed: Satawan health dispensary solar hot water system, Western Pacific solar hot water construction and dem- onstration, and fishmeal from solar-heated driers. (ERA citation 05:003169) N82-11278/0/GAA PC A02/MF A01 South African Bureau of Standards, Pretoria. Standard Specification for Industrial Safety-Beit Assemblies. 5 Nov 80, 20p SABS-809-1980, ISBN-0-626-05710-8 In English and Afrikaans. Keywords: 'Occupational safety and health, 'Safety, 'Industrial plants, Acceptability, Corrosion tests, Drop tests, Inspection, Packaging, Rivets, Sewing, Tensile tests. Specifications are given for the general design, materi- al, construction, and performance requirements for four types of industrial safety belts: (1) a waist belt; (2) a combination of a waist belt and shoulder, 1 1 leg, and back straps; (3) a combination of a waist belt and shoulder and back straps. Inspection procedures and test sequences are included with drawings. N82-11858/9/GAA PC$7.50/MF$3.00 Bionetics Corp., Hampton, VA. Handbook for Industrial Noise Control. 1981, 139p NASA-SP-5108 Contract NASI -15721 Keywords: 'Occupational safety and health, 'Safety, 'Industrial plants, Technology utilization, Aeroacous- tics, Auditory defects, Exposure, Handbooks, Noise generators, Noise pollution, Vibration damping. The basic principles of sound, measuring techniques, and instrumentation associated with general purpose noise control are discussed. Means for identifying and characterizing a noise problem so that subsequent work may provide the most efficient and cost effective solution are outlined. A methodology for choosing ap- propriate noise control materials and the proper imple- mentation of control procedures is detailed. The most significant NASA sponsored contributions to the state of the art development of optimum noise control tech- nologies are described including cases in which aeroa- coustics and related research have shed some light on ways of reducing noise generation at its source. N82-15769/4/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NO Applications of Aerospace Technology in Biology and Medicine. H. C. Beall, R. L. Beadles, J. N. Brown, Jr., W. H. Clingman, and M. W. Courtney. Jul 79, 128p NASA- CR-159106, RTI/1411/00-05F Contract NASI -14708 Keywords: 'Health, 'Technology transfer, Technology utilization, Biomedical data, Information flow, Medical equipment, Medical science, Research and develop- ment. Medical products utilizing and incorporating aerospace technology were studied. A bipolar donor-recipient model for medical transfer is presented. The model is designed to: (1) identify medical problems and aero- space technology which constitute opportunities for successful medical products; (2) obtain early participa- tion of industry in the transfer process; and (3) obtain acceptance by medical community of new medical products based on aerospace technology. N82-16487/2/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Honeywell Corporate Material Sciences Center, Bloomington, MN. Silicon-on Ceramic Process: Silicon Sheet Growth and Device Development for the Large-Area Sili- con Sheet Task of the Low-Cost Solar Array Project. Final Report. B. L. Grung, J. D. Heaps, F. M. Schmit, S. B. Schuldt, and J. D. Zook. 3 Mar 81 , 239p NASA-CR- 163476, DOE/JPL-954356-80/15 Contract JPL-954356 Sponsored in Part by Doe Prepared for JPL. Keywords: 'Ceramics, Directional solidification(Crystals), Menisci, Product development. The technical feasibility of producing solar-cell-quality sheet silicon to meet the Department of Energy (DOE) 1 986 overall price goal of $0.70/watt was investigated. With the silicon-on-ceramic (SOC) approach, a low- cost ceramic substrate is coated with large-grain poly- crystalline silicon by unidirectional solidification of molten silicon. This effort was divided into several areas of investigation in order to most efficiently meet the goals of the program. These areas include: (1) dip- coating; (2) continuous coating designated SCIM-coat- ing, and acronym for Silicon Coating by an Inverted Meniscus (SCIM); (3) material characterization; (4) cell fabrication and evaluation; and (5) theoretical analysis. Both coating approaches were successful in producing thin layers of large grain, solar-cell-quality silicon. The dip-coating approach was initially investigated and considerable effort was given to this technique. The SCIM technique was adopted because of its scale-up potential and its capability to produce more conven- iently large areas of SOC. N82-22343/9/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Eagle Engineering, Inc., Houston, TX. Study on Application of Aerospace Technology to Improve Surgical Implants. Final Report. R. E. Johnson, and J. L. Youngblood. Mar 82, 139p NASA-CR-1 65868, NAS 1.26:165868 Contract NASI -16567 Keywords: 'Health, 'Technology transfer, Finite ele- ment method, Fracture mechanics, Stress analysis, Structural design criteria, Technology assessment, Yield strength. The areas where aerospace technology could be used to improve the reliability and performance of metallic, orthopedic implants was assessed. Specifically, com- parisons were made of material controls, design ap- proaches, analytical methods and inspection ap- proaches being used in the implant industry with hard- ware for the aerospace industries. Several areas for possible improvement were noted such as increased use of finite element stress analysis and fracture con- trol programs on devices where the needs exist for maximum reliability and high structural performance. N82-24301/5/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA. Langley Research Center. Standard Tests for Toughened Resin Composites. May 82, 29p L-15317, NAS-1.61-1092, NASA-RP- 1092 Keywords: 'Plastics, Compression tests, Impact tests, Ply orientation, Standards, Thickness ratio. Several toughened resin systems are evaluated to achieve commonality for certain kinds of tests used to characterize toughened resin composites. Specifica- tions for five tests were standardized; these test stand- ards are described. N82-28206/2/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Mini-Seminar on Approaches to Productivity Im- provement. Aug 81, 70p ISBN-0-7988-2082-9 Keywords: 'Management techniques, 'Productivity, Management methods, Motivation, Scheduling. Management of administrative productivity is ad- dressed. Improving productivity through routing and scheduling is discussed. Storage of merchandise is considered. Rationalization is considered. Manage- ment motivation is also considered. N82-29720/1/GAA PC A04/MF A01 DHR, Inc., Washington, DC. Application of Photovoltaic Electric Power to the Rural Education/Communication Needs of Devel- oping Countries. Final Report. A. Cabraal, D. Delansanta, and G. Burrill. Jul 82, 61 p NASA-CR-1 67894, NAS 1.26:167894 Contract DEN3-248 Prepared in Cooperation with Associates in Rural De- velopment, Inc., Burlington, VT. Sponsored in Part by Agency for International Development. 99 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Photovoltaic power system, 'Electric power, 'Communication, 'Education, Medical serv- ices, Rural areas, User requirements. The suitability (i.e., cost competitiveness and reliability) of photovoltaic (PV) power systems for rural applica- tions in developing countries is considered. Potential application sectors include health delivery, education and communication where small amounts of electricity are needed to meet critical needs. N82-29864/7/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Canada Inst, for Scientific and Technical Information, Ottawa (Ontario). Utilization of Macromolecules in Blood Purification Systems. K. Takakura, and T. Nakashima. 1982, 31 p NRC/ CNR-TT-2021, ISSN-0077-5606 Transl. Into English from Kagaku Zokan (Japan), No. 84, 1980 p 141-152. Keywords: 'Health, Acrylic resins, Bioengineering, Ethylene compounds, Medical equipment, Transla- tions. The macromolecular membranes and adsorbents that play essential roles in blood purification sytems, as well as materials that are used to coat the adsorbents, are discussed. The KF 101 dialyzer employs hollow fibers made of an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVA). The DHP-1 blood purifier utilizes activated char- coal coated with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). These macromolecules are discussed from the stand- point of their medical utility. N82-31 1 59/8/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Role of the Developing Nations in the Develop- ment and Optimal Use of Space Technology. M. S. Pena. May 82, 11p NAS 1.15:76896, NASA- TM-76896 Contract NASW-3541 Transl. Into English of "Rol de Los Paises en Desar- rollo en El Dearollo Y Optima Utilizacion de la Techno- logie Especial" Argentina, 1982 9 p. Transl. By Kanner (Leo) Associates, Redwood City, Calif. Original DOC. Prep. By National Commission of Space Research, Ar- gentina. Presented at the United Nations Reg. Semi- nar on Space Appl., 1 982. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Telecommunica- tions, 'Technology assessment, Personnel, Remote sensing, Training analysis, Translations. The economic and social factors are discussed which play a role in the advancement of space technology in developing nations. It is concluded that mutual col- laboration between developed and developing nations is the basic element which will allow developing na- tions to take part in space experiments and research. N82-31792/6/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Roskilde Universitetscenter (Denmark). Inst, for Stu- diet af Matematik og Fysik Samt Deres Functioner i Undervisning, Forskning og Anvendelser. Planning and Policy Considerations Related to the Introduction of Renewable Energy Sources into Energy Supply Systems. Energy Series No. 3. B. Sorensen. Jan 81, 59p DE82-900828, TEKST-41 Keywords: 'Renewable energy, 'Technology assess- ment, Biomass energy production, Comparison, Eco- nomic analysis, Environment effects, Finance, Geo- thermal resources, Social factors, Solar energy con- version, Windpower utilization. Elements of a methodology for long term energy plan- ning with particular reference to the introduction of re- newable energy technologies, and a methodology for comparative assessment of energy systems are dis- cussed. The discussion comprises technical and eco- nomic viability, indirect economy, environmental and social impacts, as well as the influence of uncertainty on the assessment. The role of renewable energy in future energy supply systems is discussed, with sepa- rate treatment of the situation in developing countries and in highly industrialized countries. Finally, mecha- nisms for the mobilization of technical and financial re- quirements are touched upon. N82-33276/8/GAA PC A02/MF A01 EASAMS, Camberley (England). Reliability, Availability Maintainability, Planning for Project Development. J. F. Lee. 1981, 12p REPT-92 Presented at Marconi 81 Symp., 24Jun. 1981. Keywords: 'Management techniques, 'Management planning, 'Project planning, 'Maintenance, Manage- ment methods, Operations research, Performance prediction, Reliability analysis, Research and develop- ment. A reliability and maintenance (RM) plan which can be adapted by customers and contractors to any project is presented. Individual/group responsabilities, proce- dures, and documentation are outlined. The plan in- cludes independent maintenance support systems and operational systems. This approach allows the ad- ditional, RM requirements of the maintenance subsys- tem to be met, without confusing the operational system RM program. N82-33828/6/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH. Lewis Research Center. Design Description of the Tangaye Village Photo- voltaic Power System. J. E. Martz, and A. F. Ratajczak. Jun 82, 113p NAS 1.15:82917, E-1305, NASA-TM-82917 Keywords: 'Photovoltaic power system, 'Solar energy, 'Economic development, 'Rural areas, Elec- tric power plants, International cooperation, Upper volta. The engineering design of a stand alone photovoltaic (PV) powered grain mill and water pump for the village of Tangaye, Upper Volta is described. The socioeco- nomic effects of reducing the time required by women in rural areas for drawing water and grinding grain were studied. The suitability of photovoltaic technology for use in rural areas by people of limited technical training was demonstrated. The PV system consists of a 1 .8- kW (peak) solar cell array, 540 ampere hours of battery storage, instrumentation, automatic controls, and a data collection and storage system. The PV system is situated near an improved village well and supplies d.c. power to a grain mill and a water pump. The array is located in a fenced area and the mill, battery, instru- ments, controls, and data system are in a mill building. A water storage tank is located near the well. The system employs automatic controls which provide bat- tery charge regulation and system over and under volt- age protection. This report includes descriptions of the engineering design of the system and of the load that it serves; a discussion of PV array and battery sizing methodology; descriptions of the mechanical and elec- trical designs including the array, battery, controls, and instrumentation; and a discussion of the safety fea- tures. The system became operational on March 1, 1979. N82-33981/3/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA. Langley Research Center. Assessment of PERT as a Technique for Schedule Planning and Control. C. W. Sibbers. Jul 82, 21 p NAS 1.15:83265, NASA- TM-83265 Keywords: 'Management planning, 'Computers, 'Management techniques, Computer techniques, Doc- umentation, Management planning, Project manage- ment. The PERT technique including the types of reports which can be computer generated using the NASA/ LaRC PPARS System is described. An assessment is made of the effectiveness of PERT on various types of efforts as well as for specific purposes, namely, sched- ule planning, schedule analysis, schedule control, monitoring contractor schedule performance, and management reporting. This assessment is based pri- marily on the author's knowledge of the usage of PERT by NASA/LaRC personnel since the early 1960's. Both strengths and weaknesses of the tech- nique for various applications are discussed. It is in- tended to serve as a reference guide for personnel performing project planning and control functions and technical personnel whose responsibilities either in- clude schedule planning and control or require a gen- eral knowledge of the subject. N82-34101/7/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Canada Inst, for Scientific and Technical Information, Ottawa (Ontario). Computer-Aided Design, Drawing and Manufactur- ing System for Dies and Molds. T. Mori, and M. Yasuda. 1982, 47p NRC/CNR-TT- 2030, ISSN-0077-5606 Trans. Into English from Natl. Tech. Rept. (Matsushita Elec. Ind. Co., Osaka), V. 24, No. 6, 1978 p 1046-1056. Keywords: 'Machine tools, 'Computers, Computer graphics, Efficiency, Engineering drawings, Productivi- ty, Translations. A computer-aided system for designing, drawing, and manufacturing molds and dies and for conducting con- trol operations was developed. This system makes it possible to save labor and shorten the delivery time for molds and dies by making operations simpler and more flexible, resulting in increased efficiency in the design, manufacturing and control phases of produc- tion. Features that assist in the design, drawing and numerically controlled machining of these types of molds and dies are emphasized. N83-10368/9/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Siemens A.G., Berlin (Germany, F.R.). Fundamental Research into High Voltages for Fur- ther Development of Electric Power Distribution Systems. Final Report, Dec. 1980. E. Gockenbach, W. Buch, M. Crucius, A. Diessner, and H. Luehrmann. May 82, 111p BMFT-FB-T-82- 064, ISSN-0340-7608 Sponsored by Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie. Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Research and develop- ment, Electrical faults, Gas discharges, Networks. In order to guarantee correct electric power distribu- tion, the use of voltages between 765 and 1200 kV was investigated. This fundamental research was con- ducted in an 1800 kV outdoor test station. After de- scribing the connection and protection devices of the three stage high voltage generating transformer, and the tested equipment which has to withstand humidity, rain, dirt accumulation, snow, ice, and wind, the record- ing equipment and the transient measurements which result from breakdowns in the SF6 gas insulated equipment and from flashovers in long air gaps, are presented. To limit the effects of high voltage oscilla- tion, damping resistance and short cicuiting equipment on the primary side of the transformers were used. In this way, the overvoltages were prevented from rising to dangerous levels. N83-1 1578/2/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Building Research Inst., Pretoria (South Africa). Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Building by the CR-Method. J. D. Wentzel, R. J. Page-shipp, and J. A. Venter. 1981, 26p CSIR-BRR-396, ISBN-0-7988-2047-0 Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Buildings, 'Heat transfer, Amplitudes, Developing nations, Ratios, Thermal energy. A method for predicting the hottest and coldest likely indoor conditions in a house, given the materials of construction, general design details and layout is de- scribed. The procedure is based on an analysis of many measured values and thus requires no experi- mental verification. Although the calculation proce- dure, which is fully analyzed and illustrated by means of an example, is fairly complex, it requires no knowl- edge of advanced mathematics and all calculations can be done on a hand calculator. The procedure is not meant to replace sophisticated building energy and thermal performance prediction computer programs but is aimed at users who do not have computer facili- ties but nevertheless wish to assess the likely thermal performance of different structures. The product of heat storage capacity (C) and weighted or equivalent resistance to heat flow (R) comprise one prediction method. The procedure assumes reasonable provision of cross-ventilation and also that windows are shaded to prevent direct sun penetration in summer. N83-13585/5/GAA DHR, Inc., Washington, DC. PC A05/MF A01 100 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Market Assessment of Photovoltaic Power Sys- tems for Agricultural Applications Worldwide. Final Report. A. Cabraal, D. Delasanta, J. Rosen, J. Nolfi, and R. Ulmer. Nov 81, 89p NAS 1.26:165541, DOE/NASA/ 0180-6, NASA-CR-1 65541 Contracts DEN3-180, DE-AI01-79ET-20485 Keywords: * Agriculture, * Photovoltaic power system, * Economic development, Product development, Rural areas, Technology assessment. Agricultural sector PV market assessments conducted in the Phillippines, Nigeria, Mexico, Morocco, and Co- lombia are extrapolated worldwide. The types of appli- cations evaluated are those requiring less than 1 5 kW of power and operate in a stand alone mode. The major conclusions were as follows: PV will be competi- tive in applications requiring 2 to 3 kW of power prior to 1 983; by 1 986 PV system competitiveness will extend to applications requiring 4 to 6 kW of power, due to capital constraints, the private sector market may be restricted to applications requiring less than about 2 kW of power; the ultimate purchase of larger systems will be governments, either through direct purchase or loans from development banks. Though fragmented, a significant agriculture sector market for PV exists; how- ever, the market for PV in telecommunications, signal- ling, rural services, and TV will be larger. Major market related factors influencing the potential for U.S. PV Sales are: lack of awareness; high first costs; shortage of long term capital; competition from German, French and Japanese companies who have government sup- port; and low fuel prices in capital surplus countries. Strategies that may aid in overcoming some of these problems are: setting up of a trade association aimed at overcoming problems due to lack of awareness, in- novative financing schemes such as lease arrange- ments, and designing products to match current user needs as opposed to attempting to change consumer behavior. N83-15173/8/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Development Research Centre, Ottawa (Ontario). International Cooperative Information Systems. 1980, 111p IDRC-156E In French and English. Keywords: "Computers, 'Information systems, Infor- mation dissemination, Social factors. Developing countries need mechanisms by which the information they generate themselves and develop- ment information from the rest of the world can be re- trieved. The international cooperative information system is such a mechanism. Delegates to the Semi- nar on International Cooperative Information Systems were informed about various existing systems (INIS, AGRIS, INFOTERRA, TCDC/INRES, POPIN, DEVSIS, and INPADROC), some specialized information sys- tems and services (CDS/ISIS and the Cassava Infor- mation Centre), and computer programs for informa- tion processing (INIS/AGRIS, CDS/ISIS, and MINI- SIS). The participants suggested some changes that should be made on both the national and the interna- tional levels to ensure that these systems meet the needs of developing countries more effectively. N83-15407/0/GAA PC A02/MF A01 UKAEA Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Har- well (England). Materials Development Div. Automated Electrochemical Test Facility. C. Westcott, G. P. Marsh, and D. E. Williams. Feb 82, 15p AERE-R-10361 Keywords: "Chemical industry, "Electric power, "In- dustrial plants, Chemical tests, Electrolysis, Research facilities, Systems engineering. The design and operation of an automated electro- chemical test facility is described. By careful choice of components the construction of special interfaces was avoided and a flexible and inexpensive system, easy to install and operate, was obtained. Applications of the system are indicated and examples discussed. N83-19223/7/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA. Survey of Manufacturers of Solar Thermal Energy Systems. N. Levine, and M. Slonski. Aug 82, 100p NAS 1.26:169924, JPL-PUB-82-94, NASA-CR-1 69924 Sponsored by NASA and Doe. Keywords: "Industrial plants, "Research and develop- ment, "Solar thermal power plants, Governments, Marketing, Risk. Sixty-seven firms that had received funding for devel- opment of solar thermal energy systems (STES) were surveyed. The effect of the solar thermal technology systems program in accelerating (STES) were as- sessed. The 54 firms still developing STES were grouped into a production typology comparing the three major technologies with three basic functions. It was discovered that large and small firms were devel- oping primarily central receiver systems, but also typi- cally worked on more than one technology. Most medium-sized firms worked only on distributed sys- tems. Federal support of STES was perceived as nec- essary to allow producers to take otherwise unaccept- able risks. Approximately half of the respondents would drop out of STES if support were terminated, including a disproportionate number of medium-sized firms. A differentiated view of the technology, taking into account differing firm sizes and the various stages of technology development, was suggested for policy and planning purposes. N83-21141/7/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Centre Technique des Industries Mecaniques, Nantes (France). Outlook for Plastic Materials, Elastomeres Paints. Reports of Visits Prospective Matieres Plastiques - Elastomers - Peintures (Rapport de Visites). Pre- miere Partie: Matieres Plastiques. M. Bord. Jul 81, 244p CETIM-12-B-194 Partly in French and English. Keywords: "Chemical industry, "Plastics, Bearings, Electrical insulation, Extruding, Impact resistance, In- jection molding, Thermal expansion. Torlon is a poly(amide-imide) resin, developed espe- cially for applications previously thought too severe for general polymers. Torlon molding resins provide ex- ceptional strength and thermal resistance. They can be fabricated into high performance components ca- pable of maintaining their structural integrity in continu- ous use in temperature environments of up to 260 C (500 F) and under extreme load bearing conditions. Using conventional high volume processing tech- niques, Torlon can be injection molded into complex, precision parts, or extruded and machined to extreme- ly close tolerances all at a comparatively low cost. N83-22439/4/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Science Applications, Inc., Chatsworth, CA. Combus- tion Science and Advanced Technology Dept. Review of Alternative Fuels Data Bases. Final Report. P. T. Harsha, and R. B. Edelman. Jan 83, 130p NAS 1.26:170203, SAI-83-045-CHA, NASA-CR-1 70203 Keywords: "Fuels, "Chemical industry, Chemical com- position, Exhaust emission, Exhaust gases, Reaction kinetics, Soot, Thermochemical properties. Based on an analysis of the interaction of fuel physical and chemical properties with combustion characteris- tics and indicators, a ranking of the importance of vari- ous fuel properties with respect to the combustion process was established. This ranking was used to define a suite of specific experiments whose objective is the development of an alternative fuels design data base. Combustion characteristics and indicators ex- amined include droplet and spray formation, droplet vaporization and burning, ignition and flame stabiliza- tion, flame temperature, laminar flame speed, combus- tion completion, soot emissions, NOx and SOx emis- sions, and the fuels' thermal and oxidative stability and fouling and corrosion characteristics. Key fuel property data is found to include composition, thermochemical data, chemical kinetic rate information, and certain physical properties. N83-23372/6/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Economy of Precipitating Agent Application in Mu- nicipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities. U. Neis, B. Geppert, H. H. Hahn, and D. Gleisberg. Mar 83, 23p NAS 1.15:77059, NASA-TM-77059 Contract NASW-3541 Transl. Into English from Gwf-Wasser/Abwasser (West Germany), V. 1 22, No. 6, 1 981 p 242-250. Keywords: "Economic analysis, "Waste treatment, "Waste water, Effluents, Liquid wastes, Waste treat- ment, Water reclamation, Translations. Purification by precipitation in this study is not consid- ered primarily as a means of phosphate removal but as a method for reduction of suspended solids BOD and COD. A dynamic calculation procedure is used to allow for exact determination of time dependent variation of costs. The results show that costs of wastewater treat- ment by precipitation may equal those of conventional primary clarification and secondary biological treat- ment, especially with low-cost iron-ll-salts in simulta- neous precipitation and in larger plants ( 20,000 PF). Cost advantages may be accrued in smaller plants by using the more expensive trivalent salts in pre-precipi- tation as compared to conventional low-load biological treatment. This is due mainly to better effluent quality and, consequently, lower wastewater fees (Wastewater Discharge Act). If the precipitant is dosed temporarily only during periods of highest pollution the savings can be about 5 to 1 0%. N83-23776/8/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Technische Univ. Berlin (Germany, F.R.). Fachgebiet Brennstofftechnik. Energy Saving Incineration of Waste. Final Report, May 1981. H. Meierzukoecker, and R. Voegtli. Nov 82, 76p BMFT-FB-T-82-194, ISSN-0340-7608 In German; English Summary. Keywords: "Energy conservation, Hydrocarbon com- bustion, Hydrocarbons, Oxidation, "Waste treatment. The mechanism and the dimension of the preoxidation of the pollutants in the heat exchanger were investigat- ed. A temperature control system was developed and tested. It is found that the preoxidation in the heat ex- changer depends on the peculiarity of the pollutants and is inhibited by inactive walls with increasing of the specific surface. Active materials like copper only pro- mote the oxidation of all pollutants in the low tempera- ture region. Savings of supplemental energy about 25% are possible using process controlled auxiliary firing and combustion enthalpy of pollutants as a sub- stitute for the supplemental energy. N83-27012/4/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Luleaa Univ. (Sweden). Div. of Metal Working. Powder Forging of Compound Steels, Part 1. B. Aren. 1982, 27p TULEA-1 982-1 6-PT-1, ISSN- 0347-0881 Keywords: "Forging, "Steel industry, Composite struc- tures, Ductility, Hardness tests, Interfacial tension, Tensile stress, Tensile tests. Compound bodies consisting of ductile and hardened material were studied in order to determine the effect of tensile stress perpendicular to the interfacial plane. Samples with sharp and diffuse interfaces were inves- tigated. It is shown that compound structures with con- siderable interfacial strength can be produced by powder forging. High compound strength is favored by a sharp interface between regions of dissimilar materi- al. N84-21767/8/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Public Service Satellite Consortium, Washington, DC. Pacific Basin Communications Study, Volume 1. Final Report, Sep. 1980 - Oct. 1981. E. L. Young, and J. N. Hurd. Oct 81, 262p NAS 1.26:173173, NASA-CR-1 731 73 Contract NASW-3488 Sponsored in Part by National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Keywords: "Pacific islands, Communication, "Tele- communications, User requirements, Cost estimates, Education, Financial management, Health, Politics, Resources management, Safety, Technology utiliza- tion. The Pacific Basin Communications Study describes and assesses extent telecommunications systems in the Pacific Islands region. The study examines user needs in terms of the development of social services and commercial activities. Alternative technological 101 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS solutions to communications problems are proposed and described. Recommendations include the aug- mentation and improvement of existing systems allow- ing for increased communications capacity. Regional cooperation will be required to accommodate the spe- cific, unique requirements of individual nations. Ques- tions of financing, implementation, management, costs and benefits of a regional telecommunications system are discussed. N84-2S162/8/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ. Qualification Testing of Solar Photovoltaic Pow- ered Refrigerator Freezers for Medical Use in Remote Geographic Locations. Final Report. W. J. Kaszeta. Dec 82, 58p NAS 1.26:168181, NASA-CR-168181 Contract DEN3-240 Keywords: "Coolers, "Photovoltaic power system, *Solar energy, Compressors, Equipment specifica- tions, Ice, Performance tests, Remote regions, Stor- age batteries, Vaccines. One of the primary obstacles to the application of vac- cination in developing countries is the lack of refriger- ated storage. Vaccines exposed to elevated tempera- tures suffer a permanent loss of potency. Photovoltaic (PV) powered refrigerator/freezer (R/F) units could surmount the problem of refrigeration in remote areas where no reliable commercial power supply is avail- able. The performance measurements of two different models of PV powered R/F units for medical use are presented. Qualification testing consisted of four major procedures: no-load pull down, ice making, steady- state (maintenance), and holdover. Both R/F units met the major World Health Organization (WHO) require- ments. However, the testing performed does not pro- vide complete characterization of the two units; such information could be derived only from further exten- sive test procedures. ORAU/IEA-81-1(M)/GAA PC A11/MF A01 Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Inc., TN. Opportunities for Energy Conservation in the De- veloping Countries. P. Koshel, E. L. Allen, E. Cecelski, R. Dougher, and L Ring. Mar 81, 230p Contract AC05-76OR00033 Keywords: *Haiti, *Sri lanka, Commercial sector, Cost, Data compilation, Domestic supplies, "Energy conser- vation, Energy consumption, Energy demand, Energy policy, Financial data, Fuel substitution, Government policies, Industry, Power generation, Renewable energy sources, Reserves, Residential sector, Trans- portation sector, ERDA/320000, ERDA/292000, NTISDE. Energy problems faced by developing countries are explored and opportunities for saving energy and for using fuels other than petroleum in the modern sector are assessed. Specific resources assessed include oil and gas, coal, hydropower, and traditional fuels. Trends in commercial energy consumption by the de- veloping countries are assessed and the domestic fuel resources of these countries are examined. Patterns of commercial energy use in several LDCs including Sri Lanka, Haiti, India, Kenya, Egypt, the Phillippines, the Republic of Korea, and Brazil are examined. Sri Lanka and Haiti are the subjects for case studies re- ported in the appendixes. Opportunities for conserva- tion in the modern sector, which include most industrial activities, transportation, and electric power genera- tion as well as some agricultural activities and large residential and commercial buildings, are discussed. The concluding section explores policies which might be initiated by LDC governments to encourage energy conservation. (ERA citation 06:022167) The use of fresh water mussels to treat and upgrade wastewater lagoon effluent by filtering suspended solids and lowering the biological oxygen demand (BOD) is evaluated. The mussels were introduced to domestic waste effluent to (1) test their tolerance to environmental loading factors such as suspended solids, BOD, and heavy metals; (2) define their ability to remove the solids and BOD; (3) develop prototype data; and (4) formulate a cost and efficiency model for a tertiary lagoon. Lampsilis radiata were cultured in secondary lagoon wastewater effluent using continu- ous flow fields. Suspended solids and BOD changes were evaluated for several organic and hydraulic load- ings. Heavy metals, dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), stress, and space needs were determined. PB82-101395/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sci- ence, Miami, FL. Marine Fish Larvae Growth and Survival: Effects of Density-Dependent Factors: Spotted Seatrout ('Cynoscion nueblosus') and Lined Sole ('Achirus lineatus'). Final rept., Edward D. Houde, and Keith Taniguchi. Sep 81, 77p EPA-600/3-81-052, , ERLN-X1 GrantEPA-R-804519 Keywords: "Aquaculture, "Fishes. Standard culture methods were developed for larvae of two common marine fishes, the spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus and the lined sole Achirus linea- tus. Culture methods were described and the relation- ships of survival, growth and yield to temperatures, food concentrations and egg stocking densities were determined. Two different diets, a laboratory-cultured diet based on the rotifer, supplemented in some ex- periments with brine shrimp, and a net-collected zoo- plankton diet were compared. Survival rates at meta- morphosis in excess of 50% could be routinely ob- tained for both seatrout and lined sole when food, stock and temperature levels were near optimum. PB82-101635/GAA PCA11/MFA01 SCS Engineers, Inc., Reston, VA. Evaluation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Options. Final rept. Oct 77-Oct 78, David H. Bauer, E. T. Conrad, and Donald G. Sherman. Sep 81, 234p* EPA-600/2-81-178 Contract EPA-68-03-2627 Keywords: "Sewage disposal, "Sewage treatment, Aerobic processes, Anaerobic processes, Filtration, Chemical removal(Sewage treatment), Lagoons(Ponds), Coagulation, Reviews. A literature review of published and unpublished data was conducted to identify all conceivable alternative on-site systems, including wastewater manipulation, treatment and disposal options. Wastewater manipula- tion options included flow reduction, wasteload reduc- tion and waste segregation. Treatment options includ- ed disinfection, biological, and physical/chemical methods. Disposal options included air, soil and sur- face water methods, and practical combinations. Both tested and untested systems were identified, and com- binations of the various components were developed. An equipment inventory was then performed to deter- mine the availability of hardware for the systems and system components identified. Data on engineering, economic, and environmental acceptability character- istics were collected. These systems were evaluated on the basis of performance, operation and mainte- nance, environmental acceptability, and total annual cost for 15 specific site conditions. Site conditions were defined by soil percolation rate, soil depth, slope, available land area, direct discharge effluent require- ments, and net evaporation. Keywords: "Sewage disposal, "Ground water, "Water pollution, Microorganisms, Sampling, Organic com- pounds, Hazardous materials, Manuals. Recent environmental legislation has recognized the importance of ground water quality protection and the stresses that man's activities, especially waste dispos- al, place on this vital national resource. To provide a realistic assessment of current and potential pollution problems and a rational basis for ground water quality protection, it is necessary to collect representative samples from this remote and relatively inaccessible environment. This report presents some procedures currently utilized to sample ground water and subsur- face earth materials for microbial and inorganic and or- ganic chemical parameters. PB82-107129/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi (India). Compendium of New Construction Techniques and Materials. 1980, 41 p Keywords: "Construction, "Building materials, Founda- tions, Walls, Doors, Windows, Floors, Roofs, Precast concrete, Masonry, Structural design, Buildings. A number of new construction techniques incorporat- ed in NBO Experimental Housing Projects are now being adopted by various construction agencies in the country resulting in appreciable reduction in the cost of construction as well as savings in scarce materials like cement and steel. These include single brick thick load bearing walls for up to 5 storied residential buildings, under-reamed pile foundation, precast RCC roofing system, precast lintels, etc. In this compendium brief details of these new construction techniques and ma- terials have been compiled to propagate their adoption in practice by construction agencies. PB82-107301/GAA PC A04/MF A01 JRB Associates, Inc., McLean, VA. Solid Waste Data: A Compilation of Statistics on Solid Waste Management Within the United States. 1981, 74p* Contract EPA-68-0 1-6000 Keywords: "Waste disposal, Refuse disposal, "Rural areas, Materials recovery, Sewage sludge, Sludge dis- posal, Statistical data, Tables(Data), States(United States), Municipal wastes. This report represents a comprehensive compilation of the most current available information on solid waste management within the United States. This informa- tion is presented in tabular form and organized by gen- eral categories for ease of reference. PB82-107830/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, DC. Fisheries Development Div. List of Fishery Cooperatives in the United States, 1980-81, Mikolaj Wojnowski. Jun 81, 14p* NOAA-81 080701 See also report dated 1 976, PB-272 202. Keywords: "Fisheries, "Cooperatives, Fishing grounds, Personnel, "Fishes, Shellfish, Merchant ships, Boats, Organizations, Directories, Puerto Rico, United States, Commercial fishing. This list has 116 fishery cooperatives in 16 States, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It is by State and includes in most instances the telephone number of each cooperative as well as the address and the name of one of the officers, the date when each cooperative was incorporated, the number of members and boats, the type of cooperative activities, and the major species of fish and shellfish it handles. PB82-101072/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Dufresne-Henry, Inc., North Springfield, VT. Inexpensive Biologic Method of Upgrading Lagoon Effluent, Phase I: Small Business Innova- tive Research Program, Gordon R. Pyper. Feb 81, 81 p NSF/ISP-81003 Grant NSF-ISP80-09414 Keywords: "Ponds, "Sewage treatment, Cost analysis, Mathematical models. PB82-103045/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. Manual of Ground-Water Quality Sampling Proce- dures, Marion R. Scalf, James F. McNabb, William J. Dunlap, Roger L. Cosby, and John S. Fryberger. Sep 81, 105p EPA-600/2-81-160 Prepared in cooperation with Engineering Enterprises, Inc., Norman, OK. PB82-108341/GAA PC A09/MF A01 East Central Oklahoma State Univ., Ada. Animal Waste Technical Information Center. Livestock and the Environment: A Bibliography with Abstracts. Volume VII. Final rept. 1 Mar 79-30 Jun 80, M. L. Rowe, Linda Merryman, and Darla Stettler. Sep 81, 186p* EPA-600/2-81-225 Grant EPA-R-8051 51 See also Volume 6, PB80-1 02080. 102 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: "Livestock, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Industrial wastes, 'Waste disposal, Anaerobic processes, Meth- ane, Air pollution, Indexes(Documentation), 'Waste re- cycling, 'Biogas. Management and research information on animal wastes has expanded in recent years. This material has appeared in such diverse sources as journal arti- cles, conference papers, university publications, gov- ernment publications, magazine articles, books or book chapters, and theses. This bibliography was compiled in order to speed the flow of information on findings in one segment of livestock industry to other segments that could benefit from this technology. PB82-108457/GAA PC A04/MF A01 SumX Corp., Austin, TX. Feasibility of Photocatalytic Oxidation for Wastewater Clean-Up and Reuse. Rept. for 4 Mar 81-31 Mar 81, Gary R. Peyton, and David W. DeBerry. 1981, 55p OWRT/RU-81/1, W81-05701, , OWRT-C-90152- R(9425)(1) Contract Dl- 14-34-0001 -9425 Keywords: 'Waste treatment, Water pollution, Feasi- bility, Technology, Solar energy, Semiconductors, Re- action kinetics, Catalysis, Organic compounds, Inor- ganic compounds, Cost analysis, 'Waste water reuse, Toxic substances. A feasibility study has been conducted on a new treat- ment technology for the destruction of pollutant com- pounds in wastewater. The process uses solar energy to drive an oxidation which is photocatalyzed at the surface of a semiconductor powder. The process is being investigated particularly for water clean-up prior to industrial resuse, because of its non-energy-inten- sive nature. Five compounds (chloroform, dimethyla- mine, methanol, phenol, and ammonia) were used as model substrates, and removal at several pH values, using three different semiconductors (Ti02, ZnO, and Fe203) was investigated in the laboratory, using a xenon lamp to simulate solar radiation. While Fe203 was found to be ineffective, both ZnO and Ti02 cata- lyzed the removal of all compounds. Ammonia was not very effectively destroyed, but all four organic com- pounds experienced 30-50% removal in six hours at intensities slightly above that of normal solar radiation. Favorable cases were confirmed using sunlight. Quan- tum efficiencies for both sets of experiments were 1 3- 20% for Ti02 and 4-7% using ZnO. Estimated treat- ment cost for a 1 mgd stream using laboratory condi- tions ranged from $0.18-$0.72 per thousand gallons, depending on the values of engineering parameters which were not investigated in this feasibility study. PB82-108903/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Oxford Univ. (England). Dept. of Engineering Science. Corporate Organizational Design and Its Effect on Innovation, Kenneth Abel. 1981, 77p* OUEL-1 356/81 Keywords: 'Technology assessment, 'Management planning, Corporations, Organizations, Industries, Sys- tems management. The report examines those factors which appear to in- fluence the success or failure of technology innovation in today's large corporation and highly regulated envi- ronment. The following topics are discussed: Why new products fail; Ventures & venturing; The entrepreneur; The organizational structure of successful innovation corporations; Venture management and matrix con- cepts and their implementation. PB82-108937/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi (India). Low Cost Brick House. Nov 80, 15p ROOF OVER YOUR HEAD-2 Keywords: 'Houses, 'Rural areas, Bricks, Clays, Con- struction, Instructional materials, Developing coun- tries. Use of burnt clay bricks is very commonly made for construction of pucca houses. Brick masonry walls of both load-bearing and non-load-bearing types are con- structed. In many parts of India reinforced brick roof arch or vault roof is also made. Use of bricks is also made for paving the floors, construction of jallies and lintels over windows and doors. A view of a demonstra- tion low cost rural house put up by the NBO Regional Rural Housing Wing, Bangalore. The plinth area of the house is 26 sq m having one room, kitchen, bathroom and veranda. The cost of the house is Rs. 4,580. Burnt bricks have been used in construction of walls and Mangalore tile roofing over jungle wood rafters has been adopted. PB82-108945/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi (India). Making Mud Houses More Durable. Mar 80, 18p HOUSING FOR MILLIONS SER-1 Keywords: 'Houses, 'Rural areas, Mud, Fire resistant coatings, Bitumens, Roofs, Construction, Developing countries. To provide technical advice and information to the common man for building houses at low cost a series of popular booklets 'Housing for Millions' is being brought out for wide circulation. The material is based on a series of articles on low cost housing. This book- let contains information on water proofing treatment for mud walls, and fire retardant and water repellent treatment of thatch. PB82-109752/GAA PCA21/MFA01 National Inst, for Water Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Symposium on Aquaculture in Wastewater Held at Pretoria, South Africa on November 24-26, 1980. Research rept. 1980, 489p CSIR-S-236 Keywords: 'Waste water reuse, 'Waste water, 'Aqua- culture, 'Fisheries, 'Algae, Lagoons(Ponds), Harvest- ing, Bacteria, Fungi, Yeasts, Proteins, Production, Mar- keting, Nutrients, Substrates, Carp, Eggs, Shellfish, Fresh water, South Africa. Partial contents; Session on algae; Session on bacteria, yeasts and fungi; Session on aspects of marine aquaculture; Session on fish; Session on product utilization. PB82-110370/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Technical Services Dept. Mini-Seminar on Industrial Training Held at Preto- ria, South Africa. Jun 81, 139p ISBN-0-7988-2080-2, TSD BOOK- 0004/81 Keywords: 'Training, 'Computers, Specialized train- ing, Visual aids, Instructional materials, Abilities, 'South Africa, Education, Computer managed instruc- tion, Skills. The report discusses computer-based education and training in South Africa. Two separate components are examined: (1) Computer-assisted instruction for which the computer actually delivers instructional material to the learner and (2) computer-managed instruction which entails managing the student through a whole course of instruction. PB82-1 10396/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Technical Services Dept. Mini-Seminar on Value Engineering Held at Preto- ria, South Africa. Apr 81, 63p ISBN-0-7988-2078-0, TSD BOOK-0002/ 81 Prepared in cooperation with Value Engineering and Management Society (South Africa). Keywords: 'Management training, 'South Africa, Cost analysis, Objectives, Decision making, Organization theory, Group dynamics, Creativity, Problem solving, Management methods. Value Analysis, Value Engineering, and Value Man- agement are names given to a disciplined analytical thinking process aimed at achieving high levels of ef- fectiveness in decision making. It provides the capac- ity to generate a large number of alternatives prior to decision making and so renders decision making highly effective. Since decision making is rooted in the definition and choice of options, the Value disciplines provide a method of proliferating options. PB82-110750/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Center for Health Services Research, Hyatts- ville, MD. Impacts and Trends in Health Care Delivery Re- search for the Clinical Laboratory. Staff paper, Vincent F. Maturi. Nov 81, 7p NCHSR-81-215 See also PB-281 893. Presented at the Annual Sympo- sium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (5th), Washington, DC, November 1-3, 1981. Keywords: 'Health, 'Health care delivery, Automation, Innovations, 'Computers, 'Information systems, Fed- eral government, Medical computer applications, Health services research. This paper reviews some of the Federal Government support of health care research on computer applica- tions in the clinical laboratory. The significant innova- tions and features of this program are reviewed in detail and an analysis is made to determine trends and impacts. PB82-1 13614/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Selection of Geometric Design Standards for Rural Roads in Developing Countries, R. Robinson. c1981, 19p TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY- 670 Also pub. as ISSN-0305-1 31 5. Keywords: 'Roads, 'Rural areas, Design standards, Geometry, Safety, User needs. This Report discusses the underlying principles upon which it is recommended that geometric design stand- ards for rural roads in developing countries should be based. The basic elements of geometric design are listed and an indication is given of their purpose and the objectives normally sought when geometric stand- ards are adopted. The development of geometric design standards from first principles is discussed, with particular reference to existing geometric design policies currently being applied in industrialized coun- tries. Finally, the problem of devising appropriate standards for roads in developing countries is consid- ered. It is concluded that the basic standards of safety and comfort that are appropriate for a particular coun- try are a matter for the national authorities to decide. In setting geometric standards consideration should be given to the costs of vehicle operation as well as to road construction costs. (Copyright (c) Crown Copy- right 1981.) PB82-1 13887/GAA PC A05/MF A01 South Dakota State Univ., Brookings. Water Re- sources Inst. Animal Waste Effects Upon Crop Production, Soil and Runoff Waters, Maurice L. Horton, John L. Wiersma, Ronald R. Schnabel, Ronald E. Beyer, and Charles G. Carlson. Oct 81, 88p EPA-600/2-81-230 Grant EPA-R-803662 Keywords: 'Manures, 'Crops, 'Waste disposal, 'Animal wastes, Volume, Corn plants, Soil water, Field tests, Land application, High Plains Region(United States). This investigation was initiated to study the effects of application of differing rates of manure to land on crops, soil, and runoff water. The study was conducted under field conditions in the sub-humid climate of the Northern Great Plains. Manure application rates in- cluded levels from to 180 MT/ha/yr. Manure applied to field plots was incorporated using a chisel plow as soon after application as possible. The test crop grown on the manure treatment plots was corn. One-half of the field plots were instrumented to automatically col- lect samples of any runoff waters leaving the plots. PB82-1 14752/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Battelle Columbus Labs., OH. Assessment of Future Environmental Trends and Problems: Agricultural Use of Applied Genetics and Biotechnologies. Final rept., George H. Kidd, Melanie E. Davis, and Parviz Esmailzadeh. Sep 81, 97p EPA-600/8-81-019 Contract EPA-68-02-3640 103 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Technology assessment, *Plants(Botany), Trends, Assessments, Environments, Agricultural en- gineering, Deoxyribonucleic acids, Public health, 'En- vironmental impacts, Analytical methods. Battelle's Columbus Laboratories will identify and define future environmental concerns arising from ap- plying genetic engineering technology to agricultural problems. Two genetic emgineering technologies, plant tissue culture and recombinant DNA, will be con- sidered. Potential environmental problems resulting from the research process (e.g. release or escape of recombinant organisms into the environment, disper- sion or reproduction of recombinant organisms or mol- ecules) and from applications of genetically engi- neered organisms (e.g., large-scale cultivation of a ni- trogen-fixing grain crop) will be assessed. Information pertaining to potential problems will be obtained from the published scientific literature and from telephone interviews of experts currently active in applied genet- ics research. A cross-impact analysis program/model will be used to identify and define some impacts and trends, e.g., such as political, economic, and social settings which facilitate the agricultural applications of recombinant DNA. In addition to identification and defi- nition of environmental impacts, other outputs would include identification of organizations and individuals interested or involved in agricultural genetic engineer- ing, descriptions of trends that may affect public health or environmental policy, and identification of major data gaps and inadequacies in analytical methods. PB82-115031/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Veterans Administration, Washington, DC. Rehabilitative Engineering Research and Develop- ment, Spring 1980. 1980, 268p VA/80-5014 See also AD-A070 587. Keywords: 'Prosthetics, 'Health, Bioengineering, Arti- ficial limbs, Joints(Anatomy), Wheel chairs, Measure- ment, Pressure, Control, Rehabilitation, 'Research and development. The report includes articles on design of wheelchair cushions, methods of measurement of normal pres- sure between amputation residual limb and socket, means of control of powered prostheses by high-level amputees, electrotactile stimulation relevant to senso- ry/motor rehabilitation, and technique for displaying joint movement deviations. PB82-115981/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Popkin (Joel) and Co., Washington, DC. Analysis of the Effect of Recessions on Small Business' Output. Final rept., Joel Popkin. Jul 81, 16p Grant SB-1A-00026-01-0 Keywords: 'Employment, Interest, Profits, Taxes, Earnings, Income, Capitalized costs, 'Small business- es. The study will assess the impact that slow growth or recession has on output and employment of small business vis-a-vis that of the total economy. The project will analyze the gross product by components- employee compensation, profit-type income, net inter- est, capital consumption allowances and indirect busi- ness taxes-tor the years 1955-78 for small and large businesses. PB82-117052/GAA PC A18/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Drinking Water and Health: Volume 2. Sep 80, 406p* ISBN-0-309-02931-7 Contract EPA-68-01-3169 See also Volume 3, PB82-1 1 7060. Library of Congress catalog card no. 77-89284. Keywords: 'Potable water, 'Health, 'Water treatment, Comparison, Effectiveness, Microorganisms, Safe Drinking Water Act of 1 974, Public Law 93-523. Chlorination is the most widely used method for disin- fecting water supplies in the United States. It is con- venient to use, effective against most waterborne pathogens, and continues disinfectant activity within the distribution system. Chlorination is the standard disinfectant against which others are compared. How- ever, chlorination can result in the formation of trihalo- methanes (THM's) and other halogenated hydrocar- bons. The discovery that some of these products are carcinogenic for experimental animals has prompted a reexamination of alternate disinfectants and proce- dures. The comparative effectiveness of 1 2 disinfect- ants or processes for inactivating microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa) were evaluated. Chlorina- tion, ozonization, and the use of chlorine dioxide come closest to meeting the criteria established for a drink- ing water disinfectant. The ultimate choice among methods will require weighing the disinfectant efficacy, detailed in this evaluation, against the toxicity of the products produced by the use of a particular method of disinfection. The major objective of the review of disin- fectant chemistry is the identification of products that are likely to be formed by the use of specific disinfect- ants. The identification of known and theoretical prod- ucts of disinfection, which is attempted herein, is in- tended to be a guide to those contaminants that might require removal or toxicological evaluation. PB82-117060/GAA PC A19/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Drinking Water and Health: Volume 3. Sep 80, 428p* ISBN-0-309-02932-5 Contract EPA-68-01-3169 See also Volume 2, PB82-1 17052. Library of Congress catalog card no. 77-89284. Keywords: 'Potable water, 'Health, 'Water treatment, Epidemiology, Risks, Estimation, Toxicity, Contami- nants, Nutritions, Minerals, Health risks, Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, Public Law 93-523. Contents: Executive summary; Epidemiological stud- ies; Problems of risk estimation; Toxicity of selected drinking water contaminants; and The contribution of drinking water to mineral nutrition in humans. PB82-117540/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, Washington, DC. Recommended Guideline for Acute Dermal Toxici- ty Test. Jan 81, 14p Keywords: 'Health, Standards, Guidelines, Tests, Pro- cedures, Evaluation, Bioassay, Exposure, 'Toxic sub- stances. A test for acute dermal toxicity should evaluate the po- tential for systemic and local toxic effects of chemicals expected to come in contact with the skin. The acute dermal test refers to one period of topical application of up to 24 hours (the exposure period) and an obser- vation period of at least 1 4 days. PB82-117557/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, Washington, DC. Recommended Guideline for Acute Eye Irritation Testing. Jan 81, 14p Keywords: 'Health, Standards, Guidelines, Tests, Pro- cedures, Evaluation, Bioassay, Liquids, Solids, Aero- sols, Laboratory animals, 'Toxic substances. This guideline delineates test procedures to evaluate the toxicity of liquids, solids, aerosols, and liquids pro- pelled under pressure, to ocular tissues of laboratory animals. The test should demonstrate the potential of a substance to produce injury to the human eye. For humane reasons, substances known to be corrosive may be assumed to be eye irritants and should not be tested in the eye. Furthermore, substances shown to be severe irritants in dermal toxicity tests may be as- sumed to be eye irritants and need not be tested in the eye. PB82-117672/GAA PC A03/MF A01 George Washington Univ., Washington, DC. Impact of Tax and Financial Regulatory Policies on Industrial Innovation. Final rept., Joseph J. Cordes. 1980, 48p* NAE/NRC-OFS-1979 Contract NSF-C310-T0-361 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Taxes, Corporations, Government policies, Regulations, Marketing, Income taxes, Tax reform. The document is one of a series of monographs ad- dressing the major factors effecting industrial innova- tion. The areas of concern addressed in this document include corporate tax policy and innovation, personal income taxation and innovation, and innovation and government regulation of capital markets. Several rec- ommendations are offered that address the stimula- tion of innovation through tax reform. PB82-1 18969/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Institut Superieur de Developpement Rural de Bukavu (Zaire). Appropriate Technologies (Technologies Appro- priees), Georges Defour. 1981, 30p* Text in French. Keywords: 'Rural areas, Developing countries, Tech- nology, 'Water supply, Heating, Food processing, De- veloping country application. This practical French language manual describes briefly how to make many appropriate technology tools to improve rural life. Among the topics covered are: making a cart; distilled water; more efficient stoves; peanut hulling; rat traps; water filters; solar water heat- ers; rehydration of diarrhetic children; refrigerators; corn shellers; solar crop dryers; surveying equipment; soya grillers; solar cookers; wind powered electricity generation; and pedal powered rotary saws. PB82-1 19603/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Natural Resource Economics Div. Development and Institutionalization of Agricultur- al Resource Planning Concepts and Procedures in Developing Countries. Staff rept., James B. Johnson. Sep 81, 100p AGES-810909 Keywords: * Agricultural economics, 'Land use, Pro- duction, Farm crops, Acclimatization, Statistical data, 'Dominican Republic, 'Costa Rica, 'Nicaragua, Syria, 'Honduras, Tables(Data), Economic models, Con- straints, Institutional framework. This report documents the development and adapta- tion of agricultural resource planning concepts and procedures for use in developing countries. Major con- cepts were those applicable to land resource delinea- tion, major land use delineation, and the disaggrega- tion of agricultural production and cropping pattern statistics to land resource delineations. The proce- dures used in the five developing countries are dis- cussed. A limited discussion is presented on the design and application of two information systems that manage information obtained by inventory and assess- ment. The goals, purposes, and products of institution- alization activities in each of the five countries are pre- sented. PB82-120312/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA. Survey of Service Behavior of Large Evaporative Desalting Plants, J. D. Birkett, and E. H. Newton. Apr 81, 166p* W81- 06051, , OWRT-C-90023-S(9422)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9422 Keywords: 'Desalination, Surveys, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Construction materials, Sea water, Procedures. A worldwide survey was made of 68 multi-stage flash and 4 multi-effect desalination plants to obtain data on operating characteristics, efficiency, and materials be- havior as a function of design, operating conditions, and age. Extensive data on tube failures, flash cham- ber corrosion, productivity, etc., are reported as well as energy consumption and design factors. Pretreatment methods, operating temperatures and reasons for forced outages are described. 1 1 figures and 80 pages of tables provide detailed raw data as well as summa- ries and correlations. PB82-120783/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Baylor Coll. of Medicine, Houston, TX. Dept. of Virolo- gy and Epidemiology. Hepatitis B Vaccine Study. Annual rept. 1 Jul 79-29 Jun 80, 104 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS F. Blaine Hollinger, and Erwin Adam. Jul 80, 44p DAB-VDP-06-137 Contract N01-AI-92609 Keywords: 'Vaccines, *Health, Humans, Safety, Effi- cacy, Dosage, Medical research. Formalin-inactivated vaccine preparations for type B viral hepatitis are currently being evaluated in humans for safety, antigenicity, and efficacy. Current trials with small numbers of subjects (9 to 1 3 persons per sched- ule) have shown little variation between dosages used (10-40 micrograms) and the percentage of subjects re- sponding or the geometric mean titer achieved (Hille- man, personal communication). The vaccine schedule selected for those trials was 0, 1 month, and 6 months. It is noteworthy that none of the vaccinees developed anti-HBs by the first month, and only about 25% dis- played antibody by six weeks. In these early studies, dosage, route of immunization, and frequency of booster inoculations have been empirically deter- mined. Thus, there is a need to systematically delin- eate these parameters of immunization in humans. The purpose of this study is to provide information on short-term reactogenicity of a hepatitis B vaccine pre- pared by the NIAID and to determine the optimal dosage and immunization schedule in young adults. Although there are a number of 'at risk' populations that will benefit from a vaccine for type B hepatitis, it is envisaged that such a vaccine will also eventually be used in infants and children born to chronic carrier mothers. Interruption of maternal-fetal transmission would greatly limit the pool of potentially infective indi- viduals and may make an impact on long term seque- lae of chronic infection such as cirrhosis and hepa- toma. PB82-122185/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Business Services, Inc., Washington, DC. Investigating the Relationship between Land Use Planning, Transportation and Energy Consump- tion. Final rept., B. Burgwald, W. Cole, and C. Wagner. Jan 81, 143p DOT/P-10-81-90 Contract DTOS59-80-C-0060 See also Volume 1 , PB80-208424. Portions of this doc- ument are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Transportation, "Land use, *Urban plan- ning, Housing, Design, Urban areas, Comparison, Dis- trict of Columbia, Urban transportation, California, Flor- ida, Maryland, Canada, * Energy conservation, Energy consumption, Case studies, Baltimore(Maryland), Toronto(Canada), San Francisco(California), Miami(Florida). The objective of the study was to increase the under- standing of the relationship among land use, transpor- tation accessibility and energy consumption in an urban context. The issues addressed include: (1) How transportation accessibility and land use planning interact for increased energy conservation; (2) The role the public sector plays with regard to incorporating and integrating transportation, land use and energy conservation; and (3) The institutional and/or techni- cal barriers for better integration of energy, transporta- tion and land use considerations. The study combines an extensive literature survey in the subject areas with field case studies in five urban areas: Washington, DC; Baltimore, MD; Toronto, Canada; San Francisco, CA.; Miami, FL. PB82-126756/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA. Marine Fisheries Review. Volume 43, Number 4, April 1981. Apr 81, 40p NOAA-81092101 See also Volume 43, Number 2, PB81 -240939. Keywords: * Fishes, 'Fisheries, 'Seafood, 'Food proc- essing, Trout, Animal migrations, Mollusca, Georges Bank, Announcement bulletins, Salmo gairdneri, Pla- copecten magnellanicus. In addition to its usual sections, this issue contains the following articles: Low temperature preservation of seafoods; A review; Effect of arterial incisions on the amount of bleeding and flesh quality of Rainbow Trout; and Movement of tagged sea scallops on Georges Bank. PB82-126764/GAA (Order as PB82-126756/GAA, PC A03/MF A01) National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, MA. Gloucester Lab. Low Temperature Preservation of Seafoods: A Review, Louis J. Ronsivalli, and Daniel W. Baker, II. Apr 81, 16p Included in Marine Fisheries Review, v43 n4 p1-15 Apr 81. Keywords: 'Food storage, 'Seafood, 'Food process- ing, Shelf life, Refrigerating, Refrigerants, Equipment, Reprints. Cooling seafoods is among the most effective meth- ods for preserving their quality. The authors describe three different states to improve the shelf life of sea- food, chilling, superchilling, and freezing. This paper describes the common refrigerants including ice, brine, ammonia, fluorocarbons, cryogenic gases and liquids, chilled seawater, and refrigerated seawater. PB82-128414/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Plastics and Rubber Inst., London (England). Symposium on Mouldmaking 79. 25 Jan 79, 70p Keywords: 'Industrial plants, Tool steels, Dies, Elec- troforming, Research, Manufacturing, 'Plastics, Main- tenance, Performance evaluation, Energy dissipation, Computer applications. Contents: Production planning & control - is it possible with mould making; Tool steels to the plastics industry; Mould energy dissipation; Recent developments in electroforming of moulds and dies; Science research council coordinated program of research on the manufacture of dies and moulds - the results of the first three years; Mould maintenance; Practical experience on the introduction of computer aided design and manufacturing methods in toolrooms. PB82-129263/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC. Topical Investigation and Analysis of Promoting Family Planning Through Health Services, Fredric D. Kennedy. 1970, 127p AID-PN-AAH-577 Contract AID/nesa-460 Keywords: 'Family planning, 'Health, 'Birth control, Reproduction(Biology), Fertility, Models, Data, Devel- oping country application. This investigation is concerned with the potential that health services provide for the promotion of family planning. This area of interest has many implications; these include economies of shared facilities and per- sonnel, behavioral aspects of combined programs, pri- ority conflicts in joint operations, long-term effects of fertility arising from mortality reduction, etc. The results of this investigation-three models for analysis and a structure of hypotheses to be tested using these models-can best be summarized under two general headings: first, the long-term effects of health services upon fertility behavior through mortality reduction and, secondly, the health service system as a means of pro- moting family planning. PB82-129669/GAA (Order as PB82-129628/GAA, PC A05/MF A01) Shanghai First Medical Coll. (China). New Concept on the Natural Course of Hepatocel- lular Carcinoma, Zhaoyou Tang. 1981, 4p Included in Chinese Medical Jnl., v94 n9 p585-588 1981. Keywords: 'Health, Pathology, Reprints, Cancer. Based upon mass screening of hepatocellular carcino- ma (HCC) using alpha fetoprotein (AFP) as tumor marker and long term follow-up study, a new concept concerning the natural course of HCC has been devel- oped. Adverse to the previous concept of relative short survival, HCC exists and develops for a relatively long period before symptoms occur. A group of pathologi- cally proven HCC cases receiving nonresectional treatment revealed that the median survival of subclini- cal HCC was 14 months versus 3 months in clinical HCC. 1 more months should be added from the first appearance of low but gradually increasing AFP of subclinical HCC, so the natural course of HCC is about 24 months. This relatively long period provides much more opportunity for successful treatment of this grave malignancy if it is detected early. PB82-130147/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Urban Wildlife Research Center, Inc., Columbia, MD. Planning for Urban Fishing and Waterfront Recrea- tion. Final rept., D. L Leedy, T. M. Franklin, and R. M. Maestro. Jul 81, 119pFWS/OBS-80/35 Contract DI-1 4-1 6-0009-79-1 01 4 Sponsored in part by Sport Fishing Inst., Washington, DC, and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, PA. See also PB-280 172. Keywords: 'Urban planning, Aquatic biology, 'Fisher- ies, Ecology, Parks, Decision making, Financing, Lakes, Streams, Erosion control, Water pollution con- trol, Flood control, Habitats. This document is intended to help planners and devel- opers enhance fishing and waterfront recreation in urban areas by preserving existing high-quality aquatic areas, restoring degraded areas, and creating new areas where appropriate. Background information about environmental, fish and wildlife values, the nature of aquatic ecosystems, urbanization effects on these systems, planning and management implica- tions and the importance of aquatic resource consider- ations in urban-suburban planning are discussed. Also discussed is planning for urban fishing and related wa- terfront recreation. Zoning, liability, safety, and other considerations are treated also. PB82-130444/GAA PC A10/MF A01 California Univ., San Francisco. Operations and Performance of Health Mainte- nance Organizations: A Synthesis of Findings from Health Services Research. Rept. for 30 Sep 79-5 Jan 83, Harold S. Luft, and Joan B. Trauner. Oct 81, 212p NCHSR-81-228 Contract PHS-233-79-3016 Prepared in cooperation with Applied Management Sciences, Inc. Keywords: 'Health, 'Health planning, Performance evaluation, History, Organizational structure, Health services research, Health care delivery organizations, Group health plans. This synthesis of the available information on Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) includes historical and definitional perspectives; organizational and envi- ronmental factors influencing performance; a summary of what is and is not known about various dimensions- the claims, the expectations, current research findings of HMO performance, and a bibliography. HMOs often have been perceived as an answer to current prob- lems in the health care system by serving their enroll- ees and providing a stimulus for change within the health care system. This review and analysis of exist- ing research information is designed to focus on the major policy concerns and operational problems faced by state and local government officials and those in the private health care sector responsible for policy development and implementation, program planning and regulation, service delivery, and the purchasing of health benefits. PB82-130477/GAA PC A09/MF A01 North Texas State Univ., Denton. Health Care Services Utilization among Older Adults: Executive Summary. Final rept. 30 Sep 79-28 Feb 81, Susan Brown Eve. Jun 81, 184p NCHSR-81-216 Grant PHS-HS-03824 Keywords: 'Health, Physicians, Hospitals, Dentists, Socioeconomic factors, Prediction, Interviews, Income, Education, Health services, Health surveys, Health insurance, Health maintenance organizations. 105 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The purpose of this research was to examine the use of physicians, hospitals, and dentists among the nonin- stitutionalized population 65 years of age and older in the United States to determine what social, economic, and health factors were most predictive of the use of those services. Data on the 1 1 ,687 older adults inter- viewed in the 1975 Health Interview Survey were ana- lyzed using path analysis. In the total adult population use of physicians was positively related to measures of illness, although private insurance was also positively related to use among the population 85 years of age and older; hospital use was positively related to illness measures; and use of dentists was positively influ- enced by income and education. Older adults who be- longed to Health Maintenance Organizations used more physicians' services than non-members but did not differ in their use of hospital services. PB82-131129/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. Joint Highway Research Project. Investigation of Recycling Bituminous Pavements: Volume I, James L McKinney. Aug 81, 239p JHRP-80-15, FHWA/IN/JHRP-80/15 Prepared in cooperation with Indiana State Highway Commission, Indianapolis. Keywords: "Pavements, "Construction, *Roads, Mate- rials specifications, Guidelines, Construction manage- ment, Design, Indiana, 'Waste recycling, Hot recy- cling, Cold recycling. This report presents a detailed study of the processes used in recycling bituminous pavements. A set of guidelines was developed to assist the pavement engi- neering in determining if an asphalt pavement is a suit- able candidate for recycling. A set of construction guidelines was developed to assist the construction engineer implementing the recycling method identified by the recycling guidelines. A section of an Indiana highway was selected to demonstrate the use of the guidelines. Volume I contains the description of the re- search topic, plus the recycling guidelines and con- struction guidelines developed in the study. A sample application of the guidelines plus the research summa- ry is also included. PB82-131343/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Water Supply and Diarrhea: Guatemala Revisited. Evaluation special study no. 2, Daniel Dworkin, and Judith Dworkin. Aug 80, 52p AID-PN-AAJ-007 Prepared in cooperation with Arizona Univ., Tucson. Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources. Keywords: "Diseases, "Water pollution, "Guatemala, "Diarrhea, "Water supply, Gastrointestinal diseases, Rural areas, "Sanitation, Developing countries, Sewage disposal, Waste disposal, Developing country application, Environmental health. Evidence indicates that improved water supplies in rural communities reduce the incidence of diarrhea. To demonstrate this phenomenon, two communities in Guatemala, Florida Aceituna and Guanagazapa, were selected for study due to their similar population, envi- ronment, and health characteristics. The former, which obtained water from shallow wells and rivers, served as a control to establish a norm for diarrheal incidence without project assistance. The latter was provided with a piped chlorinated supply system. Data from both communities were analyzed independently. Halfway through the project, a program to alter sanitary behav- ior and encourage latrine construction was instituted in Guanagazapa, allowing changes in diarrheal incidence to be ascribed either to water alone or to both water and the new program. The mean amount used per person over the project was 25 liters daily for each person in Florida Aceituna and 68.4 liters in Guanaga- zapa. Eighty percent washed their clothes and bathed at home in Guanagazapa compared to less than 1 /3 who did laundry and 1 /5 who bathed in the control vil- lage. Guanagazapa showed a significant improvement in sanitary awareness over the project period and 79 new latrines were installed. PB82-131475/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Bi- ology, Bethesda, MD. Life Sciences Research Office. Effects of Dietary Factors on Skeletal Integrity in Adults: Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Pro- tein. Technical rept., Herman I, Chinn. Sep 81, 82p* FDA/BF-82/8 Contract FDA-223-79-2275 Keywords: "Nutrition, "Health, Nutritional deficiency diseases, Adults, Musculoskeletal system, Calcium, Phosphorus, Proteins, Vitamin D group, Hypocalcemia, Osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroidism. Bone undergoes continuous remodeling as new bone is deposited and existing bone is resorbed throughout life. During middle age and in later years, the resorptive processes generally predominate, causing a net loss and weakening of the bones. If sufficiently pro- nounced, such loss of mineral content leads to osteo- porosis, a relatively common disability of the elderly, especially postmenopausal women. While many fac- tors including racial, genetic, hormonal, and physical aspects may contribute to the etiology of osteoporosis, this report focuses on the role of certain of the nutri- tional factors believed important in maintaining normal bone homeostasis, namely, calcium, phosphorus, pro- tein, and vitamin D. The interrelations of these dietary constituents among themselves and with the various calcitropic hormones are discussed. The calcium re- quirements of adults remain controversial and a vast literature on the subject reveals widely differing opin- ions. An attempt is made to evaluate critically relevant studies and to identify reasons associated with these discrepancies. Calcium intakes and bone status have been studied by a number of epidemiologic, metabolic balance, absorptiometric, radiologic, tomographic, and other techniques. The advantages, reliability, and utili- ty of these methods are described briefly. There is evi- dence to support the prophylactic use of calcium sup- plementation among postmenopausal women, but its therapeutic utility remains controversial. Specific topics requiring additional research are identified. PB82-132374/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Williams (Charles W.), Inc., Alexandria, VA. Future Developments in the Food Industry: Proba- ble Efforts at Vertical Integration by Food Retail- Jul 81, 78p* FTC/OPP-81/07 See also PB82-1 32382. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E13, PB82- 132358. Keywords: "Food, "Industrial development, "Market- ing, "Food processing, Agricultural economics, Nation- al government, Government policies, Social change, Economic impact, Federal Trade Commission. The writer's basic proposition is that sociological bias and regulatory and social constraints placed on nation- al, branded food processors will combine with several key trends to create vertical integration in the food in- dustry in the 1980s. This vertical integration will be led by a combination of farmers and agricultural produc- ers, possibly uniteing into a coalition, who will place increasing competitive pressure on national food proc- essors. These processors will be required to find inno- vative marketing concepts or be pushed into an in- creasingly weaker position within the food industry. This report contains an introduction and an executive summary, a review of those factors which are expect- ed to influence vertical integration, possible scenerios, and implications of interest to the FTC. PB82-132440/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. Evaluating Costs and Benefits of Alternative Disin- fectants. Journal article, Robert M. Clark. 1981, 7p EPA-600/J-8 1-480 Pub. in Jnl. of the American Water Works Association, v73n2p90-93Feb81. Keywords: "Health, "Cost benefits, "Economic analy- sis, Public health, "Water treatment, Water quality, Re- prints, Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency regulation of the maximum contaminant level for total trihalomethanes, along with the discovery that TRMS are formed during the disinfection process, has led to increased scrutiny of disinfection practices. An analysis of the cost-bene- fit ratios of chlorination and other methods of disinfec- tion concludes that the benefits associated with any type of disinfection far outweigh the costs. PB82-133257/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Bi- ology, Bethesda. MD. Life Sciences Research Office. Effects of Consumption of Choline and Lecithin on Neurological and Cardiovascular Systems. Technical rept., John L Wood, and Richard G. Allison. Aug 81, 115p* FDA/BF-82/7 Contract FDA-223-79-2275 Keywords: "Health, Physiological effects, Ingestion(Biology), Consumption, Nervous system, Cardiovascular system, Patients, Arteriosclerosis, Alz- heimers disease, Cognition, Benefits, Dyskinesia, Frie- dreichs ataxia, Gilles de la touretts disease. This report concerns possible adverse health effects and benefits that might result from consumption of large amounts of choline, lecithin, or phosphatidylcho- line. Indications from preliminary investigations that administration of choline or lecithin, by stimulating ace- tylcholine synthesis in the brain, might alleviate some neurological disturbances, prevent hypercholestere- mia and atherosclerosis, and restore memory and cog- nition have resulted in much research and public inter- est. Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and Alzheimer's disease have been ameliorated in some patients and varied responses have been observed in treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, le- vodopa-induced dyskinesia, mania, Huntington's dis- ease, and myasthenic syndrome. Further clinical trials, especially in conjunction with cholinergic drugs, are considered worthwhile but will require sufficient amounts of pure phosphatidylcholine. The public has access to large amounts of commercial lecithin. Be- cause high intakes of lecithin or choline produce acute gastrointestinal distress, sweating, salivation, and ano- rexia, it is improbable that individuals will incur lasting health hazards from self-administration of either com- pound. Development of depression or supersensitivity of dopamine receptors and disturbance of the cholin- ergic-dopaminergic-serotoningeric balance is a con- cern with prolonged intakes of large amounts of le- cithin. PB82-135351/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Surface Dressing in Developing Countries: Re- search in Kenya, L. S. Hitch. C1981, 43p TRRL-LR-1019 Also pub. as ISSN-0305-1293. Keywords: "Roads, Bitumens, Aggregates, Binders(Materials), Trafficability, Materials specifica- tions, Seasonal variations, "Kenya, Developing coun- tries. In many developing countries surface dressing is used as a running surface on new low-cost roads as well as a maintenance treatment for existing roads. These countries are usually characterized by combinations of road surface condition, traffic, climate, and materials, that are not found in Britain and that are not favorable for good surface dressing. In such cases the recom- mendations for road surface dressing given in Road Note 39 which is intended for use in Britain, are not applicable. Jackson (1963) has proposed a method of surface dressing design based partly upon ideas put forward by Hanson (1935). This method was used to design a total length of 27 km of experimental sections of surface dressing in Kenya during 1975-77. This report describes the construction, monitoring and per- formance of the sections during the first 3-4 years traf- ficking. It is concluded that Jackson's design method works satisfactorily in Kenya conditions over the range of chipping size used in these trials, namely 5 mm to 1 3 mm average least dimension. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1981.) PB82-135401/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Static Penetrometer for Soft and Loose Soils (Pen- etrometro Estatico Para Suelos Blandos Y Suel- tos), Enrique Santoyo, and Alfredo Olivares. Mar 81 , 36p 435 Text in Spanish. 106 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: "Soils, Measuring instruments, Shear strength, Penetration, Cohesive soils. The geometric and electronic characteristics of a con- ventional static penetrometer are presented. The load capacity of its sensitive cells is adequate for soft cohe- sive or loose granular soils. A common hydraulic drill- ing rig is proposed as a driving mechanism of this pen- etrometer in soft or loose soils. To facilitate interpreta- tion of results obtained with this instrument, a resume of the most accepted methods to obtain shear strength parameters is included. PB82-135419/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Scientific Research and Basic Needs of the People: A Method of Assessing Research Projects (Investigation Cientifica Y Necesidades Basicas de la Poblacion: Un Metodo de Evaluacion de Proyectos), Felipe Lara, and Lourdes Aragon. Oct 81, 108p 442 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Project evaluation, 'Research and devel- opment, "Technology assessment, Evaluation, User needs, Universities. A method is proposed that permits assessing research projects according to their impact upon the satisfaction of basic needs of the marginal population. Two kinds of impacts are considered: direct effects, when the re- search problem has a straightforward relationship with basic needs, and indirect effects, when the research project helps to develop a specific scientific area that can introduce new solutions to basic needs. The method of evaluation presented here was developed with the participation of the academic community. To illustrate its usefulness, an example from the social sciences has been considered. PB82-135468/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC. Alumina Availability-Domestic: A Mineral Avail- ability System Appraisal. Information circular, Gary R. Peterson, Robert L Davidoff, Donald I. Bleiwas, and Richard J. Fantel. Oct 81, 30p BUMINES-IC-8861 Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: "Aluminum, "Mining, Availability, Supply(Economics), Resources, Aluminum industry. In order to determine the potential availability of alumi- na to feed U.S. aluminum smelters, the Bureau of Mines evaluated 39 domestic mines and deposits of bauxite, alunite, and high-alumina clays and found that substantial increases in alumina prices would be nec- essary before nonbauxitic deposits could become competitive with bauxite. As part of the study, a price- tonnage relationship was developed indicating the quantity of alumina that could be produced from known deposits at various alumina prices and at a 15-pct dis- counted cash flow rate of return on the required capital investment. All capital and operating costs were calcu- lated in August 1 980 dollars. PB82-136425/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Fish and Wildlife Service, Lamar, PA. Lamar Fish Cul- tural Development Center. Use of Self-Feeders in Fish Culture, Ivan B. McElwain. Sep 80, 13p LAMAR INFORMATION LEAFLET-81-01 Keywords: "Aquaculture, "Fisheries, Manpower, Sav- ings, Dried foods. The use of self-feeders is becoming popular at fish hatcheries throughout the country. They can be used with many different species of fish as well as with fish of different ages and sizes. Advantages result in better quality fish along with money and labor savings. Disad- vantages are few and can be minimized at the hatch- ery. PB82-1 36631 /GAA PC A02/MF A01 Fish and Wildlife Service, Lamar, PA. Lamar Fish Cul- tural Development Center. Decapsulation of Brine Shrimp ('Artemia salina') Cysts, P. B. Haines, R. G. Howey, and G. L. Theis. Sep 80, 12p LAMAR INFORMATION LEAFLET-80-06 Keywords: "Aquaculture, Feeding stuffs, Larvae, Fishes, Cysts, Digestion(Biology). The outer shell of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cysts can be removed by chemical treatment, resulting in im- proved digestibility of the hatched product when fed to larval fish. PB82-136649/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Fish and Wildlife Service, Lamar, PA. Lamar Fish Cul- tural Development Center. Controlled Large-Scale Hatching of Brine Shrimp, 'Artemia salina', J. W. Meade, P. B. Haines, R. G. Howey, and G. L. Theis. Sep 80, 14p LAMAR INFORMATION LEAFLET-80-03 Keywords: "Aquaculture, Feeding stuffs, Larvae, Tem- perature control, Growth. Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii can be cultured in large quantities for feeding larval fish by incubating Ar- temia cysts in containers in a simple, easily-construct- ed incubation cabinet. PB82-137308/GAA PCA11/MFA01 West Virginia Univ., Morgantown. Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Develop Grounding Practices for Metal/Non-Metal Mines. Open-file rept. 1 Nov 79-31 Dec 80, Wils L. Cooley, and Herman W. Hill, Jr. 27 Nov 81 , 236p* BUMINES-OFR-1 54-81 Contract J038025 Keywords: "Mining, "Safety, Industrial accidents, Power supplies, Hazards, Accident prevention, Circuit protection, Safety. This report analyzes electrical accident data in the metal-nonmetal mining industry. Accidents are catego- rized to determine the root causes. Special attention is given to accidents associated with inadequate or de- fective grounding of mine power systems. Recommen- dations are made concerning proper grounding prac- tice, especially for dredges and for quarries in hard rock or sand. The costs of instituting the recommend- ed practices are estimated for model mine power sys- tems which are based on field data obtained from 37 mines and several electrical contractors. The expect- ed benefits of various suggested safety practices are also estimated. PB82-139106/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Inst, on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. Div. of Research. Benzodiazepines: A Review of Research Results, 1980. Research mono., Stephen I. Szara, and Jacqueline P. Lundford. Nov 81, 112p DHHS/PUB/ADM-81-1052, NIDR/DR-81- 06 Also pub. as National Inst, on Drug Abuse Research mono. 33. Report of the RAUS (Research Analysis and Utilization System) Review Conference on Benzodia- zepines held September 12, 1980, Rockville, Mary- land. Keywords: "Health, "Drugs, Pharmacology, Biochem- istry, Hypnotics and sedatives, Clinical medicine, Drug addiction, Drug abuse. Benzodiazepines, the so-called 'minor tranquilizer' drugs, are very widely prescribed and used. The dis- covery of specific binding sites in the brain (1977) has made research on benzodiazepine receptors and their relation with neurotransmitter mechanisms a most active area of psychopharmacology. In addition, public interest in abuse potential and dependence liability of benzodiazepines is high. This monograph is based on a RAUS (Research Analysis and Utilization System) Review Conference held September 12, 1980. RAUS each year selects certain subject areas for intensive review, collects findings of all relevant intramural and extramural research supported by the National Insti- tute on Drug Abuse, has them evaluated by scientific peers, then holds evaluative meetings to discuss find- ings and develop specific recommendations for future research. Subjects covered in this monograph include: basic biochemistry and neuroanatomy underlying the question of abuse potential of benzodiazepines, in- cluding the existence and sites of receptors involved; studies on self-administration in animals and humans; carryover effectiveness, rebound insomnia, and per- formance effects; clinical use patterns; misuse, abuse, and dependence. PB82- 139601 /GAA PC E05/MF E05 Cranfield Inst, of Tech. (England). Designing and Management Techniques for Fire Prevention in High Bay Warehouses. 1981, 88p ISBN-0-905823-08-7 Keywords: "Fire safety, Building codes, Fire detection systems, Fire fighting, Regulations. Contents: Types of high-bay warehouses; Fire protection and fire fighting facilities in high- bay warehouses; Insurers requirements for high-bay warehouses; Protection of ancilliary accommodation; Requirements for fire protection in high-bay warehouses; The managerial aspects of fire protection in high- bay warehouses; Relative performance of in-rack sprinkler systems; Building regulations. PB82-140823/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Three Essays on the Econometrics of Production, Productivity, and Capacity Utilization. Final rept. 15 Jan 81-82, Menahem Prywes. Jan 82, 377p* DLETA-DD-42-81- 02-1 Sponsored in part by Social Science Research Coun- cil, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Econometrics, "Productivity, Energy, Cap- ital, Labor estimates, Substitutes, Economic models, Return on investment, Chemical industry, Pareto allo- cations. Essay 1 estimates capital-labor-energy-materials nested CES production functions for each of the twenty, two-digit SIC, industries in U.S. manufacturing, computes the implied elasticities of substitution, and develops a production function based capacity utiliza- tion series. Capital and energy are complements while labor and energy or capital are substitutes. Essay 2 develops an econometric technique for finding the in- dustry-wide production function from information about the variation in productivity across production units. The technique is based on a theorem by Houthakker which connects the Pareto Capacity distribution to the aggregate Cobb-Douglas production function. Essay 3 uses production functions to analyze the returns to R&D and the effect of new OSHA and EPA regulation on productivity in the chemical industry. It also simu- lates the effect of a 30% investment tax credit on pro- ductivity. PB82-141 128/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Jorgenson (Dale W.) Associates, Cambridge, MA. Energy-Economy Analysis and Application to R and D Planning. Final rept. Oct 80-Sep 81, Edward A. Hudson, and Paul A. Dorosh. Oct 81 , 98p* GRI-81/0004 Contract GRI-5080-31 0-0329 Keywords: "Energy, "Economic analysis, Economic conditions, Economic development, "Research and development, Input output analysis. Projections of energy and economic conditions and analysis of energy-economy interactions are based on a simulation model of the structure and growth of the U.S. economy (the Hudson-Jorgenson model). A refer- ence projection is first constructed; this provides a rea- sonable estimate of future energy and economic con- ditions as well as providing information on economic growth, inflation and other variables required in project appraisal and R&D planning. Next, detailed analyses of energy-economy interactions are performed; these examine the mechanisms through which energy changes affect economic structure and growth, and also provide a basis for quantitatively estimating the economic effects of specific energy changes. Further, the analysis of energy-economy interactions provides a framework that helps the planner identify and allow for the indirect economic benefits from energy R&D. Finally, this study develops a central projection and likely ranges of variation of economic conditions and 107 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS these, with associated probabilities, are applied to the appraisal of R & D strategies. PB82-141771/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Engineering Lab. Analysis and Modeling of Corrosion of Steel in Prestressed Concrete. Nov81,25pNBSIR-81-2390 Sponsored in part by Department of State, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: "Concrete, 'Corrosion, Stress corrosion, Corrosion mechanisms, Electrochemical corrosion, Mathematical models. Development of conceptual and mathematical models describing the corrosion of steel in prestressed con- crete is outlined. The application of the principles of stress corrosion and general corrosion to understand- ing the mechanisms involved in corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete is discussed. The first step in es- timating the failure time of a prestressed concrete structural system because of corrosion of the rein- forced steel is to estimate corrosion rates under vari- ous but realistic conditions. A simplified approach based on mathematical modeling of concrete proper- ties for estimating corrosion rates is proposed. Before the proposed mathematical model can be applied to practical problems information is needed on the spe- cific mechanisms of corrosion cell processes of steel in prestressed concrete. In addition, well designed cor- rosion tests need to be performed in which all the im- portant factors affecting the corrosion rates are con- sidered. PB82-142266/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Wyoming Univ., Laramie. Synthesis of Environmental Management Strate- gies: Volume I. Final rept., Curt Anderson, and Ralph C. d'Arge. Apr 80, 102p NSF/RA-800616 Grant NSF-ENV76-21645 See also Volume 2, PB82-1 42274. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E19, PB82- 142258. Keywords: "Environmental surveys, 'Economic analy- sis, "Environmental management, Cost analysis, Con- sumption rate, Natural resources, Mathematical models. Results are presented of a study undertaken to em- phasize the relationship between the economic system and the environment. The environment is shown to provide three basic services: it is a source of raw material inputs; it is a receptor of waste flows; it provides amenity services such as clean air, beautiful vistas, and recreational opportunities. These three services and their interrelationships are examined through the aid of a materials balance, or materials flow, model. The optimal use of material resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, is analyzed and re- lated to the pricing of these resources over time. Opti- mal waste accumulation and the proper use of the en- vironment as a sink for wastes is discussed. Consider- ation is given to the optimal development and use of natural environments. It is concluded that consumers should be charged for the marginal damages that their waste flows impose on others. The consumer would pay the full price of the materials used, the costs of production, and the cost imposed on the environment by the waste flows generated. The consumer then would have less incentive to use scarce resources and employ goods that result in harmful waste flows. PB82-142274/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Wyoming Univ., Laramie. Synthesis of Environmental Management Strate- gies: Volume II. Final rept., Kenneth J. Arrow, and Sheldon Chang. Apr 80, 229p NSF/RA-800617 Grant NSF-ENV76-21645 See also Volume 1, PB82-1 42266, and Volume 3, PB82-1 42282. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E19, PB82- 142258. Keywords: "Natural resources, "Economic analysis, "Environmental surveys, Waste disposal, Conserva- tion, Distribution theory, Energy use, "Environmental management. Reports are presented on various types of conceptual models on pricing of natural resources. Optimal poli- cies are considered and simple dynamic optimizing models in the areas of nonrenewable energy use, re- newable energy use, and waste accumulation are ex- amined. An explanation is provided of the mathematics of optimal control theory. Current literature concerning resource use models, preservation models, and waste accumulation is reviewed, and a taxonomy of those models is formed. Some theoretical tools are offered for use in formally examining the equity issues raised in the case of pricing as a means to conserve scarce re- sources. The criteria that can be used to judge the equity of such a price change and the special problem raised by differences in elasticity of demand of differ- ent customer groups are analyzed. Toward this end, the concept of a 'superfair' distribution is introduced and discussed. It is a distribution under which each participant obtains a share of the total which is equal to or greater than the pro-ration share of that individual. PB82-142357/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Transportation System Management - Parking, En- forcement, and Other Issues. Transportation research record, Said M. Easa, Adolf D. May, Paul P. Jovanis, J. W. Hall, and Michael D. Meyer. 1981, 103p TRB/TRR- 816, ISBN-0-309-03257-1 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-22277. Also pub. aslSSN-0361-1981. Paper copy also available from Transportation Re- search Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washing- ton, DC. 2041 8. Keywords: "Urban planning, "Traffic engineering, "Transportation management, Parking facilities, Cen- tral city, Fuel consumption, Local government, Regula- tions, Law enforcement, Neighborhoods, Systems management, Public transportation, Staggered work times, Commuting patterns, Transportation planning, High occupancy vehicles, Reserved lanes. Contents: Evaluation of traffic management strategies in central business districts; Flexible work hours and mode change-interpretation of empirical findings from San Francisco; Assessment of flextime potential to re- lieve highway facility congestion; Fuel saving potential of low-cost traffic engineering improvements; Assess- ment of neighborhood parking permit programs as traf- fic restraint measures; South African parking stand- ards; Implementation of a regional parking policy-insti- tutional and political considerations; Role of law en- forcement in transportation planning; Enforcement of TSM projects; Enforcement of parking management strategies~a critical element in program-project imple- mentation; Enforcement requirements for high-occu- pancy vehicle facilities; Transit lane enforcement in the central city; Enforcement as a consideration in TSM planning; and New Jersey Turnpike automatic traffic surveillance and control system performance observa- tion. PB82-142936/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Kaiser Foundation International, Oakland, CA. Development and Validation of a Method to Deter- mine the Cost/Benefit Effectiveness of Occupa- tional Health Programs (Technical Supplement to the Final Report). Aug 74, 74p Contract PHS-NIOSH-099-73-0053 Keywords: "Cost benefits, "Health, Cost control, Models, Development, Proving, Health care costs, Health care utilization, Analytical methods. A generic model for the analysis of costs and benefits of occupational health programs is developed, and data from Kaiser Steel Corporation's Fontana Works used to test the validity of the model. A cost account- ing system is developed for the medical facility which permits categorizing all of the costs for the resources for the facility on an annual basis. The actual dollar and nondollar, or intangible, benefits and their effective- ness are difficult to determine because the model needs more precise data. An employee attitude survey, planned to help identify some of the intangible benefits is not implemented because labor negotia- tions are incomplete. PB82-143850/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agricultural Cooperative Service, Washington, DC. Subsidiaries of Agricultural Cooperatives. Cooperative research rept., Charles A. Kraenzle, and David Volkin. Feb 79, 39p FCRR-4 Keywords: Organization theory, Marketing, "Coopera- tives, Industrial theory, Ownership. Little is known about why or to what extent coopera- tives use subsidiaries for carrying out various func- tions. Their increasing use, indeed, the increasing de- pendence of some regional cooperatives on subsidiar- ies, has implications for other cooperatives consider- ing this organizational tool. The study was undertaken to answer some of the questions concerning the use of subsidiaries. PB82-144304/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Real Estate Research Corp., Chicago, IL. Urban Infill: Opportunities and Constraints. Working paper, Deborah Brett, Margery al Chalabi, and Stephen B. Friedman. Jul 79, 45p HUD-0000833 Contract HUD-H-2982 Keywords: "Land use, "Economic development, "Urban planning, Urban areas, Real property, Problem solving, Land. This paper discusses the advantages of urban infill as public policy, documents the problems associated with infill sites, identifies the amount of development that might be accommodated, and suggests how public agencies can make infill parcels more attractive for pri- vate development. Urban infill development is the eco- nomic use of vacant land in urban areas where water, sewer, and other public services already exist. Infill use results in the reduction of urban sprawl, less duplica- tion of public facilities, preservation of valuable agricul- tural land, reduced energy costs, and increased tax revenues for older cities and suburbs. The private sector, however, has not developed infill sites because of inadequate capacity and condition of public facili- ties, developer and consumer willingness to assume the costs of new facilities in outlying areas, and lack of coordination in facility planning and service provision. Land speculation, corporate holding of infill land in re- serve, tax delinquency and fragmented ownership issues, and ineffective marketing, among others, also discourage use of infill land. Recent changes in real estate development favoring infill are property tax limi- tations, surburban growth controls, changing demo- graphics, availability of financing and insurance, and energy considerations. Some potential adverse im- pacts of infill use are reduction of open lands and of future development options, inflated land and con- struction costs, and greater State and regional action than was previously acceptable. Research and policy issues are listed. PB82-145921/GAA PC A17/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Marine Invertebrates. 1981, 393p* ISBN-0-309-03 134-6 Contract N01-CM-5-3850 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-4015. Keywords: "Aquaculture, Manuals, Sea water, Salinity, Temperature control, Maintenance, Acclimatization, Animal diseases, Laboratory equipment, Collecting methods, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Echino- dermata, Feeding stuffs, Anesthetics, Transportation, Marking. This manual summarizes contemporary methods for maintaining and rearing marine invertebrates in labora- tories without immediate access to the sea. The first part contains general information. The second part consists of chapters written by investigators who are skilled in handling specific animals or groups of ani- mals. Detailed directions are given on the animals' care and handling, on food requirements, and on ways to meet some of the difficulties that may arise. At best, this manual can provide specific recommendations for but a small number of species from among those po- tentially available. PB82-146242/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Coastal Zone Management. 108 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Reviving the Urban Waterfront, Andy Leon Harney. 1981, 50p NOAA-81 110503 Prepared in cooperation with Partners for Livable Places and National Endowment for the Arts. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Coasts, Recreation, 'Land use, Design, Government policies, Water based recreation. The Office of Coastal Zone Management has begun working with states through its grants programs to en- courage the redevelopment of underutilized water- fronts for recreation, open space and economic devel- opment. The projects range from developing compre- hensive plans to detailed architectural and engineering studies of waterfront areas. The seven projects de- scribed briefly in this publication are demonstrations of the important changes that can be brought about through imaginative reuses of urban waterfronts. PB82-147398/GAA PC A02/MF A01 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Program Analysis Div. Small Businesses Are More Active as Inventors Than as Innovators in the Innovation Process. 31 Dec 81, 23p* PAD-82-19 Keywords: 'Small businesses, 'Research and devel- opment, Research projects, Bibliographies, National government. In this report, GAO analyzes a number of studies that examine sources of invention and innovation and pre- sents conclusions drawn from these studies about the contributions of small businesses to the innovation process. GAO concludes that small businesses have been important contributors to the innovation process and that they have been more active in invention than in innovation (actually brining an invention to market). While GAO was not able to generalize from the exist- ing evidence to specify the level of small businesses' future contributions, no evidence was found to suggest that they might be less important to invention and inno- vation in the future than they have been in the past. PB82-148271/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Massachusetts Inst, of Tech., Cambridge. Marine In- dustry Advisory Services. Progress in Controlled Environment Aquaculture and Algae Husbandry, Norman Doelling. 1 Jul 81, 32p MITSG-81-5, OPPORTUNITY BRIEF-24, NOAA-81 1021 10 Index No. 81-605-Ylr. Keywords: 'Algae, 'Aquaculture, Shellfish, Design, Salinity, Diets, Controlled atmospheres, Prototypes, Delaware, Sea Grant program. This Brief summarizes two food-related topics being investigated at the University of Delaware: closed cycle aquaculture systems for growing oysters, and the potential for domesticating plants which grow in brackish water for commercial sources of fodder, grain or seed crops. In both areas results indicate that indus- trial involvement could be timely and profitable. While the goal of economically raising oysters to full, market- able maturity remains unmet, the system may have sig- nificant value in growing seed oysters to sizes of up to about 1 cm. PB82-148362/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Committee on Scholarly Communication with the Peo- ple's Republic of China, Washington, DC. Animal Agriculture in China, Jacob A. Hoefer, and Patricia Jones Tsuchitani. 1980, 21 Op CSCPRC-11, ISBN-0-309-03092-7 Library of Congress catalog card no. 80-83376. Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, 'China, Domestic ani- mals, Production, Swine, Poultry, Catties, Livestock, Agricultural economics, Animal products, Sheep, Goats, Breeding, Horses, Income, Animal nutrition, Animal diseases. Partial contents: A brief introduction to China and its animal industry, Some notes on the characterization and distribution of domestic animals in China; Some economics of animal production; Swine production; Poultry production; Cattle and buffalo production; Sheep and goat production; The use of horses in China; Utilization of animal products; Reproductive performance of domestic animals and the science of reproductive physiology; Animal breeding and genetics; Nutrition research; Animal health. PB82-151440/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Centre Technique des Industries Mecaniques, Senlis (France). Monitoring of Machines: Preliminary Study on a Transmission Gear Case, G. Garcin. Sep 80, 13p CETIM-15-J-041-PT-3 Trans, of mono. Surveillances des Machines, n.p., n.d. See also French version, N8 1-24481 /6. Keywords: 'Automobiles, Vibrational spectra, Spec- trum signatures, Spectrum analysis, Signal processing, Gear boxes, Frequency analyzers. The application of vibration analysis to the surveillance of the mechanical condition of machines is proposed. A signal processing method, given vibration measure- ment data, is suggested. This method was validated using a wear test setup for studying the behavior of an automobile transmission to failure. The test bench is described, including type and frequency of measure- ments as well as measurement methodology. Results demonstrate the feasibility of diagnosing wear on ma- chine parts through the statistical analysis of associat- ed vibration signatures. PB82-151507/GAA PC E03/MF E03 National Water Council, London (England). Flexible Joints for Gravity Sewers. Occasional technical paper no. 3, R. P. Hardy. c1979, 28p ISBN-0-904561-51-8 Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Pipes, 'Sewage disposal, Specifications, Durability, Synthetic elastomers, Joint sealers, Design, Elasticity, Standards, Great Britain. This report provides information on the various forms of 'flexible' joints for sewer pipes sealed with a ring made from an elastomeric (rubber like) material. The joint assembly should be watertight and be able to withstand the aggressive attack of soils, sewage and trade effluents. It should also retain sufficient elasticity to accommodate the long term movements of pipe- lines. PB82-151721/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Enviro-Management and Research, Inc., Washington, DC. Soldering and Brazing Safety Guide: A Handbook on Safe Practice for those Involved in Soldering and Brazing. 1981, 89p Contract PHS-HSM-99-73-33 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Safety, Manuals, Hand- books, Respirators, Standards, Procedures, 'Occupa- tional safety and health, Training programs. A manual was prepared to provide those involved in welding and brazing with effective safety procedures for use in performance of their jobs. It is believed that in becoming familiar with those safety practices the workers will be able to understand and so avoid the frequent hazards associated with welding and brazing. Hazards exist in four types of general soldering and brazing processes: (1) cleaning; (2) application of flux; (3) application of heat and filler metal; and (4) residue cleaning. Most hazards during those operations can be avoided by using care, proper ventilation, protective clothing and equipment. Specific process hazards for various methods of brazing and soldering are treated. Methods to check ventilation are presented as well as a check of personal protective equipment. Personal hygiene and good maintenance practices are stressed. In addition, several emergency first aid treat- ments are presented. PB82- 1 53347/GAA PC A07/ M F A0 1 Enviro Control, Inc., Rockville, MD. Industrial Hygiene Characterization of Urea Form- aldehyde and Polyurethane Foam Insulation, Andrew A. Alcarese, Jr., and Robert P. Reisdorf. Oct 80, 138p* Contract PHS-21 0-78-0081 Keywords: 'Safety, 'Environmental surveys, Expo- sure, Toxicity, Inspection, Hazardous materials, Form- aldehyde, Diisocyanates, Ammonia, Acetaldehyde, Phenol, Carbon monoxide, 'Toxic substances, 'Occu- pational safety and health, Furfuryl alcohols, CAS 9011-05-6, CAS 68400-67-9, CAS 50-00-0, CAS 98- 00-0, CAS 7664-41-7, CAS 75-07-0, CAS 108-95-2, CAS 101-68-8, CAS 26471-62-5, CAS 630-08-0, CAS 75-69-4, Isocyanic acid/methylene diphenylene-ester, Isocyanic acid/(methylphenylene-ester), Methane/ fluoro-trichloro, Styrene/methyl, CAs 98-83-9. Industrial hygiene surveys were conducted at eight fa- cilities manufacturing and applying urea formaldehyde (901 1056) and polyurethane (68400679) thermal insu- lation foam. Concentrations of formaldehyde (50000) ranged from less than 0.08 to 5.4 parts per million (ppm) in manufacturing facilities. A concentration of 300ppm of ammonia (7664417) was measured in a breathing zone at one manufacturing facility. Measure- ments for furfuryl-alcohol (98000), acetaldehyde (75070), phenol (108952), nitrosamines, and respira- ble dust were below detectable concentrations. Noise levels ranged from 83 to 99 and 96 to 105 decibels on the A-weighted scale (dBA) in manufacturing and ap- plication facilities, respectively. Wet bulb globe tem- peratures (WBGT) were as high as 29 degrees C in manufacturing facilities. Concentrations of diphenyl- methane-diisocyanate (101688) (MDI), toluene-disso- cyanate (26471625) (TDI), and fluorotrichloromethane (75694) (FTM) polyurethane foam ranged from less than 0.002 to 0.0050ppm, 22 to 310 parts per billion, and 0.95 to 193ppm, respectively. For application ac- tivities, concentrations of MDI, FTM alpha-methyl-sty- rene (98839) and carbon-monoxide (630080) ranged from less than 0.0010 to 0.068, 1.6 to 180, 0.17 to 0.21 , and 30 to 50 ppm respectively. The authors note that the OSHA standards for formaldehyde are an 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) limit of 3ppm, for ammonia an 8 hour TWA of 50ppm; for MDI and TDI a ceiling limit of 0.02ppm; for FTM 1,000ppm; for alpha- methyl-styrene 100ppm; and for carbon-monoxide 50 ppm. The OSHA noise standard is 90 dBA for an 8 hour period. A standard of WBGT of 26.7 degrees C for moderate work is recommended by the American Con- ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist. The au- thors conclude that formaldehyde, ammonia, MDI and TDI concentrations, noise and WBGT levels exceeded the standards and they recommend immediate correc- tive actions. PB82-153362/GAA PC A07/MF A01 MetaMetrics, Inc., Washington, DC. Desalting Demonstration Plant Feasibility Study at Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico. Technical rept. 31 Mar 81, 132p MMI-528-80, W82-02104, , OWRT- C-002550-D(0452)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0452 Keywords: 'Desalination, 'Water treatment, Feasibili- ty, 'Potable water, New Mexico, Substitutes, Cost analysis, Capitalized costs, Operating costs, Substi- tutes, Design, Performance evaluation, Socioeconom- ic factors, Laguna Pueblo(New Mexico). Water of drinking quality is scarce on the Laguna Res- ervation, located 20 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The feasibility of developing a demonstration desalting plant to provide for the water requirements of 2,000 members of the Laguna Pueblo included a review of the existing water resources. Four desalting and three non-desalting alternatives were evaluated. The study included legal, political and socio-economic factors important to developing water supplies in the water scarce environment. Of the brackish water sources, the Rio Puerco was the lowest cost alterna- tive. The fresh water alternative could provide water at $1 .93 per 1 ,000 gallons of water as compared to $4.01 per 1,000 gallons for desalting. The development of the Rio Grande fresh water aquifer would require the purchase of water rights and the City of Albuquerque could oppose such action. PB82-153396/GAA PC A05/MF A01 PermutitCo., Inc., Paramus, NJ. Non-Acid Pretreatment and Management of Micro- organisms in Seawater Desalination by Reverse Osmosis, A. B. Mindler. 12 Nov 81, 99p* W82-02108, , OWRT- C-00093-D(0466)(1) 109 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0466 Keywords: 'Desalination, "Water treatment, Sea water, Coagulation, Filtration, Performance evaluation, Tanning materials, Polyacrylates, Fouling organisms. Non-acid pretreatment was studied in a seawater re- verse osmosis pilot plant for one year with particular attention to biological aspects. Pretreatment of the tropical surface seawater by in-line coagulation/filtra- tion reduced the Silt Density Index (SDI) consistently below 3.0 in the polishing filter effluent. Subsequent biological activity of periphytic organisms on piping surfaces after addition of organic antiscalants in- creased SDI by one unit or more. Slough-off of the or- ganisms' polysaccharide sheaths resulted in fouling of the hollow fiber permeators. A 2000 hour run was made with 3 ppm polyacrylate antiscalant at ambient pH of 7.9 on one RO system in parallel with another system at pH 7.5, reduced by addition of 15 ppm sodium bisulfite. A 3000 hour run was made with Que- bracho tannin as combined antiscalant/antifoulant under similar conditions. For the last 1 500 hours tannin was employed in place of starvation chlorination for intake protection. Both polyacrylate and tannin antis- calants were found to serve as nutrient for bacterial growth and both impaired RO performance. Tannin uniquely decreased the attachment ability of periphytic bacteria. No hard scale was found during autopsy, but a small amount of amorphous calcium salt was detect- ed in potted fiber ends of the permeators and in piggy- back spiral wound elements. Analyses of foulants are reported. PB82-153487/GAA PC A06/MF A01 South Carolina Energy Research Inst., Columbia. Energy Recovery from Textile Dryer Operations. Final rept. on Phase 1, Jun 80-Jun 81, F. J. McCrosson, J. D. Jenkins, and P. W. Yngve. Aug 81, 122pGRI-80/0078 Contracts GRI-5080-342-0356, DE-AC05-80CS40360 Keywords: 'Drying, 'Textile industry, Drying appara- tus, Heat recovery, Textile finishing, Heat exchangers, Humidity control, 'Waste heat utilization, Energy con- servation, Dryers. The technical and economic feasibility of implement- ing a two-step approach for improving use of natural gas in textile dryer operations is presented. The first step involves automatic control of the dryer dampers to minimize the flow of exhaust heat without diminish- ing dryer performance. The second step involves re- covery and use of a portion of the remaining exhaust heat. These two steps have the potential for reducing natural gas consumption in the dryers by 45 to 65 per- cent. Exhaust flow rates are minimized by increasing dryer humidity to the maximum practical limit. This maximum humidity, which is about 0.1 lb water/lb dry air, is maintained by automated adjustments of the damper. Three commercially available devices for measuring the stack humidity and controlling the dampers are discussed and a program for further eval- uation presented. Several approaches for recovering some of the residual exhaust energy after the dampers have been adjusted are evaluated. Based on these evaluations, three commercially available air-to-air heat exchangers are identified as being particularly suitable for using the sensible exhaust heat to pre-heat dryer make-up air. A program to further evaluate these air-to-air heat exchangers at operating textile mills is presented. PB82-153693/GAA PC A04/MF A01 West Virginia Univ., Morgantown. Water Research Inst. Microbial Purification of Recycled Wastewater, William J. Shoupp, John M. Dingess, and Paul G. Moe. 1981, 73p WRI-WVU-81-01, INFORMATION- 15, W82-02172, , OWRT-A-034-WVA(2) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9052 Keywords: 'Waste recycling, 'Sewage disposal, 'Sewage treatment, 'Waste water, 'Waste water reuse, Microorganism control(Sewage), Aerobic proc- esses, Activated sludge process, Biodeterioration, Residential buildings, Biochemical oxygen demand, Efficiency, Septic tanks. A recycling sanitary-waste disposal system was devel- oped and tested in the laboratory by using a synthetic fecal-urinous waste material. The system was capable of supporting an aerobic microbial population with an organic loading equivalent to the waste of three adults by using an aeration rate of 1 2 liters of air per minute. Increasing the temperature of the digestion tank from 23C to 34C reduced the rates of sludge and ammonia- nitrogen accumulation but had little effect on BOD-re- duction efficiency. Shock loads of feed up to seven times normal rate caused temporary perturbations, but the microbial population in the system showed remark- able stability and rapid recovery. The BOD-reduction efficiency was generally better than 85 percent. PB82-153735/GAA PC A05/MF A01 MetaMetrics, Inc., Washington, DC. Draft Environmental Assessment Desalting Dem- onstration Plant, Laguna, New Mexico. Technical rept. Mar 81, 78p MMI-538-80, W82-02171, , OWRT-C- 00255-D(0452)(2) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0452 Keywords: 'Environmental impacts, 'Desalination, 'Environmental surveys, Assessments, Feasibility, Water pollution, Air pollution, Noise, Substitutes, Plant location, Industrial wastes, New Mexico, Solid waste disposal, Design, Land use, Laguna Pueblo(New Mexico). The environmental consequences of the construction and operation of a desalting demonstration plant were assessed. A desalting demonstration plant using brackish well water could supply a Laguna community which had been proposed for the site and the nearby Canoncito Navajo Reservation with potable water. A well field located at the plant site would withdraw ap- proximately 400,000 gallons per day to produce 300,000 gallons per day of potable water. Yields of in- dividual wells were estimated to be 50 gpm and as many as six wells would be required. Transmission of water from the well field to the plant site would require 1 ,000 feet of pipeline. The major waste products which will result from the operation of the desalting plant are a high TDS brine and sludges. Evaporation ponds would dispose of the brine. A design was specified to present leakage from the ponds. Multi-cell, sludge drying beds were specified for disposal of sludge. The environmental effects and impacts of construction and start-up of the plant were assessed along with those of the proposed new community. PB82-153818/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Utah Biomedical Test Lab., Salt Lake City. Evaluation of the Analytical Performance and Cor- relation with Myocardial Infarction of Seventeen Methods for Determining Creatine Kinase Isoen- zymes. Final rept. May 81, 111p* TR-1608-005A, FDA/BMD-82/22 Contract FDA-223-74-5253 Keywords: 'Health, 'Enzymes, Clinical chemistry, In vitro analysis, Performance evaluation, Claims, Detec- tion, Precision, Blood serum, Blood analysis, Diagno- sis, Protocols, Analytical methods. Using a literature survey for background information, a protocol was developed for evaluating the product characteristics or performance claims of products used for the detection of CK isoenzymes this report discusses three basic evaluations of product perform- ance: (1) Determination of the precision of repeated analysis of frozen serum pools at three different activi- ty levels using three different reagents lots, (2) analy- sis of samples obtained from patients admitted to a coronary intensive care unit in order to correlate the test results with physician diagnosis of the occurrence of myocardial infarction, (3) examination of the correla- tion of the quantitative results obtained from each method with the 'reference method'. PB82-154550/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Utah Biomedical Test Lab., Salt Lake City. Evaluation of the Physiological Role of Bilirubin and the Methods Employed for Its Determination in Serum. Technical rept., Lynn Astle. 3 Mar 76, 284p TR-1 63-002, FDA/BMD- 82/24 Contract FDA-223-74-5253 Keywords: 'Health, Physiology, Clinical chemistry, In vitro analysis, Blood chemical analysis, Diazo process- es, Spectrophotometry, Oxidation, Literature surveys. This report consists of a literature review which dis- cusses the physiology of bilirubin and the determina- tion of bilirubin in clinical samples, including errors due to calibration and test procedures. Three methods of bilirubin determination are examined: diazo, spectro- photometric, and oxidative procedures. PB82-1554S8/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Ryckman, Edgerley, Tomlinson and Associates, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Industrial Hygiene Inspection Procedures Guide. 1981, 186p Contract PHS-99-72-97 Keywords: Hazards, Procedures, Guidelines, Evalua- tion, Sampling, Ionizing radiation, Preventive medicine, Explosions, Odors, Air quality, Instruments, 'Occupa- tional safety and health, 'Toxic substances, Air sam- pling, Compliance, Analytical methods. First of three volumes of a manual intended to provide industrial hygienists with essential technical informa- tion in order to determine compliance with regulations, evaluate control measures, investigate problems in in- dividual plants as well as on an industry-wide basis, and provide data for consultation with all parties con- cerning health problems. The main topics covered in- clude: evaluation of the work environment in regard to hazardous conditions, statistical methods of sampling, recognition, evaluation and survey ofthe conditions; sampling and analysis of hazardous conditions, such as gases, vapors, aerosols, dusts, fumes, mists, physi- cal hazards, radiation and airflow measurement; medi- cal and biological procedures; interferences, limita- tions, precautions, calibrations, sampler collection effi- ciency and stability determination; calibration instru- ments and techniques for flow and volume calibration; data tables of more than 550 hazardous materials. PB82-155748/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Svejsecentralen, Glostrup (Denmark). Study of the Welding Industry with the Aim of Identifying, Measuring and Eliminating Health Risks to Welders, Richard M. Stern. c1979, 20p ISBN-87-87806-28-2, 79-07 Keywords: 'Safety, 'Industrial plants, Identifying, Measurement, Welders(Personnel), Risk, Health risks, 'Occupational safety and health. The report contains diagrams which indicate chemati- cally some of the large number of interacting factors which must be investigated to provide the ultimate da- tabase needed for the identification of high risk situa- tions and the assignment of priorities for risk reduction. PB82-155805/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Svejsecentralen, Glostrup (Denmark). Study of the Total Hygienic Aspect of MIG/WIG Welding, R. M. Stern, d 978, 15p 78.17 Keywords: 'Safety, 'Industrial plants, 'Health, Meth- odology, Sampling, Fumes, Physical properties, Chem- ical properties, Gases, Distribution, Carcinogens, Mu- tagens, Risk, Assessments, Surveys, 'Occupational safety and health, Threshold limit values, Photochemi- cal oxidants, Air sampling. It is expected to be able to rank a series of MIG/WIG processes in terms of total actual risk to the worker, measured on the basis of expected TLV values. It can be expected that present hygienic sampling strategies will be shown to be inadequate, and that suggestions for improved standards will be forthcoming. Operation- al guidelines for hygienic improvement of the working situation are only useful if monitoring techniques actu- ally reflect risks of exposure, and improvements: there is current evidence that certain types of monitoring are so unreliable that they cannot be used as guides to industry. The methodology of pretesting 'improved products' will be developed so that their actual value in improving hygienic conditions can be measured in ad- vance, and their relative usefulness determined. There is a significant probability that aerosols which are the mixtures of material from several processes (such as welding fumes and cutting oils) will be shown to have an especially high biological activity. Guidelines for segregation of processes may lead to an immediate reduction of total exposure at risk in these cases. The methodology for pre-exposure micro-biological testing 110 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS protocols of new process aerosols will also be devel- oped in cooperation with a series of laboratories in England and Scandinavia. (Copyright (c) by The Danish Welding Institute, 1979.) PB82-156654/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Rural Center, Washington, DC. Agenda for Small Farms Research, A Report on Phase II of the National Rural Center's Small Farms Project, J. Patrick Madden, and Heather Tischbein Baker. Jan 81, 81 p NSF/PAG-81002 Grant NSF-OPA78-1 5342 Keywords: 'Farming, "Marketing, *Taxes, Prices, Income, Energy, Technology innovation, Farm man- agement, *Small businesses, Industrial structure. Literature review papers dealing with small farms re- search are summarized and topics meriting further re- search are identified. Subjects examined include values; production efficiency and technology; market- ing; energy; tax policies; price, income, and credit poli- cies; off-farm income; and structure of agriculture. PB82-157975/GAA PC A03/MF A01 FilmTec Corp., Minnetonka, MN. Post-Treatment Process for Reverse Osmosis Membranes. Final rept., J. E. Cadotte, R. S. King, R. J. Majerle, C. Hultman, and R. J. Petersen. Jan 81, 39p W82-02454, , OWRT-C-90090-S(941 5)(1 ) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -941 5 Keywords: * Desalination, Sea water, Synthesis(Chemistry), Performance evaluation, Tests, Laboratory equipment, Water treatment, Thin-film composite membranes, Spiral wound membranes. Reverse osmosis membranes capable of producing potable water from seawater by single-pass desalina- tion processes are difficult to make. Small defects in the thin film barrier layer are introduced during various stages of production of desalination devices. This report covers research on synthetic and natural organ- ic colloidal preparations that seal membrane defects. Types of colloids synthesized and tested included: po- lyamine-aldehyde, melamine-aldehyde, and poly- phenol-aldehyde condensation products; piperazine- epoxy abducts; sulfonated polysulfone; oxidized polya- mines, and crosslinked polyacrylic acid. Tannic acid was also tested for comparison. Colloidal preparations with 0.1-0.2 micrometer particle sizes worked best, and were found to seal defects as large as 500 mi- crometer in thin film composite membranes. Spiral- wound membrane elements with as low as 93 percent salt rejection were improved to single-pass desalina- tion quality by treatment with selected colloids. Se- quential treatment with a cationic colloid, then an ani- onic colloid, produced some dramatically increased salt rejections in spiral elements initially showing only 68-85 percent salt rejection. PB82-158460/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. School of Civil Engineer- ing. SPERIL I - Computer Based Structural Damage As- sessment System, M. Ishizuka, K. S. Fu, and J. T. P. Yao. Nov 81, 44p CE-STR-81-36, NSF/CEE-81075 Grant NSF-PFR79-06296 Keywords: "Earthquakes, "Computers, Computer pro- grams, Structural analysis, Probability theory, Decision making, SPERIL computer program, Fuzzy sets, Ground motion. Implementation of the SPERIL program (version 1), a computer based damage assessment system of exist- ing structures which are subjected to earthquake exci- tation, is outlined. To obtain the classification of damage states, SPERIL can be used to interpret ob- servation data including the results of analyzing accel- erometer records and on-site visual inspection. An ex- planation of short term memory is provided and the control and rule based inference flow of SPERIL is ex- amined. An explanation is given of the whole program configuration which consists of three separate files. A source program is included in the appendix. PB82-159922/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Optimization of Structural Shapes, Augusto J. Durelli. Apr 81, 99p 437 Trans, of mono. Optimacion de Formas Estructurales, Mexico City, Apr 81. Keywords: "Construction, Optimization, Structural members, Stress concentration, Finite element analy- sis, Shape, Translations. A new method has been developed that permits the direct design of shapes of two dimensional structures, loaded in their plane, within specified design con- straints and exhibiting optimum distribution of stresses. The method uses photoelasticity and re- quires a large-field diffused-light polariscope. The opti- mization process involves the removal of material (with a hand file or router) from the low-stress portions of the hole boundary of the model till an isochromatic fringe coincides with the boundary both on the tensile and compressive segments. Applications are also shown to the design of dove tails and slots in turbine blades and rotors, and to the design of star-shaped solid pro- pellant grains for rockets, both for the case of parallel side rays and enlarged tip of rays. Comments are in- cluded on the use of other methods, in particular the method using finite elements, to optimize structural forms. PB82-159989/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Christian Michelsens Inst, for Videnskap og Aandsfri- het, Bergen (Norway). Powder Technology and Dust Explosions in Rela- tion to Fish Meals, Rolf K. Eckhoff. 10 Jun 80, 59p CMI-803301-2 Paper to be given at the International Symposium on the Processing of Fish Meal and Oil, Athens, October 6,1980. Keywords: "Fish protein concentrates, Silos, Particle size, Mass flow, Hazards, Solids flow, Food process- ing. The powder mechanical bulk properties of fish meals have been studied as a function of particle size, shape and surface stickiness. Critical hopper geometry for mass flow in a silo is used as practical criterion. The dust explosion hazard is illustrated by laboratory test results as well as by an actual industrial explosion. PB82-160193/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Lesotho Agricultural Sector Analysis Project, Maseru. Manpower versus Machinery: A Case Study of Conservation Works in Lesotho. Research rept. no. 6, Ron Wykstra, and Jerry Eckert. Apr 80, 31 p LASA/ RR-6, AID-PN-AAH-742 Prepared in cooperation with Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Economics. Keywords: "Cost benefits, Conservation, Civil engi- neering, "Productivity, Cost estimates, Capital, Fixed investment, Construction costs, "Employment, "Leso- tho, Job creation, Developing country application. This paper propounds the use of labor-intensive over capital-intensive methods in conservation and other public works as a way of providing domestic employ- ment-an argument supported by extensive cost-bene- fit comparisons and analyses of both methods. Using the results of an earlier analysis as augmented by new data on labor productivity and increased fuel prices, this paper clearly demonstrates that a program of labor-intensive public works is a viable strategy for fur- ther developing Lesotho's infrastructure, as well as for contributing significantly to its employment objectives. An 8-page appendix detailing the underlying cost anal- ysis, as well as extensive tables and equations, are provided in support of the authors' conclusions. PB82-160458/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Association of Counties Research, Inc., Washington, DC. Guide for Multijurisdictional Fire Protection Plan- ning, A Draft Copy. Apr 81, 47p FEMA-16 Grant FA-79022 Keywords: "Fire safety, "Safety, "Urban planning, Communities, Fire protection, Fire fighting, Warning systems, Local government, Coordination, Services, Guidelines. The purpose the guide is to demonstrate a process by which multiple political jurisdictions may examine cur- rent fire protection systems in which they share common interests and plan for their future. A second edition, which will incorporate field testing experience and recommendations for improvement, will follow this edition. This guide is intended for use by those who have community-wide interest in and responsibility for fire protection but have not had significant previous ex- perience with or exposure to professional planning concepts. PB82-160466/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Gage-Babcock and Associates, Inc., Elmhurst, IL. Small Business Firm as Provider of Fire Depart- ment and Emergency Medical Services in Ameri- can Communities. Final rept., John A. Campbell. 25 Jan 82, 100p Contract SBA-2656-0A-79 Keywords: "Fire safety, "Small businesses, Supplying, Cost effectiveness, Communities, Attitudes, Local gov- ernment, Businesses. A study to examine existing public and private provid- ers of fire and medical emergency services on a con- tract basis and to compare their costs and effective- ness in providing a given level of service. Guidelines will be prepared to enable small business to participate more effectively in these activities. PB82-160912/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Water Resources Council, Washington, DC. Nonstructural Alternatives in Municipal/Industrial Water Management. Jan 81, 98p Prepared by IEP, Inc., Wayland, MA. Keywords: "Water supply, "Urban planning, "Waste water reuse, Management, Industrial water, Water consumption, Water conservation, Benefit cost analy- sis, Prices, Government policies, Regulations, Water costs. The following section discusses the various forms of legal-institutional arrangements and other operational components of the system which exist among the water supply departments, companies, and districts. PB82-162389/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Improving Managerial Evaluations of Computer- Aided Manufacturing. Final rept. Dec 81, 50p* Sponsored in part by Air Force Systems Command, Washington, DC. Prepared in cooperation with Case Western Reserve Univ., OH. Keywords: "Management techniques, "Computers, Budgeting, Fixed investment, System analysis, Data processing systems. The dominant obstacle to more effective evaluation of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the continuing failure of most industrial managements to realize that CAM offers potentials far beyond merely reducing re- quirements for machine operators. In addition, Ameri- can managements tend to emphasize short-term re- turns, technical specialists are losing some of their in- fluence over company policy, and CAM expertise among senior officials is rare. This report discusses these problems and presents a model for managerial evaluations of CAM systems that should be more ef- fective in capturing their distinctive capabilities and re- quirements than prevailing capital budgeting ap- proaches for appraising proposed acquisitions of new equipment and facilities. It is hoped that the availability of such a model will help to accelerate the diffusion of CAM systems in domestic industries and thus improve their productive efficiency. PB82-163031/GAA PC A03/MF A01 New Hampshire Univ., Durham. Coherent Area Sea Grant Program. 111 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Husbandry of Mussels in a Maine Estuary: An Ap- proach to a Commercial Enterprise, Edward A. Meyers. c1981, 44p UNH-SG-164, NOAA- 81121409 Grant NOAA-04-3-1 58-38 Prepared in cooperation with Abandoned Farm, Inc., Damariscotta, ME. Keywords: *Aquaculture, 'Economic analysis, Growth, Seeds, Prices, Proteins, Maine, Sea Grant program. This document sets out to assess the possibilities for making the husbanded mussel a money crop on the Maine coast. The objective of Abandoned Farm's sub- contract with the University of New Hampshire, which spanned 39 months, until March 30, 1 978, was, if pos- sible, to create a commercially effective company en- gaged in the husbandry of mussels. The idea was to sell mussels for more than it cost to tend and harvest them. PB82-164542/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Cancer Inst., Bethesda, MD. Carcinogenesis Testing Program. Bioassay of Selsun (Trade Name) for Possible Car- cinogenicity. Technical rept. 1980, 64p* NCI-CG-TR-199, NIH/PUB-80-1755, NTP-80-19 Keywords: 'Health, Bioassay, Malignant neoplasms, Mice, Skin(Anatomy), Exposure, Inorganic sulfides, Cancer, Shampoo, Selsun. The bioassay of Selsun for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by applying this substance dermally to ICR Swiss mice. Selsun, an antidandruff shampoo, contains 2.5% selenium sulfide. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were exposed to 0.05 ml of 25% or 50% Selsun in distilled water three times a week on a 2- x 3- cm clipped dorsal surface. Vehicle controls consisted of 50 mice of each sex that were clipped and treated with distilled water. Untreated controls consisted of 50 mice of each sex that were only clipped. Surviving mice were killed and necropsied at week 88. Mean body weights of untreated control, vehicle control, low- dose, and high-dose groups were comparable throughout the bioassay. Amyloidosis was a factor in the deaths of most animals after 1 year. In male mice, alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas or adenomas oc- curred with a dose-related trend that was significant (P= 0.008). The result of the Fisher exact test compar- ing the incidence in the high-dose group with that in the vehicle controls is also significant, but the inci- dence of the high-dose group, when compared with that of the untreated controls, is not significant. Under conditions of this bioassay, dermal application of Selsun was not carcinogenic for ICR Swiss mice. The study was limited, however, by the relatively short life- span of this strain of mouse. PB82-165283/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Engineering Lab. Communication Systems for Disabled Users of Buildings, Belinda L. Collins, William F. Danner, and Robert L Tibbott. Dec 81, 74p* NBSIR-81-2428 Sponsored in part by Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Communication, 'Telecommunications, Building codes, Handicapped persons, Buildings, Warning systems, Safety engineering, Availability, Re- quirements. Communication systems in buildings are designed to provide both emergency and directional information to all building users. Yet such systems, which are typical- ly comprised of visual signs and audible alarms, may fail to reach some of the estimated twenty-seven mil- lion hearing or vision impaired people in the United States. As a result, a number of alternative communi- cation systems have been proposed for inclusion in accessibility guidelines. In the following pages the re- search base underlying communication provisions for each of three sensory modalities, vision, hearing and touch, are reviewed. In addition, various proposed code recommendations are presented and discussed. The adequacy of the research base for each provision is discussed along with the need for various code pro- visions. It is noted that code provisions for tactile warn- ings and exit markings are particularly inadequate. Recommendations for further research into tactile warnings, tactile signage, and visual alarms are sug- gested. PB82-165473/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Battelle Columbus Div., OH. Effects of Inflation on Small Business. Final rept., Mark Berger, Belton Fleisher, Edward Honton, and Donald Parsons. 1 Feb 82, 187p Sponsored in part by Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Economic Research. Pre- pared in cooperation with Economics Research Group, Inc. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, Economic impact, Competition, Production management, Production planning, Production capacity, Labor estimates, Prices, 'Small businesses, Economic elasticity, Indus- trial structures. This research will examine the impact that rising energy prices, interest rates and unskilled labor costs have had on firms of varying size and how, as a result, the level of competition has been affected in different industries. The research will discuss the ability of firms of varying size to adjust production processes to mini- mize the burden of these increases. PB82-166075/GAA PC A08/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Earthquake Engineering Re- search Center. Evaluation of Seismic Design Provisions for Ma- sonry in the United States, Bjorn Ingi Sveinsson, Ronald L. Mayes, and Hugh D. McNiven. Aug 81, 173p* NSF/CEE-81041 Grant NSF-PFR79-08251 Prepared in cooperation with Masonry Institute of America, Western States Clay Products Association, and Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada. Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Buildings, 'Earthquake en- gineering, Dynamic structural analysis, Mechanical hysteresis, Dynamic response, Building codes, Earth- quake resistant structures, Stress analysis. This report presents an evaluation of two sets of seis- mic design provisions for masonry construction in the United States - namely, the 1979 Uniform Building Code and the ATC-3-06 'Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Design Regulations for Build- ing'. The method of evaluation is based on an over- design ratio which compares the shear wall area re- quired to resist code loads with that required to resist realistic earthquake loads. The latter area is deter- mined from test results from the continuing masonry research program at the Earthquake Engineering Re- search Center, University of California, Berkeley. A summary of the test results is included in this report. The report also contains a comparison of the shear wall areas required by the two sets of seismic provi- sions, and changes to both sets of provisions are sug- gested. PB82-166182/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Earthquake Engineering Re- search Center. Experimental Study of Lead and Elastomeric Dampers for Base Isolation Systems, James M. Kelly, and Stuart B. Hodder. Oct 81, 88p UCB/EERC-81/16 Keywords: 'Buildings, Bearings, Elastomers, Chloro- prene resins, Mechanical hysteresis, Shear properties, 'Earthquake engineering. This report describes a series of experiments carried out on the shaking table at the Earthquake Simulator Laboratory of the Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, involving a base isolation system which in- corporated multilayer isolation bearings of polychloro- prene rubber. Several forms of isolation system using the same basic bearing design but including inserts of different materials in a central hole in each bearing were studied. The inserts were used to enhance the damping properties of the system and to improve the response. The results indicate that there are no diffi- culties in designing an effective isolation system in po- lychloroprene rubber and that the multilayer elasto- meric bearings can substantially reduce the seismic loads experienced by a building and its contents. Elas- tomeric inserts were effective in improving the re- sponse only to a limited extent. The use of lead inserts to enhance the damping was very effective in control- ling the displacement. There is an increasing interest in the use of base isolation as a way of reducing the effects of earthquakes on structures. There is general acceptance of the concept but doubts about its imple- mentation center on the question of suitable bearings. Experiments of the kind reported here, on large models where scaling effects are minimized, can allay the fears of the seismic engineering profession that bearings may not be available. PB82-168659/GAA PCS12.50 Okochi Memorial Foundation, Tokyo (Japan). Research and Development in Japan Awarded The Okochi Memorial Prize. C1981, 107p* Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Productivity, Seamless pipes, Roll piercing, Integrated circuits, Coating processes, Oxidation, Antibiotics, Sulfation, Sulfonation, Metal rolling, Steel making, Automation, Computers, Semiconductor devices, Electron beam welding, Coke, Dibekacin, Photoresists. Contents: Development of a new seamless pipe manu- facturing process based on industrialization of the press roll piercing method; Development and mass production of a family LSI's for microcomputers; De- velopment of deep ultraviolet mirror projection system; Development and industrial application of carbide coating process by use of molten borax bath - TD Process; Development and commercial use of high pressure silicon oxidation method; Development of di- bekacin and its industrial production; Development of continuous sulfation and sulfonation technology by climbing film reactor; Development of a new continu- ous bar rolling system by direct measurement of ten- sion (SNTC); Development of steel mass production technology with bottom-blown converter; Automation of assembly, inspection and packing of small-sized electronic calculators; Development of high-perform- ance photoresists for semiconductor devices process- ing and establishment of technology for its production; Establishing a mass production system for the powder coating of automotive vehicle bodies; Practical appli- cation of high power electron beam welding; and Tech- nology for needle coke production from coal tar pitch. PB82-169871/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Tropical Rainforest Silviculture: A Research Project Report, T. J. Synnott. 1981, 52p CFI/OP-10 Also pub. as ISSN-01 41-8181. Keywords: 'Forestry, 'Tropical regions, Forest trees, Lumbering, Plant growth, Cutting, Yield, Computer pro- gramming, Production, Mortality, Mathematical models, Silviculture. This report describes the results of a research project concerned with silviculture and management of tropi- cal rainforest. Data from silvicultural treatment experi- ments were analyzed to examine the effects of logging and treatments on growth rates and yields. It was shown that diameter increments, and basal area and volume production, were strongly affected by reduc- tions in stocking resulting from logging and treatment. Various computer programs were developed and adapted for processing data from recurrent measure- ments of rainforest plots. PB82-170093/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC. Div. of Policy Studies. Housing Cost Reduction Demonstration. Dec 80, 14p HUD-606-H, HUD-0002295 Keywords: 'Houses, Housing, Housing planning, 'Technical assistance, Building codes, Construction costs, Land use zoning, California, Louisiana, Pennsyl- vania, Oregon, Hayward(California), Shreveport(Louisiana), Allegheny County(Pennsylvania), Clark County(Oregon). This report presents the results of a demonstration project designed to test how to reduce the cost of single-family housing units using local government reg- ulations as the only variable. The demonstration was concerned only with the effect of zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, and building codes on the cost of housing. The concept behind the demonstration 112 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS was to ask the builder/developer to be creative and to design the site and the buildings to meet contemporary architectural, engineering, and site planning stand- ards. The local governments were asked to permit minor deviations from existing regulations to permit the builders' innovations. They were also requested to pro- vide expedited processing and to determine how rapid- ly reviews could be completed to enable construction to start as rapidly as possible. A limited demonstration in the following four locations was conducted: Hay- ward, CA.; Shreveport, LA.; Allegheny County, PA.; and Clark County, WA. Cost savings are noted for all sites. In Shreveport, the demonstration consisted of townhouses located on three inner-city sites. The builder estimates that about $15,000 was saved per unit, representing a 21 -percent reduction in cost from the comparable $70,000 unit that would be built with conventional processing times. The demonstration in Hayward included 58 townhouse units at a single loca- tion. The developer estimates cost savings ranging from $26,500 to $32,500 on the various kinds of hous- ing units. Cost savings are also noted for Allegheny County and Clark County. Tabular data and drawings are included. PB82-170234/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-lssledovatel'skii Inst. Gidro- tekhniki i Melioratsii, Moscow (USSR). Survey of Joint US-USSR Experience in Effective Use of Saline Irrigated Lands, L G. Balaev. 1981, 150p Sponsored in part by Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Irrigation, "Leaching, Drain- age, Permeability, Neutralizing, Inorganic acids, Math- ematical models, Salinity, Ground water, Water quality. This book includes works of Soviet and American sci- entists on the problem of 'Effective Use of Saline Irri- gated Lands'. Wide-scale development of irrigation on saline lands or those prone to salinization under condi- tions of rational use of limited water resources, calls for effective methods of land reclamation including leaching, maintenance of leaching irrigation regimes on lands with drainage systems, and use of drainage water for irrigation. On the basis of generalized materi- al, recommendations on the leaching technology on irrigated lands are given in the study. PB82-170242/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Reindustrialization or New Industrialization, Min- utes of a Symposium. Final rept. 13 Jan 81, 109p* See also PB82-1 70259 thru PB82-1 70325. Keywords: "Economic development, Technology inno- vation, Iron and steel industry, Manufacturers, Com- puters, Semiconductor devices, Textile industry, Pro- ductivity, Government policies, "Industrial develop- ment, Steel industry. Reindustrialization has achieved a great deal of cur- rency recently to describe the efforts by U.S. industry to improve growth, raise productivity, and work better and smarter. The issue raises difficult questions. How, for example, does one balance the impacts of contin- ued support for traditional industries against the poten- tial risks and benefits of stimulating new industries. What criteria can be used to distinguish viable indus- tries from moribund ones. How useful in this country are foreign models of industry-government coopera- tion. What is the role of industrial innovation, and how can it be fostered. The Manufacturing Studies Board organized a symposium on January 13, 1981, at which invited speakers with a variety of interests and views presented their thoughts on industrial trends, the fed- eral role in strengthening U.S. industry, and the issues that need to be clarified before an effective industrial policy can be developed. This document contains the minutes of the symposium in the form of a summary and the statements of the speakers. PB82-170523/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Winged Bean: A High-Protein Crop for the Tropics (Second Edition). Final rept. 1981,59pCIR/BOSTID/37 Contract AID/ta-C- 1433 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-8341 5. Keywords: "Leguminous plants, "Tropical regions, Agronomy, Taxonomy, Climate, Soils, Nutritive value, Cultivation, Seeds, Pests, Plant diseases, Winged bean. In 1975 the National Academy of Sciences published a report on the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolo- bus. At that time the plant was a little-known tropical legume grown almost exclusively in Papua New Guinea and Southeast Asia. The seemingly exception- al merits of the winged bean suggested that an in- depth examination of its characteristics and prospects be undertaken promptly. The report describes the growth characteristics, taxonomy, soils, climate re- quirements, pests, diseases, and nutritive value for the winged bean plant. PB82-170846/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion, Fort Collins, CO. Social and Environmental Consequences of Natu- ral Resources Policies with Special Emphasis on Biosphere Reserves. Proceedings of the Interna- tional Seminar Held at Durango, Mexico on April 8- 13, 1980. General technical rept. (Final), Peter F. Ffolliott, and Gonzalo Halffter. Aug 81, 64p FSGTR/RM-88 See also PB82-1 70853 thru PB82-1 71 01 8. Prepared in cooperation with Arizona Univ., Tucson and Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Mexico City. Keywords: "Natural resources, Policies, Social effect, "Environmental impacts, Land use planning, Ecology, Wildlife, Forestry, Tropical regions, Education, Farm crops, Decision making, Government policies. The objective of this seminar was to promote interna- tional cooperation among natural resources policy makers, scientists, and educators, within the frame- work of the international Man and the Biosphere pro- gram. Papers on a variety of topics relating to natural resources policies formed a basis for formal and infor- mal discussions among the participants. PB82-172321/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Computer-Aided Manufacturing: An International Comparison. Final rept., Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Keith Rathmill, and Jozsef Hatvany. Jan 82, 85p* Sponsored in part by Air Force Systems Command, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Industrial plants, "Computers, "Technolo- gy transfer, Reviews, Trends, Forecasting, Technolo- gy, Japan, Western Europe, Comparison. To identify useful and promising worldwide develop- ments in computer-aided manufacturing, the Commit- tee on Computer-Aided Manufacturing invited a team to report on the topic. They presented their findings at a day-long symposium held April 9, 1981, and in this report. Topics covered are the state of the art, devel- opment trends, and a forecast for computer-aided manufacturing in Japan, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe. The report concludes: 'The new factory that is emerging will be largely unmanned, have high operat- ing reliability, and be almost as flexible in its capabili- ties as is the skilled craftsman with his hand tools. ..The governments of almost all industrially developed na- tions have recognized the crucial nature of these trends and are giving them active guidance and sup- port. No single nation has the resources necessary to develop the factory of the future alone'. PB82-172636/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. Dept. of Animal Science. Multi-Stage Rotational Stocking and Harvesting System for Year-Round Culture of the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii. Sea Grant technical rept., S. R. Malecha, J. Polovina, and R. Moav. Sep 81, 34p UNIHI-SG-TR-81-01, NOAA-81 121707 Grants NOAA-04-8-M01-178, NA79AA-D-00085 Prepared in cooperation with Agricultural Research Or- ganization, Israel. Keywords: "Aquaculture, Crustacea, Management, Harvesting, Competition, Growth, Abundance, Sex, Weight(Mass), Sea Grant program, Stocking. The drawbacks of the continuous stocking and har- vesting management system that is practiced in rarely drained commercial prawn ponds are described. An al- ternative management system is predicated on vari- able density culture during growout stages, stock divi- sion, manipulation, and size-grading. Results of labora- tory-level experimentation suggest that the degree of animal to animal competition that develops within pop- ulations is underestimated under the current manage- ment system; large animals suppress the growth of smaller ones which have a high compensatory growth potential once they are consistently and periodically removed into their own size-classes. PB82-172792/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Exploration and Identification of Alternative Raw Materials for Paper and Newsprint Manufacture: Comparative Kraft Pulping of Eucalyptus Species (3). Research progress rept. no. 22, R. Pant, R. M. Mathur, Y. V. Sood, K. S. Moorthy, and A. G. Kulkarni. Oct 80, 46p Keywords: "Paper industry, Assessments, Black liq- uors, Performance evaluation, Developing Country Ap- plication. A number of species of the genus Eucalyptus have been grown in India during the last few years. These eucalypts have demonstrated their ability to grow rap- idly in a wide range of climatic conditions. The object of the present investigations was to make a comparative study of the chemical pulping and paper making prop- erties of three main Eucalyptus species, viz., E. globu- lus, E. grandis, and E. tereticornis, grown in Kerala state. In an overall assessment, taking pulping, pulp yield, bleaching, paper making, and black liquor prop- erties into consideration the E. globulus was found to be the best raw material, followed by E. grandis and E. tereticornis in that order. PB82-175027/GAA PC A16/MF A01 International New Towns Asssociation, The Hague (Netherlands). Community Planning and Development Chal- lenges: Energy, Environment, Water. Appendix D. 1980, 369p HUD-0002056 Grant HUD-H-5371RG Keywords: "Community development, "Urban plan- ning, Urban transportation, Energy, "Environmental impacts, Water supply, Japan, Kenya, Egypt, Mexico, France, Meetings. This appendix presents 12 papers delivered at the 1980 Fourth Annual Conference of the International New Towns Association (INTA). Two papers consider energy and environmental factors involved in planning transportation for new towns, particularly in Japan and Nairobi, Kenya. One paper calls for a program of "ca- pacity sharing" among nations and argues that INTA should play a strong role in this effort by disseminating knowledge about zoning, building codes, and the impact of regulation on urban growth. Another presen- tation argues that in order to solve transportation prob- lems in a cost - effective way, land use and transporta- tion must be coordinated. A Brazilian paper discusses relationships between urban structure and the use and conservation of energy. In addition, two papers focus on alternative energy technologies in Mexico and France. Two discussions of Egypt examine site selec- tion for settlements in arid zones and new growth out- side the narrow Nile Valley. A description of Dodoma, the capital of Tanzania, and of the plan for its phased growth precede another paper which concludes that new technology and better methds of planning and management must occur to conserve energy, water, and the environment. A final paper recommends a policy of national decentralization in developing coun- tries that are experiencing "hyper - urbanization." Tables, diagrams, and maps are provided in some of the papers. PB82-175944/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. 113 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Design of Concrete Walls with Shear Failure (Diseno de Muros de Concreto con Falla por Cor- tante), Oscar Hernandez Basilio. Dec 80, 171p 433 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Concrete, 'Earthquakes, Con- crete structures, Shear strength, Mechanical hystere- sis, Lateral pressure. As a result of an exprimental program the hysteretic behavior of concrete walls with shear failure is dis- cussed and a method for the prediction of shear wall strength is proposed. The method takes into account several variables whose effect had not been sufficient- ly studied. Calculate strength is compared with the re- sults of shear wall test carried out in different research programs and an excellent approximation is found. Also, step by step analysis under actual earthquakes were carried out in order to show the behavior of the model which described the hysterisis loops under lat- eral loads of concrete walls under high shear forces. PB82-177486/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. Solar- and Wind-Powered Irrigation Systems, Robert V. Enochian. Feb 82, 34p* AER-482 Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Wind energy, 'Solar water pumps, Windpower utilization. Five different direct solar and wind energy systems are technically feasible for powering irrigation pumps. However, with projected rates of fossil fuel costs, only two may produce significant unsubsidized energy for irrigation pumping before the turn of the century. These are photovoltaic systems with nonconcentrat- ing collectors (providing that projected costs of manu- facturing solar cells prove correct); and wind systems, especially in remote areas where adequate wind is available. PB82-178948/GAA PC A09/MF A01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cin- cinnati, OH. Div. of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies. Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting. Technical rept. Mar 81, 196p DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-81-122 Keywords: 'Materials handling, Hoisting, Hazards, Human factors engineering, Performance, Epidemiolo- gy, Physiology, Physiological psychology, 'Occupa- tional safety and health. Research on the hazards of manual materials handling in industry is summarized and recommendations to reduce the human and economic burden imposed by improper materials handling are provided. Epidemio- logical, biomechanical, physiological, and psychophys- ical criteria are discussed for establishing work prac- tice guidelines. Recommendations regarding the safe load weight, size, location and frequency of handling are presented along with mitigating factors such as worker training and physical fitness. Worker training and selection criteria are listed, and engineering guide- lines are provided for the design of workplaces where manual materials handling is performed. PB82-179409/GAA PC A02/MF A01 State Univ. of New York at Albany. Research Founda- tion. Characterization of Polysaccharide Vaccines. Rept. for 30 Jun 78-29 Sep 81, Benjamin Chu, A. DiNapoli, R. Schneerson, J. B. Robbins, and T. Y. Liu. Feb 82, 22p FDA/BB-82/54 Contract FDA-223-78-1202 Keywords: 'Vaccines, 'Health, Purity, Physicochem- ical properties, Guidelines, Characteristics, Tests, An- alytical methods. The safety, purity, and potency of bacterial capsular polysaccharide vaccines are best measured by phy- sico-chemical techniques to avoid the time-consuming and expensive animal testings. Because of this, the Bureau of Biologies has developed guide-lines for the release of polysaccharide vaccines based primarily on physico-chemical analyses to establish their potency and purity. A physical method which would permit one to determine the fundamental molecular parameters of the polysaccharide vaccines, such as molecular weight, radius of gyration, thermodynamic and hydro- dynamic interactions, and translational diffusion coeffi- cient has been developed. The approach to the project had been three-fold: (1) improvement of instrumenta- tion in order to optimize the parameters of interest spe- cifically for polysaccharide, (2) development of a new method of time correlation profile analysis in order to determine the translational diffusion coefficient of the species of interest, and (3) the use of tRNA as a model polyelectrolyte which permitted one to observe four characteristic times which could be attributed to trans- lational and rotational motions, charge fluctuations and quasilattice motions. PB82-181223/GAA (Order as PB82-181199/GAA, PC A03/MF A01) National Marine Fisheries Service, Charleston, SC. Charleston Lab. Frozen Storage Stability of Whole and Headless Freshwater Prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii', Malcolm B. Hale, and Melvin E. Waters. Dec 81, 4p NOAA-8201 1202-3 Included in Marine Fisheries Review, v42 n12 p18-21 Dec 81. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Food storage, Tempera- ture, Acceptability, Texture. The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is being increasingly cultured in tropical regions and has aquacultural potential in temperate zones. In this study, frozen glazed prawns were stored whole (both raw and precooked) and deheaded (raw) for 9 months at -20C. Chemical, physical, microbiological, and sen- sory evaluations were made at intervals during stor- age. All samples had a firmer texture after 3 months of frozen storage, but the samples stored and cooked whole had a consistently softer texture than those stored as tails. This was due more to the prawns being boiled whole than to changes during frozen storage. PB82-184870/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Inst, on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rock- ville, MD. National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Utiliza- tion Survey: Comprehensive Report. Jun 81, 137p* NIAAA/NCALI-82/6 Keywords: 'Health manpower, 'Alcoholism, 'Drugs, 'Health, Statistical data, Surveys, Education, Compari- son, Health manpower education, Funds, Training pro- grams. The 1980 National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Utilization Survey (NDATUS) was the second annual joint survey conducted by the National Institute on Al- cohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and included all known alco- holism, drug, and combined alcoholism and drug treat- ment units in the U.S., in both the public and private sectors. Data were also provided by the District of Co- lumbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Trust Territories, and the Virgin Islands. In this Comprehensive Report, anal- yses of data are presented concerning funding, treat- ment capa-cities and utilization, staffing, and compari- sons of data from the 1979 and 1980 NDATUS sur- veys. State data tables, a copy of the 1980 NDATUS survey form, and a glossary of terms used in the survey are appended. A separate Manpower Report, one of three reports prepared by NIAAA from the NDATUS, includes more detailed data regarding staffing and analyses of manpower issues. PB82-184888/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Cambridge Systematics, Inc., MA. Impacts of Downtown Revitalization Projects on Small Business. Final rept., Daniel McFadden. Mar 82, 240p Grant SB-1A-0001 8-01-0 Keywords: 'Economic development, Government poli- cies, Urban areas, Economic analysis, Time series analysis, 'Small businesses, 'Industrial development. An analysis will be made of the downtown retail rede- velopment efforts in seven cities to assess how differ- ent policies and programs affect the growth, entry, and exit of small firms. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the competitive environment of small individual firms relative to chain stores and larger firms. The objective of the study is to provide evidence which will aid the SBA in its efforts to advocate Federal, State and local policies that will confer benefits equitably on smaller firms. PB82-185224/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Economic Consulting Services, Inc., Washington, DC. Study of the Feasibility of Using Export Associa- tions to Promote Increased Exports by Small Busi- nesses: Including Survey Results from the Ma- chine Tool; Jewelry; and Dolls, Toys and Games Industries. Final rept., Clark Chandler. 10 Mar 82, 274p Grant SB-1A-00009-01-0 Keywords: 'International trade, 'Machine tools, Pro- moting, Machine tool industry, Organizing, Internation- al trade, 'Small businesses, Jewelry industry, Toys. The study will determine whether or not the develop- ment of export trading companies seems likely to be a promising approach to stimulate increased exports by small businesses. This study will also identify under what conditions small businesses will be willing to form export associations. PB82-185844/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Building Research Inst., Pretoria (South Africa). Corrosion in Sewers, A. F. G. Rossouw. 1 Nov 79, 1 8p Keywords: 'Corrosion, 'Pipes, 'Sewage disposal, Sewer pipes, Manholes, Concrete pipes, Corrosion prevention. Corrosion takes place in sewers when aggressive liq- uids come in contact with pipes and manholes. Acidic effluent attacks concrete and portland cement mortar while sulphuric acid, produced from hydrogen sulphide formed in the effluent, attacks materials of construc- tion above the water line. Sulphates are aggressive to concrete made with ordinary portland cement which has a high alumina content. Corrosion of metals can also occur, e.g. manhole step irons. Sewer corrosion is the attack above the waterline on pipes and manholes by sulphuric acid produced by bacterial action. The characteristics of sewage which are likely to increase this type of corrosion are given. The efficacy of means of prolonging the effective life of concrete pipes and manholes is discussed. PB82-185869/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Building Research Inst., Pretoria (South Africa). Corrosion of Architectural and Structural Metals and Metal Coatings in South Africa, B. G. Callaghan. 1982, 28p Keywords: 'Corrosion, 'Metals, 'Aluminum, 'Zinc, Structural steels, Stainless steels, Corrosion tests, Metal coatings, Data, Corrosion resistance, Lead coat- ings, Zinc coatings, Aluminum coatings, Cadmium coatings, Tin coatings, Steel Cor-Ten, Steel 430, Steel 304, Steel 316. The corrosion of structural steelwork in buildings, bridges and other forms of construction results in an enormous wastage of metals, manpower and econom- ic resources of the country. The costs are astronomi- cal, yet this wastage continues. In an attempt to pro- vide guidance to architects, engineering and corrosion consultants on how to deal with the problem, the CSIR has carried out extensive long-term atmospheric cor- rosion programs, over many years, to evaluate the per- formance of metals, alloys and metal coatings. Various outdoor exposure sites have been selected throughout the country and the results presented here are part of an ongoing research program of the National Building Reserch Institute into the weathering of such materi- als. PB82-186685/GAA PC A16/MF A01 Enviro Control, Inc., Rockville, MD. Control Technology Assessment of Raw Cotton Processing Operations. Final rept. 15 Jun 80, 367p NIOSH-21 0-78-0001 Contract PHS-NIOSH-21 0-78-0001 114 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Environmental surveys, *Cotton, 'Textile industry, Exposure, Toxicity, Inspection, Hazardous materials, Contaminants, Environments, Protective clothing, Ventilation, *Toxic substances, 'Occupation- al safety and health, Air pollution control. Cotton dust control technology was assessed by con- ducting preliminary and detailed surveys of cotton gin- ning, cotton seed processing, yarn manufacturing, knit- ting, fabric weaving and waste processing operations that use raw cotton. The facilities surveyed used con- trol technology involving local and general exhaust ventilation air filtration equipment, work practices, process enclosure or isolation, personal protective equipment and liquid oversprays. Cotton dust sampling equipment was tested for comparison purposes, and installation and maintenance costs of dust control ma- chinery and equipment were evaluated. The author concludes that engineering techniques have not been applied effectively in many of the raw cotton and cot- tonseed processing areas. He recommends that a methodology for a systems approach to control tech- niques be developed within the cotton industry; that control techniques for facility scale levels be designed; that the existing cotton grading system be expanded to include the potential for dust emission during process- ing; that better air cleaning equipment for each seg- ment be developed; and that techniques for growing, harvesting and ginning that will produce cleaner cot- tons be developed. PB82-186859/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee. Manual of Earthquake Resistant Non-Engineered Construction. 1981, 114p Keywords: 'Building materials, Construction materials, Structural design, Guidelines, Foundations, Structural analysis, 'Earthquake engineering. The non-engineered constructions in stone, brick, adobe, and composite systems with wood, concrete or steel pose a serious damage-risk problem in seismic belts of the earth. Most losses of life during earth- quakes have occurred due to the collapse of this type of buildings. It is unfortunate that this risk is increasing, rather than decreasing, in most countries on account of rising population, poverty of the people, scarcity of wood, cement and steel, lack of understanding of earthquake resistance features, etc. The increasing magnitude of seismic risk to life could be imagined by the fact that number of dwelling units and other related small scale constructions may double itself in the next 25-30 years due to the explosion of population in India and other developing countries. There is thus a great urgency that the know-how of inexpensive earthquake resistance measures in such constructions should be propagated very quickly and by simple illustrations, so that these techniques could find application at least in the new constructions. This publication is aimed at ful- filling this urgent need of providing the relevant infor- mation for ready use to not only the architects and en- gineers but also the public and private builders who may not have the necessary technical background. PB82-189267/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Agricultural Marketing Service, Washington, DC. Design, Operation, and Feasibility of a Small on- the-Farm Egg Grading and Packing Plant. Final rept., Clarence E. Harris. Nov 80, 21 p USDA/AMS-82/02, MARKETING/RR-1112 Keywords: 'Plant layout, 'Farming, 'Food processing, Construction costs, Cost analysis, Marketing, Agribusi- ness. This report presents a description and layout of an on- the-farm egg processing plant, designed to handle 35 cases of eggs (30 dozen per case) per hour, along with a cost analysis for construction and operation of the plant. PB82-189762/GAA PC A02/MF A01 New York Sea Grant Inst., Albany. Development of Products from Underutilized Spe- cies of Fish: Retail Market Tests of Canned Pol- lock. Booklet, R. C. Baker, and C. A. Bruce. Nov 81, 22p NYSG-B- 10, NOAA-82021913 Keywords: 'Marketing, 'Seafood, 'Fishes, Demand(Economics), Sales, Tunas, Sea Grant pro- gram. Canned pollock was test marketed in four supermar- kets in a small city in upstate New York. In terms of consumer response to the product, the canned pollock must be considered highly successful. Of 70 consum- ers who were interviewed, 83% would like to see com- mercial production of canned pollock, 9% qualified their positive response by adding a statement to the effect that it would have to be cheaper than tuna. Only 7% saw no value in having pollock commercially pro- duced. Repeat sales figures support the popularity of the canned pollock with 86% of those interviewed having purchased the product more than once. This indicates that the potential for commercial production of canned pollock is excellent. PB82-190497/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Veterans Administration, Washington, DC. Formation of Stat Team to Handle Incidents In- volving Assaultive/Disturbed Patients. Marta Figueroa. Dec 80, 24p VA/NPR-157 Keywords: 'Health, Psychiatry, Hospitals, Planning, Specialized training, 'Health manpower, Inpatient care, Crisis intervention. This report considers the formation of a Stat Team to help deal with assaultive/disturbed patients in the in- patient units, especially in psychiatry, of the Miami Vet- erans Administration Medical Center. The mechanics of instituting such a program are described, including forming and training the team, defining its functions, and calling the team within the restraints of the hospi- tal communication system. A bibliography of works on disturbed behavior, a questionnaire sent to volunteers for the team, a psychiatric emergency flow sheet, and an outline of a course in management of assaultive be- havior are included. PB82-190760/GAA PC A25/MF A01 National Inst, on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. Div. of Research. Problems of Drug Dependence, 1981. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting (43rd), The Com- mittee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., Louis S. Harris. Apr 82, 583p* NIDA/DR-82/01, RESEARCH MONO SER-41 See also report for 1 980, PB81 -1 94847. Keywords: 'Drugs, 'Health, Psychiatry, Sociology, Epi- demiology, Clinical medicine, Pharmacology, Rehabili- tation, Laboratory animals, Research, Psychopathol- ogy, Psychotherapy, Toxicology, Narcotics, Alcohol- ism, Drug receptors, Drug abuse, Drug users. The set of proceedings comprises the papers and re- ports presented before the 43rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Committee on Problems of Drug Abuse, Inc., in San Francisco July 12-15, 1981. Included are comprehensive reviews of current research in all as- pects of drug abuse and drug dependence and annual progress reports on NIDA-supported dependence studies on new compounds. Topics include the effects of drugs on the central nervous system, their pharma- cological action, biological disposition, abuse poten- tial, and clinical usefulness. Extensive author and sub- ject indices are appended. PB82-191487/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Office of Administrative Services and Procurement. Productivity Management Handbook. 1973, 34p* FSWEC-77/0192-1 For system on magnetic tape, see PB82-191495. Keywords: 'Management techniques, 'Management planning, 'Productivity, Regression analysis, Forecast- ing, Manpower, Computer programming, Documenta- tion. The Productivity Management program makes it possi- ble to project accurate statistical estimates of short- range and long-range manpower and other resource requirements necessary to perform functions. The pro- gram is designed to meet the demanding changes in workloads and variables. Performance is continually monitored by a productivity index and variations ex- ceeding acceptable tolerances are quickly recognized. The goal of the program is to achieve maximum economies and improve the current levels of service by making it possible to project manpower and other resource needs. The program consists of source state- ments for input into the OMNITAB program (available directly from NBS). This Handbook sets forth the nec- essary steps for system installation, opportunities for its use and resulting benefits which may be expected. PB82-193434/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Reno, NV. Reno Research Center. Improvements in Heap Leaching to Recover Silver and Gold from Low-Grade Resources. Rept. of investigations/ 1982, G. E. McClelland, and J. A. Eisel. Feb 82, 33p* BUMINES-RI-8612 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-607060. Keywords: 'Natural resources, 'Leaching, 'Metals, Precious metal ores, Agglomeration, Cyaniding(Beneficiation), Portland cements, Hydrome- tallurgy, Heap leaching. A particle agglormeration technique was investigated as a means for improving the flow of leaching solution through heaps of clayey or finely crushed, low-grade, gold-silver ores. Bench- and pilot-scale experiments showed that the percolation rate of cyanide leaching solution was markedly enhanced by mixing the ore with a Portland cement binder, moistening the mixture, and mechanically agglomerating and aging the feed prior to heap building and leaching. The rate of gold and silver recovery markedly increased because of the increased, uniform percolation of leaching solution through the agglomerated feed. The use of concen- trated cyanide solution instead of water during the ag- glomeration procedure decreased the leaching time required to obtain maximum recovery. Results of bench- and pilot-scale experiments are discussed. PB82-1951 16/GAA PC A12/MF A01 National Inst, of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi (India). Tribal Enterprise Development. Mar 82, 274p* EDA-82-0033 Grant EDA-07-06-02431-40 Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Technical as- sistance, Project management, Financing, Evaluation. The primary objective for the Tribal Enterprise Devel- opment Program for 1980-81 was to create or expand five tribal economic development projects. The Tribal Enterprise Development Program was divided into three phases; project assessment, selection, develop- ment and implementation. PB82-196270/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, DC. Materials Requirements and Economic Growth: A Comparison of Consumption Patterns in Industri- alized Countries. Rept. for Jul 77-Feb 81 , S. Victor Radcliffe, Leonard L. Fischman, and Radford Schantz, Jr. 18 Dec 81, 334p BUMINES- OFR-31-82 Contract J01 771 18 Keywords: 'Economic development, Consumption, West Germany, Japan, Great Britain, United States, Materials recovery, Production, Recycling. This study concerns the national consumption of non- energy materials of all types in relation to economic growth. A quantitative method of measuring materials consumption by industry and consumers was devel- oped for major individual materials and materials as a whole. This method accounted for the net trade flows of materials incorporated in manufactured consumer and capital goods and for the recycling of materials contained in scrap. The principal factors that have de- termined materials consumption intensities in relation to economic output over the historical development of the advanced industrialized countries were identified by relying on comparison of the experiences of four countries: the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. PB82-196510/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Texas Transportation Inst., College Station. 115 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Special Traffic Management Requirements for Maintenance Work Zones on Urban Freeways. Research rept. Sep 77-Jun 81, Stephen H. Richards, and Conrad L. Dudek. Jan 82, 49p TTI-2-1 8-78-228, FHWA/TX-82/ 1-228-8 Sponsored in part by Texas State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation, Austin. Keywords: 'Pavements, 'Maintenance, * Roads, Traf- fic safety, Traffic control, Access roads, Ramps, Front- age roads, Texas. This report identifies and describes the special traffic handling requirements for maintenance work zones on urban freeways. These special requirements stem from the high speeds, heavy traffic volumes, and unique design features (e.g., ramps and frontage roads) which characterize urban freeways. This infor- mation and guidelines presented herein are based on field studies and interviews conducted at over 50 work zones in six Texas cities. Recommended procedures and devices for managing traffic at entrance and exit ramps and on frontage roads during freeway mainte- nance activities are presented. Special requirements for traffic control personnel, including Traffic Control Coordinators, Traffic Control Specialists (flagmen), and police, are discussed. The report also discusses the importance of advance public notification of free- way work activities and identifies several effective techniques for advance notification. PB82-196536/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Texas Transportation Inst., College Station. Construction of Fly Ash Test Sites and Guidelines for Construction. Interim rept. Sep 78-Oct 81, William B. Ledbetter, David J. Teague, Robert L. Long, and Billy N. Banister. Oct 81, 120p TTI-2-9-79- 240-2, FHWA/TX-81 /40-240-2 Sponsored in part by Texas State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation, Austin. Keywords: 'Concrete, 'Pavements, 'Cement, 'Con- struction, Concrete pavements, Concrete structures, Soil stabilization, Construction, Dust control, Guide- lines. This report summarizes the construction and initial evaluation of 12 full-scale test sites incorporating fly ash as a partial replacement for (a) lime in subgrades and bases (8 sites), (b) portland cement in concrete pavements (3 sites) and (c) portland cement in a con- crete box culvert (1 site). Each site consisted of sever- al test sections of differing designs. Conclusions reached included (1) lime-fly ash stabilization of clay type soils is effective and easily constructed, (2) re- placing up to 25 percent of portland cement with high lime fly ash on a 1:1 basis resulted in no loss of strength nor any construction problems. In addition to summarizing the construction and evaluation of the test sites, specific guidelines for construction of high- ways using fly ash are given. PB82-198045/GAA PC A09/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Assessment of High Heat-Transfer Evaporators as Power Plant Condensers to Produce Abundant Freshwater, Alan D. K. Laird, Joseph Frisch, and Edward Ensler. 1982, 189p W82-03949, , OWRT-C-00070-S Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0444 Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Desalination, 'Heat transfer, Assessments, Feasibility, Design criteria, Computer programs, Desalting, Fortran, Economics, TEMPER computer program. Energy requirements to produce abundant freshwater from saline water sources suggests the use of high heat-transfer evaporative condensers in power plants where sufficient waste heat is available for distillation. Review of current existence of such dual-purpose plants as well as a discussion of planning for future designs is presented. Computer programs utilizing available engineering equations and cost analysis for multieffect distillation plants have been developed and are presented with example problems. They are par- ticularly useful for analysis of existing designs, and an additional computer code for optimization of new de- signs has been developed. The examples show appre- ciable improvement in lowering unit water cost of the product, as well as adjusting such variables as temper- ature, mass flow rates and evaporator areas. Prelimi- nary computerized calculations show that a two-effect 116 evaporator unit condensing 7 million pounds per hour of steam from a 1 ,000 MW power plant would produce 23 million gallons per day of freshwater at a cost of less than $1 per thousand gallons. PB82-199613/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC. Marijuana and Health. Final rept. Dec 81, 204p* ISBN-0-309-03236-9, NIH-80-304 Contract N01-OD-0-21 14 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-86534. Keywords: 'Health, 'Drugs, Respiratory system, Phys- iological effects, Psychological effects, Humans, Phar- macology, Cardiovascular system, Brain, Behavior, Sociology, Therapy, Research, Biological effects, Fed- eral government, Toxic substances. The assessment of knowledge of the health-related ef- fects of marijuana is important and timely because marijuana is now the most widely used of all illicit drugs available in the United States. The scientific evidence published to date indicates that marijuana has a broad range of psychological and biological effects, some of which, at least under certain conditions, are harmful to human health. Unfortunately, the available information does not tell us how serious this risk may be. This report recommends that there be a greatly intensified and more comprehensive program or research into the effects of marijuana on the health of the American people. PB82-199910/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst, for Social Research. Use of Information in Innovating Processes by Local Governments: Final Report., Donald C. Pelz. Nov 81, 70p* NSF/ISI-81005 Grant NSF-ISI79-20575 See also PB82- 199795. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Information serv- ices, Materials recovery, Technological intelligence, Information dissemination, Energy conservation, Waste recycling, Noise pollution abatement, Noise re- duction. The study examines how cities and counties make use of information in adopting innovations. Conducted in consultation with five national associations of local government officials, the project sought ways of im- proving these associations' information sevices on in- novations. From telephone interviews in 18 cities and counties on the process of adopting energy conserva- tion, solid waste resource recovery, or noise control innovations, data were obtained on what kinds of inno- vating functions occurred at each point in time, what types of actors sought or supplied what kinds of infor- mation at each point, and through what channels. PB82-200080/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Road Research Inst., New Delhi (India). Lime-Fly Ash Stabilised Soil for Road and Building Constructions, 1979, 47p Prepared in cooperation with Central Building Re- search Inst., Roorkee (India). Keywords: 'Roads, 'Pavements, 'Soils, Calcium oxides, Fly ash, Pavement bases, Subgrades. This report is the result of a comprehensive collabora- tive study undertaken by Central Road Research Insti- tute and Central Building Research Institute for stabili- zation of different soils with lime and flayash for use in the lower layers of pavement systems as bases/sub- bases in both roads and airfields, as well as manufac- ture of building blocks as an alternative to burnt clay bricks. PB82-201021/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla. Inst, of Marine Resources. Mariculture of Red Seaweeds, Judith E. Hansen, Julie E. Packard, and William T. Doyle. 1981, 56p T-CSGCP-002, NOAA-82040802 Grant NOAA-04-8-M01-189 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Algae, 'Aquatic plants, Rhodophyta, Harvesting, History, Contamination, Bio- mass, Substrates, Plant reproduction, Sea Grant pro- gram, Red algae. As new applications for using red seaweed have de- veloped, the demand for red seaweed has increased, to the point where commercial harvesting techniques now need to be developed to lessen dependence on wild seaweed stocks. The history of red seaweed use as a food in Asia, Polynesia, Europe and North Amer- ica is traced. The seaweed's nutrient value and use as animal fodder, as 'nutrient scrubbers' to clean con- taminated water, and as biomass for energy is docu- mented. Attempts to manipulate seaweed habitat using artificial substrates, live storage, and vegetative propagation are described. PB82-201757/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC. Engineer- ing Div. Earth Dams and Reservoirs. Final rept. Aug 81, 62p SCS/ENG/TR-60 Supersedes PB-260 770. Revision of report dated Jun 76. Keywords: 'Reservoirs, 'Dams, Hydraulic models, Embankments, Flood control, Geologic investigations, Hydraulic structures, Design, Soil stabilization, Hydro- geology, Lakes, Ponds, Runoff, Hazards, Flexural strength, Seismology. The Technical Release (TR) describes Soil Conserva- tion Service design procedures and presents minimum requirements for planning and designing earth dams and associated spillways. The material is applicable to dams and reservoirs larger than ordinary farm ponds. The TR is intended for use of SCS engineers but the contents will be useful to engineers in other organiza- tions. Hydrology requirements and data are presented for various type structures and for each of the three hazard classes. Geologic investigation requirements are covered including seismic assessments. Earth em- bankment and foundations are described including minimum factors of safety for embankment slope sta- bility. Spillways are covered including hydraulic design, structural strength and stability of earth and vegetated spillways. PB82-201807/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Industrial Technology Research and Development Foundation, Inc., Durant, OK. Planning for Appropriate Technology, Innovation and Non-Farm Rural Development: The Case of Southeastern Oklahoma. Final rept., Joe H. Mize, Larkin B. Warner, Orley M. Amos, Jr., Winfield P. Betty, and Earl J. Ferguson. Oct 81, 205p NSF/ISP-81050 Grant NSF-ISP80-20289 Prepared in cooperation with Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Office of Business and Economic Research. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Research and de- velopment, Research projects, Rural areas, Economic development, Regional planning, Income, Technology innovation. A project to enhance economic activity in the economi- cally depressed area of Southeastern Oklahoma through new product innovation, new and expanded industries, and increased employment opportunities is summarized. The study was directed toward: (1) deter- mining the appropriate technology (AT) base which currently exists; (2) evaluating how science and tech- nology (S and T) can assist in its utilization to foster general growth and development in the region; and (3) developing a plan of operation for a research and inno- vation center as it supplies S and T to the region's AT base. To achieve these goals, seven specific objec- tives were established, including the formation of the Industrial Technology Research and Development Foundation (ITRAD). The report states the objectives, outlines tasks required to accomplish them, and dis- cusses results based on the assessment and develop- ment phases of each objective. PB82-203654/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Barter of Agricultural Commodities. Staff rept., APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Donna U. Vogt, Cathy L. Jabara, and Dee A. Linse. Apr 82, 65p* AGES-820413 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Crops, 'International trade, Commerce, Agreements, Foreign trade. Barter and barter-type agreements are employed by developing and centrally planned countries in trade of both agricultural and non-agricultural products. These types of agreements generally involve the exchange of goods without the transfer of international currencies. This paper answers the question 'why barter' by de- scribing the economic and political motives behind barter agreements and by providing a sample of agree- ments between countries that use barter in trade. The operation of the U.S. barter program from 1950 to 1973, which arranged for exchanges of agricultural commodities for strategic materials, supplies, and services, is described, and the potential for future U.S. barter of agricultural commodities for strategic materi- als is examined. Results indicate that several develop- ing countries could become key barter partners. PB82-204421/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Tampere (Fin- land). Tekstiililaboratorio. Projected Account Conception, Ben Malmstroem. Jan 81, 47p TIEDONANTO-21, ISBN-951 -38-1 130-1 Also pub. as ISSN-0355-3639. Keywords: 'Management planning, Finland, Business- es, Industries, Methodology, Applications of mathe- matics. It is recognized that the managing process to a large extent means master and control of the multitude of programs or time series of activities and their interac- tion on all hierarchy levels. The time series are planned, reviewed for feasibility, executed, and re- viewed for performance continuously in consecutive cycles by the managing process. This study focuses on the development of a basic building block or model unit for the deduction of a conceptual analogue model of the real business system with the purpose to sup- port and formalize the managing process of plan, exe- cute, and review, and with the requirement of being able to adapt common management techniques of ap- plied mathematics. PB82-204686/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Espoo (Finland). Bioconversion in Food Technology: Proceedings of Second Franco-Finnish Symposium on Biotech- nology Held at Helsinki on 8-10 February 1978, Pekka Linko. 1978, 196p ISBN-951 -38-0629-4 Keywords: *Food, Technology, Catalysts, Enzymes, Peptides, Proteins, Economics, Beverages, Degrada- tion, Fermentation, Activated sludge process, Pilot plants, Industrial plants, "Bioconversion, Immobilized enzymes, Cellulose. The interesting program of the Symposium includes subjects on various areas of biotechnology. There is hope that in addition to formal presentations the Sym- posium would provide a stage for vivid discussions on latest research results and applications. To catalyze this, several opportunities for informal discussions have been provided. PB82-204694/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Exploration and Identification of Alternative Raw Materials for Paper and Newsprint Manufacture - Pulping, Bleaching and Evaluation of Pulps from Mixed Hardwood Species from the Bastar Region. Working document no. 29. Jul 80, 113p Sponsoied in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: 'Paper industry, Papermaking, Substitutes, Pulping, Bleaching, Manufacturing, Newsprint, Bastar Region, Developing country application. The collection of representative samples of pulp wood from the Bastar forests, chipping, the preparation of chip mixtures representative of different diameter classes and of the forest area, and investigations into their pulping, bleaching and papermaking properties are described and discussed in this report. Attention is also given to the black liquors from the different chip mixtures and from some individual species. This report also covers the collection of bamboo from the Bastar region, its pulping and bleaching characteristics and the papermaking properties of bamboo-mixed hard- wood pulp blends. PB82-204702/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Exploration and Identification of Alternative Raw Materials for Paper and Newsprint Manufacture - Laboratory Methods of Chemimechanical and Chemical Pulping and Bleaching of Hardwoods. Working document no. 23, J. V. A. Peltonen. Sep 79, 36p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: 'Paper industry, Substitutes, Bleaching, Pulping, Pilot plants, Manufacturing, Cold soda pulps, Bastar region, Developing country application. This report is given by a FAO consultant assisting: Chemi-mechanical pulping; lignin preserving bleaching of chemimechanical pulps; evaluation of bleaching se- quences for hardwood draft pulps; planning and eval- uation techniques of multi-variable pulping experi- ments; and working methods and the cooperation of staff between the organic and physical chemistry lab- oratories. In addition to the new methods recommend- ed, three projects were drafted. They are: bleaching of Bastar hardwood pulps; semichemical cold soda pulps from North Bengal hardwoods; and pilot plant process parameters for Eucalyptus tereticornis alkaline sulfite CMP. PB82-204728/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Tampere (Fin- land). Tekstiililaboratorio. Common Concept of Managing Process and Tech- niques, Ben Malmstroem. Jan 81, 122p TIEDONANTO-20, ISBN-951 -38-1 129-8 Also pub. as ISSN-0355-3639. Keywords: 'Management planning, Organization theory, Applications of mathematics, Time series anal- ysis, Finland, Methodology, Businesses. The study puts into focus the question whether there is to be found a feasible formalization of the managing process, and a common denominator to bring closer together the managing process and common manage- ment techniques of applied mathematics. First, some aspects are discussed concerning administrative and organizational theory, as well as the managing process the purpose of which is to master and control the com- plex interactions of activity programs and time series of them. Second, a number of techniques of applied mathematics are discussed whereby the common abil- ity of producing programs of activities along the time axis is emphasized. The attention is brought to the fact that time series of activities and operations interacting with each other seem to be the common feature and connecting link of the managing process and common techniques. PB82-205568/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Technical Services Dept. Approaches to Productivity Improvement (Mini- Seminar). Aug 81, 72p TSD BOOK-0006/81, ISBN-0-7988- 2082-9 Keywords: 'South Africa, Meetings, 'Productivity, Businesses, Industries, Management methods. The report contains presentations from company and corporation executives on methods of improving pro- ductivity. PB82-205592/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Refining of Pulps from Ballarpur Industries Limit- ed, Yamunanagar. Research progress rept. no. 13, Y. V. Sood, K. S. Moorthy, R. K. Roy, and Y. K. Sharma. 1981, 47p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: 'Paper industry, Manufacturing, Substi- tutes, Blends, Hardwoods, Softwoods, Agricultural wastes, Papermaking, Newsprint, Developing country application. Mixed and separate refining studies have been made for pulp blends from Ballarpur Industries Limited con- taining softwood (Pinus roxburghii), hardwoods, and agricultural residue pulps. Results indicate that sepa- rate or mixed refining of wood pulp (softwood and hardwood) as one component and agricultural residue pulp as another component have little effect on strength and printing properties. These are improved when the long fibred (Pinus roxburghii) pulp and the short fibred pulp (a mixture of hardwood pulp and agri- cultural residue pulp) are each beaten separately and then mixed to give the same blend of long and short fibred pulps. Pulp samples collected from various points in the mill have also been evaluated and are reported in an Appendix. PB82-205683/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Multisystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA. Free Enterprise Urban Transport. Final Rept., Gabriel Roth, and George G. Wynne. Jan 82, 67p UMTA-DC-06-01 50-82-1 Contract DOT-UT-90008 Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Transportation, 'Trans- portation management, Developing countries, Foreign countries, Operations, Profits, Services, Urban areas, Comparison, United States, Public transportation, Taxicabs, Minibuses, Ownership. This report provides an overview that describes a number of public transport systems abroad, largely in developing countries, that operate at a profit, and indi- cates action that enable the United States to develop networks of fast, reliable urban public transport serv- ices responsive to users' needs, at prices that most can afford. Chapter 2 of this report provides examples of different types of urban public transport that run at a profit while providing good service. Chapter 3 de- scribes the characteristics of successful urban public transport systems. Chapter 4 reviews the private provi- sion of public transport in U.S. cities and considers the possibilities of their expansion. Chapter 5 outlines how lessons from abroad can be applied to U.S. transporta- tion systems. PB82-205956/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. Monitoring Water Filters for Asbestos Removal. Journal article, Gary S. Logsdon, James M. Symons, and Thomas J. Sorg. C1981, 13p EPA-600/J-80-167 Pub. in Jnl. of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE,v107nEE6p1297-1315Dec81. Keywords: 'Asbestos, 'Water treatment, 'Fibers, Monitoring, Amphiboles, Diatomaceous earth, Granu- lar materials, Turbidity, Reprints. Water filtration processes can reduce the asbestos fiber count in drinking water by 90 to 99.9 percent, or more. Effective fiber removal requires very close con- trol of the treatment process. Monitoring of filtered water turbidity can indicate the efficacy of treatment, even though the asbestos fiber concentration is too low to register as turbidity. Turbidity monitoring works because when water is properly prepared for filtration, passage of asbestos fibers through the filter is indicat- ed by the passage of floe, as shown by higher turbidity. Filtered water turbidity should be 0.10 ntu or below for best fiber removal. Continuous monitoring of each filter module at a treatment plant is recommended. These findings are based on studies at Duluth, Two Harbors, and Silver Bay on Lake Superior; Seattle's Tolt reser- voir, and on data obtained from the San Francisco Bay area. PB82-206400/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Exploration and Identification of Alternative Raw Materials for Paper and Newsprint Manufacture - Maintenance of Pilot Plant Equipment. Working document no. 24, J. Helve. Sep 79, 28p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). 117 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Paper industry, Manufacturing, Equip- ment, Pilot plants, Substitutes, Design criteria, Devel- oping country application. This report documents the activities of a consulting group which inspected the maintenance facilities, workshop layout, tools, and equipment of a pilot plant. For the organizing of maintenance and repair work a systematic approach was introduced comprising of the use of specially prepared machine cards, lubrication instructions, and repair and maintenance cards. Ab- breviated operating and maintenance instructions were compiled on the basis of machine and equipment manuals. Drafting and finalizing of a number of con- struction details in the pilot plant is also documented. PB82-206525/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Information Needs of the Textile and Allied Indus- tries in India. Survey rept. Mar 80, 282p Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: "Textile industry, * India, 'Information sys- tems, Questionnaires, Surveys, Methodology, Devel- oping country application. A questionnaire was sent out to Indian textile manufac- turers inquiring about their information needs. More than 100 responded. This book is a compilation of the results of that survey. The conclusions were that a need was felt among all the respondents for almost every information service that the questionnaire posit- ed, including the need to establish a National Informa- tion center for textile research. The center would col- lect and translate worldwide information about textiles and provide an awareness service through periodic publications as well as standard library services. PB82-206566/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Pulp and Paper Research Inst., New Delhi (India). Refining Studies on Mill Pulps from Star Paper Mills Limited, Saharanpur. Research rept., Y. K. Sharma, Y. V. Sood, T. C. Mantri, and K. S. Moorthy. May 81, 29p CPPRI/RR-7/81 Keywords: 'Pulp, 'Paper industry, Comparison, Me- chanical properties, Developing country application. Investigations were undertaken to study the refining properties of mill pulp. The objective was to ascertain if the strength of the refined pulp could be improved uti- lizing the disc refiners available in stock preparation. It was also to investigate the possibility of increasing the throughput while utilizing the disc refiners. For compar- ison, refined pulps collected from various stages using different combinations of refiners were also evaluated. The final results indicated the possibility of improving the strength characteristics and increasing the throughput by removing dams partially. PB82-206574/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi (India). Housing Construction Techniques and Termite Control: Precast Cellular Unit Floor/Roof for Low Cost Housing. Jul 78, 56p Keywords: 'Construction, 'Houses, 'Buildings, Pre- cast concrete, Cellular materials, Roofs, Floors, Struc- tural members, Reinforced concrete, Bricks, Termites, Developing country application, Low cost housing. This series of reports covers precast cellular unit floor/ roof for low cost housing, precast RC channel units for low cost housing, RCC frames for doors and windows, brick cavity walls (using common burnt clay bricks), and termite control in buildings. All the reports are writ- ten in simple English and contain clear drawings and charts to help the home builder. PB82-206640/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Work Study - Cases in Textiles. Circular rept., S. P. Patel, K. Subrahmanyam, and S. B. Vaidya. Feb 76, 30p ENG-77 Keywords: 'Textile industry, Manufacturing, Perform- ance evaluation, Industries, Developing country appli- cation. Work study is a management tool to improve efficiency without big capital expenditure. This report covers three cases in which substantial benefits were ob- tained through work study: Transport of bales to the blow room; low productivity and high waste in a thread mill; and production loss in a drying machine. In each case the present situation was reviewed, suggestions were presented, and the advantages of the sugges- tions pointed out. PB82-206657/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Exploration and Identification of Alternative Raw Materials for Paper and Newsprint Manufacture - Planning, Execution, Evaluation and Reporting of Laboratory Pulping and Bleaching Studies. Working document no. 25, A.J.Watson. 1981, 15p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: 'Paper industry, Substitutes, Pulping, Bleaching, Papermaking, Developing country applica- tion. This is a working report given by the consultant from FAO to a pulping and bleaching laboratory in India to show how to plan, execute, evaluate, and report stud- ies better and more efficiently. This report summarizes the work the consultant has done in the two-month period of consultancy. Suggestions for improving the work in writing laboratory reports, and checking and editing the reports are raised. Laboratory operation and testing procedures and recommendations for future work in the fields of bamboo pulps, hardwood, and papermaking properties are suggested. Also sug- gested are establishment of a centralized system for filing reports and experimental data, and day books to record day to day activities of a laboratory. PB82-206665/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). How to Assess Labour Complements in Spinning and Weaving. Circular rept. Sep 75, 28p MP-71 Keywords: 'Textile industry, 'Economic analysis, Per- sonnel, Spinning(Staple fibers), Weaving, Manage- ment planning, Developing country application. The profitability of a mill depends to great extent on how good a control is exercised on the direct material costs and the labor costs. Recent analysis indicates that a reduction on the order of 10% to 25% would be possible in many mills even without any further mod- ernization of their machinery, in spinning as well as in weaving. The methods described in this report enable each mill to compute the Standard Labor Comple- ments for its own conditions, to judge its existing strength, and to plan a program of control on labor costs through progressive rationalization. PB82-206715/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Achieving the Best from Boiler, through Under- standing Indian Coal, T. R. Sarkari. Aug 79, 53p A paper presented at the Seminar held at ATIRA on 5 Jul 79 at Ahmedabad.Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Boilers, 'Coal, Industrial plants, Develop- ing country application. This report gives a basic understanding of coal and its behavior to industrial users so that they can use coal properly. The basic structure and properties of coal are listed. Special emphasis is given to the problems posed by coal quality and the measures to solve these problems. Also discussed in the report is to what extent caking coal, fines, high ash coal, low fusion coal, and undesirable alkaline impurities in coal affect boiler output. PB82-207093/GAA PC A15/MF A01 National Inst, for Water Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Manual for Water Renovation and Reclamation (Second Edition). 1981, 335p* Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Waste water reuse, 'South Africa, Design, Manuals, Activated carbon treatment, Clarification, Ammonia, Chemical removal(Sewage treatment), Ad- sorption, Chlorination, Ozonization, Sludge drying, Ac- tivated sludge process, Filtration, Pilot plants, Septic tanks, Sand filtration, Cost analysis, Biofilters. The aim of this manual is the dissemination of informa- tion useful to design engineers, researchers and orga- nizations concerned with the reclamation of water from wastewater. The Manual is based mainly on extensive investigations by the National Institute for Water Re- search on the operation of the 4 500 m3/d Stander water reclamation plant, Pretoria, on biofilter humus tank and activated sludge effluent, as well as on labo- ratory and pilot scale investigations. The various treat- ment processes, such as clarification, ammonia strip- ping, softening, quality equalization, stabilization, filtra- tion, active carbon adsorption and regeneration, sludge handling, chlorination and ozonation, are dis- cussed in detail. PB82-207952/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Kraft Pulping of Coppice Grown Eucalypts. Research progress rept. no. 23, R. Pant, A. K. Rai, R. M. Mathur, and Y. V. Sood. Nov 80, 63p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: 'Chemical industry, Trees(Plants), Devel- oping country application. Pulping and bleaching investigations were carried out on coppice grown Eucalyptus tereticornis and Euca- lyptus grandis. It was observed that bleachable grade pulps could be obtained from coppice grown euca- lypts. These pulps could be bleached to 76-78% ISO brightness by the conventional CEHH sequence. When compared to main plantation grown eucalypts, the pulps produced from coppice wood showed slight- ly lower strength characteristics. It was also found that the black liquors from the main plantation eucalypts were characterized by lower viscosity and better burn- ing properties than the black liquors from coppice grown woods. PB82-208083/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Cod Soda Pulping of North Bengal Hardwoods. Research progress rept. no. 18, T. C. Mantri, V. Raghunath, and K. S. Moorthy. Apr 80, 51 p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: 'Chemical industry, Mechanical properties, Bleaching, Castanopsia hystrix, Schima wallichii, De- veloping country application. Cold soda semi chemical pulps with satisfactory strength properties can be made from Schima wallichii and Castanopsia hystrix from North Bengal. In addition a mixture of 10 hardwood species in which the two above mentioned species contribute together more than 50% also gave pulps with reasonable strength properties. These pulps however had low freeness values even in the unbeaten state. The strength prop- erties of pulps produced from the chip mix were im- proved by increasing the soaking period and using higher treating temperatures. The pulps were difficult to bleach. The best result using a number of different bleaching treatments was 52% to 54% ISO. PB82-208109/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Pulping Characteristics of Lops and Tops from Five Central Indian Hardwoods (Bastar Area). Research progress rept. no. 14, R. Pant, N. R. Mohan Rao, R. M. Mathur, A. G. Kulkarni, and S. Bharti. 1981, 29p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). 118 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: Central Indian Forests, Bastar Region, De- veloping country application. Investigations were carried out on pulping of bottom, middle, top and branch portions of five hardwood spe- cies from the Central Indian forests. These were Shorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa, Pterocarpus mersupium, Diospyros melanoxylon, and Anogeissus latifolia. Black liquors obtained from cooks from the different portions of the trees were also studied with respect to viscosity and precipitation characteristics during evaporation. It was observed that there were only very slight differences in the pulp and the black liquor characteristics from the different portions of the tree. It was concluded that the use of the lops and tops in the hardwood mixture would not have significantly adverse effects on pulp yield, Kappa number, pulp strength characteristics, or the black liquor properties. PB82-208240/GAA PC A16/MF A01 Missouri Univ.-Rolla. Rock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center. Investigation of the Interaction of Rock and Types of Rock Bolts for Selected Loading Conditions (Una Investigacion de la Interaccion de la Roca y los Tipos de Pernos para Roca para Condiciones de Carga Seleccionadas), Charles J. Haas, H. Dean Keith, Ray N. Nitzsche, Dave Janakkumar, and Richard L. Hoffman. 1982, 364p Contract H01 221 10 Text in Spanish. See also English version PB-267 672. Keywords: *Coal, 'Mining, Tensile stress, Grouting, Rock mechanics, Anchoring, Finite element analysis, Stress analysis, Developing country application, Roof bolts, Mine safety. This research investigated the interaction phenomena of rock and types of rock bolts needed to develop design principles for using grouted roof bolts. The in- vestigation was both to determine the effectiveness of grouted bolts in resisting lateral displacement and axial separation along fracture planes, and if grouted bolts eliminate the axial tensile stress near the anchor and the resulting rock fracture. The first year objective, which involved defining the post tensioning response of grouted bars and determining the amount of shear resistance generated by conventional and resin-grout- ed bolts, was achieved. The second year objectives were to make additional shear tests, conduct creep tests, and continue the theoretical analysis of the sup- port mechanics of rock bolts. Finite-element analysis showed that high stress concentrations are created when an expansioned-anchor bolt separates. The stress distribution in a mine roof structure which is not subjected to lateral loading is not affected significantly when bolts are installed. (In Spanish). PB82-208380/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Central Food Technological Research Inst., Mysore (India). Comparative Evaluation of Some Storage Bins for Rural Grain Storage, T. S. Krishnaumurthy, and S. K. Majumder. 1978, 18p Pub. in Jnl. Ind. Acad. Wood Sci., v9 n1 p1-16 Jan-Jun 78. Keywords: *Grains(Food), *Food storage, 'India, Thermal conductivity, Moisture, Condensation, Ter- mites, Rodents, Insects, Cost analysis, Plywood, Poly- ethylene, Metals, Panels, Ferrocements. The main requirements for sound storage of food grains are that their moisture content should be below 1 1 percent and that they should be free from internal infestation. Grain storage structures should therefore have (1) low thermal conductivity to prevent moisture condensation in stored grain, (2) gas-worthiness for fu- migant retention, (3) resistance to rodent and termite attack, and (4) resistance to cross-infestation by in- sects. A comparative evaluation of plywood, ferroce- ment and high molecular weight high density polyethyl- ene bins of capacity 0.5 to 3 tons showed that the ply- wood and ferrocement bins meet these requirements both for indoor and outdoor storage of grains. PB82-208497/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Cold Soda Pulping of Mixed Hardwoods from the Central Indian Forest (Bastar Region), Preliminary Study. Research progress rept no. 12, T. C. Mantri, Y. K. Sharma, V. Raghunath, Y. V. Sood, and K. S. Moorthy. Sep 79, 23p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: *Wood, "Chemical industry, Mixtures, Newsprint, Paperboards, Central Indian Forest, Bastar Region, Developing country application. Three mixtures of hardwoods of diameter class 2(11- 30 cm over bark, breast height) from the Bastar area were processed for cold soda pulping in the laboratory to study the effect of chemical treatment on the physi- cal properties of these pulps. The findings show that the mixture of hardwoods from the Bastar area may not be suitable for newsprint (prepared from the cold soda process in the yield range of 83-88%). However, cold soda pulps can be used for the manufacture of different grades of paper boards. Hypochlorite bleach- ing of cold soda pulps has no advantage to get the required brightness level. PB82-208505/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Papers Presented at the One-Day Technical Semi- nar on 'Textiles' Held at Surat on 30 November 1975, A. R. Garde, and M. C. Paliwal. Nov 75, 45p Keywords: "Textile industry, Chemical engineering, Weaving, Textile processes, Spinning(Extruding), De- veloping country application. Papers presented at the one-day technical seminar on textiles are 'Higher Profits Through Technological Controls in Spinning and Weaving', 'Analyses of Pro- ductivity in Spinning and Weaving', 'Studies in Chemi- cal Processing of textiles', and 'Engineering Research at Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Associa- tion Ahmedabad'. PB82-209644/GAA PC A15/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Re- duction: An Update. Final rept. Mar 82, 348p* ISBN-0-309-03248-2 Contract EPA-68-02-3701 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-81229. Keywords: 'Health, *Air pollution, Cells(Biology), Chlo- rine organic compounds, Stratosphere, Exposure, Ul- traviolet radiation, Chemistry, Molecules, Public health, Concentration(Composition), Plants(Botany), Hazards, Malignant neoplasms, Cancer, Biological processes, Ecosystems, Immune responses. Estimates of steady-state reductions in stratospheric ozone due to continued releases of two chlorofluoro- carbons (11 and 12) at 1977 rates in the absence of other perturbations are lower than 1 979 estimates by a factor between two and three. Current models suggest the steady-state reduction will lie between 5 and 9 per- cent. The association of nonmelanoma skin cancers with ultraviolet-B radiation suggests that reductions in stratospheric ozone will result in increases of these cancers. Exposure to ultraviolet-B also has been shown to adversely affect the immune response system; further research is needed to determine the importance of this finding for understanding photocar- cinogenesis. PB82-209834/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Institute for Information Studies, Falls Church, VA. Small Business Enterprises for Workers with Dis- abilities. C1982, 122p* ISBN-0-935294-18-X Grant NHIR-22-P-59236/3-03 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-23733. Keywords: 'Small Businesses, Discrimination, Financ- ing, Organizing, Resources, National government, Manuals, Entrepreneurship. The document is a self-help manual designed to pro- vide information and resources on small business en- terprises to people with disabilities. Included in this publication are chapters on small business opportuni- ties, developing and organizing a small business, and resources available to small business through private organizations and government agencies. PB82-210808/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Indian Plywood Industries Research Inst., Bangalore. Economics of Production of Synthetic Resin Ad- hesives, Joseph George. 1977, 21 p Pub. in IPIRI Jnl., v7 n2 p48-65 Jul/Dec 77. Keywords: 'Adhesives, 'Economic analysis, Fillers, Extenders, Additives, Wood products, Developing country application. This paper outlines a scheme for production of syn- thetic resin adhesives. It examines the production of various kinds of synthetic resins for wood adhesives like the Urea Formaldehyde Resin, Phenol Formalde- hyde Resin, Resorcinol Formaldehyde and Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resins, Melamine Formal- dehyde Resin, Epoxy Resin and Polyvinyl Acetate Resin Emulsion. The paper also describes the features of fillers, extenders and other additives. The composi- tion, properties, and economics of synthetic resin ad- hesives are examined. PB82-210824/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, New Delhi (India). Tips on Better Farming 9. Dec 81 , 66p Keywords: 'Farming, 'Crops, Recommendations, Vegetables, Fruit crops, Agricultural machinery, Fertil- izers, Developing country application, Manure. The booklet recommends new varities of crops, fod- ders, vegetables, and fruits, which have showed good yields in experiment condition, and some useful farm- ing practices which will benefit farmers. Specific crops studied are: Arhar, bajra, barley, coconut, castor, cotton, foxtail millet, groundnut, jowar, maize, mung, paddy, pepper, ragi, sarpagandhi, soyabean, sugar- cane, tapioca, turmeric, vanilla, wheat. Implements and machines; manures and fertilizers; pest, disease, and weed controlling methods; and better practices for poultry and animal husbandry are also recommended. PB82-211558/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, New Delhi (India). Tips on Better Farming 16, Ravi Varma. Jul 75, 45p Keywords: 'Vegetables, 'Crops, 'Farming, Yield, Fer- tilizers, Wheat plants, Plant diseases, Pest control, Weed control, Animal husbandry, India, Developing country application. The booklet recommends new varities of crops, fod- ders, and vegetables which showed good yields in ex- perimental conditions, and some useful farming prac- tices which will benefit farmers. Specific crops studied are: Barley, Bajra, Castor, Cotton, gram, jowar, maize, rice, sugarcane, sunflower, sunhemp, sweet basil, to- bacco, and wheat. Manures and fertilizers; pests, dis- eases, and weeds; and better practices for animal hus- bandry are also recommended. PB82-211947/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. World Sugar Model. Staff rept., Roger K. Conway, Michael D. Hammig, Hosein Shapouri, and John F. Yanagida. Apr 82, 54p AGES- 820429 Keywords: 'Sugar, 'Agricultural economics, Mathe- matical models, Econometrics, Sugarcane, Sugars, Supply(Economics), Demand(Economics). This document has three parts. First, an overview of the sugar market and a general description of the mathematical programming model used are present- ed. Second, the theory behind the specification of re- gional supply, demand and stock supply, and demand is given. Finally, four appendices detail the regions, nonlinear programming, estimated regional supply and demand equations, and the data base. 119 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB82-212796/GAA PC A25/MF A01 Saint Louis Univ., MO. Center for Urban Programs. Pre-Employment and Transition Services: Voca- tional Exploration-Interim Findings and Back- ground. Youth knowledge development rept. (Final). May80,591p YKDR-6.1 Contract DL-99-9-2037-33-1 1 Keywords: 'Training, "Employment, "Vocational guid- ance, Learning, Job analysis, Surveys, Comprehensive Employment and Training Act. The subject of this report is the Vocational Exploration in the Private Sector program (VEPS). VEPS exposes youths to a variety of different jobs through on-site ob- servation, instruction, and rotational assignments in various companies. The goal of the project is to en- large participants' knowledge of the working world and basic work requirements, and to increase their poten- tial to secure unsubsidized jobs. Under CETA regula- tions, youths are allowed to remain on a given job as- signment only as long as it is a learning experience; that is, participants cannot contribute to the outputs or profits of a given firm. Since the findings of this report are preliminary, few policy questions are addressed. However, the report does provide excellent back- ground information on the VEPS approach. PB82-213208/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Engineering of Textiles: Proceedings of ATIRA Annual Techno- logical Conference Held on February 3-4, 1964 (Section B). Feb 64, 89p Keywords: "Textile industry, Technology, Bleaching, Dyeing, Boilers, Developing country application. This volume contains papers on short Processing in Bleaching; Effect of Processing Sequence and Stretch on Results of Mercerization; some observations on the Continuous Dyeing With Reactives; Effect of Interme- diate Drying on Yield and Wash Fastness of Some Vat, Indigosl and Reactive Dyes; Boiler Feed Water Treat- ment and Air Conditioning in the Textile Industry. PB82-213273/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Bleaching Investigations on Bamboo (Dendrocala- mus strictus) Pulps. Research progress rept. no. 21, R. Pant, N. R. Mohan Rao, R. M. Mathur, and Y. V. Sood. Oct 80, 51 p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: "Bamboo, "Pulp, Calcium hypochlorites, Chlorine oxides, Hydrogen peroxide, Viscosity, Tear strength, Chlorine dioxide, Fibre strength index. Bleaching studies were carried out on bamboo (Den- drocalamus Strictus) pulp using different bleaching chemicals, viz., calcium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide in different sequences with a view to retain the tear strength of the unbleached pulp to the maximum extent. Studies have shown that the H/C (40:60) EHH sequence improves the viscosity, fibre strength index, and the tear strength of the bleached pulp over the conventional CEHH bleached pulp. The D/C (20:80) EDH sequence retains the maxi- mum tear strength of unbleached pulp. PB82-213323/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Hindustan Paper Corp. Ltd., New Delhi (India). Evaluation of Indigenous and Imported Un- bleached and Bleached Chemical Pulps. Research progress rept. no. 16, K. S. Moorthy, S. Bharati, Y. V. Sood, and T. K. Roy. 1981, 52p Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi (India). Keywords: "Chemical industry, Bleaching, Tables(Data), Graphs(Charts), Developing country ap- plication. Laboratory methods for evaluating indigenous and im- ported unbleached and bleached mill pulps are out- lined. They involve beating and testing the relationship between various pulps. Handsheet properties of the pulps was also established. It is expected that the data collected will be of great use to the paper industry. PB82-213364/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (India). PINUS, P. Maheshwari, and R. N. Konar. c1971, 141 p BOTANICAL MONO-7 Keywords: "Pine trees, "Plants(Botany), "India, Mor- phology, Distribution(Property), Plant anatomy, Embry- ology, Pollen, Seeds, Production, Breeding, Plant dis- eases, Cytology, Parasites, Pest control, Economic factors, Developing country application, Himalayan pines. This comprehensive study of the genus Pinus was un- dertaken to present a definitive work on the genus. The monograph covers distribution, morphology, anat- omy, embryology, germination, cytology, seed testing, seed production and dormancy, breeding, diseases, mycorrhiza, angiospermic parasites, pests, economic uses, pinus species, their native countries and common names, and literature cited. PB82-2 1 3398/G AA PC A04/ M F A0 1 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (India). Publications and Information Directorate. ABIES and PICEA: Morphological Studies, K. A. Chowdhury. c1974, 55p BOTANICAL MONO-9 Prepared in cooperation with Aligarh Muslim Univ. (India). Dept. of Botany. Keywords: "Plants(Botany), "India, Morphology, Plant anatomy, Leaves(Botany), Wood, Embryology, Fertil- ization, Plant reproduction, Seeds, Plant diseases, Economic factors, Cytology, Height, Softwoods, De- veloping country application, Picea spinulosa, "Spruce trees. This comprehensive study of the genera Abies and Picea was undertaken to present a definitive work on the genus. The Monograph covers the description, and distribution, morphology and anatomy, embryology, seed, cytology, diseases, economic uses, and fossil history of both genera. The literature cited is also listed. PB82-213489/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ecological Aspects of Development in the Humid Tropics (Les Aspects Ecologiques du Developpe- ment sous les Tropiques Humides) (Aspectos Eco- logicos del Desarrollo in las Zonas Tropicales Hu- medas), J. Savage, C. Goldman, D. Janos, A. Lugo, and P. Raven. 1982, 61 p Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Text in English, French, and Spanish. Keywords: "Ecology, "Tropical regions, "Agriculture, Genetics, Forest land, Natural resources, Soils, Sur- face waters, Management. This booklet provides, in three languages, the intro- ductory matter, summary, and recommendations from a detailed report prepared by a select committee of the U.S. National Research Council for the National Park Service and the Agency for International Develop- ment. To these have been added brief commentaries on seven issues judged by the Committee to be of spe- cial significance for development in the humid tropics and treated in full in individual chapters of its report. PB82-213562/GAA PC E02/MF E02 London Business School (England). Econometric Forecasting Unit. Term Structure of Interest Rates in a Small Open Economy, M. Beenstock, and A. Longbottom. Feb 80, 24p DISCUSSION PAPER-71 Keywords: "Financial management, Capital, "Eco- nomic analysis, Investments, Assets. There is an extensive body of theory and evidence e.g. Hodjera and Beenstock, which suggests that domestic capital markets are closely related to their external counterparts. If this is so, the domestic term structure of interest rates cannot be independent of the external or world term structure of interest rates. In section II the 'international theory' is described and is juxta- posed with respect to the traditional approaches. In section III the 'international theory' is tested using the UK as an example of a small open economy. PB82-213877/GAA PC E02/MF E02 London Business School (England). Econometric Forecasting Unit. Dynamic Aggregate Time Series Relationship be- tween Energy Consumption and Economic Activi- ty in Industrialized Countries, M. Beenstock, and P. Willcocks. Nov 80, 22p DISCUSSION PAPER-80 Keywords: "Economic development, "Time series analysis, "Energy, Prices, Economic models, Income, Economic elasticity. The study measures the aggregate relationship be- tween energy consumption and the level of economic activity in the industrialized countries as a whole. An economic model is presented which distinguishes short/ long term price and income elasticities in a sys- tematic fashion. PB82-213950/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Chemistry and Chemical Technology Div. Problems in Chemical Processing of Textiles - Case Histories. Apr 67, 27p CCT-22 Keywords: "Textile industry, "Chemical industry, De- veloping country application. This publication contains 10 case histories on suc- cessful solutions to problems affecting the quality of manufactured textiles. Each case study defines the problem encountered, describes the investigation of the problem including the methods used to test the cloth, and recommends the action or actions required to solve the problem. The case studies were prepared on the following problems: (1) White streaks on cloth dyed with azoic combinations; (2) White Stains in color woven coating; (3) White stains in dyed fabrics; (4) Im- provement of lustre of doubled yarns by mercerization; (5) Development of aniline black on a resist printed fabric; (6) Stains in blue dyed poplin; (7) Uneven dyeing of beams on package dying machine, (8) Patchy dyeing in poplin sorts; (9) Excessive use of opti- cal brightening agent; (10) Defects in fabric printed with pigment colors. PB82-215567/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow (India). Toxicology Data Sheets on Chemicals: Malathion, R. R. Khan, and Bhaskar Dev. Jun 81 , 68p DATA SHEET SER-4 Keywords: "Pesticides, Exposure, Dosage, Public health. Malathion is a non-systemic organophosphorus insec- ticide of low mammalian toxicity since it is detoxified by B-esterase in the liver. It is extensively used in India and all over the world for the control of a wide spec- trum of insects and mites of agricultural, horticultural, veterinary, public health and house-hold importance. Its outstanding toxicity to grain and flour beetles makes malathion a very promising insecticide for use in food grain stores. It does not cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or delayed neurotoxic effects in man or experimental animals. Due to its low toxicity and moderate persistence it continues to be one of the safer pesticides known to man. A tolerance limit of 3 ppm is prescribed in India for its residues on vegetable crops. PB82-215575/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow (India). Toxic Metals in Environment: A Status Report of R and D Work Done in India, Satya V. Chandra. Jun 80, 75p Keywords: "Metals, "Environmental surveys, Public health, "Toxic substances. 120 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS This report gives an overview of the problem of envi- ronmental pollution by metals in the Indian context and outlines the research work done in India on metal tox- icity. The emphasis, in this report, has been necessari- ly on health hazards to man although a few observa- tions made in India on aquatic organisms have been reviewed. This report is useful not only to Scientists engaged in studies on metal intoxication but also to managers of industrial establishments and govern- ment executives entrusted with the metal responsibility of taking decisions on diverse problems posed by envi- ronmental pollution by toxic metals. PB82-215609/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. Basic Sciences and Agriculture (Proceedings of the Symposium on Basic Sciences and Agriculture Held at New Delhi during 1 1-13 October 1975). Scientific rept. series. 1978, 328p INSA-BULL-55 Keywords: *Plants(Botany), 'Agriculture, 'India, Em- bryology, Pollen, Cells(Biology), Reproduction(Biology), Environmental impacts, Photo- synthesis, Plants(Biology), Plant diseases, Water con- sumption, Efficiency, Plant hormones, Remote sens- ing, Nitrogen fixation, Breeding, Animal husbandry, Plant physiology. This book is a compendium of papers presented at a symposium held in New Delhi from 11 to 13 October, 1975. The papers are entitled: Genetics and Agricul- ture; Cytogenetics and Agriculture; Biometrical Genet- ics; and Agriculture; Genetic Transformation Trans- duction and Transgenosis and their Potential Role in Agriculture; Impact of Embryology on Agriculture; Pollen-stigma Interaction - Recognition, Acceptance and Rejection; Anther-Culturing and Agriculture - Prob- lems and Prospects; The Culturing of Cells and Proto- plasts; Propagation of Plants through Tissue-Culture; Chronobiology - Environmental Factors Regulating Reproduction in Animals; The Environment in Relation to Agriculture; Photosynthetic Efficiency in Relation to Agriculture; Photosynthetic Efficiency in Relation to Agriculture; Chronobiology in Plants; Meteorology and Forecasting of Epidemics of Diseases; The Energetics of Photosynthesis; Stomatal Regulation - A Strategy for Improved Water-use Efficiency and Carbon Econo- my; Plant Hormones and Sex; Nitrogen Fixation. PB82-215617/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (India). Loranthaceae, B. M. Johri, and S. P. Bhatnagar. c1972, 166p BOTANICAL MONO-8 Keywords: *Plants(Botany), .'India, Taxonomy, Shrubs, Losses, Citrus trees, Plant tissues, Tropical re- gions, Classifications, Morphology, Anatomy, Distribution(Property), Books, Developing country ap- plication, Mangos, * Loranthaceae. This comprehensive study of the genus Loranthaceae was undertaken to present a definitive work on the genus. The monograph covers systematics, distribu- tion, morphology, anatomy (leaf, stem, root), and a haustorial system. PB82-215625/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. Summer School on Fishery Biology, April 10-14, 1978 Held at Mangalore. Scientific rept. series, A. G. K. Menon. Apr 78, 188p Keywords: 'Education, 'Fisheries, 'India, marine biol- ogy, Taxonomy, Animal physiology, Feeding stuffs, Food habits, Aquaculture, Fecundity, Carp, Catfishes, Animal ecology, Developing country application. The papers included in this report are: Principles of Systematic Icthylogy; Some Points of Interaction be- tween Fishery Biology and Fish Physiology; Stock As- sessment and Management; Recent Trends in Sys- tematic Ichthyology; Systematic Revision of the Indian Species of llisha Richardson, 1846 (Pisces: Clupei- formes); Evolution and Taxonomy of Catfishes of India; The Satpura Hypothesis; Food and Feeding Habits of Punitus Sarana subnasutus; Relationship of Bucco- pharynx with the Food and Feeding Habits of Labeo dero; Role of Mangrove Forests of Pichavaram as Fish Nurseries; Food Selection and Feeding Habits of Tila- pia mossambica Peters in Different Ecological Habi- tats. PB82-215666/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Appropriate Technology Development Organization, Islamabad (Pakistan). Mini and Micro Hydel Plants. May 80, 30p Keywords: 'Hydroelectric power, 'Construction, Cost analysis, Energy sources, Developing country applica- tion. Mini- and Micro Hydroelectric plants can be an impor- tant source of energy in areas of isolated villages away from larger electric power sources. This program at- tempts to provide such power sources throughout Pakistan. An outstanding feature of the program is the participation of the local community to the optimum extent. The entire civil works, the intake system, power channel forbay penstock and power house building, as well as labor are provided by the inhabitants voluntari- ly. While maximum use is made of stone and wood which are locally available, almost free, only a small amount of cement needs to be made or purchased. Capital is required to purchase the distribution wires, turbines, and generator, but the cost of the turbine is very low as its design as been developed by the Ap- propriate Technology Development Organization and is fabricated locally. PB82-215856/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association, Bombay. Lecture Series on Recent Advances in Man-Made Fibre Industry Held at Bombay on March 20, 1975. Mar 75, 111p Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Textile industry, Technology, Manufacturing, Coloring, Dyeing, Textile finishing, Developing country application. The various papers presented at the lecture series covered the following topics: Recent advancement in the Technology for manufacture of Cellulosic Fibres, Recent advances in the manufacture of textile synthet- ic fibres; Recent advances in coloration of man-made fibres; Recent advances in the development of chemi- cal finishes for man-made textiles; Recent advances in non-textile uses of man-made fibres; and Newer man- made fibres. PB82-215872/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Central Inst, of Road Transport, Poona (India). National Seminar on Productivity in State Trans- port Undertakings, November 26-27, 1976. Nov 76, 98p Keywords: 'Transportation, 'Productivity, Scheduling, Maintenance, Costs, Personnel, Meetings, 'India, De- veloping country application. Productivity in government-managed public bus trans- portation is gaining increasing attention. Increased productivity would lead to better service, better fleet maintenance and savings in cost. The important com- ponents of productivity viz. Routing and Scheduling, Maintenance, Personnel and Financial Control sys- tems, are discussed in this seminar. A few case stud- ies of state-run systems in India are presented. Some other specific aspects covered are: maintenance of- tires, batteries, spare parts, and shock absorbers, energy conservation, industrial engineering, and simu- lation models on routing and scheduling. PB82-216425/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Personality, Organization and Motivation on the Job. Research note, Rupande Sutaria, and V. Padaki. Aug 76, 98p HR-85 Keywords: 'Management techniques, 'Employee par- ticipation, Job satisfaction, Motivation, Incentives, Atti- tude surveys, Environments, India, Developing country application. This series of four research notes studies human rela- tions in the textile industry, seeking to improve condi- tions from a management viewpoint. The conclusions reached were: personality didn't affect job satisfaction; job content was a cause of satisfaction while job sur- roundings were a cause of dissatisfaction; creating an awareness in weavers of how to improve their tech- niques and incentives to better motivation improved performance, employee turnover is reduced if the em- ployee knows his duties clearly and is aware of the possibility of advancement. PB82-216433/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Use of Tamarind Kernel Powder as a Cotton Warp Size: A Review, P. C. Mehta, P. N. Bhatt, S. S. Trivedi, and C. C. Shah. 1981, 57p Keywords: 'Textile industry, Starches, Standards, Tests, Developing country application. Tamarind kernel powder has been used for many years for sizing in the cotton textile industry. However, widely divergent views are found regarding its suitabil- ity for this purpose. This research note gives the re- sults of an extensive investigation to evaluate tamarind kernel powder as a sizing material compared with the commonly used starches. The experiments cover warp counts from 18s to 60s and read/pick up to 112/56. This study has shown that tamarind kernel powder of a definite standard compares very well with starches, even for heavy sorts, e.g., 112 reed or for super fine cloth. The research note also gives I.S.I. Standards and methods of tests for Tamarind Kernel powder as well as a brief review of its physical and chemical prop- erties and a comparison of different desizing methods when T.K.P. is used for sizing. A review at the end of the book covers abrasion resistance and weavability, color, cost, excessive frothing, accumulation of foreign matter on the fents, sticking of fibers on the drying cyl- inders, desizing and uneven dying, increased load on the drying cylinders, and the effect of humidity. PB82-216532/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Indian Paint Association, Calcutta. Role of Paint in Protection Against Corrosion. 1977, 21 p Keywords: 'Paints, 'Corrosion, Developing country application. Corrosion of metals, specially of steel, is a gigantic problem. The losses due to corrosion can be reduced dramatically. This brochure explains the role paints can play in combating this problem. The report pro- vides a chart giving the characteristics of different types of paint and explains the proper method of cleaning the surface and applying the paint to stop and prevent corrosion. PB82-217811/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Market Structure, International Technology Trans- fer, and the Effects on Productivity of the Compo- sition of R and D Expenditures: Final Report, Edwin Mansfield. 1981, 106p* NSF/PRA-81031 Grant NSF-PRA77-08178 See also PB82-21 7829. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Productivity, 'Mar- keting, Expenses, Cost analysis, Economic impact, Questionnaires, 'Research and development, Industri- al structure. Findings based on three aspects of research are pre- sented: (1) the effects on productivity change of the composition of industrial R&D expenditures and the change over time in the composition of industrial R&D expenditures; (2) technology transfer to overseas sub- sidiaries by UnitedStates-based firms; and (3) technol- ogy change and market structure-focusing on imita- tion costs, patents, and industrial concentration. The project's objectives are presented as originally pro- posed and as modified during the study. Changes in- cluded a large increase in both the number of firms from which data concerning the composition of R&D was obtained, and the number of case studies used in the second part of the study. A summary of results in- clude a listing of papers and a book based wholly or in part on the research. Some of the questionnaires used to obtain information are provided in the appendices. PB82-217969/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX. 121 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Development of Low Cost Pavement Marking Ma- terials Based on Plasticized Sulfur. Final rept. Jun 78-Mar 82, John M. Dale. Apr 82, 34p SwRI-05-5342, FHWA/ RD-82-060 Contract DOT-FH-1 1-9450 Keywords: 'Pavements, Binders(Materials), Sulfur, Or- ganic pigments, Materials specifications, Field tests, Texas, Colorado. This research project was undertaken to develop a practical pavement marking material at a significantly lower unit cost based on plasticized sulfur with per- formance equal to or better than rapid-dry traffic paint. A yellow formulation was developed and taken through pilot tests and large scale field tests in Texas and Col- orado. PB82-218033/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Phoenix. Arizona's Pavement Management System. Phase II: Analysis of Testing Frequency for Pavement Evaluation. Final rept., George B. Way, John F. Eisenberg, and James P. Delton. Sep 81, 39p FHWA/AZ-81/169-1 Keywords: 'Pavements, Deflection, Surface rough- ness, Cracking(Fracturing), Data acquisition, Standard deviation, Arizona. A Pavement Management System (PMS) is highly de- pendent on the quantity and quality of data. This report addresses the frequency of inventory tests (deflection, rutting, cracking, flushing) necessary to insure appro- priately sufficient quality of data. A designed experi- ment consisting of the above field tests were conduct- ed at 76 two-mile locations, where 1 tests per mile (at .1 of a mile) were conducted. PB82-218447/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cin- cinnati, OH. Div. of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies. Potential Health Hazards of Video Display Termi- nals. Jun 81, 84p DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-81-129 Keywords: * Environmental surveys, 'Health, 'Safety, Data displays, Exposure, Human factors engineering, Man machine systems, Sampling, Interviews. Hazards associated with work at visual display termi- nals (VDTs) were surveyed. Radiation measurements, environmental sampling, employee interviews, and er- gonomic assessments were performed at three com- panies in San Francisco, California, where VDTs were used. Measurements of X-ray, radiofrequency, ultra- violet, and visible radiation exposures were either un- detectable or well below current exposure standards. No chemical exposures were identified from environ- mental sampling. Ergonomic evaluations revealed problems due to glare and height of the keyboards and display screens. VDT operators frequently reported visual discomfort, muscular problems, and stress of anxiety. Recommendations are included for radiation monitoring, workstation design modifications, illumina- tion, glare control, work rest schedules, and visual testing. PB82-218470/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., New York. Patents, R and D, and the Private Value of Knowl- edge: Explorations in the Economics of Techno- logical Change. Final rept, Zvi Griliches, and M. Ishaq Nadiri. Feb 82, 37p NSF/ PRA-82009 Grant NSF-PRA79-13740 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, Expenses, 'Productiv- ity, Research projects, Market value, Social percep- tion, 'Research and development. The report describes a study to (1 ) explore the poten- tial contribution of newly available patent data in order to understand the processes of technological change; (2) relate the quality of aggregate total factor produc- tivity data (collected by a survey) to estimate the con- tribution of research and development (R&D) to the aggregate industry or economy-wide levels; and (3) stimulate interaction among researchers, using the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) re- sources, via seminars, workshops, and a special con- ference. A 'path analysis' diagram is used to describe the conceptual framework guiding the research. Dis- cussed are patents and R&D at the firm level; market value of R&D and patents; R&D and productivity at both the firm and industry levels; the collection and construction of data bases; and interaction, dissemina- tion, and training. PB82-218785/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Central Rice Research Inst., Cuttack (India). Assessment of Germplasm for Resistance Against Major Cereal Diseases-Rice, S. Y. Padmanabhan. Jun 77, 73p Sponsored in part by Indian Council of Agricultural Re- search, New Delhi. Keywords: 'Rice, 'Plant diseases, 'India, Protection, Insecticides, Losses, Pest control, Germ cells, Field tests, 'Plants(Botany), Developing country application, Germplasm. Plant protection research has made rapid strides; how- ever it is increasingly felt that complete reliance on chemical protection alone may not be in the best inter- ests of the crop in relation to its natural environment. Genetic resistance continues to play an important role in the containment of losses caused by pests and dis- eases. This report compiles all available information on the reaction of rice germplasm collections to major diseases. PB82-219130/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Middlesex County Planning Board, New Brunswick, NJ. Prototype Planning Study: Middlesex County, New Jersey. Final rept. 1979, 250p DOT-l-82-7 Keywords: 'Transportation management, Counties, 'Roads, Noise reduction, Vehicular traffic control, New Jersey, Transportation planning, Traffic congestion, Middlesex County(New Jersey), Energy consumption, Pollution control, Traffic management, Peak hour traf- fic, Transportation corridors. Middlesex County, New Jersey is experiencing trans- portation problems. To help solve escalating traffic problems on the county roads, they explored the po- tential of transportation systems management (TSM) techniques. The strategies they investigated fell into three groups: supply oriented, transportation demand oriented, and transit oriented. The study found that the supply oriented strategies, which are aimed at improv- ing highway efficiency, appear most effective at reduc- ing noise and air pollution, energy consumption, user travel costs and traffic accidents. The demand man- agement strategies showed potential for reducing noise and air pollution, energy consumption, and peak period congestion, especially in the vicinity of major employment centers. The transit strategies focused on improved transit service and marketing in problem cor- ridors, with industrial areas, commercial sites, and in- stitutional centers identified as places with high payoff. The document also describes citizen involvement and organizational issues associated with the project, in- cluding the formulation of implementation and monitor- ing guidelines. PB82-219973/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Great Plains Agricultural Council. Proceedings of Transportation Modeling Work- shop Held at Fort Collins, Colorado on January 8-9, 1981. Great Plains agricultural council publication, John W. Green. Nov 81, 158p GPAC-100 See also PB82-219981 through PB82-220054. Pre- pared in cooperation with Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Economics. Keywords: 'Transportation management, Interstate transportation, Highway transportation, Rail transpor- tation, Waterway transportation, Management plan- ning, Network flows, Linear programming, Computer graphics, Technology assessment, Coal handling, Ag- ricultural products. The Social and Economic Implications of Energy Ex- traction, Conversion, and Transportation Committee (GPC-8) of the Great Plains Agricultural Council orga- nized and cosponsored, with the Old West Regional Commission, a workshop on transportation models in Fort Collins, Colorado in January, 1981. There were nine presentations describing large scale government sponsored models, private industry transportation planning procedures, transportation system manage- ment and regulation, and projected needs for addition- al transportation capacity. Approximately 30 people at- tended the workshop. Each presentor spent an hour speaking and answering questions. Each presentor's formal paper is included along with questions and an- swers relevant to his or her presentation. PB82-220153/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Civil Engineering. Optimization of Design of Asphaltic Paving Mix- tures. Final rept., Kamran Majidzadeh, Ahmed El-Laithy, Mohamed Rashad El-Mitiny, M. A. El-Mojarrush, and Nabil Safwat. Feb 80, 192p EES-560, FHWA/OH-81 /005 Sponsored in part by Ohio Dept. of Transportation, Co- lumbus. Keywords: 'Pavements, Asphalts, Aggregates, Sub- grades, Compacting, Fatigue(Materials), Field tests, Ohio, Optimization. This study concerned the optimization of asphaltic paving mixtures, through evaluation of: Marshall mix design characteristics considering the effects of ag- gregate type and gradation and compaction method; mixture optimization with respect to rutting characteris- tics; and optimization with respect to fatigue criteria. Surface course mixes were prepared with three aggre- gates (limestone-limestone sand, gravel-natural sand, and slag-slag sand) at three gradations (dense- graded, gap-graded and open-graded) and Marshall samples were prepared using kneading, gyratory and 50-blow drop hammer compaction. Effect of aggregate type and gradation on rutting and fatigue were also evaluated. PB82-220500/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Various Techniques Used in Textile Manufacture. Jun 71, 102p Keywords: 'Textile industry, 'Chemical industry, Man- ufacturing, Developing country application. This book is composed of several technical reports and leaflets outlining different techniques used in vari- ous aspects of textile production. The report titles are: Cleaning achieved and lint lost in blow room and card- ing; twist flow in the spinning zone yarn; sizing of poly- ester blend yarns; substitutes for mutton tallow in sizing; staggering of healds on looms - a means for reducing end breaks; short process in bleaching; stud- ies on vat dyeing; partial replacement of hydrosulphite in vat dyeing by other reducing agents; reduction of consumption of hydrosulphite in dyeing; effect of thick- ener composition on color yield in vat color printing; survey of resin finished fabrics. PB82-220526/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Concentration Specialists, Inc., Andover, MA. Design, Fabrication and Start-Up of a 25,000 GPD Absorption Freezing Vapor Compression Desali- nation Pilot Plant. Final rept. May 81, 70p W82-04724 Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -8502 Keywords: 'Desalination, Pilot plants, Performance evaluation, Design criteria, Revisions, Equipment. Concentration Specialists, Inc. designed, built, initiated start-up and began operational testing of a 25,000 gal- lons per day absorption freezing vapor compression (AFVC) sea water desalination plant at the Office of Water Research and Technology's Test Facility at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. The AFVC process is a novel freezing process based upon an absorption cycle powered by a heat pump. The energy savings and lack of corrosion of freezing compared to evapora- tive processes is a significant feature of this process. The pilot plant was designed to produce 25,000 gal- lons per day of fresh water while consuming 49 kWh of energy per 1000 gallons of product water. Upon design and fabrication, start-up and operational testing of the 122 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS pilot plant has shown the need for considerable proc- ess and component modification as would be expect- ed with a developmental process. By the end of the contract period, June 1980, the pilot plant produced 8000 gallons per day of product water under non- steady state operating conditions. Equipment modifi- cation continues toward increasing plant capacity and achieving steady state production. PB82-220674/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Water Resources Center. Influence of Chlorination and the Distribution System of Mutagens in a Potable Water Supply. Final rept., Robert Raymond Clark, and James B. Johnston. Mar 82, 149p UILU-WRC-82-0168, W82-04961, , OWRT- B-125-ILL(1) Contract DI-1 4-01 -0001 -91 48 Keywords: "Water treatment, * Potable water, Adsorp- tion. A growing number of studies have detected mutagens in public water supplies. This study examined a central Illinois public water supply and found the presence of mutagens dependent on mammalian metabolism (pro- mutagens) in addition to chlorination-related, direct- acting mutagens. Both kinds of mutagens were recov- ered by adsorption on polyurethane foam and quanti- tated by the Ames Salmonella/microsome reversion assay. Particulate matter collected from hydrant flush water at dead ends in the distribution system were found to harbor high amounts of two known carcino- gens and other unidentified mutagenic substances. These high levels of mutagens were not found in tap water, nor could the carcinogens be identified in the tap water. PB82-222308/GAA PC A99/MF E02 American Water Works Association Research Foun- dation, Denver, CO. Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held at Washington, DC. on August 23-28, 1981. Volume 3. 1981, 936p NSF/CEE-81100 Grant NSF-ISP81 -081 52 See also PB82-222316 through PB82-222811 and PB82-223637. Sponsored in part by Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, DC, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, DC. and Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Keywords: *Waste water reuse, 'Industrial wastes, "Agriculture, Economic factors, Public health, Quality, Legislation, Energy, Monitoring, Mathematical models, Project planning, Marketing, Law(Jurisprudence), Con- straints, Water conservation, Energy development. The Symposium was devoted to the renovation and reuse of wastewaters from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources. The proceedings are divided into eleven chapters addressing key concerns that must be satisfied prior to successful implementation of water reuse. Economics, regulatory and legal constraints, health effects, water quality needs, planning, and engi- neering, among other factors, are covered for wastewater sources and water users. Volume 3 fo- cuses on health and quality considerations, legal issues, reuse in the energy industry, monitoring and modeling, and planning and marketing for reuse. PB82-222977/GAA (Order as PB82-222944/GAA, PC A03/MF A01) Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Agricultural Experiment Station. Microbiological Profile of Pacific Shrimp, Panda- lus jordani', Stowed Under Refrigerated Seawater Spray, J. S. Lee, and Edward Kolbe. Mar 82, 6p TECHNICAL PAPER-5757 Included in Marine Fisheries Review, v44 n3 p12-17 Mar 82. Keywords: * Microbiology, *Food storage, Sea water, Growth, Food deterioration, Pacific shrimp. Microbial counts of refrigerated seawater, which held shrimp at -1.1 C (30F) for 3 days, varied depending on the systems examined. Although Flavobacterium-Cy- tophaga sp. predominated the microbial flora of initial seawater (46%), the microbial population in subse- quently refrigerated seawater was dominated by Mor- axella sp. (96%) in one instance and Pseudomonas sp (88%) in another. Moraxella sp. were the most difficult to eliminate on the fishing vessels, and poorly washed shrimp tended to yield more Arthrobacter sp. Most microorganisms grew poorly washed shrimp tended to yield more Arthrobacter sp. Most microorganisms grew poorly in chilled seawater. PB82-223082/GAA PC A99/MF A01 American Water Works Association Research Foun- dation, Denver, CO. Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held at Washington, DC. on August 23-28, 1981. Volume 1. 1981, 81 9p NSF/CEE-81098 Grant NSF-ISP81 -081 52 See also PB82-223090 through PB82-223629 and PB82-223637. Sponsored in part by Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, DC, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, DC. and Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Waste water reuse, 'Industrial wastes, "Agriculture, Economic factors, Regulations, Con- straints, Legislation, Public health, Water pollution, Civil engineering, Water conservation, Financing, Water reclamation, Water supply, Global, Recycling. The symposium was devoted to the renovation and reuse of wastewaters from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources. The proceedings are divided into eleven chapters addressing key concerns that must be satisfied prior to successful implementation of water reuse. Economics, regulatory and legal constraints, health effects, water quality needs, planning, and engi- neering, among other factors, are covered for wastewater sources and water users. The proceedings demonstrate that significant global interest exists in wastewater reuse, that recycling concepts are being applied to a broad range of functions, that application of water reuse may be highly situation-dependent, and that reuse applications are important solutions for the conservation of water. Volume 1 focuses on: (1) needs and funding alternatives for water reuse in the future; (2) municipal wastewater reclimation and reuse and water supply augmentation; (3) water reuse around the world; and (4) industiral recycling and reuse. PB82-223637/GAA PC A99/MF E02 American Water Works Association Research Foun- dation, Denver, CO. Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held at Washington, DC. on August 23-28, 1981. Volume 2. 1981, 894p NSF/CEE-81099 Grant NSF-ISP81 -081 52 See also PB82-223645 through PB82-223793, PB82- 221912 through PB82-222290, PB82-223082 and PB82-222308. Sponsored in part by Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, DC, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, DC. and Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Waste water reuse, "Industrial wastes, "Agriculture, Water reclamation, Food industry, Re- search projects, Water conservation, Operations, Sewage treatment, Farms, Marketing, Monitoring, Public health, Water supply, Financing, Project plan- ning, Potable water. The symposium was devoted to the renovation and reuse of wastewaters from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources. The proceedings are divided into eleven chapters addressing key concerns that must be satisfied prior to successful implementation of water reuse. Economics, regulatory and legal constraints, health effects, water quality needs, planning, and engi- neering, among other factors, are covered for wastewater sources and water users. Volume 2 fo- cuses on agricultural reuse, food industry recycling, and R and D treatment operations. PB82-223967/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Boyle Engineering Corp., Newport Beach, CA. Evaluation of Agriculture Irrigation Projects Using Reclaimed Water. Evaluation rept. Mar 81, 248p SWRCB-2 Keywords: "Waste water reuse, "Irrigation, Subsurface irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation, Water pollution, Soil properties, Drainage, Cultivation, Subsurface drainage, Chemical properties, Poisons, Saline soils, Permeabil- ity, Toxicity, Leaching, Water reclamation, California. The purpose of this report is to identify the benefits and limitations of using reclaimed municipal wastewater for agricultural irrigation in California and to establish a data base for planning future wastewater reclamation projects. This report is based on a review of 21 wastewater reclamation projects where re- claimed water is used for agricultural irrigation. PB82-223991/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Wisconsin Univ.-Milwaukee. Center for Urban Trans- portation Studies. Examination of Methods for Coordination of Transportation Planning Activities. Final rept. Oct 81 -Apr 82, R. Schmitt, J. Weitman, and E. Beimborn. Apr 82, 105p UMTA-WI-1 1-0007-82-1 Grant DOT-UMTA-WI-1 1-0007 Keywords: "Transportation management, "Urban planning, Coordination, States(United States), Deci- sion making, Local government, Transportation plan- ning. The purpose of this study was to examine alternative means by which Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) coordinate transportation planning activities in different areas of the country. The study involved an inventory of the MPOs representing the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. The inventory provided a cross-sectional view of transportation planning in these areas. In this study MPOs were found to general- ly perform effectively as a forum for decision-making. Relationships with transit agencies and units of local government were typically good, especially where the MPO has adopted a service-oriented philosophy to- wards these agencies. Relationships between MPOs and states are more complex with different degrees of local autonomy. PB82-225533/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (India). Research and Development Management: Con- cepts and Techniques, 1974, 173p Prepared in cooperation with Administrative Staff Col- lege India, Hyberabad. Keywords: "Management techniques, "Research and development, Personnel management, Organizations, Resources, India, Developing country application. The volume contains the views of the management ex- perts as they try to apply the principles of the manage- ment sciences to the problems of research institutions in India. This book is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a collection of papers and discussions that concern general topics, such as the social role of science, and the management process for R & D orga- nizations. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are concerned with the management areas of organization structure and dy- namics, R&D project management, and management of human resources. PB82-225657/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Koba Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. Chemical Information Resources Handbook. Toxics Integration Information series (Final), Brian Karnovsky, John King, Pam Thielmann, Kevin Gleason, and Mitch Baer. Jan 80, 208p EPA-560/ TIIS-81-001 Contract EPA-68-01-5961 Keywords: "Information systems, Toxicology, Regula- tions, "Toxic substances. This handbook describes several of the more impor- tant chemical information resources available and ac- cessible through government and private organiza- tions. The handbook provides a framework for search- ing and retrieving information on chemical toxicology, environmental effects, spill responses, disposal meth- ods, ambient air and water concentrations, control technologies, and existing regulations. This is a part of the Toxics Integration and Information series. 123 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB82-225871/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Dept. of Civil and Urban Engineering. Train Crew Reduction for Increased Productivity of Rail Transit. Final rept., V. R. Vuchic, R. Clarke, M. C. Fenton, IV, M. Lu, and T. J. Potter, Jr. Feb 82, 92p UMTA-PA-1 1-0023-82-2 Contract DOT-UMTA-PA-1 1-0023 See also PB82-225863. Keywords: 'Management planning, *Rail transporta- tion, Urban areas, * Productivity, Manpower, Reduc- tion, Cost engineering. Since operating personnel in transit usually represent a substantial, sometimes dominant portion of its labor force, productivity of operating personnel is the major determinant of overall labor productivity in transit agencies. This study focuses on labor productivity in operations of rail transit systems. The focus is on rail systems since rail modes have a considerable poten- tial to achieve an extremely high level of labor produc- tivity through utilization of modern operating practices which have not yet been introduced in many cities. PB82-2261 19/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Gellman Research Associates, Inc., Jenkintown, PA. Relationship Between Industrial Concentration, Firm Size, and Technological Innovation. Final rept., Stephen Feinman. Jun 82, 195p Contract SBA-2652-0A-79 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, Industries, Capital, Eco- nomic analysis, Organization structure, *Small busi- nesses. The study tests the following hypotheses: (1) the fre- quency of innovation is inversely proportional to indus- try concentration; (2) the time required for the innova- tion process to be completed is not a function of indus- try concentration; (3) old capital intensive industry sec- tors are less intensive than new, capital intensive in- dustry sectors; (4) the time required for completion of the innovation process is the same in small firms as in large and medium-size firms; and (5) small firms in dif- fuse industries are more innovative than small firms in concentrated industries. PB82-226929/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Cambridge Univ. (England). Dept. of Engineering. Centrifugal Testing of Microconcrete Retaining Walls Subjected to Base Shaking, M. D. Bolton, and R. S. Steedman. 1982, 23p CUED/D-SOILS/TR-1 20-1 982 Also pub. as ISSN-0309-7539. Keywords: 'Earthquakes, Model tests, Vibration, Rein- forced concrete, Backfills, Lateral pressure, 'Earth- quake engineering. The essence of centrifugal model testing lies in the use of materials similar to those employed in the field, formed in similar geometries with every dimension in the model reduced by the scaling factor n, and the model subjected to centripetal accelerations n times earth's gravity. Boundary conditions should be repli- cated as closely as possible in terms of stress or scaled displacement. The specific objective of the tests reported was to observe and classify the behav- ior of reinforced concrete cantilever walls with granular backfill, subjected to simplified earthquakes of various intensities. PB82-227430/GAA PC E10/MF E10 Dundee Univ. (Scotland). Approaches to the Teaching of Essentials of Anat- omy in Developing Countries. Master's thesis, Indra Bhargava. May 79, 230p Keywords: 'Education, Instructional materials, Devel- oping countries, Iran, Instructors, Methodology, Devel- oping country application. Medical education in developing countries is faced with an acute shortage of men, material, money and management. While teaching anatomy in Iran, the author was faced with a complex situation with abun- dant money and a formidable language barrier on ac- count of poor knowledge of English on part of the stu- dents. In response to these local problems, he evolved a diagrammatic approach involving a purposive and discriminatory coloring of predrawn diagrams, depict- ing essential anatomical characteristics of the region. These diagrams were compiled in form of a workbook. It was hypothesized that this approach will result in better learning through motivation, render instruction more conveniently and easily managed andimprove the attitudes towards anatomy. The effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the responses to a question- naire and examination scores of ttudents taught with and without the aid of a workbook. PB82-228693/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Busines Finance: Small Firms' Access to Public Equity Financing, Hans R. Stoll. Feb 82, 82p* ITFOSBF-82/02 See also PB82-228685, and PB82-228701 . Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial management, Capital, Invest- ments, Cost analysis, 'Small businesses. The study discusses the factors that affect small busi- ness' use of public financing, in terms of the costs to the small business and to investors. It suggests that in both the primary and secondary equity markets the costs of financing are more than most small firms can manage. The principal costs include: underwriting fees for new equity issues as well as spreads and commis- sions on traded securities. These changes are typically higher for small business because of the small financ- ing amount, infrequently traded securities, and lack of investor information about the firm. PB82-228735/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: Tax Policy and Small Business Financing, Thomas S. McCaleb. Feb 82, 62p* ITFOSBF-82/06 See also PB82-228727, and PB82-228743. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Taxes, Risk, Economic impact, Corpora- tions, Incentives, Fiscal policies, 'Small businesses, Loans. The report discusses the effects of taxation on invest- ment risk-taking and on sources of small business fi- nancing. For providing risk-taking incentives, the author states that a progressive tax is less favorable to risk-taking than a proportional tax. Also, the inclusion of some form of loss offset is favorable to risk-taking. Small businesses, however, may not be able to take advantage of an offset provision because they may not have the current, past, or future income to fully utilize the offset. Therefore, a loss is relatively more signifi- cant to a small business, raising the risk of investing in it. Taxation also affects sources of financing. Because interest on debt is tax deductible and dividends are not, firms are encouraged to finance with debt. PB82-228743/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: The Impact of Usury Laws on the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Operation of Small Business, R. Richardson Pettit, and John J. McConnell. Feb 82, 75p* ITFOSBF-82/07 See also PB82-228735, and PB82-228750. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial management, Financing, Legis- lation, Competition, Credit, Management analysis, 'Small businesses, Loans. The study takes an extensive look at the effect of inter- est rate ceilings on the behavior of lenders and thus the effect on small business borrowers. The study gives both empirical and theoretical arguments for the actual effects of rate ceilings on lenders and borrow- ers. It is shown that as rate ceilings become more re- strictive high risk borrowers, both consumers and busi- ness, are eliminated from the market. Also as the re- strictions become more severe, lenders shift capital to less restrictive markets, and the structure of loans change to shorter maturities and smaller loan sizes. PB82-228776/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Oregon State Personnel Div., Salem. Studies of Small Business Finance: Role of Small Business in the American Economy, Lawrence J. White. Feb 82, 73p* ITFOSBF-82/10 See also PB82-228768, and PB82-228784. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Economic development, Regression anal- ysis, Employment, Sales, Economic analysis, 'Small businesses. The study provides a two-part explanation of small bu- siness's role in the economy. The first part takes a cur- rent and historical look at the relative importance of small business in various sectors of the economy. In the second part, a quantitative approach is used to ex- plain why small businesses fare better in some sectors of the economy and not in other sectors. The study uses extensive sales and employment data as well as regresssion analysis to support the findings. PB82-228784/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Oregon State Personnel Div., Salem. Studies of Small Business Finance: Who Finances Small Business Circa 1980, Victor L. Andrews, and Peter C. Eisemann. Feb 82, 35p* ITFOSBF-82-11 See also PB82-228776, and PB82-228792. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Banking, Fi- nance, Banks(Buildings), Credit, 'Small businesses, Loans. The study explains the different sources of financing available to a small business and how each source af- fects the small business community. The sources cov- ered include: Trade Debt, Commercial Banks, Insur- ance Companies, Finance Companies, and Govern- ment. PB82-228834/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: Credit Ration- ing and Small Business Finance, Stuart I. Greenbaum, George Kanatas, and Sudhakar D. Deshmukh. Feb 82, 49p* ITFOSBF-82/16 See also PB82-228826, and PB82-228842. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial managment, 'Banking, Banking business, Economic models, 'Small businesses, Inter- est rate, Loans, Brokerage industry, Financial services. In their study, the authors explain credit rationing and how it affects small businesses' chances of financing through loans. With the help of a mathematical model the decision processes of two lender types are dis- cussed. The first type of lender, an asset-transformer, acquires funds in anticipation of loan demand, at a fixed-rate and is relatively less sensitive to an appli- cant's qualifications. The second lender type is a broker, who acquires lendable funds as needed and, assuming constantly increasing interest rates, has rel- atively greater costs. A broker will also be more critical of applicant risk than the asset-transformer. PB82-228842/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: Credit Cards and the Financing of Small Businesses, Lewis Mandell. Feb 82, 29p* ITFOSBF-82/17 See also PB82-228834, and PB82-228859. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial management, Economic impact, Credit, Liabilities, 'Small businesses, Financial serv- ices, Loans. The author in this study discusses the effects of credit cards on credit in general, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of credit card acceptance by small businesses. To illustrate the cards' effect on credit the author points out that the ratio of consumer credit to retail sales has remained about constant for the period 124 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS of 1969 through 1979. However, the amount of credit retailers carry, as accounts receivables, has declined in relative terms over the same period. This may be attributed to the rapid growth of bank card credit. As far as small businesses are concerned, the benefits of accepting bank cards include: reduced cost of credit operations, fewer losses, and a wider customer base. PB82-228859/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: The Impact of Bank Regulation on Small Business Financing, Harry P. Guenther. Feb 82, 81 p* ITFOSBF-82/18 See also PB82-228842, and PB82-228867. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial management, "Banking, Eco- nomic impact, Credit, Risk, 'Small businesses, Loans, Financial services. The study is a detailed investigation of how govern- ment regulations restrict banks' abilities to finance small businesses. At the heart of the problem is the perception of some bankers and especially regulators that small businesses pose a greater risk than large businesses. The author states that this is not neces- sarily true but that there is no hard evidence that re- flects the rate of failure between small and large busi- nesses. Most regulations are designed to avert risk. Some, in their attempt to avert risk, actually prevent a bank from reducing the risk of a given loan. PB82-228867/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: Lease Financ- ing: An Attractive Method of Financing for Small Firms, Oswald D. Bowlin. Feb 82, 17p* ITFOSBF-82/19 See also PB82-228859, and PB82-228875. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Financial management, Cost analysis, Assets, Risk, 'Small businesses. A large increase in the use of leasing has occurred in the last fifteen years. This is primarily due, according to the author, to high interest rates keeping firms out of the long-term capital markets. The study states that leasing can produce many benefits sver the purchase of the same asset. The cost of leasing can be lower than the cost of purchasing due to a wide variety of tax and purchasing advantages on the part of the lessor. Additional advantages to both parties include: reduced default risk, avoidance of technological obsolesence, and built-in financing. The study concludes that a lease offers significant advantages, especially to a small firm that has difficulty obtaining financing. PB82-228891/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Interagency Task Force on Small Business Finance, Washington, DC. Studies of Small Business Finance: Changes in Commercial Banking Structure and Small Business Lending, Bernard Shull. Feb 82, 43p* ITFOSBF-82/22 See also PB82-228883, and PB82-228909. Also available in set of 23 reports PC E99, PB82- 228677. Keywords: 'Banking, 'Financial management, Eco- nomic impact, Credit, Finance, Banks(Buildings), 'Small businesses, Financial services, Loans, Holding companies. The structure of commercial banking has changed dra- matically in the past twenty years. These changes in- clude: the growth of branch banking and bank holding companies, an increase in number and decrease in concentration of local banking markets, and the growth of foreign banks operating in the domestic market. In the study, the author investigates the effect of these changes on lending to small businesses. PB82-229063/GAA PC A16/MF A01 California State Water Resources Control Board, Sac- ramento. Wastewater Reuse for Groundwater Recharge: Proceedings of the Symposium Held on Septem- ber 6-7, 1979 at the Kellogg West Center for Con- tinuing Education, California State Polytechnic University at Pomona, Takashi Asano, and Paul V. Roberts. May 80, 360p SWRCB-3 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Dept. of Civil Engineering. Keywords: 'Sewage treatment, 'Ground water, 'Waste water reuse, 'Microbiology, Salinity, Public health, Water reclamation, International relations, Poli- cies, Saline soils, Desalting, Hydrology, Aquifers, Per- colation, Water supply, Water conservation. This publication reports the proceedings of a symposi- um which addressed technical and policy issues relat- ed to water reclamation for groundwater recharge. Issues included are: Health and water issues; treat- ment reliability and monitoring; fate of micropollutants in groundwater; groundwater recharge practices - international and U.S. case studies; panel discussion on policy issues and a symposium summary. PB82-229279/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA. Vulnerability of Transportation and Water Systems to Science Hazards (Abstracts of Theses), D. Bresko, and R. A. Shimizu. 1980, 16p NSF/RA- 800637 Grant NSF-PFR75-20977 Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Transportation, Abstracts, Transportation models, 'Water supply, Cost analysis, Water distribution, Theses, Probability theory, 'Earth- quake engineering. A methodology for quantifying seismic risk to lifeline systems, specifically, water and transportation net- works, was developed and demonstrated. The meas- ure of seismic risk was defined as the annual probabili- ty exceedance function for system loss, in dollars, where system loss is the sum of repair costs and user losses. User loss was obtained by implementing a net- work analysis with demand functions established as the economic measure of service benefit. The area under the demand function provided a measure of the loss in user benefits. Procedures from operations re- search were transferred to a numerical seismic hazard simulation. Some new applications for probabilistic graph theory were developed in the process. Example applications culminated in a water system analysis based upon the Salt Lake City system, and a transpor- tation system analysis of the eastern corridor of Pitts- burgh. In all examples studied, user losses were, on the average, of the same order or magnitude as repair costs. In the absence of any specific analysis, the total lifeline loss may be roughly estimated as a doubling of the repair costs themselves. PB82-229303/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Alaska Sea Grant Coll. Program, Fairbanks. Proceedings of the North Pacific Aquaculture Symposium, Held in Anchorage, Alaska, August 18-21, 1980, and Newport, Oregon, August 25-27, 1980, Brenda R. Melteff, and Richard A. Neve. Jan 82, 349p ASG-82-2, NOAA-82060307 Grant NA81AA-D-00009 Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Ecology, Animal physiology, Genetics, Respiration, Breeding, Metabolism, Diets, Nutrients, International law, Animal diseases, United States, Japan, Canada, Sea Grant Program. In 1979 scientists from Canada, Japan, U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. agreed to the concept of a four nation scien- tific exchange in the field of aquaculture. The Universi- ty of Alaska in cooperation with Oregon State Universi- ty and the University of Washington hosted this scien- tific exchange. The proceedings includes 40 papers which are divided into ten topic areas: marine ecologi- cal interaction, aquaculture, lake enhancement, envi- ronmental stress and fish quality and survival, genetic problems in salmon enhancement, physiology of smol- tification, nutrition requirements of Pacific salmon, ad- vances in shellfish culture, disease distribution in Pa- cific salmon, and international law problems of salmon management. PB82-229329/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Albemarle County Medical Society, Charlottesville, VA. Optimization Models for Management Decision- Making: Executive Summary and Final Report. Rept. for 1 Sep 80-30 Nov 81 , Edward C. Wilson. 1982, 37p NCHSR-82-47 Grant PHS-HS-02738 Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Health, 'Manage- ment techniques, 'Health planning, Models, Decision making, Problem solving, Computer programming, Di- arrhea, Management information systems. The project was devoted to the development of a methodology for a computer-based medical informa- tion system that would provide relevant information useful to physicians in problem solving, while accom- modating a wide range of user preferences. An algo- rithm for the prototypical problem, acute diarrhea in adults, has been developed, validated, and evaluated which attains these goals. The software for the system is written in PASCAL-M and is operative both in micro- computer and minicomputer environments. PB82-229451/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Birch and Davis Associates, Inc., Silver Spring, MD. Guide to Development of Health Maintenance Or- ganizations. Mar 82, 318p DHHS/PUB/PHS-82-50178 Contract PHS-282-81-0049CG Keywords: 'Health planning, 'Health care delivery, 'Health, Guidelines, Development, Organizations, Management engineering, Operations, Marketing, Fi- nance, Delivery of health care. The primary purpose of the Guide is to serve as a re- source document for persons interested in developing HMOs. In addition, managers of operating HMOs will find it an invaluable reference for themselves and a training tool for their boards of directors and staff. The Guide presents a comprehensive description of the five components of HMO operations, and most impor- tantly, devotes considerable attention to the interrela- tionships between the components and the challenge management faces in effectively integrating them. These operational components, or technical areas, are: legal, management/organization, health care de- livery, marketing and finance. Efficient and effective coordination of the HMO's systems in the five key technical areas promotes the earnings maximization objective. PB82-230368/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC. Center for Technology Applications. Guidebook for Assessing Stitching Room Innova- tions in Footwear Manufacturing. Foreign market survey rept. (Final), Leo W. Weisbeck, and George M. Barr. Jun 82, 109p ITA-82-26-073 Grants EDA-99-26-09881-10, EDA-99-26-07073-10 Prepared in cooperation with Kaplan (J. B.) and Co., Inc. U.S. sales only for 8 months. Available to foreign addressees in Mar 83. Keywords: 'Footwear, Sewing machines, 'Manage- ment planning, Process control, Management control reports, Production rate, Guidelines. Through this guidebook footwear manufacturers can assess their stitching room operations for innovation opportunities in an organized and consistent manner. Management's role in the stitching room is addressed, as well as an implementation scenario describing steps that a firm can take in implementing innovation and a hypothetical case study illustrating the assess- ment process. PB82-230467/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Underwater Inspection and Repair of Bridge Sub- structures, Final rept. H. C. Lamberton, Jr., Alfredo J. Sainz, Robert A. Crawford, William B. Ogletree, and James E. Gunn. Dec 81, 86p TRB/NCHRP/SYN-88, ISBN-0-309- 03407-8 Also pub. in ISSN-0547-5570. Library of Congress catalog no. 81-85777. Sponsored in part by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, Washington, DC, and Federal Highway Adminis- tration, Washington, DC. Report on National Coopera- 125 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tive Highway Research Program, Synthesis of High- way Practice. Paper copy also available from Transportation Re- search Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washing- ton, DC. 20418. Keywords: 'Bridges, "Maintenance, Underwater foun- dations, Underwater swimmers, Divers, Diving suits, Guidelines. This synthesis will be of special interest to bridge main- tenance engineers and others concerned with the in- spection and repair of bridge elements below the wa- terline. Problems with substructures are identified, and procedures, equipment, and techniques currently used for underwater inspection are evaluated. The methods and materials used for maintenance and repair of bridge substructures below the waterline are also de- scribed. PB82-230566/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California State Univ., Chico. Macroeconomic Implications of Energy Policy. Final rept., David E. Gallo. 15 Sep 80, 50p CAEC-1 10-80-004, , CAEC-95 Keywords: "Energy, "Economic analysis, Government policies, Fixed investment, State government, Capital, Financing, Labor estimates, "Energy conservation. The report examines the macroeconomic impacts of rising energy prices and the implications on state energy policy. The industrial sector is faced with rising energy prices and a very energy inefficient capital stock. Industry is also constrained by the availability of financial capital. A review of the empirical data shows that in the short-run, this situation has a negative effect on capital investment and leads to greater substitution of labor. This seems to indicate that there are limited financial opportunities for short-run energy conserva- tion within the existing capital stock. The long-run situ- ation, however, offers the potential for significant re- ductions in energy use, by replacement and new in- vestment in energy efficient plant and equipment. This again is within the limits of the overall supply of finan- cial capital. State energy policy should be directed toward incentives and regulations tailored specifically to encourage investments in energy efficient capital. Reallocating the existing stock of financial capital in this manner would be more effective than attempts to increase the aggregate supply of financial capital. PB82-231234/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Rexnord, Inc., Milwaukee, Wl. Engineering Control of Occupational Health Haz- ards in the Foundry Industry: Instructor's Guide. Final rept., Robert C. Scholz. Aug 81, 159p Sponsored in part by National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH. Keywords: "Safety, "Air pollution, "Occupational safety and health, "Industrial plants, Ventilation, Occu- pational diseases, Education, Air pollution, Hazards, Environmental engineering, Indoor air pollution, Occu- pational health services, Continuing education. This manual contains instructional resource material for a six-hour course module covering the engineering control of occupational health hazards in the foundry industry. The intended primary audience for the course is technical personnel responsible for developing and implementing engineering solutions to occupational health problems. The purpose of the course is to teach the principles and concepts underlying engineering control, through evaluation and discussion of in-place and functioning control measures found in industry. Prior to discussion of control measures, basic foundry processes are briefly described as well as foundry air contaminants and their sources and modes of disper- sion. Engineering control measures include material substitution, process isolation, and exhaust ventilation. Maintenance and monitoring of engineering control system performance is also discussed, in addition to housekeeping, and research and development for new and improved engineering control techniques. PB82-231309/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Miami Univ., Oxford, OH. Effect of Total Water Reuse and Alum Control on First Pass Retention. Final rept. 1 Apr 80-31 May 81, Michael D. Strutz. Mar 82, 97p EPA-600/2-82-012 Keywords: "Paper industry, Performance evaluation, Water pollution control, Design criteria, "Waste water reuse. Product quality deterioration, caused by poor wet end control and the resulting build up of dissolved inorgan- ic and organic contaminants, has hampered achieving complete water reuse in paper manufacturing. By using pulp-derived dissolved organic material, the study makes use of a dynamic retention/drainage jar to show the negative effects of these compounds on retention. Alum control is investigated as a means of improving retention in closed Whitewater systems through literature review and experimentation. A reten- tion control strategy for total water reuse is proposed. It is based on the measurement and manipulation of alum concentrations in the stock chest; in low shear systems where no polymer is used, to control the elec- trokinetic balance for proper coagulation, and in high shear systems where polymers are used to eliminate the negative effects due to alum/polymer interactions. PB82-231663/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Thermo Electron Corp., Waltham, MA. Development of Solar-Assisted Gas-Fired Appli- ances: Phase II. Final rept. Dec 80-Nov 81, K. G. Hagen, A. Levine, J. M. Colarusso, and A. I. Zakak. Dec 81, 21 5p TE4274-1 60-82, GRI-81/0017 Contract GRI-501 4-343-01 89 Keywords: "Solar energy, Utilization, "Drying, Dehumi- dification, Evaluation, Commercial sector, "Solar drying. An evaluation of applying solar assistance to commer- cial laundry drying and supermarket dehumidification was accomplished. The laundry drying project included experimental evaluation of the transient and steady- state characteristics of the hot air produced by an air- heating solar collector; experimental evaluation of the performance characteristics of a gas-fired laundry dryer as affected by varying the inlet air temperature and humidity; and an assessment of the characteris- tics of commercial laundries in relation to the potential commercialization of the solar-assisted dryer concept. The supermarket dehumidification project included an assessment of the relative latent and sensible cooling requirements as a function of geographic location; typ- ical design studies of the performance and cost effec- tiveness of desiccant dehumidification systems in this application; and the incremental effectiveness of solar assistance to desiccant regeneration. In both projects, the solar-assist feature is, at best, marginally cost ef- fective, including incentives, in the near term; however, the gas-fired only desiccant dehumidification concept is shown to be a potentially attractive alternative to vapor compression dehumidification with a potential for widespread application. PB82-232414/GAA PC A14/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ecological Aspects of Development in the Humid Tropics. 1982, 307p* ISBN-0-309-03235-0 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-3620. Spon- sored in part by Agency for International Development, Washington, DO, and National Park Service, Washing- ton, DC. See also PB82-213489. Keywords: "Ecology, "Natural resources, "Tropical re- gions, Agriculture, Forestry, Soils, Surface waters, Re- gional planning, Vegetation, Atmospheric temperature, Elevation, Distribution(Property), Biomass, Primary bi- ological productivity, Bioclimate. This 297-page report, much of it extensively docu- mented with citations to published literature, indicates the chief patterns through which people utilize the humid tropics, provides a concise description of humid tropical ecosystems, and focuses on certain critical as- pects of the situation - renewable natural resources, germplasm resources, agriculture, forested lands, soil, and surface water. There is a brief treatment of region- al development as seen from an ecological perspec- tive. PB82-234568/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Engineering Re- search Center. Watercourse Improvement Manual. Technical rept., Thomas J. Trout, and W. Doral Kemper. 1980, 244p Water Management-TR-58, AID-PN-AAJ-012 Grant AID/ta-C-1 411 Keywords: "Irrigation, "Pakistan, Ditches, Water distri- bution, Farms, Manuals, Soils, Permeability, Mainte- nance, "Water supply, Developing country application. In the arid and semiarid regions which comprise 50% of the world's arable land, water is the critical input on which food production increases depend. This manual discusses processes (of interest to planners) and techniques (of use to engineers, economists, and soci- ologists) to improve the efficiency of tertiary irrigation conveyance systems (ditches, laterals, and other small watercourses) which convey water from large canals to individual farms. Although the procedures outlined in the manual were developed on the basis of condi- tions in Pakistan, they are applicable where similar conditions obtain. PB82-234592/GAA PCA04/MFA01 ..I Florida Univ., Gainesville. Dept. of Animal Science. , * Agricultural Sector Assessment: Livestock Sub- ■ sector for Haiti, Joseph H. Conrad. 1979, 75p AID-PN-AAH-958 Contract AID/la-C-1 261 Keywords: "Agriculture, "Crops, "Livestock, "Haiti, Management, Land use, Manpower, Pasture, Farming, Leguminous plants, Forage grasses, Production, De- veloping country application. Livestock production, although often studied inde- pendently of other agricultural activities, is closely linked to cropping systems and to the use of land and labor resources. This report assesses the livestock subsector in Haiti as an integral part of the country's crop/farming system and suggests strategies for Gov- ernment of Haiti (GOH) action. The first section exam- ines the diversity of livestock types in Haiti's five de- partments and the four most commonly used manage- ment methods-free roaming, staking out, open range herding, and fenced pasture. The author advocates the inclusion of livestock enterprises in farming sys- tems to improve farm efficiency, food production, and profitability. PB82-235516/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC. Minerals Data Source Directory. Information circular/ 1982. May 82, 302p BUMINES-IC-8881 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-600142. Keywords: "Information sources, "Minerals, National government, Directories, Industries, Commerce, Con- sumption. The Minerals Data Source Directory is a compilation of descriptive information on the availability, content, and location of minerals data in the Federal Government. It is intended to assist Government personnel and the general public in locating and acquiring minerals infor- mation. Included in the Directory are descriptions of data bases, publications, information systems, and in- formation offices containing data pertaining to all as- pects of mineral production, consumption, trade, and related information. These mineral data sources in- clude the Federal agencies such as the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey whose major mission is the collection and dissemina- tion of mineral information. Also included are agencies such as the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, State, and Treasury, and the Central Intelli- gence Agency, whose primary mission is the collection of data in nonmineral subject areas, but in which the mineral industry is a component. PB82-236571/GAA PC A13/MF A01 National Water Supply Improvement Association, Ips- wich, MA. Role of Desalting Technology in Water Supply, Wastewater Reuse and Industrial Applications: A Compilation of Papers Presented at a Series of Technology Transfer Workshops. Final rept. 1981, 278p* W82-05543, , OWRT-C-80360- T(8709)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -8709 126 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: "Desalination, 'Water supply, "Industrial wastes, Technology, Sea water, Recirculation, Nation- al government, State government, "Waste water reuse, Reverse osmosis. A compilation of papers presented at four 1978-79 technology transfer workshops on 'The Role of Desalt- ing Technology in Water Supply, Wastewater Reuse and Industrial Applications' is presented. The material covered is focused towards the enhancement of water resources through technological applications of water demineralization. The papers are segregated into three major categories: overview; case histories; Fed- eral and State programs. Participants of the work- shops represent a cross-section of the water desalting industry, including engineering consultants, Federal, State, and local water engineers and managers, and representatives of water treatment equipment. As availability of usable water resources decreases and water demand increases, planners must consider greater use of advanced technologies for desalination and wastewater reclamation. Demineralization of brackish ground and domestic wastewater and sea- water conversion are existing activity areas that need technological and practical growth. Topics considered include: desalting processes and pretreatment; wastewater reuse and groundwater recharge; reverse osmosis operations; industrial wastewater recovery through vapor compression evaporation; current and future desalting technology; desalination programs of the U.S. Department of Interior's Office of Water Re- search and Technology; and desalting operations in various localities (Virginia, Arizona, Texas, Colorado, California). PB82-236993/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Ebon Research Systems, Washington, DC. Emerging Technologies for the Control of Hazard- ous Wastes. Final rept., Barbara H. Edwards, John N. Paullin, and Kathleen Coghlan-Jordan. Mar 82, 158p* EPA-600/2-82-01 1 Contract EPA-68-03-2787 Keywords: *Waste disposal, Technology, Surveys, Ox- idation, Fluidized bed processing, Fused salts, Inciner- ators, Catalysis, Ultraviolet radiation, Economics. Investigations were conducted of new and emerging technologies for the disposal of hazardous wastes. These methods involve new technologies or a recent variation of an established one. In addition, a question- naire survey was made of potential users of hazardous waste information. The need for a data base for emerging hazardous waste technologies and/or a newsletter was evaluated. Information on the emerg- ing technologies was acquired by computerized search, library searching, and personal contacts. The emerging technologies discussed include molten salt combustion, fluidized bed incineration, high energy electron treatment of trace organic compounds in aqueous solution, the catalyzed wet oxidation of toxic chemicals, dehalogenation of compounds by treat- ment with ultraviolet (UV) light and hydrogen, UV/ chlorinolysis of organics in aqueous solution, the cata- lytic hydrogenation-dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and ultraviolet/ozone destruction. Theory, specific wastes treated, and economics are discussed. PB82-237041/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Radian Corp., McLean, VA. Source Test and Evaluation Report: Alcohol Facili- ty for Gasohol Production. Final rept.Oct 78-Feb 80, R. M. Scarberry, M. P. Papai, Paul E. Mills, and Thomas J. Powers, III. Apr 82, 199p EPA/600/7-82- 018 Contract EPA-68-03-2667 Keywords: *Ethanol, "Industrial plants, Blends, Fer- mentation, 'Environmental surveys, Regulations, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, 'Gasohol. This study defines the requirements for environmental sampling and analysis of alcohol-producing facilities capable of supporting a Gasohol industry and applies these requirements to the environmental characteriza- tion of an alcohol plant. This document includes a con- ceptual design of a grain alcohol plant using a coal- fired boiler that is projected to be typical of future plants which will support a Gasohol industry. Environ- mental control options are also discussed based on a comparison of alcohol plant stream compositions with environmental regulations. The results of this study provide preliminary information on the environmental consequences of large-scale fermentation ethanol plants which will provide alcohol for Gasohol. PB82-237124/GAA PC A12/MF A01 New York State Dept. of Transportation, Albany. Energy Impacts of Transportation Systems Man- agement Actions. Final rept. Oct 81, 256p DOT-l-82-4 Contract UMTA-NY-09-8006 Keywords: 'Transportation management, 'Energy, In- structional materials, 'Traffic engineering, Buses(Vehicles), Surveys, Carpools. The document is a handbook of simple analysis tech- niques that can be used to assess the direct energy impact of transportation systems management (TSM) actions. It contains step-by-step instructions to com- plete worksheets that have been included. Sample case studies are also included which demonstrate the use of the analysis procedures. TSM actions dis- cussed include computer signal systems, ramp meter- ing, carpooling, one-way streets and other traffic oper- ations changes, parking management, pricing proce- dures, shuttle bus services, park-and-ride operations, and transit marketing. The techniques covered require minimum data input, reasonable staff time and exper- tise, and no computer use. They should therefore appeal to a variety of user groups. PB82-237132/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Maryland State Highway Administration, Brookland- ville. Bureau of Research. Evaluation of Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel in Bridge Decks. Interim rept., K. Satinder, and P. E. Munjal. Mar 81, 139p FHWA/ MD-82/03 Keywords: 'Bridges, Reinforcing steels, Protective coatings, Corrosion prevention, Evaluation. This report presents the evaluation of the effective- ness of epoxy coated reinforcing steel in bridge decks. It describes the procedures applied to evaluate the ef- fectiveness. A comparison of the cost per pound of epoxy coated reinforcing steel which includes cost of steel, coating, shipping and placing in bridge decks, is made with the conventional steel. Electrical resistance and potential readings were observed each year for five years and are included in this report. Also chloride ion content analysis on Category I bridge decks was made which indicated that the concentration at the rebar level has not reached to the threshold level of active corrosion. Condition surveys of all the Category II bridge decks were done each year and no sign of deterioration has been noticed so far, i.e., scaling and spalling. Some hairline cracks were noticed which have been explained in the report. PB82-237504/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. New Technologies to Raise Agricultural Efficien- cies. Agriculture information bulletin, Robert G. McElroy, and Kenneth R. Krause. Aug 82, 47p* AIB-453 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Agriculture, 'Agricultural ma- chinery, Plant genetics, Cultivation, Harvesting, Animal diseases, Farm crops, Greenhouses, Livestock, Hy- bridization, Policies, Tractors, Harvestors, Swine, Ge- netic engineering. New technologies and continuing reseach have poised American agriculture on the threshold of a new tech- nological era. Genetic engineering and improvements in plant and animal breeding promise new high-yield plants and animals. Innovations in chemistry promise higher crop yields and improved treatment of animal diseases. New machines and equipment will signifi- cantly increase farm size and efficiency. To be imple- mented, however, the new technologies will have to demonstrate their efficiency and safety. PB82-237702/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge. Research and Development Section. Evaluation of Drainage Pipe by Field Experimenta- tion and Supplemental Laboratory Experimenta- tion. Interim rept. no. 3, Jul 72-Nov 81, William H. Temple, Masood Rasoulian, and Bruce J. Gueho. Nov 81, 59p RR-154, FHWA-LA-82/154 See also PB-283 681. Keywords: 'Pipes, 'Corrosion, Galvanized materials, Zinc coatings, Steels, Aluminum, Durability, Field tests, pH, Electrical resistivity, Soil properties, Culverts, Lou- isiana. This study represents an investigation of the durability properties of coated and uncoated, corrugated, galva- nized steel and aluminum drainage pipe in Louisiana. The highly corrosive environments in some areas of the state make durability requirements of metal pipe as critical as strength requirements. Research and main- tenance personnel of the Department installed ten types of metal drainage pipes at each of ten locations in 1973. An eleventh type of drainage pipe was added to each location for evaluation in 1975. In 1977 the investigators installed the battery of test culverts at an- other test site where the environment differed from that of the previous ten locations. Research personnel selected the test sites based on geographical location and on the pH and electrical resistivity values of the soil and effluent. PB82-237850/GAA PC A08/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Symbols for Industrial Safety. Final rept., Belinda L. Collins, Neil D. Lerner, and Brian C. Pierman. Apr 82, 158p NBSIR-82-2485 Sponsored in part by National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV. Keywords: 'Industrial plants, Coding, Comprehension, Perception, Visibility, Accuracy, Communicating, Standards, Visual perception, 'Occupational safety and health. A four phase evaluation of a set of selected industrial worksite symbols is described. The four phases in- volved identification of 33 key safety messages, selec- tion of candidate symbols for each message, evalua- tion of the understandability of the candidate symbols, and determination of the preference for the 87 candi- date images, using both industrial and nonindustrial (naive) personnel. PB82-237892/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA. Proceedings of the U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aqua- culture (6th), Santa Barbara, California, August 27- 28, 1977. Technical rept., Carl J. Sindermann. Mar 82, 72p NOAA-TR-NMFS- CIRC-442, NOAA-82051005 See also report dated 1 975, PB-260 452. Keywords: 'Fishes, Animal nutrition, 'Aquaculture, Feeding stuffs, Crustacea, Salmon, Diets, Larvae, United States, Japan, Proteins, Circulation, Growth, Fatty acids, Phytoplankton, Sea grasses, Algae, Aquatic plants, Sea Grant program, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Homarus americanus. A collection of five papers constitute the Proceedings of the Sixth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquacu'ture, held in Santa Barbara, California on August 27-28, 1977. The papers presented by Japanese panel members are: Information on the culture of phytoplankton for aquacultural needs in Japan; Recent problems of nori (Porphyra spp.) culture in Japan; and the present status of brown algae culture in Japan. Papers pre- sented by U.S. panel members are: The use of phyto- plankton for aquaculture needs-a status report and Seaweed cultivation: a review. PB82-237900/GAA PC A17/MF A01 De Leuw, Cather-Parsons and Associates, Washing- ton, DC. Northeast Corridor Improvement Project Task 211: B and P Tunnel Polymer Concrete Field Trials, Bal- timore, Maryland. Final rept. Feb 80-Feb 82. Feb 82, 376p FRA-RNC-82-1 Contract DOT-FR-76048 127 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Prepared in cooperation with Silikal North America, Inc., Bridgeport, CT. Keywords: "Plastics, *Rail transportation, Concrete, Polymers, Portland cements, Footings, Precast con- crete, Materials tests, Field tests, Maryland, Baltimore(Maryland). The report details activities, test results, construction techniques, and other pertinent data and information developed in connection with the Baltimore & Poto- mac (B&P) Tunnel polymer concrete field trials. The field trials were conducted for two purposes. A primary purpose was development of the equipment, construc- tion techniques, and experience necessary to effec- tively design, plan, and estimate costs for the B&P Tunnel invert rehabilitation. Another primary purpose was to obtain sufficient information about polymer ma- terial to determine those characteristics required for rehabilitation of the tunnel invert. PB82-239500/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. Resumen Bibliografico de los Trabajos de Investi- gacion Sobre la Utilizacion de Algunas Cosechas Tropicales Llevados a Cabo en el Laboratorio de Tecnologia de Alimentos, 1951-1979 (An Anno- tated Bibliography of Tropical Crops Processing Research Conducted at the Food Technology Lab- oratory, 1951-1979), F. Sanchez Nieva. Aug 80, 75p PUB-136 Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB82- 239492. Keywords: 'Crops, *Food, *Fruits, 'Tropical regions, 'Food processing, Citrus fruits, Dehydration, Cold stor- age, Frozen foods, Milk, Coffee, Microbiology, Vegeta- bles, Sugar cane, Fermentation, Vitamins, Developing country application. This annotated bibliography covers processing re- search conducted on the banana, cassava, chironja, citron, coconut, coffee, frozen dinners, guava, mango, papaya, pigeon pea, pineapple, plantain, rice, snap bean, soursop, sugar cane, sweet pepper, sweet potato, tamarind, tanier, West Indian cherry, and yam. The types of processing for the various crops include ripening, nectar preparation, dehydration, freezing, cold storage, canning, chemical composition, fruit bars, brine fermentation, peeling, processing coffee harvested with plastic nets, frozen dinners, microbiolo- gy, pulp, jelly, syrups, stability of vitamin C in juices and nectars, fried products, starches, and irradiation and lye peeling of yams. PB82-239542/GAA PC A10/MF A01 United Planters' Association of Southern India. United Planters' Associaton of Southern India (UPASI) - Tea Scientific Department: Annual Report 1979, Summaries of Research. Rept. no. 53 for 1 Jan 79-31 Dec 79, 31 Dec 79, 205p Keywords: 'India, 'Farming, 'Crops, Developing coun- tries, Irrigation, Quality control, Chemistry, Entomolo- gy, Food processing, Developing country application. The major areas of activity at the Institute are in the field of drip irrigation; No tillage replanting; Botany; Chemistry; Entomology; Plant pathology; and Tea technology. In the tea technology area, research was conducted on stabilization of tea brew; Effect of shade on quality of tea; Tea chest lining material; Standardi- zation of methods for estimation of tea constituents; Effect of addition of reconditioning dust in black tea manufacture; and dry matter content of Colonial tea leaves. The research findings in all activity areas are presented in this report. PB82-240953/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Records for Small Farms in Honduras: A Develop- ment and Critique, Michael L. Hardin, Loren L. Parks, Kurt A. Rockeman, and Joseph E. Williams. Aug 80, 90p 80- 3, AID-PN-AAJ-087 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Prepared in cooperation with Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Keywords: 'Farming, 'Financial management, 'Agri- cultural economics, 'Honduras, Surveys, Records, Production, Livestock, Profits, Farm crops, Manpower, Prices, Developing country application. Farm records measure and monitor the heartbeat of a farm business and are a farm manager's primary tool in determining farm profitability, measuring progress, and gaining information for decisionmaking. This report, part of the Small Farmer Credit Project, sum- marizes the design and implementation of a small farmer recordkeeping system in Honduras. The record system was designed to obtain information needed to identify production coefficients, prices, farm resources, and borrowed resources; determine each crop/live- stock enterprise's profitability, source and cost of labor, source and amount of cash flow, and consump- tion of farm products; and develop financial state- ments. PB82-240961/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Training Programs for Agricultural Development Bank Personnel: The Honduras Experience, Loren L. Parks, and Daniel D. Badger. Aug 80, 133p 80-2, AID-PN-AAJ-088 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Prepared in cooperation with Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Keywords: 'Banking, 'Farming, 'Training, Specialized training, Developing countries, Agricultural engineer- ing, Credit, Farms, Livestock, Budgeting, Honduras, Developing country application. This report focuses on developing and using standard enterprise budgets to aid agricultural development banks, specifically, the National Agricultural Develop- ment Bank of Honduras, to evaluate loans. The Bank's previous budget system had several faults. Budgets were not uniformly prepared, excluded fixed costs and some other variables, ignored regional differences, and were not prepared for livestock loans. The new budget system provides basic data required for eco- nomic analyses (e.g., farmer's loan repayment capac- ity, cash flow, capital needs). It is designed to be simple for Bank personnel to use, accurate yet low cost, rapid, and flexible. PB82-240979/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Enterprise Budgets: A Multiple Use Data Base for Agricultural Banks in Developing Countries, Loren L. Parks, Kurt A. Rockeman, and Odell L. Walker. Aug 80, 77p 80-1, AID-PN-AAJ-086 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Prepared in cooperation with Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Keywords: 'Banking, 'Agricultural economics, Fi- nance, Production, Expenses, Banking businesses, Risk, Return on investment, Farms, Honduras, Loans, Financial services, Developing country application. Enterprise budgets-statements of the particular physi- cal and financial inputs needed to obtain a specified amount of output-play an important role in institutions that finance agricultural production by providing an ex ante estimate of production costs and returns. This report focuses on developing and using standard en- terprise budgets to aid agricultural development banks, specifically, the National Agricultural Develop- ment Bank of Honduras, to evaluate loans. PB82-241241/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Peru: CARE OPG Water Health Services Project. Impact evaluation rept. no. 24, Joseph Haratani, Ana Maria Viveros-Long, and Ana Maria Becerra Marzano de Gonzales. Oct 81, 55p AID-PN-AAJ-176 Keywords: 'Water supply, Developing countries, Water pipes, 'Health, Sewers, 'Water quality, 'Water resources, Project planning, Project development, Communities, 'Peru, Developing country application, CARE projects, Health care, Health education, Acces- sibility, Villages. Where piped water is a local priority, A.I.D. should be willing to authorize projects aimed solely at improving the accessibility, quantity, and quality of water to the exclusion of other health interventions. This and other lessons found in this report were learned in an AID- funded CARE project to provide piped water, vaccina- tions, health education, and sewers in Peru's Ancash Department. For a $20 fee and less than 15 cents per month, 2,600 households in the smallest villages re- ceived piped water from 29 gravity-fed water systems which supplied 60 liters of potable water per day. The impact was pronounced. Not only did use of piped water for drinking, cooking, and bathing increase, but because women no longer needed to spend 3 hours each day collecting water, there was more time for pro- ductive activities such as weaving. Unexpectedly, women also made inroads into the male-dominated social structure by participating in the village juntas which conducted many project activities. Because the project produced lasting tangible benefits, villagers' predisposition to community action was stimulated. On the other hand, the vaccination program was can- celled; there was no indication that health education improved health, and, because of higher installation costs and fewer perceived benefits, only five sewer systems were built. PB82-241282/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Checchi and Co., Washington, DC. Senegal Food and Energy Study: Energy Use and Opportunities for Energy-Related Improvements in the Food System. Aug 80, 252p AID-PN-AAJ-274 Prepared in cooperation with Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY. Keywords: 'Food, 'Food supply, 'Energy, 'Senegal, Developing countries. Food processing, Food industry, Agricultural engineering, Profiles, Forestry, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Windmills, Solar energy, Charcoal, Devel- oping country application, 'Energy conservation, Energy requirements, Households, Energy conversion. The growth of agriculture, the mainstay of Senegal's economy, is contingent upon the acquisition of import- ed energy. This study examines the key constituents of the Senegalese food system in relation to energy supply and demand. The study first analyzes the food system (crop characteristics, and physical and institu- tional components) and the energy system (sources, costs, supply/conversion technologies, and consump- tion patterns). Next, energy-use profiles are provided on the production and distribution processes of millet/ sorghum, rice, groundnuts, and fish. Household cook- ing practices are also discussed. Recommendations to improve irrigation, the second key to increasing food supplies, include funding for low-capacity photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems, setting up windmills in coastal areas, and designing large-capacity solar plants similar to those at Bakel. To save energy at the household level, wood or charcoal cooking stoves must be made more efficient and the use of biogas plants should be studied. To counter the serious de- pletion of fuelwood, Senegal's main indigenous energy resource, energy-efficient charcoal production should be developed, the charcoal industry reorganized, and afforestation and forest management programs ex- panded. PB82-241563/GAA PC A04/MF A01 New York State Coll. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. Economic Feasibility of Import Substitution of Livestock Feed in the Caribbean Community. Cornell international agricultural mimeograph, Clifton F. Charles, David Blandford, and Richard N. Boisvert. Jul 80, 54p CIAM-80, AID-PN-AAJ-503 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Caribbean, 'Animal feeds, 'Agricultural economics, 'Livestock, Imports, Manpower, 'Land use, Sugar, Production, Tariffs, Corn, Developing country application. Widespread use of import substitution (replacing im- ported with domestic goods) in the Caribbean Commu- nity (CARICOM) makes CARICOM an ideal focus for evaluating the viability of this strategy. This study ex- amines the economic feasibility of import substitution for livestock feed (corn and soya) in CARICOM, with emphasis on the associated costs and implications for land and labor use, sugar production and exports, and foreign exchange balance. Two major conclusions are 128 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS reached. First, had a corn/soya industry existed in 1975 under a free trade regime, CARICOM corn im- ports could have been reduced 45%, soya meal im- ports 46%, and soya oil imports 34%. Secondly, CARI- COM land and labor resources are adequate to achieve self-sufficiency in either feed (corn and soya meal) or soya oil, but not in both. PB82-241571/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Field Evaluation of Methods for Measuring Basin Irrigation Performance. Technical rept., Satyansu S. Kundu, and Gaylord V. Skogerboe. Feb 80, 140p Water Management-TR-59, AID-PN-AAJ- 010 Contract AID/ta-C-1 411 Keywords: "Project evaluation, "Irrigation, Perform- ance evaluation, Hydraulics, Flow charting, Fluid infil- tration, Depth, Water flow, Volumes, Mathematical models, Area, Equations, Water distribution, Field tests, Developing country application, Discharge(Water). A detailed description of field procedures employed to obtain necessary data for evaluating basin irrigation performances of several irrigation events is outlined. Two analytical techniques are described and used for calculating infiltrated water depths through station- areas delineated by a grid system within the basin. Both techniques require an infiltrometer test and infil- tration opportunity time of each station-area during an irrigation event. A modified volume balance technique is described and is used to develop an infiltration equa- tion which should represent the actual infiltration char- acteristics of the entire basin during an irrigation event. PB82-241589/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Watercourse Improvement Research in Pakistan. Technical rept., W. Doral Kemper, Wayne Clyma, Gaylord V. Skogerboe, and Thomas J. Trout. Jan 80, 11 Op Water Management-TR-56, AID-PN-AAJ-01 1 Contract AID/ta-C-1 411 Keywords: "Irrigation, "Pakistan, Water loss, Porosity, Animals, Insects, Embankments, Earth dams, Soil ero- sion, Concretes, Vegetation, Plant growth, Mainte- nance, Channel improvements, Developing country application. In 1971, Colorado State University (CSU) Water Man- agement Field Party and Pakistani investigators dis- covered that 45% of all the water in Pakistan's man- made irrigation systems was lost before ever reaching arable land. In 1977, A.I.D. funded a water manage- ment research program to provide the basis for future development and redesign of Pakistan's national irri- gation system. This report outlines the investigation of and reasons for water loss and the ensuing develop- ment of an alternative water management program. The primary causes of water loss were identified as high porosity of upper portions of banks due to burrow- ing animals and insects; thin, fragile banks near water- course junctions due to soil borrowing for dams; rising levels of water in the watercourse due to vegetative growth and sedimentation; and difficulty in organizing farmers to perform regular maintenance. Cooperative improvements of earthen channels by farmers using government materials and design, though, had a favor- able benefit/cost ratio (3:1) and were eagerly accept- ed by farmers. PB82-241704/GAA PC A22/MF A01 Denver Research Inst., CO. Appropriate Technology for Development: A Study and Case Histories (Part 1 and 2), Donald D. Evans, and Laurie Nogg Aler. 1 979, 503p AID-PN-AAH-938 Contract AID-DSAN-C-0062 Keywords: "Technology transfer, "Economic develop- ment, "Productivity, Production, Motor vehicles, Food, Roads, Machining, Building materials, Developing country application, Appropriate technology. The failure of development assistance efforts to lessen poverty, especially for the 800 million, mostly rural people living below the minimum subsistence level, forces consideration of the ability of the technol- ogies used in these efforts to achieve economic devel- opment. This book explores recent thought on this question and illustrates the economic effect of tech- nology with 22 case histories drawn from all over the world. Technology is the means used by human beings to change their environment. The term 'appropriate technology' (AT) is used when culturally congenial, least-cost, labor-intensive means are used to meet es- sential development goals. After analyzing AT's grow- ing importance in U.S. development assistance efforts, the 22 case studies are examined in terms of their human and material resources, the means used to de- velop these resources, and the environmental effect of this use. Examples of AT provided range from convert- ing automotive fuel from gas to butagaz to developing lime kilns. A 144-item bibliography (1972-79) is at- tached. PB82-242355/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Engineering Lab. Development and Evaluation of Effective Symbol Signs. Building science series (Final), Belinda Lowenhaupt Collins. May 82, 99p* NBS- BSS-141 Library of Congress catalog card no. 8 1 -600 1 92. Keywords: "Communication, Symbols, Safety, Visual communication, Warning systems. Graphic symbols have recently been widely adopted for sign systems in the United States. Beginning with traffic sign systems, symbols have become widely used for applications ranging from products buildings. In this report a brief history of the development of sym- bols is given, followed by a review of research on ex- perimental evaluation of symbols. Some of the general advantages and limitations of symbols are discussed, along with graphic considerations essential in the de- velopment of effective symbols. Research on symbols for five areas of application-highway, automotive/ma- chinery, public information, product hazard, and safety-is then discussed. Finally, issues in the re- search and development of more effective symbols are reviewed. These include the need for good graphic design, characteristics of the intended user group, use of shape and color encode information, and general visibility considerations. PB82-242496/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Twitchell (Jon)/Associates, San Francisco, CA. TSM for Major Institutions: San Francisco Experi- ence. Final rept. Dec 81, 85p DOT-l-82-11 Grant DOT-UMTA-CA-09-9003 Keywords: "Transportation management, "Urban planning, Marketing, Policies, Parking facilities, Coordi- nation, Systems engineering, California, Ridesharing, Transportation brokerage, San Francisco(California). This document describes the cooperative efforts of twelve institutions and firms in San Francisco to solve parking and traffic problems by promoting transporta- tion systems management. Participating groups includ- ed colleges, hospitals, and a private employer. With a formal transportation broker designated in each institu- tion, the organizations then proceeded to implement or promote TSM strategy elements like ridesharing, im- proved transit with better marketing and employer sup- port, and supportive parking management policies. The individual brokers also formed an association to share insights and successful techniques, and to con- tinue contacts established earlier in a formal training program. Sales of monthly transit passes were also ini- tiated, although no subsidy was provided. In a 1980 evaluation, the program was perceived as successful. PB82-243320/GAA PC A02/MF A01 South Dakota State Univ., Brookings. Water Re- sources Inst. Influence of Ozonation on Sulfur, Nitrogen, Chlo- ride and Phosphorous Systems in Public Drinking Water Supplies, Completion rept. 1 Oct 80-31 Mar 82, David C. Hilderbrand. May 82, 18p W82-05907, , OWRT-B-069-SDAK(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1264 Keywords: "Water treatment, "Potable water, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Chloride, Phosphorous, Water supply, Concentration(Composition). The use of ozone as a treatment process for public drinking water is of interest because other methods in- clude a concern relative to the ingestion of chloroform and other trihalomethanes. Ozone which decomposes rapidly in water to form oxygen deters the possibility of formation of other hazardous species. Most studies on ozonation have dealt with sterilization, color, taste, and odor removal. This study investigated the effect of ozonation on the concentration of selected phospho- rus, sulfur, nitrogen and chloride species present in raw drinking water supplies. The following observa- tions were made. No effect on the concentration of either phosphate or chloride was detected. The con- centration of sulfide and sulfite was reduced to below detection limit of the method used when intermediate or high concentrations of ozone was applied. The con- centration of sulfate was only slightly elevated corre- sponding to the conversion of limited amounts of sul- fite to sulfate. For the nitrogen system no effect was detected for treatment of samples containing ammo- nia. The nitrite concentration however was reduced to below the detection limit for the method when interme- diate and high levels of ozone treatment were em- ployed. PB82-244435/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Florida Inst, of Tech., Melbourne. Solar Cookers: Test Results and New Designs, Thomas E. Bowman. 1 Dec 78, 32p AID-PN-AAJ-292 Contract AID/ta-C-1 333 Keywords: "Solar energy, Design, Tests, Performance evaluation, Developing country application, "Solar cookers, Solar equipment. The availability of fuel for cooking has become a major problem in many developing countries. Increased use of charcoal made from native wood can cause defor- estation and loss of agricultural land, and most devel- oping countries lack the fuel distribution system neces- sary for the use of kerosene, gasoline, or liquified pe- troleum gas. Solar energy, by contrast, is abundant and available. This paper reports on a program to design, fabricate, test, and evaluate solar cookers for possible use as the primary means of cooking by rural families in developing areas. Four Telkes ovens, two Adams cookers, three direct-focusing cookers, two steam cookers, and three combined focusing/oven cookers were tested. These included cookers which were designed by the authors, purchased, or modified/ copied from earlier designs. PB82-244476/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agricultural Projects Services Centre, Kathmandu (Nepal). Rice Production in Nepal: Factors Affecting Adop- tion of Modern Varieties and Their Effect on Income and Income Distribution. Research papers 11, 12, and 13, Bharat B. Karki, Tilak Rawal, and John C. Flinn. Sep 81,64p AID-PN-AAJ-877 Grant AID/ASIA-G-1 199 Prepared in cooperation with Agricultural Development Council, Inc., New York. Keywords: "Rice, "Wheat, "Productivity, "Agricultural economics, "Nepal, Production, Yield, Plant genetics, Income, Farms, Manpower, Fertilizers, Output, Devel- oping country application Three short research reports are combined here to present a comprehensive examination of the introduc- tion of modern rice varieties in Eastern Nepal. The titles of the three reports are: An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Adoption of Modern Varieties in Eastern Nepal; The Impact of Modern Varieties of Rice on Farm Income and Income Distribution in Eastern Nepal; and Rice Production in the Tarai of Kosi Zone, Nepal. All three reports are basically economic statisti- cal studies. In the first report modern varieties were found to be higher yielding than local ones, and while total labor inputs were similar, the proportion of hired to total labor was significantly higher with modern vari- eties. Use of modern varieties yielded a higher net income for the farmers and led to use of more hired labor. PB82-245382/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Inst, of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nige- ria). Rapid Method of Hand Crossing Cowpeas. Technical bulletin no. 2, 129 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS K. O. Rachie, K. Rawal, and J. D. Franckowiak. 1978, 10p AID-PN-AAH-600 Grant AID/ta-G-1 491 Keywords: 'Leguminous plants, *Tropical regions, Pollen, Instructions, Temperature, Humidity, Effective- ness, Nigeria, Developing country application. Cowpeas are generally easier to cross than other grain legumes. Their flowers are large and easy to manipu- late, the keel is straight, beaked, and not twisted. There are only a few floral nodes per raceme, which tend to have a low abortion rate, and 8-12 seeds are usually produced per cross. This report presents an ef- fective and rapid method of hand emasculating and crossing cowpeas which was developed at the Interna- tional Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The normal crossing technique consists of removing the upper half of the petals starting with a partial cut oppo- site the stylar and staminal section. Following pollina- tion with a freshly opened flower, the crossed bud re- mains uncovered. Normally, the emasculation-/polli- nation process can be accomplished at the rate of 1 -2 per minute with a success rate of only 10-20%. PB82-245622/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Health Planning Unit, Accra (Ghana). Planning and Management of Health Services at the District Level - Manual Number 2. Jun 79, 100p AID-PN-AAJ-358 Contract AID/afr-C-1 116 Prepared in cooperation with Kaiser Foundation, Oak- land, CA. Keywords: * Health, Manuals, Allocations, Resources, Planning, Management, "Health planning, Developing country application. Faced with a scarcity of resources, how can develop- ing countries deliver health care services that yield maximum results. The key is planning, the systematic and continuous process of allocating resources to achieve objectives. This 'how-to' manual, the second in a series of six publications, is designed to teach health planning at the district level in a developing country setting, based on the experiences of the Minis- try of Health of Ghana (MOHG). The three-part 'Health Planning and Management Cycle' is described: (1) In the health assessment phase, health data are collect- ed from all major sources. Next, health/disease prob- lems are identified and prioritized. (2) Health programs are identified for each priority. Especially important is the preparation of annual budgets. (3) Implementation consists of determining organization, staff, and materi- al requirements for all work plan activities; and direct- ing and supervising staff according to the work plan. Finally, a four-step continuous cycle of evaluation is set up. PB82-245689/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Devres, Inc., Washington, DC. Evaluacion de Actividades de Riego en Bolivia (Evaluation of Irrigation Activities in Bolvia), Joseph F. Harvatin. Feb 80, 46p AID-PN-AAH-333 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0223 See also English version, PB8 1-220626. Text in Span- ish. Keywords: * Irrigation, "Bolivia, Developing countries, Farms, Topography, Sanitation, Education, Personnel, Project planning, Project management, Developing country application. The study, written in Spanish, evaluates current irriga- tion practices and the potential for improving irrigation in Bolivia. Although Bolivia has adequate subterranean and superficial water supplies as well as marked rainy seasons, a lack of funds, few trained personnel, and difficult topography have permitted only a few irrigation projects to be developed. Farmers use primitive irriga- tion techniques, such as flooding, which are ineffective and promote soil erosion. The use of river water in a number of projects threatens to contaminate crops and spread disease as the water often contains sewage and human wastes. Existing data indicate that well-run irrigation projects could increase farm output 50-100%. Due to limited resources for implementing irrigation projects, priority should be given to vineyards in Tarija, vegetables and alfalfa in Cochabamba, and corn, potatoes, and fruit in the valleys. If large-scale projects are emphasized, management, training, and extension efforts can be developed simultaneously. PB82-246174/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Veterans Administration, Washington, DC. Schistosomiasis in the Veteran. Technical bulletin, Harry Most. Sep 47, 13p VA/TB-10-36 Keywords: 'Diseases, "Drugs, 'Schistosomiasis, Parasitic diseases, Military personnel. Infection with the three species of human schistosomi- asis, or blood flukes was found in military personnel during World War II. They include Schistosoma japoni- cum, S. haematobium, and S. mansoni. The geograph- ic distribution is outlined in order to assist in identifying those who served in areas where the blood flukes were endemic. The life cycle of the fluke is detailed. In order to be infected, contact must be made with water infested with the free swimming cercariae of the fluke, which have developed in the intermediate host, a snail. The course of the disease, symptoms and diagnosis by clinical and laboratory tests are presented. Treatment by chemotherapy using trivalent antimony, antimony and potassium tartrate (tartar emetic), or fuadin is de- scribed. Follow-up treatment is emphasized, and the prognosis for patients with varying levels of the dis- ease is given. PB82-246422/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Veterans Administration, Washington, DC. Management of Vivax Malaria in the Veteran. Technical bulletin, Harry Most. 4 Aug 48, 11p VA/TB-10-47 Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Malaria, 'Drugs, Infectious dis- eases, Parasitic diseases, Therapy. As a result of military operations in tropical areas during World War II, malaria was a common disease. Atabrine controlled the infections, but relapses were common. General clinical aspects of vivax malaria are described, as well as delayed primary attacks which occur after suppressive medication is discontinued. Vivax malaria can be mistaken for primary abdominal conditions or may have chronic signs and symptoms. Central nervous system manifestations are described, as well as other miscellaneous symptoms. Laboratory testing of blood smears to identify the parasite is the only definitive way to diagnose malaria, and tech- niques are described. Symptomatic and chemothera- peutic treatments are described, with dosage sched- ules for acute attacks and for suppression. The cure for vivax malaria relies on a course of drugs, combined quinine-plasmochin and combined quinine-penta- quine, although toxic effects can be troublesome. Ac- cordingly, treatment should be given in hospital with adequate precautions. PB82-247040/GAA PC A20/MF A01 Tanzania National Scientific Research Council, Dar es Salaam. Young Child in Tanzania from Age Seven to Fifteen Years. C1977, 475p See also PB82-247032. Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Children, Public health, Education, Devel- oping countries, Africa, 'Tanzania, Developing country application, Child health services, Handicapped chil- dren. This is the second part of the study on the yound child in Tanzania. The first covered the child from concep- tion to seven years of age. This part investigated the following aspects: Health; handicapped children; mass media and youth; primary school education; problems of youth and school leavers; and youth activities. Like the first part, this part was commissioned by UNICEF for its internal use as well as to provide recommenda- tions which could be used to improve the situation of children. Some of the main findings of the study were that children who attend school are healthier than those who do not attend; that the parents of school- going children were more enlightened; that anaemia was the most serious problem among school children; and that certain social traditions increase the rate of school drop-outs. Recommendations are given on health, handicapped children, education, and children of the peri-urban areas. PB82-248196/GAA PC A99/MF A01 ERA 2000, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD. Further Mechanization of Egyptian Agriculture. 1979, 647p AID-PN-AAJ-219 Contract AID/NE-C-1 51 3 Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Agricultural machinery, 'Egypt, Social effect, Production, Wheat plants, Up- grading, Cost analysis, Manpower, Pumps, Tractors, Harvesting, Developing country application. Agricultural mechanization in Egypt stands at a cross- roads from which the Government of Egypt (GOE) must decide whether to aggressively intervene or pursue a laissez-faire strategy. This study, aimed to assist the GOE to select the optimal strategy and to highlight possible avenues of A.I.D. assistance (herein proposed at $78.8 million for 1980-84), concludes there exists in Egypt the foundation for a vigorous ex- pansion of mechanization which could increase farm production 47% by 1990 with only a neglible adverse social impact. PB82-248667/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Stanford Univ., CA. Inst, for Communication Research. Networks for Innovation by Local Governments, Everett M. Rogers, and Kathleen P. Magill. Feb 79, 28p NSF/RA-790765 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, Technology innova- tion, Government policies, Decision making, Networks. The objectives of this study were (1 ) to examine the utilization of regional and national networks in the transfer of science and technology (S&T) innovation in local government; and (2) to determine possible strate- gies that Federal government policy-makers might use to encourage technology innovation in local govern- ment. The following topics concerning policy and pro- gram decisions are addressed: determination of roles and objectives of the networks and innovation groups; relationships of networks and innovation groups; func- tions which can be enhanced by stronger linkages; the need for a common secretariat; kinds of information that should be shared; Federal interest and roles in the networks; and the relationship of networks and innova- tion groups to Federal mission agency activities. Two programs described in detail are: (1) the GBF/DIME Study-a computer-based planning tool that allows analysis of geo-coded data by regional and local gov- ernments; and (2) the Dial-A-Ride Study--a demand- responsive system in which a van is dispatched to transport a rider in answer to a telephone request. The nature of local government innovation networks, and their future roles, also are addressed. PB82-248709/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Balaban (Miriam), Amsterdam (Netherlands). Desalination Directory. C1981, 261 p W82-05908, , OWRT-C-90414- T(0401)(1) Contract DI-1 4-31 -0001 -0401 Keywords: 'Desalination, Abstracts, 'Water treat- ment. A first edition of an international directory of partici- pants involved in desalination and water purification is presented. This directory should serve as a central tool to enhance communications among members of the world-wide desalting community. Overviews of activi- ties in desalination and water purification are provided by individuals, organizations, and companies listed in the directory. The directory, hence, provides a useful information network for technology transfer in the de- salination and water purification areas. Directory en- tries are both by alphabetical and geographical list- ings. A separate alphabetical listing of individuals, their affiliations, and addresses, is also included. Owing to the limitations encountered in preparing an initial direc- tory, the narrative entries reflect the nature and scope of the organizations providing information, but are not necessarily proportional to the size, importance, or level of excellence of the organizations. This first edi- tion also will serve as a checklist so that companies, institutions, and individuals can check their entries on their own merit and in relation to each other. A second edition, under preparation and planned for release in 1 -2 years, will also include interests and society mem- berships of individuals, and a subject index. PB82-248865/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Water Research Centre, Stevenage (England). 130 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Investigations of Sewage Discharges to Some British Coastal Waters. Chapter 5: Bacterial Distri- butions, Part 3. Technical rept., A. L H. Gameson. c1981, 58p TR-165 Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Great Britain, *Waste disposal, 'Microbiology, Microorganisms, *Coasts, Distribution, Coliform bacteria. Results of field studies of the distributions of indicator bacteria (mainly presumptive total coliforms) at four sites are reported. These studies were carried out at Deal in 1969 and 1975, off North Foreland in 1967, along part of the North Wales coast in 1973, and at Eastbourne in 1977. (Copyright (c) Water Research Centre, 1981.) PB82-248972/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Water Research Centre, Stevenage (England). Investigations of Sewage Discharges to Some British Coastal Waters. Chapter 5: Bacterial Distri- butions, Part 4. Technical rept., A. L H. Gameson. C1982, 61 p TR-176 See also Part 2, PB81 -23791 9. Keywords: 'Microbiology, 'Waste disposal, 'Sewage disposal, 'Great Britain, Microorganisms, 'Coasts, Distribution, Coliform bacteria, Field tests. Field studies were carried out at various coastal sites between 1961 and 1977 to obtain a better understand- ing of the behavior of sewage when discharged to the sea from submarine outfalls and of its effect on water quality, and hence to assist in decisions on schemes for disposal of sewage from coastal areas and on the methods of determining the optimum design for any given objectives. Chapter 5 of the present series of re- ports has been concerned with variations in bacterial counts in sewage, river discharges, and the sea, and Part 4 is confined to examination of variations in pre- sumptive total coliform counts in the nearshore waters . adjacent to sea outfalls. (Copyright (c) Water Re- search Centre 1 982.) PB82-249160/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, DC. Conservation Tillage and Conventional Tillage: A Comparative Assessment. Final rept. Oct 78-Dec 80, Pierre Crosson. Apr 82, 88p EPA-600/3-82-027 Grant EPA-R-8060236010 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Land use, Forecasting, Conser- vation, Area, Economic factors, Yield, 'Soils, Ex- penses, Weed control, Water supply, Environmental impacts, Trends, Erosion control, Soil conservation, Herbicides, Fertilizers, Tables(Data), Tillage. The objective of this study is to reach a judgment of the amount of U.S. cropland likely to be in some form of conservation tillage in 2010. The future spread of conservation tillage will be conditioned primarily by farmers' perceptions of its economic advantages rela- tive to conventional tillage and by the society's percep- tions of its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the environment. Accordingly, the study first consid- ers the economics of conservation tillage relative to conventional tillage, examining differences between the two technologies in the quantities of resources used and in yields. The conclusion is that conservation tillage typically uses less of certain resources and more of others, but that on balance it requires 5 to 1 percent less expenditure per acre than conventional tillage. PB82-249491/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Fire Control in Tropical Pine Forests, A. Wolffsohn. 1980, 103p CFI/OP-17 Also pub. inlSSN-0141-8181. Keywords: 'Pine trees, 'Forestry, 'Tropical regions, Fuels, Seeds, Mortality, Growth, Hardwoods, Fire pre- vention, Risk, Hazards, Fire behavior, Silviculture. Large natural pine forests at frost-free elevations in the tropics are continuous with those of southern U.S.A. and form a single ecological type. Their existence is precariously balanced between a condition in which frequent fires kill all the seedlings and one in which the absence of fire permits the growth of hardwoods under whose shade pine is unable to regenerate. Fire man- agement planning is therefore essential. The occur- rence and behavior of fire is considered and the fuel characteristics of the various components of the forest discussed along with the effect of the weather. PB82-249517/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume I: Executive Summary. Jan 80, 142p ESI/EA-80-0101-1, AID-PN-AAJ-422 Contract AID-523-79-11 See also Volume 2, PB82-249525. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Energy source development, 'Energy, 'Jamaica, Assessments, Developing countries, Eco- nomic analysis, Solar energy, Coal, Electric utilities, Rates(Costs), Developing country application, Biocon- version, Renewable energy sources, Refuse derived fuels. Because heavy dependence on costly imported fuel has greatly inhibited Jamaica's economic develop- ment, USAID/Jamaica and the Government of Jamai- ca (GOJ) sponsored a preliminary energy assessment to identify and develop viable alternative energy op- tions. Specialized studies included solar energy (com- mercial/industrial and agricultural), biogas applica- tions, energy conversion from waste, a coal prefeasibi- lity study, and an electric utility rate analysis. Individual studies were published in three volumes (with volume three on renewable energy being in four parts, for a total of six volumes). This first introductory volume pro- vides a lengthy executive summary of the entire as- sessment. PB82-249525/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume II: Economic Assessment. Jan 80, 108p ESI/EA-80-0101-2, AID-PN-AAJ-423 Contract AID-532-79-1 1 See also Volume 1, PB82-249517 and Volume 3, PB82-249533. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Energy, 'Jamaica, Assessments, Devel- oping countries, Economic analysis, Solar energy, Coal, Electric power generation, Developing country application, Bioconversion, Renewable energy sources, Energy conversion. This volume presents an economic assessment of the specialized study areas, reviewing recommendations from the specialized studies in relation to each other and to the GOJ's 5-year Development and Energy Sector Plans. After analyzing the effects of these rec- ommendations on Jamaica's energy situation and economy, the recommendations are integrated and prioritized in a proposed Combined Energy Program (CEP) which is recommended for immediate GOJ im- plementation. Highest priority items include research, testing, training, and tax structures to encourage solar hot water and agricultural drying systems; installation of small- and medium-size biogas plants; and negotiat- ing joint port usage for a possible coal-fired electricity plant. PB82-249533/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume ill: Renewable Energy. Part I: Solar Energy - Commercial and Industrial. Jan 80, 102p ESI/EA-80-0101-3A, AID-PN-AAJ-424 Contract AID-532-79-1 1 See also Volume 2, PB82-249525 and Volume 3, Part 2, PB82-249541. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Solar water heating, 'Energy, 'Jamaica, Assessments, Developing countries, 'Solar energy, Solar heating, Developing country application, Renew- able energy sources, 'Solar cooling systems, Industri- al sector, Commercial sector. This study concerns commercial and industrial solar applications, specifically solar water heating and solar air cooling. The study finds that solar domestic water heating and boiler make-up water preheating are tech- nically feasible and, depending on the displaced energy source (electrical or various fuel types), eco- nomically justified; and that solar hot water installa- tions could displace the equivalent of 189,842 barrels of fuel oil per year. However, solar cooling requires high performance collectors not currently manufac- tured in Jamaica, and feasibility studies indicate that solar cooling in the near term is not economically justi- fied. PB82-249541/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume III: Renewable Energy. Part II: Solar Energy - Agricultural. Jan 80, 73p ESI/EA-80-0101-3B, AID-PN-AAJ-425 Contract AID/532-79-11 See also Volume 3, Part 1, PB82-249533 and Volume 3, Part 3, PB82-249558. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Solar energy, 'Solar drying, 'Renewable energy, 'Energy, 'Jamaica, Assessments, Developing countries, Solar energy, Drying, Agricultural products, Solar dryers, Developing country application, Renew- able energy sources. The study is concerned with the use of solar heat for drying agricultural products (crops, timber, and fish). The study finds that Jamaica has an ideal climate for solar agricultural product drying with the following methods offering the greatest promise; sun drying using open barbeques; drying in transparent buildings (with or without attached collectors) for small oper- ations; new drying systems using solar air heaters with forced air drying; preheating air for existing commercial fossil-fueled dryers; and fish drying via chemical dehy- dration with solar regeneration of the chemical. The primary needs are to develop and construct environ- mentally suitable solar dryers and to train engineers in solar system design and installation. PB82-249558/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume III: Renewable Energy. Part III: Biogas Applications. Jan 80, 85p ESI/EA-80-0101-3C, AID-PN-AAJ-426 Contract AID-532-79-1 1 See also Volume 3, Part 2, PB82-249541 and Volume 3, Part 4, PB82-249566. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Energy, 'Jamaica, Assessments, Devel- oping countries, Developing country application, 'Bio- conversion, Anaerobic digestion, Synthetic fuels, Re- newable energy sources. The study considers the feasibility of biogas genera- tion and applications. Biogas is a high grade fuel pro- duced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter such as farm crops or animal manure and is useful for cook- ing and other purposes. PB82-249566/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume III: Renewable Energy. Part IV: Energy Conversion from Waste. Jan 80, 62p ESI/EA-80-0101-3D, AID-PN-AAJ-427 Contract AID-532-79-1 1 See also Volume 3, Part 3, PB82-249558 and Volume 4, PB82-249574. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Energy, 'Jamaica, Assessments, Devel- oping countries, Wastes, Waste recycling, Developing country application, Renewable energy sources. The study considers the feasibility of energy conver- sion from wastes. Specifically, the study analyzes the potential for energy recovery from urban wastes in Ja- maica, with the Kingston area serving as a case study, and assesses the feasibility of building a prototype demonstration unit for energy recovery from solid wastes at the University of the West Indies (UWI)- Mona Campus. Steam-generating waterwall combus- tion, refuse-derived fuel systems, pyrolysis, anaerobic biological conversion (biogas), and gas recovery from 131 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS landfills are discussed as alternative systems for energy recovery from urban wastes. PB82-249574/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume IV: Coal Prefeasibility Study. Jan 80, 118p ESI/EA-80-0101-4, AID-PN-AAJ-428 Contract AID-532-79-1 1 See also Volume 3, Part 4, PB82-249566 and Volume 5, PB82-249582. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: "Energy, * Jamaica, Assessments, * Electric power, Developing countries, Coal, Feasibility, Electric power generation, Substitutes, Fuels, Developing country application. The study assesses the technical, economic, and envi- ronmental feasibility of diversification from oil to coal for generating electric power for the Jamaican Public Service Company (JPS) and the bauxite/alumina in- dustry. PB82-249582/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Energy Systems International, McLean, VA. Preliminary Energy Sector Assessments of Jamai- ca. Volume V: Electric Utility Rate Analysis. Jan 80, 136p ESI/EA-80-0101-5, AID-PN-AAJ-429 Contract AID-532-79-1 1 See also Volume 4, PB82-249582. Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB82- 249509. Keywords: 'Electric power, "Energy, 'Jamaica, As- sessments, Electric utilities, Rates(Costs), Developing countries, Developing country application. The study analyzes the electric utility rate structure of the Jamaica Public Service Company (JPS) in order to determine whether it promotes economically efficient use of electricity, is based on principles of equity and fairness, and provides JPS with sufficient resources to maintain acceptable service quality. Current tariffs are described, and features such as declining block tariffs (decreasing unit price with increasing volume used), expander clauses (decreasing rate if total energy use increases without increasing maximum power demand), and ratchet clauses (little or no reduction in charges if use falls below a previously set high), which may not encourage conservation or efficient system usage, are noted. Various tariff options, based on mar- ginal cost pricing principles (tying prices to the addi- tional cost of supplying the electricity), are presented for each rate category in the JPS system (residential, small commercial, industrial, and large commercial). Flat rate (with and without demand charges), time of use pricing, fuel adjustment, and cost of service adjust- ment are considered. PB82-249749/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Nutritional Surveillance: A Synopsis. Final rept. 1982, 31 p Contract AID/ta-C-1 428 Keywords: 'Nutrition, Policies, Project management, Food consumption, Statistical analysis, Decision making, Nutritional deficiencies, Nutritional require- ments, Planning, Poverty groups. Nutritional surveillance is defined as watching over nu- tritional status in order to make decisions on policies and programs that are aimed at improving the nutrition of poor populations. Data must be collected regularly and be readily interpretable for policy and program planners, and the agencies involved must be closely linked to the mechanisms of planning and intervention. Surveillance serves three general purposes (1) moni- toring changes in indicators for purposes of planning to improve nutrition, (2) evaluating nutritional effects of programs and (3) providing early warning and interven- tion to prevent epidemic inadequacies in food con- sumption. Based on experience since 1 975, the most promising approaches in nutritional surveillance in- volve the use of existing resources for data collection. Those countries with the lowest incomes and minimal development of statistical services will generally have to use data available from routine services; those with more developed institutional data collection and analy- sis capacities can include surveys. PB82-249756/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Nutritional Components of a Primary Health Care Delivery System. Final rept. 1982, 49p Contract AID/ta-C-1 428 Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Food, 'Health care delivery, Food consumption, Communities, Rural areas, Public health, Health care, Delivery of health care, Agency for International Development. This report focuses on the nutrition component of an integrated health care system. Such a system should be based on expressed concern and active participa- tion of the community, the identification of prevalent health and nutrition problems, and an approach to their solution through appropriate technology applied by community workers and traditional practitioners. The report outlines a strategy for introducing a nutrition component, training of primary health care workers, evidence of success of primary health care programs with a nutrition component and research needed to im- prove the performance of primary health care workers in promoting nutrition at the local level. Minimum re- sponsibilities in the area of nutrition relate mainly to improved food consumption and utilization. PB82-249798/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Cement and Concrete Association, Slough (England). Further Work on the Behaviour of Reinforced Con- crete Blockwork Subject to Lateral Loading. Technical rept., J. J. Roberts. C1980, 46p TR-531, ISBN-0-7210- 1181-0 Also pub. in ISSN-0528-3701 . Keywords: 'Concrete, 'Reinforced concrete, Loads(Forces), Walls, Compressive strength, Cracks, Deflection. The results of tests on the behavior of vertically rein- forced concrete blockwork subject to lateral loading were reported in Technical Report 42.506. These re- sults have since been supplemented by tests on ten horizontally reinforced wall elements and eight verti- cally reinforced sections. The later results support the conclusion of the earlier report that the present design recommendations for reinforced concrete blockwork are conservative and uneconomic. The purpose of the tests described in the present report was to extend the range of tests on vertically reinforced walls previously reported, provide information on horizontally rein- forced walls, and give some guidance on anchorage bond stresses and modifications to infill mix design. PB82-250705/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Production Loans to Groups of Farms: Experi- ments in Honduras, Loren Parks, and Ronald Tinnermeier. Aug 80, 40p IDS-80-5, AID-PN-AAJ-251 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Keywords: 'Honduras, 'Banking, 'Farming, Develop- ing countries, Banking business, Agreements, Re- quirements, Recommendations, Credit, Production, Project management, Agricultural engineering, Devel- oping country application. The report details the experience of the Banco Na- tional de Desarrollo Agricola (BANADESA) of Hondu- ras in extending credit to two types of groups-agricul- tural committees (AC), composed of independent farmers living in one town; and informal groups of small farmers organized solely to obtain loan credit. From the BANADESA experience, five conclusions are drawn: (1) The complexity of borrower group dynamics requires that much attention be given to identifying group functions and to forming groups. Groups, which ideally should consist of 10-20 members, are less stable if organized solely to obtain credit. (2) Group lending does not always reduce loan forms, require- ments, collateral, etc. Some loan requirements are set by law or are deeply ingrained in the institution itself. (3) Joint liability, while essential, is not easily accepted by farmers or easily implemented by credit institutions. Farmers are reluctant to cover another's debt and good borrowers may be disqualified because their group defaulted. (4) Factors outside the group's con- trol may cause serious group delinquency problems. (5) Farm record keeping is more readily accepted by groups receiving cash credit. It is concluded that group lending, while not a panacea for small farm develop- ment, holds promise if existing problems can be elimi- nated. PB82-251 190/GAA PC A02/MF A01 North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hill. 1979 Mexico National Fertility and Mortality Survey: A Summary of Results. Summary Series no. 2. Dec 80, 24p AID-PN-AAJ-384 Contract AID/DSPE-C-0025 Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Health, 'Demography, 'Mexico, Developing countries, Surveys, Statistical data, Devel- oping country application, Family planning. In 1977 Mexico established a national family planning plan aimed at reducing the country's 3.2% annual pop- ulation growth rate to 2.5% by 1982 and to 1.0% by 2000. This report summarizes the findings of a 1 979 National Fertility and Mortality Survey indicating progress towards these goals. The survey was multi- purpose and used a two-part questionnaire: one part seeking basic demographic data from 18,505 repre- sentative households; the other collecting information on fertility, infant mortality, and related matters from 20,482 women aged 15-49 years in those same households. The survey showed that, despite evi- dence of a slight tendency towards aging in compari- son with 1 970 and 1 976 data, Mexico's population is still relatively young, with 45.3% under age 15 and only 3.9% aged 65 and over. PB82-251208/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Harza Engineering Co., Chicago, IL. Environmental Design Considerations for Rural Development Projects. Oct 80, 192p AID-PN-AAJ-322 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0249 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Environmental surveys, Guidelines, Developing countries, Environment, Com- munities, Project planning, Coordination, Ecology, Irri- gation, Sanitation, Roads, Health, Water quality, Elec- tric utilities, Developing country application, Villages. This manual, intended for use by A.I.D. field officers, development consultants, and host-country planners, presents guidelines for identifying potentially desirable and undesirable environmental effects that may ac- company small rural projects (with some attention given to situations in larger villages and periurban areas) and applies these guidelines to specific types of rural projects. Rural communities are generally small and self-sufficient, making it especially important to consider, at the design stage, a project's impact on all members of the community and the need to remove obstacles so that villagers can advance themselves without becoming unduly dependent on others. Envi- ronmental effects may be expected in several areas including human health, air and water quality, pesticide contamination, and endangered species. Five specific types of rural projects are discussed in detail: roads, electrification, water supply and sanitation, irrigation and on-farm water management, and small-scale in- dustry. Project description, environmental consider- ations, mitigation and enhancement measures, oper- ational evaluation and monitoring, and planning infor- mation required are discussed for each project type. PB82-251398/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Managing Small Farmer Credit Programs: A Case Study in Honduras, Laren L. Parks, and Harry P. Mapp, Jr. Aug 80, 102p IDS-80-4, AID-PN-AAJ-252 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Banking, Banking business, De- veloping countries, Credit, Records management, Poli- cies, Project management, Agricultural engineering, 'Honduras, Developing country application, Case studies, Procedures. The rising cost of agricultural and farmers' limited funds make successful credit extension services es- sential to small farm ownership and operation in the developing world. This study, part of A.I.D.'s Small Farmer Credit Project, details an effort to improve the credit management and lending practices of the Na- 132 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tional Agricultural Development Bank of Honduras. The information collecting and processing component involved several activities. Loan files were investigated to determine the relation of the Bank's use of enter- prise budgets to loan authorization, cash disburse- ment, and loan default. Farm records were analyzed for information on prices, resources, profitability, cash flow, and other variables. Next, a recordkeeping system was developed, tested, and modified in Ju- tiapa, Las Playitas, Ajuterique, and El Matazano. Simple, accurate crop and livestock enterprise budg- ets and a system for collecting input and product prices were then instituted in the 1 3 Bank regions. The loan administration and evaluation component in- volved many policy and procedural changes. PB82-251414/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Nebraska Univ.-Lincoln. Inst, of Agriculture and Natu- ral Resources. Genetic Improvement of Productivity and Nutri- tional Quality of Wheat. Final rept. 1 Jul 66-31 Dec 79, V. A. Johnson, and P. J. Mattern. Dec 80, 1 15p AID- PN-AAJ-327 Contract AID/ta-C-1093, Contract AID/csd-1208 See also PB-279 445. Keywords: "Wheat, Breeding, Proteins, Metabolism, Lysine, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen fixation, Plant physi- ology, Laboratory animals, Rats, Bioassay, Yield, Qual- ity, Tables(Data), Field tests, Developing country appli- cation, Winter wheat plants, Spring wheat plants. Food to nourish the world's population, which will reach 6.5 billion by the year 2000, transcends all other problems confronting countries and governments. To help increase world food production, A.I.D. funded a research project to genetically engineer high protein wheat (HPW) at the University of Nebraska from 1966 to 1979. This final report summarizes the project's re- search findings. Analyses of 20,000 wheat cultivars showed that genetic variation for HPW of at least 5% exists in hexaploid wheat; genetic variation for lysine (LYS) amounts to only 0.5% LYS, as a percent of HPW, correlates negatively with HPW at protein levels up to 15%; and a strong positive correlation exists be- tween LYS per unit weight and grain protein content. Major genes affecting grain HPW content were identi- fied in Atlas 66 and Nap Hal. Genes modestly affecting LYS were found in CM 3449 and Nap Hal. Hybridized genes were transferred to productive short-statured winter and spring wheats. PB82-251422/GAA PCA11/MFA01 PADCO, Inc., Washington, DC. Transition Housing for Victims of Disasters. Volume I: Disaster Assistance Manual. Apr 81, 235p AID-PN-AAJ-399 Contract AID/OTR-C-1829 Keywords: "Disasters, "Housing, Assessments, "Project planning, Project management, Site surveys, Quality control, Developing countries, Earthquake re- sistant structures, Developing country application, Dis- aster relief, Low income housing, Land ownership. Following a disaster, A.I.D. often provides housing both to meet victims' immediate shelter needs and to create a base from which to reconstruct permanent housing. This manual for A.I.D. and host country disas- ter assistance and housing officials focuses on expedi- tious planning and implementation of conventional, contractor-built, low-and middle-income, transitional housing. Emphasis is placed on A.I.D.'s potential con- tribution and lessons learned from past experience in the following areas: (1) disaster assessment; (2) oper- ational responsibility; (3) project beneficiaries; (4) project timing; (5) environmental considerations; (6) land ownership and financing; (7) site selection, loca- tion, layout, and access; (8) phased occupancy and implementation of infrastructure; (9) safe housing pro- gram components; (10) cyclone-, flood-, and earth- quake-resistant design; and (11) project management and evaluation. PB82-251505/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Veterans Administration, Washington, DC. Management of Vivax Malaria in the Veteran, Technical bulletin, Harry Most. Nov 53, 11p VA/TB-10-93 Keywords: "Malaria, "Diseases, Therapy, Diagnosis, Chemotherapy. Significant advances in the chemotherapy of malaria since the August 1948 technical bulletin on the same subject are reported. Treatment of vivax malaria during the Korean War was relatively simple because of new drugs such as chloroquine, primaquine, and 8-amino- quinoline drugs. Clinical aspects of vivax malaria are described to aid in diagnosis, including abdominal symptoms, chronic and central nervous system mani- festations, as well as miscellaneous problems. Labora- tory diagnosis by demonstration of the parasite in the peripheral blood before treatment is emphasized. Symptomatic and chemotherapeutic treatments are described. Chloroquine ;s recommended for the rou- tine treatment of acute attacks of vivax malaria, al- though the infection would not be cured. Concurrent treatment with primaquine was found to cure ninety- five percent of Korean vivax malaria, although the problem of hemolysis in black people necessitated careful monitoring. The discovery of the drug daraprim seemed to promise hope of a definitive cure for vivax malaria, but more research was needed to determine its ultimate role. PB82-251547/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Bureau of Industrial Economics, Washington, DC. Confectionery Manufacturers Sales and Distribu- tion 1979, Renee L. Gallop, Diane Wilson, and Jean A. Carter. Dec 80, 33p Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: "Industrial development, Manufacturers, Food consumption, International trade, Prices, Sugars, Distribution systems. This 53rd annual report on Confectionery Manufactur- ers' Sales and Distribution presents detailed data on the volume and value of sales, ingredient use, and for- eign trade as well as analysis of significant industry de- velopments. PB82-252735/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi. Indian Agriculture Research Institute. Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry: Activities and Achievements. 1982, 57p Keywords: "Agriculture, "Soils, "Fertilizers, "Manures, "India, Laboratories, Clay minerals, Geomorphology, Farm crops, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Methane, Anaero- bic processes, Digestion(Biology), Leguminous plants, Soil fertility, Developing country application, Biogas process. One of the most important contributions of IARI scien- tists during the last 75 years has been in generating the basic information which the country today has on its soil, and its structure and fertility. This report con- tains the major research activities and achievements of the Division. The main objectives of this Division is to carry out research work on the fundamental and ap- plied aspects of the physical, chemical, minerological, and biological properties of soils, fertilizers, and ma- nures, and their interaction with soil and plant for im- provement and maintenance of soil fertility. PB82-252750/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal (India). Janata Biogas Technology and Fodder Produc- tion, S. Neelakantan. 1981, 139p Sponsored in part by Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi (India). Keywords: "Manures, "Biomass, "Fuels, "Fertilizers, Technology, Industrial plants, Performance evaluation, Utilization, Solid wastes, Developing country applica- tion. An effective bio-gas program leads to efficient use of cow dung for gas recovery and partial supplement to plant nutrient requirements. Bio-gas program leads to improvement in rural living including rural sanitation. The Janata biogas plant designed by the State Plan- ning Institute, Lucknow, based on biogas technology, has proved to be efficient and economical. This book contains the various papers presented at the seminar held to review this technology. The various topics cov- ered are: Status of Biogas Program in India; Role of Extension Agencies in Developing Program of Energy Utilization; Introduction to Drumless Biogas Plant; Prin- ciples and Application of Anaerobic Fermentation and Biogas Production, Operational System of Gobar Gas in Rural India; Complete Recycling of Cattle Shed Wastes through Biogas Plant; Chemical Composition of Cattle Excreta and Its Manurial Value; Profitability of Biogas Plant; Biogas Production from Various Organic Wastes; Performance of Janata Biogas Plant and Biogas Utilization in Appliances; Utilization of Solar Energy for Domestic Purposes; and Conservation of Forages. Plant requirements and cost estimates have been given for several units. PB82-253048/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Vehicle Operating Costs in the Caribbean: An Ex- perimental Study of Vehicle Performance. G. Morosiuk, and S. W. Abaynayaka. C1982, 29p TRRL/LR-1056 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1293. Keywords: "Transportation, "Motor vehicles, Fuel con- sumption, Saint Lucia Island, Caribbean Islands, Roads, Comparison, Kenya, Developing countries, Speed. This report describes an experimental study of vehicle speed and fuel consumption undertaken in the Eastern Caribbean island of St Lucia. The study was designed to extend the range of the empirical relationships de- rived in an earlier study in Kenya which relate vehicle speed and fuel consumption to the geometric charac- teristics and surface condition of the road. The results of this study are compared with the relationships de- rived in the Kenya study and recommendations are made on the use of the two sets of relationships. A methodology has been evolved to provide vehicle speed estimating relationships which are applicable to physical and environmental conditions lying between the two sets of conditions encountered in Kenya and St Lucia. PB82-253428/GAA PC A23/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. World Population and Fertility Planning Technol- ogies: The Next 20 Years. Volume II: Working Papers. Jun 82, 542p* See also PB82-253436 through PB82-253477 and PB82-200338. Keywords: "Fertility, "Birth control, "Contraceptives, Developing countries, Technology innovation, Re- search projects, "Family planning. This volume contains working papers written for OTA in preparation of the report World Population and Fer- tility Planning Technologies: The Next 20 Years. The contents include: (1) Prospects for new or improved birth control technologies by the year 2000 A.D.; (2) Factors influencing the demand for children and their relationship to contraceptive use; (3) Factors that de- termine the Appropriateness of new technologies to consumer needs; (4) Future prospects for the develop- ment of birth planning technology: What the experts think; (5) The impacts of population growth on less de- veloped countries. PB82-253683/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Consortium on Trade Research: Agricultural Import Demand in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and Centrally Planned Countries. Foreign agricultural economic rept., T. Kelley White, George E. Rossmiller, and Vernon Sorenson. Aug 82, 41 p FAER-173 See also PB81 -129983. Keywords: "International trade, "Agriculture, Govern- ment policies, Developing countries, Imports, Exports, Food consumption, Demand(Economics), USSR, China, Communist countries. During the seventies, demand for agricultural imports increased substantially in low- and middle-income countries and the centrally planned countries. Further growth in such demand will depend on internal policy decisions and domestic and international economic conditions of these countries. State trading, food re- serves, and bilateral agreements are becoming in- creasingly important in international agricultural trade. The third meeting of the Consortium on Trade Re- 133 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS search focused on agricultural import demand in the developing and centrally planned countries and the policies and economic conditions affecting that demand. PB82-253907/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Vehicle Operating Costs in the Caribbean: Results of a Survey of Vehicle Operators, H. Hide. c1982, 35p TRRL-LR-1031 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1293. Keywords: 'Caribbean, *Transportation, *Motor vehi- cles, Operating costs, Caribbean Islands, Roads, Sur- veys, Kenya, Pavements, Surfaces, Comparison, De- veloping countries. This report describes an investigation into factors af- fecting vehicle operating costs in the Eastern Caribbe- an. The study was designed to check the validity of the vehicle operating cost relationships derived from an earlier study in Kenya and to extend these relation- ships to include the effects of road geometry and poor bituminous surfaces. Data were collected over a two year period by means of a user survey and the effect of various road and vehicle parameters on the compo- nents of vehicle operating cost was examined. The re- sults of the analysis are presented and are compared with the results obtained from the Kenya study to show the different effects of poor quality paved and unpaved roads on the cost of operating vehicles. The results of both studies are combined to produce a set of relation- ships for both paved and unpaved surfaces. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1982.) PB82-254426/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Characteristics of Public Transport Demand in Indian Cities. Final rept. 1978-80, D. A. C. Maunder, P. R. Fouracre, M. G. Pathak, and C. H. Rao. C1982, 29p TRRL/SR-709, TRRL- SUPPLEMENTARY-709 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1315. Keywords: 'Transportation, Urban areas, Surveys, Travel patterns, Socioeconomic status, Urban sociolo- gy, Developing countries, * India, Public transportation. Surveys were made in a number of Indian cities on the demand for public transport services. The purpose of the project was to investigate the effectiveness of urban public transport and to relate travel patterns to the socioeconomic characteristics of the passengers. Surveys took the form of passenger interviews. PB82-254475/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Development of a Straw-Burning Furnace, to Be Used Initially in Conjunction with a Crop Drying Plant. Final rept., B. Wilton. C1981, 37p EUR-7562-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Crops, 'Drying, Fuels, Straw, Heat exhangers, Comustion products, Drying apparatus. The concept of whole crop harvesting of grain consists in separating the crop in the field and burning parts of the straw to dry the separated grain. The present work is concerned with the development of a furnace/heat exchanger unit capable of burning the straw. Flue gases from the furnace pass through a multi-pass water-filled heat exchanger and are blown through a simple conveyor drier for the straw which may be as wet as 50% moisture content. The heated water is pumped to a second heat exchanger where it gives up heat to air, blown over finned pipes and used in a batch or continuous grain drier. The highest overall efficiency obtained was 55.6% at an output of 1 39kW. PB82-254889/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Oklahoma Water Resources Research Inst., Stillwater. Appropriate Selection of Water/Wastewater Treatment Processes for Small Cities and Rural Areas, George W. Reid, Andy Law, and Tanwir Chaudhry. Mar 82, 87p* W82-06162, , OWRT-A-100-OKLA(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1138 Prepared in cooperation with Oklahoma Univ., Norman. Bureau of Water and Environmental Re- sources Research. Keywords: 'Water treatment, 'Industrial wastes, 'Waste water, 'Rural areas, 'Water pollution, Substi- tutes, Technology, Water quality. Small communities often have to resort to usage of highly inappropriate and sophisticated systems that are difficult to operate and maintain with regard to their water supply and sanitation needs. A computer appli- cation model is presented that will aid engineers/plan- ners in determining a community's needs and re- sources. Two versions of this model were developed: one, for use on a low-cost microcomputer; the other, for use with a hand-held calculator. Both of these ver- sions consider the socio-technological level of the community, as well as indigenous information covering water quality and demographic data. Four communi- ties in the rural and urban fringe in Oklahoma were se- lected for testing the validity of this model. The model identifies water and waste treatment alternatives which are compatible with local available resources and manpower capabilities; application of appropriate technology substantially enhances the ability of the community to satisfy its water and wastewater treat- ment objectives. Community information was obtained from the use of two survey questionnaires to assist identification of appropriate technology for water/ wastewater treatment. PB82-255381/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Food Processors Association, Berkeley, CA. Tomato Cleaning and Water Recycle. Final rept. Jul 74-Mar 77, Walter W. Rose. Apr 82, 106p EPA-600/2-82-059 Grant EPA-S-803251 Keywords: 'Tomatoes, 'Waste water reuse, Design, Soils, Vacuum filtration, Concentrators, Dewatering, Cleaners, Mechanical guides, Mud, Tanks(Containers), Cost analysis, Flow charting, Cir- culation, Flocculating, Effectiveness. A full-scale dump tank water recycle system was de- veloped and demonstrated. A false bottom-ejector transport system removed soil from the water. Clarified water was either recycled back to the dump tank or discharged to the sewer. A vacuum belt was devel- oped for dewatering the mud prior to final disposal. Two types of rubber disc machines were evaluated for the cleaning of tomatoes. Both were found to be effec- tive in cleaning the tomato surfaces using minimal amounts of water. PB82-255498/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Paraprofessionals in Village-Level Development in Sri Lanka: The Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement, Cynthia Moore. 1981, 78p PP-4, AID-PN-AAJ-635 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: Developing countries, 'Education, 'Train- ing, Sri Lanka, Developing country application, 'Social services, Training programs. Despite increasing worldwide interest in the use of paraprofessionals as frontline workers to provide serv- ices to the rural poor, knowledge needed to plan and conduct paraprofessional programs remains scant. To remedy this lack, model programs in six countries were studied. This report, the fourth of the series, details Sri Lanka's Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement (SSM), a private voluntary organization that began in 1 958 and has since gained national status (involving 2,500 vil- lages) and international acclaim for its holistic develop- ment approach. PB82-256058/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. Changes in Soil Fertility Following Prescribed Burning on Coastal Plain Pine Sites. Forest Service research paper, William H. McKee, Jr. Jun 82, 25p SEFES-82-7, FSRP-SE-234 Keywords: 'Soils, 'Forestry, Phosphorus, Soil hori- zons, Nitrogen, Summer, Calcium, Nutrients, Texture, Humus. Soil and forest floor samples were collected from four prescribed burning studies in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. The surface textures of soils ranged from sands to silt loams and the drainage classes from well to poorly drained. Burning treatments had been in force from 8 to 65 years. Reduction of the forest floor and its chemical constituents was related to frequency of burning; however, a protective organic horizon re- mained on all soils. Burning was found to have had no deleterious effect on organic matter or nitrogen in sur- face mineral soil. A comparison of earlier results with present findings suggests that annual winter burning may increase nitrogen in surface mineral soil while annual summer burning appears to reduce the total ni- trogen content. Prescribed burning consistently in- creased the amount of available phosphorus. Fraction- ation of soil phosphorus indicated that burning resulted in the deposition of no specific form of phosphorus but accelerated the mineralization of cycling of the nutri- ent. PB82-256835/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, CA. Application of Ozone to Eliminate Tertiary Treat- ment of Wastewater Used for Industrial Cooling. Final technical rept., Douglas T. Merrill, and Denny S. Parker. Feb 82, 61 p W82-06709, , OWRT-C-90070-R(9413)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -941 3 Keywords: 'Industrial wastes, Recirculation, Corrosion prevention, Fouling prevention, Scale(Corrosion), Pilot plants, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Eco- nomics, Feasibility, Water pollution, 'Waste water reuse. Study was undertaken to determine whether the bene- ficial performance of ozone (biofouling, corrosion, and chemical scaling control), when used as the sole source of cooling water treatment for air-conditioning systems, could be obtained at higher cooling water temperatures typical of industrial cooling with second- ary municipal effluent (SME) used as the cooling medium. A pilot cooling system was constructed, and a 6-month experimental study initiated to determine process limits, mechanisms of scaling inhibition by ozone, and to evaluate factors influencing technical/ economic feasibility. It was found that, while ozone use adequately controlled corrosion and biofouling, chemi- cal scaling could not be prevented at conditions nec- essary for significant economic justification. Calcula- tions indicate that the makeup waters (SME) used will become saturated with respect to calcium phosphate at less than 2 cycles of concentration; hence, a scaling potential exists at conditions less stringent than those used in the present study. It is recommended that ozone for scaling elimination in recirculating industrial cooling systems be dropped from further consideration where the makeup water is SME. PB82-257809/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Wisconsin Univ.-Madison. Decentralization for Development: The Form and Substance of International Development Strate- gies. Occasional paper, Thomas E. Morgan. Apr 81, 53p OP-3, AID-PN-AAJ- 518 Contract AID-DSAN-C-0060 Keywords: 'Regional planning, 'Management plan- ning, 'Management techniques, Management, Strate- gies, Development, Government, Participation, Low income groups, Organization theory, Developing coun- try application, Administration. Dispelling the ambiguities surrounding the current theory and practice of decentralization, widely touted as the key to development strategy, this study devel- ops a clearer and more appropriate view of decentrali- zation. In the author's view, most development strate- gies calling for political or administrative decentraliza- tion derive from the latter causes: decentralization and its corollary, popular participation, are deemed neces- sary to reverse the rigid social and governmental struc- tures that exploit the poor. Actually, however, the sub- 134 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS stance of these strategies belies their rhetoric; for in practice they deny local entities real power and pro- mote participation to reinforce rather than to reform existing central power structures. PB82-258666/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Creative Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. AID Assistance to Education: A Retrospective Study, Francis J. Method, and Saundria Kay Shaw. Feb 81, 234p AID-PN-AAJ-460 Contract AID/DSPE-C-0075 Keywords: "Education, 'Training, 'Financial Manage- ment, Financing, 'Rural areas, Females, Low income groups, Specialized training, Instructors, Developing country application. The report is an analysis of the character, magnitude, and distribution of AID'S education programming over the past 20 years, with emphasis on the period after 1970. The purpose is to inform AID decision makers and to strengthen the agency's ability to respond accu- rately to inquiries from Congress, researchers, and other interested parties. This study presents a signifi- cantly different picture of AID'S education assistance from that of previous agency studies, which were drawn only from official accounting and classification systems. The study, using a classification system es- pecially developed for this project, defines educational activities broadly to include support for education, training, and human resources development in all sec- tors. For example, agricultural universities and Ameri- can Schools Abroad are included, although neither category is in the agency's education sector. The study also covers support provided through accounts for local currency, security/supporting assistance, de- velopment loans, and other special appropriations. PB82-258674/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Administration of Regulations and Per- mits, Santurce. Facilidades para los Fisicamente Impedidos: Reg- lamentos y lllustraciones (Facilities for the Phys- ically Handicapped: Regulations and Illustrations). Jan 79, 48p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Health, 'Puerto Rico, Barriers, Handicapped persons, Availability, Developing country application, Architectural barriers. The document contains the approved amendments of building regulations (Planning Regulations No 7). The amendments, which add a seventh section to the aforementioned regulations, are intended to establish a series of special requirements for making new struc- tures accessible to the physically handicapped. The amendments explain their scope and interpretation and concern accessibility to buildings, sanitary facili- ties, observation areas at assembly and entertainment sites, and other facilities such as kitchens, bathrooms, water fountains, telephones, switches, controls, door- ways, passageways, handles, parking areas, ramps, elevators, stairs, work areas, all of which are illustrated with detailed drawings and dimensions. PB82-259003/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Centre Technique des Industries Mecaniques, Saint- Etienne (France). Evaluation of Lubricants for Air Compressors. Final rept., N. Allier, and J. G. Schamelhout. Aug 82, 31 5p CETIM-12-E-12-0 Trans, of mono. Des Lubricants pour Compresseurs d'Air, Sep 79. See also N82-1 0408/4. Keywords: 'Lubrication, Evaluation, Synthetic oils, Translations. The document provides the results of a detailed study of methods for evaluating both mineral and synthetic lubricants for use with reciprocating and rotary air com- pressors. The main concern with respect to reciprocat- ing air compressors is that the lubricants should be adequately evaluated from the points of view of safety toward man and the environment, and safety toward the equipment. For injection-cooled rotary air com- pressors, emphasis is on longivity of service and per- formance in the presence of air. In addition to describ- ing the studies and their results, the document dis- cusses the basics of lubrication and its application to air compressors; the formation of carbon deposits and the rise of fire in reciprocating compressors; standards relating to lubricants for air compressors; assessment of air compressors available in the world market; as- sessment concerning lubricants recommended by manufacturers and by the International Standards Or- ganization; existing evaluation methods; defects ob- served in air compressors. PB82-259383/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Energy in Irrigation in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Energy Factors to Be Included in a Na- tional Food Policy, Ernest T. Smerdon, and Edward A. Hiler. Dec 80, 84p AID-PN-AAJ-628 Keywords: 'Energy, 'Irrigation, 'Ground water, Cost analysis, Pumping, Sprinkler irrigation, Biomass, Fuels, Water loss, Solar energy, Developing country applica- tion, Wind power. In response to the challenge posed by escalating in- creases in the amount of energy needed for irrigation in developing countries, this report analyzes current energy consumption in irrigation, renewable energy technologies, and relevant food policy issues facing developing country governments. The authors find that developing groundwater supplies entails twice the energy costs of developing surface water supplies, and that the latter can be more efficiently manufac- tured, installed, and operated in developing countries. PB82-259391/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Paraprofessionals in Rural Development, Milton J. Esman, Royal Colle, Norman Uphoff, and Ellen Taylor. 1980, 159p PP-1, AID-PN-AAJ-637 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Social services, 'Training, Manpower, Developing countries, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Guatemala, Senegal, Upper Volta, Devel- oping country applications, Human resources. The reluctance of developing country professionals to work in remote rural areas and the prohibitive cost of delivering the social services so sorely needed there attests to the need for effective paraprofessionals (PP's) as agents of rural development. This report, based upon a study of PP programs in six nations, de- scribes the role of PP's in rural development, as well as the factors which spell success or failure for devel- opment efforts employing such personnel. PB82-259417/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Government Sponsored Agricultural Intensifica- tion Schemes in the Sahel: Development for Whom, Abraham S. Waldstein. Aug 78, 117p AID-PN-AAH- 569 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Sahel, 'Irrigation, 'Economic development, Social effect, Technical assistance, De- cision making, Diets, Cattle, West Africa, Developing country application, Sahel Region(Africa), Ownership. The question, 'Development for Whom', is fundamen- tal to the evaluation of development assistance pro- grams. This paper specifically considers the extent of benefits accruing to the rural poor from large-scale ag- ricultural/irrigation projects in the Sahel. A common characteristic of these efforts has been the subjuga- tion of the overall welfare of farmers to institutional or national interests, removal of farmers from their native lands, and/or reliance on migrant workers. Another drawback has been the exclusion of the farmers from all decisionmaking processes. In many instances the farmers were forced as tenants to cede their own indi- vidual economic interests to the interests of the overall project. PB82-259441/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syra- cuse, NY. Balanced Urbanization, Spatial Integration, and Economic Development in Asia: Implications for Policy and Planning, Dennis A. Rondinelli. 1980, 19p AID-PN-AAH-806 Contract AID/TA-C-1356 Keywords: 'Asia, 'Urbanization, 'Economic develop- ment, Population migration, Demography, Urban de- velopment, Regional planning, Urban planning, Popu- lation growth, Developing country application. Although 12 of Asia's metropolitan centers are among the world's 35 largest cities, and half of all Asians are expected to be urbanites by the year 2000, this report on urbanization and spatial patterns in East and South- east Asia argues that it is not the pace but the pattern of urbanization which poses problems for developing countries. PB82-259490/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Fertility and Mortality Changes in Honduras, 1950- 1974. Rept. no 3, Kenneth Hill. 1980, 71 p AID-PN-AAJ-512 Grant AID/DSPE-G-0061 Keywords: 'Fertility, Population, 'Honduras, Statistical data, Developing countries, Developing country appli- cations. Honduras, a small country having only 2.66 million people in 1974, experienced a marked decline in mor- tality from 1950-74. This fact, plus the wealth of vari- ous types of demographic data available, make Hon- duras an ideal subject for this case study, one of a series of national population studies, of changes in mortality, fertility, and population growth during the period 1950-74. A glossary of terms and a 14-item bib- liography (1964-81) are appended. PB82-259557/GAA PC A08/MF A01 National Botanical Research Inst., Lucknow (India). Dhaincha for Seed Gum; Dehydration of Flowers and Foliage; Damask Rose for Rose Oil and Rose Water; Matricaria for Blue Oil; Control Noxious Algae in Garden Tanks and Ponds; Mass Propaga- tion of Dioscorea floribunda by Tissue Culture; and Extraction of Jasmine Flower Oil. Extension bulletin 1-7, V. Chandra, M. A. Kher, H. P. Srivastava, P. N. Misra, and P. N. Saxena. c1980, 157p Keywords: 'Oilseed crops, Cultivation, Planting, Algae, Pest control, Production, Dehydration, Ornamental plants, Plant reproduction, India, Developing country application, Perfume. Contents: 'Dhaincha' for seed gum; Dehydration of flowers and foliage; 'Damask' Rose for rose oil and rose water; Matricaria for blue oil; Control noxious algae in garden tanks and ponds; Mass propagation of Dioscorea floribunda by tissue culture; Extraction of jasmine flower oil. PB82-259565/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Differential Response of Rice Varieties to the Brown Planthopper in International Screening Tests, D. V. Seshu, and H. E. Kauffman. Aug 80, 16p 52, AID-PN-AAJ-130 Contract AID/492-1 31 0-T Keywords: 'Rice, 'Plants(Botany), 'Insects, 'South- east Asia, Tolerances(Physiology), Plant diseases, Philippines, Responses, Solomon Islands, Selection, Developing country application, Brown planthoppers. The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, has become a serious threat to rice production in several South, Southeast, and East Asian countries. This paper discusses results of International Rice Brown Planthopper Nursery (IRBPN) screening tests con- ducted 1975-79 with special reference to understand- ing biotype variations in BPH and identifying sources of genetic resistance to these biotypes. The number of rice varieties tested ranged from 41 in 1975 to 162 in 1979 and included several traditional tall varieties and improved semidwarf breeding lines. PB82-259573/GAA Columbia Univ., New York. PC A04/MF A01 135 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Family Planning: Its Impact on the Health of Women and Children, Deborah Maine. 1981, 60p AID-PN-AAJ-557 Contract AID/DSPE-CA-0043 Keywords: * Birth control, "Health, Infants, Females, 'Contraceptives, *Women, 'Children, Statistical data, Population growth, Abortion, Health, Developing coun- tries, 'Family planning, Developing country applica- tion. The enormity of the maternal/child health problems facing developing countries is evident from the fact that two-thirds of their people are either children under 1 5 or women of child-bearing age. This report explores how family planning (FP) can help avoid or reduce some of these problems. Using research data from 37 developing and developed countries, the author shows that a child's chances of surviving the first few years of life are reduced if children are born close together in time; the family already has three or more children; and the mother is under 20 or over 35. The author recom- mends continuing and expanding FP programs in de- veloping countries. An 87-item bibliography (1938-81) in English and Spanish is appended. PB82-259599/GAA PC A09/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Report of Strategy Advisory Group on Anti- Malar- ia Support Strategy for Tropical Africa, Herbert T. Dalmat, John C. Eason, and A. E. Farwell. 18 Apr 80, 179p AID-PN-AAJ-100 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0164 Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Malaria, Developing countries, 'Africa, Infectious diseases, Public health, Therapy, Drug therapy, Strategies, Developing country applica- tion, Disease control. Malaria is the greatest threat to life and socioeconomic development in tropical Africa. Given a problem of such magnitude, A.I.D. convened a Strategy Advisory Group to determine if donor assistance can avert or at least blunt malaria's devastating impact in the area. This report summarizes the Group's findings, identifies achievable malaria control goals, techniques and ap- proaches to reach those goals, the steps which African countries must take, and the response required of donors. Since the eradication of malaria is currently unfeasible in all but the coastal islands of Africa, a more limited goal must be adopted, namely, of 'con- trolling' or reducing the prevalence of malaria so that it is no longer a major public health problem in tropical Africa. The report lists 18 constraints to this goal while highlighting four of them: inadequate training facilities, limited resources, inflation, and inadequate assign- ment of priority to malaria problems. PB82-259607/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Guatemala's Rural Health Paraprofessionals, Forrest D. Colburn. 1981, 65p PP-2, AID-PN-AAJ-638 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Health, 'Health care delivery, 'Guatema- la, Effectiveness, Development, Implementation, Public health, Developing countries, Developing coun- try application, Delivery of health care. To redress the frequent bias of developing country health care systems toward providing high-cost, pro- fessional, curative care in urban areas to the neglect of delivering basic health care services in isolated rural areas, paraprofessional health workers are being in- creasingly used to serve the rural poor. This field study, one of six conducted by Cornell University, re- views the effectiveness of paraprofessionals in rural Guatemala. The origin and development of Guatema- la's health paraprofessional program and its imple- mentation in eight villages are reviewed. Despite stiff (and continuing) opposition from the physician-domi- nated health care community, the Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MOPHSA) cre- ated two new layers of auxiliary health personnel to serve the rural poor-village health promoters and Rural Health Technicians (RHT). PB82-259615/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Creating a 'Women's Component': A Case Study in Rural Jamaica, Elsa M. Chaney, and Martha W. Lewis. Mar 81, 41 p AID-PN-AAJ-466 Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Farming, 'Rural areas, Rural sociology, 'Jamaica, Developing countries, 'Women, House- holds, Case studies, Food products, Developing coun- try application. To incorporate women into an ongoing integrated rural development project (IRDP) in central Jamaica, USAID's Office of Women in Development (WID) de- signed and implemented a women's component for the project. This case study documents the genesis of this component and offers suggestions for its potential replication. After a year of operation, IRDP staff were concerned that unless women were involved in project planning and implementation, the IRDP's scope would be restricted to the soil conservation activities which are its main focus and not address the larger concerns of improving the lives of the area's 5,000 families. PB82-259623/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Women Paraprofessionals in Upper Volta's Rural Development, Ellen Taylor. 1981, 69p PP-3, AID-PN-AAJ-636 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Women, 'Rural areas, 'Training, Special- ized training, Upper volta, Developing countries, De- veloping country applications. Throughout the world there is increasing interest in using paraprofessionals in various capacities as front- line development workers to provide services which are acceptable and accessible to the rural poor who often have not been reached by development pro- grams. However, there is minimal empirical knowledge on which to draw for program planning and guidance. This study has sought to remedy this need by analyz- ing several existing paraprofessional programs to de- termine which factors affect the paraprofessional's ef- fectiveness. Field studies were conducted of illustra- tive programs in Guatemala, Bolivia, Senegal, Upper Volta, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. For research pur- poses the Cornell team defined paraprofessionals as workers (1) with no more than 12 months of pre-serv- ice or technical school training; (2) who have direct service contact with rural dwellers; (3) who play a semi-autonomous role in making day-to-day judg- ments and decision; (4) while operating as part of an organized private or public sector agency. The typical paraprofessional is likely to be indigenous to the serv- ice area and to have no more than a primary school education. PB82-259904/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Florida Univ., Gainesville. Evaluation of Waste Citrus Activated Sludge in Poultry Feeds. Final rept. Jul 76-Jan 79, Bobby L. Damron, Douglas M. Janky, Robert H. Harms, and Mark F. Hall. Apr 82, 47p EPA-600/2-82- 060 Grant EPA-R-803997 Keywords: 'Waste disposal, 'Animal feeds, 'Poultry, Citrus fruits, Proteins, Solid waste disposal, Activated sludge process. Experiments were conducted on chick broilers and hens to determine the metabolizable energy of citrus sludge. A determination of metabolizable energy values showed that the values decreased as the level of citrus sludge in the diet increased. A series of pro- tein levels were fed to day-old chicks for a 3-week period in an attempt to assay the protein quality of citrus sludge. As the level of sludge in the diet in- creased, its utilization decreased with an almost toxic effect being observed at higher concentrations. Vita- min D3 and citrus sludge were fed to day-old chicks to determine if the minerals contained in the sludge could be causing the destruction of Vitamin D3 in the feed. Experiments were also conducted to evaluate the bio- logical availability of phosphorus contained in the sludge. Citrus sludge was also examined as a source of pigmentation in egg yolks and in broilers. PB82-259995/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Camp, Dresser and McKee, Inc., Arlington, VA. Possible Disinfection of Oral Rehydration Solu- tions, Richard Cash, and Lincoln Chen. Nov 80, 18p AID- PN-AAJ-536 Contract AID/DSPE-G-0080 Keywords: 'Sanitation, 'Water quality, Sterilization, 'Potable water, Bacteria, Escherichia coli, Contamina- tion, 'Water pollution, Developing country application, Bactericides. Because people in developing countries are frequently forced to use contaminated water in preparing the oral rehydration solutions (ORS) used to combat the ef- fects of diarrhea, the question has been raised wheth- er and how ORS's can be disinfected. This report sum- marizes the results of a meeting held by A.I.D. health personnel with consultants to discuss this question. Studies have documented a significant presence of Escherichia coli in ORS's of varying water quality. It is not known, however, whether drinking contaminated ORS results in reinfection or in prolongation of the di- arrheal episode or at what point the ORS usually be- comes contaminated. If it is assumed that contamina- tion comes from the water itself, several options for disinfection exist: adding a bactericidal agent to home water storage vessels, boiling the water, exposing the mixed ORS to the sun's ultraviolet rays, or adding a disinfectant to ORS packages. PB82-260126/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL. Bolivia Fertilizer Situation and Recommendations, M. Terry Frederick, and Robert T. Smith. 1979, 91 p AID-PN-AAJ-023 Contract AID-51 1-1 65-T Keywords: 'Soils, 'Fertilizers, 'Bolivia, Utilization, Soil properties, Farm crops, Prices, Demand(Economics), Soil tests, Marketing, Imports, Recommendations, De- veloping country application. The second lowest level of fertilizer consumption in South America and exorbitant fertilizer prices are im- peding Bolivia's agricultural development. This report reviews Bolivia's fertilizer situation and makes recom- mendations to improve it. Examined are Bolivia's agri- cultural potential in terms of climate, soil conditions, and crop production capabilities; indigenous fertilizer raw materials; fertilizer transportation system; future fertilizer manufacturing plans; fertilizer use and prac- tice. PB82-260134/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Reaching the Assetless Poor: Projects and Strate- gies for Their Self-Reliant Development. Special series on landlessness and near- Isndlsssnsss Cheryl A. Lassen. Oct 80, 76p LNL-6, AID-PN-AAJ- 647 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Regional planning, Participative manage- ment, Decision making, Management, Evaluation, De- veloping country application. The only assets the landless and near-landless (LNL) possess are their labor and their capacity for collective action. This report questions whether restricting the LNL's participation in development efforts to imple- mentation and reception of benefits without allowing them to participate in the decisionmaking, manage- ment, and evaluation processes produces the structur- al changes needed for long-run, self-reliant develop- ment. Because developing country governments often extend only to the district level, lack concrete knowl- edge of the LNL's situation, and rely on intermediary institutions which favor local elites, the LNL must form themselves into clientele groups to effectively seek public goods and services. To spur this organizing process, catalyst agencies are needed to motivate, inform, and organize the LNL. PB82-260142/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). 136 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Methodology for Determining Insect Control Rec- ommendations. Research paper series, J. A. Litsinger, M. D. Lumaban, J. P. Bandong, P. C. Pantua, and A. T. Barrion. Jan 80, 34p IRPS-21, AID- PN-AAJ-081 Grant AID-DSAN-G-0083 Keywords: 'Crops, *Pest control, Recommendations, Distribution(Property), Climate, Soil properties, Geog- raphy, Farming, Cultivation, Irrigation, Developing country application, Cropping systems. A cropping systems approach has recently emerged as an effective means of improving insect control--a task which, because of its complexity, high demand on resources, and location-specific nature, has impeded past efforts to produce onfarm yields comparable to those obtained at research stations. This report ex- plains the role of cropping systems research in insect pest control and outlines a methodology for determin- ing insect control recommendations. Cropping sys- tems research entails specifying a given insect pest control technology by taking into account cropping patterns of individual farmers, the geographical and temporal distribution of pests, environmental param- eters, cultural practices, and insecticide application methods. PB82-260159/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Testing an Off-Farm Labor Supply Model in an LDC. Occasional paper, Dwight A. Smith, and Richard L. Meyer. 15 May 79, 16p OP-615,, AID-PN-AAH-884 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: *Rural areas, 'Income, 'Philippines, 'Em- ployment, Models, Low income groups, Developing country application. Although studies have shown off-farm labor (OFL) to be a key source of income for poor rural families in developing countries, the effect of off-farm wage rates on OFL supply remains unclear. This paper reports on a test of a model for analyzing this issue using data from 188 rural households in the Philippines. In the model, the time allocated to OFL by husbands and wives is a function of own on-farm and off-farm wage rates, nonearnings income, and several environmental variables noted below. Results suggest that area small farmers respond to wage rates in allocating household labor time and that farm and household characteristics are significant in explaining response to off-farm wage rates. The model needs to be refined to include chil- dren's wage and time allocation and their impact on adult labor supply; to analyze the process of house- hold response to OFL opportunities; and to relate suc- cessful OFL to migration decisions. An 1 1 -item bibliog- raphy (1958-78) is appended. PB82-260167/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Rural Financial Markets and Development in Low Income Countries: Some Insights for the U.S. Occasional paper, Dale W. Adams. 5 Mar 80, 20p OP-712, AID-PN- AAH-880 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Rural areas, 'Economic development, Credit, Loans, Developing country application. Despite the prosperity of U.S. rural financial markets (RFM), recent criticism has been aimed at developing country RFM's patterned after U.S. models. This paper explains why developing country RFM's have ex- cluded small rural borrowers and identifies similar trends now appearing in U.S. RFM's. PB82-260191/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta. Engineering Experi- ment Station. Aid Hand-Operated Water Pump: A Classic Exam- ple of Technology Transfer, Phillip W. Potts. Mar 81, 53p AID-PN-AAJ-561 Contract AID/ta-C-1 354 Keywords: 'Water supply, 'Water pumps, 'Technolo- gy transfer, Manufacturing, Operating costs, Installa- tion, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, In- donesia, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Ecuador, Developing countries, Developing country application. A.I.D.'s technology transfer efforts have enabled vari- ous developing nations to produce their own hand-op- erated water pumps, thereby providing them with im- proved rural health, a source of pride and employment, and an alternative to costlier imported pumps. This report describes A.I.D.'s project to assess the applica- bility, initiate the manufacture and installation, and evaluate the performance of locally-produced water pumps in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Dominican Re- public, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, and Ecuador. A.I.D. and the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT), the project implementing agent, surveyed various na- tions' ability to manufacture the pump, their enthusi- asm for the endeavor, the pumps' applicability to rural water supply programs (particularly those already in- volving A.I.D.), and local pump manufacturing costs versus import costs. An initial production run gauged local manufacturers' capabilities. PB82-260209/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Academy for Educational Development, Inc., Washing- ton, DC. Reading by Radio: A Position Paper on the Use of Radio in Teaching Reading Skills for Educational Development, Maurice Imhoof. Feb 81, 37p AID-PN-AAJ-433 Contract AID/DSPE-C-0051 Keywords: 'Education, 'Communication, Radio equip- ment, Developing countries, 'Kenya, Psycholinguis- tics, Developing country application. This paper discusses the importance of language skills ^for developing country educational development and *the usefulness and appropriateness of radio in ad- vancing these skills. As a tool in the general education- al process, radio possesses several advantages; it is low in cost, has immediate appeal, combines easily with other instructional modes, and is suitable for non- literate audiences. These factors allow radio to im- prove educational quality and relevance, reduce edu- cational costs, and improve access to education, es- pecially in rural areas. Radio has been widely used for language instruction specifically and has proven espe- cially helpful in upgrading the skills of unqualified teachers. After outlining the profound causal relation- ship between reading and the development of person- al awareness of self and the world, as revealed in con- temporary psycholinguistics, and the particular prob- lems inherent in learning to read a second language, the author shows that radio is ideally suited for lan- guage instruction since it provides the opportunity to master new and different sounds, to repeat new gram- matical devices in a variety of ways, and to practice new vocabulary in entertaining but extensive contexts. The use of radio for language instruction is particularly recommended in developing countries short on fi- nances and long on language arts deficiencies. PB82-260217/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Women in Mauritania: The Effects of Drought and Migration on their Economic Status and Implica- tions for Development Programs, Melinda Smale. Oct 80, 194p AID-PN-AAJ-464 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Women, 'Economic analysis, 'Mauritania, 'Income, Farm crops, Farm processing, Households, Population migrations, Drought, Develop- ing countries, Developing country application. What effects did the drought of the 1970's and male migration have on the lives and income-generating ability of Mauritanian women. This report, based on a study of selected sites in Mauritania, answers that question. A Mauritanian woman's ability to earn an income is largely dictated by her ethnic group. Drought and migration are not new to Mauritania, but the drought of the last 10 years increased and lengthened male absences. Women have responded and adapted in their own characteristic way. Recommendations to increase women's income from productive activities are given by the author. PB82-260233/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Recent Economic Growth and Rural Financial Mar- kets in Jamaica: Analysis of Performance, Prob- lems and Recommendations, Douglas H. Graham, Compton Bourne, and Girma Begashaw. Oct 78, 182p AID-PN-AAH-893 Contract AID/TA-BMA-7 Keywords: 'Banking, 'Financial management, 'Jamai- ca, 'Economic analysis, Banking business, Rural areas, Performance evaluation, Credit, Government, Financial management, Developing countries, Devel- oping country application, Market surveys, Funds. Against a background analysis of the Jamaican econo- my's accelerating decline from 1965 to 1978, this paper studies the recent performance of Jamaica's rural financial markets (RFM's). From 1970 to 1977, credit increased rapidly, 6.7 fold, in nominal terms, but real growth was only 2.6 fold. Most of the increase came from new programs such as the Self-Supporting Farmer's Development Program (SSFDP) and the Ja" maican Development Bank (JDB) with the help of for- eign funds as inflation eroded the credit base in older domestic sources such as the Agricultural Credit Board (ACB). This rapid increase in credit within a de- clining economy has led to delinquency and arrears which have compromised future access to foreign funding sources, and to negative real interest rates which have benefitted large farmers while undermining the viability of the credit institutions themselves. PB82-260241/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, DC. Integrated Rural Development: Making It Work, George Honadle, Elliott R. Morss, Jerry VanSant, and David D. Gow. Jul 80, 268p AID-PN-AAJ-467 Contract AID-DSAN-C-0065 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Regional planning, 'Man- agement techniques, Development, Organizational structure, Management, Technical assistance, Coordi- nation, Implementation, Developing country applica- tion, State of the art. As part of an A.I.D. project to assist managers of inte- grated rural development (IRD) projects, in which suc- cess depends as much on effectively mobilizing com- plex resources as on technical expertise, this report, based on a 2-year experience in 1 developing coun- tries, presents the state-of-the-art in IRD project man- agement. Around the two key factors of organizational design and managerial tactics, the report details a wide range of perennial problems and choices faced by IRD project managers in delivering goods and serv- ices, eliciting local response, and effecting self-sus- taining improvements. PB82-260258/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, DC. Integrated Rural Development: Making It Work. Ex- ecutive Summary, George Honadle, Elliott R. Morss, Jerry VanSant, and David D. Gow. Jul 80, 55p AID-PN-AAJ-468 Contract AID-DSAN-C-0065 Keywords: 'Regional planning, 'Rural areas, 'Com- munity development, Citizen participation, Organiza- tions, Local government, Technical assistance, Devel- oping country application. As part of an A.I.D. project to assist managers of inte- grated rural development (IRD) projects, in which suc- cess depends as much on effectively mobilizing com- plex resources as on technical expertise, this report, based on a 2-year experience in 10 developing coun- tries, presents the state-of-the-art in IRD project man- agement. Around the two key factors of organizational design and managerial tactics, the report details a wide range of perennial problems and choices faced by IRD project managers in delivering goods and serv- ices, eliciting local response, and effecting self-sus- taining improvements. PB82-260290/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC. Rural Development Programs and Their Impacts on Fertility, Abraham S. David, Laurie Zivetz, Edward Vickery, and William Levine. 1979, 107p AID-PN-AAJ-630 137 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Grant AID/ta-CA-1 Keywords: "Fertility, *Rural areas, Developing coun- tries, Decision making, "Education, Migration, Chil- dren, Nutrition, Income, Developing country applica- tion, State of the art. To increase its ability to build antifertility strategies into rural development programs (RDP's), A.I.D. sponsored a series of state-of-the-art papers on the impact of RDP's on fertility decisions. This report presents exec- utive summaries of these papers, along with a frame- work for synthesizing their key findings. The papers treat, in order, the fertility impact of RDP's that focus on women's roles; education; urban-rural migration; the cost/value of children; land tenure; income; and health/nutrition. Each paper includes an annotated bibliography of pertinent literature, an inventory and fertility-related analysis of hypotheses found in the lit- erature, and an executive summary. PB82-260308/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Rural Nonfarm Employment: The Recent East Asian Experience, Economics and Sociology occasional paper, Richard L Meyer, and Donald W. Larson. Jul 78, 28p OP-484, AID-PN-AAH-885 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: "Employment, "Rural areas, "Asia, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Income, Developing countries, Developing country application. Although small, rural, nonfarm firms (SRNF) are often overlooked by development strategists and have often suffered from discriminatory government policies, recent evidence suggests that SRNF's may be able to contribute significantly to farm family income and the national economy. This paper exemplifies this thesis in light of recent East Asian experience. A literature review shows that East Asian SRNF's, in contrast to larger, more 'modern' enterprises, employ substantial unskilled and uneducated labor (20-30% of the labor force and more), use local resources, are less capital- intensive, require little foreign exchange, reduce inter- regional inequities, improve income distribution, en- courage investment in agriculture, produce exports, and help link the product and labor markets to small farms. A 31 -item bibliography (1961-76) is appended. PB82-260316/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Funding and Viability of Rural Development Banks. Economics and Sociology occasional paper, Compton Bourne, and Douglas H. Graham. Apr 80, 30p OP-720, AID-PN-AAH-892 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: "Banking, "Financial management, "Rural areas, "Agricultural economics, Economic develop- ment, Developing countries, Jamaica, Credit, Banking business, Loans, Developing country application. Using the Jamaican Development Bank as an exam- ple, this paper examines the impact of existing funding sources on the viability of rural development banks (RDB) in low-income countries and suggests new sources for RDB funding. PB82-260324/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Recent Performance of Rural Financial Markets in Low Income Countries. Occasional paper, Dale W. Adams. 1 1 Apr 79, 30p OP-596, AID-PN- AAH-887 Grant AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: "Banking, "Financial management, "Rural areas, "Agricultural economics, Demand(Economics), Marketing, Economic development, Developing coun- tries, Credit, Banking business, Loans, Developing country application. Despite a substantial expansion in the past 30 years, rural financial markets (RFM) have contributed little to development in low-income countries. To bolster this controversial thesis, this paper reviews the recent poor performance of RFM's and identifies its causes. PB82-260332/GAA PC A07/MF A01 American Agricultural Economics Association, Lexing- ton, KY. Training Agricultural Economists for Work in Inter- national Development, Darrell F. Fienup, and Harold M. Riley. Jun 80, 146p AID-PN-AAJ-096 Contract AID/ta-BMA-4 Keywords: "Training, "Education, Students, Surveys, Assessments, United States, International relations, Developing country application, "Agricultural econo- mists, Training programs, Advanced programs. Because precise knowledge has been lacking regard- ing the training needs of the increasing number of de- veloping country students receiving U.S. graduate training in agricultural economics (AE), some 750 de- veloping country alumni of U.S. AE graduate programs were surveyed to determine how they assess their training; analyze the status of AE in developing coun- tries; and map a strategy for improving U.S. AE pro- grams. Respondents to the survey, results of which are presented here, cited the following major strengths of U.S. graduate training programs: comprehensive training in theory and quantitative methods; flexible programs allowing breadth and depth in training; good student-faculty interaction; and a favorable climate for learning and research. PB82-260340/GAA PC A19/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad (India). Proceedings of International Workshop on Socio- economic Constraints to Development of Semi- Arid Tropical Agriculture, 19-23 February 1979, Hy- derabad, India, J. G. Ryan, and H. L. Thompson. Feb 79, 431 p AID- PN-AAJ-522 Contract AID/ta-G-1 406 Keywords: "Agricultural economics, "Agriculture, Social effect, Economic factors, "Tropical regions, Farming, Soils, India, Grains(Food), Marketing, Risk, Decision making, West Africa, Developing country ap- plication, Dryland farming. New technologies cannot be disseminated in develop- ing countries without an understanding of local socio- economic conditions. Such is the view adopted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in sponsoring the International Workshop on Socioeconomic Constraints to Develop- ment of Semi-Arid Tropical Agriculture, held February 19-23, 1979 in Hyderabad, India, of which this report comprises the proceedings. The Workshop's primary aim was to consider ways and means of overcoming the various socioeconomic constraints to agricultural development in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) and em- phasis was focused on the role new technologies and/ or policies could play in alleviating development con- straints in SAT. PB82-260357/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Animation Rurale and Rural Development: The Ex- perience of Senegal, Sheldon Gellar, Robert B. Charlick, and Yvonne Jones. Oct 80, 224p AR-2, AID-PN-AAJ-634 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: "Rural areas, "Cooperatives, "Economic development, Cooperation, Control, Planning, Strate- gies, Development, "Senegal, Developing country ap- plication. After 20 years (1959-79), the theory of 'Animation Rurale' (AR), which emphasizes cooperative village control of economic institutions, has been discarded as a basis for rural development planning in Senegal. To explain this abandonment, this study traces, in the light of Senegal's rural development context and AR theory/methodology, the history of AR in Senegal, the AR techniques used, and AR's use in specific regions. PB82-260365/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico City. Planning Technologies Appropriate to Farmers: Concepts and Procedures. 1980, 79p AID-PN-AAJ-526 Contract AID-DSAN-G-0216 Keywords: "Photovoltaic power system, "Electric power, "Agriculture, Concepts, Recommendations, Government policies, Instructions, Surveys, Marketing, Rainfall, Decision making, Income, Developing country application, Appropriate technology. A key reason preventing farmers in developing coun- tries from adopting fully the technologies recommend- ed to them by researchers and extensionists is the in- appropriateness of the technologies themselves. This manual was prepared to present procedures and guidelines to assist agricultural researchers in formu- lating technologies truly appropriate to farmer needs and is divided into three parts. Part I presents an over- view of a research program aimed at developing ap- propriate technologies. Part II describes procedures for obtaining information on these circumstances. In Part III, methods are discussed for gleaning from survey results the information pertinent to planning crop research. PB82-261025/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Vrije Univ., Amsterdam (Netherlands). Models of Know-How and Technics Transfers in the International Order, F. H. Brookman. 1982, 48p 1982:1 Keywords: "Technology transfer, "Research and de- velopment, International relations, Economic develop- ment, Developing countries, Populations, Research projects. The report explains and evaluates the methods of technology transfer, particularly those methods used to transfer technology to less developed countries. PB82-261090/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Assam Agricultural Univ., Jorhat (India). Directorate of Research. Salient Research Findings - 1978-79, L. P. Upadhaya. 1980, 84p Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: "Farming, "Crops, "India, Plant reproduc- tion, Breeding, Rice plants, Plant diseases, Weed con- trol, Fertilizers, Plant growth, Grain crops, Soybean plants, Pest control, Insects, Marketing, Sugarcane, Plant pathology, Developing country application. This report includes research findings of the Assam Agricultural University in the field of agricultural sci- ence. The major areas of research are: cereals; grain legumes; soybean, oilseeds; sugar crop; potato; for- ages; fibre crops; hill agriculture; farm forestry; water management; stored grain pests and control of ro- dents; fungal diseases; and efficient use of fertilizers. PB82-261 108/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Pilot Sample Survey for Estimating Yield of Cotton in Hissar (Haryana). Annual rept. 1976-1977, S. K. Raheja, P. C. Mehrotra, B. B. P. S. Goel, and V. S. Rustogi. 1978, 55p Keywords: "Cotton, "Agricultural economics, "India, surveys, Yield, Cotton plants, Forecasting, Developing country application. With a view to develop suitable sampling methodology for forecasting and estimating the yield of cotton, a pilot sample survey was conducted in the Hissar dis- trict of Haryana, India. The survey covered both high yielding and local varieties of cotton. PB82-261181/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Preparation of Problem-Oriented Learning Materi- als, Virendra Tripathi, and V. N. Singh. Sep 75, 117p SER-108 Keywords: "Education, Specialized education, Motiva- tion, Books, Instructors, "India, Developing country ap- plication. This is a report of the National Training Workshop held at Literacy House, Lucknow, India, from September 4- 9, 1975. Discussion sheets are presented on: Family life education material; problem-based learning materi- 138 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS als for non-formal education; problem-oriented learn- ing materials on bajra cultivation; problem-oriented learning materials on bajra cultivation development; methods and techniques of preparing problem-orient- ed learning materials; curriculum development for pre- paring problem-oriented learning materials; techniques of developing problem-based learning materials; and administering problem finding survey schedules. The seminar recommended that materials be prepared with both the instructor and the student in mind, and pre- pared in local languages. The problems should be identified through community participation and the ma- terials prepared accordingly. PB82-261199/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nu- trition (Third series). C1981, 33p IA-)ISBN-92-825-2552-X, EUR-7383-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: *Animal feeds, Chlorine organic com- pounds, Food additives, Silage, Hydrochloric acid, Sul- phuric acids, Dispersants, Polyoxyethylene, Emulsify- ing agents, Fumaric acid, Maleic acid, Proteins, Regu- lations, Dosage, Escherichia coli, Immunity, Swine, Chickens, Europe, Purinamine/(chloro-fluorophenyl- methyl). The topics on feed additives considered are: fumaric and maleic acids as preservatives of feedingstuffs, hy- drochloric and sulphuric acids as preservatives in silage and molasses feed, the dispersant polyethylene glycol 6000, and the emulsifier polyoxypropylene-po- lyoxyethylene polymer, the coccidiostat arprinocid for chickens, and inactivated cultures of certain entero- pathogenic Eschericia coli serotypes to elicit and maintain surface intestinal immunity in piglets. The Committee finds that the proposed conditions of use are satisfactory. Dosage of arprinocid, teratogenic for rats and mice but not for rabbits, should be withdrawn at least five days before slaughter. Guidelines for the assessment of microorganism protein, intended for animal feed, are laid down. (Copyright (c) ECSC-EEC- EAEC, Brussels - Luxembourg, 1981.) PB82-261207/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Monograph on Estimation of Incidence of Crop Pests and Diseases and Yield Losses, Daroga Singh, and R. K. Khosla. 1981, 145p Keywords: "Plant diseases, *Pest control, 'Crops, * India, Losses, Yield, Soybean plants, Corn plants, Grain sorghum plants, Developing country application. It is a known fact that the pests and diseases cause considerable crop losses in every season in this coun- try, but reliable and objective estimates of incidence of pests and diseases and also crop losses in quantita- tive terms are not available. This monograph will serve as guidelines to the research workers for conducting the sample surveys for estimation of incidence of pests and diseases and consequent quantitative crop losses. PB82-261215/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Monograph on Statistical Studies on the Behaviour of Rainfall in a Region in Relation to a Crop, P. N. Bhargava, P. Narain, D. Singh, and Asha Saksena. 1977, 75p Keywords: *Crops, "India, Statistical analysis, Mois- ture, Estimating, Developing country application. Recognizing the important role of rainfall in increasing or depressing the crop production and lack of availabil- ity of statistical methodology for their investigation, In- stitute of Agricultural Research Statistics initiated stud- ies for the development of a statistical methodology to investigate the various aspects of rainfall in a particular region in relation to crop. In this monograph the statis- tical methodology developed for various aspects of rainfall in relation to a crop as well as the results ob- tained are discussed. PB82-261777/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Estimation of Birth and Death Rates in Bovine: A Pilot Survey in Andhra Pradesh. T. Jacob, B. Marutiram, and S. N. Arya. 1978, 35p Keywords: "Livestock, "India, Surveys, Mortality, Birth, Age, Fertility, Animal diseases, Developing country ap- plication. Estimation of projected population of animals is essen- tial for formulating scientific plans for increasing live- stock production. The report contains results and dis- cussions pertaining to population structure; breed composition; age distribution; fertility rates; mortality rates; combined ratio estimates; and causes of mortali- ty- PB82-261785/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Estimation of Area of Grazing Land and Its Utiliza- tion, Jhansi District (Uttar Pradesh): A Pilot Survey, K. C. Raut, U. G. Nadkarni, B. C. Saxena, and P. R. Sreenath. 1978, 68p Keywords: "Grass, "Agricultural economics, "India, Grasses, Yield, Forage crops, Area, Feeding stuffs, Estimating, Developing country application. The object of the survey was to evolve a suitable sam- pling- technique for estimating, with a reasonable degree of precision; (i) the area of grazing land; (ii) the average yield per unit of grazing area in different sea- sons; (iii) the composition of grazing available and its chemical contents in each season; and (iv) to obtain information on grazing practices followed in utilizing the grazing area available. PB82-261942/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Puerto Rico Administration of Regulations and Per- mits, Santurce. Codigo para la Conservacion de Energia en Edifi- cios en Puerto Rico (Code for Energy Conserva- tion in Buildings in Puerto Rico). 1979, 108p Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Energy management, "Buildings, Air con- ditioning, Heating, "Puerto Rico, Regulations, "Energy conservation, Developing country application. Energy conservation is part of a comprehensive energy program for Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rican Office of Energy has recently concentrated on devel- oping a balanced energy conservation plan, emphasiz- ing the adaptation of building construction to reduce the amount of energy used for lighting, air conditioning, and power in general, while also attempting to identify opportunities for maximum heating efficiency. The building construction program involves establishing lighting and heating efficiency standards to be imple- mented by the Administration of Regulations and Per- mits through the adoption of a building regulations sup- plement (Planning Regulations No. 7), which will be known as the 'Code for Energy Conservation in Build- ings in Puerto Rico'. The code, developed under the auspices of the Puerto Rican Office of Energy with funds provided by the U.S. Department of Energy and with the participation of those government agencies that must comply with public energy conservation policy in Puerto Rico, includes general provisions, design criteria and conditions, technical standards, etc. The technical provisions of Standard 90-75 and proposed revisions 90-75R of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), criteria of the Federal Energy Administra- tion and Federal General Services Administration, and the provisions of the current Model Energy Code in the United States were considered in preparing the code. PB82-262064/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Sampling Methodology for Estimation of Meat Pro- duction. D. Singh, J. S. Maini, B. B. P. S. Goel, and G. S. Bassi. 1978, 89p Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: "Agricultural economics, "Animal husband- ry, "India, Surveys, Meat, Livestock, Statistical data, Marketing, Prices, Feeding stuffs. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute has been engaged in the work of developing an inte- grated sampling technique for simultaneous estimation of principal livestock products. Two pilot investigations for the purpose were conducted in the Northern and Southern regions. This report deals with the results of the data on estimation of meat production and related aspects for the surveys conducted in both the regions. PB82-262197/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Administration of Regulations and Per- mits, Santurce. Sugerencias para Supervisores (Suggestions for Supervisors). 1979, 34p Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Training, "Management techniques, Gov- ernment employees, Motivation, Management meth- ods, Characteristics, Attitudes. The performance of a government office and its image depend primarily on its personnel and their feelings. This booklet was written in order to provide all supervi- sors with the means to develop expertise in human re- lations. PB82-262205/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Non-Formal Education: A Remedy and a Restorer, Oct 75, 47pSER-104 Keywords: "Education, "India, Youths, Females, Farms, Policies, Urban areas, Developing country ap- plication. The 28th All India Adult Education Conference on Non-Formal Education was held in Jabalpur, Madhya pradesh, India from October 25-27, 1975. The confer- ence discussed the subjects following: Non-formal education for school dropouts; Non-formal education for youth-age group 1 5-25; Non-formal education for women, Non-formal education for farmers, Non-formal education for industrial workers; and Policy for non- formal education and its financing. The seminar con- cluded that non-formal education was relevant for edu- cating those of school age and those out of school with particular usefulness in improving the skills and productivity of urban workers, encouraging more inten- sive and fruitful participation of women in community activities, and programs of civic education. The semi- nar called on more universities to start non-formal edu- cation programs. PB82-262270/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digests: Building Protection, B. C. Srivastava, J. S. Sharma, M. Aslam, Shiva Mohan Singh, and M. P. Jaisingh. 1977, 25p Keywords: "Buildings, "Construction, Waterproofing, Cleaning, Water content, Walls, Roofs, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 5 bulletins. These are: water-proofing of prefabricated roofing schemes; damp proofing of existing buildings by latex-siliconate; dampness in buildings; insertion of damp-proof course in existing walls; and protection of buildings against vegetative growth. These bulletins provide compre- hensive, step-by-step instructions for carrying out the techniques described. PB82-262288/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digests: Manpower and Material Require- ments for Buildings, S. Singh, G. C. Sofat, A. K. Jethi, and S. K. Jain. 1981, 33p Keywords: "Building materials, "Buildings, "Construc- tion, Construction materials, Materials specifications, Residential buildings, Office buildings, Labor esti- mates, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 4 bulletins. An at- tempt has been made to obtain the required informa- 139 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tion with the help of simple equations which make it very speedy. The quantities of materials and labor re- quired for a building are directly computed for a given plinth area with the help of certain empirical equations. The analysis has been made for the building portion of single, double and four-storyed residential buildings, building services and office buildings. PB82-262296/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digests: Heating and Thermal Aspects of Building, Prakash Chandra, K. N. Agarwal, S. P. Jain, M. R. Sharma, and Sharafat Ali. 1981, 94p Keywords: 'Buildings, Thermal radiation, Thermal in- sulation, Solar radiation, Environmental engineering, Structural design, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 14 bulletins. These are: Thermal Performance of Building Sections in Dif- ferent Thermal Climatic Zones of the Country; Thermal Response of 4.5 inch Solid Brick Wall Room in Hot-Dry Climates; Evaluation of Thermal Stress-Tropical Summer Index; Correction Factors for Thermal Per- formance Index; Thermal Performance Rating and Classification of Walls in Hot Climate; Thermal Per- formance Rating and Classification of Flat Roofs in Hot Dry Climates; Thermal Insulation at Low Tempera- ture; Thermal Data of Building Fabrics and its Applica- tion in Building Design; Assessment of Solar Radiation on Buildings; Determination of Tropical Summer Index in Office Buildings; Determination of Sunlight Penetra- tion Indoors; Orientation of Buildings; The Climatic and Environmental Zones for India - Simplified Advice for Building Design; and Thermal Considerations in Build- ing Design - Insulated Masonry Structures. These bul- letins provide comprehensive, step-by-step instruc- tions on how to make full use of the techniques de- scribed. Many graphs and charts are provided. PB82-262304/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digests: Concrete, Cement, and Bricks, P. L. De, B. D. Mittal, C. A. Taneja, Shiva Mohan Singh, and S. S. Rehsi. 1976, 42p Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Construction, 'Concrete, 'Cement, Concrete blocks, Cements, Concrete dura- bility, Masonry, Bricks, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 9 bulletins. These are: Concrete Building Blocks and Block Masonry; Ac- celerated Testing of 28-Day Strength of Concrete; Sea Water for Making Concrete; Foamed Concrete Blocks; Removal of Stains from Concrete Floors; Deterioration of Concrete in Sulphate and Soft Waters; Autoclaved Aerated Concrete; and Economy in the Use of Cement. These bulletins give comprehensive, step-by- step instructions on how to make use of the materials and procedures covered. Three additional bulletins have been added to this booklet. They are: Lime Burst- ing in Bricks; Flyash Mortar for Brick Masonry; and Brick Earths of India. PB82-262361/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Curriculum Construction for Non-Formal Educa- tion for the Age Group 15-25, Satyen Maitra. Sep 76, 51 p SER-110 Keywords: 'Education, 'India, Youths, Characteristics, Communities, Requirements, Developing country ap- plication. This is the report of a seminar on youth non-formal education curriculum construction held at Narendra- pur, India from September 16-22, 1976. The seminar working paper covered profiling the target group (rural or urban poor, women, tribals), definition and compo- nents of a curriculum, & its objectives, content, meth- ods, and evaluation. The seminar recommended that a state board be set up for non-formal education and that it in turn should establish many polytechnics to fill the actual education needs of various communities. The board should also establish the programs to be taught based on the findings of community needs. PB82-262379/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Curriculum Construction for Non-Formal Educa- tion, S. C. Dutta, Amrit Kaur, R. K. Singh, Rita Maitra, and Susheela Bhan. Oct 76, 55p SER-113 Keywords: 'Education, 'India, Youths, Females, Rural areas, Financing, Developing country applications, Curricula. This is the report of a seminar on non-formal education curriculum construction held in Mysore, India from Oc- tober 15-18, 1976. Subgroups discussed curriculum construction for women, for age group 6-14, for age group 15-25. All the groups agreed that the curriculum for their respective target groups should be flexible, di- versified, need-based, and should link environment and deal with problems which have been identified through a survey of the area. The curriculum should have a multimedia approach and awareness, under- standing, skill, and action must be integrated in the preparation of the content. Non-formal education should be considered as essential to integrated rural development. 10% of each state board of education's budget should be allocated to non-formal education. PB82-262387/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Curriculum Construction for Non-Formal Educa- tion of Women, T. A. Koshy. Sep 76, 42p SER-109 Keywords: 'Education, 'India, Females, Rural areas, Urban areas, Instructors, Developing country applica- tion, Curricula. This is the report of a seminar on non-formal education for women held at Sri Venkateswara University, Tiru- pati, Andhra Pradesh, India from September 5-9, 1976. The aim of the workshop was to lay down guidelines for curriculum construction and to prepare a draft cur- riculum by taking specific subject areas pertaining to women's non-formal education, both urban and rural. It concluded that all socio-economic schemes and pro- grams for the benefit of women should have a built-in component of non-formal education. The curricula should be adapted to the local conditions and purpose. The draft curriculum should be pre-tested or at least discussed with participants before the teaching materi- als are prepared. Non-formal education teachers need a higher level of competence and understanding than normal teachers and should be compensated accord- ingly. Quick surveys will suffice for evaluation, and should not take longer than 6 weeks. PB82-262395/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Manual for Adult Literacy Teachers, N. R. Guptac. Mar 71, 190p SER-85 Keywords: 'Education, 'India, Literacy, Instructors, In- structional materials, Developing country application. Short unrelated literacy courses will not end illiteracy. A relapse is bound to occur. A relapse can be prevent- ed only by correlating the teaching to the learners' daily life needs. They must have the knowledge given to them which they must use daily and they must not have it thrust upon them. This book sets out how to achieve lasting literacy. Its chapters are entitled: Why Adult Literacy; Magnitude of the Problem of Illiteracy; Processes of Adult Learning; Organization of Adult Lit- eracy Classes; Reading Materials; Methods of Adult Literacy; Audio-visual Aids in Adult Literacy and Edu- cation; the Role of Libraries; Adult Literacy - Team Work; Example is Better than Precept; Followup Pro- grams; Testing the Progress of the Learners; and Adult Literacy Records. Annexures include an outline sylla- bus of functional literacy, statistics of literacy in India, and educative group songs. The songs and sample tests are in Hindi. PB82-262403/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Assam Agricultural Univ., Jorhat (India). Directorate of Research. Mineral Deficiency Symptoms of Three High Yield- ing Varieties of Rice. Research bulletin no. 5, D. N. Chakravarty, and B. C. Barthakur. Jun 80, 14p Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Minerals, Signs and symptoms, Diets, 'Rice, India, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Potassium, Calci- um, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Developing country application, Assam(lndia). Since sufficient work has not yet been done to study the visible nutritional disorders of major nutrient ele- ments in rice, an attempt was made to study the visible deficiency symptoms of these elements in three popu- lar high yielding varieties of rice of Assam. This report contains the experiment and the results. It was found that the deficiency symptoms caused due to lack of nitrogen appeared within 7 days from the date of trans- planting and these were followed by sulphur, potassi- um, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous, in that order, and the absence of any of the major elements and their combinations reduced plant growth and root development to a considerable extent. PB82-262411/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Assam Agricultural Univ., Jorhat (India). Directorate of Research. Nematode Pests of Crop Plants - An Appraisal with Special Reference to Research Work in Assam. Research hand-out no. 1 , P. N. Phukan. Sep 80, 25p Keywords: 'Crops, 'Pest control, 'India, Life cycles, Nematocides, Pesticides, Fungus diseases, Vegeta- bles, Rice plants, Citrus trees, Tropical regions, Devel- oping country application, Roots. Importance of the study of plant parasitic and free- living nematodes is now well recognized in almost all countries of the world. Nematodes have been causing damage to agricultural crops either singly or in asso- ciation with other pathogens, greatly so in the tropical and subtropical regions. This bulletin records the work done by the University in the study and control of nem- atodes. PB82-262429/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute Annual Report 1979: Golden Jubilee Special. R. K. Khosla, and D. P. Singh. 1979, 270p Keywords: 'Education, 'Agricultural economics, 'India, Statistics, Farm crops, Forecasting, Genetics, Animal husbandry, Developing country application. IASRI is the premier institute in the country specializing in agricultural statistics. Its objective is to conduct and promote research and training in agricultural statistics. In this report, major research activities have been high- lighted. The major areas of research are: Statistical re- search in crop science; Crop forecasting methodology; Statistical research in animal sciences; Statistical ge- netics; Sample survey methodology; and Econometric analysis. PB82-262494/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Science Resources Studies. Problems of Small, High-Technology Firms. Special rept., William L. Stewart, and Norman W. Friedman. Dec 81, 43p NSF-81-305 See also PB-263 779. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, Financing, Regula- tions, Marketing, Manpower, Expenses, 'Small busi- nesses, 'Research and development, Venture capital. The report summarizes the findings of a 1 977 National Science Foundation mail survey of small, high-technol- ogy companies active in research and development and of a series of in-depth interviews held in 1979. Firms were questioned about eleven problem areas dealing with finance, personnel, government regula- tions and other concerns such as high-risk research and development and transition from research and de- velopment to marketing. PB82-262502/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Sampling Methodology for Estimation of Egg Pro- duction and Study of Poultry Keeping Practices, D. Singh, J. N. Garg, B. B. P. S. Goel, K. B. Singh, and M. Rajagopalan. 1977, 107p 140 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'India, 'Agricultural economics, Surveys, Meat, Milk, Byproducts, Poultry, Eggs, Production, De- veloping country application. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute carried out pilot sample surveys in different animal husbandry regions of the country for developing a suit- able sampling methodology for estimation of annual output of principal livestock products. This report deals with the estimation of egg production and study of poultry keeping practices from the data collected in Northern and Southern regions of India. PB82-262510/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Estimation of Production of Lac, D. V. S. Rao, and S. D. Bokil. 1978, 52p Keywords: 'Insects, 'Agricultural economics, 'India, Surveys, Yield, Shellac, Exports, Estimating, Develop- ing country application, Hosts. A pilot sample survey for the estimation of lac produc- tion was carried out in the Palamau district of Bihar State during the years 1975-77. The main objective of the survey was to develop a suitable sampling tech- nique for the estimation of number of lac hosts, number cultivated, total production of stick lac and av- erage yield per tree. In addition, some studies on the socio-economic aspects of lac cultivation and on pre- diction of the average yield of stick lac are given in the report. PB82-262627/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Eco- nomic Development Div. Management Capacities of Rural and Small Cities: An Exploratory Overview. Staff rept., Beth Walter Honadle. Jul 82, 75p AGES-820721 Keywords: 'Management planning, 'Rural areas, 'Urban planning, Public relations, Upgrading, Person- nel, Information services, Land use, Data processing, Forecasting. Smaller, nonmetropolitan cities have different needs and management practices from their larger, urban counterparts. For instance, the smaller nonmetro cities are more likely to use line-item budgets. They are less likely to engage in cooperative purchasing agree- ments, to have budget manuals, or to use centralized purchasing. They are also less likely to offer employee incentives. Among the highest priority planning and management needs of nonmetropolitan cities are (1) community relations skills, (2) upgrading personnel, (3) information gathering and analysis capabilities, (4) forecasting, (5) land use plans, and (6) data process- ing. PB82-262650/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Non-Formal Education for School Dropouts and Youth. 1975, 46pSER-106 Keywords: 'Education, 'India, Youths, Schools, Atti- tudes, Developing country application, Dropouts. The workshop studied the reasons for school dropouts and the programs of non-formal education for the age group 6-14. The symposium studied the needs and programs of non-formal education for the youth. PB82-262668/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Impact of Milk Supply Schemes on the Rural Econ- omy in Milk Collection Areas of Delhi Milk Scheme. J. P. Jain, K. P. S. Nirman, K. G. Aneja, and Prem Narain. 1978, 222p Keywords: 'Milk, 'Agricultural economics, 'Rural areas, 'India, Production, Forage crops, Livestock, Dairies, Employment, Developing country application. A series of surveys for developing a suitable methodol- ogy for assessing the impact of urban milk supply schemes on rural economy in the milk-shed areas was carried out. This report deals with the sampling plan estimation procedure as also estimates of various re- sponse indicators for the bench-mark and repeat sur- veys, and the estimates of the impact of the Delhi Milk Scheme as measured in terms of these indicators. This report also contains a lot of incidental information on milk production and its utilization in the area, pro- ductivity of cultivated fodder and other crops, employ- ment pattern, and economic status of rural families. PB82-262890/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Florida Univ., Gainesville. Impact of Aquatic Plants and Their Management Techniques on the Aquatic Resources of the United States: An Overview. Final rept., Jerome V. Shireman, William T. Haller, Daniel E. Canfield, and Vernon T. Vandiver. Jul 82, 157p EPA- 600/4-81-007 Grant EPA-R-805497 Keywords: 'Weed control, 'Aquatic plants, 'Herbi- cides, 'Water pollution, Assessments, Toxicity, Marine microorganisms, Chlorine organic compounds, Chlo- rine aromatic compounds, Water quality management, Nitrogen organic compounds, Copper sulfates^ Algae, Invertebrates, Environmental impacts, Crustacea, Dosage, Lakes, Estuaries, United States, Biological pest control, Water hyacinths, Eurasian watermilkfoil, D 2-4 herbicide, Diquat. This paper provides an assessment of nuisance aquat- ic plants and the problems associated with their con- trol in the United States. Major emphasis is given to the Sun Belt states where aquatic plant control is critical due to introduction of exotic plants and extended growing seasons. The impact of aquatic plants (algae, non-native, and native plants) and their management techniques are discussed as they pertain to water quality and aquatic life. Herbicide residue data, both in the soil and water, and herbicide toxicity to aquatic or- ganisms are presented and discussed. PB82-262957/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). For Building and Construction. Technical notes, G. D. Bansal, Devendra Sharma, Chandra Prakash, K. R. Rao, and S. P. Jain. 1981, 58p Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Construction, Building materi- als, Thermal insulation, Construction materials, Pile caps, Solar heating, Roofs, Flameproofing, Chimneys, Developing country application, Thatch roofs. This document is a compilation of 16 Technical Notes. These are: Apertures other than Northlights; Design of pile caps; thermal insulation of roofs of industrial build- ings; room heating by solar energy; charging device for small capacity lime kilns; waste water disposal system for rural areas; low cost sound absorbing materials; solar space heating system; pedestal piles for low cost houses; solar timber seasoning kiln; design of cold storage for fruits and vegetables; techniques for im- proved thatch roofs; resilient floors for structural noise reduction; plastic composite panels for partition clad- dings and flush doors; chimney design for domestic kitchens; and a cheap and effective fire retardant treat- ment for paddy thatch/coconut leaves/palmyrah thatch. The notes give brief descriptions of the design and use of the materials and techniques covered. PB82-263013/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Technique Series: Data Sheets, M. P. Jaisingh, Lathika Jaisingh, S. K. Jain, N. N. Bhise, and K. N. Sharma,. 1978, 66p Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Construction, 'Reinforced concrete, Masonry, Precast concrete, Architectural concrete, Structural design, Roofs, Floors, Shelves, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 6 Data Sheets. They are: Thin Precast RCC Lintels in Brickwalls; Cored Unit for Roof/Floor; Channel Unit for Floor/Roof; Waffle Unit for Roof/Floor; Precast Shelving Units for Dwell- ings; and L-Pan Roofing. The Data Sheets contain de- scriptions of the materials, their advantages and disad- vantages, and charts and diagrams for their use. PB82-263302/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. World Agriculture: Outlook and Situation. Jun 82, 33p WAS-28 Keywords: 'International trade, 'Agricultural econom- ics, Exports, Credit, Developing countries, Economic factors, Prices, Wheat, Corn, Soybeans, Cotton, Rice, Grain crops, Tables(Data), Unemployment. Weakness in the world economy continues to restrain U.S. export values. Low growth rates in the major in- dustrialized countries have boosted unemployment, dampening consumption of food and agricultural prod- ucts. Limited foreign exchange in many developing countries has curbed their ability to increase food pur- chases. Also, slowed export growth and credit con- straints in some centrally planned countries have di- minished their imports. PB82-264946/GAA PC$21 .50/ M F$21 .50 Partnership for Productivity, Annandale, VA. Asesoria para Pequenas Empresas (Consultancy for Small Businesses), Malcolm Harper. 1976, 275p ISBN-0-903031-42-6 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Economic development, Consultants, Management methods, Productivity, 'Small business- es, Developing country application. Spanish translation of English manual which tries to summarize the results of more than 5 years of provid- ing local economic consulting for small businesses in developing countries. The author initially developed a standard method in Kenya and noted a significant and measurable difference in the administrative capabili- ties and profitability of most clients. The concept was then applied by the Partnership for Productivity on a rather large scale in western Kenya. Subsequent ex- periments have been conducted in Brazil, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. PB82-266271/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digests: Cooling of Buildings, V. V. Verma, K. N. Agarwal, Prakash Chadra, S. P. Jain, and M. R. Sharma. 1981, 47p Keywords: 'Coolers, 'Buildings, 'Environmental man- agement, Cooling, Thermal insulation, Structural design, Construction materials, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 9 bulletins. These are: Control of Solar Heat Gain through Glass Win- dows; Simple and Effective Roof Spraying System of Cooling Buildings in Hot Dry Climates; Shading De- vices for Glass Openings in Air-conditioned Buildings; Cooling of Buildings by Roof Surface Evaporation; Roof-surface Evaporative Cooling of Buildings by Water Soaked Gunny Bags; Loose Fill Materials for Cold Storage Insulation; Cooling Load and Indoor Air Temperature of Office Buildings under Tropical Cli- mate; Thermal Design of Potato Cold Storage; and Suitability of Rice-husk and Saw-dust as a Cold Stor- age Insulation. These bulletins provide comprehen- sive, step-by-step instructions on how to use the mate- rials and techniques covered. PB82-266289/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digests: Painting and Finishing, Shiva Mohan Singh, Joseph George, and Mohan Rai. 1970, 21 p Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Paints, Protective treatments, Finishes, Corrosion resistance, Industrial buildings, Floors, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 5 bulletins. These are: Painting Woodwork; Painting Non-Ferrous Metals in Buildings; Painting Ferrous Metals in Buildings; Painting of Cement Plastered Surfaces; and Industrial Floor Finishes. The bulletins provide a comprehensive, step-by-step set of instructions to accomplish each of the above projects. PB82-858887/GAA PC N01/MF N01 National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 141 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Toxicology of Vinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl Chlo- ride. 1978-January, 1982 (Citations from the Infor- mation Retrieval, Ltd. Data Base). Rept. for Jan 78-Jan 82. Jan 82, 162p* Keywords: 'Chemical industry, Plastics, Metabolism, Hazards, Dust, Tissues(Biology), Industrial medicine, Quantitative analysis, *Toxic substances, Carcino- genesis, Teratogenesis. This bibliography contains citations concerning the toxicity of vinyl chloride and vinyl chloride following short and long term exposure. The metabolism, car- cinogenicity and teratogenitic potential of these sub- stances are considered and methodology to quantitate their presence in the atmosphere (particularly from dust) and body tissues are discussed. Occupational hazards are noted. (Contains 153 citations fully in- dexed and includes a title list.) PB83-100255/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Food Security: A Review and Synthesis with Em- phasis on Asia. Staff rept., Gary Enders. Aug 82, 36p AGES-820730 Keywords: *Asia, *Food supply, Policies, Consumers, Statistical analysis, Strategy, Prices. Literature relevant to food security is reviewed and or- ganized as a discussion of the major food security strategies available to policymakers in developing countries. To understand food security policymaking, it is essential to understand the choices among strate- gies and the tradeoffs among the shortrun and longrun effects of policies on consumers, producers, and tax- payers. PB83-100339/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Impact of Milk Supply Schemes on Rural Economy in Milk Collecton Areas of Madhavaram Milk Supply Scheme Chingleput - Tamil Nadu (Bench- Mark Survey), H. P. Singh, B. C. Saxena, Prem Narain, and S. P. Verma. 1978, 167p Keywords: "Milk, "Agricultural economics, 'India, Sur- veys, Supply(Economics), Economic factors, Live- stock, Income, Production, Developing country appli- cation. With a view to develop a suitable methodology for as- sessing the impact of urban milk supply schemes on rural economy in the milk-shed areas, large scale sample surveys were carried out by IASRI. This report deals with the sampling plan of the survey, the estima- tion procedure, the results of the preliminary enumera- tion of households and of detailed enquiry. It also con- tains information on milk production and its utilization, employment pattern, economic status of the rural fami- lies, and other ancillary information relating to live- stock. PB83-100347/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Educational Component in Agricultural Extension Service, held at Ludhiana, April 15-17, 1976. Seminar rept., S. C. Dutta. Apr 76, 36p SER-1 1 1 Keywords: "Agricultural Extension Services, "Educa- tion, "India, "Farming, Telecommunications, Mass media, Visual aids, Universities, Mobil equipment, De- veloping country application. The Indian Adult Education Association organized a seminar on the Educational Component of Agricultural Extension Service at the Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana from April 15-17. The seminar studied the relationship of agricultural productivity with education, place of education in agricultural extension services, and communication in terms of education. It concluded that adult education could improve the lives of rural populations through extension programs. PB83-100354/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Translating Concepts into Methods and Pro- grammes: Report of the National Workshop, Cal- cutta, July 10-13, 1978, S. C. Dutta, and Satyen Maitra. Jul 78, 33p SER-1 17 Keywords: "Project planning, Developing countries, Management planning, Surveys, Developing country application. This book is the final report of a seminar held from July 10-13, 1978 at Calcutta. Whenever a program is launched on a national level for the benefit of the people, it is of utmost importance that preparatory work should be undertaken to clarify concepts, formu- late modalities of implementation, and sharpen tools. It covers survey methods, training, materials, implemen- tation, evaluation, and research. The report concludes that not only is a well developed infrastructure neces- sary for success, but full participation and committ- ment by all involved is essential for success. PB83-100362/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Indian Univ. Association for Continuing Education, New Delhi. Community Service as Continuing Education. S.N.D.T. Women's University, Bombay, held on No- vember 8-10, 1976. Seminar rept., G. L. Abhyanker, L. R. Shah, Kamalini H. Bhansali, Motia Prakash, and Kalindi Randeri. Nov 76, 147p Keywords: "Education, "Women, "India, Females, Social services, Meetings, Continuing education, De- veloping country application. The report contains papers presented at a seminar on community service as continuing education held from November 8-10 and S.N.D.T. Women's University in Bombay. The papers are entitled: An Overview of Community Projects Undertaken by the Bombay Uni- versity Colleges; The Role of Colleges in Continuing Education; Preparation for Continuing Education - A Guideline; Community Service as Continuing Educa- tion in Urban Areas; University's Community Project Nirmal Experiment; Experiments in Community Service through Life Long Education; Linking Up Continuing Education with Community Welfare; Continuing Educa- tion through Community Work; Setting Up a Continuing Education Unit in a College; Extension Services and Continuing Education; The Role of Universities and Colleges in Continuing Education and Community Action; Community Service Program at Spicer Memori- al College through Continuing Education; Pilot Project in Agriculture for Drop-Outs of M.K. Hally, Mysore; and Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Training in Social Development. PB83-100958/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Indian Univ. Association for Continuing Education, New Delhi. Correspondence Education, Rudder Dutt, P. Mallikarjunappa, Dalbir Singh, T Balasubramaniam, and D. Jeebala Rao. Oct 76, 151p Keywords: "Education, "India, Research projects, In- structors, Developing countries, Developing country application, Correspondence study. This report contains the papers from a seminar on Cor- respondence Education held from October 4-6, 1 976 at the Punjabi University at Patiala, India. The papers are entitled: Need for Coordination and Control of Cor- respondence Education - The Role of the Proposed Open University; Role of Correspondence Courses in Developing New Dimensions in Education; The Role of Correspondence Education in Developing Countries; Correspondence Course for Teachers Education; Con- tinuing Education for Professional Engineers through Correspondence Courses; Correspondence Education in India; Some Basic Facts about Correspondence Courses Institutes in India; Systems Approach to Con- tact Program in a Correspondence Education Situa- tion; Revamping Correspondence Education; Staffing Pattern of Institutes of Correspondence Courses; The Need for Research in Correspondence Education; Need for Rationalization and Coordination of Corre- spondence Courses in Different Institutes; and Man- agement Education - A New Experiment. PB83-101311/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Mitsubishi Research Inst., Inc., Tokyo (Japan). Global Infrastructure Fund (GIF). Progress rept., Masaki Nakajima. Apr 81, 120p Keywords: "Financial management, "Project planning, Developing countries, Foreign countries, Proposals, Economic development. The planning and implementation of multinational public investment on a worldwide scale should be most effective as a long-range global economic policy. It could be termed a 'Global New Deal.' What is meant by multinational public investment is that which in- volves several countries both in the execution of projects and in the scope of the benefiting areas, and wherein the period of implementation and the size of investment exceed the scope of public investments made by a single country. Moreover, since the object of such investment would be directed at removing re- straints on resources, it would also serve to eliminate latent factors causing inflation. In order to realize these projects, a $13 billion fund, tentatively named the Global Infrastructure Fund will be established with, for instance, annual contributions of $5 billion collectively from the United States, West Germany, and Japan $5 billion from the OPEC countries and $3 billion from other industrially developed nations. Such a fund will serve to finance projects with a multiplier effect on a $25 billion scale annually until the end of this century. Total expenditures on these projects should reach a level of about $500 billion. Such an amount would not be very large for expenditures on public works of worldwide dimensions, but its purpose is to carry out a pump-priming role that would arouse effective demand comparable to the military expenditures during World War II. PB83-101527/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Assam Agricultural Univ., Jorhat (India). Directorate of Research. Assam Agricultural University - Annual Research Report 1976-77. H. P. Barthakur, and L. P. Upadhaya. 1980, 249p Keywords: "Agriculture, "Soils, "Crops, "India, Re- search projects, Grain crops, Soybean plants, Forage legumes, Sugarbeets, Sugarcane, Tuber crops, Fiber crops, Soil properties, Citrus trees, Fertilizers, Vegeta- bles, Salinity, Plant diseases, Weed control, Develop- ing country application. This report contains results of the studies in various research projects in crops and soils concerning basic technical problems of production and efficient re- source use. The research activities are reported under the following areas: Cereals; Grain legumes; Soybean; Sugar crop; Potato; Forage; Fibre crops; Hill agricul- ture; Condiments; Water management; Plant protec- tion; and efficient use of fertilizers. PB83-101600/GAA PCS25.00 Infocom, Crawley (England). Foreign Technology Alert- Bibliography: Plastics Technology. Final rept. Jan 80-May 82, Gordon Wilkinson. 1982, 32p* INFO-FT/82-08 Keywords: "Plastics, "Technology transfer, Technolo- gy, Production, Chemical properties, Physical proper- ties, Utilization, Marketing, Synthesis(Chemistry), Molding techniques, Polymers, Manufacturing. This document provides a systematically organized collection of abstracts from the NTIS bibliographic data base relating to plastics technology and describ- ing work originating from countries outside the USA. A tailored search of the data base was performed and the output carefully categorized, edited and indexed. The reports range from market studies through pro- duction, properties and applications to environmental testing. Much of the technology originates from West- ern Europe, particularly the United Kingdom, France and West Germany. Most reports are in their native language, but some translations are available; all titles are annotated accordingly. Contents: Industry over- views; Market surveys; Plastics and polymer produc- tion (Synthetic methods, Manufacture and processing, Waste recycling); Structural investigations; Physics (Mechanical properties, Electrical properties, Other studies); Chemistry (Polymerization, Radiation studies, Plasma chemistry); Product applications (Aerospace industry, Civil engineering, Furnishing industry, Electri- cal engineering, Mining, Medical and industrial); Envi- 142 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ronmental testing. Each of the 19 sections in the book is cross-referenced; there is also an author index and useful subject index based on major descriptors. (Copyright (c) Infocom, 1982.) PB83-101907/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digest - General Building Aspects, K. Damodaran, Joseph George, S. S. Rehsi, Surinder Singh, and G. C. Sofat. 1981, 76p Keywords: "Buildings, "Construction, Doors, Con- cretes, Fly ash, Water heaters, Solar heating, Particle board, Plastic pipes, Furniture, Developing country ap- plication, Energy conservation. This document is a compilation of 13 bulletins. These are: Flush Doors; Woos Seasoning; Proportioning of Fly Ash Concrete Mix; The Yield of Mortar and Con- crete Mix; Solar Water Heater - Domestic Type; Units for Living; Plastics and their Applications in Buildings; Hardboard and Particle Board; Woodwool Board; Ma- terial Constants in Building Works; Check-list for Taking Over Newly Constructed Buildings; Some Typi- cal Enquiries and their Replies; and Energy Conserva- tion in Buildings. These bulletins provide a comprehen- sive, step-by-step set of instructions on how to make and use the materials and techniques covered. Wood preservation and termite and rodent resistance of plastic pipes is also covered. PB83-101923/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Material Notes (CBRI), S. S. Rehsi, Mohan Rai, R. S. Strivastava, C. A. Taneja, and V. V. Sasidaran. 1 980, 46p Keywords: "Buildings, "Construction, "Building materi- als, Cements, Fly ash, Structural clay products, Parti- cle boards, Plastic pipes, Ceramic tiles, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 1 5 building materials notes. They are: Use of Coal Ash in the Building Indus- try; Use of Fly Ash as Pozzolana; Production of Cement Clinker Using Fly Ash; Magnesium Oxychlor- ide Cement (Sorel Cement); Milled Granulated Slag - A Cement Saver; Non-Erodable Hiramji Wash; Coconut Pith Cement Concrete for Thermal Insulation; Manga- lore Pattern Clay Roofing Tiles from Alluvial Soils; Structural Clay Products; Clay Flooring and Terracing Tiles from Alluvial Soils; Autoclaved Calcium Silicate (Sand-Lime) Bricks; Particle Board and its Use in Build- ings; Woodwool Board; Unplasticized PVC Pipes for Water Supply in Buildings; Building Material from Lime Kiln Rejects. The notes cover the production and use of the materials covered. PB83-101949/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digest - Prefabrication, S. C. Chakrabarti, N. C. Majumdar, Salek Chandra, V. K. Jain, and J. S. Sharma. 1981, 32p Keywords: "Construction, "Houses, Structural design, Reinforced concrete, Precast concrete, Concrete slabs, Structural clay products, Structural timber, Structural steels, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 5 bulletins. These are: Prefabricated Floor/ Roof Using Structural Clay Units (Panel Types, Joist & Filler Schemes); Precast Cellular Units for Floors & Roofs; Prefabricated Steel Hut; and Prefabricated Timber Hut. These bulletins provide comprehensive step-by-step instructions on how to use the materials and techniques described. PB83-102202/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, MO. Sociotechnical Survey of Guayule Rubber Com- mercialization. State-of-the art rept., Kennith E. Foster, William G. McGinnies, Jonathan G. Taylor, Jean L. Mills, and Suzanne J. Alexander. Apr 79, 416p NSF/PRA-7811632 Grant NSF-PRA78-11632 Prepared in cooperation with Arizona Univ., Tucson. Office of Arid Lands Studies. Keywords: "Guayule, "Agricultural economics, "Tech- nology assessment, Forecasting, Demand(Economics), Developing countries, Produc- tion, Climate, Soil properties, Plant reproduction, Plant genetics, Acclimatization, Planting, Harvesting, Proc- essing, Byproducts, Marketing, Arid land, Southwest- ern Region(United States). A comprehensive technology assessment is made of the commercialization in the U.S. southwest of the guayule plant as a major domestic source of rubber. The future prospects for natural rubber will determine the future for guayule. Five factors favor the commer- cialization of guayule: (1) There is no technical basis for the disproportionate control which synthetic rubber now has on the world elastomer market; (2) There is the likelihood that an international rubber stockpile of approximately 88 million pounds of various grades of rubber will be established, thereby stabilizing prices; (3) The potential demand in third world countries is just beginning to materialize; (4) The price comparison be- tween natural rubber and synthetic rubber may shift in favor of natural rubber; and (5) There is potential for increasing natural rubber production to the levels re- quired to meet much higher demand. PB83-103291/GAA PC A04/MF A01 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Interna- tional Div. Federal Encouragement of Mining Investment in Developing Countries for Strategic and Critical Minerals Has Been Only Marginally Effective. 3 Sep 82, 64p GAO/ID-82-38, B-208750 Keywords: "Financial management, "Mining, "Miner- als, Investments, Fixed investment, Financing, Risk, Government policies, Strategic minerals. During the last 5 years, the United States has support- ed several multilateral and bilateral initiatives to en- courage mining investment in developing countries as a means of both increasing global minerals supplies and assuring greater access to needed strategic and critical minerals. However, these initiatives have not resuLted in significantly increased funding for mining projects and projects supported by multilateral agen- cies have not sought minerals of strategic and critical importanance to the United States. Depressed miner- als markets and a variety of financial, procedural, and policy-related restrictions have limited the attractive- ness of these initiatives to the mining industry. Before considering any financial or operational changes, how- ever, the U.S. Government should correct two general conditions that have impaired the effectiveness of these initiatives since their inceptions-the initiatives have not addressed mineral-specific needs and they have not been implemented as part of a coherent, well-directed, long-term investment strategy. PB83-103341/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland). Lab. of Information Processing Science. Construction of Applications Oriented Data Base Management Systems, Eero Eloranta, and Reijo Sulonen. 1979, 70p HTKK- TKO-A18, ISBN-951 -751 -578-2 Also pub. in ISSN-0356-5068. Keywords: "Information systems, Real time oper- ations, Data processing, Data management systems, Computer applications. The authors attempt to design the internal structure of a data base management system (DBMS) suitable for a real time environment. A set of tools are provided which make the description of DBMS applications simple and straight forward. PB83-103564/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Instituto Tecnico de Capacitacion y Productividad, Guatemala City. Manual de Resinacion; Sistema: Pica de Corteza (Manual for Extruction of Resin Using the Bark- Peeling Technique). Nov 79, 96p INTECAP-81-009 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Wood products, "Forestry, "Guatemala, Mammals, Polymers, Extraction, Bark, Peeling, Devel- oping country application. The technique for resin extraction shown in this manual, is the least dangerous to the tree, and helps to reduce losses in quantity and quality of the wood. It is highly recommended and easy to learn and practice, and a very rational way of preserving our woods. The text is heavily illustrated and was designed for wood industry courses and specifically for resin extracting in- dustry workers. PB83-103572/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Instituto Tecnico de Capacitacion y Productividad, Guatemala City. Manual de Medicion Forestal (Forestry Mensura- tion Manual). Jun 81, 44p INTECAP-81-10 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Guatemala, "Forestry, Manuals, Lumber- ing, Measurement, Forest trees, Wooden logs, Devel- oping country application. Those interested in measuring woods and trees will find all they need to know in this manual. Its contents include the standard neasurements of trees and woods, measuring tools, and their proper using tech- niques. It is designed as an aid in teaching middle level workers in forestry and logging industries. PB83-104190/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Texas Univ. at San Antonio. Center for Studies in Busi- ness, Economics and Human Resources. Key Business Ratios of Minority-Owned Business- es: Analysis and Policy Implications. Final rept., William C. Scott, Antonio Furino, and Eugene Rodriguez, Jr. Jan 81 , 74p MBDA-82-03 Keywords: "Economic analysis, Performance evalua- tion, "Small businesses, Income, Profits, Risks, Assets, Liabilities, Credit, Return on investment, Loans. The purpose of this report is to orovide information about the profit, risk, and financial characteristics of minority-Owned business firms. The data base ana- lyzed is a large financial data base created from the Balance Sheet and Income Statements of over 6,000 firms in the Dun and Bradstreet files as of 1978. The major results are (1) that minority firms not assisted by MBDA show similar profit characteristics to those of the control group. (2) Minority firms assisted by MBDA are slightly less profitable and more debt encumbered because they need more support. (3) Both minority and non-minority firms receive bank loans at about the same rate, however, loans to minority businesses are smaller than those to the control group. PB83-104257/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digest - Soil Engineering and Foundation. Bulletin, G. S. Jain, M. P. Jain, D. P. Sengupta, S. P. Sri Vastava, and S. Venkatesan. 1981, 53p Keywords: "Buildings, "Soils, "Building materials, Con- struction materials, Soil properties, Pile foundations, Soil tests, Developing country application. This document is a compilation of 9 bulletins. These are: Subsoil Deformeter for Soil Exploration; Apron - A Remedial Measure for Cracked Buildings in Expansive Soils; the Investigation of Boulder Deposits; Bored Compaction Piles; Foundations for Electrification Masts; Remedial Measures for Cracked Buildings in Expansive Soil Areas; Deep Sounding by CBRI Cone Penetration Test; Simplified Soil Boring & Sampling through Bentonite Slurry; and Pile Load Tests. The bul- letins provide comprehensive step-by-step instructions on how to make use of the materials and techniques covered. PB83-104802/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Building Digest - Roofing, Flooring and Construc- tion Aspects, P. Balakrishna Rao, Joseph George, S. K. Sharma, M. P. Jaisingh, and V. K. Jain. 1974, 42p Keywords: "Buildings, "Construction, Construction materials, Roofs, Floors, Plastic pipes, Drainage, Rein- forcing bars, Scaffolds, Developing country applica- tion. This document is a compilation of 9 bulletins. These are: Waffle unit floor/roof; Doubly curved tile roof; Unit frame scaffolding; High strength deformed bars; Sea- 143 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS lants for joint and cracks in buildings; Cement as a sub- stitute for lead in jointing C.I. pipes; Friction grip joints; Single stack system of building drainage; and Plastic pipes for water supply and drainage in buildings. This booklet is a comprehensive, step-by-step guide to the proper use of these materials. PB83-104810/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Inst, of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Luck- now (India). Hop and Its Cultivation in India, Tajuddin Aparbal Singh, Paltoo Ram, and Akhtar Husain. 1981, 37p FARM BULL-13 Keywords: *Plants(Botany), 'India, Plant genetics, Soil properties, Plant nutrition, Harvesting, Drying, Plant diseases, Storage, Developing country application, Hop plants. This bulletin gives details of Hop and its cultivation. The topics covered are: Botany; Cytology and Genet- ics; Varieties; Soil and climate; Propagation; Field op- eration; Establishment of a hop yard; Interculture oper- ations, Nutrient requirements; Pruning, training, dis- eases and pests, Hop picking, drying, loading the kiln; and Storage. PB83-104828/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Central Poultry Breeding Farm, Bombay (India). Management Guide to Breeding Chickens for Laying. 1978, 20p Keywords: * Poultry, 'India, Manuals, Genetics, Animal diseases, Disease vectors, Management, Developing country application. Central Poultry Breeding Farms Government of India, have had the unique distinction of pioneering self-reli- ance in the field of poultry production by evolving high producing layer chicks in India. Today, BH-78 (Bombay Hybrid-1978) the commercial layer after over 20 years of scientific research and development, ensures a yield of 260 eggs and more, with higher percentage of liveability and low feed consumption. This manage- ment guide has been produced so that a successful produce - today - and tomorrow - must utilize sound management practices to extract maximum return from the finest genetics package of BH-78 layer chicks. PB83-105759/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC. Consequences of Accelerated Mortality Declines for Future Population Growth and Economic Progress in Developing Countries: A Preliminary Exploration, Sarah K. Brandel, and Davidson R. Gwatkin. Jan 80, 57p AID-PN-AAJ-691 Contract AID/otr-1 47-79-56 Keywords: 'Demography, 'Economic analysis, Mortal- ity, Forecasting, Economic forecasting, Public health, Infants, Children, Fertility, Developing country applica- tion. Must reduced mortality be achieved at the expense of future generations' economic well-being. This study of the demographic and economic impact of efforts to ac- celerate mortality declines in developing countries concludes that these efforts lead to a real but manage- able reduction in future economic growth. Using con- ventional cohort-companion methods, the authors project population growth consequences for the year 2100 of increases in life expectancy 1.5 and 2 times greater than those predicted by the United Nations for the period 1975-2100. These more rapid mortality de- clines would lead to a global population 2-4% larger than currently predicted for the year 2000 and 6-8% larger than expected in 2100. PB83-105767/GAA PC A03/MF A01 RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA. Dualism, Technical Change, and Rural Finance Markets in Developing Countries, Farrukh Iqbal. Sep 81, 39p RAND-N-1723-AID, AID- PN-AAJ-700 Contract AID/otr-G-1822 Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Rural areas, 'Technology transfer, Farms, 'India, Credit, Competi- tion, Developing country application. Research to date on rural financial markets (RFM) in developing countries has failed to explain the relation- ship between the growing dualism of RFM's into formal (banks, cooperatives) and informal (private money- lenders) credit sources and farmers' acceptance or re- jection of new farm technology. This report, based on a 1968-71 survey of 3,000 Indian farmers, examines this relationship and its implications for Indian policy- makers. An overview of India's current rural credit situ- ation reveals the growing importance of both formal credit sources and of technological change in the demand and supply of credit and the tendency for less- progressive farmers to seek credit from informal mon- eylenders. The determinants of informal credit interest rates are then analyzed with the help of an empirical model based on the opportunity costs of providing a loan, the administrative costs of handling a loan, and the risk factor assigned to various types of borrowers. PB83-105775/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Idaho Univ., Moscow. Postharvest Inst, for Perish- ables. Roots and Tubers: A Postharvest Bibliography. Jul 81, 143p IC-81-01, AID-PN-AAJ-562 Contract AID-DSAN-C-0265 Keywords: 'Vegetables, 'Plants(Botany), 'Agricultural economics, Botany, Plant diseases, Potatoes, Sugar beets, Marketing, Food storage, Harvesting, Curing, Ir- radiation, Drying, Developing country application, Tubers. Idaho University's Information Center of the Posthar- vest Institute for Perishables (ICPIP) was created in 1980 to globally disseminate up-to-date information on reducing postharvest losses. This bibliography on roots and tubers is the first in a semiannual series of bibliographies of documents available from ICPIP. Ap- proximately 270, mostly post-1970, predominantly English-language items are listed in five subject areas. PB83-105783/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC. Rural Development, Land and Human Fertility : A State-of-the-Arts Paper, C. Shannon Stokes, Wayne A. Schutjer, Terry L. McCoy, and Charles H. Wood. Jun 79, 124p AID-PN- AAJ-555 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Prepared in cooperation with South East Consortium for International Development. Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Fertility, 'Land use, Incen- tives, Females, Developing country application. Human fertility may be reduced by altering the human- to-land (HTL) relationship, widely acknowledged as a key behavioral influence in agrarian societies. This state-of-the-art report reviews existing literature on the fertility impact of the HTL relationship and on develop- ment efforts to alter the relationship. Although the data are neither extensive nor geographically balanced, several tentative conclusions emerge concerning land/fertility relationships. All evidence indicates that greater land availability increases fertility rates by en- couraging marriage. Farm size also raises fertility rates, although larger families may also be a way of acquiring larger holdings. Institutional patterns regard- ing access to land affect fertility indirectly and either positively or negatively, e.g., land tenure programs can be combined with fertility incentives or, conversely, in- crease women's education and postpone their age of marriage. Data limitations prevented even tentative conclusions on the fertility effects of land distribution or land quality. PB83-105791/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Massachusetts Inst, of Tech., Cambridge. Nutrition - Fertility Interactions in Developing Countries: Implications for Program Design, Marian F. Zeitlin, Nina P. Schlossman, Michael J. Meurer, Joe D. Wray, and John B. Stanbury. Jun 80, 186p AID-PN-AAJ-736 Contract AID/otr-1 47-79-32 Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Nutrition, Children, Family rela- tions, Birth control, Developing country application. While lowering infant mortality decreases fertility, im- provements in nutrition increase fertility. It is this ap- parent conflict, its policy implications, and the physio- logical and psychological elements of the nutrition-fer- tility interaction which are the subject of this report. The report examines the contraceptive effects of breastfeeding; good nutrition's impact on breastfeed- ing (when infants receive food supplements, breast- feeding diminishes, ovulation returns, and fertility in- creases earlier in well-nourished women); and the ef- fects of uncontrolled fertility on nutritional status and mortality. The report also outlines various psychoso- cial determinants of family size-replacement, insur- ance, and investment births-which must be consid- ered in programs to reduce mortality and fertility. Any attempt to maintain a low net reproduction rate through low nutritional status will necessitate high mor- tality and severe deprivation and will be incompatible with those changes in personal motivation needed for voluntary adoption of the two-child family norm. Mod- ernization entails economic constraints and changing values which combine to encourage fewer children with greater investment per child. PB83-105809/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Recent Developments in Research on Nitrogen Fertilizers for Rice. Research paper series, E. T. Craswell, and S. K. DeDatta. May 80, 15p IRPS-49, AID-PN-AAJ-132 Contract AID-492-1310-T Keywords: 'Fertilizers, 'Rice, Nitrogen, Losses, Iso- topic labeling, Vaporizing, Ammonia, Nitrification, De- veloping country application, Denitrification. Asian governments and farmers, pressured by growing populations, have sought to increase rice production by using high-yield rice varieties and nitrogen fertiliz- ers. Rice uses nitrogen fertilizers inefficiently, howev- er, especially urea, which accounts for 85% of nitro- gen fertilizers produced in Asia. This paper examines studies conducted in 1 1 Asian countries by the IRRI and the IFDC to determine the causes of nitrogen losses and ways to reduce them. Since these losses cannot be measured directly, a method was devised for measuring them indirectly by measuring losses in the balance of an introduced stable isotope, 15N (15N balance technique). The main nitrogen loss mecha- nisms were identified as ammonia volatilization and, to a lesser extent, nitrification-denitrification. PB83-105817/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Landlessness and Rural Poverty in Latin America: Conditions, Trends and Policies Affecting Income and Employment. Special series on landlessness and near- Isndlsssnsss Cheryl A. Lassen. Mar 80, 193p LNL-4, AID-PN-AAJ- 645 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Rural areas, Low income groups, 'Latin America, Farms, Government, Developing country ap- plication. A major fallacy in discussing the Third World's rural poor is to depict them as an undifferentiated mass of small farmers. This report argues that while small farm- ers in Latin America are generally poor, the 65% of Latin America's rural population who are landless and near-landless (LNL) are destitute. To support this premise, the report outlines the dimensions, sources, and trends in Latin American rural poverty, who the LNL are, and what can be done to mitigate their hard- ship. The LNL-agricultural and non-agricultural rural workers, marginal and tenant farmers, and the non- sedentary poor-earn low pay, have few job opportuni- ties, and lack assets as well as access to public goods and services. The report concludes by recommending further research in areas such as employment, sea- sonal migration, commercial farming, and labor laws. Country profiles are appended. PB83-105833/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commii- tee. Local Institutions and People's Participation in Rural Public Works in Nepal. Special series on rural local organization, Prachanda P. Pradhan. Apr 80, 111p RLO-4, AID- PN-AAJ-643 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 144 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Prepared in cooperation with Tribhuvan Univ., Kath- mandu, Nepal. Keywords: 'Rural areas, "Technology transfer, •Nepal, Local government, Citizen participation, Sus- pension bridges, Coordination, Technology, Manpow- er, Development, Developing countries, Developing country application. Local participation through local institutions is the key to the future of rural development in Nepal. Nepal's sociopolitical history is traced from its unification under the Saha kings in 1769 to the emergence in 1951 of a constitutional form of government under which local people were promised active participation in the coun- try's development. Government efforts to make that promise a reality are detailed. Three rural public works projects undertaken jointly by the government and local people are then analyzed: construction of the Banglung suspension bridge and of the Illam-Charali trunk road, and efforts of the National Development Service to promote infrastructure development by mo- bilizing local labor and resources. The vast need for infrastructure in Nepal and the country's current finan- cial condition clearly shows the importance of such ex- tensive contributions. PB83-105874/GAA PC A08/MF A01 African Bibliographic Center, Washington, DC. Rural Development in Botswana: A Selected Bibli- ography, 1966-1980, Shirley Fischer Eicher. 1981, 156p AID-PN-AAJ-699 Contract AID/afr-C-1538 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Economic development, 'Social change, Development, 'Botswana, Develop- ing country application. A tool intended to assist researchers, teachers, gov- ernment officials, and rural development personnel working in Botswana, this annotated, 1 ,280-item bibli- ography (1966-80, i.e., since independence), was pre- pared by the Southern Africa Development Informa- tion/Documentation Exchange (SADEX) project team in partial fulfillment of its purpose to provide a develop- ment information network for rural development in Southern Africa. Publications are grouped according to the following categories: general and reference; agri- culture; development; education and training; employ- ment, labor, and migration; geography, natural re- sources, and ecology; health and nutrition; housing; in- dustry, commerce, and mining; land tenure and use; livestock; marketing, cooperatives, and credit; politics and government; society and culture; transport and communications; urbanization; and women in develop- ment. PB83-105882/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Hawaii Inst, of Tropical Agriculture and Human Re- sources, Honolulu. Experimental Designs for Predicting Crop Produc- tivity with Environmental and Economic Inputs for Agrotechnology Transfer, James A. Silva. 1981, 183p DEPARTMENTAL PAPER-49, AID-PN-AAJ-558 Contract AID/ta-C-1 108 Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Crops, 'Farming, 'Tropical regions, Soil classification, Mathematical models, Yield, Soil tests, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Irrigation, Fertiliz- ers, Experimental design, Japan, Developing country application. A.I.D.'s Benchmark Soils Project (BSP) was developed to help developing tropical countries improve basic food crop production through a soil classification system and the transfer of successful agrotechnology. The first section explains BSP's objectives and its use of the U.S. Soil Taxonomy System to classify the soils tested in BSP experiments. The main objectives of the experiments were to prove the transferability of crops raised in similar soils and to develop a universal equa- tion describing yield response for any one soil given appropriate variables. Papers in the second section describe approaches to, and results from, BSP field experiments. The third section includes descriptions of experimental designs suitable for soil fertility experi- ments. Prediction equations and other mathematical models for estimating optimal inputs and outputs are discussed and recommendations are made. PB83-105916/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Nutritional Consequences of Rural-Urban Migra- tion, Teresa Graedon. Dec 80, 85p AID-PN-AAJ-694 Keywords: 'Migration, 'Nutrition, Urban areas, Rural areas, Income, Employment, Developing country appli- cation. Available data indicate that rural-urban migrants in de- veloping countries enjoy a nutritional status as good as, if not better, than those they left behind. In examin- ing the consequences of internal migration on nutri- tion, this study considers the major factors contributing to migration, the linkages between migration and nutri- tional status, and some resulting policy implications. People migrate from rural areas to the cities mainly for economic reasons such as higher wages and better job potential, although urban family ties and better education and health facilities are also factors. Link- ages between migration and nutritional status general- ly stem from major lifestyle changes involved in migrat- ing. Among migrants, the major changes affecting their nutritional status involve the availability of jobs and the average wage rate in the city, the woman's position as wage earner and/or mother (assuming a traditional family migrated as a unit), the availability of food in the city, and the migrant's general state of health. Append- ed are a 72-item reference list (1961-80) and several hypothetical scenarios illustrating the migration-nutri- tion relation. PB83-105924/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Political Economy of Bolivian Agricultural Credit, Jerry R. Ladman, and Ronald L. Tinnermeler. Apr 79, 34p AID-PN-AAJ-916 Grant AID/ta-BMA-7 Presented at the Latin American Studies Meetings held at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on April 5-7, 1979. Prepared in cooperation with Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Bolivia, Banking business, Credit, Farms, Personnel, Foreign aid, Inter- est, Liabilities, Developing country application, Loans, Default debtors. Although developing country governments ostensibly provide agricultural credit for purely economic pur- poses, they also do so for political reasons that may influence economic performance. To substantiate this view, this paper explains the structure of developing country credit programs and presents supporting evi- dence from Bolivia. Developing country governments typically control formal credit by creating public agricul- tural development banks or by establishing private credit portfolio requirements. Money is lent to farmers at concessionary terms to compensate for structural injustices, such as low crop prices, inherent agricultur- al risks, and the paucity of rural infrastructure. Repay- ment schedules are often lax, allowing long-term delin- quency and default. This policy results in substantial transfers of income from taxpayers and savers to rural borrowers, thus giving government officials significant political leverage over agricultural land holders and credit seekers. PB83-105932/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Academy for Educational Development, Inc., Washing- ton, DC. Two-Way Radio for Rural Health Care: An Over- view, Douglas Goldschmidt, Heather E. Hudson, and Wilma Lynn. May 80, 65p AID-PN-AAJ-901 Contract AID/ta-C-1 473 Keywords: 'Health, 'Rural areas, 'Communication, Radio equipment, Costs, Patients, Paraprofessional personnel, Developing country application, Health care delivery systems. Increasing attention is being devoted to developing in- novative ways of extending health care to rural areas. Toward this end, two-way radio is an effective tool which embodies technology appropriate to rural needs, is easy to maintain and use, and is relatively inexpensive. Based on developed and developing country experience, this report outlines the operation, uses, and possible problems of applying two-way radio to rural health care delivery. Experience has shown two-way radio to be most useful in medical consulta- tion, referral, and administration; coordinating patient transport; providing continuing education to rural health workers; relaying non-health messages; and re- sponding to disasters. A radio systems' actual use, however, will depend on the design of both the health care system and the radio network, the health workers' training and degree of isolation, and the type of assist- ance available by radio. PB83-105940/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Korean Potable Water System Project: Lessons from Experience. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 20, Eric Chetwynd, Jr., Daniel M. Dworkin, and Son Ung Kim. May 81, 100p AID-PN-AAJ-170 Keywords: 'Potable water, 'South Korea, 'Water supply, Communities, Interviews, Evaluation, Dis- eases, Public health, Water distribution, Management, Availability, Developing country application, Lessons learned. To address the potable water needs of semiurban communities (population 5,000-10,000) overlooked by rural and urban development projects, A.I.D. joined CARE in 1977 to sponsor a piped water system (PWS) project for six South Korean communities. This report, based on interviews with PWS operators and users, evaluates the project's impact and lessons for the future. PB83-105957/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Economics of Village-Level Forestry: A Methodo- logical Framework. Final rept., Asif Shaikh, and Patricia Larson. 1981, 79p AID-PN- AAJ-431 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Forestry, Invest- ments, Decision making, Output, Comparison, Defor- estation, Energy development. Many of the small-scale, decentralized energy projects intended to meet the developing world's deepening deforestation crisis lack a thorough economic analysis at the design stage and consequently are economical- ly unsound. This report enunciates an economic meth- odological framework for energy project formulation and development, broadening the traditional tools of cost/benefit analysis to fit the complexities of village- level forestry programs. The author accordingly con- siders the project's investment and benefit levels, dis- tribution of incentives and decision-making, allocation of burdens and outputs, especially as pertaining to in- dividual evaluations of the risk of project participation. PB83-105965/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. 'Leucaena leucocephala': An Excellent Feed for Livestock. Technical series bulletin, Michael D. Benge. Sep 80, 31 p AID-PN-AAJ-152, TSB-25 Keywords: 'Leguminous plants, 'Animal feeds, 'Trop- ical regions, Nutritive value, Tolerances(Physiology), Droughts, Vitamins, Proteins, Pasture, Fertilizers, Planting, Plant reproduction, Erosion control, Central America, Developing country application, 'Leucaena leucocephala. Leucaena leucocephala, a leguminous tree native to Central America, is extremely well-suited to the sea- sonally dry tropics. It can be fed fresh, or as leaf meal, silage, or browse to cows, goats, chickens, and a vari- ety of fish. This report describes characteristics, uses, and planting procedures for LL. Leucaena's many vari- eties. PB83-105973/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dept. of Agricultural and Ap- plied Economics. Capturing the Economic Surplus Created by Irriga- tion. Staff paper, 145 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS K. William Easter. Jul 80, 27p P80-14, AID-PN-AAJ- 926 Contract AID/NE-C-1 507 Keywords: "Water supply, 'Irrigation, Policies, Reve- nue, Rates(Costs), Water consumption, Taxes, Eco- nomic factors, Allocations, Developing country appli- cation. Irrigation projects, once economic assets to develop- ing countries, are now financial burdens that draw on general revenues to pay rising construction, mainte- nance, and operating costs. This report concludes that irrigation projects should net an economic surplus as long as planners use a price-flexible design responsive to regional irrigation needs and governmental revenue requirements. The report first describes the two goals of irrigation pricing policy, namely, to recover operating costs and to control water allocation. Next, the six types of water charges are examined. Volumetric charges are suited to countries where water is scarce and allocation must be efficient. PB83-105981/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dept. of Agricultural and Ap- plied Economics. Wheat, Allocative Error and Risk: Northern Tunisia, Terry Roe, and David Nygaard. 1980, 29p BULL-V, AID-PN-AAJ-018 Grant AID/DSAN-XII-G-0012 Keywords: * Productivity, *Wheat, "Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Tunisia, Risk, Allocations, Yield, Errors, Com- parison, Planting, Land use, Developing country appli- cation. Although often considered constraints to both greater productivity and the adoption of new technologies, the total impact of risk, uncertainty, and resource misallo- cation on agricultural production has yet to be empiri- cally established. This study analyzes how farmers' knowledge and perception of risk affects resource al- location in the production of ordinary and high-yield va- rieties (HYV's) of wheat. Two different production func- tions-one linking expected with actual yield and the other relating actual yield and inputs-were fitted to data gathered from 1 25 Northern Tunisian wheat farm- ers during the 1976-77 crop year. The authors then compared the two functions in order to quantify and explain errors in resource allocation and to analyze the impact of these errors on yield and land area planted in HYV's. PB83-106005/GAA PC A08/MF A01 National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL. U.S. Fertilizer Technology Patents, Jane J. Mackey. 1979, 164p AID-PN-AAJ-559 Keywords: "Fertilizers, "Industrial Development, In- dustries, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Phosphoric acids, In- organic phosphates, Potassium, Processing, Sulfur, Sulfuric acid, Mixtures, Trace elements, Ammonium compounds, Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Mining, Ma- terials handling, Urea, Controlled release fertilizers, Developing country application. Fertilizer patents issued in the United States provide much of the technology used in the fertilizer industry worldwide. This report contains 1,014 abstracts of se- lected U.S. patents previously published in the NFDC's monthly journal, Fertilizer Abstracts, between 1968 and 1978. The abstracts, representing those U.S. pat- ents and U.S. equivalents of previously issued foreign patents deemed most pertinent to today's fertilizer in- dustry. The first section is on nitrogen fertilizer proc- esses. The section on phosphorus fertilizer processes is the largest, due to the vast amount of research done on wet process acid in recent years, and covers such topics as the mining, handling, and processing of phosphate rock. Regarding the potassium fertilizer in- dustry, potassium recovery, handling, and processing and potassium compounds are covered. Other, small- er sections discuss sulfur and sulfuric acid in the fertil- izer industry. PB83-106013/GAA PC E07/MF E07 Paint Research Association, Teddington (England). Paint Industry Today: World Trends, K. Halpin. Jan 80, 116p* Keywords: "Paints, "International trade, Imports, Ex- ports, Production, Technology innovation, Consump- tion, Demand(Economics), Economic analysis, Trans- lations, Industrial structure. The article surveys the paint industry in all countries for which it has been possible to obtain information. These comprise countries of the Far East, including the People's Republic of China, of the Near and Middle East, Brazil, countries of Africa and Oceania, and of Eastern and Western Europe. This article will be in- valuable to anyone with an interest in international trade, or anyone who wishes to know which countries import most of their paint, which have their own paint industry, and which are the competing exporters. PB83-106286/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Office of Human Development Services, Washington, DC. Familias Con Solo Uno de Los Padres (One Parent Families). 1974, 16p DHEW/PUB/OHD-74-64 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Children, Family relations, Interpersonal relations, Case histories. The report gives advice to help the thousands of men and women who are raising their children without the other parent. It presents case histories of one parent families who made it. PB83-106476/GAA PC A05/MF A01 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Program Analysis Div. Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policies. 31 Aug 82, 99p GAO/PAD-82-45, B-208549 Keywords: Expenses, "Financial management, Na- tional government, Federal budgets, Federal Reserve System. The U.S. economy is in its eighth recession since the Second World War. GAO analyzes fiscal and monetary policies and their contribution to the current recession. GAO's analysis concludes that any approach to re- vamping economic policy be built around the following principles: Economic policy should be based on a long- run objective of moderating inflation while stimulating economic investment. Adjustments in economic policy should be gradual and moderate. Fiscal and monetary policies should be based on consistent long-run em- ployment, price level, and economic growth goals that are achievable. Overall, a marginal easing of monetary policy and a substantial reduction in future budget defi- cits seem appropriate policy actions. PB83-106484/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Transportation Technology Support for Develop- ing Countries. Synthesis 3: Labor-Based Construc- tion and Maintenance of Low-Volume Roads. 1981, 76p AID-PN-AAJ-720 Contract AID/otr-C-1 591 Keywords: "Roads, "Construction, "Maintenance, De- veloping countries, Rural areas, Technology, Low volume roads, Developing country application. One major deficiency in many developing countries' transport systems is the lack of low-volume roads that generally carry only 5-10 vehicles a day but provide some rural areas with their only link to markets and public service facilities. This report, available in Eng- lish, French, and Spanish, is part of an AID-funded project to improve developing country access to exist- ing information on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of low-volume roads. This report's specific purpose is to synthesize-mainly for policy- makers in the transportation ministry, planners of road programs and chief engineers in the road authority- existing literature on the meaning, concerns, and use of labor-based technologies in low-volume road con- struction and maintenance in the context of develop- ment. A wide range of labor-and equipment-based construction tools and methods (from hoes, picks, crowbars, and wheel-barrows to bulldozers and mechanized excavators and loaders) are discussed because no construction technology is entirely labor- based but instead spans a full spectrum of human, animal, and mechanical resource combinations. A general evaluation framework is presented to assist policymakers in choosing an appropriate mix of con- struction technologies which is technically, financially, socially, and economically feasible. PB83-106492/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Lending to Rural Poor Through Informal Groups: A Promising Financial Market Innovation. Occasional paper, Dale W. Adams, and Jerry R. Ladman. 13 Mar 79, 10p OP-587, AID-PN-AAJ-899 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: "Financial management, "Rural areas, Credit, Loans, Developing country application. Informal group lending is a recent innovation intro- duced to increase the rural poor's share of agricultural credit in developing countries. To help determine the value of this innovation, this paper examines five ad- vantages claimed for group lending. PB83-106500/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Regional Economic Development Services Office, West Africa. Economic and Social Development in West Africa. Aug 79, 75p AID-PN-AAJ-924 Keywords: "Economic development, "Social change, "West Africa, Quality of life, Populations, Agriculture, Commerce, Gross National Product, Rural areas, Fe- males, Housing, Environments, Energy, Health, Devel- oping country application. West Africa, extending from Cape Verde to Zaire, in- cludes 22 countries with a total land mass larger than that of the United States, but with a smaller population (190 million) and a GNP only as large as Switzerland's ($63 billion). This report provides a brief overview of development in West Africa (in terms of demography, quality of life, agriculture, economic growth and income distribution, trade, debt service, and foreign as- sistance) and discusses areas of development assist- ance. Although most of the region's labor force is en- gaged in agriculture, population increases have out- paced increases in food staple production. This, com- bined with drought, cattle disease, inadequate agricul- tural infrastructure, and a shortage of trained manpow- er, has increased West Africa's food dependency. Also discussed are needs and A.I.D. strategies in regard to livestock, rural development, food aid, transport, river basins, health, nutrition, women, human resources, population, housing, environment, and energy. PB83-106518/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Urban Resources Consultants, Inc., Washington, DC. Transfer of Technology to Water Supply, Sanita- tion, and Waste Disposal Systems in Developing Countries. Dec 79, 118p AID-PN-AAH-478 Contract AID/otr-C-0015 Keywords: "Sewage disposal, "Water supply, "Sanita- tion, "Technology transfer, Government policies, Rural areas, Water wells, Standards, Construction, Water conservation, Diseases, Public health, Methane, Feces, Waste water reuse, Aquaculture, Economic factors, Developing country application, Biogas. More than half the world's people have no reliable and safe water supply, while 70-80% have no sewage dis- posal. To help decisionmakers develop feasible op- tions to improve these dreadful conditions, which are responsible for 80% of all illnesses in the Third World and are the major cause of infant mortality, this paper, one of a series of state-of-the-art reports, reviews the possibilities for improving developing country water supply, sanitation, and waste disposal (WS/S/WD) systems through the transfer of technology. PB83-106526/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Agricultural Credit and Rural Progress in Jamaica: A Development Dilemma. Occasional paper, Douglas H. Graham, and Compton Bourne. 12 Jun 79, 41 p OP-633, AID-PN-AAH-882 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: "Jamaica, "Agricultural economics, "Eco- nomic development, "Rural areas, Financing, Finan- cial services, Developing country application. 146 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Jamaica's use of agricultural credit in the past decade exemplifies a classic conflict between bankers and de- velopment planners. In describing the conflict, this report examines and evaluates Jamaica's: (1) eco- nomic stagnation since the early 1 970's (after a short period of reasonable growth) and the effect of this de- cline on the financial sector; (2) national credit sys- tems' growth, institutional features, and aggregrate performance; and (3) public and commercial credit in- stitutions and programs. PB83-106534/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Food and Nufrition Service, Washington, DC. Nutrition Impacts of Livestock Developments Schemes among Pastoral Peoples, Joel Mathless Teitelbaum. Nov 80, 169p AID-PN- AAJ-693 Keywords: 'Nutrition, "Livestock, *Grains(Food), Diets, Dairy products, Milk, Humans, Arid land, Food consumption, 'Africa, Developing country application, Sahel. In many instances, livestock projects have wrought, albeit unintentionally, adverse effects on the food supply and way of life of nomadic peoples. This report discusses the traditional diet and way of life of the pas- toralists and examines the impact on these of livestock development strategies. Rather than relying on their herds for food, pastoralists derive the greater part of their diets from cereals (millet, barley, maize, sorghum, etc.). However, milk-based foods provided by the herds do play a critical part in their diet and health by enhancing the lower protein content of their starchy cereal staples and, as suggested by some research- ers, by providing protection against malaria and other diseases. PB83-106542/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC. Assistance to the Third World on Urban Energy, James W. Howe, and James J. Tarrant. 1 9 May 80, 168pAID-PN-AAJ-101 Contract AID/DSAN-G-0142 Keywords: 'Energy, 'Urban planning, 'Urbanization, Foreign aid, Energy policy, Developing country appli- cation. Since increased urbanization usually entails increased energy use, the 5-10% growth rate of developing country urban areas has ominous implications for these countries' future energy needs. This report as- sesses major urban energy uses and problems and recommends strategies and a methodology for A.I.D. assistance in helping to meet these needs. PB83-106617/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., Washington, DC. International Project. Preliminary Guide to Audiovisual Materials on En- vironmental and Natural Resource Issues in Devel- oping Countries. 1980, 45p AID-PN-AAH-019 Keywords: 'Environmental management, Films, Wild- life, Deserts, Lakes, 'Natural resources, Developing country application. This guide, compiled by the Natural Resources De- fense Council, includes references to 84 audiovisual materials suitable for use in programs which address the relationship between the environment and natural resources and development. In compiling this guide, requests for information about such materials were sent to over 1 00 government agencies, academic insti- tutions, environmental organizations, and commercial film distributors in the United States and abroad. The items listed in the guide were chosen on the basis of whether they discussed and/or illustrated: (1) the ef- fects of economic development upon the human envi- ronment; (2) the impacts of natural resource degrada- tion upon human well-being; or (3) an approach to the protection and management of natural resources. Consideration was also given to whether the material considered such issues in a developing country setting or in a context relevant to A.I.D. and developing coun- try concerns. PB83-106625/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for Research on Economic Development. Analysis of Grain Storage in Three Interior Sahel Countries, Annette M. Pinckney. Jan 79, 78p Discussion Paper- 75, AID-PN-AAG-167 Contract AID/afr-C-1 143 Keywords: 'Sahel, 'Grains(Food), 'Food storage, 'Subsaharan Africa, Marketing, Warehouses, Volume, Cargo transportation, Mali, Niger, Upper Volta, Devel- oping country application. Marketing expected increases in foodgrain production will require viable grain storage systems in Mali, Niger, and Upper Volta. This report analyzes current grain storage systems in the three Sahelian countries and raises key policy issues. In Mali, domestic grain is transported to an arrondissement and then to provin- cial storage centers whose estimated national capac- ity is 130,000 metric tons (MT). The State Marketing Board, OPAM, transfers 8% of all millet and 30% of rice to widely used central warehouses. While this system saves money, the lack of decentralized ware- housing increases transport burdens on suppliers and leads to an unquantif ied loss of grain in shipping. PB83-106633/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Quality Characteristics of Milled Rice Grown in Dif- ferent Countries. Research paper series, B. O. Juliano, and C. G. Pascual. Mar 80, 28p IRPS- 48, AID-PN-AAJ-129 Contract AID-492-1 31 0-T Keywords: 'Rice, 'Proteins, Texture, Hardness, Amy- loses, Gelation, Food chemistry, 'Philippines, Devel- oping country application. Next to yield, grain quality is the major objective of rice breeding programs. This report describes the quality characteristics of milled rice as assessed by IRRI's Chemistry Department since 1962. Rice samples were obtained from government rice breeding programs in 41 countries and analyzed for protein content, amy- lose content, alkali spreading value (gelatinization temperature index), gel consistency, amylograph vis- cosity (changes in paste viscosity of cooked rice flour), and cooked rice Instron hardness and stickiness. Sta- tistical analysis yielded linear correlation coefficients that indicate amylose content is the major determinent of the texture of cooked rice. PB83-106641/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Structure and Performance of Rural Financial Mar- kets in the Philippines. Occasional paper, Cristina David. 17 May 79, 41 p OP-589, AID-PN-AAJ- 898 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: 'Philippines, 'Agriculture, 'Farming, 'Fi- nancial management, Financing, Rural areas, Farms, Income, Productivity, Loans, Developing country appli- cation. Small farm production in developing countries often depends on the ability of rural financial markets to pro- vide farmers with access to credit. This paper exam- ines the structure and performance of such markets, especially supervised credit programs (SCP), in the Philippines in terms of credit delivery, loan repayment, and impact on farm productivity and income. PB83-106658/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in the Rural Postharvest Food System in Developing Countries, Carl J. Lindblad. Apr 81, 100p AID-PN-AAJ-629 Keywords: 'Grains(Food), 'Food processing, 'Crops, 'Renewable energy, Drying, Food storage, Canneries, Cookery, Fuels, Wood, Solar energy, Ovens, Crop driers, Farm storage, Windmills, Photovoltaic cells, Al- cohols, Developing country application, Solar cookers, Biogas. This report examines energy demand and potential re- newable energy technologies for postharvest food processing with particular emphasis on technologies related to grain. Postharvest activities (harvesting, drying, threshing, winnowing, shelling, hulling, grinding, storage, refrigeration, canning, cooking) and the tech- niques used in these activities are explored. Possible renewable sources include fuelwood, charcoal, solar cookers, ovens, and crop dryers, photovoltaics, animal draft, pedal power, wind power, hydropower, biogas, and alcohol fuels; some of these, it is noted, also have potential applicability beyond postharvest activities. PB83-106666/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Incentives, Fertility Behavior, and Integrated Com- munity Development: An Overview, Henry P. David. Jan 80, 77p AID-PN-AAJ-808 Keywords: 'Birth control, 'Population control, Policies, Population growth, 'Fertility, Legislation, Quality of life, Developing country application. Developing country population policies are often rein- forced with incentives to reward those who limit the number of births. The range of incentives used in Ban- gladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, the Philip- pines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and re- gions of Africa and Asia are reviewed in this paper. Both financial incentives (e.g., cash, preference in housing and land assignments, additional pensions and medical care) and disincentives (e.g., salary de- ductions) are utilized. A review of pertinent literature indicates that the use of incentives and disincentives to control population growth, if implemented in a bal- anced, non-discriminatory way, is not incompatible with human rights policies. Illustrating this point, Thai- land's Planned Parenthood Association has pioneered an imaginative and successful community-based family planning (FP) service program (CBFPS) which has evolved into a broader program integrating FP ini- tiatives into a broad range of community development projects. PB83-106674/GAA PC A19/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for Research on Economic Development. Livestock Versus Food Grain Production in South- east Upper Volta: A Resource Allocation Analysis, Christopher L. Delgado. Mar 79, 450p AID-PN-AAH- 785 Contract AID/afr-C-1 169 Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Agricultural economics, 'West Africa, Farm management, Income, Cattle, Manpower, Mathematical models, Grain crops, Feeding stuffs, Developing country application, Sahel Region'Africa). Contrary to conventional wisdom, West African Sahe- lian peasant farm income would not rise significantly if separate crop and livestock enterprises were integrat- ed into a single farm operation. This report, part of a 3- year study of West African livestock economics, docu- ments a 13-month farm management survey of 41 Mossi and Bisa farm households and a concomitant 5- month survey of 20 Fulani herdsmen in the Tenkodogo area to test the viability and income-generating capac- ity of integrating cattle raising into smallholder agricul- ture. Detailed in this report is farm-level information on labor flows, land use patterns, grain production, cattle labor requirements, and livestock ownership patterns for the 1 976-77 agricultural year. A linear programming model is used to identify optimal production strategies and resource constraints. PB83-106682/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Rural Sociology. Critique of Traditional Agricultural Credit Projects and Policies, Dale W. Adams, and Douglas H. Graham. 1978, 28p AID-PN-AAJ-894 Contract AID/ta-BMA-7 Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Rural areas, Policies, Credit, Developing country application, Loans. Despite good intentions, a majority of developing countries' rural financial market (RFM) projects have generally contributed to overall resource misallocation, inequitable wealth distribution, and political sabotage. 147 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS This paper reviews common problems and erroneous assumptions associated with RFM projects, outlines new policy approaches and suggestions for making im- provements, and offers explanations as to why new ideas may not be accepted by local policymakers. Many of the problems cited, such as loan repayment delinquencies, medium- and long-term formal credit unavailability, high loan transaction costs, and credit flow distortions, are due mainly to inaccurate assump- tions about how RFM's operate and about the factors which determine borrower and lender behavior. PB83-106690/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Cost of Primary Health Care, K. C. Gaspari. Dec 80, 37p AID-PN-AAJ-692 Keywords: *Health, 'Economic analysis, Estimating, Developing country application, Health economics, Health care requirements, Health services. Estimating the cost of primary health care (PHC) for a developing country is a deceptive and complicated task, and efforts to apply benchmark estimates to spe- cific programs can lead to misuse of health care re- sources. This paper addresses this problem by provid- ing a conceptual framework for estimating PHC costs and illustrating the importance of program-specific cost projections. The key to costing out PHC is to de- termine the factors which contribute to costs and then to measure them accurately. The first step in factor cost determination is to define the function and scope of desired services by defining the size and specific health needs of the target population and the number of them to be affected by the proposed service. Second, costs associated with the actual services ren- dered to meet the PHC objective need to be deter- mined. PB83-106880/GAA PC A20/MF A01 Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Economics. Economic Growth, Equity and Agricultural Devel- opment in the Dominican Republic, Lehman B. Fletcher, and Eric Graber. 1 980, 472p MONO-12, AID-PN-AAJ-133 Contract AID/ta-BMA-3 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Dominican Republic, Devel- oping countries, Farms, Rural areas, Employment, 'Economic analysis, Economic growth, Developing country application, Poverty. Agricultural sector analysis is basic in devising strate- gies to improve farm production and ensure equitable growth in developing countries. This study, the twelfth in a series on Latin American and Caribbean countries, analyzes the Dominican Republic's (DR) agricultural sector and suggests priorities for a national sector de- velopment program. To achieve equitable growth for the poor an agricultural strategy designed to increase small farm output, income, employment, and nutrition is proposed. PB83-106948/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Inc., Mt. Rainier, MD. Appropriate Technology in Bolivia: Results, Rec- ommendations and Reports; The Vita Survey of AT in Agriculture, Small Scale Industry and Artisanry, Water Supply and Sanitation and Energy. 28 Feb 80, 391 p AID-PN-AAH-637 Contract AID-51 1-1 79-T Keywords: 'Energy, 'Water resources, 'Agriculture, 'Bolivia, Surveys, Sanitation, Rural areas, Project planning, Water supply, Agricultural machinery, Har- vesters, Soils, Industries, Water wells, Pumping, Wind- mills, Solar energy, Organizations, Developing country application, Appropriate technology, Artisanry. The application of appropriate technology (AT) in Bo- livian rural development projects has been hampered by the failure of involved institutions to coordinate their efforts. This detailed survey report, prepared by VITA, reviews the background, issues, and current status of AT in Bolivia's sectors of agriculture, rural small enter- prise, sanitation, and energy; and describes the do- mestic and international organizations active in Bolivi- an AT and rural development. PB83-106955/GAA PC A09/MF A01 PADCO, Inc., Washington, DC. Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor. An Orientation for Project Design and Imple- mentation: Volume I. Sep 81, 188p AID-PN-AAJ-815 Contract AID/otr-C-1627 See also PB83-1 06963. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Community develop- ment, 'Social services, Federal assistance programs, Project management, Personnel, Specialized training, Evaluation, Housing, Employment, Public health, Sani- tation, Transportation, Developing country application. A.I.D.'s Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor (IIPUP) aims at alleviating the severe shortages in shelter and other essential areas (e.g., employment) suffered by the poor who constitute the growing majority of urbanities in developing countries. This state-of-the-art report presents guidelines for de- signing and implementing IIPUP projects. Fundamen- tal assumptions of IIPUP are that assistance programs should address both the causes and consequences of urban poverty in ways that are comprehensive (to ad- dress many different needs simultaneously) and inte- grated (to minimize duplication and improve efficien- cy). Besides establishing appropriate goals and pur- poses, IIPUP project designs should identify benefici- aries and select those project components most likely to meet the former's needs; choose appropriate ways to integrate services in concrete circumstances; pro- vide adequate funding and ensure continuity of financ- ing after the initial project phase; plan for gradual project implementation in accordance with the degree of host country acceptance; and, if need be, initiate changes in existing laws. PB83-106963/GAA PC A06/MF A01 PADCO, Inc., Washington, DC. Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor: An orienatation for Project Design and Im- plementation. Volume II: Annexes. May 80, 124p AID-PN-AAJ-816 Contract AID/otr-C-1627 See also PB83-1 06955. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Community develop- ment, 'Social services, Federal assistance programs, Project management, Personnel, Specialized training, Evaluation, Housing, Employment, Public health, Sani- tation, Transportation, Developing country application. Rapid urban growth in developing countries has led to serious deficits in the provision of shelter and other es- sential goods and services to the poor who constitute the vast and growing majority of urban dwellers. To help A.I.D. alleviate the plight of these poor, a state-of- the-art report has been prepared on the design and implementation of A.I.D.'s Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor (IIPUP). This companion volume contains four annexes to that report. The first annex discusses IIPUP project components-shelter provision, assistance to small-scale enterprises, other employment assistance, informal adult education, en- vironmental sanitation, urban health services, public transportation, participant mobilization, and improve- ment of the welfare of the neediest groups. The second annex presents case studies form U.S. and international (India, Honduras, Zambia, Indonesia, and Kenya) experience in urban improvement projects. The third annex offers a comprehensive checklist of data requirements (demographic, social, economic, housing, health, welfare, labor, education, transporta- tion and communications) for designing and evaluating IIPUP projects. The final annex is a 90-item bibliogra- phy (1959-80). PB83-106971/GAA PC A20/MF A01 CH2M Hill International Corp., Gainesville, FL. U.S.A.I.D. Desalination Manual, O. K. Buros, Robert Bruce Cox, Isadore Nusbaum, AN M. El-Nashar, and Robert Bakish. Aug 80, 466p AID-PN-AAJ-122 Contract AID/otr-C-1 61 8 Keywords: 'Desalination, 'Water treatment, Manuals, Distillation, Freezing, Demineralizing, Electrodialysis, Potable water, Separation, Membranes, Theory, Evap- orators, Sea water, Maintenance, Performance eval- uation, Cost analysis, Developing country application. As the world's population has grown, demand for fresh water has dramatically increased, straining available supplies and impeding development. Desalination, the removal of salts from water, offers an increasingly fea- sible and necessary solution to this problem. This manual outlines major desalination processes and evaluates their development, performance, potential, problems, and economics to give planners a better un- derstanding of the applicability of desalting in develop- ing countries. Four major desalination processes-dis- tillation, freezing, reverse osmosis, and electrodialy- sis-are examined. PB83-106989/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Experience, Inc., Minneapolis, MN. Analysis of Economic Variables for the Southern Valleys of Bolivia. Final rept., H. Van de Wetering. Nov 81, 224p AID-PN-AAJ-477 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0219 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Income, 'Bolivia, Developing countries, 'Rural areas, Income, Employment, Eco- nomic analysis, Households, Developing country appli- cation. As part of an AID-funded agricultural sector analysis in Bolivia, this report presents results of a 1 977-80 socio- economic survey of 699 representative farm house- holds in Bolivia's southern valleys to determine the factors affecting farm household economic behavior. The author recommends that future studies be fo- cused more on specific agricultural issues and that farm household livestock sectors be analyzed sepa- rately from crop sectors. PB83-107763/GAA PC A08/MF A01 National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL Optimization of Biological Recycling of Plant Nutri- ents in Livestock Waste by Utilizing Waste Heat from Cooling Water. Final rept. May 75-Sep 81, J. J. Maddox, L. L. Behrends, D. W. Burch, J. B. Kingsley, and E. L. Waddell, Jr. May 82, 154p EPA- 600/7-82-041 Keywords: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Manures, 'Aquacul- ture, Algae, Steam electric power generation, Nutri- ents, Aquatic plants, Water pollution, Swine, Fertiliz- ers, Anaerobic processes, Digestion(Decomposition), Methane, 'Waste heat utilization, 'Waste water reuse, Steam power plants, Biogas. The report summarizes a 5-year study of the beneficial uses of waste heat from condenser cooling water from steam-electric generating plants. The major effort ad- dressed the recovery of plant nutrients in swine manure by aquatic farming of selected fish and Chi- nese waterchestnuts. Another effort included biogas production from swine manure in an anaerobic digest- er and the use of the digester waste to fertilize the aquatic farming system. Optimum recovery of plant nu- trients resulted from operation of an integrated fish and waterchestnut system. Flowing water systems were 30-50% more productive than static systems. Annual fish yields of 5000-7000 lb/acre are projected for a properly stocked system over a 150-180 day growing period. Similarly, waterchestnut yields of nearly 17.8 tons/acre and dry hay yields of 6.7 tons/ acre from sand-bed filters would be expected when fed wastewater from the fish system. The quality of the water leaving the sand beds would meet tertiary wastewater treatment standards during the growing season. An estimated 2000-head swine facility with a $400,000 investment would annually produce a 20% rate of return, save 360,000 bbl of oil through waste heat utilization, and produce biogas equivalent to 3000 bbl of oil. PB83-107862/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Rivkin Associates, Inc., Washington, DC. Report on Peruvian 'Pueblos Jovenes' Problems and Possibilities for USAID IIPUP Technical Assist- ance, Hortense Dicker, and Amparo Giraldo. Nov 79, 92p AID-PN-AAH-869 Contract AID/OTR-C-1 636 Keywords: 'Social services, 'Housing, 'Health, 'Edu- cation, Children, Quality of life, 'Peru, Urban areas, Employment, Specialized training, Organizations, De- veloping country application. 148 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The residents of pueblos jovenes (low-income squat- ter settlements) suffer the worst effects of Peru's eco- nomic crisis and are often deprived of essential public services. This survey identifies the service needs of Lima's pueblos jovenes and recommends alternatives wherein A.I.D.'s Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor (IIPUP) can provide technical assist- ance, training, and identify projects to upgrade service delivery. The report details the major problems faced by the pueblos jovenes in the fields of housing, health, education, child care, and community organization. Analysis is made of public and private institutions with programs that impact on the quality of life in the pueb- los jovenes in order to identify resources and to sug- gest ways in which these institutions may be strength- ened. To relieve a major constraint to the present study and in view of the transitional political situation in Peru prior to the 1980 elections, it is recommended that in FY80 IIPUP funding be used to collect data re- garding: (1) typologies of the target population; (2) the sheLter sector in terms of needs, standards, access to credit, etc; (3) vocational training and employment prospects; (4) the range of private voluntary organiza- tions; (5) health status of pueblos jovenes populations; and (6) women's socioeconomis status and needs. PB83-107870/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Inst, of International Stud- ies. New Light on Rural Electrification: The Evidence from Bolivia, Judith Tendler. Sep 80, 95p R80.5, AID-PN-AAJ-030 Contract AID/DSAN-CA-0199 Keywords: 'Electric power, * Rural areas, 'Bolivia, De- veloping countries, Social effect, Economic impact, Electric utilities, Developing country application. In 1973-74, A.I.D. financed a project to expand existing municipal electrical systems in Bolivia to seven outly- ing rural areas with the aim of servicing an additional 81,000 rural customers within 10 years. This report evaluates the project's impact on the rural poor in terms of three project objectives: improving the quality of life; stimulating economic production; and creating viable electric utilities. PB83-107888/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Contribution of Varietal Tolerance for Problem Soils to Yield Stability in Rice. Research paper series, M. Mahadevappa, H. Ikehashi, and F. N. Ponnamperuma. Dec 79, 18p IRPS-43, AID-PN-AAJ- 085 Grant AID/DSAN-G-0083 Keywords: *Rice, 'Soils, 'Philippines, Phosphorus, Acclimatization, Zinc, Iron, Toxicity, Field tests, Devel- oping country application. The erratic performance of modern rice varieties in many countries has been attributed to physical and bi- ological environmental stresses to which the plants are not adapted. This paper compares the field per- formance of different rice varieties in soils with common mineral stresses-phosphorus deficiency, zinc deficiency, or iron toxicity in wetland rice fields and iron deficiency in dryland rice fields. Genotypes of comparable high yield potential but different tolerance to mineral stresses were selected on the basis of greenhouse tests and tested for field performance (growth, yield, and mineral absorption) in mineral- stressed soils during the 1978 dry and wet seasons and the 1 979 dry season in the Philippines. PB83-107896/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). IR42: A Rice Type for Small Farmers of South and Southeast Asia. Research paper series, F. N. Ponnamperuma. Dec 79, 13p IRPS-44, AID-PN- AAJ-079 Grant AID/DSAN-G-0083 Keywords: 'Rice, 'Plants(Botany), 'Southeast Asia, Hybridization, Yield, Droughts, Tolerances(Physiology), Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Zinc, Plant diseases, Insects, Salinity, Acclimatization, De- veloping country application. Barely a decade after new 'miracle rices' developed during the Green Revolution prompted predictions of food self-sufficiency, developing countries are being warned that rice production is not keeping pace with population growth. This grim forecast stems from the fact that in vast areas of South and Southeast Asia, farmers have not accepted these new rice varieties. This report summarizes findings on a new rice variety, IR42, which was bred to produce stable yields in unfa- vorable environments. PB83-107912/GAA PC A05/MF A01 New York State Coll. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. Effects of P.L. 480 Wheat Imports on Latin Ameri- can Countries. Cornell international agriculture mimeograph, Lana Hall. Apr 80, 93p CIAM-76, AID-PN-AAJ-038 Keywords: 'Wheat, 'Economic analysis, 'Brazil, 'Co- lombia, 'Peru, Economic impact, Latin America, South America, Foreign aid, Food supply, Food consumption, Prices, Economic models, Agricultural economics, De- veloping country application. Food aid has long been an important U.S. foreign policy tool and its popularity is likely to continue as worldwide poverty and the need to manage grain sup- plies in developed countries persist. However, be- cause an increase in local grain supplies provided by food aid can depress local prices and/or lead to inad- equate food production and dependence on food im- ports, the price and policy disincentives of food aid in recipient countries should be evaluated. This study analyzes the effects of U.S. Public Law (P.L.) 480 wheat imports on the agricultural development of Brazil, Colombia, and Peru from 1 952 to 1 975 and pro- vides a basis for evaluating the effects of future food aid policy decisions. An econometric, multiequation commodity model is presented for measuring P.L. 480's effect on supply and demand for cereals, income generation, commercial grain imports, market clearing, the interrelationships of production and consumption and government policies affecting agricultural produc- tion, consumption, and trade. PB83-108092/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Manville Service Corp., Denver, CO. Research and De- velopment Center. Diatomite Precoat Filtration for Pretreatment of Seawater Prior to Reverse Osmosis. Final rept., G. R. Bell, and R. C. Himes. Jul 82, 260p W83- 00270, , OWRT-C-90272-D(9520)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9520 Keywords: 'Desalination, Cost analysis, Laboratory equipment, Pilot plants, Performance evaluation, Fea- sibility. Investigation established that diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration could more consistently produce accept- able reverse osmosis feed water (based on 1 5-minute plugging index (PI-15) test data) than an existing cen- tral pretreatment (CPT) system over a substantial as- sessment period. The DE product was at or below 45 or 85% of all cycles; the CPT system was at or below 45 for only 42% of the same test days. Further, the DE product met its target PI-1 5 value of 40 or less, 53% of the time. Using DE to filter CPT system product gave PI values at/below 40 for 90% of 73 readings made, despite some substantial CPT system operating prob- lems. Installed DE capital costs would be only about 40% of that for current CPT replication. Estimated op- erating and maintenance costs slightly favor DE over the CPT system by 14.4 to 16.3 cents/ 1000 gallons, respectively; addition of amortization decreases the total DE cost to only 58% that of the CPT system prod- uct. Of the DE processes evaluated, two have the ca- pability of producing low PI-15 water. One process uses aluminum-hydrate coated DE; the other uses a separate feed of a cationic polymer, followed by DE body feed. While these products have similar PI-15 values, their other characteristics have notable differ- ences requiring testing. PB83-1081 18/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Auburn Univ., AL. Water Resources Research Inst. Production of Reproductively Limited Grass Carp for Biological Control of Aquatic Weeds • Phase II. Project completion rept. 1 Oct 79-31 Dec 81, William L. Shelton. Jan 82, 77p WRRI-Bull-45, W83- 00272, , OWRT-B-079-ALA(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0201 See also PB80-1 14713. Keywords: 'Weed control, 'Aquatic weeds, 'Fishes, Sterilization, Hormones, Genetics, Steroids, Sex. Use of the grass carp fish offers a useful mechanism for controlling the proliferation of nuisance aquatic plants infesting waterways, providing that unwanted reproduction of the grass carp itself could be controlla- ble. Hence, a study was undertaken to develop a tech- nique for producing grass carp populations with limited reproductive potential. Monosexing through hormone sex reversal was initially tried, but the specialized feed- ing habits of this fish complicated conventional oral treatment and necessitated an alternate method of steroid exposure. Silastic implantation containing methyltestosterone was the recommended method of hormone administration. Hence, functional sex rever- sal was used as a means of developing broodstock which, when bred, would yield monosex progeny. Sex- reversed males (genotypic females) were bred in 1980 and 1981; of about 500 offspring from the 1980 class that were sexed, all were females. Also, all gyno-ge- netic grass carp that were sexed have been females. Further evaluation of the 1980 class and sexing of 1981 class fish will be carried out. It is concluded that, if these offspring are also only female, this monosex- ing by breeding program can be considered for practi- cal application for control of nuisance aquatic plant growth in waterways. PB83-108357/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Washington Univ., Seattle. Charles W. Harris Hydrau- lics Lab. Water Resource System Reliability Under Drought Conditions: The Seattle Water Supply System as a Case Study. Technical rept. 1 Oct 78-31 Mar 81, Sarah H. Draper, Richard N. Palmer, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, and Stephen J. Burges. Sep 81, 100p TR-72, W83-00229, , OWRT-B-080-WASH(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -91 02 Keywords: 'Drought, 'Water supply, 'Urban planning, Model studies, Indexes(Ratios), Water storage, Fore- casting, Cedar River, Stream flow, Precipitation(Meteorology), Tolt River, Tables(Data), Washington(State), Water demand, Cedar Run Reser- voir. Several potential ways of increasing the resistance of water supply systems drought conditions through im- proved management/planning were examined, using the Cedar and Tolt River systems of western Washing- ton. The use of drought indices to define/forecast hy- drologic drought was assessed, particularly for the widely-used Palmer Drought Index; this index generally provided less accurate forecasts of future runoff defi- ciencies than hydrologic forecasting methods in cur- rent use. Simulation modeling appeared to be a more useful drought management tool. The model study il- lustrates the advantages of a demand-deficit approach over conventional safe yield analysis. PB83-108605/GAA PC A03/MF A01 SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. Development and Demonstration of a Reverse-Os- mosis Energy-Recovery Device. Final rept., Gerry B. Andeen, and Jeffrey C. Eid. Jun 82, 44p W83-00256, , OWRT-C-00146-D(1403)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1403 Keywords: 'Desalination, Design, Performance eval- uation. An energy-recovery device for a seawater reverse-os- mosis (RO) system was designed, fabricated, and tested. The device, comprised of a valving system, uses waste streams from an RO system to drive a pump which, in turn, sends additional feed flows to the RO elements. Test data demonstrated that efficiencies exceeding 95% can be expected, and, hence, energy consumption in a seawater RO desalination system can be decreased by 50%. Further, conversion may be decreased from 30% in order that membrane life is ex- tended, and the size of the main pump and prime mover can be reduced by 50%. The device was sub- jected to almost 1000 hours (175,000 cycles) of test- ing, simulating its operation in a 4800 gallon/day sea- water system, producing an outlet pressure of over 850 Ibs/sq-in. for an inlet pressure of 750 Ibs/sq-in. 149 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The device demonstrated an ability to self-start and to be controlled. An analysis of value and costs suggest- ed that the device would be available to systems as small as 10,000 gallons/day. The results of this work confirm that significant improvements in the energy and economic performance of seawater desalination systems can be achieved. PB83-108639/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Gulf South Research Inst., New Orleans, LA. Development of Novel Porous Substrates for Ul- trafiltration, Desalination and Water Reclamation: Part III. Final rept., Israel Cabasso, Thomas C. Shen, Brenda L. Zimny, and Ralph J. LeBoeuf. 13 May 82, 124p W83-00259, , OWRT-C-00151-D(0523)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0523 See also PB82-1 03920. Keywords: 'Desalination, Porous materials, Mem- branes, Ethyl cellulose, Poly(phenylene oxides). The objective of this overall project was to develop novel porous supports which can be used to fabricate composite membranes for desalination and water rec- lamation by reverse osmosis. Two commercially-avail- able polymers were integrated: poly (phenylene oxide) and ethyl cellulose. The former (PPO), chemically- modified to the desired porous support via common water coagulating techniques, was described previ- ously. The development of the ethyl cellulose (ET) support is currently reported. Several attempts to pre- pare the asymmetric (salt-rejecting) membrane from ET had limited success, and was discontinued due to inferior performance and particulate contamination in the commercial grade ET polymer. The attractiveness of ET over cellulose acetate resides in its pendent ester linkages (stable over a wide pH range), much lower surface energy and hydrophilicity, and, hence, the fine porous matrix prepared from ET via phase in- version by water coagulation does not collapse on drying. A variety of porous substrates were developed and studied. Further, hollow fibers and composite de- salination membranes were prepared; the latter pro- viding information for the preparation of conventional composite membranes using the ET substrate. Mem- branes developed from commercial ET were macro- void-free, having a morphology corresponding to the ultimate structure needed from such porous supports. Membrane morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy. PB83-109439/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Landless Peasants and Rural Poverty in Indonesia and the Philippines. Special series on landlessness and near- landlessness, Jean G. Rosenberg, and David A. Rosenberg. Feb 80, 140p LNL-3, AID-PN-AAJ-646 Grant AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: "Farming, 'Employment, *Rural areas, 'In- donesia, 'Philippines, Land, Unemployment, Econom- ic conditions, Farms, Recommendations, Government policies, Developing countries, Economic growth, Households, Land ownership, Developing country ap- plication. The dramatic rise in the number of poor, landless peasants to 84.7% of all rural households in Indonesia and to 77.4% in the Philippines is a seemingly contra- dictory but direct result of economic growth and rising GNP. This paper examines how rising rates of eco- nomic output and expanding incomes are linked to per- vasive unemployment and growing income disparities in these two countries. Economic discrepancies are not, however, inevitable. Government policies can re- verse inequitable ownership by promoting formation of cooperatives and by shifting credit accessibility to small borrowers. The promotion of low-cost and labor- intensive technology in addition to training opportuni- ties in new skills can significantly reduce the plight of the landless and the effects of rural poverty. Urgent action is needed, for as the range of options dimin- ishes, the current inequitable growth process threat- ens political and social stability. PB83-109447/GAA PC A04/MF A01 African Bibliographic Center, Washington, DC. Energy Resources in Southern Africa: A Select Bibliography, Ann Cavan. 1981, 74p ISBN-0-87859-021-8, AID-PN- AAJ-698 Contract AID/afr-C-1538 Keywords: 'Subsharan Africa, 'Energy source devel- opment, 'Energy, Developing countries, Developing country application. The aims, progress, and possibilities involved in South- ern Africa's energy development are the subject of this 473-item bibliography. The primary items of informa- tion described in this document are relatively recent (1975-81), originate from both indigenous and interna- tional sources, and are mostly in English, although a few are in French and Portuguese. The presented in- formation focuses on the African continent, the South- ern African region, and the nations of Angola, Botswa- na, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swazi- land, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The energy source topics include alcohol, coal, gas, oil, solar, uranium, water, wind, and wood; as well as a general energy-development category. PB83-109546/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Tech., New Delhi. Study of the Determination of Wheat Crop Statis- tics in India through the Utilisation of LANDSAT Data, Doctoral thesis, Manosh Kumar Munshi. 1982, 161p Keywords: 'Wheat, 'India, Monitoring, Yield, Remote sensing, Production, Area, Scientific satellites, Theses, Developing country application, Landsat sat- ellites. The study takes into consideration the major draw- backs of the Indian crop information system and the problems of crop monitoring in the country utilizing remote sensing technology. It primarily addresses itself to developing an operational methodology for de- riving wheat crop acreage statistics directly from Land- sat MSS data, utilizing manual /visual techniques. Its secondary objectives are to improve the crop yield and production estimates. PB83-109561/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Bureau of Public Enterprises, New Delhi (India). Guidelines for Materials Management in Public En- terprises. 26 Mar 79, 186p Keywords: 'Management planning, Organizations, Re- sources, Inventory control, Developing countries, De- veloping country application. Materials management and inventory problems are common to all organizations. Profit making manufac- turing organizations were the first to recognize their im- portance, and more recently, the non-profit sector in the form of government agencies, hospitals, universi- ties, etc., have also begun to realize their significance. It is not uncommon for organizations to have thou- sands of input materials from hundreds of suppliers. The conversion from basic raw materials to more highly processed components has made materials management a sophisticated and vital organizational function. The decade of the seventies re-established resource conservation, and its direction involved the better utilization of resources, human and material. With a view to assisting public enterprises in introduc- ing efficient materials management, this manual was brought out. New subjects like VED analysis, matrix of confidence level, decision rules for maintenance provi- sioning, and control over inprocess inventories have been included. PB83-109769/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Inst, for Aeronautics and Systems Technolo- gy, Pretoria (South Africa). Graphical Status Monitoring System for Project Managers, M. P. Espenschied. Feb 81, 35p NIAST-81/07 Keywords: 'Project planning, 'Management planning, Cost analysis, Trends, Reliability, Project manage- ment. A graphical project monitoring system is described, using Mechanistic and Analytical forecasting tech- niques to present an overall visual picture (including future trends) on project progress, to project manag- ers. The Mechanistic technique is used when data over a period of time is reasonably linear, while the Analytical technique is required when sharp cost changes are encountered on entering a new project phase. PB83-109983/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Hudson Inst., Croton-on-Hudson, NY. Capital Markets Serving Small Business: Implica- tions of the Rapid Evolution of the Financial Serv- ices Industry. Final rept., Irving Leveson. Aug 82, 102p HI-3492-RR Grant SB-2A-00064-01-0 Keywords: 'Banking, Banks(Buildings), Business cycles, Financial management, 'Small businesses, Or- ganization size(Groups). This study examines the impact of bank size on per- formance. Two aspects of bank performance are eval- uated: (1) the effect of the business cycle, especially during periods of tight money on small versus large banks, and (2) the long-run impact of NOW accounts on the financial condition of banks. The study presents the material from a historical perspective and since the enactment of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980. The methodology includes multivariate statistical modeling using FDIC and Federal Reserve Board microdata tapes. PB83-1 10742/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Industrial Science and Technological Innovation. University-Industry Cooperative Research Cen- ters: A Practice Manual, Louis G. Tornatzky, William A. Hetzner, J. D. Eveland, Alex Schwarzkopf, and Robert M. Colton. May 82, 40p NSF/ISI-82002 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Training, 'Educa- tion, Industries, Research projects, Technology inno- vation, Cost analysis, Models. The University-Industry Cooperative Research Cen- ters program, an institutional model for promoting col- laborative research, is discussed. A Center is a univer- sity-based, typically interdisciplinary program of re- search supported jointly by a number of companies. The advantages of this collaborative model lie in its relatively modest financial and administrative costs. The research program of a typical Center has applica- tions that are seen as likely to yield long-term econom- ic benefits to participants, but because it is interdisci- plinary, basic, and high risk in nature, an individual firm is unlikely to conduct a full program of such research itself. A distillation of experience from existing Centers is offered as a guide for how new Centers might be designed and structured. PB83-111104/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Tech., New Delhi. Finite Element Simulation of Groundwater System. Doctoral thesis, Raj Kishore Prasad. 1981, 292p Keywords: 'Ground water, 'Water supply, Mathemati- cal models, Aquifers, Rainfall, Steady state, Hydraulic models, Water storage, Computer programming, Graphs(Charts), Developing country application, Finite element method. Two versatile digital models, direct and inverse, have been developed to meet the long felt need for better aquifer analysis and management. The direct model is based on finite element approximation of the govern- ing differential equation of groundwater flow. A general purpose computer program AQUFER has been devel- oped for this purpose. The model has two distinct fea- tures. It automatically backs out the natural flux from known steady state water table/piezometric data by solving the Poissons equation. The capability of the program has been tested by applying it to a real life complex basin in Northern India for studying a variety of management issues. PB83-111534/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. 150 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Report on the Activities of the Committee for In- formation and Documentation on Science and Technology of the European Communities (4th) (1978-80), C1982, 40p EUR-7658-EN, ISBN-92-825-2800-5 Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Europe, 'Information systems, Documen- tation, Data processing, Economic development, Net- works, Agreements, Data banks, Euronet-DIANE. Achievements of the second three-year plan of action in the field of scientific and technological information and documentation (1978-80) are reviewed. During this period Euronet-DIANE was inaugurated and by the end of 1 980 was providing access to 1 50 data banks and bases with about 1 000 regular users. One of the major objectives has been to stimulate the develop- ment of a healthy and prosperous Community informa- tion market. PB83-111575/GAA PC E13/MF E13 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Les Obstacles a I'innovation dans les Pays de la Communaute Europeenne (Obstacles to Innova- tion in the Countries of the European Community), A. Piatier. c1981, 352p EUR-7528-FR/EN Text in French and English. Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Europe, Developed countries, Business- es, Government employees, 'International trade, Poli- cies. Barriers to innovation arising from the action of public authorities have been studied with particular emphasis on those which affect medium-sized and small busi- nesses. Investigation methods have varied from coun- try to country: the UK, Ireland, Denmark, Belgium and Luxembourg carrying out direct surveys of firms, and Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and France giving pri- ority to expert opinion or the results of previous re- search. Compatibility of the different approaches has been obtained by basing the general report on national matrix summaries. Recommendations made include fi- nancial and taxational measures, removal of bureau- cratic barriers and improvement of information dis- semination. Actions which could be taken at EEC level and at national level are discussed. PB83-1 12706/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Management of the Diarrheal Diseases at the Com- munity Level. Final rept. 1981, 28p Contract AID/ta-C-1 428 Keywords: 'Diarrhea, 'Health, 'Diseases, Clinical medicine, Gastrointestinal diseases, Therapy, Com- munities, Risk, Feeding, Benefits, Rehydration. Community management of acute diarrheal diseases should include introduction of oral-rehydration solu- tions and early feeding. Currently, the WHO-recom- mended formula (which includes 90 meq/liter of sodium and 1 1 1 mmol/liter of glucose along with po- tassium and bicarbonate) is the most desirable choice. Alternative solutions, for example, using sucrose in- stead of glucose, with a lowered content of sodium, or without sodium or bicarbonate, may be indicated in certain situations after considering both benefits and risks. Based on still inadequately validated current concepts, continued breastfeeding of the unweaned child and early feeding of the unweaned child are de- sirable. PB83-113043/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Climate Research Board. International Perspectives on the Study of Climate and Society: Report of the International Workshop on Climate Issues, Schloss Laxenburg, Austria, April 24-28, 1978. Jan 79, 91 p Sponsored in part by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, New York, and German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Meterology, Developing countries, Eco- nomic development, Climatic changes, Cost analysis, Agriculture, Forestry, Energy, Urbanization, Interna- tional relations, World Climate program, Macroeco- nomics. Contents: Summary of principal conclusions and rec- ommendations; the Climatic framework; climate, eco- nomics, and planning: Climate and the Developing Countries; Scientific priorities for International climate programs; International programs for the study of cli- mate impacts. Annexes: A Macroeconomic approach to climate; Climate and energy planning; Climate im- pacts and socioeconomic conditions; How can the cli- matologist help the developing countries; On the sci- entific nature and status of the global climate problem. PB83-1 13100/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pa- cific (UN), Bangkok (Thailand). Migration, Urbanization, and Development in Indo- nesia. Rept. no. 3, Graeme J. Hugo, Sam Suharto, and Ananto Sigit. 1981, 21 8p Keywords: 'Urbanization, 'Migration, Population mi- grations, 'Indonesia, Rural areas, Urban areas, Poli- cies, Developing country application. This volume covers an analytical overview of the trends of urbanization, the patterns of migration, the levels ©f urban and rural development, and current policies which have a direct or indirect impact on popu- lation redistribution. It has used fully the available data and has drawn heavily on recent research carried out in Indonesia. The report's major sections are entitled: The urban and rural sectors in Indonesia - a compari- son; population distribution and redistribution; levels, trends, and patterns of urbanization; patterns of inter- provincial migration; characteristics of interprovincial migrants; and policies and programs affecting migra- tion and urbanization in Indonesia. PB83-1 13167/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Appropriate Technology Development Association, Lucknow (India). Appropriate Techology Development Association (India) - Progress Report from September 1977 to March 1979. Apr 79, 47p Keywords: 'Technology transfer, Rural areas, Models, Research projects, India, Developing country applica- tion. The main objectives of the association are to promote the development of appropriate technology, specially for the weaker sections of the community and for the backward areas, the main thrust being in the direction of building up technically feasible and economically viable models by scaling up basic village technologies, scaling down large-scale manufacturing technologies, and developing suitable home living and rural commu- nity technologies and energy based on decentralized sources. This report gives the details of the progress made in 18 months. Two pilot projects, one of the de- centralized Spinning Mill and the other of the Research on Mini-Sugar, were successfully completed, installed, and tests carried out. A cheap, simple and useful solar cooker was also standardized which was sent to many places for testing in field conditions. This contains survey and analytical studies, pilot projects, and re- search programs. PB83-113175/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Inst, of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Luck- now (India). Sapogenin Bearing Species of Yams and Their Cul- tivation in India, Akhtar Hussain, Pratap Singh, and G. N. Srivastava. 1979, 26p FARM BULL-14 Keywords: 'Potatoes, 'India, Planting, Climate, Fertil- izers, Irrigation, Plant diseases, Plant reproduction, Economic factors, Steroids, Glycosides, Glucose, Utili- zation, Developing country application, Yams, Sapo- genins. The various topics covered in this bulletin are: Botany; soil and climate; propagation; field preparation and planting, interculture, fertilizer application; irrigation; pests and diseases; harvesting, chemistry and uses, and economics of cultivation of sapogenin bearing species of yams. PB83-113449/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. IRM (Information Resources Management) Long Range Plan FY 1983-1987. Volume 1: Executive Summary. Final rept., Aug 82, 13p See also Volume 2, PB83-1 1 3456. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB83- 113431. Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Natural resources, 'Telecommunications, Project planning, Management analysis, Objectives, Cost analysis, Records manage- ment. The plan lays out the roadmap and strategy for improv- ing the Department's information resources in support of the natural resources and other assets manage- ment responsibilities of the Department. The plan is produced in three volumes. Volume I is an Executive Summary. PB83-113456/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. IRM (Information Resources Management) Long- Range Plan FY 1983-1987. Volume 2: Plan Over- view and Environment. Final rept. Aug 82, 126p See also Volume 1, PB83-1 13449, and Volume 3, PB83-1 13464. Also available in set of 3 repors PC E99, PB83- 113431. Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Natural resources, 'Telecommunications, Project planning, Management analysis, Objectives, Cost analysis, Records manage- ment. The plan lays out the roadmap and strategy for improv- ing the Department's information resources in support of the natural resources and other assets manage- ment responsibilities of the Department. The plan is produced in three volumes. Volume II describes the overall IRM goals and objectives, the planning proc- ess, and the planning environment. PB83-113464/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. IRM (Information Resources Management) Long Range Plan FY 1983-1987. Volume III: IRM Projects and Functional Plans. Final rept. Aug 82, 31 6p See also Volume 2, PB83-1 13456. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB83- 113431. Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Natural resources, 'Telecommunications, Project planning, Management analysis, Objectives, Cost analysis, Records manage- ment, Personnel, Automation. The plan lays out the roadmap and strategy for improv- ing the Department's information resources in support of the natural resources and other assets manage- ment responsibilities of the Department. The plan is produced in three volumes. Volume III also includes Bureau estimates of personnel and dollar resources to carry out the selected projects during each of the five years in the 1 983-1 987 planning period. PB83-113597/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Chicago Economic Research Associates, Inc., Evans- ton, IL Federal Regulation of Small Business. Final rept., William A. Brock, and David S. Evans. 30 Aug 82, 187p* Grant SB-1A-01-0 Keywords: 'Taxes, Economic impact, Government policies, 'Small businesses, Entrepreneurship, Failures(Business). A model of business formation and dissolution to ana- lyze the effects of Federal tax and regulatory policies 151 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS on small business is presented. The model will esti- mate, for small business in several industries, the dy- namic welfare gain from certain alternative govern- ment policies. PB83-113662/GAA PC A19/MF A01 Corps of Engineers, Omaha, NE. Swaziland: Water and Related Land Resources Framework Plan. Apr 81, 431 p AID-PN-AAJ-560 Keywords: *Land use, 'Water resources, "Swaziland, Water supply, Rivers, Economic development, Irriga- tion, Social effect, Recreation, Energy, Ground water, Water consumption, Cost estimates, Dams, Water quality, South Africa, Developing country application, Water resource projects. Large-scale irrigation and related industrial develop- ment can significantly contribute to the Government of Swaziland's (GOS) goals in the problem areas of em- ployment, government revenue, foreign exchange, im- ports, and environmental degradation. This report is designed to provide a conceptual framework for future water resources development in Swaziland and to enable the GOS to effectively negotiate with its neigh- bors, particularly the Republic of South Africa (RSA), regarding development of international rivers. The report consists of an analysis of the impact of planned RSA water resources development on the supply and demand for water from the African rivers. The report points out that irrigation is the largest consumer of water and the key to the economic feasibility of water resources development. PB83-1 13670/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Department of Meteorological Services, Salisbury (Zimbabwe). Effect of Cloud-Seeding on Water Stress of Maize, D. L McNaughton, and J. C. S. Allison. 1982, 21 p Pub. in Zimbabwe Jnl. Agric. Res. 20, p39-57 1982. Prepared in cooperation with Zimbabwe Univ., Salisbury. Faculty of Agriculture. Keywords: *Corn, 'Water supply, 'Zimbabwe, Rainfall, Silver iodide, Yield, Soil water, Tolerances(Physiology), Clouds(Meteorology), Tem- perature measurement, Tables(Data), Tests, Reprints, Developing country application. Results of experimental cloud-seeding in Zimbabwe are summarized, and indicate that silver iodide treat- ment enhances rainfall if cloud-tops are colder than - 10C. Higher increases result if tops are colder than - 13C. By comparing distribution functions fitted to seeded and to non-seeded clouds, tentative relation- ships were built up between natural and seeded rain- falls. A model was developed capable of simulating a cloud-seeding season in northeast Zimbabwe, where- by 1 ,000 showers were distributed at random within a rectangular area, enabling total extra rainfall to be computed at every km grid-point. Less than half the area received any additional rainfall. A soil water bal- ance routine was then used to relate the apparently increased rainfall to changes in maize yield. In approxi- mately half of all rainy seasons in northern Zimbabwe there appears to be adequate natural rainfall such that cloud-seeding is of negligible benefit to maize. PB83-113704/GAA PC A19/MF A01 International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila (Philippines). Biology and Culture of Tilapias, R. S. V. Pullin, and R. H. Lowe-McConnell. 1982, 434p ISBN-971 -04-0004-5 Also pub. in ISSN-01 15-4389. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biology and Culture of Tilapias held at Bellagio, Italy on September 2-5, 1980. Keywords: 'Fishes, 'Aquaculture, Taxonomy, Animal ecology, Animal physiology, Growth, Animal diseases, Reproduction(Biology), Ponds, Genetics, Life cycles, Developing country application. Tilapias are a major protein source in many of the de- veloping countries, and could become a prime domes- ticated species for fish culture. The conference report- ed here was convened to bring biologists and culturists together to present reviews of existing information. The individual papers included are: Tilapias-taxonomy and specification; ecology and distribution of tilapias; life histories of tilapias-an evolutionary perspective; ti- lapias in fish communities; environmental physiology of tilapias; tilapia culture in ponds under controlled conditions; cage culture of tilapias; diseases of tila- piea; and genetic markers in Sarotherodon and their use for sex and species identification. PB83-113712/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Tech., New Delhi. Policy Study of Small Scale Industries and Govern- ment Policies with Special Reference to Chemical Industry. Doctoral thesis, Lata Singh. 1980, 405p Keywords: 'Chemical industry, Economic develop- ment, Industries, Foreign countries, 'Small business- es, Industrial development, Developing country appli- cation. Industrialization has been considered to be a critical component in the process of modernization, and em- phasis has been laid in the developing countries on rapid industrialization. In the industrialization policy for- mulation of a vast agrarian economy like India, small scale industries have been assigned an important place to spread the benefits of industrialization throughout the country. There have been statements praising the achievements, and similarly statements have been made pointing to their shortcomings. How- ever, an analytical policy study of the subject does not appear to have been carried out. The present study relates to the examination of small industries with spe- cial concern about policy and institutional issues fo- cussing attention on the chemical industry. PB83-113787/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Handbook of Agriculture Charts (1982), Debbie Ritter. Nov 82, 105p AGRICULTURE/HB-609 Keywords: 'Income, 'Agricultural economics, Prices, Commodities, Liabilities, Assets, Graphs(Charts), Energy, Populations, Farms, Savings, Commerce, Ex- ports, International trade, Handbooks. This handbook contains 291 charts depicting all signifi- cant aspects of agriculture. These charts illustrate data and complex trends for agricultural subjects rang- ing from farm income to consumer costs, and from commodities to energy production and use. Charts showing trade data, cost of production figures, farm- land numbers, and population trends round out the ag- ricultural picture presented in this handbook. PB83-113795/GAA PC A16/MF A01 International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL Fertilizer Manual. 1979, 374p AID-PN-AAJ-093 Contract AID/ta-G-1 21 8 Prepared in cooperation with United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Keywords: 'Crops, 'Soils, 'Fertilizers, Manuals, Histo- ry, Production, Farm crops, Soil fertility, Moisture, Chemical properties, Transportation, Storage, Nitro- gen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Ureas, Chemical analy- sis, Tables(Data), Agricultural economics, Developing country application, Controlled release fertilizers. To provide developing countries a state-of-the-art ref- erence, the International Fertilizer Development Center prepared this manual on the history, chemistry, technology, and economics of fertilizer production. Part I details fertilizer use since the mid-1 9th century, reviews growth in the industry from 1 950-76, and fore- casts increased production and consumption as well as raw material shortages up to the year 2000. Fertiliz- er's impact on crops, soil, and moisture supply is ex- amined. Part II describes the properties, production, transportation, storage, and use of nitrogen fertilizers. Part III with emphasis on the production, chemistry, and use of fertilizers derived from phosphoric and sul- furic acids and nitrophosphates. Part IV details the use of potash, compound, and controlled-release fertilizers and secondary/micro-nutrients. PB83-113860/GAA PC A04/MF A01 InterAmerica Research Associates, Rosslyn, VA. Evaluation of Scientific and Technical Information Distribution and Use in Latin America: The NTIS Program in Five Selected Countries, Marina Fanning-Firfer. 1982, 62p* Contract AID-LAC-0044-C-00-1 048-00 Keywords: 'Information services, 'Technology trans- fer, 'Latin America, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, Dominican Republic, Program evaluation, Devel- oping country application. This paper evaluates the operations of the National Technical Information Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce concerning the dissemination of its infor- mation in Latin America. The study focused on five countries, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, and the Dominican Republic, and interviewed a total of ninety-nine end users. The major finding of the study was that NTIS information, when accessed, contrib- utes significantly to technological change. This report outlines the scope of work for the evaluation and the study design. The findings are detailed and the conclu- sions and recommendations presented. Annexes present the Pre-Test Interview Guide, a Telephone Contact Sheet, a Call Record Sheet, an Interview Guide, and Interviewer Instructions. PB83-113951/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi. Explanatory Handbook on Masonry Code. C1981, 160p SP:20(S-T)-1981 Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Building materials, Structural design, Mortars(Material), Bricks, Concrete blocks, Walls, Structural analysis, Developing country applica- tion. This handbook is in two parts: Part 1 is the reproduc- tion of Part VI Structural Design, Section 4 Masonry of the National Building Code of India 1970, and Part 2 provides commentary on various clauses of the Ma- sonry Code. The commentary provides explanations for the background and choice of some of the require- ments, draws attention to suitable references for elaboration of the code requirements, includes design aids in the form of tables and charts, gives typical illus- trative examples using codal provisions, and helps in interpretations of the code. The handbook, it is hoped, would make available the needed guidance to the practicing engineers in the field of structural masonry to effect economy in cost of construction. PB83-1 14017/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Science Applications, Inc., McLean, VA. Assessment of Tsunami Hazard Presented by Pos- sible Seismic Events: Far-Field Effects. Final rept. Mar-Nov 81, Gerald T. Hebenstreit. Oct 81 , 384p SAI-82-599-WA, TR-424-81-216-03 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0404 Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Disasters, 'Coasts, Ocean waves, Mathematical models, Height, Geological faults, Hazards, Seismic epicenter, Boundaries, Conti- nental shelves, Alaska, Japan, South America, Philip- pines, Australia, New Zealand, Far field effects. The purpose of this study is to model the propagation of tsunamis from source regions off the west coast of South America to the continental shelf zone of Alaska, Japan, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. The simulations were carried out by numerically solv- ing the linear, inviscid equations for long waves. Poten- tial generating areas were chosen by identifying seis- mic gaps in the Peru-Chile Trench area. Ocean bottom displacements in each source area were specified on the basis of representative earthquake parameters (depth, dip angle, fault length and width, slip displace- ment) chosen from an examination of historical seis- micity patterns in the area. Areas of maximum offshore wave height were identified along each coastline in re- sponse to each earthquake/tsunami event. Several coastal areas were subjected to high concentrations of wave energy no matter where the source was located. PB83-1 14249/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila (Philippines). International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management Report 1981 (ICLARM), Jay L Maclean. 1981, 128p ICLARM REPORT-1981 Also pub. in ISSN-01 15-4494.Color illustrations repro- duced in black and white. 152 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Aquacul- ture, 'Fisheries, "Philippines, Management, Educa- tion, Fresh water fishes, Genetics, Financing, Develop- ing country application, Tilapia. This annual report of International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management has sections on its research programs in aquaculture, traditional fisheries, resource development and management, and educa- tion and training; information service; advisory serv- ices; conferences, symposia, courses, and workshops; a list of papers presented at conferences and semi- nars; publications; linkages and agreements; and sources and application of funds. PB83-1 14470/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA. Workshop on Cooperative International Marine Af- fairs. Technical rept., James Broadus, Robert W. Knecht, David A. Ross, Kurt Shusterich, and Maynard Silva. Aug 82, 40p WHOI-82-38, NOAA-82082402 Sponsored in part by William H. Donner Foundation, Pew Memorial Trust, and the Johnson Endowment Fund. Keywords: "Fisheries, 'Natural resources, Manage- ment, Government policies, Developing countries, Recreation, Waste disposal, Mineral deposits, Water pollution, Hydrocarbons, CIMAP program, 200 mile zone. This report details the results of a workshop held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on April 20-21 , 1 982. The workshop, part of an effort by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program of WHOI intended to assist interested developing coun- tries in formulating strategies for ocean resource use and management within their new 200-mile exclusive economic zones. PB83-1 14629/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Development of Livestock, Agriculture and Water Supplies in Botswana Before Independence: A Short History and Policy Analysis. Occasional paper, Emery Roe. Mar 80, 63p AID-PN-AAJ-639 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Agricultural economics, 'Botswana, Rural areas, Economic development, His- tory, Livestock, Production, Water supply, Sales, Income, South Africa, Developing country application. Colonial Botswana's subordination of its water supply and agricultural sectors toward increasing livestock production resulted in stagnant agricultural production levels lasting until its independence in 1966. This report serves as a policy context for rural development efforts in Botswana, formerly Bechuanaland, by listing and analyzing the major factors from 1 895 to 1 965 that affected its livestock, water supply, and agricultural sectors. During this period, livestock production was the Batswana's major source of trade income, despite the problems of disease, limited grazing areas (due to water scarcity), and a lack of sustained sales~the latter due largely to periodic South African cattle em- bargoes and weight/supply restrictions. PB83-1 14645/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Electrochemical Research Inst., Karaikudi (India). Corrosion Bulletin, Volume 2, Number 4, July 1982. Bimonthly journal, K. S. Rajagopalan. Jul 82, 41 p See also Volume 4, Number 3, PB82-24421 1 . Keywords: 'Corrosion, Periodicals, Railways, Corro- sion prevention, India, Developing countries, Develop- ing country application. Contents: A march towards better corrosion control; Corrosion problems in railways - Case Study; Process for bringing down the corrosion of magnets in contac- tors; Electrochemical methods of protection; Tech- niques for measuring corrosion rates; Corrosion rate measuring meters; In-situ spectrochemical studies-1; Corrosion research in the Defense Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment, Kanpur; and Proceedings of get-together on corrosion inhibitors. PB83-115030/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok (Thailand). Lampang Health Development Project Documen- tary Series. Volume I: Summary Final Report of the Lampang Health Development Project. 1981, 238p Contracts AID/csd-3423, AID/ca-1320 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 1 5048. Also available in set of 6 reports PC E99, PB83- 115022. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Health care delivery, 'Health, 'Thailand, Hospitals, Professional personnel, Utilization, Services, Developing country application. The documentary series comprises six volumes. Volume I summarizes the development, evaluation, conclusions, and recommendations of the Project. This volume is divided into chapters on: Project devel- opment and area background; community health vol- unteers and primary health care; community health paraphysicians - Wechakorn; community health role of the provincial hospital; management, supervision, and support; accessibility and utilization of health services; cost-effectiveness of the health system; impact on the population and environment; feasibility of implement- ing the Lampang system's key features nationwide; and major conclusions, recommendations, and impli- cations. A list of personnel and consultants of the Lampang Health Development Project is included. PB83-115048/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok (Thailand). Lampang Health Development Project Documen- tary Series. Volume II: Development of an Integrat- ed Rural Health Services and Primary Health Care System in Lampang, Thailand. 1981, 416p Contracts AID/cad-3423, AID/ca-C-1320 See also Volume 1, PB83-1 15030, and Volume 3, PB83-1 15055. Also available in set of 6 reports PC E99, PB83- 115022. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Health care delivery, 'Health, 'Thailand, Rural areas, Paraprofessional per- sonnel, Services, Hospitals, Developing country appli- cation. Volume II describes the development of the Project, focussing on its key features. This volume is divided into monographs on: The Lampang Health Develop- ment Project - New Approaches to Rural Health Care; Developing Community Health Volunteers and Primary Health Care; Developing Community Health Paraphy- sicians (Wechakorn); Expanding the Community Health Role of the Provincial Hospital; Strengthening Management, Supervision, and Support for Integrated Rural Health Care; and A System of Evaluation and Management Information for Rural Health Develop- ment. A list of the personnel and consultants of the project are included in an Appendix, as are four papers entitled: Primary Health Care as a Key Strategy to Achieve Health for All by the Year 2000; The Thai Con- cept of Primary Health Care; An Historical Perspective of the Lampang Health Development Project; and An Open Letter to the Lampang Project Workers. PB83-115055/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok (Thailand). Lampang Health Development Project Documen- tary Series. Volume III: Evaluation of the Lampang Integrated Rural Health Services and Primary Health Care System. 1981, 327p Contracts AID-cad-3423, AID/ca-C-1320 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 15048, and Volume 4, PB83-1 15063. Also available in set of 6 reports PC E99, PB83- 115022. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Health, 'Health care delivery, 'Thailand, Evaluation, Services, Rural areas, Personnel, Performance evaluation, Cost analysis, De- veloping country application. Volume III presents the Project evaluation, results, conclusions, and recommendations. This volume is di- vided into monographs entitled: Evaluating and moni- toring integrated rural health services - lessons from the Lampang experience; accessibility and accept- ance of rural health services in Lampang; health system and personnel performance and costs; impact on the population's health; and feasibility and afford- ability of implementing the Lampang system's key fea- tures nationwide - implications for the future. PB83-1 15063/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok (Thailand). Lampang Health Development Project Documen- tary Series. Volume IV: Community Health Volun- teers' Manuals, Choomnoon Promkutkao, and Stanley Zankel. 1981, 197p Contracts AID/cad-3423, AID/ca-C-1320 See also Volume 3, PB82-1 15055, and Volume 5, PB83-1 15071. Also available in set of 6 reports PC E99, PB83- 115022. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Health, 'Health care delivery, 'Thailand, Manuals, Instructional materials, Paraprofessional personnel, Rural areas, Developing country application. This volume is divided into five separate manuals. They are the: Health Post Volunteers' Manual; Health Post Volunteers' Nutrition Manual; Village Health Com- municators' Manual; Village Health Communicators' Nutrition Manual; and Traditional Birth Attendants' Manual. PB83-115071/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok (Thailand). Lampang Health Development Project Documen- tary Series. Volume V: Community Health Paraphy- sician (Wechakorn) Training in Medical Care Mod- ules 1-13, Choomnoon Promkutkao, and Ronald Wilson. 1981, 347p Contracts AID/cad-3423, AID/ca-C-1320 See also Volume 5, PB83-1 15063, and Volume 6, PB83-1 15089. Also avialable in set of 6 reports PC E99, PB83- 115022. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Health, 'Health care delivery, 'Thailand, Instructional materials, Services, Paraprofessional personnel, Professional personnel, Developing country application. This volume is divided into 13 modules. They are: In- troduction to comprehensive health care; medical ter- minology; anatomy and physiology; medical history- taking; physical examination; laboratory examinations; formulary - essential drugs for paraphysicians; common skin diseases; eye, ear, nose, and throat problems; medical problems; pediatric problems; gyn- ecological problems; and emergency problems. PB83-115089/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok (Thailand). Lampang Health Development Project Documen- tary Series. Volume VI: Community Health Para- physician (Wechakorn) Training in Public Health Modules 14-24, Choomnoon Promkutkao, and Ronald Wison. 1981, 283p Contracts AID/cad-3423, AID/ca-C-1320 See also Volume 5, PB83-1 1 5071 . Also available in set or 6 reports PC E99, PB83- 115022. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Health, 'Health care delivery, 'Thailand, Instructional materials, Rural areas, Communities, Organizing, Developing country application. This volume is divided into eleven modules. They are: Public health administration and primary health care; community health services - organization, manage- ment, and supervision; maternal and child health care; family planning; nutrition; dental health; environmental sanitation; statistics; epidemiology; communicable dis- ease control; and health education. PB83-115238/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. 153 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ICTA in Guatemala: The Evaluation of a New Model for Agricultural Research and Development. Special series on agriculture research and extension, Lynn Gostyla, and Willaim F. Whyte. Oct 80, 58p ARE-3, AID-PN-AAJ-640 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Research and devel- opment, 'Agriculture, 'Guatemala, 'Education, Social welfare, Rural areas, Agronomy, Production, Con- straints, Monitoring, Farm crops, Cultivation, Evalua- tion, Developing country application. Agricultural research can have no impact upon small farmers' cultivation practices unless it understands farmers' real problems and defines efficiency in farm- ers' terms. Traditional research and development ef- forts executed by technicians through commodity pro- grams, and imposed upon farmers-often result in pro- duction techniques that are rejected by small farmers. This report describes the development of Guatemala's Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (ICTA), which is dedicated to a decentralized research methodology designed to make research programs re- sponsible for the adoption of appropriate agricultural techniques by including the contributions of farmers and social scientists. PB83-115246/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Rural Development Commit- tee. Local Organization and Participation in Integrated Rural Development in Jamaica. Special series on rural local organization, Arthur A. Goldsmith, and Harvey S. Blustain. Feb 80, 154p RLO-3, AID-PN-AAJ-642 Contract AID/ta-BMA-8 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Agricultural extension serv- ices, 'Jamaica, Developing countries, 'Agriculture, Farms, Technology, Local government, Organizations, Coordination, Planning, Developing country applica- tion. Local organizations (LO's) perform a critical role in ag- ricultural development projects by facilitating commu- nication among farmers, legitimizing a project in the eyes of local farmers, mobilizing farmers in support of project activities, and encouraging community self-reli- ance. The report investigates the role of LO's in Jamai- can agriculture in order to improve planning and imple- mentation of the joint A.I.D.-Government of Jamaica Second Integrated Rural Development Project (IRD). The report concludes that Jamaican farmers will need to be more fully engaged in LO's to facilitate coopera- tion and the future spread of new technologies. PB83-1 15253/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC. Relationsips of Rural Development Strategies to Health and Nutritional Status: Consequences for Fertility. A State-of-the-Art Paper, Raymond B. Isely, Laurie Zivetz, Roland Norman, and Hetty Banatte. Jun 78, 97p AID-PN-AAJ-703 Contract AID/ta-CA-1 Prepared in cooperation with South East Consortium for International Development. Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Rural areas, 'Nutrition, Strate- gies, Reproduction(Biology), Development, Children, State of the art, Developing country application, Health status, Rural health services. Knowledge of the health and nutrition effects of differ- ent rural development strategies on maternal health and fertility is critical to sound development planning. This report, one in a series of seven state-of-the-art papers prepared for A.I.D.'s Rural Development and Fertility Project, analyzes the link between rural devel- opment strategies and fertility indicators. Health status, particularly that of mothers and children, is treated as an intermediate variable. The relation of ma- ternal health and child survival to fertility is detailed, with specific reference to the three aspects of repro- duction-intercourse, conception, and outcome of ges- tation. While maternal health influences the possibility of conception and the outcome of pregnancy, child survival affects frequency of intercourse and, there- fore, likelihood of conception. PB83-115261/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi. Annual Conference of Agricultural Research Stat- isticians (2) Held on 29th to 31st March, 1976: Con- tributed Papers and Proceedings, R. K. Khosla, and R. S. Khatri. 1976, 274p See also PB83-1 1 5279, and PB83-1 1 5287. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'India, Statistical analysis, Ex- perimental design, Surveys, Animal husbandry, Plant reproduction, Breeding, Education, Universities, De- veloping country application. The report contains the proceedings of the second annual conference of Agricultural Research Statistics on 29-31 March, 1976, held in New Delhi, India. Vari- ous topics covered are: Design and analysis of experi- ments; Sample surveys; Use of computer in agriculture and animal sciences research; Statistical technique in plant and animal breeding; Teaching of statistics in ag- ricultural institutes and universities; and Research and training facilities and personnel policies. PB83-115279/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi. Conference of Agricultural Research Statisticians (3) Held on 24th to 26th April, 1979: Abstracts of Contributed Papers and Proceedings, R. K. Khosla, R. S. Khatri, D. S. Anjeja, S. D. Bal, and D. P. Singh. 1978, 176p See also PB83-1 1 5261 , and PB83-1 1 5287. Keywords: 'Research and development, Agriculture, 'India, Abstracts, Forestry, Statistical analysis, Live- stock, Fisheries, Data processing, Personnel develop- ment, Developing country application. The report contains the proceedings of the third con- ference of Agricultural Research Statisticians on 24- 26th of April, 1 978, held in New Delhi, India. The topics covered are: Agriculture and forestry; Livestock and fisheries; Statistics needed for area planning; Data processing and information system; and Statistical personnel and their training. PB83-115287/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi. Conference of Agricultural Research Statisticians (4) Held on 25th to 27th June 1979: Abstracts of Contributed Papers and Proceedings, R. K. Khosla, R. S. Khatri, and D. S. Aneja. 1979, 293p Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Agriculture, 'India, Abstracts, Statistical analysis, Grain crops, Livestock, Fishes, Production, Surveys, Forestry, Yield, Losses, Economic development, Rural areas, Developing country application. The report contains the proceedings of the fourth con- ference of Agricultural Research Statistics on 25-27 June, 1979 held in New Delhi, India. The topics cov- ered are: Agricultural statistics in crop sciences and forestry; Agricultural statistics in animal sciences; and Agricultural statistics in fisheries. PB83-115337/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi. Conference of Agricultural Research Statisticans (5) Held on 23rd to 26th December 1980: Contribut- ed Papers and Proceedings, R. K. Khosla, D. S. Aneja, and Madan Mohan. 1980, 225p See also PB83-1 15287. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Agriculture, 'India, Research projects, Statistical analysis, Sur- veys, Farm crops, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries, Rural areas, Economic development, Developing country application. The report contains the proceedings of the fifth confer- ence of Agricultural Research Statistics on 23-26th December, 1980, held in New Delhi, India. The broad topics covered are: Current statistical research in Agri- cultural; Forestry; Livestock; and Fishery with respect to rural development. PB83-1 15519/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Marine Adviso- ry Program. Mangroves: A Guide for Planting and Maintenance. John Stevely, and Larry Rabinowitz. Jul 82, 1 0p MAP-25, NOAA-82091406 Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Aquatic plants, Accli- matization, Sea water, Identifying, Planting, Cutting, Plant reproduction, Coasts, Water pollution, Plant ecol- ogy, Florida, Red mangrove, Black mangrove, White mangrove. The report is a guide for planting and maintenance of mangroves. The report describes the biology of the mangroves; identification of Florida mangroves; plant- ing, transplanting, pruning; and plant progration of mangroves. PB83-1 15725/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Iowa State Univ., Ames. Development of Nigerian Industrial Economy and the Prospects for U.S. Investment and Business Partnership, Modestus Okere, and Howard Van Auken. 1 982, 38p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Nigeria, Reve- nue, Agriculture, Industries, 'Industrial development, Developing country application. This comprehensive study of the Nigerian economy will help a businessman understand the import and contract policies of the Nigerian government, and points out likely areas of investment opportunity. The paper reviews Nigerian loan borrowing, money supply, revenue, national development plans, budgets, oil in- dustry, banking, industrial growth, steel, automobile production, textiles, cement, breweries, transport, eco- nomic growth, and agriculture. The report then builds on the above basic data in outlining investment oppor- tunities for U.S. business, starting with the incentives Nigeria has offered to foreign firms to invest in Nigeria. Sections in this chapter are devoted to farming, con- struction, poultry and cattle feed operations, petro- chemicals, telecommunications, education, health care, electricity, consumer goods, control of foreign exchange, effects of indiginization, Nigerian partner- ship policies, Nigerian and American bi-lateral talks on economic problems, and long- and short-term outlook for investments. PB83-115931/GAA PC A99/MF A01 Indian National Committee for the International Hydro- logical Programme, New Delhi. Hydrological Aspects of Droughts - International Symposium Held at New Delhi on 3-7 December, 1979. Volume I. Dec 79, 606p See also Volume 2, B83-115949.Sponsored in part by Indian Inst, of Tech., New Delhi, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, New Delhi (India), and India Meteorolog- ical Department. Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Hydrology, 'Drought, Stream flow, Water wells, Rivers, Geomorphology, Sediment transport, Moisture, Rainfall, Inorganic salts, Water pollution, Ground water, Developing countries, India, Desertifica- tion, Water management(Applied). Drought is a major hydrological phenomenon which occurs in one part or the other of the globe causing widespread miseries and economic distress, particu- larly to the developing countries. A global scientific study of its causes and effects and pooling these ex- periences for the most optimum utilization of our limit- ed water resources have therefore been recognized by UNESCO while formulating the International Hydrolo- gical Program. The technical business of this symposi- um was conducted under 4 principal themes; Morphol- ogy and land regime; Water regime and water quality; Trends and prediction of droughts; and Management of droughts. PB83-115949/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Indian National Committee for the International Hydro- logical Programme, New Delhi. Hydrological Aspects of Droughts - International Symposium Held at New Delhi on 3-7 December, 1979. Volume II. Dec 79, 229p See also Volume 1, PB83-1 15931 .Sponsored in part by Indian Inst, of Tech., New Delhi, Ministry of Agricul- ture and Irrigation, New Delhi (India), and India Meteor- ological Department. Keywords: 'Hydrology, 'Drought, India, Geomorpho- logy, Water quality, Predictions, Management, Rainfall, Mathematical models, Developing countries. 154 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Drought is a major hydrological phenomenon which occurs in one part or the other of the globe causing widespread miseries and economic distress, particu- larly to the developing countries. A global scientific study of its causes and effects and pooling these ex- periences for the most optimum utilization of our limit- ed water resources have therefore been recognized by UNESCO while formulating the International Hydrolo- gical Program. The technical business of this symposi- um was conducted under 4 principal themes, viz. Mor- phology and Lane regime; Water quality; Trends and prediction of droughts; and Management of droughts. Several case studies have also been presented. PB83-116160/GAA PC E13/MF E13 Plastics and Rubber Inst., London (England). Use of Plastics and Rubber in Water and Effluents (Joint Conference) 15 February to 17 February 1982 Held at The Royal Lancaster Hotel, London. Feb 82, 324p Keywords: * Plastics, 'Water pollution, * Water treat- ment, "Sewage treatment, Pipelines, Maintenance, Plastic pipes, Cost analyses, Economics, Standards, Regulations, Tests, Performance evaluation, Utiliza- tion, Water quality. Topics discussed include: problems and answers with pipeline systems, materials and equipment, and other uses and new developments. PB83-1 16665/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Office of Human Development, Washington, DC. Guia de Bolsillo para Ninera (A Pocket Guide to Babysitting). 1975, 61 p DHEW/PUB/OHD-76-30011 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Children, "Training, Youths, Specialized training. The report details responsibilities of babysitting and provides other kinds of information needed by babysit- ters, whether experienced or just beginning. PB83-117333/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Resource Management Consultants, Inc., Boulder, CO. Small Business in the Emerging Energy Technol- ogies. Final rept., Michael D. Yokell. 30 Sep 82, 172p* Grant SB-1A-0001 1-01 Keywords: "Energy, National government, Industries, Economic analysis, Solar energy, Biomass, "Small businesses, Industrial structure, Photovoltaic conver- sion. The original purposes of this work were twofold: first to determine the effect of federal procurement and loan policies (such as those of the Small Business Adminis- tration) on the size distribution of firms in the solar, photovoltaics, and biomass industries, and second, to examine the structure of these industries with a view toward where future opportunities might lie for small business. PB83-1 17473/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. World Agriculture: Outlook and Situation, Cecil W. Davison. Sep 82, 29p* WAS-29 See also PB82-263302. Keywords: "International trade, "Agricultural econom- ics, Exports, Credit, Developing countries, Prices, Demand(Economics), Interest, Wheat, Corn, Soy- beans, Rice, Vegetable oils, Tables(Data), Production, Food consumption, Inflation, Global. Economic recovery may benefit commodity prices. The worldwide economic recovery, still expected to begin this year, should ease unemployment, increase overall consumption, and boost demand for U.S. agri- cultural products. Declining inflation and lower interest rates in the industrialized nations will help launch the turnaround. However, recovery in the developing and centrally planned nations will have to wait for renewed demand for their exports. As interest rates fall and the world's economies accelerate, the attractiveness of al- ready low U.S. commodity prices may increase. PB83-117861/GAA PC A07/MF A01 SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. Using Nonservice Approaches to Strengthen Small Business: A Guide for Local Officials. Conference draft (Final), James O. Gollub. Nov 80, 141p* Contract SBA-2653-OA-79 Keywords: "Financial management, Financing, Strate- gies, Capital, Fiscal policies, Taxes, Technical assist- ance, Management training, "Small businesses. This guide presents ways that local governments can address problems confronting small businesses by re- defining traditional policy relationships between local governments and the private sector. Its major focus is on what can be called 'nonservice approaches' to small business problems. Nonservice approaches- which complement service and direct lending ap- proaches-serve small business needs through the purposeful shaping of local government policies (regu- latory, administrative, tax) and the redefining of rela- tionships in the community in order to leverage change in the behavior of the marketplace, institutions, and in- dividuals in ways that will enhance opportunities for small business. PB83-1 18372/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Administration for Children, Youth and Families, Wash- ington, DC. El Cuidado de Su Bebe (Infant Care). 1981, 91p DHHS/PUB/OHDS-81-30013 Keywords: "Health, "Children, Feeding(Supplying), Clothing, Baths, Health, Parent child relations, Manu- als. The report covers the basics of caring for an infant (e.g., feeding, clothing, bathing, health care). It is writ- ten for parents who want to make sure their baby has a good start in life. PB83-118406/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Children's Bureau, Washington, DC. Conque Va a Ser un Nuevo Padre (So You're Going to be a New Father). 23 Sep 82, 36p DHHS/PUB/OHDS-74-63 Keywords: "Children, Interpersonal relations, Counsel- ing. The report offers counsel and suggestions to prospec- tive fathers on what they should expect during their mates pregnancy including things to do and not do, and how to support and comfort their mates through this phase in their lives. The report discusses the moods and feelings new mothers and fathers usually experience. PB83-118521/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Children's Bureau, Washington, DC. Cuando Su Hijo Va al Hospital (When Your Child Goes to the Hospital). 7 Oct 82, 41 p DHHS/PUB/OHDS-79-30246 Keywords: "Children, Parent child relations, Psycho- logical guidance, Anxiety. The report is a guide to help parents and other family members prepare the child for an expected stay in the hospital. PB83-1 19008/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation, Lucknow (India). Belladonna and Its Cultivation in India. Farm bulletins 5 and 10, Akhtar Husain. 1978, 15p Keywords: "Medicinal plants, "India, Botany, Soil prop- erties, Planting, Plant reproduction, Plant diseases, Harvesting, Storage, Economic factors, Developing country application, Belladonna, Rauvolfia serpentina. This booklet is a compilation of two pamphlets, one on Belladonna and the other on Rauvolfia Serpentina. Belladonna is one of the most important plant drugs used in modern medicine throughout the world. Rau- volfia Serpentina is one of the most important crude drugs used in modern medicine. The subjects covered for each plant are: Botany; soil and climate; field prep- aration; propagation; transplanting; irrigation; fertilizer application; interculture; diseases and pests; harvest- ing; drying and storage; active constituents; uses; eco- nomics of cultivation. PB83-1 19255/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Central Inst, of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Luck- now (India). Cultivation of Plants for Their Essential Oils: Java Citronella; Eucalyptus Citriodora Hook; Davana; Geranium; and French Basil. Farm bulletin, O. P. Virmani, Pratap Singh, M. R. Narayana, M. Sarwar, and A. K. Srivastava. 1980, 40p Keywords: "Plants(Botany), "India, Climate, Soil prop- erties, Plant reproduction, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Plant diseases, Agricultural economics, Developing country application, Java citronella. This book is a compilation of five pamphlets on the cultivation of various plants for their essential oils. The plants are Java citronella, Eucalyptus citriodora, Davana, Geranium, and French Basil. For each plant the following topics are covered: Botany; soil and cli- mate; nurseries; field and soil preparation; propaga- tion; irrigation and weeding; manures and fertilizers; etc. PB83-119263/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Central Building Research Inst., Roorkee (India). Manufacture of Bricks, Woodwool Boards, Clay Flooring and Roofing Tiles, Precast Building Com- ponents, Corrugated Roofing Sheets, and Gypsum Kettle and Plaster Board. Project proposals, N. C. Majumdar, Shri Arjun Dass, R. B. Hagela, M. P. Jaisingh, and S. M. Singh. 1980, 66p Keywords: "Buildings, "Construction, "Building materi- als, Bricks, Fiberboards, Clays, Tiles, Roofing, Gypsum cements, Manufacturing, Kettles, Kilns, Developing country application. This book is a compilation of six project proposals. They are: Manufacture of Bricks by Semimechanized Process including High Draught Kiln, covering plant, process, materials handling, drying space, labor, cap- ital outlay, and cost estimates; Making Woodwool Boards at Small Scale Level, covering estimated demand and consumer acceptability, plant, process, capital investment, cost of production, and profitability; Manufacture of Clay Flooring and Roofing Tiles, cover- ing raw materials, consumer acceptability, moulding and pressing, drying, firing, down draught kiln, Hoff- man kiln, costs, and preparation of clays; Production of Precast Building Components on a Small Scale, cover- ing precast components to be produced, capital in- vestment, selling price, cost of material and labor, and several working diagrams; Corrugated Roofing Sheets from Wood Wool or Coir Waste and Portland Cement, covering the process, properties of the corrugated sheets, plant and machinery requirements, costs, and properties of the raw materials; and Gypsum Kettle and Plaster Board, covering salient features and cost estimates of a gypsum calcining kettle, raw materials for plaster board, methods of casting, costs, and profit- ability. PB83-120030/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Indian Univ. Association for Continuing Education, New Delhi. Adult Education in Indian Universities. 1977, 100p Keywords: "Education, "India, Developing countries, Meetings, Adults, Universities, Developing country ap- plication, Continuing education. Reports of two seminars on Extension Programmes and adult education in Indian Universities are present- ed. It contains the summary of discussions, recom- mendations and papers of the seminars. The topics covered are: An Action Research Approach to Design- ing Training for Continuing Education; Training for Be- havioural Change, Training and Refresher Courses; Continuing Education and Extension Programme in the University; Contents and Techniques of Extension Pro- grammes by the University; The Burden of Social Re- sponsibility and the Conscience of Society; Universi- ties, Adult Education and the Indian Context; Concept of University Adult Education; Some Possible Next 155 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Step; and Universities and Training and Research in Adult Education. PB83-120121/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Children's Bureau, Washington, DC. Cuidado Prenatal (Prenatal Care). 1973, 72p NN-4-1973, DHEW/PUB/OHD-75-12 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Health, Pregnancy, Food, Clothing. The booklet gives the expectant mother advice on caring for herself during pregnancy. It covers such items as food and health, clothing and personal hy- giene and discuses some common complaints and what to do about them. Also, described are the needs of a newborn baby. PB83-120428/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Children's Bureau, Washington, DC. Un Nino Desventajado en Su Casa (A Handicapped Child in Your Home). 1974, 19p DHEW/PUB/OHD-74-48 Keywords: 'Children, 'Health, Specialized training, Parent child relations. The report discusses the problems, hardships and re- wards that parents will experience in caring for a handicapped child at home. PB83-121863/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Office of Human Development Services, Washington, DC. El Desarrollo del Nino en el Hogar (Child Develop- ment in the Home). 1980, 23p DHHS/PUB/OHDS-81 -30049 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Children, Development, Parent child rela- tions, Disciplining, Learning. The report offers suggestions to parents to help them help their children develop into happy, self-confident and self disciplined children and adults. PB83-124065/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC. Office of Policy Development and Research. Selected Background Papers: Housing Construc- tion Codes and Standards. Nov81,40pHUD-0002451 Keywords: 'Housing, 'Construction, 'Buildings, Standards, Guidelines. This document contains five papers, each of which fo- cuses on a different aspect of construction codes and standards. One paper examines the background lead- ing up to congressional approval of development and promulgation of mandatory building energy perform- ance standards (BEPS) and subsequent modification of the BEPS to "voluntary" standards. Another paper discusses manufactured housing construction and safety standards with special attention to revision of Federal standards, how the Federal standards relate to those in the private sector, and if the standards meet minimum health and safety concerns. The history and influence of the HUD single - family Minimum Property Standards is described, and the development of the One and Two Family Dwelling Code is dis- cussed. Additional papers (1) consider building prod- uct approval systems for innovations and procedures to determine compliance with standards and (2) review the private sector standards development process in relation to how these standards can be used for Feder- al purposes. Each paper presents background infor- mation, a statement and analysis of issues, and op- tions. Some references are given. PB83-124479/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Central Inst, of Road Transport, Poona (India). Bus and Crew Scheduling: Proceedings of the 3- Day Workshop Held at C.I.R.T. from 4th to 6th Sep- tember 1978, P. Sundarsanam. 1978, 124p Keywords: 'Buses(Vehicles), Scheduling, Developing countries, Personnel, Routes, Rural transportation, Developing country application. The report discusses the most important single factor in determining the efficiency of transport operations - in the hope of evolving certain basic ideas for adapta- tion throughout the industry. The workshop was fairly well attended and as many as 1 2 state Transport Un- dertakings different kinds of operating conditions have been represented. The proceeding contain the discus- sion and the various papers presented. The topics dealt were: Bus and Crew Scheduling for Rural Pas- senger Transport; Route, the Origin, Characteristics and Behavior; Break-Even Analysis; and Scheduling. PB83-125864/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Industrial Science and Technological Innovation. Small Business Innovation Research Program: Ab- stracts of Phase I Grants, Sep81,81pNSF/ISI-82007 Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Small Busi- nesses, Technology innovation, 'Technology transfer, Project management, Businesses, National govern- ment. Abstracts of 86 research grants are provided. The awards were made to small science-and technology- based firms for advanced research in the following areas of potential application: materials; bio-sources of materials; genetics; advanced manufacturing process- es; advanced chemical processes; industrial biological processes; microelectronics; communications and systems; computer science and engineering; robotics and controls; scientific and industrial measurements; radiation processing and control; light machinery and components; advanced automotive research; food process engineering; marine resources; mineral re- sources; environmental technology; tunneling; earth- quake engineering; science and technology to aid the handicapped; and appropriate technology. Potential commercial applications are suggested for each of the technologies. PB83-126656/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Agricultural Outlook, Leland Scott. Oct 82, 54p AO-81 See also PB82-241 878. Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Agricul- tural economics, Supply(Economics), Corn, Wheat, Soybeans, Demand(Economics), Grains(Food), Devel- oping countries, Marketing, Recovery, United States. Agricultural economy-like last year, large crop supplies and a weaker-than-expected economy are dominating prospects for the new marketing year. Record U.S. production is now forecast for corn, wheat, and soy- beans. Meanwhile, the July tax cut has not yet boosted the U.S. economy as anticipated. Besides dampening domestic demand, the slow recovery of the U.S. econ- omy is also limiting foreign demand for grains and oil- seeds. PB83-127324/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Mathtech, Inc., Princeton, NJ. Impact of Public R and D Patenting and on Scientif- ic Manpower Retention by Firms in the Private Sector, Harold J. Brumm, Jr., Judith Tapiero, and Donald E. Wise. 31 Dec 81, 80p NSF/PRA-81036 Grant NSF-PRA80-03844 SeealsoPB83-127316. Keywords: 'Research and development, Industrial de- velopment, Technology, Professional personnel, Sci- entists, Engineers, Models, Regression analysis, Man- power utilization, Patenting. Results are presented of a study of the effects of pub- licly-funded research and development (R&D) on R&D-performing firms. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) government-funded R&D work has significant ben- eficial spill-over effects on the private sector commer- cial activities of the firms engaged in that work; and (2) the more publicly-supported R&D work which a firm does, the greater will be the voluntary turnovers of its technical and scientific work force. The first hypothesis is supported by data obtained from the study and thus assumed to be correct. The empirical results obtained regarding the second hypothesis are inconclusive. Fur- ther research, using either a merged data base or ob- taining additional information, is recommended. PB83-128546/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Trans- portation Consulting Div. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. Volume 1: Overview. Final rept. Oct 78-Oct 80, J. A. Mateyka, W. R. Magro, A. S. Karlin, and D. J. Yee. Aug 82, 160p* DOT-HS-806-216, , DOT/TSC/ NHTSA-82-1-1 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 28553. Also available in set of 7 reports PC E99, PB83- 128538. Keywords: 'Machine tools, 'Automobiles, Machine tool industry, Economic analysis, Glass industry, Iron and steel industry, Fiberglass reinforced plastics, Alu- minum industry, Machine tools, Plastics industry, Multi- national corporations, Industrial structure, Steel indus- try, Organizational structure. This study summarizes extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1 980) on suppliers of parts and components, materi- als, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. The results of this effort are published in seven volumes -- Volume I: Overview; Volume II: Iron, Steel, and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume III: Plastics, Glass, and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume IV: North American Parts and Component Suppliers to the Automotive Industry; Volume V: Multi- national Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; Volume VI: Foreign Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers; and Volume VII: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. PB83-128553/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Trans- portation Consulting Div. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. Volume 2: Iron, Steel and Aluminum Suppli- ers to the Automotive Industry. Final rept. Oct 78-Oct 80, J. A. Mateyka, W. R. Magro, A. S. Karlin, and D. J. Yee. Aug 82, 325p* DOT-HS-806-217, , DOT/TSC/ NHTSA-82-1-2 See also Volume 1, PB83-1 28546, and Volume 3, PB83-1 28561. Also available in set of 7 reports PC E99, PB83- 128538. Keywords: 'Automobiles, Manufacturers, Metal indus- try, Economic analysis, Materials, 'Steel industry, In- dustrial structure, Organizational structure. This study provides extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materi- als, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. Volume 2 concentrates on the suppliers of iron, steel, and aluminum products used in automobile manufacturing. PB83-1 28561 /GAA PC A13/MF A01 Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Trans- portation Consulting Div. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. Volume 3: Plastics, Glass and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Final rept. Oct 78-Oct 80, J. A. Mateyka, W. R. Magro, A. S. Karlin, and D. J. Yee. Aug 82, 298p* DOT-HS-806-218, , DOT/TSC/ NHTSA-82-1-3 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 28553, and Volume 4, PB83-1 28579. Also available in a set of 7 reports PC E99, PB83- 128538. Keywords: 'Plastics, 'Glass, 'Automobiles, Spare parts, Manufacturers, Materials, Economic analysis, Components, Industrial structure, Organizational struc- ture. This study provides extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materi- als, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of 156 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS the U.S. automotive industry. Volume 3 concentrates on the suppliers of plastic, glass, and Fiberglass prod- ucts used in automobile manufacturing. PB83-128579/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Trans- portation Consulting Div. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. Volume 4: North American Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers. Final rept. Oct 78-Oct 80, J. A. Mateyka, W. R. Magro, A. S. Karlin, D. J. Yee, and D. M. Wasserman. Aug 82, 297p* Dot-HS-806- 219, , DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82-1-4 Contract DOT-TSC-1626 See also Volume 3, PB83-1 28561, and Volume 5, PB83-1 28587. Also available in set of 7 reports PC E99, PB83- 128538. Keywords: 'Automobiles, Economic analysis, Manu- facturers, Industrial structure, Organizational structure. This study provides extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1 980) on suppliers of parts and components, materi- als, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. Volume 4 concentrates on the North American suppliers of automotive parts and components used in automobile manufacturing. PB83-128587/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Trans- portation Consulting Div. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. Volume 5: Multinational Automotive Parts and Components Suppliers. Final rept. Oct 78-Oct 80, J. A. Mateyka, W R. Magro, A. S. Karlin, D. J. Yee, and D. M. Wasserman. Aug 82, 281 p* DOT-HS-806- 220, , DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82-1-5 See also Volume 4, PB83-1 28579, and Volume 6, PB83-1 28595. Also available in set of 7 reports PC E9, PB83-1 28538. Keywords: 'Automobiles, Economic analysis, Manu- facturers, Industrial structure, Organizational structure. This study provides extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materi- als, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. Volume 5 concentrates on the multinational suppliers of automotive parts and components used in automobile manufacturing. PB83-128603/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Trans- portation Consulting Div. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. Volume 7: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Final rept. Oct 78-Oct 80, J. A. Mateyka, W. R. Magro, D. M. Wasserman, and D. J. Yee. Aug 82, 125p* DOT-HS-806-222, , DOT/ TSC/NHTSA-82-1-7 See also Volume 6, PB83-1 28595. Also available in set of 7 reports PC E99, PB83- 128538. Keywords: 'Automobiles, 'Machine tools, Economic analysis, Machine tools, Manufacturers, Industrial structure, Organizational structure. This study provides extensive information collected over a two-year period (October 1978 to October 1980) on suppliers of parts and components, materi- als, and machine tools to the automotive industry in the United States. The objective of the study was to provide data and information in support of analyses of the U.S. automotive industry. Volume 7 concentrates on suppliers of machine tools used in automobile man- ufacturing. PB83-128769/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Data Collection: A Statement for Administrators. Rept. no. 7 (Final). 1981, 36p Contract AID/pha-C-1161 Keywords: 'Information systems, Surveys, Sampling, Policies, Developing countries, 'Fertility, Mortality. This report contains a brief summary statement for ad- ministrators and policy makers on how to improve data collection processes related to the estimation of fertili- ty and mortality levels and trends. Administrators and policy makers are frequently responsible for many op- erations and activities and thus may prefer a statement that highlights in relatively nontechnical terms several major considerations in the selection, organization and implementation of data collection procedures de- signed to collect data for estimating fertility and mortal- ity. In developing this work, the report includes a state- ment that contains many important points concerning the difficulties, trade-offs and complementarities, ad- vantages and disadvantages of particular data-collec- tion methods, but does not attempt to develop each point beyond summary general statements. PB83-128850/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Family Health Care, Inc., Washington, DC. Health Impact Guidelines for the Design of Devel- opment Projects in the Sahel, Volume I: Sector- Specific Reviews and Methodology. Final rept. 13 Apr 79, 135p AID-PN-AAJ-381 Grant AID/afr-C-1138 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 28868. Keywords: 'Health, Public health, Reviews, Guide- lines, Fisheries, Development, Agriculture, Transporta- tion, Methodology, 'Sahel, Developing country appli- cation, 'Environmental impacts, Environmental health. A new rural road improves mobility, communication, and levels of living, but it can also increase traffic acci- dents, transmit disease, and damage nearby farms and pastures. Such is the dual nature of development- desirable outcomes may have undesirable side-ef- fects. This report, the first of two volumes, outlines the environmental and health impacts that can occur in development in the Sahel and suggests measures to limit their effect. Rainfed and irrigated agriculture can increase population density and the concentration of toxic substances in soil, plants, and human tissue and can cause a dramatic rise in the incidence of water- borne diseases (E.G., schistosomiasis, malaria) and communicable diseases. PB83-128868/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Family Health Care, Inc., Washington, DC. Health Impact Guidelines for the Design of Devel- opment Projects in the Sahel, Volume II: Reference Manual. Final rept. 13 Apr 79, 21 Op AID-PN-AAJ-382 Grant AID/afr-C-1138 See also Volume 1 , PB83-1 28850. Keywords: 'Health, Public health, Reviews, Guide- lines, Fisheries, Development, Agriculture, Transporta- tion, Methodology, 'Sahel, Developing country appli- cation, 'Environmental impacts, Environmental health. In the Sahel, as elsewhere in the world, a basic as- sumption of development efforts is that the downward spiral between disease, poor nutrition, population growth, and economic stagnation can be reversed and the quality of life improved. However, in the Sahel, de- spite large-scale efforts to eradicate or control dis- eases and provide health services to the population, the incidence and pattern of disease have changed little over the past several decades. This report, a ref- erence manual accompanying a volume of sector-spe- cific analyses, profiles the major diseases afflicting the Sahel. PB83-128934/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Smallholdings and Food Production, Robert Vale. Nov 77, 45p Keywords: 'Food, 'Farming, 'Technology transfer, 'Productivity, 'Agricultural economics, Efficiency, Soil fertility, Yield, Area, Diets, Livestock, Dairy cattle, Swine, Grain crops, Vegetables, Dairy products, Em- ployment, Great Britain, Developing country applica- tion. Studies have implied that as farming is made more effi- cient in terms of its use of labor and capital, it will produce less food per acre. Efficient farming methods also seem to reduce the long term maintenance of soil fertility. This study explores these concepts and has sections devoted to: size, efficiency, and food produc- tion; increasing food production; an existing smallhold- ing which uses appropriate technology; types of diet; yields and cropping plans; cropping for livestock; crop- ping for cows; cropping for chickens; cropping for pigs; cropping for sheep; cropping for an existing holding; and the implications of the findings in the previous sec- tions. The study concludes that smallholding agricul- ture would more likely reduce food imports and provide a satisfactory diet than current practice which empha- sizes efficiency through economies of scale. Small- holding would also provide more employment, while leaving the United Kingdom with a proportionately smaller agricultural labor force. PB83-128942/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Recycling Opportunities for Neighbourhoods and Communities, Chris Thomas. Oct 81, 27p ATG-10 Keywords: Recirculation, Paper, Glass, Plastics, Metals, 'Waste recycling, Developing country applica- tion. This paper discusses recycling paper, glass, plastics, and metals. It presents a community technology ap- proach to recycling, and reviews present efforts in repair and renovation, reuse, and recycling. A final chapter on the appropriateness of recycling technol- ogies to neighborhoods and communities concludes that only a paper recycling plant can be supported by a neighborhood (100 people) and a pulp packaging unit would require a community (1000 people). A district (10,000) people would be required to support a small- scale cellulose insulation manufacturing plant, 100,000 people are needed to support a glass/resin tile production plant, and 1 ,000,000 people are needed to support small-scale aluminum smelting. PB83-128959/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Family and Community Biogas Plants in Rural India and China, Robin Roy. 1980, 32p ATG-9 Prepared in cooperation with Appropriate Technology Development Association, Lucknow (India). Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Agricultural wastes, Sewage, Design, Performance evaluation, 'Industrial plants, Fuels, 'Biogas, Developing country application, Manure. This report contains the basic theory of biogas produc- tion, tables of expected production, installation costs, architectural diagrams for both the Indian and Chinese plants, a case for community biogas plants in India, a pilot community biogas scheme in Uttar Pradesh, and conclusions. The conclusions were that cooking fuel should be supplied for free or deforestation would con- tinue, not enough fuel can be generated anyway with- out the use of other fuels as well in many communities, electric lighting is not a strongly felt need in most rural communities and should be introduced later, factiona- list tendencies must be overcome for the scheme to work, and community biogas plants will offer a more reliable yield and may be supported by agricultural as well as animal and human wastes. PB83-128967/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Green Cars: A Brief Guide to Shared Car Owner- ship, Steve Cousins. 1978, 14p ATG/4/81 Keywords: 'Motor vehicles, 'Economic analysis, Agreements, Economic factors, Financing, Schedul- ing, Cost analysis, Insurance, Developing country ap- plication. Green cars are cars shared by people who would not normally share cars, i.e., family members. The main advantage of sharing a car is economic, unless the owners could not otherwise afford a car at all and 157 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS would have to rely on public transportation or walk. The report covers payment by the mile or other finan- cial schemes, compatibility of schedules, setting up a car sharing scheme, estimating the mileage charge, histories of shared car ownership schemes, and a sample agreement for such a scheme. PB83-128975/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Comparison of Commercial and Do-lt-Yourself Solar Collectors, Robin Roy. Jan 79, 39p ATG-7 Keywords: Comparison, Durability, Performance tests, Economic analysis, *Solar collectors, Developing country application. The title of this report is self-explanatory. It has sec- tions on testing, method (two tanks of the same size side by side to insure that all conditions were the same), thermal performance, durability, economics. (The commercial system was unlikely to recover its cost while the home made system should recover its cost in 1 years.) PB83-129015/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Alternative Technology, Self-Sufficiency and the Future of Work, Peter Read. Jan 80, 24p ATG-6 Keywords: 'Socioeconomic status, * Productivity, Re- sources, Technology, Economic factors, Research management, Communities, 'Employment, Experi- mental design, Developing country application. This report studies ways to improve peoples' social welfare while using fewer resources. The report ad- dresses technological choice and research design; work, self-exploitation, and economic growth; alterna- tive work and alternative production; practical difficul- ties; and research activities. The latter include domes- tic scale self-sufficiency studies, the Redfield commu- nity, the Rainbow community, and the Simpson Brook proposal. PB83-129023/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Community, Technology, and Design: The Utopian Example of the Shakers, Nigel Cross. Jul 77, 61 p Keywords: 'Technology assessment, "Community de- velopment, 'Social change, Culture(Social science), Societies, Attitudes, Regulations, Developing country application, Shakers. This paper explores how technology and community interact in a idealized relationship, and how that inter- action is both reflected in and influenced by the design process. The Shakers offer a particularly good exam- ple in that they founded a relatively large number of ideal, communitarian societies and developed comple- mentary attitudes to technology and design. The paper covers the origins of Shakerism, Shaker life, Shaker inventiveness, the Shaker environment, the Shaker contribution to communitarianism, Utopia or dystopia, and the decline of Shakerism. An appendix of millenial laws relating to environmental design is included. PB83-129031/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Alternative Technology Group. Appropriate Technologies for Basic Energy Needs in Rural India. Working paper, Robin Roy. Feb 80, 25p Keywords: 'Energy source development, 'Fuels, Technology, Wind power generation, Solar energy, Wood, Industrial plants, Design criteria, Developing country application, India. The objectives of this study were to: estimate the total village energy requirement for domestic needs; deter- mine energy potential available from biogas, wind, solar, mini-hydroelectric, and low temperature wood carbonization sources; identify suitable plant design for these sources and estimate costs; and recommend the most economic and efficient form from each source for the village. Energy use patterns were deter- mined and reported, and technological options listed. There are no conclusions; the report is to be used to study options to determine the best ones for a particu- lar circumstance. PB83-131094/GAA PC A10/MF A01 National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC. Competitive Status of the U.S. Auto Industry: A Study of the Influences of Technology in Deter- mining Internationa! Industrial Competitive Advan- tage. 1982, 21 8p Contract NSF-79-02702 Keywords: 'Automobiles, 'Industrial plants, 'Technol- ogy assessment, Regulations, International trade, Per- sonnel management, Technology innovating, Eco- nomic analysis. Beginning with a brief history of the U.S. automobile industry, this new report examines historical trends that have been of great importance in the industry's development up to the present crisis. It proves a prob- ing analysis of the current situation, seeking to under- stand developments in the market, the competitive- ness of domestic automobiles, and the role of techni- cal advance. Other major topics include an assess- ment of the comparative cost and quality of U.S. prod- ucts and the role of technology in competition. The report considers alternative scenarios of the industry's future and discusses their implications for public and private policies. PB83-131292/GAA PC A20/MF A01 Swedish Inst, for Metals Research, Stockholm. Swedish Symposium on Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel Held on 27-29 April 1981. 1981, 467p* See also PB83-1 31 300 through PB83-1 31 466. Keywords: 'Steel Industry, Control, Metallography, Mechanical properties. Contents: Clean steel - a debatable concept; Injection metallurgy and inclusion control; Inclusion picture and inclusion origin in a calcium treated steel; Use of lime based powders for improving inclusion morphology cleanliness and mechanical properties of aluminum-killed steel; Metallurgical control of inclusions; Sulphide shape control at the steel processing of heavy gauge Z-plate; Control of inclusion content in Fe-50%Ni ingots through deoxidation with Al and Ce- mischmetal; Inclusion pattern of stainless steel subjected to powder injection treatment in the ladel; How to quantify steel cleanliness; PASEM - (The particle analysing scanning electron microscope) applied to the study of non-metallic inclusions; Transfer of two dimensional size distributions of inclusions to three dimensions; Computer synthesis of microstructures in stereological analysis; The influence of non-metallic inclusions on properties in steel - a review; How particles control ductile fracture during tensile testing and metal working operations; The effect of notches and non-metallic inclusions on the fatigue properties of high strength steel; The effect of ca-treatment on the machinability of steel and Inclusions and polishability. PB83-131516/GAA PCS10.00/MF A01 Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Office of the Assistant General Counsel for Economic Affairs. Information and Steps Necessary to Form Re- search and Development Limited Partnerships. Draft rept. 30 Nov 82, 104p* Keywords: Organizations, Research projects, Invest- ments, Risk, Financing, Taxes, Incentives, Productivi- ty, 'Research and development, Venture capital. This document provides an overview of the structure, formation and operation of Research and Develop- ment Limited Partnerships (RDLP's). The reserch and development limited partnership (RDLP) is a type of business organization which makes it possible to form syndicates for venture capital for research and devel- opment. As such, the RDLP is an alternative to the tra- ditional sources of the funding for business research. The RDLP removes the limitations on R&D expendi- tures which arise naturally if R&D is funded out of a firm's retained earnings or from borrowed money. An RDLP can finance an existing firm's R&D, or can pro- vide the seed money for a business start-up by tapping the venture capital market. It offers an effective means of financing small and large scale projects. PB83-131961/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Stanford Univ., CA. Development and Organization of Industrial Re- search and Development, Final rept., Nathan Rosenberg, and David C. Mowery. Jul 81 , 65pNSF/PRA-81034 Grant NSF-PRA77-21 852 Prepared in cooperation with Harvard Univ., Boston, MA. Graduate School of Business Administration. Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Research and development, 'Management techniques, Technology innovation, Industries, United States, Western Europe, National government, Government policies, Foreign government, Aircraft industry, Integrated circuits, Man- ufacturing. Research was undertaken to collect and analyze data on the development of the industrial research labora- tory in the United States and Western Europe and to examine the interaction between government policy and innovation and innovation and market structure. Trends in laboratory foundation and laboratory em- ployment are discussed and the relationship between contract and in-house research is analyzed. In a high proportion of all cases, the firms contracting with inde- pendent research organizations were purchasing such services as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, inhouse research activities. The American aircraft industry, judged in terms of growth in output, exports, productivity, and product innovation, is considered a star performer in the American economy. Government policies are shown to be partly responsible for the in- dustry's record of innovation and growth. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) is discussed and shown to be a technological building block which will allow the his- torical trend of increasing chip complexity, accompa- nied by reduction in cost per unit of complexity, to con- tinue. Conceptual issues in the study of innovation are considered. PB83-131995/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. World Motor Vehicle Demand. Final rept. Jul 81-Jun 82, David A. Westenberg, and K. H. Schaeffer. Aug 82, 130p DOT-TSC-NHTSA-82-6, DOT-HS-806-215 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Motor vehicles, Auto- mobiles, Trucks, Forecasting, Foreign countries. The report discusses the level and nature of world motor vehicle demand for the period 1980-1990. A general understanding of the structure of motor vehi- cle demand is developed. Published demand fore- casts, varying widely, are gathered and their discrep- ancies explained. Based on analyses of individual nation motor vehicle registrations, sales data, eco- nomic variables, and energy situations, together with the general determinants of vehicle demand, sub-re- gional and regional demand forecasts are developed into a most likely forecast range. PB83-132621/GAA PC A14/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Energia para el Desarrollo Rural: Recursos Reno- vables y Alternativas Tecnologicas para Paises en Vias de Desarrollo (Energy for Rural Development: Renewable Resources and Alternative Technol- ogies for Developing Countries). 1976, 31 5p Contract AID/csd-2584 Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB-260 606. Keywords: 'Renewable energy, 'Rural areas, 'Energy source development, 'Natural resources, Substitutes, 158 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Technology, State of the art, Developing country appli- cation. This report provides a summary of the state of the art of alternative technologies frequently suggested as solutions to rural or individual family energy needs. Moreover, it informs both the technologist and the planner where to go for more detailed information and what kinds of research and development are needed before a particular device or process is ready for use. PB83-133025/GAA PC A16/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Computer Programs for Demographic Estimation: A User's Guide. Rept. no. 1 1 (Final). Hania Zlotnik. 1981, 370p* Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Computers, 'Demography, 'Fertility, Pop- ulation growth, Life span, Vital statistics, Demographic surveys, Computer programming. This report examines ways to improve the technol- ogies for estimating fertility and mortality when only in- complete or inadequate data exist. The need was rec- ognized for relatively easy-to-use computer programs that would apply basic indirect techniques to various data sets. The eight programs contained in this guide implement various combinations of the following tech- niques: the P/F ratio method of fertility estimation, Brass-type methods for estimating child mortality, esti- mation of adult mortality from information on the wid- owhood and orphanhood status of respondents, esti- mation of the completeness of death registration, and the own-children method of fertility estimation. The chapters describe in detail how to use each program. PB83-133116/GAA- PC E04/MF E04 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Energy from Marine Biomass: Methane Production by Mariculture on Land. Final rept., K. Wagener. c1981, 71 p EUR-7570-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Biomass, 'Meth- ane, Marine atmospheres, Fuels, Methyl alcohol. A system for biofuel farming in arid coastal areas is at present under investigation in a cooperative European project. The biomass production is based on seawater which is pumped through shallow artificial ponds. Due to the high productivity of phytoplankton, easy fermen- tation to methane, and complete mineral nutrients re- cycling, the net energy balance (output/input) is ex- pected to be 14 for methane and 7 for methanol, re- spectively. Since no fertile land or fresh water is needed, there is no competition with food production on arable land. Such a system is entirely self-con- tained energy-wise, which makes it attractive for remote desert areas and developing countries. PB83-133355/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Information Centre for Leather and Allied In- dustries, Madras (India). Animal By-Products: Their Processing and Utilisa- tion, K. J. Scaria, Mahendra Kumar, and S. Divakaran. 1981, 121pNICLAI/SER-3 Keywords: 'Waste recycling, 'Livestock, 'Agricultural wastes, Tanneries, Byproducts, Slaughtering houses wastes, Developing country application. This monograph is intended to create an awareness among the students, the researchers, and the public about the anormous value of the various animal by- products which are at present not fully utilized. It gives adequate coverage on availability, methods of collec- tion, processing, and utilization of the important animal by-products emanating from slaughter houses and tanneries. A complete list of implements for process- ing of casings has also been provided. Suggestions for the development of a number of collagen based prod- ucts, such as collagen sheets, tubes, powders, gels, etc., for use in different surgical situations, are indicat- ed based on research at CLRI. It also provides infor- mation on 'wet' and 'dry' rendering techniques indicat- ing their comparative merits and detailing the unit op- erations such as pre-breaking, hashing, washing, cooking, centrifuging, hydraulic pressing, grinding, and sacking. PB83- 1 33694/GAA PC A08/ M F A0 1 Central Leather Research Inst., Madras (India). Sports Goods Leather, T. S. Ranganathan, and T. S. K. Mahadevan. 1982, 166p PROCESS BULL-3 Keywords: 'Leather, Equipment, Chemical com- pounds, Additives, Developing country application. In this report, processes are given in detail for the man- ufacture of various leather based sports goods items like football, cricketball, and hockeyball. All the proc- esses standardized and published since the inception of the institute are reproduced which would give an idea of how the processes had to be modified with the changing needs and specifications. These processes are still relevant since they have been so worked out to satisfy the requirements of the industry in all the sec- tors, viz., cottage, small, medium, and large. The proc- esses can always be adapted to the existing condi- tions and availability of various chemicals/auxiliaries needed for the manufacture of various items of sports goods leathers. In order to facilitate this, an appendix is given at the end, classifying and grouping the auxilia- ries used. This should serve as a guide for choosing suitable alternative chemicals and auxiliaries. Suitable modifications in some of the processes have also been included at the end as an appendix. PB83-133736/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Punjab Agricultural Univ., Ludhiana (India). Investigation into Bovine Tropical Theileriasis. Final rept. 1 Apr 73-30 Sep 78, Y. Bhattacharyulu, Dharam Kaur, Amarjit Singh, H. L. Dass, and Avtar Singh Gill. 1978, 105p Keywords: 'Animal diseases, 'Vaccines, Feasibility studies, Immunization, Cattle, 'Veterinary medicine, Antigens, Developing country application, Chemother- apy. Theileriasis has been the biggest problem of exotic animals as no specific treatment for established clini- cal cases is available. As chemotherapy of the disease is not available, the only hope of successfully raising exotic and cross-bred cattle and of keeping them pro- ductive for life, lies in evolving vaccine(s) against the disease. The main objective of the scheme was to in- vestigate the feasibility of vaccinating cattle against tropical theileriasis (T. annulata). This objective has been fully achieved as the investigation has made available 'infection-treatment' method of immunizing cattle. It has shown that the vaccination provided com- plete protection against severe homologous infec- tions, and full clinical protection against severe heter- ologous infections. Moreover, a highly virulent and pathogenic Indian strain of T. annulata was attenuated by serial passage in tissue culture, and it was demon- strated for the first time, that the immunity following vaccination with the attenuated strain was good against tick-transmitted infection. PB83-134676/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Natural Resource Economics Div. Data Needs and Collection Methods for Analysis of Agricultural Production Potential, John D. Sutton. May 82, 37p AGES-820427 Keywords: 'Information sources, 'Agriculture, 'Pro- ductivity, Technical assistance, Foreign aid, Economic forecasting. Concepts and methods used in five developing coun- tries by the Comprehensive Resource Inventory and Evaluation System (CRIES) project for the collection of data needed in national/regional analysis of agricultur- al production potential are presented and discussed. Recommendations concerning data to be gathered and methods to be used in future USAID technical as- sistance programs are offered. PB83-134700/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. For- eign Demand and Competition Div. International Food Policy Issues: A Proceedings, Joseph W. Willet. Jan 78, 107p FAER-143 Keywords: 'Food, 'International trade, Statistical anal- ysis, 'Agricultural economics, Problem solving, Food deprivation, Requirements, Security. This document contains pages and commentary pre- sented at the Conference on International Food Poli- cies Issues, held in Washington, DC, April 28 and 29, 1977. The conference focused on important interna- tional trade and development issues under discussion in such international fora as the World Food Council, the Multilateral Trade Negotiations, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, and the Inter- national Wheat Council. Issues surrounding interna- tional food security, food needs of developing coun- tries, and food aid and malnutrition are delineated and alternative solutions to problems are suggested. PB83-135616/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Instituto Tecnico de Capacitacion y Productividad, Guatemala City. Manual de Reforestacion. Nivel Medio (Reforesta- tion Manual). Jun 79, 160p INTECAP-81-007 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Soils, 'Forestry, Manuals, Afforestation, Soil properties, Cultivation, Forest trees, Planting, Seeds, Selection, Equipment, Hand tools, Insects, Tropical regions, Guatemala, Developing country ap- plication, Reforestation. The present 'Manual', written by the Forestry Section of INTECAP, is a compilation of forest and wood man- agement techniques. Its contents include: soil selec- tion and preparation, seed handling, tree planting and care, economy and care of machinery, and self-ex- planatory pictures and drawings. PB83-135624/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Tecnico de Capacitacion y Productividad, Guatemala City. Manual de Uso y Manejo de Aparatos Forestales (Forestry Tools Utilization Manual). Apr 81, 73p INTECAP-81-008 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Hand tools, 'Forestry, Manuals, Hand tools, Utilization, Describing, Measuring instruments, Guatemala, Developing country application, Hypo- meters. In order to improve forestry management practices, some tools must be used. Some of these are very simple, while others require more skills for proper use, but all are necessary. This manual aims to teach for- estry workers the correct use of tools like the hypro- meter, hand levels, forester's compass, etc. PB83-1361 19/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Jute Technological Research Labs., Calcutta (India). Jute Technological Research Laboratories - Annual Report 1981. 1981, 108p See also Annual Report for 1 980, PB82-221 1 02. Keywords: 'Jute, 'Textile industry, Technology, Fibers, Manufacturing, Developing country application. The main objectives of this institute have been to carry on technological research on jute and other long vege- table fibers for promoting the production of good qual- ity fibers, upgrading the fiber and product quality, and finding diversified uses of plant fibers, their agricultural by-products and their industrial wastes. This report summarizes the research activities during the year. The major highlights of work done relate to pineapple leaf fiber; low cost technology for preparing good qual- ity kraft paper from jute root cuttings; X-ray method for determining the blend composition of jute-rayon blend- ed textiles; and dry carrier based culture of Aspergillus sp. for upgrading low quality bark jute. PB83-136127/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Indian Pump Manufacturers Association, Bombay. Guidelines for Selection of Agricultural Pumps. 1982, 16p Keywords: 'Water pumps, 'Irrigation, Instructions, Se- lection, Size determination, Flow rate, Centrifugal pumps, Turbine pumps, Submersible pumps, Utiliza- tion, India, Developing country application. 159 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Pumps used for lifting water to the fields from rivers, nallahs, canals, wells and underground streams the rate of flow for the pump has to be determined before- hand for selecting its size. The former has also to decide which type of pump, i.e. horizontal, centrifugal, vertical turbine or submersible would be suitable for economical use in the fields. This paper discusses in detail the various agricultural pumps and their proper usefulness. PB83-136135/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Directorate of Building Research, Bandung (Indone- sia). Masalah Bangunan, Volume 25, Numbers 1-2, March- June 1980, Albert Kartahardja, Bambang Panudju, K. N. Ramamurthy, M. S. Mathews, and K. Jagajothi. Jun 80, 40p Keywords: 'Construction, 'Housing, Construction ma- terials, Housing studies, Evaluation, Urban renewal, Borth control, Earthquakes, Villages. This publication on building and construction contains several articles which are entitled: Development of lo- cally produced building materials in developing coun- tries; Evaluation of housing programs in developing countries; Slum upgrading programme in Madras City- a case study; Earth and population control; The Lombok earthquake of 30 May 1979; Village of the future-a cure for urban overpopulation; Squatters of Dacca City; Undugu stands for brotherhood; and Some aspects on the management of human settlements. PB83-136226/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Syracuse Research Corp., NY. Clean Fuel from Bioconversion of Solar Energy. Final rept. Jan 80-Oct 81 , S. D. Feighner, A. Rosenberg, L. Mason, H. C. Sikka, and J. Saxena. Dec 81, 45p GRI-81/0057 Contract GRI-501 4-361 -0265 Keywords: 'Bioconversion, 'Algae, 'Fuels, Enzymes, Bacteria, Cultures(Biology), Hydrogen, Methane. This project is directed at attempting to exploit the well known phenomenon of glycolic acid production and excretion by certain unicellular green algae. Eventual- ly, it is planned to couple a bacterial/enzyme system with the algal system to produce a useable fuel (e.g., hydrogen or methane). PB83-136366/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Marine Technical Assistance to Developing Coun- tries: The U.S. Role. Final rept. Nov 82, 99p Sponsored in part by National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration, Washington, DC, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC, Department of State, Washington, DC, and Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Marine engineering, Specialized training, 'Technology transfer, Oceanography, Fisheries. This report presents the findings of a study of marine technical assistance and cooperation in fisheries and oceanography. The Marine Technical Assistance Group (MTAG) Of The National Research Council's Ocean Policy Committee conducted the study to (1) assess the objectives of U.S. marine technical assist- ance and cooperation programs and the means that have been developed to achieve them; (2) project future needs of developing countries for marine techni- cal cooperation; (3) assess U.S. capabilities to fulfill the requests of developing countries, and (4) recom- mend policies and mechanisms for future U.S. marine cooperative programs in light of evolving foreign policy objectives. For purposes of this study, marine techni- cal assistance and cooperation were considered to in- clude the transfer of marine-related technology and equipment; the education and training of marine scien- tists, technicians, and manager; educational exchange programs; and cooperative research and development programs in oceanography and fisheries, including inland fisheries and aquaculture. PB83-137000/GAA Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. PC A07/MF A01 Appropriate Technology of Alternative Agricultur- al Practices on Drylands. Final rept. 15 Aug 80-15 Aug 82, M. B. Kirkham. 1982, 146p* NSF/CEE-82055 Grant NSF-ISP80-14715 Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Crops, 'Waste recycling, 'Fertilizers, Pro- duction, Farm crops, Vegetation, Plant growth, Yield, Comparison, Oklahoma, Soil stabilization, Arid land, Kansas, Wheat plants, Grain sorghum plants. Results are presented of a project undertaken to de- termine whether agricultural productivity on land treat- ed with sewage sludge was different from that of land treated with inorganic fertilizer. Two sites were select- ed: (1) a farm in southcentral Oklahoma which had been overgrazed; and (2) a farm in east-central Kansas where winter wheat and sorghum were grown. Plants grown with sludge were taller, had a larger leaf area, and had a higher dry weight than plants grown with inorganic fertilizer. Plants grown with sludge and those grown with inorganic fertilizer yielded the same amount of grain. PB83-137489/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (India). Seminar Report on Productivity Analysis: A Man- agement Tool for Planned Progress, A. R. Garde. Jan 76, 25p Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Textile industry, Production management, India, Management methods, Develop- ing country application. Suitable indices of productivity which permit interfirm comparison and also give an overall assessment of an individual mill were evolved. These indices have been under constant review and have recently been modi- fied to render them capable of direct interpretations and make them diagnostic in nature so that the main index and the sub-indices can indicate the area of defi- ciency, if any. This paper discusses in detail these im- proved methods of productivity measurement and analysis and shows how the indices can be used for estimating the relative contribution of each cause of low productivity to the total shortfall in productivity. PB83-138560/GAA PC A16/MF A01 Weston (Roy F.), Inc., West Chester, PA. Operation and Maintenance Considerations for Land Treatment Systems, Final rept. Jan 82, 352p EPA-600/2-82-039 Contract EPA-68-03-2775 See also PB-299 655. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Sewage treatment, 'Irrigation, Municipalities, Field tests, Permeabiltiy, Fluid filtration, Flow rate, Maintenance, Operating costs, Design, Sites, Layout, Mississippi, California, Overland flow. The objective of this study was to focus on strategies and problems associated with the operation and main- tenance of the three major types of land application systems, i.e., slow rate, rapid infiltration, and overland flow. In addition, the effect of various methods and levels of pretreatment prior to land application were studied. 28 land application sites throughout the United States were visited. PB83-138636/GAA PC A08/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Quality Criteria for Water Reuse. Final rept. Aug 82, 153p* ISBN-0-309-03326-8 Contract EPA-68-01-3169, Contract DACW31-76-C- 0069 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-61430. Spon- sored in part by Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: 'Potable water, 'Waste water reuse, 'Water quality, 'Sewage treatment, Tests, Chemical analysis, Microbiology, Toxicology, Evaluation, In vitro analysis, Comparison, Viruses, Bacteria, Organic com- pounds, Inorganic compounds, Metals, Toxicity, Risk, Trace elements, Comparison, Standards, Reverse os- mosis. The report concludes that there is a critical need to evaluate reused water chemically, microbiologically, and toxicologically, and that the most practical way to make judgments about the potential health hazards of reused water is to compare it with conventional sup- plies with risks, if any, that are presumed to be accept- able. The initial comparisons of conventional with reused water should be done on the basis of identifia- ble individual compounds and microbiological orga- nisms. The results of these tests would determine the need to proceed with additional testing and would indi- cate whether or not the reused water was 'as safe as' a generally accepted conventional supply. PB83-139725/GAA PC A20/MF A01 Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc., Manhattan, KS. Economic Impact Analysis of Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Textile Mills Industry. Final rept., Donald J. Wissman, Richard E. Seltzer, and Arthur C. Barker. Aug 82, 468p* EPA-440/2-82-001 Contract EPA-68-01-4632 Keywords: 'Textile industry, 'Water pollution, 'Eco- nomic analysis, Water pollution standards, Financing, Technology, Employment, Shutdowns, Profits, Cost estimates, Tables(Data), Industrial shutdowns. The US Environmental Protection Agency issued efflu- ent guidelines and limitations for the Textile Mills In- dustry in September 1982. This report estimates the economic impact of pollution control costs in terms of price changes, effects on profitability, potential plant closures, unemployment, and other secondary effects. A model plant approach is used to assess these im- pacts for nine subcategories, which are based on size of plant and type of textile process. PB83-139790/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Stanford Univ., CA. Inst, for Communication Research. Improving the Diffusion of Mass Transportation In- novations. Final rept., Kathleen P. Magill, Everett M. Rogers, and Thomas Shanks. Jun 81, 121 p UMTA-CA-06-01 15-81-1 Contract UMTA-CA-06-01 15 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Transportation, Na- tional government, Local government, Urban transpor- tation, Technology innovation, Research projects, De- cision making. The Office of Service and Methods Demonstration (SMD) diffusion system is a technology transfer system in which Federally-sponsored research results are put into use by local governments. The purposes of this report are to summarize the main findings and to discuss the policy implications from a three-year inves- tigation of the diffusion and implementation of urban mass transportation innovations that was conducted at the Institute for Communication Research at Stanford University. The objectives of the three-year research project were: (1) to describe the nature of the innova- tion process for urban mass transportation innova- tions; (2) to assess the role of demonstrations and other Federally-sponsored interventions in the diffu- sion of urban mass transportation innovations; and (3) to identify and evaluate alternative methods of dis- seminating information, such as brochures, dissemina- tion conferences, etc., about urban mass transporta- tion innovations. This project investigated the process through which local public organizations learn about, evaluate, adopt (or reject), and implement innovations which are of interest to SMD. Implications are present- ed for improvement of the SMD diffusion system, based on research results from investigating the diffu- sion of Dial-A-Ride, vanpooling, auto-restricted zones, and priority lanes for high-occupancy vehicles. PB83-139899/GAA PC A17/MF A01 PRC Toups, Orange, CA. Evaluation of Desalination Technology for Wastewater Reuse. Final rept. Aug 82, 388p* W83-01270, , OWRT/RU-82/8 Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -7802 Keywords: 'Desalination, 'Water pollution, Recircula- tion, Technology, 'Sewage treatment, Industrial waste treatment, Agricultural wastes, Electrodialysis, Ion ex- changing, Evaporation, Freezing, Cost analysis, Per- 160 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS formance evaluation, *Waste water reuse, Ultrafiltra- tion, Reverse osmosis. As environmental constraints on wastewater dis- charge become more rigorous, desalting techniques are beginning to find application in effluent treatment processes. Applications of desalination technology to the treatment of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewaters for reuse are beginning to occur. A survey of potential and existing applications of wastewaters using current desalination technology was conducted. The processes considered include reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange, evaporation, freezing, and ultrafiltration. Standard Treatment Systems for de- salination of wastewater have been developed to enable potential users to identify process require- ments and costs for specific wastewaters. Industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewater desalination and reuse is technically possible. The relatively high cap- ital, operational and maintenance costs of desalination processes are the primary deterrents to widespread application. However, as wastewater discharge limita- tions become increasingly restrictive, desalination processes may be economically competitive. Industry is the largest potential user of wastewater desalination and reuse systems. The potential for potable reuse of any wastewater is relatively low due to potentially ad- verse health effects. Non-potable reuse of municipal wastewaters has average potential in areas with costly or limited water supplies. Industry could use both mu- nicipal and agricultural wastewaters in areas with ex- pensive or limited water supplies. The reuse of wastewater for agriculture would greatly increase the costs of food crops. PB83-140186/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Guide for the Construction and Operation of Drill- Up, Kenneth W. Yee. Oct 82, 29p NBSIR-82-2590. Keywords: Breaking load, * Machine tools, Automatic control equipment, User needs, Computer programs, DRILLUP computer program, Computer applications. This guide provides detailed information for the con- struction of a single-speed version of Drill-Up and in- structions for its installation and operation. Drill-Up is an instrument designed to prevent breakage of small- diameter drills used on automatic-feed drilling ma- chines with a spindle retract ability. The method and applications have been previously described in the ref- erences given. The hardware and software necessary to construct an instrument for use at a single selected drilling speed are described. The circuit diagram and source program are included. PB83-140269/GAA PC A10/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Advisory Board on Military Personnel Supplies. Microbiological Safety of Foods in Feeding Sys- tems. 1982, 21 3p ABMPS-125 Contract DAAK60-79-C-001 5 Keywords: * Microbiology, *Food services, *Food processing, Hazards, Food deterioration, Staphylococ- cal infections, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum, Food preparation, Food storage, Viruses, Tempera- ture, Frozen foods, Education, Food poisoning. The Committee on Microbiology of Food of the Adviso- ry Board on Military Personnel Supplies (ABMPS) of the National Research Council was formed to advise the U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Lab- oratories on military research and development related to microbiology of food. The first task of the committee was to plan, organize, and conduct a workshop on mi- crobiological safety of foods in feeding systems with the objectives: (1) to enhance the awareness of exist- ing and potential microbiological problems in food service and their solutions, and (2) to examine possible contributions of microbiological studies to the proper development, packaging, storage, distribution, prepa- ration, and serving of military foods. The second task was to prepare recommendations for the military based on analysis of the presentations and discus- sions. PB83-140525/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru (India). Chickpea and Pigeonpea Diseases: Resistance- Screening Techniques, Y. L. Nene, M. P. Haware, M. V. Reddy, and J. Kannaiyan. Oct 81, 36p IB-10, IB-9 Abstracts in English and French. Color illustrations re- produced in black and white. Keywords: * Leguminous plants, * Plant diseases, Plant pathology, Plant viruses, Rust(Fungi), Tolerances(Physiology), Identifying, * India, Develop- ing country application, Cajanus cajan, Pigeonpea, Cicer arietium, Chickpea. Over 50 diseases have been reported to affect pigeon- pea (Cajanus cajan) a widely grown tropical legume crop. Economically important diseases are wilt, Phy- tophthora blight, sterility mosaic, witches' broom and rust. To assist plant breeders develop disease-resist- ant material, easy and effective techniques to screen germplasm and breeding material have been devel- oped and standardized for some diseases. More than 50 pathogens have been reported to affect chickpea (Cicer Arietium) an important legume crop in many parts of the tropics and subtropics. Several pathogens are of economic importance, particularly wilt, dry root rot and Ascochyta blight. To assist plant breeders to develop disease resistant material, techniques have been worked out and standardized to screen germ- plasm and breeding material on a routine basis. These techniques are described in detail and a nine-point rating scale is given in the report. PB83-140533/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Safety Council, Hyderabad (India). Andhra Pradesh Chapter. Safety Rules, Part I. Mar 82, 47p Keywords: "Occupational Safety and Health, * Industri- al plants, 'Safety, Safety devices, Manuals, Injuries, Safety engineering, Developing country application. The industrial activity of diverse nature involving ma- chinery, tools, equipment, and the processes em- ployed therein pose potential dangers to man, ma- chine, and production. This report concentrates mainly on the safety rules to be followed in various oper- ations. Separate chapters are devoted to manual work, hand trucks, fork lift trucks, slingers, cranes, and stacking materials. The manual gives simple common rules to be kept in mind while engaging in the above operations. It includes preventive measures and effec- tive ways of rectifying mistakes committed. This illus- trated manual is aimed at the industrial world and all those who are partners in ensuring safety. PB83-140541/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru (India). Yield Risk, Risk Aversion and Genotype Selection - Conceptual Issues and Approaches, Hans P. Binswanger, and B. C. Barah. Nov 80, 31 p RB-3 Keywords: "Technology transfer, *Plants(Botany), Yield, Selection, Plant growth, Risk, Regression analy- sis, Ranking, India, Developing country application. This paper deals with yield risks of different genotypes or, conversely, their stability over time. It also deals with adaptability of genotypes over space. Several methods of stability and adaptability analysis where stability here has a risk connotation are discussed. For risk analysis it is proposed to measure stability by standard deviation and risk preferences by the tradeoff between standard deviation and mean yield. This leads to a unique preference-based ranking for choos- ing among genotypes for decision makers with given risk preferences. This ranking takes into account both (temporal) stability and mean yield. A practical way of measuring risk with several years of coordinated yield trial data is then proposed. PB83-141341/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. Energy in Physical Planning: An Approach to Cal- culating Energy Requirements for Heating, Trans- portation and Other Forms of Infrastructure, Johan Lamm, Bernt Nielsen, and Peter Wennerhag. 1982, 59p D18: 1982 Keywords: "Energy, "Housing, "Urban planning, Hous- ing planning, "Transportation, Water supply, Waste disposal, Illuminating, Electric power demand, Deci- sion making. In a study entitled Energy in Physical Planning. An ap- proach to calculating energy requirements for heating, transportation and other forms of infrastructure a method is presented for making tentative calculations on the use of energy in various physical structures. The present report contains a series of cases which indicate how the energy consumption in a given area can be determined and provide basic data for various planning and decision-making situations. PB83-142075/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Safety Council, Hyderabad (India). Andhra Pradesh Chapter. Safety Training in Industry. 1982, 104p Keywords: "Occupational Safety and Health, "Industri- al plants, "Safety, "Training, Safety devices, Manuals, Injuries, Safety engineering, Developing country appli- cation. Training of personnel has become a necessity to ensure smooth running of any organization. Training of personnel in industrial safety is very important, when handling modern machinery and equipment and so- phisticated instruments. This manual is an effort to meet the requirements of training managers, supervi- sors, and personnel concerned with industrial safety. The first part deals with training function, assessing training needs, training process, methods employed in training, the audio-visual aids used in classroom situa- tion, the problems of training adults, and the feedback and evaluation in training. The second part is oriented to organizing training in industrial safety. This manual will be found useful by all those who are connected with training in industrial safety. PB83-142083/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Safety Council, Hyderabad (India). Andhra Pradesh Chapter. Disaster Planning in Industry. Dec 81, 71 p Keywords: "Occupational Safety and Health, "Safety, "Industrial plants, Industrial accidents, Safety devices, Injuries, Planning, Developing country application. Every industry is exposed to threat of disasters both man-made and natural due to a variety of causes such as floods, fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruption and other calamities. This manual is a guide to avert such disasters and to put the industry back on the rails very quickly. Initially it outlines a general disaster plan de- tailing the steps to be taken in case of any crisis. Then follow specific plans for fire/explosion, accidental emission of toxic and hazardous substances, food poi- soning. Checklists and manuals which are to serve as guides in case of power and other failures, storms, earthquakes and personal injuries are also provided. One section is devoted to future safety measures. PB83-142695/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Tribhuvan Univ., Kathmandu (Nepal). Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology. Sample Survey of Trac ional Water Wheels and Small Water Turbines in Nepal: A Preliminary Report, Chandra Bahadur Joshi. 1981, 51 p Keywords: "Turbines, "Water use, "Hydrology, Sur- veys, Assessments, Nepal, Developing countries, De- veloping country application. The main purposes of this survey were to study the technical, economical, and social aspects of water wheels and turbines; to assess the possibility of devel- oping these modern and traditional technologies to- gether or improving them separately; to assess the awareness of the local people of the need for improve- ment on their existing technologies; and to find out the possible role of RECAST for mutual cooperation. This survey is intended to provide planners financiers, re- searchers, and manufacturers with further information regarding better use of small hydro resources and lo- cally available skills for development. PB83-144485/GAA Wilmington Coll., OH. PC A09/MF A01 161 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Value Added Tax and Small Business. Final rept., Charles F. Palmer. 1982, 187p Contract SBA-2650-OA-79 Keywords: 'Taxes, Competition, Economic impact, Fixed investment, Losses, Corporations, Income taxes, Incentives, *Small businesses, Tax credits. This research brings together information on the impact of the value added tax by (1) researching the catalog of literature; (2) analyzing the implications of a value added tax on small business; (3) investigating empirically and indepth the hypothesis that the com- petitive position of small business would be improved if other taxes were replaced by the value added tax. PB83-144725/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Design for Manufacturability. Report Number 16. Data Sheets and Case Study for Manual Assembly, T. Fujita, and G. Boothroyd. Apr 82, 70p NSF/MEA- 82009 Grant NSF-APR77-10197 SeealsoPB82-194143. Keywords: 'Management techniques, 'Productivity, 'Industrial plants, Cost control, Fasteners, Design cri- teria, Production rate, Production control, Human fac- tors engineering, Value engineering. The importance of fastener selection in reducing prod- uct costs is discussed and examples of cost effective fasteners are given. Data sheets are provided for infor- mation about the effects of various design features on handling and assembly time to be used to estimate part features at the design stage. A manual assembly case study on a riser panel subassembly is included. The study indicates that the application of the pro- posed method can result in an increase in assembly labor productivity for only a small investment in design- er or product engineering time. The appendixes con- tain: (1) a classification system for products or assem- blies; (2) an analysis of design for manual assembly and difficulty levels for manual handling and manual assembly processes; and (3) design parameters for manual handling and assembly. PB83-144956/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Control of Kagzi Lime Decline. 1982, 10p EXTENSION BULL-26 Keywords: 'Plant diseases, 'Fruits, Plant viruses, Cul- tivation, Tolerances(Physiology), Protection, Control, India, Developing country application, Tristeza. The Common lime, variously known as Key, Mexican, West Indian, Galago, Kagzi etc., has in recent years suffered a serious setback as a result of a serious malady referred to as 'die-back' or 'decline'. The prin- cipal component of this malady is a Tristeza virus. This report concentrates on the way in which the Trizteza virus affects the Kagzi lime, the symptoms by which it is identified, the transmission of the virus and strains of Tristeza. Control measures like Cross Protection and Inoculation Technique to protect Kagzi lime is also dealt with. PB83-145045/GAA PC A18/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. International Cooperation in Marine Technology, Science, and Fisheries: The Future U.S. Role in De- velopment - Proceedings of a Workshop, January 18-22, 1981, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. May 81, 402p Contract NA79AA-D-00135, Grant AID/DSAN-G- 0168 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81-82188. Spon- sored in part by Department of State, Washington, DC, and Department of the Navy, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Fisheries, 'Aquaculture, Technology transfer, Fishing, Developing countries, Remote sens- ing, Coasts, Shore protection, Law(Jurisprudence), Water pollution, Energy, Education, Government poli- cies, United States, 'Technical assistance. The Ocean Policy Committee has maintained a con- tinuing interest in the nature and effectiveness of U.S. programs of marine technical assistance and coopera- tion. In 1979 the committee established the Marine Technical Assistance Group to undertake four related tasks: (1) to assess the relationship between the ob- jectives of marine technical assistance and coopera- tive programs and the means that have been devel- oped to achieve them; (2) to project future U.S. policy objectives and future needs of developing countries for marine technical cooperation; (3) to assess U.S. capabilities to meet its objectives and fulfill the needs of developing countries, and (4) to recommend poli- cies and mechanisms for future U.S. programs of marine technical assistance and cooperation. Marine science is closely tied to fisheries in many developing countries. PB83-145201/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Grape Cultivation. 1982, 37p EXTENSION BULL-15 Keywords: 'Crops, 'Fruits, 'Environmental impacts, Climate, Soil properties, Plant reproduction, Planting, Layout, Cutting, Weed control, Insects, Plant diseases, Plant nutrition, India, Developing country application. This report of Grape Cultivation concentrates on the climate and soil in which the grape is grown, the differ- ent varieties of Grape, propagation, layout, spacing, planting, training, pruning, manuring schedule, irriga- tion, etc. Measures for weed control, improving berry and bunch quality, harvesting are also dealt with brief- ly PB83-145219/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Guava Cultivation and Banana Cultivation in India. 1982, 27p EXTENSION BULL-20 Keywords: 'Fruits, 'Crops, Climate, Soil properties, Plant propagation, Irrigation, Plant diseases, Insects, Fertilizers, Harvesting, Food preparation, 'India, De- veloping country application, Guava, Bananas. Guava is one of the most familiar fruits in India and assumes special importance because of the hardy nature of the plant. Soil and climate in which Guava is grown, the different varieties of Guava, the nursery practices adopted like budding, grafting, stooling and air-layering, irrigation, manuring, harvesting and yield are dealth with in this report. Banana is one of the oldest fruits cultivated by man. This report on banana cultivation in India deals with the soil and climatic con- ditions, varieties of the fruit, fertilizer application, irriga- tion and weed control measures. PB83-145896/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Estimation of Recent Trends in Fertility and Mor- tality in the Republic of Korea. Committee on Population and Demography rept. no. 1 (Final), Ansley J. Coale, Lee-Jay Cho, and Noreen Goldman. 1980, 93p ISBN-0-309-02890-6 Contract AID/pha-C-1 161 Library of Congress catalog card no. 79-22705. Keywords: 'South Korea, 'Fertility, Surveys, Trends, Estimates, Population growth, Tables(Data), Birth rate. This report contains sections on (1) Estimation of fertil- ity, 1955-1975, by adjustment of own-children calcula- tions; (2) Estimation of fertility, 1971-1975, from regis- tered births adjusted for underregistration; (3) Estima- tion of fertility from special surveys; (4) Estimation of mortality; (5) Adjustment of own-children fertility esti- mates by correction of female age distributions in Korean censuses; (6) The female age distribution of Korea in 1 975 as recorded in the complete count and in the 5-percent sample; and (7) Comparison of aver- age increases in parity from 1970 to 1975 (census cohort birth rate) with number of registered births per woman (registered cohort intercensal birth rate). PB83-146126/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Central Sheep and Wool Research Inst., Avikanagar (India). All India Coordinated Research Project on Sheep Breeding. Project Coodinators rept. 1 Apr 81 -Sep 82. Sep 82, 221 p See also PB82-239583.Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, 'Ruminants, Genetics, Wool, Meat, Growth, Survival, Mortality, India, Devel- oping country application. The All India Coordinated Research Project was launched with a view to undertake research on aug- menting wool and mutton production. The main objec- tives of this project are: Evolving new fine wool breed of sheep suitable for different agro-climatic conditions; evolving new mutton sheep breeds; to create superior carpet wool breed; and conducting ancillary studies on sheep physiology. This report describes in detail the progress and results obtained during the 18 month period. PB83-146399/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Hawaii Univ. at Manoa, Honolulu. Water Resources Research Center. Water Transfer Strategy: Energy vs. Agricultural Use. Technical rept., Y.-S. Fok, and C.-P. Chang. Mar 82, 80p TR-142, W83-01358, , OWRT-B-060-HI(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -91 10 Keywords: 'Energy source development, 'Irrigation, 'Arid land, Water rights, Industries, Water consump- tion, Social effect, Economic factors, Cost analysis, Energy development, Irrigation water. In some arid and semiarid regions where most water is appropriated for irrigation, water has been recognized as the most important limiting factor for energy devel- opment. Therefore, a water transfer from agricultural to energy use should be considered, since industry yields the highest value of water and thus constitutes the highest productivity. A transfer of the available water from agriculture to industry or energy in commu- nities which are basically agricultural would tend to upset the familiar pattern of life and would result in a number of social costs to farmers and third parties. The required acreage of transferred irrigated lands in- creases as the total energy requirement increases. To decrease the energy cost of agricultural water right re- imbursement, energy developers can sell over-trans- ferred water rights to downstream users from the reach where no more energy water is needed. PB83-146746/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Dow Chemical U.S.A., Walnut Creek, CA. Development of New Cleaning Techniques for Re- verse Osmosis Membranes, Jolaine A. Johnson, and Thomas M. Leahy. 30 Mar 82, 186p W83-01369, , OWRT-C-80152-S(8519)(1) Contract EPA-1 4-34-0001 -851 9 Keywords: 'Desalination, Cost analysis, Cleaning, Comparison, Performance evaluation, Brackish water. Reverse osmosis permeators are susceptible to foul- ing by suspended solids in the feedwater. Several cleaning methods for the control of silt fouling were tested and compared. The flow reversal cleaning method, where a permeator flush stream is periodically switched from a feed-to-brine to a brine-to-feed flow direction, appeared the most effective of the methods tested. When cleaning techniques were combined, cleaning effectiveness was improved slightly. The ad- dition of a surfactant to the cleaning flush stream im- proved the effectiveness of all of the cleaning methods by an average of 55%. Comparison of performance re- sults between separate testing phases indicates that experimental operating conditions were not consistent between phases. It is believed that the installation of a cleaning system may allow operation on a feedwater with higher than presently acceptable fouling potential, and membrane lifetime may be improved. The avail- ability of an on-line cleaning system may prevent the necessity of membrane replacement in the event of severe pretreatment system upsets. PB83-146753/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Biphase Energy Systems, Santa Monica, CA. Desalination-Power Cycles with the Biphase Rotary Separator Turbine, Phase 3. Final rept., Paul L Limburg, Edward Walsh, and Daniel Rovener. Feb 82, 131p W83-01370, , OWRT-C-00156- D(0490)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0490 See also PB81-150237.Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. 162 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: * Desalination, Separation, Sea water, Per- formance evaluation, Scale(Corrosion), Corrosion, Design criteria, Feasibility, Energy recovery. Tests of a fluidized-bed seawater heat exchanger showed that 330F was the maximum temperature to which seawater could be heated without scale forma- tion in the bed during once through flow of seawater. Twelve material and coating combinations were ex- posed to a two-phase salt-water jet to simulate the en- vironment of rotary-separator-turbine rotor materials. The materials, except for bare aluminum and some brittle coatings, passed four-hour screening tests. A hydraulic version of the Biphase reaction turbine can recover reverse-osmosis reject-brine pressure energy with efficiency of over 70%. A two-phase version can recover pressure energy and provide additional power for pumping from a waste heat source. Integration of a high-pressure reverse-osmosis pump into the turbine is not as efficient as using a separate pump and turbine coupled together. A system configuration was devel- oped for a desalination-power system which uses the waste heat from diesel engines in the power plant at San Nicolas Island, CA. PB83-147124/GAA PC A18/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad (India). Proceedings of the International Workshop on In- tercropping Held at Hyderabad, India on January 10-13, 1979, R. W. Willey. Jan 79, 402p Abstracts in English and French. Keywords: 'Farming, 'Agriculture, *Plants(Botany), Plant physiology, Grain sorghum plants, Pest control, Nitrogen, Weed control, India, Brazil, Africa, Develop- ing country application. This report on intercropping has four main sections viz. agronomy, physiological aspects, plant protection, and evaluation of intercropping systems. Topics include management practices for intercropping, maximizing production in intercropping systems like Sorghum/ pigeon pea system, maize/bean, finger millet/ground- nut mixtures and the evaluation of genotypes in inter- cropping. The final session undertakes an evaluation of intercropping systems and the improvements to be made in intercropping research. PB83-147256/GAA PC A02/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad (India). Growth and Development of the Pearl Millet Plant. Research bulletin no. 6, R. K. Maiti, and F. R. Bidinger. Oct 81, 18p Abstracts in English and French. Color illustrations re- produced in black and white. Keywords: *Grains(Food), *Crops, *Plants(Botany), "Tropical regions, Plant anatomy, Morphology, Plant physiology, India, Developing country application, Pennisetum americanum, Pearl millet. Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) is one of the most important food crops in the drier semi-arid trop- ics. The bulletin describes its three major growth phases: the vegetative phase, from emergence to pan- icle initiation of the main stem; the panicle develop- ment phase from panicle initiation to flowering in the main stem; and the grain-filling phase, from flowering to physiological maturity. Each phase has been sub- divided to make a total of nine morphologically distinct and recognizable growth stages. Descriptions and characteristics to identify each of these stages are given. The bulletin also describes the growth and de- velopment of the major plant parts. The data given are derived from several years of research on the physiol- ogy of the crop. PB83-147272/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. Engineering and Research Center. Development of an Automated Plugging Factor Monitor. R. J. Eisenhauer, and C G. Goodner. Dec 81, 18p REC-ERC-81-12 Keywords: "Desalination, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Monitors. Efficient and economical control of a reverse osmosis membrane water desalting process is dependent on rapid, repetitive, and correct monitoring of the feed- water parameter called the 'plugging factor.' Several test devices are available to plant operators for moni- toring the feedwater plugging factor. Operation of these devices requires much close manual attention every day, and the accuracy of results sometimes varies. A totally automatic plugging factor test assem- bly was designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. Water samples can be selected and passed through the plugging factor tester every 20 minutes, with plug- ging factor accuracies within + or - 0.4 percent. PB83-147439/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Centre for Water Resources Development and Man- agement, Kunnamangalam (India). Development of Water Lifting Device. Jan 81, 15p CWRDM/TR/0011, GW/R-8/1981 Keywords: *Water Pumps, 'Water supply, 'India, Design, Efficiency, Piston pumps, Pumping, Oper- ations, Hand tools, Developing country application. This report gives the details of a foot cum hand pump which has been developed. The existing foot pump (commercially available) can be operated by foot alone, which may not be convenient to all and also needs higher energy input. Modification has been made in the existing foot pump so as to enable it to be operated by hand also instead of by foot alone. PB83-147728/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. Photovoltaics: Technological Progress and Its Future in Agriculture. Staff rept., Walter G. Heid, Jr. Nov 82, 129p AGES-820707 Keywords: 'Photovoltaic power system, 'Agriculture, 'Energy source development, Utilization, Photovoltaic cells, Technology, Government policies, Marketing, International trade, Energy sources. Advances in photovoltaic technology are rapidly bring- ing it into the range of competitiveness with conven- tional and other alternative energy source. Photovol- taic systems can be used for nearly all of agriculture's stationary power needs, including energy to operate appliances and to heat farm homes. It is an appropri- ate technology for small as well as larger sized farms. As researchers and farmers weigh future alternative energy choices, photovoltaic systems should be in- cluded in their economic comparisons. PB83-149450/GAA PC A22/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Measurement Lab. Innovation for Maintenance Technology Improve- ments (MFPG). Proceedings of the Meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group (33rd), Held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD., April 21-23, 1981. Final rept., T. Robert Shives, and William A. Willard. Oct 82, 51 1p NBS-SP-640 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-600598. Sponsored in part by Naval Systems Command, Washington, DC, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA., and National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion, Greenbelt, MD.Goddard Space Flight Center. See also PB82-1 20304. Keywords: 'Maintenance, Maintenance management, Lubrication, Reliability, Manpower utilization, Fault de- tection. These proceedings consist of a group of 34 submitted entries (32 papers and 2 abstracts) from the 33rd meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group which was held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 21-23, 1981. The subject of the symposium was maintenance technology im- provement through innovation. Areas of special em- phasis included maintenance concepts, maintenance analysis systems, improved maintenance processes, innovative maintenance diagnostics and maintenance indicators, and technology improvements for power plant applications. PB83-150250/GAA Auburn Univ., AL. PC A03/MF A01 Oxygen Transfer Calculations for a Tractor-Pow- ered Paddlewheel Aerator. Master's thesis, Martin Stuart Armstrong. 18 Mar 82, 37p W83-01619, , OWRT-B-076-ALA(12) Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Oxygen, Dissolved gases, Catfishes, Spraying, Paddles, Tractors, Depth, Tests, Theses, Oxygen transfer, Paddle wheels. The economic success of commercial channel catfish production requires high stocking densities and feed- ing rates. At feeding rates of 45 kg/hectare per day and greater, emergency aeration is occasionally re- quired to prevent fish kills during periods of low dis- solved oxygen. Paddlewheel aerators powered by farm tractors are widely used by catfish farmers. Standard aeration tests were conducted to establish oxygen transfer coefficients and rates for a paddle- wheel aerator operated at different speeds and paddle depths. PB83-150441/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Center for Natural Areas, South Gardiner, ME. Handbook for Protection of Fish and Wildlife from Construction of Farm and Forest Roads; Best Man- agement Practices for Building Activities Associat- ed with the Discharge of Dredged or Fill Material. Final rept., James Hynson, Paul Adamus, Stephen Tibbetts, and Rezneat Darnell. Jul 82, 167p FWS/OBS-82/18 Contract DI-1 4-1 6-0009-067 Keywords: 'Fishes, 'Construction, 'Roads, Hand- books, Erosion control, Slope protection, Bridges, Cul- verts, Design, Maintenance, Soil conservation, Best management practices. This Handbook describes 54 best management prac- tices which may be utilized by Federal and State agen- cies or private landowners and operators in the review of project plans and in the planning, construction, and maintenance of farm and forest roads. Best manage- ment practices (BMPs) for planning road and facility layout and design, erosion control, construction and maintenance operations, and restoration to natural conditions. Based on the results of the evaluation, BMPs were modified or augmented with other prac- tices to enhance their overall effectiveness and to pro- vide for protection and propagation of fish and wildlife resources. PB83-150839/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC. Horticultural Products Review. Foreign agriculture circular. Aug 82, 34p FHORT-2-82 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Marketing, Com- modities, Exports, Nuts(Fruits). The report contains information on market access and opportunities, market promotion activities, commodity updates, U.S. exports of selected horticultural prod- ucts. It also has articles on 'Canada, Number One Market'; Pineapple Situation; Brazil Nut and Cashew Situation; and Indonesia - Potential for Expansion. PB83-150938/GAA PC A13/MF A01 National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal (India). National Dairy Research Institute Annual Report 1981, M. S. Srivastava, and Rajbir D. Deswal. 1982, 286p See also PB82-206699. Keywords: 'Dairies, 'Management techniques, 'Animal husbandry, 'India, Dairy products, Manage- ment, Dairy cattle, Animal nutrition, Microbiology, Animal physiology, Animal diseases, Genetics, State government, Education, Developing country applica- tion. The report begins with general information about the Institute's history and objectives. Highlights of re- search in the following nine divisions are given: dairy microbiology division, dairy chemistry division, dairy engineering division, dairy cattle genetics and breed- ing division, dairy cattle nutrition and physiology divi- sion, dairy technology division, dairy economics, statis- tics and management division, dairy extension division, and human nutrition dietetics division. 163 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83- 1 52207/G AA PC A02/ M F A0 1 Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion, Berkeley, CA. Using Goats to Control Brush Regrowth on Fuel- breaks. Forest Service general technical rept. (Final), Lisle R. Green, and Leonard A. Newell. 1982, 21 p FSGTR-PSW-59 Keywords: *Fire safety, *Weed control, * Forestry, 'Safety, 'Ruminants, Diets, Fuels, Shrubs, Fire fight- ing, Safety, Damage, Plants(Botany), Predators, Span- ish goats. On fuelbreaks, herbicides have been the primary tool for controlling brush regrowth. Vegetation of low volume and low growth is maintained on these wide strips as an aid to firefighting safety. Goats are a prom- ising alternative to herbicides, and may be the best tool available for controlling brush regrowth on fuel- breaks. They eat a wider variety of plants, and more woody plants, than other livestock. They are less se- lective on first-year brush regrowth, and more selective as brush is older. Goats should not be expected to control tall, mature brush. A good strategy is sufficient goats to eat all leaves from all brush species two or three times per year. Spanish goats are probably a better choice than Angoras for rough mountainous areas. PB83-152629/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Enviro Control, Inc., Rockville, MD. Assessment of Engineering Control Monitoring Equipment - Volume I. Final rept. Jun 81, 157p NIOSH-21 0-79-001 1-VOL-1 Contract PHS-NIOSH-21 0-79-0011 See also PB83-1 52637. Keywords: 'Safety, 'Environmental surveys, 'Air pol- lution, Phosgene, Exposure, Toxicity, Inspection, Haz- ardous materials, Cotton fibers, Vinyl-chloride, Carbon monoxide, Lead(Metal), Performance evaluation, As- sessments, 'Toxic substances, 'Occupational safety and health, CAS 75-44-5, CAS 75-01 -4, CAS 630-08-0, CAS 7439-92-1 . Monitoring systems for determining the performance of engineering controls designed to reduce or elimi- nate worker exposure to hazardous chemical agents are evaluated. The availability and suitability of com- mercially available monitors are assessed for informa- tion supplied by manufacturers. Monitoring techniques were described for single and multiple chemical agents and for nonchemical agent engineering control and ventilation systems. Six survey reports are pre- sented on operational monitoring systems for phos- gene (75445), vinyl-chloride (75014), cotton dust, carbon-monoxide (630080), and lead (7439921). Defi- ciencies in monitoring technology are identified, and recommendations for research and development are made. A users' guide is given for the identification and selection of monitoring equipment options. The au- thors conclude that the study results are useful as a reference by industry and government personnel con- cerned with engineering control monitoring equipment. PB83-153064/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Central Tobacco Research Inst., Rajahmundry (India). Important Pests of Tobacco - Their Identity and Control. Leaflet no. 2 (Rev.). 1979, 66p Keywords: 'Pest control, 'Plants(Botany), 'Pesticides, Worms, Beetles, Diptera, Plant diseases, Fungus dis- eases, Viruses, India, Developing country application. This leaflet gives details about the pests attacking to- bacco such as caterpillars and cutworms, stem borer, white flies, grass-hoppers, ground beetles, aphids, capsule borer and cigarette beetle. The natural history of the pest, the nature of injury and its control are dis- cussed. Some of the common diseases which attack flue-cured tobacco are: damping off, black shank, anthracnose, frog-eye spot, brown spot, powdery mildew, tobacco mosaic, leaf curl, orobanche and root knot. Causes, symptoms and control measures for each disease are listed. PB83-153114/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Central Tobacco Research Inst., Rajahmundry (India). Package of Practices for F.C.V. (Flue-Cured Virgin- ia) Tobacco in Andhra Pradesh (Revised Edition). 1978, 89p Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'India, 'Fertilizers, Plant- ing, Cultivation, Soil properties, Plant diseases, Pest control, Curing, Standards, Developing country appli- cation. The growth process of Flue cured Virginia tobacco from the nursery seedling right up to its curing and grading is outlined. The selection of nursery sites, care of the seedlings, the type of soil required, the prevail- ing cultural and manurial practices relevant to the to- bacco growing, its curing and grading are dealt with in detail. PB83-153411/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Office of the United States Trade Representative, Washington, DC. Guide to the U.S. Generalized System of Prefer- ences (GSP). Dec 82, 105p Keywords: 'Taxes, Tariffs, Government policies, 'International trade. The United States now offers duty-free entry to devel- oping countries on approximately 2,850 product cate- gories. Under its Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), a wide range of eligible articles can enter duty- free into the United States when imported from any of over 1 40 designated beneficiary developing countries and non-independent countries and territories. The program began January 1, 1976, and will expire Janu- ary 4, 1985. This booklet is a practical guide to the U.S. system: how to find out what products are eligible, what countries have been designated, what must be done by producers, exporters and U.S. importers to qualify shipments, and where to obtain further informa- tion. Insights on Food Safety Evaluation. Final rept. Dec 82, 63p FDA/BF-83/15 Contract FDA-223-8 1-2394 Keywords: 'Food, Toxicology, Bioassay, 'Safety, Evaluation, Generally recognized as safe food ingredi- ents. This report was developed by a group of qualified sci- entists under the direction of FASEB designated the Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS). It provides the SCOGS Committees views on food safety evaluations based on 10 years of experience in the food safety evaluation process. PB83-154195/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. Agricultural Finance: Outlook and Situation, George R. Amols, Frances A. Burke, Ron L. Durst, Linda R. Farmer, and Stephen C. Gabriel. 17 Dec 82, 30p AFO-23 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Financial man- agement, Financing, Credit, Liabilities, Loans. Financial conditions in the farm sector continued to de- teriorate in 1982. Major contributing factors were slug- gish foreign and domestic economic conditions, large world crop supplies, high interest rates, and the cumu- lative impact of 3 years of low farm income. The number of farmers in financial distress increased, al- though it remains very low. PB83-154351/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Inst, of Water Re- search. Utilization of Wastewater for Intensive Fish Cul- ture. Rept. for 1 Jan 75-30 Sep 78, Howard E. Johnson, and Daniel J. Duffield. Sep 80, 41 p W83-01788, , OWRT-A-082-MICH(2) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -5022 Keywords: 'Fishes, 'Waste water reuse, 'Aquacul- ture, Production, Lagoons(Ponds), Density(Mass/ volume), Water quality, pH, Oxygen, Dissolved gases, Ammonia, Toxicity, Acceptability, Michigan, Mortality. Channel catfish were reared in 0.8 cu m cages in a southern Michigan farm pond and a pond which re- ceived secondary treated domestic wastewater. Cages were stocked in May with 1 1 7 mm fingerlings at densities of 50, 100 and 150 fish per cubic meter. The fish production in the farm pond was approximately 44.8 kg/cu m compared with 12.5 kg/cu m in the wastewater pond. The lower production in the wastewater pond was probably due to adverse water quality conditions including high pH, low dissolved oxygen and high concentrations of unionized ammo- nia. The results indicate that cage culture is not suita- ble in highly enriched wastewater ponds with extensive plant growth but successful cage culture may be prac- ticed in southern Michigan farm ponds. PB83-152637/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Enviro Control, Inc., Rockville, MD. Assessment of Engineering Control Monitoring Equipment - Volume I!. Final rept. Jun 81, 403p NIOSH-21 0-79-001 1-VOL-2 Contract PHS-NIOSH-21 0-79-0011 See also PB83-1 52629. Keywords: 'Safety, 'Environmental surveys, 'Air pol- lution, Exposure, Toxicity, Inspection, Hazardous ma- terials, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, As- sessments, 'Toxic substances, 'Occupational safety and health. A users' guide to the assessment of engineering con- trol monitoring equipment provides data sheets on commercially available instrument systems suitable for online monitoring of engineering controls and work practices. The information includes guidelines for se- lecting online monitoring instruments, matrices for identifying monitoring options, terminology used in de- fining performance and procurement specifications, and information summaries on several hundred moni- toring instruments. PB83-153916/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs. Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision F, Hazard Evaluation: Human and Domestic Animals. Nov 82, 163p EPA-540/9-82-025 Keywords: 'Pesticides, Humans, Animals, Assess- ments, Toxicity, Bioaccumulation. As a guideline for the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), Subdivision F supports the data requirements of 40 CFR Part 158. Subdivision F describes protocols for evaluating the toxicity of pes- ticides to nonhuman organisms and for relating the re- sults of these studies to human safety evaluations. Comments from environmental groups, academia, and industrial representatives were incorporated into the current draft. Subdivision F constitutes one volume of a twelve-part FIFRA guidelines series published by the National Technical Information Service. PB83-154146/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Bi- ology, Bethesda, MD. Life Sciences Research Office. PB83-154492/GAA PC A25/MF A01 Bureau of Industrial Economics, Washington, DC. U.S. Industrial Outlook, 1983 for 250 Industries with Projections for 1987. Jan 83, 578p* See also PB83-1 54484. Keywords: 'Economic development, Economic fac- tors, Sales, Market value, Manufacturing, Services, International trade, 'Industrial development. This book is a collection of industry reviews and fore- casts for 250 U.S. industries. Economic trends from 1 972 and projections to 1 987 are presented for each industry studied. The value of shipments for both do- mestic and international trade are discussed. PB83-155499/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Jute Agricultural Research Institute Annual Report, 1979. Aug 82, 200p Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'Agriculture, 'India, Agri- cultural engineering, Meteorology, Soil chemistry, En- 164 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tomology, Microbiology, Plant pathology, Agricultural economics, Developing country application. The Institute's work in the following fields is detailed: Plant breeding and genetics; soil chemistry; microbi- ology and STCR; agronomy, plant nutrition, agricultural engineering, mycology and pathology; entomology; ag- ricultural statistics, agricultural meteorology and agri- cultural extension. Reports on the operational re- search projects and 'lab to land' project, the activities of the Ramie research station, Sisal research station, and Sunhemp research station are included. PB83-155549/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germa- ny, F.R.). Implementation of a Modular, Flexible Production System with Automatic Information Processing. Jan 83, 407p* KFK-PDV-195 Trans, of mono. Realisierung eines Modularen, Flexib- len Fertigungssystems mit Automatischer Informa- tionsverarbeitung, n.p., 500p Aug 80. Keywords: "Computers, 'Information systems, Manu- facturing, Data processing, Automatic control, Ma- chine tools, Machining, Systems engineering, Modular construction, Translations. A flexible manufacturing cell was developed as a basic module for a stepwise installation into flexible manu- facturing systems. For a range of rotational work- pieces, which were selected from an actual industrial part spectrum the specific handling, machining oper- ations and measuring tasks were investigated. The flexible manufacturing cell includes all the components necessary to machine automatically a family of rota- tional workpieces on a single machine-tool. In addition to this objective the machine-tool must operate for at least one shift without human control. To accomplish this task, the technological and control functions of a CNC-machine-tool are enlarged by means of automat- ic storage of working-stock, material and information and for the automatic handling of workpieces, clamp- ing- and measuring devices. PB83-156760/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Alexandria Univ. (Egypt). Higher Inst, of Public Health. Multiple Water Reuse in Poultry Processing: Case Study in Egypt. Final rept. 1 Apr 76-31 Mar 80, Ahmed Hamza. Jan 83, 109p EPA-600/2-83-005 Keywords: *Food processing, * Waste water reuse, "Poultry, *Egypt, Chlorination, Cooling water, Filtra- tion, Diatomaceous earth, Bacteria, Greases, Water conservation, Flushing, Requirements, Potable water, Fresh water, Tables(Data), Shelf life. An industrial-scale multiple water reuse system was under investigation for a period of four years at a modern poultry processing plant in Alexandria, Egypt. The system involved: chlorination of cooling water from the compressor; reuse of this water in the chiller; successive transfer of an equivalent amount of water from the chiller to the prechiller, from the prechiller to the wash tank, and finally, from the wash tank to the scalder. Process waters in the prechiller and wash tank were alternately purified by diatomaceous earth filtration. Long-term studies at the plant indicated suc- cessful utilization of a multiple reuse system with chlor- inated water (20 mg/l input) and a water makeup rate of 20 m3/day. PB83-158675/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Arizona Univ., Tucson. Office of Arid Lands Studies. Jojoba Wild Stands: Natural History and Use Im- Pacts. inal rept., Jean L. Mills, and Kennith E. Foster. Feb 82, 80p Sponsored in part by Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. Keywords: "Drought, History, Sonoran Desert, Seeds, Waxes, "Oilseed crops, Plant ecology, Distribution(Property), Reproduction(Biology), Har- vesting, Environmental impacts, Cattle, "Jojoba. This extensive literature review identifies sources of in- formation about the natural history and use impacts of jojoba, a drought-resistant evergreen shrub of the Son- oran Desert. Between 40 and 60 percent of the large jojoba seed is a liquid wax with many commercial uses; it is a potential substitute for whale oil. PB83-158790/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Institution of Engineers (India), Nagpur. All India Seminar: Low Cost and Package Water Treatment Plants for Drinking Water in Rural Areas, Held at Nagpur on January 8-9, 1977. Jan 77, 102p Sponsored in part by National Environmental Engi- neering Research Inst., Nagpur (India)., and India Water Works Association, Nagpur. Keywords: "Water treatment, "Rural areas, Clarifica- tion, Cost effectiveness, Potable water, Iron, Ground water, Hydrology, Water supply, Sand filters, Pumps, India, Developing country application. The aim of the seminar was to discuss all the aspects of rural water supply with special reference to the point of economy and development of package water treat- ment plants which are low cost and appropriate to rural conditions. PB83-158923/GAA PC A19/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Pharmaceuticals for Developing Countries - Con- ference Proceedings. Final rept. 1979, 443p ISBN-0-309-02891-4 Contract DHEW-282-78-EJM Library of Congress catalog card no. LCCCN-79- 89015. Keywords: "Drugs, "Industrial development, Diagnos- tic agents, Pharmaceutical industry, Effectiveness, Safety, Therapy, Research, Prophylaxis, Accessibility, Foreign countries, Biomedical research. The conference reported here was proposed to ex- plore four sets of inter-related issues: (1) the principal health problems of the developing world and the effec- tiveness, safety, and utilization of those preventive, prophylactic, and therapeutic agents now available; (2) the factors responsible for the paucity of research effort of the disease problems of developing countries by the biomedical research establishments of the American pharmaceutical industry and universities; (3) relevant scientific opportunities and (4) policy initia- tives required to strengthen incentives and overcome disincentives for industry and the academic community to do more to help solve these problems. PB83-159244/GAA PC A1 1/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Alternatives para el USO del Suelo en Areas Fores- tales del Tropico Humedo. Tomo 1-4 (Alternatives for using the Land in Forest Areas of the Humid Tropic. Volumes 1-4), Helmut Janka, and Hansjoerg Steinlin. Sep 81, 242p SP-26, SP-29 Text in Spanish. Also includes rept. nos. SP-27 and SP-28. Also pub. in ISSN-01 85-2566. Keywords: "Central America, "Tropical regions, "For- estry, "Economic development, Conservation, Exploi- tation, Guatemala, Humans, Settling, Anthropology, Plants(Botany), Steroids, Mexico, Developing country application, Barbasco. In this publication are presented some results of the research done by members of the 'Agreement on plan- ning the exploitation and utilization of tropical forest areas', signed on August, 1978 by the governments of West Germany and Mexico. Vol. I includes 2 studies which define the areas where to do the research, con- tribution to the economic situation, and living condi- tions in the rural tropical and subtropical areas. Vol. II: Preservation of the 'Montes Azules' biosphere (near the Guatemalan border); human settlements and fauna of the Lacandona Forest, Economic anthropolo- gy of the Mayan communities of the Lacandona Forest, Chiapas; Vol. Ill: Prehispanic strata in the La- candona Forest and its importance in systems of agri- cultural production; Intensive cultivation, socio-eco- nomic implications; and Vol. IV: The Mexican 'bar- basco' (dioscorea composita, a plant), its commercial growth. PB83-159251/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Primera Reunion Nacional sobre Jojoba (First Na- tional Conference on Jojoba), Avelino B. Villa Salas, Oscar Cedeno Sanchez, Carlos E. Gonzales Vincente, and Raul Villaraeal Canton. Nov 81, 244p SP-30 Text in Spanish. Also pub. in ISSN-01 85-2566. Keywords: "Deserts, "Arid land, "Mexico, Research projects, Cultivation, Pest control, Field tests, Soil properties, Extraction, Reproduction(Biology), Germi- nation, Industries, Climate, Byproducts, Elastomers, Developing country application, "Jojoba, Simonsia chinensis, Commercialization, Baja California(Mexico). This document contains 42 reports on the Jojoba pre- sented at La Paz, Baja California Sur, from 25 to 28. They are on five different themes. Theme 1 is the eval- uation of the research studies conducted in Mexico on the Jojoba. Theme 2 is the cultivation and exploitation of the jojoba. Theme 3 is processing of the plant. Theme 4 is commercialization of the Jojoba; and theme 5 is domestication and cultivation of the Jojoba. PB83-159269/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Primera Reunion sobre Plagas y Enfermedades Forestales (First Conference on Forest Pests and Diseases), Avelino B. Villa Salas, Justina Perusquia Ortiz, Francisco Martinez Gonzales, Carlos E. Gonzales Vincente, and Rafael Antonio Bejar Martin. Nov 81, 56p SP-32 Also pub. in ISSN-01 85-2566. Keywords: "Pest control, "Forestry, "Plant diseases, Forest trees, Distribution(Property), Bark, Defoliation, Pine trees, Microorganisms, Mexico, Developing coun- try application. Since 1960 the National Institute of Forest Research of Mexico has investigated the habits of insects that cause forest diseases, their distribution, and means to control them. The pests have been attacked by cura- tive rather than preventive measures, and reports of the appearance of pests are growing, confirming the destruction of important areas of trees. This document assesses the situation and proposes some short and medium term solutions. PB83-159277/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Nopal (Cactus opuntia), Jose Miguel Medina Cota, and Alfredo Vazquez Aguilar. Dec 81, 89p SP-34 Text in Spanish. Also pub. in ISSN-01 85-2566.Color il- lustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: "Plants(Botany), "Deserts, Morphology, Chemical properties, Taxonomy, Mexico, Plant ecolo- gy, Plant reproduction, Pest control, Forage crops, Feeding stuffs, Marketing, Developing country applica- tion, Commercialization. The purpose of this document is to summarize the in- formation acquired on the nopal from the past and to report the results of the research and experiences with nopal (Opuntia) in order to know better this resource and to improve the conditions for cultivation of this cactus. Sixteen chapters on different aspects related to this plant, such as morphology and characteristics of the plant, chemical components, taxonomy, some common species of nopal in Mexico, ecology, propa- gation, pests, application of the nopal as forage and foodstuffs, marketing and commercialization of the prickly pear, financial analysis of the prickly pear, and the seed or cochineal. PB83-159517/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Ruhrchemie A.G., Oberhausen (Germany, F.R.). Thermal Processing of Spent Catalysts, D. Ernst, and S. Speth. Feb 83, 24p BMFT-FB-T-80- 189 Trans, of mono. Thermische Aufarbeitung von Altkata- lysatoren, n.p., 24p Dec 80. See also N82-12205. Keywords: "Metals, Purification, "Chemical industry, Petrochemical industry, Residues, Fluidized bed proc- essing, Laboratory equipment, Translations, "Waste recycling, Solid wastes. 165 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The well-known recovery of metals or their com- pounds from spent catalysts is complicated or be- comes uneconomical when coke or high-molecular compounds are present. By means of a special pre- treatment of the spent catalysts following the thermal processing in the fluidized-bed reactor, it is possible to obtain a starting material free from organic impurities, which is suited for the recovery of the valuable compo- nents of the catalysts in a known manner. In the course of further development it was possible to com- plete successfully work on the feeding of the fluidized- bed reactor with used catalysts from widely varying sources. The waste-gas purification and fine-dust sep- aration comply with emission regulations. The unit is to be regarded as a demonstration plant, especially if the waste-heat utilization can be integrated to improve the economic performance. PB83-1 59921 /GAA PC A05/MF A01 Centre Technique des Industries Mecaniques, Saint- Etienne (France). Exploratory Study of Flexible Workshops, M. Jubin. Jan 83, 100p CETIM-1-4N-12-9 Trans, of mono. Etude Exploratoire Ateliers Flexibles, n.p., 1 1 2p Jul 81 . See also N82-1 8421 . Keywords: 'Industrial plants, Automation, Flexibility, * Plant layout, Manufacturing, Production engineering, Translations. The flexibility of the industrial workshop in performing a variety of fabrication jobs is considered. The relatively large amount of production time which is lost due to too much (production line) or too little (single jobber) machine specificity is cited. A best possible compro- mise between productivity and job flexibility is sought. An automated universal workshop is proposed. The in- dividual fabrication units are described, taking machine tool manufacture as an example. The control system and materials handling system are depicted. General- ization to most mechanical construction tasks is re- garded as feasible. PB83-161950/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Punjab Agricultural Univ., Ludhiana (India). Coll. of Vet- erinary Science. Immunisation against Bovine Tropical Theileriosis. Final rept. 1 Oct 78-30 Sep 80, Dharam Kaur, Harsharanjit Singh, and S. N. Samantaray. Sep 80, 27p Keywords: 'Animal diseases, 'Vaccines, Validity, In- fectious diseases, Cultures(Biology), Developing coun- try application, Theleria annulata. The objective of the scheme was to intensify work on producing vaccines against theleria annulata. This ob- jective has been fulfilled as the extended work under the present scheme has further established validity of 3 methods of immunisation, Quantum of infection, In- fection-treatment and Tissue-culture vaccine. All these 3 methods solidly immunized animals, as these are fully protected against lethal challenge infection. The latter two methods can be adopted in practice. PB83-162107/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Development and Consulting Services, Butwal (Nepal). Operation and Maintenance of Gobar Gas Plants. Second Edition, John H. Finlay. 1980, 50p Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Waste recycling, 'Ma- nures, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Solid waste disposal, Leakage, Industrial engineering, Agri- cultural wastes, 'Biogas, Developing country applica- tion. The first report gives detailed instructions on running a biogas plant, covering preparation of the dung slurry; filling the pit and adding bacteria; fitting the gas holder and the first gas; adjustment and care of appliances; gas pressure; daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly rou- tines; cold month procedures; use and disposal of spent slurry; overcoming problems; safety; and how to find possible gas leaks. Working drawings necessary to start one's own plant are included. The report on the Tapei symposium adds useful information on Red Mud Plastic as a construction material and comments on integrated farming. The Taipei paper is entitled, '500 Cattle Dung (Gobar) Gas Plants Built in Nepal in 5 Years from Design to the Field and Back again.' It gives a comprehensive resume of the very successful Nepali biogas project. The ESCAP paper also reviews the Nepali project, but only 95 plants run for two years. This review is very comprehensive however. PC A05/MF A01 Development Group, PB83-162495/GAA Intermediate Technology London (England). Construccion de Tanques de Agua de Ferroce- mento (Ferrocement Water Tanks and their Con- struction), S. B. Watt. C1978, 95p ISBN-0-903031-51-5 See also PB-297 375. Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Reinforced concrete, 'Water supply, 'Containers, Manuals, Construction, Steel wire, Live- stock, Irrigation, Design, Standards, Industries, Con- struction materials, Reinforcing materials, Developing country application. This publication describes in detail, methods of con- structing water storage tanks from wire-reinforced cement-mortar. These tanks are widely used in many parts of the world to collect and store water for domes- tic, stock, irrigation, and also for industrial purposes. Subject areas include planning and designing the tank, standard methods of construction, and alternative de- signs. (Copyright (c) Intermediate Technology Publica- tions Ltd., 1978.) PB83-162677/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Institution of Engineers (India), Nagpur. All India Seminar on Economic Design of Medium and Minor Cross Drainage Works. Held on July 14- 15, 1979. Jul 79, 223p Keywords: 'Hydrology, Foundations, Design, Con- struction, Hydraulic models, Piers, Retaining walls, Protection, Aqueducts, Bridges, Head loss, Erosion, Canals, Catch basins, Cost analysis, Runoff, Cross- ings, India, Developing country application. This seminar was organized to study in detail the exist- ing practice of design and construction of cross-drain- age works and evolve methods to optimize the designs with integrated approach. The seminar covered vari- ous aspects of hydraulic considerations and structural design, combining the total effect of these on the economy. The topics covered are: Hydrology and Planning; Choice of Structure Including Prefabricated Members; Foundation; Piers and Bearings; Super- structure; Retaining, Training and Protection Works. PB83-162834/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Interagency Toxic Substances Data Committee, Washington, DC. First Report of the Interagency Toxic Substances Data Committee. Nov 80, 42p Sponsored in part by Council on Environmental Qual- ity, Washington, DC, and Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Information systems, Toxicology, Risks, 'Toxic substances, Occupational safety and health. This is the first report of the Interagency Toxic Sub- stances Data Committee (ITSDC) on its efforts to co- ordinate classification, storage, and retrieval of chemi- cal information. Since its inception in 1978, the ITSDC has focused its efforts on the construction of a Chemi- cal Substances Information Network (CSIN). The Chemical Substances Information Network is de- signed to facilitate efficient and widespread use of many independent sources of chemical information. By providing analytic capabilities and interconnections between various kinds of data, it streamlines collection and integration of information from diverse sources, reducing the time and paperwork required to reach in- formed decisions about chemical hazards and bene- fits. CSIN will ultimately contribute to better decision- making by all sectors of society as they grapple with the known and unknown risks of chemicals. PB83-162982/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A.G., Munich (Germany, F.R.). Economic Solar Heating System with Cost-Effi- cient Flat-Plate Collectors. Final rept. Sep 79-Oct 80, Waldburg Eder-Milchgieber, and Roland Burkart. Feb 83, 28p BMFT-FB-T-80-113 Trans, of mono. Entwicklung Wirtschaftlicher Solar- heizsysteme mit Kostenguenstigen Kollektoren, n.p., 24 p Oct 80. See also N81 -24592. Keywords: Hot water heating, Automatic control equip- ment, Temperature control, Swimming pools, Transla- tions, 'Solar water heating, Solar water heaters, Flat plate collectors. A cost-efficient flat-plate solar collector for providing hot water and/or heating swimming pools is described. Efficiency curves were determined experimentally and service life investigated. The weather-proof construc- tion affords versatility, ease of, and hence low-cost in- stallation. Various types of mounting are given, espe- cially for pitched roofs. A range of automatic control systems incorporating the solar collector are present- ed. PB83-163279/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Building Research Inst., Pretoria (South Africa). Use of Organic Materials in the Maintenance of Buildings, R. E. Cromarty. 1980, 9p R/BOU-861 Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Maintenance, Plastics, Cost analysis. The conclusion is that organic materials can do much to reduce maintenance costs on buildings, when cor- rectly applied, but when incorrectly used they can de- teriorate rapidly and become a major source of build- ing maintenance. PB83-163311/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Technical Services Dept. Plastics in the 80s. Mar 82, 82p TSD BOOK-0001 /82, ISBN-0-7988- 2357-7 Keywords: 'Plastics, 'Construction, 'Building materi- als, Construction materials, Reinforced plastics, Auto- motive industry, Electron beams, Forecasting, Design criteria. Contents: An overview; High-duty, fibre-reinforced plastics; Plastics in the automotive industry; 'Electron-beam processing of plastics; The future of plastics in the construction industry; The use of plastics for domestic products; Designing in plastics, with particular reference to the role of the mould designer. PB83-163550/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. School of Medi- cine. Research Study to Improve Teenage Contracep- tion Practices. Final rept., Theodore M. King, and Flora N. Roebuck. Oct 81 , 172p MCH/CCS-82/06 Grant PHS-MC-R-240422 Keywords: 'Contraceptives, 'Education, 'Birth con- trol, Attitudes, Behavior. This study investigated the effectiveness of short-term educational intervention in changing adolescent con- traceptive practices and sexual hygiene in order to reduce repeat pregnancy rates and the frequency of sexually transmitted disease among the study sam- ples. PB83-163824/GAA PCA11/MFA01 California Univ., Los Angeles. Child Amputee Prosthetics Project - Research. Final rept., Yoshi Setoguchi, Carl Sumida, and Julie Shaperman. Mar 82, 248p MCH/CCS-82/04 Grant PHS-MCR-060004 Keywords: 'Children, 'Prosthetics, 'Health, Amputa- tion, Artificial limbs, Design. The main objective of the study was to design and de- velop new prosthetic components to meet the needs of limb deficient and amputee children. Most of the 166 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS components were to be parts of a total system. During a 13 1/2 year period (1967-1981) seventeen devices were designed and developed - three mobility devices, one assistive device, one lower extremity device and twelve upper extremity devices and using a develop- mental methodology. The devices took into account factors in child development, functional needs, materi- als and methods of production. Clinical trial was con- ducted to evaluate whether components met their design goals; these evaluations were conducted at the Child Amputee Prosthetics Project. PB83-165068/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO. National Engineering Lab. Membrane Separations in Chemical Processing, Thomas M. Flynn, and J. Douglas Way. Dec 82, 28p NBSIR-82-1675 See also PB82-264276. Keywords: * Energy conservation, Separations, •Chemical industry, Technology, Operating costs. Rapidly rising energy and operating costs have under- scored the need for novel energy efficient separations processes, such as membrane processes, which avoid the energy consuming phase change step of many conventional separations (e.g., distillation, absorption, stripping). It is well known that membrane separation is the most energy efficient separation technique ther- modynamically possible, since it does not rely upon va- porization and condensation to effect fractionation. Recent developments in solid polymer, hollow fiber and liquid membranes give excellent promise for in- dustrial application. Hence, because of recent techno- logical developments of these new membranes, and because of its great energy savings potential, research is being conducted on the fundamentals determining separation rates, separation factors, and selectivity of new types of solid and liquid membranes with potential application to the chemical process industry. PB83-165688/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South Africa). Technical Services Dept. Mini-Seminar on Materials Handling. Jun 82, 75p TSD BOOK-0003/82, ISBN-0-7988- 2359-3 Keywords: "Materials handling, * South Africa, Stor- age, Warehouses, Trends, Automation, Equipment, Fi- nancing, Robots. The seminar concerned trends in warehousing, equip- ment purchase, use of industrial robots, and econom- ics of automated systems. PB83-165936/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Science and Engineering Research Council, Chilton (England). Rutherford Appleton Lab. Energy Storage for Wind-Generator Application, F. M. Russell. c1982, 10p RL-81-081 Keywords: 'Energy, *Wind energy, Energy storage, Deformation, Elastic properties, Inflatable structures, Subsurface structures, Underground storage, Wind power generation, Developing country application. A low-cost method was developed for storing energy and stiffening power supplied by wind generators. It in- volved inflatable, fabric-reinforced elastic liners buried underground and containing a fluid, probably water, at an intermediate pressure. The ground would be sub- ject to elastic deformation and the method could be applicable to unstable ground such as deep sand, het- erogeneous sedimentary or other unconsolidated de- posits in remote locations or hostile environments. While the density of energy storage was considered low, compared with pumped-hydro systems, the tech- nology could be attractive for developing countries. PB83-166025/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Dominicano de Tecnologia Industrial, Santo Domingo. Guia Para el Uso del Sistema Internacional de Uni- dades: Definiciones y Tablas de Equivalencias (Guide for the Use of the International System of Standards: Definitions and Tables of Equivalents). 1977, 59p Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Standards, Tables(Data), Developing country application. The International System of Standards prevents the confusion that would be caused by the use of different standards of measurement. This system has proven to be more rational than others in all scientific and techni- cal fields, and today it is the most used in every field. This guide points out recommendations and practical rules for the correct utilization of the International System of Standards, and provides factors for the con- version of other systems to the international one through equivalency tables. PB83-166439/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Indian Inst, of Tech., Bombay. Rolling of Metals, V. A. Javoronkov, and R. C. Chaturvedi. c1981, 400p Prepared in cooperation with Moscow Higher Techni- cal Inst. (USSR). Keywords: * Metals, Rolling mills, Design, Technology, Blooms(Metals), Billets, Metal slabs, Theory, Metal plates, Metal sheets, Tubes. The book is largely based on the lectures delivered by the authors at the postgraduate programs at NT Bombay and other institutions, as well as at the short term courses for persons in the industry. This book is devoted to only one process i.e. Rolling, and its cover- age of all the three main facets of the science of roll- ing, viz. technology, theory, and the design of equip- ment. A good use of principles, of rolling, of calculation of forces and of design of rolling mill elements outlined in this volume can definitely result in a better and more efficient utilization of the existing facilities in the steel plants. The chapters in this book are: Basic Problems in Technology of Rolling; Principles of Roll Pass Design; Rolling of Blooms, Slabs and Billets; Rolling of Finished Sections; Rolling of Strip Sheet and Plate; Production of Tubes and Machine Parts; Fundamen- tals of Theory of Rolling; Calculation of the Forces and Torques Required for Rolling; Design of Rolls and Bearings; Housing and Adjustment Mechanisms; Transmission Mechanism; and Electrical Drive and Au- tomation for Rolling Mills. PB83-166629/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Manufacturing Method for Photo-Voltaic Materials by Chemical Spray Pulverization, M. Savelli, J. Lahaye, and J. Vedel. Feb 83, 60p EUR-7015-FR Trans, of mono. Methode de Fabrication de Materiaux Photo-Voltaiques par Pulverisation Chimique Spray, n.p.,64p1982. Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: * Photovoltaic Power System, Supports, Ad- hesion, Atomizing, Translations. Acetonitrile has been shown to be a suitable carrier solvent for the preparation of thin layers of cuprous sulphide by chemical atomization. A reactive spraying apparatus for monodispersed mist has been devel- oped. It is claimed to be indispensable for establishing a firm relation between the characteristics of the mist and those of the films obtained. The formation of thin layers of cadmium sulphide and stannic oxide on vari- ous supports has been studied and the quality of the layers, their adhesion to the support, and the influence of the nature and temperature of the support on the reactions have been investigated. Three laboratories have participated in the evaluation of the physical characteristics of the thin layers. PB83-166694/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Development and Consulting Services, Butwal (Nepal). Economics of Gobar Gas, Alan Pang, Prakash Chandra Shrestha, and David Fulford. 1980, 49p Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: Farms, Economic analysis, Feasibility, Sites, Inspection, Surveys, "Fuels, Inspection, "Biogas, Manure, Solid wastes, Developing county ap- plication. This series of reports follows a sequence necessary to start and run a biogas project. The first provides and introduction to biogas, its costs, and its yields. Its use will conserve forests, create clean, healthy fuel and fertilizer, and save Nepal foreign exchange. The feasi- bility study considered water and dung supply, degree of cooperation among the affected villagers, the need for the plant, and intangibles such as erosion control. The initial survey investigates the community social sit- uation, needs, and cooperation. The Gobar Gas com- pany had had personnel problems which decreased service, but the problems were being worked out. The project has been highly successful. The 1 1 Chinese plants worked well with no leaks from the cement but the gas valves leaked. The scum breaker also caused problems. The high quality plaster work required is the greatest hindrance. PB83-166702/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO. Biogas, Farmers, and Development in Nepal; Biogas in Nepal: A State of the Art, J. Finlay, Dan E. Jantzen, A. Schlorholtz, N. Peters, and D. J. Fulford. 1981, 74p SERI/TP-624-925 Contract DOE-EG-77-C-01-4042 Prepared in cooperation with Development and Con- sulting Services, Butwal (Nepal). Portions of this docu- ment are not fully legible. Keywords: *Waste recycyling, Biomass, "Fuels, Meth- ane, "Fertilizers, Design criteria, Performance evalua- tion, Surveys, Industrial plants, Farms, "Biogas, Solid wastes, State of the art, Developing county applica- tion, Manure, Energy sources. The first of the two reports making up this publication was prepared for SERI; the second is solely by Devel- opment and Consulting Services of the United Mission to Nepal. The first report describes the Nepali project in which over 500 biogas units have been built using Indian, Chinese, and new tunnel digesters. A survey indicated farmers are satisfied with their digesters, but a number of problem areas remain. The digesters are competitive with commercial firewood and cheaper than other sources of energy used. A company to build and service digesters has been set up, which provides a 20 year guarantee and annual visits by technicians. The earlier report investigates the state of the art of biogas up to 1978. Its use was meant to reduce defor- estation, as well as provide energy and fertilizer. The Indian design was the starting point, but presented problems because of Nepal's higher altitude and colder climate. By 1 978, 350 plants had been built. Be- cause poor farmers couldn't afford their own plants, large plants for whole communities was attempted. Sociological studies should be able to overcome the sociological problems caused by such new schemes. PB83-166785/GAA PC A13/MF A01 National Inst, of Nutrition, Hyderabad (India). National Institute of Nutrition Annual Report, Janu- ary 1-December 31, 1981. 1982, 300p Keywords: "Nutrition, Nutritive value, Humans, Nutri- tional requirements, Nutritional deficiencies, Re- search, Drugs, Toxicology, Food poisoning, Food adul- teration, Vitamins, Protein, Metabolism, Developing country application. This report covers a wide range of research on varied aspects of nutrition and allied disciplines undertaken by the National Institute of Nutrition, Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre during 1981. Summaries of the research and the results in the following fields of investigation are given: Nutritive value of foods, vita- mins, protein energy, malnutrition and nutrition and brain development, nutrition and metabolic disorders, food toxicology and drug metabolism. Reports on field investigations, extension and training activities are also detailed. The work done by the Laboratory Ani- mals Information Service Center is also included. PB83-166991/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Development and Consulting Services, Butwal (Nepal). Gobar Gas (Biogas) Survey in Nepal - 1979; a Survey of Three Community Biogas Plants in Nepal - 1980; Survey of Present Gobar Gas Work in India; and Night Soil Gas Plant, Andrew Bulmer, Al Schlorholtz, David J. Fulford, and Nick Peters. 1980, 72p Keywords: Design criteria, "Fuels, Sources, Perform- ance evaluation, Surveys, Industrial plants, Fertilizers, 167 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS *Biogas, Manure, Developing country application, Solid wastes. The first of these documents investigates the success of a project to bring the use of Biogas to Nepal. 50 users and 24 non-users were interviewed. The conclu- sions were that use of biogas in Nepal is successful, providing clean kitchens, healthier lives, and saving forests. They cause no social problems, but the serv- ice company for the plants needs improvement. The second report shows that community plants relying on continued cooperation are fragile enterprises. One of the plants ended up being run by one family, the gas distributed according to the dung input by each family. The gas was not used fully. Technical problems were partly responsible for this. In the second village techni- cal problems and social problems reduced the number of users to 5 families from 26. In the third case the plant fell into disrepair but the social pattern of using a common area for defecation to fill the plant benefitted from having a permanent enclosure built. This scheme charged for use of the gas to help run the plant but the technical and social problems stymied correction. The third report lists the activities of various gobar gas re- search stations in India. The fourth report gives direc- tions and specifications to build a night soil gas plant, including working drawings. PB83-167437/GAA PC E09/MF E09 Liverpool Univ. (England). Marine Transport Centre. Economics of Short-Sea Freight Ferries, M. G. Garratt. Nov 80, 190p ISBN-0-905394-089 Keywords: *Ships, 'Waterway transportation, Route surveys, Cargo transportation, Handling equipment, Seaports, Marine terminals, Cost analysis. It is the purpose of this report to attempt to determine the cost structures of the various components of through transport short-sea services, to consider the relationship between traffic volumes and appropriate technology, the way in which shipping lines compete, and how future changes might redirect development. The analysis is based upon a questionnaire survey of operators, interviews with ports and shipping lines, trade press data, and in particular, Lloyds List data on vessel itineraries and Lloyds and other Registers of ships, and the excellent statistics produced by the Na- tional Ports Council. PB83-167684/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Ciencia Forestal. Volume 5, Numero 23, Enero-Fe- brero, 1980 (Forest Science. Volume 5, Number 23, January-February, 1980), Renato Sanchez Ramirez, Roberto Villasenor, Silvia Carrera Garcia, Manuel Enriquez Quintana, and Teresa German Ramirez. Feb 80, 69p Text in Spanish. See also Volume 5, Number 24, PB80-167692.Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: *Wood, *Mexico, 'Forestry, Borers(Biology), Wood, Plant reproduction, Pallets, Oak trees, Lepidoptera, Damage, Developing country application, Plant regeneration, Galls. This volume includes 4 articles: Pathogenic macromy- cets and destroyers of wood in the forests of the Tar- ascan Plateau, Mich; Three tests of grafts in Pinus patula; The industry of wired wooden crates of the State of Durango; Damages associated with the Ento- mofauna in a population of oaktrees. PB83-167692/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Ciencia Forestal. Volume 5, Numero 24, Marzo- Abril, 1980 (Forest Science. Volume 5, Number 24, March-April, 1980), Ignacio Vazquez Collazo, Rodolfo Lobato, Arturo Carrillo, Fernando Patino Varela, and lldefonso Talavera Armas. Apr 80, 69p Text in Spanish. See also Volume 5, Number 23, PB83-1 67684 and Volume 5, Number 25, PB83- 167700. Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Mexico, 'Forestry, Nematodes, Tropical regions, Destruction, Social effect, Pine trees, Seeds, Forest land, Insects, Ro- dents, Maintenance, Humidity, Forest trees, Develop- ing country application. This journal contains 5 articles: Nematological explora- tion in the Experimental Forestry Station 'Barranca de Cupatizio', Uruapan, Mich.; Social stratification and de- struction of the Lacandon Jungle in Chiapas (Mexico); Humidity content in seeds of 7 species of Pinus and 1 of Abies during storage and its relation to the germina- tion percentage; Some aspects of forest protection in the experimental station 'El Tormento'; A tool that per- mits maintenance of humidity in aerial layers. PB83-167700/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Ciencia Forestal. Volume 5, Numero 25, Mayo- Junio, 1980 (Forest Science. Volume 5, Number 25, May-June, 1980), Raul Bertoni Vega, Victor M. Juarez Gutierrez, Jose Maria Barrio Chavira, and Adilfo A. del Rio Mora. Jun 80, 69p Text in Spanish. See also Volume 5, Number 24, PB83-1 67692 and Volume 5, Number 26, PB83- 167718.Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Mexico, 'Forestry, 'Tropical regions, Forest trees, Plant growth, Lepidoptera, Pine trees, Forest land, Developing country application, Forest plantation, Pinus michoacana. It contains 3 articles: Behaviour of nine tropical forest species planted in 1971 in the Tropical Experimental Forestry Station 'El Tormento'; Pilot plantation of Gmelina arborea tried with three local resources; De- tection of the Genus Petrova (Lepidoptera:Olethreutidae) in natural and artificial re- populations of Pinus michoacana in the Experimental Forest Station. PB83-167726/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Ciencia Forestal. Volume 5, Numero 27, Sep- tiembre-Octubre, 1980 (Forest Science. Volume 5, Number 27, September-October, 1980), Gilberto Chavez Leon, Adolfo A. del Rio Nora, and Renato Sanchez Ramirez. Oct 80, 69p Text in Spanish. See also Volume 5, Number 26, PB83-167718 and Volume 5, Number 28, PB83- 167734. Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Technology transfer, 'Mexico, 'Forestry, Animals, Wildlife, Protection, 'In- sects, Pine trees, Fungi, Food, Poisons, Borers(Biology), Developing country application. This issue contains three articles: The wild fauna of Quintana Roo - a poorly used resource; Identification of the main pests of cones of Pinus spp. of the experi- mental forestry station 'Barranca de Cupatitzio', Urua- pan, Mich; Edible and poisonous fungi in the forest region of the Tarascan Plateau, Mich. PB83-167734/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Ciencia Forestal. Volume 5, Numero 28, No- viembre-Diciembre, 1980 (Forest Science. Volume 5, Number 28, November-December, 1980, Avelino B. Villa Salas, Francisco Rodriguez Gallegos, Sigrid Diechtl, Victor Job Herrera Sanchez, and Federico Islas Salas. Dec 80, 69p Text in Spanish. See also Volume 5, Number 27, PB83-1 67726 and Volume 6, Number 29, PB83- 167742. Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Mexico, 'Forestry, Forage crops, Forest trees, Pasture, Borers(Biology), Exploitation, Wood, 'Tropical regions, Pine trees, De- veloping country application, Commercialization. This journal contains 5 articles: Research on the multi- ple use of the forest resources of North Sonora; State of the research carried out on Hypsiphylla grandella in the Southeast of Mexico; The Mexican Yam (Dioscor- eas genus): Conditions and perspectives for exploita- tion; Commercialization of rare and common tropical woods in Mexico City; The Southern Huller of the pine tree, D. frontalis and the biological struggle. PB83-167742/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico City. Ciencia Forestal. Volume 6, Numero 29, Enero-Fe- brero, 1981 (Forest Science. Volume 6, Number 29, January-February, 1981), Javier Chavelas Polito, Rogelio Perez Chavez, Roberto Susano Hernandez, and Roberto Villasenor Angeles. Feb 81, 69p Text in Spanish. See also Volume 5, Number 28, PB83-167734.Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Forestry, 'Mexico, Forest trees, Forest fires, Pest control, Economic fac- tors, Developing country application, Silviculture. This journal contains four articles: The Negrito (Simar- ouba glauca), a native species of multiple use; Forest fires as vectors of forest pests; Forest tree species ex- ploitable as forage; Economics of silviculture develop- ment. PB83-167825/GAA PC A07/MF A01 UOP, Inc., San Diego, CA. Fluid Systems Div. Research and Development on Spiral-Wound Thin- Film Composite Membrane Systems. Final rept. 25 Aug 1981-24 Aug 82, R. L Riley, and C. E. Milstead. 17 Sep 82, 133p W83-02052, , OWRT-C-10062-D(1481)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1481 Keywords: 'Desalination, 'Research and develop- ment, Performance evaluation, Research, Flux rate, Field tests, Nitrogen organic compounds, Wrightsville Beach Desalination Plant. Single-stage desalination of seawater by reverse os- mosis requires a membrane which approaches theo- retical semipermeability and is sufficiently thin to pro- vide transport of water at practical operating pressures and recovery rates. This objective has been achieved by the development of a family of thin-film composite membranes (TFC) based on nitrogen-containing poly- mers supported on a fabric reinforced porous support- ing membrane. Long-term field testing of spiral-would TFC membrane elements at the test facility at Wrights- ville Beach, North Carolina, was generally inconclusive since membrane damage due to the frequent pres- ence of chlorine in the feed water precluded obtaining meaningful performance data. PB83-167874/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State. Water Re- sources Research Inst. Evaluation of Corrosion in Pulp and Paper Mill White Water Reuse Applications. Technical completion rept. for 1 Oct 79-30 Sep 82, George R. Lightsey, William B. Hall, and Harold A. Koelling. 1 Oct 82, 43p W83-02057, , OWRT/RU-82/ 16 Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9439 Also pub. as Office of Water Research and Technolo- gy, Washington, DC. rept. no. OWRT-C90322-R(1). Keywords: 'Paper industry, Water reclamation, 'Cor- rosion, Circulation, Industrial water. The purpose of this research was to develop data for predicting the rates of corrosion of common metals at various levels of white water reuse in a pulp and paper mill. The white water at a kraft pulp and paper mill was characterized in terms of physical properties that are known to have potential corrosion hazards. Among the physical properties measured were temperature, con- ductivity, chloride concentration, hardness, sulfate concentration, pH, barium concentration, and sodium concentration. PB83-168831/GAA PC A12/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Priorities in Biotechnology Research for Interna- tional Development. Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Washington, DC and Berkeley Springs, West Virginia on July 26-30, 1982. Final rept. 1982, 272p Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS-1 023-00 168 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: "Research and development, 'Diseases, Tropical diseases, Research, Animal diseases, Genet- ics, Tissue culture, Priorities, Energy, Agriculture, Ni- trogen fixation, Plant cells, Medical research, State of the art, Monoclonal antibodies. In response to worldwide interest in the potential of biotechnology, the Agency for International Develop- ment asked BOSTID to convene a workshop. Scien- tists and policy-level planners were brought together to review the state of the art in their respective disci- plines and to recommend priorities in biotechnology research for international programs in agriculture, health and energy. Logistical considerations as well as considerations such as time frame for application to developing countries and the appropriateness for AID'S and other donors' development objectives caused the participants to limit their discussions to rec- ommendations on the following topics: vaccines, animal production, monoclonal antibodies, energy, bio- logical nitrogen fixation, and plant cell and tissue cul- ture. PB83-169144/GAA PC A16/MF A01 International Harvester Co., Hinsdale, IL. Methanol from Landfill Gas: Technology and Eco- nomics. Final rept., J. Bradford Hollomon. Dec 82, 366p* NYSERDA-82- 24 Keywords: "Methanol, 'Fuels, Materials recovery, Cost analysis, Performance evaluation, Design criteria, Operating costs, Chemical analysis, Marketing, Eco- nomic analysis. The study consists of a detailed conceptual process design for an integrated facility, including cost esti- mates and financial analysis; the results of a laboratory investigation of the composition of gas from the Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island; and a market analysis of potential methanol uses and plant sites in New York State. The report addresses the conditions under which operation of a methanol plant would be econom- ical, as well as strategies for introducing methanol into the marketplace. In addition, the report includes details on the extensive chemical data developed during the project concerning contaminants which might affect process performance or economics. PB83-169284/GAA PC A16/MF A01 National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD. Aquaculture Research - A Directory of USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) and State Projects in CRIS (Current Research Informa- tion System). Jan 83, 362p' MPUB-1432 Prepared in cooperation with Cooperative State Re- search Service, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Information sources, 'Aquaculture, 'Re- search and development, National government, State government, Project planning, Research projects, Animal nutrition, Animal behavior, Breeding, Genetics, Aquatic biology, Marine biology, Lagoons(Ponds), Sea grasses, Microbiology, Ecology, Harvesting, Market- ing, Economic factors, Spartina alterniflora, Salt marshes. Contents: Biology and behavior; Breeding and genetics; Diseases, parasites, pests, weeds; Ecology and environment; Feeding and nutrition; Production management systems; Harvesting and handling; Processing and product development; Product quality, nutritive value, consumption; Marketing and economics. PB83-169359/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Segmental and System Bridge Construction; Con- crete Box Girder and Steel Design, James C. Tail. 1982, 90p TRB/TRR-871, ISBN-0- 309-03400-0 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-2218. Also pub. inlSSN-0361-1981. Paper copy also available from Transportation Re- search Board, 2101 Costitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC. 20418. Keywords: 'Bridges, Box beams, Precast concrete, Cantilever beams, Girder bridges, Wooden bridges, Bridge decks, Dynamic loads, Steel structures. The 15 papers in this report deal with the following areas: I-205 over Columbia River Bridge: geometric control for cast-in-place and precast segmental box- girder construction; current practices in systems con- struction of concrete bridge structures; system con- struction of medium-span bridges in prestressed con- crete; segmental construction of medium-span bridges in prestressed concrete; segmental construction for concrete and steel bridges that incorporate position- ing; full-span form panels for highway bridges; precast concrete deck modules for bridge deck reconstruction; eleven-year performance of two precast, prestressed concrete bridge decks; Bebo concrete arch structural system; bridge structure construction system that uses treated lumber; live load distribution in concrete box- girder bridges; and, design of a skew, reinforced con- crete box-girder bridge model. PB83- 1 69474/G AA PC A04/ M F A0 1 National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD. Directory of Aquaculture Information Resources. Bibliographies and Literature of Agriculture. Dec 82, 69p BLA-25 Prepared in cooperation with Aspen Systems Corp., Germantown, MD. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Information Sources, Infor- mation centers, Libraries, Surveys, Fishes, Services. This Directory was compiled by Aspen Systems Corpo- ration in response to questionnaires developed by them with cooperation and guidance from the National Agricultural Library (NAL). Aquaculture is generally de- fined as the controlled cultivation and harvest of aquat- ic animals and plants, including finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweed. In the United States, it con- sists primarily of production of fish for human con- sumption, but stock for commerical and sport fisheries, bait, and ornamental fish are also important. PB83-169920/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Crain and Associates, Inc., Los Altos, CA. Development of TSM (Transportation System Man- agement) Programs in the San Francisco Bay Area. Final rept., David Curry, Burton Crowell, and David Reinke. Sep 82, 125p UMTA-CA/MT-82/100 Contract UMTA-CA-09-8004/8007 Sponsored in part by California State Dept. of Trans- portation, Sacramento. Keywords: 'Transportation management, 'Urban planninng, 'Motor vehicles, Rapid transit railways, Interchanges, Traffic engineering, Parking facilities, California, San Francisco(California). The report describes and evaluates the planning and development process for transportation system man- agement (TSM) in the San Francisco Bay Area. Case studies of a dozen illustrative TSM projects are pre- sented and compared, including ramp metering, park and ride lots, neighborhood traffic constraints, flex- time, urban parking policies, training employer trans- portation coordinators, and regional transit coordinat- ing committees. The effectiveness of the regional TSM planning process is appraised and suggestions for im- provement are offered. PB83-170407/GAA (Order as PB83-170308/GAA, PC A13/MF A01) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Sta- tion. Quality of Irrigation Return Flow from Flooded Rice Paddies, K. W. Brown. Dec 82, 37p Included in Proceedings of the Workshop on Agriche- micals and Estuarine Productivity, p1 39-1 75 Dec 82. Keywords: 'Rice, 'Irrigation, 'Water pollution, Rice plants, Catfishes, Pesticides, Fertilizers. A 3-year field and laboratory study was conducted to determine the quantity and quality of irrigation return flow from flooded rice culture. Both intermittent and continuous-flow irrigation techniques were evaluated. Selected pesticides and nutrients were applied at rec- ommended and excessive rates. The concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and potassium in the return flow were all within levels acceptable for drinking water. PB83-170696/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. Bureau of Foods. Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assess- ment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food. 1982, 1982, 250p* Keywords: 'Food, National government, 'Safety, As- sessments, Criteria, Tests, Standards, Risk, Food and Drug Administration, Carcinogenesis. During the past two decades, significant changes have taken place both with respect to the technology of food production and processing, including the use of additives, and also with respect to the scientific criteria used to establish the safety of additives. The report results from work that the agency has recently under- taken to develop scientific criteria for establishing the safety of new additives, and to assure their continued safety in view of possible trends in their use levels and the constantly evolving scientific criteria for safety evaluation. The system outlined in the document has been designed to apply to direct food additives and to color additives used in food but not to indirect food additives. Throughout the document, the term 'addi- tive' is used to denote both direct food additives and color additives used in food. PB83-172528/GAA PCA11/MFA01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Manual of Practice for Wastewater Neutralization and Precipitation. Final rept. Jun 77-Oct 80, A. S. Goldfarb, C. Vanessa Fong, W. Lowenbach, W. A. Parsons, and P. Aarne Vesilind. Aug 81, 247p EPA-600/2-81-148 Grant EPA-R-805623 Prepared in cooperation with Davy McKee Corp., Cleveland. OH., and Duke Univ., Durham, NC. Dept. of Civil Enginering. Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Waste water treatment, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Calcium oxides, Industrial waste treatment. This document describes a systematic procedure for conceptualizing and designing neutralization and pre- cipitation systems. It is for use by engineers qualified to design facilities of this type, not for the novice. It can help the equipment purchaser become a more intelli- gent consumer and will provide technical guidance on many design considerations. The manual uses many references because of the breadth of this subject. One colume could not contain all of the necessary back- ground information. PB83-172957/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Technico-Economic Analysis of Large Scale Uses of Oxygen. Final rept., A. C. C. Tseung, H. C. Chan, and D. B. Hibbert. C1982, 63p EUR-7938-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Oxygen, 'Industrial plants, Marketing, Water, Byproducts, Electrolysis, Economic analysis, Feasibility, Insitu processing, Coal gasification, Chemi- cal industry, Metal industry, Sewage treatment, Medi- cine, Combustion. The potential markets and uses for oxygen, a co-prod- uct of hydrogen in the electrolysis of water, based on nuclear off-peak electricity, have been investigated. Possible new large-scale uses have been examined, e.g., in underground coal gasification, enriched air combustion, blast furnace operation, manufacture of chemicals and production of synthetic natural gas from coal. The feasibility of a novel method of underwater storage of oxygen has been assessed and the cost of various transportation methods have been reviewed. PB83-173054/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California State Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento. Office of Transportation Lab. 169 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Evaluation of Weathering Effects on Structural Steel. Final rept. 1 980-82, Franklin O. Reed, and Charles B. Kendrick. Mar 82, 73p 636955, FHWA/CA/TL-82/04 Keywords: "Steel industry, Evaluation, "Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion tests, Steel A7, Steel A242, Steel A588, Steel A514. The corrosion rates of ASTM A7, A242 Type 1, A588 Grades B, G and H, and A514 Grades D, E and F steels are compared after weathering 1 3 years in sub- urban and industrial environments with low rainfall and in a marine environment located, respectively, at Sac- ramento, Los Angeles and Point Reyes, California. Four types of specimens were prepared from each steel for each environment, namely: (1) plate with butt and surface welds, (2) plate with back to back angles tack welded to it, (3) plate with spaced angles welded to it, and (4) plate with an angle bolted to it. PB83-173849/GAA PC A10/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Contraception: Science, Technology, and Applica- tion. Final rept. 1979, 21 9p ISBN-0-309-02892-2, ISBN-0-309-02892- 2 Contract PHS-263-78-C-0209 Sponsored in part by Ford Foundation, New York, Pop- ulation Council, New York, and Rockefeller Founda- tion, New York. Proceedings of a symposium held on May 16-17, 1978. Library of Congress catalog card no. 79-20744. Keywords: "Population control, "Contraceptives, "Birth control, Humans, Developing countries, Fertility, Population growth, Hormones, Psychology, Sociology, Costs, Immunology, Gonadotropin, Vaccines, Funds. This report of a symposium reflects a growing concern with the problem of population growth and the social and economic challenge it presents to the people of essentially all nations. The papers present a wide vari- ety of expertise in contraceptive technology. The first papers concern the state of contraception today throughout the world. The second group of papers is devoted to descriptions of new methods and research horizons. The last group of papers address the psy- chosocial aspects of contraception. PB83-174086/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Assessment of Basic Field Surveys of Nutritional Status in Young Children (Monograph No. 1) as It Related to National Nutrition Surveillance. Final rept. 1979, 39p Contract AID/TA-C-1 428 Keywords: "Nutrition, Assessments, "Children, Sur- veillance, Anemia. This report was undertaken to assess a document de- veloped by the U.S. Agency for International Develop- ment designed to assess the magnitude and location of probable malnutrition using selected anthropomet- ric, biochemical, clinical, and demographic indices. The report concludes that rigorous application of the Basic Field Survey (BFS) will produce reliable esti- mates of the prevalence of different degrees of wast- ing, stunting, and anemia at national and local levels and that these estimates will be useful in nutrition plan- ning. PB83-174201/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Summary Report of the National Academy of Sci- ences Panel on Science and Technology in Jorda- nian Development, Amman, Jordan, July 27 - August 4, 1979. 1979, 54p Contract AID/ta-C-1 433 Keywords: "Technology assessment, "Technology transfer, "Jordan, Cooperation, Policies, Quality of life, Organizations, Developing countries. A six-member National Academy of Sciences team vis- ited Jordan July 27 - August 4, 1 979 to outline priority needs in science and technology for development and consider areas for cooperation between the Jordanian and U.S. scientific communities. This report seeks to do the following: (1) To define ways by which en- hanced collaboration between Jordan and the United States can make use of the scientific and technologi- cal resources in Jordan, the United States, and else- where in the world to improve the quality of life for the Jordanian people; (2) To define an organizational framework for the formulation and implementation of policies that will strengthen the links between science and technology and the development process; and (3) To suggest ways by which joint activities between the National Planning Council of Jordan and the U.S. Na- tional Academy of Sciences, and between the NPC and other agencies and institutions, both public and private, can make better use of science and technolo- gy to solve critical problems in the areas of water, energy, agriculture, environment, industry, and man- power. PB83-175034/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Science Applications, Inc., Bryan, TX. Bay of Bengal - A System to Evaluate Storm Surge Threat. Final rept., Jerry D. Jarrell, James K. Lewis, and Robert E. Whitaker. Apr 82, 61 p Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0294 Keywords: "Meterology, Mathematical models, Wind velocity, Errors, "Tropical regions, Height. A method for evaluating storm surge threat throughout the Bay of Bengal is presented. The method is based on the statistical characteristics of errors in forecasting the position and maximum winds for any given tropical storm in the Bay. These statistical characteristics allow one to calculate the probability that a storm will be in a particular location with a particular maximum wind speed. PB83-176222/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Study of Size and Shape of Plots for Field Experi- ments on Vegetable and Perennial Crops (RE-AN- NOUNCEMENT of PB82-261223 - see notes field for explanation), D. Singh, P. N. Bhargava, R. K. Khosla, and Asha Saksena. 1975, 106p RE-ANNOUNCEMENT of PB82-261223 with correct- ed title. Keywords: "Vegetables, "Crops, "India, Experimental data, Tomatoes, Size determination, Fruit crops, Coef- ficient of variation, Trees(Plants), Developing country application, Perennials. In agricultural experiments the experimenter is gener- ally faced with the problem of adopting the suitable size and shape of the plot so that he can obtain the maximum information from his experimental material. The present monograph gives the results of the stud- ies made on vegetable crops like Bhindi, Tomato, Cab- bage, Knol-Khol and on perennial Crops like Coconut, Pepper, Arecanut, Mango, Orange, Apple and Banana. This monograph will prove useful to the research work- ers for agricultural field experiments. PB83-176248/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Conference of Agricultural Research Statisticians (3rd), 24th to 26th April, 1978: Abstract of Contrib- uted Papers and Proceedings (RE-ANNOUNCE- MENT of PB83-1 15279 - see notes field for expla- nation), R. K. Khosla, R. S. Khatri, D. S. Aneja, D. P. Singh, andS. D. Bal. 1978, 176p RE-ANNOUNCEMENT of PB83-1 15279 with a differ- ent Corporate Author. Keywords: "Agriculture, "India, Abstracts, Forestry, Statistical analysis, Livestock, Fisheries, Data proc- essing, Personnel development, Developing country application. The Third Conference was held recently from 24th to 26th April, 1978 and unlike earlier two conferences the pattern of session was changed where the participants discussed the main topic i.e., the role of agricultural statistics research in Sixth Five Year Plan with special reference to integrated rural development with respect to agriculture, forestry, livestock and fisheries. This was done because one of the main policy objectives in the next Five Year Plan is the Agricultural and Rural Development which could play a great role in the growth of social justice, employment in rural areas and removal of poverty. PB83-176255/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Conference of Agricultural Research Statisticians (5th), 23rd to 26th December, 1980: Contributed Papers and Proceedings (RE-ANNOUNCEMENT of PB83-1 15337 - see notes field for explanation), R. K. Khosla, D. S. Aneja, and Madan Mohan. 1980, 225p RE-ANNOUNCEMENT of PB83-1 15337 with a differ- ent Corporate Author. Keywords: "Agriculture, "India, Research projects, Statistical analysis, Surveys, Farm crops, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries, Rural areas, Economic develop- ment, Developing country application. In this Conference a total number of 215 Agricultural Statisticians representing Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes, State and Central Departments of Ag- riculture, Animal Husbandry, Forestry and Fisheries, engaged in research, participated. The objective of mutually discussing the problems by them on: Design and analysis of experiments; Sample surveys; Use of computer in Agriculture and Animal Sciences Re- search; Statistical techniques in plant and animal breeding; Teaching of statistics in Agricultural Insti- tutes and Universities; and Research and Training Fa- cilities is reported. PB83-176263/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Inst., New Delhi. Annual Conference of Agricultural Research Stat- isticians (2nd), 29th to 31st March, 1976: Contribut- ed Papers and Proceedings (RE-ANNOUNCEMENT of PB83-1 15261 - see notes field for explanation), R. K. Khosla, and R. S. Khatri. 1976, 274p RE-ANNOUNCEMENT of PB83-1 15261 with a differ- ent Corporate Author. Keywords: "Agriculture, "India, Statistical analysis, Ex- perimental design, Surveys, Animal husbandry, Plant reproduction, Breeding, Education, Universities, De- veloping country application. The First Conference of the Agricultural Research Statisticians was held with the objective of providing opportunities to Agricultural Research Statisticians to exchange ideas among themselves from 25th to 28th April, 1 974. There were 1 7 papers which were contrib- uted in those sessions by the invited speakers, en- gaged in Agricultural and Animal Sciences Research at various Institutes and Agricultural Universities. PB83-176636/GAA PC A99/MF A01 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Effluent Guidelines Div. Test Methods for Nonconventional Pesticides Chemicals Analysis of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater, George M. Jett. Jan 83, 694p EPA-440/1-83/079C Keywords: "Industrial wastes, "Pesticides, "Waste water, Chemical analysis, Gas chromatography, Mass spectroscopy, Thin layer chromatography, Laboratory equipment, Quality assurance, Quality control, Safety, Point sources, High performance liquid chromatogra- phy. This document presents the findings of studies of the pesticide chemicals point source category for the pur- pose of developing test methods for the analysis of 66 of the 137 nonconventional pesticide pollutants for which effluent limitations guidelines and standards were proposed on November 30, 1982. These test methods are proposed under authority of Sections 304(h) and 501(a) of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et. 5eg. (the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972) (the 'Act'). This document con- tains compilation of three sets of methods: those de- veloped by industry, those developed by the contrac- tor and those developed/approved by EMSL. Quality assurance (QA) requirements for the collection, pres- ervation and handling of samples and requirements of quality control (QC) and safety are also contained in 170 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS this report. Supporting data and rationale for the test methods are contained in this report and supporting file records. PB83-176693/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Coordination of Transportation System Manage- ment and Land Use Management. Final rept. Sep 82, 46p TRB/NCHRP/SYN-93, ISBN-0-309- 03454-X Also pub. in ISSN-0547-5570. Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-51209. Report on National Coop- erative Highway Research Program, Synthesis of Highway Practice. Sponsored in part by American As- sociation of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, Washington, DC. and Federal Highway Adminis- tration, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Transportation management, *Land use, Systems management, Coordination, Planning. This synthesis will be of particular interest to transpor- tation planners, administrators, traffic engineers, and others concerned with the relationship between trans- portation facilities and land use. The interaction of transportation systems management and land use management techniques is analyzed for various envi- ronments and applications. Because increased em- phasis is being placed on more efficient use of existing transportation facilities, it is important to understand how the interaction of land use management tech- niques and transportation system management can be used to achieve desired development and transporta- tion objectives. This report of the Transportation Re- search Board contains a review of the application of currently used techniques in various operating environ- ments and includes a discussion of research needs. PB83-177592/GAA PC A06/MF A01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Gasohol from Corn, L. C. Newman, and R. Channing Johnson. Dec 80, 110p MP-81W6, NSF/PRA-781 7621/4 Grant NSF-PRA78-1 7621 See also PB83-1 77600. Keywords: 'Crops, *Biomass, *Corn, Farm crops, Fuel, Agricultural products, Technology, Distillation, Byproducts, "Gasohol. The major components of the gasohol system dis- cussed are cropland, corn production and use, distill- eries, use of distillation by-products in the various feeding sectors, automobiles and the automotive com- panies, gasoline and the petroleum companies, and gasohol and driver satisfaction. Economic and agricul- tural impacts, energy supply, employment, and govern- mental implications are examined. The implications of developing an alcohol program of two billion gallons per year appear to be acceptable. The most significant disadvantages are believed to be associated with the net land demand. These impacts include a higher fixed cost of farming and increased environmental damage and variability of corn supply. Net land demand is re- duced if the distillation by-products are substituted against soybean meal for their protein value rather than used on feedlots for their energy value. An exter- nal evaluation of this report was conducted by the Divi- sion of Policy Research and Analysis of the National Science Foundation and is appended to the main volume of this series. PB83-177600/GAA PC A04/MF A01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Indus- trial Use of Wood, Martin Jones, Richard Jones, and Charles Bliss. Dec 80, 65p MP-81W5, NSF/PRA-781 7621/5 Grant NSF-PRA78-1 7621 See also PB-1 7761 8. Keywords: 'Energy, "Biomass, "Wood, "Industrial plants, Technology, Marketing, Fuels, Substitutes, En- vironmental impacts, Steam electric power generation, Design criteria. The use of wood by industry to generate heat and electricity is examined; and potential issues arising from the widespread use of these technologies are identified and discussed. The report presents (1) an overview of the technology and the market-industrial steam generation, the role of cogeneration, and poten- tial effects of increased use of fuelwood to replace pe- troleum fuels or natural gas; (2) the institutional setting, involving present and potential industrial users, suppli- ers, government and other users, and a discussion of specific barriers to further commercialization; (3) eco- nomic and environmental impacts including air and water pollution, and solid wastes; and (4) public policy options to monitor future growth of industrial wood combustion applications and prevent or minimize po- tential adverse impacts. An external evaluation of this report was conducted by the Division of Policy Re- search and Analysis of the National Science Founda- tion and is appended to the main volume of this series. PB83-177618/GAA PC A04/MF A01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Metha- nol from Silvicultural Farms, L. C. Newman, and R. Channing Johnson. Dec 80, 74p MP-81W8, NSF/PRA-781 7621/6 Grant NSF-PRA78-1 7621 See also PB83- 177626. Keywords: "Energy, "Biomass, "Methanol, Farms, Technology, Wood, Fuels, Silviculture. Examined is the conversion of wood from a silvicultural energy farm into methanol for use as a transportation fuel. Specific impacts and issues of silvicultural farming are separated, as far as possible, from impacts and issues associated with the production and use of methanol. The report presents (1) characteristics of producing methanol from wood; (2) the commercializa- tion outlook based on the overall energy context of the United States; (3) a description of primary stakehold- ers, such as methanol manufacturers and land manag- ers; (4) a description of secondary stakeholders such as the United States Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency; (5) implications of a methanol program, such as placing a methanol facility in the community and impacts on the automotive in- dustry; and (6) an analysis of policy options-approach- es to encouraging or discouraging the commercializa- tion of methanol fuel from biomass. An external eval- uation of this report was conducted by the Division of Policy Research and Analysis of the National Science Foundation and is appended to the main volume of this series. PB83-177626/GAA PC A04/MF A01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Resi- dential Heating with Wood, L. C. Newman, and Martin Jones. Dec 80, 70p MP- 81 W7, NSF/PRA-781 7621/7 Grant NSF-PRA78-17621 See also PB83-1 77634. Keywords: "Energy, "Biomass, "Wood, "Buildings, Heating, Technology, Markets, Forecasting, Cost anal- ysis. The use of wood for residential heating is examined and potential issues arising from the increasingly wide- spread use of wood fuel are identified and discussed. The report presents (1) an overview of the technology and the market, including comparative costs; (2) the institutional setting, involving potential users, systems providers, and government, and barriers to communi- cation; (3) economic, environmental, legal, social and political impacts; (4) public policy options, including ob- jectives, basic strategy, limitations, market place in- centives; and (5) a twenty-year projection of residential wood energy utilization. Also residential use beyond the year 2000 is forecast. PB83-177634/GAA PC A16/MF A01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Energy from Biomass: A Technology Assessment of Terrestrial Biomass Systems, Lawrence C. Newman, R. Channing Johnson, and Rodney K. Lay. Dec 80, 365p MTR-80W259, NSF/ PRA-781 7621/1 Grant NSF-PRA78-17621 See also PB83- 177576. Keywords: "Energy, "Technology assessment, "Bio- mass, Technology, Assessments, Corn, Wood, Resi- dential buildings, Heating, Industrial plants, Methyl al- cohol, Forecasting, Environmental impacts, Economic analysis, Fuels, Gasohol, Silviculture. In this technology assessment, the consequences of the commercial development of four biomass systems were examined. The impacts of such development on selected aspects of government, private industry, and the population in general were analyzed from a public policy perspective. The study also identified policy issues likely to result from the development of biomass energy. Four biomass systems were studied: (1) gaso- hol production from corn; (2) residential heating with wood; (3) industrial use of wood energy; and (4) meth- anol production from silvicultural farms. The develop- ment scenarios selected for study were based on three levels of sustained annual biomass production by the year 2000. These were (1) 4.1 quadrillion BTUs (quads), a baseline business-as-usual scenario; (2) 10.5 quads, a crisis of supply scenario; and (3) 2.2 quads, a cheap energy scenario. An external evalua- tion of this report was conducted by the Division of Policy Research and Analysis of the National Science Foundation, and is included, together with a response to the evaluation by the principal investigator of the report. PB83-177964/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Utah Water Research Lab., Logan. Water Requirements and Pollutant Potential in the Gasification of Carbonaceous Shales. Water Quality series rept., Jeffery A. Cissell, V. Dean Adams, Joel E. Fletcher, Daniel S. Filip, and Dennis B. George. Oct 82, 68p UWRL/Q-82/04, W83-02211, , OWRT-A-043-UT(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9047 Keywords: "Gasification, "Water pollution, Coal gasifi- cation, Technology, Industrial wastes, Feasibility, Lab- oratory equipment. The Upper Colorado River Basin has vast deposits of lignaceous shales which now go largely unused but could potentially provide a valuable product through gasification. The technical feasibility of applying gasifi- cation processes currently used for coal, the water re- quirements of gasification in an arid climate, and po- tential pollution problems were examined through a series of laboratory studies. Quantities of phenols, am- monia-N, and total organic carbon produced were sig- nificantly less for the shales tested than for the coal. Differences in process condensate constituents, such as mutagenicity and trace elements, were also deter- mined for the coal and shale samples. Results varied widely with the chemical characterization of the coal and shale. PB83-177998/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Water Resources Re- search Inst. Packed-Bed Reactors for Concentrated-Waste Treatment and Energy Production. Final completion rept., Knud B. Pedersen. 1983, 105p W83.-02214, , OWRT-A-052-PR(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9041 Keywords: "Water pollution, "Methane, "Puerto Rico, Filtration, Sludge disposal, Sewage treatment, Industri- al waste treatment, Fuels, Design criteria, Perform- ance evaluation, Organic compounds. The objective of this research project was to study the design parameters of the anaerobic filter process such as organic loadings and hydraulic retention time, and the response of the process in relation to organic matter removal and energy production for a typical condition in Puerto Rico. The organic loading was found to be a very important parameter during the op- eration of the anaerobic filter. The activity of the filter in removing organic matter evidenced the dependence on the applied organic loading. The continuous vari- ations of the organic loading rates and the consider- ably high magnitude of such loads in addition to the high concentration of suspended solids could result in dynamic fluctuations between the individual waste components affecting the steady state condition of the organic conversion process causing that none of the three conditions studied have shown a significant im- provement in the organic removal and in the gas pro- duction rate. PB83-179994/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Whey Protein Concentrate Market Enhancement. Final rept., 171 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Robert R. Zall, Arthur H. Teixeira, and Joseph H. Chen. Sep 82, 134p NYSERDA-82-29 Prepared in cooperation with Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA. Keywords: 'Marketing, Alcohol, *Proteins, Food com- position, Profits. The report describes results of an investigation into the marketability and potential uses for whey protein concentrate (WPC), a co-product formed in the proc- ess of converting cheese whey to ethanol. With more than four billion pounds of whey produced annually in New York State, conversion to ethanol and WPC is warranted for both environmental and economic rea- sons. PB83-180125/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA. Economic Analysis of Fishing Industry Energy Conservation Technology, A. Nelson Swartz. Jan 83, 32p NOAA-TM-NMFS-F/ NWC-39, NOAA-83031408 Keywords: 'Fishes, 'Technology assessment, 'Eco- nomic analysis, Cost analysis, Ships, Life-cycle cost. This paper is intended to familiarize the reader with life-cycle analysis and to demonstrate the application of these tools on a representative fishing vessel. PB83-180232/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Ml. Emission Control Technology Div. Preliminary Perspective on Pure Methanol Fuel for Transportation. Final rept. Sep 82, 100p EPA-460/3-83-003 Keywords: 'Methanol, 'Motor vehicles, 'Fuels, Ex- haust emissions, Economic analysis, Fuel consump- tion, Technology, Performance evaluation, Sources, Biomass, Manufacturing. This report examines the relative advantages and dis- advantages of the use of pure methanol fuel in motor vehicles designed for its use over conventional fuels. This report specifically addresses the use of pure or neat methanol it does not address methanol gasoline blends for use in existing automobiles. Five basic issues are discussed: (1 ) The availability of raw materi- als for methanol production such as coal, natural gas, wood, biomass, municipal waste and peat. (2) The rel- ative availability of technology and environmental ef- fects of producing methanol and conventional fuels from non-petroleum domestic feedstocks. (3) The practicality of distributing a new fuel for use in motor vehicles. (4) The exhaust emissions and fuel efficiency of motor vehicles operating on pure methanol fuel rela- tive to those of conventional vehicles. (5) The eco- nomics of producing, distributing and using methanol as a motor vehicle fuel. PB83-180596/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Highway Planning. Public Transportation for Rural and Small Urban Areas: A Report on Coordination in 12 Selected Section 18 Projects. Final rept., Francis J. Dooley. Nov 82, 127p FHWA/PL/82/003 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Transportation, Federal as- sistance programs, Financing, State government, Na- tional government, Urban areas, Performance evalua- tion. This report assesses the progress of coordination ef- forts in the Section 18 Formula Grant Program for Areas Other Than Urbanized Areas authorized by the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. Progress is assessed by analyses and summarization of 12 selected case studies consisting of 3 Small Urban Area Transit Systems and 9 Rural Area Transit Systems. Funding, coordination activities and perform- ance indicators are included in each case study. PB83-181958/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Water Resources Re- search Center. Microbiological Control of the Aquatic Weed, 'Myr- iophyllum Spp.', Haim B. Gunner. Jun 82, 30p PUB-129, W83-02321, , OWRT-B-066-MASS(2) Contract DI-1 4-34-001 -9076 Keywords: 'Pest control, 'Water pollution, 'Microbi- ology, 'Weed control, Fungi, Cyanophyta, Algae, De- composition, Myriophyllum. Bacteria, fungi and blue-green algae normally associ- ated with the phyllosphere of Myriophyllum heterophyl- lum and Myriophyllum spicatum are among the princi- pal decomposers of senescent plants. Stripped of this flora by various sterilizing techniques, the Myriophyl- lum extended its life by one third. The saprophytic process of decomposition was accelerated to patho- genesis by selecting from the community of microbial decomposers isolates which, when cultured on the ap- propriate cellulose and pectin media, could be induced to produce enzymes lytic to these tissues and ultimate- ly lethal to the plant. The results suggest that microor- ganisms native to the Myriophyllum ecosystem, select- ed for specific plant tissue attack, offer a promising avenue for the biological control of these aquatic nui- sance plants. PB83-182055/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Arizona Water Resources Research Center, Tucson. Bibliography on Ground-Water Recharge in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Susan J. Keith, Patricia Paylore, K. J. DeCook, and L. G. Wilson. Jul 82, 158p W83-02362, , OWRT-C- 00155-T(1483)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1483 Keywords: 'Ground water, 'Arid land, Channels(Waterways), Streams, Mountains, Precipitation(Meteorology), Fluid infiltration. This bibliography provides references on natural and mancaused recharge in arid and semiarid areas. The literature on natural recharge includes citations on stream channel recharge, mountain recharge, moun- tain-front recharge, and precipitation-infiltration re- charge. The literature on man-caused recharge in- cludes citations on recharge from activities such as irri- gation, mining, and waste-water treatment and dispos- al. PB83-182261/GAA PC A09/MF A01 District of Columbia Univ., Washington. Water Re- sources Research Center. Urban Planning Criteria for Non-Point Source Water Pollution Control. Final rept., G. Kenneth Young, and David L. Danner. 31 Mar 82, 178p DC/WRRC-35, W83-02317, , OWRT-A-009- DC(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1109 Prepared in cooperation with Catholic Univ. of Amer- ica, Washington, DC. Dept. of Civil Engineering. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Hydrology, 'Time series analysis, Substitutes, Cost analysis, Sewers, Hydrolo- gy, Flushing. The research described in this document couples urban storm runoff quality and control alternatives within the context of an urban sewerage system to evaluate various combinations of alternatives through their pollution removal efficiencies and their costs. A model has been developed which simulates the re- sponse of a typical urban area to a time series of rain- fall events, and which uses the District of Columbia as an example. The modeling of the flow of runoff and sewage has been performed at a macro level; the con- trol alternatives examined include in-line storage, sewer separation, street sweeping, sewer flushing, stormwater detention, and increased treatment capac- ity. Each pollution abatement measure is described with a pollution function, a pollution removal function, and a cost function. PB83-182303/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Biochemis- try. Biochemical Analyses for Detection and Assess- ment of Pollution in the Subsurface Environment. Final rept., Jenq. C. Chang, Andrea B. Arquitt, Rosalee Merz, Elizabeth R. Doyel, and Phyllis T. Norton. Mar 83, 143p EPA-600/2-83-021 Grant EPA-R-804613 Keywords: 'Soils, 'Environmental surveys, 'Ground water, Water pollution, Samples, Enzymes, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Organic phosphates, Carbohydrates, Chemiluminescence, Bioluminescence, Escherichia, Enzymatic cycling. Selected biochemical analysis techniques were inves- tigated for potential use in detecting and assessing pollution of subsurface environments. Procedures for determining protein, nucleic acids, organic phosphate, lipopolysaccharides, and various coenzymes and enzyme systems were evaluated. These procedures were modified and adapted for application to environ- mental samples, and sensitivities were determined in terms of numbers of Escherichia coli cells which could be detected. PB83-183020/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Instytut Ksztaltowania Srodowiska, Wroclaw (Poland). Optimization of Wastes Treatment with Reference to Biogas and Protein Recovery. Final rept., Jan A. Oleszkiewicz, and Szymon Koziarski. Mar 83, 249p EPA-600/2-83-023 Contract EPA-JB-5-534-7 Keywords: 'Sewage treatment, 'Proteins, 'Manures, Biomass, Economic analysis, Anaerobic processes, Agricultural wastes, Sludge treatment, Performance evaluation, 'Biogas. Detailed technological and economic evaluation of the presently used treatment processes for the dilute wastewaters from hog farms, with capacity exceeding 10 thousand heads, is presented. The research part of the project was aimed at optimization of the unit proc- ess and whole treatment trains selection, rather than unit process operational parameters. The economic analysis has proved that the application of these new treatment trains can make industrial scale farming more profitable with the increase of the size of the farm. The technology proposed in the project will show increase of the economic efficiency, when compared to conventional systems, with the increase of power costs, due to biogas recovery and incorporation of sludge treatment subsystem in the overall treatment- recovery train. Although the report is confined to swine wastes, the results are applicable to other concentrat- ed effluents from agricultural industry. PB83-183129/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Agricultural Experiment Station. Utilization of Nickel Refining By-Products on Agri- cultural Lands. Open file rept. 28 Jun 79-31 Dec 81, V. V. Volk, E. H. Gardner, P. J. Sheets, and R. J. Gulack. 1 Mar 82, 89p BUMINES-OFR-62-83 Contract J0295058 Keywords: 'Crops, 'Fertilizers, 'Soils, Plant growth, Utilization, Field tests, Laboratory equipment, Metal in- dustry, 'Nickel, Tailings, Refineries, Nutrients, Toxicity, Festuca arundinaceae. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a tailings materi- al and a magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgAP), produced from a Ni refining operation, on plant growth and soil properties. All fertilizer materials provided similar levels of N and P, as evidenced by plant yield and elemental content. PB83-183475/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Texas Governor's Office of Regional Development, Austin. Procedimientos de Seminarios Sobre el Desarrollo Industrial/Economico (Summary of Proceedings - Industrial/Economic Development Seminars). 1980, 142p EDA-83-0002S Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 183467. Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Technical as- sistance, 'Regional planning, Meetings, Commerce, Investments, Texas, 'Industrial development, Pro- ceedings, Foreign trade. This handbook is based upon six industrial/economic development seminars hosted by the Governor's 172 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Office of Regional Development throughout the Texas Border Regional during March and April, 1980. The purpose of the seminars was to further dialogue and exchange information on state-of-the-art industrial de- velopment procedures, efforts, and techniques. PB83-183855/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC. Dairy Systems and Policies of Selected Western European Countries. Foreign agriculture circular. Mar 83, 21 p CIRC SUPPL-4-83 Keywords: 'Dairies, 'Agricultural economics, Trends, Government policies, Western Europe, Milk, Produc- tion, Exports, Marketing. Most nations of Western Europe have highly devel- oped dairy industries. The European Community (EC) and selected countries of Western Europe are faced with surplus milk output. Dairy programs have been de- veloped and implemented throughout most of Western Europe both to support incomes of farmers and to bring milk production into balance with demand. Many European governments subsidize dairy product sales both domestically and abroad and limit imports with various restrictions to protect internal markets from outside competition. Since the EC is the leading world trader of dairy products, policy changes related to dairy exports have a significant impact on international mar- kets. A description of the dairy economies for these major milk producers is useful to evaluate the various methods being used to control excess milk output. PB83-184135/GAA PC E04/MF E04 London Business School (England). Econometric Forecasting Unit. Role of Time Series Analysis in the Estimation and Evaluation of Econometric Models, J. A. Longbottom, and S. Holly. 1982, 46p CEF- DISCUSSION PAPER-97 Sponsored in part by Social Science Research Coun- cil, London (England). Keywords: *Time series analysis, 'Econometrics, Esti- mating, Performance evaluation, Economic forecast- ing. The predictive performance of the London Business School model of the U.K. economy - a large nonlinear structural model - was compared with a time series model. Ex post and ex ante predictions were generat- ed for periods from one to eight quarters ahead. In general, the structural model outperformed the time series model, although for some economic variables the time series model was found to be better. Time series techniques, theoretical relationships between time series and structural models, problems of model selection and comparison, single equation compari- sons and possible strategies for selection were investi- gated. PB83-184150/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Punjab Agricultural Univ., Ludhiana (India). Coll. of Vet- erinary Science. Studies on the Control of Poultry Coccidiosis. Final rept. 1 Jul 75-30 Jun 79. 1979, 125p Keywords: 'Poultry, 'Animal diseases, Immunity, Dis- ease control, Developing country application, Drug re- sistance, Coccida, Helminthiasis. The objectives of the study were: (a) assessment of efficacy of coccidiostats against caecal intestinal coc- cidiosis; (b) studies on the effect of medication with the coccidiostats on the development of immunity; (c) studies on drug-resistance, if any, in field isolates of poultry coccidia; (d) characterization of lesions due to various species of coccidia; and (e) studies on the role of litter on coccidiosis and helminthiasis. The study re- vealed that 71.5% of 1 56 coccidial isolates made from the field were resistant to Sulphaquimoxaline, 58.8% to Bifuran and 34.1 % to Amprolium. The use of these drugs would not control Coccidiosis on poultry farm in most cases. It is recommended that these drugs be replaced by newer broad-spectrum anticoccidial drugs; e.g. Coyden, Nicarbazin, Pancoxin, Amprolplus, Duocoxin, & Saquadil. PB83-184168/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Open Univ., Milton Keynes (England). Energy Re- search Group. Information Routing Groups. Getting the Informa- tion That You Did Not Know Was Needed Until It Arrived. Research rept., D. C. Andrews. Jul 82, 15p ERG-037 Keywords: 'Information systems, Data processing, Documentalists, Information retrieval, Information sci- entists, Consultants, Cooperation, Data bases. The creation was proposed of information routing groups, IRGs, as a means of overcoming the rel- evance paradox, a phenomenon wherein important as- pects of a problem are neglected because it is not known that they are relevant. The aims of the groups would be to ensure that all professionals have access to the correct informal knowledge about problems they have to tackle. Among the facilities offered by the IRGs would be: selling of articles, offering of consul- tancy, finding of business partners and development of private data bases. The structure, organization and op- eration of IRGs are discussed. Hardware and software development aspects are considered. PB83-184200/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Building Research Station, Watford (England). Ergonomic Requirements for Building Compo- nents and Associated Operating Devices, S. A. Covington. c1982, 29p CP-1/82 Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Construction, Exercise(Physiology), Human factors engineering, Design criteria, Fatigue(Biology), Anthropometry. Information was obtained on the functional strength of selected groups of people, within stated age ranges, to enable the ergonomic performance requirements for the design of building components to be specified. Comprehensive anthropometric data were determined from strength and ability tests relating to the operation of windows and doors. The operation of components and devices must be possible by the weaker groups of people, while the structural strength of such compo- nents must be able to withstand forces applied by stronger groups. Performance requirements for the op- eration of these components were developed. The data were considered relevant to the development of ergonomic performance requirements for associated products. PB83-186817/GAA PC A22/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Center for Planning and De- velopment Research. Proceedings of the P.R.C.-U.S.A. Joint Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation through Archi- tecture, Urban Planning and Engineering Held at Beijing, China on November 2-6, 1981. Final rept. 1982, 509p* NSF/CEE-82096 Grant NSF-CEE81 -05229 Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Earthquake engineering, 'Disasters, Urban planning, China, Land use, Build- ings. Twenty-five papers which were presented at a work- shop on earthquake hazard mitigation are provided. The papers are grouped under three subtopics: (1) ar- chitectural and non-structural elements; (2) urban planning and land use; and (3) evaluation, strengthen- ing and repairing of existing masonry structures. The relationship between building configurations and seis- mic performance for typical Western building types is examined and the earthquake performance of emer- gency service facilities is reviewed. PB83-187575/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Albany, OR. Albany Research Center. Leaching Rates for the HCI Extraction of Alumi- num from Calcined Kaolinitic Clay. Rept. of investigations/ 1983, R. S. Olsen, S. J. Bullard, W. G. Gruzensky, R. V. Mrazek, and J. L Henry. Feb 83, 17p BUMINES-RI- 8744 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-600329. Keywords: 'Leaching, 'Metals, 'Aluminum, Hydrome- tallurgy, Extractive metallurgy, Hydrochloric acid, Alu- minum. The Bureau of Mines is engaged in research to recover aluminum from kaolinitic clay and other nonbauxitic domestic resources. As part of this work, calcined Georgia kaolin was prepared by a process that pre- vents slime formation and makes the leached residues fast settling and easy to filter. The leaching reaction for calcined kaolinitic clay in a 5 pet stoichiometric excess of boiling 23- to 26-pct HCI was found to be zero order. Rate constants based on the weight-fraction of alumi- num in the clay were found to be between 0.095 and 0.15 min depending on feed preparation and leaching parameters. The mathematical relationships between aluminum extraction and time for both batch and con- tinuous, stirred-tank operations were derived and veri- fied experimentally. PB83-187781/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Zellars-Williams, Inc., Lakeland, FL. Evaluation of Potential Commercial Processes for the Production of Sulfuric Acid from Phosphogyp- sum. Final rept., A. P. Kouloheris. Oct 81, 69p FIPR/PUB-01 -002-001 Keywords: 'Waste treatment, Byproducts, Gypsum, Technology, Feasibility, Process charting, Design cri- teria, Performance evaluation, Solid wastes. Phosphogypsum is a synthetic by-product created during the commercial manufacture of phosphoric acid by the wet process. The synthetic phosphogypsum re- tains the basic chemical and physical properties of nat- ural gypsum and can be substituted for natural gypsum in the manufacture of a variety of commercial prod- ucts. The commercial incentives which justify the ex- ploitation of byproduct phosphogypsum in nations which lack domestic gypsum sources and seek to avoid expensive imports are absent in Florida. This report documents the technical feasibility of substitut- ing synthetic phosphogypsum for the natural gypsum used in an experimental process which recovers the commercial sulfur values liberated by the thermal de- composition of natural gypsum. PB83-188615/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL. Mechanistic and Kinetic Studies of the Elementary Processes in Catalytic Combustion of Methane. Annual rept. Sep 81 -Aug 82, Harold H. Kung, and John B. Butt. Oct 82, 18p GRI- 81/0127 Contract GRI-5081 -360-0481 Keywords: 'Methane, Combustion, Oxidation, Decom- position, Surfaces. This report describes the progress towards determin- ing the kinetics and the mechanism in the catalytic oxi- dation of methane by studying the reaction of some postulated intermediates on a well-characterized sur- face. Current emphasis is on the intermediate methyl- ene radical. Preparation of the precursor for methyl- ene, diazomethane is briefly described. An initial result suggested that diazomethane on adsorption on plati- num decomposed readily to gaseous nitrogen and an adsorbed carbonaceous species. On heating methane and ethylene are the major products in the absence of oxygen. In contrast, adsorbed ethylene does not un- dergo reaction before desorption. This evidence sug- gests that the decomposed product is the desired methylene radical. PB83-188698/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Case Study Inst., Inc., Washington, DC. Small-Business Innovation: An Annotated Bibliog- raphy. Final rept., Gwendolyn Moore, and Mark Eads. Mar 83, 40p ISBN-0-942570-01-4 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-70062. Pre- pared in cooperation with Cosmos Corp., Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Small businesses, 'Research and devel- opment. The purpose of this study is to provide researchers, policymakers, and students of innovation with a start- ing point for gaining access to and using what is known about small-business innovation. The bibliography pre- sents the core research on the study of small-business innovation. 173 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-189399/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economics and Statistics Service, Washington, DC. National Economics Div. Producing Ethanol from Grain: Agricultural Im- pacts and Feasibility. Staff rept., Michael Le Blanc, and Anthony Prato. Aug 82, 50p AGES-820329 Keywords: * Ethanol, * Proteins, Byproducts, Feeding stuffs, Corn, Soybeans, Agricultural products, Fuels, Economic analysis, Feasibility. The Energy Security Act sets an alcohol production goal of at least 10 percent of the level of gasoline con- sumption in 1990. Such a high level of alcohol produc- tion, 8.4 billion gallons, is likely to have significant im- pacts on agricultural production, commodity prices, and farm income. If corn is the primary feedstock for ethanol production, the greatest impacts will occur in the corn and soybean subsectors. The soybean sub- sector is affected because the process of converting corn to ethanol produces high protein byproducts which can substitute for soybean meal in livestock ra- tions. PB83-190033/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Fruits , L V. Metlitskii, E. G. Sal'kova, N. L. Volkind, V. I. Bondarev, and V. Ya. Yanyuk. c1972, 158p TT-75- 52002 Trans, of mono. Khranenie Plodov v Reguliruemoi Ga- zovoi Srede, Moscow, 1972. Keywords: 'Fruits, Controlled atmospheres, 'Food storage, Packaging materials, Books, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Recommendations, USSR, Transla- tions. The storage of fruits in controlled atmosphere is one of the most advanced methods of fruit storage. It reduces losses, increases periods of storage and best pre- serves the taste and aroma of fruits. This book de- scribes the biochemical basis of storage in controlled atmosphere. The description is based on the experi- ence gained in the Soviet Union and abroad on stor- age of fruits in special chambers with controlled at- mosphere, where the content of oxygen, carbon diox- ide and nitrogen is regulated. It also examines the prospects of storage of fruits in selectively permeable packing. PB83-190272/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Resource Conservation and Utilization in Animal Waste Management. Volume I. Utilization of Animal Manures as Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry. Final rept., John H. Martin, Jr., Raymond C. Loehr, and Thomas E. Pilbeam. Mar 83, 337p EPA-600/2-83-024A Grant EPA-R-806140 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 90280. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB83- 190264. Keywords: *Waste management, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Animal feeds, Waste disposal, Cattle, Poultry, Swine, Cost effectiveness, Rations, Performance evaluation, Fertilizers, Market value, 'Manures. Use of animal manures as feedstuffs has been sug- gested as a method to: (1) reduce the cost of produc- ing animal products, and (2) reduce or alleviate poten- tial air and water pollution problems associated with animal manures. This study assembled, critically re- viewed and analyzed reported information pertaining to the nutrient characteristics of animal manures and their nutritive value when utilized as feedstuffs in feed- ing trials. The evaluation focused on dairy cattle, beef cattle, and caged laying hen manures, and broiler litter utilized as feedstuffs for cattle and poultry. Based on the results of feeding trials, the assessment of the nu- tritive value of animal manures indicated that generally less than 25% of the manures could be incorporated into rations without adversely affecting animal per- formance. The estimated economic value of the ma- nures was highly variable. PB83-190280/GAA Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. PC A04/MF A01 Resource Conservation and Utilization in Animal Waste Management. Volume II. Use of Aerobic Sta- bilization to Enhance the Value of Animal Manures on Feedstuffs. Final rept., John H. Martin, Jr., Raymond C. Loehr, and Thomas E. Pilbeam. Mar 83, 65p EPA-600/2-83-024B Grant EPA-R-806140 See also Volume 3, PB83-1 90298, ind Volume 1, PB83-1 90272. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB-83- 190264. Keywords: 'Waste management, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Animal feeds, Aeration, Animal nutrition, Chickens, Market value, Substrates, Amino acids, Comparison, Soybeans, Food composition, Operation costs, Cost effectiveness, Livestock, Odor control, 'Manures. This investigation evaluated the potential of aerobic stabilization to increase the value of animal manures as feedstuffs. Laboratory scale batch and continuous flow studies using laying hen manure as a substrate were conducted. The batch studies conducted were for periods of 15 and 10 days. Completely, mixed con- tinuous flow reactors were operated at retention time of 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. Results from both sets of stud- ies indicated that the essential amino acid content and thus the potential value of laying hen manure as a feedstuff can be substantially increased with short- term aeration. Aerobically stabilized laying hen manure appears to be a well-balanced source of the essential amino acids required by White Leghorn laying hens. Such stabilized manure generally is comparable to soybean meal in essential amino acid composition. This process appears to be adequate to justify the cost of aeration for waste stabilization and odor control. PB83-190298/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Resource Conservation and Utilization in Animal Waste Management. Volume III. Utilization of Animal Manures as Feedstocks for Energy Produc- tion. Final rept., John H. Martin, Jr., and Raymond C. Loehr. Mar 83, 89p EPA-600/2-83-024C Grant EPA-R-806140 See also Volume 2, PB83-1 90280. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB83- 190264. Keywords: 'Waste management, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Energy, 'Renewable energy, Feasibility, Thermoche- mistry, Combustion, Pyrolysis, Oxidation, Poultry, Live- stock, Moisture content, Economic factors, Odor con- trol, Water quality, 'Biogas. This study critically examined the feasibility of using thermochemical processes such as combustion, pyrol- ysis, and partial oxidation and anaerobic digestion as methods for utilizing livestock and poultry manures as renewable sources of energy. Technical, economic, and environmental quality aspects were considered. Results of this study indicate that livestock and poultry manures can, at best, supply only a small fraction of U.S. energy requirements and cannot significantly reduce the dependence of U.S. agriculture on petrole- um fuels. It also was found that the technical feasibility of manurial biogas production has been adequately demonstrated and a rational basis for system design and operation has been established. Although manur- ial biogas production is technically feasible, economic feasibility was found to be site specific depending on available biogas utilization options. PB83-191288/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Proceedings of Panel Discussions on Science and Technology Planning and Forecasting for Indone- sia: Special Emphasis on Manpower Development Held at Jakarta, Indonesia on November 8-10, 1982. 1983, 150p Contract AID-497-79-1 00-23 Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Indonesia, 'Training, 'Management planning, Developing coun- tries, Specialized training, Personnel development, Employment, Policies, Technology transfer, Re- Continuing economic growth of Indonesia is leading to increasing demands on science and technology. The country's future development will depend heavily on its ability to use science and technology effectively to make the best use of natural resources. This task will be undertaken by broadening the scope of human ac- tivities and raising the quality of Indonesia's human re- sources. One of the roles of research, science and technology is to promote value-added processes and the creation of jobs through industrial development. With the benefit of science and technology, much progress has already been made during the first three 5-year development plans. Indonesia must increase significantly its output of trained personnel and im- prove the quality of their training within severe con- straints on time and resources. This problem can only be solved by making maximum use of existing man- power and institutional mechanisms, by creating new institutions where necessary, and by using the most suitable training technologies, both old and new. To examine these problems and needs panel discussions were held in Indonesia. PB83-191296/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Coastal Resource Development and Management Needs of Developing Countries. Final rept. 1982, 79p Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS-1023 Keywords: 'Management planning, 'Natural re- sources, 'Coasts, 'Energy source development, 'En- vironmental impacts, Watersheds, Erosion, Water pol- lution, Agricultural wastes, Reefs, Coral, Sewage, Technical assistance. The coastal regions of the large proportion of develop- ing countries that border on oceans and seas include many of those countries' major population centers. In fact, well over 50% of the world's people live either at the coasts or in adjacent coastal lowlands areas. Coastal lands and waters also comprise substantial quantities of the nations' agricultural, mineral and living resources, so that coastal degradation problems such as erosion, decreased water quality, and the destruc- tion of living resources are issues of major concern. This report evaluates the types of technical assistance in the development and management of coastal re- sources that the United States might best provide in the context of national programs to encourage and assist international development. PB83-191320/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Automation and the Workplace: Selected Labor, Education, and Training Issues. Technical memo. Mar 83, 111p* OTA-TM-CIT-25 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600508. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Technology assessment, Automation, Robots, 'Computers, Job analysis, Manpower, Employment, Forecasting, Spe- cialized training. The report examines the nature and development of automation technologies (such as robotics, computer- aided design and manufacturing, and automated mate- rials handling, storage, and retrieval). The assessment also evaluates the structure and competitive conduct of industries producing and using programmable auto- mation technologies. Finally, the implications of the production and use of programmable automation for labor and for education and training activities are ex- amined. This Memorandum discusses procedures for evaluating potential employment change associated with automation, and outlines associated problems. It also provides descriptions of the nature and modes of delivery of education, training, and retraining for per- sons holding or seeking employment in manufacturing industries. PB83-191353/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Proceedings of Economic Community of West Af- rican States (ECOWAS) Energy Symposium: Energy for Survival Held at Freetown, Sierra Leone (Africa) November 2-6, 1981. Final rept. 1982, 64p Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS-1023 174 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Energy, 'Petroleum, "West Africa, Crude oil, Balance of payments, Policies, Economic develop- ment, Economic Community of West African States, Deforestation, Energy conservation. Severe energy problems plague the 1 6 member states of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), including those exporting petroleum. Two particular problems are characteristic of the region. The first is deforestation which is leading to lower agri- cultural productivity, climatic changes, and reduced in- dividual productivity because of the labor and time re- quired to collect fuelwood. The second problem is the purchase of petroleum by countries, causing negative balance of payments, which in turn diverts financial re- sources from the other development programs. The objectives of the ECOWAS Energy Symposium were to bring these problems to the attention of policy makers and to decide upon a course of action. PB83-191429/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Tanzania National Scientific Research Council, Dar es Salaam. African Goals and Aspirations in the United Na- tions Conference on Science and Technology for Development. Report of a Symposium Held in Arusha, Tanzania January 30-February 4, 1978 Feb 78, 50p Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Africa, Poli- cies, Meetings, Requirements, Technology, Research management. This is a report of symposium organized as part of the activities leading to the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) held in Vienna, Austria August, 1 979. The participants of the symposium sought to focus on the needs and priorities of African countries in the area of the applica- tion of science and technology to development, to voice the general problems facing Africa in this regard, and to make general broad recommendations which could be used as inputs to the UNCSTD. The symposi- um recommended the following: (1) Formulation of in- tegrated national science and technology policies; (2) The building-up of the appropriate infrastructure and indigeneous national capability in science and technol- ogy; (3) The establishment of a new framework of re- gional and international co-operation in science and technology. PB83-191445/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Orga- nization, Dar es Salaam. Trainers' Guide on Soap Making Using Raw Materi- als Indigenous to Tanzania, P. K. Haule. Nov 82, 21 p Keywords: 'Tanzania, 'Soaps, Substitutes, Technolo- gy, Sources, Guidelines, Consumer products, Devel- oping country. In Tanzania today there is an acute shortage of soap. This has been caused by a shortage of the raw materi- als necessary for making soap. The report gives tech- nical description of soap, a listing of the ingredients needed for making soap and their sources in Tanzania, and a listing of the equipment needed for making soap at household or village level. PB83-191601/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Criteria and Standards Div. Benefits and Implementation Potential of Wastewater Aquaculture. May 82, 164p* Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Waste water, 'Water pollu- tion, Benefit cost analysis, Constraints, Design, Oper- ations, By products, Climatology, Hydrogeology, Fi- nancing, Swamps, Land use, Government policies, Fertilizers, Economic factors, Biomass, Aquatic ani- mals. This study has attempted to analyze the benefits and constraints of wastewater aquaculture technology in order to provide information and recommendations that may further the development of this technology. PB83-191692/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Institute of Technology Bandung (Indonesia). Develop- ment Technology Center. Application of Ferrocement and Related Compos- ite Materials in Indonesia. Final rept., J. B. Manga, Amin Hayat, Maasri St. Bandaro, Harsono Wirjosumarto, and Filino Harahap. Jan 82, 237p Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Reinforced concrete, 'Cement, 'Con- struction, Concrete construction, Structural design, Composite materials, Design criteria, Developing country application. This report covers the adaptation and testing of ferro- cement technology in Indonesia, including training, project design, site selection component design con- siderations, performance utilization, and socio-eco- nomic benefits. Bamboocement and Fibre-cement are also studied. The conclusions of the studies are that ferrocement technology has reached social accept- ability, because there are demonstrable socio-eco- nomic benefits. These include improved sanitation and better health conditions, increased job opportunities and skills, as well as social benefits from community centers. There was also a sense of achievement in the field of technology among the local people, cooperat- ing in the development of their area. PB83-191700/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Engineering Inst, of Research and Development. Solar Power Plant: Study and Design, C. Boonyubol, and P. Choonwatana. Feb 83, 258p Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Solar thermal power plants, Design, Com- puterized simulation, Feasibility, Thailand, Computer programs, Developing countries, Economic analysis, Developing country application. The main objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of producing electricity from solar energy in Thailand through steam generation using a heliostat, a receiver, and a thermal storage subsystem. The scope of the study covers steam generation from solar ther- mal energy but does not include site selection or the generation of electricity from the steam. The study in- cluded technical considerations, subsystems prelimi- nary design, research experimental design, experi- mental results, economic study, and conclusions and discussion. Computer simulation is involved, and the results indicate that the simulation models are valid. Hence, design by simulation model is valid. The con- clusion is that a solar thermal power plant of 1 00 KW sub th is technically feasible for Thailand, but not yet economically feasible. PB83-191940/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Clemson Univ., SO Water Resources Research Inst. Terraced Pasture for Disposal of Dairy Yard Runoff. Final technical completion rept. R. O. Hegg, C. L. Barth, V. L. Quisenberry, and W. H. Livingston. Dec 82, 51 p 99, W83-02741, , OWRT-A- 045-SC(1) Contracts DI-1 4-34-0001 -01 43, DI-1 4-34-0001 -9043 Keywords: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Land use, 'Waste disposal, Pasture, Terracing, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Barns, Fluid infiltration, Nutrients, South Carolina, Rainfall, Feedlot wastes. An alternative system of handling and disposing of milking barn wastewater and feedlot runoff water was evaluated for three years. This system was established on a 50-cow dairy farm in South Carolina and consist- ed of utilizing a pasture areas downslope from a dairy to infiltrate and filter the liquid, nutrients and solids from the milking barn and the dairy feedlot runoff water. The pasture was modified by the addition of a spreader terrace and three level terraces to distribute the runoff water. Wastewater discharged from the milking barn typically infiltrated the soil before reaching the terrace system. Several of the small rainstorms produced runoff from the dairy feedlot which was com- pletely infiltrated by the terraced pasture. The concen- tration of the runoff water leaving the dairy feedlot was reduced by the time it left the terraced pasture. PB83-192039/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Roles of Industry and the University in Computer Research and Development. Final rept. 1982, 97p* Grant NSF-MC78-228116 Keywords: 'Computers, 'Industrial development, 'Education, Technology innovation, Research man- agement, Grants, 'Research and development. The report recommends further steps to encourage university-industry interaction in Computer Science re- search and development. Possible initiatives in this di- rection are as follows: Increased funding for joint uni- versity-industry project; funding for sabbatical visits to or from industry, emphasizing in industry; and organi- zation of special research grants funded jointly by NSF and industry. PB83-192369/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Grupo de Tecnologia Apropiada, Panama City. Traditional Technologies in Panama: Classification and Description and Alternative Energy Sources Projects - English Summary, Samuel Bern, and Glenda de Bern. Aug 82, 49p See also Spanish version PB83-1 92377. Sponsored in part by Agency for International Development, Wash- ington, DC. Keywords: 'Panama, 'Energy, Housing, Sanitation, Medicine, Natural resources, Developing countries, Requirements, Developing country application. This exposition of traditional technologies and alter- nate energy sources in Panama can be used as a basis upon which to build, adapt, or evaluate improved pro- duction and management that could help fill primary needs such as food, housing, energy, health, and work. Its combination of tradition with science should result in a technology appropriate to Panama's natural and human resources. The report includes a discus- sion of the concept of socially appropriate technol- ogies and the reason why it is necessary to develop them from traditional technologies. It also shows how the research project was developed, and its results in the fields of housing, environmental sanitation, tradi- tional medicine, transformation and use of natural re- sources, technologies on agricultural and animal pro- duction, tools and equipment, technologies of man- agement, and alternate sources of energy. In each case, a discussion on the expected socio-economic impact of the introduction of the improved technol- ogies is included. A list of international organizations working with appropriate technology in Panama and a list of Latin American organizations interested in ap- propriate technology is also included. A strategy for the effective development of appropriate technology to be carried out in Panama is proposed. PB83-192377/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Grupo de Tecnologia Apropiada, Panama City. Tecnologias Tradicionales en Panama: Classifica- cion y Descripcion. Fuentes Alternas de Energia. Inventario de Proyectos (Traditional Technology in Panama : Classification and Description). Samuel Bern, and Glenda de Bern. Aug 82, 21 1p Text in Spanish. See also English summary, PB83- 192369. Sponsored in part by Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Panama, 'Energy, Housing, Sanitation, Medicine, Natural resources, Developing countries, Requirements, Developing country application. This report is the Spanish version of report PB83- 192369, which is an exposition of traditional technol- ogies and alternate energy sources in Panama. It is offered as a basis on which to build, adopt or evaluate improved production and management. PB83-192625/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Engineering Lab. Productivity Measurement for the Construction In- dustry. Final rept., Stephen F. Weber, and Barbara C. Lippiatt. Feb 83, 42p NBS-TN-1172 Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Construction, Input, Output, Economic analysis, Production rate, Performance, Work measurement. 175 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The fundamental concept underlying all productivity measures is a comparison of the output of a produc- tion process, an enterprise, an industry, or an economy with the corresponding factors of production (inputs) required to generate that output. Productivity meas- ures are formulated as a ratio of output to one or more of the inputs. This report evaluates alternative produc- tivity measures and concludes that the comprehensive Total Factor Productivity (TFP) method is preferred to the Single Factor Productivity method. To combine the multiple components in the denominator of a TFP index, a weighting system based on relative factor cost shares is recommended. A measurable index of the instantaneous rate of change in TFP between two time periods is derived from a general production function. The report also investigates the specific data require- ments for implementing this TFP measure in the con- struction industry. An annotated bibliography is includ- ed. PB83-192781/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. Herbicide Tests for Control of Brazilian-Pepper and Melaleuca in Florida. Forest Service research note, S. L Woodall. Oct 82, 12p FSRN-SE-314 Keywords: 'Brazil, 'Herbicides, Concentration(Composition), Soils, Pesticides, Plants(Botany), *Weed control, Melaleuca quinquen- ervia, Schinus terebinthifolia, Ammonium sulfamate, Bromacil, Dicamba, Diuron, Glyphosphate, Hexazin- one, Picloram, 2-4 herbicide. Container-grown Brazilian-pepper and melaleuca seedlings, 1-1/2 and 3-1/2 months old, were treated with eight herbicides at two concentrations in green- house screening trials. Root-absorbed herbicides were more effective than those foliar-absorbed, and gave virtually complete control with both species. Herbi- cides with little residual activity were in-effective. Mature Brazilian-pepper bushes were field-tested with six herbicides and five application techniques. Basal spot treatments with Hyvar and Velpar gave good con- trol. Stem injection of Tordon also gave good control, but was labor-intensive. Stump treatments with silvex, Banvel, and Ammate reduced resprouting from stumps to acceptable levels, but did not adequately prevent root suckers. Foliar sprays of silvex, Banvel, Ammate, and Velpar gave erratic results, and generally were un- successful. PB83-192997/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cin- cinnati, OH. Report on Testing of the Automated Fiber Counter, Paul A. Baron, and Keith G. Crouch. 1982, 16p Keywords: *Safety, 'Environmental surveys, 'Asbes- tos, Exposure, Toxicity, Inspection, Hazardous materi- als, Concentration(Composition), Industrial wastes, Mines(Excavations), 'Toxic substances, 'Occupation- al safety and health. Asbestos dust exposure is a documented hazard, a classic example of a cause of illness originating in the industrial and mining environment. A vital aspect in the prevention of asbestos exposure is measurement of the concentration of air borne asbestos. Currently, the most widely accepted method of measuring air con- centrations of asbestos is to collect a sample of air borne dust on a filter and then analyze the filter by phase contrast light microscopy. The current NIOSH recommended version of this technique is described in Physical and Chemical Analysis Method 239 (PCAM 239). PB83-193276/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg. Microbiological Studies Towards Optimization of Methane from Marine Plant Biomass. Final rept. Jul 79-Jun 82, J. G. Ferry, and J. S. Chen. Jul 82, 21 p GRI-82/0035 Contract GRI-501 4-363-01 78 See also PB82-2 14362. Keywords: 'Methane, 'Biomass, Marine atmosphere, Fermentation, Degradation, Microorganisms, Ethyl al- cohol, Hydrogen, Acetates, Propionates, Enzymes, 'Bioconversion, Methanobacterium formicicum, Meth- anococcoides methylutens. The conversion of marine biomass was studied with kelp-degrading methane-producing enrichment cul- tures. Mannitol and alginate are used concurrently. Hy- drogen ranged from 50nM to 1 .2 micrometers. The ap- pearance of ethanol correlates with increased hydro- gen. A method was developed for measurement of in- termediates in the sea water medium used for the en- richments. PB83-193425/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Georgia Dept. of Community Affairs, Atlanta. Integrated Financial Management Decision Model for Small City and County Governments. Research rept., Richard F. Wacht. Oct 82, 47p NSF/ISP-81068 Grant NSF-ISP79-08955 Prepared in cooperation with Georgia State Univ., At- lanta. Keywords: 'Financial management, Counties, Mathe- matical models, Forecasting, Budgeting, Planning, Mu- nicipalities, Georgia, Waycross(Georgia), Small cities, Computer applications. The purpose of this research was to develop a fully integrated, multiperiod financial management decision model for small city and county governments, capable of being operated on a micro or mini computer by the municipality's own personnel. The model was to be de- signed to interface with any prepackaged budgetary- accounting systems offered by computer manufactur- ers or software systems firms and operate as an exten- sion of these systems for the purpose of providing more and better types of data for financial decisions, policymaking, and long-range financial planning. PB83-194779/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Marine Advisory Program. Financial Statements and Business Calculations for Commercial Fishermen: A Do-lt-Yourself Guide, Craig S. Wiese. Dec 82, 94p MARINE ADVISORY BULL-14, NOAA-83041807 Grant NA81AA-D-0009 Keywords: Fishing, 'Financial management, Assets, Liabilities, Budgeting, Income, Expenses. This do-it-yourself guide will aid commercial fishermen in preparing financial statements and in making busi- ness calculations. The first section helps to analyze current and past operations while the second section helps to assess the feasibility and profitability of future business plans. PB83-195644/GAA PC A22/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst, of Public Policy Stud- ies. United States in the World Economy: Adaptations to Changes in Trade, Trade Policies, and Technol- ogy Transfer. Final rept., Robert M. Stern, Alan V. Deardorff, John H. Jackson, Gary Saxonhouse, and Morris Bornstein. 12 Apr 82, 522p* NSF/PRA-82052 Grant NSF-PRA81 -16287 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'International trade, Government policies, Political objectives, Economic impact, Capital, Manpower, Legal aspects. The economic, legal, and political impacts of actual and potential trade and policy actions affecting the international flows of goods, services, labor, and cap- ital between the U.S. and its trading partners are ana- lyzed. The effects of the Tokyo Round on the structure of protection in the U.S. and other industrialized coun- tries are considered and the effects of extending the Generalized System of Preferences are addressed. The relations of the U.S. with Japan, Canada, Mexico, and Soviet bloc countries are examined. Also consid- ered are trade and investment in the automobile indus- try and in high technology goods and services. Details on meetings held on trade policies are included. Re- viewer comments and a response from the principal investigator are appended to the report. PB83-195651/GAA PC A04/MF A01 BioChem Technology, Inc., Malvern, PA. Production of Cellulose Powders Using Cellulase Enzymes, D. W. Zabriskie. Mar 82, 70p NSF/CPE-82007 Grant NSF-CPE81-14122 Keywords: 'Cellulose, 'Enzymes, Powder(Particles), Hydrolysis, Feasibility, Polymerization, Marketing, Technology. A study to establish the feasibility of preparing cellu- lose powders employing the selective hydrolysis char- acteristics of cellulase enzymes is discussed. The du- ration of treatment, addition of inhibitors of selective cellulase activities, the source of cellulase, and the amount of cellulase, are shown to be important varia- bles in determining the characteristics of the cellulose powder products. The technical feasibility of producing cellulose powders using cellulase enzymes is demon- strated and it is concluded that this technology may lead to a commercially attractive process. The need for an investigation of the effects of hydrolysis on the degree of polymerization is noted. Markets for cellu- lase powders are listed. PB83-195669/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cin- cinnati, OH. Analytical Methods Applications in Safety Engi- neering: A Training Monograph, James B. Walters, and Shimon Y. Nof. Oct 82, 49p Prepared in cooperation with Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. Keywords: 'Safety, 'Occupational safety and health, 'Training, Instructional materials, Judgment, Decision making, Methodology. In most safety engineering activities, as in most other engineering areas, the engineer has to evaluate spe- cific situations and seek a course of action among al- ternatives. Typically, certain overall objectives must be achieved with limited resources and budgets. The en- gineer has to identify and propose feasible alternative actions; measure, evaluate, and compare these ac- tions; and then recommend a preferred one among them. For instance, in reviewing the emergency equip- ment needs of a factory the engineer must decide be- tween conflicting issues. On one hand, more equip- ment will improve safety levels, which is the engineer's objective, particularly if it is spread all over the factory. On the other hand, the budget is limited, and also, having too much equipment can cause confusion during an emergency. Furthermore, a lesser amount of equipment may well be sufficient is enough people are trained to use it effectively. Thus, it may be wise to divert some of the available budget toward training. The engineer must decide how much equipment to purchase and how much of the budget to divert to training. The solution to this problem may be ap- proached by judgmental and qualitative methods, em- pirical methods, quantitative methods, or analytical methods. PB83-196071/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Iowa State Univ., Ames. Role of Foreign Investment in Developing the Agri- cultural Sector of the Nigerian Economy, Modestus Okere, and Howard E. Van Aukin. 1983, 44p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Agricultural econom- ics, 'Nigeria, Foreign countries, Economic factors, His- tory, Government policies, 'Land use, Grants, Loans, Credit, Food, Production, Developing country applica- tion. This paper focuses on the requirements and con- straints of foreign investment in the Nigerian agricultur- al sector. It compares a closed system economy with an open one, and addresses economic growth, the his- torical development of Nigerian agricultural policy, the mobilization drive toward self-sufficiency, food impor- tation, Nigeria's oil dependence, government recogni- tion of food shortage and the need for self-sufficiency, specific government programs and policies to improve agriculture, alternative policies for financing agricultur- al growth through credit and loan subsidies, govern- ment intervention in agriculture, the necessity of for- eign investment to Nigerian agriculture, land owner- ship and land use policies, impacts of land purchases by foreign investors, and government control of foreign investment. The paper concludes that foreign invest- ment would increase Nigerian food production. 176 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-196097/GAA PC A13/MF A01 American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. Water Conservation and Reuse in Industry and Ag- riculture: Research Needs. Proceedings of the En- vironmental Engineering Research Council Work- shop Held at Kiawah Island, South Carolina, March 3-6 1982 1982, 296p NSF/CEE-82114 Grant NSF-CEE81 -04422 Sponsored in part by Construction Engineering Re- search Lab. (Army), Champaign, IL, American Water Works Assoc. Research Foundation, and Water Pollu- tion Control Federation Committee on Water Reuse. Keywords: 'Waste water reuse, "Agricultural econom- ics, Irrigation, Mining, Farms, Public health, Electric power plants, Cooling water, Municipalities, Circula- tion, Management, Policies, Technology assessment. Eight papers delivered at the workshop are presented. The papers, which address water conservation and reuse from both the industrial and the agricultural per- spective, cover such topics as: public health aspects of the reuse of wastewater in agriculture; reuse of water in oil shale mining; incentives and disincentives for industrial water reuse and recycling; and ways to manage water resources for optimum irrigation, power plant, and municipal water use efficiency. Attention is given to both technical and management/policy needs. PB83-196493/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Auburn Univ., AL. Water Resources Research Inst. Effects of Water Exchange on Water Quality in Channel Catfish Ponds. Completion rept. 1 Feb 82-31 Mar 83, Claude E. Boyd. 31 Mar 83, 11p W83-02897, , OWRT-A-083-ALA(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 01 Keywords: * Water pollution, 'Fishes, *Aquaculture, 'Ponds, Nutrients, Removal, Losses, Phosphorus, In- organic nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonia, Plankton, Bio- mass, Chlorides, Tracer studies. Nutrient and organic matter removal from catfish ponds by water exchange or biological extraction was investigated. Separate trials were conducted to deter- mine losses of added phosphours, nitrate, nitrite, am- monia, and chemical oxygen demand. Chloride was added to ponds as an inert tracer to estimate the effi- ciency of water exchange. In spring (March-April), av- erage water temperature and plankton biomass were low (15.1C and 10 micrograms/1 chlorophyll a), and water exchange at 134 m3/hour per hectare for 72 hours removed concentrations faster than in situ bio- logical processes. In summer average water tempera- ture and plankton biomass were high, (29. 5C and 101 micrograms/ 1 chlorophyll a), and biological extraction of nutrients and organic matter was equally as effec- tive as water exchange in reducing concentrations. PB83-196519/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, Knox- ville. Problems, Issues, Constraints, and Barriers to Water Quality Planning and Management in Urban and Urbanizing Areas (SMSA's) in Tennessee. Research rept., George E. Bowen, Timothy R. Gangaware, and Gary Ferguson. Mar 83, 21 7p RR-90, W83-02899, , OWRT-A-0620TENN(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1145 Keywords: 'Water quality, 'Urban planning, Question- naires, Water treatment, Erosion, Sediments, Agricul- ture, Runoff, Hazardous materials, Forest land, Sludge, Flooding, Construction, Oxygen, Dissolved gases, Flood plains, Algae, Eutrophication. Results are presented of a statewide study based on the systematic gathering of information on water qual- ity management issues, problems, and barriers from three sources: a literature review, a questionnaire sent to experts within the state, and five case studies of '208' agencies within Tennessee. The study points out considerable variation among water basins, related to both water quality and the causes and treatment of problems. The major problems identified were: erosion and sediment, agricultural and forest runoff, sludge, flooding, construction runoff, low dissolved oxygen, flood plain development, eutrophication, algal growth and contamination from hazardous wastes. PB83-196667/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Missouri Water Resources Research Center, Rolla. Simplified Scheme for the Analysis of Pollutants in Groundwater and Leachates Contaminated by Hazardous Chemicals, Stanley E. Manahan. 30 Sep 82, 58p W83-02904, , OWRT-A-133-MO(1) DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 27 Keywords: 'Ground water, 'Water pollution, 'Leach- ing, In situ combustion, Coal gasification, Gas chroma- tography, Mass spectroscopy, Separation, Chemical analysis, Organic compounds. The overall objective of the research was the develop- ment of a solvent-based separation procedure for the fractionation of organic pollutants from a hazardous waste source in water into hydrophilic; insoluble (sus- pended); and organophilic acid, base, and neutral frac- tions. The fractions may be characterized at the sim- plest level by dissolved organic carbon analysis, leav- ing open the option for more sophisticated gas chro- matographic and gas chromatographic/mass spectro- metric analysis. The separation and analysis proce- dures have been proved on a variety of organic com- pounds obtained as by-products of underground coal gasification. PB83-197012/GAA PC A03/MF A01 WSA, Inc., San Diego, CA. Safety Sciences Div. Long Term Effects of Learned Safety Skills: Dem- onstration of the Effectiveness of an Industrial Lift Truck Operator Safety Training Program Utilizing a Behavior Sampling Procedure. Final rept., H. Harvey Cohen, and Roger C. Jensen. 1982, 46p Contract PHS-NIOSH-21 0-79-001 8 Keywords: 'Training, 'Safety, 'Occupational safety and health, Effectiveness, Behavior, Statistical analy- sis, Workplace layout, Fork trucks, Operators(Personnel). The two studies described in this paper were initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in order to clarify knowledge concerning the value of occupational safety training and the influence of post-training management actions on the safety per- formance of workers engaged in a semi-skilled job. In- dustrial lift truck operators were selected for study be- cause industrial lift trucks are widely used throughout industry, lift truck operations demonstrate a high risk and propensity for accidents, and the risk of injury as- sociated with typical lift truck operations depends to a large extent on the performance of the operators, al- though the vehicle, workplace layout, and the task are also factors. PB83-197566/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Reno, NV. Reno Research Center. Development of a Soft-Soldering System for Alu- minum. Rept. of investigations/ 1983, W. L. Falke, A. Y. Lee, and L. A. Neumeier. Mar 83, 22p BUMINES-RI-8747 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-2640. Keywords: 'Soldering, 'Aluminum, Electroplating, Nickel alloys, Copper alloys, Metal coatings. The method employs application of a thin nickel- copper-alloy coating to the substrate, which enables the tin-lead solders to wet readily and spread over the areas to be joined. The aluminum substrate is me- chanically or chemically cleaned to facilitate bonding to a minute layer of zinc that is subsequently applied with an electroless zincate solution. The nickel- copper-alloy (30 to 70 pet Ni) coating is then applied electrolytically over the zinc, using immersion cell or brush-coating techniques. Development of acetate electrolytes has permitted deposition of the proper alloy coatings. The coated areas can then be readily joined with conventional tin-lead solders and fluxs. The joints so formed are ductile, strong, and relatively cor- rosion resistant, and exhibit strengths equivalent to those formed on copper and brass when the same sol- ders and fluxes are used. The method has also been employed to soft-solder magnesium alloys. PB83-199265/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Fisheries Inst., Inc., Washington, DC. U.S. Seafood Processing Industry: An Economic Profile for Policy and Regulatory Analysts. Final rept. 1960-80, David M. Dressel, Donald R. Whitaker, Teh-Wei Hu, and D. Lynne Kaltreider. Apr 83, 79p* Grant NA81AA-D-00121 Prepared in cooperation with Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park. Keywords: 'Food processing, 'Seafood, Industries, Government policies, Regulations, Fisheries, Interna- tional trade, Operating costs, Marketing, Supply(Economics). This overview is designed as a primer for understand- ing the intricacies of the seafood processing industry and the economic opportunities and constraints sea- food processors face as small businesses. The text describes the business environment of the seafood processor from an integrated perspective by address- ing the resource, and harvesting, processing, and mar- keting practices. Extensive statistical summaries are provided on: landings and value; industry structure by gross sales and employment; changes in the costs of doing business; production, value, and consumer demand; and the quantity and value of imports and ex- ports of fishery products. PB83-200691/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Design and Upgrading of Surfacing and Other As- pects of Low-Volume Roads, Eldon J. Yoder, D. G. Shurig, Benjamin Colucci-Rios, Ray S. Millard, and B. Frank McCullough. 1982, 97p TRB/TRR-875, ISBN-0-309-03462-0 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-3986. Also pub. aslSSN-0361-1981. Paper copy also available from Transportation Re- search Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washing- ton, DC 20418. Keywords: 'Roads, 'Construction, Aggregates, Port- land cements, Rural areas, Cost analysis, Mathemati- cal models, Structural design, Developing countries, Nebraska, Virginia, Computer applications. The 14 papers in this report deal with the following areas: evaluation of existing aggregate roads to deter- mine suitability for resurfacing; surfacings for low- volume roads in the third world; improved pavement management system for low-volume roads; perform- ance of various thicknesses of PCC pavement; pave- ment evaluation and upgrading of low-cost roads; pavement design for a 3.5-million-pound vehicle; dis- cussion of aggregate properties for untreated road sur- faces; fabric-reinforced aggregate roads-overview; case for removing bridge or culvert rails on low-volume rural roads; cost responsibility for low-volume roads in Virginia; effect of unit-train grain shipments on rural Nebraska roads; development of a computerized tech- nique to identify effective forest roadway networks; analyzing transportation networks for rural develop- ment; and, optimization of roadway structural design and maintenance strategies with special reference to developing countries. PB83-201491/GAA PC A02/MF A01 North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Sea Grant Coll. Program. Evaluation of Five Types of Binders to Improve the Artificial Diet of Young American Eels Anguilla rostrata' Le Seuer. Working paper, James F. Salevan, III. Apr 83, 23p UNC/SG/83-3, NOAA-83042902 Grant NA79AA-D-00048 Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Fishes, Feeding stuffs, Vita- mins, Mixtures, Japan, Taiwan, Binders(Materials), An- guilla rostrata, American eels. The 'traditional' diet of young American eels (Anguilla rostrata) consists of fish meal, alpha cornstarch and a vitamin premix. This formulation has been used at the University of North Carolina Sea Grant Aquaculture Demonstration Project in Aurora, North Carolina, and in commercial eel farming operations in Japan and Taiwan. The main problems with this mixture are de- creased profit margins due to wasted food and a gen- eral lowering of water quality. 177 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-201681/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Fisheries Education and Research Founda- tion, Inc., Washington, DC. Controlled Atmosphere as a New Technique in Fresh Fish Shelf Life Extension. Final rept., R. C. Lindsay, R. H. Deibel, S. J. Goodfellow, A. R. Fain, Jr., and G. Finne. 23 Dec 82, 34p NOAA- 83050413 Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Univ.-Madi- son, ABC Research Corp., Gainesville, FL, and Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Keywords: * Fishes, *Food storage, Laboratories, Bot- ulism, Surveys, Sampling, Toxicity, Fresh fish. The research carried out under this grant represents the collaborative efforts of three research laboratories and the National Fisheries Education and Research Foundation. Collaboration of these groups allowed in- clusion of a broad range of fish species representing the geographical components of the United States in a botulism incidence survey, and then allowed evalua- tion of three fish species in a detailed packaging study. Fish samples were obtained from a wide variety of commercial sources in forms that were usually en- countered for distribution and sale of fresh products. PB83-201798/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab.-Cincin- nati, OH. Methods for Organic Chemical Analysis of Munici- pal and Industrial Wastewater, James E. Longbottom, and James J. Lichtenberg. Jul 82, 61 p EPA-600/4-82-057 Keywords: *Water pollution, Sewage, *Sewage treat- ment, 'Industrial wastes, Chemical analysis, Gas chro- matography, Mass spectroscopy, Sewage treatment effluents, Procedures. To provide the Effluent Guidelines Division of USEPA with a means of measuring the concentration of pollut- ants in municipal and industrial wastewaters, the USEPA's Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab- oratory in Cincinnati, and the Environmental Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia, collaborated on a re- search project that resulted in an analytical protocol that was successfully applied to a variety of wastewaters. The gas chromatography/mass spec- trometry (GC/MS) procedures in that protocol for the measurement of organic pollutants were the forerun- ners of methods 624 and 625 that appear in this manual. PB83-202218/GAA PC A23/MF A01 Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Sea Grant Program. Proceedings of the International Seafood Trade Conference Held at Anchorage, Alaska on Septem- ber 8-12, 1982, Brenda R. Melteff. Jan 83, 546p ASG-83-2, NOAA- 83050304 Keywords: 'Seafood, 'International trade, Developing countries, Byproducts, 'Fishes, 'Marketing, Japan, Fishing grounds, Territorial seas, Prices, Fishing, Gov- ernment policies, Economic models, Supply(Economics), Exports, Law enforcement, Tech- nology transfer, Data processing, Salmon, Sea Grant program. Contents: Seafood markets in the Western Pacific; European seafood markets; Seafood markets in the Americas; Theoretical/technical papers; Workshop on data collection systems. PB83-202614/GAA PC A03/MF A01 New Jersey Sea Grant Extension Service, New Bruns- wick. Overview of Legal Constraints on Aquaculture, Alex W. Wypyszinski. Jan 83, 30p* NJSG-83-107, NOAA-83050401 Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Nutrition, Economic factors, Regulations, State government, National government. Although it is a growing industry, aquaculture produc- tion in the United States lags far behind nations such as China, Japan and the Soviet Union. While the devel- opment of aquaculture's nutritional and economic po- tential has also been hindered by economic and pro- duction factors, legal and regulatory constraints are commonly perceived as the most constraining influ- ences. This study will outline the major areas of state and federal regulation affecting the aquaculture indus- try as well as efforts currently being made to reduce legal and regulatory constraints on aquaculture devel- opment. PB83-203281/GAA PC E07/MF E01 Foras Forbartha Teoranta, Dublin (Ireland). Manual on Urban Trees, John McCullen, and Richard Webb. 1982, 146p ISBN-0-9091 20-66-7 Keywords: 'Environmental management, 'Urban plan- ning, Design, Environmental engineering, Manage- ment, Climate, Surveys, Planting, Esthetics, Architec- ture, Landscape studies, Tree surgery. There is an increasing public awareness of the value of trees, coupled with concern at the rate at which trees are being lost from Ireland's landscape. There is, how- ever, often a lack of specialized knowledge in many local authorities regarding the most effective tech- niques of landscape design, tree planting and arbori- culture. This manual has been written in order to pro- vide an introduction to the subject for local authority engineers and planners who are currently responsible for trees and planning matters concerning trees. PB83-203414/GAA PC A08/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Water Resources Center. Investigation of the Alternatives for Wastewater Disinfection: Economc, Social, and Technical: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Dynamics of Breakpoint Chlorination in Dispersed Flow Reactors, Michael K. Stenstrom, and Hoa G. Tran. Apr 83, 164p W83-02926, , OWRT-A-073-CAL(1) Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Los An- geles. School of Engineering and Applied Science. Keywords: 'Waste treatment, 'Sewage treatment, 'Waste water, 'Water pollution, Disinfectants, Substi- tutes, Reaction kinetics, Chemical reactors, Chemical reactions, Hydrolysis, Dechlorination, Water treatment, Sewage treatment, Dispersion, Water analysis, Chemi- cal analysis, Water pollution detection, Chemical reac- tion mechanisms, Numerical solution. The dynamics of breakpoint chlorination were exam- ined in three continuous dispersed flow reactors. The reactors were comprised of 1/2, 2 and 3 inch PVC pipe, which were 730, 41 , and 23 feet long, respective- ly. Chlorination of ammonia at various chlorine to am- monia ratios were investigated over the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. Seventeen experiments were performed in the three reactors over the course of the experimental investigations. Chlorine residuals, including free, mon- ochloramine, dichloramine, and nitrogen trichloride and ammonia were analyzed simultaneously. To quan- titatively characterize the breakpoint reactions, a mathematical model, consisting of eight simultaneous, quasi-linear, partial differentials equations was devel- oped. The model was solved using an implicit finite dif- ference technique. The reaction rate coefficients were treated as parameters, and were estimated using a search technique to minimize the sum of squares of the difference between the expected and measured values. The model can now be used to simulated con- tinuous flow chlorination processes in order to develop process operating strategies to maximize or minimize any given experimental objective. PB83-203653/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Needs in Science and Technology for Develop- ment in Caribbean Island actins: Report of a Work- shop held in Washington, DO, August 30-31, 1982. Final rept. May 83, 66p Keywords: 'Technical assistance, Meetings, Manpow- er, 'Transportation, Resources, 'Telecommunica- tions, Aquaculture, 'Agriculture, Requirements, Indus- tries, Technology transfer, Incentives. The nations of the Caribbean are relatively small in size and population. Most lack natural resources and are dependent on the production of a few basic com- modities. The population has doubled since 1950 and will double again by the end of the century. The labor force is expanding much faster than the economics can absorb, resulting in high unemployment. Scarce public resources are diverted toward dealing with the political and social consequences of high unemploy- ment and rate of urbanization. During the 1970's, most of the Caribbean nations were severely affected by the large increase in the price of oil and sharp drops in prices of commodities. At the same time, the U.S. re- cession and high interest rates increased their debt and halted growth. The problems of these nations are similar, interrelated and require some cooperation and integration of efforts to resolve. BOSTID proposed that an examination be made of some of the critical scien- tific and technological needs of the Caribbean nations, and that this examination take place in a workshop set- ting with participants from both the U.S. and Caribbe- an. After an initial planning meeting was held to deter- mine the terms of reference for the workshop, the workshop took place in August, 1983. Funding was provided by the National Research Council's Program Initiation Funds. Discussions focused on how S&T could enhance the development of marine and coastal resources, agriculture and industry. PB83-204180/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Chartered Inst, of Building, Ascot (England). Survival or Success: Developing an Appropriate Response to a Fluctuating Demand for the Build- ing Firm. Occasional paper, R. H. Barnard. 1982, 24p ISBN-0-906600-46-4, OP- 25 Keywords: 'Construction, 'Great Britain, Economic factors, Political science, Socio-economic factors. The demand in recent times for buildings in the UK has been cyclical and for hundreds of years the building industry has suffered from the many problems arising from this phenomenon. This paper considers the prob- lems and effects of changing demand, the bases of such changes arising from economic, social and politi- cal factors and finally suggests the way in which firms can cope. PB83-204974/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Defense Univ., Washington, DC. Research Directorate. World Grain Economy and Climate Change to the Year 2000: Implications for Policy. Report of the Final Phase of a Climate Impact Assessment, D. Gale Johnson. 1983, 58p ARPA ORDER-3359, NOAA-83050904 Contract MDA903-77-C-0914 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600700. Sponsored in part by Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, DO, and Institute for the Future, Menlo Park, CA. Keywords: 'Grains(Food), 'Environmental impacts, 'Agricultural economics, Economic models, Yield, Pro- duction, Developing countries, Livestock, Mathemati- cal models, Farm crops, Global. During the two decades preceding 1972, the United States and several other major exporting countries had problems with costly agricultural surpluses and excess production capacity. At the same time wide- spread hunger continued in many of the world's poor- est countries. In 1 972 the world food situation began to change rapidly and moved toward relative scarcities and high prices as the surpluses in developed coun- tries disappeared. Although it referred to some dis- agreements among climatologists, the Fortune article clearly gave first place to a 'grim scenario' associated with a global cooling trend seen as likely to result in southward shifts of the Sahara Desert, irregular mon- soons during the rest of the century in regions such as northern India. In 1976 the Central Intelligence Agency released a study with a gloomy prognosis for climate and its impacts. The main conclusion of this study is that through the end of this century the world is very unlikely to face climate changes of such magnitude as to affect the world food situation significantly. United States food policy would have to be modified if there were a widely accepted view of imminent and highly probable major changes in world climate. PB83-205229/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Urbitran Associates, Inc., New York. Simplified Techniques to Estimate Emissions and Fuel Consumption Inventories (User's Manual). Final rept., 178 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Edward T. Herlihy, Michael F. Odniceanu, John C. Falcocchio, Luis Sanchez, and Calvin Roberts. Sep 82, 102p Contract DTFH61-80-C-00069 Keywords: *Air pollution, Urban areas, Forecasting, Management planning, Transportation management, Light duty vehicles. This User's Guide describes an improved approach for estimating mobile emissions and fuel consumption using a simplified method. The procedure is designed for use by planners and transportation analysts inter- ested in estimating emissions and fuel consumption for light-duty vehicles (LDV) traveling in urbanized areas. The procedure is based on a set of look-up tables, and estimates changes in emissions and fuel consumption using changes in the number of trips and related VMT. PB83-205526/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Intraindustry Structure, Integration Strategies, and Petroleum Firm Performance. Final rept., Harry Gerard Broadman. 6 Oct 82, 166p Contract SBA-4877-0A-80 Prepared in cooperation with Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Keywords: 'Petroleum, * Management techniques, 'In- dustrial plants, Businesses, Economic models, Gov- ernment policies, Performance evaluation. This study covers patterns of integration of firms and the competitive power which they confer. Develop- ment of an industrial organization model applicable to various industries and significant to small business is included. The hypothesis to be tested is that integrated firms have structural opportunities which nonintegrat- ed firms do not share. Using econometric techniques, the fit of this hypothesis to the U.S. petroleum industry will be tested. PB83-206334/GAA PC E07/MF E07 BNF Metals Technology Centre, Wantage (England). Magnesium Diecasting: Process Variables and Fault Correction, T. B. Hill, d 982, 88p Keywords: * Metals, Variability, Defects, Correction. The short manual aims firstly to give the magnesium pressure-diecaster a simple description of the vital process variables, and how best to set his machine actions to make good castings. Secondly, the manual describes typical casting defects, and signposts the actions needed to stop them happening again. PB83-207175/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Office of International Cooperation and Development (USDA), Washington, DC. Development Project Man- agement Center. Acquiring and Using Microcomputers in Agricultur- al Development: A Manager's Guide, Marcus D. Ingle, Noel Berge, and Marcia Teisan. Apr 83, 178p* Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Prepared in cooperation with Maryland Univ., College Park. International Devel- opment Management Center. Keywords: "Computers, "Management techniques, "Agriculture, Agricultural economics, Procurement, Managers, Computer applications. This guide is intended for development personnel who are associated with the management of agriculture and rural sector projects or institutions. It focuses on individual managers, management teams, or manage- ment-related personnel who are likely to purchase a single-user microcomputer or who already have one and are interested in expending and sustaining its use in a development organization. This guide has been written to provide host-country, donor agency, and contractor managers with relevant information about microcomputer acquisition, installation and use. This guide includes six appendices including a listing of major manufacturers, periodicals about microcomput- ers, a bibliography and a glossary. PB83-207928/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Illinois State Water Survey Div., Champaign. Illinois Solar Weather Program. Contract rept. 1 Sep 80-31 Aug 82, L Keith Hendrie. Mar 83, 81 p fSWS/CON-83-304, IL/ENR/DOC-83/10 Keywords: *Wind energy, *Solar energy, Networks, In- struments, Tables(Data), *Wind power. Interest in alternative energy sources, and pressures to develop appropriate technology to utilize them, have increased with the rapid depletion of, and fre- quent cost increases for, environmentally-acceptable conventional fossil fuels. Solar radiation and wind energy have been widely proposed as alternatives, and have been suggested as potential buffers for the national energy crisis, at least until replacement energy resources are developed. This program was initiated to establish an observational network to pro- vide a high quality solar radiation data base on the temporal and spatial scales critical to the appropriate evaluation of solar energy systems. A wind-energy po- tential component has been added to the network and will provide a statistically significant and spatially co- herent data set for wind energy conversion systems. PB83-208025/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Pittsburgh Univ., PA. Impact of Increasing Energy Prices and Energy Supply Curtailments on Small Business in the U.S. Final rept., Samuel I. Doctors, Judith B. Cohen, and Paul Y. Hammond. Sep 81, 287p Contract SBA-2627-OA-79 Keywords: 'Energy, Expenses, 'Small businesses, Fuel supplies, Energy consumption. The study addresses the impact of increasing energy costs, energy curtailments and shortages on a national sample of businesses employing less than 500 work- ers. The aim of the study was to created a five-sector data base developed from questionnaires adminis- tered to 6,000 small firms, through which the impact of energy problems can be evaluated and assessed by decision makers in government and in the private sector. PB83-208876/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Water Resources Re- search Center. Effect of Ozonation on the Biodegradability and Adsorbability of Specific Organics to be Removed in the Biologically Activated Carbon (BAC) Proc- ess, Francis A. DiGiano, Shelia F. Mcshane, and Michael F. Lorenzo. Dec 82, 111p PUB-135, W83-03107, , OWRT-A-132-MASS(1) Contract DI-14-34-0001-0123 Keywords: 'Water treatment, Potable water, Phenol, Benzoic acid, Nitrophenols, Industrial wastes, Biologi- cal industrial waste treatment, Benzoic acid/chloro. Phenol, 2,4, dinitrophenol, paranitrophenol, benzoic acid and ortho-, meta- and parachlorobenzoic acid were ozonated and changes in the adsorption iso- therm were measured. Gilson respirometry studies were conducted using unozonated solutions of phenol and benzoic acid in order to measure the availability of sorbed substrate for biodegradation. Similar studies with ozonated solutions examined the effect of ozona- tion on the biodegradability and availability of sorbed substrate. Even at low ozone dosages, the adsorption isotherm, as measured by the total organic carbon of the mixture, was in most cases different than that of the parent compound; adsorption was decreased but there were also exceptions. Competitive adsorption between the residual parent sorbate and the low concentration(s) of by-products of ozonation was sug- gested but not proven. Sorbed substrate was shown to be available for biodegradation. Ozonation of phenol increased oxygen uptake substantially in flasks con- taining activated carbon, but not in flasks containing sand. In the absence of sorbed substrate, ozonation may not necessarily lead to increased oxygen uptake if the effect of ozonation is to lower the stoichiometric amount of oxygen required for biodegradation. PB83-209031/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Bechtel National, Inc., San Francisco, CA. Energy Recovery from the Reject Brine of Reverse Osmosis Systems. Final rept., Sherman May, Randall Soo-Hoo, David Prend, and Alfred N. Rogers. Mar 81, 64p W83-03113, , OWRT- C-90302-D-9528(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -9528 Keywords: 'Energy source development, Design crite- ria, Brines, Sea water, Economic analysis, Perform- ance evaluation, 'Desalination. A novel power recovery system, immiscible fluid energy recovery device (IFERD), for reverse osmosis desalting plants was investigated. Conceptual designs and cost estimates were developed for two commer- cial-sized seawater reverse osmosis desalting plant applications. An economic evaluation of the IFERD system when compared to conventional power recov- ery devices shows the IFERD system to be more eco- nomically attractive in most cases, except when power costs are extremely low. This is mainly due to its supe- rior efficiency in both the recovery of energy and the application of the recovered energy. In addition, the IFERD system offers potentially increased reliability and reduced maintenance. Recommendations are made for pilot testing to demonstrate the performance and reliability of the IFERD system and to obtain other data necessary to develop the IFERD system to the point of commercial use. PB83-209239/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Water Resources Re- search Inst. Organizational Approach to Water Resources in Puerto Rico, Gerardo Cumpiano, Pedro Cantero, Ernesto Mayoral, Humberto Ramirez, and Francisco Vilella. 1978, 118p Grant NSF-SPI78-03489 Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Water supply, 'Puerto Rico, Project planning, Legislation, Economic impact, National government, Developing country application. This study identifies possible administrative problem areas in supplying water to Puerto Rico. It covers water resource coordination in the Federal Government, planning coordination in the Commonwealth, water re- source planning in the commonwealth, coordinating functions of DNR, legislative arrangements, general and specific responsibility areas, agencies with multi- ple responsibilities, interdepartmental and interagency cooperation, regulatory agencies, and an economic and legal area report. PB83-209247/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Ca- parra Heights, PR. Assessment of Solar Energy as an Alternative Energy Source for the Republic of Panama, G. T. Pytlinski, and K. G. Soderstrom. Sep 82, 61 p CEER-S-141 Sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, Wash- ington, DC. Keywords: 'Technology assessment, 'Solar energy, 'Panama, Assessments, Substitutes, Solar thermal power plants, Solar water heating, Photovaltaic power plants, Energy sources, Developing country applica- tion. The report covers the Panamanian solar energy as- sessment program; the solar energy resource base in Panama; the scenario of solar energy implementation; solar technology options including solar thermal power systems, photovoltaic systems (utility interface), and solar water heating systems (economics of solar water heating, market penetration, manpower training, and institutional and social considerations); expected impact of solar technologies; and conclusions. The basic conclusion is that all the plants visited in the study could make effective use of solar energy, reduc- ing the use of fossil fuels. There was also plenty of opportunity for private use of solar energy. PB83-209585/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Ca- parra Heights, PR. Solar Ponds: Research, Applications and Develop- ment, G. T. Pytlinski. Dec 82, 23p CEER-S-151 Sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, Wash- ington, DC. 179 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Electric power, 'Energy source development, Brines, Electric power generation, Technology, Inorganic salts, Sodium chloride, Equipment, Magnesium chlorides, Borax, Sodium phosphates, Design criteria, Perform- ance evaluation, 'Solar ponds, Developing country ap- plication. This report briefly describes selected research in solar brine ponds, chiefly in the United States and Israel. It concludes that solar ponds are technically feasible and can be economically competitive. Salts used may be sodium-chloride, magnesium-chloride, borax, diso- dium phosphate, or sodium sulphate. PVC pipes and heavy duty plastic liners are used to prevent corrosion, but leak detection is difficult. Stainless steel instru- ments are used. Shallow solar ponds are market ready, but salt gradient solar ponds are still on the fringe of market readiness. PB83-209593/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Ca- parra Heights, PR. Patterns of Temporal Distribution in the Metazoan Parasitology of the White Mullet, Mugil curema' in Joyuda Lagoon, Jorge R. Garcia Sais. 1981, 32p CEER-M-152 Sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, Wash- ington, DC. Keywords: 'Animal diseases, 'Fishes, 'Migration, Animal migrations, Sampling, Oxygen, Dissolved gases, Salinity, Temperature, Parasites, Aquaculture, Coasts, Norway, Ecology, Developing country applica- tion, White mullet, Spawning. This study was made to learn the temporal distribution and intensity of infection by metazoan parasites in the white mullet in Joyoda Lagoon, to examine the influ- ence that changes in the external environment have on the parasitic fauna of the white mullet, to determine the effect that spawning and possible migrations of the fish have on its parasitic composition, to add some ec- ological and biological information about the white mullet, and to evaluate the role of Joyuda Lagoon in the life cycle of the white mullet. Monthly samples were examined from February 1979 through April 1980. PB83-209668/GAA PC A04/MF A01 American Embassy, Ankara (Turkey). Horizons for Sales of Agricultural Equipment, Services and Technology to Turkey, Ertugrul Y. Gur. Jan 83, 69p Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Turkey, Develop- ing countries, Equipment, Technology, Services, Agri- cultural engineering, Agricultural products, Govern- ment policies, Developing country application. This study has been prepared to bring to the attention of American business the commercial and investment opportunities in agriculture and agro-industry which exist in Turkey. A number of projects and project pro- posals which need foreign technology in the form of capital investment and licensing agreements are pre- sented, including pertinent data which will help evalu- ate these opportunities better. Opportunities exist in plant protection, reduction of fallow land, second crop production, livestock and poultry development, fresh fruit and vegetable development, integrated rural de- velopment, animal health, and others. Capital invest- ment and licensing opportunities exist in livestock and poultry breeding, meat and dairy processing, oilseed storage and processing, citrus processing and packag- ing, pulse processing and packaging, animal feed pro- duction, plant breeding, and cold storage and crop pro- duction. There are also opportunities in research and project consultancy services, mostly connected with large-scale integrated government projects. The Turk- ish government encourages foreign investment. PB83-210112/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto do Acucar e do Alcool, Piracicaba (Brazil). Planalsucar Annual Report 1980: National Program for Sugarcane Improvement. Annual rept., Marco Antonio Rosa. C1981, 60p Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Sugarcane, 'Brazil, Improvement, Breed- ing, 'Pest control, Soil fertility, Irrigation, Plant physiol- 180 ogy, Education, Weed control, Developing country ap- plication. This annual report covers the following subjects: Plan- ning and Evaluation; Breeding and Selection; Entomol- ogy; Soil and Fertility; Irrigation and Climatology; Physi- ology and Weed Science; Agricultural Operations; In- dustrial Area; Technology Transfer; Information Center; Professional Training; Communication; Qualifi- cation of Research Workers; and a Publication List. PB83-210120/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Fondo Colombiano de Investigaciones Cientificas y Proyectos Especiales, Bogota. Elementos Procedimentales para Estructurar Uni- dades y Sistemas de Informacion (Procedural Ele- ments for Structuring Units and Systems of Infor- mation), Arley Agudelo Clavijo. 1981, 224p Text in Spanish. Sponsored in part by Organization of American States, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Information services, 'Information sources, Index terms, 'Information systems, Library science, Information sciences, Developing country ap- plication. This report provides an introductory knowledge of in- formation science, useful in the organization, adminis- tration, and manipulation of units and systems of infor- mation to determine, locate, select, acquire, analyze, transform, and disseminate specialized information. It explains the administrative principles for the operation of an information unit, types of scientific reports, cata- loguing, references, indexing design, elements for design and planning of information systems, norms for converting descriptions into abstracts, and model questionnaires. PB83-210138/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Centro Nacional de Informacion y Documentacion Cientifica, Madrid (Spain). Conferencia Iberoamericana sobre Informacion y Documentacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (Iberoa- merican Conference on Scientific and Tecnolgical Information and Documentation), J. Arias Ordonez, J. I. Cuesta, M. Lopez-Muniz Goni, D. Turuguet Mayol, and R. Rodriquez Delgado. 1979, 307p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Latin America, Mo- tivations, Foreign countries, Requirements, Documen- tation, International relations, Developing country ap- plication. This report examines the development of documenta- tion and information during the last two decades in Latin American countries, with special emphasis on those that have originated and contributed to the sup- port of national information systems. Based on the re- sults of a survey and on available documentation, con- crete recommendations for mechanisms and activities that have succeeded in motivating the countries of the region in the field of documentation and information are made and analyzed. In light of the present situation and the new international economic order, a proposal is presented for seven specific studies to find a solu- tion to the most felt national and regional needs through national and international technical copartici- pation. PB83-211003/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Summary of Thermal Properties for Casting Alloys and Mold Materials, R. D. Pehlke, A. Jeyarajan, and H. Wada. Dec 82, 177p NSF/MEA-82028 Grant NSF-DAR78-261 71 Keywords: 'Castings, Thermal conductivity, Specific heat, Density(Mass/Volume), Steels, Cast iron, Data, Copper alloys, Nickel alloys, Aluminum alloys, Magne- sium alloys. A review of thermal properties of casting alloys and mold materials has been conducted for the purpose of stimulating activity in computer aided design for cast- ings. A summary of thermal data; thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, and heats of fusion has been prepared for metals and casting alloys, and for primary molding materials. This summary represents an initial step in the development of data bases for support of computer aided design systems for castings. Addition- al information is required, in particular for thermal prop- erties of commercial casting alloy systems. PB83-21 1 193/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Highway Condi- tions and Highway Accidents, Felipe Luyanda, and Robert W. Smith. 10 Jun 82, 31p9 Pan American Congress on Civil Engineering (1st) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1-7, 1982. Keywords: 'Pavements, 'Roads, 'Motor vehicles, Sta- tistical analysis, Rural areas, Intersections. The research effort consists of a multivariate statistical analysis of highway conditions and highway accident data. Its main goal is to provide a means through which transportation agencies can develop realistic highway safety improvement priorities. The project consists of three main phases: (1 ) the elaboration of multivariate statistical models for determining the relation between highway accidents and highway conditions on rural highway links and intersections, (2) review and evalua- tion of multivariate statistical techniques to assess their suitability for analyzing highway accident data, and (3) utilization of an independent data set to verify and validate the models developed. PB83-21 1201/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Microcomputers: A Tool for Planning and Schedul- ing Construction Projects, Jose F. Lluch Garcia. Aug 82, 24p 8 Pan American Congress on Economic and Cost Engi- neering (5th) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1- 7, 1982. Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Computers, 'Management planning, Critical path method, Management planning, Scheduling, CYCLONE systems, TRS-80 computers, Commodore computers, Developing country applica- tion. The availability of low cost microcomputers, which are small in size and large in computing capacity, make computer based techniques for planning, scheduling, and control of construction projects accessible to con- struction contractors. A prototype microcomputer im- plementation of CPM (Critical Path Method) and a full CYCLONE (Cyclic Operations Network) are presented. The CPM implementation is based on precedence net- works. It supports many features of CPM programs found in large computers. CYCLONE is a method for the analysis of construction operations. It focuses on how, rather than when, to carry out a construction op- eration. The CPM and CYCLONE systems discussed are implemented on the TRS-80 and Commodore microcomputers. They provide a cost effective alterna- tive to construction decision makers for planning, scheduling, and control of construction projects. PB83-211219/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Bamboo as a Renewable Energy Source, Alberto E. Molini, and Jose G. Irizarry. Aug 82, 21 p 12 Pan American Congress on Energy (1st), and National Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies (2nd) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1 -7, 1 982. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Fuels, Sources, Developing county application. Our complete dependence upon imported fossil fuels forces us to make a conscientious evaluation of the other energy sources the authors have readily avail- able. Some of the approximately 1000 species of bamboo of some 50 genera, which range from plants the size of field grass to giants 120 ft. high and one ft. in diameter, and which grow from sea level in the trop- ics to 1 0,000 ft. mountain slopes, appear to be excel- lent alternate renewable energy sources. This paper presents the results obtained from a recently initiated research effort on the subject. PB83-211227/GAA Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. PC A02/MF A01 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Recovery of Enthalpy as Work from Thermal Ef- fluents, Alberto E. Molini. Aug 82, 20p 1 1 Pan American Congress on Energy (1st), and National Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies (2nd) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1 -7, 1 982. Keywords: 'Electric power, *Air pollution, Thermody- namics, Scrubbing, Electric power plants, Feasibility, Particles, Developing county application. Enthalpy is recovered as work from hot industrial ef- fluents by the controlled expansion of liquids through convergent-divergent nozzles in true reaction turbines. For hot liquid effluents, the effluent itself serves as the working fluid. For gaseous effluents, a high boiling stable liquid is heated by the gas in a scrubbing tower and then the liquid is expanded as the work fluid. If the effluents contain undesirable levels of particulate pol- lutants, the liquid is cleaned before it is expanded. This paper reports the results predicted when using both impulse and true reaction turbines. Results predicted when using work fluids as glycerol, tricresyl phosphate, bi-phenyls, and silicone oils are presented. Cycle effi- ciencies as high as 26% are predicted as possible. Re- coveries as high as 30MW seem possible when using the approach as a bottoming cycle for a 460 MW steam-electric utility discharging flue gases at 500F. PB83-211268/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Work from Steam Expanded to Low Quality Levels, Alberto E. Molini. Aug 82, 19p 10 Pan American Congress on Energy (1st), and National Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies (2nd) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1 -7, 1 982. Keywords: *Turbines, 'Engines, Steam engines, Steam turbines, Heat sinks, Condensates, Superheat- ing, Working fluids, Developing country application. To improve the efficiency of steam engines, designers resorted to larger temperature differences between the heat source and the heat sink. A high temperature of approximately 1100 F, limited by the materials of construction, was soon reached. The heat sink is limit- ed by the environment and mechanically to a large extent by the moisture level to which the work-fluid is expanded. Because of the close dimensional toler- ances together with the inability to simultaneously remove the condensate, modern steam turbines are restricted to expansion cycles from super-heat to steam qualities of approximately 95%. Large losses of efficiency are experienced when expanding to lower steam qualities. Thus the development of modern reheat cycles which use multiple super-heats and tur- bines which result in cycle efficiencies of approximate- ly 38%, and in more expensive installations. True reac- tion turbines overcome these limitations. This paper presents the effect of extending the expansion of super-heated steam beyond the saturated vapor line down to steam qualities of approximately 70% using true reaction turbines to obtain more economical cycles as efficient as reheat cycles. PB83-211409/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Impact of Heavy Trucks on Highways and Pave- ment Rehabilitation Needs in Puerto Rico. (Mainte- nance), Poduru M. Gandhi, and Antonio Santiago Vazquez. Aug 82, 30p 5 Prepared in cooperation with Engineering Manage- ment and Information Systems Inc., San Juan, PR. Pan American Congress on Civil Engineering (1st) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1 -7, 1 982. Keywords: 'Pavements, 'Maintenance, Trucks, Flexi- ble pavements, Concrete pavements, Puerto Rico, Pavement overlays. This paper summarizes the results of an investigation of the highway system in Puerto Rico and points out the need for sensible regulations to control loads and a simultaneous initiation of a crash rehabilitation pro- ?ram to bring the pavements to the proper condition, he investigation included a systematic evaluation of the condition of representative flexible and rigid pave- ment sections on the primary and secondary highways in Puerto Rico. PB83-211417/GAA Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. PC A03/MF A01 Feasibility Analysis of a Distillation Column with Vapor Recompression, Edgar Hernandez Patino. Aug 82, 28p 7 Pan American Congress on Energy Alternatives (1 st) Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1 -7, 1 982. Keywords: 'Distilleries, 'Economic analysis, Feasibili- ty, Thermodynamics, Economic analysis, Energy con- servation, Developing county application. This paper describes the thermodynamic and econom- ic feasibility of a distillation column with recompression of the overhead vapor for generating heat to the re- boiler. A considerable amount of energy is saved by implementing this system. A steady state model was developed to study the effect of different column varia- bles on the feasibility of the heat pump system. A rela- tionship between the savings and the thermodynamic availability of the mixture was devised. The savings were found to be very sensitive to the relative cost of steam and electricity. A possible way of predicting the pressure effect on the heat pump based on the An- toine equation for the vapor pressure of the key com- ponents was also devised. Vapor recompression is a feasible way of economizing energy on a distillation unit. The outlook for the use of the heat pump concept has now induced process engineers to consider its ap- plications. PB83-211896/GAA PC A03/MF A01 WED Enterprises, Glendale, CA. Water Hyacinth Wastewater Treatment System. Final rept. 1 Dec 80-1 Dec 82, Benedict R. Schwegler, Jr. Feb 83, 48p GRI-80/0169 Contract GRI-5080-323-0396 Keywords: 'Water hyacinth, 'Aquatic plants, 'Sewage treatment, Solar radiation, Prototypes, 'Waste water, Biochemical oxygen demand, Seasonal variations, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Adsorption, Nitrobacter, Bio- mass, Ammonification, Biological productivity, Anaero- bic processes, Digestion(Biology), Methane, Nitrifica- tion, Harvesting, Denitrification, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment. A prototype water hyacinth wastewater treatment system has been in operation for two years at Walt Disney World, near Orlando, Florida. Typically, the hyacinth system removes 80-90% total suspended solids and B.O.D. from the influent stream. Major im- pacts on water quality exiting the system are: seasonal variations insolar radiation, air and water temperature, operational problems, particularly harvesting equip- ment breakdown, and retention time in the ponds. Phosphorus and Nitrogen removal show a strong sea- sonal dependence. Nitrogen removal rates show a strong dependence on retention times, with a retention time of 5 days appearing to be a critical limit for the establishment of an active population of denitrifying bacteria. Hyacinth biomassproductivity of the system was approximately 66.7 dry metric tons per hectare year(30 dry tons/acre year) during the second year of operation. PB83-212480/GAA PC A12/MF A01 National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Summary of Active Awards and Completed Projects of the Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Supplement 1. Dec 79, 258p NSF/RA-790787 See also PB83-21 2472. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB83- 212464. Keywords: 'Research and development, Government policies, Technology innovation, 'Technology assess- ment, Economic impact, Social effect, Indexes(Documentation), Risk analysis. This document comprises three sections: project sum- maries, indexes, and a publications list. The project summaries are divided into five categories: (1) Envi- ronment, Energy, and Resources Studies, including energy research and development, environmental policy, energy facilities, water quality, and resources; (2) Innovation Processes and Their Management, in- cluding private sector innovation processes and tech- nology transfer processes involving developing coun- tries; (3) Socioeconomic Effects of Science and Tech- nology (S&T) including the effects of S&T on individ- uals and on social institutions; (4) Technology Assess- ment and Risk Analysis, which includes technology as- sessment methodology and substantive technology assessment; and (5) Science, Technology, and Public Policy. Projects are indexed by institution, by principal investigator/author, and by subject/keyword. PB83-213025/GAA PC A12/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Planning Emergency Response Systems for Chemical Acci- dents. Interim Document 1. Emergency Response to Chemical Accidents, P. H. Jones, A. Gilad, R. Chrst, D. Liverman, and E. Mitran. 1981, 262p See also report number 4, PB83-21 3058. Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme. Keywords: 'Chemical industry, 'Health, 'Managment planning. 'Safety, Risk, Chlorine, Management plan- ning, Cargo transportation, Environmental surveys, 'Toxic substances, Dibenzodioxin/tetrachloro, Dioxin, Developing country application. An emergency response system for chemical acci- dents is designed to reduce the impact of an accident by rapid containment. It is necessary to know the nature of the chemicals; how to deal with them; the toxic, physical, and chemical properties of the materi- als; and the level of risk involved in contact, both for the emergency crews and the adjacent population. To prepare this report, two background studies were made: 1) Organizational model of a countrywide emer- gency response system for chemical accidents; and 2) survey of existing system components in European countries. Two case studies were also submitted: The release of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at Seveso, Italy; and the release of chlorine in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The studies recom- mended the publishing of guidelines which are con- tained in section 1 of this document. Section 2 con- tains the result of the survey of existing procedures and arrangements for dealing with emergencies and accidents involving toxic or potentially toxic chemicals. Section 3 contains the two case studies mentioned. PB83-213033/GAA PC A06/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Docu- ment 2. Manpower Development for Control of Chemicals, J. H. Duffus, A. Gilad, A. I. Bainova, J. H. F. Smith, and F. A. Fairweather. 1981, 120p See also report number 1 , PB83-21 3025. Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme. Keywords: 'Chemical industry, 'Health, 'Environmen- tal surveys, Toxicity, Toxicology, 'Safety, 'Toxic sub- stances, Developing country applications. Safeguarding human health and environment against deleterious effects of potentially toxic chemicals re- quires extensive testing and evaluation of the toxicity of chemicals as well as adequate control mechanisms. These indispensible activities are at present hampered by lack of personnel adequately trained to perform the multitude of tasks involved in the evaluation and con- trol of chemicals. Since an awareness of the need for evaluation and control emerged very recently, there is little precedent and experience in developing profes- sional and auxiliary personnel needed for the job. This problem requires a strategy for manpower develop- ment, including occupational profiles, training curricu- la, forecast of demand, and consultation on manpower development in toxic chemicals control. PB83-213041/GAA PC A05/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Docu- ment 3. Progress Report July 1981, A. Gilad, and S. Tarkowski. Jul 81, 87p See also report number 2, PB83-21 3033. Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme. Keywords: 'Health planning, 'Chemical industry, 'En- vironmental surveys, 'Safety, Manpower, Manage- ment planning, Risk, Regulations, 'Toxic substances, Developing country application. This Progress report of the World Health Organization covers the following topics: Program Planning and Pri- orities; Manpower Development and Training; Contin- gency Planning for Accidents and Emergencies Involv- 181 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ing the Release of Toxic Chemicals; Monitoring and Epidemiological Studies for Chemical Control; Toxic Wastes Management; Conclusions and Recommen- dations of Working Group on Occupational Profiles in Toxic Chemicals Control, Brussels, 15-19 December, 1980; Recommendations of the Working Group on Contingency Planning for, and Response to, Emergen- cies and Accidents involving Potentially Toxic Chemi- cals, Bilthoven, Netherlands, 9-13 February, 1981. PB83-213058/GAA PC A05/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Quality Con- trol in the Occupational Toxicology Laboratory. In- terim Document 4. Laboratory Quality Control, A. Aitio, M. H. Draper, J. Hanke, and N. Saris. 1981, 86p See also report number 3, PB83-21 3041 . Sponsored in part by United Nations Development Programme. Keywords: 'Chemical industry, 'Health planning, "Safety, 'Environmental surveys, Safety, Exposure, Risk, Assessments, Toxicology, 'Toxic substances, Occupational safety and health, Developing country application. The increasing volume and variety of chemicals pro- duced and traded throughout the world and an in- creasing awareness that chemicals have the potential to adversely affect human health and the environment have prompted national and international legislation requiring the testing of chemicals for possible health effects. At the same time, the crucial importance of studying populations exposed to various chemicals in industrial settings, domestic situations, and in the gen- eral environment has been emphasized, with the need for international collaboration in these studies recog- nized. In both the testing of individual chemical sub- stances for the toxic properties and in the conducting of monitoring and epidemiological studies, the need exists both to harmonized methods and to agree on measurest to ensure the validity and integrity of any data used for the risk assessment of chemicals to human health and the environment. PB83-213645/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Workshop on the Role of Basic Research in Sci- ence and Technology: Case Studies in Energy R and D (Research and Development). Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Washington, DC, March 12- 13 1983 1983, 141p NSF-83-30, NSF/PRA-83012 Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Energy, Government policies, Research projects, Technology innovation, Industries, Regulations. Proceedings are presented from the workshop on basic research for the advancement of energy technol- ogy and science. Meanings of the term 'basic re- search' are provided and a common definition is sought. The direct impact of basic research on the ad- vancement of energy technology and science and the indirect benefits of that research to society in general are evaluated. Research programs at the Department of Energy and in private industry are examined. Char- acteristics of industries involved in research and devel- opment (R&D) are discussed. These industries are said to be large, diversified, multinational corporations that are highly affected by government regulation and that carry on their R&D in diversified locations. Industry and university interactions are discussed. PB83-213652/GAA PC A08/MF A01 New Alchemy Inst., East Falmouth, MA. Solar Aquaculture: Perspectives in Renewable, Re- source-Based Fish Production. 1983, 158p NSF/CEE-83026 Grant NSF-ISP80- 16577 Results for a workshop at Falmouth, MA. on Septem- ber 28, 1981. Keywords: 'Solar energy, 'Aquaculture, Aquatic biol- ogy, Ponds, 'Fishes, Hydroponics, Algae, Carp, Bacte- ria, Chemical reactions, Dynamics, Comuterized simu- lation, Mathematical models, Design, Photosynthesis, Heat exchangers, Oxygen, Growth, Trout, Seasonal variations, Blue tilapia. A workshop conducted to review research in solar aquaculture performed at the New Alchemy Institute is described, and the development and synthesis of solar aquaculture at the Institute is discussed. The physical system of the ponds is explained, and attention is di- rected to the most successful fish species grown with the solar algae ponds, the blue tilapia, or Sarotheradon aureus. It is noted that algal populations could not be maintained beyond a certain temporal limit because solar pond activity beyond that limit is characterized by bacterial dominance and chemical transformations. The data collection effort is summarized and a com- puter simulation model of pond dynamics is provided. PB83-213991/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cam- bridge, MA. Expectations, Financial Structure and Composi- tional Change in R and D (Research and Develop- ment) as Determinants of Productivity Growth. Final rept., M. Ishaq Nadiri, Mark Schankerman, Jeffrey Bernstein, Ingmar Prucha, and Edward Wolff. Mar 83, 31 p* NSF/PRA-83011 Grant NSF-PRA77-27048 See also PB83-21 4007. Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Economic development, Prices, Production, Financial management, Expecta- tion, 'Research and development, Organizational structure, Industrial structure. Fourteen papers on the following topics are summa- rized: (1 ) the role of demand expectations in determin- ing investment decisions in research and development (R&D); (2) the effect of the financial structure of firms on their ability to invest in R&D; and (3) the effect of changes in the level and composition of R&D expendi- tures on the growth of productivity at the firm and in- dustry level. PB83-214007/GAA PC A22/MF A01 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cam- bridge, MA. Expectations, Financial Structure and Composi- tional Change in R and D (Research and Develop- ment) as Determinants of Productivity Growth. Final rept., M. Ishaq Nadiri, Mark Schankerman, Jeffrey Bernstein, Ingmar Prucha, and Edward Wolff. Mar 83, 507p* NSF/PRA-83010 Grant NSF-PRA77-27048 See also PB83-21 3991. Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Economic development, Prices, Production, Financial management, Expecta- tion, 'Research and development, Organizational structure, Industrial struture. Fourteen papers are presented on the following topics: (1) the role of demand expectations in determining in- vestment decisions in research and development (R&D); (2) the effect of the financial structure of firms on their ability to invest in R&D; and (3) the effect of changes in the level and composition of R&D expendi- tures on the growth of productivity at the firm and in- dustry level. PB83-214213/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD. Saline-Seep Diagnosis, Control, and Reclamation. Final rept., P. L. Brown, A. D. Halvorson, F. H. Siddoway, H. F. Maryland, and R. M. Miller. May 83, 27p USDA/ARS- CRR-30 Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Arid land, 'Farming, Precipitation(Meteorology), Water table, Slope, Range grasses, Grain crops, Soil surveys, Drainage, Monitor- ing, Drilling, Shales, Diagrams, Land reclamation, Great Plains Region(United States), Discharge(Water). This publication summarizes 10 years of research and experience on saline seep problems. Saline seep is a major problem in the Great Plains area of the United States. It has resulted from changes in land use in this area from native rangeland to dryland grain produc- tion, modern farming technology, and periods of high precipitation. Saline seep is a term to describe saline water discharge at the soil surface downslope from re- charge areas under dryland conditions. It affects crop growth because of greater concentration of soluble salt in the plant root zone. PB83-214320/GAA PC A06/MF A01 United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi (Kenya). Land for Housing the Poor. 1983, 102p ISBN-91 -540-3905-3, HS/CONF/83/5 Also pub. as Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm rept. no. D5:1983. Seminar held at Taell- beg, and Stockholm, March 14-19, 1983. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Housing, Developing coun- tries, Policies, Poverty groups. Efforts were concentrated on examining how govern- ments can speed up and increase the supply of land for housing the poor, and ensure that the poor receive secure tenure for their housing. The Seminar recom- mends that governments concentrate on acquisition (temporary or permanent) or mobilization of land sup- plies, provision of basic services and delivery of land, rather than on the building of shelter structures. It was strongly felt that this was the only practical course in most developing countries where governmental re- sources have to be concentrated on the most effective efforts to be made. Under a framework of four topic headings, a total of 30 recommendations was ap- proved and is presented in this report. Each recom- mendation represents a specific step which can be taken by governments towards meeting the land needs of the poor. PB83-214353/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Rolla, MO. Rolla Research Center. Recovery of Chromium from Surface-Finishing Wastes. Rept. of investigations/ 1983, H. O. McDonald, and L. C. George. Apr 83, 15p BUMINES-RI-8760 Keywords: 'Metals, Separation. The Bureau of Mines has demonstrated a hydrometal- lurgical method to separate chromium from other metals in a variety of surface-finishing wastes by pre- cipitation with benzoate ion. The resulting chromium salt may then be converted to the hydroxide, and the benzoate may be recycled. Chromium recoveries of 92 to 1 00 pet are obtained. PB83-214403/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Avondale, MD. Avondale Research Center. Economic Evaluation of a Method to Regenerate Waste Chromic Acid-Sulfuric Acid Etchants. Information circular/1983, Deborah A. Spotts. Apr 83, 15p BUMINES-IC-8931 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, Capitalized costs, Op- erating costs, Surface finishing, Electrolytic cells, Chemical reactions, 'Waste recycling, Liquid wastes. Researchers at the Bureau of Mines have developed a technique for regenerating chromic acid-sulfuric acid etching solutions used in metal surface treatment op- erations. The technique utilizes a diaphragm cell equipped with a cation-selective membrane to oxidize Cr( + 3) to Cr( + 6) at the anode and to remove copper, the major metallic contaminant, at the cathode. Nor- mally, spent etchant is discarded after approximately 3 days of use. Using the electrolytic cell, the etchant can be used for a year without replacement. Because the magnitude of these cost savings will vary at different locations, several graphs are presented to aid in calcu- lating payback for a specific site. Using these graphs and the capital costs presented in this study, the pay- back period can be determined for installing a regen- eration cell with a 500- or a 1 ,000-gal catholyte-holding tank in an existing surface treatment plant. PB83-214833/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Albany, OR. Albany Research Center. Aluminum from Domestic Clay via a Chloride Proc- ess. The State-of-the-Art. Information circular/ 1983, A. Landsberg. Apr 83, 22p BUMINES-IC-8923 Keywords: 'Aluminum, 'Metals, Clay minerals, Metal- lurgy, Chlorination. Kaolinitic clays are potentially a vast domestic re- source for aluminum. Utilization of this resource could decrease or eliminate the nearly complete depend- 182 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ence of the United States on foreign raw materials for this important metal. Furthermore, processing of clay to aluminum through anhydrous chloride metallurgy could reduce the high electrical energy requirements of the conventional Hall-Heroult aluminum reduction process. PB83-215558/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. Fichas Populares sobre Plantas Medicinales (Pop- ular Notes on Medicinal Plants), Armando Caceres, Lidia Giron, David Hernandez, Edgardo Caceres, and David Sapper. Sep 80, 325p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Medicinal plants, Taxonomy, Identifying, Growth, Harvesting, Cultivation, Chemical properties, Developing country application. This book was prepared for the rural health worker or paramedic. It contains comprehensive information on 81 different plants, giving the scientific, common, and local names; an illustration of the plant for easy recog- nition; conditions of growth; the medically usable parts; where it grows; harvesting and cultivation; principal components of the plant. PB83-215707/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre, Dje- para (Indonesia). Bulletin of the Brackishwater Aguaculture Devel- opment Centre. Volume 7, Numbers 1 and 2. Jul 81, 65p See also PB82-1 17326. Also pub. in ISSN-021 6-4000. Keywords: *Aquaculture, Brackish water, Growth, Field tests, Ponds, Feeding stuffs, Survival, Indonesia, Developing country application. Macrobrachium rosenbergii has been introduced to the farmers as a new commodity which has a good prospect in the future. To assure that it is profitable and technically acceptable to the farmers, field tests were conducted in Central and East Java provinces. The test pond varies from 600 sq.m. to 2000 sq.m. in area, and stocking rate varies from about 1.5 to 5.8 juveniles/sq.m. Mono and polyculture with finfish were carried in the test. Prawns were fed with ricebran and chicken broiler starter on varying amount. The culture period is 3 to 7 months and the yield correspondingly ranges from 516 kg to 2 240 kg/ha/yr with survival rate of 22 -73%. PB83-215954/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. Experiencias en la Reconstruccion de la Vivienda Rural y Sub-Urbana (Experiences in the Recon- struction of Rural and Suburban Houses), Rodolfp Castillo Peralta. Apr 77, 73p Text in Spanish. Papers presented to the National Seminar on Appropriate Technology (1st) held in Pan- ajachel, Guatemala on 31 March-3 April 1 977. Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Construction, 'Earthquake engineering, Construction materials, Mud, Cements, 'Guatemala, Developing countries, Construction costs, 'Adobe, Developing country application. This book consists of several papers outlining the ex- periences of several different reconstruction and de- velopment organizations in rebuilding houses after the Guatemalan earthquake of 1 976. The different types of building materials used were mud, mud and cement block, cement block, pressed earth, adobe, wood, and wattle and daub. Brief descriptions of the houses, their financing, and other pertinent information are given. PB83-215962/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. Medicina sin Doctores. Diagnostico y Tratamiento de Algunas Afecciones Comunes (Medicine with- out Doctors. Diagnosis and Treatment of Some Common Infections), Alexander Dorozynski. 1983, 55p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Health, Paramedics, Birth control, Devel- oping country application. This report introduces the concept of paramedical practice. It also contains a guide to diagnosing and treating various common infections. PB83-215970/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. Anteproyecto y Proyecto Cematita sobre Puzzo- lana por Construccion (Pilot Project and Project Cematita on Puzzolana for Construction). Feb 77, 20p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Construction, Construction materials, Quality control, Pozzolans, Mortars(Material), Cements, Seismic surveys, Guate- mala, Developing countries, 'Earthquake engineering, Developing country application. This project had 5 goals: to standardize the manufac- ture of construction materials; to control their quality; to modularly coordinate construction materials; to zone seismic regions; and to establish a construction code for Guatemala. The projects first mapped the seismic zones through exploration and laboratory tests, and then studied the use of Guatemalan volcan- ic pozzolan in mortar and cement. PB83-215988/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Ministerio de Educacion, Guatemala City. Como Hacer una Casa Mas Segura (How to Build a More Secure House). 1983, 22p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Houses, 'Earthquake engineering, 'Con- struction, 'Building materials, Construction materials, Site surveys, Planning, Wooden structures, Guidelines, Roofs, 'Adobe, Developing country application. This book is a comprehensive how-to book for the amateur homebuilder. It gives richly illustrated, easy- to-follow instructions on how to build a simple, rein- forced frame house that will give some protection against earthquakes. Site selection, carpentry, and adobe construction are covered as well as different types of roofs. PB83-215996/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Caritas de Guatemala. Manual para la Construccion de Viviendas con Adobe (Manual for Construction of an Adobe House). 1983, 43p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Houses, 'Bricks, Manufac- turing, Footings, Reinforced concrete, Carpentry, 'Adobe. This manual gives easy and comprehensive step-by- step instructions for building an adobe dwelling. It covers in detail preparing adobe, manufacturing the bricks, site preparation, and the necessary carpentry and masonry required, including the use of reinforced concrete. The book is richly illustrated and contains floor plans for the house, and other architectural draw- ings. PB83-216010/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. Hacia una Nueva Estrategia de Desarrollo Rural: La Tecnologia Apropiaa y el Terremoto de 1976 (To- wards a New Rural Development Strategy: Appro- priate Technology and the Earthquake of 1976), Roberto Caceres, and Jose Asturias. May 78, 21 p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Fertilizers, 'Rural areas, 'Earthquakes, 'Disasters, 'Guatemala, Mud, Sands, Project plan- ning, Toilet facilities, Developing country application, Biogas, Latrines. This document covers the following topics: The limits of conventional development programs; the need for a new focus; the concept of appropriate technology; Guatemala's national experience with appropriate technology; local detection of felt needs in a cata- strophic situation; three case studies - production and development of CEMAT technology, experimentation and development of latrines which produce fertilizer and biogas, and ovens of mud and sand. PB83-216028/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. Low Cost Housing System for Guatemala (Sistema de Vivienda de Bajo Costo para Guatemala). Sep 78, 65p Text in English and Spanish. Prepared in cooperation with Gesamthochschule Kassel (Germany, F.R.)., and Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala City. Keywords: 'Houses, 'Construction, 'Building materi- als, Walls, Methodology, Sands, 'Natural resources, Cost comparison, Developing countries, 'Guatemala, Developing country application. This report contains information on two wall systems to build low cost housing using abundant materials in the Guatemalan highland, loam and pumice sand. Both prototypes compare very favorably in cost and erection time with a similar dwelling built in cement block. The earthquake resisting characteristics of both prototypes were favorable. The subjects covered are: Description of the project; local building technology (building materials, bamboo, wattle and daub construc- tion, cane walls, straw roofs, corrugated metal sheets); San Lucas Project - criteria for site selection, selection of building materials and techniques, bamboo rein- forced stone foundation, bamboo reinforced loam wall, pumice filled bag wall system, curing bamboo with smoke, and a cost analysis. The book is richly illustrat- ed with photographs and technical drawings and in- cludes a section, a loam stove. PB83-216754/GAA PC E06/MF E01 Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala. Institutionen foer Mikrobiologi. Some Aspects of the Use of Microbial Cultures for Fermentation and Storage of Feed Products. Doctoral thesis, Sven Lindgren. c1983, 113p ISBN-91-576-1531-4, 16 Also pub. in ISSN-0348-4041. Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Microbiology, 'Food storage, Degrada- tion, Nitrogen, Amino acids, Peptides, Aerobic proc- esses, Deterioration, Theses, Fishes, Antibiotics, Safety, Food storage, Fungi, Bacteria. A mixed culture of Pediococcus acidi-lactici and Lacto- bacillus plantarum has been evaluated as an inoculant for fermentation of vegetable silages, fish and slaugh- terhouse offal. A rapid homolactic acid production was initiated as a result of the inoculation. A pH below 4.5 was obtained within 30 h at 24C. The acid production was initially caused by the pediococci and later by the lactobacilli. Growth of competing Clostridia and spe- cies belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae was prevented and the initial levels were reduced. The Pediococcus-Lactobacillus culture fil- trate could also be used for demonstrating an antispoi- lage effect on fish and shellfish during non-fermented chill storage. (Copyright (c) 1983 SVEN LINDGREN.) PB83-216770/GAA PC E09/MF E09 Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi. ISI (Indian Standards Institution) Handbook of Food Analysis. Part 11. Dairy Products. C1981, 194p Keywords: 'Food, Handbooks, Developing countries, Food composition, Milk, Butter, Standards, India, De- veloping country application. With the growth of indigenous food industry, need has been felt for a consolidated publication on methods of analysis for various foods. These methods have been selected from the existing Indian standards on various food products as well as methods of analysis. Methods of analysis for dairy products have been described in this handbook. Specific subjects examined are: Rapid examination of milk; chemical examination of milk; bacteriological analysis of milk; cream; butter; ghee; sterilized and flavored milk; condensed milk; infant milk foods; processed cereals; vegetable protein; milk powder; malted milk; lactose; casein; hard cheese; ice cream; dried ice cream milk; fermented milk products; chhana; khoa; burfi; canned rasogolla; Indian stand- ards on dairy products; and degrees brix, specific grav- ity, and degrees baume of sugar solutions. PB83-216812/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. 183 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Urbanization. Sector Working Paper. Jun72, 114p Keywords: 'Migration, "Demography, * Urbanization, Rural areas, Population migrations, Unemployment, 'Housing, Land use. Problems of urban poverty and unemployment, of in- adequacy of housing and urban infrastructure, have been recorded throughout history. What most distin- guishes the current urban problems of the developing countries is their scale and intensity. The severity of the problems reflects primarily the rapidity of overall population growth and the acute shortage of resources with which to equip the additions to urban population. The World Bank recently decided to supplement its ac- tivities in individual sectors with a more direct focus on problems of urbanization. As this is a new field for the Bank, the discussion and policy proposals contained in this paper are more tentative than for fields in which the Bank has many years' experience. PB83-216820/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Rural Electrification. A World Bank Paper. Oct 75, 83p Keywords: * Rural areas, 'Electric power, 'Economic analysis, Developing country application. After an introductory review of rural electrification in developing countries, the report discusses three main topics: (1) the prospects for successful investment in rural electrification; (2) approaches to investment from the point of view of economic justification, identifica- tion, and preparation of projects, finance, technical problems, and institutional problems; and (3) implica- tions for the World Bank's policy and procedures. PB83-216838/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Housing. Sector Policy Paper. May 75, 78p Keywords: 'Housing, Policies, Developing countries, Self-help. This paper approaches the housing situation from the standpoint of effective housing demand. The costs of dwelling units of varying sizes, standards and locations are compared with the ability of low-income groups to pay. It is suggested that housing (including sites and services and other self-help methods of construction) could be provided without significant subsidy for at least 80% of the population of most cities. It appears that in relatively higher-income countries most of the lowest 20% could be reached with small subsidies. In very large, lower-income cities it is more difficult for the poorer segments of the population to be reached. In these instances, squatter area upgrading appears to hold the most promise. PB83-2 1 6846/G AA PC A06/ M F A0 1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Balancing Trickle Down and Basic Needs Strate- gies: Income Distribution Issues in Large Middle- Income Countries with Special Reference to Latin America. Working paper, Marcelo Selowsky. c1979, 119p WP-335 Keywords: 'Latin America, 'Income, Distribution sys- tems, Social welfare. This paper addresses income distribution issues and explores various policy options to eliminate extreme poverty in a particular typology of middle income de- veloping countries. The countries included in the typol- ogy are characterized by a relatively high per capita income (above US$600 per year in 1976), a relatively high degree of industrialization (industry representing over 30 percent of GNP), a rather large size both in population and area, and relatively well endowed re- sources in agriculture. A distinctive feature is a strong inequality in the distribution of income and wealth rela- tive to other countries of similar levels of per capita income. The typical countries characterizing the typol- ogy are Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Turkey. Because the Latin American countries includ- ed represent two-thirds of the population of the region, this report is basically addressed to that region. (Copy- right (c) 1 979 by the World Bank.) PB83-216853/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Price Distortions in Agriculture and Their Effects: An International Comparison. Working paper, Malcolm D. Bale, and Ernst Lutz. c1979, 29p WP- 359 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Agriculture, Produc- tion, Food consumption, Employment, Economic impact. The central thesis of this paper is that agricultural pric- ing policies pursued by developing countries produce effects which are diametrically opposite to those pro- duced by the pricing policies of many developed coun- tries, and that the policies of both are costly in terms of global welfare. In general, the agricultural sector in de- veloping countries is heavily taxed while that in the de- veloped countries receives substantial price protec- tion. The effects of agricultural price distortions on output, consumption, trade and rural employment are estimated for nine countries. (Copyright (c) 1 979 by the World Bank.) PB83-216879/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Changing International Division of Labor in Manu- factured Goods. Working paper, Bela Balassa. c1979, 58p WP-329 Keywords: 'International trade, 'Employment, Manu- facturing, Unskilled workers, Technology innovation, Developing countries. This paper reviews recent changes in trade in manu- factured goods between developed and developing countries and examines the employment effects of this trade for the former group of countries. It is shown that the developing countries have assumed increased im- portance as markets for developed country exporters and that these trends are expected to continue in the future. PB83-217190/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Prevalence of Calorie Deficient Diets in Develop- ing Countries. Working paper, Shlomo Reutlinger. c1980, 37p WP-374 Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Health, 'Food, 'Nutrition, Cal- ories, Nutritional deficiency diseases, Estimates. This paper reports further research on the measure- ment of the extent of malnutrition in developing coun- tries. The authors utilized readily available per capita calorie consumption and income distribution data to deduce personal calorie distributions for selected countries. The major new feature of the estimates is that inter-personal variations of calorie intakes and re- quirements within each income group are taken into account in a probabilistic way to predict the number of people with calorie deficient diets. PB83-217281/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartage Centro de Investigacion de Ingenieria en Maderas. Diseno y Ensayo de Vigas de Madera Compuestas (Design and Testing of Box Beam of Partical Boards), Juan Tuk, and Federico Picado. Jun 81, 10p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Wood, 'Particle boards, 'Wood products, Box beams, I beams, Loads(Forces), Bend tests, Wooden structures, Developing country application. Two types of beams~l beams and box beams-were designed and tested by bending. Webs (of beams) were built using medium-density particleboard of 12 mm. thickness, interior type. Flanges were built using Caobilla (Carapa sp) wood of structural grade number two. Results showed lower values for the loading system than the expected ones. Earlier shear failure near the supports were observed. Elastic deflection was greater than calculated based on properties ob- tained from control material. PB83-217299/GAA PC E10/MF E10 Indian Inst, of Tech., Bombay. Indo-French Workshop on Urban Transportation, January 11-14, 1983, Ruth S. DeFries-Bajpai, and J. N. Bajpai. Jan 83, 214p Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Transportation, 'Trans- portation management, Policies, Developing countries, France, India, Transportation planning. This workshop provided a forum for French-Indian ex- perts to share their experience both in developed and developing countries. This volume contains 1 1 papers presented in the workshop by various experts. The papers cover the full spectrum of urban transportation issues beginning from macro-level planning strategies to the details of operation, design and implementation aspects of the transportation system. PB83-217307/GAA PC E17/MF E17 Indian Inst, of Tech., Bombay. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Catal- ysis (4th) (Catalysis Society of India), December 2- 4, 1978. Dec 78, 520p Keywords: Technology, Catalysis, 'Industrial plants, Adsorption, Physical chemistry, Deactivation, Chemi- cal reactions, Heterogeneous reactions, Homogene- ous reactions. This symposium was organized to provide a forum for exchange of views, presentation of advanced knowl- edge and creation of greater interest and wider under- standing on the progress of science and technology of catalysis. This volume contains the various papers pre- sented in the symposium. A total number of 60 papers were presented. These have been divided into 9 groups: Industrial Catalysis; Adsorption; Slurry Sys- tems/Catalyst Deactivation; Physiochemical Charac- terization; Heterogeneous Catalysis; Homogeneous Catalysis; and Poster Session. PB83-217372/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Central Inst, of Road Transport, Poona (India). Proceedings of a Workshop on Fuel and Oil Econ- omy, August 24-26, 1977 Aug 77, 115p Keywords: 'Fuels, 'Petroleum, Foreign technology. This workshop was organized to discuss and highlight the role and limitations of various means of effecting fuel and oil economy, to exchange information on re- sults achieved and for this purpose to provide a forum for cross-fertiliberation of ideas and to provide guide- lines to those who have not yet taken any concrete steps in this direction. The proceedings contain vari- ous papers presented and the summary of discus- sions. The various topics covered are: Technical Measures for Fuel Economy; Managerial Aspects of Fuel Economy; Technical Measures for Control on Oil Consumption; Oil Reclamation; Fuel Economy Meas- ures for Petrol; and Managerial Aspects of Oil Econo- my. PB83-217570/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Ca- parra Heights, PR. Proceedings of UNICA Workshop on Biomass as an Alternative for the Caribbean Held at San Juan, Puerto Rico on April 28-29, 1982, Juan A. Bonnet, Lewis Smith, William E. Eilers, Jairo F. Lascarro, and Harry M. C. Kaspers. Apr 82, 171p CEER-B-156 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Text in English and Spanish. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Methane, 'Fuels, 'Economic analysis, Anaerobic processes, Sources, Substitutes, Energy sources, Solid wastes, Developing country ap- plication, Caribbean Sea. The papers of the workshop presented in this report are: Biomass Opportunities in the Caribbean; Caribbe- 184 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS an Energy Activities Supported by USAID; El Concepto de Integracion de Sistemas de Energia a las Granas Agricolas; Bioenergy from Anaerobically Treated Waste Water; El INRA Dentro del Dominio de la Ener- gia Biomasica; Bioconversion of Strong Organic Waste Streams to Methane Gas - The Bacardi Corporations' Anaerobic Treatment Process; Biomass - A Potential Energy Source for Jamaica; Alcohol Fuels from an In- tegrated Biomass System - Technology and Econom- ics; and Report on Biomass as an Energy Alternative for the Caribbean Workshop. PB83-217646/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago. Centro de Investigacion de Ingenieria en Maderas. Tableros de Virutas Aglomeradas con Cemento Portland (Wood - Portland Cement Particle Boards), Juan B. Tuk. Sep 79, 16p Text in Spanish. Keywords: *Wood, * Particle boards, Portland ce- ments, 'Wood products, Fractures(Materials), Elastic properties, Density(Mass/volume), Developing coun- try application. Research was done to establish the physical and me- chanical properties for wood-cement particle boards. Two species of wood were tested: Guarea sp. and Cupressus lusitanica. The furnish was produced by regular palners, and machine saws available in any fur- niture factory. Correlations between specific gravity and mode of rupture, specific gravity and mode of elas- ticity, and mode of rupture and mode of elasticity were obtained and are outlined in tables and graphs. PB83-217653/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Enfoque Biotropical para la Arquitectura en Puerto Rico (Biotropical Focus for Architecture in Puerto Rico), Pedro Antonio Muniz. 1981, 169p CEER-C-146 Text in Spanish. Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Environmental impacts, 'Solar cooling systems, 'Solar heating systems, 'Tropical re- gions, Solar radiation, Heating, Cooling, Developing country, Puerto Rico, Developing country application. This book explores the possibilities of using architec- ture to create buildings which are in harmony with the climate of their region, and so can avoid expensive mechanical solutions to heating, cooling, and other problems. The chapters of the book are titled: Passive technology; A Primitive Consciousness; The Tropical Zone; Climatic Elements and Controls; The Climate and Man; Solar Radiation; Solar and Climatic Control (building orientation, building shape, interior organiza- tion, building cover, sun shades, shutters, awnings, and protection of mirrors); Ventilation; Vegetation and Subterranean Cooling; and Tables and Charts. PB83-217661/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Produccion de Metano Usando un Filtro Anaero- bico (Production of Methane Using an Anaerobic Filter), Knud B. Pedersen. Aug 78, 25p See also ANL-Trans-1 1 64. Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Methane, 'Energy source development, 'Sewage treatment, Chemical equilibrium, Developing country application. This investigation evaluates the viability of Puerto Rican conditions for producing methane from domes- tic waste water using an anaerobic filter. It found that gas began to be produced in 20 days, and then took 8 days to reach an equilibrium. The more organic matter in the water, the more gas is produced. The percent- age of methane in the gas produced varied from 80% to 89% depending on the rate of the fluid (the rates were 157.5 m./min. and 94.5 ml. min respectively.) The heating value of the gas was at least 5.34 Kcal/I of gas. A retention time for the liquid is necessary. Do- mestic waste water can be used as a source of energy. PB83-217737/GAA PCA11/MFA01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commit- tee on Population and Demography. Levels and Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Columbia, Hania Zlotnik. 1982, 236p 12 Contract AID/pha-C-1161, Grant AID/DSPE-G-0061 Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Colombia, 'Demography, Popu- lations, Trends, Statistical data, Mortality, Adults, Chil- dren, Infant mortality. Applying a variety of indirect estimation techniques to available data, this study constructs estimates of fertili- ty and mortality levels and trends during the recent past. The demographic profile of Columbia during the last decade can be fairly well established in terms of fertility and infant and child mortality, but solid esti- mates of adult mortality are still lacking. PB83-217836/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Economics. Effect of Agricultural Land Use Practices on Stream Water Quality: Economic Analysis. Final rept. Oct 79-Jul 81 , John A. Miranowski, Michael J. Monson, James S. Shortle, and Lee D. Zinser. Jun 83, 136p EPA-600/ 5-83-001 Keywords: 'Land use, 'Agriculture, 'Farming, 'Man- agement techniques, 'Water pollution, Watersheds, Four Mile Creek, Cost effectiveness, Policies, Soil loss, Erosion control, Incentives, Risk, Iowa. Effective management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires that economically feasible land use practices be selected and implemented. Since non- point source pollution from agricultural lands can be controlled by best management practices (BMPs), a food understanding of the response of farmers to in- centive and regulatory policies is needed. This report provides an economic analysis of agricultural produc- tion activities and farmer response to water quality controls, using the Four Mile Creek Watershed in Iowa as a case study. The analysis showed that secondary tillage practices are important in designing cost-effec- tive control strategies. Knowledge of perceived risk as- sociated with practices is critical in determining farmer adoption of BMPs and response to control policies. Also, data on perceived opportunity costs of certain practices provided further understanding of farmers' reluctance to adopt those practices. PB83-217851/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL. Structural Basis for the Mechanical Properties of Polyethylenes. Annual rept. Dec 81 -Nov 82, S. H. Carr, B. Crist, and T. J. Marks. May 83, 35p GRI-81/0132 Contract GRI-5081 -260-0538 Keywords: 'Pipes, 'Plastics, Tensile properties, Mo- lecular weight, Toughness, Plastic pipes, Polymeric chains, Polymeric branching. The physical properties of polyethylene, the material used in gas transmission pipes, are ultimately deter- mined by the nature of the polymeric molecules in the resin used in pipe manufacture. This relation between molecular structure and properties is based on the morphology formed in the polyethylene by a particular processing history. Model polyethylenes having very narrow molecular weight distributions and well defined levels of short chain branching and long chain branch- ing have been used to quantify the effects of molecular structure on mechanical behavior. PB83-218099/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commit- tee on Population and Demography. Fertility Decline in Indonesia: Analysis and Inter- pretation, Geoffrey McNicoll, and Mash Singaimbun. 1983, 146p20 Contract AID/pha-C-1161, Grant AID/DSPE-G-0061 Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Demography, 'Indonesia, Popu- lations, Trends, Statistical data, 'Contraceptives. Indonesia's fertility has declined significantly since the late 1960s. This study sets out the complexity of the circumstances in which the fertility decline took place, assembles the available information on its pattern and proximate determinants, and seeks to identify the un- derlying factors responsible. PB83-218107/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Puerto Rico Dept. of Natural Resources, San Juan. Introduccion a la Ecologia del Manglar (Introduc- tion to the Ecology of Mangroves), Gilberto Cintron. May 81, 24p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Ecology, 'Forestry, Geography, Distribution(Property), Production, 'Tropical regions, Biomass, Economic factors, Management, Environ- mental impacts, Developing country application. Mangrove swamps are the most highly productive eco- logical systems in the world, being vital to the early stages of almost all marine life, either directly or indi- rectly. This study acquaints the reader with mangrove activity and mangrove use. It covers the species, bio- geography, latitudinal limits, physiographic types, structural characteristics, productivity, the mangrove as the base of tropical ecosystem, silviculture, soil, bio- mass, zonation and succession, management, impact of stresses on the mangrove system. PB83-218115/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Puerto Rico Dept. of Natural Resources, San Juan. Mangrove Forests: Ecology and Reponse to Natu- ral and Man Induced Stressors, Working paper, Gilberto Cintron, and Yara Schaeffer-Novelli. May 82, 52p Prepared in cooperation with Sao Paulo Univ. (Brazil) Inst, de Oceanografico. and West Indies Lab., St. Croix, VI. Keywords: 'Ecology, 'Forestry, Distribution(Property), Humus, Acclimatization, Vulnerability, Climatology, Fisheries. Mangrove swamps have been found to be one of the most productive zones of organic matter on the planet. They are vital to the early stages of most marine life, either directly or indirectly. This very comprehensive report covers the following factors: Mangrove distribu- tion; species; adaptations and zonation; zonation and succession; physiographic types (riverine, fringe, basin, and dwarf forests); productivity; decomposition and use of litterfall; fisheries; climatic constraints on development; vulnerability to stressors (Natural-tropi- cal cyclones, tidal waves, eustatic sea level rise and coastal erosion, and hypersalinity; Man induced - channelization, impoundment, sedimentation, thermal pollution, oil, mining); Recovery; Conclusion - conser- vation needs. PB83-2 18131 /GAA PC A02/ M F A0 1 Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg. Microbiological and Chemical Studies on the An- aerobic Conversion of Coal-Derived Compounds to Methane. Annual rept. Feb 82-Feb 83, J. G. Ferry, and R. E. Winans. Mar 83, 24p* GRI-81/ 0151 Contract GRI-5081 -260-0569 Prepared in cooperation with Argonne National Lab., IL. Keywords: 'Methane, 'Microbiology, Oxidation, Bac- teria, 'Fuels, 'Coal, Biological processes, Chemical treatment. A combined chemical and biological approach for the conversion of coal to methane at ambient tempera- tures was investigated. Coal was solubilized to water soluble products that were evaluated for their biode- gradability to methane by mixed cultures of anaerobic bacteria. Several pure aromatic compounds known to be present in coal oxidation products, were converted to methane by microbial consortia derived from natural habitats. Mixtures of coal oxidation products were not converted to methane by microbial populations (con- sortia) found in nature. However, the oxidation prod- ucts did not inhibit methane formation from other sub- strates. These results suggest that the biological po- tential exists for the conversion of coal oxidation prod- ucts to methane. Adaptation of natural microbial com- munities may be necessary to develop consortia that degrade coal oxidation products. PB83-218149/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Dept. of Civil Engineer- ing. 185 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Operacion del Proceso de Lodos Activados Me- diante el Uso de la Curva de Sedimentacion de Lodos (Processing Active Mud by Using a Curve of Sedimentation of Mud), Jorge Rivera Santos, and Tang Ninghsi. 1982, 36p Text in Spanish. Sponsored in art by Pan American Federation of Engineering Societies. Keywords: *Waste recycling, *Sewage treatment, Solids, Separation, Biochemical oxygen demand, Aer- ation tanks, Settling, Mathematical models, Consolida- tion, Liquids, Concentration(Composition), Circulation, Activated sludge process, Developing country applica- tion. Many operational problems which cause the deteriora- tion of quality of the effluent of plants which treat active mud are associated with a poor functioning of the stage of separation of biological solids from the treated liquid. The inefficient capture of these solids results in a greater biochemical demand for oxygen and an ineffective consolidation of the captured solids before their recirculation, resulting in a less efficient use of the aeration tank. This problem can be avoided by proper maintenance of the settling tank and sec- ondary settling tank in equilibrium, using the concept of 'state point.' A dynamic model was used to determine the characteristics of the mixed liquid at various sus- pended concentrations at given times. Once the opti- mal concentration has been determined, the volume of recirculation necessary to maintain equilibrium can be determined and maintained. PB83-218305/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Information Centre for Leather and Allied In- dustries, Madras (India). Technological Controls in Leather Manufacture, S. Bangaruswamy. C1980, 77p NICLAI/SER-1 Keywords: 'Leather, Manufacturing, Technology, Standards, Tanneries, Developing country application. In recognition of the importance of quality control and standardization, this monograph was published for the benefit of the leather industry. This monograph con- tains information on a wide range of very useful and simple tests that can be applied during the processing of leathers starting from raw materials, process con- trols and testing/analysis of leathers for product con- trol. Important physical and chemical characteristics of different types of leathers are indicated. Mention is also made of the applications of tests relevant to dif- ferent types of leather. Bibliographical references and the lists of suppliers of physical testing equipment given in the monograph may prove helpful to set up a control laboratory in the tanneries. PB83-218313/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Information Centre for Leather and Allied In- dustries, Madras (India). Animal Blood in Food, Feed, Fertilizer, Industry, Medicine and Laboratory, S. Divkaran. C1980, 68p NICLAI/SER-2 Keywords: * Animal wastes, * Animal feeds, "India, *Food, Feeding stuffs, Industries, Laboratories, Pro- teins, Shortage, Drugs, Developing country applica- tion. This review on animal blood is an attempt to bring into one compilation, the entire state of art, as it exists today, on the various end-uses for animal blood. It will be of interest to note that animal blood has found ap- plication in many industries. Viewing objectively the predicted world protein shortage and malnutrition, the use of animal blood in the feed, food and pharmacy appears to win a greater justification than its use in other industrial applications. Such an application is of far more greater relevance in the developing countries where acute shortage of protein is a scourge. Synthet- ic polymers may be expected to totally replace the in- dustrial uses for blood in the near future. This review can be expected to serve a dual role. PB83-218321/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. Conjunto Tecnologico para la Produccion de Hor- talizas (Technological System for the Production Of Vegetables), Raul Abrams. Mar 79, 71 p PUB-102 Text in Spanish. Keywords: * Productivity, 'Vegetables, 'Puerto Rico, Climate, 'Tropical regions, Planting, Cultivation, Pest control, Harvesting, Irrigation, Developing country ap- plication. This publication outlines in simple terms the best pro- cedures for the production of vegetables in Puerto Rico and similar climatic regions. Sowing, cultivation, protection against pests, harvest, and watering are covered for the following plants: Eggplant; squash; onion; Sweet corn (maize); melon; cucumber; pepper; cabbage; watermelon; tomato; and beans. PB83-218339/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Dept. of Civil Engineer- ing. Renewable Energy Technologies: Models in the Energy Planning for Puerto Rico, Jorge Haddock Acevedo. 1982, 30p Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Renewable energy, Elec- tric power generation, Biomass, Mathematical models, Cost analysis, Puerto Rico, Technology, Energy substi- tution, Developing country application, Energy policy, Ocean thermal energy conversion. Puerto Rico now depends for 99% of its energy needs on petroleum. The nuclear alternative is not politically acceptable, so Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) combined with photovoltaics is the most prom- ising renewable resource for energy. Wind power gen- eration is not as economic since huge turbines are re- quired for relatively little outputs of power. Biomass is also a viable alternative. Reduction in the dependence on oil is not only economically advantageous, but will also reduce environmental pollution. PB83-218347/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Dept. of Civil Engineer- ing. Effect of the Soil in the Prevention of Groundwater Pollution from Sanitary Landfill Leachates, Luis A. del Valle, and Ralu E. Sapata Lopez. 1 982, 32p Sponsored in part by office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Soils, 'Water pollution, 'Ground water, 'Leaching, Retaining, Percolation, Equilibrium, Metals, Conductivity, Sampling, Chemical analysis, Oxygen, Dissolved gases, Developing country application, San- itary landfills. This study first investigated the characteristics of lea- chates from sanitary landfills, and then made core samples of different soils and studied their properties. Finally leachates were percolated through the soil col- umns to study the effects of the interaction of both ma- terials. The study concluded that sanitary landfill leachate characteristics vary widely even at the same site. The Mayaguez site prevented most of the leach- ate from contaminating groundwater. Although three different soils used in the study showed varied behav- iors with regard to the retention or release of different materials during the course of this project, the relative specific conductance in the filtered leachates ap- proached a value of unity at about half way through the run. This seems to indicate that some sort of equilibri- um was reached by means of which no more net trans- fer of soluble material occurred. PB83-218354/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Dept. of Natural Resources, San Juan. Environmental Impact of Sand Extraction Activi- ties on the Insular Shelf. Working paper, Gilberto Cintron. Jul 81 , 32p Inshore and Nearshore Resources Training Workshop held at Suva, Fiji on July 1 3-1 7, 1 981 . Keywords: 'Mining, 'Coasts, 'Environmental impacts, Economic impact, Beaches, Reefs, Coral, Sea grasses, Beach nourishment, Regulations, Dredging, Developing country application. The submarine shelves of continents and islands often harbor many valuable natural resources, including off- shore sand deposits. Sand is, however, more often taken from land. Mining from both sites may lead to devastating environmental and economic impacts if proper caution is not exercised. This report highlights the dangers of mining without consideration of envi- ronmental impacts. It covers: Sources and sinks of shelf sediments; impact of sand extraction on beach processes; biological considerations (coral reefs, sedi- mentation and coral reefs, sedimentation and sea- grass beds, and importance of reefs and seagrass beds); impact of dredging on biological systems; re- covery of damaged systems; dredging methods; and conclusions. PB83-218362/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Information Centre for Leather and Allied In- dustries, Madras (India). Utilization of Dead Animals and Condemned Animal Offals, S. Divakaran. c1981, 140p NICLAI/SER-4 Keywords: 'Waste recycling, Utilization, Byproducts, 'Animal wastes, Solid wastes, Developing country ap- plication, Carcasses. This monograph is an attempt to spell out 'Dos' and 'Don'ts' with regard to utilization of animal wastes. The techniques described include urban and rural situa- tions, describing potentialities both large and small scale. Quality standards and quality assessments are emphasized in the production techniques, keeping in mind the basic limitations in raw material choice for quality. This monograph is expected to cater to the needs of a wide range of categories of persons viz., the village headman, the manager of a by-product unit or an abattoir, the renderer, the public health authori- ties, the veterinarians, the sociologists and the econo- mists, each one finding something specific to look for. The importance of this publication stems from the fact that the manufacture of products from animal waste is a down-to-earth social responsibility appended with a reasonable margin of profit. PB83-218370/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Dept. of Natural Resources, San Juan. Impact of Oil in the Tropical Marine Environment. Technical pub., Gilberto Cintron, Ariel E. Lugo, Ramon Martinez, Barbara B. Cintron, and Luis Encarnacion. Nov 81, 46p Prepared in cooperation with Institute of Tropical For- estry, Rio Piedras, PR. Keywords: 'Petroleum, 'Water pollution, 'Ecology, 'Coasts, Dispersing, Reefs, Toxicity, Sea grasses, Damage, Water pollution control, Beaches, Cleaning, Recovery, Vulnerability, Developing country applica- tion, Oil spills, Mangroves. Oil spills have a devastating effect on biologically rich coastal environments. This report investigates this problem, covering damage by oil to biological systems, the use of dispersants (toxicity and considerations for dispersant use), impact of oil and dispersants on coral reefs, impact of oil on seagrass beds and sandy beaches, impact of oil on mangroves (seedling survival and tolerance, regeneration, forest type vulnerability, and cleanup and recovery activities in mangroves), conclusions, and recommendations. The study con- cludes that coral reefs and seagrass beds may escape significant spill damage if pollution is not chronic and if dispersants are not used. Sandy and rocky shores may be severely impacted but recover quickly. Mangroves are the most vulnerable coastal ecosystem. Recom- mendations are that oil spill contingency plans must be prepared for all areas, and that the necessary equip- ment for the plans must be in place. PB83-218503/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commit- tee on Population and Demography. Socioeconomic Determinants of Fertility Behavior in Developing Nations: Theory and Initial Results, Barbara Entwisle, Albert I. Hermalin, and William M. Mason. 1982, 144p 17 Contract AID/pha-C-1161, Grant AID/DSPE-G-0061 Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Demography, Research, Mathe- matical models, Comparison. This comparative study presents the initial theoretical and empirical results of the Michigan Comparative Fer- tility Project which is devoted to comparative research on reproductive behavior. The report has two chap- ters. Chapter 1 develops a microlevel specification that distinguishes three components of the fertility process. These components lead to a block-recursive structural equations model. The comparative aspect of 186 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS this research models variability in the micro relation- ships across societies. Chapter 2 presents highly ten- tative and preliminary empirical results for a subset of the micro-equation system developed in Chapter 1 . PB83-218545/GAA PCA11/MFA01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commit- tee on Population and Demography. Fertility in Thailand: Trends, Differentials, and Proximate Determinants, John Knodel, Apichat Chamratrithirong, Napaporn Chayovan, and Nibhon Debavalya. 1982, 240p 13 Contract AID/pha-C-1161, Grant AID/DSPE-G-0061 Keywords: "Contraceptives, 'Fertility, 'Demography, 'Thailand, Populations, Trends, Statistical data, 'Con- traception. This study focuses primarily on the proximate determi- nants of fertility, i.e., those variables that directly link cnildbearing to all other influences. The most impor- tant proximate determinants of the Thai fertility decline have been those associated with deliberate marital fer- tility control, particularly contraception. PB83-218826/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Texas Transportation Inst., College Station. Passenger Car Equivalents for Rural Highways. Final rept. 21 Sep 80-28 Feb 82, Wiley D. Cunagin, and Carroll J. Messer. Dec 82, 55pFHWA/RD-82/132 Contract DTFH61-80-C-00128 Keywords: 'Transportation, 'Automobiles, 'Roads, Trucks, 'Buses(vehicles), Vehicular traffic. The objective of this work was to determine the pas- senger car equivalent value for fourteen different vehi- cle types under varying traffic and roadway geometry conditions. This was accomplished by analyzing field data collected in several states on both two-lane and four-lane highways. Data included headways, speeds and travel times by vehicle type, traffic volume condi- tion, and roadway section type. An analytical model was developed to estimate passenger car equivalent values based upon speed distributions, traffic volume, and vehicle type. The calibrated model was used to estimate passenger car equivalent values for fourteen vehicle types under the specified typical conditions for two-lane and four-lane rural highways. PB83-218941/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Scientific Process and Research, Inc., Highland Park, NJ. New Technique for Plastics Processing, Imrich Klein, and Reuben Klein. 16 Feb 83, 323p NSF/ECS-83001 Contract NSF-DAR78-21356 Keywords: 'Plastics, 'Industrial plants, Manufacturing, Extruding, Temperature, Technology, Performance evaluation, Design criteria, Tables(Data), Graphs(Charts), Energy consumption, Energy use. The research project deals with the SDS screw, a plas- tics processing device incorporating a dual, concentri- cally mounted screw system. Unmelted plastic is drained from the discharge end of the outer screw and led upstream through the inner screw where melting is completed. Experiments confirm that the melting ca- pacity of the extruder can be substantially increased by the installation of an SDS screw. Screws can therefore be designed much deeper than is customary with a correspondingly higher pumping capacity. Deep screws which pump at higher rates also shear the plas- tic material less. This effect results in lower melt tem- perature, higher energy efficiency, and absence of temperature fluctuation. PB83-218990/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Guayaquil (Ecuador). Guia Practica para la Cria de Camarones Comer- ciales (Penaeus) en Ecuador (Practical Guide for the Commercial Rearing of Shrimp (Penaeus) in Ecuador), Medardo Cun. 1982, 35p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Ecuador, 'Aquaculture, Marine biology, Construction, 'Land use, Harvesting, Feeding(Supplying), Crustacea, Birds, Developing country application, Predation. This paper contributes, in a technical and practical manner, to the development and installation of Shrimp Ponds. As well as certain financial considerations, the following points are considered: Choice of land; con- struction systems; general infrastructure; pond seed- ing; harvesting; and feeding. PB83-219162/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Guayaquil (Ecuador). Estudio Ecologico del Mesoplancton del Golfo de Guayaquil Abundancia, Ciclos Nictemerales y Re- laciones Entre el Estuario del Rio Guayas y el Oceano (Ecological Study of the Gulf of Guayaquil: Abundance, Nycthemeral Cycles, and Relations between the Estuary of the Rio Guayas and the Ocean), Rosa Guzman de Peribonio, Robert Repelin, Maria Luzuriaga de Cruz, Daysi Hinostroza, and Maria Elsa Villarroel. Dec 81, 75p Text in Spanish and French. Keywords: 'Microbiology, 'Water pollution, 'Coasts, Equatorial zone, Nutrients, Biological productivity, Mixing, Salinity, Inorganic phosphates, Abundance, Circulation, Rio Guayas, Puna Isle, Peru, Developing country application. This study by the abundance cotation method at the beginning of the dry season, reveals the presence of 2 zones of higher mesoplankton production. The first is situated to the north of Puna Isle, where an upwelling takes place and where oceanic waters meet the Rio Guayas waters. The phytoplankton consumed by the zooplankton in this region results in its main part of the assimilation of the nutrients contained in continental waters. The second productive zone extends from the north of the Gulf (where superficial warm water occurs) to the south end of the equatorial front. The phyto- plankton ingested by the zooplankton of the sector grow in the thermoclinal upwelling which appears in the Peruvian Coastal waters. Thus, the biogeneous elements from marine origin are used. The mixopoly- haline waters north of Puna Isle are not very favorable to zooplankton proliferation. The examination of the estuarine-ocean gradient indicates zooplankton con- centrations in the deep waters south of Puna Isle and confirms those observed along the thermal front. PB83-219204/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Dept. of Materials and Met- allurgical Engineering. Computer-Aided Design System for Castings. Progress rept. no. 2, Aug 80-Sep 81 , R. D. Pehlke, J. O. Wilkes, R. A. Flinn, P. K. Trojan, and A. Jeyarajan. Nov 81, 139p NSF/MEA-81031 Grant NSF-MEA78-261 71 See also PB83-21 2258. Keywords: 'Castings, 'Computers, Simulation, Ther- modynamic properties, Solidification, Economic analy- sis, Computer programs, Moldings, Microcomputers, Alloys, Acoustic emission testing, Computer applica- tions, Aluminum alloy 356, MSC/NASTRAN computer program. Problems associated with the computer-aided design of castings are studied. Attention is focused on geo- metric modeling/physical simulation, the provision of thermal transport data, filling transients associated with the pouring of castings, the modeling of interfacial phenomena, the accurate description of the interac- tion of the molding medium and the solidifying casting, and the total economics of the computation system itself. Computational costs and alternative simulation methods are examined. It is concluded that the MSC/ NASTRAN software package has all the necessary ca- pabilities to adequately simulate the solidification and cooling of a metal casting. This package can simulate variable thermal properties, latent heat effects, vari- able boundary conditions, combinations of different materials and mold/metal interfacial conditions. PB83-219212/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Textiles la Esmeralda S.A., Bogota (Colombia). Informe del Agua Tratada con Jacintos (Report on Water Treated by Water Hyacinths), Nohora Duran V, and Virgilio Avila S. 1982, 45p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Aquatic plants, 'Water hyacinth, 'Water quality, 'Water supply, 'Hydrology, Water pollution, In- dustrial wastes, Laboratories, Hydrologic cycle, Ad- sorption, Roots, Effectiveness. This study reports on the use of water hyacinths to purify water. Specific subjects covered are: Water quality; the hydrologic cycle; surface water pollution; domestic and industrial waste; work plan; experiments at the plant level; laboratory conclusions; and observa- tions. Water hyacinths are very effective at absorbing pollutants from the water in which they float for a period of three months. At that time they are saturated and the roots begin to rot causing greater pollution problems. However, if the plants are replenished before they are saturated with pollutants, they are very effective. PB83-219220/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Jojoba: Feasibility for Cultivation on Indian Reser- vations in the Sonoran Desert Region. Final rept. 1977, 71 p ISBN-0-309-02618-0 Contract DHEW-1 05-75-61 02 Library of Congress catalog card no. 77-79945. Keywords: Feasibility, American Indians, Industries, Oils, Coatings, Lubricants, Electrical insulation, Waxes, Chemical properties, 'Jojoba, Southwestern Region(United States). This report investigates the desert shrub jojoba (Sim- mondsia chinensis) which grows in the Sonoran Desert, an area which covers parts of Arizona, Califor- nia, and Mexico. Jojoba nuts contains a yellowish, odorless, oily liquid commonly referred to as 'jojoba oil.' Jojoba oil has a wide variety of industrial applica- tions in lubricants, paper coatings, polishes, electrical insulation, carbon paper, textiles, leather, precision casting, cosmetics, and pharmeceuticals. Jojoba oil can be hydrogenated to a hard, colorless solid (wax) resembling spermaceti, carnauba wax, and beeswax in both chemical structure and properties. New industrial uses are being considered for this solid wax, including food coatings, polish, and candles. PB83-219394/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. Legumes in Forestry: Results of Adaptability Trials in the Southeast. Forest Service research paper. J. R. Jorgensen, and J. R. Craig. 14 Jun 83, 15p FSRP-SE-237 Keywords: 'Leguminous plants, 'Forestry, Adaptation, Nitrogen fixation, Grasses, Field tests, Fertilizing, Plant growth, Grazing, Southeastern Region(United States), Lespedeza, Lotus, Trifolium. More than 50 species of nitrogen-fixing plants were sown on one or more sites. A number of fertilizer treat- ments, none of which included nitrogen, were used. Only eight perennials and six annuals persisted for more than two growing seasons. Subterranean clover was the most promising annual and sericea lespedeza the most promising perennial tested. The majority of the plant failure were related to physical or chemical properties of soil. Browsing, especially on small plots, was an important factor in limiting the growth and es- tablishment of plants that produced palatable forage. PB83-219717/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Low-Volume Roads: International Conference, (3rd), 1983, Lynne H. Irwin, Linda Parsley, Richard Robinson, Lee H. Rogers, and J. D. N. Riverson. 1983, 393p TRB/ TRR-898, ISBN-0-309-03511-2 See also PB-299 897. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-1 2001 . Also pub. as ISSN-0361 -1 981 . Paper copy copy also available from Transportation Research Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW., Wash- ington, DC 20418. Keywords: 'Roads, 'Economic analysis, 'Pavements, Cost estimates, Developing countries, Rural areas, Pavements, Aggregates, Gravel, Cost effectiveness. Partial Contents: Critical Concerns of Low-Volume- Road Agencies in the 1980s, New TRRL road invest- ment model for developing countries, Traditional goods and passenger movements in Indonesia, Eco- nomic evaluation of pavement design alternatives for low-volume roads, Simplified cost-estimation method for low-volume roads, Estimating road construction 187 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS costs for sector planning in developing countries, Pro- cedure for determining capacity of unrocked roads, and Economic analysis of soil-cement base construc- tion compared with crushed-rock base. PB83-219907/GAA PC A18/MF A01 SCS Engineers, Inc., Long Beach, CA. Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems. Final rept., Richard J. Otis, William C. Boyle, Ernest V. Clements, and Curtis J. Schmidt. Oct 80, 41 1p EPA- 625/1-80-012 Contract EPA-68-01-4904 Keywords: *Waste water, 'Sewage disposal, 'Sewage treatment, Design, Manuals, Residential buildings, Water conservation, Classifications, Construction, Op- erations, Maintenance, Environmental impacts, Soils, Adsorption, Reliability, Tanks(Containers), Retaining, On site investigations. Approximately 18 million housing units, or 25% of all housing units in the United States, dispose of their wastewater using onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems. These systems include a variety of components and configurations, the most common being the septic tank/soil absorption system. The number of onsite systems is increasing, with about one-half million new systems being installed each year. This document provides information on generic types of onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems. It contains neither standards for those sys- tems nor rules and regulations pertaining to onsite sys- tems. PB83-220319/GAA PC A07/MF A01 RCA Service Co., Camden, NJ. Final Results of Testing of Abcor 8, Spiral Wound Ultrafilters at the Wrightsville Beach Test Facility- Covering the Period October 1, 1982 to March 31, 1983 L H. Fleming. Jun 83, 135p W83-03288, , OWRT-C- 00030-D(9405)(1) Keywords: * Desalination, Tests, Design criteria, Per- formance evaluation, Membranes, Filtration, Field tests, Flow rate, Temperature, Wrightsville Beach De- salination Plant. Utilizing 8' diameter spiral wound ultrafilter elements, an experimental system for the pretreatment of sea- water was constructed and evaluated. Several differ- ent sets of operating conditions were tested. Three main parameters which varied were filtrate conver- sions, module flowrate and seawater temperature. PB83-220558/GAA PC A03/MF A01 South Dakota State Univ., Brookings. Water Re- sources Inst. Wind Energy for Low Head Irrigation. Rept. for Oct 79-Sep 82, John L Wiersma, and Alan R. Bender. Apr 83, 41 p W83-03309, , OWRT-B-062-SDAK(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0278 Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Water pumps, Aquifers, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Economic analysis, 'Wind power, Energy source. An air compressor driven by a wind turbine can be used to operate an air lift water pump. In locations where a shallow aquifer yields a limited quantity of water per unit of time, it is a successful economical method of pumping water for the irrigation of a crop that does not have a critical period of water demand. The amount of submergence of the pumping unit is critical. The efficiency of the system increases as the submergence increases. The efficiency is also de- pendent upon the proper sizing of the eductor tube. The factors determining the size include submer- gence, pressure of compressed air, quantity of com- pressed air available, amount of water lift, and quantity of water required. The rate of air introduced to the eductor tube must be controlled for efficient operation. PB83-220608/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Bechtel Group, Inc., San Francisco, CA. Parametric Study of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalting Plants, Randall Soo-Hoo, Sherman May, and Leon Awerbuch. Jan 83, 193p W83-03316 , , OWRT-C- 10141-D(1486)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1486 Keywords: 'Desalination, Cost analysis, Membranes, Performance evaluation, Technology, Design criteria, Hollow fiber membranes, Spiral wound membranes. A comprehensive parametric technical and economic study on seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants was conducted to derive updated costs for seawater reverse osmosis plants ranging in capacity from 1000,000 gpd to 5 million gpd at a Caribbean site and at a Continental U.S. site. The study considers hollow- fiver and spiral-wound membranes in one and two- pass configurations, various seawater intakes (sur- face, water well, Ranney collector), various high pres- sure pumping systems (centrigugal, positive displace- ment), optional energy recovery systems (Pelton wheel, reverse-running pumps, flow work exchanger), and operation and maintenance labor requirements. Process flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation dia- grams, material lists, and plant layout diagrams were developed. Conceptual capital and operating cost esti- mates were prepared for the various base and para- metric case plants to determine the product water costs. PB83-221077/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Comision Economica para America Latina, Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago). Office for the Caribbean. Caribbean Information System for Economic and Social Planning (CARISPLAN) Abstracts. 1982, 264p CEPAL/CARIB-82/12 Text in English and Spanish. Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Information sources, 'Caribbean, Developing countries, 'Econom- ic development, Socioeconomic status, Policies, Plan- ning, Evaluation, Developing country application. The objective of CARISPLAN is to facilitate Caribbean development and cooperation activities and to provide a relevant and up-to-date information service to policy- makers, planners of socio-economic development projects and programs, managers of such projects and programs, researchers and teachers of development planning, financiers who provide resources and techni- cal assistance, communicators of information about these programs, and library and information personnel. This bibliography contains the bibliographic informa- tion and an abstract of 198 reports divided into the fol- lowing categories: Facts, Trends, and Analyses; Pre- scriptions for Decision-Making; Official Policies, Plans, Programs, and Arrangements; Development Action - Operational Experience; Consequences and Evalua- tion; and Resources and Tools for Development. For easy access to the information, the bibliography con- tains a subject index in English, Spanish, and French; a geographic index in English, Spanish, and French; an author index; a conference index; and a symbol index. PB83-221549/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Instituto de Investigacion Agropecuaria de Panama, El Dorado. Desarrollando Tecnologia Apropiada para el Agri- cultor. Informe de Progreso del Programa de Caisan en Panama (Developing Appropriate Tech- nology for Agriculture: Progress Report of the Caisan Program in Panama). Special studies no. 1 , Jose Roman Arauz, and Juan Carlos Martinez. Feb 83, 136p Text in Spanish. Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Corn, 'Soil erosion, 'Farming, 'Panama, 'Herbicides, Erosion control, Planting, Yield, Cultiva- tion, Developing country application, Atrazine. The report presents the results of three years of re- search on maize (corn) in Caisan, Chiriqui Province, Panama. It describes the methodology used and em- phasizes the success obtained in this short period. Among the technological components studied, it con- cludes that the pre-emergent herbicide Atrazine is ef- fective in fighting weeds, that fertilization is not a limit- ing factor of production, and that the system of zero plowing facilitates sowing and is a valid method for re- ducing erosion and the cost of soil preparation. PB83-223057/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Fairleigh Dickinson Univ., Teaneck, NJ. Coll. of Sci- ence and Engineering. Center for the Transfer of Desalination Technolo- gy- Final rept. 30 Sep 78-31 Aug 81 , Robert Bakish, and Wallace Arthur. Jun 83, 47p W83-03352, , OWRT-C-00101-D(0447)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0447 Keywords: 'Desalination, Technology, 'Economic analysis, Brackish water, Sea water, Electrodialysis, Personnel development, Chlorination, Specialized training, Reverse osmosis desalination, Saint Croix(Virgin Islands). The Center was established at the Fairleigh Dickinson University, West Indies Laboratory, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The main purpose was to demonstrate both the technical and economic merits of desalination to industry and the public at large. Primary emphasis was given to seawater desalting by reverse osmosis and brackish water conversion by electrodialysis. Re- search was conducted on pretreatment of raw sea- water without employing acid and with a chlorine star- vation technique. In addition, operators and engineers received hands-on training as the Center was used for both credit and non-credit educational courses. PC$23.50/MF$23.50 Development Group, PB83-223891/GAA Intermediate Technology London (England). Construccion Manual de Pozos (Hand Dug Wells and Their Construction), S. B. Watt, and W. E. Wood. C1977, 253p Text in Spanish. See also PB-297 373. Keywords: 'Water wells, 'Construction, Manuals, Public health, Design, Size determination, Construc- tion materials, Cost effectiveness, Sanitation, Excava- tion, Disinfection, Developing country application. This book presents a range of technology suitable for exploiting ground water sources at low cost, with mini- mum sophisticated technology and with the greatest input of village labor skills. The methods described combine traditional principles with modern techniques. PB83-224147/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Norges Tekniske Hoegskole, Trondheim. Selskapet for Industriell og Teknisk Forskning. Method to Estimate Equipment Cost in Automatic Assembly System, Einar Ramsli. May 83, 10p STF17-A83020 Keywords: 'Technology assessment, 'Economic anal- ysis, Automation, Reprints. The authors have developed a method to evaluate dif- ferent assembly systems. This method takes in consid- eration many criteria that have an influence on equip- ment cost. The criteria are such as weight, size, deliv- ery condition etc. The system has been tested with the same product on several people with different skill levels in automated assembly. PB83-224303/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). Medicion de las Actividades Cientificas y Tecnicas (Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activi- ties). 1980, 117p Text in Spanish. Sponsored in part by Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris (France). Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Technology assessment, 'Management techniques, Technology, Personnel, Policies, Objectives, Financing, Developing country application. This report is essentially a technical work which ex- plains the utilization of research and development (R&D) data, the relationship between the FRASCATI Manual and other international norms, and in general seeks to clarify standards and procedures for measur- ing R&D activities. Its chapters are devoted to: Objec- tives and themes of the manual; definitions and basic agreements; institutional classifications (private, public, non profit, higher education, and foreign); func- tional distributions (type of activity, product groups, sci- ence and technology, and socioeconomic objectives); personnel evaluation and costs dedicated to R&D; methods for statistical studies; deflationary factors and 188 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS types of exchange in R&D; and socioeconomic objec- tives of public financing for R&D. PB83-224378/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). La Conversion Fotovoltaica de la Energia Solar (Photovoltaic Conversion of Solar Energy), Pedro Pezuela, and Fernando Ruedo. Apr 81, 77p CDTI-3 Text in Spanish. Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: *Photovotaic power system, * Solar energy, Solar cells, Performance evaluation, Cost analysis, Spain, Photovotaic cells, Solar concentrators, Devel- oping country application. The volume outlines the principles, techniques, and possibilities of solar energy use through photovoltaic conversion, and also develops a strategy for the future, which may help to improve Spain's energy situ- ation. The document covers the main components of a photovoltaic system, cells and panels, energy storage, batteries, remote uses, cost problems, marketing pos- sibilities, solar energy activities in other countries, and the future of solar energy. The annex includes tech- niques of materials production; thin film crystalline and amorphous cells; monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and metallurgical silicone cells; CdS/Cu2S cells; concen- trators; and the availability of silicon. PB83-224527/GAA MF$9.00 Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London (England). Small Building Contractor and the Client: How to Run Your Business Successfully, Derek Miles. c1980, 272p ISBN-0-903031-67-1 Keywords: "Construction, 'Management techniques, Bids, 'Buildings, Marketing, Risk, Purchasing, Law(Jurisprudence), Developing country application. This report deals with the management of the building construction firm in relation to the various suppliers and persons he will have to contact to get his building contracts, as well as bidding to obtain his contracts. It examines the most economical ways to get his materi- als and budgets considering his costs for the main plant as well as the supervision of the construction site. The management of personnel, samples of let- ters, bills, meetings, and other managerial aspects of the business such as insurance and the drawing of bids are considered. PB83-224592/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). La Innovacion Industrial y las Relaciones Indus- tria-Universidad (Industrial Innovation and Indus- try-University Relations). May 80, 74p CDTI-1 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Technology assessment, 'Technology transfer, 'Economic analysis, 'Spain, Developing countries, Policies, Universities, Developing country application. After pointing out how precarious the status of the economy is in Spain, this report indicates that the main factor for the development of a country resides in its industrial innovation, for the economic and social progress of its people. The complexity of the means to develop Industrial Technology in Spain made it neces- sary to study ways to attack this problem. The basic document includes monographic studies on: General policy on patents; general policy on royalties; the same innovation problems faced and solved by other coun- tries; exploitation of university centers to generate needed technology. PB83-224600/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). La Innovacion Industrial y su Tratamiento Fiscal 8ndustrial Innovation and Its Fiscal Treatment). ct80, 61pCDTI-2 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Industrial develop- ment, Investments, Fiscal policies, Taxes, 'Research and development, Developing country application. This report emphasizes the importance of research for economic progress. After explaining the systems of other countries, it analyzes the present fiscal system of Spain to promote industry investment in research and development (R&D), obtain appropriate technology; help in the transfer of technology; try to increase the sources of funds for R&D; and export national technol- ogy. This document examines Spain's present legisla- tion, its past history, the need to define the concept of R&D, and the difficulty for entrepreneurs to evaluate the fiscal incentives to decide about their investments. Separate chapters are devoted to fiscal incentive mechanisms for contractor investment in R&D, effi- ciency from technology transfer, fiscal treatment of do- nations or subsidies to encourage R&D, fiscal incen- tives of a subjective character, fiscal treatment of in- vestments in study or research, fiscal taxes for tech- nology transfer, financial incentives, and guidelines for fiscal and financial treatment of investment in R&D. PB83-225011/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Fondo Colombiano de Investigaciones Cientificas y Proyectos Especiales, Bogota. Tecnologia Appropiada en Educacion (Appropri- ate Technology in Education), Gerardo Bacalini, Gladys Bottaro Marques, Vicky Colbert de Arbodeda, Jose Malayasi, and David Sanchez Juliao. Feb 79, 169p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Education, 'Technology transfer, Devel- oping countries, Communities, Citizen participation, Resources, Developing country application. This report is the final report of an international semi- nar on appropriate technology in education held in Bogota, Colombia, from January 29 to February 2, 1979. The purpose of the seminar was to validate the concept of appropriate technology in education (ATE); to determine its function in developing societies; and to determine possible strategies of sub-regional, re- gional, and international action to promote ATE. The introduction introduces the concepts and participants, and the second section covers the conceptual con- tents of the seminar. The third section covers the scheme of analysis for case studies of ATE presented in the seminar, including such ideas as community par- ticipation, non-formal education, educational re- sources used for ATE, and possibilities for replicating successful cases. The fourth section presents the par- ticipants papers on 1 1 case studies. The fifth section presents the recommendations and conclusions of the seminar, which are basically that ATE is a valid con- cept, and that further studies are needed on it to ensure its successful application throughout the world. PB83-225136/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). Que es la Innovacion Tecnologica (What is Tech- nological Innovation), Mario Albornoz Diez-Rodriguez. Jan 82, 42p CDTI-6 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Technology transfer, 'Management techniques, Management, Econometrics, Policies, Spain, Developing country ap- plication. This document has a theoretic approach, and there are few concrete references to the Spanish reality. Technical innovation is studied in light of the classical approach, neoclassical theory, marxist theory, Schum- peter's contribution, current econometrics, and litera- ture on management. Other chapters deal with the technological aspect, including know-how and re- search and development policy to stimulate techno- logical change. PB83-225144/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). La Ingenieria Genetica en la Biotecnologia (Genet- ic Engineering in Biotechnology), Carlos Alonso Bedate, Julio Coll Morales, and Eugenio Herranz Lopez. Sep 81, 79p CDTI-4 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Health, 'Spain, Economic development, Risks, Deoxyribonucleic acid, Developing country ap- plication. The objective of this book is to encourage the use of genetic engineering for economic development. The report covers: (1) Precedents of genetic engineering; (2) a brief description of the technology, including the transfer of DNA in bacteria (vectors, E. coli and B. sub- tilis hosts, stages, and technical problems), practical examples of techniques used and their products (inter- feron; growth hormone; insulin; treatment of blood cells, Talasemia, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; and more nutritious soya), transfer to higher organisms, and cellular fusion; (3) biological risks and precautions; (4) possible applications (production of hydrogen, hy- drocarbons, alcohol, chemicals, enzymes, peptides, viral antigens, monoclonal antibodies, genes, proteins, and insecticides; metal extraction; nitrogen fixation; biodegradation; and new varieties of plants and ani- mals; and (5) international activities. PB83-225821/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). Innovacion Industrial y Sistema Educativo (Indus- trial Innovation and the Education System), Mario Albornoz Diez-Rodriguez, Isabel Castro Ballesteros, and Manuel Sanchez Alonso. Oct 81, 66p CDTI-5 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Training, 'Industrial development, 'Edu- cation, Policies, Employment, Unemployment, Objec- tives, Resources, Spain, Developing country applica- tion. This document addresses the need to integrate educa- tion into a policy of stimulation of innovation, train human resources to create a cultural base favorable to innovation, use innovation to combat unemployment, and adopt a concept of continuing education. It studies the modern postindustrial society, the strategic value of innovation, innovation as an educational end, inno- vative pedagogic theories and methods, innovation as an educative goal-taxonomy and typology from grade school through the university, the rale of the professor, and innovation as a policy of the Education Administra- tion. PB83-226084/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Centra para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Madrid (Spain). La Telematica (Telematics). Apr 82, 83p CDTI-7 Text in Spanish. Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Telecommunications, 'Information sys- tems, Developing countries, Communicating, Data processing equipment, Computer systems programs, Industries, Developing country application. Telematics is a new discipline incorporating telecom- munications and informatics. This report covers tele- matic's (1) technological perspectives (microelectron- ics, terminals, software, and voice communications); (2) Telematic systems (the electronic office, electronic mail, telex, teletext, videotext, facsimiles, data banks, teleconferencing, electronic funds transfers, security, and social and domestic applications); (3) social impli- cations of telematics (political, economic, educational, and labor); (4) the state of marketing of telematics in principal developed countries; (5) strategies for the de- velopment of the telematics industry; and (7) evalua- tion of industry opportunity. PB83-226407/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Auburn Univ., AL. Dept. of Fisheries and Allied Aqua- cultures. Major Aquaculture Associations, Education and Research Resources in the United States. Bibliographies and literature of agriculture (Final). Jun83, 189p BLA-26 See also PB83-1 76388. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Technical assistance, 'Education, Personnel, States(United States), Financ- ing. The report identifies major educational and technical assistance organizations as well as associations work- ing with aquaculture in the United States. The directory provides a convenient method of locating facilities, or- ganizations, study opportunities, and resource people in the field of aquaculture. 189 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-226464/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Costa Rica Univ., San Jose. Inst, de Investigaciones en Ciencias Economicas. Vivienda y el Proceso de Desarrollo: Un Problema Estructural (Housing and the Process of Develop- ment: A Structural Problem), Denis Melendez H. Feb 81, 26p 22 Text in Spanish. Keywords: *Housing, Sociology, Government, Eco- nomic development, Health, Urban areas, Rural areas, Urbanization, Local government, Allocations, Financ- ing, Developing country application. This report analyzes the contribution of housing to de- velopment as opposed to other infrastructural invest- ments. Adequate housing promotes health and pro- vides other benefits to a developing country. The report covers the effects of investment in housing on economic development, the high cost of housing versus the low level of income, structural incapacity to finance and construct necessary housing in volume, the urban-rural disequilibrium and its implications in ur- banization, sociocultural and political administrative limitations, planning of investment and allocation of re- sources for housing and physical infrastructure, and formulae to determine when investment in housing is cost effective. The conclusions of the report are: Any program of housing requires a study to determine its return to national development; the housing problem in developing countries is more a problem of lack of de- velopment than a problem of lack of housing; and the effect of housing programs on migration and its reper- cussions is important. PB83-228684/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). UNIDO's (United Nations Industrial Development Organization's) Industrial and Technological Infor- mation Bank (INTIB) and National Industrial Infor- mation and Advisory Services with a Problem Identification and Information Extension Function as an Interrelated System of Services to Industry in Developing Countries, Kjeld Klintoe, and Roch T. de Mautort. Mar 82, 44p UNIDO/IS.325, 82-28195 Keywords: "Information systems, 'Information serv- ices, "Technology transfer, Financing, Economic intel- ligence, "Industrial development, Developing country application. UNIDO is engaged in promoting the flow towards de- veloping countries under the related aspects of advis- ing governments on the integration of industrial and technical information in their industrial development policies. UNIDO has created INTIB, its Industrial and Technological Information Bank, to identify and solve industrial development problems. This report com- bines three reports to UNIDO on this effort. Their titles are: The Small and Medium Industrial Enterprises and Technological Information Services - Concepts, In- sights, and Experiences; Ambivalence of Technologi- cal Information; and INTIB for Industrial Development - The UNIDO Approach to Industrial and Technological Information. PB83-228700/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Papers from the Expert Group Meeting on the Im- plications of Technological Advances in Lighter than Air Craft: Technology, Anthony J. Dolman, Henry A. Grieco, and Norman J. Mayer. Mar 82, 95p Keywords: "Air transportation, "Technology assess- ment, Balloons, Inflatable structures, Helium, Ground support equipment, Technology transfer, Developing country application, Aerostats. The report covers definition of essential concepts, main distinctions used in classifying airship types, his- tory of important LTA developments from the first use of the balloon in the 18th century up to the late 1950s, experience gained in this period, theoretical work on airship development after 1945, discussions of the possible range of applications of LTA technologies and of development programs, and possible relevance in LTA technologys for developing countries. PB83-228718/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Papers from the Expert Group Meeting on the Im- plications of Technological Advances in Lighter than Air Craft for Developing Countries: Applica- tions of the Technology, G. Cahn Hidalgo, R. L. Ashford, B. B. Levitt, F. R. Nebiker, and H. K. Rappoport. 1982, 98p Keywords: "Air transportation, "Technology assess- ment, Balloons, Inflatable structures, Helium, Ground support equipment, Technology transfer, Developing country application, Aerostats. This UNIDO publication on LTA airships technology of potential use in developing countries surveys and as- sesses emerging technology innovations and their im- plications for industrial development, with special ref- erence to airship types and systems most appropriate to conditions in developing countries. It covers catego- rization of LTA platforms: balloons; conventional air- ships; hybrid airships; tethered aerostats; remotely pi- loted aerostats, and appropriate LTA platforms. Con- siderations in LTA operations: such as use and avail- ability of helium, ground support equipment, all-weath- er capabilities, and technology transfer are described. PB83-228726/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Chinese Experiences in Small Mini Hydro Power Generation. 2 Feb 82, 174p UNIDO/IS.284, 82-21244 Keywords: "Hydroelectric power, "Research and de- velopment, Rivers, Design, Economic analysis, Hydrol- ogy, Hydraulic turbines, China, Training, Energy policy, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on experience in mini-hydroelectric power generation (MHG) in China - covers (1) hydro-power resources; river development and construction of MHGs; social aspects, economic aspects, planning, implementation and operation of MHGs (2) policies and measures; economic analysis; comparison with other energy sources (3) engineering design; hydrolo- gy; floods (4) water energy (5) turbines, machinery and equipment (6) research, choice of technology, pres- tressed concrete pipes, valves; innovation; MHG per- sonnel training; costs reduction; dams. Statistics, dia- grams, illustrations. PB83-228759/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Structural Changes in Industry. 1981, 105p UNIDO-ID/266-EN See also Spanish version, PB83-228767, and French version, PB83-228775. Keywords: "Natural resources, Economics, Policies, Cooperation, Employment, Investments, Commerce, "Industrial development, Developing country applica- tion. The report presents an overview of relevant UNIDO research programmes and highlights main issues relat- ing to industrial redeployment and restructuring. It also formulates proposals for action by individual devel- oped countries and developing countries and by inter- national organizations and covers cooperation, indus- trial policy, least developed countries, foreign invest- ment, TCDC, technology transfer, employment policy, investment policy and trade policy. PB83-228767/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Cambios Estructurales en la Industria (Structural Changes in Industry). 1981, 11 6p UNIDO-ID/266-SP Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 228759, and French version, PB83-228775. Keywords: Economics, "Natural resources, Policies, Cooperation, Employment, Investments, Commerce, Developing country application, "Industrial develop- ment. The report presents an overview of relevant UNIDO research programs and highlights main issues relating to industrial redeployment and restructuring. This report also formulates proposals for action by individ- ual developed countries and developing countries and by international organizations and covers cooperation, industrial policy, least developed countries, foreign in- vestment, TCDC, technology transfer, employment policy, investment policy and trade policy. PB83-228775/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). L'Evolution des Structures dans I'lndustrie (Struc- tural Changes in Industry). 1981, 11 6p UNIDO-ID/266-FR Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 228759, and Spanish version, PB83-228767. Keywords: Economics, "Natural resources, Policies, Cooperation, Employment, Investments, Commerce, "Industrial development, Developing country applica- tion. The report presents an overview of relevant UNIDO research programs and highlights main issues relating to industrial redeployment and restructuring. It also for- mulates proposals for action by individual developed countries and developing countries and by internation- al organizations and covers cooperation, industrial policy, least developed countries, foreign investment, TCDC technology transfer, employment policy, invest- ment policy, trade policy. PB83-229286/GAA PC E09/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Estrategia de Desarrollo Industrial en Bolivia (In- dustrial Development Strategy in Bolivia), E. Espenhahn, 0. Gonzalez-Hernandez, and T. Hutcheson. 1982, 181p UNIDO/10.491, 82-21821 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Economic development, "Bolivia, Capital, "Employment, Productivity, "Industrial development, Developing country application. This report deals with industrialization policys in Boliv- ia. It covers (1) structure and activities of the industrial sector; its economic implications; recent industrial growth; industrial enterprises, capital investment, em- ployment, productivity; and the export and import of manufacturers. PB83-229294/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Preparatory Meeting of Directors of Industrial De- velopment Finance Institutions on the Creation of a Technological Information Exchange Network Held at Bridgetown, Barbados, on 26-28 January 1982, Emilio Capelo Recamonde, Alfredo Angel Echegaray, Siddharth S. Mehta, and James P. Blackledge. Feb 82, 147p Keywords: "Information systems, "Industrial develop- ment, "Management techniques, Developing coun- tries, Financing, Developing country application. The reports in this document provide information on the various aspects of industrial development. They were presented to a meeting which recommended that a pilot industrial information network be set up to confi- dentially share useful information among members. This pilot network was then to be improved and ex- panded once it proved its usefulness. The data source envisaged, INTIB, has already been set up and is func- tioning as planned. The separate reports in this docu- ment are: The Meeting's Final Report; The Bank of North-East Brazil as a Financing Agent in the Process of the Industrial and Technological Development of its Area; The Latin American Association of Development Financing Institutions (ALIDE) and the Industrial Devel- opment Finance Institutions (IDFI) Technological Infor- mation Exchange Network; Background Papers to be discussed for the establishment of the Technological Information Exchange Network and INTIB; Some Con- siderations on the Possibilities and Feasibility of the Establishment of the Technological Information Ex- change Network for the Use of IDFI; and Technologi- cal Choice and Information Sources for Development Finance Institutions. 190 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-229302/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Papers Submitted to a Meeting of Directors of In- dustrial Development Institutions on the Creation of a Technological Information Exchange Net- work, Barbados, 26-28 January 1982. Jan 82, 152p Keywords: "Information systems, "Technology trans- fer, Financing, Economic intelligence, "Industrial de- velopment, Developing country application. These briefs were submitted by participants from Trini- dad & Tobago, Barbados, Mexico, India, Mauritius, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Malta, and a second one on Tanzania. The briefs contain information on their coun- tries' industrial development financing activities; cur- rent experiences and methodology of evaluation of the technological contents of the industrial projects; infor- mation required for technological evaluation of the projects submitted for financing, and the existing gaps for obtaining such information; a brief outline proposal for a technological information exchange network in- cluding suggestions of the method of operation; and other suggestions to comply with and support the needs of project evaluation and technology choice, and on how industrial development financing institu- tions could contribute to strengthening the technologi- cal capabilities and capacities in the country. PB83-229674/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Provenance Regions for 'Pinus caribaea' and Pinus oocarpa' Schiede Within the Republic of Honduras. Tropical forestry papers, A. M. J. Robbins, and C. E. Hughes. 1983, 102p TFP-18 Prepared in cooperation with Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales, Siguatepeque (Honduras). Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Pine trees, "Honduras, Plant genetics, Selection, Seeds, Temperature, Soils, Vegetation, Geography, Morphology, Rainfall, Collect- ing methods, Great Britain. Wherever a tree species has a natural distribution within which environmental conditions vary, it will prob- ably show genetic variation correlated with site varia- tion, due to the process of natural selection. If a forest- er wishes to use a species that has a widespread and/ or discontinuous distribution, or which covers distinct site types, he should expect genetic differences be- tween seed sources or provenances of that species. The most suitable provenance is likely to be that where environmental conditions of provenance and planting site match as nearly as possible. This at least ensures that the plantation will be well adapted to its site, and have characteristics of growth rate, form etc. similar to the natural parental stand. The delineation of these re- gions will be of practical value to the forester in several ways as described in the report. PB83-230995/GAA PCE11/MFE11 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. 'Pinus patula'. Tropical forestry papers no. 7, T.J. Wormald. 1975, 231 p Keywords: "Pine trees, "Tropical regions, "Forestry, Taxonomy, Sites, Soil fertility, Plant reproduction, Plant growth, Height, Wood, Plant genetics, Hybridization, Africa, Great Britain, Siluiculture. Pinus patula has now been planted as a commercial crop on a large scale in Africa for over thirty-five years. Its importance has been recognized by the publication in 1973, of an annotated bibliography by FAO, Rome. Some of the subject areas covered in the report are: Taxonomy, plant growth, fertilizers, plant reproduction, and wood properties. PB83-231001/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Descriptions of Seed Sources and Collections for Provenances of 'Pinus caribaea'. Tropical forestry papers no. 12, A. Greaves. 1978, 108p Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Pine trees, Seeds, Growth, Climate, Field tests, Central America, Distribution(Property), Storage, Great Britain, Reprints. The history of the use of Pinus caribaea as an exotic plantation species is given by Lamb (1973). The first introductions took place as early as 1929, but it was not until 1960 that a general interest in the species by many tropical countries developed. One consequence of this was that P. caribaea began to receive close at- tention. The results from the limited number of exotic trials in existence were promising. Moreover most of the natural populations of this species are found on degraded and infertile soils within the humid tropical lowlands. In September 1963 what is now the Unit of Tropical Silviculture (UTS) of the Commonwealth For- estry Institute (CFI), Oxford, began to compile informa- tion on the growth and yield of P. caribaea. From 1963 to 1969 seed was also acquired from a few known sources of the three varieties of P. caribaea now rec- ognized and widely distributed for provenance trials. PB83-231019/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Annotated Bibliography of Genetic Variation in 'Eucalyptus camaldulensis'. Tropical forestry papers no. 8, K. G. Eldridge. 1975, 66p Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Forestry, Structural timber, Fuels, Poles(Supports), Wood products, Seeds, Plant reproduction, Supply(Economics), Africa, Mediterranean Sea Basin, Australia. The purpose of this bibliography is to provide access to and to review information on the genetic resources of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, a tree of great impor- tance in Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical coun- tries. It is particularly important for the production of domestic products, such as poles, posts and timber, but above all, and increasingly, fuel wood. The refer- ences are confined to natural distribution, genetic vari- ation, reproductive biology, tree breeding, seed supply and the related subjects listed in the Subject Index. PB83-231027/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. First Look at Agathis. Tropical forestry papers no. 11, T. C. Whitmore. 1977, 75p Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Pine trees, "Forestry, Cultivation, Taxonomy, Plant genetics, Exploitation, Malaya, New Guinea, Fiji Islands, Great Britain, Re- prints. Agathis is a genus of some thirteen species of tall, co- niferous, resinous trees, widely known as Kauri or Kauri Pine, from the Maori name of the New Zealand species A. australis. Knowledge of Agathis in cultiva- tion and their response to silvicultural treatment is still fragmentary. This report on a whole genus is therefore much less comprehensive than those previous mono- graphs in this Series which have dealt with single spe- cies of which there is far more experience. PB83-231167/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. 'Terminalia ivorensis . Tropical forestry papers no. 5, A. F. A. Lamb, and O. O. Ntima. Jan 71, 80p Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Forestry, "West Africa, Elevation, Distribution(Property), Structural timber, Terminalia amazonia, Terminalia brassii. The report is devoted to Terminalia ivorensis the well known West African timber tree which is now being ex- tensively planted in the high forest type of the lowland tropics. There are several other members of this genus of the family Combretaceae which are being used in timber plantations by tropical silviculturists. PB83-231530/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Preliminary Study of Children's Road-Crossing Knowledge in Three Developing Countries. Supplementary rept., A. J. Downing, and I. A. Sayer. c1982, 26p TRRL- SR-771 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1315. Keywords: "Children, Behavior, Performance tests, Statistical analysis, Surveys. Appropriate ways of advising and educating children in developing countries need to be developed, and this would be aided considerably by more detailed informa- tion on children's existing knowledge and behaviour. Children, aged between 5 and 11 years, were inter- viewed and given a simulated road crossing test in a number of schools in Jamaica, Pakistan and Thailand to determine how much they knew about crossing roads and to find out which factors, if any, affected their knowledge. A comparison of the results with those of a UK study indicated that up to 57 percent fewer children in the 3 developing countries had re- ceived advice about crossing roads. Also fewer of them behaved correctly on the simulated crossing test in the 3 developing countries. PB83-231878/GAA PC E10/MF E10 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. 'Pinus kesiya' Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. 'khasya' Royle; P. 'insularis' Endlicher). Tropical forestry papers, F. B. Armitage, J. Burley, F. G. Browne, I. A. S. Gibson, and P. Guldager. 1980, 21 5p ISBN-0-85074- 030-4, TFP-9 Also pub. in ISSN-0141-9668. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Pine trees, "Forestry, Taxonomy, "Ecology, Distribution(Property), Pest con- trol, Plant diseases, South Africa, Great Britain. This monograph is a synthesis of the published and certain unpublished information on the taxonomy, dis- tribution, ecology, genetic variation, silviculture, pests, diseases and other injurious agencies, wood proper- ties and major uses of P. kesiya and of progress in its improvement to date by breeding. Whilst attempting to place it in proper ecological and silvicultural perspec- tive, we have also tried to indicate the directions for future development and improvement to ensure that the apparently great biological potential of the species can be exploited. PB83-231886/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Manual of Permanent Plot Procedures for Tropical Rainforests. Tropical forestry papers no. 14, T. J. Synnott. 1979, 77p ISBN-0-85074-031-2 Also pub. in ISSN-0141-9668. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Forestry, Manuals, Rec- ommendations, Growth, Yield, Inventories, Mathemati- cal models, Great Britain. The purpose of this manual is to describe and recom- mend some of the most useful methods and tech- niques for permanent plots in indigenous, mixed tropi- cal forests, for sample plots and for experimental and research plots. The first part of this manual deals par- ticularly with sample plots and the second with silvicul- tural research plots. Commonwealth Forestry Institute provides a system for monitoring the stocking and de- velopment of the stand and its rate of production which allows any unexpected or unfavourable developments to be measured. It also provides the data essential for constructing yield tables and growth models which may be used, together with current inventory data, for growth and yield predictions. PB83-231894/GAA PC E08/MF E08 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Descriptions of Seed Sources and Collections for Provenances of 'Pinus oocarpa'. Tropical forestry papers no. 13, A. Greaves. 1979, 151p ISBN-0-85074-029-0 Also pub. in ISSN-0141-9668. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Pine trees, Seeds, Col- lecting methods, Distribution(Property), Foreign coun- tries, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Tables(Data). The Commonwealth Forestry Institute's continuing program of exploration and evaluation of the genetic resources of tropical tree species began with Pinus caribaea, which occurs naturally in the Bahamas, Cuba and the Central American lowlands. The report deals with this species. At higher and drier altitudes in Cen- tral America P. caribaea is associated with, and even- 191 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tually replaced by Pinus oocarpa. P. oocarpa therefore appears to be useful species for extending the range of conditions in which plantations can be successfully established in other countries. The seed of the species is in increasing demand for plantation development, but many seed sources are untried and there is a need for range-wide provenance trials. Seed of 74 proven- ances of P. oocarpa has been collected and distribut- ed for an international provenance trial in which 42 countries are participating. PB83-231936/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Electricity Council Research Centre, Capenhurst (Eng- land). Dye Fixation Using Radio Frequency Heating, R. M. Perkin. Oct 82, 32p ECRC/M-1615 Keywords: "Textile industry, Performance evaluation, Temperatures, Cotton fibers, Nylon 66, Polyester fibers, Fixatives. Experiments were carried out using radio frequency heating, rfh, to raise the temperature of fibres loaded with dye solution up to their fixation temperatures. The rate of fixation was determined by the temperature and moisture content of the fibres. Polyester was dyed at atmospheric pressure using rfh to reach its fixation temperature of about 1 60 C. Fixation of a reactive dye on cotton at 95 C was achieved without a reduction in depth of shade or perspiration fastness. It was con- cluded that, when compared with steam heating, the use of rfh speeds up the finishing process and, in some cases, enhances dye penetration. PB83-232371/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Electricity Council Research Centre, Capenhurst (Eng- land). Ventilation with Open Windows. Final rept. Nov 78-Jun 79, D. J. Dickson. Apr 80, 54p ECRC/M-1329 Keywords: *Houses, 'Buildings, Windows, Air flow, Heat loss, Thermal insulation, Temperature distribu- tion, Convection, Heat transfer. Measurements were made of how the ventilation in two different, well insulated houses was affected by window opening. Specific factors investigated includ- ed: the amount by which the window was opened, wind strength and direction and the temperature difference between inside and outside. Leakage through the structure was found to provide most of the ventilation required. Comparisons were made of the relative con- tributions to ventilation rates of forced convection (wind) and natural convection. PB83-232405/GAA PC E08/MF E08 Plastics and Rubber Inst., London (England). Drive for Plastics. Proceedings of a Conference Drive for Plastics He at Hounslow (England) on 6-7 Oct 82. Final rept. 1982, 151p Keywords: 'Automobiles, 'Plastics, Automotive engi- neering, Composite materials, Automobile bodies, Automotive transmission, Automotive engines, Com- posite structures, Durability, Economic analysis, Qual- ity control, Reinforced plastics. The conference brought together design engineers, raw materials suppliers and specifiers from the plastics and automotive industries. Specific subjects dealt with included: use of plastics in engine components, espe- cially in transmission; use of composite structures; and use of plastics in vehicle structures, including load- bearing structures. These topics were discussed from economic, quality control and durability viewpoints. PB83-232504/GAA PC E13/MF E13 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. 'Pinus caribaea'. Volume 1. Tropical forestry papers no. 6, A. F. A. Lamb. Oct 73, 308p Keywords: *Pine trees, 'Tropical regions, 'Forestry, Taxonomy, Wood, Mechanical properties, Physical properties, Site selection, Measurement, Plant repro- duction, Wood preservatives, Great Britain, Forest plantations, Silviculture. Though this monograph is the sixth in the series 'Fast Growing Timber Trees of the Lowland Tropics' its com- pilation has been in progress for almost ten years. The continually expanding world interest in Pinus caribaea is yielding more and more research information both at Oxford and elsewhere, particularly on wood properties and tree improvement, and for this reason the mono- graph will be issued in three parts, of which this is the first. PB83-232553/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Electricity Council Research Centre, Capenhurst (Eng- land). Gas Porosity in Copper Alloy Sand Castings, L Smith. Jan 82, 26p ECRC/M-1425 Keywords: 'Castings, Defects, Electric furnaces, Hy- drogen embrittlement, Foundry sands, Pinholes, Non- ferrous castings. The report was prepared after an increased number of incidents were reported of porosity defects after the installation of electric melting furnaces. Types of po- rosity and sources of gas defects were reviewed. No evidence was found of hydrogen levels in electrically melted copper alloys sufficiently high enough to cause such defects. The hydrogen content was, however, found to increase rapidly after contact with green sand mould. This increase occurred during initial mould fill- ing and thus was not strictly a metal-mould reaction. It was recommended that further defects should be well documented, with close examination of ancillary prac- tices, housekeeping and records of scrap levels. PB83-232900/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). TRRL (Transport and Road Research Laboratory) Road Investment Model for Developing Countries (RTIM2). Final rept., Linda L. Parsley, and R. Robinson. c1982, 54p TRRL-LR-1057 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1293. Keywords: 'Roads, Rural areas, Paving, Computerized simulation, Investments, Mathematical models, Cost engineering, Maintenance, Operations research, RTIM2 computer program. As rural and inter-urban roads represent a large part of national development programs in developing coun- tries, information on road investment was built into a computer model to improve the quality of investment decisions. The model permitted a study of: connec- tions between road design and construction stand- ards; road maintenance policy, vehicle characteristics, traffic flow and growth rate; environment and road de- terioration; choice of earth, gravel or bituminous pave- ment; different stage construction options; and conse- quences of uncertainties in traffic forecasts or in the discount rate to be studied. The program is in standard FORTRAN, consists of 6000 statements and requires input in card image form. PB83-233163/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Study of Bus Safety in Delhi. Final rept. Apr 78-Apr 80, G. D. Jacobs, and A. J. Downing. c1982, 28p TRRL- SUPPLEMENTARY-758 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1 31 5. Keywords: 'Buses(Vehicles), Developing countries, Motor vehicle operators, Accident investigations, Sur- veys, Traffic safety, Safety engineering, India, Acci- dent studies, Accident rates. Public service vehicles in cities in developing countries are involved in a high proportion of road accidents and have very high fatality rates per million bus kilometres travelled per annum. This report analyses one year's accident records of the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) to identify the type of accident taking place, class of road user involved and factors affecting acci- dent severity. 580 DTC bus drivers were interviewed to determine how far training, experience and working conditions affect accident rates. Over 200 DTC buses were surveyed to assess the affect that their general condition might have had on vehicle safety. PB83-233585/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Cement and Concrete Association, Slough (England). Rain and Air Penetration Performance of Concrete Blockwork. Technical rept., A. J. Rathbone. c1982, 37p CCA/TR-553, ISBN-0- 7210-1261-2 Also pub. in ISSN-0528-3701. Keywords: 'Concrete, Fluid infiltration, Permeability, Air, Water, Penetration tests. A series of water and air penetration tests has been carried out on 31 panels of concrete blockwork and on individual blocks to compare the performance of differ- ent types and make of unit as well as construction methods. Graphs and tables have been produced which illustrate the superior performance of some types of wall, and tentative limits are proposed for the amounts of air and water penetration which would ex- clude the use of certain blocks, built as the outer leaf of a cavity wall, in areas of severe exposure. It was, however, found that no simple relationship exists be- tween unit and wall performance. PB83-233775/GAA PC E13/MF E13 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Manual Sobre Investigaciones de Especies y Pro- cedencias con Referencia Especial a Los Tropicos (Manual on Species and Provenance Research with Particular Reference to the Tropics and Ap- pendices). Tropical forestry papers no. 10 and 10A, J. Burley, and P. J. Wood. 1979, 314p TFP-10/10A See also PB83-233783. Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Forestry, Manuals, Field tests, Plant genetics, Forest trees, Sampling, Wood, Structures, Project planning, Laboratories, Tests, Developing countries. Although aimed primarily at tropical countries, and es- pecially those with limited research experience or fa- cilities, this manual attempts to provide a comprehen- sive treatment of the principles and practices involved in testing species and provenances that are applicable under all forest plantation conditions. Throughout the manual the empirical rather than the academic ap- proach is emphasized on the understanding that the primary aim of most afforestation programs is the growing of healthy, productive forests. Appendices cover: Sampling and data recording; Laboratory proce- dures; and the wood structure index approach. PB83-233783/GAA PC E13/MF E13 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Manual on Species with Provenance Research with Particular Reference to the Tropics. Tropical forestry papers no. 10 and 10A, J. Burley, and P. J. Wood. 1976, 301 p TFP-10/10A See also PB83-233775. Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Forestry, Manuals, Pro- duction, Taxonomy, Plant genetics, Seeds, Site selec- tion, Field tests, Experimental design, Planting, Wood, Quality control, Great Britain, Laboratories, Tests, Forest plantations. Although aimed primarily at tropical countries, and es- pecially those with limited research experience or fa- cilities, this manual attempts to provide a comprehen- sive treatments of the principles and practices in- volved in testing species and provenances that are ap- plicable under all forest plantation conditions. Throughout the manual the empirical rather than the academic approach is emphasized on the understand- ing that the primary aim of most afforestation programs is the growing of healty, productive forests. Appendi- ces cover: Sampling and data recording; Laboratory procedures; and The wood structure index approach. PB83-233791/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Empresa Catarinense de Pesquisa Agropecuaria S.A., Florianopolis (Brazil). Hemarthria Resumos (Hemarthria Abstracts), Fernando Adami Tcacenco, Lidia M. G. de Borba Bernhardt, and Carlos Alberto Miranda da Silveira. Feb 83, 170p DOCUMENT-16 Text in English and Portuguese. Also pub. in ISSN- 0100-8986. Keywords: 'Grass, 'Tropical regions, Cultivation, Live- stock, Animal nutrition, Survival, 192 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Tolerances(Physiology), Winter, Freezing, Abstracts, Vegetation, Yield, Developing country application. This study is thought to be the most complete bibliog- raphy on the genus Hemarthria currently available. As well as a bibliography on Hemarthria, readers will find further relevant information on the cultivation regions of this forage grass and available world results. It can also be observed that the various citations confirm data and information given by agricultural researchers and farmers from several countries that Hemarthria is of significant importance as a forage grass and has great possibilities for use in animal feeding, especially during the unfavorable periods of the year. PB83-233809/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Radcliffe Science Library (England). Theoretical Basis for the Representation of On- Line Computer Systems to Naive Users, A. P. Jagodzinski. Aug 81, 79p RSL/ENG-673/12 Keywords: * Information systems, 'Computers, Library science, Process control, User needs. Computer naive users require a conceptual model of the computer system in order to form a clear idea of what the system is doing. This model can only be com- municated to the user by the representation of the system which appears at his terminal. The designer of an on-line system must therefore include the user, as well as the terminal, within the boundaries of the system. In order to derive a theoretical basis for design standards, current theory and practice in psychology, computer science and process control were examined, and a consensus for the design of representations suitable for describing the operations of on-line com- puter systems via their terminal interfaces was sought. The theory was applied to the example of a library seri- als control system. PB83-235341/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Basic In- dustries. Monographs on appropriate industrial technology no. 13, K. H. Yap, B. R. Nijhawan, R. K. Iyengar, S. Ramachandran, and S. M. Patil. 1981, 104p Keywords: * Machine tools, 'Industrial plants, "Tech- nology assessment, Plant location, Machine tool in- dustry, Iron and steel industry, Chemical industry, Fer- tilizers, Developing country application. This publication contains the following reports: Issues and considerations; Basic materials industries - as- pects of technology choice and industrial location; choice and adaptation of alternative technology for the iron and steel industry; appropriate technology for the iron and steel industry; appropriate technology for the capital goods industry (machine tools) in developing countries; the role of the engineering industry; appro- priate technology for the chemical industry; technology for oil and gas based industries - the case of Kuwait; and the fertilizer industry in India. A bibliography is also included. PB83-235358/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Metal Production Development Units. Development and transfer of technology series no. 16. 1982, 80p Keywords: *Metals, Industrial engineering, Production management, Capital, Market surveys, Developing countries, Metal products, Developing country applica- tion. A Metal Production Development Unit is a prototype facility to help developing countries create the capacity to produce, as well as adapt and eventually substitute imported metal products, components, and spare parts; provide tools and molds for metal transforming operations; assist in creating the materials required for metalworking machinery construction; and establish the base for a capital industry. The MPDU has been conceived to reduce the level of economy of scale for the production of metal products, components, or spare parts to suit the requirements of the country. This publication can be used by planners and decision makers to assess the priority a MPDU project should have in their country's development plans, and then in preparing a technical implementation plan based on a technical market survey, which would then be elabo- rated flexibly to be able to respond to the needs of the future. PB83-235366/GAA PC E12/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Analysis of Machinery for the Food-Processing In- dustry. 14 Apr 81, 289p UNIDO/IS.221, 81-24139 Prepared in cooperation with Emppesa Nacional de In- genieria y Tecnologia, S.A. Keywords: 'Food processing, 'Power equipment, 'Technology transfer, Meat, Diary products, Technolo- gy transfer, Beverages, Developing countries, Infra- structure, Developing country application. This is an expert report on machinery for the food in- dustry. It covers general characteristics of the industry; capital goods for the dairy products industry, meat in- dustry, fruit and vegetables, cereals, fish, sugar, pre- serving, compound feeds, oils and fats, and the bever- age industry including coffee; types of capital goods; choice of technology; the industrial infrastructure re- quired and machinery production and related foreign trade; technology transfer including statistics and a list of suppliers; and additional references. PB83-236984/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Needs in Science and Technology for Develop- ment in Caribbean Island Nations - Report of a Workshop Held in Washington, DC. August 30-31, 1982. 1983, 66p Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Caribbean, 'Technology transfer, Meetings, Fisheries, Agriculture, 'Energy source development, Industrial technology. The Reagan administration and Congress have re- cently emphasized the potential of the Caribbean Basin as a special site for an economic recovery pro- gram. The nations of the Caribbean are relatively small in size and population. Most lack natural resources and are dependent on the production of a few basic commodities. Although much attention has been de- voted to evaluating economic factors in the region, the United States has done no detailed study of the as- pects of science and technology most needed for the support of Caribbean development, nor of the role sci- ence and technology might play in assisting the region to increase the rate of economic development. This report details the results of a workshop held for the purposes of identifying these scientific and technologi- cal needs. PB83-239939/GAA PC A16/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Technologies and Management Strategies for Haz- ardous Waste Control. Volume 2. Working Papers. Part A. Hazardous Waste Categories: Review of Literature and Past Research Effort. Apr 83, 361 p* See also Part B, PB83-239947 and PB83-1 89241 . Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99, PB83- 239921. Keywords: 'Waste treatment, 'Management planning, Technology, Regulations, Solid waste disposal, State government, Classifying, Toxicity, Resource conserva- tion and recovery act, Ranking. This volume contains papers written for OTA to assist in preparation of the report TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL. The contents include Hazardous waste categories, a review of literature and past re- search effort. PB83-240895/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Ardhi Inst., Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Upgrading Squatter Housing in Dar es Salaam. L. M. Masembejo, and N. J. W. Tumsiph. Dec 81, 39p ISBN-91 -540-91 17-9 Also pub. in ISSN-0347-4348. Sponsored in part by National Swedish Inst, for Building Research, Stock- holm. Keywords: 'Housing, 'Urban planning, 'Tanzania, Low income groups, Government policies, Urban de- velopment, Developing country application. This publication includes two separate papers, both dealing with the squatter upgrading and sites and serv- ices project in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The papers are based on studies carried out in 1979 and 1980 when the authors were students at the Ardhi Institute in Dar es Salaam. The situation in the squatter areas and the upgrading project are described. From a per- spective of broad policy objectives they discuss vari- ous components of the project. The missing of the target group in the resettlement part of the projects is subjected to criticism and related to procedures of plot allocation, building permits, loans, etc. The authors also contribute with positive proposals to overcome shortcomings. PB83-241018/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. Standardized Procedures for Planting Vegetation on Completed Sanitary Landfills. Final rept., Edward Gilman, Franklin Flower, and Ida Leone. Jul 83, 47p EPA-600/2-83-055 Contract EPA-R-807673 Keywords: 'Grass, 'Agriculture, 'Sanitation, 'Environ- mental management, Manuals, Financing, Selection, Soil fertility, Spreading, Depth, Sampling, Grasses, Le- guminous plants, Metals, Fertilizers, Tolerances(Physiology), Methane, Carbon dioxide, Ex- traction, Hazardous materials. A manual was developed for those charged with es- tablishing a vegetative cover on completed landfills. Special problems associated with growing plants on these sites are discussed, and step-by-step proce- dures are given for converting a closed landfill to a va- riety of end uses requiring a vegetative cover. Instruc- tions are given for vegetating landfills with either limit- ed or adequate funds. A hypothetical case of landfill conversion is also included. PB83-241653/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Measurement Lab. Evaluation Criteria for Comparing Domestic and Foreign Material Specifications. Final rept., J. G. Early. May 83, 53p Sponsored in part by Coast Guard, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Metals, Comparison, Mechanical proper- ties, Chemical composition, Standards, Evaluation. Consistent decisions on the degree of equivalency be- tween metal specifications of different national origins cannot be made only on the basis of chemical compo- sition and direct comparison of mechanical property numbers. There are numerous additional factors, in- cluding metallurgical effects, product form effects, test acceptance criteria, and differences in specification philosophy, which if prese r , may influence the deter- mination of equivalency because of their effect on property requirements. In order to remove the uncer- tainty in this decision-making process, these additional factors must be evaluated for each comparison. PB83-242255/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. Sales and Distribution Channels for Exporting Southern Forest Products. Forest Service research paper, Richard W. Guldin. Jul 83, 15p FSRP-SO-192 Keywords: 'Wood products, 'Marketing, Sales, Lumber, Exports, Control, Decision making, Feasibility. The key elements which small- to medium-sized south- ern forest product firms should consider when estimat- ing the export potential for their products are identified in the report. PB83-244046/GAA PC A14/MF A01 AiResearch Mfg. Co. of California, Torrance. 193 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS High-Temperature Ceramic Recuperator and Com- bustion Air Burner Programs. Annual rept. Apr 82-Mar 83, M. Coombs, and D. Strumpf. Apr 83, 31 5p 83-19870, GRI-83/0006 Contracts GRI-5080-342-0440, GRI-5080-342-0439 See also PB83-21 6788. Keywords: 'Ceramics, Heat exchangers, 'Burners, Design, Evaluation, 'Waste heat utilization. The report describes the second-year effort of a 3-year program for the development of a ceramic recuperator and its companion high-temperature preheated com- bustion air burner. The system is designed to operate in a variety of industrial flue gas streams with exhaust temperatures up to 2500F. The ceramic recuperator provides up to 2000F preheated combustion air to the high-temperature burner. Under anticipated condi- tions, fuel savings of up to 50 percent are achieved when compared to unrecuperated furnaces. PB83-244558/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center (Japan). OSAKA and Its Technology, Number 1, 1982. 1982, 60p See also PB83-244640.Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Japan, 'Environmental surveys, Engineering, Technology, Local government, Coordination, Transportation, Water quality, Muscidae, Land reclamation, Telemetry, Fire fighting, Solid waste disposal, Air pollution, Urban areas, Nitrogen oxides, Ecology. The Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center was established in 1 982 with the objective to collect, classify and exchange theses and technical in- formation on urban engineering and technology for ref- erence and to extend expert advice and cooperation in the execution of various engineering projects of local governments at home and abroad. The first issue of their publication contains a number of articles by ex- perts in their respective fields. CONTENTS: Urban Transport and the Environment; A NOx Diffusion Model in an Urban Area and Its Application to the Urban Planning; New-Tram, The New Transportation System in South Port Area of Osaka; Road and Ameni- ty; Revitalizing the Central District of the City; Ground Improvement Technique for a Vast Reclaimed Land by Combination of Vertical Drains and Dewatering; Study on Ecology and Control of Housefly at a Waste Dispos- al Site; Continuous Water Quality Monitoring System using Telemetry and Establishment of Automatic Measuring Method; and Computer-aided Command and Control System for Fire-Fighting and Ambulance Services. PB83-244657/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center (Japan). OSAKA and Its Technology, Number 3, 1983. 1983, 73p See also PB83-244640 and PB83-244558.Color illus- trations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Japan, Sewers, Con- struction, Sludge drying, Activated sludge treatment, Odors, Removal, Breakwaters, Dikes, Water waves, Dispersing, Solidification, Nitrogen dioxide, Concentration(Composition), Solidification, Air pollu- tion, Exhaust emissions, 'Waste recycling. The Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center was established in 1982 with the objective to collect, classify and exchange theses and technical in- formation on urban engineering and technology. This issue contains the following articles: Urban Develop- ment Strategy for Osaka City; Construction of Abeno Station on the Tanimachi Line of Osaka Municipal Subway Using the Shield Method; Construction of Ten- noji-Benten Trunk Sewer; SIL-B Process- A new Method for the Solidification Treatment of Sludge; Studies on Deodorization by Activated Sludge; Estima- tion of Long-Term Average Concentration of NO sub 2 in Areas Adjacent to Trunk Roads; Development of a Soil Waste Recycling Plant and its System; and Up- right Wave-dissipation Caisoon-Type Breakwaters and Dikes. PB83-245308/GAA PC A07/MF A01 California State Div. of Mass Transportation, Sacra- mento. SB 283 (1975) Innovative Public Transportation Demonstration Program: Synopses of Project Evaluations. Final rept., Al Hollinden. Mar 83, 135p DMT-115, UMTA-CA/MT- 83/115 Grant DOT-UMTA-CA-09-8005/6 Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Irvine. Inst, of Transportation Studies. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Marketing, 'Transpor- tation, Motor vehicle operators, Specialized training, Transportation brokerage, School buses. This report presents synopses of project evaluations for 44 public transportation demonstration projects sponsored by the California Department of Transporta- tion between 1977 and 1981. A few examples of the types of projects funded are demonstrations of the 'brokering' concept for social service agencies, provid- ing transportation for the E&H, demonstrating orga- nized 'hitchhiking', development of transit marketing programs, development of driver training courses, de- velopment of an introduction to transit for school chil- dren, development of a bus-ferry transfer system, and demonstrating an automatic passenger counter pro- gram. PB83-245514/GAA PC E07/MF E01 National Building Research Inst., Pretoria (South Africa). Guidelines for Factory Building Design. Part 1. Thermal Conditions. Part 2. Lighting. Part 3. Noise Control. C1982, 142p ISBN-0-7988-2054-3 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Plant layout, Guidelines, Lighting, Noise reduction, Temperature control. In a generally warm country, good thermal conditions can be maintained by attention in design to the orienta- tion of the building, the position, size and type of win- dows, the heat storing capacity of the construction, in- sulation and control of ventilation. The achievement of adequate illumination by making the best use of day- lighting, saves energy and provides illumination of high quality. As in the case of thermal requirements, a north-facing orientation of the building is advocated for this, with transluscent roof lights. Daylighting, artificial lighting, task lighting and the selection of colors and reflectances all play their part in achieving the best en- vironment for welfare and productivity. The prime func- tion of factory noise control, is the conservation of hearing, but the effect of noise on the efficient oper- ation of the factory, is of equal importance. Protection of hearing, satisfactory oral communication, and the limitation of annoyance and noise pollution, demand the attention of designer and user. PB83-246025/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Modern Potato and Vegetable Storages, I. L. Volkind, N. N. Roslov, and P. A. Mukhanov. C1983, 193pTT-75-520001 Trans, of mono. Sovremennye Kartofele-i Ovosh- chekhranilishcha, Moscow, 1971 by B. R. Sharma. Sponsored in part by National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Potatoes, 'Vegetables, 'Food storage, Books, Ventilation, Equipment, Cooling, Heating, Qual- ity control, Construction, Investments, Design, Dia- grams, Tables(Data). This book contains a description of methods of storing potates and vegetables in cold storage based on modern scientific and practical experience. It de- scribes the fundamentals of modern storage technolo- gy and the mechanics of the labor processes involved. A major part of the book is devoted to a modern stand- ard storage which can be constructed on farms or in other places. PB83-246199/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Population Policy and Family Planning Programs: Trends in Policy and Administration. Working paper, Kandiah Kanagaratnam, and Catherine S. Pierce. C1980, 31 p WP-411 Keywords: Trends, Community relations, Health, 'Family planning. This study attempts to summarize recent trends in population policy and examines some of the main ad- ministrative problems likely to be encountered in the delivery of family planning services in the next few years. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. 1980.) PB83-246207/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Health Problems and Policies in the Developing Countries. Working paper, Fredrick Golladay, and Bernhard Liese. c1980, 62p WP-412 Keywords: 'Health, 'Health planning, 'Financial plan- ning, Policies, Financing, Health services, Health care. After two decades of neglect, health has reappeared as a significant concern among development authori- ties and financing institutions. This paper focuses on the principal health policy issues that are expected to confront national authorities in developing countries over the next two decades. It also examines problems in the organization and operation of basic health serv- ices, and the financing of health care. (Copyright (c) 1980 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washing- ton, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. PB83-246223/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Developing Countries and International Shipping. Working paper, Harold Hansen. c1981, 171p WP-502 Keywords: 'Ships, 'Transportation, 'Waterway trans- portation, Merchant ships, Evaluation, Foreign trade, Benefits, Shipping lines. In recent years many developing countries have con- sidered or taken steps to develop or expand national merchant marines to serve their foreign trades. The purpose of this paper is to consider whether and under what circumstances developing countries can benefit from investments in international shipping. In recent years, much has been said and written to encourage developing countries to invest in national shipping lines to carry their foreign trade. In examining the issue, the paper finds no overwhelming evidence either favouring or arguing against such investment. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. 1981.) PB83-246280/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Motivation Versus City Lights: Testing Hypotheses about Inter-Changwat Migration in Thailand. Working paper, Fred Arnold, and Susan H. Cochrane. C1980, 47p WP-416 Keywords: 'Migration, 'Economic development, Eco- nomic conditions, Employment, Farms, Economic fac- tors, Developing countries, Thailand. This paper is an expansion of the migration analysis done as part of the Basic Economic Mission to Thai- land and contained in Working Paper No. 337. In the current paper the analysis is extended to include the direction as well as level of migration flows between provinces (changwats) and this analysis is integrated with that of others who have done migration research in Thailand. The major conclusion of policy relevance from this paper is that the level of migration will in- crease as economic development proceeds, but the direction of movement will depend on the relative eco- nomic opportunities in various changwats. It is the latter that might be most susceptible to policy manipu- lation. 194 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-246421/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Florida Water Resources Research Center, Gaines- ville. Effect of Excess and Limited Soil Moisture on Ni- trogen Fixation of Several Leguminous Crops. Technical completion rept., J. M. Bennett, and S. L. Albrecht. 31 May 83, 65p PUB-69, W83-03687, , OWRT-A-044-FLA(1) Contracts DI-14-34-0001-1110, DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 10 Keywords: *Soils, * Leguminous plants, Beans, Droughts, Flooding, Soybeans, Plant growth, Green- houses, Aeschynomene americana, Alfalfa, Cowpea, Desmodium heterocarpon. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding and drought on the leaf and nodule water status, stomatal conductance, root respi- ration and nitrogen fixation of cowpea (Vigna unuicu- lata), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), soybean (Glycine max), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Aeschynomene americana, and Desmodium heterocarpon. Soybeans, cowpeas, and Aeschynomene exhibited a tolerance to flooding and the capacity to fix nitrogen in flooded plants re- mained about the same as the well-watered controls, whereas flooded Desmodium, bean, and alfalfa showed marked reductions in nitrogenase activity with a concommitant decline in plant water status and root respiration. Drought stress resulted in reductions in leaf and nodule water potentials, stomatal conduct- ance, and root respiration as gravimetric soil water content decreased below 1% in the sandy soil medium. In general, nitrogenase activity declined along with other physiological processes, however, there was an indication that nitrogen fixation was more severely inhibited by drought. PB83-246454/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Iowa State Water Resources Research Inst., Ames. Technology Transfer Program: Urban Stormwater Management Implementation in Iowa. Completion rept., Ronald L Rossmiller. Mar 83, 99p ISWRRI-132, W83-03696, , OWRT-A-082-IA(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 17 Also pub. as Iowa State Univ., mes. Engineering Re- search Inst. rept. no. ISU-ERI-AMES-83220. Keywords: 'Hydrology, "Reservoirs, * Urban planning, Hydraulic models, Ordinances, Construction, Water- sheds, Iowa, Design flood, Urban hydrology. The objective of the recently completed Iowa Urban Stormwater Management Program was to make stormwater management an integral part of the activi- ties of planners, engineers and politicians in existing urban areas and in new developments around metro- politan areas. Included in this overall objective were the legal, institutional, planning and technical aspects of stormwater management. Two concurrent studies were undertaken at the University of Iowa and at Iowa State University. The studies at the University of Iowa Law College concentrated on the legal and institution- al aspects of urban stormwater management. The studies at Iowa State University concentrated on the planning and technical aspects of urban stormwater management. PB83-246538/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Arizona Univ., Tucson. Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources. Comparative Evaluation of Ground-Water Manage- ment Techniques. Completion rept. 1 Oct 79-30 Sep 81, Jacquel L. Emel, Judith M. Dworkin, Thomas Maddock, III, and Michael Bradley. Jul 83, 58p W83- 03704, , OWRT-B-081-ARIZ(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0204 Keywords: "Management techniques, "Ground water, "Water supply, Aquifers, Water rights, Water conser- vation, Policies, Statutes, Comparison, Evaluation, Western Region(United States). A summary and evaluation of groundwater supply management programs in the western United States is presented. Statutes, district mandates, and court deci- sions set out general objectives which are interpreted and implemented by administrative agencies. While the objectives are for the most part philosophically de- rived, the implementation mechanisms are the result of both philosophic interpretation and hydrologic sci- ence. As established in this research, the objectives of state and district groundwater supply policies are prop- erty rights protection and aquifer development man- agement. The former relates to protection of access, and the latter to planned depletion or conservation goals. PB83-246686/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Measuring Urban Malnutrition and Poverty: A Case Study of Bogota and Cali, Colombia. Working paper, Rakesh Mohan, M. Wilhelm Wagner, and Jorge Garcia. C1981, 89p WP-447 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20433. Keywords: "Diseases, "Nutrition, Income, Statistical data, Developing countries, "Colombia. The paper attempts to measure the extent of malnutri- tion and poverty in the cities of Bogota and Cali, Co- lombia. It determines lower bound estimates of the proportion of people who simply do not have incomes adequate to cover the barest minimum of nutritional requirements. Methods usually used to estimate mal- nutrition are examined critically and the conceptual and empirical difficulties inherent in such estimations are outlined. An attempt is made to account for some of these difficulties by using household level data which account for differences in age-sex composition and household size. However, other difficulties remain owing to the absence of actual food expenditure data. (Copyright (c) 1981 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.) PB83-246710/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economics of Supplemental Feeding of Malnour- ished Children: Leakages, Costs, and Benefits. Working paper, Odin K. Knudsen. c1981, 90p WP-451 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20433. Keywords: "Children, "Nutrition, "Food supply, Project management, Evaluation, Cost estimates, Mathemati- cal models, Mortality, Productivity, India. This paper analyzes some of the economic issues in- volved in the supplemental feeding of malnourished children. The paper is divided into four major sections. The first section discusses the potential leakages to other family members and other households that are common to both on-site and take-home feeding pro- grams. The second section describes the probability of errors involved in using entry and exit criteria in supple- mental feeding programs and describes a feasible cri- terion for entry based on a child's weight gain. The third presents a simulation model for estimating the number of beneficiaries and costs of supplemental feeding under different prevelances of malnutrition, durations of feeding, and probabilities of recovery and relapse. The fourth calculates the costs and benefits of a supplemental feeding program by using efficiency, social and basic need approaches. (Copyright (c) 1981 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A.) PB83-246736/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Regional Aspects of Family Planning and Fertility Behavior in Indonesia. Working paper, Dov Chernichovsky, and Oey Astra Meesook. c1981, 71 p WP-462 Keywords: "Family planning, "Fertility, Developing countries, Population growth, Statistical analysis, "So- cioeconomic status, "Indonesia. This paper discusses the recent decline in the popula- tion growth rate of Indonesia which has been achieved at a relatively low level of income and socio-economic development. Evidence is presented of this decline which is largely attributed to the fall in the total fertility rate in Java-Bali. The much higher growth rate of popu- lation in the Outer Islands remains a matter of concern and the paper accordingly focuses on differences be- tween Java-Bali and the Outer Islands. The paper briefly reviews the history and organization of the family planning program in Indonesia, attempts to iden- tify those factors which have been responsible for its success and to assess its prospects for the future. It then presents the results of a multivariate analysis, using data from the 1976 Intercensal Population Survey, which attempts to explain fertility behavior and family planning practice by socio-economic factors as well as the availability of family planning services. (Copyright (c) 1981 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA.) PB83-246769/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Improving Irrigated Agriculture: Institutional Reform and the Small Farmer. Working paper, Daniel W. Bromley. c1982, 96p WP-531, ISBN-0- 8213-0064-4 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-13422. Keywords: "Farming, "Water supply, "Irrigation, Pump- ing, Human behavior, Adaptation, Allocations, Assess- ments, Decision making, Water distribution, Farms, Project planning, Risk, Developing countries, Water re- quirements. Irrigation is a technological and institutional innovation which permits cultivation of lands otherwise ill-suited to agriculture. The institutional environment in which irri- gation takes place is critical to the successful oper- ation of any system. This institutional environment has received little analytical attention by those concerned with irrigation. A model of farmer interdependence is developed and is related to the concept of farmers as cautious optimizers. This allows a focus on institutional uncertainty as a major impediment to creating irrigation systems which meet both efficiency and equity goals. (Copyright (c) 1 982, The World Bank.) PB83-247049/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Rural Projects Through Urban Eyes: An Interpreta- tion of the World Bank's New-Style Rural Develop- ment Projects. Working paper, Judith Tendler. c1982, 100p WP-532, ISBN-0-8213- 0028-8 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 341 2. Keywords: "Project planning, "Rural areas, Local gov- ernment, Agriculture, Services, Government policies, Developing countries, Social services, Rural planning, Poverty groups. This paper is a suggested political economy of the Bank's new-style rural development projects. It at- tempts to describe some of the things that happen in the political environment of a project when govern- ments, assisted by the Bank, redirect their public- sector services and subsidies to the rural poor. The nature of implementing agencies as political actors is also explored, including how their particular tasks con- tribute to the formation of their political character-in- frastructure vs. agricultural extension vs. social serv- ices like health and education. The purpose of this ex- ploration is to broaden our understanding of how the new rural projects have fared-to help explain success- es as well as problems. The paper also suggests how the features of the political environment might be taken into account in the selection and design of future rural projects. (Copyright (c) 1982 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.) PB83-247080/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Industrialization and Growth: The Experience of Large Countries. Working paper, Hollis B. Chenery. c1982, 38p WP-539, ISBN-0-8213- 0097-0 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 5961 Keywords: "Industrial development, Economic condi- tions, Policies, "China, Industrial growth. This paper discusses common elements of the experi- ence of large developing countries with industrializa- tion, drawing on the World Bank's research project on 195 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS 'The Sources of Industrial Growth and Structural Change.' The paper, which was presented to a confer- ence of the Chinese Academy of Science, is designed to provide a comparative framework for assessing the performance of the Chinese economy. It shows that, despite its unique features, China shares many char- acteristics with other large semi-industrial countries. Some implications for trade policy and future growth are noted. (Copyright (c) 1982 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.) PB83-247098/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Implementing Programs of Human Development. Working paper, Nat J. Colletta, Jacob Meerman, Milton Esman, Joseph Mbindyo, and John Montgomery. c1981, 378p WP-403 Keywords: *Social change, 'Health, Family relations, Personnel development, Culture(Social sciences), •Socioeconomic status, Families. Political support, finance, administration and demand (the way families and individuals respond to services) are crucial linked factors in improving education, health, hygiene and nutrition, especially in the poorest areas of the developing nations. Recognizing these links, the World Bank staff arranged a series of semi- nars and workshops in the fall of 1979, bringing togeth- er the authors of these papers, other consultants and invited experts, and a wide range of Bank staff to dis- cuss the issues treated in these studies. The resulting interchange is reflected in the five studies in this volume. They are written from different disciplinary perspectives-political science, public finance, and public administration respectively for the first three, and a combination of sociology and social anthropolo- gy for the papers on sociocultural influences and the role of the family. (Copyright (c) 1980 The World Bank.) PB83-247122/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Managing Information for Rural Development: Les- sons from Eastern Africa. Working paper, Guido Deboeck, and Bill Kinsey. c1980, 80p WP-379 Keywords: 'Information systems, *Rural areas, 'Infor- mation services, Meetings, 'Africa, User needs, Spe- cialized training, Data acquisition. This study summarizes the discussions and principal conclusions of the Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Development Projects in East- ern Africa held in Nairobi in April 1979. The basic pur- pose of the Workshop was to provide a forum for ex- tracting lessons from field experiences with managing information for rural development. The methodologies for monitoring and evaluating the technical, economic, and social impacts of rural development projects have undergone considerable development and modifica- tion in Eastern Africa. The lessons which may be learned from the wealth of practical experience in the region relate to a large number of issues currently being raised in projects elsewhere: identification of pri- ority users of information; the type and frequency of data collection efforts; problems of translating raw data into useful information; location and staffing of monitoring and evaluation units; the resource require- ments of implementing project information systems; training needs; and the effective management of rapid- ly growing volumes of information on rural develop- ment projects. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1980.) PB83-247338/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Macroeconomic Implications of Factor Substitu- tion in Industrial Processes. Working paper, Howard Pack. c1980, 76p WP-377 Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Technology as- sessment, Labor estimates, Substitution, Manufactur- ing, Economic impact. This paper examines the scope for capital-labor substi- tution in the LDCs, that is, it is concerned with efficient alternatives to best-practice techniques used in the developed countries. It addresses three principal questions: How do the benefits to private producers of systematically adopting appropriate technology com- pare with those of adopting capital-intensive technolo- gy; How surmountable are the obstacles to adopting appropriate technology that is available; and If the benefits of adopting appropriate technology are great and the obstacles surmountable, why are LDC produc- ers opting for capital-intensive processes. The analy- sis relies on engineering-economic analyses to answer the first question; a reformulation of obstacles in a cost-benefit framework to answer the second; and a discussion of alternative profit-seeking activities of producers to answer the third. (Copyright (c) 1 980 by The World Bank.) PB83-247494/GAA PC A99/MF A01 New York State Coll. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering. Wastewater Treatment with Plants in Nutrient Films. Final rept. Oct 79-Jun 82, W. J. Jewell, J. J. Madras, W. W. Clarkson, H. DeLancey-Pompe, and R. M. Kabrick. Aug 83, 626p EPA-600/2-83-067 Grant EPA-R-8071 34 Sponsored in part by Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Plants(Botany), 'Sewage treatment, Nutrients, Microorganisms, Plant growth, Feasibility, Water pollution control, Area, Biochemical oxygen demand, Grasses, Nitrogen cycle, Potable water, Plant physiology, Plant growth, Comparison, Tolerances(Physiology), Greenhouses, Ornamental plants, Graphs(Charts), Secondary sewage treatment. The nutrient film technique (NFT) is a unique modifica- tion of a hydroponic plant growth system which utilizes plants growing on an impermeable surface. A thin film of water flowing through the extensive root system provides nutrients for plants and associated microbial growth. Root masses up to 1 5 cm thick or more have been obtained. This self-generating plant system could be used as a filter to immobilize and use the gross and trace organics in wastewater. The goal of this study was to determine the economic, technical, and practi- cal feasibility of using plants grown in the NFT system as pollution control systems. NFT systems appear ca- pable of providing secondary quality treatment with some nutrient removal on a relatively small area com- pared to overland flow systems. At loading rates of 1 cm per day the effluent quality with primary settled sewage was often less than 10 mg/l for suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand. Estimated area needs of an NFT system designed for BOD and SS removal appear to be approximately 3 hectares for a community of 10,000 people. PB83-247833/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Energy Options and Policy Issues in Developing Countries. Working paper, D. G. Fallen-Bailey, and T A. Byer. c1979, 118p WP- 350 Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Energy management, 'Energy source development, Electric power genera- tion, Planning, Government policies, Energy demand, Energy conservation. This paper reviews the energy resources of developing countries, with particular emphasis on those which import oil. It discusses the nature of these resources, the cost of developing them and the policy issues raised in doing so. The need for and implementation of national energy planning, energy demand manage- ment, conservation and pricing policy are described. Energy development strategies for countries in energy surplus, energy balance and energy deficit are dis- cussed, as are problems related to petroleum refining and energy use in the transport sector. Issues related to power generation and fuel substitution and the rele- vant costs are reviewed. (Copyright (c) 1979 by The World Bank.) PB83-247841/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Growth and Equity in Semi-Industrialized Coun- tries. Working paper, Joel Bergsman. C1979, 124p WP-351 Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Industrial devel- opment, Government policies, Poverty, Income main- tenance, Economic policy. Semi-industrialized countries are middle-income less- developed countries with important manufacturing sectors, such as Brazil, Korea, Mexico, the Philippines, Turkey, and Yugoslavia. Their experience over the last few decades is analyzed as to economic growth, income distribution and the extent of poverty. Different results are related to differences in policies (especially as regards foreign trade and agriculture, as well as manufacturing) and to initial differences in social and economic conditions. Conclusions as to policies to promote economic growth and to alleviate poverty are discussed. (Copyright (c) 1979 by The World Bank.) PB83-247858/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic and Social Analysis of Projects and of Price Policy: The Morocco Fourth Agricultural Credit Project. Working paper, Kevin M. Cleaver. c1980, 68p WP-369 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Project planning, Benefit cost analysis, Prices, Policy, Irrigation, Agricultural equipment, Economic analysis, Investments, Develop- ing countries, Morocco. The purpose of this paper is to (a) apply the economic and social cost benefit methodology of Little-Mirrless and Squire-van der Tak to the Fourth Agricultural Credit Project in Morocco, and (b) discuss the oper- ational implications of the results including price policy. The paper concludes that investments in mechaniza- tion, irrigation equipment, wells, draft animals and small implements generate a higher rate of return to Morocco's economy than to farmers due to price dis- tortions biased against agriculture. (Copyright (c) 1 980 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A.) PB83-248005/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Rural Poverty Unperceived: Problems and Reme- dies. Working paper, Robert Chambers. c1980, 57p WP-400 Keywords: 'Socioeconomic status, 'Rural areas, Re- gional planning, Requirements. The thesis of this paper is that there are major obsta- cles to perceiving the nature and the extent of rural poverty in developing countries. These obstacles origi- nate not only in the nature of rural poverty itself, but also in the condition of those, not themselves of the rural poor, who do or, more significantly, do not per- ceive that poverty. The argument has implications for all rural development programs and projects, and for the training of staff. The conclusion is that reversals of current positions and practices are required if the ob- stacles are to be surmounted, if the nature and the extent of rural poverty are to be truly appreciated, and if future actions are to be tailored to the actual needs of the rural poor. (Copyright (c) 1 980 The World Bank.) PB83-248013/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Human Factors in Project Work. Working paper, Heli Perrett, and Francis J. Lethem. c1980, 92p WP- 397 Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Labor relations, 'Em- ployee participation, Populations, Social effect, Social factors, Benefits. This paper, based on several years of operational ex- perience by Bank staff, proposes a framework to make the consideration of social and behavioral factors a useful and efficient part of project work, particularly during the project development stages. It has special 196 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS relevance for poverty-oriented projects but is not limit- ed to them. (Copyright (c) 1980 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.) PB83-248021/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Publishing for Schools Textbooks and the Less Developed Countries. Working paper, Peter H. Neumann. c1980, 89p WP-398 Keywords: Books, "Economic analysis, 'Education. Elements of publishing for schools are described in some detail, such as types, historical development, and economics of publishing; concepts and terms; author/publisher relationships; organizational devel- opment and institution building. Special emphasis (in- cluding case studies) is given the problems faced by developing countries and ways by which to assist them. Suggestions for a blueprint and for the execution of a project are included. (Copyright (c) 1980 The World Bank.) PB83-248047/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Aspects and Policy Issues in Ground- water Development. Working paper, Ian Carruthers, and Roy Stoner. c1981, 123p WP- 496 Keywords: "Water wells, *Ground water, 'Irrigation, Developing countries, Water wells, Aquifers, Water distribution, Drainage, Cost analysis, Ground water re- charge, Social effect, Drawdown, Competition, Elec- tricity, Standards, Water quality, Groundwater mining. Technical, economic and social aspects of groundwat- er development policy are discussed. The various groundwater system components and categories of agricultural demands are analyzed. Opportunities exist for obtaining benefits from conjunctive use with sur- face water. These are stressed as well as the econom- ic aspects of wells and well-field design and the need to consider drainage before soil problems become in- surmountable. Groundwater development is usually very profitable, and it is therefore likely to be monopo- lised by a few farmers or overexploited by the majority. Public control to obtain an equitable regime is desira- ble, but institutional barriers are enormous. The pros and cons of public and private sector development are discussed. Once they are developed, aquifers need overall management to maximize economic yield and to safeguard water quality. Operating experiences from several countries are quoted, and the role of mathematical models to gain improved insight is briefly considered. (Copyright (c) 1 981 , The World Bank.) PB83-248112/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Process of Industrial Development and Alternative Development Strategies. Working paper, Bela Balassa. C1980, 48p WP-438 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Economic development, Industries, Devel- oping countries, Strategies, Planning, "Industrial de- velopment, Economic policy. The essay summarizes the author's ideas on the proc- ess of industrial development and on industrial devel- opment strategies. Drawing on his research over the last decade (see Appendix) the author examines the determinants of early industrial development, evalu- ates the first stage of import substitution, analyses the principal characteristics and results of inward-oriented and outward-oriented industrial development strate- gies and discusses the responses of the newly-indus- trializing developing countries to the external shocks suffered after 1973. Finally, the essay provides policy prescriptions for the future, with consideration given to the prospects for world trade in manufactured goods. (Copyright (c) 1 980 by The World Bank.) PB83-248153/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Higher Education in Developing Countries: A Cost- Benefit Analysis. Working paper, George Psacharopoulos. c1980, 136p WP-440 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Education, "Cost benefits, Universities, Benefit cost analysis, Socioeconomic status. The purpose of this paper is to take a close look at the socio-economic rationale of higher education provi- sion in developing countries. This is done by reviewing the costs and benefits associated with investment in higher education as a whole and especially in different post-secondary subjects. University costs, and in par- ticular benefits, are treated here in their broadest sense to arrive at the true contribution of higher educa- tion to the standard of living of the present and future generations. This socio-economic evaluation of the higher education subsector is performed by reference to a multi-country, multi-period data set, which has been augmented by nonquantitative considerations. (Copyright (c) 1 980 The World Bank.) PB83-248211/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Comparative Study of the Management and Orga- nization of Irrigation Projects. Working paper, Anthony F. Bottrall. C1981, 282p WP-458 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Irrigation, "Management planning, "Southeast Asia, Water distribution, Management, Im- provement, Performance evaluation, Recommenda- tions, Project planning, Small farms. This paper is primarily concerned with development of an analytical framework for the monitoring and evalua- tion of irrigation project management in developing countries. It is based on an extensive review of the English language literature on the subject, and four field studies in South and East Asia. The central part of the report consists of a series of detailed arguments to explain and justify the particular evaluation framework prepared. A principal focus is the performance of the activity of water distribution since it is peculiar to irrigat- ed agriculture. Special attention is given to identifying and recommending those organizational structures and management procedures which appear most likely to serve the interests of the rural poor, particularly small farmers and those at the tail-end of irrigation sys- tems. The study concludes that there are immense op- portunities for improvements in the performance of irri- gation projects through management reform and better water distribution. (Copyright (c) 1981, The World Bank.) PB83-248229/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Adoption of Agricultural Innovation in Developing Countries: A Survey. Working paper, Gershon Feder, Richard E. Just, and David Zilberman. C1982, 81 p WP-542, ISBN-0-821 3-01 03-9 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 5930. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Agriculture, "Agricultural economics, Man- power, Credit. The paper reviews various studies which have provid- ed a description of and possible explanation to pat- terns of innovation adoption in the agricultural sector. It therefore covers both empirical and theoretical stud- ies. The discussion highlights the diversity in observed patterns among various farmers' classes as well as dif- ferences in results from different studies in different socioeconomic environments, and reviews the at- tempts to rationalize such findings. Special attention is given to the methodologies which are commonly used in studies of innovation adoption, and suggestions for improvements of such work through the use of appro- priate economometric methods are provided. (Copy- right (c) 1 982 by The World Bank.) PB83-248237/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Policy Interventions for Technological Innovation in Developing Countries. Working paper, Charles Cooper. c1982, 64p WP-441 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Technology transfer, "Technology as- sessment, "Industrial development, Technology inno- vation, Employment, Income, Industries. This paper assesses the potential social payoff of al- ternative measures that might be taken to promote in- novation in developing countries. It is mainly con- cerned with the general issues of encouraging techni- cal innovation in the nonagricultural sectors. Part 1 dis- cusses the process of innovation and describes the skills associated with it. Part 2 sets forth some of the special problems that developing economies encoun- ter in building up innovative skills. Part 3 draws togeth- er some of the main implications for policy and ex- plains how priorities for the development of local inno- vative activities might be determined. Part 4 analyzes the patterns of innovative activity that might be needed in developing economies-distinguishing between the modern formal sector and the informal sector, and be- tween large and small enterprises in the formal sector. Part 5 summarizes the main conclusions and suggests some of the implications of adopting an approach that stems from these conclusions. (Copyright (c) 1 980 The World Bank.) PB83-248245/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. International Technology Transfer: Issues and Policy Options. Working paper, Frances Stewart. c1979, 135p WP-344 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Technology transfer, Cost analysis, Poli- cies, "Marketing. This paper surveys the issues raised by technology transfer to developing countries. Technology is a vital part of the development process, a necessary input into all activity. Because of the historical domination of research and development by developed countries, a very large part of the technology used is transferred from developed countries. The transfer raises four major issues: those of the costs of the transfer, the appropriateness of products and techniques which are transferred, the effects of the transfer on learning and technological development in LDCs, and the effects on independence. The paper considers the conse- quence of the transfer and the range of policies that might be adopted, nationally and internationally, in re- lation to each of these issues. (Copyright (c) 1979 The World Bank.) PB83-248278/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Educational Use of Mass Media. Working paper, Gloria Feliciano, Alan Hancock, Gerald Hein, Albert Horley, and Janet Jenkins. c1981, 134p WP-491 Microfiche copies only. Paper copies available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Education, Radio broadcasting, Television broadcasting, Languages, Curricula. This volume is composed of an introduction and seven chapters , all of which are relevant to the educational use of mass media in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). Each chapter deals with one of the salient issues that LDCs educators and decision-makers in- evitably encounter when they think about using mass media to further the country's education and develop- ment. (Copyright (c) 1981 The World Bank.) PB83-248518/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Family Planning Programs: An Evaluation of Expe- rience. Working paper, Roberto Cuca. c1979. 155p WP-345 197 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: Evaluation, Government policies, Projects, Fertility, Developing countries, Foreign countries, *Family planning. The purpose of this paper is to review the evolution of family planning policy and program activity in those countries in which there is now an official family plan- ning policy as well as some program activity, and to discuss the role of family planning programs in promot- ing declining fertility rates. (Copyright (c) 1979 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.) PB83-248534/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Food Distribution and Nutrition Intervention: The Case of Chile. Working paper, Lloyd Harbert, and Pasquale L. Scandizzo. c1982, 57p WP-512, ISBN-0-821 3-0001 -6 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-8370. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Food supply, *Food services, 'Nutrition, Distribution systems, Statistical data, Nutritional defi- ciency diseases, Chile. The paper analyzes the impact of Chile's Complemen- tary Feeding Program (CFP), both on the direct and indirect beneficiaries. The paper describes Chile's major nutrition intervention programs and establishes the relative importance of the CFP in terms of budget- ary expenditures and number of beneficiaries reached. It briefly reviews the program's past limitations, recent reforms and potential effectiveness. Finally, using data from the 1974-75 National Nutrition Survey, it exam- ines whether participation by beneficiaries in the pro- gram was responsible for any significant differences in various indicators of nutritional wellbeing, once factors such as income, urban/rural location, sex and age are taken into account. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1982.) PB83-248559/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Integrating Family Planning with Health Services: Does It Help. Working paper, Rashid Faruqee. c1982, 56p WP-515, ISBN-0-821 3- 0003-2 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-8405. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: Effectiveness, Project management, Statis- tical data, India, 'Family planning, Punjab(lndia). The findings of the study show that integration was more effective in recruiting family planning acceptors than was the provision of family planning alone. They also show that integration was more cost effective than separate services and more equitable in distribut- ing family planning services to all socioeconomic groups. Integration also produced better contraceptive protection. The findings show that health benefits were also impressive-in effectiveness, in efficiency, and in equity. PB83-248583/GAA PCE11/MFE01 Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Delft (Netherlands). Trade, Transport and Technology: The Function- ing of World Seaport Complexes in the Eighties (15th International TNO Conference), P. M. Baven. 1982, 243p Keywords: 'Coasts, 'Research and development, 'In- dustrial development, 'Marine engineering, 'Nether- lands, 'International trade, Developing countries, In- dustries, Cargo transportation, Energy, Global. The theme of the present Conference does not coin- cide with one of the main items on our program, but the list of current research which is or may be of interest for the further development of world seaport areas and, in addition, of subjects in the field of marine tech- nology, is surprisingly long. We have an opportunity to investigate and discuss a number of questions, the an- swers to which may be decisive for the course of events in the next decades: the relations between in- dustry, seaports and the transport system; changes in the energy field; new technologies; the chemical and oil industries; the risks involved in the large-scale transportation of e.g. LFG. PB83-249029/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Population and Poverty in the Developing World. Working paper, Nancy Birdsall. c1980, 102p WP-404 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Economic development, Popula- tion growth, Public health. This paper analyzes the association between poverty and rapid population growth. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1980.) PB83-249037/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Effects of Education on Health. Working paper, Susan H. Cochrane, Donald J. O'Hara, and Joanne Leslie. C1980, 102p WP-405 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Health education, 'Education, 'Health, Developing countries, Mortality, Socioeconomic status, Family relations, Nutrition. This paper investigates, from three overlapping per- spectives, the effects of education on health. The de- terminants of mortality are receiving increasing scruti- ny because the rate of mortality reduction in the devel- oping world appears to have slowed at levels of life expectancy below those thought attainable only a few years ago. The first perspective employed in this paper is a broad assessment of the socioeconomic determi- nants of mortality on a cross-national basis; using ag- gregate data, this paper contains a review and a rea- nalysis of the large body of literature that has accumu- lated on international differences in mortality and life expectancy. The second perspective sharpens the focus by concentrating on the relationship between education and mortality since the cross-national evi- dence suggests that education, or its proxy literacy, is the most important variable involved. A theoretical model of the relationship between parental education and child health is developed and used to describe how aggregate and individual data may give different estimates of the relationship. The third perspective employed reviews and reanalyzes the evidence at the subnational level. Individual evidence is reviewed on the relationship between parental education and both child nutrition and child mortality. This evidence is then compared with aggregate data to test the implications of the model. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1980.) PB83-249078/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Trade among Developing Countries: Theory, Policy Issues, and Principal Trends. Working paper, Oli Havrylyshyn, and Martin Wolf. c1981, 123p WP- 479 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Trends. The paper presents the early results of empirical work on trade among developing countries. The results, which are preliminary and will be further expanded, are based on data derived from a sample of thirty-three developing countries that account for about 60 percent of developing countries' exports to one another. The main conclusion is that non-fuel trade among develop- ing countries, excluding capital-surplus oil exporters, accounted for a remarkably stable share of their total trade between 1963 and 1977. (Copyright (c) 1981 by The World Bank.) PB83-249086/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Adjustment Experience and Growth Prospects of the Semi-Industrial Economies. Working paper, Frederick Z. Jaspersen. c1981, 141p WP-477 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Economic devel- opment, Economic forecasting, Demand(Economics), Industrial structure. During the decade of the 1 970s, the world economy was beset by a series of disturbances which adversely affected the non-oil developing countries; rising prices for their oil imports, slower OECD growth and reduced demand for their exports resulted in a deterioration in the external position of many of these countries. The more advanced developing countries (those known as semi-industrial countries, or SICs) out-performed all other non-oil countries in adjusting to the deterioration in the external environment which they faced. Through a combination of demand management, structural ad- justment, and increased external borrowing from com- mercial sources, a number of these countries were able to expand investment, output, and employment while simultaneously strengthening their external posi- tion. This paper presents an analytical framework for quantifying the relative importance of demand man- agement (absorption) and structural adjustment (ex- penditure and output switching between tradeable and non-tradeable goods, and accelerated growth of output) in the adjustment process. (Copyright (c) 1981 by The World Bank.) PB83-249094/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Notes on the Analysis of Capital Flows to Develop- ing Nations and the 'Recycling' Problem. Working paper, Ralph C. Bryant. c1981, 74p WP-476 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Financial management, Balance of pay- ments, Investments, Prices. This paper summarizes and then criticizes the conven- tional analysis of the interrelations between financial markets in the industrialized countries (the North) and capital flows to the developing nations (the South). The proximate purpose of the paper is to clarify con- cepts and analytical perspectives. Its ultimate purpose is to suggest how a study of capital flows to the South should be integrated into an overall macroeconomic analysis of the effects of the economic environment in the North and in the oil-producing countries on the South's prospects for development. (Copyright (c) 1981 by The World Bank.) PB83-249110/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Food Policy Issues in Low-Income Countries. Working paper, Edward Clay, Robert Chambers, Hans Singer, and Michael Lipton. c1981, 127p WP-473 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Agricultural economics, Government policies, Nutritional deficiency diseases, Production, Zambia, Bangladesh, India, Poverty. The paper considers food policy issues in Zambia, Bangladesh, and India from the viewpoints of short- term adjustment to the energy crisis and the longer- term effects of food policy on poverty, malnutrition, and food security. Parts 2-4 present the country case studies; Part 1 is an overview drawing upon the case studies. As a general conclusion, the paper suggests that external pressures during the 1970s intensified problems of agricultural production and food supply, but that in none of the countries studied were such ex- ternal pressures the cause for a serious food supply problem. (Copyright (c) 1981 The World Bank.) 198 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-249136/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Incorporating Uncertainty into Planning of Indus- trialization Strategies for Developing Countries. Working paper, Alexander H. Sarris, and Irma Adelman. c1981, 62p WP-503 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Economic development, Economic models, Investments, 'International trade, 'Industrial development. This paper provides a survey of the existing literature on planning under uncertainty, focusing on issues of international trade and investment allocation. It dis- cusses various ways of incorporating uncertainty in target-planning models and outlines proposals for pos- sible empirical applications. In these proposed applica- tions, the emphasis is on formulating adjustment rules that can be used to ensure that the economy stays as close as possible to a planned target path given random shocks to exogenous variables, but assuming that the underlying structure of the economy is known with certainty. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1981.) PB83-249185/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Effects of Population Growth, of the Pattern of Demand, and of Technology on the Process of Ur- banization: An Application to India. Working paper, Rakesh Mohan. C1982, 58p WP-520, ISBN-0-821 3- 0008-3 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-8600. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Demography, 'Urbanization, 'India, Popu- lation growth, Technology, Mathematical models, De- veloping countries, Rural areas, urban areas. This paper uses a computable economy wide dynamic general equilibrium model to study the effect of popu- lation growth, the pattern of demand and of technolog- ical change on urbanization in the context of a low income developing county starting at a low level of ur- banization. The model is non-linear and models two regions (rural and urban) with wages and prices adjust- ing endogenously. It represents a closed economy and is therefore more suited to a large country such as India. The model is validated using Indian data and the simulation traces the development of the Indian econ- omy well from 1 950 to the present. (Copyright (c) 1 982 The World Bank.) PB83-249193/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Small Industry in Developing Countries: Some Issues. Working paper, Dennis Anderson. c1982, 84p WP-518, ISBN-0-821 3- 0006-7 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 1 130. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Industrial development, Investments, Businesses, 'Small businesses, Entrepreneurship, In- dustrial development. This paper first examines the changing size distribution of industry in developing countries by region and over time, and, by reference to firm-level surveys, it dis- cusses the underlying causes. The importance of mar- kets generated by the growth of agriculture and rural incomes for the regional development of industry, both small and large scale, is noted. Second, it discusses the entrepreneurship issue, arguing that while small and large firms alike are highly responsive to the growth of markets, the measured entrepreneurial re- sponse is neither as full nor as efficient as is desirable. The third and last part discusses small industry pro- grams and their relation to development policy. (Copy- right (c) 1982 The International Bank for Reconstruc- tion and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.) PB83-249201/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Sociocultural Aspects of Developing Small-Scale Fisheries: Delivering Services to the Poor. Working paper, Richard B. Pollnac. c1981, 73p WP-490 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Fisheries, 'Cooperatives, 'Food supply, Cooperation, Developing countries, Project planning. This report, is a response to the following, well estab- lished facts: (1) many developing countries mandate the use of fishermen's cooperatives in small-scale fishery development; (2) some development agencies advocate the use of fishermen's cooperatives; (3) there have been numerous failures, as well as suc- cesses, of fishermen's cooperatives. These facts, which are elaborated in the body of the paper, suggest that there is a need for an objective examination of the cooperative in the context of small-scale fisheries de- velopment programs. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1981.) PB83-249219/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Financing Small-Scale Industry and Agriculture in Developing Countries: The Merits and Limitations of 'Commericai' Policies. Working paper, Dennis Anderson, and Farida Khambata. C1982, 48p WP-519, ISBN-0-821 3-0007-5 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-8659. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Financial man- agement, 'Agriculture, Credit, Risk, Banking business, 'Small businesses, Loans, Interest rate. The paper discusses how two factors lead to an unwill- ingness of financial institutions to finance small-scale industry and agriculture in developing countries: (a) controls on interest rates, and (b) the initially high risks and administrative costs involved. Most economists appeal for a relaxation of the controls. But by refer- ence to the observed reactions of the institutions to (b), it is shown that this policy alone would not achieve an efficient flow of finance to small-scale activities. The paper discusses the role of risk-guarantee schemes in encouraging institutions to acquire the in- formation base and the experience to reduce the risks and administrative costs over time. (Copyright (c) by The World Bank 1982.) PB83-249227/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Private Capital Flows to Developing Countries and their Determination: Historical Perspectives, Recent Experience, and Future Prospects. Working paper, Alexander Fleming. c1981, 46p WP-484 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Banking, 'Economic analysis, 'Financial management, Financing, Credit, Banking business, Economic forecasting. From an analysis of borrowing experience by oil-im- porting developing countries (OlDC's), it is concluded that in recent literature on private capital flows too much emphasis has been placed on the constraints on banking intermediaries. The key determinant of flows through banking markets is the macroeconomic envi- ronment (the orientation of global current account bal- ances, the state of domestic loan demands in the in- dustrialized countries, etc.) that influences the supply of funds to the banks. (Copyright (c) 1981 by The World Bank.) PB83-249235/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Nature of Credit Markets in Developing Countries: A Framework for Policy Analysis. Working paper, Arvind Virmani. C1982, 205p WP-524, ISBN-0-821 3- 0019-9 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-8463. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Banking, 'Financial management, Pay- ment, Liabilities, Monopolies. The central purpose of the paper is to analyze various forms of government intervention in the loan market in terms of their effect on efficiency. This provides the essential basis for evaluating and judging these poli- cies. It also shows where earlier policy prescriptions are correct, incomplete or wrong. (Copyright (c) 1982 by The World Bank.) PB83-249276/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Structural Change in Trade in Manufactured Goods Between Industrial and Developing Coun- tries. Working paper, Bela Ballassa. C1980, 52p WP-396 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Exports, Imports, Commodities. This paper examines the pattern of structural change in trade in manufactured goods between the industrial and the developing countries. It reviews recent changes in this trade and analyses its commodity com- position in the light of the comparative advantage of the two groups of countries. The paper further pro- vides projections on the growth of manufactured trade between the industrial and the developing countries in the period 1978-90. (Copyright (c) 1980 by The World Bank.) PB83-249292/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Methodologies for Measuring Agricultural Price Intervention Effects. Working paper, Pasquale L. Scandizzo, and Colin Bruce. c1980, 1 1 1 p WP-394 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Agriculture, Develop- ing countries, Food consumption, Economic impact, Subsidies, Taxes, Argentina, Egypt, Kenya, Pakistan, Thailand, Yugoslavia. This paper describes the use of micro-economic, infor- mal methodologies in six country case studies (Argen- tina, Egypt, Kenya, Pakistan, Thailand and Yugoslavia) and in subsequent additional analysis. The research has confirmed that there is extensive intervention with market forces by governments in LDCs, which has turned the domestic terms of trade against agriculture and has significantly efficiency and income distribution effects. The methodologies - which include the use of nominal and effective protection coefficients, domestic resource cost, and net economic benefit coefficients, producer and consumer subsidy equivalents and pro- ducer and consumer surpluses - are evaluated in terms of their capacity: (a) to provide Bank staff with operationally useful instruments of analysis; (b) to offer appropriate advice to client country governments and their planning institutions concerned with pricing poli- cies; and (c) to help bridge the methodological gap be- tween project cost benefit analysis on the one hand and sector and country economic work on the other hand. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1980.) PB83-249318/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Food Security in Food Deficit Countries. Working paper, Shlomo Reutlinger, and Keith Knapp. c1980, 46p WP-393 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Food supply, Food con- sumption, 'Grains(Food), Production, Stockpiles, Sta- tistical analysis, Stability, Evaluation, Trade. 199 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The central proposition of this paper is that periodic shortfalls in aggregate food consumption in the devel- oping countries are primarily related to poor harvests in the countries and not short world supplies. Instability of food grain consumption in the 1960s and early 1970s was high in many countries while the world market was nearly stable. Comsumption was highly correlated with production. Neither stocks nor imports were apparently used aggressively enough to counter fluctuations in production. A simulation model is used to evaluate the stability of food consumption under al- ternative trade and stock policies. A stabilizing trade policy is shown to be by far the most effective and eco- nomically preferred instrument for achieving food se- curity. Copyright (c) The World Bank 1818 H. Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. 1 980. PB83-249367/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Benefits and Costs of Food Distribution Policies: The India Case. Working paper, Pasquale L. Scandizzo, and Gurushri Swamy. c1982, 56p WP-509, ISBN-0-821 3-001 1-3 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-8543. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: *Cost benefits, *Food services, *Food supply, Government policies, Distribution systems, Benefit cost analysis, Budgeting, Procurement, Popu- lations, Nutrition, * India. This paper analyzes some of the characteristics and the main consequences of the food distribution poli- cies followed by the Indian Government and provides a quantification and a cost benefit analysis of their ef- fects on: (i) consumers, (ii) producers, and (iii) the gov- ernment budget. (Copyright (c) 1982 The World Bank.) PB83-249573/GAA PC A03/MF A01 American Planning Association, Chicago, IL. Planning Advisory Service. Water Convservation in Residential Development: Land-Use Techniques, Welford Sanders, and Charles Thurow. 1982, 40p 373, W83-03716, , OWRT-C-0425-T(1) Keywords: *Water management, *Urban planning, Residential buildings, Land use zoning, Selection, Land development, Economic factors, Landscaping, Building codes, Education, Water consumption. This report, written for land-use planners in local gov- ernment, describes how local governments around the country are reducing residential water demands. In particular, it examines water conservation provisions in comprehensive city plans on zoning and subdivision regulations designed to conserve water. It discusses how such land development considerations as hous- ing types, lot layout, landscaping requirements, and density provisions can be used to reduce water con- sumption in new residential development. The report also provides an overview of the more general and more widely used techniques for residential water con- servation: economic incentives, building code provi- sions, and public education programs. PB83-249805/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Structural Adjustment Policies in Developing Economies. Working paper, Bela Balassa. c1981, 44p WP-464 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Economic development, Government poli- cies, Investments, Economic factors, Loans. The paper examines in detail the elements of a policy package that may be applied in response to external or internal shocks in the case prevalent in developing economies, when optimal policies are not applied. Thus, the recommendations simultaneously aim at re- sponding to shocks and undertaking incentives (the exchange rate, import protection, export subsidies, and price control), incentives to save and to invest, the choice of public investments, sectoral policies in energy and agriculture, budgetary policies, and mone- tary policies. In the conclusions, the interdependence of the various policy measures is indicated, with further attention given to foreign borrowing. Finally, com- ments are offered on the international environment in which these policies operate. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1981.) PB83-249813/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Small-Scale Enterprises in Korea and Taiwan. Working paper, Sam P. S. Ho. C1980, 162p WP-384 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'South Korea, "Taiwan, "Economic devel- opment, Marketing, Labor estimates, *Small business- es, Industrial development, Industrial structure. This study reviews the existing evidence from cen- suses and surveys on small enterprises in Korea and Taiwan. Its purpose is descriptive in that it seeks to provide clarifications on the changing size structure of industrial and some tertiary activities as the economies developed; on the efficiency, labor intensities, product markets and other characteristics of small enterprises; and on how small scale production is influenced by growth and by changes in development policies. A summary of findings is provided in Chapter VII. (Copy- right (c) 1 980 by The World Bank.) PB83-24982 1 /G A A M F A0 1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Empirical Justification for Infant Industry Protec- tion. Working paper, Larry E. Westphal. c1981, 44p WP-445 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "International trade, Protection, Exports, Imports, "Economic development, Industries, "Indus- trial development. This paper argues that the empirical evidence does not disprove the efficacy of high levels of selective infant industry protection. The argument is based on two types of evidence. Recent research on technologi- cal change in developing countries provides consider- able information about the nature of the costs and ben- efits of infant industry development, together with a tentative indication of the magnitude of the costs. In turn, recently completed cross-country comparative research provides some tentative lessons about the promotion of infant industries by means of trade poli- cies. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1 981 .) PB83-249847/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Cost-Benefit Evaluation of LDC Industrial Sectors Which Have Foreign Ownership. Working paper, Garry G. Pursell. c1981, 51 p WP-465 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Industrial development, "Cost benefits, "Economic analysis, Benefit cost analysis, Evaluation, Investments, Manufacturing, Economic analysis, Eco- nomic indicators. This paper describes methods for treating foreign cap- ital in estimating single-period cost-benefit or compar- ative advantage indicators such as the DRC (Domestic Resource Cost Ratio) and the ERC (Economic Return on Capital). It is shown that the presence of the specif- ic foreign capital can make a substantial difference to all these indicators, by comparison with activities in which there is no specific foreign capital invested. These general conclusions are then illustrated with re- sults taken from a larger study of 84 Ivory Coast manu- facturing firms. PB83-250126/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Sheladia Associates, Inc., Riverdale, MD. Innovative Methods of Upgrading Structurally and Geometrically Deficient through Truss Bridges. Final rept. 1 Aug 80-31 May 82, Gajanan M. Sabnis. Apr 83, 133p FHWA/RD-82/041 Contract DTFH61-80-C-00084 Keywords: "Bridges, Defects, Renovating, Specifica- tions, Structural design. This study consists of investigation of current practices in several states to upgrade truss bridges; literature search for state-of-the-art perspective; evaluation of information from the FHWA bridge inventory; and search for examples of truss bridge rehabilitation. The information is used to develop and evaluate various methods to rehabilitate through truss bridges. Methods of rehabilitation are formulated, analyzed and de- signed to suit the most general condition of truss bridges. Several problems exist with through truss bridges; these are presented in the report. PB83-250860/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. Engineering and Research Center. Preliminary Study of Solar Ponds for Salinity Con- trol in the Colorado River Basin. Technical rept., Wilbur J. Boegli, Michael M. Dahl, and Harry E. Remmers. Dec 82, 61 p REC-ERC-82-19 Keywords: "Desalination, Desalting, Solar power gen- eration, Fresh water, Brines, Benefit cost analysis, Savings, Cost comparison, California, Utah, Reverse osmosis desalination. In this study, the Bureau of Reclamation investigates the technical and economic benefits of using solar salt-gradient ponds in the Colorado River Basin to pro- vide salinity control and to produce project power and freshwater. It was assumed that the saline water needed for pond construction would be transported to one of two dry lakebeds in the Basin(Danby Dry Lake in southern California or Sevier Dry Lake in western Utah) as part of a salinity control/coal transport project. The ponds would be used to generate electric power that could be integrated with the Bureau's power grid or used in combination with thermal energy from the ponds to power commercially available de- salination systems to produce freshwater. Economic benefits were compiled for two methods of concentrat- ing the necessary brine for the ponds-one represent- ing stage construction using collected brine only and the other using salt at the site to produce the concen- trated brine. PB83-250878/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. Engineering and Research Center. Herbicidal Residues and Environmental Effects from the Experimental Application of Two 2,4-D Formulations to Control Eurasian Watermilfoil. Technical rept., N. E. Otto, J. C. Pringle, and D. Sisneros. Jul 83, 105p REC-ERC-83-1 Keywords: "Aquatic plants, "Herbicides, "Weed con- trol, "Water pollution, Invertebrates, Tolerance(Physiology), Fishes, Bioassay, Accumula- tion, Tissues(Biology), Potable water, Dispersing, Envi- ronmental impacts, Chlorine aromatic compounds, Chlorine organic compounds, Dimethyl amine, Chemi- cal analysis, Acetic acid/dichlorophenoxy, Butoxyeth- anol ester. In response to the need for an effective and environ- mentally acceptable herbicide to control eurasian wa- termilfoil, a serious aquatic weed problem, an inter- agency research study was initiated involving the USBR (Bureau of Reclamation) and the COE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). This document reports the tolerance and label amendment efforts done by the USBR. Experimental small-plot applications of 2,4-D dimethylamine (DMA) and butoxyethanol ester (BEE) at rates of 20 and 40 lb/acre (22.5 and 45 kg/ha) were made at Banks Lake, Washington and Fort Cobb Res- ervoir, Oklahoma with subsequent water, hydrosoil, in- vertebrate organism, and fish flesh sample collection and analysis for residues, through 56-days posttreat- ment. The temporary potable water tolerance of 0.1 mg/L (0.1 p/m) was exceeded in three 1-day post- treatment samples (of 1680 water samples analyzed) or 0.1 8% of the total samples. PB83-251397/GAA PC E13/MF E13 Construction Industry Research and Information Asso- ciation, London (England). 200 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Trenching Practice, D. J. Irvine, and R. J. H. Smith. C1983, 69p CIRIA-97, ISBN-0-8601 7-1 92-2 Also pub. in ISSN-0305-408X. Keywords: *Soils, 'Construction, Excavation, Sheet piling, Soil properties, Supports, Accident prevention, Structural design. This is a guide to safe practice in the design and use of temporary support for trenches not deeper than 6 metres. It is intended for the use of designers both of permanent and temporary works, temporary works co- ordinators and supervisors, estimators and planning engineers. It covers the identification of basic informa- tion about the ground and proposed works that is es- sential for the design of proper supports; the choice of appropriate support systems and methods of ground- water control; simple methods for the design of struts and walings; the procedures for installing and with- drawing supports, and check lists for design, planning and day-to-day supervision of the works. PB83-252692/GAA PC A24/MF A01 National Inst, on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. Office of Science. Problems of Drug Dependence, 1982. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting (44th), the Com- mittee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. Research mono, series, Louis S. Harris. Apr 83, 567p* NIDA/OS/83-01, NIDA/RM SER-43 Also pub. as National Inst, on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. Office of Science rept. no. DHHS/PUB/ADM-83- 1264. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600528. Keywords: 'Drugs, 'Health, Psychiatry, Sociology, Epi- demiology, Clinical medicine, Pharmacology, Rehabili- tation, Laboratory animals, Research, Psychopathol- ogy, Psychotherapy, Toxicology, Narcotics, Alcohol- ism, Drug receptors, Drug abuse, Drug users. This volume presents the proceedings of the 44th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Committee on Prob- lems of Drug Dependence, Inc., held in Toronto, Canada, June 27-30, 1982. Included are reviews of current research on all aspects of drug abuse and drug dependence (some in condensed form) and annual re- ports on NIDA-supported dependence liability tests of new compounds. Chemistry and pharmacology of abused drugs, clinical pharmacology, and treatment issues are presented, with extensive subject and author indexes. Offers a comprehensive view of ongo- ing research in the field for a readership of research- ers, pharmacologists, and clinicians concerned with drug dependence and its treatment. PB83-25279 1 /GAA PC A99/ M F E04 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Engineering Lab. Wind and Seismic Effects. Proceedings of the Joint Panel Conference of the U.S.-Japan Cooper- ative Program in Natural Resources (1 1th). Final rept., H. S. Lew. Jul 83, 755p NBS-SP-658 See also PB81 -107393. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600550. Keywords: 'Bridges, 'Buildings, 'Earthquakes, 'Wind pressure, Seismic waves, Gust loads, Earth move- ments, Dynamic structural analysis, Dynamic loads, Dynamic response, Soil mechanics, Tsunamis, Earth- quake engineering. The Eleventh Joint Meeting of the U.S. - Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects was held in Tsukuba, Japan on September 4-7, 1979. The proceedings of the Joint Meeting include the program, the formal reso- lution and the technical papers. The subjects covered in the paper include the engineering characteristics of wind, the characteristics of earthquake ground mo- tions, the earthquake response of structures, the wind response of structures, recent design criteria against wind and earthquake disturbances, the design and analysis of special structures, the evaluation, repairing, and retrofitting for wind and earthquake disaster, earthquake disaster prevention planning, storm surge and tsunamis, and technical cooperation with develop- ing countries. PB83-253971/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Value of Time Savings in West Malaysia: Car, Bus and Taxi Occupants, S. Thomas. C1983, 25p TRRL-SR-777 Also pub. as ISSN-0305-1315. Keywords: 'Transportation management, 'Transpor- tation, Savings, Statistical data, Salaries, Highways, Utilization, Economic impact, 'Malaysia, Taxicabs, Traffic volume. This report examines the impact of a new inter-urban highway in West Malaysia on journey times and costs and on traffic volumes and trip frequency. The major benefit of the new highway is journey time savings and behavioural values for non-working time savings are calculated using mode choice analysis. The distribu- tion of benefits between road users of different income groups is considered. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1983.) PB83-253989/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Performance of Surface Dressed Roads in Ghana, P.W.D.H. Roberts. C1982, 34p TRR/SR-762 Also pub. as ISSN-0305-1315. Keywords: 'Maintenance, 'Roads, 'Pavements, Sur- face toughness, Texture, 'Ghana. This report describes the performance of selected lengths of sealed roads in Ghana. The roads were monitered over a period of two and a half years, during which time very little effective maintenance of the car- riageways was undertaken. The results of detailed measurements of road surface condition are related to the quality of surface dressing on pavement deteriora- tion is emphasized. Examples are given of the user cost savings that can result from road maintenance, and criteria are suggested for determining when main- tenance interventions on surface dressed roads in Ghana are required. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1982.) PB83-254052/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Effects of Urban Traffic Control in Bangkok, J.H. Jones, N.W. Marler, and A. J. Downing. c1982, 25p TRRL-SR-756 Also pub. as ISSN-0305-1 31 5. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Traffic engineering, Transportation management, 'Transportation, Devel- oping countries, Traffic surveys, Travel time, Traffic signals, 'Thailand, Electronic traffic control. The effects were monitored of a computerized urban traffic control system (UTC) which came into operation in May 1 979 in the central area of Bangkok - a city with notorious traffic problems. Surveys were carried out in order to assess the effects of UTC on car and bus jour- ney times, and on the proportion of drivers complying with red traffic signals. Changes in traffic demand be- tween the two surveys were small, enabling valid con- clusions about UTC performance to be drawn. PB83-25689 1 /GAA PC A06/ M F A0 1 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Bridges and Culverts. Transportation research record, Michael J. Koob, John M. Hanson, C. P. Heins, I. C. Lin, and David B. Beal. 1983, 114p TRB/TRR-903, ISBN-0-309-03517-1 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-17251. Also pub. inlSSN-0361-1981. Paper copy also available from Transportation Re- search Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washing- ton, DC. 20418. Keywords: 'Bridges, Bridge decks, Bridge piers, Cracking(Fracturing), Bridge abutments, Pipes(Tubes), Joints(Junctions), Bearings. The 16 papers in this report deal with the following areas: field testing of the Fremont Bridge; seismic design of curved box girders; test to failure of the Han- nacroix Creek Bridge; load factor design applied to truss members in design of Greater New Orleans Bridge No. 2; testing and design of longitudinal rein- forcement for cantilevered bridge piers; study of crack- ing of composite deck bridge on I-75 over Peach River; performance of full-span panel-form bridges under re- petitive loading; full-depth modular precast, pres- tressed bridge decks; abnormal rotations of skewed and curved bridges; skewed bridges with integral abut- ments; behavior of abutment piles in an integral abut- ment in response to bridge movements; effective coef- ficient of friction of steel bridge bearings; observations of highway bridge movements and their effects on joints and bearings; Caltrans prestressed concrete pipe culvert research: design summary and implemen- tation; effect of heavy loads on buried corrugated po- lyetheylene pipe; and, computer modeling of the Cross Canyon Culvert. PB83-257584/GAA PC A04/MF A01 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. National Security and International Affairs Div. Irrigation Assistance to Developing Countries Should Require Stronger Commitments to Oper- ation and Maintenance. 29 Aug 83, 59p GAO/NSIAD-83-31, B-206848 Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Technology transfer, 'Techni- cal assistance, Assessments, Financing, Operating costs, Maintenance, Project planning, Design, Recom- mendations, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand. The United States, directly through the Agency for International Development and indirectly through the World and Asian Development banks, has invested bil- lions of dollars in irrigation systems in Asia. Whether the recipient countries have the capability or commit- ment to operate these systems efficiently or to main- tain them adequately is seriously questioned. GAO as- sessed the operation and maintenance of U.S. -fi- nanced irrigation systems in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Recommendations are given in the report by GAO. PB83-258681/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Work Glove Manufacturers Association, Grayslake, IL. Work Glove Industry Technical Assistance Project. Final rept. Sep 80-Jun 83. Sep 83, 290p EDA-83-26-004 Grant EDA-99-26-071 12-10 Keywords: 'Technical assistance, Exports, Economic development, Standards, Technology assessment, Marketing, 'Industrial development. The diagnostic study was designed to identify those areas that offer the most potential for improving the competitive position of the U.S. work glove industry rel- ative to foreign producers of work gloves, who are sup- plying a large and increasing volume of imports to the U.S. market. PB83-260091/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Population and Family Planning in Bangladesh: A Survey of the Research. Working paper, Mohammad Alauddin, and Rashid Faruqee. C1983, 173p ISBN-0-821 3-01 50-0, WP-557 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-1 238. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Bangladesh, Mortality, Contra- ceptives, Surveys, 'Family planning. This survey attempts to do the following: (1) Provide an inventory of major studies on fertility trends, profiles, and determinants, and on family planning in Bangla- desh; (2) Analyze the results of the studies and under- line their operational significance for improving the population program in Bangladesh and for taking new initiatives; and (3) Provide a critique of the studies and suggest directions for future research. (Copyright (c) The World Bank.) PB83-260117/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Evaluation of Shelter Programs for the Urban Poor. Principal Findings. Working paper, Douglas H. Keare, and Scott Parris. C1982, 123p ISBN-0-821 3-01 14-4, WP-547 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-20289. 201 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Housing, 'Urban planning, Services, De- veloping Countries, Construction, Project manage- ment, Evaluation. The World Bank has been lending to support the de- velopment and improvement of shelter for the urban poor since 1972. The sites and services and area up- grading projects supported have followed a model of progressive development based on the provision of tenure and basic services. One early feature of the program was a pilot scheme to evaluate four such projects in El Salvador, the Phillippines, Senegal and Zambia. This initial study commenced in mid-1975 and was concluded late in 1980. The conclusions of the detailed evaluation have confirmed that the experi- ment embodied in the first generation of Bank-support- ed urban shelter projects has been remarkably suc- cessful. Notwithstanding this general record of suc- cess, the projects have encountered some problems and produced some unexpected results. An analysis of projects successes and shortcomings supports rec- ommendations that future projects endeavor to push standards and costs still lower, include explicit provi- sions and opportunities for rental arrangements and in- corporate credit provisions more nearly tailored to the needs of targetted families. PB83-260166/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Using Communication Support in Projects. The World Bank's Experience. Working paper, Heli H. Perrett. C1982, 78p ISBN-0-821 3-01 19-5, WP- 551 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-20023. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Telecommunications, Developing coun- tries, Communicating, Economic development, Educa- tion, Radio broadcasting. This paper has two purposes: first, to review what has been learned and experienced in project work con- cerning the use of planned communications to improve project implementation and help achieve project ob- jectives; and second, to assist Bank staff and officials in the developing countries to which the Bank lends in deciding when and how to include communication sup- port activities in Bank-financed projects. (Copyright (c) 1982, The World Bank.) PB83-260570/GAA PC E03/MF E03 National Engineering Lab., East Kilbride (Scotland). Casting Critical Components, R. McCallum. c1982, 21 p NEL-681 Sponsored in part by Department of Industry, London (England). Also pub. in ISSN-0305-1439. Keywords: 'Castings, Heat resistant alloys, Nickel alloys, Colbalt alloys, Iron alloys, Standards, Process control, Mechanical properties, Turbine components. A number of high technology casting produced by the U.K. investment casting industry in nickel, cobalt and iron based alloys were examined. These castings illus- trated the process capability in the field of sophisticat- ed high-integrity components. Owing to the require- ment of such components, emphasis was given to aero-engine components. As these components need to perform reliably under difficult operating conditions, the rigorous specifications, in-process controls, de- tailed testing and inspection procedures were consid- ered. Consideration was also given to the use of this process for the production of components in industrial and marine gas turbines which are subject to serve en- vironmental conditions. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1982.) PB83-260679/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Trade Policy for Developing Countries: A Back- ground Study for World Development Report, 1979. Working paper, Donald B. Keesing. c1979, 277p IBRD-WP-353 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Government policies, Foreign policy, Political systems, Exports, 'Industrial development, Economic policy. Part I is concerned mainly with trade policy for pur- poses of industrial development, e.g., how to expand manufactured exports along with production for the home market. Part II examines relationships of trade policy with social and political systems and goals, for example, its effects on poverty, and how it interacts with repression or redistribution. Part III looks at how to achieve a successful transition from an unsatisfactory to a desirable trade policy regime. (Copyright (c) 1 979 by The World Bank.) PB83-260687/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Trade Policy Issues for the Developing Countries in the 1980s: A Background Study for World Devel- opment Report, 1981. Working paper, Isaiah Frank. c1981, 59p IBRD-WP-478 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Government policies, Tariffs, Negotiations, Economic policy. The paper explores the relation between trade policy and 'industrial policy' and calls attention to points of conflict and compatibility. Suggestions are offered for a revised approach to trade adjustment assistance. Other topics discussed are: efforts to achieve 'fair labor standards' in the third world and the implications of such standards for protectionism and for World Bank policy; trade among developing countries, includ- ing as assessment of the options for encouraging it through regional, preferential, and unilateral ap- praoches; and trade in services, including the interest of the developing countries in current efforts to liberal- ize this sector, which has thus far been neglected in international trade negotiations. (Copyright (c) by the World Bank 1981.) PB83-260703/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Bureaucratic Politics and Incentives in the Man- agement of Rural Development. Working paper, Richard Heaver. c1982, 93p IBRD-WP-537, ISBN-0- 821 3-0084-9 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 5947. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Economic development, Government policies, Management, Incentives, Trends, Developing countries, Poverty. Management problems in the implementation of rural development are analyzed from a bureaucratic political standpoint. Proposals for management improvement will fail if they do not take account of informal interests and the patterns of incentives and pressures these create. At present, these informal incentives often make it irrational for managers and field staff to imple- ment poverty-oriented programs as planned. Tentative methods are put forward for assessing incentives in rural development bureaucracies, and various means of influencing the 'incentive environment' are ex- plored, with the aim of making it make sense for bu- reaucrats to be more responsive to the needs of poor beneficiaries. (Copyright (c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.) PB83-260711/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Worker Adjustment to Liberalized Trade: Costs and Assistance Policies. Working paper, Graham Glenday, Glen P. Jenkins, and John C. Evans. c1980, 91 p IBRD-WP-426 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Marketing, Policies, Manufacturing. This work in progress report is part of an inquiry being undertaken by the World Bank in conjunction with scholars from twelve industrial countries into the pene- tration of the markets of industrial countries by exports of manufactures from developing countries. The project seeks to establish the shares of industrial country markets held by the developing countries, changes in such shares in the 1970s, and why they vary among industry groups and countries. The aim is to assist developing and industrial countries to im- prove their policies through a better understanding of trade patterns and protectionist pressures. This ana- lyzes the potential usefulness of properly designed worker adjustment policies, defines the measurement and empirical issues which must be addressed in de- signing specific programs, and points out the critical considerations for their implementation. Estimates of the government financial assistance required are pro- vided for one region in Canada to illustrate the magni- tudes involved. The paper concludes that economic welfare can be improved at home and abroad by ap- propriate worker adjustment programs. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1980.) PB83-260737/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Testing for the Direction of Exports: India's Ex- ports of Manufactures in the 1970s. Working paper, Ashok Khanna. c1982, 52p IBRD-WP-538 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'India, 'International trade, Developing countries, Protection, Capital, Labor estimates, For- eign trade. The main hypothesis tested here is that the exports of a developing country, with an advanced manufacturing sector, will differ among destinations: the capital inten- sity of exports will be greater to the more labor abun- dant destinations, and the labor intensity of exports will be greater to the more capital abundant destinations. India's exports of manufactures for 1973 and 1978 were used for the analysis. The results generally cor- roborate the above hypothesis and also indicate that the direction of exports is sustained over time. (Copy- right (c) The World Bank 1 982.) PB83-260745/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Analysis of Rural Road Projects. Working paper, Curt Carnemark, Jaime Biderman, and David Bovet. Aug 76, 102p IBRD-WP-241 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Roads, 'Economic analysis, Developing countries, Highway transportation, Agricul- ture, Highway planning, Economic conditions, Trends. The purpose of this paper is to set forth a general ap- proach for the economic analysis of rural road projects. In this context, the paper discusses the short- comings of traditional economic analyses of highway projects which have focuses on the quantification of road user savings. The paper points out that such an approach is specifically unsuitable for rural roads with low levels of traffic. The authors emphasize the inter- dependence of transport and agricultural production systems in the rural environment and argue that the analysis should focus on the mechanisms by which transport cost savings are translated into increased agricultural production and income. The critical ques- tions to be answered are: who benefits from the trans- port cost savings, how will producers respond to these cost savings, and do other constraints exist which may prevent the full developmental impact of a road from materializing. PB83-260943/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Philippines: Industrial Development Strategy and Policies. World Bank country study. C1980, 459p Microfiche copies only, paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. 202 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Philippines, Trends, Policies, Employment, Exports, Developing countries, Industries, 'Industrial development, Indus- trial growth. The Industrial Sector Mission which visited the Philip- pines in February 1979 dealt primarily with industrial policies and incentives, with a view to exploring ways in which the country can better achieve its objectives of broader and more rapid industrial growth, employ- ment creation, export development, regional disper- sion and stronger technological capacity. It also re- viewed policies for the development of small and labor-intensive industries. Specific industries reviewed included steel, mechanical engineering, textile and food processing, and in less detail, cement, garments, footwear and furniture. (Copyright (c) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1980.) PB83-261222/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Renewable Energy Resources in the Developing Countries. Jan 81, 40p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Renewable energy, 'Biomass, Wind energy generation, Solar energy, Technology, Hydro- electric power generation, Technology. Renewable energy resources occur in nature, in the form of energy flows of indefinite duration, as opposed to mineral deposits of finite amount. Thus solar and wind energy, hydroelectric power and fuels of vegeta- ble origin are regarded as renewables while mineral fuels are not. Many of the technologies for exploiting renewable energy resources rely on scientific and en- gineering principles that have been understood for decades, if not centuries. The recent growth of interest in the exploration of renewable energy resources in developing countries has been prompted by two main factors: the increased international price of oil and gas, and the alarmingly rapid depletion of fuelwood sup- plies in these countries. This paper examines the con- tributions that renewable resources can make to energy supplies in developing countries, and dis- cusses the role of the World Bank in renewable energy development over the next five years. PB83-261248/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. World Trade and Output of Manufactures: Struc- tural Trends and Developing Countries' Exports. Working paper, Donald B. Keesing. c1979, 81 p IBRD-WP-316 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Production, Trends, Market shares, Foreign Trade. Developing countries' manufactured exports in- creased from 1960 through 1976 at rates around 15% per year. This paper is concerned with the changing structural features of these exports and how they relate to world manufacturing output and markets, which have expanded much more slowly. Numerous relationships are explored, with speculative interpreta- tions as well as tables. (Copyright (c) by The World Bank 1979.) PB83-261313/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Shelter. Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 45p See also French version, PB83-261339, and Spanish version, PB83-261 321. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Housing, Developing countries, 'Health, 'Nutrition, Water supplies, Disadvantaged groups, Poverty. Despite the impressive level of economic growth the developing world has achieved over the past quarter century, some 800 million individuals there remain caught up in absolute poverty: a condition of life so limited by malnutrition, disease, illiteracy, low life ex- pectancy, and high infant mortality as to be beneath any rational definition of human decency. The only practical hope, then, of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that approach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their societies to es- sential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These funda- mental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford-are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. PB83-261321/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Vivienda (Shelter). Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 51 p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 261313, and French version, PB83-261339. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Housing, Developing countries, 'Health, 'Nutrition, Water supplies, Disadvantaged groups, Poverty. Despite the impressive level of economic growth the developing world has achieved over the past quarter century, some 800 million individuals there remain caught up in absolute poverty: a condition of life so limited by malnutrition, disease, illiteracy, low life ex- pectancy, and high infant mortality as to be beneath any rational definition of human decency. The only practical hope, then, of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that approach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their societies to es- sential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These funda- mental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford-are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. PB83-261339/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Logement (Shelter). Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 51 p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 261 31 3, and Spanish version, PB83-261 321 . Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Housing, Developing countries, 'Health, 'Nutrition, Water supplies, Disadvantaged groups, Poverty. Despite the impressive level of economic growth the developing world has achieved over the past quarter century, some 800 million individuals there remain caught up in absolute poverty: a condition of life so limited by malnutrition, disease, illiteracy, low life ex- pectancy, and high infant mortality as to be beneath any rational definition of human decency. The only practical hope, then, of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that approach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their societies to es- sential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These funda- mental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford-are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. PB83-261347/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview. Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 35p See also Spanish version, PB83-261362, French ver- sion, PB83-261370, Japanese version, PB83-261388, and Arabic version, PB83-261 354. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Social services, 'Social change, Require- ments, Economic growth, Housing, 'Productivity, Health, Education. The only practical hope of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that ap- proach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their so- cieties to essential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These fundamental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford-are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. In this situation the right kind of public services are those which not only reach the poor, but help them alter their personal circumstances so that their own inherent potential can be more fully realized. PB83-261354/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview. Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 37p Text in Arabic. See also English version, PB83- 261347, French version, PB83-261370, Spanish ver- sion, PB83-261362, and Japanese version, PB83- 261388. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Social change, 'Social services, Require- ments, Economic growth, Housing, 'Productivity, Health, Education. The only practical hope of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that ap- proach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their so- cieties to essential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These fundamental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford-are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. In this situation the right kind of public services are those which not only reach the poor, but help them alter their personal circumstances so that their own inherent potential can be more fully realized. PB83-261362/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Satisfaccion de las Necesidades Basicas: Examen General (Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview). Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 38p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 261347, French version, PB83-261370, Japanese ver- sion, PB83-261 388, and Arabic version, PB83-261 354. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Social change, 'Social services, Require- ments, Economic growth, 'Housing, 'Productivity, 'Health, Education. The only practical hope of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that ap- proach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their so- 203 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS cieties to essential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These fundamental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford--are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. In this situation the right kind of public services are those which not only reach the poor, but help them alter their personal circumstances so that their own inherent potential can be more fully realized. PB83-261370/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Besoins Essentiels: Document de Synthese (Meet- ing Basic Needs: An Overview). Poverty and basic needs series. Sep 80, 37p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 261347, Spanish version, PB83-261362, Japanese version, PB83-261388, and Arabic version, PB83- 261354. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Social change, 'Social services, Require- ments, Economic growth, 'Housing, 'Productivity, 'Health, Education. The only practical hope of reducing absolute poverty is to assist the poor to become more productive. The World Bank has put a major emphasis on that strategy in its lending operations over the last several years: projects specifically designed to enhance the earning power of the poor. A critical component of that ap- proach is for governments of developing countries to provide better access for the absolute poor in their so- cieties to essential public services, particularly basic education, primary health care, and clean water. These fundamental services-combined with the better shelter and nutrition that improved incomes can afford-are the key to the poor's being able to meet their own basic needs. In this situation the right kind of public services are those which not only reach the poor, but help them alter their personal circumstances so that their own inherent potential can be more fully realized. PB83-261784/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Transport. Sector policy paper. May 75, 106p See also French version, PB83-261792, and Spanish version, PB83-261 800. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Transportation, 'Urban planning, 'Trans- portation management, 'Urbanization, Regulations, Coordination, Public transportation. Contents: Current conditions in developing countries; The prospects for urban transport; Rationalizing the use of transport facilities; Promoting efficiency and coordination among agencies; Transport and urban form; Activities of the World Bank. PB83-261792/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Transports Urbains (Urban Transport). Sector policy paper. 1975, 122p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 261784, and Spanish version, PB83-261800. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Transportation, 'Urban planning, 'Trans- portation management, 'Urbanization, Regulations, Coordination, Public transportation. Contents: Current conditions in developing countries; The prospects for urban transport; Rationalizing the use of transport facilities; Promoting efficiency and coordination among agencies; 204 Transport and urban form; Activities of the World Bank. PB83-261800/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Transposes Urbanos (Urban Transport). Sector policy paper. 1975, 122p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 261784, and French version, PB83-261792. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Transportation, 'Transportation manage- ment, 'Urbanization, Regulations, Coordination, Public transportation. Contents: Current conditions in developing countries; The prospects for urban transport; Rationalizing the use of transport facilities; Promoting efficiency and coordination among agencies; Transport and urban form; Activities of the World Bank. PB83-261818/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Road Maintenance Problem and International As- sistance. Dec 81, 75p See also French version, PB83-261834, and Spanish version, PB83-261 826. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Roads, 'Maintenance, Maintenance man- agement, Rural areas, Problem solving, Recommen- dations. This paper is an attempt to distill the results of the Bank's experience and of the research that it has con- ducted during the last ten years on the economics of highway construction and maintenance, with a view to identifying approaches and solutions that seem to work better than others. The focus is largely on the still unresolved problems of national highway mainte- nance; but since rural roads suffer, often to a magni- fied degree, from the same problems, they, too, can benefit from many of the measures suggested, al- though they often require approaches that mobilize more local or regional capacities and resources. PB83-261826/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Problems del Mantenimiento Vial y la Asistencia Internacional (Road Maintenance Problem and International Assistance). Dec 81, 93p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 261818, and French version, PB83-261834. Keywords: 'Roads, 'Maintenance, Maintenance man- agement, Rural areas, Problem solving, Recommen- dations. This paper is an attempt to distill the results of the Bank's experience and of the research that it has con- ducted during the last ten years on the economics of highway construction and maintenance, with a view to identifying approaches and solutions that seem to work better than others. The focus is largely on the still unresolved problems of national highway mainte- nance; but since rural roads suffer, often to a magni- fied degree, from the same problems, they, too, can benefit from many of the measures suggested, al- though they often require approaches that mobilize more local or regional capacities and resources. PB83-261834/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Probleme de I'Entretien Routier et ('Assistance Internationale (Road Maintenance Problem and International Assistance). Dec 81, 93p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 261 81 8, and Spanish version, PB83-261 826. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Roads, 'Maintenance, Maintenance man- agement, Rural areas, Problem solving, Recommen- dations. This paper is an attempt to distill the results of the Bank's experience and of the research that it has con- ducted during the last ten years on the economics of highway construction and maintenance, with a view to identifying approaches and solutions that seem to work better than others. The focus is largely on the still unresolved problems of national highway mainte- nance; but since rural roads suffer, often to a magni- fied degree, from the same problems, they, too, can benefit from many of the measures suggested, al- though they often require approaches that mobilize more local or regional capacities and resources. PB83-261958/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Infant and Child Mortality as a Determinant of Fer- tility. The Policy Implications. Working paper, Susan H. Cochrane, and K. C. Zachariah. c1983, 43p IBRD-WP-556, ISBN-0-821 3-01 47-0 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-1 1 05. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Fertility, 'Children, Developing countries, Policies, Contraceptives, Birth control, Family plan- ning, Cost effectiveness, Biological effects. Contents: Introduction (unanswered policy questions); The channels-Theory and measurement The biological effects, Infant and child mortality experience on contraceptive use, The effect of infant and child mortality on parity); The cost-effectiveness of various programs for fertility reduction (Cost-effectiveness of family planning program; cost per birth averted through mortality reduction; caveats). PB83-261974/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Pirate Subdivisions and the Market for Residential Lots in Bogota. Working paper, Alan Carroll. C1980, 126p IBRD-WP-435 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Colombia, 'Land use, Marketing, Land, Developing countries. This paper deals with the market for pirate subdivision lots. Examining the pirate subdivision business is in- structive because it is a unique case of large-scale, competitive land market for modest income families. The paper is divided into six parts. This introductory chapter is followed by a descriptive overview covering the general characteristics of the subdivisions studied, the purchase of tracts, infrastructure and development costs, and the sale of lots. The third chapter deals with rates of return to pirate and normas minimas develop- ers. The fourth and fifth chapters are devoted to an analysis, based on hedonic price indexes, of the deter- minants of tract and lot prices, respectively. The final chapter presents conclusions and discusses policy issues related to the effectiveness of the normas mini- mas laws. PB83-261982/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Trade in Non-Factor Services: Past Trends and Current Issues. Working paper, Andre Sapir, and Ernst Lutz. c1980, 144p IBRD-WP- 410 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, 'Econometrics, Models, Forecasting. This paper represents the first stage of a research project on trade in non-factor services. It (a) presents and analyzes the available data on trade in non-factor APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS services; (b) formulates a series of preliminary hypoth- eses on the factors affecting NFS trade and presents the results of econometric analyses which can be used for projections in the global model for the World Devel- opment Report; (c) discusses the impediments to NFS trade as seen by both developed and developing countries; (d) sets out issues which might be analyzed in the next stage of the project. (Copyright (c) The World Bank 1980.) PB83-262030/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Tribal Peoples and Economic Development. Human Ecologic Considerations, Robert Goodland. c1982, 121p ISBN-0-821 3-001 0-5 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 1 1 92. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: *Rural areas, 'Migration, Population migra- tions, Requirements, Regional planning, Tribal prac- tices. It is estimated that, at present, there are approximately 200 million tribal people, roughly 4% of the global pop- ulation. They are found in all regions of the world and number among the poorest of the poor. Until relatively recently, development planning had not adequately addressed the human, economic, and social aspects of the acculturation process. The World Bank has, therefore, taken a conscious, substantive look at the problems it has encountered, and may have to face in the future, in considerating projects in areas where tribal people live. The first chapter of this paper de- scribes the problems associated with the development process as it affects tribal peoples. Subsequent chap- ters set forth why the Bank should be involved and out- line the main requisites for meeting the human ecolo- gic needs of tribal peoples. In Annex 1, the paper pre- sents general principles that are designed to assist the Bank's staff and project designers in perceiving the issues and in incorporating timely measures. (Copy- right (c) The World Bank 1 982.) PB83-262733/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Employment and Development of Small Enter- prises. Sector policy paper. Feb 78, 95p See also Spanish version, PB83-262741 , and French version, PB83-262758. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Small businesses, "Industrial develop- ment, Industries, Fixed investment, Capitalized costs, Personnel, Unskilled workers. Most developing countries are characterized by a rap- idly growing population and labor force. While much of this labor force will be absorbed in traditional agricul- ture, it is clear that an increasing amount of labor will seek employment in nonfarm occupations-roughly two out of every three job seekers over the next 25 years. Some of these jobs may be found in villages and small towns, closely linked to developments in agricul- ture. A growing number, however, will have to be found in the larger towns and cities. Absorbing the growing labor force in productive employment is one of the principal challenges of development. The potential role of the Bank in assisting developing countries to expand the demand for urban labor is examined here. Capital is scarce in most developing coutries so that in varying degrees, depending on a country's resources, capital has to be used as efficiently as possible to expand the demand for labor. PB83-262741/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. El Empleo y el Desarrollo de las Pequenas Empre- sas (Employment and Development of Small Enter- prises). Sector policy paper. Feb 78, 114p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 262733, and French version, PB83-262758. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Small businesses, "Industrial develop- ment, Industries, Fixed investment, Capitalized costs, Personnel, Unskilled workers. Most developing countries are characterized by a rap- idly growing population and labor force. While much of this labor force will be absorbed in traditional agricul- ture, it is clear that an increasing amount of labor will seek employment in nonfarm occupations-roughly two out of every three job seekers over the next 25 years. Some of these jobs may be found in villages and small towns, closely linked to developments in agricul- ture. A growing number, however, will have to be found in the larger towns and cities. Absorbing the growing labor force in productive employment is one of the principal challenges of development. The potential role of the Bank in assisting developing countries to expand the demand for urban labor is examined here. Capital is scarce in most developing countries so that in varying degrees, depending on a country's re- sources, capital has to be used as efficiently as possi- ble to expand the demand for labor. PB83-262758/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Emploi et Developpment de la Petite Entreprise (Employment and Development of Small Enter- prises). Sector policy paper. Feb 78, 107p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 262733, and Spanish version, PB83-262741 . Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Small businesses, "Industrial develop- ment, Industries, Fixed investment, Capitalized costs, Personnel, Unskilled workers. Most developing countries are characterized by a rap- idly growing population and labor force. While much of this labor force will be absorbed in traditional agricul- ture, it is clear that an increasing amount of labor will seek employment in nonfarm occupations-roughly two out of every three job seekers over the next 25 years. Some of these jobs may be found in villages and small towns, closely linked to developments in agricul- ture. A growing number, however, will have to be found in the larger towns and cities. Absorbing the growing labor force in productive employment is one of the principal challenges of development. The potential role of the Bank in assisting developing countries to expand the demand for urban labor is examined here. Capital is scarce in most developing countries so that in varying degrees, depending on a country's re- sources, capital has to be used as efficiently as possi- ble to expand the demand for labor. PB83-262766/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Opportunities for Biological Control of Agricultural Pests in Developing Countries, D. J. Greathead, and J. K. Waage. c1983, 54p WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER-11, ISBN-0- 821 3-01 64-0 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-3601. Also pub. in ISSN-0253-7494. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Pest control, "Insects, "Agriculture, As- sessments, Attractants, Ecology, Cereals, Root crops, Oilseed crops, Grain crops, Weed control, Fibres, Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts, Forage crops, Plantation crops, Integrated pest control. Contents; Background and achievements of biological control; Implementation of biological control; Broad assessment of biological control potential; Biological control in major crops; Major pest problems affecting several crops; Weeds. (Copyright (c) 1983 The Inter- natinal Bank for Reconstruction and Development.) PB83-262774/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Technology Advisory Group. Model for the Development of a Self-Help Water Supply Program. Working paper, Colin Glennie. C1982, 59p WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER-2, ISBN-0-821 3-0077-6 Also pub. as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC. Technology Advisory Group Working Paper No. 1 . Library of Congress cata- log card no. 82-15574. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Water management, "Water supply, "Sanitation, Manpower, Communities, Construction, Citizen participation, Management, Water wells, Edu- cation, Instructional materials, Personnel develop- ment, Self help program. This working paper considers the manpower, training and institutional requirements of self-help water supply and sanitation programs. It is not possible to consider these issues in isolation from the overall nature of the program itself. The recommendations here would be of doubtful value if they were made sufficiently general to be applicable to any program in any country. Accord- ingly, the approach has been to consider a practical model for the development of a self-help program, and examine the issues of manpower, training and institu- tional requirements in relation to this model while dis- cussing issues of parallel importance. This exercise provides a basis for considering what features of the model are applicable to other program models, and how they may be adapted accordingly. The paper de- scribes a model which has taken a decade to develop in the field. Although the model has developed from a rural water supply program, many of the principal fea- tures are applicable to sanitation program develop- ment. PB83-262782/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Environmental Considerations for the Industrial Development Sector. Aug 78, 138p See also French version, PB83-262808, and Spanish version, PB83-262790. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Environmental management, "Environ- mental surveys, "Industrial wastes, Developing coun- tries, Standards, Sampling, Water pollution control, Air pollution control, Environmental impacts, Chemical analysis, Sources, Technology, Solid waste disposal, Bacteria, Microorganisms, Economic analysis, Envi- ronment management, Land pollution. The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for consideration and attention as an integral part of the industrial expansion and growth process. Past ex- perience in many of the developed countries has shown that where little or no consideration was given to environmental protection during the industrial devel- opment period the correction of damages to the envi- ronment has been both slow and costly. The principles presented in this document are intended as general guidelines only. Since no two situations are exactly alike, modification may be necessary for application of these guidelines to specific circumstances. PB83-262790/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Consideraciones Ambientales para el Sector de Desarrollo Industrial (Environmental Consider- ations for the Industrial Development Sector). Aug 78, 161p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 262782, and French version, PB83-262808. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Environmental management, "Environ- mental surveys, "Industrial wastes, Developing coun- tries, Standards, Sampling, Water pollution control, Air pollution control, Environmental impacts, Chemical analysis, Sources, Technology, Solid waste disposal, Bacteria, Microorganisms, Economic analysis, Envi- ronment management, Land pollution. The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for consideration and attention as an integral part of the industrial expansion and growth process. Past ex- perience in many of the developed countries has shown that where little or no consideration was given to environmental protection during the industrial devel- opment period the correction of damages to the envi- 205 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ronment has been both slow and costly. While the ma- terial has been prepared primarily for use by the staff of The World Bank, its use by other institutions and agencies is both welcomed and encouraged. It is hoped that the document will be particularly helpful to administrators, managers, planners, environmental- ists, and other officials-both public and private-con- cerned with industrial development. It is further hoped that for them the document will provide a useful orien- tation and guidance. PB83-262808/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Protection de I'Environnement dans I'lndustrie (Environmental Considerations for the Industrial Development Sector). Dec 80, 145p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 262782, and Spanish version, PB83-262790. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Environmental management, 'Environ- mental surveys, * Industrial wastes, Developing coun- tries, Standards, Sampling, Water pollution control, Air pollution control, Environmental impacts, Chemical analysis, Sources, Technology, Solid waste disposal, Bacteria, Microorganisms, Economic analysis, Envi- ronment management, Land pollution. Critical to any nation's economic development is its growth in the industrial sector, generally accompanied by a shift of population from rural to urban areas and by the creation of new environmental hazards. The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for consideration and attention as an integral part of the industrial expansion and growth process. Past experi- ence in many of the developed countries has shown that where little or no consideration was given to envi- ronmental protection during the industrial develop- ment period the correction of damages to the environ- ment has been both slow and costly. PB83-262816/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Malnourished People: A Policy Review. Poverty and basic needs series, Alan Berg. Jun 81, 117p See also French version, PB83-262824. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Nutrition, 'Rural areas, Unem- ployment, Low income groups, Mortality, Policies. Nutrition is fundamental to life, work, and well-being. Inadequate nutrition~or malnutrition-is responsible for human and economic waste of consequential propor- tions. In developing societies, malnutrition plays a part in substantial numbers of deaths, and inadequate diet and related illness interfere with the learning ability, ca- pacity to work, behavior, and well-being of large seg- ments of the populations. The nutritional state of the populace both influences and reflects the level and pace of national development. It is now apparent that the dominant malnutrition problem in large populations is insufficient intake of food energy, or calories, which is related essentially to the problem of inadequate income. Steps to increase the per capita incomes of the poor-ranging from increased employment to re- duced population growth-will have a fundamental and powerful effect on a country's nutritional status. In the long run, nutritional improvement will depend largely on national economic growth and the pattern of that growth. But for most of the world's malnourished, the growth process is too slow. Even under optimistic growth assumptions, national growth would take much more than a generation to push nutrition to adequate levels. The process is long because per capita in- comes of the poor increase slowly and because their energy intake rises less than half as rapidly. PB83-262824/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Les Mai Nourris: Etude d'Ensemble (Malnourished People: A Policy View). Poverty and basic needs series, Alan Berg. Jun 81, 127p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 262816. 206 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Nutrition, 'Rural areas, Unem- ployment, Low income groups, Mortality, Policies. Nutrition is fundamental to life, work, and well-being. Inadequate nutrition~or malnutrition-is responsible for human and economic waste of consequential propor- tions. In developing societies, malnutrition plays a part in substantial numbers of deaths, and inadequate diet and related illness interfere with the learning ability, ca- pacity to work, behavior, and well-being of large seg- ments of the populations. The nutritional state of the populace both influences and reflects the level and pace of national development. It is now apparent that the dominant malnutrition problem in large populations is insufficient intake of food energy, or calories, which is related essentially to the problem of inadequate income. Steps to increase the per capita incomes of the poor-ranging from increased employment to re- duced population growth-will have a fundamental and powerful effect on a country's nutritional status. In the long run, nutritional improvement will depend largely on national economic growth and the pattern of that growth. But for most of the world's malnourished, the growth process is too slow. Even under optimistic growth assumptions, national growth would take much more than a generation to push nutrition to adequate levels. The process is long because per capita in- comes of the poor increase slowly and because their energy intake rises less than half as rapidly. PB83-262840/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Trade and Employment Policies for Industrial De- velopment. C1982, 72p ISBN-0-821 3-001 7-2 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-851 9. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Employment, 'International trade, Com- merce, Government policies, Economic development, Developing countries, 'Industrial development, Eco- nomic policy. The report examines the following issues: Whether good export performance is attributable to special characteristics of successful countries; whether the penetration of the markets industrial countries has reached its limits; and whether trade in manufactures among the developing countries can expand further. PB83-262857/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Land Reform. Sector policy paper. May 75, 76p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Agriculture, Production, Food, Developing countries, 'Economic development, Rural areas, Government policies, Land ownership. While recognizing the broad context of the land reform issue, this paper focuses on a much narrower aspect- the appropriate role of the World Bank. In pursuing this question, Chapter 1 looks at the characteristics of land reform in terms of both its rural context and its compo- nent elements. Chapter 2 examines the economic im- plications of land reform in relation to the goals of de- velopment. Chapter 3 reviews the Bank's policy in rela- tion to land reform. The quantitative background to land reform in terms of population patterns and land distribution is outlined in Annex 1, while some experi- ences with land reform programs are summarized in Annex 2. The policy guidelines are presented at the end of the Summary. PB83-263061/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Technologies and Management Strategies for Haz- ardous Waste Control. Summary rept. Mar 83, 57p OTA-M-197. See also PB83-1 89241. Keywords: 'Waste disposal, 'Industrial wastes, Tech- nology, National government, Risks, Cost analysis, Regulations, Waste treatment, Substitutes, 'Waste re- cycling. This summary presents the findings and conclusions of OTA's analysis of the Federal program for the man- agement of nonnuclear industrial hazardous waste-an issue that has now reached national prominence and widespread congressional attention. OTA's findings and conclusions concerning the technical components of the Federal hazardous waste program complement current activities which have focused more on adminis- trative problems and issues. Our work offers a number of opportunities, at this critical time, for examining solu- tions to national hazardous waste problems. The focus of the study was to be on technological options for managing hazardous waste at operating facilities, technical means to address the problem of uncon- trolled and possibly abandoned hazardous waste sites, and the technical adequacy of the Federal regu- latory program. PB83-263079/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Empresa Rural y el Empleo No Agricola (Rural En- terprise and Nonfarm Employment). World Bank paper. Jan 78, 99p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 263087. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Rural areas, Farms, Low income groups, Specialized training, Con- struction, Services, Transportation. The origin of this paper lies in the concern of the Bank, in the course of its research and through its policy and operational work, to seek and promote ways of reduc- ing the poverty of rural people by increasing the avail- ability to them of economically productive employment and earnings opportunities. More specifically, this con- cern is reflected in Bank-assisted rural development projects, which provide a range of institutional, finan- cial, and other supporting services to smallholder farmers. This paper examines: (1 ) the role of rural non- farm activities in the development process; (2) the rel- evance of current and prospective forms of develop- ment assistance to the promotion of growth in and de- velopment of such activities; and (3) issues for Bank operations. PB83-263087/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Rural Enterprise and Nonfarm Employment. World Bank paper. Jan 78, 90p See also Spanish version, PB83-263079. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Employment, 'Economic development, 'Rural areas, Farms, Low income groups, Specialized training, Construction, Services, Transportation. The origin of this paper lies in the concern of the Bank, in the course of its research and through its policy and operational work, to seek and promote ways of reduc- ing the poverty of rural people by increasing the avail- ability to them of economically productive employment and earnings opportunities. More specifically, this con- cern is reflected in Bank-assisted rural development projects, which provide a range of institutional, finan- cial, and other supporting services to smallholder farmers. This paper examines: (1) the role of rural non- farm activities in the development process; (2) the rel- evance of current and prospective forms of develop- ment assistance to the promotion of growth in and de- velopment of such activities; and (3) issues for Bank operations. PB83-263095/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Housing. Sector policy paper. May 75, 78p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: *Urban planning, 'Housing, Policies, Eco- nomic development, Low income groups, Urban soci- ology, Self help housing. This paper approaches the housing situation from the standpoint of effective housing demand. The costs of dwelling units of varying sizes, standards and locations are compared with the ability of low income groups to pay. It is suggested that housing (including sites and services and other self-help methods of construction) could be provided without significant subsidy for at least 80% of the population of most cities. It appears that in relatively higher-income countries most of the lowest 20% could be reached with small subsides. In very large, lower-income cities is more difficult for the poorer segments of the population to be reached. In these instances, squatter area upgrading appears to hold the most promise. PB83-263103/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Sante (Deuxieme Edition) (Health (Second Edi- tion)). Sector policy paper. Feb 80, 103p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 2631 1 1 , and Arabic version, PB83-2631 29. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Health, 'Diseases, "Nutrition, Govern- ment policies, Health status, Health services. This paper briefly describes health conditions in devel- oping countries, then examines some of the most common obstacles to improving them, the underlying sources of these obstacles, and the lessons of experi- ence that will guide the Bank's activities in the sector. It concludes by outlining changes in Bank policy. PB83-263111/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Health (Second Edition). Sector policy paper. Feb 80, 93p See also French version, PB83-263103, and Arabic version, PB83-263 129. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Health, 'Diseases, 'Nutrition, Govern- ment policies, Health status, Health services. This paper briefly describes health conditions in devel- oping countries, then examines some of the most common obstacles to improving them, the underlying sources of these obstacles, and the lessons of experi- ence that will guide the Bank's activities in the sector. It concludes by outlining changes in Bank policy. PB83-263129/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Health (Second Edition). Sector policy paper. Feb 80, 93p Text in Arabic. See also English version, PB83- 2631 1 1 , and French version, PB83-2631 03. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Health, 'Diseases, 'Nutrition, Govern- ment policies, Health status, Health services. This paper briefly describes health conditions in devel- oping countries, then examines some of the most common obstacles to improving them, the underlying sources of these obstacles, and the lessons of experi- ence that will guide the Bank's activities in the sector. It concludes by outlining changes in Bank policy. PB83-263137/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Energy in the Developing Countries. Aug 80, 105p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Energy, Oils, Coal, Reserves, Natural gas, Forestry, Biomass, Hydroelectric power generation, Economic analysis, 'Energy conservation, 'Energy source development, Energy policy, Energy supplies, Energy demand. The sharp rise in the cost of energy in recent years has underlined the urgent need to expand domestic energy production in developing countries that are dependent on imports. In 1980, they will spend almost US$50 bil- lion on importing oil. By maximizing energy production between now and the end of the decade and by a vig- orous program of energy conservation, the World Bank estimates that these countries could cut their oil-import bill in 1990 by $25-30 billion (1980 dollars). Measures outlined in the paper show it is possible to save about 15 percent of the energy needed in 1990, without having to reduce overall economic growth. It is also imperative that all countries, industrialized and industri- alizing, adjust their domestic energy prices, incentives, and investment priorities to place more emphasis than at present on domestic production. PB83-263145/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Fishery. Sector policy paper. C1982, 88p ISBN-0-821 3-01 38-1 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-23700. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Fisheries, Supply(Economics), 'Aquacul- ture, Economic factors, Investments, Nutrition, Demand(Economics), Loans, Food consumption, Con- straints, Marketing, Global. Fishery is an important sector in most developing countries; in many cases, it contributes over 5 percent to the gross national product (GNP). Some 12 million fishermen are to be found in these countries, and at least an equal number are employed in related support and marketing activities. Fish is an important source of animal protein. The average per-capita consumption of fish currently exceeds thirteen kilograms a year. In Asia, over 1 billion people rely on fish for their primary source of protein. The total catch of fish in the world has remained fairly stable for the past decade at around 70 million metric tons yearly. It is estimated that this catch could increase to 1 20 million tons by manag- ing heavily exploited stocks better and by intensified fishing of lightly harvested stocks. (Copyright (c) 1982 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment/The World Bank.) PB83-263426/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Development Inst. Agroindustrial Project Analysis. EDI series in economic development, James E. Austin. c1981, 225p ISBN-0-801 8-241 3-3 Library of Congress catalog card no. 80-550. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Agriculture, 'Food processing, Developing countries, Project planning, Agricultural products, Fruits, Vegetables, Fibers, Man- ufacturing, Exports, Marketing, Cleaning, Investments. The purpose of this book is to provide and illustrate a framework for analyzing and designing agroindustrial projects. It is written primarily for public sector analysts in developing countries, but it should also be useful to private sector managers financing or managing agroin- dustries. The analytical framework may also be helpful to organizations starting agroindustrial projects in more developed economies. This initial chapter will define agroindustry, introduce the analytical frame- work, and describe the scope of the book and the or- ganization of the remaining chapters. PB83-263434/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Volume 1A. A Summary of Technical and Economic Options, John M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, and Charles G. Gunnerson. c1980, 56p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Sanitation, 'Water supply, 'Sewage dis- posal, Developing countries, Assessments, Economic conditions, Public health, Social effect, Project plan- ning, Septic tanks, Toilet facilities, Cost analysis, Dis- eases, Latrines. This paper is a summarized version of the final report on appropriate technology for water supply and waste disposal in developing countries, a World Bank re- search project (RPO 671-46) undertaken by the Energy, Water and Telecommunications Department in 1 976-1 978. It reports the broad technical, economic, health, and social findings of the research and dis- cusses the aspects of program planning necessary for their implementation. (Copyright (c) 1980 by the Inter- national Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank.) PB83-263442/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Sanitation Alternative for Low-Income Communities: Volume 1B. A Brief Introduction. Duncan Mara. c1982, 58p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Sanitation, 'Sewage disposal, 'Technolo- gy assessment, Assessments, 'Waste water, Public health, Feces, Cost analysis, Urban areas, 'Water wells, Toilet facilities, Water saving devices, Latrines. This booklet is intended for economic, urban, and health planners; its purposes are to introduce in gener- al non-technical terms the alternative sanitation tech- nologies that are currently available for low-income urban communities in developing countries, and to present a suitable planning methodology for providing these communities with the sanitation facilities they need. This primary health objective can be fully achieved by sanitation technologies which are much simpler and ch eaper than conventional sewerage; these technologies are described in the report. PB83-263459/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Night-Soil Composting, Hillel I. Shuval, Charles G. Gunnerson, and DeAnne S. Julius. C1981, 95p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Sewage treatment, Developing countries, Aerobic processes, Bacteria, Vi- ruses, Public health, Collecting methods, 'Sanitation, Water supply. Among the problems facing those who depend on con- servancy or other systems disposing separately grey water and night soil is the lack of a safe, inexpensive treatment method for night soil. In Kyoto, for example, night soil is collected hygienically to the satisfaction of users of the system, only to be diluted at a central col- lection point for discharge to the sewer system and treatment at a conventional sewage treatment plant. This paper reviews the state of the art on night-soil composting. The paper concludes that aerobic com- posting of night soil represents a method of treatment ideally suited for developing countries because of its simplicity in operation, limited need for mechanical equipment, low cost and its effectiveness in inactivat- ing pathogens, thus assuring that the compost can be used without causing any public health hazard. (Copy- right (c) 1981 by the International Bank for Recon- struction and Development/The World Bank.) PB83-263467/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Volume 3. Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Management. A State-of-the-Art Review, Richard G. Feachem, David J. Bradley, Hemda Garelick, and D. Duncan Mara. c1980, 331 p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Sanitation, 'Water supply, 'Sewage dis- posal, Developing countries, Project planning, Design, Feces, Public health, Sewage, Epidemiology, Viruses, 207 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Bacteria, Septic tanks, Chlorination, Lagoons(Ponds), Aquaculture, Agriculture, Outfall sewers, Night soil. Public Health is of central importance in the design and implementation of improved excreta disposal projects. Improvements in health are the main social and economic benefit which planners and economists hope to achieve by investing in excreta disposal. It is therefore necessary to make available as much infor- mation as possible about the interaction between ex- creta and health in order that engineers and planners may make informed and rational decisions. The infor- mation that is required not only concerns the broad ep- idemiological issues of the impact on disease of im- provements in excreta disposal, but also the ways in which particular excreta disposal and reuse technol- ogies affect the survival and dissemination of particu- lar pathogens. This book sets out to provide such infor- mation. It is intended for planners, engineers, econo- mists and health workers. (Copyright (c) 1980 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment/The World Bank.) PB83-263483/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Outlook for Primary Commodities. Working paper. C1983, 174p IBRD-WP-9, ISBN-0-8213-0142-X Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-23885. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Commerce, * Market- ing, Demand(Economics), Foreign trade. This paper examines the short and medium-term price and trade outlook for the primary commodities that are of special interest to developing countries. It repre- sents a result of the in-depth review of market pros- pects for primary commodities that the Commodities and Export Projections Division of the World Bank con- ducts every two years. It provides an overview of the macro-economic assumptions which were taken as a basis for the forecasts, a summary of the main results of the forecasts and a discussion of some of the key implications of the forecast exercise and policy issues that arise from the analysis. (Copyright (c) 1983 by The World Bank.) PB83-263491/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Phillippines: Housing Finance. World Bank country study. C1982, 161p ISBN-0-8213-0108-X Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-1 7607 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Philippines, 'Financial management, 'Housing, Trends, Economic conditions, Residential buildings, Construction industry, Demand(Economics), Finance, Financial management, Government policies, Developing countries, Mortgages. A World Bank mission visited the Philippines during October 1981 to review selected aspects of housing finance in the country. In particular, the mission looked at recent developments in light of the need to increase the flow of funds into the housing sector and improve access to such funds through the formal financial sector. This report focuses on three interrelated sets of issues, namely resource mobilization and the mac- roeconomic implications; development of institutions and instrments for housing finance; and the rational- ization of the institutional structure. Rather than design an ideal system for an ideal world, the emphasis is on feasible systems, and how best to improve them, taking the political economy of the sector as given. PB83-263855/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Village Water Supply. World Bank paper. Mar 76, 99p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Water supply, 'Rural areas, Cost analysis, Investments, Design, Sewage disposal, Financial man- agement, Payment, Decision making, Citizen participa- tion, Sanitation, Government policies, Priorities. This paper deals with the supply of water for domestic use-not for irrigation— in the rural areas of the develop- ing world. Probably over 1,000 million people in rural areas do not have an adequate water supply, and the rate at which access to safer water is being provided is too slow to keep pace with population growth. The ma- jority of people without safe water live in developing countries of Asia, which also contain the largest num- bers of the rural poor. In these countries, waterborne or water-related diseases are among the three major causes of sickness and death. Governments of devel- oping countries are becoming increasingly concerned with improving living conditions in rural areas. The World Bank, too, has been shifting the emphasis of its lending program so as to have a greater impact on the rural population through projects in agriculture and in- tegrated rural development. Rural water supply and sanitation should be a significant component of these projects. This paper concentrates on the problems pe- culiar to this subsector and suggests ways to begin to overcome the current state of neglect. PB83-263871/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Colonizacion de Tierras Agricolas (Agricultural Land Settlement). World Bank issues paper. Jan 78, 89p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 263863. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Agriculture, 'Rural areas, Man- power, Population growth, Policies, Cost analysis, Em- ployment, Income, Irrigation, Loans. This paper discusses selected issues related to the World Bank's lending for land settlement, based on its own experience and that of other organizations. The presumption is that broad, generally applicable poli- cies can be framed even though most settlements are suited to a particular set of conditions in a country or region. A relatively simple definition of settlement is used~the planned or spontaneous movement of people to areas of underutilized agricultural potential, both rainfed and irrigated. PB83-263889/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Education (Third Edition). Sector policy paper. Apr 80, 150p See also French version, PB83-263897, and Spanish version, PB83-263905. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Education, 'Financial management, Fi- nancing, Policies, Grants, Students, Services, Special- ized training. The paper updates the Bank's interpretation of educa- tional development and outlines a framework of policy for lending to education. The paper is divided into two major parts: the first deals with issues and trends in the development of education (Chapters 1-7), and the second describes the past and future policies and pro- grams of lending by the Bank for education (Chapters 9 and 10) within the context of overall external aid to education (Chapter 8). PB83-263897/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Education (Troisieme Edition) (Education (Third Edition)). Sector policy paper. Apr 80, 161p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 263889, and Spanish version, PB83-263905. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Education, 'Financial management, Fi- nancing, Policies, Grants, Students, Services, Special- ized training. The paper updates the Bank's interpretation of educa- tional development and outlines a framework of policy for lending to education. The paper is divided into two major parts: the first deals with issues and trends in the development of education (Chapters 1-7), and the second describes the past and future policies and pro- grams of lending by the Bank for education (Chapters 9 and 10) within the context of overall external aid to education (Chapter 8). PB83-263905/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Educacion (Tercera Edicion) (Education (Third Edi- tion)). Sector policy paper. Apr 80, 169p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 263889, and French version, PB83-263897. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Education, 'Financial management, Fi- nancing, Policies, Grants, Students, Services, Special- ized training. The paper updates the Bank's interpretation of educa- tional development and outlines a framework of policy for lending to education. The paper is divided into two major parts: the first deals with issues and trends in the development of education (Chapters 1-7), and the second describes the past and future policies and pro- grams of lending by the Bank for education (Chapters 9 and 10) within the context of overall external aid to education (Chapter 8). PB83-263913/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Economic Development Inst. Municipal Water Supply Project Analysis: Case Studies, Frank H. Lamson-Scribner ,Jr., and John W. Huang. 1977, 520p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Water supply, 'Urban planning, Cost analysis, Appraisals, Water resources, Agriculture, Proposals, Benefit cost analysis, Account- ing, Reservoirs, Water consumption, Discounted cash flow, Return on investment, Investments, Tables(Data), Maps, Water supply projects. Contents: General case studies; Sector studies, master plans and demand forecasting; Discounting and its applications; Accounting and finance; Water rate structures and pricing; Economic analysis; Project management. PB83-264093/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Emerging Energy and Chemical Applications of Methanol: Opportunities for Developing Countries. C1982, 91 p ISBN-0-821 3-001 8-0 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Methanol, 'Cost benefits, 'Fuels, Bio- mass, Utilization, Blends, Gasoline, Technology, Cost analysis, Marketing, Economic analysis, Fuel con- sumption, Spark ignition engines, Gasohol. Contents: Characteristics of methanol; Chemical and fuel uses of methanol: an overview; Current and potential chemical uses of methanol; Current and potential uses of methanol in spark- ignition engines; Other potential fuel uses of methanol; Methanol technology, raw materials, and production costs; Supply, demand, and price prospects for methanol; Opportunities for developing countries; Policy issues and world bank role. 208 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-264143/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Alcohol Production from Biomass in the Develop- ing Countries. Sep 80, 85p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Biomass, * Fuels, *Ethanol, Fuel con- sumption, Manufacturing, Technology, Sugars, Starch- es, Celluloses, Capitalized costs, Economic analysis, Operating costs, Technology, Process charting, Utili- zation, Land use, Agricultural products, Alternate fuels, Chemical feedstocks, Renewable energy sources. Contents: Principal abbreviations and acronyms used; Characteristics of ethanol; Current and potential uses; Production and consumption of ethanol; Biomass raw materials for ethanol production; Ethanol production technology; Capital costs of alcohol plants; Economics of ethanol production and use; Prospects for alcohol production in developing countries; Policy issues related to alcohol production in the developing countries; Role of the World Bank. PB83-264242/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Florida Univ., Gainesville. Inst, of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Ecological Impact of Integrated Chemical and Bio- logical Aquatic Weed Control, Jerome V. Shireman, William T. Haller, Douglas E. Colle, Curtis E. Watkins, III, and Douglas F. DuRant. Sep 83, 240p EPA-600/3-83-098 Grant EPA-R-805497 Keywords: *Weed control, "Ecology, *Water pollution, Hydrology, Lakes, Sampling, *Aquatic plants, Phyto- plankton, Aquatic animals, Fishes, Zooplankton, Sites, Ponds, Nutrients, Tables(Data), *Water quality, Envi- ronmental effects, Organic loading. This final report presents results of a four-year study of the ecological impacts of chemical, biological, and in- tegrated methods of aquatic weed control. Biological and water quality changes occurred as abundance of macrophytic vegetation was altered by natural factors or management practices. Macrophyte abundance strongly influenced the structure of communities, and it was concluded that environmental effects of plant management programs are determined more by the amount of vegetation controlled than by management technique. Also, changes in lake hydrology and rates of nutrient loading appear to be more important as de- terminants of lake water quality than macrophytes. Re- search needs for evaluation of effects of weed control on aquatic systems are identified. PB83-264358/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Forestry. Sector policy paper. Feb 78, 68p See also French version, PB83-264374, and Spanish version, PB83-264366. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Economic development, "Forestry, Project planning, Exploitation, Wood products, Food, Fuels, Stream flow, Industries, Pulpwood, Catch basins, Soil stabilization, Area, Population growth, Wildlife, Recreation, Global, Habitats. Forests play a significant role in economic develop- ment. In addition to their important influence on the environment, they provide innumerable products of vital use to man. The ecological usefulness of forests is most readily observed in their beneficial effect on water catchment areas, where they have a regulatory influence on stream flows and where they protect soils from erosion and prevent silting of dams and canals. They have pronounced microclimatic effects of benefit to humans and livestock, provide a habitat for wildlife, and are attractive places for recreation. PB83-264366/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Politica Forestal (Forestry). Sector policy paper. Feb 78, 79p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 264358, and French version, PB83-264374. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Economic development, "Forestry, Project planning, Exploitation, Wood products, Food, Fuels, Stream flow, Industries, Pulpwood, Catch basins, Soil stabilization, Area, Population growth, Wildlife, Recreation, Global, Habitats. Forests play a significant role in economic develop- ment. In addition to their important influence on the environment, they provide innumerable products of vital use to man. The ecological usefulness of forests is most readily observed in their beneficial effect on water catchment areas, where they have a regulatory influence on stream flows and where they protect soils from erosion and prevent silting of dams and canals. They have pronounced microclimatic effects of benefit to humans and livestock, provide a habitat for wildlife, and are attractive places for recreation. Forest prod- ucts are extensively used in most societies; they pro- vide food, fuel, fiber, building materials, and industrial products. Almost every modern industry is, to some extent, dependent on forest products in one or more of its processes. PB83-264374/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Foresterie (Forestry). Sector policy paper. Feb 78, 79p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 264358, and Spanish version, PB83-264366. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Economic development, "Forestry, Project planning, Exploitation, Wood products, Food, Fuels, Stream flow, Industries, Pulpwood, Catch basins, Soil stabilization, Area, Population growth, Wildlife, Recreation, Global, Habitats. Forests play a significant role in economic develop- ment. In addition to their important influence on the environment, they provide innumerable products of vital use to man. The ecological usefulness of forests is most readily observed in their beneficial effect on water catchment areas, where they have a regulatory influence on stream flows and where they protect soils from erosion and prevent silting of dams and canals. They have pronounced microclimatic effects of benefit to humans and livestock, provide a habitat for wildlife, and are attractive places for recreation. Forest prod- ucts are extensively used in most societies. Almost every modern industry is, to some extent, dependent on forest products in one or more of its processes. PB83-264382/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System, Daniel Benor, and James Q. Harrison. c1977, 66p ISBN-0-821 3-0202-7 See also French version, PB83-264408, and Spanish version, PB83-264390. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Agriculture, "Education, "Agricultural Ex- tension Services, Organizations, Services, Personnel, Evaluation, Instructions, Farms, Credit, Incentives, Re- quirements, Reforms. This paper describes the Training and Visit System of Extension developed by Daniel Benor, which has been introduced in projects assisted by the World Bank in a number of countries with good results. In India, it has been found very effective when introduced throughout the area served by specific irrigation projects; it is now being rapidly broadened in scope by a number of state- wide extension projects serving both irrigated and rainfed agriculture. PB83-264390/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Extension Agricola: Sistema de Capacitacion y Vi- sitas (Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System), Daniel Benor, and James Q. Harrison. May 77, 73p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 264382, and French version, PB83-264408. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Agriculture, "Education, "Agricultural Ex- tension Services, Organizations, Services, Personnel, Evaluation, Instructions, Farms, Credit, Incentives, Re- quirements, Reforms. This paper describes the Training and Visit System of Extension developed by Daniel Benor, which has been introduced in projects assisted by the World Bank in a number of countries with good results. In India, it has been found very effective when introduced throughout the area served by specific irrigation projects; it is now being rapidly broadened in scope by a number of state- wide extension projects serving both irrigated and rain- fed agriculture. PB83-264408/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Vulgarisation Agricole: Le Systeme de Formation et de Visites (Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System), Daniel Benor, and James Q. Harrison. May 77, 72p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 264382, and Spanish version, PB83-264390. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Agriculture, "Education, "Agricultural ex- tension services, Organizations, Services, Personnel, Evaluation, Instructions, Farms, Credit, Incentives, Re- quirements, Reforms. This paper describes the Training and Visit System of Extension developed by Daniel Benor, which has been introduced in projects assisted by the World Bank in a number of countries with good results. In India, it has been found very effective when introduced throughout the area served by specific irrigation projects; it is now being rapidly broadened in scope by a number of state- wide extension projects serving both irrigated and rain- fed agriculture. PB83-264689/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Development Dept. Environmental Management of Urban Solid Wastes in Developing Countries: A Project Guide, Sandra J. Cointreau. c1982, 224p TECHNICAL PAPER-5, ISBN-0-821 3-0063-6 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-13433. Also pub. as ISSN-0253-3324. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St. NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Waste management, "Waste disposal, "Urban planning, Hazardous materials, Sources, Man- agement planning. The project guide provides information and proce- dures for planning and implementation of solid waste management improvements. It is designed to facilitate project preparation, appraisal and implementation of Bank financed solid waste projects in urban areas. Current Bank objectives, policies, and project require- ments are summarized. It should also be of use to a wide audience involved in solid waste collection and disposal in developing countries. The project guide re- flects the lessons and experience gained from World Bank solid waste projects. The text discusses estab- lishment of an acceptable standard of collection and disposal service delivery, selection of appropriate technology, development of suitably phased action plans, arrangement of institutions for planning and management, arrangement of financial resources, de- velopment of regulatory and enforcement support services, provision of public education and participa- tion programs, and incorporation of incentives and dis- incentives to facilitate project success. 209 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB83-264697/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Technology and Science in World Bank Oper- ations. C1982, 251 p ISBN-0-8213-0058-X Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-7071 . Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Financial management, "Economic devel- opment, Investments, Grants, "Technology transfer, Productivity. The primary function of the Bank is to promote the economic growth and productivity of developing coun- tries; it does this by financing investment projects of high priority. The focus on investment gives the Bank important strengths in dealing with science and tech- nology. The Bank has four basic technological objec- tives: (1) To ensure that the most appropriate technol- ogies are used in the projects it finances; (2) To pro- mote the development of technological capacity in de- veloping countries; (3) To promote the generation, dif- fusion, and application of innovative technologies needed to solve development problems, especially those of the poor; and (4) To promote the adoption by developing countries of national policies that can foster local technological capacity and lead to the use of technologies suited to local conditions, especially to the needs of the poor. The Bank is in a position to render a substantial service to developing countries in working to achieve these four objectives. (Copyright (c) 1982 The World Bank.) PB83-264705/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Development Dept. Designing the Site and Service Plot Allocation Process: Lessons from Project Experience, Lauren E. Cooper. C1982, 49p TECHNICAL PAPER-3 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Urban planning, *Land use, Urban devel- opment, Developing countries, Land, Allocations, Households. This analysis provides a framework in which to identify and trace the steps required to implement the site and service plot allocation process. Based on a survey of 12 urban development projects and two in-depth project studies, a detailed picture emerges of the fac- tors associated with allocating plots and the relation- ships and interdependencies of one factor to another. Potential problem areas and recommendations on how to avoid them are identified. PB83-2647 1 3/GAA M F A0 1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Development Dept. House Registration Handbook: A Model for Regis- tering Houses and Plots in Unplanned Settlements, Saad Yahya. C1982, 86p TECHNICAL PAPER-4, ISBN-0-821 3-0053-9 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: * Urban planning, 'Houses, Guidelines, De- veloping countries, Houses, Land, Census. This manual has been prepared in response to the pressing need for a simple set of guidelines for prepar- ing a list of houses and plots, their characteristics, and who owns them in squatter colonies and similar un- planned settlements. Because such an inventory can be used for a variety of purposes, such as community planning, local taxation, estate management and serv- ices delivery, it is important that relevant information be collected and compiled in a form that could meet varied objectives. The manual is divided into three parts, the first dealing with the objectives of registra- tion and the persons and organizations that could ben- efit from a registration scheme. The second part deals with standards and performance criteria, in technical, social and economic terms. The final part, which is the backbone of the manual, outlines the range of avail- able techniques for carrying out the fieldwork and com- piling the data in a form that is useful to officials as well as to members of the public. The organizational and legal aspects are also discussed in this part. 210 PB83-264747/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Ownership a Efficiency in Urban Buses. Working paper, Charles Feibel, and A. A. Walters. c1980, 26p IBRD- WP-371 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: *Buses(Vehicles), 'Transportation, 'Trans- portation management, Productivity, Urban areas, Effi- ciency, Developing countries, Ownership, Public trans- portation. Efficiency in urban bus operation depends on, among other things, the institutional form of the bus business. For certain cities in LDCs where there are parallel pri- vate and publicly owned operations, it is demonstrated that the costs of private provision are between 50 per- cent to 60 percent of those of publicly owned con- cerns. Additional evidence is adduced to show that the quality of private bus services is not markedly inferior and usually superior to the public bus operation. (Copyright (c) 1980 The World Bank.) PB83-264762/GAA MF E04 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Project Analysis: Case Studies and Ex- ercises. Jan 79, 688p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Economic develop- ment, 'Rural areas, Instructional materials, Agricul- ture, Specialized training. This is a collection of case studies and exercises on agricultural project preparation and analysis. All mate- rials for the present publication were developed for and used in the rural development and rural credit courses offered by the Institute. This publication con- sists of three volumes. The first volume is devoted to Problems. Volumes 2 for Leader's Guides and Scripts and 3 for Solutions are available upon application to the Coordinator, Training Materials and Publications, EDI. All of the case studies and most of the exercises included in this collection are based on actual projects in developing countries. They have been continuously revised to incorporate suggestions of the course par- ticipants and other users. PB83-265264/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Agricultural Research. Sector policy paper. Jun 81, 116p See also French version, PB83-265272, and Spanish version, PB83-265280. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Agricultural economics, 'Agriculture, 'Economic development, Rural areas, Investments, Loans, Policies, Production. A basic premise of this paper is that carefully imple- mented agricultural research can be an efficient source of economic growth and is an important con- tributor to the achievement of key development objec- tives. Adequate food for the world's population over the next two decades requires increases in production at a rate of 3 to 4 percent a year in most developing countries and average increases in yield on already- cropped land of no less than about 2 percent yearly. For much of the developing world, it can be concluded, investment must be significantly expanded to improve the capacity to conduct agricultural research if these targets are to be achieved. The objective of the paper is to provide information and policy guidance of rel- evance to those efforts. PB83-265272/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Recherche Agricole (Agricultural Research). Sector policy paper. C1983, 132p ISBN-0-821 3-01 60-8 Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 265264, and Spanish version, PB83-265280. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Research and development, 'Agricultural economics, 'Economic development, Rural areas, Investments, Loans, Policies, Production. A basic premise of this paper is that carefully imple- mented agricultural research can be an efficient source of economic growth and is an important con- tributor to the achievement of key development objec- tives. Adequate food for the world's population over the next two decades requires increases in production at a rate of 3 to 4 percent a year in most developing countries and average increases in yield on already- cropped land of no less than about 2 percent yearly. For much of the developing world, it can be concluded, investment must be significantly expanded to improve the capacity to conduct agricultural research if these targets are to be achieved. The objective of the paper is to provide information and policy guidance of rel- evance to those efforts. PB83-265280/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Investigaciones Agronomicas (Agricultural Re- search). Sector policy paper. C1983, 137p ISBN-0-821 3-01 61 -6 Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 265264, and French version, PB83-265272. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Research and development, 'Agricultural economics, 'Economic development, Rural areas, Investments, Loans, Policies, Production. A basic premise of this paper is that carefully imple- mented agricultural research can be an efficient source of economic growth and is an important con- tributor to the achievement of key development objec- tives. Adequate food for the world's population over the next two decades requires increases in production at a rate of 3 to 4 percent a year in most developing countries and average increases in yield on already- cropped land of no less than about 2 percent yearly. For much of the developing world, it can be concluded, investment must be significantly expanded to improve the capacity to conduct agricultural research if these targets are to be achieved. The objective of the paper is to provide information and policy guidance of rel- evance to those efforts. PB83-265298/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Sites and Services Projects. World Bank paper. Apr 74, 52p See also French version, PB83-265314, and Spanish version, PB83-265306. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Housing, 'Urban planning, Urban areas, Grants, Low income groups. The paper should be regarded more as a framework in which to consider individual projects than as a manual providing specific directives for design or evaluation. As Bank financing can only provide a marginal contri- bution to the total of investment in urban dwellings and services required in developing countries, it follows that for a significant impact to be made, the site and services projects must be capable of repetition on a much wider scale without such assistance. This means that: (1) the projects must provide a package of bene- fits that is widely accepted by potential occupants as well worth the charges made; (2) such charges must be small, rentals or mortgage payments not exceeding a limited proportion, generally about 20%, of the income of occupants; (3) any costs not covered by the occupants must be within the capacity of the public authorities to bear on the scale of a large continuing program. PB83-265306/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Proyectos de Lotes y Servicios (Sites and Services Projects). World Bank paper. Apr 74, 61 p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB83- 265298, and French version, PB83-265314. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Housing, *Urban planning, Urban areas, Grants, Low income groups. The paper should be regarded more as a framework in which to consider individual projects than as a manual providing specific directives for design or evaluation. As Bank financing can only provide a marginal contri- bution to the total of investment in urban dwellings and services required in developing countries, it follows that for a significant impact to be made, the site and services projects must be capable of repetition on a much wider scale without such assistance. This means that: (1) the projects must provide a package of bene- fits that is widely accepted by potential occupants as well worth the charges made; (2) such charges must be small, rentals or mortgage payments not exceeding a limited proportion, generally about 20%, of the income of occupants; (3) any costs not covered by the occupants must be within the capacity of the public authorities to bear on the scale of a large continuing program. PB83-265314/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Projets de Trames d'Accueil (Sites and Services Projects). World Bank paper. Apr 74, 56p Text in French. See also English version, PB83- 265298, and Spanish version, PB83-265306. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Urban planning, "Housing, Urban areas, Grants, Low income groups. The paper should be regarded more as a framework in which to consider individual projects than as a manual providing specific directives for design or evaluation. As Bank financing can only provide a marginal contri- bution to the total of investment in urban dwellings and services required in developing countries, it follows that for a significant impact to be made, the site and services projects must be capable of repetition on a much wider scale without such assistance. This means that: (1) the projects must provide a package of bene- fits that is widely accepted by potential occupants as well worth the charges made; (2) such charges must be small, rentals or mortgage payments not exceeding a limited proportion, generally about 20%, of the income of occupants; (3) any costs not covered by the occupants must be within the capacity of the public authorities to bear on the scale of a large continuing program. PB83-265348/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Papua New Guinea: Selected Development Issues. World Bank country study, Alice Galenson, Friedrich Kahnert, Glenn Lehmann, Linda Likar, and Mudiayi Ngandu. C1982, 302p Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Economic development, "Papua New Guinea, Developing countries, Government policies, "Agriculture, Income, Employment, Forestry, Fisher- ies, Industries, "Industrial development. This report begins with a statement of the Govern- ment's development objectives and an assessment of its major achievements. It then outlines some areas that are causing concern and identifies the key prob- lems. The bulk of the report focuses on these major problem areas. Beginning with human resources, the report highlights the need to create more income earn- ing opportunities and suggests changes in the wage policies that have constrained the demand for labor. It then turns to trained manpower constraints, with some recommendations for overcoming skill shortages in the economy. Continuing with the country's productive capability, the report explores PNG's agricultural po- tential and suggests policies and programs to promote growth in that sector. Industry, while not a major source of employment at present, will become increas- ingly important, particularly in urban areas. The report examines policies in the industrial sector and suggests ways to ensure that its development follows a rational economic path, without excessive reliance on protec- tion or a distortion of incentives in the economy. (Copyright (c) 1982 The International Bank for Recon- struction and Development/The World Bank.) PB83-265371/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Commodities and Export Pro- jections Div. International Cotton Market Prospects, M. Elton Thigpen, and Maw-Cheng Yang. Jun 78, 79p COMMODITY PAPER-2 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Agricultural economics, "Cotton, "Fibers, Fiber crops, Developing countries, Trends, Supply(Economics), Consumption, Mills, Manufactur- ing, Cotton fabrices, Trends. This paper is one in a series of periodic assessments of the current state and prospects of the world cotton economy. Its main purpose is to provide a revised framework for making long-term demand and supply forecasts for cotton. The paper also aims at providing a global perspective against which Bank lending poli- cies in cotton can be evaluated. Finally, the paper at- tempts to bring together the considerable amount of information on cotton consumption, production and trade that has become available in the recent past. PB83-852418/GAA PC N01/MF N01 National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Preventive Medicine: Hazardous Materials Expo- sure and Public Health. 1976-October, 1982 (Cita- tions from the Energy Data Base). Rept. for 1976-Oct82. Oct 82, 270p* Supersedes PB82-859216.Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Keywords: Hazardous materials, Occupational dis- eases, Radioprotection agents, Health risks, Radio- protection, "Occupational safety and health, Environ- mental health, "Toxic substances. This bibliography covers medical criteria, measures, and procedures for preventing or protecting human populations from health hazards or risks due to casual, therapeutic, or occupational exposure to hazardous materials and toxic substances in natural, medical, and industrial environments. The energy and health care industries are emphasized. (This updated bibliography contains 260 citations, 77 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) PB83-861286/GAA PC N01/MF N01 National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Industrial Energy Management. June, 1976-Febru- ary, 1983 (Citations from the Energy Data Base). Rept. for Jun 76-Feb 83. Feb 83, 293p* Supersedes PB82-8570 12. Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Energy, Washington, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: "Energy management, Industrial sector, "Energy conservation. This bibliography contains citations concerning tech- niques and technology for the management of industri- al and commercial energy utilization. Topics include planning and monitoring of energy conservation sys- tems and apparatus as well as the training of energy managers. Attention is also given to analyses of spe- cific industries and specific facilities with regard to energy management. (This updated bibliography con- tains 302 citations, 82 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) PB83-869685/GAA PC N01/MF N01 National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Animal Offal in the Manufacture of Meat Products. 1972- July, 1983 (Citations from the Food Science and Technology Abstracts Data Base). Rept. for 1972-Jul83. Jul 83, 283p* Supersedes PB81 -882094. Prepared in cooperation with the International Food Information Service, Frank- furt am Main (Germany, F.R.). Keywords: "Food processing, Food storage, Nutritive value, Microbiology. This bibliography contains citations concerning the uti- lization of edible animal offal for direct sale and in the manufacture of meat products such as frankfurters, sausages, lard and protein concentrates. The microbi- ology, keeping quality, nutritional value, and accept- ability of these products are considered. Equipment for processing is also included. (This updated bibliography contains 293 citations, 81 of which are new entries to the previous edition.) PB84-100189/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Urban Growth and Economic Development in the Sahel. World Bank staff working paper, M. A. Cohen, S. A. Agunbiade, D. Antelin, and A. de Mautort. C1979, 129p WP-315 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Economic development, "Sahel, "Urban planning, Developing countries, Urban areas, Employ- ment, Industries, Rural areas, Africa. This essay attempts to formulate answers to the prob- lem by examining the following questions: What are the factors generating and supporting urban growth in the Sahel. Will urban growth continue. If so, how can urban growth be transformed from an essentially para- sitic into a more generative process. What are realistic policy objectives for the medium and long term. What are the constraints to achieving them. And finally, what do we need to know to answer these questions. Chap- ter II presents an historical overview of the urbaniza- tion process in the Sahel, introducing the traditional Sahelian cities, the effects of national independence on urban growth, and past patterns of urban bias in national investment plans. Chapter III reviews the available demographic projections for the Sahelian countries, focusing on expectations for continued mi- gration and- urban growth. Chapter IV examines the rural sector in some detail in order to first understand the reasons for rural out-migration and the limited prospects of increasing rural incomes in the short term. Chapter V then evaluates the absorptive capac- ity of the urban sector in the face of expected urban growth. The last chapter proposes an operational strategy for urban policy change and urban invest- ment. PB84-101021/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. Engineering and Research Center. Concrete Tensile Strength Study, E. L Ore. Apr 83, 30p REC-ERC-81-5 Keywords: "Concrete, Tensile strength, Aggregates, Admixtures, Compressive strength, Water cement ratio, Cements, Fly ash. Construction of double-curvature, thin-arch dams prompted an acute interest in the tensile strength, both static and dynamic, of concrete. The influence on ten- sile strength of such variables as specimen size and shape, aggregate size and shape, cement content, and water-reducing admixtures was questioned. This report considers only static tensile strength. Many indi- rect methods, whereby tensile strength is derived rather than measured, were studied and it was appar- ent that the - splitting test - was the best substitute for the direct method. Constituents used for this study in- cluded aggregates from three sources graded to 19-, 37.5-, 75-, and 100-mm (3/4-, 1 1/2-, 3-, 4-in) maxi- mum size, two cements, one fly ash, and one WRA. Two specimen sizes and configurations were used. PB84-101526/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. 211 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Biotransformation of Selected Organic Pollutants in Ground Water. Journal article, J. T. Wilson, J. F. McNabb, B. H. Wilson, and M. J. Noonan. 1983, 11p EPA-600/J-83-042 Pub. in Developments in Industrial Microbiology 24, P225-233 1983. Keywords: "Ground water, *Water pollution, Chloro- form, Tetrachloroethylene, Toluene, Chlorobenzene, Styrene, Public health, Sampling, Bacteria, Halogen organic compounds, Reprints, Ethane/dichloro, Ethane/trichloro, Ethylene/trichloro, Microcosms, Pickett(Oklahoma), Fort Polk(California), Los Angeles(California). Widespread contamination of ground water by a varie- ty of synthetic organic compounds has created a need for information about the biotransformation of these contaminants in aquifers and associated regions of the unsaturated subsurface. Uncontaminated samples of the subsurface were taken from positions immediately above and below the water table at Pickett, OK, and Fort Polk, LA. Selected organic pollutants were added aseptically to the samples at an initial concentration of 1 mg/liter water. Microbes in the deeper subsurface can degrade some, but not all, of the organic pollut- ants commonly encountered in ground water. PB84-102540/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of Selected Chemicals. Volume 1. Interim rept., G. E. Anderson. Sep 83, 230p Contract EPA-68-02-3066 Supersedes PB81 -193252, and PB81 -193260. Keywords: *Air pollution, Data bases, Exposure, Concentration(Composition), Dosage, Public health, Chemical properties, Physical properties, Environmen- tal health, *Toxic substances, Health risks. EPA commissioned Systems Application, Inc. (SAI) to estimate, on a nationwide basis, public exposure to at- mospheric concentrations of some forty chemicals. The purpose of the study was to provide EPA with in- formation that would be helpful for determining which of the chemicals to study in more detail and in what order. The emphasis was on estimates that would sup- port rough relative comparisons among the chemicals. There was no intent to define, by a scientifically defen- sible methodology, actual public exposure and actual ambient air concentrations; the purpose did not war- rant the very heavy expenditure of funds that would be needed to carry our such a project. The study made free use of such techniques as algorithms for estimat- ing emissions rather than actual emissions data, con- structed plant locations rather than actual plant loca- tions, simplified dispersion modeling to estimate ambi- ent air concentrations, and a constructed 'population' file that relied on extrapolation of 1970 Bureau of Census data on where people lived. PB84-102623/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. World Food Aid Needs and Availabilities, 1983. Jul 83, 173p SeealsoPB82-101486. Keywords: *Food, _ *Food supply, Demand(Economics), Supply(Economics), Production, Developing countries, Cereal products, Agricultural products. A major analysis supplementing international intelli- gence on global food aid needs. Despite current record levels for world cereal stocks and expected gains in world production of most major cereals next year, the need for food aid in 1983/84 will continue at moderate to severe levels in the majority of low- income countries. PB84-102904/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD. Procedure for Isolation and Identification of Sal- monella From Poultry Carcasses. Agriculture handbook, N. A. Cox, J. E. Thomson, and J. S. Bailey. Aug 83, 14p USDA/ARS/AH-603 Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: *Food contamination, "Poultry, Manuals, Isolation, Sampling, Identifying, Tests. This manual describes a sensitive, rapid, and accurate procedure to sample poultry carcasses, then detect and identify salmonella contamination. PB84-102912/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Water-Related Technologies for Sustainable Agri- culture in Arid/Semiarid Lands. Selected Foreign Experience. Background paper. May 83, 83p OTA-BP-F-20 Keywords: "Irrigation, "Water supply, "Arid land, Semi- arid land, Agriculture, Land use, Plant genetics, Im- provements, Droughts, Australia, Egypt, Pakistan, Israel, Technology assessment, "Guayule. This report complements the forthcoming Office of Technology Assessment on water and agriculture in U.S. arid/semiarid lands. The full assessment focuses on U.S. experience. The global significance of agricul- tural research and development on arid/semiarid lands is underscored by the fact that as much as 20 percent of the Earth's surface is arid and semiarid, containing nearly 16 percent of the world's population. Described in the report are selected foreign experi- ences using technology to develop and sustain agricul- ture in arid lands. PB84-103159/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Sex Roles in the Nigerian TIV Farm Household and the Differential Impacts of Development Projects. Staff rept., M. E. Burfisher, and N. R. Horenstein. Oct 82, 77p AGES-820930 Keywords: "Farming, "Rural areas, Farms, House- holds, "Nigeria, "Project planning, Roles(Behavior), Methodology, Income. This paper provides a planning methodology for devel- opment projects that incorporates sex role differences in the farm household. It focuses on the Tiv people of Central Nigeria. The paper provides a quantitative comparison between the projected impacts of a devel- opment project using a conventional planning method- ology based on the aggregated farm household and the proposed methodology in which project impacts are disaggregated by sex. It finds that a consideration of sex role differences helps to identify obstacles and flexibilities that are not anticipated by conventional analysis but which can influence farmers' decisions to adopt new technologies. PB84-103167/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. White Pan Bread Marketing Spreads Methodology. Staff rept., L. D. Schnake. Mar 83, 75p AGES-830224 Keywords: "Food, "Marketing, Prices, Market value, Oilseeds, Cost analysis, Wheat, Ingredients, Flour mills, Exports. Explained is the methodology used in the USDA mar- keting spreads series for white pan bread which in- volves price spreads, farm value of ingredients, and cost of farm ingredients to flour millers and bakeries. Ingredients have changed in relation to changes in wet corn milling, oilseed processing, and bakery technolo- gy. Calculation of marketing spreads for white pan bread have been adjusted to account for these changes. Changes in marketing patterns that have re- sulted from expanding export markets for wheat are also taken into account in determining the cost of wheat to flour mills and in the value of farm ingredients used in making bread. PB84-103183/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Beef and Livestock Supply: Simple Models. Staff rept., D. W. Regier. Dec 82, 200p AGES-821 126 Keywords: "Economic analysis, "Livestock, Projec- tions. Simple modeling systems of U.S. beef and cattle supply are presented. They are intended as guides for analysis and projection of livestock sectors in large multicommodity models of the world. Beef and cattle are the main commodities of the livestock balance shipped in world trade. Analysis is at the highest level of aggregation: a 4-equation version is the smallest, containing the herd balance, animals born and slaugh- tered, and meat obtained; a 7-equation version resem- bles the former, but identifies the rates of calving and slaughter and the average carcass weight as behavior- al. Both approaches perform well. A dairy sector per- forms better in the smaller version. PB84-103845/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. New Methodological Approach for Estimating Ag- ricultural Costs of Production. Staff rept.. G. Hoffman, and C. Gustafson. May 83, 24p AGES- 830513 Keywords: "Agricultural economics, Production, Cost estimates, Losses, Capital, Land, Commodities, Cash flow. Current concepts and procedures used by USDA to estimate farm enterprise costs of production are inad- equate for describing economic conditions of various producer groups. The 1981 Agriculture and Food Act gives USDA greater flexibility in estimating production costs. New procedures for developing estimates that deal with problems of unrealized farmland capital grains, cash flow, and returns to the resources of pro- duction are described in this report. PB84-104009/GAA PC A20/MF A01 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO. Use of a Simulation Model in Assessing the Im- pacts of Climate on the World Food System. Doctoral thesis, D. M. Liverman. 1983, 461 p NCAR/CT-77 Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Los An- geles. Sponsored in part by National Science Founda- tion, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Crops, "Meteorology, "Economic analy- sis, Food, Supply(Economics), Yield, Mathematical models, Trends, Statistical analysis, Comparison, Theses, Production, Prices, Imports, Computer pro- grams, Fortran, Global. Climate variation and long-term change can cause fluctuations in yields of major food crops. The interde- pendences between global environment and econo- my are such that changes in yield are reflected in changes in food supply, trade and consumption. This dissertation assesses the value of a simulation model for studying the impacts of climate on the world food system. A protypical global model (the International Futures Simulation) is tested for the sensitivity of major food system variables to changes in crop yield. Crop yield is changed as a surrogate for climate, change and variation. The response of the model to sudden, step and trend changes in a crop yield factor is moni- tored and compared statistically to the results of a standard run. The overall food system model is shown to be sensitive to changes in crop yields, particularly to sudden and step changes in the U.S., South Asian, or all regions, as measured by world accumulated starva- tion over the 1 975-2000 time period. PB84-104041/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Sustaining Tropical Forest Resources. Back- ground Paper Number 1. Reforestation of Degrad- ed Lands. May 83, 65p OTA-BP-F-18 Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Soils, "Forestry, Soil properties, Plant reproduction, Arid land, Soil erosion, Semiarid land, Planting, Cultivation, Desertification. This paper is part of The Office of Technology Assess- ment's (forthcoming) assessment Technologies to Sustain Tropical Forest Resources. It is designed to provide an overview of some reforestation technol- 212 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ogies and their possible beneficial and adverse im- pacts. PB84-104058/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Sustaining Tropical Forest Resources. Back- ground Paper Number 2. U.S. and International In- stitutions. May 83, 73p OTA-BP-F-19 Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Forestry, 'Natural re- sources, Organizations, Developing countries, Con- straints, Reforestration, Institutions, Deforestation. This background paper explores the roles of national, regional and international institutions and the private sector in developing and implementing technologies to sustain tropical forests. It is part of the OTA (forthcom- ing) report Technologies to Sustain Tropical Forest Resources. This paper explains how U.S. and interna- tional institutions affect the development and imple- mentation of technologies to sustain tropical forest re- sources; reviews the capabilities of a range of selected U.S. institutions, developed and developing world insti- tutions, funding foundations, and private sector organi- zations; and discusses the constraints and opportuni- ties faced by these institutions. PB84-104207/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg. Sea Grant Project. Seafood Processing Wastes as Fish Meal Substi- tutes in Pelleted Catfish Feeds, J. C. Dean, L. A. Nielsen, and G. J. Flick. 1983, 22p VPI-SG-82-05, NOAA-83 100607 Grant NA81AA-D-00025 Keywords: 'Waste recycling, 'Animal feeds, 'Aqua- culture, 'Seafood, Food processing, Industrial wastes, Proteins, Substitutes, Nutritive value, Chemical analy- sis, Fats, Ash content, Moisture content, Comparison, Fish protein concentrates, Cost effectiveness, Tables (Data). Two significant problems face different sectors of the commercial fisheries industry. First, the scarcity of de- pendable, affordable supplies of high quality protein meals for fish feeds is a problem for fish-farmers. Second, the daily mass of wastes from seafood proc- essing creates a disposal problem at seafood plants along the coast. This booklet describes a way in which these problems may be linked to the mutual benefit of aquaculturists and seafood processors. PB84-104488/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Sea Grant Coll. Program. Proceedings of the Annual Tropical and Subtropi- cal Fisheries Conference of the Americas (8th), R. Nickelson, II. Aug 83, 275p TAMU-SG-83-112, NOAA-83 100604 Grant NA81AA-D-00092 See also PB82-235094. Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Fisheries, Shrimps, Pro- duction, Imports, Lobsters, Crabs, Porifera, Mollusca, Parasites, Food processing, Bacteria, Seafood, Flavor, Disease vectors. Contents: Activities of the Gulf of Mexico fishery management council; World shrimp production trends and the U.S. import market; World production, imports and U.S. demand for Spiny Lobsters; Ways of improving communication (Extension) between the fisheries industry and institutes in Latin America; Temporal changes in fish community diversity near a sewage outfall, Mokapu, O'ahu, Hawai'i; Preliminary results of a study of survival and growth of cut vs. hooked commercial sponges in the Florida Keys; Preliminary observations from on-board handling deep-sea crabs (Geryon) harvested from the Gulf of Mexico; Experimental gear for harvesting deep-sea crab (Geryon) from the Gulf of Mexico; Purse seine fishing for coastal pelagic species in the Northern Gulf of Mexico; Adductor muscle parasites, Sulcascaris sulcata, in calico scallops from the southest coast of the United States; Determination of the thermal death time of Vibrio cholerae in shrimp (Penaeus setiferus); Evaluation of the elevated temperature incubation procedure for the recovery of salmonellae from oysters; Incidence of salmonellae in clams, oysters, crabs and mullet harvested from two locations in Florida. PB84-104561/GAA PC A05/MF A01 SG Associates, Inc., Boston, MA. Simplified Aids for Transportation Analysis: Princi- ples and Procedures for Subarea Planning. Final rept., M. Golenberg, and J. A. Howard. May 83, 89p* FHWA/PL-83/003 Contract DTFH61 -80-0071 Prepared in cooperation with Multisystems, Inc., Cam- bridge, MA. Sponsored in part by Urban Mass Trans- portation Administration, Washington, DC. See also PB84-1 04579. Keywords: 'Transportation management, 'Urban planning, Guidelines, Urban area, Central city, Urban transportation, Highway transportation, Mass transpor- tation, Procedures, Transportation corridors, Case studies. The Guide provides the planner with guidance in de- signing the planning analysis and selecting the tech- niques for carrying out specific types of subarea plan- ning studies. The guide addresses the many variations of subarea planning problems including: (1) short and long range studies; (2) use of TSM operational and low cost as well as major capital improvement actions; and (3) planning at tthe corridor level, for activity centers such as CBD's and for localized sites and facilities. The study approach includes seven steps discussed in this report: Define the Problem; Define the Study Area; Organize the Technical Approach; Base or Existing Conditions Analysis; Future Conditions Analysis; Gen- erating, Testing and Evaluating Alternatives; and Rec- ommendations and Preparation of Implementation Program. Three case studies accompany this guide which illustrate applications of the Principles and Pro- cedures to a short range TSM corridor planning study, a short range TSM subarea (CBD) planning study, and a major capital improvement planning study. PB84-105089/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Mississippi State Highway Dept., Jackson. Research and Development Div. Evaluation of Chem-Crete High Strength Modified Asphalt Concentrate. Final rept., A. B. Crawley. Sep 83, 30p MSHD-RD-83-675 Sponsored in part by Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Pavements, Additives, Bituminous ce- ments, Field tests, Performance evaluation, Mississip- pi, Chem-Crete. A Chem-Crete modified sand asphalt base course was constructed and evaluated in order to determine its ability to significantly increase the Marshall Stability of the paving material. Test and control sections were es- tablished on a low traffic volume coastal highway. The base course mixture was produced in an asphalt batch plant with only minor changes in plant operations. No problems developed during mix production, laydown or compaction. PB84-105238/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Office of Personnel Management, Washington, DC. Workforce Effectiveness and Development Group. Assessing Changes in Job Behavior Due to Train- ing: A Guide to the Participant Action Plan Ap- proach. Oct 79, 11 Op OPM/WDG-83/8 Keywords: 'Employee participation, 'Training, Behav- ior, Evaluation, Supervisors, Instructional materials. The Participant Action Plan Approach (PAPA), a ge- neric evaluation method developed by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, enables evaluators to de- termine the extent of behavioral change which has oc- curred as a result of participants' attending a training course. At the end of training, participants fill out an action plan - listing the changes they want to imple- ment when they return to their jobs. The evaluator fol- lows up with the participants several months later, through interviews or questionnaires, to obtain specific examples of change, as well as other data such as fac- tors interfering with attempted change and the impact on the organization of new efforts made by partici- pants. Variations on the basic PAPA process include following up with participants without having them fill out action plans during the course (still collecting ex- amples of behavioral change), and involving the super- visors of the participants in the action planning proc- ess, either before or after the course or both. The PAPA Guide contains complete step-by-step instruc- tions for conducting an evaluation using PAPA, includ- ing forms, alternative ways to analyze results, and a sample report format. PB84-105584/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Nebraska Univ. -Lincoln. Dept. of Agricultural Engineer- ing. Increased Water Conservation and Percolation through Improved Tillage Practices, H. D. Wittmuss. 1980, 36p W83-04160, , OWRT-A- 069-NEB(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 29 Prepared in cooperation with Nebraska Water Re- sources Center, Lincoln. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Water supply, Cultivation, 'Water storage, Percolation, Soil water, Mathematical models, Irrigation, Ground water, Hydraulic conductivi- ty, Water balance, Tables(Data), Nebraska. A technique was developed to determine soil water storage and predict deep percolation under different tillage treatments and moisture levels. The dryland farmer can use the findings to vary his tillage practices to conserve the maximum amount of moisture for in- creased crop production. The irrigation farmer can use the findings to vary his tillage practices to increase deep percolation from rainfall to increase groundwater storage. A model was developed to predict deep per- colation below the root zone based on the ratio of actual soil moisture content of the soil in the root zone to the saturated moisture of the soil (degree of satura- tion) and some parametric constants depending on soil type. The amount of water stored in the root zone increased gradually during the growing season. There were no significant differences in deep percolation or crop yields among overall tillage treatments. PB84-105758/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Managing Tropical Animal Resources: Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea. Final rept. Jun 83, 46p 44 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-061857. Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Farming, Wildlife, Conservation, Rural areas, 'Papua New Guinea, Tropical regions. Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by turning these insects into cash crops, villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation. In this unique program, butterfly farming is being used to complement the preservation of species and habitats. In balancing the utilization of common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, PNG is providing a model for other countries. The program demonstrates how village development can become an integral part of conservation. PB84-105766/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Opportunities for Control of Dracunculiasis: Report of a Workshop Held at Washington, DC. on June 16-19, 1982. Final rept. 1983, 74p49 Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. 213 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: * Parasites, 'Diseases, 'Tropical regions, Public health, Developing countries, Tropical diseases, Guinea worm infection. Dracunculiasis, or guinea worm disease, is a parasitic disease that has been the cause of human suffering and an impediment to economic development in parts of Africa, India, and the Middle East. Until recently the disease has not been the subject of sustained re- search or control efforts, because it does not kill but rather temporarily disables people in remote, rural areas. This is the report of the first international meet- ing on dracunculiasis. It contains the findings and rec- ommendations of a distinguished group of scientists who were brought together to discuss dracunculiasis as an international health problem. PB84-105774/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Environmental Change in the West African Sahel. Final rept. Jul 83, 105p50 Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Environmental surveys, 'Agriculture, 'West Africa, 'Project planning, Ecology, Livestock, Production, Rainfall. An inadequate understanding of Sahelian climatology, environmental history and ecosystem function has consistently hindered the formulation and successful implementation of environmental and agricultural projects in the Sahel. In this study the Advisory Com- mittee of the Sahel of the National Research Council has attempted to clarify the environmental history of the region and provide needed baseline information for the formulation of projects to rehabilitate Sahelian ecosystems and promote sustainable agricultural and livestock production. PB84-105808/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Workshops on the Management of Urban Waste and on Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture Held at Tunis, Tunisia on April 7-28, 1983. Staff summary rept. (Final). Aug 83, 58p 83-5 Contract AID/NE-C-1536 Sponsored in part by Ministere de I'Enseignement Su- perieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Tunis (Tuni- sia). Keywords: 'Waste water reuse, 'Agriculture, 'Tunisia, Sanitation, Sludge disposal, Irrigation, Metals, Solid waste disposal, Sewage treatment. The Board on Science and Technology for Internation- al Development helped organize and participated in two workshops in Tunis on Management of Urban Waste and Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in April 1983. The workshop on Management of Urban Waste concentrated on the following topics: Overview of urban refuse disposal methods; Underlying concepts of composting; Scientific principles of composting; Pilot-scale experimentation; Heavy metals and patho- gens; and Economic considerations. The Workshop of Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture focused on the fol- lowing topics: Quality requirements for the use of sewage effluent for irrigation; Principles of sewage treatment and practical sewage irrigation in the U.S. PB84-106806/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Technology for Increasing Rural Productivity in In- donesia - Report of a Workshop Held at Jakarta, Indonesia on October 7-15, 1982. Final rept. 1983, 60p83-4 Contract AID-497-79-1 00-23 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Productivity, 'Rural areas, 'Indonesia, Population growth, Migration, 'Eco- nomic development. The most serious problem confronting Indonesia is its high rate of population growth. In particular this prob- lem contributes heavily to the poverty of rural popula- tions. In 1982, a second workshop was held to deter- mine what research is required to enhance rural pro- ductivity. The workshop was attended by Indonesian and NRC participants with varied backgrounds to en- courage a multidisciplinary approach toward finding solutions to the problems facing rural Indoesia. The report summarizes the discussions of the workshop and includes the recommendations of the U.S. and In- doesian particpants. PB84-108307/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Agricultural Research Council, Oxford (England). Weed Research Organization. Activity and Pre-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: Chlomethoxynil, NC 20484 and MBR 18337. Technical rept., W. G. Richardson, T. M. West, and C. Parker. Mar 82, 54p ARC/WRO/TR-64, ISBN-0-7084-0239-9 Also pub. in ISSN-051 1-4136. Keywords: 'Herbicides, 'Weed control, Pesticides, Farm crops, Tables(Data), Soil analysis, Spraying, Ether/dichlorophenyl-methoxy-nitrophenyl, Ethane sulfonic acid/dihydra dimethyl-benzofuranyl, Methane sulfonamide/N-((ethylthio)-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl). In glasshouse pot experiments 3 herbicides were ex- amined for pre-emergence selectivity as soil surface sprays on 69 species of temperate and tropical crops and weeds. Persistence in the soil, examined for 33 weeks, was as long for chlomethoxynil as for simazine. Persistence of NC 20484 and MBR 18337 was longer than that of cyanazine but not as long as that of sima- zine. PB84-108455/GAA PC A09/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commit- tee on Population and Demography. Levels and Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Brazil. Final rept. 1983, 198p21 Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Brazil, Population growth, 'Demography, 'Fertility, Mortality, Children, Census. During the past decade Brazil has undergone two im- portant demographic changes: (1) fertility decline that had already begun by the time of the 1 970 census has continued at what appears to be an ever increasing pace; (2) a household survey program has completed at least 6 nationwide surveys during the 1970-1979 decade all of which explored demographic characteris- tics of the population. Thus there is a great deal of data on the period since 1970, whereas there is little demo- graphic information for years prior to 1 970. Chapter 1 provides detailed descriptions of the sources of demo- graphic data used in the report. Chapters 2 and 3 de- scribe the analytical methods applied in deriving esti- mates of mortality and fertility. Chapter 4 deals with population growth. PB84-108539/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, Washington, DC. National Aquaculture Development Plan. Volume 1. Final rept., Sep 83, 82p See also Volume 2, PB84-1 08547. Keywords: 'Fisheries, 'Aquaculture, Production, Ge- netics, Reproduction(Biology), Animal nutrition, Har- vesting, Pest control, Marketing, Legislation, Econom- ic conditions, Conflicts, Research projects, National Aquaculture Act of 1 980. This report (I) describes technologies, problems, and opportunities associated with aquaculture in the U.S. and its territories. It recommends actions to solve problems and analyzes the social, environmental, and economic impacts of growth in aquaculture. PB84-108547/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, Washington, DC. National Aquaculture Development Plan. Volume 2. Final rept. Sep 83, 206p See also Volume 1 , PB84-1 08539. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Fisheries, Growth, Econom- ic impact, Fresh water fishes, Catfishes, Clams, Mus- sels, Oysters, Shrimps, Bass, Trout, Economic condi- tions, Production, Regulations, Genetics, Reproduction(Biology), Baitfish. The report describes technologies, problems, and op- portunities associated with aquaculture in the U.S. and its territories. This study contains in-depth discussions of important, selected aquaculture species, an exten- sive bibliography and a list of contributors. PB84-109073/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Agricultural Research Council, Oxford (England). Weed Research Organization. Activity and Pre-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: AC 213087 and AC 222293. Technical rept., W. G. Richardson, T. M. West, and C. Parker. Dec 82, 42p ARC/WRO/TR-66, ISBN-0-7084-0258-5 Also pub. in ISSN-051 1 -41 36. Keywords: 'Herbicides, 'Weed control, 'Crops, Grain crops, Tolerances(Physiology), Spraying, Wheat plants, Barley plants, Effectiveness, Lettuce, Green- houses, Tests, AC 213087 herbicide, AC 222293 her- bicide. In glasshouse pot experiments 2 herbicides were ex- amined for pre-emergence selectivity as soil surface sprays on 69 species of tropical crops and weeds. AC 213087 and AC 222293 were notable for control of Avena fatua and Alopecurus myosuroides and were relatively safe on wheat, barley and maize. Tolerance by those crops was increased by seed dressings of the safener 1 ,8-naphthalic anhydride. Considerable con- trol of important weeds such as Veronica persica and Galium aparine was achieved but Compositae were generally resistant. Lettuce was tolerant to AC 222293. PB84-109594/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Agricultural Research Council, Oxford (England). Weed Research Organization. Activity and Post-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: Trifopsime, Glu- fosinate, RH 8817, MBR 18337 and NC 20484. Technical rept., W. G. Richardson, T. M. West, and C. Parker. Dec 82, 66p ARC/WRO/TR-67, ISBN-0-7084-0259-3 Also pub. in ISSN-051 1-4135. Keywords: 'Herbicides, 'Weed control, 'Farming, 'Crops, Vegetable crops, Grasses, Tolerances(Physiology), Grain crops, Effectiveness, Damage, Spraying, Glufosinate, Trifopsime, RH 8817 herbicide, MBR 18337 herbicide, NC 20484 herbicide. Post-emergence selectivity of 5 new herbicides was examined on 37 temperate and 28 tropical species of crops and weeds. Trifopsime, now withdrawn, was active pre- and post-emergence. Most annual and pe- rennial grass weeds were controlled post-emergence and there was some effect on Poa annua, usually re- sistant to aryloxy-phenoxy herbicides. Volunteer cere- als were susceptible but all broad-leaved weeds were resistant. Onion and broad-leaved crops were highly tolerant. Glufosinate was highly active as a foliar spray with little or no activity through the soil. It was mainly non-selective, damaging most crops as well as con- trolling most broad-leaved and grass weeds. RH 8817, pre- and post-emergence, controlled several annual broad-leaved weeds post-emergence but grasses were more resistant. MBR 18337 controlled only a few annual grass weeds in chickpea, rape, cabbage and radish post-emergence. NC 20484 controlled several annual grass and broad-leaved weeds post-emer- gence. PB84-109628/GAA PC E08/MF E01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. Municipal Planning: Restrictions, Methods and Or- ganizational Problems, A. Khakee. 1983, 175p D1 4:1 983 Keywords: 'Urban planning, Methodology, 'Economic development, Local government, Central city, Busi- nesses, Coordination. 214 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS This study aims to analyze some of the problems of municipal planning with reference to planning that has been attempted in Sweden and in the context of new ideas evolved as a result of research in urban model- ling, planning organization and futures studies. PB84-110170/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh (Scot- land). Study of the Importance of 'Total' Dust (As Com- pared with the Respirable Fraction) in Causing Upper Respiratory Disease. Final rept. Mar 77-Feb 80, A. J. Cowie, N. P. Crawford, B. G. Miller, and J. Dodgson. Jun 81, 56p TM/81/9, EUR/P-54 Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Mining, Exposure, Pneumo- coniosis, Toxicity, 'Occupational safety and health. The importance of the role of dust in the development of coalminers' pneumoconiosis is well established but its relationship with upper respiratory disease ('chronic bronchitis') is less well defined. Research carried out within the last 10 years has demonstrated relation- ships between the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, reduction of lung function and exposure to the mass of the so-called respirable fraction of coal- mine dust. It has been suggested, however, that a frac- tion of the airborne dust which contained more larger particles than the respirable fraction might be more ap- propriate for comparison with upper respiratory dis- ease. The aim of the present study is to examine this question. PB84-110923/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh (Scot- land). Toxicology of Calcium Silicate Insulating Materi- als, J. M. G. Davis, J. Addison, R. E. Bolton, K. Donaldson, and A. D. Jones. Jan 83, 100p TM/83/1 Keywords: 'Toxic substances, Respiration, Mineralo- gy, Morbidity, Mortality, Dust, 'Occupational safety and health, Capocil 16, Newtherm 800, Paratemp AF. For many years asbestos was used as the main insula- tion material in the engine rooms of ships. Its high re- sistance to heat and chemical corrosion made it an ideal material for use in these situation. However, with the realization that asbestos dust was extremely path- ogenic when inhaled, producing pulmonary fibrosis or asbestosis, bronchial carcinomas and mesotheliomas, it was replaced by a variety of substitutes. In the British Royal Navy the main substitutes for the insulation of machinery have been calcium silicate composites. The main constituent of these products is tobermorite and they are manufactured from lime and either amor- phous silica or quartz but with variable additives includ- ing man-made mineral fibre, cellulose fibre, amor- phous silica and haematite. The purpose of the present project was to use the inhalation technique to examine the effects in rats of dust from three calcium silicate insulation materials currently used in H.M. ships. PB84-1 1 1020/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion, Fort Collins, CO. Analysis of Multiresource Production for National Assessments and Appraisals. Forest Service general technical rept. (Final), L A. Joyce, B. McKinnon, J. G. Hof, and T. W. Hoekstra. Aug 83, 27p FSGTR/RM-101 Keywords: 'Management techniques, 'Forestry, Eco- nomic factors, Production, Linear programming, As- sessments, Ecosystems. This report gives an overview of the analytical meth- ods used in integrated (multidisciplinary, multire- source, and multilevel) land management production analyses. The ecological and economic theory under- lying both simulations and optimization methods are also reviewed. PB84-111566/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Center for Health Services Research, Rock- ville, MD. Hospital Cost and Utilization Project. Project Over- view. Research note 1 , M. C. Hornbrook. Jun 83, 25p* NCHSR-83-76, DHHS/PUB/PHS-83-3343 SeealsoPB84-111574. Keywords: 'Health, 'Project evaluation, Cost analysis, Research projects, Policies, Utilization, Patients, Infor- mation systems, Hospital Cost and Utilization Project, Health care. Goals of this NCHSR study are to help understand how hospitals provide health care services and to de- termine patterns of hospital use and costs. HCUP is specifically designed to provide information and analy- ses on research and policy questions pertaining to the performance of the hospital industry. This introductory HCUP Research Note provides a complete project overview. The need for this research project is de- scribed and research objectives are defined. Construc- tion of the data base is detailed, along with a descrip- tion of its limitations. Abstracts of selected ongoing studies also are included. PB84-111574/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Center for Health Services Research, Rock- ville, MD. Hospital Cost and Utilization Project. Characteris- tics of Financially Distressed Hospitals. Research note 3, J. V. Kelly, and J. J. O'Brien. Jun 83, 21 p* NCHSR- 83-77, DHHS/PUB/PHS-83-3352 See also PB84-1 11566. Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Health, Cost analysis, Research projects, Utilization, Liabilities, Poli- cies, Hospital Cost and Utilization Project, Health care. Goals of this National Center for Health Services Re- search study are to help understand how hospitals provide health care services and to determine patterns of hospital use and costs. HCUP is specifically de- signed to provide information and analyses on re- search and policy questions pertaining to the perform- ance of the hospital industry. This HCUP Research Note identifies and clarifies the roles of hospital case mix, operating characteristics, and other factors that may contribute to financial distress. The effects of chronic deficits on hospital management and oper- ations are discussed. Chronic hospital financial dis- tress is defined and analyzed across hospital loca- tions. Differences in patient case mix and treatment patterns are examined to test hypotheses regarding causes of chronic deficits. Cost and revenue factors associated with differences in hospital output and op- erating characteristics also are contrasted. A discus- sion of policy implications concludes the report. PB84-1 1 1830/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Nature of Phosphorus Fractions in Land Runoff and Their Availability to Algae. Final rept., J. P. Barlow, D. R. Bouldin, R. T. Oglesby, W. R. Schaffner, and M. S. Glase. 1983, 66p W84-00043, , OWRT-B-098-NY(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1251 Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Algae, Bioassay, Chemi- cal reactions, Sorption, Concentration(Composition), Phosphorus organic compounds, Fertilizers, Availabil- ity, New York. Phosphorus in agricultural discharge and streams was examined for biological availability of soluble fractions and for the quantity of these in discharge. In streams, very little soluble P was detected, even during heavy flow. Although there was considerable variability in the concentration of P discharged from fields, the total amount lost was closely related to the amount of water discharged. Soluble P, both molybdate reactive and unreactive was largely biologically available as deter- mined by algal bioassays and bioassays using natural pond microfloral assemblages. Soluble P which was less available after herbicide treatment or frosts may have resulted from breakdown of plant material. Sorp- tion was related to the quantity of suspended particu- lates. PB84-111988/GAA PC E08/MF E08 National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal (India). Operational Research Project: Integrated Milk and Crop Production Project for Increased Productivi- ty, Employment and Farm Income in Village Around Karnal. Progress Rept. 1975-81, R. K. Patel, C. B. Singh, M. Pal, P. A. Sarma, and S. C. Dass. 1982, 169p Keywords: 'Crops, 'Management techniques, 'Pro- ductivity, Production, Improvement, Grain crops, Hay, Fertilizers, Animal husbandry, Reproduction(Biology), Agricultural economics, Education, India, Developing country application. The rationale behind the project is that maximization of income from small farms is best ensured by a combi- nation of dairy enterprise and crop cultivation. The two major planks of the program are the improvement in crop productivity and cattle development. The ultimate objective of the crop improvement program is to satu- rate the entire area with the new crop varieties of grain and fodder crops, and to introduce a new package of cultural practices. In the sphere of dairy development, the project has set up a network of artificial insemina- tion and dairy cattle health improvement centers. PB84-1 1 1996/GAA PC E08/MF E08 Ministry of Labour, Tokyo (Japan). Investigative Re- search Committee on the Effects of Microelectronics on Employment. Effects of Microelectronics on Employment. Interim rept. Oct 83, 138p Trans, of mono. Maikuroerekutoronikusu no Koyo ni Oyobosu Eikyo ni Tsuite (Chukan Hokoku), 106p Aug 82. See also PB83-245423. Keywords: 'Employment, 'Electronics, 'Machine tools, Robots, Automation, Technology innovation, Foreign countries, Industries. The report provides results obtained in an ongoing in- vestigation of the effects on employment of the intro- duction of microelectronics-based devices into the workplace. Such devices include numerical control machine tools, machining centers, industrial robots, flexible manufacturing systems, CAD/CAM, point-of- sale information control systems, office automation systems, and others. Topics include: progress of tech- nological innovation based on microelectronics; theo- retical views of the effects of microelectronics on em- ployment; the present effects of microelectronics on employment in Japan; effects of industrial robots on employment; effects on employment in the automobile industry; effects on employment in the watch manufac- turing industry; effects of office automation on employ- ment; and anticipated future problems. PB84-112002/GAA PC$11.50/MF$11.50 Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Tropical Yams and Their Potential. Part 1. 'Dios- corea esculenta'. Part 2. Dioscorea bulbif era'. Part 3. 'Dioscorea alata". Part 4. 'Dioscorea rotundata and 'Dioscorea cayenensis'. Part 5. 'Dioscorea tri- fida'. Part 6. Minor Cultivated 'Dioscorea' Species. Agricultural handbooks. Nov 78, 188p Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Potatoes, Botany, His- tory, Distribution(Property), Classifications, Morpholo- gy, Cultivation, Planting, Fertilizing, Pest control, Plant diseases, Harvesting, Food storage, Marketing, Cook- ery, Food composition, Utilization, Yams. The report describes several varieties of Dioscorea (Yams) which can be grown and used as a food source in tropical regions. Some of the subject areas covered are: Botany, varieties, culture, storage, food composi- tion, and potential uses. PB84-112010/GAA PC$1 1.50/MF$1 1.50 Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. 215 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Vegetables for the Hot, Humid Tropics. Part 1. The Winged Bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'. Part 2. Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus'. Part 3. Chaya, Cnidoscolus chayamansa'. Part 4. Sponge and Bottle Gourds, 'Luffa' and 'Lagenaria'. Part 5. Eggplant, Solanum melongena'. Part 6. Amaranth and Celosia, Amaranthus' and Celosia'. Part 7. The Peppers, 'Capsicum' Species. Part 8. Vegeta- ble Corns, Zea mays'. Jun 81, 180p Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Vegetables, "Crops, Bean plants, Taxonomy, Cultivation, Planting, Soil properties, Yield, Nutritive value, Corn plants, Plant ge- netics, Plant reproduction, Insects, Plant diseases, Leaves(Botany), Roots. The purpose of this series of bulletins is to furnish in- formation about vegetables that can be grown in the hot, humid Tropics. The vegetables covered are either not well known, at least with respect to some uses, or not well distributed, but are productive during tropical rainy seasons. The techniques recommended can be applied on a small scale or with a low level of technolo- gy. Seed sources are suggested when necessary. PB84-112515/GAA PC$11.50/MF$11.50 Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Cultivation of Neglected Tropical Fruits with Prom- ise. Part 1. The Mangosteen. Part 2. The Mamey Sapote. Part 3. The Pummelo. Part 4. The Lanson. Part 5. The Canistel and its Relatives. Part 6. The Rambutan. Part 7. The Durian. Part 8. The Pejibaye. Jun 80, 136p Keywords: "Crops, "Tropical regions, "Fruits, Cultiva- tion, Plant reproduction, Planting, Soil properties, Plant diseases, Insects, Harvesting, Utilization, Pruning. The collection of handbooks describes cultivation methods for several tropical fruit trees which are not widely known. The report describes care of the fruit trees, insects and diseases which are common, and harvesting methods. PB84-112523/GAA PC$7.50/MF$7.50 Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Growing Food in Containers in the Tropics; Tech- niques and Plants for the Tropical Subsistence Farm. Agricultural reviews and manuals, F. W. Martin, and R. M. Ruperte. Jan 81, 81 p Also pub. in ISSN-01 93-3779. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Crops, Containers, Plant growth, Soil properties, Drainage, Vegetable crops, Insect control, Nutritive value, Planting, Legumi- nous plants, Grain crops, Poultry, Livestock, Soil fertili- ty, Hand tools, Forage crops, Trees(Plants), Small farms. This publication is designed to help those who live in the Tropics and whose space is limited to grow some of their own food in containers. It contains information on choosing containers and sites, preparing the soil, establishing and caring for the plants, avoiding insect and disease problems, harvesting, and the suitability of potential crops for container culture in the Tropics. This publication is designed to help teach the subsist- ence farmer how to best meet his family's nutritional needs. Individual species of leaves, legumes, roots and tubers, fruit vegetables, and cereals that are espe- cially appropriate for the Tropics are recommended. The use of trees on the subsistence farm is discussed and various trees are recommended either for their edible products or for other special products. PB84-112531/GAA PC$11.50/MF$11.50 Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Edible Leaves of the Tropics (2nd Edition), F. W. Martin, and R. M. Ruberte. 1979, 232p See also Spanish version, PB84-1 12549. Prepared in cooperation with Mayaguez Inst, of Tropical Agricul- ture, PR. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Plants(Botany), "Crops, "Fruits, "Vegetables, Weeds, Seasonings, Tea, Let- tuce, Cultivation, Plant reproduction, Soil properties, Poisonous plants, Acceptability, Taste, Listings, Herbs. Contents: The principal edible green leaf herbs of the tropics; Some fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants that also bear edible leaves; Common weeds with edible green leaves; Tropical trees with edible green leaves; Tropical leaves as spices and teas; Temperate zone green leaves in the tropics; Lettuce in the tropics; Tropical leaves that are poisonous; Culture and care of green-leaved vegetables. PB84-112549/GAA PC$11.50/MF$11.50 Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Hojas Comestibles del Tropico (Edible Leaves of the Tropics), R. M. Ruberte, and F. W. Martin. 1975, 247p Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB84- 112531. Prepared in cooperation with Mayaguez Inst, of Tropical Agriculture, PR. Keywords: "Tropical regions, "Plants(Botany), "Fruits, "Crops, "Vegetables, Weeds, Seasonings, Tea, Let- tuce, Cultivation, Plant reproduction, Soil properties, Poisonous plants, Acceptability, Taste, Listings. Contents: The principal edible green leaf herbs of the tropics; Some fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants that also bear edible leaves; Common weeds with edible green leaves; Tropical trees with edible green leaves; Tropical leaves as spices and teas; Temperate zone green leaves in the tropics; Lettuce in the tropics; Tropical leaves that are poisonous; Culture and care of green-leaved vegetables. PB84-112713/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Royal Society, London (England). Constraints on Research and Development in Some Smaller Manufacturing Companies: A Case Study of the Agricultural Engineering Industry. Sep 82, 29p Keywords: "Research and development, "Industrial plants, Manufacturing, Great Britain, Productivity, Technology innovation, Agricultural engineering. The Committee decided to look at the constraints to R&D uptake in smaller companies in more traditional industries. It did so through a case study of the agricul- tural engineering industry. This particular industry was chosen for a number of reasons. Its decline in terms of import penetration and export performance is pro- nounced and well documented; it is composed of a large number of small companies yet its total size made a reasonably comprehensive study possible within the resources available to the Society; it is a tra- ditionally-based industry which is, of necessity, adopt- ing new technlogies. The study was concerned primar- ily with the extent to which the agricultural engineering industry was benefitting from R&D and the constraints on it so doing. The report contains a brief list of refer- ences. PB84-112945/GAA PC E03/MF E03 National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal (India). Calf Raising, S. P. Arora. 1982, 25p See also PB83-1 50938. Keywords: "Livestock, "Animal husbandry, "India, Growth, Animal nutrition, Animal diseases, Mortality, Developing country application, Calves, Buffalo. The success of cattle breeding projects depends upon the fast rearing of calves to a breedable age, with mini- mum mortality. All species exhibit optimum growth rate as per their hereditary characters with proper nutrition and management. PB84-113125/GAA PC E12/MF E12 Indian Pump Manufacturers Association, Bombay. Proceedings of the International Technical Semi- nar on Role of Pumps in the Changing Scene of Developing Countries (3rd) Held at New Delhi (India) on January 20-21, 1983. Jan 83, 289p Keywords: "Sewage treatment, "Water pumps, "Water supply, Centrifugal pumps, Submersible pumps, Sewage pumps, Feed pumps, Cavitation corrosion, Developing countries, Computer aided design. The theme of this seminar was oriented to the role of pumps in different sectors of the economy such as water supply, sewage, and power generation. A total number of 1 2 papers were presented and discussed. These papers cover different types and applications of pumps such as boiler feed, screw, computer aided de- signing, and cavitation erosion. PB84-113604/GAA PC A04/MF A01 New Mexico Water Resources Research Inst., Las Cruces. Optimization of Primary Production by the Halo- phytic Algae, Dunaliella salina', in Saline Water. Technical rept., R. Roubicek, and L. White-Hosford. Apr 83, 56p TR- 166, W84-00138, , OWRT-A-067-NMEX(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 33 Prepared in cooperation with New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. Biochemical Research Inst. Keywords: "Algae, "Aquaculture, Biomass, Feasibility, Production, Salt water, Brackish water, Ponds, Photo- synthesis, Metabolism, Solar radiation, Economic fac- tors, Respiration, Energy conversion. The industrial cultivation of algal biomass is a very at- tractive project for both primary and secondary meta- bolite production. The use of shallow ponds for algal biomass production in these areas enhances the evaporation rate of the water making salinity a limiting factor. For these reasons, the behavior of halophytic algae of the genus Dunaliella and the feasibility of em- ploying submerged cultivation in a photo-bioreactor using brackish and saline media was investigated in the report. PB84-1 13695/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Kansas Water Resources Research Inst., Manhattan. Soil Crusting Affects Water Conservation and Infil- tration. Final technical rept. 1 Feb 82-31 Mar 83, D. M. Powell, and J. M. Steichen. Mar 83, 33p CONTRIB-232, W84-00167, , OWRT-A-108-KAN(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 18 Keywords: "Soils, "Farming, Farms, Water conserva- tion, Mathematical models, Hydraulic conductivity, Soil texture, Field tests. An infiltration model is developed to include formation of a soil crust under transient conditions. A Soil-Crust Index has been defined and experimentally tested for two Kansas soils. The infiltration model utilizing the Soil-Crust Index was field tested on several tillage practices but for only one soil. The results of the labo- ratory experiments failed to indicate that the Soil-Crust Index can be applied across soil textures. Additional information is needed, particularly as pertains to high Soil-Crust Index values, before this can be adequately determined. PB84-114040/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Impact of Agricultural Growth Patterns on Import Demand for Food and Agricultural Commodities. Staff rept., B. Mukhoti. Oct 83, 85p AGES-830907 Keywords: "Food products, "Food, "Agricultural eco- nomics, Economic analysis, Demand(Economics), Ni- geria, Zimbabwe. Analysis of key macroeconomic variables of the economies of Nigeria and Zimbabwe suggest that their respective agricultural growth patterns had some impact on their import demand for food and agricultural commodities during the decade of the 1970's. Nige- ria's production structure of agriculture dominated by smallholder farming and a relatively even distribution of rural purchasing power, which are characteristic of the Uniformly Small Farm (USF) growth pattern, en- hanced aggregate effective domestic demand via link- ages and encouraged domestic consumption oriented production. Conversely, Zimbabwe's Dual Size Struc- ture (DSS) pattern of agricultural growth gave rise tc a depressed domestic demand structure with weak links 216 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS to the larger economy, and fostered commercial, export oriented production. The former resulted in strong import demand, the latter in food exports. PB84-114594/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manufacture of Low-Cost Vehicles in Developing Countries. Development and Transfer of Technol- ogy Series No. 3. 1978, 39p UNIDO-ID/193 Keywords: *Motor vehicles, "Industrial plants, Eco- nomic impact, India, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, Ban- gladesh, Papua New Guinea, Government policies, Demand(Economics). The document covers (1) The motor vehicles situation in India, the Philippines, Korea R, Thailand, Bangla- desh and Papua New Guinea (2)economic aspects of manufacture; development potential (3) demand pat- tern (4) policy issues, government policy's, giving sum- mary of related discussions at 1 976 Melbourne meet- ing. PB84-1 14602/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Paper Prod- ucts and Small Pulp Mills. Monographs no. 3. 1979, 160p UNIDO-ID/232/3 Keywords: * Paper industry, *Pulp, * Paper, Pulping, Technology, Paper products, Developing country ap- plication. Contents: Issues and considerations~(Note by the secretariat of UNIDO and report of the working group); Selected background papers-(The pulp and paper industry in Brazil, evolution of the pulp and paper industry in the Philippines, appropriate industrial technology: application in the pulp and paper industry in the Philippines; the pulp and paper industry in Egypt, the experience of a developing country of Africa, strategies for developing pulp and paper industries in developing countries; further development of mini paper technology in India, the search for an appropriate technology for the paper and board industry of the United Kingdom, pulping technology and requirements and potentialities of developing countries, appropriate technology for a low- cost paper project to stimulate the rural economy, prospects for establishing viable small-scale pulp and paper industries in developing countries, paper, paper products and pulp mills, small pulp and paper mills in developing countries and their recovery systems, universal pulping, a prospective fibrous resource for pulp and paper in Indonesia - alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), and lime burning and alkaline pulping). PB84-114610/GAA PC E09/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Energy for Rural Requirements. Monographs no. 5. 1979, 180p UNIDO-ID/232/5 Keywords: *Energy, *Rural areas, 'Energy source de- velopment, Developing countries, Planning, Appropri- ate technology, Energy sources, Energy resources, Energy supplies. Contents: Appropriate technology for rural energy supply in developing countries; Energy sources for rural requirements; Planning of rural energy systems: Issues and perspectives; Planning and development of animal energy resources in India; Appropriate technology for rural energy supply in Indonesia; Energy for rural requirements in Pakistan. PB84-114628/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Textiles. Monographs no. 6. 1979, 97p UNIDO-ID/232/6 Keywords: 'Textile industry, Technology, Cotton spun yarns, Developing country application. Contents; Issues and considerations-(Note by the secretariat of UNIDO and report of the Working Group); Selected background papers-(production of cotton with special reference to African conditions, basic problems of textile industries, evaluation of appropriate technology for textile production, appropriate technology for cotton yarn spinning in rural areas, dualism and technological harmony for balanced development of the textile industry, appropriate technology in the textile industry of Sri Lanka, and problems of the textile industry in Ghana). PB84-114636/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Sugar. Monographs no. 8. 1980, 99p UNIDO-ID/232/8 Keywords: *Sugar, 'Industrial plants, 'Food process- ing, Technology, Manufacturing, Sugarcane, Byprod- ucts, Sweetening agents, Developing country applica- tion. Contents: Issues and considerations-(Note by the secretariat of UNIDO and report of the Working Group); Selected background papers~(Appropriate technology in cane-sugar production, technological choices in sugar processing, cane-sugar production techniques in developing countries, mini sugar technology in India, appropriate technology for production of sugar and other sweetening agents, technology planning factors in the cane-sugar industry, and by-products of the sugar industry in Cuba). PB84-114644/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Oils and Fats. Monographs no. 9. 1979, 61 p UNIDO-ID/232/9 Keywords: 'Vegetable oils, 'Food processing, Tech- nology, Substitutes, Developing country application. Contents: Issues and considerations-(Note by the secretariat of UNIDO and recommendations of the working group); Selected background papers~(Appropriate industrial technology in oils and fats industries: The case of Egypt, problems of raw materials acquisition in Ghana, appropriate technology for the production and processing of oils and fats industry in India, and appropriate technology for oils and fats in Yugoslavia). PB84-114651/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Light Indus- tries and Rural Workshops. Monographs no. 11. 1980, 165p UNIDO-ID/232/11 Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Rural areas, 'Technology transfer, Meetings, 'Small businesses, Developing country application. This report on appropriate technology for light indus- tries and rural areas, covers the issues and consider- ations relating to: Establishment of rural workshops or industrial centers for promotion of decentralization and rural industry; choice of technology; and program of action. PB84-114677/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Chi Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA. Proceedings from the Symposium on Design and Construction of Slurry Walls as Part of Permanent Structures Held at Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 30-31, 1979. Final rept., B. Dennis. Mar 80, 41 8p FHWA-TS-80-221 Contract DOT-FH- 11-9505 Keywords: 'Construction, Tunnels, Subsurface struc- tures, Slurries, Foundations, Construction manage- ment. This volume contains the papers of the 20 speakers who addressed the topic of Slurry Walls at the Sympo- sium sponsored by the Federal Highway Administra- tion. The symposium was held at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 30 & 31, 1979. The papers provide a thorough coverage of the design, construction, economics, geotechnical, in- strumentation, economic, and legal aspects of the technique as well as pertinent examples of its applica- tion at sites around the world. PB84-114743/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Plants: The Potentials for Extracting Protein, Medi- cines, and Other Useful Chemicals - Workshop Proceedings. Sep 83, 258p OTA-BP-F-23 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600588. Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'Aquatic plants, 'Chemi- cal industry, 'Medicinal plants, United States, Devel- oping countries, Proteins, Drugs, Pesticides, Substi- tutes, Aquatic plants, Insect control, Consumer prod- ucts. This report describes some opportunities and con- straints of commercially developing plant extracts, ex- amples of some work being done in this field, and workshop participants' conclusions and recommenda- tions concerning the Government's role in the area. Developing new crops or plant products offers a wide range of potential benefits to the United States and developing countries. Crop diversification and new product development in the United STates may substi- tute domestically produced goods for petroleum and other imports (including strategic and essential indus- trial materials); provide useful new consumer products; increase productive use of land resources, especially in marginal farming areas; generate employment in areas of underemployment or unemployment; and pro- vide plant-derived biocides that cause little long-term ecological damage as alternatives to certain synthetic pesticides. In developing countries, new crops or new plant-derived products may help stimulate cottage in- dustries, increase local and national self-sufficiency, and perhaps provide new export industries. This pro- ceeding addresses these opportunities as well as con- straints to and possible impacts of their development. PB84-114842/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Safety, Efficacy, and Cost Effectiveness of Thera- peutic Apheresis - Health Technology Case Study 23: Medical Technology and Costs of the Medicare Program. Jul 83, 171pOTA-HCS-23 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600554. Keywords: 'Health, 'Safety, Efficacy, Cost effective- ness, Separation, Etiology, Therapy, Policies, Erythro- cytes, Leucocytes, Platelets, Blood plasma, Reim- bursement. Apheresis is a procedure in which blood is separated into its basic components (red cells, white cells, plate- lets, and plasma), and one or more of these is selec- tively removed from the blood. It is applied therapeuti- cally for the purpose of curing, alleviating, or treating a disease or its symptoms. The procedure can take sev- eral forms, though it is usually accomplished by remov- ing venous whole blood from the body, separating the blood into cellular and noncellular (plasma) parts or 'fractions', and returning the cellular fraction to the pa- tient. This case study (1) provides definitions and de- scriptions of the various types of apheresis technolo- gy, along with perspectives on the history and etiology of apheresis use, (2) describes the current treatment process and future trends, (3) reviews research on the scientific and medical aspects of therapeutic aphere- 217 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS sis, (4) focuses on reimbursement and cost-effective- ness issues, and (5) discusses policy implications. PB84-115047/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Drugs and Pharmaceuticals. Monographs no. 10. 1980, 157p UNIDO-ID/232/10 Keywords: *Drugs, 'Industrial plants, Technology, De- veloping country application. Contents: Issues and considerations~(Note by the secretariat of UNIDO and report of the working group); Selected background papers~(Choice and adaptation of appropriate technology for the production of pharmaceuticals in developing countries, provision of drugs by appropriate technology, appropriate technology in drug and pharmaceutical industries of India, medicine for the rural population in India, the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic of Korea, choice and adaptation of appropriate technology in promoting health care in Zambia, adequate technology in the pharmaceutical industry: some thoughts on the Argentine case, and aspects of developing the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil). PB84-115054/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Agricultural Machinery and Implements. Monographs no. 4. 1979, 170p UNIDO-ID/232/4 Keywords: 'Machine tools, *Hand tools, 'Agricultural machinery, Production, Tractors, Government policies, Demand(Economics), Developing country application. The report contains: Introductory note covering:/ Choice of technology/for/agricultural mechanization/ and production of/agricultural equipment/; Typical levels of production of/machinery/; Government policy and Background papers which relate to agricul- ture machinery. PB84-115476/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Sydney Univ. (Australia). School of Civil and Mining Engineering. Analysis of Deformations Caused by Loading Ap- plied to the Walls of a Circular Tunnel. Research rept., J. R. Booker, and J. P. Carter. Feb 83, 26p R-435 Keywords: 'Tunneling, Loads(Forces), Cylindrical shells, Fourier transformations, Fourier series, Defor- mation. An analytical solution to the problem of a load applied to a portion of the wall of a circular tunnel installed deep in a homogeneous isotropic material has been found. The solution is obtained by taking a Fourier transform, in the axial direction, of the field quantities and then representing these as a Fourier series in the polar angle. The solution has been used to analyze the problem of uniform normal loading applied over rec- tangular patches of the tunnel wall. An indication of how the solution can be applied to the tunnel jacking problem is given. PB84-115682/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, FL. Panama City Lab. Delphi Technique: A Potential Methodology for Evaluating Recreational Fisheries. Technical memo., J. R. Zuboy. Apr 80, 29p NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-19, NOAA-83 110308 Keywords: 'Fisheries, Forecasting, Estimating, Ques- tionnaires, Decision making, Problem solving, Sport fishing, Catch statistics. The Delphi technique, a methodology for systematical- ly developing expert opinion consensus, is suggested as an approach for generating recreational fishery data. This paper describes the Delphi tehcnique, cites an example of how it has been applied in water re- source management, and discusses the results of a Delphi experiment which was designed to provide an estimate of the recreational (diver) catch of spiny lob- sters from Florida waters. PB84-116151/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Low-Cost Transport for Rural Areas. Monographs on Appro- priate Industrial Technology No. 2. 1979, 62p UNIDO-ID/232/2 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Transportation, Economic factors, India, Philippines, Objectives, Developing country application, Appropriate industrial technology. The report covers issues involved, problems, objec- tives; choice of technology for rural transport. It also presents relevant papers dealing with developing countries generally and with experience in India and the Philippines. PB84-1 16607/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Bureau of Mines, Rolla, MO. Rolla Research Center. Generation, Collection, and Analysis of Welding Fumes. Rept. of investigations/ 1983, J. F. Mcllwain, and L. A. Neumeier. Sep 83, 21 p BUMINES-RI-8793 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-1 01 28. Keywords: 'Instruments, 'Air pollution, Hazardous ma- terials, Chemical analysis, Chromium, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Sampling, 'Occupational safety and health. The Bureau of Mines investigated fumes generated by selected welding materials used in mines in order to help determine their relative hazard potential. The ini- tial phases of the study have been completed. A weld- ing-fume generation and collection apparatus was de- signed, assembled, and calibrated. Five brands of coated, AWS-type E308-16 stainless steel electrodes were tested. Total fume generation rates of 0.39 to 0.51 g/min were measured. Quantitative chemical analyses were conducted for all of the principal fume constituents. Two analytical schemes were used to de- termine levels of the Cr(+6) and Cr(+3) species con- tained in the welding fumes; comparable results were obtained. The Cr(+6) was found to be the most haz- ardous constituent, leading to a maximum allowable total fume exposure of 1 mg/cu m. Fume generation rates and fume constituent analyses will be derived for other groups of welding electrodes using similar proce- dures. PB84-116912/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manual on Instrumentation and Quality Control in the Textile Industry. Development and transfer of technology series no. 4. 1978, 55p Keywords: 'Textile industry, 'Instruments, Tests, Ten- sile properties, Fibers, Yarns, Carpets, Laboratories, Developing country application. Contents: General aspects of testing; Textile testing; Tensile properties of textiles; Fibres; Yarns; Filament yarns; Fabrics; Carpets; Chemical laboratories; Pilot plant; Annexes. PB84-116920/GAA PCE11/MFE01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Construc- tion and Building Materials. Monograph no. 12. 1980, 229p UNIDO-ID/232/12 Keywords: 'Construction, 'Building materials, 'Hous- ing, 'Technology assessment, Housing planning, Rural areas, Cements, Binders(Materials), Houses, Construction management, Developing country appli- cation. UNIDO publication on appropriate technology for con- struction and building materials industry. It covers defi- nition of problem and objectives; choice of technology for low-cost housing; appropriate construction tech- niques; research and development; required govern- ment policy, program of action; gives report of relevant meetings and 1 5 background papers. PB84-116946/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Appropriate Industrial Technology for Food Stor- age and Processing. Monograph no. 7. Jun 81, 135p UNIDO-ID/232/7 Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Food processing, 'Food storage, 'India, Burma, Nigeria, Thailand, Employment, Policies, De- veloping country application, Appropriate technology. As part of its effort to foster the rapid industrialization of developing countries, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), since its incep- tion in 1967, has been concerned with the general problem of developing and transferring industrial tech- nology. The Second General Conference of UNIDO, held at Lima, Peru, in March 1975, gave UNIDO the specific mandate to deal in depth with the subject of appropriate industrial technology. Accordingly, UNIDO has initiated a concerted effort to develop a set of measures to promote the choice and application of ap- propriate technology in developing countries. PB84-116953/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Electrical Research and Development Association, Makarpura (India). Workshop on Technological Needs of Small and Medium Scale Manufacturers' of Electrical and Allied Products Held at Bombay on 22nd Decem- ber 1981. Technical rept, Dec 81, 76p Prepared in cooperation with Institution of Engineers (India), and Small Industries Service Inst., Bombay (India). Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Industrial plants, Quality control, Consultants, Standardization, India. This volume contains 1 5 technical papers presented in the workshop. The topics dealt are: Technological R&D and Testing Needs of Small Scale Manufacturers of Electric Motors, AC MFD Capacitors and Switches; the Present Condition of Testing and Certifying the products; Quality and Reliability Problems in Procure- ment of Materials; Railway & Small Scale Industries; Role of Consulting Engineering Organizations; Product Standardization and Development; and Role of Small Industries Service Institute. PB84-117183/GAA PC E07/MF E07 National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin (Ireland). Ireland - Science and Technology, W. K. Downey, and R. Brew. c1983, 111p Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Technology assessment, Organizations, Universities, Societies, 'Education, Consulting services, Developing coun- tries. In this publication, the Board aims to provide a conven- ient guide to the organizations and institutions within the public sector which are concerned particularly with research and development and with scientific and technical education and consultancy. This publication is directed primarily towards public officials, business and professional people who wish to have further infor- mation regarding the scientific and technical infrastruc- ture. The expertise and experience residing in many of the institutions and agencies will be particularly rele- vant to developing countries. Ireland, because of its size and comparatively recent development, may pos- sess much of value to those countries now developing 218 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS their own scientific and technical infrastructure. (Copy- right (c) National Board for Science and Technology.) PB84-117233/GAA PC E06/MF E01 Royal Tropical Inst., Amsterdam (Netherlands). Dept. of Agricultural Research. Agricultural Research Annual Report for 1980- 1981. 1982, 124p See also PB83-265264. Keywords: "Agriculture, "Research and development, Farms, Production, Soil conservation, Agricultural en- gineering, Developing countries. The Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT), Royal Tropical Institute, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, co- operates with governments, international organiza- tions and private institutions throughout the world to help improving the standard of living in developing countries. The Institute deals primarily with scientific research, education and training, development coop- eration and information in the fields of agriculture, health and social sciences. The Department of Agricul- tural Research, dealing with the agricultural develop- ment acitivities of the Institute, contributes in particular to the following programs: agricultural production im- provements and increase in income of the agricultural smallholder; conservation and fertility of soils; propa- gation and protection of crops; small-scale technology; nutrition improvement. PB84-1 18173/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Chemistry and World Food Supplies: Research Pri- orities for Development - Report of a Workshop Held at Los Banos, Philippines, on December 11- 14, 1982. Final rept. Sep 83, 126pR-83-6 Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS-1 023-00 Keywords: "Research and development, "Food supply, Developing countries, Chemical analysis, Soil chemistry, Food processing, Pest control, Aquacul- ture, Food storage, Plant growth, Growth regulators, Farm crops, Fertilizers, Biochemistry, Nitrogen fixation, Reprints, Global, Chemistry research applied to world needs. CHEMRAWN (Chemistry Research Applied to World Needs) was conceived as a series of symposia and international conferences whose discussions and pub- lished proceedings would help focus attention on criti- cal world problems that could benefit from chemical research. BOSTID was invited to organize a post- CHEMRAWN II workshop to develop the major themes discussed at CHEMRAWN into recommendations for action programs that might be initiated by national gov- ernments or development assistance organizations. The four specific topics addressed at the post-CHEM- RAWN II workshop were: Soil fertility and plant nutri- tion; Plant growth regulators and plant-pest relation- ships; Food science and technology; and Aquaculture and integrated farming systems. PB84-1 18181/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Agroforestry in the West African Sahel. Final rept. Aug 83, 95p R-51 Grant AID/afr-09290G-SS-1 104-00 Keywords: "Agriculture, "Forestry, "West Africa, De- veloping countries, Degradation, Farm crops, Semiarid land, Soil erosion, Forest trees, Arid land, Conserva- tion, Sahel Region(West Africa), Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica. This report provides an overview of agroforestry on the Sahel today, the basic problems that are encountered in the current practice of agroforestry, and the opportu- nities that are available to donors such as AID, to pro- mote agroforestry in the region. Traditional systems of agroforestry represent sophisticated approaches to food production in regions characterized by variable precipitation, high temperature, nutrient-poor soils, crop diseases and crop predators which can dramati- cally reduce harvests. In many areas of the Sahel, shifts to monocropping and open-field cultivation have resulted in lower potential productivity, reduced groundwater recharge, disruptions of soil ecology and nutrient cycling, and increased soil erosion. This report provides an overview of traditional Sahelian production systems. PB84-118207/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Calliandra: A Versatile Small Tree for the Humid Tropics (Innovations in Tropical Reforestation). Final rept. Jun 83, 60p R-42 Grants AID-ASB-0249-SS-00-1 026-00, AID-DAN- 5538-G-SS-1 023-00 Prepared in cooperation with Perhutani, Jakarta, Indo- nesia. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83- 061908. Keywords: "Forestry, "Indonesia, Reforestation, "Le- guminous plants, Fuels, Seeds, Plant reproduction. This report describes a tree legume, Calliandra caloth- yrsus, which in 1936 was transplanted from Central America to Indonesia. Foresters were interested in cal- liandra as possible green manure or as a shade tree in coffee plantations. In 1960 officials noted that villagers in East Java had adopted calliandra and were cultivat- ing it for their firewood needs. The purpose of this report is to recount Java's experience. It is not intend- ed to recommend it over other reforestation species, but to suggest it as a possible supplementary species. PB84-118322/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Charleston, SC. Charleston Lab. Refrigerated Shelf life of Spanish Mackerel ('Scom- beromorus maculatus') and King Mackerel ('Scom- beromorus cavalla) Harvested from the South- eastern United States. Technical memo., M. E. Waters. Jun 82, 24p NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC- 54, NOAA-83 110305 Keywords: "Fishes, "Food processing, "Food storage, Assessments, Shelf life, Quality, Odor, Texture, Bacte- ria, Frozen foods, Food analysis, Food deterioration, Fresh fish. Freshly caught Spanish mackerel and king mackerel were processed into various market forms and stored, either iced or packaged, at 4C. Representative sam- ples of each product form were removed from storage at regular intervals and assessed for quality using or- ganoleptic, microbial and chemical methods. The re- sultant shelflife of Spanish mackerel, after processing, was 9 days for gutted, as well as for headed and gutted (H&G) fish (iced) and 5-6 days for tray-pack skin-on and skinless fillets (4C). The resultant shelflife of king mackerel was 1 5 days for whole fish (iced) and 9 days for portions (4C). PB84-118579/GAA PC E03/MF E03 National Working Party of Deans of Science, Engineer- ing and Commerce, Dublin (Ireland). Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Rec- ommendations of the National Working Party of Deans. Final rept. 1980-82. 1982, 24p ISBN-0-86282-030-8 Sponsored in part by National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin (Ireland). Keywords: "Education, "Great Britain, "Training, Rec- ommendations, Creativity, Educational sociology, Gov- ernment policies, Inventions, Meetings, Competition, Entrepreneurship, Technology innovation, Curricula. Five working groups were set up by the (Irish) National Working Party of Deans to study various aspects of the role of the educational system in relation to entrepre- neurship and innovation. The object of the study was to contribute to the advancement of society and in par- ticular to improve competitiveness in international trade. A number of recommendations are made re- garding: educational curricula modification, teaching staff mobility, interaction with and contribution by in- dustry, state-of-the-art workshops, the sponsorship and recognition of excellence and specific infrastruc- tural and research initiatives. The background to the recommendations is discussed in terms of three impor- tant sectors, namely education, government and in- dustry. The various issues involved in creating innova- tion policies, strategies and actions are outlined. PB84-118678/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center (Japan). Osaka and Its Technology, Number 4, 1983. 1983, 53p Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: "Urban planning, "Japan, Air pollution, Plant growth, Metals, Plankton, Estuaries, Sea walls, Fire extinguishers, Buildings, Monitoring, Fishes, Tox- icity, Osaka(Japan), Ocean waste disposal, Waste re- cycling. Contents: Relationship between the growth activity of plants and air pollutants in Osaka; Contents of heavy metals and synthetic organic compounds in plankton from the estuary and harbor area in Osaka City; Construction of waste disposal site by sea-filling and measures for environment preservation; District information system for Osaka City; Development of a fog stream-fire extinguishing system for medium-and high-storied buildings; Monitoring system of acute toxicity upon the breathing rate, heart beat and avoidance reaction of fish. PB84-118819/GAA PC E06/MF E06 National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin (Ireland). Expertise Ireland: Directory of Irish Expertise for Technical Cooperation and Development, D. O'Doherty, and L Clifford. C1980, 92p Keywords: "Technical assistance, Technology, Scien- tists, Scientific societies, "Ireland, Developing coun- tries. This Directory is the first effort to outline technological capabilities for the administrators and decision-makers of the developing countries and the international orga- nizations. The National Board for Science and Tech- nology, together with other sister organizations par- ticularly concerned with development cooperation, are conscious that the resources of manpower and knowl- edge which have been built up during recent and con- tinuing development experience should be available to the developing countries. PB84-119007/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Technologies from Developing Countries (II). Development and transfer of technology series no. 7. Jun 81, 73p UNIDO-ID/246 See also PB-295 656. Errata sneet inserted. Keywords: "Technology transfer, "Textile industry, "Constructrion, "Food, Chemical compounds, Drugs, Textiles, Cement, Construction materials, Food indus- try, Agricultural machinery, Oils, Fats, Paper industry, Rural areas, Transportation, Developing country appli- cation, Energy requirements. The collection and dissemination of information on al- ternative technologies are essential prerequisites for the selection of alternative techniques and processes for production operations. This assumes particular sig- nificance in the context of technological absorption, adaptation and innovation in the developing countries and the use of techniques and processes more appro- priate to socio-economic objectives and circum- stances in these countries. An attempt has been made in this volume to compile information on technologies which have been developed in certain sectors in devel- oping countries and which can be acquired from sources in these countries. In preparing this volume, UNIDO undertook a survey of selected research and development institutes in developing countries through a questionnaire. In most cases all information received on a given technology or institute has been repro- duced without selection. In a few cases a selection had to be made because of the large amount of infor- mation received not always pertinent to the subject. In the case where no or not enough information on tech- nologies had been received through the UNIDO survey other sources have been used. This volume is divided 219 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS into two sections: section A describes the technol- ogies, and section B the research and development institutes where the products and processes were de- veloped. PB84-119031/GAA PC E05/MF E05 National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin (Ireland). Biotechnology Trends: Chemicals, Pharmaceuti- cals, Healthcare and Food Processing. C1981, 61 p ISBN-0-86282-001-4 Keywords: 'Drugs, *Food processing, Technology, Forecasting, Trends, Utilization, Medical services, Fer- mentation, Enzymes, Marketing, Economic analysis, State of the art. The report is a preliminary study of the application of Biotechnology to two sectors viz Chemicals, Pharma- ceuticals and Healthcare, and Food Processing and in- cludes a state of the art review of current and expect- ed developments internationally in the two sectors, a technological forecast of future trends and a study of possible opportunities in relation to such technological development in Ireland. In the review of international developments each sector is divided into sub-sectors and industries and the application of the technology is considered in relation to each division. Thus chemicals are divided into commodity and fine chemicals with the latter being sub-divided into product groups such as steroids, antibiotics, etc. The level of technological de- velopment is indicated along with market data and technological advances are discussed in relation to their economics. PB84-1 19262/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Managing Tropical Animal Resources: Little- Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. Final rept. Jun83, 148p R-46 Grants AID-ASB-0249-SS-00-1 026-00, AID-DAN- 1538-G-SS-1 023-00 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-061 909. Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Animal husbandry, Swine, Wildlife, Management, Breeding, Genetics, Tropical regions, Animal behavior, Utilization, Asia, Banteng cattle, Habitats. This report studies banteng cattle, the maura, guar, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and babirusa - animals that are unfamiliar to international animal sci- ence. This report aims to kindle awareness of the pos- sible promise and to stimulate their introduction into projects in the world's animal research facilities. De- velopment agencies should regard the local species detailed in this report as important genetic material for bolstering the long-term success of domestic livestock breeding programs. PB84-119312/GAA PC E07/MF E01 Argonne National Lab., IL. Evaluacion de Recursos Peruanos de Biocombus- tible y Alternatives (An Assessment of Peruvian Biofuel Resources and Alternatives), J. P. Harper, W. Smith, and E. Mariani. Nov 83, 129p ANL/EES-TM-86 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Fuels, Assessments, Agricul- tural wastes, Wood wastes, Marketing, Technology, Substitutes, Charcoal, Forestry, Anaerobic processes, Translations, Cogeneration, Renewable energy sources, Fuel substitution, Alcohol fuels. Comprehensive assessment of the biofuel potential of Peru is based on: determination of current biofuel utili- zation practices, evaluation of Peruvian biomass pro- ductivity, identification of Peruvian agricultural and for- estry resources, assessment of resource development and management concerns, identification of market considerations, description of biofuel technological op- tions, and identification of regional biofuel technology applications. Nine biofuel technology options for Peru are identified: (1) small-to-medium-scale gasification, (2) a wood waste inventory, (3) stationary and mobile charcoal production systems, (4) wood distillation, (5) forest resource development and management, (6) electrical cogeneration, (7) anaerobic digestion tech- nology, (8) development of ethanol production capa- bilities, and (9) agricultural strategies for fuel produc- tion. Applications of these biofuel options are identified for each of the three major regions - nine applications for the Costa Region, eight for the Sierra Region, and ten for the Selva Region. PB84-119791/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Electrical Stimulation and Hot Boning: Effects on Meat Quality Attributes, C. Valin, and A. A. Taylor. c1983, 60p EUR-8075-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B. P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Food processing, 'Electric power, Tem- perature, Electric equipment, Food sanitation, Color, Quality, Bacteria, Safety, Slaughter houses. The report describes the potential of hot processing techniques within the meat industry. The hygienic as- pects of using electrical stimulation and hot boning techniques are discussed and the need for further work on the micro-biological condition of the car- casses is stressed. Standardisation of experimental techniques is also required. The effect of hot boning and electrical stimulation on various factors affecting meat yield such as evaporative weight loss, amount of meat left on bones and trimming of fat are discussed. (Copyright (c) ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels-Luxem- bourg, 1983.) PB84-121813/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Sussex Univ., Brighton (England). Inst, of Manpower Studies. Human Resources Planning: The Key to Full Em- ployment, K. D. Grimm. C1981, 18p* Keywords: 'Employment, 'Education, Planning, Career development, United States, Policies. In this article, the author critically examines some basic tenets on which US employment policies have been based and suggests that comprehensive eco- nomic planning is the only viable alternative to bring about sustained full employment. Copyright (c) 1981, Institute of Manpower Studies. PB84-122092/GAA PC A09/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Behavior of Concrete Block Masonry Wails Sub- jected to Repeated Cyclic Displacements, K. Woodward, and F. Rankin. Oct 83, 180p NBSIR- 83-2780 Sponsored in part by Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Concrete, Cyclic loads, Cracks, Strain measurement, Fatigue limit, Strain rate. An experimental investigation into the behavior of un- reinforced, ungrouted concrete block masonry walls subjected to repeated in-plane cyclic displacements was undertaken. A total of 15 walls were tested of which 10 were 64 in. x 64 in. planar walls and 5 were 64 in. higher corner walls having equal leg lengths of 48 in. The primary parameter varied in the investigation was loading history. Monotonic tests at both slow and rapid strain rates were done. The cyclic tests included fully reversed displacement patterns and reversed dis- placement patterns superimposed on static displace- ment offsets. The cyclic tests included at least 100,000 repetitions. The test results indicated a pro- nounced effect of loading history on the wall perform- ance, but only at load/displacements nearing the load capacity failure point. PB84-122555/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Sea Grant Coll. Program. Shrimp Mariculture: State of the Art, A. L. Lawrence, M. A. Johns, and W. L. Griffin. Oct 83, 17p* TAMU-SG-84-502, NOAA-831 1 1401 Grant NA83AA-D-00061 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Foods, 'Aquaculture, Imports, Market value, Life cycles, Ponds, Cost analy- sis, Production, Demand(Economics), Prices, Devel- oping countries, United States, Tables(Data), Seed- stock, Fish bait. Shrimp is the most valuable U.S. fishery, yet nearly half of the shrimp consumed in this country since 1973 has been imported. The dockside value of shrimp imported for U.S. consumption was $980 million in 1981, com- pared with domestic shrimp landings valued at $509 million. Shrimp mariculture is emerging as a new agri- cultural industry for both developed and developing countries worldwide. Not only can it provide food for human consumption and bait for recreational fisheries, but shrimp culture also may provide seedstock to sup- plement natural populations. PB84-122746/GAA PC E05/MF E05 National Traffic Planning and Automation Centre, Tri- vandrum (India). National Traffic Planning and Automation Centre - Annual Report of Activities, 1980-1981. 1981, 100p Keywords: 'Traffic engineering, 'Urban planning, Urban transportation, Transportation planning. NATPAC had taken up research and planning studies in different parts of the country at the request of vari- ous authorities. In this report, results of various studies conducted during the year 1980-81 are presented. One of the important planning projects carried out was 'Planning of Traffic and Parking Arrangements for Asian Games in Delhi'. Some of the salient findings and results of the studies conducted, which are pre- sented briefly in this report, would be of interest to planners and engineers in the field of traffic and trans- portation. PB84-122969/GAA PC A05/MF A01 North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Productivity Re- search and Extension Program. Electronics/Electrical Manufacturing Industry Re- search Needs. Interim technical rept. Dec 82-Apr 83, W. A. Smith, Jr., and R. L. Edwards. May 83, 85p* CAM-83-2, NSF/MEA-83015 Grant NSF-MEA82-1 6463 Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Electronics, Electronic in- dustry, Electric equipment, Electrical industry, Micro- electronics, Systems engineering, Manufacturing, Control equipment, Automation, Quality assurance, Computer aided manufacturing. A panel established a reference base of current activi- ty for electronics manufacturing research by reviewing conventional and microelectronics state-of-the-art; education regarding technology and management; and cooperative efforts being developed. The Depart- ment of Defense Electronics Computer-Aided Manu- facturing (ECAM) program, the Computer-Aided Manu- facturing-International (CAM-I) Electronics Automation Project, and the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina received special attention. Participants were divided into three separate work sessions to identify gaps and issues in technology or operations which limit manufacturing performance in the areas: Logistics and Control Systems; Automation and Assembly; and Quality and Test. The list of priority research issues will be used as the basis to assess the capabilities for re- sponding to needs and to recommend new strategies for meeting the implied challenges. The issues were surprisingly generic in nature with a lack of specific topics in materials, processes, and tooling. PB84-124148/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Metropolitan Transit Commission, St. Paul, MN. Transit Development Section. Guidelines for the Design of Transit Related Road- way Improvements, D. R. Jessup, G. Van Wormer, and H. Preston. 18 May 83, 93p* MTC-TD-83-01, UMTA-MN-09-0042- 83-1 Grant DOT-UMTA-MN-09-0042 Prepared in cooperation with Short-Elliott-Hendrick- son, Inc., St. Paul MN. Keywords: 'Buses(Vehicles), 'Urban planning, 'Transportation management, Traffic control, Route surveys, Passenger terminals, Shelters, Parking facili- ties, Pavements, Marking, Handicapped persons, Guidelines. 220 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS The purpose of this report is to provide a uniform guide to the development and design of various transit relat- ed roadway improvements. It is a technical document which reflects the current transit related factors which traffic engineers, architects, planners, and developers should consider during the design process for streets and highways, as well as residential, commercial, and industrial developments. The report covers several topic areas which include: design vehicle operating characteristics; roadway facilities; traffic control de- vices; park and ride lots; passenger shelters; bus stop design; handicapped transportation; and ridesharing considerations. Much of the information is also useful for school buses and other larger vehicles. In addition, the report identifies, by subject matter, the appropriate transit contact person to answer various transit related questions. PB84-125020/GAA PC A13/MF A01 National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Industrial Science and Technological Innovation. Process of Technological Innovation: Reviewing the Literature, L G. Tornatzky, J. D. Eveland, and M. G. Boylan. May 83, 280p* NSF/ISI-83012 Keywords: 'Research and development, Organiza- tions, Government policies, Regulations, Patents, Taxes. Technological innovation is defined and characterized and the view of technology as a disembodied machine or tool is contested. It is pointed out that technology and innovation encompass the organizational setting in which tools are deployed, the work roles of people involved in their use, and the perceptions of actors in- volved in adoption and implementation. Stages and processes in innovation are discussed, including: (1) basic research, (2) applied research, (3) development, (4) testing and evaluating, (5) manufacturing and pack- aging, and (6) marketing and disseminating. The limits of disciplinary inquiry for economics, engineering, polit- ical science, psychology, and sociology, are consid- ered. Organizational approaches to the study of inno- vation are explored. Government policies on innova- tion, incuding regulation, tax, and patent policies, are analyzed. PB84-125137/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Montgomery (James M.), Inc., Walnut Creek, CA. Water Reuse and Recycling in the Food Process- ing Industry. Final technical rept. 30 Sep 30 79-30 Sep 81, L Russell, K. Conarroe, C. Creson, J. Keller, and L. Esvelt. 21 Jul 83, 327p* W84-00446, , OWRT-C- 90180-R(9416)(1) Contract EPA-1 4-34-001 -941 6 Also pub. as Office of Water Research and Technolo- gy, Washington, DC. Prepared in cooperation with Esvelt Environmental Engineering, Inc. and California Univ., Berkeley. Keywords: *Food processing, * Waste water reuse, In- dustrial water, Water consumption, Food contamina- tion, Public health, Cost analysis, Meat, Poultry, Cool- ing water, Dairy products, Sugar cane, Sugar beets, Microorganism control(Water), Beverages, Water con- servation, Flow charting, Grains(Food), Bakery prod- ucts, 'Waste recycling, Reclaimed water. The potential for water reuse and recycle in each of the major water using segments of the food industry was evaluated, and projections made for the 1985 and 2000 year water withdrawals in each of the segments with the implementation of water reuse and recycle. The geographic potential for water reuse and recycle was determined in each of the Water Resource Coun- cil subregions by past water withdrawals for food proc- essing water availability and types of food processing within the subregion. Product contamination and its impact on the health of the consumer are the major concern in water reuse and recycle in food processing. PB84-125251/GAA PC E05/MF E05 National Inst, of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe (Eng- land). Review of Research on Forage Chopping. Final rept., M. J. O'Dogherty. Nov 81, 56p NIAE-37 Keywords: 'Crops, 'Agricultural machinery, Cutting machines(Tools), Specifications, Design, Mechanical properties, Knives, Force, Farm crops, Physical prop- erties. The literature on forage chopping was reviewed (176 references) and the data correlated and collated, the specific energy requirements of forage harvesters were compared and the energy balances of machines evaluated. The effects of the design parameters of cut- ting heads and crop characteristics on cutting efficien- cy were examined. Research on the cutting of single stems and its relevance to the cutting of beds of forage material was evaluated. The measurement of the physical and mechanical properties of forage material was discussed. Theoretical analyses of the mechanics of cutting layers of forage were examined and meth- ods of measuring and presenting the distribution of chop length from chopping mechanisms evaluated. PB84-125426/GAA PC E05/MF E05 National Inst, of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe (Eng- land). Conveyor Feeding of Cattle, M. J. B. Turner. Nov 80, 72p NIAE-34 Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Agricultural machinery, Auto- matic control, Feeding(Supplying), Livestock equip- ment, Storage, Hay, Forage grasses, Silage, Layout, Maintenance, Reliability, [Design, Planning, Construc- tion, Operations, Rations. The advantages of mechanized conveyor feeding are outlined. Various mechanisms are described for con- veying and feeding, including monitoring and rationing equipment. Several control systems are considered, ranging from the simple manual starting of each motor to fully automatic and sequenced equipment. The planning, construction, operation and problems en- countered with conveyor feeder systems are dis- cussed. It is concluded that a properly designed, in- stalled and maintained coveyor feeding system can provide a very satisfactory means of feeding controlled rations to cattle. PB84-125756/GAA PC E15/MF E15 Silk and Art Silk Mills' Research Association, Bombay (India). Proceedings of the International Conference on Man-Made Fibres for Developing Countries Held at New Delhi on 19-23 January, 1976. 1976, 433p Keywords: 'Fibers, 'Textile industry, Developing coun- try application. Man-made fibres are destined to become more popu- lar the world over as these are the only fibres which can meet the clothing requirements of the growing population. This conference was organized to create an awareness of the opportunities that man-made fibres offer. The proceedings contain 43 technical papers presented by various experts. The topics cov- ered are: International trade in man-made fibres and fabrics; Future of cellulosic man-made fibres in devel- oping countries; Relevance of acrylic fibres; Signifi- cance and comparative input needs for cotton and man-made fibre; Advantage and future of blending; Scope & development for and man-made textiles; Eco- nomics of cotton textiles vs. man-made textiles; Syn- thetic fibres and synthetic filament yarn; Technological changes in production of nylon and polyester fibres; Situation of raw materials for polyamide fibre; Econom- ic and technological aspects of future research, Devel- opment and production in man-made textiles; Potential warp knitting in developing countries; and High speed spinning. PB84-125806/GAA PCE11/MFE11 Central Sheep and Wool Research Inst., Avikanagar (India). CSWRI (Central Sheep and Wool Research Insti- tute) Annual Report for 1981, S. D. J. Bohra. Apr 83, 241 p See also PB82-234535. Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, 'India, Research projects, Genetics, Education, Animal nutrition, Growth, Animal physiology, Goats, Breeding, Animal diseases, Feeding stuffs, Forage crops, Rabbits, Food composition, Developing country application. The Central Sheep and Wood Research Institute was set up in 1962 to conduct fundamental and applied re- search on sheep and wool production and wool utiliza- tion, and to impart practical training in this area. This annual report describes the research results in the area of genetics, breeding, nutrition, grassland forage, agronomy, sheep and goat physiology, sheep health, wool science, animal breeding, carpet wool, and ex- tension services. PB84-125814/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras (India). Waffle Shells for Roof and Floor, G. George, and N. Sethuraman. Oct 81, 65p Keywords: 'Buildings, Shells(Structural forms), Pre- cast concrete. This report describes the design and construction of the waffle shell system used for roofs and floors. It is based on the funicular shell, which was evolved as a structural element deriving its strength through shape. It develops a state of pure compression under the action of applied loads and is hence ideally suited for concrete construction. The waffle shell system con- sists of precast funicular shells supported on a grid work of cast-in-situ beams, resulting in a two-way spanning roof or floor which is very economical in the use of steel. The funicular shells and the waffle system have been employed over a large number of projects and individual buildings, testifying to their popularity. PB84-125830/GAA PC E10/MF E10 Indian Inst, of Tech., Kharagpur. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering. Agronomic Studies on the Constraints and Pro- ductivity of Rice in Flood-Prone and Water- Logged Areas, M. D. Reddy. 1982, 21 8p Doctoral thesis. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Rice, 'Floods, Plant growth, Yield, Plant genetics, Planting, Fertilizers, Spacing, Survival, India. The main objectives of this investigation were to identi- fy the causes of low and unstable yield and to find out the extent of damage caused by flash floods; to over- come some of the problems of flood-prone and water- logged areas and to increase the yield of rice and to develop suitable agronomic management practices for realizing the yield potential of improved rice varieties. The experiments proved that the improvement in grain yield of low land rice affected by flash-flood or water- logging is possible by growing improved varieties. PB84-125848/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras (India). Small Capacity Ferrocement Water Tanks, E. A. Karim, and G. P. Joseph. 1982, 25p Keywords: 'Cements, Water cement ratio, Reinforcing steels, Wire cloth, Fabrication, Cost analysis, 'Ferro- cement. Ferrocement is a versatile structural construction ma- terial possessing unique properties of strength and serviceability. It is made with closely-knit wire mesh and mild steel reinforcing bars fitted with rich cement mortar. Welded mesh may also be used in place of reinforcing bars. The applications of ferrocement for the fabrication of small capacity water tanks are de- scribed in this report. Water tanks made of ferroce- ment are ideally suited for residential and community uses. PB84-126010/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Dept. of Civil Engineering. US/Japan Cooperative Research Program in Earthquake Engineering on Repair and Retrofit of Structures. Proceedings of the First Seminar Held at Los Angeles, California on May 15-17, 1980, R. D. Hanson. May 80, 272p NSF/RA-80081 1 Grant NSF-CEE78-16730 See also PB84-1 24759, and PB84-1 26036. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Earthquakes, Earthquake resistant structures, Buildings, Bridges(Structures), Steel construction, Concrete construction, Dynamic structural analysis, 'Earthquake engineering. 221 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Papers delivered at the seminar are presented. They address the following topics: seismic strengthening of old buildings with modern codes; aseismic strengthen- ing of reinforced concrete buildings; repair and retrofit of existing steel building structures; retrofitting bridges to increase their seismic resistance; fire testing of epoxy repaired shear walls; and ways to evaluate the seismic safety of houses. It is concluded that repair and rehabilitation techniques for seismically weak and historical buildings are different; the consequences of these differences may have direct application to the design of new buildings to accommodate future strengthening. It is acknowledged that field inspection of construction and workmanship of construction craftsmen have a major influence on the seismic capa- bilities of completed buildings. It is recommended that a means to improve the quality of workmanship and inspection be developed. PB84-126911/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. Research History and Opportunities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Forest Service general technical rept., S. Brown, A. E. Lugo, S. Silander, and L. Liegel. Sep 83, 136p FSGTR/SO-44 Keywords: *Tropical regions, 'Forestry, History, Man- agement, Land use, Climate, Hydrology, Water quality, Geology, Soil properties, Plant growth, Reforestation, Mammals, Insects, Birds, Aquatic animals, Damage, Ir- radiation, Hurricanes, * Puerto Rico, Silviculture. Tropical forests are being subjected to high rates of deforestation because of increased demand for agri- cultural land and fuel. Management in many tropical areas is primitive. Because sound management is needed to cope with the reforestation problem, and re- search data for management is so scattered, this paper is aimed at summarizing major findings of the research activity in Luquillo Experimental Forest. PB84-127349/GAA PC E07/MF E07 Edinburgh School of Agriculture (Scotland). Dept. of Economics and Management. Interaction of Forestry and Farming, W. E. S. Mutch, and A. R. Hutchison. Oct 80, 120p ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SER-2 Keywords: * Agriculture, * Forestry, Surveys, Farms, Forest land, Questionnaires, Interviews, Attitudes, Em- ployment, Policies, Great Britain, Ownership, Case studies, Scotland. This investiagtion is concerned with the economic interaction of forestry and agriculture in Scotland and the north of England. The objective is to present factu- al evidence of the economic results of farming-forestry interaction at the enterprise level, especially where there has been a transfer of land between the two sys- tems and, in some instances, a transfer of labor also. PB84-127562/GAA PC A13/MF A01 National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD. Literature for United States Aquaculture: 1970- 1982. Final rept., J. B. Forbes, and C. N. Bebee. Oct 83, 294p* Keywords: 'Aquaculture, Aquatic biology, Animal be- havior, Breeding, Genetics, Animal diseases, Animal ecology, Animal nutrition, Food processing, Harvest- ing, Marketing, Production, Economic factors, Fisher- ies, Aquatic plants. This bibliography was prepared in support of U.S. De- partment of Agriculture efforts to implement the Na- tional Aquaculture Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-362) and the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-98). It is in- tended for users in the United States and emphasizes those aquacultural topics which would be of interest to researchers and others engaged in this subject area. Sources of information for data contained in the bibli- ography are the AGRICOLA data base produced by the National Agricultural Library and the Aquaculture data file produced by the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences. PB84-127810/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Edinburgh School of Agriculture (Scotland). Trace Element Deficiency in Ruminants. C1982, 100p ISBN-0-905084-19-5 Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Animal feeds, Feeding stuffs, Copper, Trace elements, Diets, Absorption, Cobalt, Concentration(Composition), Cattle, Sheep, Selenium, Iodine, Zinc, Molybdenum, Soil properties, Grasses, Scotland, 'Ruminants. This publication presents for the first time, an account of findings on the status and roles of the essential trace elements in ruminant livestock nutrition that is particularly relevant to the occurrence and control of trace element deficiency in Scotland. PB84-1 28461 /GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Dept. of Health Services, Berkeley. Viral and Rickettsial Disease Lab. Viruses in Water and Reclaimed Wastewater. Final rept. Apr 79-Apr 81, J. L. Riggs, and D. P. Spath. Dec 83, 51 p EPA-600/ 1-83-018 Grant EPA-R-806563 Keywords: 'Viruses, 'Water treatment, 'Water quality, 'Sewage treatment, California, Potable water, Viral diseases, Separation, Sampling, Enteroviruses, Labo- ratory animals, 'Waste water reuse. A study was initiated to determine the occurrence and concentration of viruses in high quality wastewater treatment plant effluents from two treatment plants in California. Disinfected secondary effluent was com- pared to disinfected and filtered secondary effluents. Biweekly quantitative data from the two wastewater treatment plants were obtained over a 16-17 month period. Four cell systems were used for virus assays. Studies were conducted to determine the viral etiology of waterborne outbreaks of acute infectious nonbac- terial gastroenteritis. During the period of this report five outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were suspected to be of waterborne origin. Evidence of viral etiology was obtained in three of the five outbreaks. Cell cul- tures from chimpanzees, marmosets and monkeys were used in attempts to culture the agents producing gastroenteritis in humans. In no case was a virus iso- lated nor growth detected. PB84-128743/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Low-Cost Automation for the Furniture and Join- ery Industry, W. J. Santiano, and H. P. Brion. 1982, 151p UNIDO- ID/154/REV.1 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Furniture, Industries, Manufacturing, Joining, Developing country applica- tion, Low cost. It is the aim of this manual to show furniture and joinery companies that they can gain the benefits of automa- tion in their factories at relatively low cost and that their own personnel can carry out the installation of auto- mation devices, usually on existing machines. PB84-128750/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Emerging Photovoltaics Technologies: Implica- tions for Developing Countries. 2 Nov 82, 15p UNIDO-ID/WG.384/2, R-82-33288 Keywords: 'Photovoltaic power system, Technology, Utilization, Rural areas, Developing country applica- tion. This paper presents a very brief review of technologi- cal advances relating to solar photovoltaic systems and proceeds to consider the implications of those ad- vances for developing countries. PB84-128842/GAA PC E04/MF E01 CONCAWE, The Hague (Netherlands). Guidelines for Recording Industrial Hygiene Data, D. T. Coker, D. Irvine, B. E. Keal, and J. P. Moore. C1983, 27p CONCAWE-7/83 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, Guidelines, Exposure, Health, Epidemiology, Data processing, 'Information systems, 'Computers, Europe, Computer applications. The report reviews the objectives of an industrial hy- giene workplace exposure monitoring data system, and discusses differing types of computer-based sys- tems currently used within the European petroleum and petrochemical industry. The report also gives guidelines for the design of a data system, at the same time reviewing the input and output elements that should be considered in order to produce an efficient and flexible system to meet individual circumstances. (Copyrights (c) CONCAWE Den Haag October 1983.) PB84-128883/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean Springs, MS. Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Carbohydrate Pro- duction in Laboratory Cultures of Spirulina Major (Cyanophyceae). Final rept. Jan 81 -Dec 82, C. F. Rhyne, and L A. Crump. Jul 83, 52p MASGP- 82-032, NOAA-831 20802 Grant NA81AA-D-00050 Prepared in cooperation with Jackson State Univ., MS. Keywords: 'Algae, 'Aquaculture, 'Waste water reuse, Nutrients, Carbohydrates, Biomass, Waste water, Sea water, Mixtures, Inorganic phosphates, Ammonium compounds, Inorganic phosphates, Chemical analysis, pH, Yield, Substrates, Salinity, Temperature, Eutroph- ication. The basic aim of this study was to develop and analyze a photo-synthetic bioconversion system utilizing marine algae as the basis for the production of a use- able feedstock (algae food reserve) by achieving the following: Analysis of various marine algae found along the Mississippi and Alabama coasts based on growth potential in a wastewater/seawater mixture. Evalua- tion of procedures used in maximizing production of food reserves in the selected marine algae. Study of the wastewater treatment relative to N03, NH4 and P04 utilized by the algae biomass. PB84-129030/GAA PC A20/MF A01 California Univ., Riverside. Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land, Proceedings of the 1983 Workshop. Final rept. Sep 82-31 Aug 83, A. L Page, T. L Gleason, III, J. E. Smith, Jr., I. K. Iskandar, and L. E. Sommers. Jan 84, 461 p EPA- 600/9-84-003 Contract EPA-R-810529 Prepared in cooperation with Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN., and Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH. Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Land use, Constraints, Microorganisms control(Sewage), Ground water, Bac- teria, Viruses, Protozoa, Public health, Economic fac- tors, Metals, Nitrogen, Removal, Organic compounds, Risk, Organic loading, Heavy metals. A workshop on Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land was held in Denver, Colorado from February 23 through 25, 1983. Researchers and practioners of land treatment, totaling 203 in number and from the United States and other countries were invited to attend and evaluate advances in the land treatment technology during the past decade. The re- ports of the conference include position papers on in- stitutional constraints, hydrologic and nutrient man- agement, pathogens, metals, organics, engineering and economics and public health aspects. PB84-129063/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Factors Affecting the Feasibility of Small Scale Water Power Plants, A. Vinjar. 4 Aug 83, 38p UNIDO-ID/WG.403/22, R- 83-59104 Keywords: 'Hydroelectric power, Hydroelectric power generation, Feasibility, Cost estimates, Fixed invest- ment, Developing country application. The report covers: (1) engineering and feasibility study for water based electric power station (2) costs esti- mate of projects (3) project evaluation (4) capital costs versus consumers purchasing capacity (5) main fac- tors affecting the feasibility (6) simplified planning of small scale water power projects. 222 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB84-129071/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Development of African Capacities for the Design and Manufacture of Basic Agricultural Equipment. Sectoral Working paper series No. 2, M. Ogier. 19 Mar 83, 63p UNIDO/IS.379, R-83- 53923 Keywords: *Africa, 'Agricultural machinery, 'Technol- ogy assessment, Technology innovation, Manufactur- ing, *Hand tools, Product development, Production methods, Developing country application. The report covers current manufacturing structures for the production of agricultural equipment: manufacture by handicraft, small scale industry and large-scale local enterprises, domestic production of hand tools and simple equipment; animal powered cultivating equipment; portable and stationary equipment with an- cillary motors; simple tractors, engineering design for local manufacture, choice of technology; training. Ad- ditional references: capital goods, agricultural machin- ery. PB84-129261/GAA PC E04/MF E01 New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Auckland. Fermentation Studies on Extracts of Beet, J. M. Smith. Mar 83, 37p R-90 Prepared in cooperaton with Lincoln Coll. (New Zea- land). Dept. of Microbiology. Keywords: 'Sugar beets, Substrates, Sucrose, Yeasts, Saccharomycetes, Bacteria, Fungi, Control, Produc- tion, Efficiency, Fuels, New Zealand, 'Biomass, Chem- ical reactions, Plant extracts. Fodder beet juice and sugar beet juice were found to be good substrates for the production of ethanol. Two strains of flocculent yeast were selected to ferment fodder beet juice and sugar beet juice. Beet juice was found to have a high level of contaminating microorga- nisms. Elimination of these microorganisms from the beet juice before fermentation was an essential step if high fermentation efficiencies were to be achieved. Continuous fermentation of fodder beet juice and sugar beet juice provided higher fermenter productivi- ties than rapid batch fermentation. Under New Zea- land farming conditions, it is estimated that 4000 litres of ethanol per hectare could be produced on a nation- wide basis. PB84-129287/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Office of Water Research and Technology, Washing- ton, DC. Recent Advances in Reverse Osmosis and Electro- dialysis Membrane Desalting Technology. Journal article, M. E. Mattson, and M. Lew. c1982, 27p W84-00531 Pub. in Desalination, v41 n1 p1 -24 Apr 82. Keywords: 'Desalination, Sea water, Technology, Brackish water, High temperature tests, Forecasting, Reviews, Ultrafiltration. The potential impact of recent developments in both reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis membrane de- salting technology is summarized. Particular emphasis is given to the status of advanced technology reverse osmosis membranes with chlorine resistance having single pass seawater desalination capability. Mem- branes capable of using low operating pressures for brackish water desalting are also reviewed. Results obtained with large prototype reverse osmosis mod- ules and their potential effect on lowering plant capital costs are presented. Possible elimination of acid and use of ultrafiltration as the predominant pretreatment step in seawater desalination plants are also de- scribed. Recent developments in the high temperature electrodialysis program for seawater desalting and in the use of newly developed anion membranes for brackish water desalination are reviewed. Potential im- pacts on future membrane desalination R&D activity are discussed. PB84-129584/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Minnesota Dept. of Energy and Economic Develop- ment, St. Paul. Energy Div. Planning and Zoning for Solar Access: A Guide for Minnesota Communities. Sep 83, 91 p* DEED-09-83 Contract DE-FG45-80CS69105 Keywords: 'Solar energy, 'Urban planning, 'Land use, Guidelines, Policies, Public relations, Communities, Neighborhoods, Vegetation, Zoning, Minnesota, Solar architecture, Solar collectors, Residential areas. The purpose of this guide is to provide information on solar access to planning and zoning staff and elected officials to enable them to remove barriers to solar energy use, to facilitate good solar access in new areas of development by modifying zoning and subdivi- sion regulations, and to provide firmer guarantees of solar access such as solar access permits. The guide- book includes background information on solar energy systems and solar geometry. Basic solar access public issues are discussed and sample goal and policy statements are provided. The chapter on removing barriers to solar energy use considers definitions, use designation, and zoning revisions such as exempting solar systems from height and setback requirements. Solar access protection techniques covers easements and solar access permits for existing developments and also for undeveloped areas. Model language is provided. PB84-129592/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Natural Resource Economics Div. Pesticide Use and Practices, 1982, M. Duffy. Dec 83, 20p AIB-462 Keywords: 'Safety, 'Pesticides, Utilizations, Surveys, Safety devices, Farm crops, Economic analysis. Pesticide use varies considerably by crop, according to the Economic Research Service's 1 982 Crop and Live- stock Pesticide Usage Survey. Eleven percent of farm- ers who responded used professional scouting for pest problems, 59 percent self scounted their fields, and 12 percent were aware of beneficial insects and diseases. The extent of no- or reduced-till systems varied by crop. Almost 70 percent of the farmers with livestock used insecticides for livestock insect control. A majority of the respondents used common pesticide application safety equipment and 15 percent used specialized safety equipment. PB84-129725/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Manpower Needs and Career Opportunities in the Field Aspects of Vector Biology: Report of a Work- shop Held at Washington, DC. and Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, on September 29-October 2, 1982. Final rept. Nov 83, 67p 55 Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS-1 023-00 Keywords: 'Health, 'Diseases, 'Tropical Regions, Tropical diseases, Developing countries, Specialized training, Public health, Meetings, Health manpower education. This is a report of a workshop held from September 29 to October 2, 1982 in Washington, DC and Berkeley Springs, WVa to discuss some current problems asso- ciated with vector biology research. Presentations at the workshop focused on the value of field research, the availability of manpower for field studies of medi- cally important insects and snails, vector field research and control activities funded by domestic and interna- tional agencies, and obstacles to career development. Vector-borne diseases continue to threaten social and economic development in many developing countries, yet there is a shortage of field-oriented vector biolo- gists. The workshop report includes the recommenda- tions of the individual working groups on field experi- ence and applications of field research to control prob- lems; training; and employment opportunities. The rec- ommendations focus on ways to ensure that a cadre of expertise will be available in the future to understand and deal with the complex ecological relationships of vectors with human hosts and pathogens that cause such diseases as malaria, dengue fever, filariasis and schistosomiasis. PB84-129774/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Producer Gas: Another Fuel for Motor Transport. Final rept. Nov 83, 1 1 1p 51 Contract AID/ta-C-1433, Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS- 1023-00 Library of Congress catalog card no. 81 -834-1 5. Keywords: 'Fuels, 'Renewable energy, Economic analysis, Biomass, Motor vehicles, Technology, Alter- nate fuels. The purpose of this report is to introduce gas to re- searchers, agencies, and institutions engaged in as- sisting developing countries. The panel demonstrates to decision makers, administrators, and scientists that producer gas technology is worth investigating and hopes, by this report, to encourage increased testing and use of producer gas as an automotive fuel. Pro- ducer gas represents an alternative to petroleum for fueling motor transport. It also has important, potential uses to fuel pumps, driers, and electric generators. Used during the fuel shortages of World War II, pro- ducer gas is generated from solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, coal, peat, and agricultural residues. Produc- er gas is made when a thin stream of air passes through a bed of glowing coals. Most of the carbon dioxide and steam are reduced to carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which, when mixed with air, are com- bustible. This report discusses producer gas technolo- gy and its history. The economics, advantages and dis- advantages are also given. A comprehensive bibliog- raphy on producer gas is available as a companion volume. PB84-129782/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. U.S.-lndonesia Marine Science Exchange Program, 1982-83, Summary Report. Final rept. 1983, 92p CIR/BOSTID-83-8 Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Education, 'Indonesia, Ocean environ- ments, Marine biology, Marine geology, Coastal zone management, Primary biological productivity, Water pollution, Aquaculture, Fisheries, Mollusca, Coral, United States. From June 1982 to June 1983, BOSTID sponsored a U.S. - Indonesia Marine Science Exchange Program which provided support for visits by seven U.S. marine scientists to Indonesia. These scientists presented lectures on topics of interest to Indonesians, gained a better insight into the scientific phenomena of Indone- sian waters, and discussed projects that could aid de- velopment of marine science in Indonesia. This report is a summary of this activity and uses material present- ed by the visiting scientists. PB84-129808/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Alcohol Fuels: Options for Developing Countries. Final rept. C1983, 120p ISBN-0-309-03386-1, 33 Contract AID/c-1433, Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS- 1023-00 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-062536. Keywords: 'Alcohols, 'Fuels, Ethyl alcohol, Methane, Farm crops, Methyl alcohol, Biomass, Sources, Design criteria, Environmental surveys, Economic analysis, Manufacturing, Utilization, Fermentation, Alternate fuels. This report summarizes information on alcohol fuel technologies for planners, investors, and technical as- sistance agencies in developing countries. Although the information is primarily aimed at the non-technical reader, it does contain some details of the technol- ogies: references are included for those who wish more specialized information. This report explores the production and use of alcohol fuels and the production of ethanol and methanol. In addition it looks at the social, economic and environmental implications of using alcohol fuels. Positive and negative factors of using alcohol fuels are given. The report includes infor- mation on various tropical crops and their conversion to alcohols through both traditional and novel pro- ceses. 223 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB84-129824/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Workshop on Single-Cell Protein: Summary Report. Final rept. Sep 83, 72p 83-7 Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Proceedings of a Workshop held at Jakarta, Indonesia, February 1-5, 1983. Keywords: "Proteins, 'Nutrition, Meetings, Developing countries, "Indonesia, Vitamin A, Nutrition, Humans. This workshop, held in Jakarta, Feb 1-5, 1983, re- viewed Indonesian government plans to establish a rural pilot plant to produce single cell protein (SCP) from root crops, primarily cassava. Workshop partici- pants included both Indonesia and U.S. scientists, en- gineers, economists, and administrators. Inadequate consumption of protein and Vitamin A has plagued In- donesia. Because increased production of convention- al protein from agriculture, animals, or marine sources may not be able to satisfy the consumption needs of the growing population, protein produced from non- conventional sources must be further developed. Among these nonconventional sources SCP has a high potential to assist in the alleviation of protein defi- ciency. SCP can be produced from renewable re- sources (root crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes) or other biomass or nonrenewable resources (hydro- carbon, petrochemical and industrial wastes). Work- shop participants sought to identify steps that must be taken in order to introduce SCP as a protein source. Matters that require further study include: Research on microbes; Production processes; and Utilization of SCP. PB84-129865/GAA PC A04/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Workshop on Building Diagnostics Held at Pine Mountain, Georgia on March 5-8, 1983. 18 Aug 83, 70p Contract NB83-SBCA-2040, Grant NSF-CEE82- 13661 Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Management planning, Tech- nology assessment, Environmental engineering, Diag- nosis, Design criteria, Project planning. This report presents the findings of a workshop on building diagnostics held March 5-8, 1983. Building diagnostics is defined as the use of contemporary methods of measurement and interpretation to im- prove the performance of buildings. The purpose of the workshop was to identify existing and new instru- mentation and measurement technologies. The work- shop was part of a larger study by a National Research Council Committee on Building Diagnostics to assess the state of the art of building diagnostics, to develop performance requirements for new diagnostic tools, and to make recommendations for needed research and development programs. PB84-130053/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Or- ganization) Model Form of Licensing and Engi- neering Services Agreement for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Including Guidelines and Tech- nical Annexures. 17 Aug 83, 144p UNIDO/PC.73, R-83-59494 Keywords: 'Contracts, 'Fertilizers, 'Industrial plants, Contract terms, Construction, Engineering, Technolo- gy transfer, Developing country application. The report discusses contracts for the licensing and engineering services needed for the construction of a fertilizer plant. It presents a UNIDO model form of such an agreement containing (1) general and specific guidelines (2) the text of the agreement, consisting of eleven articles and (3) technical annexures. PB84-130319/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manual on Upholstery Technology, D. P. Cody. 1982, 99p UNIDO-ID/275 Keywords: 'Furniture, 'Textile industry, Fabrics, Tex- tiles, Technology, Equipment, Industries, Developing countries, Developing country application. The following topics are discussed: (1) upholstery work-traditional and modern; (2) materials and tech- niques-suspension systems, cushioning; (3) fabrics, textiles; (4) production technology-methods and equipment; (5) factory organization and management; planning, production control; a small upholstery pro- duction unit; (6) processing of flexible plastic foam (polyurethane); and (7) performance testing. PB84-130335/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manual on the Production of Rattan Furniture, D. P. Cody. 1983, 119p UNIDO-ID/299 Keywords: 'Furniture, 'Industrial plants, Processing, Manufacturing, Equipment, Machinery, Developing countries, Developing country application. The following topics are discussed (1) the rattan plant (2) rattan processing and harvesting; preliminary proc- essing; conversion; (3) marketing (4) product design considerations (5) the furniture manufacturing process (6) project engineering, machinery, equipment, factory layout and factory organization (7) management func- tions; and manpower needs. PB84-130343/GAA PC E10/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manual for Planning the Development of Capital Goods Industries, M. M. Luther. 1983, 204p UNIDO/I0.548, R-83- 57501 Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Economic devel- opment, 'Turkey, 'Industrial development, Developing country application. This is a Handbook on development planning for cap- ital goods industries in developing countries (based on project experience in Turkey) - covers (1 ) objectives of capital goods development project (2) conceptual frameworks priorities and strategy (3) classification and codification of capital goods (4) methodology for (a) process industries, (b) general purpose machinery, (c) the transport sector. PB84-130350/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Meeting of the Expert Group to Exchange Experi- ences in the Developing Countries (1st), Held in Vienna, Austria on 7-1 1 December 1981. 31 Dec 81, 32p UNIDO/PC.30, R-81 -33841 Keywords: 'Fertilizers, Developing countries, 'Indus- trial plants, Meetings, Specialized training, Developing country application. UNIDO convened the First Meeting of the Expert Group to exchange experience in the construction and operation of fertilizer plants in developing countries. The Terms of Reference for the exchange and transfer of experiences program recommended by the Consul- tation were as follows: (1) The organization of a number of in-plant training programs in selected devel- oping countries on plant operation and maintenance; (2) The convening of technical meetings at the mana- gerial level on project and plant management, oper- ational problems and technological development; and (3) The provision of expert services and training facili- ties on plant and equipment design and on ways to improve capacity utilization. PB84-130467/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN. Agrochemical Hazards in Aquatic Systems and Evaluation of Such Hazards with Emphasis on De- veloping Countries, A. E. Lemke. 1983, 21 p EPA-600/D-84-020 Keywords: 'Fishes, 'Proteins, 'Water pollution, Fertil- izers, Pesticides, Foods, Fishes, Shellfish, Sources, Toxicity, Utilization, Agricultural products, Bioaccumu- lation, Eutrophication. Many developing countries are lacking protein in the diets of their population. Aquatic systems are good sources of protein in many areas with fish and shellfish as the main sources. The misuse of agrochemicals can directly or indirectly affect the use and suitability of these protein sources as food. Problems are found in three main areas: eutrophication which changes spe- cies production, direct toxicity to aquatic species and bioconcentration of various materials to excessive amounts. The best solution is judicious purchase and use of agrochemicals. Lacking this, testing is neces- sary to predict and prevent problems and several methods will be enumerated. Particular emphasis will be placed on testing facilities and personnel. A sub- stantial bibliography will be included. PB84-130616/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics. Food Policies in Developing Countries. Foreign agricultural economics rept. Dec 83, 76p FAER-194 Keywords: 'Food, 'Africa, Senegal, Kenya, Tanzania, Economic development, Prices. Developing nations find national food policies a neces- sary, but not sufficient, condition for economic devel- opment, according to this survey of 21 nations, includ- ing case studies of Kenya, Tanzania, and Senegal. Use of such policies does not affect development as much as the extent to which they are used. Increasing farmer welfare and achieving national food self-suffi- ciency were the two food policy objectives most often claimed by the developing nations. Also claimed were consumer welfare, stable prices, conservation of for- eign exchange, and food security. Government budget constraints formed the greatest roadblocks to effec- tive food policy. PB84-130657/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Directory of Industrial and Technological Re- search Institutes: Industrial Conversion of Bio- 24 Feb 83, 157p UNIDO/IS.372 Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Industrial plants, Technology, Fuels, Research, Chemical feedstocks, Listings, De- veloping country application. There are of course many guides to institutes working on development of new and renewable energy sources. This directory is intended to provide addition- al in-depth information on on-going projects, including stage of development (laboratory, pilot plant, or indus- trial level) and scale of production (household, village, industrial). The directory is envisaged as a starting point for promoting international co-operation in the in- dustrial conversion of biomass. The information was obtained by questionnaires circulated early in 1 982. It was coded to allow for the generation of a subject index, and in-put into the LINK Data Base for ease in producing the directory and in up-dating the informa- tion as required. PB84-130673/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Waste and Dust Extraction Systems, G. Anselmi. 12 Sep 83, 42p UNIDO-ID/WG.369/12, R-83-61696 Keywords: 'Woodworking, 'Wood wastes, 'Health, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Pipes, Sepa- rators, Extractors, Industrial wastes, Developing coun- try application, Suction hoods. In the modern woodworking industry, particular atten- tion is paid to the problem of dust and waste extrac- tion. Sawing, squaring, planing, polishing machines, etc., produce waste of various kinds, chips, shavings and dust, which must be removed both from the ma- chine and from the work environment and should later be recovered, hopefully, for industrial or energy pur- poses. Today, priority is no longer given to the ma- chine which, however, should be kept clean in order to ensure a smooth operation and prevent damage that may possibly involve delicate automatisms, but- rea- sonably enough - to man and to the ways in which he may be enable to work in an environment as clean and 224 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS as healthy as possible. In order to achieve this goal, one must: extract the waste from where it has originat- ed, convey it through a conduct system, and deposit it in a suitable place. These operations give rise to a suc- tion plant and this is also the topic of this lecture. PB84-130681/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Why and How Wood Dries, R. Cividini. 12 Sep 83, 37p UNIDO-ID/WG.369/11, R-83-61695 Keywords: *Drying, 'Wood, Humidity, Moisture con- tent, Temperature, Lumber, Air flow, Drying apparatus, Hardwoods, Softwoods, Developing country applica- tion. Contents: Why and how wood dries; Drying means; Natural seasoning; Kiln-drying; Automation of the drying process; Problems connected with the choice of the drier. PB84-130699/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Impact of Microelectronics on Biomedical Applica- tions in Developing Countries, C. L Claeys. 17 Jun 83, 26p UNIDO/IS.392, R-83- 57316 Keywords: "Health, 'Electronics, Trends, State of the art. Contents: State of the art and new trends; Relevance to developing countries, Aspects of biomedical engi- neering, Situation in developing countries; Require- ments for introduction in developing countries; Rela- tion between the medical and the electronic profes- sions; Examples of practical applications; Future ac- tions and conclusions. PB84-130707/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Mechanical Wood-Processing Industries in Devel- oping Countries. Problems - Causes - Search for Solutions, J. Swiderski, and G. Heilborn. 17 Jun 83, 58p UNIDO-ID/WG.395/5, R-83-57337 Keywords: 'Wood products, Manufacturing, Plywood, Veneers, Raw materials, Sawmills, Education, Tech- nology assessment, Particle boards, Developing coun- try applications. The report covers sawmilling: main problems, low re- covery from raw material timber; choice of equipment; wood technology; training, plywood and veneer manu- facture, reconstituted wood panels: particle board, fi- breboard, main constraints, search for solutions. Bibli- ography. Additional reference: tropical timber. PB84-130715/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Some Aspects of Export Packaging of Furniture, J. Selin. 29 Jun 83, 28p UNIDO-ID/WG.378/3, R-83- 57780 Keywords: 'Furniture, 'Packaging, Containerizing, Compacting, Exports, 'International trade, Regula- tions, Warehouses, Developing country application. The packaging of furniture for export is one of the most difficult problems in packaging technology. Most of the damage to furniture during transport and storage occurs because of incompetent and rough handling. In most cases, the main reason for damage to furniture packed for export is given as the result of the inferior quality of the packaging material available. Both furni- ture manufacurers and furniture dealers often have in- adequate warehouse facilities. PB84-130723/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Contractual Arrangements for the Transfer of Technology in the Fast Food Sector, J. Cieslik. 7 Sep 83, 29p UNIDO-ID/WG.405/2, R- 83-61526 Keywords: 'Food services, 'Contracts, Food dispens- ing, International trade, Food services management, Marketing, Developing country application, Franchis- ing. The expansion of transnational fast food chains, al- though concentrated developed countries, has been recently visible in developing countries as well, espe- cially in Latin America and South-east Asia. Large fast food chains either operate their outlets abroad or fran- chise the system to the independent restaurant opera- tors. In addition, mixed-type arrangements are used in this sector i.e. equity participation in combination with franchise agreement. Prior to formulating specific reg- ulations and guidelines, developing countries should define their general attitude towards transnational fast food chains. Taking into account the economic, finan- cial and socio-cultural implications of the fast food chain operations, it is recommended that all contrac- tual arrangements used in this sector are subject matter of scrutiny by the technology transfer registries in developing countries. Franchise contracts should be always evaluated within broader context of the overall relationship between franchisor and franchisee. The principal differences among various types of fran- chises should also be taken into account. PB84-130731/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Interregional Cement Technology Forum, Bengh- azi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 13-20 April 1982. 24 Jan 83, 42p UNIDO/I0.535, R-83-50632 Keywords: 'Cement, 'Technology assessment, Exca- vating equipment, Grinding mills, Kilns, Refractory ma- terials, Limestones, Production control, Developing country application. The report covers organization of the forum; com- ments and observations, gives summaries of papers presented and discussions, with reference i.a. to mining, factory establishment, grinding, limestone, kilns, training centers, pollution control, refractory ma- terials, maintenance and repair. PB84-130749/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Small Hydro Power Development. 1. Methodology for Feasibility and other Studies Appropriate for Small Hydro Power Development. 2. Local Manu- facture of Small Hydro Power Equipment (Tur- bine). 3. Ways and Means of Cost Reduction Com- patible with Viability and Utility Requirements. 9 Aug 83, 18p UNIDO-ID/WG.403/30, R-83-59212 Keywords: 'Hydroelectric power, Feasibility, Manufac- turing, Hydraulic turbines, Cost engineering, Small- scale hydroelectric power plants, Developing country application. The report covers (1) methodology for feasibility stud- ies and other studies appropriate for SHP (2) domestic production of SHP equipment turbines (3) ways and means of costs reduction compatible with viability and utility requirements. PB84-130764/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Some Considerations about a Practical Approach to the Development of Technical Infrastructure for Microelectronics, G. F. de la Garza. 14 Jul 83, 19p UNIDO-ID/ WG.401/6, R-83-58464 Keywords: 'Electronics, 'Research and development, Technology, Development, Developing country appli- cation. The report covers: (1) factors in development of appli- cations of microelectronics; specialized engineering capacity; engineering design; software development; components manufacture and standardization; coop- eration between electronics industrys and research centres; management development; (2) micro-inte- grated circuits design and production; (3) proposals for regional microelectronics development centers. PB84-130772/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Microelectronics and Developing Countries. To- wards an Action-Oriented Approach. 10 Feb 83, 18p UNIDO-ID/WG.384/5/REV.1, R-83- 51698 Keywords: 'Electronics, 'Industrial development, Microelectronics, Employment, Foreign trade, Policies, Technology innovation, Technology transfer, Special- ized training, Developing country application. The report covers (1) impact of microelectronics on employment, capital, foreign trade and society; (2) components of a microelectronics policy framework in DCs: monitoring and awareness; endogenous capac- ities and applications; implementation review; efforts to develop applications; building up of knowhow and technological capabilities; choice of technology; tech- nology transfer; education and training; (3) internation- al cooperation. PB84-130905/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Development of Drugs Based on Medicinal Plants. 1 Sep 83, 23p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/11, R-83-59929 Keywords: 'Drugs, 'Medicinal plants, Manufacturing, Developing country application. Contents: The use of medicinal plants-(Patterns of pharmaceutical development from plants and the consumption of plant-based drugs); Pharmaceutical manufacturing from medicinal plants~(Production of therapeutic agents from plants, technology requirements, and supply of plant raw materials); Conclusions. PB84-130913/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Cost Reduction Considerations in Small Hydro- power Development, D. A. Minott, and R. A. Delisser. 4 Aug 83, 16p UNIDO-ID/WG.403/21, R-83-59103 Keywords: 'Hydroelectric power, Cost engineering, Development, Hydroelectric power generation, Small- scale hydroelectric power plants, Developing country application. The report covers: (1) general concepts: physical com- ponents of MHG facilities; site assessments, hydrolo- gy, maps, feasibility studys, engineering design, social aspects, economic aspects, detailed civil engineering, tendering, construction, etc.; (2) some ways of reduc- ing capital costs in developing countries: penstocks, speed control, turbines and reverse pumps, voltage control devices, standardization of parts and reduction of equipment variety; (3) other cost reduction consider- ations. PB84-130921/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Items which could be Incorporated in Contractual Arrangements for the Transfer of Technology for the Manufacture of those Bulk Drugs/Interme- diates Included in UNIDO's (United Nations Indus- trial Development Organizations) Illustrative List. 26 May 83, 125p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/1, R-83-56382 Keywords: 'Contracts, 'Technology transfer, 'Indus- trial development, 'Drugs, Contract terms, Developing countries, Production planning, Licenses, Personnel, Drugs. UNIDO has been requested to prepare a document on the various contractual conditions, and variations thereof including background notes, related to con- tractual arrangements for the transfer of technology in the pharmaceutical industry. This document has been prepared in line with the recommendations referred to and in co-operation with an ad hoc panel. It is intended to provide guidance for the negotiation and drafting of agreements for the transfer of technology for the man- ufacture of bulk drugs or intermediates, for new entre- preneurs or those who have already a plant in oper- 225 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ation and would like to add new products or adopt a new technology. PB84-130939/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Energy Development and Industrialization. 6 Oct 82, 86p UNIDO/OED.135, R-82-31070 Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: "Energy source development, 'Industrial development, * Energy management, 'Energy, Devel- oping countries, Industries, Energy methods, Coal, Nu- clear energy, Solar energy, Hydroelectric power gen- eration, Developing country application. The report covers (1) the broad perspective and set- ting of the problem; relevant role of UNIDO; (2) main issues and goals of an energy program; (3) the poten- tial contribution of (a) various energy sources: fossil hydrocarbons, coal, nuclear energy, hydroelectric power, biomass; (b) new and renewable energys; (4) industry for energy; fuels processing, equipment pro- duction; (5) industrial energy management; (6) pro- gramming aspects, activities, international coopera- tion, etc. PB84-130947/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Promotion of Commercially Less Accepted Spe- cies (Timber) of Wood, 0. P. Hansom. 25 May 83, 45p UNIDO-ID/WG.395/ 1, R-83-56335 Keywords: "Marketing, *Wood, Classifications, Struc- tural timber, Wood products, Developing country appli- cation. The report covers (1) designation, definition, occur- rence and grouping of such species of timber (2) uses: classification, log exports; sawnwood, veneer, ply- wood, wood products; energy and fuelwood (3) indus- trial marketing (4) promotional activities (5) a strategy for forest product processing; forestry aspects, eco- nomic aspects; incentives and (6) an action pro- gramme. PB84-130954/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Application of Wind Power for Ship's Drive, B. Mazurkiewicz. 22 Oct 82, 25p UNIDO-ID/ WG.375/10, R-82-31875 Keywords: 'Meteorology, 'Ships, 'Wind energy, Marine propulsion, Technology assessment, Develop- ing country application. The report covers background of revived interest in the use of wind energy based on need to reduce fuel costs; engineering design for hulls suitable for intro- duction of sails, existing tendencies concerning large merchant vessels; problems and solutions; experience in various countries and sails for fishing vessels, dia- grams of various sailboats. PB84-130970/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Boatbuilding and Repair Yard for Wooden Fishing Boats, B. Mazurkiewicz. 22 Oct 82, 25p ID/WG.375/8, R- 82-31870 Keywords: 'Boats, 'Construction, 'Ships, Structural design, Specifications, Personnel, Production man- agement, Developing country application. This publication provides the specifications, diagrams, and procedures of a repair yard. Other functions are also covered such as number of employees required, equipment required, and dimensions of the necessary buildings. PB84-131002/GAA PC E12/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Or- ganization) Model Form of Cost Reimbursable Contract for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Including Guidelines and Technical Annexures. 1 Jun 83, 279p UNIDO/PC.26/REV. 1, R-83-56696 Keywords: 'Contracts, 'Fertilizers, 'Industrial plants, Contract terms, Construction, Developing country ap- plication. The report presents a UNIDO model form of a cost reimbursable contract for the construction of a fertilizer plant. PB84-131010/GAA PC E12/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Second Draft of the UNIDO (United Nations Indus- trial Development Organization) Model Form of Semi-Turnkey Contract for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Including Guidelines and Technical Annexures. 19 Aug 83, 294p UNIDO/PC.74, R-83-59559 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Fertilizers, 'Contracts, Models, Agreements, Requirements, Developing country application. The aim of the Guidelines is to inform, particularly the Purchasers in developing countries, of the conditions and obligations which they shall be entering into when choosing a particular Model Contract, and the safe- guards and guarantees that should be sought accord- ingly in an actual negotiation. The Guidelines are pre- sented in two parts: (i) the General Guidelines, giving the main features and obligations of the parties under the Contract, and (ii) Guidelines to specific Articles, ex- plaining both the essential aspects of each Article and the reasoning behind key clauses in the most impor- tant Articles. The Semi-Turnkey Contract is basically a 'turnkey' contract for the supply of all the Plant and Equipment for the project, but with the Civil Engineer- ing and Erection being undertaken by the PURCHAS- ER or his sub-contractors. PB84-131036/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). High-Level Expert Group Meetings Preparatory to the Fourth General Conference of UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). International Forum on Technological Advances and Development, Tbilisi, USSR, 12-16 April 1983. 29 Apr 83, 49p UNIDO-ID/WG.389/6, R-83-55103 Keywords: 'Technology assessment, Meetings, Ge- netics, Microelectronics, Materials, Petrochemistry, Energy. The objectives of the Forum were: (1) To examine the potentials and limitations of selected technological ad- vances for the industrial and economic development of the developing countries, in particular their industrial development; (2) To consider the implications of tech- nological advances in their interaction with one an- other and their impact on industrial and other sectors; (3) To identify ways and means by which specific in- dustrial and technological capabilities may be devel- oped by the developing countries in order to be able to avail themselves of the benefits of the advances, where appropriate and feasible; (4) To identify policy actions to be taken by the governments of developing countries including ways of integrating policy re- sponses to technological advances with their existing policy framework for industrial and technological de- velopment; (5) To identify the lines of international action and in particular action by UNIDO; and (6) To make suggestions and recommendations for consider- ation by the Fourth General Conference of UNIDO (UNIDO IV). PB84-131044/GAA PC E10/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Small-Scale Manufacture of Footwear. Technical memo No.2. C1982, 222p UNIDO/IS.354, R-82-34028 Keywords: 'Footwear, 'Industrial plants, Developing countries, Technology, Evaluation, Decision making, Benefit cost analysis, Developing country application. The report covers (1) the footwear industry; (2) manu- facturing technology; processing stages and equip- ment for six types of footwear; (3) project evaluation; (4) framework for national level decision making; eco- nomic implications, social aspects; cost benefit analy- sis. PB84-131051/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Water Use and Effluent Treatment Practices for the Manufacture of the 26 Priority Drugs in the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Or- ganization) Illustrative List, R. W. Coughlin. 6 Jun 83, 134p UNIDO/IS.387, R- 83-56924 Keywords: 'Waste treatment, 'Drugs, 'Water pollu- tion, Utilization, Industrial waste treatment, Drug indus- try, Packaging, Organic solvents, Materials recovery, Fermentation, Purification, 'Waste water reuse, Devel- oping country application, Beers. The present report is concerned with treatment of wastes arising from the manufacture of these 26 drugs as well as standards and criteria for process water to be used in the manufacture of these drugs. Special procedures are required to prepare non-pyrogenic water and they are also discussed in this report. Spe- cial consideration is given in this report to waste beers from fermentation processes and to the very high strength wastes which can arise when organic sol- vents find their way into wastewaters. There is a sepa- rate section on recovering and purifying such solvents for re-use. PB84-131069/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Profile on Establishment of National Systems for Metal Scrap Collection and Processing, P. Narancsik. 23 Jun 83, 99p UNIDO/I0.549, R-83- 57590 Keywords: 'Metals, Economic analysis, Utilization, Process charting, Performance evaluation, 'Waste re- cycling, Solid wastes, Waste processing plants, Devel- oping country application. Final report on systematic metal scrap collection and recycling - covers (1) economic aspects and organiza- tional aspects of a collecting and processing system; transport; criteria of scrap utilization, groupings, grad- ing (2) iron and steel scraps classification, nonferrous metals (3) the scraps preparation factory; scrap suita- ble for direct consumption, choice of technology (4) pricing and profitability, quality control, specifications, storage of scraps; handling and conveying machinery (5) manpower needs, equipment costs, capital costs, power supply, etc. Diagrams, factory layout. PB84-131077/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Items which could be Included in Licensing Ar- rangements for the Transfer of Technology for the Formulation of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. 9 Jul 83, 114p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/3, R-83-58224 Keywords: 'Drugs, 'Contracts, Formulations, Li- censes, 'Technology transfer, Developing countries, Developing country application, World Health Organi- zation, UNIDO. This paper provides general guidelines and concrete drafting proposals for the negotiation and conclusion of licensing arrangements related to the formulation of pharmaceutical forms. These guidelines have general application to all those drugs contained in WHO'S model list of essential drugs, including those on UNIDO's illustrative list. This document is intended to cover two main situations, on the assumption that the Licensee wishes to set up a new formulations unit, and requires the Licensor to provide the process know- how and basic engineering, and a situation where the Licensee already operates a plant for formulations and requires the Licensor to supply process know-how for new products. PB84-131085/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). 226 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS 'Balanites Aegyptiaca' an Unutilized Raw Material Potential Ready for Agro-Industrial Exploitation, I. M. Abu-AI-Futuh. 13 Apr 83, 114p UNIDO/I0.494, R-83-54325 Keywords: *Fruits, "Tropical regions, 'Africa, Distribution(Property), Taxonomy, Chemical analysis, Amino acids, *Food processing, Oilseeds, Proteins, Fermentation, Ethanols, Oils, Soaps, Tropical regions, Marketing, Economic factors, Feeding stuffs, Develop- ing country application, Underutilized species, Habi- tats. In this study, the Balanites tree is described with spe- cial consideration to its characteristics, habitat geo- graphical distribution, uses of its fruits and resources. The classification and vernacular names of Balanites aegyptiaca tree are also given. The composition of Ba- lanites aegyptiaca fruit and chemical constituents of its various parts are given. The processing of Balanites fruit to separate the mesocarp, wooden shell and kernel is defined. The processing of Balanites fruit me- socarp for fermentation products (e.g. ethanol, carbon dioxide, ....) and steroidal sapogenins is outlined. PB84-131093/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Contractual Arrangements for the Setting up of a Plant for the Production of Bulk Drugs or Interme- diates. 9 Dec 82, 43p UNIDO-ID/WG.385/3, R-82-34752 Keywords: *Drugs, "Contracts, "Industrial Plants, Pur- chasing, Coordinated procurement, Contactors, Meet- ings, Manufacturing, Developing country application. This document is primarily addressed to parties negoti- ating this type of agreements and in particular for en- terprises in developing countries, which are able and willing to increase the range of bulk drugs (or interme- diates) locally produced. Therefore, this report is on licensing agreements for the manufacture of bulk drugs and intermediates. PB84-131275/GAA PC E11/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Emerging Petrochemicals Technology: Implica- tions for Developing Countries, V. R. S. Ami. 29 Oct 82, 273p UNIDO/IS.350, R-82- 33205 Keywords: "Chemical industry, "Industrial plants, Technology, Natural gas, Methyl alcohol, Hydrogen, Fuels, Economics, Forecasting, Syngas, Chemical feedstocks, Developing country application. The objectives of this document are to identify: Major developments in petrochemical technology in the ad- vanced countries; The major factors influencing tech- nology change; The implications of technology owner- ship in relation to the mobility and transferability of technology; the opportunities that new technologies could afford to developing countries; Constraints, in access to such technology and the forms in which technology transfer can take place. A particularly im- portant objective is to examine what forms of action developing countries, individually or collectively, may be able to take to influence the evolution of technology so as to make it viable to their needs in both economic and strategic terms. PB84-131382/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Items which could be Included in Contractual Ar- rangements for the Setting up of a Plant for the Production of Bulk Drugs (or Intermediates) In- cluded in UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Devel- opment Organization) Illustrative List. 14 Jul 83, 125p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/4, R-83-58484 Keywords: "Industrial plants, "Drugs, "Contracts, Pro- duction, Manufacturing, Industrial engineering, Plant layout, Developing country application. The report provides guidance for the negotiation and drafting of engineering contracts for setting up a plant for the production of bulk pharmaceuticals and/or in- termediates for the addition or adaptation of a factory in operation when new products or new technologies are introduced. PB84-131556/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manual on Jigs for the Furniture Industry, P. J. Paavola, and K. Ilonen. 1981, 71 p UNIDO-ID/ 265, R-81 -30086 Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: "Furniture, "Industrial development, "Woodworking, Requirements, Design, Tools, Wood- working, Developing countries, Developing country ap- plication. The report gives information designed to familiarize technical personnel of small furniture plants in devel- oping countries with basic requirements in design of jigs and gives some examples of jigs for use on wood- working machinery and covers economic and techni- cal aspects of jig design and storage and gives exam- ples of jigs for use in machining of furniture parts and in assembling. PB84-131564/GAA PC E08/MF E01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Mor- gantown, WV. Div. of Safety Research. Selected Bibliography on Hazardous Materials Control, R. Ronk, M. K. White, K. Mull, and H. Linn. Oct 83, 174p* Keywords: "Environmental surveys, Exposure, Toxici- ty, Inspection, "Toxic substances, "Occupational safety and health, Listings. The increasing use, handling and disposition of haz- ardous materials are giving rise to unique health and safety problems, especially for those workers occupa- tional^ exposed to such materials. Interagency efforts by NIOSH, OSHA, the USCG, and EPA are underway to establish effective guidelines for 'the protection of workers who investigate and clean up hazardous waste sites and respond to hazardous substance emergencies.' An early stage of program development has been the search of past and current literature for sources of information pertinent to hazardous materi- als control in general, and to the specific area chosen by NIOSH for initial concentration: personal protective equipment. Herein is a selected listing of literature re- lated to hazardous materials control and personal pro- tective equipment. The bibliography is intended as basis for further NIOSH research and documentation, and is offered for similar use by others in the private and public sectors. PB84-131572/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Economic Production of Doors and Windows, I. R. Traversa. 2 Sep 83, 56p UNIDO-ID/WG.369/8, R-83-61642 Keywords: "Houses, "Construction, "Machine tools, Automation, Machining, Production planning, Develop- ing country application. The report covers (1) definition of components and of basic machining operations (2) hydraulically operated hot and cold platen presses (3) manufacturing meth- ods; traditional or basic machinery (4) window produc- tion employing automatic machines (5) door casement and flush door construction (6) outlines of a medium- sized doors and windows factory. PB84-131598/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Production of Newsprint from Waste Paper in North America, T. Jeyasingam. 18 Nov 82, 127p UNIDO/IO.500/ Rev.1, R-82-34129 Keywords: "Waste disposal, "Paper industry, "Waste recycling, Cost analysis, Technology, Paper industry, Developing country application, Waste recycling, Waste utilization, Deinking, Listings. Contents: Introduction; Reports on visits to deinking operations in U.S.A. and Canada; Typical deinking systems in U.S.A. and Canada; An appropriate deinking technology for developing countries to produce newsprint; List of U.S. patents related to deinking; List of newsprint mills with deinked pulp in U.S.A. and Canada; List of newsprint mills working with deinked pulp in other parts of the world; Index of abbreviations; Persons with whom discussions were held and those who directly as well as indirectly provided assistance for this study. PB84-131614/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Plastics in the Building and Construction Industry, J. R. Crowder. 3 Mar 83, 19p UNIDO-ID/WG.392/4, R-83-53180 Keywords: "Plastics, "Construction, "Building materi- als, Chemical properties, Physical properties, Develop- ing country application, Listings. Plastics have a unique range of properties that fit them for numerous applications in building, but also impose some limitations on them. Applications of plastics cover most areas of building and are discussed in terms of structures, secondary elements and services, which are their most important field of use. Although there are some limitations on the use of plastics, there are a number of ways in which they might be used more effectively and some suggestion is offered on how this might be achieved. PB84-131622/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Preparatory Phase in the Establishment of a Re- gional Project in the Area of Maintenance and Repair in Latin American and Caribbean Sugar Mills. 1983, 148p UNIDO/10.531, R-83-52764 Keywords: "Industrial development, "Sugar, "Latin America, Maintenance, Refineries, Specialized train- ing, Technology innovation, Developing country appli- cation. The report regarding preparation of a project of assist- ance of maintenance and repair for sugar industry in the Latin American region covers (1) existing facilities and systems in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Panama, Nica- ragua, Mexico, Jamaica, Barbados, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Costa Rica, Cuba; (2) regional project to introduce modern technology, training of technical per- sonnel, organization of a regional information system; (3) research cooperation, institutional framework, technical assistance needs, project design. PB84-131739/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Medical Applications of Plastics, G. W. Hastings. 1983, 15p UNIDO-ID/WG.392/2, R- 83-53178 Keywords: "Prosthetics, "Plastics, "Health, Materials, Toxicity, Prostheses, Orthoses, Contact lenses, Artifi- cial eyes, Developing country application, Biomater- ials, Product safety. The attraction of plastics materials for biomedical uses lies in the diversity of types and properties available. In theory it should be possible to tailor the material used to each particular application, but in general it is not either because other important properties are sacri- ficed or for economic reasons. In practice, certain ma- terials have become prominent in use because they are completely satisfactory or because they offer the most acceptable compromise. Satisfactory as a judge- ment on a material will include consideration of end- use properties and user acceptance, processability in- cluding sterilization where necessary and availability at an acceptable cost. PB84-131754/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). 227 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Industrial Devel- opment. A Review of UNIDO Activities on the Utili- zation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for the Production of Pharmaceuticals in Developing Countries, A. Tcheknavorian-Asenbauer, and R. O. B. Wijesekera. 3 Jun 82, 108p UNIDO/IO.505, R-82- 27167 Keywords: * Drugs, *Plants(Botany), *Asia, "Africa, •Medicinal plants, Lesser developed countries. Contents: Interest of international bodies; Unido pro- grammes-general; The exploratory missions by the UNIDO mobile unit for the pharmaceutical and essen- tial oils industry in the LDCs of Asia and Africa; Work of the mobile unit in the least developed countries of Asia; Work of the mobile unit in the LDCs of Africa; Other ongoing UNIDO programmes in prospect and retrospect; Programme for development of medicinal and aromatic plant products in the Arab states; Work- shops and training programmes; Some considerations in the development of plant-derived drugs, with par- ticular regard to the needs of developing countries. PB84-131762/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Importance of Blood as a Basic Material for Local Production of Blood Derivatives Essential for the Health Care Programmes of Developing Countries, C. Chari, and A. Tcheknavorian-Asenbauer. 1983, 32p UNIDO/I0.525, R-83-50024 Keywords: 'Health, Developing country application. The use of blood components in recent years has en- abled the clinicians to treat patients with the specific component which they lacked and also facilitated the most economic use of blood so that a single donation can be used to treat patients suffering from a variety of conditions. The component therapy also yields excess blood plasma which can be fractionated into still more therapeutic, prophylatic, diagnostic and quality control material. PB84-131770/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Industrial Production of Coconut Cream: The Pro- duction Concept, D. Adair, and A. Marter. 7 Dec 82, 105p UNIDO/ 10.528, R-83-50135 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Coconuts, Manufactur- ing, Fuels, Shells, Cost analysis, Marketing, Process charting, Performance evaluation, Equipment, Con- sumer products, Solid wastes, Developing country ap- plication, Coconut. The document contains a detailed review and evalua- tion of existing coconut cream production activities and in conclusion identifies the optimum factory based production technology supported by relevant financial and economic considerations. PB84-131838/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Implications of New Materials and Technology for Developing Countries. 17 Mar 83, 16p UNIDO-ID/WG.384/1/Rev.1, R-83- 53553 Keywords: 'Natural resources, 'Economic develop- ment, Resources, Policies, Developing country appli- cation. The report covers (1) current and anticipated new ma- terials and advanced technology; material shortages; energy implications; need for energy saving and recy- cling; metals, plastics, composites (2) need for analy- sis by DCs; economic implications; indicated action. PB84-131846/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Implications of Biomass Energy Technology for Developing Countries. 7 Mar 83, 23p UNIDO-ID/WG.384/6/Rev.1, R-83- 53160 Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Energy source development, Technology, Pyrolysis, 'Gasification, Liquefaction, Ethyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol, Methane, Renewable energy source, Developing country application. Contents: Current biomass energy production and conversion technologies; Policy implications for developing countries; Options for international action. PB84-131861/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Mini Hydro Power Stations. (A Manual for Decision Makers). 1981, 173p UNIDO/IS.225, R-81 -24534 Keywords: 'Hydroelectric power, 'Technology as- sessment, Management planning, Maintenance man- agement, Structural members, Cost analysis, Develop- ing country application. The report gives guidance for decision making in this field at national level, local level or at the planning and project implementation levels; covers (a) comparison of MHG with alternative energy sources, including thermal and renewable energys (b) development of MHG: programming; evaluation of resources and demand; preinvestment studys; financing; construction and start-up; operation and maintenance and repair; training, (c) choice of technology; equipment, adapta- tion, (d) approaches to specific projects; costs, (e) international cooperation. Statistics, bibliography, dia- grams. PB84-131879/GAA MF$4.75 Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London (England). Small-Scale Production of Cementitious Materials, R. J. S. Spence. c1980, 55p ISBN-0-903031-612 Microfiche copy only. Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Cement, Raw materials, Calcium oxides, Lime cements, Pozzolans, Production, Cost analysis, Developing country application. This report begins with a discussion of the place of cement in development and existing cement-produc- tion technology. The second part on small scale Port- land cement plants covers Indian development work on small scale vertical shaft kilns, medium scale verti- cal shaft kilns, the compact cement plant, cement pro- duction in the People's Republic of China, economic considerations of small and large plants, and a com- parison of the Indian and Chinese experiences. The third section on lime-based cementing materials covers the raw materials, production process, capital costs, labor intensity, and production costs of lime pro- duction, the raw materials, processing and uses of pozzolanas, economics of pozzolana and lime-pozzo- lana production, and the comparative economics of lime-pozzolana production and Portland cement pro- duction. The fourth part on other cementing materials includes hydraulic lime and natural cement, gypsum, and other cement making processes. Non-technical problems in implementing appropriate technologies are also covered. PB84-131887/GAA MFS4.75 Intermediate Technology Development Group, London (England). Picking Up the Threads: Small Firms in the Wool Textile Industry. Alternative industrial framework rept. no. 4, A. E. Bollard. C1982, 43p Microfiche copy only. Keywords: 'Fibers, 'Textile industry, 'Great Britain, Woolen textiles, Competition, Synthetic fibers, Gov- ernment policies, Developing country application. The British reclaimed wool industry was hard hit by competition from synthetic fibers. This report outlines the industries' response. It covers the wool textile in- dustry in the United Kingdom including firms in the in- dustry; stages of production (fleece preparation, fibre reclamation, yarn preparation, weaving, finishing), types of fabrics (worsteds, woolens, low cost wool- ens), industrial organization, craft production, and Harris Tweed - a case study. The second part on tech- nology and labor covers machinery development, equipment makers, the workforce, and men versus machines. Part three on competition to UK wool tex- tiles covers the threat from synthetics, foreign compe- tition, the Prato Wool Industry in Italy - a case study, relative UK Competitivity, the wool trade and govern- ment policy, and other competition-prone industries. Part four on the role of the smaller wood mills covers size and efficiency, economies of small scale produc- tion and administration, and new roles for wool and mills. PB84-131895/GAA MF$4.75 Intermediate Technology Development Group, London (England). Industrial Employment through Appropriate Tech- nology. Occasional papers no. 6, A. Bollard. C1983, 33p Microfiche copy only. Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Employment, Government policies, Manufacturing, Economic devel- opment, Productivity, Developing country application. This paper outlines the role that appropriate technolo- gy can play in employment generation in the industrial- ized West. It is illustrated with examples of technol- ogies already in industrial operation and the policies designed to support them. Chapter titles are: What is appropriate technology; technology development in the west; a policy of employment generation; when is a technology appropriate; some appropriate technol- ogies in industry; energy and resource conservation; organizations for employment generation; appropriate support systems; and impact of appropriate technolo- gy on employment creation. PB84-131903/GAA MF$4.75 Intermediate Technology Development Group, London (England). Planning for Rural Industrialization: A Review of Developing Country Programmes. Occasional papers no. 8, S. Sinha. C1983, 69p Microfiche copy only. Keywords: 'Industrial development, Rural areas, Poli- cies, 'Agricultural economics, Productivity, Developing country application. This study on rural industrialization has chapters on: The Economic Environment faced by the Rural Entre- preneur; Planning for Rural Industrialization; Policy Measures for Rural Industrialization; Institutional Ar- rangements for the Implementation of Rural Industry Programs; The Efficacy of Rural Industry Programs; and an Annex showing how a Rural Industry Promotion program worked in India. The report concludes that a mix of policies is required for effective action; political and economic commitment are essential; political sys- tems affect the activity by allowing or restricting indi- vidual sovereignty; and special considerations must be taken into account, such as the dependence of the local economy on a neighboring one. MF$4.75 Development Group, PB84-131911/GAA Intermediate Technology London (England). Driving a Bargain: Small Repair and Servicing Ga- rages. Alternative industrial framework rept. no. 6, A. E. Bollard. c1983, 45p Microfiche copy only. Keywords: 'Great Britain, Services, 'Motor vehicles, 'Maintenance, Consumers, Productivity, Developing country application. This report studies the advantages of small garages for service. They can't compete with the larger petrol selling stations, but they can offer better service. Over- all they hold the crucial advantages of being flexible and having low overheads. These are reflected in the much lower hourly rates charged by small garages. Minimum efficient scale in this industry is tiny, and the trade still remains relatively open to new entrants. PB84-131937/GAA MF$4.75 Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London (England). 228 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Small Scale Foundries for Developing Countries: A Guide to Process Selection, J. D. Harper. C1981, 73p ISBN-9-903031-78-7 Microfiche copy only. Keywords: * Foundries, "Castings, Moulding, Foundry practice, Selection, Developing country application. This book is not intended as a textbook of foundry practice. The purpose is rather to assist anyone about to start or to expand a small scale foundry to consider the various available processes, and to select the most appropriate for the circumstances. An indication is given of the type of raw materials and equipment which will be needed, and the degree of training or skill which is likely to be required. PB84-131945/GAA MF$4.75 Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London (England). Office Management for Co-operatives, J. Launder. c1980, 104p ISBN-0-903031-73-6 Microfiche copy only. Keywords: 'Cooperatives, "Management training, In- structional materials, Personnel, Records manage- ment, Great Britain, Developing country application. This book shows that offices and paperwork are impor- tant because they exist to provide services to manag- ers, that these managers need the services of a good office to run their cooperative effectively. The book is in six parts. Part 1 introduces the principles of office management. Part 2 looks at essentials of a small office. Parts 3 & 4 consider the subjects of staffing and controls in medium size offices. Parts 5 & 6 are con- cerned with the details of records, correspondence, equipment, and accommodation. Accounting and bookkeeping are not included. MFS4.75 Development Group, PB84-131952/GAA Intermediate Technology London (England). Brick Work: Small Plants in the Brick Industry. Alternative industrial framework rept. no 3, A. E. Bollard. c1982, 46p Microfiche copy only. Keywords: "Industrial development, "Great Britain, "Bricks, Technology, Productivity, Personnel, Energy, Manufacturing, Developing country application. The report contains four parts. The first part describes the brick industry in the United Kingdom including an introduction and history, bricks and their market, indus- trial structure, the smaller brick plant today, and Euro- pean comparisons. The second part on the brick making process includes stages of production and choice of technique (clay winning, brick forming, and brick firing); development of technology; patterns of work; and men machines, productivity, and scale. The third part is on energy use in brick making and includes energy in production, energy in transport, the response of brickmakers to the energy crisis, scale of energy and other factor use, and other energy intensive indus- tries. The fourth part is on the question of size and in- cludes economies of scale in production, transport, marketing, and management, and discusses the most appropriate plant size. PB84-131960/GAA MFS4.75 Intermediate Technology Development Group, London (England). Remoulding the Future: The Plastics and Other Re- cycling Industries, Alternative Industrial Framework Report No. 5, A. E. Bollard, and J. A. Vogler. c1982, 48p* Keywords: "Industrial wastes, Reclamation, Materials recovery, Plastics industry, Metals, Papers, Glass, Textiles, Recirculation, Chemical compounds, "Waste recycling, Plastics recycling, Solid wastes, Developing county application, Liquid wastes. This report is a comprehensive study of recycling in- dustries in the United Kingdom. It discusses different types of recycling including the reuse of the object, reuse of the material, reclamation of the material and conversion of the material. The materials discussed are ferrous and nonferrous metals, paper, glass, tex- tiles, chemicals, and other organic and inorganic wastes. The recycling operation is detailed including collection, separation, processing, and fabricating. Pri- vate industry, government, and voluntary organization activities are considered as is the promotion and impli- cations of increased recycling. Part two of this report studies the relatively new and rapidly growing plastics recycling industry. It covers using process wastes and post-consumer wastes as material, the pressures to recycle, recycling operations (collection separation, re- processing, marketing, and mixed plastics wastes), and the organization of the plastics recycling industry in private, public, and voluntary organizations. (Copy- right (c) Intermediate Technology Development Group, 1982.) PB84-131986/GAA PC E12/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Guidelines for the Establishment of Industrial Joint Ventures in Developing Countries, V. R. S. Ami. 10 Dec 82, 290p UNIDO/IS.361, R-82- 34762 Keywords: "Economic development, "Industrial devel- opment, "Financial management, Industries, Busi- nesses, Investments, Financing, Risk, Developing country application. The report covers joint venture in national perspective and in promotor's perspective; developing country government intervention; options of the national entre- preneur; the joint-venture concept project selection and technology section seeking joint-venture partner- ship; linkages between capital, management and tech- nology incorporation of a company and its international guidelines negotiating (a) management and control in a joint-venture company (b) the capital structure (c) knowhow and technology transfer joint-venture con- tracting. PB84-132000/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Promoting the Use of Wood in Construction, M. Tejada. 25 May 83, 54p UNIDO-ID/WG.395/2, R- 83-56338 Keywords: "Wood, "Building materials, "Construction, Structural design, Technology assessment, Cost anal- ysis, Prefabrication, Construction, Developing country application. The report covers need for housing in Andean Group countries; advantages of wood over imported con- crete; need for technical information or use of tropical timber, on wood processing and quality standards; en- gineering design; appropriate legislation; market; use of wood in official housing projects, construction of prototypes; prefabricated building as a means to reduce costs and promote wood products as building materials; training, technical assistance, cooperation; and experiments, equipment, drying. PB84-132034/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Measures to Promote the Use of Wood and Wood Products. Issue paper No. 2. 20 Jun 83, 19p UNIDO-ID/WG.395/8, R-83-57376 Keywords: "Wood products, "Marketing, "Wood, Clas- sifications, Structural timber, Wood products, Develop- ing country application. The report covers (1) consumption of wood products; (2) the development of domestic markets; (3) the pro- motion of wood in construction industry; (4) promotion of commercially less accepted trees species; (5) trade promotion measures including marketing. PB84-132042/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Plastics in Agricultural Applications in Developing Countries, A. D. Clarke. 3 Mar 83, 35p UNIDO-ID/WG.392/3, R- 83-53179 Keywords: "Plastics, "Agriculture, "Food storage, Utili- zation, Polymeric films, Developing country applica- tion. The use of plastics in agricultural applications repre- sents a positive growth market for the plastics industry, particularly in developing countries. A mechanism for achieving the necessary transfer of technology to the ultimate user, the farmer and grower, is outlined and this is considered as an essential key to effective market penetration. A number of selected uses of plas- tics in agricultural applications in developing countries are described, including their use in growing, water conservation and produce storage. The use and devel- opment of plastics film as a 'mulch' (a covering of the soil) are described indicating how this very simple but performance effective material product can be altered to meet the varying environmental and economic con- ditions unique to each country. PB84-132059/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Application of Wind Power in the Shipbuilding (Use of Sail in the Marine Transportation), D. C. Anderson, III. 4 Feb 83, 25p UNIDO-ID/ WG.375/40, R-83-51155 Keywords: "Meteorology, "Wind energy, "Ships, Marine surface propulsion, Wind(Meteorology), Tech- nology assessment, Developing country application. The report covers revival of sails under the impact of increased oil fuel costs, advantages of using free wind energy, especially in vessels up to 5000 dwt, choice of technology, sails supplementing engines, experimen- tation with completely traditional sails, sea transport, sailboat start-up operations in the Caribbean area, recent experience with sails and engineering design. PB84-132067/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Packaging and Plastics, D. A. Dean. 8 Mar 83, 45p UNIDO-ID/WG.392/1, R- 83-53177 Keywords: "Plastics, "Packaging, Storage, Perform- ance evaluation, Polymeric films, Environmental im- pacts, Consumer products, Developing country appli- cation. The introduction indicated a number of ways plastic and packaging could be considered. These have only been covered on a very broad basis in this paper. Each of the many aspects touched upon could be expanded into a topic which, when discussed in detail, could form a conference in its own right. The role of plastics in packaging is already a success story and will continue to increasingly dominate the packaging scene. The en- vironmental issues are being closely studied and will ultimately be solved by common sense and logic. PB84-132083/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Information Sources on the Pesticides Industry. UNIDO Guides to information sources No.10. 1982, 94p UNIDO-ID/280 Keywords: "Information sources, "Pesticides, Indus- tries, Sources, Developing countries, Global, Develop- ing country application. The directories and guides present sources consid- ered to be of practical value to users. The data have been compiled so as to facilitate rapid access to the bodies referred to and the acquisition of the publica- tions listed. Pesticides are important agricultural inputs for developing countries, especially for protecting the investment made in introducing new varieties of high- yielding crops and in water resources and fertilizers. The formulation of pesticides, a relatively simple proc- ess, requires only a modest capital investment and provides a highly beneficial way of exploiting local raw materials, such as clays and other mineral carriers. Savings in foreign exchange and transportation costs up to 50 per cent can be achieved by formulating pesti- cides locally. UNIDO assists developing countries in setting up facilities for the formulation and distribution of pesticides. PB84-132091/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). 229 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Information Sources on Grain Processing and Storage. UNIDO Guides to information sources No. 40. 1982, 113p UNIDO-ID/283 Keywords: *Grains(Food), *Food processing, *Food storage, Grain crops, Grain elevators, Food process- ing, Developing countries, Global, Developing country application. The grain processing and storage industry is one of the most important branches of the food industry. Efficient post-harvest conservation and storage techniques not only provide more food for more people but also im- prove the nutritive value of the grain and contribute to the development of a sounder national economy by stimulating production. Applied research is needed to adapt available technologies to the specific needs of particular areas and to develop low-cost drying, threshing and storage equipment suited to local condi- tions and practices. PB84-132109/GAA PC E09/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Wood Resources and Their Use as Raw Material. Sectorial Studies Series Number 3, M. de Baker, and J. S. Bethel. 1983, 189p UNIDO/ IS.399 Prepared in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, New York. Keywords: "Management techniques, 'Wood, 'For- estry, Developing countries, Inventories, Forest land, Area, Wood products, Utilization, Structural timber, Harvesting, Management, Lumbering, Transportation, Veneers, Plywood, Particle boards, Production, Inter- national trade, Marketing, Developing country applica- tion, Global. A new forest resource assessment was recently com- pleted for all tropical forests by FAO through a FAO/ UNEP project. A perusual of selected information from this world-wide data bank on forest reserves, which has some limitations, provides information as to the present state of the world's forest cover and its utiliza- tion and contribution to society. This paper, while re- viewing the forest resources available in the world today, aims to provide some insight into the industrial development potential of these resources and into the constraints that up to now have impeded their full utili- zation. PB84-1321 17/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. High-Yielding Varieties of Rice in the Philippines: Progress of the Seed-Fertilizer Revolution. Foreign agricultural economic rept., L J. Atkinson, and D. E. Kunkel. Feb 76, 44p FAER- 113 Prepared in cooperation with Philippines Dept. of Agri- culture, Manila. Keywords: *Rice, 'Agricultural economics, 'Philip- pines, Yield, Production, Field tests, Irrigation, Fertiliz- ers, Comparison, Regression analysis. About half the lowland rice area in the Philippines was planted to highyielding varieties (HYV's) in crop year 1969/70. The national average yield for all farmers was 1.7 metric tons per hectare. Yields average 20 percent higher for HYV's than for other varieties in the irrigated area and about 10 percent higher in the nonir- rigated lowlands. However, one-fifth of the farmers growing HYV's in the irrigated area obtained high yields of more than 3.3 metric tons per hectare, aver- aging 4.3 tons per hectare. PB84-132141/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Sydney Univ. (Australia). School of Civil and Mining Engineering. Behaviour of Foundations Supported by Clay Sta- bilised by Stone Columns. Research rept., N. P. Balaam, and H. G. Poulos. Nov 82, 35p R-424 Keywords: 'Soils, Pile foundations, Stone, Settlement(Structural), Clays, Consolidation, Soil sta- bilization, Finite element analysis. Despite the widespread use of stone columns, present design methods are largely based on empirical data or simplified concepts of the action of the columns. In this report solutions are presented which provide a basis for more rational design methods. A finite element loading path method is briefly described which enables the load-settlement response of a single isolated stone column to be computed. This method of analysis is used to reproduce the results from a previously pub- lished field loading test. An examination is then made of the behavior of clay stabilized by large numbers of stone columns installed in a regular array over an ex- tensive area. An analytical solution is presented for es- timating the settlement of a clay layer reinforced by fully penetrating stone columns and loaded by a rigid raft. PB84-132166/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Sydney Univ. (Australia). School of Civil and Mining Engineering. Effects of Ground Creep on a Lining Installed in a Circular Tunnel. Research rept., J. P. Carter, and J. R. Booker. Apr 83, 55p R-439 Keywords: 'Tunneling, 'Soils, Creep properties, Elas- tic properties, Cylindrical bodies, Loads(Forces), Stress analysis, Stiffness methods. The analysis of the interaction between a thin, circular, elastic tunnel lining and the surrounding visco-elastic ground has been studied. In strong ground, such as rock, it is usual for the lining to be installed after the tunnel has been excavated and if the rock subsequent- ly creeps then loads will be induced in the lining. The magnitude of these loads will depend on the creep properties of the rock, the elastic properties of the lining, the time after excavation at which the lining is installed as well as upon the initial stress state of the ground. A parametric study has been carried out to in- vestigate these effects. PB84-132190/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Value Analysis in the Furniture Industry, A. Juva. 1983, 74p UNIDO-ID.298 Keywords: 'Furniture, 'Industrial plants, Product de- velopment, 'Wood products, Developing country ap- plication. This manual introduces the technique of value analysis and its application in the furniture industry. The tech- nique was developed in the United States of America for the metal industry, but it is applicable in the furni- ture industry, too. The furniture industry has a wide range of raw materials and work methods from which to choose. Value analysis can be applied to many ac- tivities other than product development - such as de- velopment of operations, methods and organizations. However, it is used mostly for product development (90 per cent), where concrete results can be seen and measured in terms of money. PB84-132349/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Prospects for Production of Vaccines and Other Immunizing Agents in Developing Countries. Sectoral studies series No. 4. 17 Aug 83, 90p UNIDO/IS.402, R-83-59451 Keywords: 'Vaccines, 'Health, Production, Immuniza- tion, Developing country application. The study has been prepared by UNIDO's Division for Industrial Studies, Sectoral Studies Branch, with the aim of drawing attention to the urgent need for a new approach to the problems of production of vaccines and other immunizing agents in developing countries. This area has been studied both for its great potential social benefits for developing countries and because of its inherent possibilities to play a role in an industrial- ization strategy based on more self-reliance. PB84-132828/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tec- nologica de Chile, Santiago. Uso de Microcomputadoras en Sistemas de Infor- macion: La Experiencia de CONICYT (Use of Micro- computers in Information Systems: The Experi- ence of CONICYT), E. M. Molina. 1983, 38p Text in Spanish, abstract in English. Keywords: 'Computers, 'Information systems, Library science, Information retrieval, Data base manage- ment, Developing country application. This document contains the experiences of CONICYT in the use of microcomputers for the establishment and exploitation of systems and services of biblio- graphic, documental, and statistical information in sci- ence and technology. It describes information systems such as the Data Base of Current Research Projects at the National Level and the Project Evaluation System. The report covers problems, the hardware used, the software developed, and future projections. It also de- scribes other information systems encountered or studies such as the Automization of the National Col- lective Catalog of Periodicals and the Data Base on National Scientific and Technical Activity. The report explains the national situation in teleinformatics, ex- ploitation of national and international data bases, and access at distance to documents and projects of CON- ICYT. PB84-132919/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. 1981, 87p UNIDO-ID/261 Keywords: 'Industrial plants, 'Industrial development, 'International trade, 'Natural resources, Manufactur- ing, International trade, Exports, Government policies, Developing country application. The report covers (1) resource-based industrialization: concepts and trends; progress made in diversification of exports cut of unprocessed raw materials; (2) deter- minants of the location of industry for processing; tech- nological change; economic aspects; transport eco- nomics; tariffs, trade barriers; transnational corpora- tions; (3) aluminium, copper, iron and steel, lead, nickel, tin, zinc; (4) a framework for analysing location; (5) government policy formulation; options. PB84-133099/GAA PC A25/MF A01 Subtropical Plants and Olive Trees Inst, of Chania (Greece). Proceedings of the Hid International Congress on the Biological Value of Olive Oil Held at Chania, Greece on September 8-12, 1980 (Actes du Hie Congres International sur la Valeur Biologique de I' Huile d' Olive). Sep 80, 595p Text in French, Greek and English. Sponsored in part by International Olive Oil Council. Keywords: 'Oilseed crops, 'Health, Lipids, Blood chemical analysis, Cholesterol, Arteriosclerosis, Nutri- tive value, Metabolism, Developing country applica- tion. This report includes reports on: The biological and medical aspects of olive oil; serum-lipid studies and cholesterol studies of olive oil; arteriosclerosis and lipid metabolism related to olvie oil; olive oil in digestive pathology; the role of lipids in bone and brain growth; olive oil in the preparation of foodstuffs; the biological value of table olives; and olive oil's qualitative charac- teristics and factors affecting same. PB84-133255/GAA PCA11/MFA01 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Inst., Bethesda, MD. Foods for Health: Report of the Pilot Program. Final rept. Aug 83, 228p NIH/PUB-83-2036, NHLBI-79-305 Prepared in cooperation with Giant Food, Inc., Wash- ington, DC. Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Food, Evaluation, Feasibility studies, Marketing, 'Health education. This project evaluated the impact of the year-long nu- trition education program emphasizing heart health sponsored jointly by the NHLBI and Giant Food, Inc. The feasibility of such a program was established. Both the 'point of purchase' and marketing strategies for nutrition education were appealing to consumers, food retailers, and other private sector interests. An assessment of the program showed that its effects on consumer awareness, knowledge, and behavior were mixed. Telephone surveys indicated that, over time, study participants showed substantially greater aware- ness and knowledge of the fat and cholesterol con- 230 J APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tents of foods and the relationship between dietary fat and serum cholesterol than selected comparison re- spondents. However, consumer food habits showed little change when measured either by actual food sales data or reported changes in food selection. PB84-133305/GAA PC A99/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Systems Approach to Agricultural Sector Develop- ment Decision-Making: Building and Institutionaliz- ing an Investigative Capacity, G. E. Rossmiller. 1977, 629p AID-PN-AAJ-941 Contract AID-csd-2975 Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, Systems analysis, Mathematical models, De- cision making, Computerized simulation, Government policies, Sociometrics, Populations, Korea, Technolo- gy transfer, Allocations, Water supply, *Grains(Food), Prices, Market value, Income, Developing country ap- plication, Institutionalization. Complex socioeconomic linkages and interdependen- ces within and between nations have made planning and policy determinations for agricultural development increasingly difficult. This four-part report, written for agricultural decisionmakers, policy analysts, and stu- dents of systems approach and economic develop- ment, explains a simulation approach for policy deci- sionmaking in agriculture. An introductory section pre- sents a conceptual model of system simulation in which agricultural decisionmaking is approached from both an investigative side and an administrative side. Also presented in this section are discussions of the interaction of agriculture and the national economy. The second section addresses the institutionalization of this model within the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in the Republic of Korea. The third part con- sists of two Korean sub-sector models for a grain man- agement program and for a government analysis of food grain pricing. Finally, future directions for the model, including its transferability and the develop- ment potential of the simulation approach, are dis- cussed. PB84-133321/GAA PC A16/MF A01 Center on Technology and Society, Cambridge, MA. Trading with the Third World and Promoting Awareness of Development Issues: Experiences of Alternative Marketing Organizations in Europe and the United States. Final rept., J. R. Beardsley. 30 Oct 81, 360p AID-PN-AAK-118 Contract AID/otr-C-1805 Prepared in cooperation with New TransCentury Foun- dation, Washington, DC. Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'International trade, 'Education, Commod- ities, 'Food, Marketing, United States, Europe, Devel- oping country application, Handicrafts, Case studies. Alternative marketing organizations (AMO's) are trad- ing and educational organizations which seek to help developing countries by importing their handicrafts and food commodities and by designing educational pro- grams on Third World conditions and international trade and development. This report describes and as- sesses the performance of AMO's both in Europe and the United States. Appended are 27 AMO case stud- ies, summaries of A.i.D. export development projects, a survey of the experience of U.S. private voluntary or- ganizations (PVO's) in export marketing along with rec- ommendations for future PVO involvement, and a 35- item bibliography (1966-80). PB84-133867/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Tribhuvan Univ., Kathmandu (Nepal). Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology. Study on Vegetable Tannin in Nepal, A. Kattel. May 82, 44p Keywords: 'Nepal, 'Leather, Industries, Technology, Processing. This report focuses on the growing demand for tannin in Nepal as a result of the establishment of various leather industries and the possible import substitution by indigenously produced vegetable tannin. It includes the list as well as relevant notes on some of the impor- tant tannin bearing plants of Nepal. Further, the results of tannin extraction from some of these plant materials as well as preliminary results on the techno-economic feasibility of the process are also presented. The report also contains an account of the traditional meth- ods of leather processing still in practice in the remote rural areas of Nepal. PB84-134055/GAA PC A16/MF A01 Metrotec, Inc., Washington, DC. Women and Drugs. Research Issues Number 31, T. J. Glynn, H. W. Pearson, and M. Sayers. 1983, 363p* DHHS/PUB/ADM-83-1268 Contract PHS-HRA-271 -80-3720 Keywords: 'Drugs, Research, Hallucinogenic drugs, Social psychology, Physiological effects, Humans, Narcotics, Indexes(Documentation), 'Women, Litera- ture survey. The goal of this volume is to provide researchers with an up-to-date survey of the literature concerning women and drugs. This is the second volume in the Research Issue Series dealing with the subject of drug use by women. The first volume, Drugs and Pregnan- cy, edited by Ferguson, Lennox, and Lettieri and pub- lished in 1975, was the fifth issue in the series. That volume explored the literature in an area that, up to that time, had probably received more attention than any other in the study of women's drug use. This volume, representing the direction this field has taken, significantly expands the range of studies from that of the earlier volume. The abstracts included here are in- tended to be faithful representations of the original studies, conveying what was done, why it was done, what methodology was employed, what results were found, and what conclusions were derived from the re- sults. PB84-134105/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Effects of Corruption on Administrative Perform- ance: Illustrations from Developing Countries. World Bank Staff working paper, D. J. Gould, and J. A. Amaro-Reyes. C1983, 55p ISBN-0-821 3-0259-0, WP-580 Also pub. as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC. Management and De- velopment Series no. 7. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Social services, 'Ethics, Policies, Perform- ance evaluation, Economic development, Behavior, Crimes. Corruption's widespread occurrence in developing countries has raised substantial concern. Developing countries' particular circumstances-rapid economic and social change, strong kinship and ethnic ties, new institutions, overlapping and sometimes conflicting views about what is proper public behavior-appear to contribute to corruption's saliency. According to much of the data examined covering countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, corruption has a deleterious, often devastating, effect on administrative perform- ance and economic and political development, for ex- ample, corroding public confidence, perverting institu- tions' processes and even goals, favoring the privi- leged and powerful few, and stimulating illegal capital export or use of nonrational criteria in public decisions. Corruption counteraction measures may range from commissions of inquiry, ombudsmen to investigate citi- zen complaints, courses and seminars, to simplifica- tion of administrative and financial procedures. How- ever, their success will depend on the gradual creation of a political and public climate favoring impartiality and on the wisdom of specific governmental actions. (Copyright (c) 1 983 The World Bank.) PB84-134360/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Georgia Univ., Athens. Inst, of Ecology. Environmental Profile of Guatemala: Assessment of Environmental Problems and Short and Long- Term Strategies for Problem Solution, J. L. Cooley, E. Farnworth, D. Hoy, and C. Jordan. May 81, 89p AID-PN-AAK-359 Contract NPS-CS-0001 -0-0004 Keywords: 'Forestry, 'Water supply, 'Water pollution, 'Guatemala, Hazards, Wildlife, Fisheries, Soil erosion, Watersheds, Forest trees, Plant ecology, Sewage treatment, 'Environmental impacts, Pesticides, Gov- ernment policies, Developing country application. This report presents short-and long-term strategies to alleviate Guatemala's environmental problems. Initial sections detail the country's major environmental problems (deforestation in watersheds and the coastal zone, water quality and quantity, dangers to wildlife and fisheries, health and environmental effects of pes- ticide use, and urban/industrial pollution); highlight an economically-dominated view of development as a main cause of environmental degradation; discuss ex- isting environmental policies, institutions, and pro- grams; and explore constraints to solving environmen- tal problems, especially reforestation and water pollu- tion reduction efforts. PB84-134378/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Board for International Food and Agricultural Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Implementation of Principles for Effective Partici- pation of Colleges and Universities in International Development Activities. Occasional paper, C. P. Magrath. May 81, 20p BIFAD/OP-5, AID-PN- AAK-374 Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Univ., Minne- apolis. Keywords: 'Education, Resources, National govern- ment, Government policies, Developing countries, De- veloping country application. The future success of U.S. universities in implementing international educational programs (lEP's) will be de- termined more by the policies set in Washington than by the organizational principles embraced by the uni- versities themselves. With this statement, the author begins a discussion of principles and models for the effective participation of U.S. universities in lEP's. The author notes that the principles for implementing lEP's are broad and depend upon the commitment of an in- stitution's faculty and administration and on the avail- ability of resources. It is the latter which is in short supply. Consequently, he focuses on the challenge of convincing policymakers in Washington of the worth of lEP's, a challenge based on the belief that Washington sets the nation's foreign policy agenda, on the as- sumption that U.S. universities are an untapped devel- opment resource, and on the expectation of reduced Congressional funding of lEP's. PB84-134428/GAA PC A10/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Report on Assistance to Develop a National Mater- nal and Child Health and Family Planning Program in Rwanda, Rept. for 18 Jun 81-13 Aug 81, W. H. Boynton, R. E. Downs, Y. Jemai, and S. E. Ross-Larson. 1981, 221 p AID-PN-AAK-124 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Keywords: 'Health, 'Population control, 'Rwanda, De- veloping countries, Population growth, Government policies, Birth control, Sociology, Developing country application, 'Family planning. Rwanda is plagued by overpopulation. Until recently the Government of Rwanda (GOR) lacked a family planning (FP) program to reduce its population growth. Realizing the need for increased FP services, the GOR created the National Office of Population (ONAPO) in 1981 and commissioned this study to assess current MCH/FP programs and to recommend ways that the GOR and international donors can expand and im- prove them. PB84-134444/GAA PC A22/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru (India). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pi- geonpeas Held at Patancheru, India on December 15-19, 1980. Volume 1, Y. L Nene. Dec 80, 505p AID-PN-AAK-073 Sponsored in part by Indian Council of Agricultural Re- search, New Delhi. Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Tropical regions, 'Leguminous plants, 'India, Planting, Cultivation, Phosphorus, Acclimatization, Pest control, Plant dis- eases, Seeds, Production, Plant physiology, Fertilizers, Soil properties, Food processing, Diets, Marketing, Plant genetics, Developing country application. 231 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Increasing production and use of the pigeonpea, a grain legume grown throughout the tropics and espe- cially in India, could greatly improve the diet of almost one-third of developing country populations. This report presents proceedings of an international pi- geonpea workshop and consists of 43 papers on crop- ping systems (5), environmental adaptation (2), ento- mology (2), pathology and weed management (3), physiology and microbiology (4), plant nutrition (6), soils and water (3), seed production (4), utilization (7), and breeding methodologies and strategies. PB84-134493/GAA PC A05/MF A01 TetraTech, Inc., Bellevue, WA. Ecological Impacts of Sewage Discharges on Coral Reef Communities. Sep 83, 96p EPA-430/9-83-010 Contract EPA-68-01-5906 Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Ecology, 'Water pollu- tion, Coral, Nutrients, Sedimentation, Competition, Toxicity, Metals, Hydrocarbons, Tolerances(Physiology), Abundance, Ecosystems, Species diversity. This report provides a synthesis of current information on the ecological impact of sewage discharges on coral reefs. PB84-134667/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Sea Grant Coll. Program. Seafood Quality Control: Processing Plant Person- nel (Planta de Procesamiento de Personal), R. Nickelson, II. 1983, 9p TAMU-SG-73-504, NOAA- 83122702 Grant NA83AA-D-00061 Text in English and Spanish. See also PB84-1 34675. Keywords: 'Seafood, 'Food, 'Sanitation, 'Food proc- essing, Bacteria, Odor, Food deterioration, Public health, Regulations, Sea grant program. This bulletin is designed to answer questions that a seafood processing plant employee might ask about sanitation and regulations he is required to follow. PB84-134675/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Texas A and M Univ., College Station. Sea Grant Coll. Program. Seafood Quality Control: Vessels (Embarca- ciones). Seafood quality control series, R. Nickelson, II. 1983, 20p TAMU-SG-72-508, NOAA-831 22701 Grant NA83AA-D-00061 See also COMF 72-11227. Text in English and Span- ish. Keywords: 'Seafood, 'Food storage, 'Sanitation, Quality control, Bacteria, Harvesting, Food deteriora- tion, Freezing, Food storage, Ice, Sea grant program. The report describes sanitation requirements for hold- ing seafood on fishing vessels. PB84-134766/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Agricultur- al Economics. Assessment of Animal Traction in Francophone West Africa. Working paper, M. W. Sargent, J. A. Lichte, P. J. Matlon, and R. Bloom. Mar 81, 116p WP-34, AID-PN-AAK-127 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Animal energy, 'Agricultural ec- onomics, 'West Africa, Cultivation, Power, Horses, Equines, Farms, Investments, Soil fertility, Income, Loans, Maintenance, Developing country application, Oxen, Small farms, Trade offs. The increased use of draft animals to provide power for tillage operations, manure to improve soil fertility, and meat for selling is expected to enhance small farm production and income in Francophone West Africa. Against a background discussionof the history and po- tential benefits of animal traction in the region, this report analyzes the effectiveness of draft animal tech- nology (DAT) in improving the lot of small farmers by reviewing available literature and assessing 27 West African DAT projects. PB84-134774/GAA PC E08/MF E01 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Espoo (Finland). Betoni- ja Silikaattitekniikan Lab. Quality, Energy Saving Production and Fire Resist- ance Concrete Structures. C1983, 154p VTT/SYMPOSIUM-39, ISBN-951-38- 1890-X Keywords: 'Concrete, Production, Binders(Materials), Slags, Cements, Reinforced concrete, Precast con- crete, Quality control, Fire resistance, 'Energy conser- vation. The quality of concrete structures, both in the field of load bearing frames and nonbearing elements as, for example facades, also requires structural develop- ment work. For use of waste materials, such as blast furnace slag, both the material properties and the pro- duction methods are studied. To increase the knowl- edge on the fire resistance of concrete structures the material properties at elevated and high temperatures are presented in the lectures as well as the behavior of structures subjected to fire. PB84-134857/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Labor and Poverty. World Bank staff working paper, M. Lipton. C1983, 160p ISBN-0-821 3-0266-3, WP- 616 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-19875. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., Nw, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Employment, 'Rural areas, Low income groups, Employment, Unemployment, Nu- tritional deficiencies, Salaries, Unskilled workers. This is the second of four Working papers about char- acteristics of the poor, and of the 'ultra-poor' at nutri- tional risk. It reviews the evidence on participation rates (PRs), duration of work, and rewards per period worked - both as they interact to form average labor income, and as they vary in time and space. Village materials from semi-arid areas of Western India and Northern Nigeria are the basic data. Related rural and urban evidence comes from Indian National Sample Survey rounds for 1971-2, for 1972-3, and for 1977-8; from work by the Nigerian Economic Society; from large-sample and synoptic labor-market analyses (no- tably by Bardhan, Binswanger and Rosenzweig); and from empirical studies in several developing countries. (Copyright (c) 1 983 The World Bank.) PB84-134865/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Brazil: An Interim Assessment of Rural Develop- ment Programs for the Northeast. World Bank country study. C1983, 134p ISBN-0-821 3-0252-3 See also Portuguese version, PB84-1 34873. Library of Congress catalog card No. 83-1 7045. Color illustra- tions reproduced in black and white. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Project evaluation, 'Rural areas, 'Re- search and development, 'Brazil, Developing coun- tries, Water resources, Droughts, Farms, Foreign gov- ernment, Projects. The purpose of this report is to review the current fed- eral programs for rural development and water re- source use which are being used or could be used to help small farmers in Northeast Brazil. This assess- ment, interim in nature, is part of the continuing dia- logue between the Government of Brazil and the World Bank on poverty alleviation and rural develop- ment strategies for the region, and on the nature and extent of the Bank's participation in rural development efforts in the next few years. (Copyright (c) 1983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment/The World Bank.) PB84- 1 34899/GAA M F A0 1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Case Studies on Industrial Processing of Primary Products. Volume 2. Cocoa, Coconut Oil, Tea. C1983, 298p ISBN-0-821 3-01 55-1 (v2) Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-1 200. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Coconuts, 'Agriculture, 'Food process- ing, Tea, Policies, Cocoa, Coconut oil. In the last decade there has been increasing interest in aiding the economies of developing countries by ex- panding local processing of primary products. Much of the recent work undertaken by international organiza- tions with regard to processing has addressed policy issues at the international level. It was intended that the findings would provide a basis for formulating some general principles regarding processing in devel- oping countries. The studies for cocoa and coconut oil suggested that 'downstream' manufacturing warrant- ed investigation of chains beyond what was done. It is hoped that these studies will help to advance discus- sion about increased processing in developing coun- tries, not only of the products covered, but also more generally. PB84-134923/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Managing State-Owned Enterprises. World Bank staff working paper, M. M. Shirley. c1983, 116p ISBN-0-821 3-0241 -8, WP-577 Also pub. as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC. Management and De- velopment Series no. 4. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-14770. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Management techniques, Industries, Man- agement, Efficiency, Competition, Objectives. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are increasingly im- portant actors in developing economies, and more and more attention has been focused on how to enhance their operating efficiency. This paper suggests ways to improve SOE efficiency by examining on the special circumstances and constraints that are common to most of them. These include confused and conflicting objectives; government intervention in operating deci- sions; monopoly powers; and managers who are not held accountable for results or given the incentives to perform well, and whose skills are inappropriate for a commercial enterprise. Although all of these problems are complex and resistant to change, many countries have begun to develop useful approaches to correct some of the main weaknesses of SOEs. (Copyright (c) 1983 The World Bank.) PB84-135201/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Indicators of Education in A.I.D. (Agency for Inter- national Development) Assisted Countries. Statistical profile series. Jul 81, 47p AID-PN-AAK-276 Keywords: 'Education, Schools, Students, Adults, Ex- penses, Instructors, Females, Children, Effectiveness, Developing country application. Education and human resource development have been and remain an A.I.D. priority. To assist in such efforts, A.I.D.'s Economic and Social Data Services Di- vision (ESDS) has developed this reference of statisti- cal indicators of education in AID-assisted countries, one in a series of ESDS statistical profiles prepared for sectors assigned high priority by A.I.D. Indicators are presented in the following subject areas: (1 ) the magni- tude and rate of adult literacy and illiteracy; (2) primary and secondary school enrollment, including changes in enrollment, pupil-teacher ratios, female participa- tion, and net enrollment by grade and age group; (3) efficiency of education, that is educational resources wasted through repetition of grades and dropping out from the educational system; and (4) education ex- penditures, including expenditures as percentages of GNP and of total public expenditures, expenditures by educational level and per student, and rate of return by educational level. PB84-135250/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. 232 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Energy Transition in Developing Countries. C1983, 138p ISBN-0-821 3-0225-6 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-1 2478. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: "Energy, 'Energy supply, Financing, Invest- ments, Assessments, Energy demand, "Energy man- agement, Energy supplies, World Bank. Contents: The energy outlook; Energy demand man- agement; Energy supply prospects and issues; Man- agement of the energy sector; Financing energy in- vestments; The role of the World Bank; Assumptions used for natural gas netback studies; World energy in- dicators. PB84-135409/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Clemson Univ., SC. Dept. of Civil Engineering. Development and Application of the Finite Element Method to the Modelling of Composite Masonry Walls. Interim rept. no. 2, S. C. Anand, D. J. Stevens, and R. H. Brown. Aug 83, 134p 4S-83, NSF/CEE-83212 Grant NSF-CEE80-26767 Keywords: "Concrete, "Construction, "Bricks, Con- struction joints, Cracks, Masonry, Stress analysis, Loads(Forces), Finite element analysis. A longitudinal model is expanded to predict in-plane stresses in the collar joint of composite masonry walls. By the use of a simple fracture criterion, it is shown that the new longitudinal model can also be used to predict crack growth in reinforced and unreinforced composite masonry walls. The effects of the reinforce- ment are controlled by altering the yield stress or diam- eter of the reinforcing steel, the coefficient of shear friction, or the circle over which the shear friction forces are assumed to act. The crack model is shown to be mesh sensitive, and it is recommended that a dynamic mesh generator be incorporated to refine the mesh near the crack tip after each iteration. A compari- son of the collar joint shear stress distributions predict- ed by the longitudinal model and a transverse model reveals large discrepancies. PB84-135557/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc., Manhattan, KS. Kenya National Crop Storage Study. May 80, 272p AID-PN-AAJ-658 Contract AID/afr-C-1 562 Keywords: "Crops, "Food contamination, "Food stor- age, "Kenya, Corn, Beans, Grain sorghum, Damage, Insects, Rodents, Birds, Fungi, Losses, Food inspec- tion, Recommendations, Harvesting, Drying, Moisture content, Insecticides, Developing country application, Millet. Crop losses during storage can have a significant impact on farmer income and on a nation's ability to reduce food imports or increase exports. This report discusses post-maturity losses of major food crops (corn, beans, sorghum, and millet) in Kenya. Crop samples were collected from small farmers, rural mar- kets, and crop collecting and processing groups and were analyzed for bird, rodent, mold, and insect damage; for corn, tests were also made for aflatoxin contamination. To reduce these losses, the following practices are recommended: harvest corn at physio- logical maturity to reduce field losses; sun dry corn on platforms until a safe storage moisture level (13-14%) is reached; and shell and apply an insect protectant to grain that is to be stored for more than 3 to 4 months. PB84-135581/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Futures Group, Inc., Glastonbury, CT. Honduras: Los Efectos de la Poblacion sobre el Desarrollo Social y Economico (Honduras: The Ef- fects of Population on Social and Economic Devel- opment). 1982, 25p AID-PN-AAK-305 Contract AID/pha-C-1 195 Keywords: "Economic development, "Honduras, Vital statistics, Statistical analysis, Quality of life, "Demog- raphy, Predictions, Developing country application. Unchecked and rapid population growth can impede general economic development and thereby reduce the individual's prospects for an improved quality of life. This report uses data from the United Nations, the World Bank, and the Pan American Health Organiza- tion to examine the relationship of demographic fac- tors to socioeconomic development objectives in Hon- duras. PB84-135805/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Medicine for the Layman: Allergies, M. A. Kaliner. Sep 81, 25p NIH-81-1948 Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: "Diseases, Health, Brochures. The Clinical Center, recognizing the importance of pro- viding information to facilitate intelligent decisions on health issues, created a unique lecture series featuring distinguished physician scientists working at the fron- tiers of biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health. The series-Medicine for the Layman-has provided an opportunity for thousands of people to learn more about how their bodies work and what they can do to maintain or improve their health. PB84-136530/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO. Intensive Forest Inventory: A Selected Bibliogra- phy. Technical note, T. R. Costello, and L. Pettijohn. Sep 78, 67p TN-319 Keywords: "Forestry, Forest land, Areas, Forest trees, Defects, Inventories, Land reclamation, Roads, Wood products, Soils, Forest fires, Sampling, Structural timber, Recreation, Silviculture. The report is a bibliography of research papers with application to or dealing with intensive forest inventory. PB84-136761/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Indiana Univ. at South Bend. School of Public and En- vironmental Affairs. Study to Determine the Effects of Alternative Taxes on Small Businesses. Final rept., P. Kochanowski, P. Joray, J. Peck, and B. Vecchio. Aug 82, 134p Grant SBA-1A-0021 -01-0 Keywords: "Taxes, "Small businesses, Industries, Return on investment, Fixed investment, Failure, Risk. Taxes impact business, large and small, in a variety of ways. Issues relating to return on investment, working capital positions, failure rates, expansion, and risk taking turn in part on the effects of taxation. On intui- tive grounds, it would be suspected that alternative tax instruments would have a differential impact on small versus large businesses. This is so because those fac- tors determining various tax bases appear to differ sig- nificantly by size of firm. Heretofore, however, these effects had yet to be adequately documented. The pur- pose of the report has been to study the differential impact of various tax sources by industry and by firm size. This study, which is national in scope, uses busi- ness tax return data from 1976. It includes firms that are sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corpora- tions. Further, the study is performed by size of firm, and for industries by sizes of firms in those industries. Finally, we consider tax incidence between producers and consumers. PB84-137603/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Chemonics International Consulting Div., Washington, DC. Economic Evaluation of the Trypanosomiasis Problem in Zone One, A. P. M. Shaw, and C. Kamate. Apr 81, 303p AID- PN-AAJ-717 Keywords: "Animal diseases, "Parasites, Diseases, "Livestock, Infectious diseases, Niger Valley, Econom- ic analysis, Developing country application, "Mali. Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is one of the major constraints to livestock development in Mali. This report projects, against a background of topo- graphical, climatic, demographic, and agricultural infor- mation, the impact of trypanosomiasis over the next 20 years on cattle in a portion of southwest Mali along the Niger river designated as Zone 1 by the New Lands Activity (NLA)--the Malian agency responsible for tsetse research. The value of cattle lost to trypanoso- miasis over the next two decades is projected to be between MF 392,933,000 and MF 577,367,000, with an average loss per infected animal of about MF 19,500. Using these figures, the report provides a ben- efit-cost analysis of various strategies to combat the disease. Overall, it is clear that the costs are high rela- tive to the benefits to be expected. PB84-137967/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Shri Ram Inst, for Industrial Research, New Delhi (India). Immuno Biotechnology: Scope and Perspectives, G. P. Talwar. 1983, 35p Keywords: "Health, "Vaccines, "India, Immunity, Anti- bodies. The author in this report attempts to link some recent developments in immunology with potential industrial applications. The world is at the threshold of a new era in immuno-biotechnology with promise of important applications for human welfare. The first products of hybridoma technology have gone beyond the research laboratory and are in industrial use. The inmate advan- tages of monoclonal antibodies, namely the possibility of production in abundant amounts of almost pure, high titre antibody with constancy of characteristics, render them suitable for large scale use. Their applica- tions in diagnosis and therapy are likely to increase significantly. Vaccinology is entering a new phase. The second generation of vaccines is being rapidly suc- ceeded by another trend, the search for sub-molecular domains of the protein molecule carrying the essential information. PB84-138163/GAA PCS155.00 International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. (Includes Volumes 1 and 2. ) (3rd Revised Edition). 1983, 2602p* ISBN-92-2-1 03289-2 Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: "Health, Toxicology, Epidemiology, Envi- ronments, Prevention, Standards, Legislation, "Occu- pational safety and health, Cancer, Immune response. An indispensable reference work for all those con- cerned with the protection of workers' safety and health, and a source of practical information, present- ed objectively and systematically, even for those with no specialized medical or technical knowledge. All the different aspects of occupational health and safety, in- cluding such specialized subjects as toxicology, indus- trial hygiene, accident prevention, occupational and social medicine and ergonomics, are covered in con- cise, comprehensive and clearly written articles by internationally known specialists. Above all, the accent is placed on practical information and on the safety precautions to be taken against the main hazards en- countered in each branch of industry. A comprehen- sive analytical index lists the main subjects dealt with in each article, together with those which, although treated more briefly, are nevertheless of some impor- tance for occupational health and safety. PB84-138767/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Conduct of Road Maintenance in Ghana, P. W. D. H. Roberts, and P. K. Gaituah. c1983, 40p TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-790 Keywords: "Roads, "Maintenance, "Ghana, Develop- ing countries, Cost estimates, Manpower, Equipment. This report is based on observations of the use of labor and equipment in carrying out road maintenance in Ghana. The object was to determine the outputs achieved utilizing different resources under the condi- tions prevailing in Ghana. This information is a funda- mental requirement for calculating the actual cost of maintenance works, and is necessary to enable realis- tic planning of the maintenance that can be accom- plished with given resources. It also assists in deciding between alternative resources and techniques for car- rying out particular activites. PB84-140888/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Regional Research Lab., Hyderabad (India). 233 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Industrial Development News, Volume 1, Number 2, April 1983. Quarterly rept. Apr 83, 24p Keywords: "Chemical industry, Design criteria, Per- formance evaluation, "Industrial development, Devel- oping country application. Contents: R&D as an opportunity for chemical engi- neers; Process design and engineering facilities at RRL; Industrial development. PB84-140896/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Regional Research Lab., Hyderabad (India). Industrial Development News, Volume 1, Number 1, January 1983. Quarterly rept. Jan 83, 24p Keywords: "Chemical Industry, *Pest control, "Weed control, Licenses, "Industrial development, Biological pest control, Biological weed control, Water hyacinth, Developing country application. Contents: Biological control of pests and weeds; Water hyacinth - a menace to boon; Industrial develop- ment; Industrial licences and letters of intent. PB84-140904/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Regional Research Lab., Hyderabad (India). International Conference on Water Hyacinth Held at Hyderabad (India) on February 7-11, 1983: Syn- opsis of Papers. 1983, 90p Keywords: "Water hyacinth, "Aquatic plants, "Weed control, Inland waterways, Distribution(Property), Ac- climatization, Temperature, Damage, Nutrients, Plant growth, Fishes, Bacteria, Methane, Sewage treatment, Developing country application, Biogas. The main objectives of this conference was to highlight the problem of infestation of waterways by Water Hya- cinth; to critically examine methods available, or likely to become available, for controlling weed; and to utilize to best advantage those methods which show promise to developing countries. PB84-140912/GAA PC E09/MF E09 Oxford Univ. (England). Commonwealth Forestry Inst. Problems and Opportunities in Tropical Rain- Forest Management. Occasional paper, P. E. Neil. 1981, 180p CFI/OP-16, ISBN-0-85074- 060-6 Keywords: "Forestry, "Tropical regions, Soil proper- ties, Climate, Forest trees, Plant reproduction, Plant growth, Forest fires, Lumbering, Asia, Africa, Burma, Malaysia, Nigeria, Theses, Silviculture. This thesis attempts to describe the problems and op- portunities that exist in methods used to manage the complex ecosystem of the Tropical Rain Forest. The emphasis is on natural regeneration of this forest type, although artificial regeneration methods are briefly dis- cussed where appropriate. PB84-141779/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Illinois State Water Survey Div., Champaign. Guide to the Selection of Materials for Monitoring Well Construction and Ground-Water Sampling. Rept. for May 82-May 83, M. J. Barcelona, J. P. Gibb, and R. A. Miller. Jan 84, 87p EPA-600/2-84-024 Grant EPA-R-809966 Keywords: "Ground water, "Water quality, Chemical analysis, Sampling, Hydrology, Cost analysis, Con- struction materials, Monitoring. The project was initiated to supplement and update ex- isting guidance documents for effective ground-water monitoring efforts. The areas of primary concern were the potential sources of errors in chemical analyses of subsurface samples caused by well construction and sampling materials, techniques or procedures. A criti- cal review of the literature was conducted on various aspects of monitoring natural waters, materials' per- formance data and unpublished information on the success of various ground-water monitoring tech- niques. The results of the literature review were col- lected and reviewed by a panel of experts from gov- ernment agencies, private hydrological consulting firms, the manufacturing industry and national stand- ards organization. The publication consists of a thor- ough discussion of ground-water monitoring stratigies, requirements and pitfalls. It concludes with a detailed treatment of the costs and benefits of recommended monitoring design criteria. PB84-142256/GAA PC A08/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Docu- ment 10. Progress Report July 1981-December 1982, A. Gilad, and S. Tarkowski. 1983, 168p SeealsoPB83-214171. Keywords: "Toxic substances, "Management plan- ning, "Environmental surveys, "Safety, Public health, Industrial hygiene, Ecology, Assessments, Risks, Ex- posure, Accident prevention, Water pollution, Pesti- cides, Specialized training, Personnel development, "Occupational safety and health, Health risks, Envi- ronmental health, Developing country application, Indoor air pollution. The coverage of this progress report includes man- power development and training in toxicology, contin- gency planning for accidents and emergencies involv- ing the release of toxic chemicals, impact and risk as- sessment as a decision-making tool, and collaboration and exchange of information concerning control meth- ods and procedures. Nineteen annexes cover various WHOROE meetings during the reporting period. PB84-142264/GAA PC A13/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Docu- ment 12. Allergy and Hypersensitivity to Chemi- cals, J. F. Greally, V. Silano, K. E. Andersen, G. Bendixen, and H. Bundgaard. 1983, 300p See also PB84-1 42256. Proceedings of a joint work- shop held at Frankfurt (Germany) on October 12-15, 1982. Keywords: "Health, "Environmental surveys, Expo- sure, Industrial hygiene, Accident prevention, "Safety, Absorption(Biology), Respiratory system, Public health, Skin diseases, "Toxic substances, Health risks, Environmental health, Developing country application, Indoor air pollution. The papers comprising this work are: Allergy to Chemi- cals - Problems and Perspectives; Public and Occupa- tional Health Significance of Allergic Responses and Hypersensitivities Induced by Man-Made Chemicals; Allergies and Intolerances Caused by Exposure to Chemicals-lmmunological Mechanisms; Clinical Man- isfestations of Allergies, Hypersensitivities and Intoler- ance to Chemicals; Occupationally Related Skin Aller- gies; Substances Inducing Allegic Pulmonary Reac- tions at the Workplace; Absorption and Biotransforma- tion - Intolerance to Certain Foreign Chemicals; Respi- ratory Tract Allergy Due to Low Molecular Weight Chemicals; Immunochemical Mechanisms Involved in Allergy to Chemicals; Predictive Skin and Mucosa Testing Methods; Measures for Preventing Exposure to Chemicals; and the Workshop Summary Report. PB84-142330/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. Algae Removal by the Overland Flow Process. Journal article, J. L. Witherow, and B. E. Bledsoe. 1983, 10p EPA- 600/J-83-138 Pub. in Jnl. Water Pollution Control Federation, v55 n10p1 256-1 262 Oct 83. Keywords: "Algae, "Ponds, "Sewage disposal, Re- moval, Nitrogen, Storage, Standards, Reprints, Sus- pended solids. Control of algae production will be necessary when la- goons are utilized as a preapplication treatment proc- ess for overland flow. The overland flow process has a surface discharge and must meet secondary treatment limitations to be viable. Brief summaries of other algae removal investigations are presented which do not show a relationship between operational and design criteria and discharge concentrations greater or less than the secondary treatment limits for total suspend- ed solids. The data from an investigation conducted at the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Reserach Laborato- ry indicate both the number and species of algae in the applied wastewater control the ability of the overland flow process to meet secondary treatment limits for total suspended solids. PB84-144062/GAA PC A20/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Docu- ment 11. Combined Exposures to Chemicals, S. W. Andrzejewski, S. Tarkowski, M. Ikeda, C. loannides, and E. J. Fairchild. 1983, 467p* See also PB84-1 44070. Sponsored in part by United Nations Environment Programme and United Nations Development Programme. Prepared in cooperation with Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz (Poland). Proceedings of a seminar held at Lodz, Poland on Oc- tober 1 8-22, 1 982. Keywords: "Health, "Chemical industry, "Environmen- tal surveys, Exposure, Biochemistry, Assessments, Pharmacology, Industrial hygiene, Public health, Me- tabolism, Toxicity, "Toxic substances, Chemical reac- tion mechanisms, Cancer, Developing country applica- tion, Health risks, Environmental health. The papers making up this report were presented at a course in Lodz Poland held from 18-22 October 1982. The introductory papers are: Industry - Environment of Combined Hazards; Concepts of Effects of Combined Exposures to Chemicals; Basic Problems of Pharma- cological Interactions; and Biochemical Mechanisms of Chemical Interactions. The other 22 reports are grouped under the following headings: Interactions of Chemicals; Evaluation of Effects and Assessment of Combined Exposures; Interactions of Chemical and Physical Agents; Factors Influencing Individual Sus- ceptibility to Environmental Chemicals. PB84-144070/GAA PC A15/MF A01 World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional Office for Europe. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Docu- ment 13. Environmental Toxicology, G. E. Walsh, J. H. Duffus, J. I. Waddington, C. M. Brown, and A. Balmain. 1983, 336p* See also PB83-214171 and PB84-01 44062. Prepared in cooperation with Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh (Scot- land). Proceedings of a seminar held at Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh, United Kingdom on 16-20 August, 1982. Keywords: "Health, "Chemical industry, "Environmen- tal surveys, Laboratory animals, Plants(Botany), Malig- nant neoplasms, Animals, Plankton, Microorganisms, Metabolism, Ecology, Estuaries, Water pollution, Benthos, Public health, Safety, Industrial hygiene, "Toxic substances, Ecosystems, Developing country application, Cancer, Monitoring, Xenobiotics, Petro- chemical industry, Toxicokinetics, Health risks, Envi- ronmental health. These Proceedings consist of the following papers: The Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing; Biotransforma- tion of Xenobiotics - General Principles; Fundamentals of Toxicokinetics; Mutagenicity of Environmental Chemicals - I. The Basis of Mutation & II. Screening Tests and Their Evaluation; Cancer and its Chemical Causation; Microorganisms and Toxicants; Effects of Toxicants on Plankton; Effects of Toxicants on Terres- trial Plants; Effects of Toxicants on Aquatic Plant Com- munities; Effects of Toxicants on Benthic Ecosystems; Ecological Monitoring in Estuaries and Coastal Areas; The Use of Community Structure in Pollution Monitor- ing; and Environmental Monitoring and the Petrochem- ical Industry. PB84-144849/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Urban Buses: Planning and Operations. H. S. Levinson, R. P. Guenthner, B. Wells, D. H. Pickrell, and D. O. Nelson. 1983, 57p* Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-26855. Keywords: "Urban planning, "Buses(Vehicles), "Transportation management, Travel time, Delay time, Operating costs, Transportation models, Maintenance, 234 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Transportation planning, Transit buses, Commuter transportation, Park and ride. The 7 papers in this report deal with the following areas: analyzing transit travel time performance; mod- eling bus delays due to passenger boardings and alightings; economics of commuter express bus oper- ations; sources of rising operating deficits in urban bus transit; home-origin transit travel analysis model; anal- ysis of regional park-and-ride and express bus service; and, role of quantitative analysis in bus maintenance planning. PB84-145184/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Inst, on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. Office of Science. Measurement in the Analysis and Treatment of Smoking Behavior. Researcn monograph, J. Grabowski, and C. S. Bell. Nov 83, 132p* NIDA/ RM-48, NIDA/OS-83-02 Also pub. as National Inst, on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. Office of Science rept. no. DHHS/PUB/ADM-83- 1285. See also PB83-252692. Keywords: 'Health, 'Drugs, Behavior, Therapy, Analy- sis, Tobacco, Nicotine, Carbon monoxide, Cardiovas- cular system, Respiratory system, Surveys, Popula- tions. The monograph is the product of National Cancer In- stitute-National Institute on Drug Abuse sponsored meeting on technical and pragmatic considerations in the implementation of studies on tobacco use. The meeting provided an overview of measurement rang- ing from biological fluid assay, through behavioral top- ographical analysis, to population survey techniques as well as combined approaches. The monograph, in addition to providing an overview of available tech- niques, describes the usefulness of specific measure- ment techniques in various settings as well as delin- eating their limitations. PB84-145432/GAA PC A02/MF A01 National Center for Health Services Research, Rock- ville, MD. Synopses of Health Status Indices, M. K. Chen. 1983, 16p NCHSR-83-88 Keywords: 'Health, Public health, Development, Tests, Policies, Programs, Health services research. The National Center for Health Services Research (NCHSR) has supported efforts to develop and test a variety of health status indices. The ultimate goal of all health services and biomedical research is improved health status of individuals, communities or popula- tions. This compendium presents the results of intra- mural work in the form of a brief synopsis of each of 1 2 indices. Acknowledging that there are basic philosoph- ical and methodological differences among scholars working in this field, the Center is publishing the com- pendium as a resource document describing health status indices selected from the literature. Such indi- ces are intended for health services researchers or planners interested in synthesizing isolated items of health data into an index number which represents an outcome of health policies or programs. PB84-145440/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Virginia Univ., Charlottesville. Illness of the Child: The Cultural Context of Child- hood Diarrhea in Northeast Brazil. Executive summary 1 Mar 81-30 Jun 82, M. K. Nations. 1982, 16p NCHSR-84-1 Grant PHS-HS-04437 Keywords: 'Diseases, 'Children, 'Brazil, Foreign countries, Gastrointestinal diseases, Developing coun- tries, Sociocultural factors. This research sought to test the hypothesis that socio- cultural factors, specifically behavioral patterns and belief systems, play a major role in the occurrence and management of gastrointestinal infections of infants and children of northeastern Brazil. Qualitative and quantitative methods from medical anthropology, epi- demiology and microbiologic research techniques, were used to explore the relationships between human behavior patterns and belief systems and childhood di- arrhea. The study population consisted of a random sample of 50 households, three neighborhoods of af- fluent professionals, migrant wage laborers, and poor farmers. Comparative analyses were made of the tra- ditional healing practices performed by village healers and modern, western influenced medical management of childhood diarrhea disease treatment. PB84-145465/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cin- cinnati, OH. Engineering Control Technology Branch. Control Technology Feasibility Study of the Use of Engineering Controls in Hospitals: Preliminary Survey Report of Veteran's Administration Medi- cal Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, S. E. Spottswood, and S. L. Kercher. Sep 83, 33p CT-143.12A Keywords: 'Environmental surveys, 'Health, Gases, Exposure, Toxicity, Inspection, Hazardous materials, Drugs, Hospitals, Medical personnel, Ventilation, 'Toxic substances, 'Occupational safety and health, Veterans hospitals, Ethylene oxide. A preliminary survey of sterilization and anesthetic gas administration operation was conducted at the Veter- an's Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio on September 29, 1982. Gas sterilization procedures employed ethylene-oxide (75218) (EtO) to decontami- nate medical supplies and equipment. Aeration of sup- plies and materials after sterilization was performed to eliminate hazardous residual quantities of EtO and its reaction products, ethylene-glycol (107211) and ethyl- ene-chlorohydrin (107073). The principal engineering controls used were isolation, general dilution ventila- tion, and preventive equipment maintenance proce- dures. During the sterilization exhaust cycle, EtO con- centrations ranged from to 18 parts per million (ppm). PB84-145515/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Cranfield Inst, of Tech. (England). Coll. of Aeronautics. Atomisers for the Aerial Application of Herbicides: Ideal and Available, J. Spillman. Dec 82, 22p ISBN-0-902937-69-3, R- 8207 Keywords: 'Crops, 'Herbicides, Spray nozzles, Parti- cle size, Performance evaluation, Dispersing, Tests, Windward drift, Wind tunnels, Great Britain. This work related to the fact that sprays with a mean volume diameter of 225 micrometers and narrow range are required to minimize spray drift of herbicides on aerial application. The performance of currently available atomisers was evaluated in wind tunnel tests with respect to: droplet size distribution at various air- craft speeds; orientation of the nozzle; and blade set- tings of rotating cage atomisers. Results indicated that the flat fan hydraulic nozzle 8005 set at an angle of 117 degrees to 135 degrees to the oncoming airflow i.e. downward and backwards, was the most effective. At 117 degrees a maximum percentage of the spray was within 25% of 225 micrometers while at 135 de- grees a smaller percentage was within the desired band, fewer small droplets were produced. This ato- miser promised to reduce application rates by half. PB84-145630/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Update Puerto Rico Energy Alternatives, 1983, N. Azziz, M. Iriarte, and J. H. Betancourt. May 83, 48pCEER-X-164 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: 'Energy source development, 'Energy, 'Puerto Rico, Substitutes, Economic analysis, Devel- oping country application. Puerto Rico is almost entirely dependent for oil for its energy, and steps should be taken to reduce this de- pendence. In addition to current measures being taken to reduce consumption, the most promising area in re- ducing oil consumption is electrical production. A pro- gram to reduce oil consumption by 50% for electrical generation within the next 15 years could be consid- ered as an appropriate objective. The most promising alternatives for fuels are nuclear or coal with the opti- mum solution utilizing both. In addition, a promising source of energy in smaller quantities is available from bagasse. This energy source appears economically competitive with coal. A commercial enterprise for pro- ducing biomass could compete favorably in the local enery market. The main restriction to its broader use will be the use of land for more higher value produc- tion. PB84-145648/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Development of Alternative Energy Science and Engineering in the Caribbean, J. A. Bonnet, Jr., and W. C. Koehler, Jr. Nov 83, 17p CEER-X-165 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: 'Caribbean, 'Research and development, 'Energy source development, 'Energy, Substitutes, Research projects, Solar energy, Developing Country Application, Wind power, Biomass. This paper describes a pilot project designed to im- prove the capabilities of Caribbean universities and re- search institutes in helping solve the energy problems of the region. Most of the region is almost entirely de- pendent on imported petroleum to satisfy its energy needs. That dependency has exascerbated economic problems with the escalation of petroleum prices in the past ten years. A potential solution to reduce both the high degree of dependence and economic costs is to develop other energy systems. The region is blessed with solar, wind, ocean, biomass, and geothermal re- sources that could be exploited to reduce and displace oil consumption. One approach is to develop the sci- entific and engineering capabilities of regional universi- ties. Under the auspices of the Association of Caribbe- an Universities and Research Institutions (UNICA) a project to foster cooperative research efforts to assist in the introduction of alternative energy solutions has been developed. The UNICA project utilized the re- search workshop format. A network of scientists and engineers working in energy was established to pro- mote cooperation, interchange of technical informa- tion and development of joint projects. PB84-145655/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Changes in Diel Primary Production in Joyuda Lagoon on July 7 and 8, 1983, R. D. Rice, and G. Owen. Aug 83, 80p CEER-M-166 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: Diurnal variations, Temperature measure- ment, Salinity, Oxygen, Dissolved gases, Wind veloci- ty, Water flow, Chlorophylls, Respiration, Tropical re- gions, Graphs(Charts), Tables(Data), Benthos, 'Puerto Rico, 'Coasts. On 7 and 8 July, 1 983, a 28 hour study was conducted in Joyuda Lagoon. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, and salinity measurements were taken at two hour in- tervals from seven regions within the lagoon to the Guanajibo Channel. Primary production within the lagoon water column appears sufficient to meet plank- tonic respiratory and carbon requirements. The volume of water exchanged between the lagoon and the Guanajibo Channel was approximately equal, but the total volume of water flowing into the lagoon was insignificant in relation to its volume. Over an extended period of time, Joyuda Lagoon may enrich the sur- rounding coastal waters. PB84-145663/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Costs and Benefits Assessment of Hatillo Energy Cane. Plant and First-Conservation Crops, 1982- 1983, A. G. Alexander. Apr 83, 13p CEER-B-174 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: 'Cost benefits, 'Sugar, 'Farming, Yield, Area, Sugar cane, Fuels, Assessments, Planting, Culti- vation, Cost analysis, Harvesting, Land use, Puerto Rico, Developing country application. Energy cane yields and costs from a 25-acre study at Hatillo are reviewed for both intensive and conserva- tion production scenarios. Maximum yield from inten- sive production was 125 tons whole cane per acre year, at a cost of S9.82/ton. Maximum yield from con- servation agriculture was 53 tons/acre year, at a cost 235 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS of $7.47/ton. The potential value of energy cane is presented in the context of a multiple-products com- modity vs. a traditional sugar and mollasses commodi- ty. Conservation culture, though economical, is limited by the need for intensive inputs every second year, and a greater commitment of land area to produce a given quantity of cane. PB84-145713/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Production of Sugarcane and Tropical Grasses as a Renewable Energy Source. Annual rept. no. 1, 1977-78, A. G. Alexander. 1978, 108p CEER-B-169 Grant DOE-EG-77-G-05-5422 Keywords: *Grass, *Sugarcane, 'Farming, 'Tropical regions, Cultivation, Fossil fuels, Yield, Maturation, Spacing, Performance evaluation, Growth regulators, Plant regulators, Plant genetics, Fertilizers, Plant nutri- tion, Greenhouses, Field tests, Harvesting, Tables(Data), Developing country application, Sac- charum. Tropical grasses from Saccharum and related genera are being evaluated as candidates for intensive pro- duction of solar-dried biomass. Categories of candi- date grasses include short-, intermediate-, and long- rotation species for intensive co-production with con- ventional food commodities. Minimum-tillage candi- dates are also sought for extensive production on mar- ginal lands. The hybrid forage grass Sordan 70-A (Northrup-King Company) is the outstanding short-ro- tation plant tested to date. It completes both the tissue-expansion and maturation phases within 10 weeks, yielding at least 4 tons of oven-dry biomass per acre. Napier grass (var. Common Merker) is a promis- ing intermediate-rotation crop which possibly may be exceeded by several napier grass hybrids. Direct com- parisons of sugarcane hybrids with napier grass indi- cate that sugarcane is an inferior candidate for short- term production of tropical forages. Additional progress was made in sugarcane growth control with chemical growth regulators. PB84-145929/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Effect of Food Level and Antibiotic in Rearing Larvae of Ucides cordatus' Linnaeus (Brachyuran, Gecarcinidae), G. S. Grose, and G. Owen. Jul 83, 34p CEER-M-167 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: *Food, Sewage, Bioassay, Survival, Larvae, Crustacea, Exposure, Concentration(Composition), 'Aquaculture. Larvae of Ucides cordatus Linnaeus, the mangrove crab, were reared in a flow-through culturing apparatus under two different feeding levels and the condition of antibiotic or non-antibiotic. Survival under all condi- tions was low, yielding statistically insignificant results, but the trends showed better larval survival under anti- biotic conditions. Little survival difference was noted between different feeding levels. Suggestions on cul- turing brachyuran larvae in the future are presented as part of this report. A short exploratory bioassay was also conducted. Using the flow-through system, a mix- ture of brachyuran zoeae were exposed to three con- centrations of primary-treated sewage for 24 hours, and a 24 hour LC50 was determined through analyses of the data. PB84-147446/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Evaluacion de lo Publicado por Nuestros Academi- cos Sobre Ciencias Humanidades (Evaluation of Publication for our Academics on Sciences and Humanities), J. A. Bonnet, Sr. 1984, 51 p CEER-X-168 Sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, Wash- ington, DC. Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Education, 'Puerto Rico, Theories, Uni- versities, Collection, Developing country application. The publication is a compendium of the principle ideas of some 48 publications of academics at the University of Puerto Rico over the last two decades. PB84-148295/GAA PC A12/MF A01 National Inst, for Occupational Safety and Health, Cin- cinnati, OH. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupa- tional Exposure to Styrene. Sep 83, 264p DHHS/NIOSH/PUB-83-119 Keywords: 'Environmental surveys, Exposure, Toxici- ty, Inspection, Hazardous materials, Protective cloth- ing, Humans, Laboratory animals, Assessments, 'Toxic substances, 'Occupational safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that worker exposure to styrene in the workplace be controlled by compliance with the following sections. These recommendations are designed to protect the health and provide for the safety of workers for up to a 1 0-hour workshift, 40-hour workweek, over a working lifetime. Compliance with all sections of the recommended standard should pre- vent or greatly reduce the risk to exposed workers of adverse effects. NIOSH considers the recommended environmental limits for styrene to be upper bound- aries of exposure. Thus, employers should make every effort to maintain exposure concentrations as low as possible. This recommended standard will be subject to review and revision as necessary. PB84-148311/GAA PC E04/MF E04 National Inst, of Nutrition, Hyderabad (India). Some Therapeutic Diets. 1981, 45p Keywords: 'Health, 'Food, Therapy, India, Developing country application. Dietetics has yet to find its rightful place in developing countries therapeutics. A majority of the teaching hos- pitals do not have qualified dietitians. An important factor which has probably contributed to the rather un- satisfactory position accorded to dietetics is the task of authoritative information useful to physicians and nurses in the prescription of suitable therapeutic diets. This report contains a brief outline of the major ap- proaches towards the prescription of therapeutic diets in certain important clinical conditions. PB84-148618/GAA PC A12/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs. Final rept. 1983, 271 p ISBN-0-309-03382-9 Contract USDA-59-32R6-0-39 Sponsored in part by Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DO, Food and Drug Ad- ministration, Rockville, MD. Bureau of Veterinary Medi- cine., and Department of Agriculture, Ottawa (Ontario). Library of Congress Catalog card no. 83-1 331 1 . Keywords: 'Animal feeds, 'Nutrition, 'Livestock, Food processing, Wastes, Fruits, Vegetables, Dairy prod- ucts, Byproducts, Industrial wastes, Wood wastes, Cattle, Poultry, Swine, Nutritive value, Food contami- nation, Toxicity, Farm crops, Plant residues(Organic), Bacteria, Whey, Manure. Many potentially valuable feed sources, some of which have substantial nutritional value and are available in- expensively and in large quantities, have been underu- tilized by livestock producers. These products include food processing wastes, such as vegetable and fruit processing residues; dairy whey and tannery by-prod- ucts; wastes from industrial processing and from mu- nicipalities; forest products and pulp and papermill res- idues; crop residues; aquatic plants; and animal waste. This report discusses the nutritional value of the cited classes of resources and also considers the safety factors of feeding to livestock since they may contain pathogenic organisms or be contaminated with pesti- cides, drugs, heavy metals, or other substances toxic toxic to livestock. PB84-149004/GAA PC A99/MF E04 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Proceedings of the Pan American Conference Energy (1st) and National Conference on Renew- able Energy Technologies (2nd). Volume 1. Aug 83, 695p* CEER-X-163 Presented at the Conferences of the Pan American Confederation of Engineering Association (17th) (UPADI-82), San Juan, Puerto Rico, August 1-7, 1983. Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Wind energy, 'Renewable energy, Technology, Developing country application. A total of 1 1 5 papers were presented to some 400 par- ticipants at the conference. This volume contains 20 biomass papers, 5 wind energy papers, and 1 1 solar power papers. PB84-149285/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Coastal Resources Foundation, Gloucester, VA. Coastal Dunes for Protection and Sand Resources, M. Nichols, and C. Cerco. Jan 83, 95p Sponsored in part by Puerto Rico Dept. of Natural Re- sources, San Juan. Prepared in cooperation with Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, VI. Keywords: 'Soil erosion, 'Puerto Rico, Sands, Ocean waves, Erosion, Hurricanes, Beach nourishment, Ex- traction, Height, Sites, 'Coasts, Developing country application, Wave run up. Massive sand extraction of Puerto Rico's north coast dunes has reduced their natural capability for protec- tion. This report provides the scientific basis and engi- neering data for managing the dunes to protect the coast from high waves and long-term erosion and to provide a source of sand for extraction. Additionally, the probable impact of submarine sand extraction on beach drawdown, interception of nearshore sand transport, and storm wave modifications is assessed. Of the three submarine deposits, extraction of the Cabo Rojo west deposit has a lower risk of impact on beaches than other sites. The size, height, and stability of residual dunes at Isabela, Hatillo, and Carolina is inadequate in many places for long-term protection of life and property. As a result of high northern swells, October 11-13, 1982, dune ridges collapsed at Hatillo, Camuy, and Carolina, and the resulting washover de- posits offer little protection. PB84-149293/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, Guatemala City. El Tzetz o Bledo (Amaranto): Una Planta Alimenti- cia de Origen Mesoamericano que Tiene Muchas Proteinas pero que se Esta Olvidando (Tzetz or Wild Amaranth (Amaranthus deulis): An Edible Me- soamerican Plant of High Protein but Forgotten). May 78, 29p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Food, 'Plants(Botany), History, Cultiva- tion, Cooking, Developing country application. The booklet discusses the use and history of the wild amaranth. Methods of cultivation and cooking recipes are given for the three types of wild amaranth. Sugges- tions for further research are also made. PB84-149335/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. Demanda y Consumo de Alimentos en Puerto Rico. IV. Patrones de Compra - Proporcion de Fa- milias Que Compraban Alimentos (Demand and Consumption of Food in Puerto Rico. 4. Purchas- ing Patterns - Proportion of Families That Buy Food), L. Rodriguez de Zapata, and M. I. Rijos de Marini. Sep 82, 23p BULL-269 Text in Spanish, summary in English. See also PB84- 149343. Keywords: 'Food supply, Urban areas, Rural areas, 'Puerto Rico, Food habits, Developing country appli- cation. This report discusses the percentage of families pur- chasing foods in households that were interviewed two or three times every four months from March 1 977 to February 1978. In a previous bulletin of this station the individual percentage computed in each of the three surveys was presented and analyzed. The year-ex- panded data relates to 692 families out of 848 inter- viewed in the first survey, 653 in the second, and 674 in the third. Homemakers mentioned 317 specific foods in their pattern of food demand. These foods were classified in 26 categories. For the purpose of this study, the specific foods were identified according 236 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS to the nature of the processing as fresh, frozen, or canned. PB84-149343/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. Demanda y Consumo de Alimentos en Puerto Rico. V: Ingreso de la Familia (Demand and Con- sumption of Food in Puerto Rico. 5. Family Income), L. Rodriguez de Zapata, and I. Velasco de Grillasca. Mar 83, 49p BULL-270 Text in Spanish. See also PB84-1 49335. Keywords: *lncome, *Food, Food supply, Urban areas, Rural areas, Salaries, Social welfare, * Puerto Rico, Households, Developing country application, Families. This Research investigates in particular the family income variable as part of the household food demand series for the study undertaken by the Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Among other socio-economic and demographic variables, income plays an important role in determining the nature and magnitude of the demand for foods at the household level. The follow- ing aspects of the income variable were studied by family size and by urban, rural zone: (1) households with a working member; (2) number of working mem- bers; (3) identification of the working member (hus- band, wife, children or other relatives, male head or female head); (4) number of income sources; and (5) source(s) of income (salaries, wages, services, pen- sions, food stamps or other). All frequency distribu- tions for the above aspects were obtained for unmar- ried heads and for married heads separately. The income source was also discussed for families without a working member and for those with at least one working member. PB84-149376/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Maya- guez, PR. Ecological Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Pat- terns of Pelagic Ecosystem Components Poten- tially Interacting with an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Plant Near Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico: Physical Characteristics. Final rept., J. M. Lopez, and L. J. Tilly. 1983, 45p CEER-M-157- A Keywords: "Caribbean, *Oceanographic surveys, In- ternal waves, Eddies, Water masses, Circulation, Time series analysis, Tidal currents, Thermoclines, Ocean temperature, Salinity, Coasts, Puerto Rico, Developing country application, Power plant siting program. This hydrographic study characterizes the Punta Tuna area as a potential site for an OTEC power plant. Seven cruises were conducted at approximately two month intervals. Each cruise included at least 22 hy- drocast stations, six done as serial stations in a small area to reveal temporal and small scale variability. The results of the analysis of these data so far indicate a bi- seasonality in the dynamics. Mesoscale eddies and meanders are a common feature of the circulation pat- tern on Puerto Rico's southern coast. The time series studies have shown their existence of a very energetic internal wave field with relatively large amplitude waves at the diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal frequencies. The results in terms of an OTEC power plant indicate the thermal resource to be at least a 20C thermal gra- dient in the upper 100 m year round. PB84-149442/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. For- eign Development and Trade Div. Taiwan's Agricultural Development: Its Relevance for Developing Countries Today, R. P. Christensen. Apr 68, 103p FAER-39 Keywords: "International trade, "Agricultural econom- ics, "Taiwan, Exports, United States, Technical assist- ance, Imports, Production, Manpower, Farms, Irriga- tion, Marketing, Prices, Agricultural products, Demand(Economics), Capital. Taiwan has become an important export market for U.S. products-$333 million in 1967, including $111 million worth of agricultural products. Taiwan's rapid economic growth made possible the cessation of U.S. economic aid and technical assistance in 1965, al- though Public Law 480 shipments have continued as needed. Increases in agricultural productivity have helped Taiwan achieve a high rate of economic growth. PB84-149525/GAA PC E04/MF E04 National Inst, of Nutrition, Hyderabad (India). Low Cost Nutritious Supplements. 1978, 40p Keywords: "Nutrition, "Food, Infants, Children, Diets, Low income groups, "India, Developing country appli- cation. In this report various recipes for the feeding of infants and children have been drawn up. The recipes have been formulated after a careful study of the local con- ditions and the dietary habits of the community. The preparations were actually tested in poor communities and have been found to be acceptable. Information contained in this report should prove of practical value to all those engaged in nutrition education programs among rural communities. PB84-149533/GAA PC E04/MF E04 National Inst, of Nutrition, Hyderabad (India). Nutritional Disabilities, M. M. Ram. 1981, 64p Keywords: "Diseases, "Nutrition, "Health, Public health, Growth, "India, Developing country application, Blindness, Fluorosis, Lathyrism. Malnutrition has been identified as a cause for physical and mental disabilities in about 100 million people in the world. Nutritional disabilities are major public health problems in developing countries. This report illustrates some of the consequences of various types of malnutrition. In this report, a few articles on different aspects of nutritional disabilities have been brought to- gether. PB84-149574/GAA PC E08/MF E01 Indian Society of Desert Technology, Jodhpur. Transactions of Indian Society of Desert Technol- ogy and University Centre of Desert Studies. Volume 8, Number 1, January 1983. (Proceedings Part 2). Jan 83, 161p Prepared in cooperation with University Center of Desert Studies, Jodhpur (India). Keywords: "Agriculture, "Crops, Deserts, Forest trees, Growth, Farm crops, "Fertilizers, Leguminous plants, Mulches, Irrigation, Soils, Wheat, Plant growth, Growth regulators, Populations, Water consumption, Solar energy, Insecticides, Livestock, Developing country application, Eucalyptus, Dry farming, Biogas. The proceeding contain 30 technical papers presented at the conference which were concerned with agricul- ture. These papers have been divided into 4 groups: Animal Science, Plant Science, Physical Science, and Miscellanous. PB84-149590/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Tratamiento de Mostos Utilizando el Filtro Anaero- bio (Treatment of Must Using an Anaerobic Filter). Master thesis, R. M. Negron. Dec 82, 160p Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Waste treatment, "Distilleries, Perform- ance evaluation, Feasibility, Developing country appli- cation. This study reports on the feasibility of treating the slops from rum distilleries with an anaerobic filter com- posed of an oxygen free reactor filled with a plastic filtering media, commercially known as 'Actifil' with a diameter of 5/8 inches (16mm). This filter is similar in appearance to an aerobic biofilter (trickling filter). The main difference between the two systems is that on the anaerobic filter the flow is upward so that the filter medium is always completely submerged. PB84-149624/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Maintenance of Wide Band Blades in Sawmills, M. Paretti. 1983, 39p UNIDO-ID/WG. 369/9 Paper presented at the Technical Course on Criteria for the Selection of Woodworking Machines, Milan, Italy, 10-26 May 1982. Keywords: "Sawmills, "Maintenance, Welding, Braz- ing, Metal working, Sharpening, Tension leveling, De- veloping country application. The report relates to wood technology, with special reference to equipment for sawmills « covers: special treatment and maintenance required for blades of large bandsaws for prevention of breakdowns and im- proving efficiency of operations; sequence of required maintenance; tools needed. Diagrams, illustrations. Additional references: maintenance and repair, equip- ment. PB84-149673/GAA PC E08/MF E08 Institution of Engineers (India), Nagpur. All India Seminar and Discussion on Manual for Design and Construction of RCC Elevated Water Tanks Held at Nagpur on October 9-10, 1976. Oct 76, 171p Keywords: "India, "Water supply, Design, "Construc- tion, Economic factors, Optimization, Pile foundations, Flexural strength, Developing country application, Computer aided design. The economy of water supply scheme can be achieved both with respect to materials as well as cost by judicious adoption of modern methods of optimisa- tion and construction. This volume contains the Manual for Design and Construction of R.C.C. Elevat- ed Water Tanks and the various papers presented in the seminar. The main topics covered are: Construc- tion of Two Overhead R.C.C. Reservoirs on Pile Foun- dations; Water Tanks, Optimisation of Cylindrical Tanks; Computerized Design of R.C.C. Elevated Water Tanks; Design of a Water Tank Using Shell Structure of Uniform Strength; and Various Aspects of Water Tanks. PB84-149988/GAA PC A03/MF A01 SG Associates, Inc., Annandale, VA. Listing of New Bus Technology Applications. Final rept. Sep 82-Jul 83, H. S. Glasser. Dec 83, 36p* UMTA-MA-06-01 26-83- 4, , DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-29 Contract DTRS57-81-C-00053 Keywords: "Buses(Vehicles), Urban transportation, Passenger transportation, Engines, Performance, Ac- ceptability. This report presents the findings of research on bus purchases and demonstrations by transit systems in the U.S. involving innovative vehicles or equipment. Purchases and demonstrations have been catalogued for the last four years. The purchases included in this report show innovative equipment and new manufac- turers in the American market. The trend toward mass bus purchases through consortia and a heightened in- terest in vehicles built by non-traditional manufacturers are shown. The report demonstrates that there is strong interest among transit systems for vehicles that can meet the requirements imposed by local condi- tions. PB84-150374/GAA PC A06/MF A01 United States-Mexico Border Health Association, El Paso, TX. U.S.-Mexico Border: Contraceptive Use and Mater- nal Health Care in Perspective, J. C. Smith, C. W. Warren, and J. G. Nunez. Nov 83, 115p Report of Survey Information on Reproductive Age Women Living in the Border Areas of the United States and Mexico, 1979. Prepared in cooperation with Cen- ters for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA., and Mexico Inst, of Social Security. Keywords: "Health, "Children, "Birth control, United States, "Mexico, Females, Fertility, "Women, "Family planning, "Contraceptives. Health officials in the United States and Mexico have long recognized that special attention is required to idenify and deal with health problems unique to people who live along the U.S.-Mexico border. For almost four 237 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS decades the border area has been the focus of the United States-Mexico Border Health Association. In the interest of maintaining and improving the health of reproductive-age women living along the border, the Association adopted a resolution in 1978 indicating that information was needed on the utilization of family planning and maternal health services. The govern- ments of both the United States and Mexico respond- ed to the resolution by conducting household probabili- ty surveys in the border area in 1979. This monograph reports the findings from each country's survey. Its aim is to provide information that will be useful to local, state, and regional health officials and other interested persons involved in the planning and delivery of family planning and maternal health services in the border area. PB84-150531/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia, Santiago (Chile). Procedimiento para la Elaboracion de Resumenes (Procedured for the Preparation of Abstracts). Manual no. 3. Feb 80, 42p CEPAL/CELADE/L-3 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Demography, "Information systems, Manuals, Information retrieval, Latin America, Absract- ing, Developing country application. This manual recounts the experiences of DOCPAL (Documentation on Population for Latin America) in preparing abstracts and serves as a guide for informa- tion centers in the region which wish to follow the same procedures, whether they work with a manual or computerized system. This manual presents the char- acteristics and the contents of the abstracts, the guidelines for the preparation of the abstracts for DOCPAL, and indications of the use of the Content Analysis Page and the Bibliographic Registration Card. PB84-150655/GAA PC E06/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manufacture and Quality Estimation of Cast Spare Parts, Z. Gorny, and J. Marcinkowski. 19 Oct 83, 102p UNIDO-ID/WG.407/2 Presented at Experts' Core Industries Group Meeting on the Manufacture of Cast/Forged Parts, Cairo, Egypt, 3-1 7 November 1 983. Keywords: "Castings, Quality assurance, Developing country application. The report covers (1) classification of (a) casting mate- rials (b) operating conditions (c) cast parts; (2) identifi- cation of cast material; (3) substitute alloys; (4) appli- cation of casting processes in the manufacture of spare parts for machinery and equipment. PB84-150663/GAA PC A03/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Ceramic Glazes: Basic Information, Z. A. Engelthaler. 1 Nov 83, 28p UNIDO/I0.563 Keywords: "Ceramics, Ceramic coating, Ceramic coat- ings, Developing country application. The report covers (1) development of modern glazes (2) raw materials used; other constituents (3) glaze compositions (4) colored glazes; ceramic stains. PB84-150671/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Economic Appraisal of Small-Scale Hydro Power Projects, K. Goldsmith. 5 Aug 83, 16p UNIDO/ID/WG.403/29 Presented at a Workshop on Small Hydro Power (3rd), 7-15 March 1983, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Keywords: "Hydroelectric power, Hydroelectric power generation, "Economic analysis, Developing country application, Small-scale hydroelectric power plants. The report covers (1) preconditions for considering such projects (2) methods of economic appraisal: cost benefit analysis; comparison of present worth of cash flow; internal rate of investment returns; comparison of production costs (3) case study of an economic analy- sis with reference to a project in Thailand. PB84-151 174/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle-METRO, WA. Transportation Energy Management. Transit Oper- ator Facilities. Volume 1. Office Guide. Sep 82, 44p* DOT-l-83-10 See also PB84-151182. Sponsored in part by Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Transportation management, Mainte- nance costs, Operating costs, Heat loss, Heating load, Lighting equipment, Cost analysis, Data acquisition, "Energy management, "Energy conservation. While the bulk of energy expenditures cover vehicle operations, utility costs for fixed facilities have also in- creased. This report, in two volumes, is intended to assist transit operators assess means of saving money through reducing fixed facility energy usage. Many measures are at no or low cost, whereas others requir- ing larger investments may be eligible for capital as- sistance from UMTA. This handbook presents practi- cal, step-by-step instructions for developing and imple- menting a six-part conservation program. These steps include organizing a conservation team, creating an energy profile, a walk-through survey, implementation procedures, evaluation of measures, and the perma- nent program. This volume is an office reference guide with instructions for collecting and analyzing the data. Reference material and a case study are included as appendices. PB84-151182/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle-METRO, WA. Transportation Energy Management. Transit Oper- ator Facilities. Volume 2. Field Guide. Sep 82, 111p* DOT-l-83-11 See also PB84-151174. Sponsored in part by Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Transportation management, Mainte- nance costs, Operating costs, Heat loss, Heating load, Lighting equipment, Cost analysis, Data acquisition, "Energy management, "Energy conservation. While the bulk of energy expenditures cover vehicle operations, utility costs for fixed facilities have also in- creased. This report, in two volumes, is intended to assist transit operators assess means of saving money through reducing fixed facility energy usage. Many measures are at no or low cost, whereas others requir- ing larger investments may be eligible for capital as- sistance from UMTA. This handbook presents practi- cal, step-by-step instructions for developing and imple- menting a six-part conservation program. These steps include organizing a conservation team, creating an energy profile, a walk-through survey, implementation procedures, evaluation of measures, and the perma- nent program. This volume includes forms and instruc- tions for collecting and analyzing the data. Reference material and a case study are included as appendices. PB84- 1 5 1 505/G AA PC A04/ M F A0 1 Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia, Santiago (Chile). Indizacion de Documentos y Utilizacion del Te- sauro Multilingue Sobre Poblacion' en un Sistema Manual de Documentacion (Indexing Documents and Use of the 'Multilingual Thesaurus on Popula- tion' in a Manual System of Documentation). Manual no. 4. Feb 80, 65p CEPAL/CELADE/L-4 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Information sources, "Demography, "In- formation systems, Index terms, Manuals, Information retrieval, Latin America, Developing country applica- tion, Caribbean Islands. This manual recounts the experiences of DOCPAL (Documents on Population in Latin America) in index- ing the documents input into its data base, and serves as a guide to information units in Latin America and the Caribbean which have adopted manual or semi- mechanized techniques for handling information. It in- cludes definitions of the terminology of indexing to pro- vide a reference mark and the principal characteristics of the process. The manual also includes a description of the tools and guidelines for indexing, placing em- phasis on the use of the Multilingual Thesaurus on Population for the analysis of information, and Uniterm Cards for registration of this process. PB84-151513/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia, Santiago (Chile). Procedimiento para la Recuperacion de Informa- cion en un Sistema Manual de Documentacion Sobre Poblacion (Procedures for the Retrieval of Information in a Manual System of Documentation on Population). Feb 80, 50p CEPAL/CELADE/R-6 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Information sources, "Demography, "In- formation systems, Manuals, Information retrieval, Latin America, Developing country application. This manual recounts the experiences of DOCPAL (Population Documentation System in Latin America) in the retrieval of information (documents input into the collection), and serves as a guide to the information units which have adopted manual or semi-mechanized techniques for the handling of population documenta- tion. It includes definitions of terminology of informa- tion retrieval, and to present a section on the formula- tion of strategies for searching and characteristics of the retrieval of information. PB84-151521/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia, Santiago (Chile). Procedimiento para la Utilizacion de la Tarjeta de Registro Bibliografico (Procedures for the Use of Bibliographic Registration Cards). Manual no. 2. Feb 80, 146p CEPAL/CELADE/L-2 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Information sources, "Demography, "In- formation systems, Manuals, Information retrieval, Latin America, Developing country application. This manual is a guide for the use of DOCPAL's (Docu- mentation on Population in Latin America) Bibliograph- ic Registration Cards to register the terms which de- scribe a specific document. It is designed for use by information units using a manual system that can be used in conjunction with Uniterm or Termatrex, etc. cards. The Cards are also compatible with the Biblio- graphic Description Pages and Content Analysis Pages of DOCPAL's computerized system. The manual is divided into three parts. The first part in- cludes the general aspects, definitions and other char- acteristics that are necessary to know for the use of the Cards. The second part includes a detailed de- scription of each of the registration elements on the Cards along with a description of the place where they are annotated. The third part is on the practical use of the Cards and their use in other special situations. Proper use of the cards will facilitate all the cooperat- ing units' input of their data into the DOCPAL system for the benefit of all users. PB84-152057/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion, Santiago (Chile). Manual Ahorro de Energia en la Industria (Energy Conservation Manual for Industry). C1979, 200p Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Industrial plants, Manuals, Guidelines, Heating, "Energy conservation, Energy audits, Devel- oping country application. This manual gives general guidelines on which to base an energy conservation program, signals situations and opportunities for energy savings in an industrial plant, provides information for easy quantification of energy loss, and signals how to correct deficiencies in certain important aspects such as combustion and in- sulation. One chapter deals with heat audits, an ex- tremely useful tool for identifying areas on which one should concentrate to achieve energy savings. The manual also describes general heating systems with a view to pointing out ways to increase efficiency and eliminate defects, including steam systems and oil, coal, and firewood combustion. PB84-152610/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Dane County Regional Planning Commission, Madi- son, Wl. 238 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Estimating Transportation Energy Consumption of Residential Land Types. Final rept. Feb 83, 122pDOT-l-83-26 Sponsored in part by Federal Highway Administration, Madison, Wl. Wisconsin Div., and Urban Mass Trans- portation Administration, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Energy management, 'Transportation management, Cost analysis, Economic analysis, Meth- odology, * Land use. This report is the result of a demonstration project in Dane County, Wisconsin, which examined the relation- ships between residential land use development and transportation related energy consumption. To face the dilemma between encouraging development to im- prove the local tax base and the need to maintain effi- cient travel without overloading limited community re- sources, a simple set of factors describing transporta- tion energy consumption per dwelling unit, for a range of differing residential densities and locations, were developed. The technique is presented in such a manner that other regions can replicate the process to produce factors specific to their areas. It also provides a means to report energy consumption factors and im- pacts to State and local officials concerned with the planning process for transportation. PB84-152628/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle-METRO, WA. Transportation Energy Management: Current Transit Operator Activities. Sep 82, 42p DOT-l-83-01 Sponsored in part by Urban Mass Transportation Ad- ministration, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Transportation management, 'Motor vehi- cles, 'Traffic engineering, Energy conservation, Fuel storage, Emergency rations, Maintenance, Buses(Vehicles), Surveys, Fuel supply. Due to the rapid rise in the price of energy during the 1970's, transit operators have initiated a variety of ac- tivities designed to improve management of their energy use. This report describes the results of a na- tional survey of energy management activities under- taken by 100 transit systems in the United States and Canada. The survey reports on activities in five areas: energy crisis contingency planning; energy conserva- tion in bus maintenance, repair and operating facilities; energy conservation petroleum fueled bus fleets; energy conservation awareness programs; and fuel supply and price protection strategies. The report pre- sents the survey methodology and respondent charac- teristics, survey results and the questionnaire. PB84-152826/GAA PCA11/MFA01 North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Waste Management Control Handbook for Dairy Food Plants. Final rept., W. J. Harper, R. E. Carawan, and M. F. Parkin. Feb 84, 244p* EPA-600/2-84-043 Grant EPA-R-803374 Prepared in cooperation with Ohio State Univ., Colum- bus., and New Zealand Dairy Research Inst., Palmer- ston North (New Zealand). Keywords: 'Food industry, 'Waste water reuse, 'Water pollution, Water conservation, Handbooks, In- dustrial wastes, Losses, Regulations, Sewers, Ordi- nances, Economic factors, Management, Cost effec- tiveness, Licenses, Education, Maintenance, Equip- ment, Sampling, Chemical analysis, Biochemical oxygen demand, Energy conservation. Waste control is resource management control in dairy food plant operations. Appreciable reductions can be achieved in product, water, energy, labor, packaging losses and sewer surcharges. A good program in waste control can increase the profit margin by more than 10%, as well as being a program that helps im- prove the environment in which we live. Another result of the operation of an effective waste program is to increase the overall efficiency of a dairy food plant. Waste control should be recognized as being equal in significance to quality control and justifies the assign- ment of one or more individuals to the waste control program with resulting economic gain to the dairy food plant. This Handbook is predicated on the viewpoint that an effective control program requires the full at- tention of a responsible person reporting directly to the plant manager. Details are presented in this manual on the implementation of this strategy. PB84-153170/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NO Community Health Information Policy (CHIPS): Evaluation of Application of Several Existing Na- tional Data Collection Methodologies to Selected Small Geographic Areas. Phase 3. Evaluation and Analysis. Final rept. 31 Jan 83, 116p RTI-250U-2277, NCHS-81-2279 Contract PHS-233-81-2052 Keywords: 'Health, Evaluation, Surveys, Methodology, National Center for Health Statistics, Health care. The overall goal of this evaluation project was to ex- amine the usefulness at the local Health System Agency (HSA) level of the content and methodology of four national surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The four surveys are: (1) Health Interview Survey (HIS); (2) Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES); (3) National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS); and (4) Hospital Discharge Survey (HDS). Initially, the project was to evaluate and determine a cost-beneficial method of conducting local area surveys of the HIS, HANES, NAMCS, and HDS type that would provide useful data for planning purposes at the HSA level. Usefulness to the national surveys would come primar- ily from methodological sub-studies. PB84-153543/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California State Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramen- to. Agricultural Waste Water Reverse Osmosis Pre- treatment, C. Hild, R. Lindholm, D. Brice, and G. Klein. Jun 83, 80p* OWRT-C-00211-R(0529)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0529 Keywords: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Waste water, 'De- salination, Desalting, Brackish water, Brines, Ion ex- changing, Regeneration(Engineering), Recirculation, Pilot plants, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Cooling water. Investigations were made to demonstrate that an ion- exchange (IX) softening system regenerated with re- verse-osmosis (RO) reject brine can be operated suc- cessfully on a sustained basis to provide softened feed water for an RO system used to desalt brackish water. Various combinations of operating conditions were evaluated to determine sustainable conditions that would produce the largest quantity of softened water per unit of regenerant used. During the investigations, two transparent plastic IX columns were operated al- ternately in softening and regeneration modes. The IX- RO system was operated in an automated mode to demonstrate that the system could be operated with- out frequent attention. It was concluded from this study that an IX system regenerated with RO reject brine can be operated successfully to provide softened feed water for the RO system. The pilot plant operating under optimum conditions produced 1.4 gallons of softened water per gallon of regenerant used. The IX- RO system can be automated. PB84-154517/GAA PC E05/MF E01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. German-Swedish Seminar on Integrated Planning: Ecological Systems and Physical Planning, C. Jerkbrant, and K. Jonasson. 1983, 83p ISBN-91- 540-4019-1, D20:1983 Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Environmental impacts, Ecology, Urban renewal, Recreational facilities, Land use, Heat pumps, Heating, Natural resources, Energy conservation, Environment protection. Partial contents: Physical planning in Sweden; Inte- grated planning with special regard to energy and envi- ronmental aspects; Ecology and physical planning; Renewal of the inner city in Halmstad; Communal open-space planning as an approach to integrated planning; The use of land and vegetation in urban areas; Investigation and report on natural heat re- sources and storage of heat; Energy systems and urban design; and Local energy supply concepts as a new task of integrated planning. PB84-154749/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Radian Corp., Salt Lake City, UT. Safety Information Profile: Ship Building and Re- pairing, D. J. Burton. Apr 79, 60p Contract PHS-NIOSH-21 0-78-01 30 Keywords: 'Ships, 'Safety, Hazards, Accident preven- tion, Standards, Exposure, Welding, 'Occupational safety and health, 'Toxic substances, SIC 3731. A safety information profile is presented for the ship building and repair industry (Standard Industrial Classi- fication 3731). Major ship building activities such as steel frame and hull construction, propulsion, and sup- port equipment outfitting, are described. Safety and health hazards and controls are discussed. Injury and illness statistics are given, and compensation claims are discussed. Related studies are cited. Growth trends and new technology in the industry and existing standards are reviewed. A list of names and addresses of industry associations, unions, and other interested parties is provided. It is concluded that industry acci- dent rates and compensation claims are high. Expla- nations include poor safety programs, insufficient standards and enforcement, the hazardous nature of the work itself, and exploitation of compensation laws. Comprehensive study of accident causes and preven- tion techniques is recommended. PB84-155217/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Washington State Univ., Pullman. On-Farm Improvements to Reduce Sediment and Nutrients in Irrigation Return Flow. Final rept., L. G. King, B. L McNeal, F. A. Ziari, and S. C. Matulich. Feb 84, 208p EPA-600/2-84-044 Grant EPA-R-805527 Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Water pollution, Nutrients, Regulations, Licenses, Drainage, Phosphorus, Colum- bia River Basin, Technical assistance, Ditches, Sprin- kler irrigation, Nonpoint sources, Cost sharing. Research on an 800-hectare irrigated tract in central Washington's Columbia Basin Project studied the ef- fects of on-farm improvements on reduction of the dis- charge of sediment and nutrients via irrigation return flow. Technical assistance and financial cost-sharing were provided to participating farmers. Physical im- provements included pipes to convey tailwater to im- proved drains, sediment basins and mini-basins, con- crete lining of head ditches, gated pipe systems, and conversion of furrow irrigated land to sprinkler systems (center pivot and solid set). Structural improvements greatly reduced the sediment discharge from the over- all tract. Measures which controlled sediment loss were not equally effective in reducing phosphorus loss, even though reductions in phosphorus loss were significant. PB84-155613/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Criteria for Use of Asphalt Friction Surfaces. Final rept., W. J. Halstead. Nov 83, 52p TRB/NCHRP/SYN-104, ISBN-0-309-03565-1 Sponsored in part by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, and Federal Highway Administration, Washing- ton, DC. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83- 51531. Paper copy also available from Transportation Re- search Board, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washing- ton, DC. 20418. Keywords: 'Asphalt, 'Pavements, Construction mate- rials, Highway transportation, Highway planning, Per- formance evaluation, Friction, Regulations. This synthesis will be of special interest to pavement designers, material engineers, and others concerned with upgrading pavements by application of asphalt friction surfaces. Guidelines are presented for deciding when it is appropriate to use various types of friction courses. The most common types of asphalt surfaces used to upgrade frictional characteristics of pave- ments are seal coats, open-graded mixes, and dense- graded mixes. This report of the Transportation Re- search Board provides information on current engi- neering practices, legal and regulatory considerations, and criteria for selection of appropriate types of as- phalt friction courses. 239 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB84-155621/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Radian Corp., Salt Lake City, UT. Safety Information Profile: Waste Disposal of In- dustrial Solvents, A. V. Simonson. Apr 79, 40p Contract PHS-NIOSH-21 0-78-01 30 Keywords: 'Safety, 'Waste disposal, 'Chemical indus- try, Exposure, Trends, Regulations, Standards, Incin- erators, Hazardous materials, "Occupational safety and health, SIC 28. A safety information profile is presented for industrial solvents waste disposal (Standard Industrial Classifi- cation 28). Different types of incineration methods are described together with landfill and evaporation proc- esses. Potential health and safety hazards are pre- sented and existing controls are discussed. No related accident and illness statistics, exposure levels, or re- lated studies are available. Industry trends are de- scribed. Existing and proposed regulations are re- viewed. A summary of groups of generally used indus- trial solvents is included. A list of names and address- es of industry associations and other interested parties is provided. It is concluded that the waste solvent dis- posal industry is currently undergoing changes, and that proposed standards will directly influence the di- rection of these changes. A thorough study is recom- mended to evaluate the effectiveness of present and proposed regulations. PB84-155670/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agricultural Cooperative Service, Washington, DC. Cooperative Fluid Milk Processing: Perspective of Opportunities and Problems. Research rept., J. B. Roof. Nov 83, 51 p ACS/RR-31 Keywords: *Milk, *Food processing, Dairy products, Agricultural economics, Businesses, Cost analysis, 'Cooperatives. Three successful and three less successful special- ized fluid milk processing cooperatives were compared to determine if there were consistent differences in op- erating and financial policies and other selected fac- tors. Successful cooperatives' management consist- ently made use of carefully planned capital invest- ments and members allowed their cooperatives to build adequate member equity to finance feasible and profitable projects. PB84-156314/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Spring- field. Relative Effects of Chlorine and Ammonia from Wastewater Treatment Facilities on Stream Biota, R. C. Heidinger, W. M. Lewis, M. H. Paller, J. H. Waddell, and L. J. Wawronowicz. Sep 83, 100p DOCUMENT-83/24 See also PB84-1 56322. Sponsored in part by Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale. Fisheries Research Lab. Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Ecology, 'Water pollu- tion, Outfall sewers, Sampling, Chlorine, Ammonia, Wastewater, Fresh water fishes, Secondary treatment, Chlorination, Toxicity, Statistical analysis, Abundance, Weight(Mass), Tables(Data), Illinois, Tertiary treat- ment, Water pollution effects(Animals). Biological, chemical and physical variables were moni- tored in three streams receiving municipal wastewater from the Champaign-Urbana (Illinois) treatment facili- ties from November 1 979 to February 1 983. In Phase I, the streams received chlorinated secondary effluents; in Phase II, non-chlorinated secondary effluents; and in Phase III, non-chlorinated tertiary treated effluents. The most important conclusions of this study are: (1) The elimination of residual chlorine from good quality secondary sewage effluents will result in quantitative and qualitative restoration of the fish communities in average Illinois streams receiving such effluents. (2) The reduction of ammonia concentrations from typical secondary treatment levels to extremely low levels by tertiary treatment will not necessarily effect obvious improvements in the fish communities of average Illi- nois streams. (3) The cessation of chlorination will result in marked quantitative improvements in the ma- croinvertebrate communities of streams receiving good quality secondary effluent, but tertiary treatment may be needed for both quantitative and qualitative re- covery. PB84-156793/GAA PC A99/MF A01 Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NO Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides. Volume 2. Final rept. Dec 82, 624p* EPA-600/8-82-029B-F See also PB84-1 56785 and PB84-1 56801, and PB84- 120401. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB84- 156777. Keywords: 'Air pollution, Sources, Concentration(Composition), Chemical analysis, Toxi- cology, Visibility, Climate, Vegetation, Humans, Air pol- lution effects(Materials), Air pollution effects(Plants), Atmospheric chemistry. The document evaluates and assesses scientific infor- mation on the health and welfare effects associated with exposure to various concentrations of sulfur oxides and particulate matter in ambient air. The litera- ture through 1980-81 has been reviewed thoroughly for information relevant to air quality criteria, although the document is not intended as a complete and de- tailed review of all literature pertaining to sulfur oxides and particulate matter. An attempt has been made to identify the major discrepancies in our current knowl- edge and understanding of the effects of these pollut- ants. Although this document is principally concerned with the health and welfare effects of sulfur oxides and particulate matter, other scientific data are presented and evaluated in order to provide a better understand- ing of these pollutants in the environment. To this end, the document includes chapters that discuss the chemistry and physics of the pollutants; analytical techniques; sources; and types of emissions; environ- mental concentrations and exposure levels; atmos- pheric chemistry and dispersion modeling; acidic dep- osition; effects on vegetation; effects on visibility, cli- mate, and materials; and respiratory, physiological, toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of human exposure. PB84-156892/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agricultural Cooperative Service, Washington, DC. Dairy Product Manufacturing Costs at Cooperative Plants, K. C. Ling. Nov 83, 31 p ACS/RR-34 Keywords: 'Dairies, Cost analysis, Cheeses, Manpow- er, Electricity, 'Milk, Dried foods, Cost estimates, Butter, 'Cooperatives. Dairy cooperatives are major manufacturers of hard products (cheese, butter, and powder). To operate the manufacturing plants most efficiently, cooperative managers must know how scale of plant, capacity utili- zation, and seasonal volume variation affect plant costs so they can adjust operations and make sound investment recommendations to their boards. Cost data are summarized for 14 plants manufacturing cheese, butter, and powder and average costs are pre- sented for each product. Average cost curves are esti- mated for each plant. PB84-156967/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Forest Fires and Their Control, E. S. Artsybashev. C1983, 169p TT-77-52050 Trans, from mono. Lesnye Pozhary i Bor'ba s Nimi, 1 974 by K. Bakaya. Sponsored in part by National Sci- ence Foundation, Washington, DC. Special Foreign Currency Science Information Program. Keywords: 'Forestry, Towers, 'Fire safety, Fire con- trol, Infrared detection, Aerial reconnaisance, Weather modification, Helicopters, Aircraft, Translations. The nature of forest fires, their development and spread depending on the conditions of forest vegeta- tion and a combination of various meteorological fac- tors has been described on the basis of scientifically collected data. The author describes the designs of various fire observation towers and masts, and pro- poses unique technical methods ensuring the safe ascent of the observer to the top as well as his descent with the minimum expenditure of manpower and also describes technical equipment and methods of detect- ing and extinguishing forest fires. PB84-157056/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. Changing Trends in the Red Meat Distribution System. Agriculture economic rept., L. A. Duewer. Feb 84, 34p AER-509 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Food, Sales, Beef, Pork, Food industry, Food services, Retail trade, Wholesale trade, Fast foods. Meat wholesalers, grocery retailers, and food service firms are becoming fewer in number but larger in size. Direct sales from packer to retailer are decreasing the number of meat wholesalers. The growth of boxed beef is contributing to the shift to more direct sales from packer to retailer. Away-from-home consumption of red meat is increasing slowly in relation to at-home consumption. Chains are gradually taking more of the grocery retailing and food service industry market. Fast food outlets are the fastest growing segment of the food service industry. PB84-157247/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Culp/Wesner/Culp, El Dorado Hills, CA. Guidance for Planning the Location of Water Supply Intakes Downstream from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Technical rept., P. Tobin. Apr 78, 241 p Contract EPA-68-0 1-4473 Keywords: 'Water supply, 'Sewage disposal, 'Sewage treatment, Intake systems, Decision making, Sites, Mathematical models, Cost analysis, Public health, Municipalities, Streams, Precipitation(Chemistry), Microbiology, Bacteria, Tur- bidity, Metals, Activated carbon treatment, Clarifica- tion, Trickling filters, Fluorides, Case studies. The purpose of this report is to present information and guidelines relevant to the location of surface water supply intakes downstream from municipal wastewater discharges. Decisions on the location of water supply intakes must be made by informed professionals at the local level after careful consideration of all factors and this report is intended to provide information that will be useful to local professional and review officials. The report reviews the data required for evaluating intake location, available stream modeling techniques, capa- bility and costs of water and wastewater treatment processes and the public health implications of up- stream wastewater discharges. PB84-158039/GAA PC A22/MF A01 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Dept. of Civil Engi- neering. Design Recommendations for Concrete Tunnel Linings. Volume 1. Results of Model Tests and An- alytical Parameter Studies. Final rept. Apr 78-Jul 81, S. L Paul, A. J. Hendron, E. J. Cording, G. E. Sgouros, and P. K. Saha. Nov 83, 51 9p UMTA-MA- 06-0100-83-1, , DOT-TSC-UMTA-82-37 Contract DOT-TSC-1504 See also PB84- 158047. Keywords: 'Soils, 'Concrete, 'Tunneling, 'Construc- tion, Structural design, Subways, Underground sup- porting, Ultimate strength method, Stress strain dia- grams, Loads(Forces), Finite element analysis. The overall objective of this research effort was to for- mulate recommendations for the structural design of final concrete linings for tunnels and underground sta- tions for mass transit use that are based on ultimate strength concepts of concrete behavior and that take full advantage of interaction between the linings and ground. This report describes model tests and analyti- cal studies that were performed to augment back- ground information based on experience, interviews with design engineers, and review of the literature to propose design recommendations for concrete tunnel linings. Tests of model arches that represent under- ground stations and circular linings that represent con- tinuous tunnels in rock-like media are described. PB84-158047/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Dept. of Civil Engi- neering. 240 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Design Recommendations for Concrete Tunnel Linings. Volume 2. Summary of Research and Pro- Posed Recommendations. inal rept. Apr 78-Dec 82, S. L Paul, A. J. Hendron, E. J. Cording, G. E. Sgouros, and P. K. Saha. Nov 83, 174p UMTA-MA- 06-0100-83-3, , DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-16 Contract DOT-TSC-1504 See also PB84-1 58039. Keywords: 'Concrete, 'Construction, 'Tunneling, 'Soils, Structural design, Subways, Underground sup- porting, Ultimate strength method, Stress strain dia- grams, Loads(Forces), Finite element analysis. The overall objective of this research effort was to for- mulate recommendations for the structural design of final concrete linings for tunnels and underground sta- tions for mass transit use that are based on ultimate strength concepts of concrete behavior and that take full advantage of interaction between the linings and ground. This report, Volume II, presents design recom- mendations for concrete tunnel linings for transporta- tion tunnels. The recommendations developed as a result of in-depth analysis and model testing of the be- havior of concrete tunnel linings. The research ad- dressed problem areas in current design practice, and the authors point out that the results have provided insight into the areas of uncertainty that have led de- signers to gross overconservatism in tunnel lining design. PB84-158484/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Monsanto Research Corp., Dayton, OH. Dayton Lab. Physical Testing of Polymers for Use in Circulatory Assist Devices. Final rept. 1 Sep 80-30 Sep 83, C. R. McMillin. Jan 84, 71 p* MRC-DA-1153 Contract NO1-HV-02909 See also PB83- 126706. Keywords: 'Health, 'Plastics, Polymers, Tests, Failure analysis, Copolymers, Fatigue(Materials), Mechanical properties, Durability. The development of cardiac assist devices and other instrumentation and components which come in con- tact with the cardiovascular system requires materials which will perform in a physiological environment. One particularly difficult application is the diaphragm for blood pumps, which requires an elastomer to undergo cyclic deformation and/or flexing while in contact with blood. The objectives of this project were to develop short-term fatigue test methodologies that will predict long-term in-vitro performance of elastomers used in cardiac assist devices and to evaluate the fatigue life of candidate materials for potential use in circulatory assist devices. An accelerated fatigue test was devel- oped and validated that employs an increasing cyclic strain applied to standard uniaxial tensile test speci- mens. The total time required to conduct this test is approximately one month. Shorter (more accelerated) tests were evaluated but were found not to correlate with longer term data. The specific test conditions ap- propriate for heart assist devices included a cyclic rate of 120 cycles per minute, 37 C, and increasing strain every 24 hours. Tests were conducted in a variety of media including air, saline, oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, and blood. PB84-159805/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Longrun Changes in World Food Supply and Demand. Implications for Development Assistance Policy, C. E. Hanrahan, F. S. Urban, and J. L. Deaton. Jan 84, 47p AGES-8401 1 1 Keywords: 'Food, 'International trade, Demand(Economics), Developing countries, Income, Prices, Imports, Population growth, Nutrition, Policies, Climate, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Investments. A steady growth in food production in the developing countries since 1950 was accompanied by increased use of land and water resources and by the application of new technologies in agricultural production. Rapid population growth in the developing countries, growth in per capita income, relative stability of food prices- except during the 1 970's~and government policies in- fluenced world food demand. Malnutrition continues to be a problem for many vulnerable groups in the devel- oping countries. U.S. development assistance policy should focus attention on the following: nutrition and other aspects of wellbeing in relation to U.S. security interests in developing countries, agricultural policies, development and dissemination of technology, and U.S. aid in relation to international lending programs. PB84-160662/GAA PC A05/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA. Marine Fisheries Review. Volume 45, Number 7-9, July-September 1983. Sep 83, 89p NOAA-84022201 See also PB84-1 60670 through PB84-1 60753 and Volume 45, Number 4-5, PB83-258855. Keywords: 'Seafood, 'Fisheries, 'Fishes, Nomencla- ture, Proteins, Frozen food, Food storage, Nutritine value, Mammals, Aquatic animals, Crabs, Squids, Marine Fishes, California, Merchant ships, Minced fish. Contents: Toward an improved seafood nomenclature system; Economic potential for utilizing minced fish in cooked sausage products; Chemical composition and frozen storage stability of weakfish, cynoscion regalis; Composition, nutritive value, and sensory attributes of fish sticks prepared from minced fish flesh fortified with textured soy proteins; Processing technologies and their effects on microbiological properties, thermal processing efficiency, and yield of Blue Crab; Incidental catch of marine mammals by foreign fishing vessels, 1978-81; An economic appraisal of sail-assisted commercial fishing vessels in Hawaii; Experimental squid jigging off the Washington Coast; Weight Frequencies for Striped Marlin, Tetrapturus audax, caught off Southern California. PB84-160829/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Instituto Tecnico de Capacitacion y Productividad, Guatemala City. Harinas: Valor Nutritivo e Higiene en su Manejo y Conservacion (Flours: Nutritive Value and Hygiene in Their Handling and Storage). C1980, 25p INTECAP-81-005 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Food, 'Food processing, 'Sanitation, Manuals, Nutritive value, Cereal products. This handbook is a compilation of class-notes aimed at giving some printing material to participants in a flour handling course. It includes the topics taught in that course plus supplementary knowledge on nutritive value and proper handling of farinaceous products. PB84-160837/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Instituto Tecnico de Capacitacion y Productividad, Guatemala City. Manual de Carnes (Meat Handbook). C1980, 30p INTECAP-81-004 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Sanitation, 'Food processing, Handbooks, Food inspection, Nutritive value. A compilation of class-notes was made in order to have this handbook, aimed mainly at giving some print- ed material to participants in meat handling and meat hygiene introductory courses. One half of these notes provide basic information on nutrition and the nutritive value of meat, and the rest is basic knowledge on meat hygiene and handling in slaughterhouses or meat stores. PB84-161272/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). High Performance Surface Dressing: 3. Properties of Thermosetting Binders Related to Road Per- formance. Supplementary rept., J. H. Denning, and J. Carswell. c1983, 24p TRRL- SUPPLEMENTARY-798 See also PB-301 079. Keywords: 'Pavements, Epoxy resins, Additives, Skin resistance, Wear resistance, Bonding strength, Tensile strength, Viscoelasticity. New surface dressing binders are being developed for surface dressing difficult road sites to provide a high resistance to skidding where vehicles turn or brake. The performance in road experiments of seven bind- ers, containing between 13 and 50 percent epoxy- resin, has already been reported. This report describes the dynamic viscoelastic properties, and ultimate ten- sile strength and elongation at break of each binder at temperatures between and 60 degrees C. A reason- able correlation has been found between these prop- erties and the performance of the binders in the road experiments. A laboratory test in which small areas of surface dressing were trafficked by a pneumatic tire, is also described. A reasonable correlation has also been found between this test and road performance. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1983). PB84-161546/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Regional Services Corp., Inc., Columbus, IN. Landfill Research at the Boone County Field Site. Final rept., R. J. Wigh. Feb 84, 127p EPA-600/2-84-050 Keywords: 'Waste disposal, 'Environmental impacts, Field tests, Leaching, Sites, 'Soils. Sanitary landfills presently play a significant role in the disposal of solid wastes, and they will probably contin- ue to do so in many areas because of their economic advantages over other methods. However, justifiable concern exists about the environmental effects of san- itary landfills. The research project described here was undertaken to provide a better understanding of the processes that occur within a sanitary landfill and the related environmental effects. The initial field-scale test cell was completed in June 1971 and was moni- tored for temperature, gas composition, settlement, and leachate quantity and characteristics until closure in September 1980. This report presents the results of the analysis of the data collected from the batch-type cells during the nine year monitoring period. PB84-161652/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. Studies in Port Facilities and Urban Economic De- velopment: Executive Summary, A. C. Goodman, D. L. Puryear, and D. Lenz. Dec 83, 5p DOT-RSPA-DMA-50-84/11 Contract DTRS56-81-C-00018 See also PB84-1 49947, and PB84-161660. Keywords: 'Ports, 'Urban planning, 'Economic devel- opment, Services, United States, Exports, Coal, Eco- nomic impact, Policies, Mid-Atlantic Region(United States), Input output analysis. This study considers the demand for port services, their related economic impacts, and the policy re- sponses that can be considered, with special empha- sis on ports in the Middle-Atlantic region. The demand for port services is largely related to the demand for goods that go through the port. In this respect, specific attention is devoted to estimating the world demand for U.S. export coal, a commodity that led to major port bottlenecks in 1 980 and 1 981 . PB84-161702/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Nation- al Economics Div. Dairy Program Alternatives for the 1980's. Staff rept., L. E. Salathe. Feb 84, 45p AGES-8401 10 Keywords: 'Dairies, 'Food, 'Agricultural economics, 'Milk, Food consumption, National government, Cost analysis, Supply(Economics), Exports, Income. About 10 percent more milk is produced than is needed to balance supply and demand. Annual dairy program costs total over $2.2 billion and CCC stocks are in excess of 15 percent of annual commercial dis- appearance. These factors have led to pressure to change the dairy price support program, but there ap- pears to be little agreement as to specific changes. This paper analyzes the effects of 17 potential dairy program options on farmers, consumers, and taxpay- ers. The results provide a basis upon which policymak- 241 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ers, consumers, and farmers can systematically evalu- ate various dairy program proposals. PB84-161926/GAA PC A04/MF A01 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. National Security and International Affairs Div. Meeting a Basic Human Need: AID'S Rural Potable Water and Sanitation Program. 21 Feb 84, 71 p GAO/NSIAD-84-34, B-211720 Keywords: *Potable water, 'Sanitation, *Water pollu- tion, 'Project planning, Technical assistance, Rural areas, Improvement, Water supply, Water pollution control, Grants, Public health, Water distribution, Irriga- tion, Malawi, Ecuador, Indonesia, Peru, Tanzania, Rec- ommendations. This report presents the results of GAO's review of AID's potable water and sanitation activities in Ecua- dor, Indonesia, Malawi, Peru and Tanzania. The report contains recommendations. PB84-162122/GAA PC A10/MF A01 MITRE Corp., McLean, VA. METREK Div. Integrated Aquatic Weed Management: Principles and Applications for Reservoirs in the Southeast- ern United States. Final rept., R. W. Tyndall, P. N. Trudeau, D. V. Aurand, and D. L. Smith. Mar 82, 205p MTR-81W136 Contract EPA-68-02-3196 Keywords: 'Aquatic plants, 'Weed control, Lakes, Reservoirs, Ecology, Management, Cost analysis, En- vironmental impacts, Agricultural machinery, Herbi- cides, Drawdown, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana. The objective of this manual is to provide aquatic weed managers in the United States with suggestions for im- plementing a holistic, systems approach to solving aquatic weed problems. This approach is based upon the successes of the Integrated Pest Management phi- losophy of agricultural pest management and is there- fore referred to as Integrated Aquatic Weed Manage- ment, or IAWM. These guidelines are based upon the principles of IAWM and the best technology known to be available for managing aquatic weeds in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Hypothetical management plans have been prepared for reservoir ecosystems in the southeastern United States with unacceptable levels of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) or hydrilla (Hy- drilla verticillata). Procedures for implementing each strategy are described as well as potential environ- mental impacts, costs, and monitoring criteria for strat- egy revision. PB84-162148/GAA PC A24/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Poundage Update of Food Chemicals, 1982. Final rept. 31 Jan 84, 575p Contract FDA-223-80-0043 See also PB-221 949, and PB80-1 1 341 8. Keywords: 'Food, 'Food processing, Surveys, Tables(Data), Poundage. The report is a survey of the food industry on the poun- dages of food additives used in 1 982. The poundages are presented as totals and matched to previous sur- veys. PB84-162379/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Georgia Tech Research Inst., Atlanta. Prosthetic Heart Valves: A Study of In Vitro Per- formance. Phase 2, Part 1. Final rept. 1 Oct 81-30 Nov 83, A. P. Yoganathan. 30 Nov 83, 42p* HHS/PUB/FDA- 84-4170, , FDA/NCDRH-84/30 Contract DHHS-223-81-5000 See also PB84-1 62387. Keywords: 'Prosthetics, 'Health, Performance evalua- tion, In vitro analysis, Fluid dynamics. The following report is a detailed experimental study of the in vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of different de- signs of prosthetic heart valves in current clinical use. It should, however, be noted that due to the limitations of time and money not all the questions regarding the fluid dynamic performance of a given valve design could be answered. Since it is anticipated that the report will be read by scientists, engineers, and physi- cians, the report has been written in three parts. Part I summarizes the in vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of each valve design (i.e., the experimental results), and attempts to relate these results to possible clinical and pathologic problems. No comparisons are, however, made between the different valve designs. PB84-162387/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Georgia Tech Research Inst., Atlanta. Prosthetic Heart Valves: A Study of In Vitro Per- formance. Phase 2, Part 2. Final rept. 1 Oct 81-30 Nov 83, A. P. Yoganathan. 30 Nov 83, 59p* HHS/PUB/FDA- 84-4171, , FDA/NCDRH-84/31 Contract DHHS-223-81-5000 See also PB84-1 62379 and PB84-1 62395. Keywords: 'Prosthetics, 'Health, Performance evalua- tion, In vitro analysis, Fluid dynamics. The following report is a detailed experimental study of the in vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of different de- signs of prosthetic heart valves in current clinical use. The study was conducted under FDA Contract No. 223-81-5000, which lasted approximately 2 years. It should, however, be noted that due to the limitations of time and money not all the questions regarding the fluid dynamic performance of a given valve design could be answered. Since it is anticipated that the report will be read by scientists, engineers, and physi- cians, the report has been written in three parts. Part II contains the details of the experimental equipment and techniques used during the study. PB84-162395/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Georgia Tech Research Inst., Atlanta. Prosthetic Heart Valves: A Study of In Vitro Per- formance. Phase 2, Part 3. Final rept. 1 Oct 81-30 Nov 83, A. P. Yoganathan. 30 Nov 83, 268p* HHS/PUB/ FDA-84-4172, , FDA/NCDRH-84/32 Contract DHHS-223-81-4172 See also PB84-1 62387. Keywords: 'Prosthetics, 'Health, Performance evalua- tion, In vitro analysis, Fluid dynamics. The following report is a detailed experimental study of the in vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of different de- signs of prosthetic heart valves in current clinical use. The study was conducted under FDA Contract No. 223-81-5000, which lasted approximately 2 years. It should, however, be noted that due to the limitations of time and money not all the questions regarding the fluid dynamic performance of a given valve design could be answered. Since it is anticipated that the report will be read by scientists, engineers, and physi- cians, the report has been written in three parts. Part III contains the detailed experimental data in graphical, tabular and/or photographic forms. All the chapters, pages, figures, and tables are consecutively numbered in numerical order. PB84-163187/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Performance of Unsealed Roads in Ghana, P. W. D. H. Roberts. C1983, 47p TRRL-LR-1093 Keywords: 'Roads, 'Ghana, 'Maintenance, Perform- ance, Grading(Earthworking), Developing countries, Surface roughness. A study has been made in Ghana of the effect of road maintenance on road performance. This report gives the results of measurements of the condition of un- sealed roads made over a period of more than two years. The effects of the maintenance activities of grading and dragging on road surface conditions are assessed. During the study some of the running sur- faces deteriorated sufficiently to significantly increase road user costs. Roughness was the aspect of running surface condition which had most effect on vehicle running costs. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1983.) PB84-163864/GAA PC A06/MF A01 New York Sea Grant Inst., Albany. Seaweed Raft and Farm Design in the United States and China, L. B. McKay. 1983, 108p NOAA-84022704 Sponsored in part by New York State Energy Re- search and Development Authority, New York, Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL, and New York Gas Group, NY. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Farming, Design, 'Algae, Inland waterways, Cultivation, Substrates, Rivers, New York, Biomass, Life cycles, Anchoring, Nets, China, United States, Gracilaria. Contents: Pilot-scale mariculture of seaweeds in Washington; Experimental-scale raft culture of marine macroalgae in inland marine waters; Macroalgal culture in California and China; Land-based cultivation of seaweeds: an assessment of their potential yields for 'energy farming'; A design for energy-independent seaweed raft culture in tidal creeks and rivers; The New York State marine biomass program. PB84-164235/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Specialised Bus Services in Three Third World Cities. Supplementary rept., D. A. C. Maunder, and P. R. Fouracre. c1983, 27p TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-81 1 Keywords: 'Buses(Vehicles), 'Transportation, Urban areas, India, Thailand, Travel patterns, Services, So- cioeconomic status, Residential areas. In recent years operators of public transport bus serv- ices in Third World cities have increased their oper- ation of dual services. As well as ordinary stage-car- riage services, specialized services (providing, for ex- ample, more speed and comfort) are operated mainly on high demand corridors or to middle-income residen- tial areas. The report describes the operational char- acteristics of specialized bus services in two Indian cities, Hyderabad and Delhi, and in Bangkok, Thailand. In addition, socio-economic characteristics and trip de- tails of passengers are examined and an assessment made of the extent to which the services meet the ob- jectives expected of them. It is possible that dual serv- ices, such as those described, may become the normal operating system of the future in most Third World cities. A basic and inexpensive ordinary service can be operated for low income users and a more ex- pensive service operated for middle income users who can better afford the cost of higher quality. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1983.) PB84-165455/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Universidad de los Andes, Bogota (Colombia). Centro de Estudios e Investigacion. Racionalizacion del Uso de Energia en las Futuras Edificaciones Colombianas (Rationalization of Energy Use in Future Colombian Buildings), A. V. Suarez. 1982, 43p 1-1 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Buildings, 'Colombia, 'Energy manage- ment, Architecture, Engineering, Design, 'Construc- tion, Developing countries, Developing country appli- cation, Energy conservation, Bogota(Columbia). This study on the rationalization of energy use in Co- lombia begins with some standards of energy con- sumption in the United States and presents some as- pects of the relationship between engineering and ar- chitecture there. It then reviews the work on this sub- ject which has been done in Colombia, and points out areas where work needs to be done. It also indicates some aspects which should be analyzed and regulated concerning design and construction. The report then shows a practical example of rationalizing energy use in a Bogotan residence. PB84-165463/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Universidad de los Andes, Bogota (Colombia). Centro de Estudios e Investigacion. Introduccion al Analisis y Proyeccion de Series de Tiempo (Introduction to Analysis and Projection of Time Series), I. Perez. 1982, 36p I-8 Text in Spanish. 242 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: *Time series analysis, Mathematical pre- diction, Probability theory, Regression analysis, Sto- chastic processes, Decision making, Adaptive filters, Delphi technique, Box-Jenkins method, Developing country application. This document provides some techniques (qualitative and quantitative) to predict the occurrence of future events and so diminish the uncertainty in prognostica- tion and decision making. The techniques described use what is known as time series projection, based on tools of statistics such as probability and regression models. Time series models are constructed in accord with statistical phenomena which change with time and which are stochastic processes. Among the quan- titative models described are simple regression, moving averages, additive models, and exponential smoothing. The qualitative ones are based on deci- sions of experts in the matter of prognostication and the principles are adaptive filters, the method of Box- Jenkins, and Delphi. PB84-165513/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manufacture of Laboratory Porcelain: Basic Infor- mation, M. Novy, and S. Sabata. 23 Nov 83, 22p UNIDO/ 10.566, V-83-64240 Keywords: 'Porcelain, "Industrial plants, Manufactur- ing, Developing country application. The paper deals with laboratory porcelain and its char- acteristic properties. The influence of individual body components as well as of some additional agents on its properties is described. The importance of proper firing course and the most used technological ways of the production, casting and forming by plaster molds are described, too. The description of liquefying proc- ess and examples of liquefying agents are presented together with the usability of single or double firing processes for various porcelain products. PB84-165521/GAA PC E12/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Organic Wastes for Fuel and Fertilizer in Develop- ing Countries, C. G. Golueke, and L F. Diaz. 18 Feb 81, 288p UNIDO/IO.410, V-81-21829 Keywords: *Fertilizers, *Fuels, 'Waste disposal, Hy- drolysis, Ethyl alcohol, Proteins, Marketing, Pyrolysis, Biomass, Urban areas, Environmental surveys, Public health, Biogas process, Energy recovery, Developing country application. Expert report on solid organic waste utilization for fuel and fertilizer in developing countries - covers (1) nature of solid waste; importance of a sound waste disposal programme; resource recycling aspects (2) determin- ing quantity and composition of waste output (3) use of organic matter as a fertilizer (4) composting (5) hydrol- ysis and single cell protein ethanol production (6) waste as an energy source: survey of methods (7) bio- gasification (8) thermal recovery of energy. Statistics, diagrams, bibliographies. Additional references: urban areas, biomass, public health service, environment, choice of technology, pyrolysis, marketing. PB84-165539/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Wooden Packaging for Fruit and Vegetable Prod- ucts, D. Castelli. 22 Nov 83, 55p UNIDO-ID/WG.369/13, V-83-64172 Keywords: "Fruits, "Vegetables, "Packaging, "Con- tainers, "Wood, Boxes(Containers), Assembling, Drawings, Developing country application. The report covers the preparation of parts and final assembly of finished containers; preparation of bot- toms; automatic conveyor belt type stitcher; prepara- tion of lids; assembly of packaging containers and in- dustrial products packaging; pallets; automatic stitch- ing line. Diagrams and additional references are in- cluded. PB84-165547/GAA PC A23/MF A01 Universidad de los Andes, Bogota (Colombia). Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Economico. Balance Energetico Rural de Colombia y su Con- texto Socioeconomico 1981 (Rural Energy Balance of Colombia and Its Socioeconomic Context 1981), J. E. Torres. Nov 82, 534p Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Energy, "Energy management, "Rural areas, Agriculture, "Colombia, Developing country ap- plication. This report discusses the methodology used and re- sults obtained from a two-year study of the energy be- havior of family and production units in rural Colombia. It gives a brief outline of a theoretical discussion of methodology and then an analysis of the use of energy in a sociocultural, economic, and technological con- text in rural areas. The methodology used to select the sample of family and productive units is given as is the criteria in the design of the questionnaire. Then the re- sults are given for the study of 2,018 homes, extrapo- lated for six different energy regions. Energy consump- tion for agricultural and agroindustrial activities is given for eleven cultivations, including coffee. Rural industry is scarce, mostly the production of mud bricks and tiles. The study confirms the importance of petroleum derivatives to agriculture in Colombia. All the above in- formation is recapitulated in a countrywide conclusion. PB84-165554/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Alternative Agricultural Pricing Policies in Egypt, S. Nassar, and S. Imam. May 83, 33p UCD/ADS/ EWP-169 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Fayoum Univ. (Egypt) and Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: "Crops, "Agricultural economics, "Egypt, Production, Farm crops, Allocations, Statistical analy- sis, Cotton, Corn, Rice, Sugarcane, Supply(Economics), Developing country application. Government-controlled low agricultural prices discour- age farmer productivity, result in inefficient resource al- location, and depress the agricultural sector relative to other sectors of the economy. Price distortions have made cotton, rice, lentil, sesame, lemon, and bean production unprofitable, while favorable livestock prices have encouraged feed and fodder production, including wheat for straw. Normative prices for Egyp- tian crops were calculated by several alternative meth- ods and then compared statistically with actual prices received. PB84-165562/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Construction of Shipbuilding and Shiprepair Yards for Small-Scale Ships, B. K. Mazurkiewicz. 4 Feb 83, 9p ID/WG.375/37, V- 83-51152 Keywords: "Ports, "Construction, "Building materials, Buildings, Construction materials, Developing country application. This paper discusses the considerations to be taken before constructing a boat yard. The main points cov- ered are determining the type of boat to be built or services, siting the yard, deciding the materials to be used (ferrocement or wood or metal), the buildings re- quired, and the launching and docking facilities. PB84-165588/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Glassfibre Reinforced Cement Used in the Boat- building, N. Roos. 4 Feb 83, 9p ID/WG. 375/38, V-83-51153 Keywords: "Cement, "Boats, Fiberglass, Composites, Developing country application. This report explains how to use glassfibre reinforced cement to build watertight; rot, insect, and corrosion resistant, fire resistant, easily repaired, low cost boats. It covers techniques, costs, and the training of work- ers. PB84-165596/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manufacture of High Alumina Products: Basic In- formation, F. Capurka, and M. Novy. 23 Nov 83, 17p UNIDO/ 10.565, V-83-64241 Keywords: "Aluminim, "Metals, Refractories, Manufac- turing, Bricks, Grog, Developing country application. The report presents the main principles of the manu- facture of high alumina refractories usable at tempera- tures 1700 - 1800 degree C. The classification and characteristics of high alumina products are also pre- sented. The production of each type of grog is de- scribed from initial raw materials, including the applied equipment, to properties of various grogs and advan- tages of some productions. The process of crushing and grinding of grogs is mentioned as well as the pro- duction of special bricks starting from mixing and com- position of working blends to firing in kilns. Finally, the characteristic qualities of high alumina bricks are pre- sented. PB84-165687/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Instructivo para Diseno Estructural de Pavimentos Flexibles para Carreteras (Manual of Structural Design Criteria for Flexible Roads), S. Corro, R. Magallanes, and G. Prado. Nov 81, 209p SER-444 Text in Spanish. Keywords: "Roads, "Pavements, Highways, Guide- lines, Tests, Loads(Forces), Mathematical models, Mexico, Developing country application, Computer aided design. The Manual describes the structural design criteria for flexible roads developed at the Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. The guidelines included have been validated through ex- perimentation in test roads, typical highways in the net- work, and accelerated full-scale testing in the laborato- ry. General aspects of the theoretical model devel- oped to predict the performance of multilayered sys- tems under repeated loading are described. Guide- lines to evaluate the design variables are presented. Examples for the practical application of the method are included, using three approaches: Graphical design; Design using programmable pocket calcula- tors and Design through computer program. PB84-165695/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Concentradores Solares (Solar Concentrators), R. Almanza, A. Valdes, and S. Lopez. Jun 81, 57p SER-D-16 Text in Spanish. See also English version, PB82- 157553. Keywords: "Solar energy, Mirrors, Solar concentra- tors, Concentrating collectors. This paper presents different types of geometries used in concentrators. Some comments are made on the theoretical and experimental analysis necessary to evaluate the geometries and on the type of laboratory equipment needed to obtain experimental data. At the end of the report a description of how to build parabo- lic trough mirrors is made. The experience gained by the authors, who have been working in this subject for the past five years, is summarized, showing some of the problems related with such concentrators. PB84-165737/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Major Issues in Egyptian Water Policy, W. E. Gustafson. Jul 83, 22p UCD/ADS/EWP-176 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: "Farming, "Water supply, "Egypt, "Irriga- tion, Drainage, Water consumption, Constraints, Deci- sion making, Pumping, Water distribution, Shortages, Developing country application. After reviewing the literature on irrigation, drainage, and land reclamation in Egypt, the author offered com- 243 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS merits about what he saw as major issues. (A bibliogra- phy of recent literature is attached). The main theme that struck him in his reading was ignorance-lack of knowledge about how much water farmers actually use, for example. Water policy is currently being made in a knowledge vacuum. There seems to be an under- tone that the water supply system should somehow determine what the farmer does (as decided by policy makers) rather than being responsive to what he does. PB84-165844/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Investigation Cientifica y Necesidades Basicas de la Poblacion: Un Metodo de Evaluacion de Proyec- tos (Scientific Research and Basic Needs of Popu- lation: Method for Project Evaluation), F. Lara, and L. Aragon. Oct 81, 104p SER-442 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Technology transfer, Requirements, Populations, Sanitary engi- neering, Developing country application. A method is proposed that permits assessing research projects according to their impact upon the satisfaction of basic needs of the marginal population. Two kinds of impacts are considered; direct effects, when the re- search problem has a straight-forward relationship with basic needs, and indirect effects, when the re- search project helps to develop a specific scientific area that can introduce new solutions to basic needs. In a first appendix the research procedure is present- ed. In a second appendix a general view of the margin- ality problem is given, to serve as a social reference framework to the project. PB84-165851/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Input Price Mechanism in Relation to Current Market Constraints, R. E. Emarah, E. Abou-EI-Wafa, and G. El-Malaaha. May 83, 25p UCD/ADS/EWP-147 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt) and Alexandria Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Prices, Grants, 'Marketing, Output, Fertilizers, Pesticides, Constraints, Government policies, Developing country application. Under the objective of the Egyptian government to in- crease aggregate agricultural supply, various policies have been followed at various times, subsidizing either or both input and output prices. The paper examined in particular the government's subsidization of fertilizer and pesticides prices. In spite of these input subsidies, the gap between what is available and what is needed has increased sharply over time. The government should attempt policies other than those in use. PB84-165901/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Food Consumption and Decision-Making in Egypt, A. I. Abdou. Oct 82, 11p UCD/ADS/EWP-102 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with National Research Center, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Food supply, 'Egypt, Production, Humans, Prices, Feeding stuffs, Livestock, Vegetables, Incentives, Cost control, Developing country application. Because of the existing and ever-worsening food crisis in Egypt, farmers are expected to devote production to major staples for human consumption. But price sig- nals in the economy are not encouraging them to do so. The paper investigates farmers' motivations for raising livestock feed and nonstaple cash crops, espe- cially vegetables instead of basic traditional crops. If the situation is to be remedied, economic incentives must be altered. Administrative prices of basic grains must be raised so farmers will be more inclined to grow them. PB84-165919/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). So You Want to Build a Chlor-Alkali Plant, J. D. Adhia. 6 Dec 83, 21 p UNIDO/I0.567, V-83- 64925 Keywords: 'Chemical industry, 'Industrial develop- ment, 'Industrial plants, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Trends, Utilization, Technology, Manufac- turing, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on factory establishment for production of chlorine and caustic soda - (1) covers development background, uses and trends in manufacture of such chemicals; demand in developing countries; choice of technology (2) provides guidance in the selection of appropriate technology and production capacity for small scale chlor-alkali plants. Bibliography, flow charts. Additional reference: salt. PB84-165927/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Universidad de los Andes, Bogota (Colombia). Centro de Estudios e Investigacion. Condensadores en los Sistemas de Potencia (Con- densers in Power Systems), A. Torres. 1982, 51 p I-4 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Power equipment, Design, Developing country application, Power systems. This report establishes concepts and criteria for the design of condenser banks and the conditions which should help prevent breakdowns. The first part refers to common practices in the disposition and connection of the banks, with special attention to the connection of the neutral. The second part covers transitory prob- lems of the energization and deenergizations of con- denser banks, which depends mostly on the configura- tion and form of the connection, including an analysis of the ground of the bank, with non-lineal resistance of zinc-oxide. The third part revises the philosophy of pro- tection of condenser banks, the most common prac- tices, and the setting of concepts which carry the elaboration of practical recommendations on how to protect these elements in a power system. This in- cludes some techniques for the detection of failures and for avoiding the rupture of tanks of the condensers which can cause major failures. It also presents some considerations and criteria to take into account for de- signing of condenser banks. PB84-166222/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Production and Market Situation for the Food- Processing Industry with Special Emphasis on Vegetable Oils and Fats. 3 Oct 83, 63p UNIDO-ID/WG.404/3, V-83-62382 Keywords: 'Marketing, 'Vegetable oils, 'Food proc- essing, 'Egypt, 'International trade, Beverages, To- bacco, Production, Employment, Meat, Dairy products, Fruits, Fisheries, Feeding stuffs, Oilseed crops, Food consumption, Industries, Developing country applica- tion. Contents: Production and market situation for the food- processing industry; Production and market situation for vegetable oils and fats industry. PB84-166248/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Seminar on National Self-Reliance in Blood and Blood Fractions for Developing Countries, Stock- holm, Sweden, 27 September - 1 October 1982. 28 Oct 83, 32p UNIDO/I0.562, V-83-63357 Keywords: 'Health, Humans, Blood transfusion, Plans, Developing country application, Fractionation, 'Health services. Contents: Introduction; Organization of the meeting; Adoption of the agenda precis of the seminar; A coun- try-wide whole blood transfusion; Preparation for he- motherapy; The use of human blood and blood substi- tutes; Blood plasma fractionation; Strategy for national or regional self-reliance in blood derivatives; Plan of action. PB84-166495/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences. Development of Test for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation Potential. Rept. for Sep 79-Sep 81, D. R. Shelton, and J. M. Tiedje. Sep 81 , 92p EPA- 560/5-81-013 Contract EPA-68-01-5043 Keywords: 'Environmental surveys, Solid waste dis- posal, Industrial wastes, Metabolism, Oxidation reduc- tion reactions, Sampling, 'Toxic substances, Sewage sludge, Gas production rates. This project was for the purpose of developing and evaluating a suitable screening-level laboratory method for the evaluation of the potential that an or- ganic compound might be susceptible to anaerobic biodegradation (methanogenesis) in the environment. As it developed, the project focused on a method under consideration by the American Society for Test- ing and Materials (ASTM) and the report contains sev- eral recommendations as appropriate, for the modifi- cation of the draft ASTM method. Overall, the report, with the recommended modifications, consists of a single-lab validation of the basic method. The method also appears as one of the EPA Office of Toxic Sub- stances Chemical Fate Test Guidelines. In the method, a chemically defined anaerobic medium con- taining resazurin, as an oxidation/reduction indicator, and 10 primary anaerobic digestor sludge are dis- pensed in 100-mL portions into serum bottles. Select- ed bottles are supplemented with test substance at a concentration equivalent to 50 mg/L as organic carbon. Gas production is measured at appropriate in- tervals. The extent of biodegradation is determined by comparing gas production from blank control bottles and bottles containing the test substance. PB84-166867/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Constant Technical Relationships between Inputs and Outputs in the Native Hatchery Industry, Y. Mohieldin, W. M. Afify, and I. S. Aly. Apr 83, 13p UCD/ADS/EWP-131 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt) and Menofia Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Poultry, 'Egypt, Operations, Production, Industries, Regression analysis, Chickens, Tables(Data), Developing country application, Hatch- eries. Eggs, an important source of animal protein, are allo- cated to the fresh market, bakeries, and hatcheries. Hatcheries in Egypt are of two types: (1) indigenous, traditional hatcheries with small flocks and (2) large commercial operations of which there were more than 1400 in 1979. Both types of production operations are described in the paper and a regression analysis was performed to predict the percentage hatched: the number of hatched chicks on an annual basis (Y) was seen as a linear function of the number of eggs set that year (X). Obviously, when X is zero, so is Y, so the intercept was suppressed. Equations were filled for Egyptian hatcheries aggregated, for indigenous hatch- eries, and for commercial hatcheries. PB84-166875/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Economic Indicators of Efficiency of the Egyptian Cotton Spinning Industry, H. Khedr, H. Kheir El-Din, and E. Monke. Dec 82, 55p UCD/ADS/EWP-104 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt), Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt) and Arizona Univ., Tucson. Keywords: 'Cotton, 'Egypt, Spinning(Staple fibers), Industries, Exports, Cotton spun yarns, Profits, Devel- oping country application. Egyptian long-staple cotton which is exported at a rela- tively high price and is used by importing countries to spin a fine yarn, has been increasingly used domesti- cally to spin coarse and medium yarns which are then used domestically or exported. The paper investigates the economic efficiency of the Egyptian spinning in- 244 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS dustry, including this apparently inefficient practice of substituting yarn for raw cotton in the export trade. PB84-166883/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Socio-Economic Activities of Land Reclamation Cooperatives in Egypt, A. H. A. Sharshar. May 83, 23p UCD/ADS/EWP-148 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Al Azhar Univ., Cairo (Egypt), and Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: *Land use, 'Marketing, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, "Egypt, Land reclamation, Socioeconomic status, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, Ef- ficiency, Developing country application, 'Coopera- tives. The paper is one of several assessing the role and per- formance of agricultural cooperatives in Egypt. The in- crease in reclaimed agricultural land in Egypt has re- quired a special type of cooperative; the members re- ceive and farm parcels under cooperative manage- ment. Most of these land reclamation cooperatives are located in Upper Egypt; their average size is under 1 000 feddans. The paper describes the structure and the social and economic activities carried out by the cooperatives. Evaluation of their efficiency and per- formance from the member's point of view is still needed. PB84-166941/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Summary and Proceedings of ADS (Agricultural Development Systems) Economics Policy Work- shop (10th) -'Labor Migration and Egyptian Agri- culture'. May 83, 13p UCD/ADS/EWP-153 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Migration, 'Egypt, California, Project planning, Policies, ADS Egypt-California Project, Developing country applica- tion. The Tenth ADS Economics Policy Workshop, held in May 1983, explored policy issues surrounding domes- tic and international labor migration and the develop- ment of Egyptian agriculture. Papers and discussion focused on migration within Egypt and abroad, the impact of migration on labor supply, the utilization of remittances, other countries' experiences with labor migration, and implications for agricultural develop- ment policies. PB84-167139/GAA PC A18/MF A01 IOX Assessment Associates, Culver City, CA. Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Pro- §rams in Alcohol and Substance Abuse. ep 83, 41 3p* Contract PHS-200-81-0622 Keywords: 'Alcoholism, 'Project planning, Hand- books, Evaluation, Education, Attitudes, Tests, 'Health education. In recent years health educators have increasingly rec- ognized that systematic evaluation can help them ap- praise and improve their programs. For this potential to be realized, however, effective mechanisms for gath- ering relevant data are required. Until now, there have been instances where critical information about a pro- gram's effects has not been collected because of a lack of suitable measures for gauging program effects. The purpose of this handbook is to rectify, at least in part, this deficiency in the evaluation of health educa- tion programs in alcohol and substance abuse. The handbook is not intended to be prescriptive or all-inclu- sive. Those who evaluate alcohol and substance abuse programs should regard the handbook only as a resource, that is, a collection of assessment tools which may be of use. PB84-167170/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. Corrugated Sheets of Natural Fibre Reinforced Concrete: Draft Standard, L Johansson. 1984, 42p D3:1984, ISBN-91 -540- 4055-8 Keywords: 'Reinforced concrete, 'Houses, Mechani- cal properties, Developing countries, Water stain tests, Standards, Life tests. In conjunction with housebuilding in developing coun- tries, construction of roofs poses a considerable prob- lem. The difficulty lies in finding a roofing material which is light in weight and has high strength, and also has a long life in the prevailing climate. It must also be possible for this material to be produced with the least possible expenditure of capital. The object of this work is to present a draft standard for test methods for cor- rugated sheets made of natural fibre concrete, to be used in developing countries, and to produce and test a number of sheets in conformity with this draft stand- ard. This investigation is a diploma work at the Depart- ment of Building Construction, Royal Institute of Tech- nology, Stockholm. PB84-167378/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Road Accidents in Developing Countries, G. D. Jacobs, and I. A. Sayer. c1983, 29p TRRL- SUPPLEMENTARY-807 Keywords: 'Road transportation, 'Motor vehicles, Traffic safety, Problem solving, 'Roads, Accident causes. By the early 1970's countries of the Third World were becoming increasingly aware that they faced a grow- ing road safety problem. In 1972, following numerous requests made by developing countries for aid and guidance in the road safety field, a small research team was formed within the Overseas Unit of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory. The aim of this team was to undertake research in Third World countries with a view to establishing the nature and extent of their traffic accident problems and, in the longer term to assess the effectiveness of remedial measures. This paper describes some of the major findings of this research team. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1983.) PB84-167535/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC. Horticultural Products - Tropical Fruit and Prod- ucts Trade Statistics in Selected Countries. Foreign agriculture circular. Feb 84, 58p CIRC SUPPL-3-84 Keywords: 'Tropical regions, 'Fruits, 'International trade, Exports, Imports, Commodities, Statistical data, Global, Mangos, Avocados, Bananas. Fresh and processed products covered in this publica- tion include avocados, bananas, cashew apples, guaves, kiwifruit (Chinese gooseberries), mangoes, mangosteens, papayas, pineapples, plantains and ta- marinds. Trade Statistics are limited to major exporting and importing countries and include all of the above commodities. World trade in fresh and processed trop- ical fruit products has remained fairly stable in recent years. The US continues to be a significant factor in this commerce, both as an exporter and as an import- er, although US imports far outweigh exports of these products. PB84-167550/GAA PC E10/MF E01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. Traditional Tswana Housing: A Study in Four Vil- lages in Eastern Botswana, A. Larsson, and V. Larsson. 1984, 207p D7:1984, ISBN-91 -540-4069-8 Keywords: 'Housing, 'Botswana, 'Houses, Layout, Walls, Mud, Construction, Villages, Households. The aim of the study is to present the first documenta- tion of traditional Tswana housing in Botswana today. The layout of the dwelling, the use of space and the building methods are the main interests. The report is descriptive. It describes where and how different do- mestic activities are carried out along with how houses are built. People's attitudes and their desires for changes are only briefly covered. PB84-167568/GAA PC E08/MF E01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. Public Management Structures for Land Use and Settlement Systems - a Survey of Knowledge Based on Swedish Research, C. Lindgren, K. Lindgren, and A. Sahlin. 1984, 167p D1:1984, ISBN-91 -540-4051 -5 Keywords: 'Land use, 'Urban planning, 'Regional planning, Government, Management, Citizen participa- tion, Decision making, Coordination, Communities, Sweden. This report deals with the public management used in Sweden for urban and regional planning. It shows how the management structures have developed and de- scribes their results from a research point of view. The public management structures have changed marked- ly from the 1 950s to the present day, partly with regard to the organizational structure which has developed in a direction towards a smaller number of larger units and partly with regard to the planning structure in which the number of planning forms and rules has in- creased. The management structures constituted one of the aids which enabled Sweden to achieve what is, perhaps, the highest material living standard in the world with regard to built-up areas. PB84-167592/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Egypt's Agrarian Reform Cooperatives, M. R. El-Shohnah. Jun 83, 34p UCD/ADS/EWP-175 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt). Keywords: 'Marketing, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Credit, Market research, Services, Pest con- trol, Irrigation, Harvesting, Plows, Surpluses, Earnings, Livestock, 'Cooperatives. This economic study of the agrarian reform coopera- tive in Egypt explains the need for cooperatives in areas characterized by inequitable distribution of land ownership and by rural poverty. The evolution of agrar- ian reform cooperative legislation from its initiation in 1 952 through the most recent law in 1 980 was exam- ined. The various types of cooperative structure were explained as was their relationship to other coopera- tives in Egypt. Extension of credit, marketing services, mechanical services (plowing, threshing, irrigation, and pest control), and distribution of livestock were dis- cussed as critical provisions of a cooperative to its members. PB84-167758/GAA PC A23/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC. Na- tional Engineering Lab. Wind and Seismic Effects. Proceedings of the Joint Panel Conference of the U.S.-Japan Cooper- ative Program in Natural Resources (12th) Held at Gaithersburg, Maryland on May 19-23, 1980. E. V. Leyendecker, and R. M. Chung. Jan 84, 549p* NBS-SP-665 See also PB83-252791. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600593. Keywords: 'Bridges, 'Buildings, 'Earthquakes, 'Wind pressure, Seismic waves, Gust loads, Earth move- ments, Dynamic structural analysis, Dynamic loads, Dynamic response, Soil mechanics, Tsunamis, Earth- quake engineering. The Twelfth Joint Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects was held in Gaithersburg, Maryland on May 19-23, 1980. The proceedings of the Joint Meeting include the program, the formal resolu- tions, the Task Committee Reports, and the technical papers. The subjects covered in the papers include: (1 ) the characterization of seismic ground motion, (2) the characterization of natural wind and extreme wind records, (3) structural response to earthquake loading, (4) storm surge and tsunamis, (5) recent developments in seismic design criteria, (6) technical cooperation with developing countries, (7) earthquake hazard miti- gation, and (8) structural response to wind loading. PB84-167774/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Food Security and Agricultural Production Strate- gies under Risk in Egypt, A. H. Sarris. Mar 83, 46p UCD/ADS/EWP-136 Contract AID-263-0041 245 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: *Food, 'Agricultural economics, "Egypt, Production, * International trade, Risk, Environmental impacts, Mathematical models, Grants, Developing country application. To achieve 'food security' in a developing country, in- surance against two sets of relatively independent sets of risks is needed-risks associated with the interna- tional market and those generated domestically, e.g., environmental factors. The paper addresses the possi- bility of improving food security for a country, even given unstable international markets, by an internal reallocation of resources, altering its exposure to inter- national risk. PB84-167782/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Historical Analysis of the Agricultural Cooperative Movement in Egypt: 1900-1982, I. Moharrum. May 83, 23p UCD/ADS/EWP-156 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with American Univ. in Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, National government, History, Government policies, Control, Developing country application, 'Cooperatives. The paper is part of the ADS project which aims to assess the role and performance of agricultural coop- eratives in Egypt vis-a-vis national planning goals and stated interests of cooperative members at the local level. A historical description of the cooperative move- ment is given in two phases: the first encompasses the period from the origins of the cooperative movement in 1909 up to the 1952 Revolution; the second covers from 1 952 to the present when the government took a much stronger role in controlling the movement. PB84-167907/GAA PC E04/MF E04 National Joint Health and Safety Committee for the Water Service, London (England). Safety Aspects of Storage, Handling and Use of Chlorine and Sulphur Dioxide. Health and safety guidelines no. 4. Apr 82, 54p ISBN-0-901 090-48-4 Keywords: 'Toxic substances, Toxicity, Personnel management, Industrial training, Protective clothing, Storage, Drums(Chemical engineering), Specifica- tions, Materials handling, 'Occupational safety and health, Health risks. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 requires em- ployers to conduct their undertakings without, so far as is reasonably practicable, risk to the health and safety of employees and others who may be affected by the work being done. The aim of this document is to give information on the common hazards associated with the use of chlorine and sulphur dioxide at installations in sufficient detail to be of assistance to those en- gaged in the operation and maintenance of such in- stallation. It is also intended to assist those engaged in designing plants who should also approach other rele- vant sources of expertise as well. While both gases are potentially dangerous they have been used safely in the water industry for many years. Dangers can arise when gas escapes occur and when the gas-tight integ- rity of the system has to be deliberately breached in the course of normal operations. The development and maintenance of proper operating procedures is the key to safety when coupled with properly designed and installed plant and equipment. They should there- fore be examined critically before incorporation into working methods and revised as experience dictates and the appropriate information, training/re-training given to NWC Training Division standards. PB84-168046/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Agricultural and Cooperative Credit System (ACC) in Egypt: An Overview, F. Shaker. Oct 82, 37p UCD/ADS/EWP-098 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Legisla- tion, 'Project planning, Management, Statistical data, Conflicts, Law enforcement, Developing country appli- cation, 'Cooperatives. Agriculture is the most important sector in the Egyptian economy and agricultural cooperatives play an impor- tant role in the sector. Among all cooperatives, about 81 percent are in the Agricultural and Credit Coopera- tive System (ACC). The paper presents in outline form, several important aspects of ACC cooperatives: (1) legislation about and programs for cooperatives, (2) structure of cooperatives, (3) statistics on the ACC system, and (4) problems faced by cooperatives. PB84-168186/GAA PC E06/MF E06 National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin (Ireland). Manual for the Construction and Operation of a Simple Oyster Hatchery. Aquaculture technical bulletin no. 8, J. Wilson, J. Simons, and E. Noonan. c1984, 87p Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Fisheries, Manuals, Con- struction, Operations, Foundations, Doors, Vents, Maintenance, Floors, Fresh water, Sea water, Design, Larvae, Algae, Reproduction(Biology), Settling, Mortal- ity, Growth, Animal diseases, Aeration, Oyster spat, Gas bubble disease. This manual is intended to give practical advice on the construction and management of a simple bivalve hatchery. Shellfish hatcheries run on principles that any practical person can learn in a week. This manual has been restricted to the production of spat of the European oyster. The same hatchery system can also produce other bivalve species with little or no modifica- tion. PB84-168442/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Economies of Scale and Family Food Expenditure Patterns in Egypt, D. Abdou, and R. Green. May 82, 21 p UCD/ADS/ EWP-074 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Food, 'Economic analysis, 'Egypt, Urban areas, Rural areas, Policies, Decision making, Com- modities, Grants, Developing country application, Economies of scale, Families. The study investigated the existence and effects of economies of scale in family size in food consumption expenditures among family size groups and between urban and rural areas. Understanding these consump- tion patterns is important to policy makers as they plan various food subsidy and distribution programs. Using 1974-75 Family Budget Survey data, Engle curves were estimated with expenditure on the food of inter- est as the dependent variable and total expenditures as the independent variable for various family sizes and urban/rural locations. PB84-168467/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Promotion of Egyptian Exports of Horticultural Crops: Summary and Proceedings of Economics Policy Workshop (4th). Mar 82, 39p UCD/ADS/EWP-063 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'Egypt, 'International trade, Vegetables, Marketing, Developing country ap- plication. The Fourth Economics Policy Workshop was orga- nized to explore both the role of exports in the devel- opment of Egyptian agriculture and the potential for developing Egyptian horticulture crops for export. Pro- duction and marketing issues and domestic and inter- national trade problems were discussed to identify policy alternatives for decision makers. The two-day workshop was attended by more than 100 participants who heard 18 presentations by Egyptian and interna- tional economists and horticulturalists. The paper pre- sents an overview of the workshop, a brief summary of each presentation, and policy recommendations grow- ing out of the experience. PB84-168475/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Feasibility of Cut Flower Exports, H. El-Saadany, N. Waly, and R. L. Simmons. May 83, 25p UCD/ADS/EWP-161 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ain Shams Univ., Cairo (Egypt), Moshtohor Univ. (Egypt) and North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'International trade, 'Egypt, Feasibility, Marketing, Demand(Economics), Supply(Economics), Ornamental plants, Imports, De- veloping country application. The evaluation of Egypt's entry into the EEC cut flower market would involve the simultaneous consideration of supply and demand for each exporting and import- ing country. Such an analysis was beyond the avail- able resources for this study, but much relevant infor- mation was presented. Data on imports of cut flowers by major Western European countries were given. Pro- duction conditions in two of the major supplying coun- tries-Colombia and Kenya-were described. Price re- sponse equations to changes in supply were estimated for carnations, roses, and chrysanthemums in West Germany. Apparently elasticities are high enough to allow Egypt to export sufficient quantities without ad- versely affecting price. Finally, the production and ex- porting sectors in Egypt were described. PB84-168483/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Potentials for Exporting Cut Flowers from Egypt, L. Garoyan, J. Foyiik, and S. C. Palmer. May 82, 44p UCD/ADS/EWP-069 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'International trade, 'Plants(Botany), 'Egypt, Demand(Economics), Cargo transportation, Requirements, Marketing, USSR, Europe, Improve- ment, Air transportation, Harvesting, Maintenance, Holland, West Germany, France, Developing country application, Wholesale trade, Cooperatives. The European cut flower market is a large and increas- ing one, but European growers do not produce enough to meet demand, so substantial quantities are import- ed from areas with warmer climates. Israel, in particu- lar, has expanded exports to Europe, so much so that the EEC has proposed voluntary cutbacks in their ship- ments. In weighing the possibilities for Egypt's entering this competitive industry, wholesale markets in Hol- land, Germany, and France were described, export- import data were provided, and seasonal variation in rose prices in the Dutch auction market was estimated by regression analysis. PB84-168491/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Choice of Technique under Price Distortion: Case Example of Jeopardized Agricultural Sector, H. A. Khedr. Apr 82, 35p UCD/ADS/EWP-073 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Popula- tion growth, Marketing, Market research, Government policies, Prices, Grants, Developing country applica- tion, Subsidies. The paper gives an overview of the incentive structure within Egyptian agriculture and examines its linkages with nonagricultural sectors. Based on the substantial- ly higher growth rates in nonagricultural sectors is the belief that these sectors have more potential for con- tinued development-which may have led to the seem- ingly continual application of measures biased against agriculture. It is these measures which may have re- tarded the growth of the agricultural sector by reducing incentives. The paper describes the distorted market structure in Egyptian agriculture resulting from various government pricing and subsidy policies. PB84-168509/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Mechanical Technology in Egyptian, Indian and Pakistani Agriculture: Observations from an 'In- duced Innovation' Perspective, C. H. Gotsch. Jan 83, 28p UCD/ADS/EWP-132 246 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Food Research Inst. Keywords: "Pakistan, 'India, *Egypt, "Agricultural eco- nomics, Rural areas, Marketing, Government policies, Supply(Economics), Grants, 'Agricultural machinery, Technology transfer, Socioeconomic status, Theo- rems, History, Developing country application, Institu- tional framework, Public sector. Cross-country comparisons run the risk of spurious conclusions because of confounding factors. Still, much can be learned by contrasting agricultural devel- opment in three very similar agro-climatic areas which are strikingly different in the degree of governmental intervention: Northwest India, Northeast Pakistan, and Egypt. In Egypt, the government is involved in virtually every facet of agricultural activity. The theory of in- duced innovation-that technical change occurs so as to augment scarce resources-was used to analyze the historic situation in the three places. It is possible that a public sector, truly interested in the welfare of the rural sector, can read the 'latent' signals given by re- source scarcity and play an effective role in inducing the supply of improved technology. PB84-168517/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Structure of Rice Technology, Farmer Rationality, and Agricultural Policy in Egypt, J. M. Antle, and A. S. Aitah. May 82, 29p UCD/ADS/ EWP-075 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: *Rice, "Agricultural economics, "Egypt, Government policies, Cost analysis, Prices, Demand(Economics), Manpower, Agricultural machin- ery, Fertilizers, Black markets, Economic elasticity, De- veloping country application. The paper investigates the structure of Egyptian rice technology in the East Delta region of Egypt and uses findings from the empirical analysis to make prelimi- nary policy inferences. A homothetic translog cost function was econometrically estimated, using free (i.e., black) market rather than government-adminis- tered prices, to perform tests on the structure of the technology and on hypotheses about input demand elasticities. Results indicated that Egyptian rice farm- ers exhibit considerable responsiveness to changes in input prices. PB84-168525/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Fresh Vegetable Exporting Channels: An Example of Tomatoes, W. Megahid. Oct 81, 15p UCD/ADS/EWP-070 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ain Shams Univ., Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: "Tomatoes, "Egypt, Production, Efficiency, Marketing, Constraints, Improvement, Consolidation, Corporations, Fresh foods. Although Egypt produces on average almost 2 million tons of tomatoes annually (over 4 percent of the world's tomato crop), exports of fresh tomatoes were only about 4,000 tons in 1979-80. While most attribute the lack of success in exporting to inefficient produc- tion, this report focuses on constraints within the mar- keting system. Through a case study of a tomato ex- porting company, some general conclusions are drawn that may be applicable to other commodities. The key to improvement in vegetable exporting lies in consoli- dation of marketing firms. PB84-168533/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Pattern of Food Expenditure in Rural Egypt, M. A. El-Shennawy, and A. I. Abdou. May 83, 25p UCD/ADS/EWP-160 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt) and National Research Center, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: "Demography, "Food supply, "Egypt, Pop- ulation growth, Income, Grants, Imports, Rural areas, Surveys, Budgeting, Residential buildings, Families, Developing country application. Population growth and rising incomes have combined to increase the demand for food during the last 15 years. But as domestic agricultural production has been almost stagnant, there has been a rapid expan- sion of food imports. Food subsidies have served to relieve the poor of some of the cost entailed by this ever-increasing food gap. The paper compares the re- sults of the rural family budget surveys of 1958-59, 1964-65, and 1974-75 with the food consumption, family budget study done in 1980-81. This study sur- veyed 249 households randomly selected from ten Egyptian villages in five regions. PB84-168541/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Role of Specialized Cooperatives and the Market- ing of Potatoes in Egypt, F. El Shazly, and R. T Rochin. Mar 82, 13p UCD/ ADS/EWP-068 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: "Potatoes, "Marketing, "Egypt, History, Ef- ficiency, Cost analysis, Prices, Stabilization, Farms, Developing country application, "Cooperatives. The report presents an overview of the role of agricul- tural cooperatives in Egypt and discusses the market- ing of potatoes by specialized cooperative groups. First, the historical background of agricultural coopera- tives in Egypt is given; then, the voluntary nature of the nine specialized cooperatives is contrasted with other types. The report focuses on the potato specialized cooperative and concludes that it has not yet achieved its efficiency potential due to high administrative costs but that it is playing an important role in stabilizing potato-prices and it provides equal opportunities to market, irrespective of farm size. PB84-168566/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Proceedings of the Economic Policy Workshop on Migration and Mechanization in Egyptian Agricul- ture (3rd), A. Richards, P. L. Martin, H. Khedr, H. Kheir El-Din, and S. Nassar. Dec 81, 25p UCD/ADS/EWP-057 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Santa Cruz, Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt) and Ministry of Agricul- ture, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: "Agricultural machinery, "Agricultural eco- nomics, "Egypt, Manpower, Shortages, Agricultural machinery, Demand(Economics), Conflicts, Develop- ing country application. In light of three important labor-related phenomena in Egypt-(1) perceptions of agricultural labor shortages, (2) large-scale emigration from agriculture and from Egypt itself, and (3) rapidly increasing demand for, and supply of agricultural mechanization-a two-day work- shop was held on the subject 'Migration and Mechani- zation.' The paper is the report of the proceedings committee for the workshop and gives areas of con- sensus and disagreement on the principal issues. PB84-168574/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Distribution of Food Consumption in Relation to Price and Distribution Policies In the Urban and Rural Areas of Egypt, S. Ismail, D. Abdou, and B. D. Gardner. Mar 82, 25p UCD/ADS/EWP-059 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt) and Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: "Agricultural economics, "Food supply, "Egypt, Commodities, "Rural areas, Urban areas, Income, Grants, Government policies, Expenses, Distribution(Property), Equalizing, Rationing. The paper discusses the distribution of consumption of important agricultural commodities in rural and urban areas of Egypt. Of particular interest, is whether the per capita consumption of certain commodities varies significantly among income classes and between urban and rural areas and how these consumption pat- terns are related to the government's subsidy and ra- tioning policies. The data base was two family budget surveys conducted in Egypt in 1964-65 and 1974-75. PB84-168814/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD. Bureau of Veterinary Medicine. FDA Veterinarian: 1983 Compilation and Index, L Isner. 1983, 84p* FDA/BVM-84/33 See also PB82-1 64435 and PB81 -1 63628. Keywords: "Veterinary medicine, "Drugs, National government, Legislation, Policies, Regulations, Medi- cal equipment, Animals, Law(Jurisprudence). The FDA Veterinarian is a publication of the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine's (BVM) Information and Educa- tion Staff concerning the Bureau's activities in the reg- ulation of animal drugs, devices, feeds, and related topics. FEDERAL REGISTER announcements pertain- ing to BVM are routinely covered in the publication, along with other items the Bureau feels are of interest to veterinarians, producers, the drug and feed industry, industry news media, and educational institutions. PB84-168905/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Selected Papers Presented to the ADS (Agricultur- al Development Systems) Economics Policy Work- shop on 'Food Price Policy and Subsidies' (9th). Jun 83, 79p UCD/ADS/EWP-159 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: "Economic analysis, "Food, "Egypt, Grants, Recommendations, Social effect, Political ob- jectives, Distribution(Property), Government policies, Developing country application. As an introduction to the ADS workshop on food price policy and subsidies, Dr. Dyaa Abdou laid out the issues for discussion. The workshop's aim was not only to present research findings and recommenda- tions, but also to educate all persons involved toward a better understanding of the social, economic, and po- litical impacts of changing (or not changing), any of these policies. PB84-168970/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park. Restoration of Failing On-Lot Sewage Disposal Areas. Final rept. Aug 79-Jul 83, D. D. Fritton, W. E. Sharpe, A. R. Jarrett, C. A. Cole, and G. W. Peterson. Mar 84, 139p EPA-600/2-84- 062 Grant EPA-R-807115 Keywords: "Sewage disposal, Renovating, Residential buildings, Water flow, Adsorption, Water conservation, Ditches, Failure. The objective of this project was to evaluate two reha- bilitative techniques-water conservation and absorp- tion bed resting~for restoration of failing on-site sewage disposal areas. Eleven homes with failing ab- sorption areas were characterized and baseline water flow and septic tank effluent quality data were collect- ed. Water conservation devices were then installed at maximum, moderate or minimum levels of predicted water reduction capability. At three sites effluent was also diverted to a specially designed alternate trench for 10 months which permitted the main absorption area to rest. Median in-house water reductions were statistically significant and ranged from 9.8 to 42.5%. Maximum levels of water conservation were generally successful in restoring failing systems while lesser levels of conservation were not successful. PB84-169028/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Macrosismo de Oaxaca 29 de Noviembre de 1978 (Earthquake of November 29, 1978), J. Figueroa. Nov 81, 32p SER-445 247 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Earthquakes, 'Disasters, Seismic epi- centers, Seismology, 'Mexico, Oaxaca(Mexico), Ground motion, Developing country application. The effects of the earthquake of November 29, 1 978, at 19 h 52 m 49s with magnitude Mb 6.5-7 (Richter) and epicenter in the State of Oaxaca are described. A list of motions in the same epicentral regions before and after the date mentioned above is included. Ac- cording to information received from different sites, a map of isoseismals is presented in order to show the intensities (in Modified Mercalli Scale 1931) of earth- quake in an area of about 420,000 sq km of Mexican Territory. PB84-169044/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Wooden Bridges: UNIDO'S (United Nations Indus- trial Development Organization's) Prefabricated Modular System. 1983, 21p UNIDO/PI/88 Color illustrations reproduced in black ?>nd white. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Bridges, 'Wooden struc- tures, 'Kenya, Access roads, Forest trees, Shortages, Abundance, Cost estimates, Weight(Mass), Steel con- struction, Metal plates, Acceptability, Photographs, Subsaharan Africa, Developing country application. The United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion (UNIDO) has developed, through a project in Kenya financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), a unique bridge system suitable for developing countries with or without forest re- sources. The bridges can span up to 30 meters (longer bridges with multiple spans are possible) and carry up to 40 tons live load and are therefore most suitable for secondary and access roads. The bridges are fully en- gineered; the cost is estimated to be less than one-half that of reinforced-concrete bridges. PB84-169051/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Technical Profiles for Production of Pharmaceuti- cal Dosage Forms. 27 Sep 83, 91p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/14, V-83-62182 Keywords: 'Drugs, 'Technology transfer, Dosage, Manufacturing, Safety, Developing country application. To improve the availability of most essential drugs for the health requirements of developing countries and to promote industrialization in the Pharmaceutical Sector, UNIDO has prepared a series of technical profiles of- fering guidance to developing countries in establish- ment of units for production of pharmaceutical dosage forms. This document covering design, layout, process flow, equipment and other technical inputs, is expect- ed to serve as a reference paper for phased setting up of industrial units initially commencing with pharma- ceutical preparation for oral use and progressively in- corporating production of parenteral dosage forms. PB84-169069/GAA PC E08/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Review of Technology and Technological Devel- opment in the Wood and Wood Processing Indus- try and Its Implications for Developing Countries. Sectoral working paper series no. 8, J. F. Brotchie. 1983, 151p* UNIDO/IS.413, V-83- 64067 Keywords: 'Wood, Processing, 'Wood products, Wood wastes, Public health, Safety, Forestry, USSR, International trade, Taxes, Woodworking, Energy, Supply(Economics), Demand(Economics), Panels(Structural), Wood particle boards, Lumber, Fi- berboards, Trends, Global, Developing country appli- cation, Wood industry, Energy demand. This paper has been prepared in connection with the First World-Wide Study of the Wood and Wood Proc- essing Industries. It contains a detailed description of the technical aspects of various production processes and products in the wood and wood processing indus- tries. Particular emphasis is placed on showing how these various technologies relate to conditions in the developing countries. The information in this report is used extensively in the World-Wide Study. PB84-169077/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Fondo Colombiano de Investigaciones Cientificas y Proyectos Especiales, Bogota. La Fundicion en Colombia (Foundries in Colom- bia), M. Infante, G. Poveda, J. Laverde, J. A. Jaimes, and A. Borrero. C1979, 298p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Foundries, 'Socioeconomic status, 'Technology assessment, Capital, Professional per- sonnel, Industrial training, Metallurgy, Raw materials, 'Colombia, Developing country application, Social fac- tors, Technology assessment. This study establishes a base for the sectoral develop- ment of foundries in Colombia. It provides a historical analysis of foundry activities, its economic, social, and technical structure, and derives broad lines for a pro- gram for technological development. It covers geo- graphical distribution, employment, production, pro- ductivity, market structure, metal mechanics, the auto- motive industry, the Andean market, raw materials, in- vestment and capital under the economic structure. Under the technological profile it covers metalurgical aspects, raw materials, technological characteristics of the processes, and scientific-technological re- sources. Under the Sociological profile it covers indus- trial security, salary levels and syndicalism, human re- sources, training, national production of engineers, and professional training of operators and mid-level technicians. (Copyright (c) Colciencias 1979.) PB84-169085/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Universidad de los Andes, Bogota (Colombia). Centra de Estudios e Investigacion. Technologia Apropiada: Resumenes de Investiga- ciones Realizadas en el Departamento de Ingen- ieria Mecanica de la Universidad de los Andes (Ap- propriate Technology: Results of Studies by the Mechanical Engineering Department of the Univer- sity of the Andes). 1983, 31 5p D-1 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Wind energy, 'Biomass, Wind power generation, Hydraulics, Refrigeration, Water treatment, Agricultural wastes, Developing country application. This report presents 89 summaries of appropriate technology projects in the fields of agroindustry, cen- tral heating, biomass, wind energy, hydraulics, civic works, refrigeration, water treatment, and agricultural waste. Each summary gives sufficient information to decide whether one should initiate such a project, the results obtained, and the people and organizations who obtained these results. PB84-169416/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Centec Corp., Reston, VA. Water Recycle in the Organic Chemical and Plastic Materials Industries. P. Crampton, A. Procko, D. Sherman, and J. Boutross. Jul 83, 186p* OWRT-90181-R(0473)(1), , OWRT/RU-82/18 Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -0473 Keywords: 'Chemical industry, 'Plastics, Technology, Industrial waste treatment, Coagulation, Substitutes, Tables(Data), Design criteria, Performance evaluation, 'Waste water reuse. Findings are presented of a study to assess the poten- tial for fresh water withdrawals in the Organic Chemi- cal and Plastic Materials industry by internal recycle of water or the use of reclaimed municipal effluent. Broadly applicable water recycle options were evaluat- ed in terms of the impact of total water withdrawal for individual facilities, specific products, individual water resource region, and the industry as a whole. The report concludes that currently available technology, if broadly applied, has the potential to significantly reduce water withdrawals by the industry. The recycle options evaluated have proved successful in the limit- ed applications implemented at this time. Recommen- dations for future activity to foster implementation of water recycle options are also presented. PB84-169531/GAA PC A06/MF A01 International Fertility Research Program, Research Triangle Park, NC. Determinants of Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Goals and Birth Spacing in Relation to Mortality, Breast-Feeding and Previous Contraceptive Be- havior, B. Janowitz, and D. J. Nichols. Nov 80, 119p AID- PN-AAJ-898 Grant AID/DSPE-G-0012 Keywords: 'Contraceptives, 'Family planning, Humans, Pregnancy, Contraception, Egypt, Sudan, Ni- geria, Reproduction(Biology), Developing country ap- plication, 'Birth control. To determine the extent to which pregnancy intervals, desired fertility levels, and future contraceptive plans are determined by previous pregnancy outcomes, breastfeeding, and previous contraceptive behavior, a study was made of 20,000 women who delivered at selected maternity hospitals in Iran, Egypt, the Sudan, and Nigeria. Results of that study are presented and analyzed in this report. Following the presentation of comparative demographic profiles of each of the four groups and a summary description of the relationship among the variables, the variables are subjected to standard linear regression analysis with pregnancy in- tervals, fertility intentions, and contraceptive plans as dependent variables. PB84-169572/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Design and Evaluation of Aid-Assisted Projects. Nov 80, 270p AID-PN-AAK-047 Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Project planning, Scheduling, Design, Evaluation, Objectives, Developing country application. A.I.D.'s Project Design and Evauation Workshop pre- sents to Agency personnel A.I.D.'s system of develop- ment project formulation and evaluation. This text is designed to serve as a resource both during the work- shop and in the field. After outlining the three steps in the A.I.D. project management process-planning (es- tablishing goal and purpose), implementation (includ- ing interim evaluations), and final evaluation-the con- text of project design, including foreign assistance ob- jectives and sample criteria for selecting from among alternative projects, is set forth. Against this back- ground, the purposes of all A.I.D. project documents are explained and exemplified. PB84-169580/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Women's Organizations: Resources for Develop- ment, K. B. Piepmeir. Oct 80, 56p AID-PN-AAJ-772 Keywords: 'Women, 'Community development, Orga- nizations, 'Employment, Development, Children, Edu- cation, Specialized training, Developing country appli- cation. Women's groups are a uniquely effective means for promoting women in development (WID) activities. Against a background discussion of these groups' gen- eral development potential and needs and of institu- tional resources capable of assisting women's groups, this report develops strategies and makes recommen- dations for donor assistance. Factors as diverse as stereotyping men as breadwinners, excluding women's economic contributions from official statis- tics, and assuming that women will benefit from the trickle-down effect of a modernized society keep women's real and potential contribution to develop- ment largely invisible. Reversing this situation will re- quire meeting women's key needs-expanding their productive capacity by developing appropriate tech- nologies and childcare facilities and improving women's access to education, vocational training, and health care. A total of 25 specific recommendations are appended. PB84-169713/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg. Various Perspectives on Using Women's Organiza- tions in Development Programming, M. W. Hoskins. Jul 80, 52p AID-PN-AAJ-774 Contract AID/otr-1 47-80-45 248 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: *Women, 'Community development, Orga- nizations, Specialized training, Development, Objec- tives, Developing country application. Indigenous women's organizations can be effective in- termediaries between donors and developing country women in implementing women in development (WID) projects. This paper summarizes discussions held at a series of A.I.D. conferences on this potential and dis- cusses ways to make it a reality. The author provides two criteria for WID projects- to integrate women into all aspects of development, especially in the modern sector, and to give them more control over their future by improving their skills-and suggests ways for improv- ing the use of women's organizations in achieving WID objectives. A 53-item bibliography (1974-80) and an appendix on selected non-indigenous intermediaries representing six different organizational frameworks is included. PB84-169820/GAA PC A15/MF A01 Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA. Center for Health Promotion and Education. Family Planning Methods and Practice: Africa. Sep 83, 338p HHS/CDC/CHPE-84-0220 Sponsored in part by Agency for International Devel- opment, Washington, DC. Keywords: "Africa, 'Health, Counseling, Medical serv- ices, Medical personnel, Nurses, 'Family planning. The report, the product of collaboration between five African and five American authors, the Centers for Dis- ease Control, Emory University, and the U.S. Agency for International Development, was developed to serve as a practical handbook/reference for African medical, nursing, and midwifery students and their in- structors as well as for providers of family health care. The secondary audience includes policymakers and the international development community. The book is of particular importance to providers of service who want to be current in their approach to family planning, sensitive to the cultures of their clients, and yet work within the constraints of their health system. PB84-169879/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Role of Rural Haitian Women in Development, J. N. Smucker. Feb 81, 78p AID-PN-AAJ-894 Keywords: 'Women, 'Haiti, Development, Organiza- tions, 'Rural areas, 'Employment, Education, Chil- dren, Developing country application. To help promote development in Haiti while avoiding the deterioration of women's status that development based on developed country norms often entails, this study profiles Haitian rural women and suggests suita- ble assistance strategies. A description of the socio- economic setting of Haitian rural women highlights tra- ditional values-the importance of marriage (legal or customary) and children and the authority of the hus- band. To show the involvement of Haitian women in commerce, their predominant economic role, sketches are provided of marchandes (market ladies) in different regions. The author recommends assistance strate- gies for women that focus on: (1) agricultural insurance credit to increase production of internally marketed produce and increase women's involvement in com- merce; (2) making seed available for kitchen gardens; (3) French language instruction; (4) home industry ex- pansion; (5) cooperatives based on the extended family; (6) markets for handicrafts; (7) teaching women new trades or skills, which they are enthusiastic to learn; and (8) women's primary needs and traditional values. A 44-item list of references (1940-81) is includ- ed. PB84-169952/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Agricultur- al Economics. Farming Systems Research: A Critical Appraisal. Rural development paper, E. H. Gilbert, D. W. Norman, and F. E. Winch. 1980, 149p MSU/RURAL DEVELOPMENT PAPER-6, AID- PN-AAK-049 Contract AID/ta-CA-3 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Cost benefits, 'Industrial devel- opment, 'Management techniques, Research projects, Prototypes, Research projects, Columbia, Guatemala, Senegal, Political objectives, Social effect, Human behavior, Education, Benefit cost analysis, De- veloping country application, Small farms, Institutional framework. It is increasingly evident that public investment in farm- ing system research (FSR) over the last 20 years has been focused on the needs of commercial farmers and professional researchers rather than on the needs of developing country small farmers. Defining farming systems as human and environmental totalities, the authors of this state-of-the-art study review the litera- ture on FSR, evaluate current FSR programs, and make recommendations to make FSR more respon- sive to small farmer needs. The political, social, tech- nological, and human components of a farm system are reviewed, and a framework and general descrip- tion are provided for 'downstream' FSR. PB84-169960/GAA PC A09/MF A01 National Savings and Loan League, Washington, DC. Technical Manual for Erosion and Sediment Con- trol in Urban Areas of Developing Countries, J. G. Boyer, J. A. Avalos, and P. R. Gabele. Mar 80, 176p AID-PN-AAK-014 Contract AID/otr-C-1453 Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Water management, 'Soil erosion, Manuals, Land use, Drainage, Waterways(Watercourses), Streams, Soil stabilization, Tables(Data), Developing country application, Storm water runoff. Uncontrolled storm runoff in rapidly growing urban areas of the tropics is severely constraining land de- velopment, reducing groundwater reserves, and has- tening soil erosion. This manual provides practical guidelines and technical materials to assist A.I.D. and host country officials engaged in land development projects to prevent such uncontrolled storm runoff. PB84-170034/GAA PC A20/MF A01 IOX Assessment Associates, Culver City, CA. Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Pro- grams in Nutrition. Sep 83, 457p HHS/CDC/CHPE-84-0221 Contract PHS-200-8 1-0622 Keywords: 'Education, 'Nutrition, Evaluation, Measur- ing instruments, Handbooks, Project management, Surveys, 'Health education. This Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Pro- grams in Nutrition contains a series of measuring in- struments to be used in program evaluation. The measuring instruments are designed to assess pro- gram participants' behaviors, skills, affect, and knowl- edge. The handbook contains measuring instruments developed specifically for the knowledge. The hand- book contains measuring instruments developed spe- cifically for the handbook as well as a number of exist- ing measures already being used by health educators. All measures, both newly developed and existing, can be used to assess the attainment of a set of program out comes that had been judged significant by a group of experts in the field. In addition to the measuring de- vices, the handbook also contains a brief introduction to salient considerations in the conduct of program evaluations in health education. Guidance is also pro- vided in the use of the handbook's measures. Finally, because all the newly developed measuring instru- ments are criterion-referenced assessment devices, the test specifications for all newly developed meas- ures are included in the handbooks. PB84-170075/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Agriculture and Food Policy in Egyptian National Planning, M. H. Fag El Nour. Oct 82, 31 p UCD/ADS/EWP-100 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Planning, Cairo (Eygpt). Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'International trade, 'Agriculture, 'Egypt, Project planning, 'Food, Surpluses, Government poli- cies, Exports, Agricultural machinery, Improvement, Population growth, Income, Farm crops, Tables(Data), Employment, Salaries, Developing country application, Priorities. Although industrialization potentially offers substantial benefits to Egypt's economy, its success depends on a strong agricultural base, particularly on the ability of agriculture to create an agricultural surplus. The pic- ture, however, is discouraging as growth in food im- ports has far exceeded growth in agricultural exports and the gap is growing. The paper presents an over- view of the situation in Egypt's agriculture which appar- ently has received a rather low policy priority relative to other sectors in the past two or three decades. PB84-170083/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Sociolinguistic Context of Literacy Programs: A Review of Non-Formal Adult Literacy Programs in AID (Agency for International Development), S. J. Hoben. Jul 80, 72p AID-PN-AAJ-034 Keywords: 'Rural areas, Foreign countries, Disadvan- taged groups, Project planning, Minority groups, 'Edu- cation, Developing country application. While the world's literacy rate increased from 55.7% to 64% from 1950 to 1980, the estimated number of illit- erate people rose during the same period from 700 mil- lion to 814 million. Despite A.I.D.'s mandate to pro- mote literacy among the rural poor and disadvantaged minorities within developing countries, A.I.D. has done relatively little in this field. The study recommends that A.I.D. broaden its literacy programs to include elemen- tary education projects and support for language plan- ning and for publishing in previously unwritten lan- guages. A.I.D.'s country planning should incorporate sociolinguistic information about language distribution, communicative functions of languages, and social pat- terns of language use. As part of project identification, A.I.D. should assess the need for literacy in the target area's economic development, the language use of various social groups in the target area, and the appro- priateness of the project given the area's literacy cli- mate. Finally, in project design, A.I.D. should carefully consider which language to use when teaching liter- acy, the developmental stage of a nation's writing system, and the match between teaching methods and the type of writing system. PB84-170091/GAA PC A07/MF A01 International Center for Research on Women, Wash- ington, DC. Keeping Women Out: A Structural Analysis of Women's Employment in Developing Countries. Apr 80, 127p AID-PN-AAJ-228 Contract AID/otr-C-1801 Keywords: 'Employment, 'Women, 'Socioeconomic status, Unemployment, Policies, Attitudes, Salaries, Mobility, Health, Legislation, Developing country appli- cation, Labor force. Despite the undeniable need for women in developing countries to obtain gainful employment, the many re- strictions imposed on female work result in unemploy- ment, underemployment, and marginality of the women's labor force. This study analyzes the changing economic roles and responsibilities of women, women's contribution to national development, demand and supply constraints on the female work force, and the critical issues related to female employ- ment and provides policy recommendations to en- hance women's employment. Recommendations for minimizing the constraints on women's employment, marginality, protective legislation, and 'double burden' are offered, along with suggestions for promoting off- farm employment and more equitable TNC employ- ment conditions. A 116-item bibliography (1969-80) in English, Spanish, and Portuguese is included. PB84-170109/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru (India). Farming Systems Components for Selected Areas in India: Evidence from ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Trop- ics), H. P. Binswanger, S. M. Virmani, and J. Kampen. Jul 80, 46p RR-2, AID-PN-AAJ-402 Grant AID/ta-G-1 421 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Water management, 'India, Watersheds, Semiarid land, Profits, 'Water supply, Runoff, Soils, 'Irrigation, Peas, Leguminous plants, 249 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Developing country application, Maize, *Water management(Applied). Research on natural watersheds in India has shown that using more input-intensive farming systems than those presently used in the semiarid tropics can sub- stantially raise farm profits. This report outlines suc- cessful soil and water management, cropping, runoff collection, and supplementary irrigation systems for use in the semiarid tropics. PB84-1701 17/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Non-Formal Edu- cation Information Center. Women in Development: A Selected Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide. L. G. Vavrus, and R. Cadieux. 1980, 70p ANNOTATED BIB-1, AID-PN-AAJ-556 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0067 Keywords: 'Women, 'Economic development, 'So- cioeconomic status, Regional planning, 'Employment, Family relations, Nutrition, Health, Organizations, Books, Periodicals, Developing country application. It is becoming increasingly clear that the costly efforts to integrate women more fully into the development process, e.g., by including nontraditional roles within the scope of women's activities, are often thwarted by long-standing cultural, political, social, and economic traditions. In response to the expanding literature on these issues and increased reader interest, Michigan State University's Non-Formal Education (NFE) Center has prepared this annotated bibliography to update a 1978 bibliography on women in development pub- lished in The NFE Exchange. PB84-170190/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Characteristics and Needs of Out-of-School Youth, D. W. Kahler, and J. M. Droegkamp. Apr 80, 21 5p AID-PN-AAJ-119 Keywords: 'Vocational guidance, 'Education, 'Em- ployment, Rural areas, Urban areas, Specialized train- ing, Females, Developing country application. The inability of the formal school system in developing countries to keep pace with rising population growth has led to increasing numbers of out-of-school youth unprepared to participate in the development process, thereby retarding the process itself. This paper ana- lyzes the characteristics and needs of out-of-school youth in developing countries and proposes priority recommendations for A.I.D. assistance. The needs of this youth population for employment, training and educational opportunities and for sociopolitical partici- pation are analyzed, along with traditional project re- sponses to these needs. Nonformal education (NFE) programs have often been the most appropriate re- sponse because of their ability to link skills develop- ment with youth's realistic needs while being the most adaptable to local needs, trainee schedules, and changing conditions. Appended are country-specific il- literacy rates for the 1 5-1 9 age group in 20 developing countries, a review of various rural NFE programs, a review of two entrepreneurial and management skills training programs, and a 155-item bibliography (1969- 80) in English and French. PB84-170356/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Factors Affecting Animal Protein Adequacy among the Rural Egypt Population, S. Lane. Oct 82, 10p UCD/ADS/EWP-099 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Proteins, 'Egypt, Rural areas, Animals, Developing Country Application. Soliman's study documented the extent of the protein gap among Egypt's rural poor and found the inadequa- cy particularly pronounced in animal protein. To learn more about the relationship between animal protein deficiency and other factors, a multiple regression was fitted by ordinary least squares using data from a 1 981 - 82 survey of 249 rural households. Animal protein as a proportion of total protein was seen as a linear function of family size, age of household head, number of fed- dans managed, number of cows or buffalos in the vil- lage, and four shift variables for five regions (North Delta, Middle Delta, Southern Delta and Northern Middle Egypt, Middle Egypt, and Upper Egypt). PB84-170489/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City. Inst, de Ingenieria. Behavior of Spillways in Mexican Dams, J. L. Sanchez Bribiesca. Oct 79, 158p* E-40 Sponsored in part by Secretaria de Agricultura y Re- cursos Hidraulicos, Mexico City. Keywords: 'Construction, 'Dams, Design criteria, Construction, Operations, Mathematical models, Safety, Capacity, Mexico, Developing country applica- tion. Spillway works in large dams have experimented a great evolution in their three distinctive phases; design, construction and operation. As long as accu- mulated experience and technological advance have been increased, design criteria have been improved in such a way that, besides an adequate selection of floods that guarantee the dam safety in the first place, attention has also been paid on the prevention of dam- ages, which could be so undesirable as a probable over spilling caused by an insufficient capacity of the spillway. The diagnosis of the state of art has been configured through a careful observation of functioning spillways and a verification of their real operation with that of the hydraulic models. PB84-170745/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Productive Efficiency of the Broiler Industry in Egypt. Economics working paper series, I. Soliman, and A. Ibrahim. Mar 83, 19p UCD/ADS/ EWP-122 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Poultry, 'Egypt, 'Productivity, 'Agricutural economics, Food, Production, Farms, Budgeting, Output, Market value, Prices, Grants, Investments, Ef- ficiency, Comparison, Imports, Mortality, Cost analysis, Developing country application, Broilers. Under the recent government food security strategy of subsidizing broiler production, the number of units in- creased from 2,338 in 1975 to 3,035 in 1980 with an- other 1,000 added in 1981. The paper addresses the tradeoff between producing broilers domestically vs. importing frozen broilers. The objective was to analyze production efficiency, returns to investment, and Egypt's comparative advantage in producing broilers. A sample of 32 farms was size-stratified into four classes and budget analysis was used to examine their productive efficiency. PB84-170794/GAA PC A08/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Annual Report: Phase One of the Farm Efficiency Activity. Economics working paper series, J. M. Antle, and A. S. Aitah. Feb 82, 160p UCD/ ADS/EWP-076 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Farm crops, Agronomy, Production, Decision making, Prices, Fertilizers, Cotton, Rice, Wheat, Gov- ernment policies, Corn, Efficiency, Developing country application, Maize. The report summarizes the research of the ADS Farm Efficiency Activity from February 1981 to January 1982. Data were assembled, agricultural policies re- garding input use and production of major field crops were surveyed, and preliminary empirical analysis of the effects of these policies on farmers' production de- cisions and on agricultural productivity was provided. Findings indicate that Egyptian farmers are very price responsive in making decisions about input use. Their rationality in this regard suggests that a major effect of Egyptian agricultural policies has been to discourage productivity growth in major crops, leaving agriculture to stagnate, while demand for its products is increas- ing rapidly. PB84-171040/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Johnson (Jeffalyn) and Associates, Inc., Falls Church, VA. African Women in Development. Apr 80, 141p AID-PN-AAK-439 Grant AID/afr-C-1 629 Keywords: 'Women, 'Employment, 'Project planning, Regional planning, Design, Evaluation, Developing country application. While the design and implementation of women in de- velopment (WID) projects are flawed, these innovative projects do conform to A.I.D. mandates and with modi- fications are replicable. So concludes this study of seven small-scale WID projects involving vegetable production and women's workload in Senegal, day care in Ghana, the cloth industry in Sierra Leone, and studies of the vegetable tannin and silkworm industries and of the role of women in Upper Volta. Regarding the projects' designs, in many cases outputs were not quantified, goals and purposes were unrealistic, feasi- bility studies (when conducted) were ignored, baseline data were inadequate, and input from the target popu- lation was insufficient. The author recommends that WID projects requested by potential beneficiaries to meet a specific need be adequately developed and funded, but that multi-sector WID projects be integrat- ed into larger rural development programs. Further, WID project designs should: include feasibility studies of the project's impact and realistic outputs, purposes, and goals; be allotted adequate time and money; and contain plans for interim and final evaluations. PB84-171099/GAA PC A09/MF A01 California Univ., Riverside. Dept. of Soil and Environ- mental Sciences. Methodologies to Predict the Mobility and Avail- ability of Hazardous Metals in Sludge-Amended Soils, G. Sposito, J. P. LeClair, C. S. LeVesque, and N. Senesi. Jan 84, 192p OWRT-B-212-CAL(1) Keywords: 'Soils, 'Metals, 'Sewage disposal, Trace elements, Transport properties, Metal containing or- ganic compounds, Solubility, Farm crops, Assess- ments, Sorption, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Agricultural products, Plants(Botany), Land disposal. Research was undertaken to develop practicable labo- ratory methods for assessing the solubility and plant- availability of potentially hazardous trace metals accu- mulating in arid-zone soils receiving sewage effluents or sludges. Sequential extraction of field soil samples with potassium nitrate, water, sodium hydroxide, sodium EDTA, and nitric acid was shown to provide reliable estimates of trace metal solubility and uptake (leaf concentration) by barley, irrespective of soil tex- ture, rate of sludge application, or time during a three- year study period. The total concentrations of the trace metals Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb accumulated in two sludge-amended field soils during the project period were comparable with the amounts of these metals sorbed by untreated soils at soil solution concentra- tions below 100 parts per billion. At these low metal concentrations, the sorption isotherms often exhibited a sigmoid shape that precludes intrepretation of terms of conventional distribution function techniques. Or- ganic forms of the trace metals, particularly copper, were found to increase in importance with the sludge application rate. These organic-metal compounds could be characterized conveniently by electron spin resonance spectrometry. PB84-171255/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Coll. of Agriculture. Sources of Resistance to Selected Fungal, Bacte- rial, Viral and Nematode Diseases of Soybeans, O. Tisselli, J. B. Sinclair, and T. Hymowitz. Dec 80, 128p AID-PN-AAJ-876 Contract AID/ta-C-1 294 Keywords: 'Soybeans, 'Plant diseases, Fungus dis- eases, Bacteria, Viruses, Nematoda, Photographs, De- foliants, Developing country application. Soybean breeders and plant pathologists often have difficulty finding sources of resistance to soybean pathogens because the relevant information is scat- tered in many publications with a limited circulation. This publication provides an organized reference of soybean diseases for professionals concerned with this problem. Of over 1 00 soybean pathogens known 250 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS to exist, only 35 are of economic importance. This report considers 19 diseases, of which 1 1 are caused by fungi, 4 by viruses, and 2 each by nematodes and bacteria. A description of the pathogens, their symp- toms, and photographs of infected plants are provided. PB84-171313/GAA PC A14/MF A01 Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta. Role of State and Local Industrial Finance Pro- grams in Small Business Financing. Final rept., D. E. Fyffe. Dec 82, 314p* Contract SBA-2657-OA-79 Keywords: * Financial management, Legislation, Fed- eral assistance programs, Project management, *Small businesses, Industrial financing programs. This report presents the results of an extensive study of state and local industrial financing programs. The purposes of the report are to provide (1 ) a comprehen- sive survey and analysis of state and local industrial financing programs, (2) a comparative evaluation of program effectiveness, and (3) recommendations re- lated to public intervention in industrial financing. The report should be useful to industrial developers, public policy makers, and others interested in industrial fi- nancing incentives. PB84-171727/GAA PC A22/MF A01 IOX Assessment Associates, Culver City, CA. Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Pro- grams in Diabetes. Sep 83, 523p* HHS/CDC/CHPE-84-0222 Contract PHS-200-81-0622 Keywords: 'Education, *Health, Diabetes mellitus, Project management, Evaluation, Measuring instru- ments, 'Health education. This Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Pro- grams in Diabetes contains a series of measuring in- struments to be used in program evaluation. The measuring instruments are designed to assess pro- gram participants' behaviors, skills, affect, and knowl- edge. The handbook contains measuring instruments developed specifically for the handbook as well as a number of existing measures already being used by health educators. All measures, both newly developed and existing, can be used to assess the attainment of a set of program outcomes that had been judged signifi- cant by a group of experts in the field. In addition to the measuring devices, the handbook also contains a brief introduction to salient considerations in the conduct of program evaluations in health education. Guidance is also provided in the use of the handbook's measures. Finally, because all the newly developed measuring in- struments are criterion-referenced assessment de- vices, the test specifications for all newly developed measures are included in the handbooks. PB84-172667/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Water-Related Technologies for Sustainable Agri- culture in U.S. Arid/Semiarid Lands. Oct 83, 41 5p* OTA-F-212 See also PB84-102912. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-600595. Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Water supply, 'Water manage- ment, 'Arid land, Agriculture, Water distribution, Effi- ciency, Water storage, Ground water, Land use, Rangeland, Water supply. This report assesses existing and emerging water-re- lated technologies for their ability to support long-term productivity of arid/semiarid agricultural plants and animals in the context of institutional factors, water supply/use relationships, and the characteristics of the renewable natural resource base on which agricul- ture depends. The technologies examined by the study are generally directed toward: (1) improving efficiency of water use, whether for rain-fed (dryland and range- land) systems or irrigation; (2) improving water man- agement, storage, and distribution for agriculture; and (3) augmenting existing supplies with additional water not previously available. PB84-173921/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Selected Socioeconomic Development Indicators: Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North America/Oceania, T. Vollrath, D. Timms, and E. Reynolds. Mar 84, 161p* SB-705 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Agricultural econom- ics, 'International trade, Statistical analysis, Supply(Economics), Demand(Economics), Policies. Data on 29 development indicators for 79 countries in six different geographical regions are in 162 tables that carry various indicators of agricultural demand, supply, policy, and trade. These variables help to explain the agricultural development process, with special empha- sis on international agricultural trade. This data base is useful in quantitative analyses and evaluations of the relationships between economic development and ag- ricultural trade. Most tables report annual data from 1953 through 1977 as well as 5-year averages from 1955 to 1975. PB84-174150/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Wastewater Recycle and Reuse Potential for Indi- rect Discharge Textile Finishing Mills. Volume 1. Technical Report. Final rept. Apr 81-Jun 83, J. F. Bergenthal. Mar 84, 21 2p EPA-600/2-84-070A Contract EPA-68-02-3678 SeealsoPB84-174168. Keywords: 'Textile industry, Circulation, Design crite- ria, Performance evaluation, Feasibility, Technology, Capitalized costs, Economic analysis, Industrial waste treatment, 'Waste water reuse. The report gives detailed information on a variety of wastewater recycle/reuse technologies that allow tex- tile finishing mills to reduce the volume of waste-water and the amount of pollutants discharged to publicly owned treatment works. (NOTE: Dyebath reconstitu- tion is described separately.) Many of these technol- ogies have been demonstrated full-scale, but only a few have become widely applied in the textile industry. Technical and economic factors affect the application of most of these technologies at a given mill; thus, each must be considered under its own mill-specific conditions. Included for each described technology are a description, its environmental benefits, recycle and treatment system schematics, design criteria, technical factors that limit or enhance its application, capital and yearly costs, factors that affect its econom- ic feasibility, its current applications, and references for further information. The information in this report is based on a survey of the literature, discussions with equipment/process vendors and researchers, and en- gineering studies at six textile finishing mills. The six mills provide a good cross-section of the variety of products, fibers, manufacturing processes, and poten- tial recycle/reuse technologies encountered in textile finishing. Volume 2 of the report consists of the six mill engineering reports. PB84-174168/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Wastewater Recycle and Reuse Potential for Indi- rect Discharge Textile Finishing Mills. Volume 2. Six Mill Engineering Reports. Final rept. Apr 81-Jun 83, J. F. Bergenthal. Mar 84, 386p EPA-600/2-84-070B Contract EPA-68-02-3678 SeealsoPB84-174150. Keywords: 'Textile industry, 'Water pollution, Tech- nology, Industrial waste treatment, Process charting, Design criteria, Performance evaluation, Economic analysis, Feasibility, Textile industry, Tables(Data), Cir- culation, Dyeing, 'Waste water reuse. The report gives detailed information on a variety of wastewater recycle/reuse technologies that allow tex- tile finishing mills to reduce the volume of wastewater and the amount of pollutants discharged to publicly owned treatment works. (NOTE: Dyebath reconstitu- tion is described separately.) Many of these technol- ogies have been demonstrated full-scale, but only a few have become widely applied in the textile industry. Technical and economic factors affect the application of most of these technologies at a given mill; thus, each must be considered under its own mill-specific conditions. Included for each described technology are a description, its environmental benefits, recycle and treatment system schematics, design criteria, technical factors that limit or enhance its application, capital and yearly costs, factors that affect its econom- ic feasibility, its current applications, and references for further information. The information in this report is based on a survey of the literature, discussions with equipment/process vendors and researchers, and en- gineering studies at six textile finishing mills. The six mills provide a good cross-section of the variety of products, fibers, manufacturing processes, and poten- tial recycle/reuse technologies encountered in textile finishing. Volume 2 of the report consists of the six mill engineering reports. PB84-174259/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Domestic Marketing Channels for Tomatoes, W. A. Megahed, M. S. Zayed, and M. E. Ragab. Jul 83, 32p UCD/ADS/EWP-178 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ain Shams Univ., Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Marketing, 'Tomatoes, 'Egypt, Recom- mendations, 'Packaging, Materials handling, Quality, Separation, Construction, Prices, Developing country application, Wholesale trade. Problems of the fresh tomato marketing system were analyzed and recommendations made. The marketing system was found to suffer from the following factors: Underdeveloped methods of packing and handling, absence of grading and sorting, excessive loading and unloading which adversely affects quality, congested and inefficient wholesale markets, reshipment from wholesalers back to consumers in producing areas, and industry concentration at the wholesale level. Recommendations for improvement included the fol- lowing: The feasibility of constructing new wholesale markets in large cities should be studied. PB84-174283/GAA PC A03 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Government Policy and International Trade in Cotton, E. Monke, and L. D. Taylor. Dec 82, 38p UCD/ADS/ EWP-113 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Arizona Univ., Tucson. Keywords: 'International trade, 'Cotton, Market sur- veys, Demand(Economics), Egypt, Exports, Imports, Textile industry, Prices, Supply(Economics), USSR, China, Mathematical models, Global. The paper analyzes the international market for cotton. Trade patterns and institutions in cotton trade were discussed for 1 960-1 980, and previous studies of the demand for cotton were reviewed and critiqued. A model was proposed in which international cotton trade was set in an institutional framework. That is, government cotton policy has been so pervasive in several countries, including Egypt, that the amount en- tering trade channels is not determined by world prices but by exogenous government decisions. Accordingly, the model attempts to capture the resulting distortions. The market was segregated into price-responsive countries and those in which exports (imports) are de- termined exogenously. Demand and supply for the price-responsive segment was estimated as usual and then related through a net export (import) identity to the other countries, balancing total world cotton trade. PB84-174341/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Pathfinder Fund, Boston, MA. Evaluating Small Grants for Women in Develop- ment, J. F. Helzner. Jan 80, 44p AID-PN-AAJ-775 Contract AID/otr-1 47-79-43 Keywords: 'Regional planning, 'Women, 'Research and development, Research projects, Developing countries. This paper is a first attempt to suggest a methodology for evaluating projects made possible by small grants that are given for the general purpose of promoting the incorporation of women into the socioeconomic devel- opment process of their countries. It does not describe 251 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS the evaluation of any actual ongoing projects or pro- grams, but proposes a framework for thinking about the effect of those small grants. The framework pro- posed in this paper concentrates on the strengthening of women's groups, on the assumption that this is a small but important component in the total women in development picture. PB84-175082/GAA PC A05/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Study of Economic Evaluation Procedures for Population-Related Projects. Rept. for 1 Oct -30 Nov 79, W. C. Robinson, and W. A. Schutjer. 1979, 89p AID- PN-AAJ-900 Contract AID/pha-C-1 100 Keywords: 'Population control, 'Economic analysis, * Birth control, Contraceptives, Attitudes, Socioeco- nomic factors, Developing country application. This report reviews the problems involved with the lack of clearly quantifiable benefits that make economic evaluation of population-related projects (PRP's) diffi- cult. Discussion is given in turn to: (1) PRP's macro- economic benefits (increases in per capita income and consumption) and microeconomic benefits (enabling individuals and societies to meet fertility goals); (2) PRP's direct outputs (provision of contraceptive serv- ices and efficient use of them) and indirect outputs (ac- tivities to provide knowledge of contraception and/or effect attitudinal changes towards it); (3) methods to evaluate the impact of these outputs on fertility reduc- tion, including short-cut methods such as the couple- years of protection (CYP) method and more detailed analytical methods (none of which are wholly precise); (4) the need to distinguish short and long-term PRP benefits given the limited 3-5 year time-frame of most PRP's; and (5) the impact of projects having only indi- rect and long-term, but nevertheless real fertility ef- fects, e.g., land reform projects. PB84-175090/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Center for Research on Women, Wash- ington, DC. Limits to Productivity: Improving Women's Access to Technology and Credit, I. Schumacher, J. Sebstad, and M. Buvinic. May 80, 69p AID-PN-AAJ-919 Contract AID/otr-C-1 801 Keywords: *Women, "Socioeconomic status, Credit, 'Employment, Family relations, 'Productivity, Devel- oping country application. Although increasingly responsible for the family's eco- nomic welfare, women tend to be denied access to new technology and credit, relegating them to low pro- ductivity levels, low status, and poor paying jobs. This paper analyzes constraints on women's access to technology and credit and offers recommendations for improving their position. PB84-175157/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Pea (A Widely Spread Grain Legume), R. K. Makasheva. c1983, 275p TT-78-52017 Trans, from mono. Gorokh, Leningrad, 1973 by B. R. / Sharma. Sponsored in part by National Science Foun- dation, Washington, DC. Special Foreign Currency Sci- ence Information Program. Keywords: 'Leguminous plants, 'Grains(Food), Plant genetics, Seeds, Production, Yield, History, Silage, Tolerances(Physiology), Grain crops, Cultivation. The pea is a widely spread grain legume with many uses. This book presents botanical, morphological, bi- ological and genetic data on the pea. Based on these data and the practical experience of farmers and sci- entific investigations, this book describes the agrono- my, breeding and seed production of peas. The author provides interesting material on grain, vegetable and fodder varieties and the technology of pea cultivation. PB84-175744/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Review of New Source Performance Standards for Grain Elevators. Final rept. Jan 84, 105p EPA-450/3-84-001 Keywords: 'Air pollution, 'Standards, Reviews, Cost analysis, Trends, Grain mills, Cargo transportation, Na- tional government, State government, Fugitive emis- sions. This report reviews the current Standards of Perform- ance for New Stationary sources: Subpart DD - Grain Elevators. Emphasis is given to the state of control technology, extent to which plants have been able to meet current standards, experience of representatives of industry and of EPA officials involved with testing and compliance, economic costs, environmental and energy considerations, and trends in the grain elevator industry. Information used in this report is based on data available as of March 1 983. PB84-176171/GAA MF$5.75 British Association for the Advancement of Science, London (England). Selected Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence Held at Brighton, England on August 22-26, 1983. Section E. 1983, 268p See also PB84-1 761 63 and PB84-1 761 89. Also available in set of 19 reports MF E99, PB84- 176106. Microfiche copies only. Keywords: 'Scientific societies, Technology innova- tion, 'Demography, Disasters, Developing countries, Populations. Complete papers are included unless otherwise noted: The Death of the Urban Vision (summary only); Will the Real Milton Keynes Please Stand Up; Some Current Developments and Progress in Flood Hazard Re- search; Deforestation and Disaster in the Garhwal Hi- malaya, India; Disaster Research - Ten Years On; Planning for People; Demographic Change and Social Provision in Western Europe; Residential Movement Among the Poor - The Constraints on Housing Choice in Latin American Cities; Educational Provision and Demographic Change; Population Data for the Plan- ning of Primary Schools in the Third World; Planning for Health Care Provision - The Local Dimension; North and South - Economic Links and Their Implica- tions; The Development Process - North-South Experi- ences; Development of the Rural Economy - Spatial and Social Equity and A Diminution in the North-South Gap. PB84-176254/GAA MF$5.75 British Association for the Advancement of Science, London (England). Selected Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence Held at Brighton, England on August 22-26, 1983. Section M. 1983, 96p See also PB84-1 76247 and PB84-1 76262. Also available in set of 19 reports MF E99, PB84- 1 761 06. Microfiche copies only. Keywords: 'Scientific societies, Technology innova- tion, 'Agriculture, Developing nations. Complete papers are included unless otherwise noted: Urban Growth and Agriculture; Woodlands and Agri- culture; Conservation and Agriculture; Experimental Farming in Al Hassa Saudi Arabia; Problems and Prior- ities in Third World Resource Development; Towards a New World Pattern of Land Use; Biological Nitrogen Fixation and the Future of World Agriculture; Sur- mounting Salinity (abstract only). PB84-176486/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production - Volume 2. Final rept., 1984, 103p Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-00-1 023-00 See also PB81-150716. Library of Congress catalog card no. 80-83796. Keywords: 'Wood, 'Fuels, 'Forestry, Reforestation, Shrubs, Forest trees, Growth, Yield, Acclimatization, Pests, Plant diseases, Nitrogen fixation. This book examines one part of the solution to the fire- wood crisis suffered by Third World countries: the se- lection of species suitable for cultivation in different cli- matic zones. The report does not delineate strategies for growing and using firewood, but provides general concepts and methods for planners and technicians to consider. In particular, multi-purpose trees are dis- cussed: plants that adapt well to different sites, estab- lish easily and require little care; plants that thrive in problem environments such as steep hillsides, low-nu- trient or toxic soils, arid zones and tropical highlands; and plants that have characteristics such as nitrogen- fixing ability, rapid growth, ability to coppice, and high calorific value. In this report, 27 species are discussed. PB84-176551/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Livestock Working Power in Egyptian Agriculture, I. Soliman. Feb 83, 24p UCD/ADS/EWP-123 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Machine tools, 'Farming, 'Livestock, 'Ag- ricultural economics, 'Egypt, Manpower, Output, Loads(Forces), Economic factors, Performance eval- uation, Milk, Transportation, Cattle, Farms, Area, De- veloping country application, Donkeys. The objectives of the study were (1) to examine the livestock work pattern as farm size changes, (2) to ex- amine the relationships among human labor, livestock work, and machinery use as family size changes, and (3) to provide empirical estimates of the impact of live- stock work-milk output, measuring its opportunity cost in lost milk production. First, since most animal power is used for transportation of inputs and outputs rather than direct farm production work, machinery may not replace animal power very rapidly. Second, although the machine-to-animal power ratio increased gradually with farm size, other power inputs ratios including ma- chine-to-human labor did not. PB84-176577/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Mechanization Issues in Egyptian Agriculture, A. H. Abou-Sabe. Mar 83, 12p UCD/ADS/EWP-129 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Planning (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, History, Tractors, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, Maintenance, Shortages, Farm crops, Developing country application. The paper was delivered at the Seventh ADS econom- ics workshop, February 1983, 'Mechanization Issues in Egyptian Agriculture.' Dr. Abou-Sabe identified the his- torical landmarks in agricultural mechanization in Egypt beginning with a report of motor tractor trials carried out in 1920. Many of the points made then are still valid today. The difference is that at that time Egypt and Europe were at about the same stage of mechanization with Egypt even taking a leading role. Other highlights were mentioned: Measures taken to aid the small farmer after the 1 952 Revolution and the major effort by the Ministry of Agriculture to promote mechanization in 1958. PB84-176593/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Seminar on Food Consumption and Economic De- velopment in Rural Communities, M. A. El-Shennawy. Sep 82, 15p UCD/ADS/EWP- 061 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Rural areas, Economic development, 'Nutri- tion, Economic factors, Nutritional deficiency diseases, Developing country application. Malnutrition is basically an economic problem in that when people are poor, their level of nutrition is low, but then poor nutrition in turn lowers productivity and exac- erbates poverty. Various government programs, such as food subsidies and nutritional education programs, attempt to break this cycle. The seminar paper de- scribes research that will investigate the effectiveness of these programs in improving nutrition. 252 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB84-176601/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Food System Development in Egypt, M. K. Hindy. Dec 81, 21 p UCD/ADS/EWP-058 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture (Egypt). Keywords: *Food, "Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Marketing, Production, Economic factors, Government policies, Investments, Developing country application, Agricultural extension, Food security. After analyzing the Egyptian food system-including production processing and marketing-in some detail, the paper concludes that integrated efforts at policy reform towards a more open market oriented economy are badly needed. The government has adopted im- portant strategies: Giving investment priority to agricul- ture to achieve food security; intensifying agricultural resource use; improving agricultural price policy to in- crease farmer incentives; improving the agricultural marketing system; taking positive measures at provid- ing agricultural inputs; and encouraging research and extension activities. Still, the Egyptian food system malfunctions; particularly, the marketing system. Pre- dictions show the food gap to continue to worsen. PB84-176619/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Conclusions and Recommendations from the Con- ference on the Development of Egyptian Agricul- tural Exports, M. A. El-Shennawy. Apr 82, 10p UCD/ADS/EWP- 072 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture (Egypt). Keywords: 'International trade, 'Agricultural econom- ics, 'Egypt, Exports, Project planning, Economic fac- tors, Performance evaluation, Recommendations, Marketing, Developing country application. In order to underline the problems hindering the devel- opment of Egypt's agricultural exports, to identify pos- sible solutions, and to point out the main lines of a new strategy, a four-day conference was held in Dokki in 1981, attended by more than 150 people. The paper summarizes key points made during the four sessions and gives recommendations for change. First, admin- istrative changes were recommended (details are given in the paper). A high council for agricultural ex- ports should be established with the responsibility for formulating a general plan for exports and outlining ways to fulfill the plan. A special committee should be formed for each principal exportable product; commit- tee plans should be reviewed by the high council. PB84-176627/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Supply of Agricultural Machines in Egypt, S. Imam, and M. Khalil. Mar 83, 13p UCD/ADS/ EWP-128 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt), and Ministry of Agriculture (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Ownership, Maintenance, Economic factors, Supply(Economics), Manufacturing, Develop- ing country application, Ownership. In order to provide background for exploring the issues related to the supply of agricultural machinery, a large overview study was made. Information was presented about machine ownership in the old and new lands, repair and maintenance workshops at different levels, agents which deal with machines and spare parts at both district and governorate levels, and plants manu- facturing and assembling agricultural machines in both the private and public sectors. Detailed information was given in each category and special problems were noted. PB84-176684/GAA PC A04/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Primary Health Care Issues: Growth Monitoring, W. McBeath, and S. Kessler. 1981, 74p AID-PN- AAK-119 Contract AID-DSPE-C-0053 Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Health, Monitoring, 'Children, Developing country application. Growth monitoring (GM) of a child's nutritional status is an effective means of targeting appropriate curative and preventive intervention in occurring or predicted cases of malnutrition. This state-of-the-art review of GM shows planners how to maximize the benefits of GM through the use of anthropometric indicators, nu- tritional status classification systems, record-keeping systems, measurement tools, program organization, family education and the training of primary health care workers. PB84-176742/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama, Guatemala City. Simplified Health Care Program in Rural Guatema- la: The Patulul Project, H. L. Delgado, J. M. Belizan, V. E. Valverde, E. M. Giron, and R. E. Klein. 1980, 165p MONO-12, AID- PN-AAJ-921 Contract AID/ta-C/ 1224 Keywords: 'Health planning, 'Rural areas, Developing countries, 'Guatemala, Guidelines, 'Nutrition, Preven- tive medicine, Developing country application, Patulul(Guatemala). In 1976-77, the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) adapted a previously developed simplified health care program for implementation in communities surrounding the town of Patulul, Guate- mala. This report describes the Patulul experience- with special reference to program implementation, per- sonnel training, quality control, and the development of preventive and curative care-and serves as a guide for groups interested in developing similar programs. PB84-176866/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. World Experience with Use of lUDs (Intrauterine Devices) J. J. Speidel, and R. T. Ravenholt. Jun 79, 26p AID- PN-AAK-072 Presentation to the International Symposium Medicat- ed IUDS and Polymeric Delivery Systems, Amsterdam, Holland held on June 27-30, 1 979. Keywords: 'Contraceptives, 'Birth control, 'Family planning, 'Women, Developing country application. Nearly two decades of contraceptive experimentation and research reveals that successful use of intrauter- ine devices (lUD's) depends on a complex interplay of factors, including the IUD itself, biological variation among women, cultural differences in tolerance of its side effects, and the quality of available medical care and follow-up services. This report reviews past expe- rience with the use of lUD's and assesses their future role in developing country family planning. The simplic- ity and inexpensiveness of lUD's made them popular during the early years of developing country family planning programs. From 1962 to 1967, 60-65% of new acceptors in national programs used lUD's. Short- ly afterward, however, difficulties arose in both the type of programmatic support and follow-up care of- fered and in the appropriateness of the device itself. PB84-176932/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Economics. Agrarian Reform, Agricultural Planning, and Eco- nomic Development in Peru. Final rept. 19 Sep 61-1 Oct 80, J. F. Timmons. Sep 81, 141p INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN ECONOMICS MONO-13, AID-PN-AAK- 037 Contract AID/lac-C-1069 Sponsored in part by International Cooperation Admin- istration, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Peru, 'Economic development, 'Agricul- ture, 'Land use, Rural areas, Land use, Personnel de- velopment, Employment, Developing country applica- tion, Recommendations. From 1961 to 1977, A.I.D. funded four contracts with Iowa State University and Iowa University to provide technical assistance, training, and research to further Peru's agricultural and economic development. Each contract, the experiences and accomplishments of which are summarized in this report, emphasized train- ing Peruvians to become self-sufficient in development planning and conducting research relevant to Peruvian development issues. The first contract analyzed agrar- ian reform's economic and legal aspects and the con- ditions necessary for its implementation. Three major avenues were studied-increasing nonfarm employ- ment opportunities; extending cropland through irriga- tion, clearing, drainage, and colonization; and shifting land ownership from large holders to Indian colonos- and three prerequisites for progress were identified-- the provision of capital and technical assistance and the enactment of institutional changes. Among the au- thors' recommendations are that: (1) A.I.D. continue to help universities serve the needs of developing coun- tries; (2) universities make their training more applica- ble to developing country situations; and (3) develop- ing country students who receive U.S. training be en- couraged to return to their native countries. A list of program publications is among the five appendices. PB84-176940/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC. Soil Man- agement Support Services. Calculated Soil Moisture and Temperature Re- gimes of South America. Technical monograph, A. Van Wambeke. Nov 81, 146p SMSS/TECHNICAI MONO-2/1981, AID-PN-AAJ-979 Prepared in cooperation with New York State Coll. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'Soils, 'Tropical regions, 'South America, Tables(Data), Mathematical models, Plants, Taxonomy, Soil classification, Seasonal vari- ations, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ec- uador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suri- nam, Uruguay, Venezuela, Developing country appli- cation. Soil moisture regimes (SMR's)--tables providing quan- titative data on soil moisture and temperature-can aid in land use planning by defining soil limitations on plant growth, creating kingdoms within the soil classification system, and facilitating the preparation of generalized soil maps. This report uses a mathematical model de- veloped by F. Newhall (a rough method designed to identify moisture regimes in areas where climatic and other input data are limited) to calculate SMR's for 1,100 stations throughout South America. The model is limited as data is often averaged over a period of years; SMR's do not include topsoil in calculations, re- sulting in a lack of knowledge on the availability of water for plants; and losses/gains in rainfall from poor drainage conditions are not measured. PB84-176973/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Sampling Design for Commodity Systems Analysis Surveys in Egypt, H. M. Abd-Samie, and A. A. Montaser. Jan 83, 45p UCD/ADS/EWP-107 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Vegetables, 'Cost benefits, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Wheat, Potatoes, Economic fac- tors, Performance evaluation, Cost estimates, Budget- ing, Cluster sampling, Developing country application. The paper outlines a recommended sampling design for surveying commodity systems in developing coun- tries, such as Egypt, to be used for analysis. As an il- lustration of the method, Egyptian wheat and potatoes were used. The first step of the two-stage cluster, sam- pling procedure is to divide the population into nono- verlapping, exhaustive subgroups or strata. Each stra- tum is to be as homogenous as possible, yet signifi- cantly different from other strata. This procedure greatly increases the precision of estimates. Next, each stratum is divided into clustered sampling units. The sample size to use can be determined from the survey budget, the estimated cost per unit surveyed, and the desired precision level. PB84-176981/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. 253 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Farm Mechanization Policy in Egypt, S. A. Imam, and M. Khalil. Jan 83, 36p UCD/ADS/ EWP-118 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, * Egypt, Shortage, Manpower, Economic fac- tors, Performance evaluation, Government policies, Developing country application. Recently, farm mechanization in Egypt has been stim- ulated by a labor shortage and high wages resulting from demand for workers in other sectors and other countries. Agricultural policy aims to increase output, raise rural incomes, and improve income distribution; mechanization is seen as a means to achieve these ends. The paper discussed Egypt's farm mechaniza- tion policy, its targets and goals and its current status. Included were details about plans for expansion of mechanization. PB84-176999/GAA PC A13/MF A01 International Crops Research Inst, for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru (India). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Chickpea Improvement Held at Hyderabad, India on February 28-March 2, 1979. 1979, 292p AID-PN-AAJ-880 Keywords: "Leguminous plants, 'India, Recommenda- tions, Plant genetics, Plant reproduction, Fungi, Hy- bridization, Seeds, Plant physiology, Tables(Data), Field tests, Developing country application. New approaches to breeding of chickpeas (CP's) re- quire increased cooperation between national and international breeding programs. In 1979, the Interna- tional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Trop- ics (ICRISAT) sponsored an international seminar at Hyderabad, India to review ICRISAT's research on CP improvement and to discuss the merits of new breed- ing techniques. Topics discussed at the seminar, whose proceedings are presented in this report, were: breeding strategies; yield improvement through Kabuli- Desi introgression; CP agronomy, physiology, and microbiology; and breeding at the national level. PB84-177005/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Center for Research on Women, Wash- ington, DC. Productivity of Women in Developing Countries: Measurement Issues and Recommendations. Apr 80, 51 p AID-PN-AAJ-229 Contract AID/otr-C-1 801 Keywords: 'Women, 'Education, 'Productivity, 'Em- ployment, Households, Developing country applica- tion, Labor force. By virtually ignoring household production and by un- dercounting female participation in the marketplace, labor force data consistently underrate women's con- tribution to Third World economies. As a result, policy- makers resist the notion of women as economic beings. This report analyzes measurements of women's economic activities, discusses limits to these measures, and recommends improvements. PB84-177013/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Pathfinder Fund, Boston, MA. Women's Development Projects and Fertility Change: Suggestions for Assessing Field Experi- ence. K. B. Piepmeir. Jun 80, 63p AID-PN-AAJ-696 Contract AID/otr-147-79-105 Keywords: 'Women, Project appraisal, 'Fertility, 'So- cioeconomic status, 'Employment, Health, 'Children, Education, Developing country application. Recognition of the importance of socioeconomic fac- tors as determinants of fertility has recently led both governmental and private family planning agencies to undertake community-level projects aimed at reducing fertility by enhancing women's socioeconomic status. This paper examines the rationale behind such socio- economic strategies and offers recommendations with regard to their implementation and evaluation. PB84-177039/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Appraisal of Poultry Feed Policy in Egypt, I. Soliman, and A. Ibrahim. Apr 83, 14p UCD/ADS/ EWP-137 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Poultry, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Appraisals, Production, Economic factors, Perform- ance evaluation, Feeding stuffs, Supply(Economics), Developing country application. Along with the great expansion in poultry production went greatly increased poultry feed production (most of the feed ingredients are imported). Still, serious problems exist with the feed supply including deficient supplies, irregular deliveries, quality problems, and transportation difficulties-according to a survey of 32 producers in the Sharkia Governorate. The broiler in- dustry operates amidst general confusion and disin- centives resulting from multiple interventions by the government. The high feed-conversion ratios found on the survey are an indication of where efficiency in broil- er production could be improved, greatly enhancing the prospects of the industry. PB84-177047/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Egyptian Food Security: An Optimization Ap- proach, A. H. Sarris. Aug 82, 30p UCD/ADS/EWP-096 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Berke- ley. Keywords: 'Food supply, 'International trade, 'Food, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Mathematical models, Government policies, Optimization, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, Marketing, Nonlinear programming, Developing country application, Food security. Although many aspects of the food and agricultural policy in Egypt are done in the name of national food security, the concept itself is vague and the goals of the various Ministries are inconsistent with each other and work at cross purposes, all in the name of national food security. The study presents an empirical 'food security' model in which domestic food requirements must be met while incurring the smallest possible for- eign exchange expenditure and the smallest possible agricultural balance of trade. Quadratic programming was used to simulate cropping patterns by region for 19 internationally traded commodities under several alternative scenarios. Results, while preliminary, sug- gest that the drive toward self-sufficiency in staple food grains at the expense of nonprofitable cash crops is justified when risk is taken into consideration. PB84-177088/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Chemonics International Consulting Div., Washington, DC. Status of Bovine Trypanosomiasis and Seasonal Variation in Its Occurrence in Zone 1 (Niger Valley) of the Republic of Mali, M. A. Q. Awan, S. Maiga, S. Bouare, and A. Telly. Jul 81, 147p AID-PN-AAJ-718 Sponsored in part by Ministere de t'Elevage et des Eaux et Forets, Bamako (Mali). Keywords: 'Mali, 'Animal diseases, Seasonal varia- tion, Infectious diseases, Parasitic diseases, Niger Valley, Bovines, Developing country application. Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), inflicted by the prolific tsetse fly, is a major constraint to the develop- ment of the cattle industry in Mali. This report, re- sponding to the paucity of scientific evidence on the extent of tsetse infestation, investigates the tsetse presence in 1 10 villages in Zone 1, a portion of south- west Mali along the Niger River. Three types of diag- nostic examination were used-thick blood smears, thin blood smears, and lymph node biopsy smears, with the latter found to have the most diagnostic utility. Factors limiting the experiment's success were the presence of trypanosome-resistant cattle and the widespread use of trypanocides by farmers. PB84-177096/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Role of Livestock Production on the Egyptian Farm, I. Soliman, J. B. Fitch, and N. A. El Aziz. Jul 82, 55p UCD/ADS/EWP-085 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt), Agrimanagement (Egypt), and Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Farming, 'Livestock, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Production, Farms, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, Feeding(Supplying), Man- power, Area, Dairies, Developing country application, Feedlots. In contrast to the tendency of livestock researchers to focus on large-scale feedlots and dairies and use tech- nical coefficients derived from national aggregate sec- ondary statistics, the study attempted to clarify the role of livestock on the traditional Egyptian farm which jointly produces crops and livestock. The objectives of the study were to identify the production structure and technical coefficients for traditional farms by examin- ing feeding practices, output quantities and distribu- tion, economic costs, benefits, and returns. Particular attention was paid to the interface of crop and live- stock production, the role of family labor, and identifi- cation of how factors vary by farm size. PB84-177104/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Wages, Prices, and Farm Mechanization in Rural Egypt: The Need for an Integrated Policy, A. de Janvry. Sep 82, 41 p UCD/ADS/EWP-095 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Berke- ley. Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Prices, Rural areas, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, Developing country applica- tion. Policies too often entail unintended consequences be- cause (1) the basis of analysis is only a partial one; (2) decisions are made under political pressures, not by analysis at all; and (3) responses are short-run reac- tions to crises. Like those of many countries, Egypt's agricultural and food policies are of this partial and piecemeal nature; yet, their consequences on eco- nomic growth may be more severe than in other coun- tries because of the pervasiveness of government intervention. What is needed is a better understanding of the interrelatedness of the effects of the various policies that can serve as a basis for an integrated ap- proach to policymaking. PB84-177179/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Some Observations on Livestock Policies in Egypt With Special Reference to Credit and Import Poli- cies, I. Soliman, M. A. El-Azim, and F. Habib. Apr 83, 21 p UCD/ADS/EWP-135 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zag Keywords: 'International trade, 'Livestock, 'Agricul- tural economics, 'Egypt, Credit, Imports, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, Income, Government policies, Developing country application. With increasing population and increasing per capita income, the demand for livestock products has ex- ceeded domestic supplies. Imports have not been able to meet the gap; prices have been driven up beyond the reach of many. Meanwhile, animal protein intake needs to be augmented, particularly among the young and the rural poor. The dilemma has called for govern- mental intervention on several fronts. The two areas discussed in this paper are the credit policy and the import policy. PB84-177195/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Selection of the Sample for the Food Consumption Activity of 1981-82, A. A. A. Mohamed, and M. A. El-Shennawy. Aug 82, 20p UCD/ADS/EWP-088 254 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture (Egypt). Keywords: *Food supply, "Rural areas, Surveys, * Egypt, Developing countries, Developing country ap- plication, Poverty, Households. The principal purpose of the consumption study activi- ty is to depict consumption patterns of poor, rural land- holder families who produce some of their consump- tion needs and purchase the rest. The paper describes the process of selecting a multi-staged, stratified, random sample of 245 households to be subsequently interviewed about consumption patterns. The house- holds were selected from five regions of Egypt: the rice zone, the traditional crop zone in the Delta, the fruit and vegetable zone, the traditional crop zone in mid- Egypt, and the sugarcane zone. PB84-17721 1/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Statistical Techniques for Estimating California Poultry Numbers, 1983, J. H. Cothern, and S. McManigal. Jun 83, 30p UCD/ ADS/EWP-181 Contract AID-263-041 Keywords: 'Poultry, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Surveys, Estimating, Production, Economic factors, Interviews, Tables(Data), Statistical analysis, Develop- ing country application. A team of Egyptian economists has been conducting a survey of Egyptian poultry-producing firms by size, number, and location. To guide them in evaluating the poultry information gathered, this report discusses the methodology used by the California Crop and Live- stock Reporting Service (CCLRS) in its periodic sur- veys of poultry producers and its statistical publica- tions based on these surveys. This review of CCLRS methods reveals that with a systematic and compre- hensive effort, high quality statistical poultry informa- tion may be assimilated, evaluated, and disseminated. PB84-177278/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Measures Suggested by Fellahin to Improve Their Weil-Being, M. A. El-Shennawy, A. Treffeisen, and S. Lane. Jun 83, 30p UCD/ADS/EWP-165 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture (Egypt), and California Univ., Berkeley. Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Income, Surveys, Interviews, Eco- nomic factors, Distribution(Property), Food, Distribu- tion systems, Feeding stuffs, Cattle, Shortages, Flour mills, Developing country application, 'Cooperatives. In 1981-82, as part of the ADS Economics Food Con- sumption Activity, 249 fellahin were asked open-ended questions designed to elicit their perceptions about ways to (1) increase their incomes, (2) increase output on their farms, and (3) improve the nutritional status of their families. Replies were tabulated, categorized, and analyzed. The most popular suggestion was the estab- lishment of more retail cooperative society stores, amply supplied with reasonably priced food. It seems what is needed is not just more food but an improved food distribution system. The second, third, and fourth most frequently mentioned suggestions were: (1) building more mills to grind grain in the villages, (2) in- crease the cottonseed cake quota for cattle to allevi- ate the serious shortage of cattle feed, and (3) make improved seeds more readily available. PB84-177401/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Two Papers on Consumption and Nutrition in Rural Egypt, A. I. Abdou. Jun 82, 28p UCD/ADS/EWP-079 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with National Research Center, Dokki (Egypt). Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Nutrition, 'Egypt, Surveys, Developing countries, 'Rural areas, Nutritional defi- ciency diseases, Farm crops, Developing country ap- plication. The first paper presents an overview of food consump- tion in rural Egypt and reviews various proposals to im- prove the situation. Despite vastly increased imports of wheat and maize, malnutrition persists and is most crit- ical in rural areas. Apparently, the problem is more one of maldistribution than of a shortage in aggregate supply. An integrated plan is needed to meet this food crisis. Other measures to alleviate the situation include increasing maize production, devoting newly devel- oped land at Lake Nasser to fodder, replacing cotton acreage with corn and rice, introducing byproducts into animal feed, increasing credit and input subsidies to farmers, redistributing income toward the poor, and providing nutritional supplements in various food mix- tures including flour. The second paper reviews food consumption patterns in various rural regions of Egypt and finds them highly heterogeneous, with the vari- ations in diet closely associated with variations in pro- duction patterns. PB84-177427/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Rome (Italy). Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture: Guidelines for Curriculum Content for Agricultural Training in Southeast Asia. Apr 81, 150p PN-AAJ-664 Sponsored in part by Philippines Univ. at Los Banos. Keywords: 'Training, 'Agriculture, 'Southeast Asia, 'Nutrition, Food habits, Nutritional deficiency dis- eases, Developing countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Farms, Production, Developing country application, Curricula. Educating farmers in the relationship between agricul- tural production and human nutrition has been sug- gested as one way of resolving the paradox currently occurring in Southeast Asia of simultaneous increases in food production and malnutrition. This report pre- sents guidelines for a one semester undergraduate course in human nutrition for students and teachers of agriculture and for in-service training of agricultural ex- tension workers in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philip- pines, and Thailand. The objective of the course is to help future extensionists, as members of the rural de- velopment team, to better assist farmers in growing food sufficient in quantity and quality to meet family nutritional needs and to increase farmer income. PB84-177435/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Mejoramiento de las Viviendas Rurales en la Re- publics Dominicana para Resistir los Huracanes y Terremotos (Improvement of Rural Housing in the Dominican Republic to Resist Hurricanes and Earthquakes). Apr 81, 121 p AID-PN-AAK-036 Keywords: 'Earthquake engineering, 'Dominican Re- public, Developing countries, Rural areas, Hurricanes, 'Houses, Design, Recommendations, Developing country application. Devastation wrought by hurricanes and earthquakes causes serious housing shortages and high recon- struction costs in the Dominican Republic (DR). This study offers alternative construction methods and housing design modifications to improve the resist- ance of the DR's rural housing to natural disasters and to make housing more accessible to the rural poor. PB84-177518 Not available NTIS Ecological Research Associates, Davis, CA. Use of Artificial Wetlands to Remove Nitrogen from Wastewater. Journal article, R. M. Gersberg, B. V. Elkins, and C. R. Goldman. C1984, 9p EPA-600/J-84-008 Grant EPA-R-807299 Prepared in cooperation with San Diego Water Recla- mation Agency, Santee, CA., and California Univ., Davis. Div. of Environmental Studies. Pub. in Jnl. of Water Pollution Control Federation, v56 n2p152-156Feb84. Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Sewage treatment, 'Nitro- gen, Substitutes, Water quality, Biomass, Cost analy- sis, Biochemical oxygen demand, Methyl alcohol, Plants(Botany), Vegetation, Reprints, 'Waste water reuse, Santee(California). Studies of artificial wetlands at Santee, California, fo- cused on nitrogen removal from municipal wastewaters using lower-cost alternatives to methanol to supply carbon to drive denitrification. Using plant biomass, mulched and applied to the surface of the artificial marsh beds, mean removal efficiencies were 89% for TN at an application rate of 8.4 - 12.5 cm per day and 65% for TN at an application rate of 17 - 20 cm per day. PB84-177674/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Economic Implications of the Policy for Pricing and Allocating Rice in Egypt, S. M. Ali, and B. D. Gardner. Jul 82, 37p UCD/ADS/ EWP-084 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Rice, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Grants, Distribution(Property), Economic factors, Gov- ernment policies, Benefit cost analysis, Income, Mar- keting, Allocations, Resources, Demand(Economics), Developing country application, Scarcity. The policy of heavily subsidizing and rationing rice in Egypt has significant distributive effects and especially benefits low-income consumers in both urban and rural areas. But the policy misallocates scarce re- sources into inefficient uses. The study attempts to measure the economic inefficiency involved so that policy makers may judge whether or not the distribu- tive benefits are worth the efficiency costs. Using a partial equilibrium analysis, welfare losses involved in the government's rice policy were estimated under various assumptions about demand and supply elas- ticities. It was found that the existence of the free market for rice above and beyond the government- controlled portion of the crop is a strong mitigating force in reducing welfare loss since both producers and rural consumers increase their well being by using the free market to trade in rice. Still, pricing the rice quota far below the world market level discriminates against farm families and reduces their income. PB84- 1 77690/GAA PC A04/ M F A0 1 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Public Policy and the Demand for Mechanization on Egyptian Farms, C. H. Gotsch, and W. W. Dyer. Mar 83, 54p UCD/ ADS/EWP-133 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Grants, Wages, Economic factors, Manpower, Energy, Taxes, Mathematical models, Demand(Economics), Farm crops, Winter, Summer, Planting, Developing country application. Whether the movement away from animal power in a developing country is a sign of modernization or is in- appropriate technologically, is an ongoing debate. The issue in Egypt's case presents particular difficulties. For example, the rise in real wages is often taken as a justification of capital-for-labor substitution. But in- creasing wages are to a considerable extent the result of emigration, which could be only temporary. In Egypt, mechanization is also being distorted by subsidies on energy and equipment as well as implicit taxes on crops. To make a modest contribution to the mechani- zation debate in the Egyptian context, an LP model was used to analyze the demand for various types of mechanical technology under both current and hypo- thetical conditions. PB84-178458/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Texas Univ. at El Paso. Women's Organizations in Rural Development, K. A. Staudt. Feb 80, 75p AID-PN-AAJ-773 Keywords: 'Women, 'Rural areas, Organizations, 'Socioeconomic status, Incentives, Developing coun- try application. Unless politically empowered, women will remain mar- ginal in development and the unequal recipients of its 255 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS benefits. Against a review of women's generally dis- proportionate political standing, this paper discusses organizational strategies to increase women's political participation in developing countries. Conventional measures such as voting, recognition by development agencies, and active party membership reveal women's meager political involvement, as does the absence of female leadership of and adequate repre- sentation in political and bureaucratic activities. Strate- gies to reverse this situation-strategies which are needed even in countries professing 'emancipationist' ideologies-must take into account the type of political system. Women's political prospects increase to the degree that the system recognizes organizational, as opposed to socioeconomic, status as the basis for po- litical activity and incorporates independent groups into the decisionmaking process. Economic and social incentives (e.g. income-earning projects and collective causes) are key means of helping women organize to satisfy both immediate and-if programs are well man- aged-long-term needs. Sixteen policy recommenda- tions, based on the above analysis, are made regard- ing organizational strategies, employment/institutional strategies, and data collection. Key recommendations include financing women's organizations, e.g., through PVO's; providing incentives for official bureaucracies to employ women; and collecting pre-and post-project data on women's groups. PB84-178474/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Tanzania Health Sector Strategy, A. E. Henn. Feb 80, 185p AID-PN-AAJ-899 Keywords: 'Health planning, Nutrition, Public health, Programs, Policies, Africa, 'Tanzania, Developing country application, 'Health care delivery, Health status, Health care requirements, Goals. By sacrificing the possibility of more rapid economic growth, the Government of Tanzania (GOT) is devel- oping a health care system to meet the immediate health needs of its people. To assist in the effort, this report reviews Tanzania's health sector and serves as a background against which USAID/T health, nutrition, and population projects can be designed and evaluat- ed. Reviewed are the population's general health status; health sector organization and GOT sector poli- cies and programs; sector contributions from donors, PVO's, the private sector, and traditional medicine; main sector constraints; and the GOT's future sector plans. PB84-178730/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Water and Sanitation for Health Project, Arlington, VA. Social and Economic Preconditions for Water Supply and Sanitation Programs. Technical rept., D. B. Warner. Nov 81, 169p WASH/TR-10, AID-PN- AAJ-903 Contracts AID/DSPE-C-0080, AID/otr-1 47-80-1 01 Keywords: 'Water quality, 'Sanitation, 'Socioeconom- ic status, 'Water pollution, Mathematical models, Guidelines, Technology, Assessments, Public health, Technology, Management planning, Developing coun- try application. Community water supply and sanitation (CWSS) projects in developing countries often lead to only tran- sitory adoption of sanitary and healthy behavior due to a failure to incorporate beneficiaries' socioeconomic needs and capabilities into project design. This study is designed to assist A.I.D. personnel and development planners in understanding the importance of social and economic preconditions in CWSS projects and to identify such preconditions in the field. A five step model is provided for identifying and assessing rele- vant preconditions for CWSS project formulation: (1) identify the area's CWSS needs and the development objectives of the community, domestic government, and USAID (e.g., a goal to promote self-help efforts and appropriate technology transfers); (2) determine the community's socioeconomic status and existing water and sanitation facilities by using composite indi- ces (e.g., the Physical Quality of Life Index) to compare national development data; (3) select appropriate levels of water and sanitation technology (e.g., define a socially feasible technology hierarchy); (4) determine required support conditions attendant to technology (e.g., training, infrastructure, and maintenance); and (5) predict short-and long-term project impacts (e.g., behavioral and institutional changes). For practical use in areas which have never experienced formal pro- gram designs, this general theoretical framework must be field-tested to fit site-specific CWSS situations. In designing specific CWSS projects, the authors recom- mend that from the general preconditions presented here, CWSS planners choose to address those most related to national objectives and those for which insti- tutional support will most likely be available. Interven- tion sites can then be selected and the nature and scope of the intervention can be determined according to perceived community needs and available re- sources. A 67-item bibliography (1953-81) is append- ed. PB84-179084/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Practical Concepts, Inc., Washington, DC. Rural Development in the 1980s: Executive Sum- mary and Conference Proceedings Report on the International Conference Held at the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia in November 1979. Nov 79, 249p AID-PN-AAJ-884 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Rural areas, 'Regional plan- ning, 'Project planning, Meetings, Farms, Social serv- ices, Developing countries, Developing country appli- cation. In 1979 A.I.D. sponsored an international conference on the challenge of poverty and rural development in the 1980's. The proceedings of the conference, here presented, include conference workshop delibera- tions, formal and panel presentations, and special ses- sions. Also presented is an executive summary provid- ing the main consensus points about rural develop- ment projects: (1) projects do not take place in a policy vacuum; (2) decisionmaking should be decentralized to strengthen local capacities; and (3) personnel from many disciplines should be involved. In response to the above points participants recommend that donor agencies: (1) encourage local participation in all project stages; (2) keep project implementation re- sponsibility at the lowest possible level; (3) weigh the trade off of short-run costs and benefits and long-run social benefits and burdens; and (4) shorten the time between project identification and implementation. Summaries of seven workshops cover technical delib- erations, organization and mobilization issues, conclu- sions, and recommendations. Topics were small farmer and rural household production systems; rural financial markets; market access, agricultural pricing, and food distribution; rural enterprises and off-farm employment; rural public works; providing social serv- ices in rural areas; and development of and access to natural resources. PB84-179092/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Outflow of Labor from Agriculture: A Framework for Analyzing Migration from Rural Areas, A. Seifelnasr. Aug 81, 53p UCD/ADS/EWP-033 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Migration, 'Egypt, Develop- ing country application, Labor force, Socioeconomic factors, Households. The paper examines the context and determinants of rural migration with particular emphasis on the interac- tion between demographic and agricultural-related variables. Since migration, a demographic phenome- non with both consumption and production overtones, tends to be a family rather than an individual decision, the family as a decision-making unit received special emphasis in the paper. The setting for migration is de- scribed by four sets of variables at the village level: (1 ) the level and pattern of labor utilization, (2) the level of agricultural technology, (3) the level and distribution of resources within the village, and (4) the extent of the village's integration into the outside world. Although the setting determines the volume of migration, the in- dividual's propensity to migrate is influenced by the socio-economic position of the family and the type of family organization. To describe the causal relation- ships determining migration and to increase the policy relevance of the results, a two-level analysis of migra- tion~at the village level and the household level-is provided. PB84-179100/GAA Auburn Univ., AL. PC A04/MF A01 State-of-the Arts Paper (SOAP) on Techniques of Enumeration of Intercropping and Associated Cul- tivation and Livestock Numbers and Products in Subsistence Agriculture in LDC's, J. O'Sullivan. 1980, 59p AID-PN-AAH-956 Contract AID/afr-C-1607 Keywords:' 'Agriculture, 'Livestock, 'Crops, Farm crops, Food, Interviews, Developing country applica- tion. Unlike highly-developed economies with a high degree of commercial agriculture, subsistence agriculture in developing countries poses special enumeration prob- lems-cropping systems are often complex and non- standardized, farmer illiteracy often precludes the use of mail questionnaires, educated enumerators are lacking, etc. This state-of-the-arts-paper, based on a literature review and interviews with experienced U.S. personnel, reviews techniques currently used in devel- oping countries for enumerating area and production in intercropped (two or more crops growing simulta- neously in the same plot) or associated cultivation (e.g., triple cropping) and for enumerating livestock and livestock products. PB84-179126/GAA PC A05/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Environmental Sanitation and Integrated Health Delivery Programs, D. W. Schnare, G. W. Miller, and C. S. Pineo. 1981, 92p MONO SER-4, AID-PN-AAJ-887 Contracts AID/ta-C-1320, AID/DSPE-C-0053 Keywords: 'Environmental impacts, 'Diseases, 'Health care delivery, 'Sanitation, Preventive medi- cine, Developing countries, Potable water, Water supply, Communities, Project management, Hygiene, Developing country application. The incidence of many major diseases which plague developing countries could be minimized through proper environmental sanitation (ES) practices such as excreta disposal, water purification, personal hy- giene, and immunization. This study outlines a strategy for incorporating ES into integrated health delivery pro- grams. PB84-179134/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Approaches to Appropriate Agricultural Technolo- gy in Egypt: A Special Case Study Evaluation, R. W. Pearson. 25 Oct 81, 39p AID-PN-AAJ-891 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Productivity, 'Technical as- sistance, 'Egypt, 'Agricultural economics, Compari- son, Research projects, Turkey, Pakistan, Prototypes, Tractors, Agricultural machinery, Rural areas, Recom- mendations, Education, Financing, Technical assist- ance, Developing country application. Appropriate agricultural technologies (AAT) could greatly improve Egypt's agricultural production. This paper compares successful AAT projects in Turkey and Pakistan with ongoing efforts in Egypt, particularly the AID-funded Small Scale Agricultural Activities Project (SSAA), identifying points of commonality and developing a generalized approach to AAT. PB84-179167/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development: Present and Potential Role of Edible Wild Plants. Part 1. Central and South America and the Caribbean, L. E. Grivetti. Nov 80, 84p AID-PN-AAJ-688-PT-1 Contract AID/otr-1 47-80-87 See also Part 2, PB84-1 791 75. Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Latin America, 'Plants(Botany), 'Food, 'Tropical regions, Selection, Diets, Feasibility, Central America, South America, 'Caribbean, Nutritional value, Botany, Developing country application. This three-volume, AID-sponsored study on the feasi- bility of using edible wild plants for food in developing country tropical areas assesses the potential role of edible wild plants in Central and South America, and the Caribbean, Oceania, East and Southeast Asia. Based on a search of available literature published in 256 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS the last 150 years, the report documents dietary uses for wild plants, identifies the nutritional importance of selected species, and examines the potential for re- search and development. PB84-179175/GAA PC A08/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development: Present and Potential Role of Edible Wild Plants. Part 2. Sub-Saharan Africa, L. E. Grivetti. Nov 80, 154p AID-PN-AAJ-688-PT-2 Contract AID/otr-1 47-80-87 See also Part 1 , PB84- 1 79 1 67. Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), *Food, *Tropical regions, Selection, Diets, Feasibility, 'Subsaharan Africa, Nutri- tional value, Botany, Developing country application, Oceania. This three-volume, AID-sponsored study on the feasi- bility of using edible wild plants for food in developing country tropical areas assesses the potential role of edible wild plants in Central and South America and the Caribbean (Volume I), Sub-Saharan Africa (Volume II), and India, Oceania, East and Southeast Asia (Volume III). Based on a search of available literature published in the last 1 50 years, the report documents dietary uses for wild plants, identifies the nutritional im- portance of selected species, and examines the po- tential for research and development. PB84-179225/GAA PC A05/MF A01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. Health Care Financing in Developing Countries, D. K. Zschock. 1979, 89p MONO SER-1, AID-PN- AAG-636 Contract AID/ta-C-1 320 Keywords: 'Financial management, 'Health planning, Developing countries, Developing country application. Defining health care as 'activities specifically intended to reduce morbidity and mortality', the study first ana- lyzes the determinants of demand for health care (e.g., health status, income, education, cost, and accessibil- ity). Next, the sources and merits of funding from public sources and private sources are considered and various analytical models of and evaluation criteria for health care financing methods are presented. Lastly, various systemic and five case studies of health care financing are reviewed. PB84-179233/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dept. of Agricultural and Ap- plied Economics. Issues in Irrigation Planning and Development. Staff paper, K. W. Easter. Jan 80, 37p P80-5, AID-PN-AAJ-925 Contract AID/ne-C-1507 Keywords: "Irrigation, * Water management, Perform- ance evaluation, Design criteria, Substitutes, Manage- ment planning, 'Ground water, Farms, 'Economic analysis, Developing country application. Of the numerous irrigation planning and development issues facing developing countries, four are addressed in this report: (1) water allocation methods; (2) irriga- tion project implementation and rehabilitation; (3) alter- natives for design, scale, and distribution of irrigation investments; and (4) improving system-wide perform- ance. As to irrigation policy alternatives, small-scale projects (i.e. tank irrigation) appear desirable but more information is needed to determine their viability, per- formance, and operation in the field. To improve system-wide performance, more research is needed on the joint operation of surface and groundwater sup- plies to ensure optimum use of available water sources, the management of irrigation systems which draw from the same groundwater source, and the ef- fects of certain government policies on the rate at which ground water is drawn. Appended is a 24-item bibliography (1963-78). PB84-179571/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. El Mercado de Trabajo en la Agricultura y las Car- acteristicas Socio-Economicas de los Obreros Agricolas en Puerto Rico (Agricultural Work Market and the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Agricultural Workers in Puerto Rico), J. Z. Acosta, J. L. Troche Ducot, E. D. Lube, and V. C. Figueroa. Oct 83, 95p PUB-148 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Socioeconomic status, 'Agriculture, Salaries, Puerto Rico, Labor market, Developing country application, Socioeco- nomic conditions. During the last three decades Puerto Rico has shown a decline in the number of agricultural workers em- ployed, relatively low wages compared to non-farm workers, and labor input a high proportion of the cost per unit of crop harvests. Sugar, coffee, and tobacco production has decreased while animal production in- creased. Government subsidies for farm workers have also increased in the last 20 years. The study found that the decline in the production of various crops, the reduction of the area under cultivation, and the decline in the supply of farm workers are some of the main factors that limit the agricultural development in Puerto Rico. Under the premise that the availability of human resources is fundamental to alleviate said situation, wages must be increased and working conditions must be improved to attract laborers to the agricultural sector. The government provides subsidies and incen- tives (50.5 million in 1978-79) that are channeled with emphasis toward two main purposes: (1) higher agri- cultural production and (2) an adequate farm labor supply. The conditions that depress the agricultural de- velopment in Puerto Rico lead to the conclusion that said government assistance should be evaluated as to the degree in which it is accomplishing its important objectives. The wage subsidy for agricultural labor in 1 978-79 represented around half of the total govern- ment expenditures in agricultural subsidies and incen- tives. PB84-179696/GAA PC E09/MF E01 Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm. Salts in Soil and Water Within the Arid Climate Zone: Effects on Engineering Geology-with Exam- ples from Saudi Arabia, K. Jergman. 1984, 191p ISBN-91 -540-4067-1, D6:1984 Keywords: 'Water quality, 'Deserts, 'Soils, Thesis, Groundwater. This thesis deals with the presence of salts in soil and water within the arid climate zone and their effects on engineering geology planning. In this field, Sweden should be able to contribute to the building-up of a knowledge resource. Research can benefit various de- veloping countries as well as Swedish companies with operations abroad within the arid climate zone. The material for this thesis has been accumulated succes- sively and the VIAK company in Stockholm has been of primary importance. PB84-179803/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. Produccion y Utilizacion Intensiva de las Forra- jeras en Puerto Rico (Production and Intensive Use of Grasslands in Puerto Rico), J. Vincente-Chandler, R. C. Costas, F. Abruna, and S. Silva. Oct 83, 234p BULL-271 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Grass, 'Livestock, 'Tropical regions, Grassland, Fertilizing, Aerial spraying, Tractors, Slopes, Proteins, Growth, Beef cattle, Dairy cattle, De- veloping country application, Calves. There is a great potential for forage and cattle produc- tion in the humid tropics with year round growing weather, usually abundant rainfall, and generally deep, porous soils. There are vast areas of rolling to steep lands in this region that require the protection against erosion that grasslands can afford. Cattle production on these lands can be efficient since grasslands can be fertilized aerially, or with tractors modified to work on rather steep slopes while cattle harvest the forage by grazing. The research discussed in this bulletin was carried out over the last 30 years under conditions typi- cal of vast areas in the humid tropics. Well managed pastures maintained 5 head/ha of cattle weighing an average of 270 kg each throughout the year, with annual gains in weight exceeding 1,000 kg, or 2.5 milk cows producing over 7,500 liters of milk with no con- centrate feed. PB84-180314/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Review of Literature Relevant to Food Consump- tion Activity, A. I. Abdou. May 82, 25p UCD/ADS/EWP-041 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Egypt, Food habits, Income, Demand(Economics), Diets, Proteins, Nutri- tion, Developing countries, Developing country appli- cation. Literature relevant to the food consumption activity of the ADS Economics Subproject was reviewed. Ab- stracts given were categorized by the following topics: Food shortage problem; Income, food expenditure, the demand for food; Nutritional outcomes; Food con- sumption; The Egyptian diet; The protein problem; and Selected nutrition studies. PB84-180322/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Economics of Tractors in Egyptian Agriculture, M. Khalil. Oct 81, 35p UCD/ADS/EWP-039 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Demand(Economics), Cost effective- ness, Economic factors, Supply(Economics), Animals, Loads(Forces), Developing country application. Tractors play a principal role in agriculture since farm- ing operations can be carried out with greater efficien- cy and at lower cost then with human-or or animal- power. The paper deals with the economics of tractori- zation of Egyptian agriculture, including the potential benefits, the demand for and supply of tractors in Egypt, the present situation, and suggestions for the future. PB84-180363/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Agricultural Trade Policy in Contemporary Egypt, H. A. Khedr, and T. E. Petzel. Sep 82, 13p UCD/ ADS/EWP-091 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt) and Stanford Univ., CA.Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'International trade, 'Agricultural econom- ics, 'Egypt, Government policies, Exports, Economic factors, Volume, Rice, Cotton, Area, Farms, Con- straints, Horticulture, Tomatoes, Developing country application. The paper discussed both traditional (i.e., cotton and rice) and new (i.e., horticul iral) crop exports of Egypt. Three main themes were addressed for each group- comparative advantage, international market composi- tion, and the structure and policy of Egyptian agricul- tural exports. The major policy points addressed dealt with the composition and size of agricultural exports. The future of new exports, such as fresh tomatoes, looks bright but the difficulties must not be understat- ed. So between the traditional and the new, agricultur- al exports can play a stronger role in Egypt's economy. The dominant policy should apparently be to loosen the constraints holding back the potential of the agri- cultural sector. 'The stage would be set for a healthy, steady growth in the horticultural area.' PB84-180405/GAA PC A06/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Experience of Some Countries in Agricultural Mechanization. Economics working paper series, M. Khalil. May 81, 112p UCD/ADS/EWP-015 Contract AID-263-0041 257 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, History, Economic factors, Political objectives, Social effect, Developing country applica- tion. Agricultural development in each country is deter- mined by specific natural, historical, political, econom- ic, and social conditions making it impossible to simply transfer successful experiences with mechanization from one country to another. Still, the learning experi- ences that other developing countries have had with the mechanization of agriculture may serve as valua- ble examples to Egypt. The technological status of ag- riculture in equatorial African countries, Asia, Latin American countries, Romania, and India was reviewed. The possibilities of applying these experiences to the modernization of Egypt's agriculture were discussed. PB84-180421/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Livestock and Crop Production Linkages: Implica- tions for Agricultural Policy. Economics working paper series, J. B. Fitch, and I. Soliman. Sep 82, 26p UCD/ADS/ EWP-092 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Agrimanagement (Egypt) and Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Crops, 'Livestock, 'Agricultural econom- ics, 'Egypt, Production, Government policies, Eco- nomic factors, Performance evaluation, Meat, Dairy products, Farm management, Surveys, Developing country application. Studies have clearly indicated the high degree of inter- dependence between crop and livestock production on traditional Egyptian farms. For policy makers to ignore these essential links would be folly. Given the existing agricultural price policies, it is not surprising to find farmers increasing the area in berseem to feed to produce meat and dairy products (prices uncontrolled) and reducing the area devoted to cotton and wheat (prices controlled). But there are other reasons be- sides price policy for increased livestock production. Using 1977 Farm Management Survey data from ten villages, the paper analyzed some of these other non- price links, in particular, land tenure and farm size. PB84-180660/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Appropriate Technology for Agricultural Intensifi- cation. Economics working paper series, F. C. Child. May 81, 11p UCD/ADS/EWP-006 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Magni- tude, Output, Economic factors, Capital, Steel plants, Automation, Developing country application, Devel- oped countries. In discussing agricultural intensification-extracting the maximum output from limited resources-the paper is clear that the critical factor for growth in Egypt is cap- ital, not land or labor. The dangerous temptation, how- ever, is to shortcut the growth process and adopt ready-made, capital-intensive technology from devel- oped countries. This approach is not the appropriate one for a capital-scarce, labor-abundant economy. Plans for capital-intensive steel mills, nuclear energy plants, fully automated poultry plants, and the like should surely be reexamined and possibly abandoned. Rather, development policy in Egypt should change its direction dramatically, moving instead toward a labor- intensive technology. PB84-180678/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Importance and Repercussions of Cultivating the American Short Staple, Short Duration Cotton on the Egyptian Economy, M. Torayeh. Jul 82, 24p UCD/ADS/EWP-081 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Cotton, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Yield, Growth, Seasonal variations, Economic factors, Imports, United States, Planting, Comparison, Grains(Food), United States, Cost analysis, Develop- ing country application, Food security. There are several motives for introducing to Egypt American varieties of cotton which are shorter stapled and have a shorter growing season. First, Egypt has one of the smallest ratios of cultivated land to popula- tion in the world; the introduction of American cotton would be land-saving. Second, the issue of food secu- rity requires that Egypt's historical specialization in extra-long staple cotton be reconsidered because of vastly increased imports of cereals. Third, Egyptian cotton production is not sufficient even to meet local textile needs, indicating that higher-yielding varieties should be grown. Fourth, cotton is a labor-intensive crop; again, higher-yielding varieties would better cover escalating labor costs. Finally, new varieties might help alleviate Egypt's 'cotton problem'-continu- ously increasing production costs, fixed farm prices, accumulating stocks, decreased demand, and new en- tries in the international market. PB84-180868/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Some Welfare Implications of the Wheat Subsidy and Trade Policy in Egypt, R. M. El-Sayed, D. Abdou, B. D. Gardner, and R. Green. Aug 82, 28p UCD/ADS/EWP-045 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt), and Zagazig Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Wheat, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Prices, Flours(Food), Economic factors, Government policies, Bakery products, Cost analysis, Mathematical models, Efficiency, Developing country application, In- stitutional framework. The paper examines the subsidy structure of wheat and wheat flour in Egypt and explores the significant economic implications. The institutional framework as- sociated with the distribution and pricing of wheat, wheat flour and bread is described in some detail. These institutional aspects are then incorporated into an analytical model to evaluate the economic efficien- cy implications of the government's intervention poli- cies in the wheat market. Estimates are made of the subsidies received by the consumers of wheat prod- ucts and of the welfare costs to the Egyptian economy of the government's policies. PB84-180942/GAA PC E04/MF E01 Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center (Japan). Osaka and Its Technology, Volume 5, 1984. 1984, 65p See also Volume 4, PB84-118678.Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Keywords: 'Urban planning, Landscaping, Forecast- ing, Rail transportation, Water pollution control, Fire prevention, Polymers, Girder bridges, Sewage treat- ment, 'Japan. The Osaka Municipal Urban Engineering Information Center was established in 1 982 with the objective to collect, classify and exchange theses and technical in- formation on urban engineering and technology for ref- erence and to extend expert advice and cooperation in the execution of various engineering projects of local governments at home and abroad. This issue contains articles on the following topics: An Evaluating System for Street Landscape and Its Application; A Demand Forecast System for Railway Passengers in the Metro- politan Area; Basic Investigation on Water Pollution Control Problems; On Characteristics of Cross-Sec- tional Deformation Two Single-Web Main Girder Bridges with Steep Plate Decks; Application of Fire Prevention Engineering for the Disaster Prevention City Plan; and An Outline of Activities in the Field of Polymer Chemistry at the Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute. PB84-181072/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Livestock Economy in Egypt: An Appraisal of the Current Situation. Economics working paper series, J. Fitch, and I. Soliman. Aug 81, 45p UCD/ADS/ EWP-029 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Agrimanagement (Egypt). Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Appraisals, Government policies, Economic factors, Performance evaluation, History, Developing country application. There has been very little in-depth research on Egypt's important livestock sector; the livestock data base is reputed to be one of the weakest components of Egyptian agricultural statistics. Government policies have tended to be spur-of-the-moment responses to crises, offering little hope of remedying Egypt's live- stock problem in the long run. Yet, policy makers if they are to take effective action to improve the sector need to be appraised of the performance of policies of the past. PB84-181 106/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Development of Alternative Energy Science and Engineering in the Caribbean. Final rept., J. A. Bonnet, Jr. 22 Dec 83, 48p CEER-S-180 Contract NSF-INT83-02757 See also PB84-1 45648. Sponsored in part by Depart- ment of Energy, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Research and development, 'Energy source development, 'Caribbean, 'Energy, Substi- tutes, Research projects, Solar energy, Developing country application, Wind power, Biomass. This was the third phase of a project to develop the scientific and engineering capabilities of the universi- ties and research institutes of the Caribbean and thereby to assist in the introduction of alternative energy solutions into the region. The project was con- ceived by the Science and Technology Commission of the Association of Caribbean Universities and Re- search Institutes. This part of the project consisted of a four day Solar Energy Utilization Workshop for the Car- ibbean Basin held at the University of Florida in Gainesville. The workshop was carried out by person- nel from the Solar Energy and Energy Conversion Lab- oratory. It included the basics of solar energy conver- sion and utilization with presentations on specific prob- lems found in the Caribbean Basin. It also included site visits to review solar hardware development and dem- onstration projects in the Gainesville area. All the major lectures were videotaped. A discussion work- shop was held on the last day to develop specific plans to permit the strengthening of institutional capabilities to facilitate the search for solution to the pressing energy problems of the Caribbean. Based on the cu- mulative experience of this workshop and the two pre- vious ones on wind energy in Dec. 1981 in Barbados and on biomass energy in Puerto Rico in Apr. 1982, a detailed proposal to implement cooperative projects is being prepared to be submitted to international funding institutions. The overall plan proposes, among other things, the compilation of a directory of Caribbean human and institutional capabilities and the creation of a Caribbean research endowment fund. In the educa- tion and training areas it provides for technical curricu- lum review, and energy auditors training program, etc. PB84-181 1 14/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Modeling Rural Household Behavior, J. M. Hihn. Jun 81, 32p UCD/ADS/EWP-025 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with California Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Berkeley. Keywords: 'Rural areas, 'Home Economics, 'Socio- economic status, Behavior, 'Egypt, Models, Sociolo- gy, Socioeconomic factors, Developing country appli- cation. The purpose of this literature review paper was to pro- vide background for a cooperative modeling effort be- tween (1) economists and (2) sociologists and anthro- pologists. The Integrated Village Project is an attempt to develop a detailed picture of Egyptian village life by combining the mathematical modeling techniques of the former with the case studies approach of the latter. Accordingly, the paper which reviews general model- ing considerations and applied household models is to 258 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS serve as a communication vehicle to noneconomist collaborators. PB84-181 148/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Laissez-Faire Approach to International Labor Mi- gration: The Case of the Arab Middle East, A. Richards, and P. L. Martin. Sep 80, 33p UCD/ ADS/EWP-004 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Santa Cruz. Keywords: 'Migration, 'Economic analysis, * Egypt, International relations, Developing country applica- tions. This paper analyzes the effects of labor migration on people and nations involved in the substantial Middle East labor migration. Among the many negative effects on sending countries, e.g., Egypt, are (1) uncertainty, for both economic and political reasons, about the continuation of the current flows of people and remit- tances; (2) the propensity to consume rather than invest remittances which may result, for example, in an increased demand for imported food; (3) the creation of bottlenecks in the home labor supply as the most able-bodied go abroad; (4) the accentuation of the more negative aspects of migration because of the natural selectivity of the migration process itself. The point is that any general theoretical framework about migration is of little use when applied to the specific economic and political problems of sending and re- ceiving countries. The answer is not in a laissez-faire policy (i.e., absence of policy) but in very specific poli- cies addressed to problems arising from labor migra- tion. PB84-181 155/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Opportunity Cost of Animal Labor in Egyptian Ag- riculture, W. M. Dyer. Jun 80, 31 p UCD/ADS/EWP-003 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Food Research Inst. Keywords: *Animal energy, 'Agricultural economics, 'Egypt, Agricultural machinery, Constraints, Economic factors, Benefit cost analysis, Feeding stuffs, Develop- ing country application. A frequently suggested means of increasing the pro- ductivity of the Old Lands is increased agricultural mechanization. Milk animals there presently constitute the major source of agricultural power. Previous esti- mates of this opportunity loss in feasibility-of-mechani- zation studies were reviewed and found wanting. Milk production functions for cows and buffalo were esti- mated. The resulting marginal products for feed and hours worked per season. PB84-181 163/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Cotton Supply Response: A Case of a Distorted Market, H. A. Khedr, H. Kheir-EI-Din, and T. E. Petzel. Sep 82, 20p UCD/ADS/EWP-094 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt), Cairo Univ., Giza (Egypt), and Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange, Inc., New York. Keywords: 'Industrial development, 'Cotton, 'Agricul- tural economics, 'Egypt, Supply(Economics), Prices, Economic factors, Marketing, Industries, Mathematical prediction, Farms, Area, International trade, Yield, De- veloping country application. Although in as restrictive an environment as is Egypt's cotton industry, it can be argued that supply response to price would be nil, the study argues that there are still several ways that market forces can impact cotton production. Farmers may adjust acreage outside gov- ernment guidelines and may alter variable inputs to affect yields or the government itself may respond di- rectly to international prices. Three sets of supply re- sponse functions (acreage and yield) by staple length were estimated. PB84- 1811 89/GAA PC A02 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Egyptian Agricultural Development and the Role of Agricultural Intensification, M. K. Hindy. Mar 81, 21 p UCD/ADS/EWP-005 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt). Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Income, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, 'Egypt, Magnitude, Production, Economic fac- tors, Population growth, Farms, Prices, Land use, Water supply, Manpower, Agricultural machinery, Ani- mals, Loads(Forces), Developing country application, 'Double cropping systems. In an overview of the structure of Egyptian agriculture and the performance of the agricultural sector, the paper discusses the role of agricultural intensification to increase production and income. Major problems are reviewed including the rapidly growing population and the government farm pricing policy which has served to severely misallocate resources and widen the food gap. Attention is now being directed to ways to intensify agricultural production, that is, to achieve more favorable output-input ratios with respect to each of the fundamental resources: Land, water, labor, me- chanical power, and animal power. For example, one way to increase the output-land ratio is to double crop. PB84-181213/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Office of Agriculture. Leucaena leucocephala': A Tree That Defies the Woodcutter. 1 Jun 81, 148p AID-PN-AAJ-944 Keywords: 'Fertilizers, Central America, Cattle, Soils, Foods, Farm crops, Livestock, Erosion, Wood, 'Leu- caena leucocephala, Developing country application. Leucaena leucocephala, a long-ignored, versatile legume native to Central America, could offer solutions to global ecological problems of denudation, soil ero- sion, dwindling wood supplies, and crop production. This report documents the potential importance of many Leucaena varieties for wood, forage, fertilizer, and ground cover in tropical and subtropical countries. PB84-181221/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Engineering Re- search Center. Development Process for Improving Irrigation Water Management on Farms: Executive Summa- ry, G. V. Skogerboe, M. K. Lowdermilk, E. W. Sparling, and J. E. Hautaluoma. May 80, 30p WATER MANAGEMENT-TR-65A, AID-PN-AAJ-360 Contract AID/ta-C-1 411 SeealsoPB84-181254. Keywords: 'Water management, 'Irrigation, 'Farming, Agricultural products, Management planning, Develop- ing country application. Experience has clearly shown that effective on-farm water management can significantly increase agricul- tural and labor productivity and improve rural income distribution in developing countries. This report, direct- ed toward project managers and summarizing three separate volumes, describes a comprehensive, inter- disciplinary process which relies on farmer and client involvement to improve on-farm management of large- scale irrigation projects. The process entails physical and social scientists: (1) working together with farmers to identify the major constraints to agricultural produc- tivity and resource conservation; (2) developing ac- ceptable solutions to priority problems in collaboration with farmers; and (3) implementing a package of solu- tions utilizing both government and farmer resources. The Project Implementation manual outlines the areas of project authorization-reviewing the solution pack- age, identifying the project approach, preparing objec- tives, and obtaining project authorization; project orga- nization-selecting personnel, developing institutional linkages, and specifying project management; and project operation-operationalizing objectives, devel- oping a work plan and time schedule, generating farmer participation, and monitoring progress. In con- clusion, the authors caution that although the manuals are organized separately and appear distinct, they do overlap and are intended to be used together. PB84-181239/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Engineering Re- search Center. Development Process for Improving Irrigation Water Management on Farms: Development of So- lutions Manual, E. W. Sparling, W. D. Kemper, J. E. Hautaluoma, M. K. Lowdermilk, and G. V. Skogerboe. Apr 80, 105p WATER MANAGEMENT-TR-65C, AID-PN-AAJ-361 Contract AID/ta-C-1 411 See also PB84-181254, and PB84-181247. Keywords: 'Water quality, 'Irrigation, 'Farming, 'Water management, Economic analysis, Agricultural products, Management planning, Developing country application. Experience has clearly shown that effective on-farm water management and control can significantly in- crease agricultural productivity and improve rural income distribution in developing countries. This volume, one of a four-volume series, describes a com- prehensive process for improving on-farm irrigation water management in developing countries. PB84-181247/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Engineering Re- search Center. Development Process for Improving Irrigation Water Management on Farms: Project Implementa- tion Manual, J. E. Hautaluoma, D. M. Freeman, W. D. Kemper, J. J. Layton, and M. K. Lowdermilk. May 80, 120p WATER MANAGEMENT-TR-65D, AID-PN-AAJ-362 Contract AID/ta-C-1 411 SeealsoPB84-181239. Keywords: 'Farming, 'Water quality, 'Water manage- ment, 'Irrigation, Agricultural products, Management planning, Developing country application. Experience has clearly shown that effective on-farm water management and control can significantly in- crease agricultural productivity and improve rural income distribution in developing countries. This volume, part of a four-volume series describing a com- prehensive system for improving on-farm irrigation water management in developing countries, outlines a process for proposing and obtaining authorization of a project, establishing the project organization, and exe- cuting the project to meet its objectives. Operating the project to ensure objectives are met involves estab- lishing a work plan and schedule of events, initiating field operations, establishing field technical support, training farmers, monitoring and evaluating progress, refining the project, and ultimately transferring respon- sibility for the project to local participants. In addition, long-run project success depends upon adequate farmer participation to ensure that project innovations are integrated into the local agricultural system. A 13- item bibliography (1958-80) is appended. PB84-181254/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Engineering Re- search Center. Development Process for Improving Irrigation Water Management on Farms: Problem Identifica- tion Manual, M. K. Lowdermilk, W. T. Franklin, J. J. Layton, G. E. Radosevich, and G. V. Skogerboe. Mar 80, 203p WATER MANAGEMENT-TR-65B, AID-PN-AAJ-363 Contract AID/ta-C-1 411 See also PB84-1 81 221 , and PB84-1 81 239. Keywords: 'Water quality, 'Water management, 'Irri- gation, 'Farming, Agricultural products, Management planning, Developing country application. Experience has clearly shown that effective on-farm water management and control can significantly in- crease agricultural productivity and improve rural income distribution in developing countries. This volume, one of a series on a comprehensive process for improving on-farm irrigation water management in developing countries, offers guidelines, concepts, pro- cedures, and methods for identifying factors which in- hibit efficient functioning of farm irrigation systems. Problem identification has as its goals: understanding the traditional farming system and its interrelated com- ponents; identifying constraints to production, espe- cially on small farms; and providing data which can be used in designing projects for upcoming growing sea- sons. The authors emphasize the importance of em- 259 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ploying an interdisciplinary research team of engi- neers, sociologists, economists, and agronomists and encouraging active farmer participation. Major problem identification activities can be divided between recon- naissance and diagnosis. A 56-item bibliography (1954-79), data management and budget analysis forms, and a list of equipment needs are appended. PB84-181312/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. Determinacion de la Cantidad de Alimento Con- centrado Necesario para la Produccion Econo- mica de Leche (Determination of the Quantity of Concentrated Feed Necessary for the Economic Production of Milk), M. A. Padilla. Mar 83, 64p PUB-146 Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Animal feeds, 'Agricultural economics, Mathematical models, Production, Milk, Cattle, Feeding(Supplying), 'Puerto Rico, Developing country application. Dairy feed investment is the primary cost factor in the operation of dairy farms in Puerto Rico, so a study was made to find a way to improve its use. The objective was to develop a mathematical formula to optimize the use of concentrate feeds to lower the production costs of milk. To do this the study had to develop a suitable milk production function; to find, through this function, the marginal productivity of the concentrate feed; and to optimize the concentrate use, taking into consider- ation the value of milk at the farm level and the cost of the concentrate feed. The last was done through five analyses. PB84-182468/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Constraints in the Innovation Diffusion Process: Lessons for Egypt, R. I. Rochin. Mar 81, 20p UCD/ADS/EWP-022 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Technology transfer, Prices, Attitudes, Risk, 'Egypt, Developing country applica- tion, Price elasticity. The paper analyzes the diffusion process of an agricul- tural innovation. Graphing the cumulative percentage of farmers as more and more adopt the innovation over time, generally results in an S shaped curve*, probably never quite reaching 100 percent. Farmers can be characterized by where they enter this curve in time: Innovators, early adopters, early majority, con- servatives, and finally, the laggards or late adopters. Most studies show innovators and early adopters to be literate and better off economically than the more hesi- tant groups. Attitudes toward risk play an important role in the decision to adopt. Effective communication and extension can help diffuse the innovation espe- cially among farmers who are usually late adopters. In assessing the impact of the innovation, several consid- erations are important, including the elasticity of sub- stitution among inputs, the net social return to society, the cost of diffusion, and the product price elasticity. For example, too rapid diffusion of a new product with an inelastic demand could be devastating to price and returns to growers. PB84-182476/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Integration of the International Market for Cotton, E. Monke, and T. Petzel. Oct 81, 34p UCD/ADS/ EWP-043 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Arizona Univ., Tucson and Stanford Univ., CA. Keywords: 'Cotton plants, 'International trade, Prices, Policies, Egypt, World market, Developing country ap- plication. Although Egypt accounts for only a small portion of the international cotton market, it is a principal supplier of extra long staple (ELS) varieties. The impact of changes in quantity of Egypt's ELS on world prices de- pends importantly on the degree of market integration, i.e., whether or not ELS is a specialty market, largely independent of other staple length varieties. Another important consideration is that yields are considerably higher for other varieties than for ELS. The paper in- vestigates price relationships among different staple length with particular attention to the distinction be- tween ELS and shorter staple length varieties. Results indicate that the world cotton market should be consid- ered as a single market in the long run, in which Egypt has only a small share. Few end uses remain that uniquely require ELS. The price premiums which ELS used to enjoy have declined markedly. Also, because of higher yields from other varieties, policies which pro- mote ELS production should be reexamined. PB84-182484/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Targeting Plant Breeding Research for Traditional Farmer Intensification Needs - Triticale Experi- ences in Mexico, D. E. Hansen. Mar 81, 28p UCD/ADS/EWP-012 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Plants(Botany), 'Agricultural economics, 'Technology transfer, Agricultural products, Yield, Low income groups, Mexico, Farmers, Developing country application. The concern of the paper is with agricultural intensifi- cation-increasing the net real value of output per unit of cultivated area-directed at traditional farmers, i.e., those who farm mostly with methods of previous gen- erations. The successful experience of peasant farm- ers in Erongaricuaro, Mexico, with growing triticale (a high-yielding rye-wheat cereal) is described as (1) a surprising counter example to the expected accept- ance pattern of technology transfer and (2) illustrating the importance of targeting plant breeding effects for small farmer needs. This is one rare case in which low- income, peasant farmers were early adopters of a technological innovation. Part of the reason for suc- cess lies in plant breeders and extension workers tar- geting the needs of traditional farmers which differ from those of commercial agriculturists. PB84-182658/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Texas Univ. at El Paso. Tracing Sex Differentiation in Donor Agricultural Programs, K. A. Staudt. 1979, 47p AID-PN-AAH-774 Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Socioeconomic status, 'Women, Manpower utilization, Third World countries, Developing country application. In the first section of this paper, policy-oriented re- search on women's agricultural involvement is re- viewed. Utilizing a variety of sources, the paper then attempts to trace differential effects of donor organiza- tion agricultural policy and intervention strategies, re- ported in the second section of the paper. These at- tempts illuminate the difficulties of and prospects for tracing sex-differentiated policy consequences, dis- cussed in section three. Women are often subsumed within the family unit, and are dispersed within a popu- lation to a greater extent than racial groups, socio-eco- nomic groups, or geographic regions within a nation. The tasks set forth in this paper are expected to con- tribute generally to literature on policy monitoring and policy impact. PB84-182708/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Bell (James) and Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA. Coverage, Characteristics, Administration, and Costs of Pension and Health Care Benefits in Small Businesses. Final rept., J. Bell, and D. Kennell. Mar 84, 21 4p* Contract SBA-6059-OA-82 Keywords: 'Small businesses, 'Health, Personnel, Government policies, Regulations, Insurance, Cost analysis. Congress and other agencies of the federal govern- ment are currently engaged in policy discussions con- cerning reforms to ERISA, as well as a variety of pro- posals that would alter regulation concerning employer deductions for health benefits coverage and stimulate competition among health providers and insurers. A major issue in these debates is the degree to which proposed changes may adversely affect small busi- nesses and inhibit their ability to compete in the mar- kets for their goods and services. Major changes in these regulations, particularly as they relate to small businesses, cannot be effectively evaluated without up-to-date, reliable and valid analysis of current trends in employer benefits. The objective of this project is to assess the costs to small employers of providing em- ployee benefits relative to the costs to large employ- ers, with particular emphasis on the amount and types of pension and health care coverage and benefits. PB84-184035/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Agricultural Crop Pattern and Egyptian Food Secu- rity: Some Preliminary Results, A. H. Sarris. Nov 81, 29p UCD/ADS/EWP-049 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Agriculture, 'Crops, 'Food supply, Mathematical model, Egypt, Exports, Food consumption, Developing country application. Although food and agricultural policy in Egypt is con- sistent in driving toward 'national food security,' the concept itself is not clear, and goals espoused by dif- ferent governmental agencies, though in the name of national food security, are inconsistent. Notably absent from discussions of achieving national food se- curity are the effects of the international market on ag- ricultural production strategies. The paper attempts to fill this gap. A model estimating net (potential) foreign earnings of a crop, taking account of the variation in yields and after domestic demand has been met, was used in the analysis. Tables were complied for several field crops, fruits, and vegetables giving levels of for- eign earnings below which the crop would find itself once in every five and once in every ten years. Results indicate that in the diversification of Egyptian crop rota- tion, fruit and vegetable crops should be emphasized. Expansion of wheat acreage may actually reduce food security by taking away land from more profitable crops. Also, there was some evidence that maize area should increase at the expense of cotton, but not of vegetables. PB84-184472/GAA PC E03/MF E01 National Research Inst, for Mathematical Sciences, Pretoria (South Africa). Modelling the Demand for Construction. Technical rept., H. R. Weistroffer. Jul 83, 23p CSIR-TWISK-322 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Construction, Mathe- matical models, Developing countries, South Africa, Demand(Economics), Economic factors. A system dynamics approach to modelling the demand for construction in South Africa is described. The model presented in this paper is intended as a first step in an iterative process of modelling construction demand, and as such is deliberately kept small. Re- sults obtained through the model using historical data indicate that the relations included in the model are indeed relevant. The accuracy of the model is dis- cussed and suggestions for further developing the model are made. PB84-184761/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Summary and Proceedings, ADS (Agricultural De- velopment Systems) Economics Policy Workshop (9th), Food Price Policy and Subsidies. May 83, 14p UCD/ADS/EWP-152 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Food, 'Economic analysis, Policies, Food consumption, Distribution systems, Patterns. This report summarizes the issues surrounding food price policies and food subsidies in Egypt. Papers and discussion focused on the impact of food pricing and distribution policies, the role of the food subsidy system, the impact of agricultural pricing on production patterns, and on food consumption and distribution patterns. The proceedings paper reports the consen- sus arrived at by workshop participants and gives major recommendations for improving the food pricing and distribution policy so equity goals can be achieved at lower efficiency costs and welfare losses: (1) Identi- fy appropriate target groups for the food subsidy and distribution programs. (2) Subsidize at the final-product level rather than rationing or a multi-price system. 260 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS PB84-184779/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Summary and Proceedings, ADS (Agricultural De- velopment Systems) Economics Policy Workshop (8th), Livestock Economics in Egyptian Agricul- ture. Mar 83, 23p UCD/ADS/EWP-125 Contract AID-263-0041 See also PB84-1 66941. Keywords: * Agricultural economics, * Livestock, 'Mar- keting, 'Egypt, Meetings, Policies, Breeding, Veteri- nary medicine, Feeding stuffs, Milk, Developing coun- try application. This report contains policy recommendations growing out of workshop discussions which include: (1) Egypt's strategy for livestock production should recognize the dominant role of the small traditional farmer. The aim should be to improve his productivity by providing artifi- cial insemination, medicines, and other veterinary services and improving feed availability. (2) More em- phasis should be placed on milk production, including improvements at the production, processing, and mar- keting levels. (3) The government needs to rethink and reorganize its system for processing and allocating feed concentrates. The current system of subsidies discourages the development of new domestic feed sources and tends to favor less efficient producers. PB84-186444/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Mechanization, Migration, and Labor in an Egyp- tian Village, N. S. Hopkins. Dec 81, 28p UCD/ADS/EWP-47 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with American Univ., Cairo (Egypt). Keywords: 'Farming, 'Migration, 'Employment, Farm management, 'Egypt, Developing country application. The paper is a preliminary report of anthropological field work in the village of Musha, Egypt. It contributes to the debate about the implications and conse- quences of the spread of agricultural mechanization in Egypt. Part of the confusion about the issue-whether mechanization leads to migration because of labor dis- placement or whether mechanization is necessary be- cause of migration-induced labor shortages-arises be- cause of neglecting to study the basic way labor is or- ganized. Since the basic unit for organizing labor in Egypt is the household, the focus of the paper is on its role. Labor decisions depend on whether a particular household has more labor than land, more land than labor, or is about evenly balanced between them. Thus, careful study at the household level should reveal much about the labor-mechanization-migration relationships. PB84-187152/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Comparative Studies: Cross National Summaries. Number 9: Contraceptive Practice, E. Carrasco. Jun 81, 82p AID-PN-AAK-010 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: 'Contraceptives, 'Birth control, 'Women, Foreign countries, Demography, Developing countries, Developing country application. As part of a series of comparative international stud- ies, this report describes similarities and differences in levels and patterns of contraceptive use in 19 coun- tries. To make these comparisons, only contraceptive use, demographic, and control variables are used. Both ever-use (use at any time) and current use of con- traceptives are assessed and a distinction is made be- tween efficient (i.e., sterilization, IUD) and inefficient (i.e., rhythm, withdrawal) contraceptive methods. The demographic variables include the age of respondents and the number of living children, while control varia- bles refer to four control groups of women: ever-mar- ried (includes 'ever in union'); currently married; fecund (currently married women who are physiologically ca- pable of having children, or who are pregnant, or who have been sterilized for contraceptive purposes); and exposed (all fecund women except those who are pregnant). Information for the tables and graphs was collected through questionnaires designed to ascer- tain knowledge and ever-use of contraceptive meth- ods in Bangladesh, Fiji, Indonesia, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. PB84-187178/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Productivity of Small Ruminants in West Javanese Farming Systems, H. C. Knipscheer, and T. D. Soedjana. Jan 83, 41 p TRS-1 3 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Animal husbandry, 'Indone- sia, Economic factors, Surveys, Production, Mortality, Breeding, Economic impact, Reproduction(Biology), Management, 'Land use, Income, Developing country application, Small farms. The report contains the results of a survey intended to provide previously lacking data about productivity of sheep and goats under smallholder conditions in West Java. A rapid-assessment, one-visit survey was carried out at three locations, in which farmers were asked to report the monthly changes in the size and composi- tion of their flocks during October, 1980, to October, 1 981 . The purpose was to provide information to guide the formulation of biological research programs. Areas identified as needing further research included: the causes of high mortality rates among grazing sheep in lowland areas; the impact of farmers' breeding man- agement on lambing rates; and the long-term impact of animal-distribution schemes on smallholder herds/ flocks, particularly where grazing areas are available. PB84-187194/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Comparative Studies. Cross National Summaries: Breastfeeding, B. Ferry. May 81, 43p R-13, AID-PN-AAK-011 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: 'Breastfeeding, 'Asia, 'Latin America, Comparison, Demographic surveys, Birth, Statistical data, Developing country application. Patterns for the two continents contrast markedly for both the last closed birth interval and the open interval. The median duration of breastfeeding is generally 1-2 years in Asia and 6 months in Latin America (except for Peru). Surprisingly, breastfeeding duration did not differ according to the child's sex even in countries where male children are preferred. The survey partially solves the complex problem of linking breastfeeding with mortality by restricting some analyses to surviving children. Much more work is needed in this area, how- ever. The data's doubtful reliability, e.g., as evident in the different biases obtained for the open and closed intervals, makes it difficult to analyze breastfeeding trends in detail, as does restricting analysis to demo- graphic variables. PB84-187434/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Economics. Developing Farm Enterprise Budgets: An Experi- ment in the Dominican Republic, T. M. Dickey, and R. L. Tinnermeier. Sep 81, 48p OP-6, AID-PN-AAK-032 Contract AID/ta-CA-3 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Financial management, Management, Farm crops, Prices, Production, Inter- views, Dominican Republic, Developing country appli- cation. The general inadequacy of existing farm enterprise budgets within the Dominican Republic's (DR's) agri- cultural sector led to the design of a new, standard- ized, interinstitutional budget system for use by the Ag- ricultural Development Bank and the Secretariat of Ag- riculture's Farm Management Division. This study de- scribes this new budgeting methodology and provides guidelines for its replication in other countries. PB84-187442/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Economics. Analysis of Three Methodologies for Collecting Data from Small Farmers in the Dominican Repub- lic, J. D. Longwell. Jan 81, 95p AID-PN-AAK-033 Contract AID/ta-CA-3 Keywords: 'Farming, 'Financial management, 'Do- minican Republic, Developing countries, Production, Comparison, Surveys, Cost estimates, Developing country application. In preparing investment plans for small farmers, credit agents for the Dominican Republic's Agricultural Bank often estimate small farmer production costs using secondary sources such as informal surveys of area input suppliers. To determine the objectivity of Bank estimates, an alternative method of data collection, based on interviews with small farmers themselves, was tested in the Cibao Valley and the results com- pared with estimates prepared by Bank agents. Two samples were interviewed: (1) a representative (pur- posive) sample of five farmers chosen by Bank agents was interviewed about land market value, labor, input prices, and level of technology; and (2) a random sample of 30 farmers was similarly interviewed. A com- parison of the data collected indicates that credit agents' estimations vary significantly from the produc- tion cost data provided by farmers in the interviews. Little difference in data was noted between the two samples. Consequently, by estimating production costs instead of systematically measuring them (through questionaires), the Bank is not accurately rep- resenting actual production costs faced by its farmer clients. The consequences of under-and over-estimat- ing production costs (no consistent pattern was noted) in the farm investment plan can affect, respectively, a farmer's ability to repay loans and the Bank's marginal productivity. This translates into nonviable and ineffec- tive agricultural credit policies. PB84-187558/GAA PC E15/MF E01 National Building Research Inst., Pretoria (South Africa). Housing Challenge: A Positive Approach. Proceed- ings of the Building Research Conference Held at Pretoria, South Africa on 24-26 May 1983. May 83, 446p* Text in English and Afrikaans. Keywords: 'Housing, 'Building materials, 'Construc- tion, 'South Africa, Developing countries, Sanitation, Low income groups, Construction materials, Urban re- location, Socioeconomic status. This document contains 29 papers and 46 case stud- ies presented at this conference. Topics include: Rural-urban relations in developing countries; contex- tual and social issues important in self-help schemes; Managing a supported self-help housing scheme; Road layout-key to cost-effective servicing of residen- tial land; Urban design: its importance in the low income sector; An approach to essential standards for housing; Low cost urban sanitation in Lesotho; Unit design and construction; Innovation to the rescue. PB84-187590/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Economics Policy Workshop Paper (1st): The Eco- nomics of Agricultural Intensification, B. Glassburner, and M. R. El-Amir. May 81, 43p UCD/ADS/EWP-010 Contract AID-263-0041 Prepared in cooperation with Assuit Univ. (Egypt). Keywords: 'Agriculture, 'Marketing, 'Food supply, Food consumption, Meetings, Government policies, 'Egypt, Incentives, Agricultural economics, Agricultur- al intensification, Developing country application. The paper captures the essential results of a 1981 four-day workshop on agricultural intensification at- tended by more than 100 people who heard 35 papers presented. Significant consensus was reached on sev- eral key points: (1) Egypt faces a food gap crisis of serious proportions as demand for food is increasing rapidly but production growth has stagnated. (2) Since Egypt has very little potential to expand either land or water resources, intensification of existing agriculture is necessary to avert the food crisis. (3) Farmers, therefore, must be given proper incentives. (4) Progress must be made toward dismantling the worst of the market distortions imposed an agricultural by the 261 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS government. (5) Economic success for the nation is impossible without a strong agricultural sector. (6) Ag- ricultural research must also be intensified. PB84-187624/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Agricultural Development Sys- tems/Egypt Project. Economics Policy Workshop (2nd). Papers and Proceedings: Agricultural Marketing in Egypt. Jun 81, 58p UCD/ADS/EWP-030 Contract AID-263-0041 Keywords: 'Agriculture, "Economic analysis, 'Market- ing, Policies, 'Egypt, International trade, Meetings, De- veloping country application. The proceedings summarize the major conclusions de- veloped during a workshop on agricultural marketing in Egypt held in June 1981. First, significant marketing problems were identified. It was found that agricultural marketing research has received insufficient attention, there is a lack of understanding of production-market- ing linkages, coordination of research between econo- mists and industry personnel is needed, and neces- sary data are lacking, as are meaningful analysis and appropriate applications to the policy-making process. Second, the 'state of the art' in marketing research was reviewed with the findings that most is done by graduate students in pursuit of a degree; there is very little extension of the research beyond academics. Third, appropriate methodological approaches were discussed with an improved data base as a top priority. Finally, potential research projects were identified in the areas of commodity problems, marketing func- tions, and institutional studies. PB84-188895/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Genetic Influence on Foraging Behavior (Diet Se- lection) of Ruminants (Sheep and Goats), L. Warren, J. M. Shelton, and D. N. Ueckert. Sep 83, 38p TRS-32 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Texas Agricultural Exper- iment Station, San Angelo. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Nutrition, Suitability, Produc- tion, Food, Animal behavior, Comparison, Histology, Plants(Botany), Developing country application, Graz- ing. The increasing human population will continue to place pressure on the world's resources. The end result will be that the grazing animal will likely be rel- egated to the use of resources not suitable for the pro- duction of food crops. In this connection, it will become increasingly more important to select between and within species for animals which will utilize available forage resources to the best advantage. The present report is concerned with a series of investigations comparing the grazing behavior between species, breeds within species, and sire groups within a given genotype. This work confirmed previous studies show- ing important species differences. However, these studies also confirmed the existence of breed differ- ences for sheep and goats, and the existence of signif- icant sire differences within breeds of young male goats. PB84-188903/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Los Residuos de Cosecha como Estrategia para la Alimentacion de Rumiantes Menores (Crop Resi- dues as a Strategy for Small Ruminant Feeding), W. L. Johnson. 1980, 20p TRS-2 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in Spanish. Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: 'Crops, 'Animal feeds, 'Ruminants, Vege- tation, Requirements, Feeding(Supplying), Animal nu- trition, Fibers, Digestion(Biology), Concentration(Composition), Proteins, Carotene, Diet, Developing country application. Crop residues and preharvest foliages are being used for small ruminants in intensive and extensive feeding systems. Optimum use of these materials will depend on knowledge of animal requirements, which vary with breed type and production class, and on nutritional evaluation including palatability, total cell-wall fiber, rate of fiber digestibility, and concentrations of protein, minerals, carotene and anti-quality substances. Avail- ability of alternative feeds, combinations of feeds in mixed diets and animal adaptation are other pertinent factors. Variability among specific lots of crop residues means that composition tables are of limited use; therefore, access to a rapid and reliable feed analysis service is of great importance. PB84-189182/GAA PC A13/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Partners in Research: A Five Year Report of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Rept. for 1978-83, R. D. Blond. 1983, 293p Grant AID-DSAN-XII-G-0049 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Ruminants, Goats, Sheep, Domestic animals, Milk, Meat, Fibers, Production, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, Morocco, Kenya, Developing country application. Partners in Research was produced by the Small Ru- minant Collaborative Research Support Program (SR- CRSP) to document the accomplishments of the pro- gram for the initial five year grant period. The long range goal of the program is to improve the efficiency of milk, meat, and fiber by sheep and goats in order to increase the food supply and income of the small- holder in lesser developed countries (LDCs). The pro- gram hopes to expand the body of knowledge and in- crease the level of competence of US and LDC scien- tists to conduct research on small ruminants in small- holder production systems. The research, coordinated by fourteen scientists (Pis) from 10 US institutions, is being undertaken in five countries (Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, Morocco, and Kenya). PB84-189737/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Efficiency of Digestion in Goats and Sheep, W. L Johnson. 1981, 20p TRS-8 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: 'Animal feeds, 'Ruminants, Efficiency, 'Proteins, Utilization, Diets, Concentration(Composition), Cellulose, Carbohy- drates, Cell wall, Digestive system, Comparison, Cattle, Quality, Animal nutrition, Fibers, Rates(Per time), Food consumption, Developing country applica- tion, Caseolous lymphadenitis. The process of converting plant fiber to animal product is complex. Simplistic measures of efficiency such as average product per unit of feed input can be mislead- ing if they do not reflect the critical biological and eco- nomics points in this process. Efficiency of protein utili- zation in the ruminant is influenced by dietary concen- trations of non-protein nitrogen, true protein, and bound (unavailable) nitrogenous substances. Energy is derived from rapidly soluable carbohydrates and slowly degradable cell-wall cellulose and hemicellu- loses. Intake of energy is influenced by the presence of non-degradable cell-wall matter and its rate of pas- sage through the digestive tract. There is evidence that the goat, compared with sheep and cattle, has become adapted to a low-quality feed resource through his ability to selectively consume the more nu- tritious (less fibrous) plant parts, and to pass his di- gesta through at a faster rate. PB84-189745/GAA PC A06/MF A01 BJK Associates, Inc., Omaha, NE. Productivity and Profitability Among Small Family Business: Development and Analysis of a Unique Data Base. Final rept., B. Kirchoff, and J. Kirchoff. Feb 84, 116p* Contract SBA-7132-OER-83 Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Small businesses. Results of this study show that, at least in two SIC code industries studied, firms with nine or less employ- ees differed in important ways from those with more than nine employees. Most importantly, smaller firms appear to be more profitable and exhibit greater effi- ciency and productivity. Smaller firms are found to be more profitable than the larger firms. The results may indeed point to an underlying economic reality of small businesses. That is, size of business does affect profit- ability. Smaller businesses, those with nine or less em- ployees,- are more profitable than those with 1 to 45 employees; and those businesses with less than 49 employees are more profitable than those with more than 49. But, why is this the case. Many observers of small business perceive the typical model to be the 'mom and pop store,' i.e., a family run business that functions solely to produce an adequate income to support the family. The evidence provided herein con- tradicts this; instead, it suggests that these businesses are economically viable and more profitable than larger businesses. PB84-190081/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Maryland Univ., College Park. Water Resources Re- search Center. Disposal of Secondarily Treated Municipal Sewage by Subsurface Irrigation, L E. Stewart, D. S. Ross, H. L. Brodie, and T. Sohrabi. Aug 83, 24p OWRT-A-055-MD(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -21 22 Prepared in cooperation with Maryland Univ., College Park. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering. Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Land use, 'Sewage treatment, Plants(Botany), Evaporation, Ground water recharge, Urban areas, Turf grasses, Forage crops, Depth, Tertiary treatment. Trickle irrigation tubing was used for low pressure, uni- form subsurface distribution of chlorinated sewage ef- fluent for land treatment and disposal. The effluent was domestic, secondarily treated water from a septic tank and sand filter system. The land provided tertiary treatment of the water through growing plants, evapo- ration, and groundwater recharge. This method elimi- nated a point source discharge into a stream and ap- pears to have future application. This experimental system performed well in the fall of 1982 and, with modification, in 1983. Although the rowcrop trickle irri- gation tubing (tape) appeared to function satisfactorily in a heavy soil containing stones, rigid wall trickle tubing may be advantageous in problem soils or at deeper depths. PB84-190230/GAA PC A02/MF A01 North Carolina Water Resources Research Inst., Ra- leigh. Policies and Procedures for Land Treatment of Wastewater, W. L Fleming, D. H. Howells, and F. J. Humenik. Aug 83, 20p LAND TREATMENT SER-1, OWRT-B- 123-NC(11) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -91 44 Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, Ra- leigh, and North Carolina State Univ. at Releigh. Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. See also PB84-1 90354. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Sewage disposal, 'Sewage treatment, Irrigation, Statutes, Public opinion, Accept- ability, Regulations, Licenses, Technical assistance, Soil conservation. The first of a series of five reports dealing with the land (and wetland) treatment of wastewater and sludge pre- pared under the general guidance of a task force rep- resenting the North Carolina Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Water Resources Research Institute, Division of Environmental Management, and Division of Health Services. Draft reports were pre- sented at a regional workshop for critique and input from other sources. Policies and Procedures for Land Treatment of Wastewater introduces the series and discusses public acceptance, North Carolina Statutes and Regulations, Administrative Permitting Procedures and Requirements, and the availability of Advisory and Technical Assistance. The series as a whole provides general guidelines for the design and management of land treatment systems. PB84-190354/GAA PC A04/MF A01 North Carolina Water Resources Research Inst., Ra- leigh. General Guidelines for Land Treatment of Wastewater, P. W. Westerman, and L. D. King. Aug 83, 55p LAND TREATMENT SER-2, OWRT-B-123-NC(12) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -91 44 262 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS See also PB84-1 90362. Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Releigh, and North Caro- lina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Devel- opment, Raleigh. Keywords: *Sewage disposal, 'Sewage treatment, "Marshes, *Land use, Manuals, Design, Monitoring, Public health, Protection, Systems, Economic factors, North Carolina, Sewage irrigation. The second of a series of five reports dealing with the land (and wetland) treatment of wastewater and sludge prepared under the general guidance of a task force representing North Carolina regulatory agencies and universities. Draft reports were critiqued by other specialists and practitioners at regional conference before publication. This booklet presents a discussion of land treatment of wastewater effluent and general guidelines for design and management of related land treatment systems. It does not present detailed stand- ards and attempts to leave maximum latitude for inno- vative design by competent professionals. Introduction includes basic considerations for design, general design principles, and system alternatives. PB84-190370/GAA PC A03/MF A01 North Carolina Water Resources Research Inst., Ra- leigh. General Guidelines for Subsurface Treatment of WdstGWdtcr C. G. Cogger, and A. R. Rubin. Aug 83, 31 p LAND TREATMENT SER-4, OWRT-B-123-NC(14) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -91 44 See also PB84- 190388. Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: *Sewage treatment, *Sewage disposal, *Land use, Sites, Area, Land use, Requirements, Maintenance, Inorganic nitrates, Standards, Subsur- face investigations, Grasses, Adsorption, Mainte- nance, North Carolina, Organic loading. The fourth of a series of five reports dealing with land (and wetland) treatment of wastewater and sludge under the general guidance of a task force represent- ing North Carolina regulatory agencies and universi- ties. The report provides general guidelines for the design and management of large subsurface wastewater treatment and disposal systems. While de- veloped primarily for flows greater than 3000 gal. per day, many of the concepts apply to smaller systems. Emphasis is on the land treatment part of the system rather than initial treatment units. Major sections in- clude Waste Characterization, Site Selection, Initial Treatment, Land Area Requirements, Absorption Area Design, and Maintenance and Monitoring. PB84-190578/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. Searching for Rapid Methods in Environmental Bacteriology, E. E. Geldreich, and D. J. Reasoner. May 84, 23p EPA-600/D-84-121 Keywords: 'Sanitation, 'Waste water, Research, Water quality, Microorganisms, Labeled substances, Immune serums, Fluorescence, Laboratories, Waste water, Sewage, Tests, Requirements, Genetic probes. The search for rapid methods in sanitary bacteriology is more urgent today than ever before because of in- creased necessity for processing poorer quality source waters and controlling quality of sewage effluent dis- charges. Selection of criteria for rapid tests involving either modified conventional procedures or those that require special reagents and instrumentation must consider quantitative or qualitative results within a few hours, data of acceptable sensitivity, selectivity, and precision, and procedures that are amenable to aver- age laboratory operations. The increased cost per test compared to conventional monitoring may be justified in terms or protection afforded to public health. The most promising candidate methods include: use of metabolic inducer compounds, radioisotope labeled substrates, specifically labeled fluorescent antisera and organism specific genetic probes. PB84-190701/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Small Ruminant Production on Small Farms in West Java, Indonesia: Preliminary Results of a Baseline Survey of Upland and Lowland Farming Systems, M. Sabrani, A. Muljadi, and A. J. De Boer. Jan 83, 22p TRS-9 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. and Research Inst, for Animal Produc- tion, Bogor (Indonesia). Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Indonesia, 'Agricultural eco- nomics, Economic factors, Surveys, Farms, Elevation, Production, Socioeconomic status, Developing coun- try application, Baseline studies. This paper characterizes selected small ruminant (sheep and goat) production systems and their eco- nomic role on small farms in West Java. It is a prelimi- nary report of a baseline survey that was made of an upland and a lowland ecozone, both of which are rep- resentative of large areas in West Java. An objective of this survey, for which data were collected in 1981, was to provide the basic socioeconomic information necessary to understand farmers' conditions and op- erating constraints. PB84-190800/GAA PC A08/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Goat Production within the Farming System of Smallholders of Northern Bahia, Brazil, G. Primov. Feb 84, 164p TRS-35 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ.-Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Brazil, Interviews, Farms, Droughts, Survival, 'Animal diseases, Cost effective- ness, Demand(Economics), Food, Developing country application, Bahia(Brazil), Caseous lymphadenitis. Fifty producers in the state of Bahia were interviewed about their total farm production system as well as the calculus which guides their production of goats. Goats are produced under an extensive system in which the animals browse in unfenced land and remain unsuper- vised at most times. Producers felt that goats were the livestock for the region because they survive best during droughts and are easiest to manage. Diseases, especially caseous lymphadenitis, are seen as the major constraint on production. PB84-191055/GAA PCE11/MFE01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Formulation of Pesticides in Developing Coun- tries. 1983, 246p UNIDO-ID/297 Keywords: 'Pesticides, 'Industrial development, Man- ufacturing, 'Environmental surveys, Pollution control, Chemical industry, Labels, Regulations, Safety, Stor- age, Solid waste disposal, Industrial hygiene, Stand- ards, Plant location, Marketing, Public health, Quality control, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on the formulation of pesticides in devel- oping countries - covers (1) the role of pesticides in DCs (2) principles of formulation; technical and envi- ronmental aspects in location of industry and factory establishment; pollution control (3) key criteria for de- ciding to set up a local plant (4) marketing and distribu- tion (5) establishing a pesticide laboratory; pesticide formulation analysis; product quality control (6) inter- national standards for industrial safety; occupational hygiene and health aspects; safety in storage, trans- port and waste disposal; containers (7) labelling and packaging; product safety; regulations procedures. Diagrams, flow charts. PB84-191279/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL. North Cen- tral Region. Animal Breeding Programs: A Systematic Ap- proach to Their Design, D. L. Harris, T. S. Stewart, and C. Arboleda. 1984, 18p AAT/NC-8 Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, Genetics, 'Livestock, Evaluation, Reproduction(Biology), Selection, Produc- tion, Economic factors, Processing, Systems analysis. This publication presents a systematic nine-step ap- proach to designing comprehensive animal-breeding programs. These nine steps are (1) describing the pro- duction system(s), (2) formulating the objective to the system, (3) choosing breeding system and breeds, (4) estimating selection parameters and economic weights, (5) designing an animal evaluation system, (6) developing selection criteria, (7) designing matings for selected animals, (8) designing a system for expan- sion, and (9) comparing alternative combined pro- grams. Formulating the objective may be in both sim- plified and comprehensive forms. This nine-step ap- proach is also a basis for developing computer models for analyzing alternative breeding and selection sys- tems. Principles and procedures including iterative and branched approaches, and the difficulties in designing and implementing coordinated breeding strategies in segmented industries are also reviewed. PB84-191352/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Application of the Anaerobic Filter to Biogas Pro- duction from Agricultural Waste. Final rept., E. Colleran. c1983, 61 p EUR-7563-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Manures, 'Fuels, Methane, Digestion, Microorganisms, Bacteria, Bio- chemistry, Metabolism, Dairy, Biochemical oxygen demand, 'Biogas. This project was concerned with the anaerobic diges- tion of liquid and solid agricultural residues. The digest- er design chosen was the anaerobic filter which differs from the conventional design in having an inert holding matrix which retains the active biological flora. Flow is upward through the matrix and separation of the gase- ous products from the liquid effluent occurs at the top of the filter column. Laboratory-scale filters were con- structed and filled with a limestone matrix. In all labora- tory filters examined, the bulk of the digestion process appeared to be completed within the lower 10cm of the digester, indicating that the remaining 90cm may be largely superfluous. PB84-191360/GAA PC E07/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Informatics for Industrial Development, R. J. Nolan. 26 Nov 83, 136p UNIDO/IS.415, V-83- 64337 Keywords: 'Information systems, 'Computers, 'Elec- tronics, 'Productivity, 'Employment, Microelectronics, Decision making, 'Industrial development, Micro- processors, Social factors, Developing country appli- cation. In this monograph an examination is made of the op- portunities and threats, constraints and the necessary national infrastructure relating to the informatization of industry in developing countries. In the course of this examination a number of complex issues are confront- ed. For the Third World, industrial development is a priority. Studies are revealing that informatics will pro- foundly affect the productive infrastructure and the international division of labour. Policy options for in- dustrialization are narrowed. A re-conceptualization of development strategies is called for and developing countries must not merely reproduce what the industri- alized North has done but base their actions on an as- sessment of long-term comparative advantages. The potential economic effects on productivity and employ- ment are examined. Informatics development in the Third World as a major concept on which action can be based to promote self-reliance is proposed. A concep- tual framework for national informatics development is presented. PB84-191386/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manufacture of Vaccines in Developing Countries: Background Paper. 2 Nov 83, 16p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/13-REV-1, V-83- 63529 263 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Health, *Vaccines, "Technology transfer, "Drugs, Diseases, Industrial development, Developing country application. This paper on the manufacture of vaccines in develop- ing countries, with special reference to technology transfer covers (1) prevailing disease patterns in the world; world production of vaccines; transfer of tech- nology for manufacture of classical vaccines (2) devel- opment and production of improved vaccines; transfer of technology for manufacture of improved and recent- ly developed vaccines. PB84-191394/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Manufacture of Vaccines in Developing Countries: issue Paper. 2 Nov 83, 11p UNIDO-ID/WG.393/12-REV-1, V-83- 63524 Keywords: 'Health, 'Vaccines, 'Technology transfer, 'Drugs, Immunization, Diseases, Industrial develop- ment, Developing country application. This paper on the manufacture of vaccines in develop- ing countries - outlines two documents relating to pro- duction of vaccines and other immunizing agents, with reference also to related technology transfer (2) pre- sents issues for discussion (3) annexes (a) classifica- tion of biologicals (b) list of the most important vac- cines. PB84-191402/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Study on Downstream Processing Activities in Vegetable Oils in Developing Countries: Promo- tional Measures, K. F. Gander. 9 Jan 84, 42p* UNIDO/PC.90, V-84- 80288 Keywords: 'Vegetable oils, 'Marketing, Policies, Feeding stuffs, Government policies, Cooperation, Fuels, Nutrition, Diesel engines, Food processing, Fatty acids, Aliphatic acid esters, Third World coun- tries, Oleochemicals, Developing country application. This report on promotion of downstream processing of vegetable oils in developing countries covers (1) ex- planatory notes (2) agriculture; storage, transport and processing; edible oils; fat in animal feed; meal and cake as raw materials; soaps; technical uses; oleoche- micals and their derivatives (3) choice of technology (4) present downstream processing activities in mod- erate, semi-tropical and tropical zones (5) possible measures and industrial policies at the national level; international cooperation; role of UNIDO. PB84-191428/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). How to Establish a Pharmaceutical Industry in De- veloping Countries, 18 Jan 84, 41 p UNIDO/I0.569, V-84-80586 Keywords: 'Drugs, 'Industrial development, Govern- ment policies, Pharmaceuticals, Developing country applications. This report on factory establishment in the pharmaceu- tical industry in developing countries - covers (1) as- pects considered in pharmaceutical policies for DCs (2) feasibility study (3) how to start an engineering op- eration (4) strategy for establishment of production op- erations and (5) good manufacturing practices. PB84-191451/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Biomedical Applications of Carbon Fibres, G. W. Hastings. 2 Feb 84, 14p UNIDO-ID/WG.416/6, V-84-81159 Keywords: 'Carbon fibers, 'Prosthetics, Plastics, Composite materials, Developing country application, Biocompatible materials. The report covers (1) use of carbon fiber reinforced carbon (CFRC), generally for orthopedic application (joint replacement) (2) properties of carbon fiber; bio- compatibility and mechanical factors (3) carbon fiber reinforced composites; CFRC (4) carbon fiber rein- forced plastics: polyethylene, epoxies, acrylics. PB84-191469/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Genetic Engineering in Veterinary Medicine, V. G. Moe. 5 Jan 84, 8p UNIDO-ID/WD.412/3, V-84- 80181 Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Veterinary medicine, "Vac- cines, Developing country application. It is clear that the last 10 years have provided some very important scientific developments that are likely to play a significant part in livestock production. The developments in genetic engineering provide consid- erable hope and cautious optimism in the field of vac- cine production against several major diseases of live- stock. Its application is of particular interest to the trop- ical world in the production of vaccines against anapls- mosis, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis etc. all very important livestock diseases. PB84-191485/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Component and Auxiliaries Manufacture for the Shoe and Other Leather Products Industry in the Developing Countries, F. Schmel. 16 Jan 84, 40p UNIDO-ID/WG.411/3, V- 84-80490 Keywords: 'Leather, 'Footwear, 'Industrial develop- ment, Plastics, Standardization, Marketing, Productivi- ty, Specialization, Developing country application. This report on the manufacture of components and auxiliaries for shoes and other leather goods in devel- oping countries covers (1) modernized industry; spe- cialization and cooperation; the role of standardization; product development (2) specifications of components and auxiliary materials: terminology, classification and (3) manufacture of selected components' tools and auxiliaries: basic accessories; leather based and plas- tics components; metals fittings (4) management, pro- ductivity, marketing, production control, standardiza- tion, training. PB84-191550/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Whittier, CA. Health Effects Study, Los Angeles County Sanita- tion Districts: Summary. Final rept. Nov 78-Mar 84, M. H. Nellor, R. B. Baird, and J. R. Smyth. Apr 84, 37p Grant EPA-R-806399 See also PB84-191568. Sponsored in part by Califor- nia State Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramento, and Southern California Metropolitan Water District, Los Angeles. Keywords: 'Sanitation, 'Waste water, 'Health, Groundwater, Replenishment, Viruses, Epidemiology, Water quality, California, Health risks, Los Angeles County(California). This summary document presents an overview of the Health Effects Study, a multidisciplinary research project which evaluates the health significance of using treated wastewater for indirect potable water reuse by groundwater replenishment. The focus of the study was the Whittier Narrows Groundwater Re- charge Project, located in Los Angeles County, Califor- nia, where disinfected, filtered secondary effluent blended with local storm runoff and imported river water has been used for replenishment since 1962. In- cluded are the findings, conclusions, and recommen- dations of the study, as well as summaries of the indi- vidual research tasks. PB84-191659/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Water Supply and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook. Volume 1. Guidelines, B. Grover. C1983, 189p ISBN-0-821 3-0230-2, WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER-12 Prepared in cooperation with United Nations Develop- ment Programme, Canadian International Develop- ment Agency, and Swiss Directorate of Development Cooperation. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83- 14590.- Michrofiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Water supply, 'Sanitation, Developing countries, 'Project planning, Development, Standardi- zation, Requirements, Rural areas, Urban areas. These Guidelines provide a practical basis for prepar- ing projects in the water supply and sanitation sector in developing countries. Their main purpose is to make the process of project preparation easier by clarifying and, to the extent possible, standardizing the type of information that should appear in all project prepara- tion reports. Their scope is deliberately broad and covers general concepts, issues and principles which apply to water supply and sanitation projects in both rural and urban areas. (Copyright (c) 1983 The Interna- tional Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.) PB84-191808/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries: Their Present and Potential Role. World Bank technical paper. C1983, 136p ISBN-0-821 3-0272-8 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-2331 5. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Animal husbandry, 'Agricul- tural economics, Marketing, Animal ecology, Habitabil- ity, Government policies, Socioeconomics, Developing country application. The objectives of this study are to assess the role of small ruminants (sheep and goats) in the food produc- tion systems of developing countries, examine their advantages and disadvantages, analyze the con- straints limiting their further contribution to the welfare of small farm/low income rural producers, prescribe measures for overcoming these constraints, and make recommendations related to potential donor involve- ment in support of the development of sheep and goat production. Small ruminants are viewed as an integral, but not dominant component of complex agricultural systems. Particular emphasis is placed on sheep and goats in mixed herds grazing dry rangelands and in small mixed farm systems in medium to high rainfall areas. An analysis of major constraints -- ecological, biological, policy, and socio-economic - leads to rec- ommendations on the need for a balanced production system approach for research, training and develop- ment programs, and for a combination of support ac- tivities such as herd health programs, and formulation of favorable credit, marketing and pricing policies for small ruminants and their products. (Copyright (c) The World Bank, 1983.) PB84-191857/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Demography and Poverty. World Bank staff working papers, M. Lipton. C1983, 144p ISBN-0-821 3-0286-8, WP- 623 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-21 81 6. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Banking, 'Demogra- phy, Characteristics, Banking business. In 1982, a Bank-wide Task Force reported on the impact of Bank activities on poor people. It showed that the proportion of the Bank's lending directed mainly at people in absolute or relative poverty had risen sharply - from about 5% in 1968 to 30% in 1980. Moreover, such activities showed rates of return at least as good as conventional lending, and succeed- ed, as intended, in benefiting mainly the poor. Howev- er, neither borrowers nor lenders have been very ef- fective in benefiting people who lack productive assets - the poorest 20%. It may be, that the power structure somehow prevents the poorest quintile of households in low-income countries - or the poorest decile in middle-income countries - from sharing the fruits of growth, while allowing moderately poor people to do so. This is one of four linked Working Papers that aim 264 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS to identify such characteristics, if any. (Copyright (c) 1983, The World Bank.) PB84-191881/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Manpower Issues in Educational Investment: A Consideration of Planning Processes and Tech- niques. World Bank staff working papers, G. Psacharopoulos, K. Hinchliffe, C. Dougherty, and R. Hollister. c1983, 117p ISBN-0-821 3-0291 -4, WP- 624 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-23334. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: * Education, Developing countries, Policies, Requirements, Forecasting. This collection of papers discusses a number of issues related to manpower analysis and educational invest- ment in developing countries. Much of the debate in this area over the last two decades has centered on the related merits of the manpower requirements fore- casting and rate of return approaches. While the theo- retical weaknesses of manpower forecasting have been widely discussed and ex-post evaluations have revealed substantial forecasting errors, this methodol- ogy still dominates government manpower planning agencies and development assistance agencies. These papers do not provide a new blueprint for man- power analysis. They take stock of the present situa- tion, advocate the replacement of a dominant tech- nique by a well structured planning process and begin to suggest the wide range of analytic approaches available and necessary if manpower analysis is to be improved within this process. (Copyright (c) 1983, The World Bank.) PB84-192665/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Dar es Salaam Univ. (Tanzania). Faculty of Engineer- ing. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Energy for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa Held at Arusha, Tanzania on April 4-13, 1983. Volume 1. Summary Report, S. R. Nkonoki. 1983, 97p Sponsored in part by Tanzania National Scientific Re- search Council, Dar es Salaam, and Swedish Interna- tional Development Authority, Stockholm. Keywords: 'Energy, 'Energy source development, De- velopment, *Solar energy, Developing countries. The Workshop was conceived as an effort to identify and articulate energy strategies that meet energy needs of a developing country. It focused on patterns of end-use of energy, the opportunities for efficient use of energy, and the possibilities of energy synergisms between and within different sectors such as industry, transport, etc. The Workshop also sought to relate energy end-use analyses to human needs. PB84-192681/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Alpaca Meat Production and Exchange in Southern Peru, G. Primov. Jul 83, 88p TRS-31 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ. -Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Marketing, Supply(Economics), Urban areas, Regions, Develop- ing countries, 'Peru, Developing country application, Southern Region(Peru). This report was intended as a first step towards devel- oping some systematic knowledge about the produc- tion and distribution of alpaca meat in Peru. The report summarizes the meager literature that has been avail- able and presents new information obtained from re- search done at the Santa Rosa slaughter house and other production and distribution sites in Southern Peru. Alpaca meat is distributed both through official and unofficial marketing systems. Alpaca produced by Indian producers tend to be either locally consumed or illegally distributed. Animals produced in the coopera- tives are marketed through legal channels. The main consumption center for legal red meat is the city of Arequipa, while most of the legal charqui is consumed in the lowlands of the department of Cuzco. PB84-192699/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Social Aspects of Small Ruminant Production: A Comparative Study of West Java, Indonesia (Aspek Sosial Usaha Ternak Ruminansia Kecil: Studi Bandingan di Jawa Barat, Indonesia), K. Suradisastra, and M. F. Nolan. Jan 83, 64p TRS- 19 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in English, summaries in English and Indonesian. Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ. -Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology, and Central Research Inst. for Animal Husbandry, Bogor (Indonesia). Keywords: 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Animal husbandry, 'Ruminants, Production, West Java, Farms, Farm crops, Developing countries, 'Indonesia, Developing country application, Ownership. A study was conducted to find the social, economic and biological characteristics of small ruminants in West Java. One hundred and forty-five sheep farmers in the upland area of Garut was selected as respond- ents. The lowland area of Cirebon was represented by 100 farmers. The sample was divided into 5 strata based on land ownership. The results showed a dis- tinct difference between the two areas. While multi- cropping patterns dominated the upland area, a wet rice monoculture system was a common practice among the lowland farmers. Individual ownership of small ruminants was also dominated by the pattern of animal ownership in the upland areas. By contrast, sharing arrangements of small ruminants was widely practiced by lowland farmers. But in both study sites, the number of small ruminants raised was not related to land ownership. PB84-192715/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Regional Structure of Distribution of Mutton in Cusco, Peru, G. Primov, and L Jimenez-Zamalloa. May 81, 82p TRS-3 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in English, summaries in English and Spanish. Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ. -Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Land use, 'Ruminants, Statistical data, Urban areas, Marketing, Supply(Economics), 'Peru, Developing countries, Cusco(Peru), Developing coun- try application. The purpose of this project was to establish the gener- al outline or pattern of the distribution of mutton in a region in the southern Peruvian Andes. Since Cusco is the largest city located within the high Andean region of southern Peru, this city was assumed to act as the primal center of the regional distribution network. There exist two separate but partially overlapping structures of distribution associated with the produc- tion of sheep, and alpaca as well. One structure is as- sociated with the marketing of wool while the other centers around the distribution of meat. PB84-192723/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Organizational Dialectics of Animal Management, C. M. McCorkle, and L. Jimenez-Zamalloa. Apr 82, 54p TRS-6 Grant AID-DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Dept. of Anthropology, and Missouri Univ. -Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Text in English, abstracts in English and Spanish. Keywords: 'Livestock, Societies, Manpower, Demand(Economics), Conflicts, Rural areas, Econom- ic development, Socioeconomic status, Recommen- dations, Developing country application, Herding. This report is part of a series of publications about the management of livestock in an indigenous Andean community. The topic addressed here relates to the social organization of herding and how the community organizes the necessary human resources for the daily care of its herds. Given a nuclear family the hand labor required by the demands of crop production, and the variety of animals that each family tries to maintain, the labor problem is critical. The socio-economic associa- tions described here allow families to accomplish both herding and agricultural activities. Pastoral associa- tions diminish the labor conflicts implicit in agro-pasto- ral systems. The report concludes with some sugges- tions on some practical consequences for rural devel- opment projects plus some new directions for theorical studies in other agro-pastoral societies. PB84-192731/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Comparative Study of the Organization, Manage- ment and Husbandry Practices of Three Sheep Production Units in the Central Sierra of Peru, D. Martinez-Castilla. Jan 83, 78p TRS-11 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. and National Agrarian Univ., Lima (Peru). Dept. of Economics and Planning. Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, Sierra Mountains, 'Ru- minants, Production, Management, Andean highlands, Grazing land, Resources, Peru, Developing countries, Central Region(Peru), Developing country application. The report presents a comparative study of the organi- zation, management, and husbandry practices of three sheep production units in the Central Sierra of Peru. Agrarian reform in Peru has impacted directly upon the large scale grazing units in the Andean highlands. This report describes the evolution of three types of organi- zational forms which have developed in the Depart- ment of Pasco in the Central Sierra. Sheep production is the primary activity. The production environment is described in detail including ecology, vegetation, animal resources, infrastructure, labor allocation, and management practices. Enterprise accounting data is analyzed to construct efficiency measures of sheep flock performance and measures of household income. »* PB84-193036/GAA PC A06/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Technoenvironmental Dialectics of Herding in Andean Agropastoralism, C. M. McCorkle, and L. Jimenez-Zamalloa. Jul 83, 111pTRS-30 Grant AID-DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in English, abstracts in English and Spanish. Pre- pared in cooperation with Missouri Univ. -Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, Management, 'Rumin- ants, Andes mountains, 'Livestock, Grazing land, Breeding, Comparison, Farms, Developing countries, 'Peru, Developing country application. This report is part of a series studying the nature of agricultural herding in an Andean community. The first part of the report describes the annual cycle of pasto- ral duties: rites of protection and reproduction of the herds, shearing, the castration, breeding, and the means for genetic control, seasonal patterns of graz- ing, and the use of supplementary forage. The second part considers on-cyclic aspects of the handling of ani- mals; the infrastructure and pastoral tools; the compo- sition of herds by species, sex, and age; the production of losses of livestock and its causes; and the control of predators. These aspects of herding are compared with modern commercialized husbandry. PB84-193051/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Small Ruminant Production in Sertao of Ceara, Brazil: A Sociological Analysis, G. Primov. Jun 82, 73p TRS-15 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in English, abstracts in English and Portuguese. Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ. -Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Crops, 'Animal husbandry, 'Ruminants, Production, Sociology, Livestock, Farm crops, Sheep, Goats, Developing countries, 'Brazil, Developing country application. 265 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Twenty-nine producers in the State of Ceara were interviewed about the relative importance of small ru- minant production. The land configuration of some farms acts as a constraint on livestock production. Sheep were produced in farms of all sizes and were more numerous than goats, which tended to be absent in the smaller farms. The major deterrant against goat production is the need to supervise or fence the ani- mals. Livestock production tended to be strongly inte- grated with crop production. Producers relied more heavily on their small ruminants in the dry seasons and during drought years. Sheep are produced more for market sale while goats are used primarily for home consumption. Lack of water is regarded as the major constraint on small ruminant production. PB84-193085/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Role of Faculties of Agriculture in the Develop- ment of the Food Processing Industries, M. M. Aref. 17 Jan 84, 42p UNIDO/PC.93, V-84- 80504 Keywords: *Food, 'Agriculture, "Industrial develop- ment, Meetings, *Food processing, Education, Africa, Developing country application. This expert report on the role of faculties of agriculture in development of food industries covers (1) the role of such faculties in food technology education, food re- search, industrial services, technical assistance and consulting (2) prospective functions for faculties of ag- riculture in Africa. Annexes subject matter outlines for food-oriented training programs. PB84-193093/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Industrial, Marine, and Recreational Applications of Carbon Fibres and Their Composites, I. L Kalnin. 2 Feb 84, 24p UNIDO/ID/WG.416/8, V- 84-81161 Keywords: 'Carbon fibers, Composite materials, 'In- dustrial plants, Recreation, Medical supplies, Electrical equipment, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on applications of carbon fibers and their composites - covers (1) industrial applications in struc- tures and parts (2) application in (a) medical equip- ment and surgery (b) in electrical equipment (c) in ships and sports goods, loudspeakers and musical in- struments. Tables. Additional references: corrosion, electrodes, radio sets. PB84-193101/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Industrial and Further Applications of Carbon Fibres: Special Experience in Europe, B. J. Hayes. 2 Feb 82, 11p UNIDO/ID/WG.416/10, V-84-81162 Keywords: 'Carbon fibers, 'Europe, 'Industrial plants, Forecasting, Composite materials, Injection molding, Reinforced plastics, Robots, Developing country appli- cation. UNIDO pub on industrial applications of carbon fibers in Europe - covers (1) use of carbon fiber composites in automobiles, torque tubes and drive shafts; develop- ment in the field of robot construction; use in sports goods (2) application in aircraft industry and boat com- ponents. Additional references: injection moulding, ships, bicycles, choice of technology, prepreg system. PB84-193341/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Heat Diagnoses Made on Tunnel Kilns and on Belt Drier: Basic Information, M. Novay. 30 Jan 84, 46p UNIDO/I0.572, V-84- 80997 Keywords: 'Ceramics, Measurement, 'Energy conser- vation, Energy use, Developing country application. A report is made on diagnostic measurements of heat consuming units in the ceramics industry from the point of view of their operation, adjustment and energy saving. It covers technical parameters, objective of measurement, diagnostic method and applied appara- tuses, testing results and their evaluation for (1) tunnel kiln for firing wall tiles (2) belt drier for washed kaolin. PB84-193358/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Comparison of High Modulus Fibres, R. J. Diefendor. 2 Feb 84, 12p UNIDO/ID/WG.416/ 3, V-84-81156 Keywords: 'Fibers, 'Plastics, Comparison, Composite materials, 'Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Performance evaluation, Fiberglass reinforced plastics, Chemical vapor deposition, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on new materials, with special reference to high modulus fibers (reference: manmade fibers) - (1) defines requirements for high modulus fibers used mainly as reinforcement in resins, metals or ceramics matrix composites (2) covers fiber processes; glass melt spinning; chemical vapor deposition; carbon fibers, silicon carbide fibers, alumina fibers; organic fibers (3) compares present fiber performances within context of desired composite requirements. Diagrams. Additional references: fiberglass, polymers. PB84-193366/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Carbon Fibres and Their Application, E. Fitzer. 2 Feb 84, 50p UNIDO/ID/WG.416/1, V-84- 81154 Keywords: 'Carbon fibers, 'Industrial plants, Mechani- cal properties, Forecasting, 'Economic analysis, Aero- space industry, Transportation systems, Machinery, Cryogenics, Medical supplies, Reinforced plastics, Fiber composites, Composite materials, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on carbon fibers and their industrial appli- cations - covers (1) the nature of carbon fibers (2) their properties and possibilities for further improvement: nomenclature; mechanical properties; future develop- ment potential (3) economic aspects: present technol- ogy; carbon fibers as heavy tow; production capacity, world demand and prices (4) application: aircraft indus- try, transport, machinery and apparatus, cryogenic ap- plication; medical application. Illustrations. Additional reference: new materials. PB84-193663/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Profile of Sheep and Goat Markets in West Java, Indonesia, M. Sabrani, S. Mawi, T. D. Soedjana, and H. C. Knipscheer. May 83, 21 p TRS-12 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. and Research Inst, for Animal Produc- tion, Bogor (Indonesia). Keywords: 'Land use, 'Animal husbandry, 'Rumin- ants, Farms, West Java, Surveys, Resources, Land, 'Indonesia, Developing countries, Developing country application. This paper characterizes selected small ruminant (sheep and goat) production systems and their eco- nomic role on small farms in West Java. It is a prelimi- nary report of a baseline survey that has been made of an upland and a lowland ecozone, both of which are representative of large areas in West Java. An objec- tive of this survey, for which data were collected in 1981, was to provide the basic socioeconomic infor- mation necessary to understand farmers' conditions and operating constraints. The reported results were intended to be used for the formulation of appropriate biological research programs, and include information on labor use, land holdings, capital, water and feed re- sources, and animal resources. PB84-193671/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Statistical Analysis of Small Ruminant Supply in Ceara State, Northeast Brazil, J. de Souza Neto, N. Gutierrez, and J. De Boer. Jan 84, 22p TRS-37 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in English, abstracts in English and Portuguese. Prepared in cooperation with Winrock International, Morrilto.n, AR. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Food, Sheep, Goats, Supply(Economics), Inventories, Econometrics, Prices, Developing countries, 'Brazil, Developing country application. In the state of Ceara, the variation in the supply of agri- cultural products in the market reflects extremes of seasonal climatic variation and relative price relation- ships. This work had the objective of developing an econometric model of sheep and goat inventories and supply for slaughter as well as an empirical analysis of producer behavior in relation to marked variations in weather. Two-stage least squares method was used to estimate the model parameters. Inventories of sheep and goats were formulated as a function of prices, weather conditions and lagged inventories, presenting similar results in both cases and reflecting similar pro- duction and price structures. PB84-193770/GAA PC A06/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Alpaca Production in Puno, Peru, T. L. West. Aug 81, 11 5p TRS-4 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Text in English, abstracts in English and Spanish. Pre- pared in cooperation with Missouri Univ.-Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Animal husbandry, Production, 'Live- stock, Inventories, Regions, Management, Breeding, Veterinary medicine, Agricultural products, Developing countries, 'Peru, Puno(Peru), Developing country ap- plication. A collection of data and comments about the produc- tion of alpacas in the department of Puno, Peru, is pre- sented. The first chapter deals with the livestock census, especially the ones from 1978, analyzing them principally by province, type of animal, and unit of pro- duction. A second theme is the description of the tech- nique of managing the alpaca utilized by some of the producers of Puno's high Puna. Among these produc- ers there are traditional shepherds and specialized breeders of alpacas. The diagnosis and treatment of the illnesses, the reproduction, the handling of the herd, the shearing, and the availability of the products are key points in this section. The last chapter deals with the use and marketing of small ruminants in Puno. PB84-193903/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Management of Animal Health and Disease in an Indigenous Andean Community, C. McCorkle. Jan 82, 72p TRS-5 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Dept. of Anthropology, and Missouri Univ.-Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Text in English, abstracts in English and Spanish. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Animal diseases, Control, 'Veterinary medicine, Management, Prevention, Live- stock, Efficiency, Abnormalities, Developing country application. This report is a part of a series of publications about the agricultural herding in an Andean community. The present work describes ethnoveterinarian manage- ment of small ruminants. It documents the 'folk' classi- fication, the ethnoetiology (natural or supernatural) of disease, the techniques of control of prevention of live- stock diseases that are most common in the communi- ty, and the treatment of these. The data is compared systematically with those supplied by modern veteri- nary medicine. This way it is possible to analyze the reach of the veterinary knowledge of the Indians and the efficiency of the resulting practices. This analysis reopens the old debate over the rationality of peas- ants. Of course, peasants are not aware of much tech- nical veterinary information. But apparently, in an 'irra- tional' manner, they do not use the knowledge that they do possess-especially to prevent or to control epidemics among their herds. PB84-193929/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 266 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Ten-Year Growth of Five Planted Hardwood Spe- cies with Mechanical Weed Control on Sharkey Clay Soil. Forest Service research note, R. M. Krinard, and H. E. Kennedy, Jr. Dec 83, 6p FSRN/SO-303 Keywords: *Weed control, "Woods, Clay soils, Plant- ing, Clearing, Spacing, Competition, Agricultural ma- chinery, Soil properties, Soil moisture, Survival, Frax- inus pennsylvanica, Mowing. Five Hardwood species planted on Sharkey clay soil showed little practical difference in growth whether plots were mowed or disked for weed control in year 6 to 10, although disking had given better growth in the first 5 years. PB84-193952/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Cal Recovery Systems, Inc., Richmond, CA. Integrated Energy-Agro-Waste Systems for Small- Scale Farms. Rept. on Phase 1, J. C. Glaub, G. M. Savage, D. J. Lafrenz, and L. F. Diaz. Apr 82, 186p* NSF/CEE-82139 Grant NSF-CEE81 -13803 Keywords: "Fertilizers, "Energy source development, "Waste disposal, "Biomass, Fuels, Agricultural wastes, Aquaculture, Mathematical models, Livestock, Process charting, Agricultural products, Farm crops, Anaerobic processes, Manure. The feasibility of integrated farming systems for small- scale farms, particularly those smaller than 100 acres, is investigated. Quantitative unit process models are developed for the following agricultural, aquacultural, and waste treatment processes: broiler chickens, layer chickens, beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, catfish, carp, tilapia, alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, rice, sorghum, wheat, algae, and anaerobic digestion. These models are then combined into an integrated complex and mass balances of the entire complex are performed for each of the complexes considered. The most promising in- tegrated complexes are said to be swine-algae-carp- corn; swine-digester-algae-carp-corn; layer chicken-di- gester-corn; and layer chicken-algae-tilapia-corn. All of the complexes are said to be technically feasible. PB84-194018/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. Termite Control Studies in Panama. Forest Service research note, R. H. Beal. Dec 81, 8p FSRN/SO-280 Keywords: "Pest control, "Insects, "Tropical regions, Damage, Control, Barro Colorado Island, Field tests, Panama Canal, Soil tests, DDT, Insecticides, Dieldrin, Panama, Canals. Subterranean termite control studies in a tropic area (Panama) are described. Testing was first started in 1943 on Barro Colorado Island, which was formed when the Panama Canal was completed in the early 1900's. Materials tested included DDT (various con- centrations and formulations), BHC, trichlorobenzene, sodium arsenite, pentachlorophenol, sodium flurosili- cate, copper ammonium fluoride, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, and heptachlor. Dieldrin applied to the soil as a water emulsion, was still 100 percent effective after 27 years when the tests were terminated. Tests with aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor were initiated in 1 963 and all three chemicals were still 100 percent effective after 1 6 years. PB84-194281/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Casuarinas: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees for Adverse Sites. Final rept. Apr 84, 132pR-43 Grant AID-DAN-5538-G-SS-1023 Library of Congress catalog card no. 84-060045. Keywords: "Land use, "Forestry, "Soil erosion, Refor- estation, Soil erosion, Fuels, Swamps, Mountains, Sites, Growth, Tropical regions, Semiarid land, Austra- lia. This book highlights 18 species of casuarina, a group of Australasian trees that could have potential in refor- esting difficult terrain in many parts of the world. This book describes the different species, discusses their management and uses, and then gives recommenda- tions and research needs. Casuarinas are robust, ni- trogen-fixing trees that can be planted on harsh, erod- ing land to provide fuel and other products. Species for tropical lowlands and highlands, termperate zones and semiarid regions are highlighted. PB84-194646/GAA PC A09/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Potential Collaboration in Science and Technolo- gy: Proceedings of a Symposium on Indonesia Held at Washington, DC on October 3-5, 1983. Final rept. Mar 84, 183p R-84-1 Contract AID-497-79-1 00-23 Keywords: "Energy, "Electronics, "Indonesia, Marine sciences, Electronics industry, Telecommunication, "Industrial development, Transit industries, Machine tool industry, Energy industries. Held in Washington, D.C., October 3-5, 1983, this meeting was intended to act as a forum for exchanging information and identifying opportunities for mutually beneficial collaboration in the areas of marine sci- ences, post harvest technology, engineering and ma- chine tool industries, telecommunications and elec- tronics, land transportation industries and energy in- dustries. This public symposium was intended to better acquaint the U.S. private and public sectors with the goals of Indonesia's fourth five-year development plan. PB84-194661/GAA PC A06/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Board on Science and Technology for International Develop- ment. Workshop on Systems Analysis: Summary Report Held at Jakarta (Indonesia) on February 8-12, 1983. Final rept. Apr 84, 115p R-84-2 Contract AID-497-79-1 00-23 Keywords: "Food, Urban transportation, "Indonesia, Management information systems, "Waste manage- ment, Transportation, Food industry. In 1982, Indonesia's Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) invited BOSTID to join it in sponsoring a workshop on systems analysis (S/A). This workshop explored the use of S/A as a tool for attaining development goals. Particular focus was given to illustrative studies focusing on Indonesian concerns with solid waste management, urban trans- portation, and the food systems. Addressing these concerns were scientists, engineers, development specialists, administrators and educators. PB84-195080/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. Response of Newly Established Slash Pine to Cul- tivation and Fertilization. Forest Service research note, A. E. Tiarks, and J. D. Haywood. 1981, 6p FSRN/ SO-272 Keywords: "Fertilizers, "Pine trees, "Weed control, Cultivation, Grasses, Loams, Height, Measurement, Competition, Louisiana, Slash pine trees. Response of newly established slash pine to fertiliza- tion is increased if herbaceous plants are controlled. PB84-195809/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Arkansas Water Resources Research Center, Fayette- ville. Disposal of Household Wastewater in Soils of High Stone Content (1981-1983), E. M. Rutledge, C. R. Mote, D. T. Mitchell, M. S. Hirsch, and M. D. Harper. Dec 83, 197p PUB-103, OWRT-B-060-ARK(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1204 See also PB83-243188. Prepared in cooperation with Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville. Keywords: "Sewage disposal, "Soils, Filtration, Resi- dential buildings. Hydraulic conductivity, Stresses, Am- monia, Inorganic nitrates, Carbon, Organic com- pounds, Chert, Silts, Loams, Geomorphology, Soil properties, Fragipan soils. Four experimental filter fields were constructed with built-in monitoring equipment in Nixa soils, containing chert fragments, and a fragipan (the design limiting feature) at 60 cm. The four were (1) a 'standard' field, 76 cm deep, in the pan; (2) a 'modified standard', 30 cm deep, above the pan; (3) a 'modified pressure' field, 40 cm deep, above the pan, with pressure distribution, and (4) a 'modified pressure' field, 6 cm below the soil surface. Placing filter fields higher in the soil above the pan led to improved hydraulic performance. Approxi- mately a 50% reduction of TOC occurred within all beds, with further reductions of 30% to 40% within 60 cm of the beds. There was a significant reduction in the total of NH3 and N03 concentrations with distance from the beds. PB84-195841/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Ionics, Inc., Watertown, MA. Reference Plant for High Temperature Electrodia- lysis Desalting of Seawater. Final rept., E. J. Parsi, T. A. Prato, and T. A. Susa. 28 Jul 83, 160p* Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -7525 Keywords: "Industrial plants, "Desalination, Pilot plants, Feasibility, Membranes, High temperature tests, Field tests, Ion exchanging, Economic analysis, Design criteria, Process charting, Wrightsville Beach Desalination Plant. The objectives of this project was to establish the fea- sibility of High Temperature Electrodialysis (HTED) in a seawater desalting reference plant. The goal was to increase the energy efficiency and economics of sea- water desalting over conventional electrodialysis by operating at temperatures ranging up to 140F, using improved membranes, and incorporating innovations in the membrane stack and process design. A 30,000 GPD reference plant (expandable to 50,000 GPD) was designed, built and installed at the Wrightsville Beach Test Facility. Field testing was halted by the shutdown of the facility at the end of March, 1983, however, the abbreviated field test demonstrated the efficacy of most of the novel features, and an energy consump- tion of 40 KWH/Kgal was projected at 4 GFD, 130F, and 50% water recovery. PB84-196260/GAA PC A02/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Wind-Power Vessels for Coastal and Inter-Island Use in the ESCAP (Economic and Social Commis- sion for Asia and the Pacific (UN), Bangkok (Thai- land) Region. 1984, 22p UNIDO-ID/WG.413/2, V-84-80839 Paper presented at meeting on Shipbuilding and Shi- prepair Development for Asian and the Pacific Coun- tries held at Jakarta (Indonesia) on March 26-31 , 1 984. Keywords: "Ships, "Wind energy, "Technology as- sessment, Specifications, Shipyards, "Wind power, Developing country application. The report describes the use of wind energy for ships in the ESCAP region. It covers wind power in shipping: the sailing ship; speed performance; sailing perform- ance; sail material; sail handling, an outline specifica- tions: class; principal dimensions and specifications; hull; hatch covers, deck strength; superstructure; ac- comodation; machinery; sails, low or medium technol- ogy shipyards: level of technology required; how to simplify; shipyard layout. PB84-196278/GAA PC A03/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Biotechnology for Food Conversions In the Third World: Development, Transfer and Implementa- tion, G. Viniegra-Gonzalez. 1983, 31 p UNIDO-ID/ WG.412/6, V-84-80330 Paper prepared for seminar/workshop on 'Technology Transfer, Management and Development and the Im- plications of Newly-Emerging Advanced Technologies' held at Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, November 8-12, 1983. Prepared in cooperation with Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City. 267 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: *Food processing, 'Technology transfer, 'Nutrition, Substitutes, Feeding stuffs, Cattle, Starch- es, Molasses, Proteins, Developing country applica- tion. The report discusses the use of biotechnology in food production based on experience in Mexico and covers the following topics: (1 ) the increasing problem of com- petitive human and animal nutrition in developing countries; the use of biotechnology in developing sub- stitutes for cereals and feed for cattle; microbial food conversion; (2) and potential users in the Third World. PB84-196286/GAA PC A04/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Advances in Materials Technology: Monitor. Issue Number 1. 1983, 64p V-83-64212 Keywords: *Steel industry, Low alloy steels, Develop- ing countries, Alloy steels, Developing country applica- tion. The report contains information on new materials, with special reference to high strength low alloys steel. It covers (1) advances in materials and related techno- logical changes; their implications for developing countries (2) manufacturing alloy steels (based on ex- perience in USA (3) new materials, products and proc- esses in the field of alloy steel production; develop- ments in the DCs; information sources; cooperation; technology transfer; research; testing (4) the role of UNIDO in promotion of iron and steel industry. PB84-196963/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Arizona Univ., Tucson. Office of Arid Lands Studies. Draft Environmental Profile on the Republic of Costs Ric3 J. Silliman. Jul 81, 130p AID-PN-AAK-024 Contract NPS-CX-000 1-0-0003 Keywords: 'Environmental surveys, 'Natural re- sources, *Costa Rica, Minerals, 'Land use, Climate, Water resources, Soils, Pollution, Demography, Devel- oping country application, Energy resources. Despite its relatively small size, Costa Rica is endowed with a rich variety of physical and biological resources. Nonetheless, destruction of forests, degradation of the land, and the Costa Rican Government's lack of rele- vant information and expertise are pressing problems. This report presents a preliminary review of informa- tion available on Costa Rica's natural resources and environment, including the nation's geography, cli- mate, demography, land use patterns, mineral and water resources, soils, flora and fauna, and environ- mental pollutants. Appended are surveys of water sup- plies and energy resources, reviews of environmental legislation and relevant USAID/CR programs, a list of government agencies with environmental responsibil- ities, and a 146-item Spanish and English bibliography. PB84- 1 97029/G AA PC A03/ M F A0 1 Westinghouse Health Systems, Columbia, MD. Contraceptive Prevalence Survey: Model Ques- tionnaire (Encuesta de Prevalencia del Uso de An- ticonceptivos: Cuestionario Modelo)(Etude de Pre- dominance des Methodes Contraceptives: Ques- tionnaire Modele). 12 Sep 78, 45p AID-PN-AAJ-985 Contract AID/pha-C-1 194 Text in English, Spanish, and French. Keywords: 'Birth control, 'Contraceptives, Surveys, Questionnaires, Marriage, Characteristics, Children, Developing country application. Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS) is an interna- tional research program designed to assist developing countries in carrying out periodic surveys of use and knowledge of family planning. This document presents a model questionnaire designed to elicit contraceptive information from the survey universe, i.e., all women of reproductive age (15-49) regardless of marital status. The CPS respondent's profile is derived from 12 ques- tions. Age and date of birth are asked to determine whether the respondent is within the survey universe. Marital status, which serves as a surrogate measure of sexual activity, is asked at the end to avoid interviewer and respondent bias because of the sensitive nature of certain questions. Place of residence is asked to deter- mine rural/urban or regional breakdowns of contra- ceptive use. Questions are asked on education, work, and ethnic background to compare contraceptive use through-out societal strata. Questions on pregnancies and live births and number of living children by sex are asked to verify parity differentials, establish a crude birth rate, and identify women who do not need contra- ception. Desire for additional children is determined to indicate a respondent's potential for contraceptive use and to differentiate contraceptive spacers from non- spacers. Questions on the knowledge and use of con- traceptives are the most important in the survey and serve as analytical focal points for all other variables. Questions are also asked on the availability of contra- ceptives used (cost and transportation to and conven- ience of location) in order to assess program work load and measure the relative contributions of public and private contraceptive sources and to gain insights into the reasons for non-use. Finally, the reason for non- use is explicity asked. PB84-197490/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. Controlling Shrubs on Wet Slash Pine Sites. Forest Service research note, L F. Smith. 1983, 4p FSRN/SO-4 Keywords: 'Weed control, 'Pine trees, 'Herbicides, Sites, Cutting, Spraying, Diesel fuels, Chlorine aromat- ic compounds, Chlorine organic compounds, Missis- sippi, Stumps, T 2-4-5 herbicide, Acetic acid/trichloro- phenoxy. This paper reports the effects of five 2,4,5,-T spray treatments on under-story shrubs bordering a stream in south Mississippi. PB84-198027/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Economics. Experiment With Farm Record Keeping in the Do- minican Republic. Occasional paper, R. L. Tinnermeier, and T. M. Dickey. Nov 81, 85p OP-8, AID-PN-AAK-028 Contract AID-ta-BMA-6 Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: 'Farming, 'Crops, 'Financial management, Operations, Farm crops, Production, 'Dominican Re- public, Developing country application. Farm records detailing the history of a farmer's oper- ation are widely used in developing countries to pro- vide data for farm and sector analysis and for loan evaluation. This study describes an experiment to in- troduce farm record keeping to small farmers in the Dominican Republic. PB84-198092/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Dept. of Economics. Collection of Farm Production Data for Credit Pro- grams in Developing Countries. Occasional paper, R. L. Tinnermeier, T. M. Dickey, and J. D. Longwell. Nov 81, 108p OP-7, AID-PN-AAK-034 Contract AID/ta-C-3 Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Financial management, 'Farming, Production, Data, 'Dominican Republic, 'Honduras, Developing country application. Farm enterprise budgets and farm records are two sources of farm production data which can significantly help developing country credit agents make sound credit decisions on existing or potential borrowers. This study reviews these two data sources in Hondu- ras and the Dominican Republic and suggests ways to improve their use and extend that use to other devel- oping countries. PB84-198100/GAA PC A05/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Illustrative Analysis: Socio-Economic Differentials in Cumulative Fertility in Sri Lanka - A Marriage Cohort Approach. R. J. A. Little, and S. Perera. Mar 81, 81 p R-12, AID- PN-AAK-009 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: 'Women, 'Fertility, 'Sri Lanka, Surveys, Characteristics, Ethnic groups, Urban areas, Rural areas, Marriage, Employment, Females. Given a dramatic decline in fertility over the past three decades in Sri Lanka, policymakers wished to deter- mine whether fertility had declined equally among dif- ferent socioeconomic, ethnic, and regional groups. Hence, a cohort analysis of fertility differentials (FD's) was performed using data from the 1975 Sri Lanka World Fertility Study. Women respondents were divid- ed into three cohorts defined by the number of years married~20 or more years, 10-19 years, and less than 10 years. Each group's fertility rates were differentiat- ed according to ethnic group (four major ones exist), zone of residence (six were delineated), category of residence (rural, urban, or tea/rubber plantations), education, religion, and husband's occupation. PB84-198118/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Poor Rural Households, Technical Change, and Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries: A Summary Report of Findings from West Africa, Southeast Asia and Brazil. Mar 80, 199p AID-PN-AAJ-982 Contracts AID/ta-C-1328, AID/ta-C-1327 Sponsored in part by Contract AID/ta-C-1326. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Farming, 'Agricultur- al machinery, 'Rural areas, Economic factors, Income, West Africa, Southeast Asia, Brazil, Developing coun- try application, 'Households, Poverty. To help solve the riddle of why many developing coun- try farmers continue to live in abject poverty while new farm technology is steadily increasing aggregate farm output, this report summarizes and compares studies conducted in selected sites in West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Brazil on the use of new farm technology and its impact on the rural poor. PB84-198126/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Board for International Food and Agricultural Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Increasing Agricultural Production through More Effective Use of Technology: Recommendations for a Strengthened Agricultural Extension Pro- gram in Egypt. Nov 81 , 60p AID-PN-AAJ-984 Keywords: 'Technology transfer, 'Agriculture, 'Pro- ductivity, 'Egypt, Developing countries, Technology, Recommendations, Research, Project management, Developing country application, Agricultural extension programs, ARE programs. Current technology could significantly increase Egypt's agricultural productivity and provide more food for the country's population, which will double in the next 20 years. Against a background description of Egypt's ag- ricultural needs and potential, this report presents the findings and recommendations of a U.S. team which reviewed Egypt's agricultural research and extension (ARE) programs. PB84-198159/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Public Health Service, Washington, DC. Breast Is Best: An International Bibliography on Breast Feeding and Infant Health, N. Baumslag, L. Grace-Mason, C. Roesel, and E. Sabin. Jun 80, 143p AID-PN-AAK-023 Contract AID-782-77-0132 See also PB80-1 54669. Keywords: 'Health, 'Nutrition.'Breastfeeding, Nutri- tional deficiency diseases, Humans, Morbidity, Mortali- ty, Diarrhea, Reproduction(Biology), Food industry, Developing country application, Weaning. It has been estimated that of the 15 million developing country children under age 5 who die each year from the combined effects of malnutrition and infection, as many as 10 million could be saved if breast-feeding was generally practiced. Despite the clear nutritional and immunological advantages of human breast milk, however, the practice of breast-feeding is declining in many developing countries. A key factor may be lack of proper information on breast-feeding by health pro- fessionals. To redress this problem, this international bibliography on breast-feeding and infant health pro- vides information needed for a better understanding of the technical and social aspects of breast-feeding as well as a framework for coordinating nutrition and health planning efforts in developing countries. Anno- tated bibliographic entries are grouped according to 268 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS seven categories: (1) maternal nutrition; (2) breast- feeding practices; (3) support and promotion of breast- feeding; (4) composition of human breast milk; (5) impact of feeding practices on morbidity and mortality; (6) breast-feeding and reproduction; and (7) infant for- mula and weaning foods. PB84-200443/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Strategies for Increasing the Production of Tan- ning Chemicals in Developing Countries. Sectoral working paper series no. 1 7. 1984, 72p UNIDO/IS.448 Keywords: 'Productivity, 'Leather, 'Chemical indus- try, Chemical properties, Utilization, Chemical com- pounds, Economic analysis, Developing country appli- cation. UNIDO pub on increasing production of tanning chemi- cals in developing countries - covers (1) production of leather to 2000 (2) tanning chemicals: properties and uses; general purpose chemicals; basic tanning chemicals; performance chemicals; bates, bacteri- cides, synthetic materials, oils and fats, dyeing auxilia- ries, dyes, leather finishes (3) requirements 1980- 2000; development potential for production in DCs; technical and economic aspects; infrastructure and lo- gistics; government policies (4) choice of technology; possibility for substitutions (5) strategies for develop- ment; modalities for cooperation. Statistics. Additional references: sodium, chloride, ammonia, sulphate, sul- phuric acid, sodium carbonate, calcium. PB84-200450/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Facilities and Technical Aspects of Shipbuilding and Shiprepair in Bangladesh, A. K. M. W. AN. 7 Mar 84, 10p UNIDO-ID/WG.413/3, V-84-82402 Keywords: * r nips, 'Boats, 'Bangladesh, 'Technology transfer, water transportation, Maintenance, Financ- ing, Developing country application, Infrastructure, Workshops. This report covers (1) dependence on sea transport and inland water transport (2) the Chittagong dry dock; maintenance and repair of ocean-going ships; avail- able facilities; required workshops and training (3) ar- ranging for technology transfer; problems of financing (4) proposal for TCDC. PB84-200468/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Shipbuilding and Repair Develpment in Papua New Guinea, G. H. Orere. 7 Mar 84, 38p UNIDO-ID/WG.413/4, V- 84-82973 Keywords: 'Ships, 'Boats, 'New Guinea, Water trans- portation, Raw materials, Market, Maintenance, Devel- oping country application, Infrastructure. This report covers (1) significance of inland water transport and sea transport; traditional boat building skills and updated knowhow (2) categories of boat building: village community; village commercial; church missions; public sector; private enterprises (3) hull maintenance and repair; marine engineering (for en- gines) (4) the consumer component; types of ships op- erators; the fishery industry; marine engine distribution; timber and other raw materials; training (5) the domes- tic market; infrastructure; equipment and facilities; technical assistance (6) strategies for development. PB84-200476/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Agricultural Machines and Implements in Kenya, T. M. J. Gitonga. 9 Mar 84, 24p UNIDO-ID/WG.418/ 8, V-84-83194 Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Kenya, 'Technol- ogy transfer, Economic analysis, Tools, Technology, Government policies, Financing, Raw materials, Indus- trial development, Developing country applications. This report covers (1) present state of farming (2) nature and sources of machinery and tools; imports; list of domestic factories; research and development (3) problems hindering proper technology develop- ment and technology transfer as well as domestic pro- duction and marketing; skilled workers, financing, raw materials, quality control; need for international and re- gional cooperation (4) technology policy and industrial development (5) proposed solutions; improvements of licensing and joint venture arrangements; cooperation. PB84-200484/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Agricultural Machinery Industry in the Philippines, C. L. Follosco. 1984, 23p Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Philippines, 'Technology transfer, Manufacturing, Technology, Government policies, Economic analysis, Exports, Im- ports, Marketing, International trade, Industrial devel- opment, Developing country application, Institutions. This report covers (1) the agricultural mechanization situation; exports, imports; mechanization trends; trends in developed countries and in Asia (2) govern- ment policies and programs; institutional framework (3) manufacturing situation: products manufactured, power tillers, rice threshers; basic facilities; subcon- tracting arrangements; standardization and quality control; manufacturing problems (4) marketing and dis- tribution. PB84-200492/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Agricultural Machinery and Implements: Tanzania E. M.'Ngaiza. 7 Mar 84, 30p UNIDO/ID/WG.418/7, V-84-82968 Keywords: 'Agricultural machinery, 'Tanzania, 'Tech- nology transfer, Manufacturing, Technology, Govern- ment policies, Marketing, Industrial development, De- veloping country application. This report covers (1) information on the country (2) present state-of-art in relevant manufacturing and re- search activities (3) major problems of manufacturing and marketing (4) technology development and tech- nology transfer (5) national technology policy; industri- al development policy (6) cooperation among small scale industries in developing countries. Additional ref- erences: raw materials, manpower, transport, spare parts, joint ventures, demand, agricultural mechaniza- tion, TCDC. PB84-201805/GAA PC E07/MF E07 Water Research Centre, Stevenage (England). Effluent Recharge: The Effects of Effluent Re- charge on Groundwater Quality. Technical rept., K. M. Baxter, and L Clark. c1984, 61 p TR-199 Keywords: 'Ground water, 'Sewage disposal, 'Water pollution, Ground water recharge, Aquifers, Hydrogeo- logy, Management, Saturated soils, Hydraulics, Micro- biology, Great Britain, Saturated flow. Research, to assess the effects on groundwater qual- ity of recharging sewage and sewage effluents to the major aquifers of the UK, has been undertaken by the Water Research Centre (WRC) at eight working sites over the seven years from 1975 to 1982. The work, partly funded by the Department of the Environment (DOE) and the Commission of the European Commu- nities (CEC), was undertaken in response to a rising concern over the vulnerability to pollution of aquifers that are being used both for effluent recharge and for drinking water abstraction. The objectives of the re- search were: (1) To determine the effectiveness of the saturated and unsaturated zones in improving the quality of recharged effluent. (2) To determine the ef- fects of effluent recharge on the aquifers. (3) To deter- mine travel times within the UK aquifers. (4) To estab- lish aquifer management guidelines. (Copyright (c) Water Research Centre, 1 984.) PB84-201912/GAA PC E08/MF E08 Water Research Centre, Stevenage (England). Investigations of Sewage Discharges to Some British Coastal Waters. Chapter 3. Bacteriological Enumeration Procedures, Part 1. Technical rept., G. Stanfield, and T. E. Irving. c1983, 93p TR-192 See also PB84-201 904. Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Microbiology, 'Coasts, 'Great Britain, Coliform bacteria, Sampling, Outfall sewers, Feces, Streptococcus, Tests, Standards, Po- table water, Counting methods, Comparison. Contents: Description of original coliform method; Preparation of samples for analysis; Diluents and dilution; Membrane filters; Counting; Analysis for total coliforms using 3% Teepol; Improved coliform analysis procedure; Thermotolerant coliforms, Faecal Coliforms, and E. Coli; Evaluation of delayed-incubation membrane-filter tests for coliform analysis; Facile techniques; Faecal streptococci; Analysis for sulphite-reducers (Clostridia); Bifidobacteria. PB84-202290/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Peru - Principales Cuestiones y Recommenda- ciones en Materia de Desarrollo (Peru: Major De- velopment Policy Issues and Recommendations). C1981, 236p See also PB84-202282. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Peru, 'Economic analysis, 'Financial management, Economic conditions,"* 3 olicies, Econom- ic policies, Socioeconomic conditions, Financial stabil- ity, National economics, Economy. The present report is based on the findings of a mis- sion that took place during the transition from military to civilian and democratic rule in 1980. The dialogue with the new authorities at that time was particularly intensive since they were in the process of assessing the country's economic and social situation and of de- fining their approach to policy issues in various fields. At that time, the Peruvian economy was emerging from the severe 1 977-78 economic crisis. Its external finan- cial position had improved dramatically, and the econ- omy experienced moderate growth in 1979 and 1980. In spite of this recovery, a large number of short-term and structural problems continued to plague the coun- try; some problems such as skewed income distribu- tion, nutrition, education, and health had become even more acute owing to the economic crisis. The present report focusses mainly on what the Bank perceived, at that juncture, as the most important development policy issues. It attempts to outline a strategy that would permit maintenance of financial stability, while at the same time effectively tackling the most crucial social and economic development problems. It also emphasizes the need for continuing stabilization ef- forts without which the development goals and aspira- tions of the Government and Peruvian society cannot be persistently pursued and achieved. PB84-202548/GAA PC A07/MF A01 SumX Corp., Austin, TX. Investigation of Photocatalytic Oxidation for Wastewater Cleanup and Reuse, D. W. DeBerry, A. Viehbeck, G. R. Peyton, and M. Karpinski. 1983, 132p OWRT/RU-83/12, , OWRT-C- 10029-R(1453)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-001 -1453 Keywords: 'Water pollution, Reaction kinetics, Organ- ic compounds, Semiconductors, Solar energy, Industri- al wastes, Electrochemistry, Chemical industry, Food industry, Petrochemistry, 'Waste water reuse, Titani- um dioxide. This program investigated a new treatment process for removal of low concentrations of organic compounds from wastewaters. The treatment process uses light energy as the driving force for the photocatalytic oxi- dation of dissolved organic species on suspended semiconductor powders. Based on the results of a pre- 269 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS vious study, Ti02 was the semiconductor used in this program, which was designed to further characterize the process with respect to operating parameters and scope of applicability. Detailed kinetic analyses for the removal of a variety of organic compounds are pre- sented. Factors such as light intensity, amount of semiconductor added, irradiated surface to volume ratio, light intensity, and amount of ionic constituents in the water were also investigated. Actual wastewater samples were obtained from several sources and used for process testing. The degree of effectiveness of the process was found to depend in part on the type of organic molecule being treated. Polar substances and compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur groups were much more susceptible to treatment than unsubstitut- ed aromatics, mineral oils, or saturated hydrocarbons. The relative removal rates were not in direct relation- ship to the corresponding reaction rates with hydroxyl radicals, indicating that more is involved than hydroxyl radical production at the semiconductor powder sur- face. The main limiting rate factor for the systems stud- ied was the low quantum efficiency found, coupled with the wide band gap of Ti02 which allows use of only a small fraction of the solar spectrum. PB84-202779/GAA PC A10/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). First World-Wide Study of the Wood and Wood Processing Industries. Sectoral studies series no. 2. 3 Aug 83, 21 4p UNIDO/IS.398, V-83-59058 Keywords: *Wood products, Policies, * Forestry, Saw- mills, Forest trees, * Natural resources, Area, Develop- ing countries, Afforestation, Reforestation, Lumbering, Transportation, Construction, Manpower, Panels, Pile structures, Poles(Supports), International trade, Global, Developing country application. Contents: The wood and wood processing sector in the world; Logging and transport; Possibilities and prerequisites for mechanical wood processing industries in developing countries; International trade in wood and wood products; Some policy related issues concerning the development of wood processing in developing countries; Marketing and product promotion; Conclusions regarding the development of primary and secondary wood processing industries and measures to promote the use of wood and wood products. PB84-202787/GAA PC A05/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Guidelines for Software Development in Develop- ing Countries, R. Narasimhan. 10 Feb 84, 91 p UNIDO/IS.439, V- 84-81527 See also PB84-202795. Keywords: 'Computers, "Training, Policies, Personnel development, Strategy, Developing country applica- tion. This report covers (1) software as technology and as engineering, (2) software produced in developing countries: historical background; structure of the in- dustry; strategies, policies and trends, (3) software needs of the DCs, (4) promoting self help in software production, (5) issues in manpower development; re- quired training, (6) initiatives needed; cooperation; the role of developing countries; the role of UNIDO and other UN agencies. PB84-202795/GAA PC A06/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Guidelines for Software Production in Developing Countries, H. Kopetz. 10 Feb 84, 109p UNIDO/IS.440, V-84- 81528 See also PB84-202787. Keywords: 'Computers, Policies, Personnel develop- ment, Computer programming, Standards, Methodolo- gy, Structured programming, Developing country appli- cation. This report covers (1) definition of 'software'; the role of software and hardware in the computer industry, (2) the need for self help and a software policy in DCs; organizational aspects, training centers, standards, (3) organizing a software project, (4) the software devel- opment process, (5) a standard operating system for microcomputers and (6) a methodology for structured systems analysis and functional systems design. PB84-203728/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Centre de Documentation de I'Armement, Paris (France). Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Tech- niques. Informatique (Informatics). 1983, 98p ISBN-2-71 70-0738-5 Text in French. Keywords: Information systems, "Computers, Pro- gramming languages, Software, Interactive systems, Bubble memories, Computer architecture, Multipro- cessors, Voice recognition. An overview is provided of the French Ministry of De- fense research program and interests in the field of Informatics. Topics include: Informatics and Defense, Computer Architectures (numerical simulation of com- plex systems, The vectorial computer projects ISIS, The multiprocessor project Marianne, Synchronous parallel processors, example of the utilization of a mul- tiprocessor configuration, high reliability computers, signal processing computers, the calculateur Militaire Francais project); perpherials and memories (magnetic bubble memories, nonvolatile memories); software (software engineering, programming languages); appli- cations (signal processing, image processing, voice recognition technologies for interactive command and control systems, computer-assisted translation of sci- entific information); numerical analysis (basic numeric methods, methods for the numeric simulation of con- tinuous media). PB84-204114/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Silicon Foundry to Service Developing Countries' Needs: A Preliminary Approach. 22 Feb 84, 14p UNIDO/IS.444, V-84-82125 Keywords: "Electronics, "Economic analysis, "Indus- trial development, Capitalized costs, Startup costs, "Foundries, Production costs, Developing country ap- plication. This report presents an introductory approach towards developing a silicon foundry serving the needs of de- veloping countries. The report covers (1) trends in microelectronics and the needs of developing coun- tries (2) silicon foundry approach for DCs (3) invest- ment estimates; capital costs and production costs and, (4) training programs. PB84-204171/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Microelectronics Applications for Developing Countries: Preliminary Issues for Concerted Action. 1 Mar 84, 10p UNIDO-ID/WG.419/1, V-84-82640 Keywords: "Electronics, "Technology assessment, In- formation sciences, Silicon, Foundries, Socioecono- mics, Developing country application, Information dis- semination. This report covers (1) actions and cooperation re- quired to realize the potential of information technolo- gy for socio-economic development; opportunities for DCs and (2) the basic issues (a) information exchange on goals and activities (b) analysis of gaps, comple- mentarities, and common ground (c) possible coopera- tion mechanisms (d) assembling a roster of experts and (e) silicon foundries for integrated circuits for joint use by DCs. PB84-204387/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Software Engineering: A Survey, W. M. Turski. 22 Feb 84, 22p UNIDO/IS.446, V-84- 82124 Keywords: "Computers, Programming languages, De- veloping country application, Software tools. This report covers (1) main directions; emphasis on software 'correctness' (2) specification-based meth- ods of programming (3) approaches to specifications of software (4) software life-cycle; modular design; software modification; software tools (4) non-proce- dural languages and other advanced concepts in pro- gramming (5) software engineering management. PB84-204528/GAA PCS5.00 Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. State Activities in Venture Capital, Early-Stage Fi- nancing, and Secondary Markets. Final rept., B. Hollis. May 84, 66p Keywords: "Small businesses, "Financial manage- ment, Intergovernmental relationships. The report examines equity programs, including public and private co-venture capital and early-stage financ- ing activities. State secondary market developments for loans guaranteed by the Small Business Adminis- tration are also included in brief format. The purpose of the study is to describe the various efforts of states in providing some form of early stage financing or ven- ture capital activity. Of primary emphasis are the states' equity or 'risk'-oriented programs. PB84-204890/GAA PC E04/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Safety Standards for the Erection and Mainte- nance of Electrical Installations, G. P. Canevari. 7 Feb 84, 39p UNIDO-ID/WG.369/ 15, V-84-81338 Presented at Technical Course on Criteria for the Se- lection of Woodworking Machines, held at Milan, Italy, on 10-26 May 1982. Keywords: "Occupational safety and health, "Electric power, "Woodworking, Developing country applica- tion, Industrial safety. This report covers (1) preliminary considerations; proper functioning and safety; electrical hazards and relative protection (2) survey of developments in power supply parameters; standardization of distribu- tion systems; safety requirements for each system (3) electrical connection criteria for machinery; machine maintenance and repair instructions. PB84-204908/GAA PC E05/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Biotechnology and the Developing Countries: Ap- plications for the Pharmaceutical Industry and Ag- riculture. 12 Mar 84, 80p UNIDO/IS.452, V-84-83242 Keywords: "Industrial development, "Technology as- sessment, "Agriculture, "Drugs, Genetics, Proteins, "Vaccines, Antibiotics, Animal husbandry, Pest con- trol, Pesticides, Immunization, Pharmaceutical indus- try, Developing country application, Genetic engineer- ing, Animal health. This report covers (1) definitions (2) pharmaceutical applications of biotechnology and genetic engineering (a) recombinant DNA: proteins, vaccines, antibiotics, immunization, etc. (b) new biotechnology and fermen- tation (3) biotechnology and agro-industry: livestock husbandry; animal health; genetic improvement of plants; pesticides; biological pest control agents (4) relevant projects. This report includes Tables, bibliog- raphy, lists of diseases. PB84-204916/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Bioenergy from Farm Wastes and/or by Farm Wastes for Rural Development, F. D. Maramba, Sr. 20 Feb 84, 12p UNIDO-ID/ WG.418/4, V-84-82541 Presented at Technical Congress held in Conjuction with the Third International Fair - Technology for the People, Manila, Philippines, 23-25 November 1983. 270 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Agricultural wastes, *Biomass, Fermenta- tion, Coconuts, Rural areas, Fuels, Rice, "Biogas, Rice hulls, Alcohol fuels, Renewable energy sources, Manure, Developing country application, Biomass plantations. UNIDO pub on production of biogas and other fuels from agricultural wastes - covers: biogas from manure; rice husks; energy plantation on wastelands; straight hydrous alcohol as substitute engine fuel; straight crude coconuts oil as substitute for diesel fuel. Addi- tional references: technology transfer, appropriate technology, fermentation, renewable energy, com- posting, biomass. PB84-204932/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Machines and Equipment for Tool Maintenance, R. Ruzzenenti. 1 Mar 84, 20p UNIDO-ID/WG.369/ 14, V-84-82630 Presented at Technical Course on Criteria for the Se- lection of Woodworking Machines, held at Milan, Italy, on 10-26 May 1982. Keywords: "Woodworking, "Machine tools, "Mainte- nance, Visual inspection, Cleaning agents, Sharpen- ing, Grinding wheels, Grinding machines(Tools), De- veloping country application. The report covers need for proper maintenance of tools and equipment; cleaning procedures, use of sol- vents and various liquids; inspection and control of tools; sharpening of saws and cutting tools; use of the grinding wheel; relevant machine tools; economic as- pects of use. PB84-205525/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Meeting on Energy Conservation in Small and Medium Industries, Held at Kuala Lumpur, Malay- sia, on 1-2 December 1983. 17 Feb 84, 20p UNIDO/IS.443, V-84-81843 Keywords: "Energy management, "Industrial plants, "Energy conservation, Developing country application. This paper contains synopses of discussions by indus- trial representatives on energy conservation methods currently used and subsequent results of the imple- mentation of these methods. PB84-205947/GAA PC E03/MF E01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Expert Group Meeting on Downstream Processing Activities in the Vegetable Oils and Fats Industry in Developing Countries, Held at Vienna, Austria, on 6-8 February 1984. 19 Mar 84, 15p UNIDO/PC.97, V-84-83487 Keywords: "Vegetable oils, "Food processing, Raw materials, "Technology transfer, Quality control, Pack- aging, Oilseeds, Fruits, Developing country applica- tion, Infrastructure, Energy requirements. This report covers consideration of (1) raw materials supply; use of high yielding oilseeds and fruits (2) phys- ical infrastructure and energy requirements (3) factory organization; use of by-products; quality control; pack- aging (4) technology transfer; cooperation between re- search centers, industry and higher education; nutri- tional aspects; training and management develop- ment. The two-volume report gives results of a detailed ex- amination of dyebath reconstitution and reuse, one of several wastewater recycle/reuse technologies allow- ing textile finishing mills to reduce the volume of wastewater and the amount of pollutants discharged. (NOTE: About 80% of these plants discharge their wastewater to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Most of the wastewater receives little or no pretreatment before discharge into municipal collec- tion systems.) This recycle technology is considered promising for several reasons: significant environmen- tal benefits, potential for widespread application, low capital cost, cost savings in textile dyeing, and eco- nomic attractiveness. Volume 2 gives detailed proce- dures and methods for implementing the technology, serving as an operations manual for other mills wishing to investigate the technology. PB84-206481/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Texas Southern Univ., Houston. Project to Increase the Level of Patronage for Public Transit Among Specialized Groups. Phase 1. Final rept. Sep 82-Aug 83, N. W. Lede, and L C. Cooper. Mar 84, 1 1 5p UMTA- TX-1 1-001 4-84-2 Contract DOT-UMTA-TX-1 1-0014 See also PB84- 197979. Portions of this document are not fully legible. Keywords: "Transportation management, Promoting, Marketing, Elderly persons, Handicapped persons. This project focuses on transit management as it re- lates to marketing to the transportation disadvantaged. It is designed to stimulate ridership and to improve the image of public transit generally through a marketing program tailored to the needs of special users. PB84-204999/GAA PC A02/MF A01 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria). Gas Producers Technology for Rural Applications, I. E. Cruz. 29 Feb 84, 9p UNIDO-ID/WG.418/2, V- 84-82539 Presented at Technical Congress held in Conjuction with the Third International Fair - Technology for the People, Manila, Philippines, on 23-25 November 1983. Keywords: "Fuels, "Rural areas, Heating systems, In- ternal combustion engines, Furnaces, Crop driers, Technology, Rice hulls, Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Developing country application. UNIDO pub on producer gas applications in rural areas - covers (1) use of such gas which is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceus and cellulose solid fuels (a) for direct heating as in furnaces and in crop drying (b) as engine fuel to provide shaft power (2) cooling and cleaning of producer gas in preparation for use as fuel for internal combustion engines (3) re- quired equipment; chemical reactors; gasification sys- tems. PB84-205251/GAA PC E06/MF E01 National Swedish Inst, for Building Research, Gaevle. Upgrading Reconsidered - The George Studies in Retrospect, A. Schlyter. Apr 84, 119p MEDDELANDE/BULL- M84:4 Keywords: "Building materials, "Houses, Policies, Zambia, "Africa, "Latin America, Development, Urban planning, Poverty, Low income population. In many countries upgrading policies of urban housing stock have been adopted to improve poor settlements. To understand the process whereby houses are built and settlements develop, empirical data from a longi- tudinal study of the former squatter settlement, George in Lusaka, Zambia, is brought up-to-date. The impact of an upgrading project on some individual households is discussed. As a background to a current debate between advocators and critics of upgrading policies a historical review of research on poor urban settlements is presented. The critics' condemnation of upgrading, derived from analyses of state intervention and production forms, are examined in the light of the George experiences. Many of the analytical tools of the critics are found to be useful, though insufficient, when analyzing domestic or unpaid work and qualita- tive aspects of housing. PB84-206465/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Investigation of Textile Dyebath Reconstitution and Reuse. Volume 1. Technical Report. Rept. for Apr 81 -Dec 83 on Phase 3, J. F. Bergenthal, and A. J. Tawa. May 84, 155p EPA- 600/2-84-1 00A Contract EPA-68-02-3678 See also PB84-206473. Keywords: "Textile industry, "Water pollution, Industri- al waste treatment, Recirculation, Cost analysis, Fea- sibility, Economic analysis, Capitalized costs, Sewers, Carpets, "Waste water reuse, Pretreatment(Water), Publicly owned waste water treatment. The two-volume report gives results of a detailed ex- amination of dyebath reconstitution and reuse, one of several wastewater recycle/reuse technologies allow- ing textile finishing mills to reduce the volume of wastewater and the amount of pollutants discharged. (NOTE: About 80% of these plants discharge their wastewater to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Most of the wastewater receives little or no pretreatment before discharge into municipal collec- tion systems.) This recycle technology is considered promising for several reasons: significant environmen- tal benefits, potential for widespread application, low capital cost, cost savings in textile dyeing, and eco- nomic attractiveness. Volume 1 gives results of the in- vestigation at a carpet mill. It gives results of bench-, pilot-, and full-scale testing, presenting wastewater data documenting the achieved pollutant reductions. It addresses the economic feasibility of implementing the technology full-scale. PB84-206473/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Investigation of Textile Dyebath Reconstitution and Reuse. Volume 2. Operations Manual. Rept. for Apr 81 -Dec 83 on Phase 3, J. F. Bergenthal, and A. J. Tawa. May 84, 175p EPA- 600/2-84-1 00B Contract EPA-68-02-3678 See also PB84-206465. Keywords: "Water pollution, "Textile industry, Industri- al waste treatment, Recirculation, Cost analysis, Fea- sibility, Economic analysis, Operating, Computer pro- grams, Laboratory equipment, Pilot plants, Assess- ments, "Waste water reuse, Pretreatment(Water), Publicly owned wastewater treatment. PB84-207240/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Maya- guez, PR. Tropical Window Solar Water Heater, J. T. Pytlinski. Dec 83, 8p CEER-S-179 Presented at the World Energy Engineering Congress (6th), November 29-December 2, 1983, Atlanta, Geor- gia. Keywords: "Solar energy, "Buildings, Costs, "Solar water heating, Energy conservation, Developing coun- try application, Energy costs. A conceptual breakthrough in solar water heating in the form of a tropical window solar water heater is de- scribed. A louvered window that is mass produced and commonly used in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean is employed as a solar collector by replacing louvers with solar radiation absorbing surfaces. The copper ther- mafin absorbers act as louvers and as solar heat col- lectors. The window functions as a normal window while operating as a solar collector-water heater. The cost of the tropical window solar collector is in the range of $75/sq. m. whereas the cost of a flat-plate solar collector is about $215/sq. m. Because of its technical simplicity and low cost, this novel system has the potential to be manufactured and commercialized in the Caribbean, Latin America, Asia, and the Near East. A detailed description of the system construction and operation is provided and illustrated by photo- graphs and schematics. Various ways in which the tropical window solar water heating system can be in- corporated into water heating installations already marketable are mentioned. And, other advantages of the system related to energy conservation and security are briefly discussed. The research installation used to evaluate the thermal performance of the tropical window solar water heater is described, and some de- tails about the measuring procedure are given. Finally, the research program being conducted is presented, and the preliminary results of the thermal performance of a single tropical window used as a solar water heater are discussed. PB84-207281/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, Maya- guez, PR. Variable Geometry Darrieus Wind Machine, J. T. Pytlinski, and D. Serrano. Aug 83, 15p CEER-S- 178 Sponsored in part by Department of Energy, Washing- ton, DC. Presented at the 1983 Solar World Congress, 14-19 August 1 983, Perth, Western Australia. 271 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: 'Turbines, *Wind energy, *Wind pressure, Computer simulations, Developing country application. A new variable geometry Darrieus wind machine is proposed. The lower attachment of the blades to the rotor can move freely up and down the axle allowing the blades to change shape during rotation. Experi- mental data for a 1 7 m. diameter Darrieus rotor and a theoretical model for multiple streamtube performance prediction were used to develop a computer simulation program for studying parameters that affect the ma- chine's performance. New structural and dynamic pa- rameters were incorporated into the program and varied in order to simulate the machine's operation in a wide range of aerodynamic conditions. In computa- tions a parabolic blade was used to approximate a true troposkein shape. This new variable geometry concept is described and interrelated with multiple streamtube theory through aerodynamic parameters. The comput- er simulation study shows that governor behavior of a Darrieus turbine can not be attained by a standard tur- bine operating within normally occurring rotational ve- locity limits. These results are illustrated graphically and numerically. A second generation variable geome- try Darrieus wind turbine which uses a telescopic blade is proposed as a potential improvement on the studied concept. PB84-207299/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Tecnicas de Ensenanza (Teaching Techniques), M. L C. Thillet. Jun81, 43p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Education, 'Agriculture, Rural areas, Pop- ulations, Selection, Mass communication, Publicity, Developing country application. This booklet is primarily for agricultural extension workers and covers various methods for teaching new farming techniques to the rural population. It covers discussion groups (factors contributing to the success of a discussion, how to organize the group, types of discussion groups), study circles, panels (selection of panel members, function of the moderator), the forum, symposia, sociodramas (types, how to organize it, peri- ods of general discussion, steps to follow - define the problem, determine what the situation is, choose the characters, instruct and motivate, analyze the action, and summarize and apply what is learned), radio call-in shows, film fora, debates, site visits, demonstrations of results (steps to follow), and demonstrations of meth- ods. PB84-207307/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Ahorre Energia en su Hogar (Conserving Energy in Your Home), I. A. de Colon. Mar 83, 45p Text in Spanish. Errata sheet inserted. Keywords: 'Electric power, 'Energy management, 'Fi- nancial management, Electric power generation, 'Energy conservation, Developing country application. This pamphlet provides a list of practical and cost free steps you can take to conserve energy. Appendices explain how to select, buy and, use household appli- ances and equipment; and how to prepare a monthly budget for the consumption of electricity. PB84-207398/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Aplique los Plaguididas Correctamente: Guia para Agricultores Usuarios de Plaguicidas Restringidos (Correct Application of Pesticides: Guide for Agri- cultural Users of Restricted Pesticides), M. C. Ferrer, M. G. Flores, H. Cibes, C. Mantaras, and N. Ayala. 1984, 60p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Pesticides, 'Pest control, 'Puerto Rico, Damage, 'Safety, Personnel, Environments, Sprayers, Equipment, Spray nozzles, Insects, Plants(Botany), Recommendations, Liquids, Solids, Developing coun- try application. This guide was written to help farmers comply with U.S. federal and Puerto Rican laws on the application of pesticides, but it doesn't include all the necessary information to identify pests. The guide does cover: some characteristics of the most common pests, how they develop, and the different damages they cause; methods you can use to control the pests; how the pesticides work; how labels can be useful; how to use pesticides without injuring yourself or damaging the environment; and how to choose, use, and maintain certain equipment for applying pesticides. PB84-2074 1 4/GAA PC A02/ M F A0 1 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Origen y Effectos de la Contaminacion del Aire (Origin and Effects of Air Pollution), J. I. Anglero. Sep 80, 13p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Air pollution, 'Health, Particles, Sulfur di- oxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbons, Ozone, Lead(Metal), Developing country application. This pamphlet is a general introduction to air pollution for the general public. It covers particulates, sulfur di- oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocar- bons, ozone, and lead. PB84-207422/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Ganado Lechero. Primera Parte: La Crianza de la Becerra (Milch Cattle. Part 1: Nursing and the Year- ling), J. M. L Acosta, and B. S. Herrero. Jul 81, 27p Text in Spanish. Keywords: 'Livestock, 'Animal husbandry, Dairy cattle, Selection, Feeding(Supplying), Animal dis- eases, Growth, Developing country application, Asso- ciations, Listings. This pamphlet covers cattle terminology, required ac- tivities for the first and second year, breeds of milk cattle, breed associations, selection of the breed, feeding the yearling, teaching it to drink, dehorning, health, and growth. PB84-207448/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Limits on Common Pasture Use in an Agro-Pasto- ral Community: The Case of Toqra, Peru, K. A. Jamtgaard, and L. Jimenez-Zamalloa. Apr 84, 92p TRS-42 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ.-Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: 'Farming, 'Agriculture, 'Land use, 'Live- stock, 'Peru, Competition, Grazing land, Manpower, Ruminants, Sheep, Manure, Accumulation, Farms, De- veloping country application, Cuesco(Peru). One of the major issues concerning development ac- tivities among groups of traditional livestock producers is that of common pastures and the overgrazing that is often associated with this type of land tenure. Worries about competitive behavior among pastoralists regard- ing communally held pastures have preoccupied de- velopment experts for some time. This report looks at one agropastoral community near Cusco, Peru, and fo- cuses on how the community's pasture resources were used. PB84-207497/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Center for Energy and Environment Research, San Juan, PR. Status of Renewable Energy Programs in Caribbe- an Islands, J. A. Bonnet, Jr., and W. C. Koehler, Jr. May 84, 27p CEER-X-182 Grant NSF-INT83-02757 Presented at Energex 84 Meeting, Regina, Saskatche- wan, Canada, May 1984. Keywords: 'Caribbean, 'Renewable energy, Caribbe- an Islands, Research management, Developing coun- try application. The Caribbean is a complex region of different peo- ples, cultures, economies, and resource bases. With the exception of one, all are dependent almost entirely on imported oil to meet their energy needs. Yet there are significant opportunities to develop their renewable energy resources. Research, development, demon- stration, and to some extent distribution of renewable energy systems have begun. These range from re- search into OTEC, solar ponds, windmills, and solar cooling. In part the impetus to develop these systems comes from assistance from outside the Caribbean. In- digenous competencies are increasing, however. In recent years the level of effort has increased signifi- cantly, to the extent that renewable energy programs exist throughout the region. PB84-208909/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Aquatic Farms Ltd., Kaneohe, HI. Cage Culture of Red Tilapia in Prawn and Shrimp Ponds. Final rept. on Phase 1 . Mar 82, 56p NSF/OCE-82002 Grant NSF-OCE81-13719 Keywords: 'Aquaculture, 'Ponds, Food habits, Surviv- al, Mortality, Fresh water, Water temperature, Diets, Brackish water, Growth. Results are presented of feeding trials conducted in prawn ponds (freshwater) and shrimp ponds (brackish- water) with red tilapia stocked in floating cages. Seven ponds were stocked at a density of 26 cages per hec- tare. One-hundred nine-gram tilapia were stocked into each cage. Fish survival after eight weeks averaged 98.5%, excluding a set of six cages from one pond which were preempted from the study because of high mortality. The growth of tilapia fed supplemental diets was significantly higher in brackishwater than in fresh- water ponds. It is concluded that these greater growth rates are due to a greater availability of natural food organisms. PB84-20901 4/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Meeting the Needs of the Poor for Water Supply and Waste Disposal, F. L. Golladay. c1983, 66p ISBN-0-821 3-0238-8 See also Spanish version, PB84-209022, French ver- sion, PB84-209030, and Hebrew version, PB84- 209048. Library of Congress catalog card no. 83- 14636. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Water supply, 'Waste disposal, Communi- ties, Community development, Cooperation, Govern- ment policies, Financing, Developing countries. This paper examines economic, political, social and cultural obstacles to meeting the needs of low-income people for water supply and waste disposal and it pro- poses steps to reduce these obstacles. Households are often poorly informed about available options and are unable to allocate resources efficiently among their members. The paper suggests ways in which communications, peer and family support for innova- tors and incentives can be strengthened. Communities organize and manage resources in order to carry out activities that cannot be profitably undertaken by households, encourage constructive change and sanction undesirable behavior. The paper proposes methods for facilitating the formation and operation of community organizations to carry out these functions. Formal bureaucracies provide professionalized techni- cal and administrative services, and supply policy guid- ance, goods and financial resources to operating agencies and communities. Largely because of their inherent conservatism, formal bureaucracies often fail to satisfy these needs, especially for innovative activi- ties. Governments must revise legal codes to permit adoption of affordable technologies, and must assist community organizations in dealing with legal, finan- cial, technical and administrative problems and in re- cruiting and retaining competent technical staff. These demands must be met within the constraints of both practical politics and bureaucratic behavior. PB84-209238/GAA PC A13/MF A01 Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. Planning for Downtown Circulation Systems. Volume 1. Planning Concepts. Final rept. Jun 77-Dec 81. Oct 83, 294p* DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-47-1 , UMTA-MA- 06-0039-83-2 See also Volume 2, PB84-209246. Prepared in coop- eration with Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Washing- ton, DC, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., MA., and Re- gional Plan Association, Inc., New York. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB84- 209220. 272 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Keywords: "Urban planning, 'Transportation manage- ment, 'Traffic engineering, State of the art, Public transportation, Guideway transportation. This document brings together the state-of-the-art in planning concepts, methods and data for use by those cities proposing or considering comprehensive or inno- vative downtown circulation systems, particularly Downtown People Mover systems. DPM systems are a subset of Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) sys- tems, a class of transportation systems that includes unmanned vehicles operating on fixed exclusive guide- ways. Although primary attention in the report is given to DPM systems, it should be emphasized that these are but one example of a downtown circulator system. The advantage of using such a complicated circulator system example as a DPM is that the resulting report covers a broad range of planning issues, only a subset of which would be of cocern in planning a simpler or conventional circulation system. The report thus tends to be a quite useful reference document for planning any type of downtown circulation system. This vol- umes comprises the concept stage of the downtown circulator planning process. Included are sections on the development of goals and objectives, generation of alternative conceptual designs, familiarization with important planning issues, and crude feasibility studies of alternative systems. PB84-209246/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. Planning for Downtown Circulation Systems. Volume 2. Analysis Techniques. Final rept. Jun 77-Dec 81. Oct 83, 228p* DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-47-2, UMTA-MA- 06-0039-83-3 See also Volume 1, PB84-209238, and Volume 3, PB84-209253. Prepared in cooperation with Peat, Mar- wick, litchell and Co., Washington, DC, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., MA., and Regional Plan Association, Inc., New York. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB84- 209220. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Transportation manage- ment, 'Traffic engineering, State of the art, Public transportation, Guideway transportation. This volume contains the analysis and refinement stages of downtown circulator planning. Included are sections on methods for estimating patronage, costs, revenues, and impacts, and a section on methods for performing micro-level analyses. PB84-209253/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. Planning for Downtown Circulation Systems. Volume 3. Appendices. Final rept. Jun 77-Dec 81. Oct 83, 226p* DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-47-3, UMTA-MA- 06-0039-83-4 See also Volume 2, PB84-209246. Prepared in coop- eration with Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Washing- ton, DO, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., MA., and Re- gional Plan Association, Inc., New York. Also available in set of 3 reports PC E99, PB84- 209220. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Transportation manage- ment, 'Traffic engineering, State of the art, Public transportation, Guideway transportation, Travel demand models, Case studies. This volume contains worksheets for estimating circu- lator patronage, costs, revenues and travel impacts, detailed discussions of estimation and application pro- cedures for the demand models developed, and a case study of the models' application using a Los An- geles downtown people mover example. PB84-211085/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Washington Univ., Seattle. Urban Transportation Pro- gram. Planning, Designing and Operating Multi-Center Timed-Transfer Transit Systems: Guidelines from Recent Experience in Six Cities. Final rept. 1 Jul 81-31 May 83, J. B. Schneider, R. Deardorf, C. Deffebach, J. Latteman, and E. McCormack. Sep 83, 121p RR-83- 1, UMTA-WA-1 1-0009-84-1 Contract UMTA-WA-1 1-0009 See also PB81 -154569. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Transportation manage- ment, Passenger terminals, Urban areas, Canada, Brazil, Evaluation, United States, Facilities, Oper- ations, Australia, Rail transportation, Highway trans- portation, Intermodal transportation systems. The planning, design and operation of a polycentric timed-transfer transit system in two American, two Ca- nadian, one Australian and one Brazilian city is de- scribed and evaluated. The foreign systems have been in operation longer and are more fully developed than the American systems in Portland, Oregon and Tacoma, Washington. The experience gained in each of the six cities is described in terms of the location and sizing of the transit centers, the design of the physical facilities involved, route/schedule consider- ations and some data on operating experience gained to date. This report should be helpful to those Ameri- can cities, particularly those located in the West, that wish to undertake the development of a polycentric timed-transfer bus/rail transit system that will fit well the diverse travel pattern generated by the modern po- lycentric city. The experience gained in each city is de- scribed in some detail and guidelines that should be helpful in other cities are highlighted. PB84-212067/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Futures Group, Inc., Glastonbury, CT. Characterization of Innovations Introduced on the U.S. Market in 1982. Final rept., K. L Edwards. Mar 84, 124p* Contract SBA-6050-OA-82 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, Policies, Statistical analysis, 'Small businesses. The purpose of the study was to examine the relation- ship between the innovation process and firm size and thereby to facilitate the development of policy de- signed to stimulate innovation. The innovations by firm size were compared to industry employment by firm size, using a special tabulation of the 1977 economic cenuses for the Small Business Administration. The comparison of 1977 employment with 1982 innova- tions corresponds to the average period between in- vention and innovation. PB84-212406/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Romicon, Inc., Woburn, MA. Evaluation of Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration as a Pre- treatment for Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Seawater. Completion rept. 1 Apr 79-30 Sep 80, B. R. Breslau, A. J. Testa, and B. M. Kilcullen. 1984, 176p OWRT-C-80309-S(8558)(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -8558 Keywords: 'Desalination, Cleaning agents, Perform- ance evaluations, Economic analysis, Graphs(Charts), Design criteria, Wrightsville Beach Desalination Plant. An intensive study was conducted at the Wrightsville Beach Test Facility to evaluate the performance of hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as a pretreat- ment for seawater desalination via reverse osmosis. Several polymer types were evaluated to determine the best ultrafiltration membrane. In addition, two dif- ferent fiber diameters (20 and 43 mil) were studied to investigate the effects of flow through the hollow fiber cartridge on flux, cleaning, and membrane life. The re- sults from these tests show that the polysulfone PM-50 membrane (50,000 M.W. cutoff) which has a 43 mil in- ternal diameter is well suited for seawater pretreat- ment. Various cleaning chemicals (sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, surfactant types, etc.) were evaluated in several combinations of operating modes (reverse flow, backflush) to optimize the mem- brane performance. Economic analyses show that the three inch diameter, 26.5 square foot PM-50 hollow fiber cartridge can pretreat seawater at a cost of ap- proximately one dollar per thousand gallons of sea- water produced using a totally automated system. PB84-214170/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Inter- national Economics Div. Crop Output Growth: Changes in Component Con- tributions for Six Developing Countries. Staff rept., D. Feinstein. Jun 84, 46p AGES-840419 Keywords: 'Crops, 'Farming, 'Agricultural economics, Economic factors, Latin America, Asia, Production, Yield, Market value, Grains(Food), Farms, Area, Devel- oping countries, Output, Statistical analysis, Trends. Using a components-of-growth approach, this study analyzes factors affecting declining long-term rates of agricultural growth in selected countries of Latin Amer- ica and Asia. In both regions, the contribution of ex- panding agricultural land area to crop output growth has significantly declined and the contribution of yield increase has been marginal. However, the relative im- portance of changes in the cropping pattern has in- creased moderately over the long term. Prospects for production growth will depend upon the development and adoption of yield-enhancing innovations in Latin America, and a shift to higher value cereals in Asia. PB84-214295/GAA PC E03/MF E01 Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland). Dept. of Technical Physics. Improved Wrede Stand-Alone ORC (Organic Ran- kine-Cycle) Solar Water Pump with Tracking Con- centrators, P. D. Lund, and T. C. W. Wrede. 18 Apr 84, 24p TKK-F-A543, ISBN-951 -753-228-8 Keywords: 'Solar water pumps, 'Solar energy, Ran- kine cycle, Structural design, Automatic tracking, Cost effectiveness, Energy conversion heat sources, 'Water pumps. This paper describes the Wrede organic Rankine- cycle solar water pump employing tracking parabolic troughs. System principles and improvements intro- duced with the fifth-generation pump-unit and the con- centrators are briefly discussed. Previous field tests with older versions of the solar water pump have shown an overall system efficiency up to 0.84 per cent (from solar input to water output), and the improved new version is expected to yield 1.2 per cent. Field tests have been commenced to verify the expected performance. PB84-214790/GAA PC E03/MF E03 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Biomethanization Plant in Baillonville, B. Lemal, and B. Binet. c1983, 43p EUR-8547-EN/ FR, ISBN-92-825-3865-6 Text in English, illustrations in French. Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Methane, 'Farming, Perform- ance evaluation, Digesters, Fertilizers, Fuels, Anaero- bic processes, Cost analysis, 'Biogas, Manure. The subject of this report is the biomethanization in- stallation situated on a small poultry farm near Marche (Belgium). The poultry manure occupies the lower half of the cylinder and the biogas produced by anaerobic biological digestion is stored in the upper part. The report describes the performance of this installation over a period of 20 months, during which the digester produced approximately 230 gigajoules in the form of biogas. The global energy yield of the installation is greater than 60%. If the authors deduct from the over- all cost of the project those amounts connected with the prototype character of the installation, break-even point can be achieved for this type of small digester, which is not only a significant source of energy, but also has the advantage of producing a deodorized or- ganic fertilizer. PB84-214840/GAA PC E08/MF E08 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Solar Water Heating: An Analysis of Design and Performance Data from 28 Systems, D. Turrent, R. Godoy, and R. Ferraro. c1983, 197p EUR-8003-EN Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: Solar heating, Performance, Trends, Sys- tems, Operations, Design, 'Solar water heating, Heat storage. 273 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS There are now more than 200,000 solar water heating systems installed and working in Europe. However, until recently, very little has been known about the per- formance of these systems, since few of them have been monitored. In this report, a compilation of the per- formance results obtained from 28 monitored systems within the European Community is presented for the first time. By pooling information together in this way it is possible to identify common trends in system per- formance, and to present some of the knowledge now gained about the operational characteristics of solar water heating systems. By this means, better systems may be designed in the future. Topics covered include climate; building types; solar collectors; heat storage; technical factors; monthly performance; annual per- formance; and system costs. PB84-214923/GAA PC E05/MF E05 Commission of the European Communities, Luxem- bourg. Experimentation de Micro-Irrigation par Pompage Solaire, 1979-1981 (Experments in Micro-Irrigation by Solar Pumping, 1979-1981), X. Preel. c1983, 85p EUR-8571-FR Text in French. Customers in the European Community countries should apply to the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, B.P. 1003, Luxembourg. Keywords: *Crops, 'Irrigation, 'Solar energy, Pumps, Panels, Feasibility, France, Developing countries, 'Solar water pumps. An experiment in the micro-irrigation of crops by sprin- klers supplied by solar panel powered pumps was car- ried out in Bourriot-Bergonce, Landes, France. A de- tailed description is given of the project, its progress and economics, which over-all were satisfactory. An evaluation of the use of solar panels in irrigation instal- lations in France and in developing countries showed the feasibility of such projects. (Copyright (c) CECA- CEE-CEEA, Bruxelles-Luxembourg 1983.) PB84-215714/GAA PC A03/MF A01 National Research Council, Washington, DC. Winged Bean: A High-Protein Crop for the Tropics. (Second Edition), S. K. Karikari, T. N. Khan, K. O. Rachie, and R. E. Schultes. 1981, 30p AID-PN-AAJ-980 Contract AID/ta-C-1433, Grant AID-DAN-55-38-G-00- 1023-00 Keywords: 'Soybeans, 'Nutrition, 'Tropical regions, 'Proteins, Oils, Vitamins, Amino acids, Comparison, Soybeans, Rainfall, Soils, Climate, Thailand, Nitrogen fixation, Developing country application, Psophocar- pus tetragonolobus, Winged bean. A 1975 report on the nutritional merits of the winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, encouraged the crop's spread from Papua New Guinea and South East Asia to over 70 countries in the hope that it could become a major plant protein source for the tropics, as soybean is in temperate zones. This paper updates the 1 975 report and details winged bean's agronomy, food use, and nutritive value. This 'supermarket on a stalk' provides six different foods (leaves, pods, seeds, tubers, flowers, and shoots) while duplicating soy- beans nutritionally in regard to their protein, oil, miner- al, vitamin, and essential amino acid content. Winged beans thrive in hot humid areas with 2,500 mm or more of annual rainfall, yet some variants are drought resist- ant and have proven resilient in different climates and soils. In Thailand, as many as 1,000 nitrogen-fixing root nodules have been found on a single plant, dem- onstrating that exceptional ability to fix nitrogen which results in the plant's high protein content. PB84-217330/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Thailand: Rural Growth and Employment. C1983, 21 2p ISBN-0-821 3-0203-5 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-6785. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Thailand, 'Economic development, Devel- oping countries, Rural areas, Employment, Policies, Agriculture, Demand(Economics), Manufacturing, Income. The present study has been undertaken to establish: (a) the factors explaining the growth in rural nonfarm employment and its dependence on agricultural growth; and (b) the benefits that poor rural areas derive from rural nonfarm employment and measures, if any, that can be taken to accelerate its growth as a means to alleviate rural poverty. (Copyright (c) 1983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment/The World Bank.) PB84-217348/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Common Agricultural Policy of the European Com- munity: A Blessing or a Curse for Developing Countries. World Bank staff working paper, U. Koester, and M. D. Bale. C1984, 66p WP-630, ISBN-0-821 3-0327-9 Library of Congress catalog card no. 84-221 9. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, 'Agricultural econom- ics, Exports, Policies, Competition, Developing coun- tries, Commodities, Abundance, Cost effectiveness, Surpluses, Global. The European Community is the major player in global agricultural trade. Not only is it the leading importer of agricultural goods, it is also the dominant exporter of a number of agricultural products. Further, its export dominance is growing over time. It is, therefore, imper- ative that policymakers in developing countries and those that advise them on agricultural matters under- stand the implications of the EC's common agricultural policy on them. There are two major types of effects. On the one hand, as exporters of agricultural products, developing countries may lose their EC market share as the level of self-sufficiency of the EC increases or they may lose market share in third markets in compe- tition with subsidized EC exports. On the other hand, as importers of certain agricultural products, some de- veloping countries may gain by buying agricultural goods on the international market that are made cheaper and more abundant by EC agricultural sur- pluses. This paper spells out which commodities fit into each category in addition to explaining how the common Agriculture Policy operates. (Copyright (c) 1984 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.) PB84-217371/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Trends in International Trade in Manufactured Goods and Structural Change in the Industrial Countries. World Bank staff working paper, B. Balassa. c1984, 45p WP-611, ISBN-0-821 3-0251- 5 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-25996. Ab- stracts in French and Spanish. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'International trade, Markets, Resources, World market, Raw materials, Industrial production. This paper follows the author's 'Structural Change in Trade in Manufactured Goods between Industrial and Developing Countries,' World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 396, June 1980. It extends the period of ob- servation until 1981 and also provides estimates on the importance of trade with the developing countries for domestic production and consumption in the indus- trial countries in 1973. The results show the increasing importance of the developing countries as markets and sources of supply for the industrial countries. In 1973-78, the developing countries provided 8.5 per- cent, and in 1978-81 1 1.3 percent, of the increment in manufacturing production in the industrial countries while supplying 2.4 percent of the increment in their manufacturing consumption in 1973-78 and 3.8 per- cent in 1978-81. Both groups of countries benefited from this trade and further gains could be obtained through multilateral trade liberalization. PB84-217447/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Bureau of Standards (NEL), Washington, DC. Center for Building Technology. Test Methods and Standards Development for Active Solar Heating and Cooling Systems. Final rept., H. R. Trechsel, and B. L. Collins. Apr 84, 145p* NBSIR-84-2845 Contract DE-AI01-76PR06010 Keywords: Tests, Standards, Heat storage, Materials, Residential buildings, Solar collectors, 'Solar water heating, Solar absorbers. Since test methods and standards for active solar heating and cooling systems did not exist in 1976, the Department of Energy sponsored research at the Na- tional Bureau of Standards (NBS) and other laborato- ries to aid in the development of research-based standards. This research was intended to facilitate a sound data base for the development of national con- sensus standards and test methods. In the present report, research by NBS and other laboratories is de- scribed for solar domestic hot water systems, solar collectors, thermal storage devices and collector ma- terials. For collectors, the report describes research and test methods for determining the performance of cover plates, absorber materials, collector insulation, gaskets and sealants, rubber hose, containment mate- rials, and heat transfer fluids. PB84-217611/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Case Studies on Industrial Processing of Primary Products. Volume 1. Bauxite, Rubber, Tropical Hardwood. C1983, 377p ISBN-0-821 3-01 54-3 See also PB84-1 34899. Library of Congress card no. 83-1200. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Bauxite, 'Industrial plants, 'Rubber, 'Wood, Processing, Cost analysis, Production, Com- merce, Manpower, Rubber industry, Hardwoods, Wooden logs, Exports, Prices, Tables(Data), Case studies. The purpose of this study was (1) to look at the loca- tional determinants of bauxite processing, namely, alu- mina refining and primary aluminum smelting; (2) to assess the gains and losses from bauxite processing; and (3) on the basis of these analyses, to examine the policy options that would promote bauxite processing in resource-endowed developing countries. The proc- essing chain examined here covers bauxite mining, alumina refining and primary aluminum smelting. Alu- minum fabrication and secondary aluminum smelting are not treated as a major part of the study, and here- after aluminum smelting means primary aluminum smelting, unless otherwise stated. Unlike the process- ing of the other (mainly tropical) products dealt with in this research project, bauxite processing in developing countries presents at least two unique complexities. PB84-217645/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Decentralization in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Experience. World Bank staff working paper, D. A. Rondinelli, J. R. Nellis, and G. S. Cheema. C1984, 11 Op WP-581, ISBN-0-821 3-0235-3 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-14712. Also pub. as International Bank for Reconstruction and De- velopment, Washington, DC. rept. no. MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT SER-8. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Socioeconomic status, 'Urban planning, 'Regional planning, 'Economic analysis, Social fac- tors. A large number of governments in developing coun- tries have attempted to decentralize development planning and management responsibilities during the past decade. Decentralization has taken a number of forms-deconcentration of functions within the central bureaucracy, delegation of semiautonomous or quasi- public corporations, devolution to local governments, and the transfer of functions to nongovernment organi- zations. The results have been mixed. In some coun- . tries decentralization has resulted in greater participa- tion in development activities, more effective and effi- 274 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS cient administration of local and rural development programs, and expanded administrative capacity out- side of the national capital. But in nearly all countries where governments have attempted to decentralize, they have faced serious problems of implementation. Some problems arose from insufficent central political and bureaucratic support and others from ingrained centrist attitudes and behavior on the part of political and administrative leaders. In some countries, decen- tralization policies and programs were inappropriately designed, organized, and carried out. Nearly every- where it was tried, decentralization was weakened by the failure to transfer sufficient financial resources to those organizations to which responsibilities were shifted. PB84-217686/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Rural Water Supply Handpumps Project: Laborato- ry Testing, Fields Trials and Technological Devel- opment; UNDPGLO/79/010, INT/81/026. C1982, 137p Prepared in cooperation with United Nations Develop- ment Programme. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Water pumps, 'Rural areas, *Water supply, Performance evaluation, Product inspection, Defects(Materials), Assessments, Manufacturing, Leakage, Safety, Hazards, Statistical analysis. More than seventy five percent of over two billion people in the developing countries do not have access to adequate water supply and sanitation facilities. The more than 1500 million people who lack these basic services include 1200 million in the rural areas. The importance of providing safe water to these people has been repeatedly stressed by national govern- ments and international agencies. The aim of the test is to examine a wide range of handpumps to assist in the selection of pumps for further field trials and at the same time to provide information to all interested man- ufacturers to assist them in the production of more effi- cient and more reliable pumps. Tests are conducted on two randomly selected samples of pumps, to pro- vide information on basic features rather than on the quality of total production. PB84-217694/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Energy Efficiency and Fuel Substitution in the Cement Industry with Emphasis on Developing Countries. Technical paper, M. H. Fog, and K. L. Nadkarni. c1983, 94p ISBN-0- 8213-0270-1 Summaries in French and Spanish. Library of Con- gress catalog card no. 83-23279. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: *Cement, "Industrial plants, Cost analysis, Capitalized costs, Fuel consumption, Developing countries, 'Energy conservation, Alternate fuels. As a result of the sharp increase in the price of energy during the 1970s and the associated changes in the relative costs of alternative energy resources, ail coun- tries need to conserve energy and to replace expen- sive sources of energy with cheaper ones. The sub- jects of energy conservation and fuel substitution have therefore assumed increasing importance worldwide. The cement industry is one of the relatively energy- intensive industries with energy-related costs account- ing for a major portion of the costs of manufacturing cement. The recent experience of the industrialized countries has shown that energy costs per unit of output of cement could be significantly reduced through a variety of measures ranging from better housekeeping, energy management, and improved monitoring and control systems to more capital-inten- sive investments in modifications to existing plant and equipment and conversion to more energy-efficient processes. This report aims at a broad presentation of concepts, measures and issues relevant to achieving such improvements in energy efficiency in the cement industry based on experience in both industrialized and developing countries. In so doing, it identifies pos- sible constraints to the successful execution of energy efficiency programs that can be found in many devel- oping countries, and indicates some measures that can be taken at the government, industry and plant levels to stimulate the achievement of increased energy efficiency at the plant level. (Copyright (c) 1 983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment/The World Bank.) PB84-217702/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Training and visit Extension, D. Benor, and M. Baxter. C1984, 21 4p ISBN-0-821 3- 0121-7 Library of Congress catalog card no. 82-20267 Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Training, 'Crops, 'Agricultural economics, 'Agricultural extension services, Specialized training, Farm crops, Government, 'Productivity. The training and visit (T&V) system of agricultural ex- tension aims at building a professional extension serv- ice that is capable of assisting farmers in raising pro- duction and increasing incomes and of providing ap- propriate support for agricultural development. The system has been widely adopted in many countries. Considerable variation in the system exists within and between countries, reflecting particular agroecological conditions, socioeconomic environments, and admin- istrative structures. To be successful, the training and visit system must be adapted to fit local conditions. Certain features of the system, however, cannot be changed significantly without adversely affecting its operation. These features include professionalism, a single line of command, concentration of effort, time- bound work, field and farmer orientation, regular and continuous training, and close linkages with research. (Copyright (c) 1984 International Bank for Reconstruc- tion and Development/The World Bank. PB84-217710/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Poor of Bogota: Who They Are, What They Do, and Where They Live. World Bank staff working paper, R. Mohan, and N. Hartline. c1984, 107p ISBN-0- 8213-0346-5, WP-635 Library of Congress catalog card no. 84-3505. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Urban planning, 'Colombia, 'Demogra- phy, Surveys, Urban areas, 'Employment, Unemploy- ment, Statistical data, Developing countries, House- holds, Bogota(Colombia). This paper identifies the correlates of poverty by ex- amining in detail the composition and characteristics of the poor in Bogota. This is done by analyzing two household surveys for Bogota in detail. The poor are defined as those who fall on the bottom 30% of house- hold income per capita. People with lower education are more likely to be poor but there are significant pro- portions of those with secondary and higher education who are also poor. Some life cycle effects are reflect- ed in the fact that poverty is over-represented among children and middle-aged (35-44). Poverty is not con- centrated anywhere spatially. Among workers the poor are predominantly blue collar workers and they tend to work long hours. They are not in that sense underem- ployed. Smaller firms do appear to pay less than large firms. Spatially the poor are about equally represented in every ring but highly concentrated in the South of the city. The poor have higher rates of unemployment at all levels of education. PB84-217728/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Targeting Food Subsidies for the Needy: The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Institutional Design. World Bank staff working paper, A. Mateus. C1983, 89p ISBN-0-821 3-0295-7, WP-617 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-25900. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Food supply, 'Food services, 'Financial management, 'Cost benefits, 'Food, Nutrition, Project management, Pakistan, Brazil, Colombia, Policies, Benefit cost analysis, India, Indonesia, Economic growth, Case studies. The paper analyzes alternative schemes for targeting food subsidies to nutritionally needy groups that have been implemented in several countries and attempts to draw from their analyses lessons for the set-up or possible reforms in food policy systems. The types of experience reviewed range from ration shops targeted geographically (India, Brazil); self-targeting using an in- ferior-goods approach (Pakistan, Bangladesh); food- coupon systems targeted by income (Sri Lanka), and by health status (Colombia, Indonesia); and special intervention programs (such as those directed at pre- school children plus mothers), school feeding pro- grams and most-vulnerable-group targeting, that have been followed in more than a dozen of developing countries. One of the main contributions of the paper to the literature on this topic is the construction and actual implementation of a cost-benefit analysis to evaluate food policy systems. (Copyright (c) 1 983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment/The World Bank.) PB84-217942/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Planning in Developing Countries: Lessons of Ex- perience. World Bank staff working paper, R. Agarwala. C1983, 74p WP-576, ISBN-0-821 3- 0303-1 Library of Congress catalog card no. 83-25985. Also pub. as International Bank for Reconstruction and De- velopment, Washington, DC. rept. no. MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT SER-3. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 20433. Keywords: 'Management planning, 'Economic devel- opment, 'Regional planning, 'Economic analysis, In- vestments, Incentives. This paper reviews the experience of planning in de- veloping countries in the post-World War II period. The main conclusions are: In most developing countries, planning failed to live up to expectations. The techni- cal, administrative, and political causes of the failure of comprehensive planning in mixed economies are in- herent in the process and are unlikely to be remedied merely by more strenuous efforts to strengthen the planning machinery. Instead, planning should be reor- iented through a streamlining of the incentive system and public investment program and through emphasis on consultations, flexibility, selectivity, and coordina- tion in the formulation of plans. PB84-218627/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. Brazil: Human Resources Special Report. Volume 1, P. T. Knight, R. Moran, T. W. Merrick, C. Lluch, and D. Mahar. c1979, 260p See also Volume 2, PB84-218635. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Productivity, Brazil, Developing countries, 'Demography, 'Employment, 'Health, Nutrition, Trends, Socioeconomic status, Economic growth, Public policies. The Brazil Human Resources Special Report focuses on population dynamics and on the development of human resources or, from a somewhat different point of view, the provision of basic services in the broader context of development. By combining historical and prospective analysis, its aim is to facilitate the search for effective policies and efficient programs. (Copyright (c) 1979 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.) PB84-218643/GAA PC A17/MF A01 Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. State of Small Business: A Report to the President, Together with the Annual Report on Small Busi- ness and Competition of the U.S. Small Business Administration. Final rept. Oct 82, 390p Keywords: 'Economic analysis, Recessions, Unem- ployment, 'Small businesses, Business failures, Job creation. 275 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS With this Document the Administration submits its second annual report on the state of small business to the U.S. Congress in compliance with the provisions of P.L. 96-302. This report concludes that 1 982 was a dif- ficult year for small businesses: many industries expe- rienced a decline in sales receipts, profits, and employ- ment. However, the declines sector as they were to the large business sector. The State of Small Busi- ness: A Report of the President Consists of Seven chapters and five appendixes. Chapter 1 reviews the state of small business in 1982 and concentrates on the effects of the 1982 recession. Chapter 2 provides information on the number of small businesses in U.S. economy and their distribution by industry and state. The chapter also examines employment by small busi- ness as well as output and sales of small business. Both the Government and the business community are interested in how and where new jobs are created in the economy. Chapter 3 discusses the dynamics of small business job generation and the methods for measuring creation. This chapter concludes that the share of new jobs contributed by small firms varies. PB84-219260/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. Utility Competition with Small Businesses: Recom- mendations for States on Utility Energy-Related Programs and the Commercial and Apartment Conservation Service Program (Second Edition). Final rept. Mar 84, 47p Keywords: 'Energy, Prices, Regulations, 'Small busi- nesses, Energy conservation, Market, Subsidies. The subject of utility entry into unregulated private markets is of growing concern to the small business community. Over the past few years there has been increasing interest by utilities to diversify into other markets, particularly in the areas of energy conserva- tion and renewable energy. Such activity has frequent- ly resulted in complaints of unfair competition from small business competitors. The most common form of unfair competition is the use of ratepayer funds to subsidize utility entry at lower prices into these unregu- lated markets. Other utility practices have also raised legitimated concerns. PB84-220276/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Regional Services Corp., Inc., Columbus, IN. Comparison of Leachate Characteristics from Se- lected Municipal Solid Waste Test Cells. R. J. Wigh. Jul"84, 55p EPA-600/2-84-124 Keywords: 'Sewage disposal, 'Waste disposal, 'Leaching, Solid waste disposal, Performance evalua- tion, Environmental surveys, Comparison. Sanitary landfills presently provide an economical method for solid waste disposal. Numerous research projects sponsored by U.S. EPA have involved moni- toring refuse test cells to provide a better understand- ing of the processes that occur within the refuse mass and the potential environmental effects of sanitary landfills. The research effort described in this report was undertaken to determine if leachate characteris- tics from several different test cells were similar. Nor- malized weighted mean leachate concentration histo- ries and mass removals were compared graphically for two field-scale cells and three small-scale cells. A simple semi-empirical exponential model of leachate concentrations adequately described concentration trends. Identical performance of the test cells was not indicated from the data analysis, but rather a range of performance. PB84-220722/GAA MF A01 International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment, Washington, DC. World Bank Glossary: English-French-Spanish. C1981, 135p Text in English, French, and Spanish. Microfiche copies only. Paper copy available from World Bank, 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC. 200433. Keywords: 'Banking, Terminology, English language, French language, Spanish language, Global. This second edition of the World Bank Glossary has been revised and expanded by the Terminology Unit of the Bank's Language Services Division in close col- laboration with the English, French and Spanish Trans- lation Sections. The glossary is primarily intended for the guidance of the staff and free-lance translators and interpreters employed by the Bank. It still contains few purely sectoral concepts and is mainly confined to terms that occur frequently in documents of the World Bank Group but are not generally found in dictionaries. (Copyright (c) 1 981 , World Bank.) PB84-222421/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. Technology, Renewable Resources, and American Crafts: Background Paper. May 84, 63p* OTA-BP-F-27 Library of Congress catalog card no. 84-601063. Keywords: 'Handicrafts, Natural resources, Conserva- tion, Technology assessment, Policies. This report summarizes technology's effects on crafts - traditional and contemporary - that use renewable re- sources as raw materials. American crafts play impor- tant economic and cultural roles. The economic impact is difficult to document, but several hundred thousand people are directly involved, and crafts contribute about $10 million annually in each of several states. The Federal Government plays an important role in supporting American crafts, protecting renewable re- sources, and developing technology. The connections among these activities have not been made explicit, and ineffective policies result. Congressional action will continue to effect crafts that depend on renewable resources for raw materials. Among those crafts are scrimshaw, woodworking, basketry, and leatherwork- ing. Renewable resource issues include illegal traffic in wildlife; resource supplies for crafts; resource losses in developing countries; education and craft training. PB84-226505/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Environmental Research Lab., Narragansett, Rl. Effects of Stocking Density on Survival of Labora- tory Cultured Summer Flounder Paralichthys den- tatus' Larvae. Journal article, G. Klein-MacPhee. 1981, 3p EPA-600/J-81-671 Pub. in Rapp. P-v. Reum. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 178, P505-506 1981. Keywords: 'Fishes, 'Aquaculture, Survival, Laborato- ries, Mortality, Density(Mass/volume), Bioassay, Toxi- cology, Reprints, Flounder. Studies are being conducted to determine standard laboratory culture conditions for rearing summer floun- der larvae to be used in toxicological bioassays. Ex- periments were conducted using the type of container and physical conditions use in the long term chronic toxicological bioassays. Possible causes of increased mortality and developmental abnormalities at increas- ing stocking densities are discussed. Optimum density in the 6 liter closed system was about 20 fish per liter. PB84-227156/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaguez. Dept. of Civil Engineer- ing. Assessment of the Wastewater Reuse Potential in Puerto Rico. Final technical rept., R. A. Rios. Jun 84, 100p OWRT-A-067-PR(1) Contract DI-1 4-34-0001 -1141 Prepared in cooperation with Puerto Rico Univ., Maya- guez. Water Resources Research Inst. Keywords: 'Water supply, 'Irrigation, 'Puerto Rico, Al- locations, Volume, Sewage treatment, Municipalities, Shortages, Water quality, Assessments, Evaluation, Sugarcane, Rice plants, 'Waste water reuse. Puerto Rico has seen an increase in water rationing in the last ten years. This has been caused mainly by an increase in water withdrawals and a general lack of planning in regards to the water resource. The problem of quantity in reference to potable water supply has been compounded by the problem of quality since almost all of the surface water bodies of the Island have problems with high conforms counts and Schisto- soma mansoni (bilharzia). This work analyzes the reuse aspect in the optimal allocation of the water re- source in Puerto Rico. An assessment is made of the wastewater reuse potential in the Island with emphasis on the reuse of municipal wastewaters. The current sit- uation is evaluated and then projections are made in order to develop and evaluate a number of feasible reuse alternatives. The alternatives are evaluated and the use of secondary treated municipal effluent for sugarcane irrigation is selected as the best alternative. PB84-227529/GAA PC A04/MF A01 General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. National Security and International Affairs Div. Use of a Capital Saving Technology Approach In AID's (Agency for International Development) De- velopment Assistance Program. 26 Jul 84, 51p GAO/NSIAD-84/142, B-215612 Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Financial manag- ment, Unemployment, Capital, 'Technology transfer, Technical assistance, Information systems, Recom- mendations, Capital saving technology. During the past decade, high unemployment and short supplies of capital in developing countries created a need for labor intensive development methods and capital saving tools. Recognizing this need, the Con- gress enacted section 107 of the International Devel- opment and Food Assistance Act of 1975 which au- thorized the Agency for International Development (AID) to support a new and expanded private effort to develop and disseminate capital saving technologies appropriate for developing countries. AID acted to im- plement the congressional directive in the late 1 970s but has not maintained its earlier emphasis on promot- ing this technology as one approach to development. GAO believes that, since AID continues to endorse capital saving technology as one approach to develop- ment, it could take a number of actions at little cost which would re-emphasize the role of capital saving technology in developing countries and facilitate appli- cation of the concept by Agency staff. PB84-227594/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Transportation Management, Finance, and Pricing Issues J. Gruv'er, W. Reulein, D. T. Hartgen, T. F. Humphrey, and M. D. Meyer. 1983, 87p* TRB/TRR- 940 Library of Congress catalog card no. 84-1 4724. Keywords: 'Transportation management, Urban areas, Communities, Planning, Socioeconomics, Park- ing, Energy, Rapid transit railways. The 1 1 papers in this report deal with the following areas: estimating the impacts of changing highway conditions; long-term projection of highway system condition; organizational analysis of a state depart- ment of transportation program development process; economic evaluation of highway investment needs; in- tegration of land use, transportation, and energy plan- ning in midsized cities; transportation evaluation in community design: an extension with equilibrium route assignment; parking-requirement reduction process for ridesharing; current practices, evolving issues, and future directions; prediction of land use traffic impact; public management in a time of declining resources; value engineering in the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation; and, Pennsylvania's inventory reduc- tion program. PB84-228147/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta. Engineering Experi- ment Station. Assessment of the Potential for Water Reuse in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Final technical rept. 1 Sep 81-30 Sep 82, J. C. Wyvill, J. C. Adams, G. E. Valentine, Jr., and T. C. Shelnutt. Mar 84, 238p OWRT-C-10041- R(1468)(1), , OWRT/RU-84/1 Contract DI-1 4-34-001 -1468 Prepared in cooperation with Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta. Environmental Resources Center. Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Paper industry, Perform- ance evaluation, Assessments, Water pollution, Feasi- bility, Water pollution economics, 'Waste water reuse. This research study assesses the current extent of water reuse and recycle in the U.S. pulp and paper in- dustry and identifies the potential for increasing overall water reuse and recycle. The study focuses on the 10 largest water consuming groups in the industry, found to utilize nearly 85% of the total water withdrawn by the entire industry. Using a systems analysis ap- proach, major subprocess functions are identified and 276 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS reviewed for technical limitations to further recycle and reuse. Regional, environmental, and economic con- straints are also identified and projections made of the feasible water savings potential for the production groups studied. The study closes with an identification of areas where further research is needed to encour- age water reuse and recycle. PB84-229038/GAA MF A01 International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). Roads and Resources: Appropriate Technology in Road Construction in Developing Countries, G. A. Edmonds, and J. D. G. F. Howe. c1980, 204p ISBN-0-903031-69-8 Sponsored in part by Intermediate Technology Publi- cations Ltd., London (England). Microfiche copies only. Keywords: 'Roads, "Construction, Resources, Cost effectiveness, Manpower, Developing country applica- tion, Appropriate technology. The major premise of this book is that labor intensive methods of road construction are efficient and cost ef- fective if there is a committment to the construction of the road on the part of the laborers, whether it comes from their being paid or their seeing the benefits to them of the completion of the project. The book covers appropriate road construction technology and the insti- tutional framework, road construction and resource use, planning and administration of labor-based road construction programs, equipment for labor-based road construction, and the private construction sector and appropriate technology. Four case studies are in- cluded. PB84-230952/GAA PC E07/MF E07 Mariculture Systems Ltd., Galway (Ireland). Guide to Longline Mussel Cultivation. Technical bulletin, N. Herriott. Apr 84, 105p Sponsored in part by National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin (Ireland). Keywords: *Aquaculture, 'Ireland, Equipment, Site surveys, Planning, Anchoring, Fouling, Harvesting, Storage, Financing, Economic models, Marketing. The farming of mussels has become the focus of con- siderable interest in Ireland in recent years. Much of this is due to the commercial success of the Wexford ground culture and processing operation. Techniques used to date have included exploitation of subtidal and intertidal populations, relaying, Bouchot culture and suspended raft culture. The 'extensive' ground culture type of mussel production, as practiced in Holland, is well documented as is Bouchot culture, the intensive type of mussel farming used intertidally in France. Throughout this publication 'mussel farming' or 'mussel culture' is used in its narrowest sense to de- scribe the 'intensive' culture of mussels using sus- pended methods, particularly longline rigs. PB84-231240/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Ml. Watershed Handbook. A Management Technique for Choosing Among Point and Nonpoint Control Strategies. Research rept., T. J. Monteith, R. A. C. Sullivan, T. M. Heidtke, and W. C. Sonzogni. Aug 81, 112p EPA-905/9-84/002 Sponsored in part by National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration, Ann Arbor, Ml. Great Lakes En- vironmental Research Lab. Keywords: 'Water pollution, 'Water quality, 'Manage- ment planning, Handbooks, Municipalities, Industries, Cost effectiveness, Phosphorus, Combined sewers, Cost estimates, Estimating, Water pollution, Farms, Streams, River basins, Point sources, Nonpoint sources. Watershed is a simple, 'desk top' accounting system designed to help water quality planners assess alter- native management strategies for controlling point and nonpoint source pollution inputs from large areas (100 square miles or greater) to a receiving water. Its goal is to find the best mix of point and nonpoint source man- agement techniques to achieve a given load allocation for a receiving waterbody. Through a cost-effective- ness ranking scheme, Watershed identifies the order in which remedial measures could be implemented to achieve the greatest annual water quality improve- ments at the least cost. This handbook presents the mechanics and background data for using the Water- shed system. PB84-232412/GAA PC E06/MF E06 Sheffield Univ. (England). Dept. of Building Science. Model Study of Convective Heat Transfer from Roof-Mounted Flat Plate Solar Collectors, P. S. Charlesworth. Aug 83, 103p BS-75 Keywords: 'Heat transfer, Wind tunnels, Performance evaluation, Wind velocity, Graphs(Charts), 'Solar col- lectors. The conversion of the sun's energy, which falls on the earth's surface as thermal radiation, into a usable form can be accomplished by a variety of techniques and systems, for example solar ponds, solar cookers and flat place collectors. It is with this last named device that the present study is concerned. The aim of the experiments, reported in this report, is to evaluate nat- ural and forced convective heat transfer coefficients for a plate situated in various locations on a house roof. The dependence of these values not only with wind velocity but also with wind direction, roof pitch and plate position on the roof was also investigated. PB84-233048/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion, Portland, OR. Aerial Spray Adjuvants for Herbicidal Drift Control. Forest Service general technical rept., H. Gratkowski, and R. Stewart. 1973, 25p FSGTR/ PNW-3 Keywords: 'Herbicides, 'Weed control, 'Forestry, Windward drift, Spraying, Aircraft, Emulsions, Thickners(Materials), Foams, Reforestation. Increased public concern about pesticides requires that foresters reduce drift and insure precise applica- tion of herbicides to the area requiring treatment. Drift control is necessary near waterways and other eco- logically sensitive areas. This publication discusses available drift control adjuvants for herbicidal sprays. These include invert emulsions, thickening agents, particulating agents, and foam sprays. Commercially available adjuvants are described and their use, ad- vantages are discussed. Thickening agents and foam sprays show special promise for drift reduction in aerial application of herbicides on forest lands. PB84-233568/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Kenya Maintenance Study on Unpaved Roads: Op- timum Maintenance Strategies. Laboratory rept., T. E. Jones. C1984, 41p TRRL/LR-1112 Keywords: 'Roads, 'Maintenance, 'Kenya, Develop- ing countries, Methodology, Graders. This report describes a study of the effect of various maintenance strategies utilizing both mechanical plant and labor intensive methods, on the performance of unpaved roads in Kenya. The results show that on properly constructed roads, towed graders can carry out the surface maintenance as effectively as motor graders. Towed graders can be produced in most if not all developing countries and if augmented by labor in- tensive methods would reduce the reliance of these countries on imported machinery for the maintenance of unpaved roads. The use of various mechanical drags for maintaining low volume roads was quantified and recommendations made for suitable designs of drag for differing road conditions. Results of labor in- tensive trials showed that they could be effective but that this form of maintenance is strongly influenced by the degree of supervision. (Copyright (c) Crown Copy- right 1984.) PB84-234749/GAA PC E04/MF E04 Transport and Road Research Lab., Crowthorne (Eng- land). Dust Emission from Unpaved Roads in Kenya. Laboratory rept., T. E. Jones. c1984, 32p TRRL/LR-1110 Keywords: 'Air pollution, 'Roads, 'Kenya, 'Motor ve- hicles, Chemical compounds, Stabilizers(Agents), Fines, Particles, Bitumens, Chemical treatment. This report describes the problems of dust emitted from unpaved roads in developing countries through the action of traffic. The significance of the loss of ma- terial is discussed in terms of the increased regravell- ing requirement and attention is drawn to the effect that dust has on traffic accidents by reducing visibility. It describes a study in Kenya which measured the rate of loss of airborne fine materials dispersed from the road relative to the speeds and types of vehicle. Recent experimental studies in the United States of America and Canada are reviewed together with a summary of their results. Methods are also reviewed of utilizing bitumens, chemicals, waste chemicals and local materials for dust-proofing unpaved roads, and a critical appraisal is made of the techniques. The con- clusions of the research are that most of the dust proofing treatments currently available vary consider- ably in their effectiveness and, with the exception of the local materials, are usually more expensive than bituminous surface dressing. Where the latter tech- niques are unavailable, chemical stabilizers can pro- vide an alternative solution. (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1984.) PB84-235688/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Diesel Fuel Quality and Effects of Fuel Additives. Final rept., D. S. Moulton, and N. R. Sefer. May 84, 72p TRB/ NCTRP/SYN-3, ISBN-0-309-03569-4 Contract DTUM-81-C-72012 Prepared in cooperation with Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX. Report on National Cooperative Transit Research and Development Program, Synthe- sis of Transit Practice. Library of Congress catalog card no. 84-50866. Keywords: 'Fuels, 'Transportation management, 'Buses(Vehicles), Benefit cost analysis, Blends, Air pollution control, Fuel consumption, Maintenance. This synthesis will be useftJl to administrators, engi- neers, and others in the transit industry concerned with evaluation of diesel fuel and fuel additives used in tran- sit buses. Detailed information is presented on costs, benefits, and adverse effects of available fuel addi- tives and related products. In recent years, environ- mental awareness, economic pressures, and a general decline in crude oil quality have caused transit opera- tors to seek ways to make use of fuel additives and less expensive blends. This report of the Transporta- tion Research Board includes information on the eval- uation of fuel additives and related products in terms of their effects on vehicle maintenance requirements, emissions control, fuel economy, fuel storage, and engine performance. PB84-237775/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL. Biogasification of Wood. Final rept. 1 Jul 82-28 Apr 83, D. E. Jerger, A. Razik, and D. P. Chynoweth. Apr 84, 75p GRI-84/0078 Contract GRI-5080-323-0428 Keywords: 'Biomass, 'Methane, 'Wood, 'Gasifica- tion, Anaerobic processes, Hardwoods, Fermentation, Decomposition, Feasibility, Digestion(Decomposition), Performance evaluation, 'Bioconversion, Chemical feedstocks. Work conducted recently at IGT under the GRI Land Biomass Program has demonstrated that significant conversion of different hardwood species can be ac- complished without pretreatment other than particle size reduction. The objective of this study was to docu- ment the previously observed anaerobic biomethano- genic fermentation of wood using detailed physical and chemical analyses during the course of decompo- sition. IGT used enrichment techniques to develop a microbial inoculum that can convert woody biomass to methane without pretreatment. Methane yields of 5 to 6 SCF/lb of wood added have been achieved for sev- eral hardwoods which relates to a conversion of ap- proximately 80% of the structural carbohydrates found in wood. These results were confirmed in this study using 3-L batch reactors fed hybrid poplar. Effluent analyses monitored during the digestion period indicat- ed that the fermentation was stable. Organic analysis showed a 75% reduction in the cellulose fraction of poplar following the digestion period. These data refute currently accepted theory that wood is refracto- ry to anaerobic digestion and suggest that biogasifica- 277 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS tion is technically feasible and needs further documen- tation and study. PB84-238591/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Sociological Constraints and Social Possibilities for Production of Goats in Western Kenya. Technical rept., A. L Noble, and M. F. Nolan. Mar 83, 54p TRS-18 Grant AID/DSAN/XII/G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with Missouri Univ.-Columbia. Dept. of Rural Sociology. Keywords: * Ruminants, *Social change, * Kenya, Pro- duction, Females, Milk, Population growth, Meat, Atti- tude surveys, History, Small farms. The goal of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Re- search Support Program (SR-CRSP) in Kenya is to de- velop and evaluate the introduction of a dual purpose goat (i.e. raising goats for meat and milk) for the small farms of Western Kenya. This area of Kenya is densely populated with a high rate of population growth. This study was undertaken in an effort to gain an under- standing of the social organization of small farm agri- culture in Western Kenya with particular emphasis on the role of women in that setting. The data reported were gathered in the Samia location, Busia District of Western Province during 1 980-81 . As part of a general concern with equitable distribution in current agricultur- al development programs, more and more attention has focused on women's contributions to agricultural production, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. PB84-241041/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc., Sacramento, CA. Final Environmental Impact Statement for Metro- politan Wastewater Management Commission Sludge Management Plan, Eugene-Springfield, Oregon. Jun 84, 171p EPA/910/9-84/119 See also PB84-1 22985. Keywords: "Waste management, * Environmental im- pacts, *Sewage treatment, Land use, Geology, Soils, Public health, Water quality, Ground water, Farm crops, Lagoons(Ponds), Substitutes, Land disposal, Eugene(Oregon), Springfield(Oregon). A draft environmental impact statement (EIS) was dis- tributed in October of 1 983 to discuss the environmen- tal implications of managing municipal sludge in the Eugene-Springfield, Oregon area. It considered four al- ternative facilities and process combinations for stor- ing, drying, and reusing sludge, and looked at four lo- cations to house the physical facilities. The plan being proposed by the Metropolitan Wastewater Manage- ment Commission (MWMC), which represents Eugene, Springfield, and Lane County, Oregon, in- cludes a 5.5-mile digested sludge conveyance pipe- line, mechanical sludge conditioning, faculatative sludge lagoon storage, air drying beds, and reuse of the sludge on agricultural land. This final EIS has been prepared to respond to comments on the draft EIS. PB84-242122/GAA PC A04/MF A01 California Univ., Berkeley. Effects of Acid Rain on Plant Microbial Associa- tions in California. Research rept. (Final), D. Harris, and E. A. Paul. 13 Apr 84, 69p ARB-R-84/ 232 Contract ARB-A2-087-32 Keywords: * Leguminous plants, "Air pollution, Growth, Soil properties, Exposure, Nitrogen fixation, Plant physiology, Fertilizers, Phosphorus, Fungi, Tolerances(Physiology), Carbon 14, Isotopic labeling, Respiration, Yield. The effects of simulated acid rain of pH 5.6 to 3.0, with ionic composition similar to that found in California, on Trifolium repens, Lupinus densiflorus and L. benthamii grown in two soils were tested. The interactions of treatment intensity, soil type, phosphorus uptake and mycorrhizal influences on growth, carbon fixation and allocation and nitrogen fixation were determined. Acidic treatments generally decreased plant growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity. The exposure of plants to a large number of simulated rainfall condi- tions of shorter duration did not result in the negative growth effects. Plants adequately supplied with P, either as fertilizer or by mycorrhizal fungi, were much more resistant to conditions caused by acidic precipi- tation and in some cases growth increases were found. PB84-242189/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Contraceptive Use In Sri Lanka, G. Immerwahr. Jan 81, 43p AID-PN-AAK-008 Contract AID/csd-3606 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: "Birth control, 'Contraceptives, *Sri Lanka, Utilization, Trends, Developing countries, Demograph- ic surveys, Developing country application. This study analyzes data from the Sri Lanka Fertility Survey not published in the Survey's First Report in order to identify the determinants of contraceptive use and to estimate the births averted by female steriliza- tion, Sri Lanka's main contraceptive method (CM). Dis- cussed in turn are the use of modern reversible CM's (the pill, IUD loop, and condom); female sterilization; year of use of reversible CM's or sterilization; CM first used; a comparison of Survey results with data from the Sri Lanka Family Health Bureau; the reasons for non-use and determinants of ever-use of contracep- tion; current contraceptive use; and the effect of con- traception on fertility. PB84-242197/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Thai Univ. Research Association, Bangkok. Socio-Economic Aspects of Poverty in Thailand. A Summary Report of the Workshop on Raising Agri- cultural Income and Productivity of Poor Farmers, B. Shinawatra, and M. Krongkaew. Mar 80, 44p AID- PN-AAK-007 Contract AID-493-9030-T Keywords: "Thailand, "Agricultural economics, "Pro- ductivity, "Water resources, Agricultural chemistry, Recommendations, Developing countries, Developing country application, Tenants. In order to identify impediments to rural development in Thailand and thereby spur proposals for develop- ment interventions, A.I.D. funded a series of three in- country workshops. This report, encompassing four papers on poverty in rural Thailand, presents the pro- ceedings of the first workshop. The first paper exam- ines the effects of irrigation and water control/man- agement on productivity and income in rural Thailand and concludes that irrigation is the primary income level determinant. The second paper analyzes land use and management in the context of the interrela- tedness of the following production factors: the natural and physical environment; social, economic, and politi- cal conditions; resources; technology; and the farmers themselves. Noting a widening gap between rich and poor in rural Thailand, the third paper details the impor- tance, to the poorer farmers, of off-farm employment and income (although, on-farm earnings per hour are still higher). The fourth and final paper, on the socio- economic characteristics of farmers groups found that villages identified as poor by other villagers tended to be landless farmers and/or farm laborers. Appended are a description of the workshop's background, the workshop schedule, and a list of the participants. PB84-242403/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Sederhana: Indonesia Small-Scale Irrigation. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 29, S. Holloran, G. L. Corey, T. Mahoney, and J. Stepanek. Feb 82, 74p AID-PN-AAJ-608 Keywords: "Agricultural economics, "Irrigation, "Indo- nesia, Production, Rice plants, Java Island, Sulawesi Island, Water supply, Manpower, Profits, Weather, De- veloping country application. A.I.D.'s Sederhana project was designed to increase Indonesian rice production by rehabilitating or con- structing small, technically simple irrigation systems. An A.I.D. team visited 29 subprojects (SP) to prepare this review of Sederhana's impact. The project led to substantial increases in rice production on Java and Sulawesi, confirming the assumption that farmers could make immediate use of additional water. In Su- matra, however, the production impact was not en- couraging, due to adverse environmental conditions and farmer resistance to growing labor-intensive, non- cash crops. PB84-242668/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX. Technical Guide to Water Management on Small Farms, D. L Black, and H. M. Mason. 1983, 102p AID-PN- AAJ-437 Contract AID/ta-C-1 479 Keywords: "Irrigation, "Water supply, "Farming, "Crops, Requirements, Grading(Earthworking), Slope, Drainage, Water distribution, Distribution systems, Sprinkler irrigation, Salinity, Ditches, Evaporation, De- veloping country application, Trickle irrigation. In recent years, supplemental irrigation systems have been used to boost production in rain-scarce agricul- tural areas. This report offers a guide to some technol- ogies developed under A.I.D. auspices to help small farmers maximize the use of scarce water resources. Individual chapters, illustrated with photographs and drawings, are devoted to: (1) crop water requirements; (2) land grading for water control; (3) irrigation meth- ods; (4) water quality and crop production; (5) drain- age; (6) water measurement and distribution systems; (7) watercourse management; and (8) irrigation water supply. PB84-242676/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Sudan: The Rahad Irrigation Project. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 31, P. Benedict, A. H. Ahmed, R. Ehrich, and S. F. Lintner. Mar 82, 183p AID-PN-AAJ-610 Keywords: "Sudan, "Agricultural economics, "Irriga- tion, "North Africa, Assessments, Investments, Cotton plants, Nuts, Exports, Prices, Marketing, Developing country application. Although the Rahad Irrigation Project in Sudan, partly AID-funded and nearly complete, has been operating for only four seasons, it faces problems which threaten its viability. Designed to maximize use of government investments in Nile water management, to upgrade the living standards of 1 00,000 herders and farmers, and to produce cotton and groundnuts for export, the project is pursuing full mechanization and 100% inten- sive rotation of crops. The Corporation has not coped well with several problems - managing a mechanized operation, erroneously perceived labor shortages, and tenant dissatisfaction. PB84-242684/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Guatemala: Development of the Institute of Agri- cultural Science and Technology (ICTA) and Its Impact on Agricultural Research and Farm Produc- tivity. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 30, J. K. McDermott, and D. Bathrick. Feb 82, 58p AID- PN-AAJ-178 Keywords: "Guatemala, "Agricultural economics, "Crops, "Research and development, Research projects, Seeds, Yield, Beans, Grain sorghum, Produc- tion, Nutritive value, Plant genetics, Fertilizing, Plant- ing, Recommendations, Developing country applica- tion, Small farms, Maize. In 1975 A.I.D. initiated a project to increase the pro- duction and nutritive quality of basic crops in Guatema- la and to develop the capability of the Institute for Agri- cultural Science and Technology (ICTA) to generate and promote the use of improved small farm technolo- gy. This report describes the project's setting and ac- tivities, outlines its impact, and summarizes its lessons. PB84-242692/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Kenya: Rural Roads. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 26, J. E. Roberts, C. Clapp-Wincek, C. Vandervoort, and D. W. Brokensha. Jan 82, 82p AID-PN-AAH-972 278 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Prepared in cooperation with California Univ., Santa Barbara, and Department of Transportation, Washing- ton, DC. Keywords: *Roads, *Kenya, "Rural areas, Developing countries, Project management, Maintenance, Devel- oping country application. A.I.D.'s ongoing rural roads project in western Kenya is designed to provide isolated rural areas with all-weath- er accessibility to production and social services, largely through a program to identify, construct, and maintain 14,000 kms of rural access roads (RAR's). This study by an AID/W team details the project's impact to date. PB84-242700/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Philippines: Blcol Integrated Area Development. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 28, J. G. Sommer, R. Aquino, C. A. Fernandez, II, F. H. Golay, and E. Simmons. Jan 82, 119p AID-PN-AAJ- 179 Prepared in cooperation with De La Salle Univ., Manila (Philippines), and Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Keywords: "Philippines, "Agricultural economics, Farms, Services, Project planning, Irrigation, Land use, Developing country application. The Bicol River Basin Development Program (BRBDP) in the Philippines is important because it melds three themes current in development thinking - a concerted focus on a discrete geographic area; systematic inte- gration of various services down to the farm level; and income redistribution and equitable economic growth. This report assesses the BRBDP's impact, emphasiz- ing seven A.I.D. projects. PB84-242718/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Korean Agricultural Research: The Integration of Research and Extension. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 27, D. I. Steinberg, R. I. Jackson, K. S. Kim, and H. K. Song. Jan 82, 115p AID-PN-AAJ-606 Keywords: "Research amd development, "Agriculture, "Korea, Plant genetics, Rice plants, Yield, Farm crops, Recommendations. In the context of a Government of Korea (GOK) strate- gy to improve rural life, A.I.D. funded a 1974-80 project to strengthen the GOK's agricultural research (AR) service. The project paper was underestimating cur- rent experimental yields and calling for breakthroughs that had already occurred, e.g., development of high- yield varieties (HYV) that helped make Korea self-suffi- cient in rice by 1975. Concentration on rice led to a deemphasis on other important crops. Thus, while project yield increases may be achieved by their 1 984 target date, overall national targets will not be met. PB84-242726/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Panama: Rural Water. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 32, R. Meehan, A. Viveros-Long, J. M. Hernandez, and S. de Heckadon. May 82, 86p AID-PN-AAJ-609 Keywords: "Water supply, "Rural areas, "Panama, Distribution systems, Pumps, Manpower, Mainte- nance, Performance, Public health, Mortality, Develop- ing country application. Toward attaining health for all by the year 2000, Pana- ma's Department of Environmental Health (DEH) began a program in 1970, and was assisted by A.I.D. from 1 972-81 , to provide 500 piped water systems and 1,300 handpumps to small villages. This report ana- lyzes the impact of this project. By 1 980 562 water sys- tems had been completed and access to piped water was nearly universal. Half the systems were gravity-fed the others had electric, diesel, and occasionally gaso- line pumps. Villagers organized community health committees which contributed labor, local materials, and cash and made a commitment to operate and maintain the completed systems. Personnel from all communities were trained to handle simple repairs. PB84-243187/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Effective Institution Building: A Guide for Project Designers and Project Managers Based on Les- sons Learned from the AID (Agency for Interna- tional Development) Portfolio. Program evaluation discussion paper no. 11, S. A. Barnett, and N. Engel. Mar 82, 103p AID-PN- AAJ-61 1 Keywords: "Project planning, "Project evaluation, Re- gional planning, Economic development, Organiza- tions, Agricultural economics, Developing country ap- plication. Based on a review of the 659 institution-building field projects undertaken by A.I.D.'s four geographic bu- reaus over a 10-year period, this paper develops guidelines for institution-building project planning and management. PB84-243260/GAA PC A02/MF A01 Southern Univ., Baton Rouge, LA. Societal View and Perceived Social Integration with Emphasis on the Farmer's Cooperatives in Kenya, J. Moland, Jr., and T. T. Williams. 1979, 25p AID-PN- AAJ-923 Contract AID/csd-341 5 Keywords: "Agricultural economics, "Kenya, Rural so- ciology, Socioeconomic status, Age, Education, Income, Social perception, Developing country appli- cation, "Cooperatives, Villages. To understand the dynamics of farmer cooperatives (FC's) in developing countries, it is necessary to ascer- tain FC members' sociocultural views and attitudes about cooperation, cohesion, and integration. This AID-sponsored study explores such views in Kenya by analyzing data from a 1978 sample survey of 140 FC members and 48 nonmembers from the rural villages of Masai and Muthetheni. Survey respondents from the two locations were similar with respect to age, edu- cation, gross family income, and type of housing, but differed significantly in regard to the male/female ratio and religious affiliation. Perceptions of social integra- tion were measured by responses to five questions on togetherness, equality, confidence in officials, and present-future orientation. PB84-243286/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. On-Farm Water Management Project in Pakistan. Project impact evaluation rept. no. 35, J. E. Painter, E. Baldwin, S. Malone, E. T. Smerdon, and A. S. Ahmed. Jun 82, 116p AID-PN-AAJ-617 Keywords: "Water supply, "Agricultural economics, "Pakistan, Farms, Waterways(Watercourses), Im- provement, Farm crops, Yield, Project planning, Design, Economic impact, Competition, Developing country application. Watercourse improvements conducted under A.I.D.'s On-Farm Water Management Project in Pakistan have enabled farmers to increase their crop yields and in- comes. This report analyzes the setting, history, and impact of the project. While water user associations were not effectively established, farmer awareness of the importance of mutual cooperation grew, informal mechanisms have been quite successful in maintain- ing watercourses, and demand for watercourse im- provements has risen. However, the project failed to increase district government awareness of the need for on-farm water management and failed to institu- tionalize a mechanism through which that need can continue to be met. PB84-243294/GAA PC A12/MF A01 Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, DC. AID (Agency for International Development) Expe- rience In Agricultural Research: A Review of Project Evaluations. Program evaluation discussion paper no. 13, P. R. Crawford, and A. H. Barclay, Jr. May 82, 261 p AID-PN-AAJ-613 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0227 Keywords: "Project evaluation, "Research and devel- opment, "Agriculture, History, Trends, Evaluation, Constraints, Financing, Food, Production, Developing country application. To provide background information for future A.I.D. ag- ricultural research (AR) policy, this paper summarizes A.I.D.'s past and present AR activity and identifies major issues affecting AR projects. First, major trends in AR over the past 10-15 years are reviewed: the de- velopment of new technologies adapted to both ad- verse and optimal conditions; and greater emphasis on onfarm research, communication between research- ers and farmers, support for national AR systems in developing countries, and longer time frame require- ments. The study indicated the need for more than the standard evaluations of A.I.D. AR projects. PB84-243302/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Community Water Supply In Developing Countries: Lessons from Experience. Evaluation Summaries and Conference Findings. Program evaluation rept. no. 7, D. M. Dworkin. Sep 82, 100p AID-PN-AAJ-624 Keywords: "Rural areas, "Water supply, Water distri- bution, Distribution systems, Recommendations, Water quality, Developing country application. Because efforts to improve rural water supplies in de- veloping countries have faced increasing criticism and declining donor interest in recent years, A.I.D. began in 1979 a 3-year effort to analyze its experience with community water supply projects. From 1979-1982, 15 projects funded by A.I.D. and other donors in Kenya, Korea, Panama, Peru, Tanzania, Thailand, and Tunisia were evaluated in terms of the water systems' reliabil- ity, benefits, and accessibility. This report presents the full proceedings and recommendations of a 1 982 con- ference held to discuss the results of these field eval- uations. V PB84-243559/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Cultural Survival, Inc., Cambridge, MA. Social Impact of Development on Ethnic Minori- ties, D. Maybury-Lewis, T. Barfield, M. Fisher, J. Clay, and R. Huntington. 15 Mar 80, 21 Op AID-PN-AAH-736 Grant AID/otr-G-1 638 Keywords: "Socioeconomic status, "Iran, "Afghani- stan, "Sudan, "Brazil, Project planning, Social percep- tion, Survival, Ethnic groups, Cultural deprivation, Public health, Program evaluation, Landownership, Developing country application. The poor political and economic judgement and lack of sociological imagination that have all too often charac- terized post World War II development assistance pro- grams have had a negative social impact on the disad- vantaged who are the purported beneficiaries of devel- opment. Examples of these strategic flaws and their consequences in Afghanistan, Brazil, Sudan, and as dramatically evidenced in the 1977-1979 revolution, Iran, are detailed in this report. A 'cultural survival manifesto' is presented stressing the need to promote local participation and cultural pluralism to ameliorate the social problems that may result from a merely tech- nological approach to project planning. Project suc- cesses and failures are analyzed to point out both positive directions and the manner in which some de- velopment projects have contributed to genocide, dis- advantaged ethnic minorities, and proletarianization caused by displacement from the land. PB84-243567/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Characteristics of Income Distribution in Eastern Paraguay. General working document no. 2, C. D. Oberbeck. Sep 79, 1 1 7p AID-PN-AAH-714 Keywords: "Paraguay, "Income, "Migration, "Agricul- tural economics, Land titles, Distribution(Economics), Developing country application, Case studies. This report examines the distribution of income and productive resources in rural Eastern Paraguay, and reviews some evidence relating to the standard of living experienced by rural Paraguayans. Aggregate data for the entire eastern region are reviewed in Part I. 279 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS Departmental census data and disaggregated regional data are reviewed in Part II. Part III presents the results of several case studies, which both amplify the previ- ous discussion and provide a check for reasonable- ness. Finally, Part IV presents a brief discussion of income distribution policy in Paraguay. PB84-243799/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. School of Hy- giene and Public Health. Community Based Distribution of Contraception: A Review of Field Experience, R. W. Osborn, and W. A. Reinke. Jan 81, 244p AID- PN-AAK-341 Contract AID/DSPE-C-0055 Keywords: *Birth control, Distributing, 'Contracep- tives, Communities, Fertility, Project management, De- veloping country application. It has been postulated that community-based distribu- tion (CBD) of contraception can, at a reasonable cost, satisfy substantial unmet demand for effective fertility control. This report presents findings which validate this thesis and addresses the issue of how the CBD approach can be most effectively and efficiently ap- plied. PB84-244169/GAA PC A04/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Illustrative Analysis: Recent Fertility Trends in Sri Lanka. Scientific report no. 25, I. Alam, and J. Cleland. Nov 81, 62p AID-PN-AAK- 269 Contract AID/csd-3606 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: 'Demography, * Fertility, *Sri Lanka, Devel- oping countries, Demographic surveys, Developing country application. Sri Lanka is one of the Few South Asian countries achieving a substantial and sustained decline in fertility since the 1950's. This report, based on data collected from 6,812 women under the 1975 Sri Lanka Fertility Survey (SLFS), seeks to augment earlier evidence of this trend and to study the fertility behavior of various subgroups of the population. PB84-244219/GAA PC A03/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Comparative Intake and Digestibility of Forages and Byproducts by Sheep and Goats. Technical rept. series, L. E. Brown, and W. L. Johnson. 1983, 27p TRS-39 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: 'Ruminants, 'Animal husbandry, Digestion(Biology), Quality, Diets, Animal nutrition, Forage crops, Residues, Comparison. Comparisons of intake and digestibility of various feed- stuffs by goats and sheep were reviewed. From exist- ing data, conclusions about the comparative utilization of feeds by these species are impeded by a lack of uniformity in experimental conditions. Nevertheless, a hypothesis of differential species advantage is pre- sented which could be tested in future experiments. This hypothesis is based on evidence that species dif- ferences in intake and digestibility are relatively unim- portant when the diet is relatively low in fiber concen- tration. On low quality, high fiber diets, sheep tend to digest the dry matter (and fiber) more completely than goats, but their voluntary intake levels tend to be lower. PB84-244334/GAA PC A08/MF A01 National Marine Fisheries Service, Little Rock, AR. National Aquaculture Directory, J. W. Ayers. Sep 84, 156p* NMFS/M321/84-14 Keywords: 'Aquaculture, States(United States), Marine fishes, Shellfish, 'Fisheries, Catfishes, Trout, Bass, Salmon, Shrimps, Clams, Carp, Minnows, Shin- ers, Fresh water fishes, Listings. National Marine Fisheries Service's first National Aquaculture Directory compiled of private firms en- gaged in aquaculture. Listings are by state, giving name of firm, address and type of fish and/or shellfish. PB84-244367/GAA PC A02/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Utilization of Urea by Sheep and Goats Fed High Roughage Diets. Technical rept. series, A. L Ordoveza, and W. L Johnson. 1983, 12p TRS- 38 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: 'Nutrition, 'Ruminants, Diets, Urea, Farm crops, Residues, Nitrogen, Proteins, Digestion(Biology), Soybean oil, Statistical analysis, Tables(Data), Developing country application. Two experiments were conducted to test the utilization of urea-containing high fiber diets by small ruminants. In Experiment I wheat straw/alfalfa hay diets were supplemented with 0, 1 or 2% urea to achieve 7, 10 or 13% crude protein equivalent. When fed to growing Toggenburg wether goats, voluntary intake was slight- ly lower (P.05) for the diet without urea. Digestibilities of dry matter and fiber (P .05) and crude protein (P .01 ) were lower for the diet without urea but not different for the diets with 1 or 2% urea. Less nitrogen was retained (P .01) on the zero-urea diet, with no difference be- tween the 1 or 2% urea diets. In Experiment II urea was compared with soybean oil meal as a nitrogen source in low or medium fiber diets for growing, weth- ered Toggenburg goats or Suffolk sheep. All diets were adjusted to 1 1 -12% crude protein equivalent. PB84-244383/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Food Aid and Development: A Policy Discussion Paper. Jul 81, 38p AID-PN-AAK-372 Keywords: 'Food, 'Agricultural economics, Food, Pro- duction, Marketing, Distribution(Property), Govern- ment policies, Grants, Revenue, Developing country application, Macroeconomics. Food aid (FA) can have a positive, long-term impact on development only in the context of a broadly-based agricultural development strategy aimed at providing equity to poor farmers. Against a background discus- sion of this principle, this paper discusses measures that need to be examined to ensure that FA will in fact complement such an equitable growth strategy and sets forth corresponding program implications for A.I.D. Specific measures discussed are agricultural production incentives; market interventions by the gov- ernment; agricultural price stabilization; food reserves; and direct food distribution. PB84-244417/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Preferences for Number and Sex of Children and Contraceptive Use in Korea. Scientific rept. no. 22, N. I. Kim, and B. M. Choi. Jun 81, 33p AID-PN-AAK- 268 Contract AID/csd-3606 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: 'Contraceptives, 'South Korea, 'Children, 'Birth control, Statistical data, Marriage, Developing countries, Fertility, Developing country application. Women's desires to have a certain number of children- or more specifically, a certain number of sons and/or daughters-can provide strong motivation for their use of contraception. This report uses data on 3,907 mar- ried, fecund, and nonpregnant Korean women ob- tained from the 1 974 Korean National Fertility Survey to examine the consistency between respondents' an- swers and their fertility preferences; the determinants of fertility preferences; and the relationship between fertility preferences and contraceptive use. PB84-244540/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for Research on Economic Development. West African Pastoral Production Systems. Work- ing Paper Number 3 of Livestock Production and Marketing in the Entente States of West Africa, J. Swift. Feb 79, 120p AID-PN-AAK-101 Contract AID/afr-C-1 169 Prepared in cooperation with Sussex Univ. (England). Keywords: 'West Africa, 'Livestock, Environmental impacts, Social effect, Production control, Land use. An adequate typology of West African pastoralism is lacking. This paper presents and utilizes such a typol- ogy to describe the main pastoral production systems of dry West Africa. Unlike previous classifications based on the degree or pattern of movement among pastoralists, the author's typology is based on four variables-environment, sociocultural tradition, source of livelihood, and the degree to which production is marketed. The author proceeds to detail the contribu- tions to production of land, technology, herd charac- teristics, and labor. PB84-244557/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Starting a Farm Management and Farm Record Program in Tunisia, W. F. Litwiller, M. Guellouz, and R. Stiles. Aug 81, 55p AID-PN-AAK-360 Prepared in cooperation with Tunis (Tunisia), and Peace Corps, Washington, DC. Keywords: 'Agricultural extension services, 'Farming, 'Tunisia, Education, Farms, Questionnaires, Records management, Expenses, Livestock, Milk, Inventories, Cattle, Forage grasses, Production, Income, Develop- ing country application. Modern farm planning and management methods are new and poorly understood by most small farmers in Tunisia. This report describes an extension farm man- agement program designed to address this problem. The program, based on a view of the farm as a techni- cally well-managed and economically sound unit, re- ceived technical assistance from A.I.D., and targeted farmers with less than 20 ha who raise cattle but culti- vate little forage. In its first year, the program was limit- ed to three farms. The program was extended to 54 farms in 1980-81, but many farmers quit because they disliked recordkeeping and had mistakenly expected the program to provide forage seeds and other materi- als. Nonetheless, the program had a marked impact - both bersim and milk production were far above aver- age, per capita income of participating farmers was slightly above the national average, and the most suc- cessful farmers in the program earned twice the na- tional average. PB84-244573/GAA PC A25/MF A01 Lyon Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD. Tanzania Rural Roads Feasibility Study. Volume 1. Technical and Economic Aspects. Final rept. 12 Oct 81, 595p AID-PN-AAK-015 Contract AID-afr-C-1605 See also PB84-244581. Prepared in cooperation with Snitzler (James R.) Associates, Inc., Camp Springs, MD. Keywords: 'Economic analysis, 'Roads, 'Rural areas, 'Tanzania, Developing countries, Construction, Ren- ovating, Planning, Maintenance, Developing country application, Kilimanjaro Region(Tanzania). A major impediment to Tanzania's rural development efforts has been the poor condition of its rural roads which restricts access to social services and markets. The objectives of this study are to assist in the con- struction or rehabilitation of roads in the Dodoma and Singida regions and the Same and Mwanga districts of the Kilimanjaro region and to provide these districts with the ability to maintain roads by improving their ad- ministrative, planning, construction, and maintenance capacities. This volume deals solely with the technical and economic aspects of the study. PB84-244581/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Lyon Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD. Tanzania Rural Roads Feasibility Study. Volume 2. Training Requirements. Final rept. 1981, 34p AID-PN-AAK-016 Contract AID/afr-C-1 605 280 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS See also PB84-244573 and PB84-244599. Prepared in cooperation with Snitzler (James R.) Associates, Inc., Camp Springs, MD. Keywords: *Roads, *Rural areas, 'Tanzania, Develop- ing countries, Construction, Renovating, Planning, Maintenance, Developing country application, Kiliman- jaro Regionftanzania), "Training, Training objectives. This second volume of the feasibility study of road con- struction and rehabilitation in Tanzania presents a training program to develop a quantitatively and quali- tatively adequate Tanzanian work force to rehabilitate the road system in the rural road improvement (RRI) area, and to maintain the road system after rehabilita- tion. PB84-244599/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Lyon Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD. Tanzania Rural Roads Feasibility Study. Volume 3. Environmental Assessment. Final rept. 1981, 83p AID-PN-AAK-017 Contract AID/afr-C-1605 See also PB84-244581 . Prepared in cooperation with Snitzler (James R.) Associates, Inc., Camp Springs, MD. Keywords: *Roads, *Rural areas, 'Tanzania, 'Envi- ronmental impacts, Developing countries, Construc- tion, Renovating, Planning, Maintenance, Social effect, Economic impact, Developing country applica- tion, Kilimanjaro Region(Tanzania). This third volume of the Tanzanian Rural Roads Feasi- bility Study assesses the environmental impact of the proposed Rural Road Improvement (RRI) Project. PB84-244961/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Agricultur- al Economics. Econometric Analysis of Supply Responsiveness In Traditional Agriculture: Millet, Sorghum and Rice Farmers in Mali. Working paper, B. Sako, and R. W. Cotterill. Jun 81, 104p AERP/ WP-36, AID-PN-AAK-376 Contract AID/afr-C-1267 Keywords: 'Econometrics, 'Grains(Food), 'Agricultur- al economics, 'Mali, Economic models, Prices, Grain sorghum, Rice, Sales, Government policies, Social welfare, Supply(Economics), Developing country appli- cation, Millet. The Government of Mali's twin goals of reestablishing the country's position as a net grain exporter and main- taining reasonable domestic grain prices may be in- compatible. This paper analyzes data for the period 1960-79 in order to examine Malian farmers' supply re- sponsiveness and the welfare effects of government grain pricing policies. PB84-245075/GAA PC A09/MF A01 Arizona Univ., Tucson. Office of Arid Lands Studies. Draft Environmental Profile on Rwanda, Aug 81, 182p AID-PN-AAK-035 Contract NPS-CX-0001 -0-0003 Keywords: 'Environmental impacts, 'Ecology, Agricul- ture, Forests, Erosion, Population growth, Natural re- sources, Animal ecology, 'Rwanda, Energy sources, Resource management, Developing country applica- tion, Africa. With its rapid population growth and limited natural re- sources, Rwanda faces a number of serious environ- mental problems according to this draft report on the country's geography, climate, demography, geology, mineral and energy resources, soils, water resources, and flora and fauna. Rwanda has a diverse but fragile tropical ecology and its climate and rainfall are ade- quate for two growing seasons. However, Rwanda's landlocked location, total dependence on agriculture, and lack of mineral resources adversely affect devel- opment efforts. PB84-245240/GAA PC A08/MF A01 Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan. Tables of Feed Composition for Indonesia (Tabel- Tabel Dari Komposisi Bahan Makanan Ternak Untuk Indonesia), H. Hartadi, S. Reksohadiprodjo, S. Lebdosukojo, and A. D. Tillman. Nov 80, 157p AID-PN-AAK-406 Contract AID/ta-C-1 159 Text in English and Indonesian.. Prepared in coopera- tion with Rockefeller Foundation, New York. Keywords: 'Animal feeds, 'Indonesia, Vitamins, Amino acids, Describing, Food additives, Diets, Devel- oping country application. While significant information exists on feedstuffs used in Indonesia, it is scattered among many publications, making retrieval and correlation difficult. The purpose of this publication is to present a single source of nutri- tion information on the composition of Indonesian feeds and mineral supplements and on the mineral, vi- tamin, and amino acid content of selected feeds. While the availability of nutrition data on Indonesian feed is limited, the document does serve as a basis for de- scribing feeds and identifying future research needs. PB84-245299/GAA PCA11/MFA01 American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. International Health Programs. AID (Agency for International Development-As- sisted Primary Health Care Projects: Summary Re- views. 1981, 226p AID-PN-AAK-351 Contract AID/DSPE-C-0053 Keywords: 'Latin America, 'Health, 'Health care de- livery, 'Project evaluation, Project management, Fi- nancing, Asia, Latin America, Africa, Caribbean Is- lands, Near East, Developing country application. A.I.D. is one of the major sources of external support for primary health care (PHC) programs aimed at in- creasing the availability of basic health services in de- veloping countries. In this report, 52 A.I.D.-assisted projects are described in order to provide an overview of the Agency's PHC activities and a framework for tracking progress and problems in project implementa- tion. The projects are listed alphabetically by country according to four regions: Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Near East. PB84-245307/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Virginia State Univ., Petersburg. Supply Responses of Cotton Farmers in Ghana: Case Study of Northwestern Ghana. Monograph series, R. Ohene-Darko, and J. Anim-Appiah. 1984, 53p AID-PN-AAK-278 Contract AID/CSD-3415, Grant AID/DSAN-XII-G- 0185 Prepared in cooperation with University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Ghana). Sponsored in part by GrantAID/DSAN-G-0612. Keywords: 'Cotton, 'Agricultural economics, 'Ghana, Surveys, Economic models, Risk, Decision making, Prices, Supply(Economics), Credit, Competition, Area, Farms, Trends, Tables(Data), Developing country ap- plication. Domestic cotton production in Ghana is meeting only 20% of demand. This report describes a socioeco- nomic survey of farmers in the Wa area of northwest- ern Ghana and applies survey data to an economic model of factors affecting farmers' decisions to grow cotton. Against overviews of the history, importance, and problems of cotton production in Ghana, the au- thors present the findings of their survey of Ghana's foremost cotton growing area. Credit is the major bot- tleneck. Thus, up to 85% of farmers rely on personal savings to finance their farm operations; the remainder borrow from friends, family, and moneylenders. Risk aversion is the most salient characteristic of farmers' decisionmaking. PB84-245323/GAA PCA11/MFA01 Practical Concepts, Inc., Washington, DC. Urban Functions in Rural Development: Final Report of a Field Demonstration in Fada N'Gourma and Koudougou Regions of Upper Volta, 1978- 1980, S. M. Fass, and E. Pare. Jun 81, 244p AID-PN-AAK- 356 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0154 Prepared in cooperation with Ministry of Rural Devel- opment, Ouagadougou (Upper Volta). Keywords: 'Rural areas, Recommendations, Social ef- fects, 'Agricultural economics. A.I.D.'s Urban Functions in Rural Development project in Upper Volta is aimed at identifying ways to promote rural development by improving the effectiveness of service functions in central villages or towns. To this end, the project undertook to identify over 50 central services provided in 1,300 villages and centers; to analyze them in some detail in 108 settlements; and with local help to evaluate performance in 44 selected centers comprising the most significant villages and the bulk of available functions. This final project report provides an overview of the economy, agriculture, and population of Upper Volta; an analysis of agriculture, population, settlement patterns, and rural develop- ment functions in the eastern and center-west regions; a summary of the project's findings; and recommenda- tions for enhancing local government service capabili- ties. PB84-245331/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, DC. Evaluating Small-Scale Enterprise Promotion: State-of-the-Art, Methodologies and Future Alter- natives, S. G. Goldmark, and J. Rosengard. May 81, 148p AID-PN-AAK-355 Contract AID/DS-C-OTR-0016 Keywords: Surveys, 'Information systems, 'Small businesses, Program evaluation, Comparative evalua- tions, Test methods, Economic impact, State of the art, Developing country application. As part of a project to develop a handbook to evaluate the impact of small-scaje enterprise (SSE) projects, this state-of-the-art paper reviews methodologies cur- rently used in evaluating SSE projects. After defining common terms of reference for SSE practitioners, the author reviews the key determinants of SSE evaluation methodologies (level and users of and data bases for evaluation; budgetary and timing parameters) and points out the need to examine the trade-offs between these determinants critically. An analytical framework for assessing the impact of SSE's, focusing on the de- velopment hypotheses underlying SSE projects and the hierarchy of impacts (on enterprises, on the com- munity, and on benefit and cost distribution), is delin- eated, as are linkages within the hierarchy. Alternative SSE evaluation methodologies are examined in terms of their functional components (indicators of an SSE project's direct impact on an enterprise's profitability and sustainability and on community income and em- ployment; data collection techniques; and methods of data analysis). Stress is given to: the importance of in- dicators of why the project was helpful or not; its quali- tative effect on the enterprise; and enterprise-commu- nity interaction. Suggestions are made to improve formal and informal data collection techniques. A de- tailed plan of action for follow-on field work in four countries is presented. Appendices detail the U.S. in- stitutions and the literature reviewed (101 items, 1964- 80) for the study, and include abstracts of 10 SSE impact evaluations. PB84-245349/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Indicators of Food and Agriculture in AID (Agency for International Development) Assisted Coun- tries. Statistical profile series. Jun 81, 28p AID-PN-AAK-275 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Productivity, Pro- duction, 'Food, Supply(Economics), Nutritive value, Grains(Food), Proteins, Land use, Farms, Populations, Irrigation, Agricultural machinery, Manpower, Tables(Data), Developing country application. Intended as a handy reference manual for A.I.D. per- sonnel, this report draws on data sources from major international organizations such as the World Bank, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Monetary Fund, to present a statistical profile of agricultural development in AID-assisted countries. A total of 28 indicators in nine classes are provided. Agricultural Production indicators include av- erage annual growth rate of total production and 281 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS annual production as a percentage of total domestic production. PB84-245356/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Women in Development - Access of Rural Girls to Primary Education in the Third World: State of Art, Obstacles and Policy Recommendations, C. Safilios-Rothschild. Oct 79, 35p AID-PN-AAK-282 Keywords: 'Education, * Women, Urban areas, Rural areas, Recommendations, Instructors, Schools, •So- cioeconomic status. Although primary education is a prerequisite for higher education and thus for upward social mobility, in most developing countries rural girls' access to primary schools lags far behind that of rural boys and urban girls. Against a statistical picture of women's literacy and access to education, this report examines the im- portance to girls of an elementary education, de- scribes the determinants of rural female education, and presents policy recommendations. PB84-245380/GAA PC A03/MF A01 International Statistical Inst., Voorburg (Netherlands). Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use in Peninsular Malaysia. Scientific rept. no. 23, T. N. Peng, and I. Abdurahman. Nov 81, 30p AID- PN-AAK-335 Contract AID/csd-3606 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: * Contraceptives, *Birth control, "Malaysia, 'Family planning, Ethnic groups, Developing coun- tries, Surveys, Developing country application. The extent of contraceptive use among Malaysian women is encouraging and indicates a growing aware- ness of the benefits of family planning. This is the con- clusion of the study on the determinants of contracep- tive use in Peninsular Malaysia. The report includes 1 9 tables of data and a list of six references (1971-79). PB84-245398/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Assessment of West African Agricultural Develop- ment, W. D. Bair, J. Dorman, M. Duffy, D. Hess, and T. Mukherjee. Dec 81, 109p AID-PN-AAK-129 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'West Africa, 'Farming, Farms, Production, Food, Imports, Econom- ic forecasting, Income, Manpower, Cost analysis, Transportation, Recommendations, Developing coun- try application. Despite the high level of economic assistance provid- ed West Africa over the past 20 years, the region has failed to halt or reverse the trend of declining food output per capita. This report assesses the region's farm sector, highlights key food production issues, and make suggestions for improving the effectiveness of agricultural development programs. The authors pro- ceed to describe the factors associated with low agri- cultural output: food import projections; urbanization and income growth; low investment in research, train- ing, and extension; low land and labor productivity; ec- ological degradation; and prohibitive transportation costs. PB84-245406/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Idaho Univ., Moscow. Postharvest Inst, for Perish- ables. Perishable Postharvest Losses in Selected East- ern Caribbean Countries: Causes and Recommen- dations, D. Leeper, R. Schermerhorn, and D. Jackson. Oct 81, 82p AID-PN-AAK-114 Contract AID-DSAN-CA-0265 Keywords: 'Marketing, 'Agricultural economics, 'West Indies, Food, Losses, Distribution systems, Economic impact, Agricultural products, Prices, Qual- ity, Farm crops, Planting, Harvesting, Barbados Island, Saint Vincent Island, Saint Lucia Island, Dominica Island, Developing country application, Overproduc- tion. Postharvest food loss, intertwined with the overall mar- keting and distribution systems, is a serious problem in the eastern Caribbean. This report, based on visits to St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Dominica, and Barbados, ex- plores the determinants of crop loss in the context of the larger marketing and distribution systems and iden- tifies interventions with potentially broad economic impact. PB84-245414/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Some Aspects of Fertilizer Use by Small Farmers: A Review, B. Sen. Aug 81, 33p AID-PN-AAK-134 Keywords: 'Fertilizers, 'Agricultural economics, 'Farming, Technical assistance, Surveys, Developing countries, Estimates, Distribution(Property), Demand(Economics), Tables(Data), Developing coun- try application. Critics have charged that fertilizer assistance pro- grams unduly benefit large farmers at the expense of small farmers and that proponents of such programs sidestep the issue of equitable fertilizer distribution. This report reviews the findings of two surveys in India, the National Sample Survey and a National Council of Applied Economic Research survey, to analyze the di- rectional tendencies underlying fertilizer distribution. The author points out that small farmers may, as de- velopment literature suggests, use fertilizer intensively in order to maximize output and income from their tiny holdings. PB84-245448/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Production Credit and Fertilizer Consumption: A Review of Literature, B. Sen. Sep 80, 54p AID-PN-AAK-133 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'India, Produc- tion, Organizations, Banking business, Fertilizers, Demand(Economics), Developing country application, Institutions. This report reviews the relevant literature generated by the Indian Government since 1 976 in order to deter- mine the current system's adequacy in supplying short-term agricultural production credit. The author analyzes the relationship between credit and fertilizer consumption and finds some support of the govern- ment's premise that lack of credit is the primary con- straint to fertilizer consumption. PB84-245455/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Tufts Univ., Medford, MA. Investments in Large Scale Infrastructure: Irriga- tion and River Management in the Sahel. Final rept., J. D. Stryker, C. H. Gotsch, J. Mclntire, and F. C. Roche. Jan 81, 126p AID-PN-AAK-258 Contract AID/afr-C-1 130 Prepared in cooperation with Stanford Univ., CA. Food Research Inst. Keywords: 'Irrigation, 'Subsaharan Africa, 'Sahel, In- vestments, River basin development, Stream flow, Project planning, Technical assistance, Cultivation, Economic factors, Benefit cost analysis, Feasibility, Developing country application, Sahel Region(Africa). To determine whether large-scale irrigation infrastruc- ture projects (IIP) in the Sahel are consistent with the Congressional mandate that A.I.D. projects benefit the poor majority, this report reviews existing MP's and the Sahel's current irrigation needs because of the man- date's legislative history. The U.S. Congress, it is argued, is willing in principle to finance large-scale MP's in the Sahel if it can be shown that no better alterna- tives exist. A review of current irrigation systems and needs for river flow regulation in each Sahelian country and major river basin indicates that the potential for expanding rainfed agriculture and small-scale irrigation - development of which must begin now - is best in Chad, Mali, and Upper Volta and poorest in Mauritania and Niger, with the Gambia and Senegal holding inter- mediate positions. PB84-245463/GAA Tufts Univ., Medford, MA. PC A16/MF A01 Analysis of Selected Agricultural Parastatals in the Ivory Coast, E. R. Hermann. Jun 81, 368p AID-PN-AAK-126 Contract AID/REDSO/WA-79-177 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Rural areas, 'Cotton, 'Ivory Coast, Risk, Farm crops, Coffee, State government, Corporations, Prices, Conflicts, Efficien- cy, Social welfare, Government policies, Decision making, Cultivation, Marketing, Performance evalua- tion, Developing country application, Ivory Coast Region(West Africa), Oil palm, Cocoa. Because the Ivory Coast has relied heavily on parasta- tals (quasi-state corporations) in successfully expand- ing its agricultural sector, it provides an illuminating subject for this study of the economic efficiency of ag- ricultural parastatals. After background sections on parastatal theory and on the government's dominant role in the Ivory Coast's agricultural development, the author presents case studies of the cotton, oil palm, coffee, and cocoa parastatals and suggests ways to improve their efficiency. PB84-245471/GAA PC A07/MF A01 Boston Univ., MA. Health Policy Inst. Primary-Care Health Centers: A Guide to Planning and Design with Limited Resources, W. J. Bicknell, E. M. Connor, and S. M. C. Shaw. Jan 82, 147pAID-PN-AAK-113 Contract AID/DSPE-C-0085 Prepared in cooperation with Metcalf and Associates, Boston, MA. Keywords: 'Health, Guidelines, Developing countries, Coordination, Health care, 'Health planning, Develop- ing country application. It typically happens either that primary health care (PHC) programs are planned without considering the factors that influence building design or that PHC buildings are erected without considering the pro- grams they are meant to serve. To help alleviate this problem, this guide provides a clear, succinct frame- work for planning PHC services along with the centers to house them. Emphasis is placed on the need for a team effort between program planners (doctors, nurses, midwives, officials, etc.) and building designers (architects and engineers, etc.) and on avoiding prob- lems arising from inadequate assessment of needs, poor communication, failure to consider operating costs and space requirements, and insensitivity to local customs and political factors. PB84-245489/GAA PC A20/MF A01 Swarthmore Coll., PA. Food Aid: The Political Economy of International Policy Formation, R. F. Hopkins. Sep 80, 475p AID-PN-AAK-265 Grant AID/otr-G-1 672 Keywords: 'Economic development, 'Food, Trends, History, Distributing, Benefit cost analysis, Allocations, Supply(Economics), Government policies, United States, Political objectives, Kenya, Egypt, Tanzania, Egypt, Developing country application. What principles have and should guide the giving and accepting of food aid. This report seeks to answer this question by describing current food aid flows, with spe- cial reference to the United States; explaining trends in food aid over the past 30 years; and proposing steps to improve food aid's effectiveness as a development tool. The author traces the history of food aid from the 1 950's to 1 980's and notes several trends-an increas- ing number of donors dispersing a falling volume of aid, changes in donor motivation from surplus disposal to development promotion. The author argues that donors should: become more reliable food aid suppli- ers; base allocation more on need. PB84-245703/GAA PC A07/MF A01 National Rural Center, Washington, DC. Directory of Small Farms Technical Assistance in the United States, H. T. Baker, R. Blobaum, D. G. Caye, V. M. Caye, and J. P. Madden. Mar 81, 136p AID-PN-AAK-338 Contract AID/DSAN-C-0244 Keywords: 'Agricultural economics, 'Farming, United States, Organizations, Universities, National govern- 282 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS ment, State government, "Technical assistance, De- veloping country application, Government agencies. The strategy of increasing agricultural production in developing countries through use of improved seed and sophisticated techniques has neither increased in- comes nor improved nutrition among the rural poor. This directory identifies American organizations and projects with expertise appropriate to the needs of lim- ited-resource farmers in the developing world. The 96 entries in the directory include land grant and other in- stitutions of higher learning, federal and state govern- ment agencies, and private organizations. PB84-24571 1/GAA PC A06/MF A01 Evaluation Technologies, Inc., Arlington, VA. Bolivia: A Country Survey. Feb 78, 105p AID-PN-AAK-296 Contract AID/SOD/PDC-C-0283 Keywords: * Bolivia, 'Disasters, Sociology, Govern- ment policies, International relations, Developing countries, Profiles, Civil defense, Disaster relief, Devel- oping country application. General sociocultural information is provided, along with a brief description of national and regional govern- ment organizations, a list of key political figures and international treaties, and a history of recent events. An assessment of Bolivia's disaster preparedness in- cludes an outline of the Government of Bolivia's (GOB) National Civil Defense Plan which sets forth types and phases of disasters and lines of national and provincial authority for emergency procedures; assigns functions such as relief supplies and communications to mem- bers of the GOB Disaster Relief Committee; addresses public order, evacuation, public health and medical services (treatment priorities, epidemiological and san- itary concerns, rodent control, corpse disposal, and health education), transport logistics, communications; and provides disaster planning for earthquakes, brush and forest fires, and flooding. PB84-245737/GAA PC A05/MF A01 California Univ., Davis. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Comparative Anatomy of the Digestive Tract in Cattle Sheep and Goats: A Review. Technical rept. series, J. M. Luginbuhl. 1983, 90p TRS-40 Grant AID/DSAN/XII-G-0049 Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh. Keywords: "Ruminants, Anatomy, Developing country application. Knowledge of comparative anatomy is a necessity for scientists whose research involve food-producing ani- mals. This study attempts to review and compare the available information on the digestive tract anatomy of sheep, goats and cattle. Coordinated motor activities of the forestomach related to rate of passage of di- gesta are also examined. Although genuine differ- ences exist, data used to describe the anatomy of the digestive tract of domestic ruminants is mainly derived from cattle and to a lesser extent from sheep. Goats have received the least study. In addition, the complex compound stomach of domestic ruminants has long been a source of curiosity and consequently less infor- mation concerning the other parts of the digestive tract is available. PB84-245778/GAA PC A99/MF E04 Central Statistical Office, Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago). Trinidad and Tobago Fertility Survey, 1977. Coun- try Report. Volumes 1 and 2. 1981, 749p AID-PN-AAK-339 Contract AID/csd-3606 Prepared in cooperation with World Fertility Survey, London (England). Keywords: "Trinidad, "Tobago, "Fertility, "Demogra- phy, Developing countries, Demographic surveys, Sta- tistical data, Developing country application. Against a socioeconomic and demographic descrip- tion of the population of Trinidad and Tobago, the au- thors summarize how the Survey of 4,359 women was conducted - its administration and staffing, sample and questionnaire design, organization of the pretest and the main Survey, editing and coding of data, data proc- essing, quality control, and response rates. The sub- stantive findings of the Survey are presented regarding the age, ethnicity, and residence of the sample popula- tion; mating patterns and exposure to childbearing; ini- tial, recent, and cumulative fertility; preferences for number of children; knowledge and use of contracep- tion; and the relationship between contraception and fertility preferences. PB84-245786/GAA PC A18/MF A01 Institute for Development Anthropology, Binghamton, NY. Development Potential of New Lands Settlement in the Tropics and Subtropics: A Global State-of- the-Art Evaluation with Specific Emphasis on Policy Implications, T. Scudder. Oct 81, 420p AID-PN-AAK-357 Grant AID/DSAN-G-01 40 Keywords: "Economic development, "Agricultural eco- nomics, "Tropical regions, Management, Population migrations, Socioeconomic status, Farms, Production, Government policies, Political objectives, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Risk, Farm crops, Livestock, Philip- pines, Somali, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Developing country application, Global, Ownership, "Land use. This state-of-the-art analysis is designed to improve the design, implementation, management, and evalua- tion of future new lands settlement. Against back- ground descriptions of types of settlers and settle- ments and definitions of settlement success, the author presents the method by which he prepared his study - a review of the literature and field visits to Indo- nesia, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka, and Sudan. The dynamics of and the issues to be addressed during the four stages of new lands set- tlement are detailed. PB84-246347/GAA PC A07/MF A01 WWI Consulting Engineers, Emeryville, CA. Technology Assessment of Aquaculture Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment, H. C. Hyde, R. S. Ross, and L. Sturmer. Aug 84, 133p* EPA/600/2-84/145 Contract EPA-68-03-3016 Prepared in cooperation with Humboldt State Univ., Areata, CA. Keywords: "Aquaculture, "Sewage treatment, Feasi- bility, Economic factors, Technology assessment, Aquatic plants, Aquatic animals, Sites, Ponds, Accu- mulation, Cost effectiveness, Odors, Public health, Design, Recovery, Biomass, Cost comparison, Tables(Data), Water hyacinths. The innovative and alternative technology provisions of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (PL 95-217) provide financial incentives to communities that use wastewater treatment alternatives to reduce costs or energy consumption over conventional systems. Some of these technologies have been only recently developed and are not in widespread use in the United States. This document discusses the applicability and technical and economic feasibility of using aquaculture systems for municipal wastewater treatment facilities. SERI/RR-8228-1/GAA PC A10/MF A01 Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO. Impact of International Financial Institutions on Markets for Solar Energy Systems. J. F. Day, III, and R. Sacks. Oct 79, 21 3p Contract EG-77-C-0 1-4042 Keywords: "Photovoltaic power system, "Solar energy, Developing countries, Financing, International organizations, Market, ERDA/1 40300, ERDA/299001. In support of the International Photovoltaic Program Plan prepared for DOE by SERI, Strategies Unlimited has conducted a study to assess the impact of interna- tional financial institutions on the markets for solar electric systems, especially on photovoltaic power sys- tems. This report reviews the sources and uses of funds for economic development in the Third World. The origin of development funds since 1 970 is quanti- fied, the channels through which funds reach the de- veloping countries are examined, and the economic sectors within the developing countries where funds are applied are detailed. This report includes a review of the World Bank, principal regional development banks, OPEC institutions, US Export-Import Bank, prin- cipal US commercial banks, and the Euro-currency markets of the world as they finance the developing world. Both concessional and nonconcessional trans- fers are identified, including both official and private sources. Development bank loan practices are re- viewed, including an analysis of sectors, priorities, and trends. US commercial bank international activities are reviewed including the identification of bank exposure by developing country. The report also discusses se- lected solar energy projects funded by the develop- ment banks. Recommendations are prepared for gov- ernment policy to accelerate the widespread use of photovoltaic systems in international markets. (ERA ci- tation 05:008239) SERI/TR-744-450/GAA PC A03/MF A01 Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO. Decentralized Energy Studies: Compendium of U.S. Studies and Projects. J. Quinn, and J. M. Ohi. Jun 80, 47p Contract AC02-77CH00178 Keywords: "Energy, "Renewable energy, Appropriate technology, Communities, "Energy conservation, Energy source development, Energy sources, Local government, Power supplies, Regional analysis, Re- search programs, Solar energy, State government, ERDA/299000, ERDA/140400. This compendium was prepared as a part of the De- centralized Energy Studies task at the Solar Energy Research Institute. The compendium lists and briefly describes a number of studies, programs, and projects that involve decentralized energy systems. The pur- pose is to provide information about research activities in decentralized energy systems to researchers, gov- ernment officials, and interested citizens. A contact person or address is given for each of the activities listed so that interested readers can obtain more infor- mation. (ERA citation 05:030781) SHR-0009478/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Boston Coll., Chestnut Hill, MA. Graduate School of Social Work. Education Cooperative and Its Applicability to De- veloping Countries. Marilia Baker, Saray de Veagra, and Patricia Witham. 1980, 64p Keywords: "Education, Academic education, Adminis- trative support, Arrangements, Communicating, Co- ordination, Delivery, Direct services, Integration, Inter- actions, Interrelationships, Management systems, Methodology, Organizing, Services, Social services, Developing countries, Disabled. This report summarizes the experiences of three grad- uate students from Latin America at The Education Cooperative (TEC) - a collaborative effort among 10 Massachusetts school districts - and discusses the transfer of the knowledge acquired to actual practice in their respective countries. General characteristics of educational collaboratives are detailed, and TEC's his- tory is reviewed. TEC has been involved in promoting greater understanding of regional resources in special education and identifying existing materials, facilities, and programs in member districts. Each graduate stu- dent was assigned to a different TEC project: the career education program aimed at integrating class- room knowledge with the world of work; the career op- portunities program, an effort to provide career oppor- tunities to junior and senior high school students with developmental disabilities; and a model training pro- gram for parents of young children with special needs and professionals who work with these children. The report describes each project as well as the individual intern's activities. It then discusses the replication of these programs in Brazil, Chile, and Panama. Basic in- formation about each country is provided. The final section examines the applicability of the collaborative concept to developing countries. Tables, charts, and references are provided. SHR-0202301/GAA PC A03/MF A01 PROJECT SHARE (HEW), Rockville, MD. Productivity in Human Services: Measurement, Im- provement, and Management. Dec 80, 28p Human Services Bibliography Series. Keywords: Administrative support, Arrangements, Communicating, Coordination, Cost analysis, Costs, Criteria, Effectiveness, Evaluation, Forecasting, Meas- 283 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS urement, Methodology, Organizing, Services, 'Social services, Standards, Systems, Bibliographies, 'Pro- ductivity. This annotated bibliography of 32 items presents liter- ature relevant to productivity in human services - the delivery of services in the most economical, efficient, and effective manner possible. Included is a selected portion of the available documents that deal with basic concepts of work measurement, methods of improve- ment, effectiveness measurement, time standards, and performance measures. Performance incentive development (monetary and nonmonetary incentives serving as catalysts to increase output) and motiva- tional strategies used to encourage efficiency and ef- fectiveness are also considered. The documents in this bibliography are representative of issues in human services productivity, but are not exhaustive of the ex- tensive documentation available. Information for or- dering documents is provided. An alphabetic listing of authors and an index are included. TID-28830/1/GAA PC A04/MF A01 Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Domestic Policy Review of Solar Energy. Volume 1. Final Report, International Panel. Oct 78, 58p Keywords: *Solar energy, Bilateral agreements, Budg- ets, Commercialization, Energy, Energy source devel- opment, Financing, Foreign policy, Government poli- cies, International cooperation, Numerical data, Re- newable energy sources, Tables, ERDA/299001, ERDA/ 140400, National government. The Federal government has a growing number of international activities relating to solar energy. These programs, which are assuming increased importance within the overall context of US foreign policy in energy, derive from different legislative authorities (Section 2) and serve a variety of US interest. Overlap- ping jurisdictions appear to exist with regard to pro- grams with developing countries. The scope of existing activities is broad, including cooperative arrangements and agreements with both industrial and developing countries in research and development on solar tech- nologies, energy and resource assessments, training in energy management, institutional development and demonstration of solar technologies (Section 3). A brief assessment of major activities is provided in Sec- tion 4. (ERA citation 05:005870) TID-28830/2/GAA PC A05/MF A01 Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Domestic Policy Review of Solar Energy. Volume 2. Final Report, International Panel. Oct 78, 86p Keywords: *Solar energy, USA, Commercialization, Energy policy, Energy source development, Foreign policy, Global aspects, Implementation, International cooperation, Reviews, Technology utilization, ERDA/ 299001, ERDA/293000, ERDA/140400, Government policies, National government. To date, US solar technology, development, and com- mercialization have concentrated on domestic needs. The international arena does provide the US with an exceptional opportunity to advance several major for- eign policy goals, namely: helping to ease the pressure on world fossil-fuel demand; cooperating with the in- dustrialized countries in meeting the global energy challenge; helping the developing countries to attain greater energy and economic self-sufficiency; and im- proving the US trade and balance-of-payment. Dis- cussed in detail are three interrelated initiatives, each of which is essential to a successful international effort. The first is commercialization of solar energy abroad by market identificaton and development, to create general world-wide demand and promote inter- national trade, in which all interested countries can participate along with the US. The next is technical co- operation to bring about improvements in solar tech- nologies, especially by developmental and demonstra- tional projects aimed at creating marketable, commer- cially viable systems and equipment. Cooperation with developing countries to bring about optimum energy resource development, with the help of appropriate international financial and technical assistance is the third option discussed. (ERA citation 05:005871) 284 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX ACADEMY FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Reading by Radio: A Position Paper on the Use of Radio in Teaching Reading Skills for Educational Development, (AID-PN-AAJ-433) PB82-260209/GAA Two-Way Radio for Rural Health Care: An Overview, (AID-PN-AAJ-901) PB83-105932/GAA ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCIENCES (ARMY), FORT SAM HOUSTON, TX. DENTAL STUDIES OFFICE. 81-013 Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Preven- tive Dentistry Programs: Assessment of the Relationship between Past Dental Experience and Dental Sick Call in the Field. AD-A107 506/8/GAA ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES, WASHINGTON, DC. DHHS/PUB/OHDS-81 -30013 El Cuidado de Su Bebe (Infant Care). PB83-118372/GAA AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHIC CENTER, WASHINGTON, DC. ISBN-0-87859-021-8 Energy Resources in Southern Africa: A Select Bibliogra- phy, (AID-PN-AAJ-698) PB83-109447/GAA Rural Development in Botswana: A Selected Bibliogra- phy, 1966-1980, (AID-PN-AAJ-699) PB83-105874/GAA AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ABIDJAN (IVORY COAST). REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SERVICES OFFICE, WEST AFRICA. AID-PN-AAJ-924 Economic and Social Development in West Africa. PB83-106500/GAA AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. AID-PN-AAJ-007 Water Supply and Diarrhea: Guatemala Revisited. PB82-131343/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-034 Sociolinguistic Context of Literacy Programs: A Review of Non-Formal Adult Literacy Programs in AID (Agency for International Development), PB84-170083/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-152 'Leucaena leucocephala': An Excellent Feed for Live- PB83-105965/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-170 Korean Potable Water System Project: Lessons from Ex- perience. PB83-105940/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-176 Peru: CARE OPG Water Health Services Project. PB82-241241/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-431 Economics of Village-Level Forestry: A Methodological Framework. PB83-105957/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-464 Women in Mauritania: The Effects of Drought and Migra- tion on their Economic Status and Implications for Devel- opment Programs, PB82-260217/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-466 Creating a 'Women's Component': A Case Study in Rural Jamaica, PB82-259615/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-629 Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in the Rural Postharvest Food System in Developing Countries, PB83-106658/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-692 Cost of Primary Health Care, PB83-106690/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-694 Nutritional Consequences of Rural-Urban Migration, PB83-105916/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-772 Women's Organizations: Resources for Development, PB84-169580/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-808 Incentives, Fertility Behavior, and Integrated Community Development: An Overview, PB83-106666/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-891 Approaches to Appropriate Agricultural Technology in Egypt: A Special Case Study Evaluation, PB84-179134/GAA AID-PN-AAJ-894 Role of Rural Haitian Women in Development, PB84-169879/GAA AID-PN-AAK-036 Mejoramiento de las Viviendas Rurales en la Republica Dominicana para Resistir los Huracanes y Terremotos (Improvement of Rural Housing in the Dominican Repub- lic to Resist Hurricanes and Earthquakes). PB84-177435/GAA AID-PN-AAK-072 World Experience with Use of lUDs (Intrauterine De- vices) PB84-'176866/GAA AID-PN-AAK-276 Indicators of Education in A.I.D. (Agency for International Development) Assisted Countries. PB84-1 35201 /GAA TSB-25 'Leucaena leucocephala': An Excellent Feed for Live- PB83-105965/GAA Energy in Irrigation in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Energy Factors to Be Included in a National Food Policy, (AID-PN-AAJ-628) PB82-259383/GAA Government Sponsored Agricultural Intensification Schemes in the Sahel: Development for Whom, (AID-PN-AAH-569) PB82-259417/GAA Design and Evaluation of Aid-Assisted Projects. (AID-PN-AAK-047) PB84-169572/GAA Characteristics and Needs of Out-of-School Youth, (AID-PN-AAJ-119) PB84-170190/GAA Tanzania Health Sector Strategy, (AID-PN-AAJ-899) PB84-178474/GAA Sederhana: Indonesia Small-Scale Irrigation. (AID-PN-AAJ-608) PB84-242403/GAA Sudan: The Rahad Irrigation Project. (AID-PN-AAJ-610) PB84-242676/GAA Guatemala: Development of the Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (ICTA) and Its Impact on Agri- cultural Research and Farm Productivity. (AID-PN-AAJ-178) PB84-242684/GAA Kenya: Rural Roads. (AID-PN-AAH-972) PB84-242692/GAA Philippines: Bicol Integrated Area Development. (AID-PN-AAJ-179) PB84-242700/GAA Korean Agricultural Research: The Integration of Re- search and Extension. (AID-PN-AAJ-606) PB84-242718/GAA Panama: Rural Water. (AID-PN-AAJ-609) PB84-242726/GAA Effective Institution Building: A Guide for Project Design- ers and Project Managers Based on Lessons Learned from the AID (Agency for International Development) Portfolio. (AID-PN-AAJ-611) PB84-243187/GAA On-Farm Water Management Project in Pakistan. (AID-PN-AAJ-617) PB84-243286/GAA Community Water Supply in Developing Countries: Les- sons from Experience. Evaluation Summaries and Con- ference Findings. (AID-PN-AAJ-624) PB84-243302/GAA Characteristics of Income Distribution in Eastern Para- guay. (AID-PN-AAH-714) PB84-243567/GAA Food Aid and Development: A Policy Discussion Paper. (AID-PN-AAK-372) PB84-244383/GAA Indicators of Food and Agriculture in AID (Agency for International Development) Assisted Countries. (AID-PN-AAK-275) PB84-245349/GAA Women in Development - Access of Rural Girls to Pri- mary Education in the Third World: State of Art, Obsta- cles and Policy Recommendations, (AID-PN-AAK-282) PB84-245356/GAA Assessment of West African Agricultural Development, (AID-PN-AAK- 129) PB84-245398/GAA Some Aspects of Fertilizer Use by Small Farmers: A Review, (AID-PN-AAK- 134) PB84-245414/GAA Production Credit and Fertilizer Consumption: A Review of Literature, (AID-PN-AAK- 133) PB84-245448/GAA AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. OFFICE OF AGRICULTURE. 'Leucaena leucocephala': A Tree That Defies the Wood- cutter. (AID-PN-AAJ-944) PB84-181213/GAA AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE SERVICE, WASHINGTON, DC. ACS/RR-31 Cooperative Fluid Milk Processing: Perspective of Oppor- tunities and Problems. PB84-155670/GAA ACS/RR-34 Dairy Product Manufacturing Costs at Cooperative Plants, PB84-156892/GAA FCRR-4 Subsidiaries of Agricultural Cooperatives. PB82-143850/GAA AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE, WASHINGTON, DC. MARKETING/RR-1112 Design, Operation, and Feasibility of a Small on-the-Farm Egg Grading and Packing Plant. PB82-189267/GAA USDA/AMS-82/02 Design, Operation, and Feasibility of a Small on-the-Farm Egg Grading and Packing Plant. PB82-189267/GAA AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS SERVICES CENTRE, KATHMANDU (NEPAL). Rice Production in Nepal: Factors Affecting Adoption of Modern Varieties and Their Effect on Income and Income Distribution. (AID-PN-AAJ-877) PB82-244476/GAA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, OXFORD (ENGLAND). WEED RESEARCH ORGANIZATION. ARC/WRO/TR-64 Activity and Pre-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: Chlomethoxynil, NC 20484 and MBR 18337. PB84-108307/GAA ARC/WRO/TR-66 Activity and Pre-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: AC 213087 and AC 222293. PB84-109073/GAA ARC/WRO/TR-67 Activity and Post-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recent- ly Developed Herbicides: Trifopsime, Glufosinate, RH 8817, MBR 18337 and NC 20484. PB84-109594/GAA ISBN-0-7084-0239-9 Activity and Pre-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: Chlomethoxynil, NC 20484 and MBR 18337. PB84-108307/GAA ISBN-0-7084-0258-5 Activity and Pre-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recently Developed Herbicides: AC 213087 and AC 222293. PB84-109073/GAA ISBN-0-7084-0259-3 Activity and Post-Emergence Selectivity of Some Recent- ly Developed Herbicides: Trifopsime, Glufosinate, RH 8817, MBR 18337 andTOC 20484. PB84-109594/GAA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, BELTSVILLE, MD. USDA/ARS/AH-603 Procedure for Isolation and Identification of Salmonella From Poultry Carcasses. PB84-102904/GAA USDA/ARS-CRR-30 Saline-Seep Diagnosis, Control, and Reclamation. PB83-214213/GAA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, PEORIA, IL. NORTH CENTRAL REGION. AAT/NC-8 Animal Breeding Programs: A Systematic Approach to Their Design, PB84-191279/GAA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, WASHINGTON, DC. Tropical Yams and Their Potential. Part 1. 'Dioscorea es- culenta'. Part 2. 'Dioscorea bulbifera'. Part 3. 'Dioscorea alata'. Part 4. 'Dioscorea rotundata and 'Dioscorea cayenensis'. Part 5. 'Dioscorea trifida'. Part 6. Minor Culti- vated 'Dioscorea' Species. PB84-112002/GAA Vegetables for the Hot, Humid Tropics. Part 1. The Winged Bean, 'Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'. Part 2. Okra, 'Abelmoschus esculentus'. Part 3. Chaya, 'Cnidos- colus chayamansa'. Part 4. Sponge and Bottle Gourds, 'Luffa' and 'Lagenaria'. Part 5. Eggplant, 'Solanum me- longena'. Part 6. Amaranth and Celosia, 'Amaranthus' and 'Celosia'. Part 7. The Peppers, 'Capsicum' Species. Part 8. Vegetable Corns, 'Zea mays'. PB84-112010/GAA Cultivation of Neglected Tropical Fruits with Promise. Part 1. The Mangosteen. Part 2. The Mamey Sapote. Part 3. The Pummelo. Part 4. The Lanson. Part 5. The Canistel and Its Relatives. Part 6. The Rambutan. Part 7. The Durian. Part 8. The Pejibaye. PB84-112515/GAA Growing Food in Containers in the Tropics; Techniques and Plants for the Tropical Subsistence Farm. PB84-112523/GAA Edible Leaves of the Tropics (2nd Edition), PB84-1 12531 /GAA Hojas Comestibles del Tropico (Edible Leaves of the Tropics), PB84-112549/GAA AHMEDABAD TEXTILE INDUSTRY'S RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (INDIA). ENG-77 Work Study - Cases in Textiles. PB82-206640/GAA HR-85 Personality, Organization and Motivation on the Job. PB82-216425/GAA MP-71 How to Assess Labour Complements in Spinning and Weaving. PB82-206665/GAA CA-285 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX Information Needs of the Textile and Allied Industries in India. PB82-206525/GAA Achieving the Best from Boiler, through Understanding Indian Coal, PB82-206715/GAA Papers Presented at the One-Day Technical Seminar on 'Textiles' Held at Surat on 30 November 1975, PB82-208505/GAA Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Engineering of Tex- tiles: Proceedings of ATIRA Annual Technological Con- ference Held on February 3-4, 1964 (Section B). PB82-213208/GAA Use of Tamarind Kernel Powder as a Cotton Warp Size: A Review, PB82-216433/GAA Various Techniques Used in Textile Manufacture. PB82-220500/GAA Seminar Report on Productivity Analysis: A Management Tool for Planned Progress, PB83-137489/GAA AHMEDABAD TEXTILE INDUSTRY'S RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (INDIA). CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DIV. CCT-22 Problems in Chemical Processing of Textiles - Case His- tories. PB82-213950/GAA AIR FORCE INST. OF TECH., WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OH. AFIT/CI/NR-81-38T Productivity Improvement for Engineers. AD-A119 754/0/GAA AFIT/CI/NR-83-64T Perceptions of Quality of Nursing Care: Patients and Reg- istered Nurses in a Hospital Using 12-Hour Shifts. AD-A135 457/0/GAA AFIT-CI-79-306T-S Role, Function, and Utilization of the Triage Nurse. AD-A107 966/4/GAA AIR FORCE INST. OF TECH., WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB, OH. SCHOOL OF SYSTEMS AND LOGISTICS. AFIT-LSSR-87-81 Productivity Measurement in Research and Development Laboratories. AD-A111 311/7/GAA AIRESEARCH MFG. CO. OF CALIFORNIA, TORRANCE. 83-19870 High-Temperature Ceramic Recuperator and Combustion Air Burner Programs. (GRI-83/0006) PB83-244046/GAA ALAMO NAVAJO SCHOOL BOARD, INC., MAGDALENA, NM. DOE/R6/12325-T1 Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems. Final Report. DE84003428/GAA ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL. PROGRAM, FAIRBANKS. ASG-82-2 Proceedings of the North Pacific Aquaculture Symposi- um, Held in Anchorage, Alaska, August 18-21, 1980, and Newport, Oregon, August 25-27, 1 980, (NOAA-82060307) PB82-229303/GAA ALASKA UNIV., FAIRBANKS. MARINE ADVISORY PROGRAM. MARINE ADVISORY BULL-14 Financial Statements and Business Calculations for Com- mercial Fishermen: A Do-It- Yourself Guide, (NOAA-83041807) PB83-194779/GAA ALASKA UNIV., FAIRBANKS. SEA GRANT PROGRAM. ASG-83-2 Proceedings of the International Seafood Trade Confer- ence Held at Anchorage, Alaska on September 8-12, 1982, (NOAA-83050304) PB83-202218/GAA ALBEMARLE COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA. Optimization Models for Management Decision-Making: Executive Summary and Final Report. (NCHSR-82-47) PB82-229329/GAA ALEXANDRIA UNIV. (EGYPT). HIGHER INST. OF PUBLIC HEALTH. Multiple Water Reuse in Poultry Processing: Case Study in Egypt. (EPA-600/2-83-005) PB83-156760/GAA ALFRED P. SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, CAMBRIDGE, MA. TR-ONR-8 Work and Family: Testing the Assumptions. AD-A119 073/5/GAA ALLIANCE TO SAVE ENERGY, WASHINGTON, DC. DOE/CS/24448-T1 Third-Party Financing: Increasing Investment in Energy- Efficient Industrial Projects. DE83003921/GAA ALPHA OMEGA GROUP, INC., SILVER SPRING, MD. AOG82-ONR-1 Development of a User-Oriented Data Classification for Information System Design Methodology. AD-A118 879/6/GAA AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION, LEXINGTON, KY. Training Agricultural Economists for Work in International Development, (AID-PN-AAJ-096) PB82-260332/GAA AMERICAN EMBASSY, ANKARA (TURKEY). Horizons for Sales of Agricultural Equipment, Services and Technology to Turkey, PB83-209668/GAA AMERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION, CHICAGO, IL. PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE. 373 Water Convservation in Residential Development: Land- Use Techniques, (W83-03716, OWRT-C-0425-T(1» PB83-249573/GAA AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, DC. Report of Strategy Advisory Group on Anti- Malaria Sup- port Strategy for Tropical Africa, (AID-PN-AAJ-100) PB82-259599/GAA Study of Economic Evaluation Procedures for Population- Related Projects. (AID-PN-AAJ-900) PB84-175082/GAA Primary Health Care Issues: Growth Monitoring, (AID-PN-AAK-119) PB84-176684/GAA AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, DC. INTERNATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS. ISBN-0-87533-109-1 Primary Health Care Issues, Series I, Number 1. Using Radio for Primary Health Care, HRP-0904472/8/GAA ISBN-0-87553-100-8 Primary Health Care Issues, Series 1, Number 4. Commu- nity Financing of Primary Health Care, HRP-0904469/4/GAA ISBN-0-87553-105-9 Primary Health Care Bibliography and Resource Directo- ry. HRP-0904467/8/GAA ISBN-0-87553-106-7 Primary Health Care: Progress and Problems. An Analy- sis of 52 AID-Assisted Projects, HRP-0904468/6/GAA MONO SER-1 Health Care Financing in Developing Countries, (AID-PN-AAG-636) PB84-179225/GAA MONO SER-4 Environmental Sanitation and Integrated Health Delivery Programs, (AID-PN-AAJ-887) PB84-179126/GAA Primary Health Care Issues, Series I, Number 3. Growth Monitoring of Preschool Children: Practical Consider- ations for Primary Health Care Projects, HRP-0904470/2/GAA Primary Health Care Issues, Series I, Number 2. Immuni- zations, HRP-0904471/0/GAA Report on Assistance to Develop a National Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Program in Rwanda, (AID-PN-AAK-124) PB84-134428/GAA AID (Agency for International Development)-Assisted Pri- mary Health Care Projects: Summary Reviews. (AID-PN-AAK-351) PB84-245299/GAA AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, NEW YORK. Water Conservation and Reuse in Industry and Agricul- ture: Research Needs. Proceedings of the Environmental Engineering Research Council Workshop Held at Kiawah Island, South Carolina, March 3-6, 1982. (NSF/CEE-82114) PB83-196097/GAA AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, DENVER, CO. Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held at Washington, DC. on August 23-28, 1981. Volume 3. (NSF/CEE-81100) PB82-222308/GAA Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held at Washington, DC. on August 23-28, 1981. Volume 1. (NSF/CEE-81098) PB82-223082/GAA Proceedings of the Water Reuse Symposium II Held at Washington, DC. on August 23-28, 1981. Volume 2. (NSF/CEE-81099) PB82-223637/GAA APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, LUCKNOW (INDIA). Appropriate Techology Development Association (India) - Progress Report from September 1977 to March 1979. PB83-113167/GAA APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, ISLAMABAD (PAKISTAN). Mini and Micro Hydel Plants. PB82-215666/GAA AQUATIC FARMS LTD., KANEOHE, HI. Cage Culture of Red Tilapia in Prawn and Shrimp Ponds. (NSF/OCE-82002) PB84-208909/GAA ARDHI INST., DAR ES SALAAM (TANZANIA). ISBN-91 -540-91 17-9 Upgrading Squatter Housing in Dar es Salaam. PB83-240895/GAA ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB., IL. ANL/CNSV-33 Industrial-Waste Exchange: A Mechanism for Saving Energy and Money. DE83004423/GAA ANL/EES-TM-86 Evaluacion de Recursos Peruanos de Biocombustible y Alternativas (An Assessment of Peruvian Biofuel Re- sources and Alternatives)~Translation. PB84-119312/GAA CONF-830438-1 Fine Particles and Precipitation: Some Case Studies. DE83009591/GAA CONF-8304106-1 Modeling Energy-Sector Issues of Developing and Indus- trializing Countries. DE83014336/GAA DOE/NBM-3007739 Argonne Energy Model - Portugal. DE83007739/GAA ARIZONA DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION, PHOENIX. Arizona's Pavement Management System. Phase II: Anal- ysis of Testing Frequency for Pavement Evaluation. (FHWA/AZ-81/169-1) PB82-218033/GAA ARIZONA STATE UNIV., TEMPE. CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. Revegetation Methods for Arid Areas. Revised, AD-A139 088/9/GAA ARIZONA UNIV., TUCSON. DEPT. OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES. Comparative Evaluation of Ground-Water Management Techniques. (W83-03704, OWRT-B-081-ARIZ(1)) PB83-246538/GAA ARIZONA UNIV., TUCSON. DEPT. OF PSYCHOLOGY. UARZ/DP/TR-83/ONR-1 3 Role of a Mental Model in Learning to Operate a Device. AD-A127 281/4/GAA ARIZONA UNIV., TUCSON. OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES. Jojoba Wild Stands: Natural History and Use Impacts. PB83-158675/GAA Draft Environmental Profile on the Republic of Costa Rica, (AID-PN-AAK-024) PB84-196963/GAA Draft Environmental Profile on Rwanda, (AID-PN-AAK-035) PB84-245075/GAA ARIZONA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, TUCSON. Bibliography on Ground-Water Recharge in Arid and (W83-02362, OWRT-C-00 155- T(1483)(1)> PB83-182055/GAA ARKANSAS WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, FAYETTEVILLE. PUB-103 Disposal of Household Wastewater in Soils of High Stone Content (1981-1983), (OWRT-B-060-ARK(1» PB84-195809/GAA ARMED FORCES FOOD SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, SCOTTSDALE (AUSTRALIA). AFFSE-1/83 Processing Cost Reduction Program Freeze Dried Foods. AD-A131 040/8/GAA ARMY ENGINEER INST. FOR WATER RESOURCES, FORT BELVOIR, VA. IWR-RR-83R-3 Forecasting Municipal and Industrial Water: IWR MAIN System User's Guide for Interactive Processing and User's Manual. AD-A133 904/3/GAA ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VICKSBURG, MS. GEOTECHNICAL LAB. WES/TR/GL-81-10 Tunnel Cost-Estimating Methods. AD-A107 890/6/GAA ARMY INST. OF DENTAL RESEARCH, WASHINGTON, DC. Clinical and Laboratory Comparison of Alginate Impres- sion Techniques, AD-A105 443/6/GAA ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST. OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, FORT DETRICK, MD. Metabolic Effects of Infection, AD-A137 482/6/GAA ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST. OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, FREDERICK, MD. Effect of Infection on Nutrient Metabolism. AD-A108 210/6/GAA ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND, FORT BELVOIR, VA. MERADCOM-2366 Materials Compatibility Studies with Fuel/Alcohol Mix- tures. AD-A126 076/9/GAA CA-286 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LAB., UPTON, NY. ARMY NATICK RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABS., MA. NATICK/TR-84/014 Roasted and Ground Coffee: A Study of Extenders, Sub- stitutes and Alternative Coffee Sources. AD-A138 906/3/GAA ARMY PROCUREMENT RESEARCH OFFICE, FORT LEE, VA. APRO-81-03 Requisites for Contractor Productivity Improvement. AD-A104 261/3/GAA ARMY RESEARCH INST. OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, NATICK, MA. USARIEM-M22/82 Diet and Physical Performance: Water and Salt, AD-A114 200/9/GAA USARIEM-M25/82 Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Body Weight, Energy Ex- penditure, Appetite and Endocrine Function, AD-A114 213/2/GAA ARMY TROPIC TEST CENTER, APO MIAMI 34004. USATTC-830101 Fungi Associated with Materials' Biodeterioration in the Humid Tropics. AD-A126 913/3/GAA ARMY WAR COLL., CARLISLE BARRACKS, PA. Information Engineering. AD-A119 736/7/GAA ASSAM AGRICULTURAL UNIV., JORHAT (INDIA). DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH. Salient Research Findings - 1978-79, PB82-261090/GAA Mineral Deficiency Symptoms of Three High Yielding Va- rieties of Rice. PB82-262403/GAA Nematode Pests of Crop Plants - An Appraisal with Spe- cial Reference to Research Work in Assam. PB82-262411/GAA Assam Agricultural University - Annual Research Report 1976-77. PB83-101527/GAA ASSOCIATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS OF THE NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND, WASHINGTON, DC. Technology and Taxes, AD-A114 649/7/GAA ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL DIV., GOLDEN, CO. ROCKY FLATS PLANT. RFP-Trans-356 Catalysts for Removal of Nitrogen Oxides. DE83005652/GAA RFP-Trans-358 Process for Producing Oxygen. DE83006648/GAA AUBURN UNIV., AL. Oxygen Transfer Calculations for a Tractor-Powered Paddlewheel Aerator. (W83-01619, OWRT-B-076-ALA(12)) PB83-150250/GAA State-of-the Arts Paper (SOAP) on Techniques of Enu- meration of Intercropping and Associated Cultivation and Livestock Numbers and Products in Subsistence Agricul- ture in LDC's, (AID-PN-AAH-956) PB84-179100/GAA AUBURN UNIV., AL DEPT. OF FISHERIES AND ALLIED AQUACULTURES. BLA-26 Major Aquaculture Associations, Education and Research Resources in the United States. PB83-226407/GAA AUBURN UNIV., AL. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST. WRRI-Bull-45 Production of Reproductively Limited Grass Carp for Bio- logical Control of Aquatic Weeds - Phase II. (W83-00272, OWRT-B-079-ALA(1» PB83-108118/GAA Effects of Water Exchange on Water Quality in Channel Catfish Ponds. (W83-02897, OWRT-A-083-ALA(1» PB83-196493/GAA BALABAN (MIRIAM), AMSTERDAM (NETHERLANDS). Desalination Directory. (W82-05908, OWRT-C-904 14- T(040 1)(1)) PB82-248709/GAA BATTELLE COLUMBUS DIV., OH. Effects of Inflation on Small Business. PB82-165473/GAA BATTELLE COLUMBUS LABS., OH. Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Techniques for Optimum Preform and Finish Forging of Spiral Bevel Gears. (TACOM-TR- 12586) AD-A110 326/6/GAA Assessment of Future Environmental Trends and Prob- lems: Agricultural Use of Applied Genetics and Biotech- nologies. (EPA-600/8-81-019) PB82-114752/GAA BATTELLE PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABS., RICHLAND, WA. CONF-820685-3-Rev.1 Steam Gasification of Wood in the Presence of Catalysts. DE83002071/GAA PNL-SA-9954-Rev.1 Steam Gasification of Wood in the Presence of Catalysts. DE33002071/GAA PNL-3930 Potential Cost Savings from Investments in Energy-Con- serving Irrigation Systems. DE83001799/GAA PNL-4339 Conserving Energy Through New Irrigation Technologies. Technical Briefing Report. DE83000102/GAA BATTLE (MARK) ASSOCIATES, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. DOE/CS/10135-T1 Development of a Commercialization Strategy and Per- formance of Special Projects for the Office of Inventions and Small-Scale Technology. Final Report. DE83017866/GAA BAYLOR COLL. OF MEDICINE, HOUSTON, TX. DEPT. OF VIROLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY. Hepatitis B Vaccine Study. (DAB-VDP-06-137) PB82-120783/GAA BECHTEL GROUP, INC., SAN FRANCISCO, CA. BNL-30278-V.1 Energy-Supply Planning-Model Documentation. Final Report. DE82006285/GAA Parametric Study of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalt- ing Plants, (W83-033 16, OWRT-C- 10 14 1-D(1486)(1)) PB83-220608/GAA BECHTEL NATIONAL, INC., SAN FRANCISCO, CA. Energy Recovery from the Reject Brine of Reverse Os- mosis Systems. (W83-031 13. OWRT-C-90302-D-9528(1)) PB83-209031/GAA BELL (JAMES) AND ASSOCIATES, INC., ARLINGTON, VA. Coverage, Characteristics, Administration, and Costs of Pension and Health Care Benefits in Small Businesses. PB84-182708/GAA BEND RESEARCH, INC., OR. DOE/ID/12320-T1 Countercurrent Reverse Osmosis for Ethanol-Water Sep- aration. Final Report, August 7, 1981 -November 6, 1982. DE83009725/GAA BIOCHEM TECHNOLOGY, INC., MALVERN, PA. Production of Cellulose Powders Using Cellulase En- zymes, (NSF/CPE-82007) PB83-1 95651 /GAA BIONETICS CORP., HAMPTON, VA. NASA-SP-5108 Handbook for Industrial Noise Control. N82-11858/9/GAA BIPHASE ENERGY SYSTEMS, SANTA MONICA, CA. Desalination-Power Cycles with the Biphase Rotary Sep- arator Turbine, Phase 3. (W83-01370, OWRT-C-00156-D(0490)(1)) PB83-146753/GAA BIRCH AND DAVIS ASSOCIATES, INC., SILVER SPRING, MD. Guide to Development of Health Maintenance Organiza- tions. (DHHS/PUB/PHS-82-50 1 78) PB82-229451/GAA BJK ASSOCIATES, INC., OMAHA, NE. Productivity and Profitability Among Small Family Busi- ness: Development and Analysis of a Unique Data Base. PB84-189745/GAA BNF METALS TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, WANTAGE (ENGLAND). Magnesium Diecasting: Process Variables and Fault Cor- rection, PB83-206334/GAA BOARD FOR INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. BIFAD/OP-5 Implementation of Principles for Effective Participation of Colleges and Universities in International Development Activities. (AID-PN-AAK-374) PB84-134378/GAA Increasing Agricultural Production through More Effective Use of Technology: Recommendations for a Strength- ened Agricultural Extension Program in Egypt. (AID-PN-AAJ-984) PB84-198126/GAA BOOZ-ALLEN AND HAMILTON, INC., BETHESDA, MD. DOE/CS/21693-T6 Evaluation Plan for DOE-SAN Appropriate-Energy-Tech- nology Pilot Program. DE83002199/GAA BOOZ-ALLEN AND HAMILTON, INC., BETHESDA, MD. TRANSPORTATION CONSULTING DIV. Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume 1: Overview. (DOT-HS-806-216, DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82-1-1) PB83-128546/GAA Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume 2: Iron, Steel and Aluminum Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. (DOT-HS-806-217, DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82-1-2) PB83-128553/GAA Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume 3: Plastics, Glass and Fiberglass Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. (DOT-HS-806-218, DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82- 1-3) PB83-128561/GAA Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume 4: North American Automotive Parts and Compo- nents Suppliers. (Dot-HS-806-219, DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82- 1-4) PB83-128579/GAA Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume 5: Multinational Automotive Parts and Compo- nents Suppliers. (DOT-HS-806-220, DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82- 1-5) PB83-128587/GAA Profiles of Major Suppliers to the Automotive Industry. Volume 7: Machine Tool Suppliers to the Automotive In- dustry. (DOT-HS-806-222, DOT/TSC/NHTSA-82- 1-7) PB83-128603/GAA BOSTON COLL., CHESTNUT HILL, MA. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK. Education Cooperative and Its Applicability to Developing Countries. SHR-0009478/GAA BOSTON UNIV., MA. HEALTH POLICY INST. Primary-Care Health Centers: A Guide to Planning and Design with Limited Resources, (AID-PN-AAK-113) PB84-245471/GAA BOYLE ENGINEERING CORP., NEWPORT BEACH, CA. Evaluation of Agriculture Irrigation Projects Using Re- claimed Water. (SWRCB-2) PB82-223967/GAA BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, DJEPARA (INDONESIA). Bulletin of the Brackishwater Aguaculture Development Centre. Volume 7, Numbers 1 and 2. PB83-215707/GAA BREVARD COMMUNITY COLL., COCOA, FL. ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION WORKSHOP FOR HIGH SCHOOL FACULTY. DOE/IR/10037-T3 Module Four: Building Construction. DE84000232/GAA BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LONDON (ENGLAND). Selected Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Held at Brighton, England on August 22-26, 1983. Section E. PB84-176171/GAA Selected Papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Held at Brighton, England on August 22-26, 1983. Section M. PB84-176254/GAA BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LAB., UPTON, NY. BNL-30958 Energy Tarification and Investment Requirements in De- veloping Countries: An Accounting Model for Tunisia. DE82012026/GAA BNL-31208 Energy Planning for Development - Needs and Approach- es. DE82014180/GAA BNL-32251 Analytic Tools for Techno-Economic Assessments of In- dustrial Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries. DE83005805/GAA BNL-34301 Importance of Energy Efficiency in the Developing Coun- tries. DE84015290/GAA BNL-51446 Energy Models for Developing Countries: A Comparative Assessment. DE82016609/GAA BNL-51463 Harnessing the Sun for Development: Actions for Consid- eration by the International Community at the UN Confer- ence on New and Renewable Sources of Energy for Pro- moting the Use of Renewable Energy in Developing Countries. DE82020273/GAA BNL-51509 Toxicity of Silicon Compounds. DE82014245/GAA BNL-51605 Organic Air Pollutants: Setting Priorities for Long Term Research Needs. A Workshop Sponsored by the United States Department of Energy, April 19-23, 1982, Gettys- burg, PA. DE83005997/GAA CONF-81 1190-1 Energy Tarification and Investment Requirements in De- veloping Countries: An Accounting Model for Tunisia. DE82012026/GAA CONF-81 1196-1 Energy Planning for Development - Needs and Approach- es. DE82014180/GAA CONF-830365-2 Importance of Energy Efficiency in the Developing Coun- tries. DE84015290/GAA CONF-8208110-1 Analytic Tools for Techno-Economic Assessments of In- dustrial Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries. DE83005805/GAA CA-287 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, DC. Intraindustry Structure, Integration Strategies, and Petro- leum Firm Performance. PB83-205526/GAA BROWN AND CALDWELL, WALNUT CREEK, CA. Application of Ozone to Eliminate Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater Used for Industrial Cooling. (W82-06709, OWRT-C-90070-R(94 13)(1)) PB82-256835/GAA BRYANT (PAUL J.), PRAIRIE VILLAGE, KS. DOE/R7/01221-T4 Optimization of Wind Turbine Design for SWECS. Final Report, October 1, 1981 -October 1, 1983. DE84009759/GAA BUCKHORN CHILDREN'S CENTER, KY. DOE/R4/10491-T1 Construction and Installation of Low-Cost Energy-Conser- vation Devices on Existing Residential Structures. Final Report. DE84000429/GAA BUILDING RESEARCH STATION, WATFORD (ENGLAND). CP-1/82 Ergonomic Requirements for Building Components and Associated Operating Devices, PB83-184200/GAA BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, WASHINGTON, DC. Confectionery Manufacturers Sales and Distribution 1979, PB82-251547/GAA U.S. Industrial Outlook, 1 983 for 250 Industries with Pro- jections for 1987. PB83-154492/GAA BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DENVER, CO. TN-319 Intensive Forest Inventory: A Selected Bibliography. PB84-136530/GAA BUREAU OF MINES, ALBANY, OR. ALBANY RESEARCH CENTER. BUMINES-IC-8923 Aluminum from Domestic Clay via a Chloride Process. The State-of-the-Art. PB83-214833/GAA BUMINES-RI-8744 Leaching Rates for the HCI Extraction of Aluminum from Calcined Kaolinitic Clay. PB83-187575/GAA BUREAU OF MINES, AVONDALE, MD. AVONDALE RESEARCH CENTER. BUMINES-IC-8931 Economic Evaluation of a Method to Regenerate Waste Chromic Acid-Sulfuric Acid Etchants. PB83-214403/GAA BUREAU OF MINES, RENO, NV. RENO RESEARCH CENTER. BUMINES-RI-8612 Improvements in Heap Leaching to Recover Silver and Gold from Low-Grade Resources. PB82-193434/GAA BUMINES-RI-8747 Development of a Soft-Soldering System for Aluminum. PB83-197566/GAA BUREAU OF MINES, ROLLA, MO. ROLLA RESEARCH CENTER. BUMINES-RI-8760 Recovery of Chromium from Surface-Finishing Wastes. PB83-214353/GAA BUMINES-RI-8793 Generation, Collection, and Analysis of Welding Fumes. PB84-116607/GAA BUREAU OF MINES, WASHINGTON, DC. BUMINES-IC-8861 Alumina Availability-Domestic: A Mineral Availability System Appraisal. PB82-135468/GAA BUMINES-IC-8881 Minerals Data Source Directory. PB82-235516/GAA BUREAU OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES, NEW DELHI (INDIA). Guidelines for Materials Management in Public Enter- prises. PB83-1 09561 /GAA BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DENVER, CO. ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTER. REC-ERC-81-5 Concrete Tensile Strength Study, PB84-101021/GAA REC-ERC-81-12 Development of an Automated Plugging Factor Monitor. PB83-147272/GAA REC-ERC-82-19 Preliminary Study of Solar Ponds for Salinity Control in the Colorado River Basin. PB83-250860/GAA REC-ERC-83-1 Herbicidal Residues and Environmental Effects from the Experimental Application of Two 2,4-D Formulations to Control Eurasian Watermilfoil. PB83-250878/GAA BUSINESS INNOVATIONS, INC., ALEXANDRIA, VA. 4 Utility of Quality Circles in United States Manufacturing Companies. AD-A118 949/7/GAA CAL RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC., RICHMOND, CA. Integrated Energy-Agro-Waste Systems for Small-Scale Farms. (NSF/CEE-82139) PB84-193952/GAA CALIFORNIA DEPT. OF HEALTH SERVICES, BERKELEY. VIRAL AND RICKETTSIAL DISEASE LAB. Viruses in Water and Reclaimed Wastewater. (EPA-600/ 1-83-0 18) PB84-1 28461 /GAA CALIFORNIA STATE DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION, SACRAMENTO. OFFICE OF TRANSPORTATION LAB. 636955 Evaluation of Weathering Effects on Structural Steel. (FHWA/CA/TL-82/04) PB83-173054/GAA CALIFORNIA STATE DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES, SACRAMENTO. Agricultural Waste Water Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment, (OWRT-C-0021 1-R(0529)(1)) PB84-153543/GAA CALIFORNIA STATE DIV. OF MASS TRANSPORTATION, SACRAMENTO. DMT-115 SB 283 (1975) Innovative Public Transportation Demon- stration Program: Synopses of Project Evaluations. (UMTA-CA/MT-83/1 15) PB83-245308/GAA CALIFORNIA STATE UNIV., CHICO. Macroeconomic Implications of Energy Policy. (CAEC-1 10-80-004, CAEC-95) PB82-230566/GAA CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD, SACRAMENTO. SWRCB-3 Wastewater Reuse for Groundwater Recharge: Proceed- ings of the Symposium Held on September 6-7, 1979 at the Kellogg West Center for Continuing Education, Cali- fornia State Polytechnic University at Pomona, PB82-229063/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. Assessment of High Heat-Transfer Evaporators as Power Plant Condensers to Produce Abundant Freshwater, (W82-03949, OWRT-C-00070-S) PB82-198045/GAA Effects of Acid Rain on Plant Microbial Associations in California. (ARB-R-84/232) PB84-242122/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. CENTER FOR PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH. Proceedings of the P.R.C.-U.S.A. Joint Workshop on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation through Architecture, Urban Planning and Engineering Held at Beijing, China on November 2-6, 1981. (NSF/CEE-82096) PB83-186817/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER. UCB/EERC-81/16 Experimental Study of Lead and Elastomeric Dampers for Base Isolation Systems, PB82-166182/GAA Evaluation of Seismic Design Provisions for Masonry in the United States, (NSF/CEE-81041) PB82-166075/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. INST. OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES. R80.5 New Light on Rural Electrification: The Evidence from Bolivia, (AID-PN-AAJ-030) PB83-107870/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB. CONF-830317-1 Erosion of Hard-Metal Coatings. DE83006747/GAA CONF-830402-2 Microstructural Influence on Abrasive Wear Resistance of High-Strength, High-Toughness Medium-Carbon Steels. DE83002571/GAA LBL-13496 Solar-Energy Program, FY 1981. Chapter from the Energy and Environment Division Annual Report. DE83006955/GAA LBL-13669 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose: Theory and Applica- tions. DE82005626/GAA LBL-14782 Methods for Evaluating the DOE Appropriate-Technology Program: A Review and Compilation of Evaluation Meth- ods. DE83003306/GAA LBL-14782-Rev. Methods for Evaluating the DOE Appropriate-Technology Program: A Review and Compilation of Evaluation Meth- ods. DE83007165/GAA LBL-14911 Microstructural Influence on Abrasive Wear Resistance of High-Strength, High-Toughness Medium-Carbon Steels. DE83002571/GAA LBL-15293 Erosion of Hard-Metal Coatings. DE83006747/GAA Projects from Federal Region IX: DOE Appropriate Energy Technology Pilot Program. Part I. LBL-9642/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. OPERATIONS RESEARCH CENTER. ORC-83-4 Production Networks: A Dynamic Model of Production. AD-A133 571/0/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. Agricultural Development: Present and Potential Role of Edible Wild Plants. Part 1. Central and South America and the Caribbean, (AID-PN-AAJ-688-PT- 1) PB84-179167/GAA Agricultural Development: Present and Potential Role of Edible Wild Plants. Part 2. Sub-Saharan Africa, (AID-PN-AAJ-688-PT-2) PB84-179175/GAA Partners in Research: A Five Year Report of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. PB84-189182/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS/EGYPT PROJECT. UCD/ADS/EWP-003 Opportunity Cost of Animal Labor in Egyptian Agriculture, PB84-181155/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-004 Laissez-Faire Approach to International Labor Migration: The Case of the Arab Middle East, PB84-181148/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-005 Egyptian Agricultural Development and the Role of Agri- cultural Intensification, PB84-181189/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-006 Appropriate Technology for Agricultural Intensification. PB84-180660/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-010 Economics Policy Workshop Paper (1st): The Economics of Agricultural Intensification, PB84-187590/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-012 Targeting Plant Breeding Research for Traditional Farmer Intensification Needs - Triticale Experiences in Mexico, PB84-182484/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-015 Experience of Some Countries in Agricultural Mechaniza- tion. PB84-180405/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-022 Constraints in the Innovation Diffusion Process: Lessons for Egypt, PB84-182468/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-025 Modeling Rural Household Behavior, PB84-181114/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-029 Livestock Economy in Egypt: An Appraisal of the Current Situation. PB84-181072/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-030 Economics Policy Workshop (2nd). Papers and Proceed- ings: Agricultural Marketing in Egypt. PB84-187624/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-033 Outflow of Labor from Agriculture: A Framework for Ana- lyzing Migration from Rural Areas, PB84-179092/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-039 Economics of Tractors in Egyptian Agriculture, PB84-180322/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-041 Review of Literature Relevant to Food Consumption Ac- tivity, PB84-180314/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-043 Integration of the International Market for Cotton, PB84-182476/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-045 Some Welfare Implications of the Wheat Subsidy and Trade Policy in Egypt, PB84-180868/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-47 Mechanization, Migration, and Labor in an Egyptian Vil- lage, PB84-186444/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-049 Agricultural Crop Pattern and Egyptian Food Security: Some Preliminary Results, PB84-184035/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-057 Proceedings of the Economic Policy Workshop on Migra- tion and Mechanization in Egyptian Agriculture (3rd), PB84-168566/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-058 Food System Development in Egypt, PB84-1 76601 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-059 Distribution of Food Consumption in Relation to Price and Distribution Policies in the Urban and Rural Areas of Egypt, PB84-168574/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-061 Seminar on Food Consumption and Economic Develop- ment in Rural Communities, PB84-176593/GAA CA-288 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX CALIFORNIA UNIV., LOS ANGELES. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UCD/ADS/EWP-063 Promotion of Egyptian Exports of Horticultural Crops: Summary and Proceedings of Economics Policy Work- shop (4th). PB84-168467/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-068 Role of Specialized Cooperatives and the Marketing of Potatoes in Egypt, PB84-1 68541 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-069 Potentials for Exporting Cut Flowers from Egypt, PB84-168483/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-070 Fresh Vegetable Exporting Channels: An Example of To- matoes, PB84-168525/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-072 Conclusions and Recommendations from the Conference on the Development of Egyptian Agricultural Exports, PB84-176619/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-073 Choice of Technique under Price Distortion: Case Exam- ple of Jeopardized Agricultural Sector, PB84-1 68491 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-074 Economies of Scale and Family Food Expenditure Pat- terns in Egypt, PB84-168442/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-075 Structure of Rice Technology, Farmer Rationality, and Agricultural Policy in Egypt, PB84-168517/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-076 Annual Report: Phase One of the Farm Efficiency Activi- ty. PB84-170794/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-079 Two Papers on Consumption and Nutrition in Rural Egypt, PB84-1 77401 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-081 Importance and Repercussions of Cultivating the Ameri- can Short Staple, Short Duration Cotton on the Egyptian Economy, PB84-180678/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-084 Economic Implications of the Policy for Pricing and Allo- cating Rice in Egypt, PB84-177674/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-085 Role of Livestock Production on the Egyptian Farm, PB84-177096/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-088 Selection of the Sample for the Food Consumption Activ- ity of 1981-82, PB84-177195/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-091 Agricultural Trade Policy in Contemporary Egypt, PB84-180363/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-092 Livestock and Crop Production Linkages: Implications for Agricultural Policy. PB84-1 80421 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-094 Cotton Supply Response: A Case of a Distorted Market, PB84-181163/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-095 Wages, Prices, and Farm Mechanization in Rural Egypt: The Need for an Integrated Policy, PB84-177104/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-096 Egyptian Food Security: An Optimization Approach, PB84-177047/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-098 Agricultural and Cooperative Credit System (ACC) in Egypt: An Overview, PB84-168046/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-099 Factors Affecting Animal Protein Adequacy among the Rural Egypt Population, PB84-170356/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-100 Agriculture and Food Policy in Egyptian National Plan- ning, PB84-170075/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-102 Food Consumption and Decision-Making in Egypt, PB84-165901/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-104 Economic Indicators of Efficiency of the Egyptian Cotton Spinning Industry, PB84-166875/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-107 Sampling Design for Commodity Systems Analysis Sur- veys in Egypt, PB84-176973/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-113 Government Policy and International Trade in Cotton, PB84-174283/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-118 Farm Mechanization Policy in Egypt, PB84-1 76981 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-122 Productive Efficiency of the Broiler Industry in Egypt. PB84-170745/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-123 Livestock Working Power in Egyptian Agriculture, PB84-1 76551 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-125 Summary and Proceedings, ADS (Agricultural Develop- ment Systems) Economics Policy Workshop (8th), Live- stock Economics in Egyptian Agriculture. PB84-184779/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-128 Supply of Agricultural Machines in Egypt, PB84-176627/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-129 Mechanization Issues in Egyptian Agriculture, PB84-176577/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-131 Constant Technical Relationships between Inputs and Outputs in the Native Hatchery Industry, PB84-166867/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-132 Mechanical Technology in Egyptian, Indian and Pakistani Agriculture: Observations from an 'Induced Innovation' Perspective, PB84-168509/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-133 Public Policy and the Demand for Mechanization on Egyptian Farms, PB84-177690/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-135 Some Observations on Livestock Policies in Egypt With Special Reference to Credit and Import Policies, PB84-177179/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-136 Food Security and Agricultural Production Strategies under Risk in Egypt, PB84-167774/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-137 Appraisal of Poultry Feed Policy in Egypt, PB84-177039/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-147 Input Price Mechanism in Relation to Current Market Constraints, PB84-1 65851 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-148 Socio-Economic Activities of Land Reclamation Coopera- tives in Egypt, PB84-166883/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-152 Summary and Proceedings, ADS (Agricultural Develop- ment Systems) Economics Policy Workshop (9th), Food Price Policy and Subsidies. PB84-1 84761 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-153 Summary and Proceedings of ADS (Agricultural Develop- ment Systems) Economics Policy Workshop (10th) - 'Labor Migration and Egyptian Agriculture'. PB84-1 66941 /GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-156 Historical Analysis of the Agricultural Cooperative Move- ment in Egypt: 1900-1982, PB84-167782/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-159 Selected Papers Presented to the ADS (Agricultural De- velopment Systems) Economics Policy Workshop on 'Food Price Policy and Subsidies' (9th). PB84-168905/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-160 Pattern of Food Expenditure in Rural Egypt, PB84-168533/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-161 Feasibility of Cut Flower Exports, PB84-168475/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-165 Measures Suggested by Fellahin to Improve Their Well- Being, PB84-177278/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-169 Alternative Agricultural Pricing Policies in Egypt, PB84-165554/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-175 Egypt's Agrarian Reform Cooperatives, PB84-167592/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-176 Major Issues in Egyptian Water Policy, PB84-165737/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-178 Domestic Marketing Channels for* Tomatoes, PB84-174259/GAA UCD/ADS/EWP-181 Statistical Techniques for Estimating California Poultry Numbers, 1983, PB84-1 77211 /GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. DOE/SF/80086-T1 Analytic Procedure for Classifiying AET Projects and Summarizing the DOE Small Grants Program. Final Report, 1978-1979. DE83002857/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. SMALL RUMINANT COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM. TRS-2 Los Residuos de Cosecha como Estrategia para la Ali- mentacion de Rumiantes Menores (Crop Residues as a Strategy for Small Ruminant Feeding), PB84-188903/GAA TRS-3 Regional Structure of Distribution of Mutton in Cusco, Peru, PB84-192715/GAA TRS-4 Alpaca Production in Puno, Peru, PB84-193770/GAA TRS-5 Management of Animal Health and Disease in an Indige- nous Andean Community, PB84-193903/GAA TRS-6 Organizational Dialectics of Animal Management, PB84-192723/GAA TRS-8 Efficiency of Digestion in Goats and Sheep, PB84-189737/GAA TRS-9 Small Ruminant Production on Small Farms in West Java, Indonesia: Preliminary Results of a Baseline Survey of Upland and Lowland Farming Systems, PB84-1 90701 /GAA TRS-11 Comparative Study of the Organization, Management and Husbandry Practices of Three Sheep Production Units in the Central Sierra of Peru, PB84- 192731 /GAA TRS-12 Profile of Sheep and Goat Markets in West Java, Indone- sia, PB84-193663/GAA TRS-13 Productivity of Small Ruminants in West Javanese Farm- ing Systems, PB84-187178/GAA TRS-15 Small Ruminant Production in Sertao of Ceara, Brazil: A Sociological Analysis, PB84-1 93051 /GAA TRS-18 Sociological Constraints and Social Possibilities for Pro- duction of Goats in Western Kenya. PB84-238591/GAA TRS-19 Social Aspects of Small Ruminant Production: A Compar- ative Study of West Java, Indonesia (Aspek Sosial Usaha Ternak Ruminansia Kecil: Studi Bandingan di Jawa Barat, Indonesia), PB84-192699/GAA TRS-30 Technoenvironmental Dialectics of Herding in Andean Agropastoralism, PB84-193036/GAA TRS-31 Alpaca Meat Production and Exchange in Southern Peru, PB84-1 92681 /GAA TRS-32 Genetic Influence on Foraging Behavior (Diet Selection) of Ruminants (Sheep and Goats), PB84-188895/GAA TRS-35 Goat Production within the Farming System of Small- holders of Northern Bahia, Brazil, PB84-190800/GAA TRS-37 Statistical Analysis of Small Ruminant Supply in Ceara State, Northeast Brazil, PB84-1 93671 /GAA TRS-38 Utilization of Urea by Sheep and Goats Fed High Rough- age Diets. PB84-244367/GAA TRS-39 Comparative Intake and Digestibility of Forages and By- products by Sheep and Goats. PB84-244219/GAA TRS-40 Comparative Anatomy of the Digestive Tract in Cattle Sheep and Goats: A Review. PB84-245737/GAA TRS-42 Limits on Common Pasture Use in an Agro-Pastoral Com- munity: The Case of Toqra, Peru, PB84-207448/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. WATER RESOURCES CENTER. Investigation of the Alternatives for Wastewater Disinfec- tion: Economc, Social, and Technical: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Dynamics of Breakpoint Chlorination in Dispersed Flow Reactors, (W83-02926, OWRT-A-073-CAL(1)) PB83-203414/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., LOS ANGELES. Child Amputee Prosthetics Project - Research. (MCH/CCS-82/04) PB83-163824/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., LOS ANGELES. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT. TR-ONR-3 Internal Production versus External Exchange - A Propos- al for an Empirical Test of the Transaction Cost Model. AD-A118 139/5/GAA Organizational Control Systems and Productivity. AD-A105 901/3/GAA Issues in Software Maintenance. AD-A130 622/4/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., LOS ANGELES. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE. UCLA-ENG-82-19 Preparation and Properties of Halide Glasses and Glass- Polymer Composites. (AFOSR- TR-83-0227) AD-A127 404/2/GAA CA-289 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX CALIFORNIA UNIV., RIVERSIDE. Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land, Proceedings of the 1983 Workshop. (EPA-600/9-84-003) PB84-129030/GAA CALIFORNIA UNIV., RIVERSIDE. DEPT. OF SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES. Methodologies to Predict the Mobility and Availability of Hazardous Metals in Sludge-Amended Soils, PB83-246736/GAA WP-464 Structural Adjustment Policies in Developing Economies. PB83-249805/GAA WP-465 Cost-Benefit Evaluation of LDC Industrial Sectors Which Have Foreign Ownership. PB83-249847/GAA WP-473 Food Policy Issues in Low-Income Countries. PB83-249110/GAA WP-476 Notes on the Analysis of Capital Flows to Developing Na- tions and the 'Recycling' Problem. PB83-249094/GAA WP-477 Adjustment Experience and Growth Prospects of the Semi-Industrial Economies. PB83-249086/GAA WP-479 Trade among Developing Countries: Theory, Policy Issues, and Principal Trends. PB83-249078/GAA WP-484 Private Capital Flows to Developing Countries and their Determination: Historical Perspectives, Recent Experi- ence, and Future Prospects. PB83-249227/GAA WP-490 Sociocultural Aspects of Developing Small-Scale Fisher- ies: Delivering Services to the Poor. PB83-249201/GAA WP-491 Educational Use of Mass Media. PB83-248278/GAA WP-496 Economic Aspects and Policy Issues in Groundwater De- velopment. PB83-248047/GAA WP-502 Developing Countries and International Shipping. PB83-246223/GAA WP-503 Incorporating Uncertainty into Planning of Industrialization Strategies for Developing Countries. PB83-249136/GAA WP-509 Benefits and Costs of Food Distribution Policies: The India Case. PB83-249367/GAA WP-512 Food Distribution and Nutrition Intervention: The Case of Chile. PB83-248534/GAA WP-515 Integrating Family Planning with Health Services: Does It Help. PB83-248559/GAA WP-518 Small Industry in Developing Countries: Some Issues. PB83-249193/GAA CA-299 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX WP-519 Financing Small-Scale Industry and Agriculture in Devel- oping Countries: The Merits and Limitations of 'Commeri- cal' Policies. PB83-249219/GAA WP-520 Effects of Population Growth, of the Pattern of Demand, and of Technology on the Process of Urbanization: An Application to India. PB83-249185/GAA WP-524 Nature of Credit Markets in Developing Countries: A Framework for Policy Analysis. PB83-249235/GAA WP-531 Improving Irrigated Agriculture: Institutional Reform and the Small Farmer. PB83-246769/GAA WP-532 Rural Projects Through Urban Eyes: An Interpretation of the World Bank's New-Style Rural Development Projects. PB83-247049/GAA WP-539 Industrialization and Growth: The Experience of Large Countries. PB83-247080/GAA WP-542 Adoption of Agricultural Innovation in Developing Coun- tries: A Survey. PB83-248229/GAA WP-547 Evaluation of Shelter Programs for the Urban Poor. Prin- cipal Findings. PB83-260117/GAA WP-551 Using Communication Support in Projects. The World Bank's Experience. PB83-260166/GAA WP-557 Population and Family Planning in Bangladesh: A Survey of the Research. PB83-260091/GAA WP-576 Planning in Developing Countries: Lessons of Experi- PB84-217942/GAA WP-577 Managing State-Owned Enterprises. PB84-134923/GAA WP-580 Effects of Corruption on Administrative Performance: Il- lustrations from Developing Countries. PB84-134105/GAA WP-581 Decentralization in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Experience. PB84-217645/GAA WP-61 1 Trends in International Trade in Manufactured Goods and Structural Change in the Industrial Countries. PB84-217371/GAA WP-616 Labor and Poverty. PB84-134857/GAA WP-61 7 Targeting Food Subsidies for the Needy: The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Institutional Design. PB84-217728/GAA WP-623 Demography and Poverty. PB84-191857/GAA WP-624 Manpower Issues in Educational Investment: A Consider- ation of Planning Processes and Techniques. PB84-191881/GAA WP-630 Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community: A Blessing or a Curse for Developing Countries. PB84-217348/GAA WP-635 Poor of Bogota: Who They Are, What They Do, and Where They Live. PB84-2177107GAA Foregone Benefits and Costs of a Prevented Birth: Con- ceptual Problems and an Application to the U.A.R. IBRD-WP-011/GAA French Academic and Private Research on Economic Development Problems. IBRD-WP-012/GAA Productivity Growth and Development in Latin America. IBRD-WP-013/GAA Forecasting Steel Demand in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-014/GAA Treatment of Population in Bank Economic Work. IBRD-WP-016/GAA Quantitative Analysis of Urban Water Demand in Devel- oping Countries. IBRD-WP-017/GAA Review of Past Efforts at Deriving Agricultural Supply Models for Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-018/GAA Saving and Taxation in Developing Countries: An Empiri- cal Study. IBRD-WP-023/GAA Automobile Demand in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-028/GAA Optimum Number of Berths of a Port. IBRD-WP-029/GAA Competitiveness of Capital Goods Industries in Selected Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-036/GAA Briefing Notes on Food Processing Industries in Develop- ing Countries. IBRD-WP-038/GAA Analysis of Capital Flows between the Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sectors of West Pakistan. IBRD-WP-041/GAA Analysis of Capital Flows between the Agricultural and Nonagricultural Sectors of India. IBRD-WP-042/GAA Project Appraisal in Inflationary Conditions. IBRD-WP-046/GAA Shadow Prices for Project Evaluation in Less Developed Countries. IBRD-WP-047/GAA Economic Aspects of the Pulp and Paper Industry, with Special Reference to Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-051/GAA Use of Simulation in Appraising a Livestock Breeding/ Fattening Project. IBRD-WP-056/GAA Agricultural Production and Supply Response Research: A Review for Project Planners in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-057/GAA Evaluation of Benefits from Season-to-Season Grain Storage Programs. IBRD-WP-066/GAA Optimum Depth of Water in a Port. IBRD-WP-067/GAA Are There Economies of Size in Government Current Ex- penditures in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-068/GAA Appraisal Methodology for Feeder Road Projects. IBRD-WP-070/GAA Measurement of the Economic Benefits from Family Planning Projects and Programs. IBRD-WP-071/GAA Framework for Urban Transport Studies. IBRD-WP-073/GAA Concentration of Urbanization and Economic Efficiency. IBRD-WP-074/GAA Economics of Rail Line Closure. IBRD-WP-076/GAA Systems Analysis of Rural Transportation. IBRD-WP-077/GAA Skilled-Manpower Demand Projections for Irrigation Projects in Northwest Mexico. IBRD-WP-083/GAA Investment Analysis in Electricity Supply. IBRD-WP-091/GAA Brazil Transport Study Models. IBRD-WP-094/GAA Some Aspects of Public Education Expenditure in Africa. IBRD-WP-100/GAA Son-Preference and Fertility Behavior. IBRD-WP-103/GAA Economic Effects of Various Methods of Educational Fi- IBRD-WP-106/GAA Agricultural Development in Relation to the Employment Problem. IBRD-WP-112/GAA International Comparison of Low Income in the Agricultur- al Sector in Selected LDC's. IBRD-WP-118/GAA Project Appraisal in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-119/GAA International Division of Labor: The Case of Industry. IBRD-WP-123/GAA Adjustments for Trade Distortions in Project Analysis. IBRD-WP-128/GAA Employment, Income Distribution and a Poverty Redres- sal Index. IBRD-WP-129/GAA Estimating Income Distribution Weights for Project Analy- IBRD-WP-130/GAA Evaluation of Family Planning Programs Using Service Statistics. IBRD-WP-137/GAA Internal and External Aspects of Development Plans and Performance, 1960-1970. IBRD-WP-141/GAA Nutrition and Health of Indonesian Construction Workers: Endurance and Anemia. IBRD-WP-152/GAA Financing of Education: An Examination of Basic Issues. IBRD-WP-157/GAA Micro-Economic Theories of Fertility. IBRD-WP-159/GAA Automobiles and Cities: Strategies for Developing Coun- tries. IBRD-WP-162/GAA Fertility, Mortality and Population Growth: Interrelation and Policy Implications. IBRD-WP-163/GAA Protection and Development. IBRD-WP-164/GAA Alternative Strategies for Development. IBRD-WP-165/GAA Family Planning and Fertility Trends in Jamaica. IBRD-WP-167/GAA Framework for the Promotion of Construction Industries in the Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-168/GAA Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Learning Technologies in Industrial Training: A Study of In-Plant Training and Vo- cational Schools. IBRD-WP-169/GAA Employment Implications of Industrialization in Develop- ing Countries: A Survey. IBRD-WP-170/GAA Iron Deficiency Anemia and the Productivity of Adult Males in Indonesia. IBRD-WP-175/GAA Potential Distributive Effects of Nationalization Policies: The Economic Aspects. IBRD-WP-178/GAA Urban Land and Public Policy: Social Appropriation of Betterment. IBRD-WP-179/GAA Quantitative Agricultural Planning Methodology. IBRD-WP-180/GAA Student Loans in Developing Countries: An Evaluation of the Colombian Experience. IBRD-WP-182/GAA Fiscal/Financial Intervention, Factor Prices and Factor Proportions: A Review of the Issues. IBRD-WP-183/GAA Appraisal of Irrigation Projects and Related Policies and Investment. IBRD-WP-184/GAA Types of Economic Integration. IBRD-WP-185/GAA Economic Integration Among Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-186/GAA Toll Financing of Highways: Economic and Financial Con- siderations. IBRD-WP-187/GAA Education, Poverty and Development. IBRD-WP-188/GAA Financing the Development of Small Scale Industries. IBRD-WP-191/GAA African Experience with Rural Development: A Digest Report on the Africa Rural Development Study. IBRD-WP-195/GAA Investment in Education: National Strategy Options for Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-196/GAA Rural-Urban Wage Gap, Migration and the Shadow Wage. IBRD-WP-197/GAA Theory of Urban Underemployment in Less Developed Countries. IBRD-WP-198/GAA How Effective Is Schooling in Promoting Learning. A Review of the Research. IBRD-WP-200/GAA Determinants of School Achievement in Developing Countries: The Educational Production Function. IBRD-WP-201/GAA Reforming the System of Incentives in Developing Coun- tries. IBRD-WP-203/GAA Cost Recovery Policies for Public Sector Projects. IBRD-WP-206/GAA Consequences of Farm Tractors in Pakistan: An Evalua- tion of IDA Credits for Financing the Mechanization. IBRD-WP-210/GAA Urban Informal Sector. IBRD-WP-211/GAA Agricultural Price Policy and Income Distribution in Low Income Nations. IBRD-WP-214/GAA Internal Migration in Less Developed Countries: A Survey of the Literature. IBRD-WP-215/GAA Costing and Financing Education in LDCs: Current Issues. IBRD-WP-216/GAA Policy Framework for Irrigation Water Charges. IBRD-WP-218/GAA Public Works in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. IBRD-WP-224/GAA Travel Characteristics in Cities of Developing and Devel- oped Countries. IBRD-WP-230/GAA 'Effects Method' of Project Evaluation. IBRD-WP-231/GAA Unemployment, Labor Market Segmentation, the Oppor- tunity Cost of Labor and the Social Returns to Education. IBRD-WP-233/GAA Distributive Effects of Local Government Finances in Co- lombia: A Review of the Evidence. IBRD-WP-235/GAA Some Effects of Commercial Policy on International Trade, the Location of Production, and Factor Move- ments. IBRD-WP-236/GAA Income Distribution and the Economy of the Urban Household: The Case of Belo Horizonte. IBRD-WP-237/GAA Export Subsidies by Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-238/GAA Economic Cost of the 'Internal' Brain Drain: Its Magnitude in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-243/GAA Should Developing Nations Carry Grain Reserves. IBRD-WP-244/GAA CA-300 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SERVICES, INC., WASHINGTON, Stabilization, Adjustment and Diversification: A Study of the Weakest Commodities Produced by the Poorest Re- gions. IBRD-WP-245/GAA Patterns of Educational Expenditures. IBRD-WP-246/GAA Export Incentives and Export Performance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. IBRD-WP-248/GAA Korea's Experience with Export-Led Industrial Develop- ment. IBRD-WP-249/GAA Perspective on the Foodgrain Situation in the Poorest Countries. IBRD-WP-251/GAA City Size and National Spatial Strategies in Developing Countries. IBRD-WP-252/GAA Economic and Social Analysis of Projects: A Case Study of Ivory Coast. IBRD-WP-253-EN/GAA Evaluation Economique et Sociale des Projets: Cas de la Cote d'lvoire (Economic and Social Analysis of Projects: A Case Study of Ivory Coast). IBRD-WP-253-FR/GAA Valorization Charges as a Method for Financing Urban Public Works: The Example of Bogota, Colombia. IBRD-WP-254/GAA Employment Impact of Industrial Investment: A Prelimi- nary Report. IBRD-WP-255/GAA Measuring the Performance of Family Planning Programs. IBRD-WP-257/GAA Multi-Level Programming and Development Policy. IBRD-WP-258/GAA Alternative Concepts of Marginal Cost for Public Utility Pricing: Problems of Application in the Water Supply Sector. IBRD-WP-259/GAA Industrial Policy and Development in Korea. IBRD-WP-263/GAA Incidence of Urban Property Taxation in Developing Countries: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis Applied to Colombia. IBRD-WP-264/GAA India's Population Policy: History and Future. IBRD-WP-265/GAA Radio for Education and Development: Case Studies, Volume I and II. IBRD-WP-266/GAA Food Insecurity: Magnitude and Remedies. IBRD-WP-267/GAA Basic Education and Income Inequality in Brazil: The Long-Term View. IBRD-WP-268/GAA Economic Fluctuations and Speed of Urbanization: A Case Study of Korea: 1955-75. IBRD-WP-270/GAA Nutritional and Economic Implications of Ascaris Infection in Kenya. IBRD-WP-271/GAA Measurement of Spatial Differences in Poverty: The Case of Peru. IBRD-WP-273/GAA Model of Agricultural Production and Trade in Central America. IBRD-WP-276/GAA Impact of Agricultural Price Policies on Demand and Supply, Incomes, and Imports: An Experimental Model for South Asia. IBRD-WP-277/GAA Labor Market Segmentation and the Determination of Earnings: A Case Study. IBRD-WP-278/GAA Educational Effects of Class Size. IBRD-WP-280/GAA Urban Land Policy Issues and Opportunities - Volume II. IBRD-WP-283/GAA Pakistan: Forestry Sector Survey. IBRD-WP-284/GAA Shadow Pricing and Power Tariff Policy. 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A World Bank Paper. PB83-216820/GAA Housing. Sector Policy Paper. PB83-216838/GAA Philippines: Industrial Development Strategy and Policies. PB83-260943/GAA Renewable Energy Resources in the Developing Coun- tries. PB83-261222/GAA Shelter. PB83-261313/GAA Vivienda (Shelter). PB83-261321/GAA Logement (Shelter). PB83-261339/GAA Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview. PB83-261347/GAA Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview. PB83-261354/GAA Satisfaccion de las Necesidades Basicas: Examen Gen- eral (Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview). PB83-261362/GAA Besoins Essentiels: Document de Synthese (Meeting Basic Needs: An Overview). PB83-261370/GAA Urban Transport. PB83-261784/GAA Transports Urbains (Urban Transport). PB83-261792/GAA Transportes Urbanos (Urban Transport). PB83-261800/GAA Road Maintenance Problem and International Assistance. PB83-261818/GAA Problema del Mantenimiento Vial y la Asistencia Interna- cional (Road Maintenance Problem and International As- sistance). PB83-261826/GAA Probleme de I'Entretien Routier et I'Assistance Internatio- nale (Road Maintenance Problem and International As- sistance). PB83-261834/GAA Employment and Development of Small Enterprises. PB83-262733/GAA El Empleo y el Desarrollo de las Pequenas Empresas (Employment and Development of Small Enterprises). PB83-262741/GAA Emploi et Developpment de la Petite Entreprise (Employ- ment and Development of Small Enterprises). PB83-262758/GAA Environmental Considerations for the Industrial Develop- ment Sector. PB83-262782/GAA Consideraciones Ambientales para el Sector de Desar- rollo Industrial (Environmental Considerations for the In- dustrial Development Sector). PB83-262790/GAA Protection de I'Environnement dans I'lndustrie (Environ- mental Considerations for the Industrial Development Sector). PB83-262808/GAA Malnourished People: A Policy Review. PB83-262816/GAA Les Mai Nourris: Etude d'Ensemble (Malnourished People: A Policy View). PB83-262824/GAA Land Reform. PB83-262857/GAA Empresa Rural y el Empleo No Agricola (Rural Enterprise and Nonfarm Employment). PB83-263079/GAA Rural Enterprise and Nonfarm Employment. PB83-263087/GAA Housing. PB83-263095/GAA Sante (Deuxieme Edition) (Health (Second Edition)). PB83-263103/GAA Health (Second Edition). PB83-263111/GAA Health (Second Edition). PB83-263129/GAA Energy in the Developing Countries. PB83-263137/GAA Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Volume 1A. A Summary of Technical and Economic Op- tions, PB83-263434/GAA Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Sanitation Alternative for Low-Income Communities: Volume 1B. A Brief Introduction. PB83-263442/GAA Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Night-Soil Composting, PB83-263459/GAA Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Volume 3. Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Man- agement. A State-of-the-Art Review, PB83-263467/GAA Village Water Supply. PB83-263855/GAA Colonizacion de Tierras Agricolas (Agricultural Land Set- tlement). PB83-263871/GAA Education (Third Edition). PB83-263889/GAA Education (Troisieme Edition) (Education (Third Edition)). PB83-263897/GAA Educacion (Tercera Edicion) (Education (Third Edition)). PB83-263905/GAA Alcohol Production from Biomass in the Developing Countries. PB83-264143/GAA Forestry. PB83-264358/GAA Politica Forestal (Forestry). PB83-264366/GAA Foresterie (Forestry). PB83-264374/GAA Extension Agricola: Sistema de Capacitacion y Visitas (Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System), PB83-264390/GAA Vulgarisation Agricole: Le Systeme de Formation et de Visites (Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System), PB83-264408/GAA Agricultural Project Analysis: Case Studies and Exercises. PB83-264762/GAA Agricultural Research. PB83-265264/GAA Sites and Services Projects. PB83-265298/GAA Proyectos de Lotes y Servicios (Sites and Services Projects). PB83-265306/GAA Projets de Trames d'Accueil (Sites and Services Projects). PB83-265314/GAA Papua New Guinea: Selected Development Issues. PB83-265348/GAA Peru - Principals Cuestiones y Recommendaciones en Materia de Desarrollo (Peru: Major Development Policy Issues and Recommendations). PB84-202290/GAA Rural Water Suppty Handpumps Project: Laboratory Test- ing, Fields Trials and Technological Development; UNDP GLO/79/010, INT/81/026. PB84-217686/GAA Brazil: Human Resources Special Report. Volume 1, PB84-218627/GAA World Bank Glossary: English-French-Spanish. PB84-220722/GAA INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. COMMODITIES AND EXPORT PROJECTIONS DIV. COMMODITY PAPER-2 International Cotton Market Prospects, PB83-265371/GAA INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INST. ISBN-0-8018-2413-3 Agroindustrial Project Analysis. PB83-263426/GAA Municipal Water Supply Project Analysis: Case Studies, PB83-263913/GAA INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY GROUP. ISBN-0-821 3-0077-6 Model for the Development of a Self-Help Water Supply Program. PB83-262774/GAA WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER-2 Model for the Development of a Self-Help Water Supply Program. PB83-262774/GAA INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEPT. ISBN-0-821 3-0053-9 House Registration Handbook: A Model for Registering Houses and Plots in Unplanned Settlements, PB83-264713/GAA ISBN-0-8213-0063-6 Environmental Management of Urban Solid Wastes in Developing Countries: A Project Guide, PB83-264689/GAA TECHNICAL PAPER-3 Designing the Site and Service Plot Allocation Process: Lessons from Project Experience, PB83-264705/GAA TECHNICAL PAPER-4 House Registration Handbook: A Model for Registering Houses and Plots in Unplanned Settlements, PB83-264713/GAA TECHNICAL PAPER-5 Environmental Management of Urban Solid Wastes in Developing Countries: A Project Guide, PB83-264689/GAA INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SERVICES, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Investigating the Relationship between Land Use Plan- ning, Transportation and Energy Consumption. (DOT/P-10-81-90) PB82-122185/GAA CA-301 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, MANILA (PHILIPPINES). ICLARM REPORT-1981 International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Man- agement Report 1C81 (ICLARM), PB83-114249/GAA ISBN-971 -04-0004-5 Biology and Culture of Tilapias, PB83-113704/GAA INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN, WASHINGTON, DC. Keeping Women Out: A Structural Analysis of Women's Employment in Developing Countries. (AID-PN-AAJ-228) PB84-1 70091 /GAA Limits to Productivity: Improving Women's Access to Technology and Credit, (AID-PN-AAJ-919) PB84-175090/GAA Productivity of Women in Developing Countries: Measure- ment Issues and Recommendations. (AID-PN-AAJ-229) PB84-177005/GAA INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INST. FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS, HYDERABAD (INDIA). Proceedings of International Workshop on Socioeconom- ic Constraints to Development of Semi-Arid Tropical Agri- culture, 19-23 February 1979, Hyderabad, India, (AID-PN-AAJ-522) PB82-260340/GAA Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercrop- ping Held at Hyderabad, India on January 10-13, 1979, PB83-147124/GAA Growth and Development of the Pearl Millet Plant. PB83-147256/GAA INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INST. FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS, PATANCHERU (INDIA). IB-9 Chickpea and Pigeonpea Diseases: Resistance-Screen- ing Techniques, PB83-140525/GAA IB-10 Chickpea and Pigeonpea Diseases: Resistance-Screen- ing Techniques, PB83-140525/GAA RB-3 Yield Risk, Risk Aversion and Genotype Selection - Con- ceptual Issues and Approaches, PB83-1 40541 /GAA RR-2 Farming Systems Components for Selected Areas in India: Evidence from ICRISAT (International Crops Re- search Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), (AID-PN-AAJ-402) PB84-170109/GAA Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeon- peas Held at Patancheru, India on December 15-19, 1980. Volume 1, (AID-PN-AAK-073) PB84-134444/GAA Proceedings of the International Workshop on Chickpea Improvement Held at Hyderabad, India on February 28- March 2, 1979. (AID-PN-AAJ-880) PB84-176999/GAA INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE, OTTAWA (ONTARIO). IDRC-156E International Cooperative Information Systems. N83-15173/8/GAA INTERNATIONAL FERTILITY RESEARCH PROGRAM, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC. Determinants of Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Goals and Birth Spacing in Relation to Mortality, Breast-Feeding and Previous Contraceptive Behavior, (AID-PN-AAJ-898) PB84-1 69531 /GAA INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTER, MUSCLE SHOALS, AL. Bolivia Fertilizer Situation and Recommendations, (AID-PN-AAJ-023) PB82-260126/GAA Fertilizer Manual. (AID-PN-AAJ-093) PB83-113795/GAA INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO., HINSDALE, IL. Methanol from Landfill Gas: Technology and Economics. (NYSERDA-82-24) PB83-169144/GAA INTERNATIONAL INST. OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE, IBADAN (NIGERIA). Rapid Method of Hand Crossing Cowpeas. (AID-PN-AAH-600) PB82-245382/GAA INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE, GENEVA (SWITZERLAND). ISBN-0-90303 1-69-8 Roads and Resources: Appropriate Technology in Road Construction in Developing Countries, PB84-229038/GAA ISBN-92-2-103289-2 Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. (In- cludes Volumes 1 and 2. ) (3rd Revised Edition). PB84-138163/GAA INTERNATIONAL NEW TOWNS ASSSOCIATION, THE HAGUE (NETHERLANDS). Community Planning and Development Challenges: Energy, Environment, Water. Appendix D. (HUD-0002056) PB82-175027/GAA INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INST., LOS BANOS, LAGUNA (PHILIPPINES). 52 Differential Response of Rice Varieties to the Brown Planthopper in International Screening Tests, (AID-PN-AAJ-130) PB82-259565/GAA IRPS-21 Methodology for Determining Insect Control Recommen- dations. (AID-PN-AAJ-081) PB82-260142/GAA IRPS-43 Contribution of Varietal Tolerance for Problem Soils to Yield Stability in Rice. (AID-PN-AAJ-085) PB83-107888/GAA IRPS-44 IR42: A Rice Type for Small Farmers of South and Southeast Asia. (AID-PN-AAJ-079) PB83-107896/GAA IRPS-48 Quality Characteristics of Milled Rice Grown in Different Countries. (AID-PN-AAJ-129) PB83-106633/GAA IRPS-49 Recent Developments in Research on Nitrogen Fertilizers for Rice. (AID-PN-AAJ-132) PB83-105809/GAA INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL INST., VOORBURG (NETHERLANDS). R-12 Illustrative Analysis: Socio-Economic Differentials in Cu- mulative Fertility in Sri Lanka - A Marriage Cohort Ap- proach. (AID-PN-AAK-009) PB84-198100/GAA R-13 Comparative Studies. Cross National Summaries: Breast- feeding, (AID-PN-AAK-011) PB84-187194/GAA Comparative Studies: Cross National Summaries. Number 9: Contraceptive Practice, (AID-PN-AAK-010) PB84-187152/GAA Contraceptive Use in Sri Lanka, (AID-PN-AAK-008) PB84-242189/GAA Illustrative Analysis: Recent Fertility Trends in Sri Lanka. (AID-PN-AAK-269) PB84-244169/GAA Preferences for Number and Sex of Children and Contra- ceptive Use in Korea. (AID-PN-AAK-268) PB84-244417/GAA Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use in Peninsular Malay- (AID-PN-AAK-335) PB84-245380/GAA IONICS, INC., WATERTOWN, MA. Reference Plant for High Temperature Electrodialysis De- salting of Seawater. PB84-1 95841 /GAA IOWA STATE UNIV., AMES. Development of Nigerian Industrial Economy and the Prospects for U.S. Investment and Business Partnership, PB83-115725/GAA Role of Foreign Investment in Developing the Agricultural Sector of the Nigerian Economy, PB83-1 96071 /GAA IOWA STATE UNIV., AMES. DEPT. OF ECONOMICS. INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN ECONOMICS MONO-13 Agrarian Reform, Agricultural Planning, and Economic Development in Peru. (AID-PN-AAK-037) PB84-176932/GAA MONO-12 Economic Growth, Equity and Agricultural Development in the Dominican Republic, (AID-PN-AAJ-133) PB83-106880/GAA Effect of Agricultural Land Use Practices on Stream Water Quality: Economic Analysis. (EPA-600/5-83-001) PB83-217836/GAA IOWA STATE WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST., AMES. ISWRRI-132 Technology Transfer Program: Urban Stormwater Man- agement Implementation in Iowa. (W83-03696, OWRT-A-082-IA(1)) PB83-246454/GAA IOWA UNIV., IOWA CITY. DIV. OF ENERGY ENGINEERING. DOE/ID/12341-T1 Vacuum Distillation of Fuel Alcohol Using Solar Energy. Final Report. DE83008249/GAA IOX ASSESSMENT ASSOCIATES, CULVER CITY, CA. Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Programs in Alcohol and Substance Abuse. PB84-167139/GAA Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Programs in Nutrition. (HHS/CDC/CHPE-84-022 1) PB84-170034/GAA Evaluation Handbook for Health Education Programs in Diabetes. (HHS/CDC/CHPE-84-0222) PB84-171727/GAA JET PROPULSION LAB., PASADENA, CA. JPL-PUB-82-94 Survey of Manufacturers of Solar Thermal Energy Sys- tems. (NASA-CR-1 69924) N83-19223/7/GAA NAS 1.26:169924 Survey of Manufacturers of Solar Thermal Energy Sys- tems. (NASA-CR-1 69924) N83-19223/7/GAA JOHN C. CAMPBELL FOLK SCHOOL, BRASSTOWN, NC. DOE/R4/10147-T1 Two-Story Solar Greenhouse. Final Quarterly Report (Ap- propriate Technology) for Period Ending March 31, 1980. DE84000283/GAA JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV., BALTIMORE, MD. Studies in Port Facilities and Urban Economic Develop- ment: Executive Summary, (DOT-RSPA-DMA-50-84/1 1) PB84-161652/GAA JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV., BALTIMORE, MD. SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. Community Based Distribution of Contraception: A Review of Field Experience, (AID-PN-AAK-341) PB84-243799/GAA JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV., BALTIMORE, MD. SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. Research Study to Improve Teenage Contraception Prac- tices. (MCH/CCS-82/06) PB83-163550/GAA JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV., LAUREL, MD. APPLIED PHYSICS LAB. Study of Low Level Laser Retinal Damage. AD-A137 664/9/GAA JOHNSON (JEFFALYN) AND ASSOCIATES, INC., FALLS CHURCH, VA. African Women in Development. (AID-PN-AAK-439) PB84-171040/GAA JONES AND STOKES ASSOCIATES, INC., SACRAMENTO, CA. Final Environmental Impact Statement for Metropolitan Wastewater Management Commission Sludge Manage- ment Plan, Eugene-Springfield, Oregon. (EPA/910/9-84/119) PB84-241041/GAA JORGENSON (DALE W.) ASSOCIATES, CAMBRIDGE, MA. Energy-Economy Analysis and Application to R and D Planning. (GRI-8 1/0004) PB82-141128/GAA JRB ASSOCIATES, INC., MCLEAN, VA. Solid Waste Data: A Compilation of Statistics on Solid Waste Management Within the United States. PB82-1 07301 /GAA JUTE TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABS., CALCUTTA (INDIA). Jute Technological Research Laboratories - Annual Report 1981. PB83-136119/GAA KAISER FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL, OAKLAND, CA. Development and Validation of a Method to Determine the Cost/Benefit Effectiveness of Occupational Health Programs (Technical Supplement to the Final Report). PB82-142936/GAA KANSAS STATE UNIV., MANHATTAN. Appropriate Technology of Alternative Agricultural Prac- tices on Drylands. (NSF/CEE-82055) PB83-137000/GAA KANSAS WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST., MANHATTAN. CONTRIB-232 Soil Crusting Affects Water Conservation and Infiltration. (W84-00167, OWRT-A-108-KAN(1)) PB84-113695/GAA KERNFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM KARLSRUHE G.M.B.H. (GERMANY, F.R.). KFK-PDV-195 Implementation of a Modular, Flexible Production System with Automatic Information Processing-Translation. PB83-155549/GAA KOBA ASSOCIATES, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Chemical Information Resources Handbook. (EPA-560/TIIS-81-00 1) PB82-225657/GAA CA-302 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX MICHIGAN STATE UNIV., EAST LANSING. INST. OF WATER LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB., CA. CONF-8310197-1 Cytometry of Mammalian Sperm. DE84001763/GAA UCID-19283 Managing for Safety. DE82007987/GAA UCRL-53351 Potential of Composite Materials in Surface Transporta- tion Applications. DE83007218/GAA UCRL-89918 Cytometry of Mammalian Sperm. DE84001763/GAA LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT CENTER, MAXWELL AFB, AL. LMDC-TR-83-1 Management's Role for Reducing Employee Stress. AD-A127 126/1/GAA LESOTHO AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANALYSIS PROJECT, MASERU. LASA/RR-6 Manpower versus Machinery: A Case Study of Conserva- tion Works in Lesotho. (AID-PN-AAH-742) PB82-160193/GAA LETTERMAN ARMY MEDICAL CENTER, SAN FRANCISCO, CA. Present Concepts in Internal Medicine, Nutritional Sup- port Symposium. Volume 14, Number 1. Summer 1983, AD-A133 515/7/GAA LINDSEY INDUSTRIES, INC., AZUSA, CA. BNL-33130 Design and Fabrication of Polymer-Concrete Pipe for Testing in Geothermal-Energy Processes. Final Report. DE83014425/GAA LITTLE (ARTHUR D.), INC., CAMBRIDGE, MA. Survey of Service Behavior of Large Evaporative Desalt- ing Plants, (W81-06051, OWRT-C-90023-S(9422)(1)) PB82-120312/GAA LIVERPOOL UNIV. (ENGLAND). MARINE TRANSPORT CENTRE. ISBN-0-905394-089 Economics of Short-Sea Freight Ferries, PB83-167437/GAA LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT INST., WASHINGTON, DC. LMI-RE104 Manufacturing Technology Program Information System: Functional Description. AD-A127 293/9/GAA LONDON BUSINESS SCHOOL (ENGLAND). ECONOMETRIC FORECASTING UNIT. CEF-DISCUSSION PAPER-97 Role of Time Series Analysis in the Estimation and Eval- uation of Econometric Models, PB83-184135/GAA DISCUSSION PAPER-71 Term Structure of Interest Rates in a Small Open Econo- my, PB82-213562/GAA DISCUSSION PAPER-80 Dynamic Aggregate Time Series Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Activity in Industrial- ized Countries, PB82-213877/GAA LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LAB., NM. CONF-830501-1 Methodology for Minimizing Maintenance Costs. DE83002064/GAA CONF-830805-3 Nonlinear Seismic Response of Small Reinforced-Con- crete Shear Wall Structures. DE83007542/GAA LA-UR-82-2928 Methodology for Minimizing Maintenance Costs. DE83002064/GAA LA-UR-83-318 Nonlinear Seismic Response of Small Reinforced-Con- crete Shear Wall Structures. DE83007542/GAA LA-9526-MS Energy Supply and Demand in the Caribbean Region, 1978-2000. DE83002312/GAA LOS ANGELES COUNTY SANITATION DISTRICTS, WHITTIER, CA. Health Effects Study, Los Angeles County Sanitation Dis- tricts: Summary. PB84-191550/GAA LOUISIANA DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION AND DEVELOPMENT, BATON ROUGE. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SECTION. RR-154 Evaluation of Drainage Pipe by Field Experimentation and Supplemental Laboratory Experimentation. (FHWA-LA -82/154) PB82-237702/GAA LULEAA UNIV. (SWEDEN). DIV. OF METAL WORKING. ISSN-0347-0881 Powder Forging of Compound Steels, Part 1 . N83-27012/4/GAA TULEA-1 982-1 6-PT-1 Powder Forging of Compound Steels, Part 1 . N83-27012/4/GAA LYON ASSOCIATES, INC., BALTIMORE, MD. Tanzania Rural Roads Feasibility Study. Volume 1. Tech- nical and Economic Aspects. (AID-PN-AAK-015) PB84-244573/GAA Tanzania Rural Roads Feasibility Study. Volume 2. Train- ing Requirements. (A1D-PN-AAK-016) PB84-244581/GAA Tanzania Rural Roads Feasibility Study. Volume 3. Envi- ronmental Assessment. (AID-PN-AAK-017) PB84-244599/GAA MAGYAR TUDOMANYOS AKADEMIA, BUDAPEST. Some Measures for Promoting Indigenous Informatics Technology, AD-P001 467/0/GAA MANVILLE SERVICE CORP., DENVER, CO. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER. Diatomite Precoat Filtration for Pretreatment of Seawater Prior to Reverse Osmosis. (W83-00270, OWRT-C-90272-D(9520)(1)) PB83-108092/GAA MARICULTURE SYSTEMS LTD., GALWAY (IRELAND). Guide to Lcngline Mussel Cultivation. PB84-230952/GAA MARIDA, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. DOE/CE/38004-T1 US Trade and Development Program. Energy Projects Data Sheets. DE83001654/GAA MARSHAUS BERRY FARMS, DEFIANCE, OH. DOE/R5/10327-2 Solar-Heated Greenhouse Utilizing Water Reservoir. Final Technical Progress Report. Appropriate-Technology Small-Grants Program. DE83004797/GAA MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, BROOKLANDVILLE. BUREAU OF RESEARCH. Evaluation of Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel in Bridge (FHWA/MD-82/03) PB82-237132/GAA MARYLAND UNIV., COLLEGE PARK. DOE/CS/40075-T1 Preservation of Fresh Solid Foods by Gas Exchange. Final Report of Phase I. DE84004392/GAA MARYLAND UNIV., COLLEGE PARK. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. MP-959 Sterile Acceptable Milk (SAM): A Major Energy-Saving Technology. Summary and Recommendations. DE82902018/GAA NP-2902018 Sterile Acceptable Milk (SAM): A Major Energy-Saving Technology. Summary and Recommendations. DE82902018/GAA MARYLAND UNIV., COLLEGE PARK. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER. Disposal of Secondarily Treated Municipal Sewage by Subsurface Irrigation, (OWRT-A-055-MD(1)) PB84-1 90081 /GAA MASCHINENFABRIK AUGSBURG-NUERNBERG A.G., MUNICH (GERMANY, F.R.). Economic Solar Heating System with Cost-Efficient Flat- Plate Collectors-Translation. (BMFT-FB-T-80-113) PB83-162982/GAA MASSACHUSETTS INST. OF TECH., CAMBRIDGE. Nutrition - Fertility Interactions in Developing Countries: Implications for Program Design, (AID-PN-AAJ-736) PB83-105791/GAA MASSACHUSETTS INST. OF TECH., CAMBRIDGE. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB. AI-M-719 Semantic Support for Work in Organizations. AD-A130 457/5/GAA MASSACHUSETTS INST. OF TECH., CAMBRIDGE. MARINE INDUSTRY ADVISORY SERVICES. MITSG-81-5 Progress in Controlled Environment Aquaculture and Algae Husbandry, (NOAA-81102110) PB82-148271/GAA OPPORTUNITY BRIEF-24 Progress in Controlled Environment Aquaculture and Algae Husbandry, (NOAA-81102110) PB82-148271/GAA MASSACHUSETTS UNIV., AMHERST. DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Design for Manufacturability. Report Number 16. Data Sheets and Case Study for Manual Assembly, (NSF/MEA-82009) PB83-144725/GAA MASSACHUSETTS UNIV., AMHERST. DEPT. OF MICROBIOLOGY. Genetic and Physiological Control of Protective Antigen Synthesis by Bacillus Anthracis. AD-A105 201/8/GAA MASSACHUSETTS UNIV., AMHERST. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER. PUB-129 Microbiological Control of the Aquatic Weed, 'Myriophyl- lum Spp.', (W83-02321, OWRT-B-066-MASS(2)) PB83-181958/GAA PUB-135 Effect of Ozonation on the Biodegradability and Adsorba- bility of Specific Organics to be Removed in the Biologi- cally Activated Carbon (BAC) Process, (W83-03107, OWRT-A-132-MASS(1» PB83-208876/GAA MATHTECH, INC., PRINCETON, NJ. Impact of Public R and D Patenting and on Scientific Manpower Retention by Firms in the Private Sector, (NSF/PRA-81036) PB83-127324/GAA MAXWELL SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS, SYRACUSE, NY. Balanced Urbanization, Spatial Integration, and Economic Development in Asia: Implications for Policy and Plan- ning, (AID-PN-AAH-806) PB82-259441/GAA MELLON INST., ARLINGTON, VA. ENERGY PRODUCTIVITY CENTER. DOE/CS/50108-1 Maintaining Automotive Mobility: Using Fuel Economy and Synthetic Fuels to Compete with OPEC Oil. Final Report. DE83004873/GAA MERIX CORP., BABSON PARK, MA. 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Systems Approach to Agricultural Sector Development Decision-Making: Building and Institutionalizing an Investi- gative Capacity, (AID-PN-AAJ-941) PB84-133305/GAA Poor Rural Households, Technical Change, and Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries: A Summary Report of Findings from West Africa, Southeast Asia and Brazil. (AID-PN-AAJ-982) PB84-198118/GAA MICHIGAN STATE UNIV., EAST LANSING. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. AERP/WP-36 Econometric Analysis of Supply Responsiveness in Tradi- tional Agriculture: Millet, Sorghum and Rice Farmers in Mali. (AID-PN-AAK-376) PB84-244961/GAA MSU/RURAL DEVELOPMENT PAPER-6 Farming Systems Research: A Critical Appraisal. (AID-PN-AAK-049) PB84-169952/GAA WP-34 Assessment of Animal Traction in Francophone West (AID-PN-AAK-127) PB84-134766/GAA MICHIGAN STATE UNIV., EAST LANSING. DEPT. OF CROP AND SOIL SCIENCES. Development of Test for Determining Anaerobic Biode- gradation Potential. (EPA-560/5-81-013) PB84-166495/GAA MICHIGAN STATE UNIV., EAST LANSING. INST. OF WATER RESEARCH. Utilization of Wastewater for Intensive Fish Culture. (W83-01788, OWRT-A-082-MICH(2» PB83-1 54351 /GAA CA-303 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX MICHIGAN STATE UNIV., EAST LANSING. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION INFORMATION CENTER. ANNOTATED BIB-1 Women in Development: A Selected Annotated Bibliogra- phy and Resource Guide. (AID-PN-AAJ-556) PB84-170117/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. Summary of Thermal Properties for Casting Alloys and Mold Materials, (NSF/MEA-82028) PB83-211003/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Discussion Paper-75 Analysis of Grain Storage in Three Interior Sahel Coun- tries, (AID-PN-AAG-167) PB83-106625/GAA Livestock Versus Food Grain Production in Southeast Upper Volta: A Resource Allocation Analysis, (AID-PN-AAH-785) PB83-106674/GAA West African Pastoral Production Systems. Working Paper Number 3 of Livestock Production and Marketing in the Entente States of West Africa, (AID-PN-AAK-101) PB84-244540/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. US/Japan Cooperative Research Program in Earthquake Engineering on Repair and Retrofit of Structures. Pro- ceedings of the First Seminar Held at Los Angeles, Cali- fornia on May 15-17, 1980, (NSF/RA-800811) PB84-126010/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. DEPT. OF MATERIALS AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING. Computer-Aided Design System for Castings. (NSF/MEA-81031) PB83-219204/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. INST. FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH. Use of Information in Innovating Processes by Local Governments: Final Report., (NSF/ ISIS 1005) PB82-199910/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. INST. OF PUBLIC POLICY STUDIES. United States in the World Economy: Adaptations to Changes in Trade, Trade Policies, and Technology Trans- fer. (NSF/PRA-82052) PB83-195644/GAA MICHIGAN UNIV., ANN ARBOR. SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES. CON F-820 110-1 Vegetation Classification in Arid Environments: An Alter- native Approach. DE82010437/GAA EGG-1 183-1813 Vegetation Classification in Arid Environments: An Alter- native Approach. DE82010437/GAA MIDDLESEX COUNTY PLANNING BOARD, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ. Prototype Planning Study: Middlesex County, New Jersey. (DOT-l-82-7) PB82-219130/GAA MIDWEST RESEARCH INST., KANSAS CITY, MO. Sociotechnical Survey of Guayule Rubber Commercializa- tion. (NSF/PRA-7811632) PB83-102202/GAA MILLER (JAMES A.), KEARNEY, NE. DOE/R7/01172-T1 Direct Gain Passive Solar, Domestic Hot Water and Wind Generation System. Final Technical Report. DE84010090/GAA MINISTERIO DE EDUCACION, GUATEMALA CITY. Como Hacer una Casa Mas Segura (How to Build a More Secure House). PB83-215988/GAA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION, NEW DELHI (INDIA). Tips on Better Farming 9. PB82-210824/GAA Tips on Better Farming 16, PB82-211558/GAA MINISTRY OF LABOUR, TOKYO (JAPAN). INVESTIGATIVE RESEARCH COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF MICROELECTRONICS ON EMPLOYMENT. Effects of Microelectronics on Employment. PB84-111996/GAA MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH, BANGKOK (THAILAND). Lampang Health Development Project Documentary Series. Volume I: Summary Final Report of the Lampang Health Development Project. PB83-115030/GAA Lampang Health Development Project Documentary Series. Volume II: Development of an Integrated Rural Health Services and Primary Health Care System in Lam- pang, Thailand. PB83-115048/GAA Lampang Health Development Project Dcoumentary Series. Volume III: Evaluation of the Lampang Integrated Rural Health Services and Primary Health Care System. PB83-115055/GAA Lampang Health Development Project Documentary Series. Volume IV: Community Health Volunteers' Manu- PB83-115063/GAA Lampang Health Development Project Documentary Series. Volume V: Community Health Paraphysician (We- chakorn) Training in Medical Care Modules 1-13, PB83-115071/GAA Lampang Health Development Project Documentary Series. Volume VI: Community Health Paraphysician (We- chakorn) Training in Public Health Modules 14-24, PB83-115089/GAA MINNESOTA DEPT. OF ENERGY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ST. PAUL. ENERGY DIV. DEED-09-83 Planning and Zoning for Solar Access: A Guide for Min- nesota Communities. PB84-129584/GAA MINNESOTA UNIV., MINNEAPOLIS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS. FAER-194 Food Policies in Developing Countries. PB84-130616/GAA MINNESOTA UNIV., ROSEMOUNT. ROSEMOUNT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. CONF-81 1221-3 Alternative-Engine-Fuels Demonstration and Materials Test. DE83004707/GAA DOE/R5/10316-2 Alternative-Engine-Fuels Demonstration and Materials Test. DE83004707/GAA MINNESOTA UNIV., ST. PAUL. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS. BULL-V Wheat, Allocative Error and Risk: Northern Tunisia, (AID-PN-AAJ-018) PB83-105981/GAA P80-5 Issues in Irrigation Planning and Development. (AID-PN-AAJ-925) PB84-179233/GAA P80-14 Capturing the Economic Surplus Created by Irrigation. (AID-PN-AAJ-926) PB83-105973/GAA MISSISSIPPI-ALABAMA SEA GRANT CONSORTIUM, OCEAN SPRINGS, MS. MASGP-82-032 Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Carbohydrate Production in Laboratory Cultures of Spirulina Major (Cyanophyceae). (NOAA-83 120802) PB84-128883/GAA MISSISSIPPI STATE HIGHWAY DEPT., JACKSON. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIV. MSHD-RD-83-675 Evaluation of Chem-Crete High Strength Modified Asphalt Concentrate. PB84-105089/GAA MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV., MISSISSIPPI STATE. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST. Evaluation of Corrosion in Pulp and Paper Mill White Water Reuse Applications. (W83-02057, OWRT/RU-82/16) PB83-167874/GAA MISSOURI FOREST PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION, JEFFERSON CITY. DOE/R7/01246-T1 Appropriate Technology Program: Wood Residue for Energy. Final Report. DE84010458/GAA MISSOURI UNIV.-ROLLA. ROCK MECHANICS AND EXPLOSIVES RESEARCH CENTER. Investigation of the Interaction of Rock and Types of Rock Bolts for Selected Loading Conditions (Una Investi- gacion de la Interaccion de la Roca y los Tipos de Pernos para Roca para Condiciones de Carga Seleccion- adas), PB82-208240/GAA MISSOURI WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, ROLLA. Simplified Scheme for the Analysis of Pollutants in Groundwater and Leachates Contaminated by Hazardous Chemicals, (W83-02904, OWRT-A-133-MO(1» PB83-196667/GAA MITRE CORP., MCLEAN, VA. METREK DIV. MP-81W5 Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Industrial Use of Wood, (NSF/PRA - 78 1 762 1 /5) PB83-177600/GAA MP-81W6 Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Gasohol from Corn, (NSF/PRA-78 1 7621/4) PB83-177592/GAA MP-81W7 Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Residential Heating with Wood, (NSF/PRA-781 7621/7) PB83-177626/GAA MP-81W8 Energy from Biomass: The Implications of Methanol from Silvicultural Farms, (NSF/PRA-781 7621/6) PB83-177618/GAA MTR-80W259 Energy from Biomass: A Technology Assessment of Ter- restrial Biomass Systems, (NSF/PRA-78 1 7621/1) PB83-177634/GAA MTR-81W136 Integrated Aquatic Weed Management: Principles and Applications for Reservoirs in the Southeastern United PB84-162122/GAA Manual of Practice for Wastewater Neutralization and Precipitation. (EPA-600/2-81-148) PB83-172528/GAA MITSUBISHI RESEARCH INST., INC., TOKYO (JAPAN). Global Infrastructure Fund (GIF). PB83-101311/GAA MONSANTO RESEARCH CORP., DAYTON, OH. DAYTON LAB. MRC-DA-1153 Physical Testing of Polymers for Use in Circulatory Assist Devices. PB84-158484/GAA MONTGOMERY (JAMES M.), INC., WALNUT CREEK, CA. Water Reuse and Recycling in the Food Processing In- dustry. (W84-00446, OWRT-C-90180-R(9416)(1)) PB84-125137/GAA MOTOROLA, INC., PHOENIX, AZ. NAS 1.26:168181 Qualification Testing of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Re- frigerator Freezers for Medical Use in Remote Geograph- ic Locations. (NASA-CR-168181) N84-25162/8/GAA MOUNTAIN COMMUNITY WORKSHOP, BEREA, KY. DOE/R4/10084-T1 Waste Not - Want Not. DOE Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program. DE84000371/GAA MULTISYSTEMS, INC., CAMBRIDGE, MA. Free Enterprise Urban Transport. (UMTA-DC-06-0 150-82- 1) PB82-205683/GAA MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LAB., CINCINNATI, OH. EPA-600/D-84-121 Searching for Rapid Methods in Environmental Bacteriol- ogy, PB84-190578/GAA EPA-600/J-80-167 Monitoring Water Filters for Asbestos Removal. PB82-205956/GAA EPA-600/J-81-480 Evaluating Costs and Benefits of Alternative Disinfect- ants. PB82-132440/GAA MUNICIPALITY OF METROPOLITAN SEATTLE-METRO, WA. Transportation Energy Management. Transit Operator Fa- cilities. Volume 1 . Office Guide. (DOT-l-83-10) PB84-151174/GAA Transportation Energy Management. Transit Operator Fa- cilities. Volume 2. Field Guide. (DOT-l-83-11) PB84-151182/GAA Transportation Energy Management; Current Transit Op- erator Activities. (DOT-l-83-01) PB84-152628/GAA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING, WASHINGTON, DC. Competitive Status of the U.S. Auto Industry: A Study of the Influences of Technology in Determining International Industrial Competitive Advantage. PB83-131094/GAA NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, CLEVELAND, OH. LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER. E-1305 Design Description of the Tangaye Village Photovoltaic Power System. (NASA-TM-82917) N82-33828/6/GAA NAS 1.15:82917 Design Description of the Tangaye Village Photovoltaic Power System. (NASA-TM-82917) N82-33828/6/GAA NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, HAMPTON, VA. LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER. L-15317 Standard Tests for Toughened Resin Composites. (NASA-RP-1092) N82-24301/5/GAA CA-304 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX NATIONAL FOOD PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION, BERKELEY, CA. NAS 1.15:83265 Assessment of PERT as a Technique for Schedule Plan- ning and Control. (NASA-TM-83265) N82-33981/3/GAA NAS-1.61-1092 Standard Tests for Toughened Resin Composites. (NASA-RP-1092) N82-24301/5/GAA NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC. NAS 1.15:76896 Role of the Developing Nations in the Development and Optimal Use of Space Technology. (NASA-TM-76896) N82-31159/8/GAA NAS 1.15:77059 Economy of Precipitating Agent Application in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities. (NASA-TM- 77059) N83-23372/6/GAA NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY, BELTSVILLE, MD. BLA-25 Directory of Aquaculture Information Resources. PB83-169474/GAA MPUB-1432 Aquaculture Research - A Directory of USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) and State Projects in CRIS (Current Research Information System). PB83-169284/GAA Literature for United States Aquaculture: 1970-1982. PB84-127562/GAA NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Guide for Multijurisdictional Fire Protection Planning, A Draft Copy. (FEMA-16) PB82-160458/GAA NATIONAL BOARD FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, DUBLIN (IRELAND). ISBN-0-86282-001-4 Biotechnology Trends: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Healthcare and Food Processing. PB84-1 19031 /GAA Ireland - Science and Technology, PB84-117183/GAA Expertise Ireland: Directory of Irish Expertise for Techni- cal Cooperation and Development, PB84-118819/GAA Manual for the Construction and Operation of a Simple Oyster Hatchery. PB84-168186/GAA NATIONAL BOTANICAL RESEARCH INST., LUCKNOW (INDIA). Dhaincha for Seed Gum; Dehydration of Flowers and Fo- liage; Damask Rose for Rose Oil and Rose Water; Matri- caria for Blue Oil; Control Noxious Algae in Garden Tanks and Ponds; Mass Propagation of Dioscorea flori- bunda by Tissue Culture; and Extraction of Jasmine Flower Oil. PB82-259557/GAA NATIONAL BUILDING RESEARCH INST., PRETORIA (SOUTH AFRICA). CSIR-BRR-396 Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Building by the CR-Method. N83-11578/2/GAA ISBN-0-7988-2047-0 Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Building by the CR-Method. N83-11578/2/GAA ISBN-0-7988-2054-3 Guidelines for Factory Building Design. Part 1. Thermal Conditions. Part 2. Lighting. Part 3. Noise Control. PB83-245514/GAA R/BOU-861 Use of Organic Materials in the Maintenance of Buildings, PB83-163279/GAA Corrosion in Sewers, PB82-185844/GAA Corrosion of Architectural and Structural Metals and Metal Coatings in South Africa, PB82-185869/GAA Housing Challenge: A Positive Approach. Proceedings of the Building Research Conference Held at Pretoria, South Africa on 24-26 May 1983. PB84-187558/GAA NATIONAL BUILDINGS ORGANISATION, NEW DELHI (INDIA). HOUSING FOR MILLIONS SER-1 Making Mud Houses More Durable. PB82-108945/GAA ROOF OVER YOUR HEAD-2 Low Cost Brick House. PB82-108937/GAA Compendium of New Construction Techniques and Mate- rials. PB82-107129/GAA Housing Construction Techniques and Termite Control: Precast Cellular Unit Floor/Roof for Low Cost Housing. PB82-206574/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, INC., CAMBRIDGE, MA. Expectations, Financial Structure and Compositional Change in R and D (Research and Development) as De- terminants of Productivity Growth. (NSF/PRA-83011) PB83-21 3991 /GAA Expectations, Financial Structure and Compositional Change in R and D (Research and Development) as De- terminants of Productivity Growth. (NSF/PRA-83010) PB83-214007/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, INC., NEW YORK. Patents, R and D, and the Private Value of Knowledge: Explorations in the Economics of Technological Change. (NSF/PRA-82009) PB82-218470/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, BOULDER, CO. NATIONAL ENGINEERING LAB. NBSIR-82-1675 Membrane Separations in Chemical Processing, PB83-165068/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (NEL), WASHINGTON, DC. CENTER FOR BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. NBSIR-84-2845 Test Methods and Standards Development for Active Solar Heating and Cooling Systems. PB84-217447/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, WASHINGTON, DC. NBSIR-82-2485 Symbols for Industrial Safety. PB82-237850/GAA NBSIR-82-2590. Guide for the Construction and Operation of Drill-Up, PB83-140186/GAA NBSIR-83-2780 Behavior of Concrete Block Masonry Walls Subjected to Repeated Cyclic Displacements, PB84-122092/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, WASHINGTON, DC. NATIONAL ENGINEERING LAB. NBS-BSS-141 Development and Evaluation of Effective Symbol Signs. PB82-242355/GAA NBS-SP-658 Wind and Seismic Effects. Proceedings of the Joint Panel Conference of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (11th). PB83-252791/GAA NBS-SP-665 Wind and Seismic Effects. Proceedings of the Joint Panel Conference of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (12th) Held at Gaithersburg, Maryland on May 19-23, 1980. PB84-167758/GAA NBS-TN-1172 Productivity Measurement for the Construction Industry. PB83-192625/GAA NBSIR-81-2390 Analysis and Modeling of Corrosion of Steel in Pres- tressed Concrete. PB82-141771/GAA NBSIR-81-2428 Communication Systems for Disabled Users of Buildings, PB82-165283/GAA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, WASHINGTON, DC. NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LAB. NBS-SP-640 Innovation for Maintenance Technology Improvements (MFPG). Proceedings of the Meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group (33rd), Held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD., April 21-23, 1981. PB83-149450/GAA Evaluation Criteria for Comparing Domestic and Foreign Material Specifications. PB83-241653/GAA NATIONAL CANCER INST., BETHESDA, MD. CARCINOGENESIS TESTING PROGRAM. NCI-CG-TR-199 Bioassay of Selsun (Trade Name) for Possible Carcino- genicity. (NTP-80-19) PB82-164542/GAA NIH/PUB-80-1755 Bioassay of Selsun (Trade Name) for Possible Carcino- genicity. (NTP-80-19) PB82-164542/GAA NATIONAL CENTER FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY, BUTTE, MT. DOE/CE/1 5095-2 Wastes to Resources: Appropriate Technologies for Sewage Treatment and Conversion. DE83015398/GAA DOE/CE/1 5095-3 Drying Wood with the Sun: How to Build a Solar-Heated Firewood Dryer. DE83018210/GAA DOE/CE/1 5095-6 Using the Earth to Heat and Cool Homes. DE84007102/GAA DOE/CE/1 5095-7 Introducing Supplemental Combustion Air to Gas-Fired Home Appliances. DE84006144/GAA DOE/CE/1 5095-8 Solar Greenhouses and Sunspaces: Lessons Learned. DE84007097/GAA DOE/CE/15095-9 Heat Recovery Ventilation for Housing: Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers. DE84007877/GAA DOE/CE/15095-12 Window Insulation: How to Sort Through the Options. DE84008866/GAA DOE/CE/15095-13 Introduction to Biogas Production on the Farm. DE84009730/GAA DOE/CE/1 5095-14 Appropriate Technology Management Information System. DE84010952/GAA DOE/CE/1 5095-T1 Technical Assistance and Information Dissemination for the Appropriate Technology Small Grants Program. Final Report, May 4, 1982-February 17, 1984. DE84010957/GAA NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, BOULDER, CO. NCAR/CT-77 Use of a Simulation Model in Assessing the Impacts of Climate on the World Food System. PB84-104009/GAA NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, HYATTSVILLE, MD. NCHSR-81-215 Impacts and Trends in Health Care Delivery Research for the Clinical Laboratory. PB82-110750/GAA NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, ROCKVILLE, MD. DHHS/PUB/PHS-83-3343 Hospital Cost and Utilization Project. Project Overview. PB84-111566/GAA DHHS/PUB/PHS-83-3352 Hospital Cost and Utilization Project. Characteristics of Financially Distressed Hospitals. PB84-111574/GAA NCHSR-83-76 Hospital Cost and Utilization Project. Project Overview. PB84-111566/GAA NCHSR-83-77* Hospital Cost and Utilization Project. Characteristics of Financially Distressed Hospitals. PB84-111574/GAA NCHSR-83-88 Synopses of Health Status Indices, PB84-145432/GAA NATIONAL COMPUTING CENTRE LTD., MANCHESTER (ENGLAND). EDP (Electronic Data Processing) Training - A Develop- ing Need, AD-P001 458/9/GAA NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INST., KARNAL (INDIA). Janata Biogas Technology and Fodder Production, PB82-252750/GAA National Dairy Research Institute Annual Report 1981, PB83-150938/GAA Operational Research Project: Integrated Milk and Crop Production Project for Increased Productivity, Employ- ment and Farm Income in Village Around Karnal. PB84-111988/GAA Calf Raising, PB84-112945/GAA NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIV., WASHINGTON, DC. RESEARCH DIRECTORATE. ARPA ORDER-3359 World Grain Economy and Climate Change to the Year 2000: Implications for Policy. Report of the Final Phase of a Climate Impact Assessment, (NOAA-83050904) PB83-204974/GAA NATIONAL ENGINEERING LAB., EAST KILBRIDE (SCOTLAND). NEL-681 Casting Critical Components, PB83-260570/GAA NATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTER, MUSCLE SHOALS, AL. U.S. Fertilizer Technology Patents, (AID-PN-AAJ-559) PB83-106005/GAA Optimization of Biological Recycling of Plant Nutrients in Livestock Waste by Utilizing Waste Heat from Cooling Water. (EPA-600/7-82-041) PB83-107763/GAA NATIONAL FISHERIES EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Controlled Atmosphere as a New Technique in Fresh Fish Shelf Life Extension. (NOAA-83050413) PB83-201681/GAA NATIONAL FISHERIES INST., INC., WASHINGTON, DC. U.S. Seafood Processing Industry: An Economic Profile for Policy and Regulatory Analysts. PB83-199265/GAA NATIONAL FOOD PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION, BERKELEY, CA. Tomato Cleaning and Water Recycle. (EPA-600/ 2-82-059) PB82-255381/GAA CA-305 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX NATIONAL HEALTH PLANNING UNIT, ACCRA (GHANA). Planning and Management of Health Services at the Dis- trict Level - Manual Number 2. (AID-PN-AAJ-358) PB82-245622/GAA NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INST., BETHESDA, MD. NHLBI-79-305 Foods for Health: Report of the Pilot Program. PB84-133255/GAA NIH/PUB-83-2036 Foods for Health: Report of the Pilot Program. PB84-133255/GAA NATIONAL INFORMATION CENTRE FOR LEATHER AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES, MADRAS (INDIA). NICLAI/SER-1 Technological Controls in Leather Manufacture, PB83-218305/GAA NICLAI/SER-2 Animal Blood in Food, Feed, Fertilizer, Industry, Medicine and Laboratory, PB83-218313/GAA NICLAI/SER-3 Animal By-Products: Their Processing and Utilisation, PB83-133355/GAA NICLAI/SER-4 Utilization of Dead Animals and Condemned Animal Offals, PB83-218362/GAA NATIONAL INST. FOR AERONAUTICS AND SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, PRETORIA (SOUTH AFRICA). NIAST-81/07 Graphical Status Monitoring System for Project Manag- PB83-109769/GAA NATIONAL INST. FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, CINCINNATI, OH. DHHS/NIOSH/PUB-83-1 1 9 Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Ex- posure to Styrene. PB84-148295/GAA Report on Testing of the Automated Fiber Counter, PB83-192997/GAA Analytical Methods Applications in Safety Engineering: A Training Monograph, PB83-195669/GAA NATIONAL INST. FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, CINCINNATI, OH. DIV. OF SURVEILLANCE, HAZARD EVALUATIONS AND FIELD STUDIES. DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-81-122 Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting. PB82-178948/GAA DHHS/PUB/NIOSH-81-129 Potential Health Hazards of Video Display Terminals. PB82-218447/GAA NATIONAL INST. FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, CINCINNATI, OH. ENGINEERING CONTROL TECHNOLOGY BRANCH. CT-143.12A Control Technology Feasibility Study of the Use of Engi- neering Controls in Hospitals: Preliminary Survey Report of Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, PB84-145465/GAA NATIONAL INST. FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MORGANTOWN, WV. DIV. OF SAFETY RESEARCH. Selected Bibliography on Hazardous Materials Control, PB84-131564/GAA NATIONAL INST. FOR WATER RESEARCH, PRETORIA (SOUTH AFRICA). CSIR-S-236 Symposium on Aquaculture in Wastewater Held at Preto- ria, South Africa on November 24-26, 1 980. PB82-109752/GAA Manual for Water Renovation and Reclamation (Second Edition). PB82-207093/GAA NATIONAL INST. OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, SILSOE (ENGLAND). NIAE-34 Conveyor Feeding of Cattle, PB84-125426/GAA NIAE-37 Review of Research on Forage Chopping. PB84-1 25251 /GAA NATIONAL INST. OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE, NEW DELHI (INDIA). Tribal Enterprise Development. (EDA-82-0033) PB82-195116/GAA NATIONAL INST. OF NUTRITION, HYDERABAD (INDIA). National Institute of Nutrition Annual Report, January 1- December 31, 1981. PB83-166785/GAA Some Therapeutic Diets. PB84-1 48311 /GAA Low Cost Nutritious Supplements. PB84-149525/GAA Nutritional Disabilities, PB84-149533/GAA NATIONAL INST. ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM, ROCKVILLE, MD. NIAAA/NCALI-82/6 National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Utilization Survey: Comprehensive Report. PB82-184870/GAA NATIONAL INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, ROCKVILLE, MD. DIV. OF RESEARCH. DHHS/PUB/ADM-81-1052 Benzodiazepines: A Review of Research Results, 1980. PB82-139106/GAA NIDA/DR-82/01 Problems of Drug Dependence, 1981. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting (43rd), The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., PB82-190760/GAA NIDR/DR-81-06 Benzodiazepines: A Review of Research Results, 1980. PB82-139106/GAA RESEARCH MONO SER-41 Problems of Drug Dependence, 1981. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting (43rd), The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., PB82-190760/GAA NATIONAL INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, ROCKVILLE, MD. OFFICE OF SCIENCE. NIDA/OS/83-01 Problems of Drug Dependence, 1982. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting (44th), the Committee on Prob- lems of Drug Dependence, Inc. PB83-252692/GAA NIDA/OS-83-02 Measurement in the Analysis and Treatment of Smoking Behavior. PB84-145184/GAA NIDA/RM SER-43 Problems of Drug Dependence, 1 982. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting (44th), the Committee on Prob- lems of Drug Dependence, Inc. PB83-252692/GAA NIDA/RM-48 Measurement in the Analysis and Treatment of Smoking Behavior. PB84-145184/GAA NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, BETHESDA, MD. NIH-81-1948 Medicine for the Layman: Allergies, PB84-135805/GAA NATIONAL JOINT HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE FOR THE WATER SERVICE, LONDON (ENGLAND). ISBN-0-901 090-48-4 Safety Aspects of Storage, Handling and Use of Chlorine and Sulphur Dioxide. PB84-167907/GAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, CHARLESTON, SC. CHARLESTON LAB. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-54 Refrigerated Shelflife of Spanish Mackerel ('Scombero- morus maculatus') and King Mackerel ('Scomberomorus cavalla') Harvested from the Southeastern United States. (NOAA-83110305) PB84-118322/GAA Frozen Storage Stability of Whole and Headless Fresh- water Prawns, 'Macrobrachium rosenbergii', (NOAA-82011 202-3) PB82-181223/GAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, GLOUCESTER, MA. GLOUCESTER LAB. Low Temperature Preservation of Seafoods: A Review, PB82-126764/GAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, LITTLE ROCK, AR. NMFS/M321/84-14 National Aquaculture Directory, PB84-244334/GAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, PANAMA CITY, FL. PANAMA CITY LAB. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-1 9 Delphi Technique: A Potential Methodology for Evaluating Recreational Fisheries. (NOAA-83 110308) PB84-115682/GAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, SEATTLE, WA. NOAA-TM-NMFS-F/NWC-39 Economic Analysis of Fishing Industry Energy Conserva- tion Technology, (NOAA-83031408) PB83-180125/GAA NOAA-TR-NMFS-CIRC-442 Proceedings of the U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture (6th), Santa Barbara, California, August 27-28, 1 977. (NOAA-82051005) PB82-237892/GAA Marine Fisheries Review. Volume 43, Number 4, April 1981. (NOAA-81092101) PB82-126756/GAA Marine Fisheries Review. Volume 45, Number 7-9, July- September 1983. (NOAA-84022201) PB84-160662/GAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, WASHINGTON, DC. FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT DIV. List of Fishery Cooperatives in the United States, 1980- 81, (NOAA-8 1080701) PB82-107830/GAA NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC. OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. Reviving the Urban Waterfront, (NOAA-8 1 110503) PB82-146242/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. ISBN-0-309-02618-0 Jojoba: Feasibility for Cultivation on Indian Reservations in the Sonoran Desert Region. PB83-219220/GAA ISBN-0-309-02890-6 Estimation of Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in the Republic of Korea. PB83-145896/GAA ISBN-0-309-02891-4 Pharmaceuticals for Developing Countries - Conference Proceedings. PB83-158923/GAA ISBN-0-309-02892-2 Contraception: Science, Technology, and Application. (ISBN-0-309-02892-2) PB83-173849/GAA ISBN-0-309-02931-7 Drinking Water and Health: Volume 2. PB82-117052/GAA ISBN-0-309-02932-5 Drinking Water and Health: Volume 3. PB82-117060/GAA ISBN-0-309-03134-6 Marine Invertebrates. PB82-145921/GAA ISBN-0-309-03235-0 Ecological Aspects of Development in the Humid Tropics. PB82-232414/GAA ISBN-0-309-03248-2 Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update. PB82-209644/GAA ISBN-0-309-03326-8 Quality Criteria for Water Reuse. PB83-138636/GAA ISBN-0-309-03382-9 Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs. PB84-148618/GAA Improving Managerial Evaluations of Computer-Aided Manufacturing. PB82-162389/GAA Reindustrialization or New Industrialization, Minutes of a Symposium. PB82-170242/GAA Computer-Aided Manufacturing: An International Compar- ison. PB82-1 72321 /GAA Ecological Aspects of Development in the Humid Tropics (Les Aspects Ecologiques du Developpement sous les Tropiques Humides) (Aspectos Ecologicos del Desarrollo in las Zonas Tropicales Humedas), PB82-213489/GAA Nutritional Surveillance: A Synopsis. PB82-249749/GAA Nutritional Components of a Primary Health Care Delivery System. PB82-249756/GAA Fertility and Mortality Changes in Honduras, 1950-1974. (AID-PN-AAJ-512) PB82-259490/GAA Management of the Diarrheal Diseases at the Community Level. PB83-112706/GAA Data Collection: A Statement for Administrators. PB83-128769/GAA Energia para el Desarrollo Rural: Recursos Renovables y Alternativas Tecnologicas para Paises en Vias de Desar- rollo (Energy for Rural Development: Renewable Re- sources and Alternative Technologies for Developing Countries). PB83-1 32621 /GAA Computer Programs for Demographic Estimation: A User's Guide. PB83-133025/GAA Marine Technical Assistance to Developing Countries: The U.S. Role. PB83-136366/GAA International Cooperation in Marine Technology, Science, and Fisheries: The Future U.S. Role in Development - Proceedings of a Workshop, January 18-22, 1981, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. PB83-145045/GAA Assessment of Basic Field Surveys of Nutritional Status in Young Children (Monograph No. 1) as It Related to National Nutrition Surveillance. PB83-174086/GAA Summary Report of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Science and Technology in Jordanian Develop- ment, Amman, Jordan, July 27 - August 4, 1979. PB83-1 74201 /GAA Proceedings of Panel Discussions on Science and Tech- nology Planning and Forecasting for Indonesia: Special Emphasis on Manpower Development Held at Jakarta, Indonesia on November 8-10, 1982. PB83-191288/GAA Coastal Resource Development and Management Needs of Developing Countries. PB83-191296/GAA Proceedings of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Energy Symposium: Energy for Surviv- al Held at Freetown, Sierra Leone (Africa) November 2-6, 1981. PB83-191353/GAA Roles of Industry and the University in Computer Re- search and Development. PB83-192039/GAA CA-306 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX NAVY PERSONNEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER, SAN Needs in Science and Technology for Development in Caribbean Island actins: Report of a Workshop held in Washington, DC, August 30-31, 1982. PB83-203653/GAA Workshop on Building Diagnostics Held at Pine Mountain, Georgia on March 5-8, 1983. PB84-129865/GAA Poundage Update of Food Chemicals, 1982. PB84-162148/GAA Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Pro- duction - Volume 2. PB84-176486/GAA Winged Bean: A High-Protein Crop for the Tropics. (Second Edition), (AID-PN-AAJ-980) PB84-215714/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. AD HOC COMMITTEE ON COMPUTING RESOURCES AND FACILITIES FOR OCEAN CIRCULATION. TR-001 International Developments in Computer Science. AD-A115 140/6/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. ADVISORY BOARD ON MILITARY PERSONNEL SUPPLIES. ABMPS-125 Microbiological Safety of Foods in Feeding Systems. PB83-140269/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 33 Alcohol Fuels: Options for Developing Countries. PB84-129808/GAA 44 Managing Tropical Animal Resources: Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea. PB84-105758/GAA 49 Opportunities for Control of Dracunculiasis: Report of a Workshop Held at Washington, DC. on June 16-19, 1982. PB84-105766/GAA 50 Environmental Change in the West African Sahel. PB84-105774/GAA 51 Producer Gas: Another Fuel for Motor Transport. PB84-129774/GAA 55 Manpower Needs and Career Opportunities in the Field Aspects of Vector Biology: Report of a Workshop Held at Washington, DC. and Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, on September 29-October 2, 1982. PB84-129725/GAA 83-4 Technology for Increasing Rural Productivity in Indonesia - Report of a Workshop Held at Jakarta, Indonesia on October 7-15, 1982. PB84-106806/GAA 83-5 Workshops on the Management of Urban Waste and on Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture Held at Tunis, Tunisia on April 7-28, 1983. PB84-105808/GAA 83-7 Workshop on Single-Cell Protein: Summary Report. PB84-129824/GAA CIR/BOSTID/37 Winged Bean: A High-Protein Crop for the Tropics (Second Edition). PB82-170523/GAA CIR/BOSTID-83-8 U.S.-lndonesia Marine Science Exchange Program, 1982- 83, Summary Report. PB84-129782/GAA ISBN-0-309-03386-1 Alcohol Fuels: Options for Developing Countries. PB84-129808/GAA R-42 Calliandra: A Versatile Small Tree for the Humid Tropics (Innovations in Tropical Reforestation). PB84-118207/GAA R-43 Casuarinas: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees for Adverse Sites. PB84-1 94281 /GAA R-46 Managing Tropical Animal Resources: Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. PB84-119262/GAA R-51 Agroforestry in the West African Sahel. PB84-1 18181 /GAA R-83-6 Chemistry and World Food Supplies: Research Priorities for Development - Report of a Workshop Held at Los Banos, Philippines, on December 11-14, 1982. PB84-118173/GAA R-84-1 Potential Collaboration in Science and Technology: Pro- ceedings of a Symposium on Indonesia Held at Washing- ton, DC on October 3-5, 1983. PB84-194646/GAA R-84-2 Workshop on Systems Analysis: Summary Report Held at Jakarta (Indonesia) on February 8-12, 1983. PB84-1 94661 /GAA Priorities in Biotechnology Research for International De- velopment. Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Washing- ton, DC and Berkeley Springs, West Virginia on July 26- 30, 1982. PB83-1 68831 /GAA Needs in Science and Technology for Development in Caribbean Island Nations - Report of a Workshop Held in Washington, DC. August 30-31, 1982. PB83-236984/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. CLIMATE RESEARCH BOARD. International Perspectives on the Study of Climate and Society: Report of the International Workshop on Climate Issues, Schloss Laxenburg, Austria, April 24-28, 1 978. PB83-113043/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. COMMITTEE ON HEARING, BIOACOUSTICS AND BIOMECHANICS. Prenatal Effects of Exposure to High-Level Noise, AD-A113 724/9/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. COMMITTEE ON POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY. 12 Levels and Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Co- lumbia, PB83-217737/GAA 13 Fertility in Thailand: Trends, Differentials, and Proximate Determinants, PB83-218545/GAA 17 Socioeconomic Determinants of Fertility Behavior in De- veloping Nations: Theory and Initial Results, PB83-218503/GAA 20 Fertility Decline in Indonesia: Analysis and Interpretation, PB83-218099/GAA 21 Levels and Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Brazil. PB84-108455/GAA NATIONAL RESEARCH INST. FOR MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, PRETORIA (SOUTH AFRICA). CSIR-TWISK-322 Modelling the Demand for Construction. PB84-184472/GAA NATIONAL RURAL CENTER, WASHINGTON, DC. Agenda for Small Farms Research, A Report on Phase II of the National Rural Center's Small Farms Project, (NSF/PAG-81002) PB82-156654/GAA Directory of Small Farms Technical Assistance in the United States, (AID-PN-AAK-338) PB84-245703/GAA NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, HYDERABAD (INDIA). ANDHRA PRADESH CHAPTER. Safety Rules, Part I. PB83-140533/GAA Safety Training in Industry. PB83-142075/GAA Disaster Planning in Industry. PB83-142083/GAA NATIONAL SAVINGS AND LOAN LEAGUE, WASHINGTON, DC. Technical Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Urban Areas of Developing Countries, (AID-PN-AAK-014) PB84-169960/GAA NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, DC. NSF/PRA-83012 Workshop on the Role of Basic Research in Science and Technology: Case Studies in Energy R and D (Research and Development). Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Washington, DC, March 12-13, 1983. PB83-213645/GAA NSF/RA-790787 Summary of Active Awards and Completed Projects of the Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Supplement 1. PB83-212480/GAA NSF-83-30 Workshop on the Role of Basic Research in Science and Technology: Case Studies in Energy R and D (Research and Development). Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Washington, DC, March 12-13, 1983. PB83-213645/GAA NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, DC. DIV. OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. NSF/ISI-82002 University-Industry Cooperative Research Centers: A Practice Manual, PB83-110742/GAA NSF/ISI-82007 Small Business Innovation Research Program: Abstracts of Phase I Grants, PB83-125864/GAA NSF/ISI-83012 Process of Technological Innovation: Reviewing the Liter- ature, PB84-125020/GAA NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, DC. DIV. OF SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES. NSF-81-305 Problems of Small, High-Technology Firms. PB82-262494/GAA NATIONAL SWEDISH INST. FOR BUILDING RESEARCH, GAEVLE. MEDDELANDE/BULL-M84:4 Upgrading Reconsidered - The George Studies in Retro- spect, PB84-205251/GAA NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VA. Toxicology of Vinyl Chloride and Polyvinyl Chloride. 1978- January, 1982 (Citations from the Information Retrieval, Ltd. Data Base). PB82-858887/GAA Preventive Medicine: Hazardous Materials Exposure and Public Health. 1976-October, 1982 (Citations from the Energy Data Base). PB83-852418/GAA Industrial Energy Management. June, 1976-February, 1 983 (Citations from the Energy Data Base). PB83-861286/GAA Animal Offal in the Manufacture of Meat Products. 1972- July, 1983 (Citations from the Food Science and Tech- nology Abstracts Data Base). PB83-869685/GAA NATIONAL TRAFFIC PLANNING AND AUTOMATION CENTRE, TRIVANDRUM (INDIA). National Traffic Planning and Automation Centre - Annual Report of Activities, 1980-1981. PB84-122746/GAA NATIONAL WATER COUNCIL, LONDON (ENGLAND). ISBN-0-904561-51-8 Flexible Joints for Gravity Sewers. PB82-151507/GAA NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, IPSWICH, MA. Role of Desalting Technology in Water Supply, Wastewater Reuse and Industrial Applications: A Compi- lation of Papers Presented at a Series of Technology Transfer Workshops. (W82-05543, OWRT-C-80360- T(8709)(1)) PB82-236571/GAA NATIONAL WORKING PARTY OF DEANS OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND COMMERCE, DUBLIN (IRELAND). ISBN-0-86282-030-8 Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Recommen- dations of the National Working Party of Deans. PB84-118579/GAA NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. INTERNATIONAL PROJECT. Preliminary Guide to Audiovisual Materials on Environ- mental and Natural Resource Issues in Developing Coun- tries. (AID-PN-AAH-019) PB83-106617/GAA NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB., PORT HUENEME, CA. NCEL-TN-1653 Water-in-Oil Emulsion as a Boiler Fuel. AD-A128 773/9/GAA NCEL-TN-1654 Sulfur Oxides Control Burner. AD-A1 28 772/1 /GAA NCEL-TR-900 Encapsulation of Friable Insulation Materials Containing Asbestos. AD-A129 872/8/GAA NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER, SAN DIEGO, CA. NAVHLTHRSCHC-82-21 Simple Kit System for Rapid Diagnosis of Cerebrospinal Meningitis in Developing Areas. AD-A123 159/6/GAA NAVHLTHRSCHC-83-22 Techniques of Psychosocial Epidemiology. AD-A135 501/5/GAA NAVAL JUSTICE SCHOOL, NEWPORT, Rl. Not in My Navy: A Legal Guide to Drug Abuse. AD-A136 696/2/GAA NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER, SAN DIEGO, CA. NOSC/TD-604 Portable Life Support Stretcher Unit (PLSSU): Engineer- ing Drawings. AD-A136 880/2/GAA NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, MONTEREY, CA. NPS-54-82-011 Technology Transfer: A Compilation of Varied Approach- es to the Management of Innovation. AD-A126 411/8/GAA Design and Implementation of a Personal Database Man- agement System. AD-A121 894/0/GAA West African Oil: Will It Make a Difference. AD-A123 826/0/GAA NAVAL RESEARCH LAB., WASHINGTON, DC. NRL-MR-5016 Electroactive Polymers as Antistatic Materials. (SBI-AD-E000-532) AD-A126 102/3/GAA NRL-MR-5070 Hot Corrosion in Gas Turbines. AD-A127 425/7/GAA NAVY PERSONNEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER, SAN DIEGO, CA. NPRDC-TR-81-18 Practical Methodology for Identifying Impediments to Pro- ductivity. AD-A104 577/2/GAA CA-307 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX NEBRASKA UNIV.-LINCOLN. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Increased Water Conservation and Percolation through Improved Tillage Practices, (W83-04160, OWRT-A-069-NEB(1» PB84-105584/GAA NEBRASKA UNIV.-LINCOLN. DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT. 11 Idiographic Study of Leadership Behavior in Natural Set- tings: An Empirical Analysis Using a Single Case Experi- mental Design. AD-A119 899/3/GAA NEBRASKA UNIV.-LINCOLN. INST. OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES. Genetic Improvement of Productivity and Nutritional Qual- ity of Wheat. (AID-PN-AAJ-327) PB82-251414/GAA NEW ALCHEMY INST., EAST FALMOUTH, MA. Solar Aquaculture: Perspectives in Renewable, Resource- Based Fish Production. (NSF/CEE-S3026) PB83-213652/GAA NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIV., DURHAM. COHERENT AREA SEA GRANT PROGRAM. UNH-SG-164 Husbandry of Mussels in a Maine Estuary: An Approach to a Commercial Enterprise, (NOAA-811 21409) PB82-1 63031 /GAA NEW JERSEY SEA GRANT EXTENSION SERVICE, NEW BRUNSWICK. NJSG-83-107 Overview of Legal Constraints on Aquaculture, (NOAA-83050401) PB83-202614/GAA NEW MEXICO ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INST., ALBUQUERQUE. DOE/R6/12322-T2 Solar Kiln Handbook and Workshops. Final Report. DE84003427/GAA NEW MEXICO ENGINEERING RESEARCH INST., ALBUQUERQUE. NMERI-TA3-1-VOL-2 Selective Automatic Fire Extinguisher for Class A with Notification (SAFE CAN). Volume 2. Appendices. (AFESC/ESL - TR-83-07- VOL-2) AD-A130 331/2/GAA NEW MEXICO UNIV., ALBUQUERQUE. DOE/ER/60119-T1 Lung Cancer Epidemiology in New Mexico Uranium Miners. First Annual Report, 1 April 1983-1 January 1984. DE84005322/GAA NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST., LAS CRUCES. TR-166 Optimization of Primary Production by the Halophytic Algae, 'Dunaliella salina', in Saline Water. (W84-00138, OWRT-A-067-NMEX(1)) PB84-113604/GAA NEW YORK SEA GRANT INST., ALBANY. NYSG-B-10 Development of Products from Underutilized Species of Fish: Retail Market Tests of Canned Pollock. (NOAA-82021913) PB82-189762/GAA Seaweed Raft and Farm Design in the United States and China, (NOAA-84022704) PB84-163864/GAA NEW YORK STATE COLL. OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES, ITHACA. CIAM-76 Effects of P.L. 480 Wheat Imports on Latin American Countries. (AID-PN-AAJ-038) PB83-107912/GAA CIAM-80 Economic Feasibility of Import Substitution of Livestock Feed in the Caribbean Community. (AID-PN-AAJ-503) PB82-241563/GAA NEW YORK STATE COLL. OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES, ITHACA. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. SERI/PR-9038-1-T1 Feasibility of Biogas Production on Farms. DE83007385/GAA Wastewater Treatment with Plants in Nutrient Films. (EPA-600/2-83-067) PB83-247494/GAA NEW YORK STATE DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION, ALBANY. Energy Impacts of Transportation Systems Management Actions. (DOT-l-82-4) PB82-237124/GAA NEW ZEALAND ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE, AUCKLAND. R-90 Fermentation Studies on Extracts of Beet, PB84-1 29261 /GAA NORGES TEKNISKE HOEGSKOLE, TRONDHEIM. SELSKAPET FOR INDUSTRIELL OG TEKNISK FORSKNING. STF1 7-A83020 Method to Estimate Equipment Cost in Automatic Assem- bly System, PB83-224147/GAA NORSK INST. FOR SKOGFORSKNING, VOLLEBEKK. NP-4750112 Integrating Forest Operations with Small-Scale Industrial Activities - Including Energy Conversion. Case Studies Carried out in Colombia, Gambia, India, Norway, Senegal and Thailand. DE84750112/GAA NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV. AT RALEIGH. Waste Management Control Handbook for Dairy Food Plants. (EPA-600/2-84-043) PB84-152826/GAA NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV. AT RALEIGH. DEPT. OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING. DOE/R4/10141-T1 NCSU (North Carolina State University) Solar Energy and Conservation House. Final Report. DE84000389/GAA NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV. AT RALEIGH. PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH AND EXTENSION PROGRAM. CAM-83-2 Electronics/Electrical Manufacturing Industry Research Needs (NSF/MEA-83015) PB84-122969/GAA NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV. AT RALEIGH. SEA GRANT COLL. PROGRAM. UNC/SG/83-3 Evaluation of Five Types of Binders to Improve the Artifi- cial Diet of Young American Eels 'Anguilla rostrata' Le Seuer. (NOAA-83042902) PB83-201491/GAA NORTH CAROLINA UNIV. AT CHAPEL HILL. 1979 Mexico National Fertility and Mortality Survey: A Summary of Results. (AID-PN-AAJ-384) PB82-251190/GAA NORTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST., RALEIGH. LAND TREATMENT SER-1 Policies and Procedures for Land Treatment of Wastewater, (OWR T-B- 123-NC(1 1)) PB84-190230/GAA LAND TREATMENT SER-2 General Guidelines for Land Treatment of Wastewater, (OWRT-B- 123-NC(12)) PB84-190354/GAA LAND TREATMENT SER-4 General Guidelines for Subsurface Treatment of Wastewater, (OWRT-B- 123-NC(14)) PB84-190370/GAA NORTH TEXAS STATE UNIV., DENTON. Health Care Services Utilization among Older Adults: Ex- ecutive Summary. (NCHSR-81-216) PB82-130477/GAA NORTHAMPTON COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, JACKSON, NC. DOE/CS/23986-T1 North Carolina Energy Conservation Plan. Final Program Report. DE84013287/GAA NORTHERN INDIANA HEALTH SYSTEMS AGENCY, INC., SOUTH BEND. Search for Safe Drinking Water, HRP-0903845/6/GAA NORTHWESTERN UNIV., EVANSTON, IL. Mechanistic and Kinetic Studies of the Elementary Proc- esses in Catalytic Combustion of Methane. (GRI-81/0127) PB83-188615/GAA Structural Basis for the Mechanical Properties of Polyeth- ylenes. (GRI-81/0132) PB83-21 7851 /GAA NUTTLE (DAVID A.), RALEIGH, NC. DOE/R4/10493-T1 Innovative Conservation Housing. Final Progress Report. DE84000381/GAA OAK RIDGE ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES, INC., TN. Opportunities for Energy Conservation in the Developing Countries. ORAU/IEA-81-1(M)/GAA OAK RIDGE ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES, INC., TN. MANPOWER EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND TRAINING DIV. ORAU-207 Assessment of Benefit-Cost Analysis for Coal-Extraction R and D. DE83004749/GAA OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TN. CONF-821 106-15 Physical-Property Estimation for Coal Liquids. DE83003483/GAA CONF-830847-7 Diesel Fuel Extenders and Substitutes. DE84003402/GAA CONF-831 205-5 Integrated Palm Oil Processing. DE84004580/GAA DOE/NBM-3011403 Resources, Recycle, and Substitution. DE83011403/GAA EPRI-EA-1491 Review of Open Literature on Effects of Chlorine on Aquatic Organisms. DE82000097/GAA ORNL-tr-4948 Livestock Waste Treatment System. DE83006585/GAA ORNL-5894 On-Farm Use of Biomass Fuels: Market Penetration Po- tential During Normal and Fuel-Emergency Conditions. DE83005180/GAA OAK RIDGE Y-12 PLANT, TN. CONF-821 21 3-2 Technical Considerations in Choosing Alcohol Fuels for Less-Developed Countries. DE83004644/GAA OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, WASHINGTON, DC. DHEW/PUB/OHD-74-64 Familias Con Solo Uno de Los Padres (One Parent Fami- lies). PB83-106286/GAA DHHS/PUB/OHDS-81 -30049 El Desarrollo del Nino en el Hogar (Child Development in the Home). PB83-121863/GAA OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. DHEW/PUB/OHD-76-3001 1 Guia de Bolsillo para Ninera (A Pocket Guide to Babysit- ting). PB83-116665/GAA OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (USDA), WASHINGTON, DC. DEVELOPMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER. Acquiring and Using Microcomputers in Agricultural De- velopment: A Manager's Guide, PB83-207175/GAA OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH, BOSTON, MA. Organizational Stress: A Literature Review 1974-1982. AD-A125 549/6/GAA OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH, TOKYO GROUP, APO SAN FRANCISCO 96503. ONRT-M5 Overview of Microbiology Research in Japan, with Notes on Medical History, Education and Health Care. AD-A106 001/1 /GAA OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. WORKFORCE EFFECTIVENESS AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP. OPM/WDG-83/8 Assessing Changes in Job Behavior Due to Training: A Guide to the Participant Action Plan Approach. PB84-105238/GAA OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, WASHINGTON, DC. OTA-BP-F-18 Sustaining Tropical Forest Resources. Background Paper Number 1 . Reforestation of Degraded Lands. PB84-1 04041 /GAA OTA-BP-F-19 Sustaining Tropical Forest Resources. Background Paper Number 2. U.S. and International Institutions. PB84-104058/GAA OTA-BP-F-20 Water-Related Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in Arid/Semiarid Lands. Selected Foreign Experience. PB84-102912/GAA OTA-BP-F-23 Plants: The Potentials for Extracting Protein, Medicines, and Other Useful Chemicals - Workshop Proceedings. PB84-114743/GAA OTA-BP-F-27 Technology, Renewable Resources, and American Crafts: Background Paper. PB84-222421/GAA OTA-F-212 Water-Related Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in U.S. Arid/Semiarid Lands. PB84-172667/GAA OTA-HCS-23 Safety, Efficacy, and Cost Effectiveness of Therapeutic Apheresis - Health Technology Case Study 23: Medical Technology and Costs of the Medicare Program. PB84-114842/GAA OTA-M-197. Technologies and Management Strategies for Hazardous Waste Control. PB83-263061/GAA OTA-TM-CIT-25 Automation and the Workplace: Selected Labor, Educa- tion, and Training Issues. PB83-191320/GAA World Population and Fertility Planning Technologies: The Next 20 Years. Volume II: Working Papers. PB82-253428/GAA CA-308 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX PADCO, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Technologies and Management Strategies for Hazardous Waste Control. Volume 2. Working Papers. Part A. Haz- ardous Waste Categories: Review of Literature and Past Research Effort. PB83-239939/GAA OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, DC. Interrelationships of Technology, System Performance, and Prices for Mini/Midicomputers, AD-A109 946/4/GAA OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, WASHINGTON, DC. Guide to the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). PB83-153411/GAA OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. Recent Advances in Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialy- sis Membrane Desalting Technology. (W84-00531) PB84-129287/GAA OHIO STATE UNIV., COLUMBUS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY. OP-484 Rural Nonfarm Employment: The Recent East Asian Ex- perience, (AID-PN-AAH-885) PB82-260308/GAA OP-587 Lending to Rural Poor Through Informal Groups: A Prom- ising Financial Market Innovation. (AID-PN-AAJ-899) PB83-106492/GAA OP-589 Structure and Performance of Rural Financial Markets in the Philippines. (AID-PN-AAJ-898) PB83-1 06641 /GAA OP-596 Recent Performance of Rural Financial Markets in Low Income Countries. (AID-PN-AAH-887) PB82-260324/GAA OP-615, Testing an Off-Farm Labor Supply Model in an LDC. (AID-PN-AAH-884) PB82-260159/GAA OP-633 Agricultural Credit and Rural Progress in Jamaica: A De- velopment Dilemma. (AID-PN-AAH-882) PB83-106526/GAA OP-712 Rural Financial Markets and Development in Low Income Countries: Some Insights for the U.S. (AID-PN-AAH-880) PB82-260167/GAA OP-720 Funding and Viability of Rural Development Banks. (AID-PN-AAH-892) PB82-260316/GAA Recent Economic Growth and Rural Financial Markets in Jamaica: Analysis of Performance, Problems and Recom- mendations, (AID-PN-AAH-893) PB82-260233/GAA Political Economy of Bolivian Agricultural Credit, (AID-PN-AAJ-916) PB83-105924/GAA Critique of Traditional Agricultural Credit Projects and Policies, (AID-PN-AAJ-894) PB83-106682/GAA OHIO STATE UNIV., COLUMBUS. DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. EES-560 Optimization of Design of Asphaltic Paving Mixtures. (FHWA/OH-8 1/005) PB82-220153/GAA OKLAHOMA ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, NORMAN. DOE/R6/10992-T1 Solar and Weatherization Education for Appropriate Technology: A Community Barn Raising. Final Report. Department of Energy Small Grants Program. DE84003531 /GAA OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. 80-1 Enterprise Budgets: A Multiple Use Data Base for Agri- cultural Banks in Developing Countries, (AID-PN-AAJ-086) PB82-240979/GAA 80-2 Training Programs for Agricultural Development Bank Personnel: The Honduras Experience, (AID-PN-AAJ-088) PB82-240961/GAA 80-3 Records for Small Farms in Honduras: A Development and Critique, (AID-PN-AAJ-087) PB82-240953/GAA IDS-80-4 Managing Small Farmer Credit Programs: A Case Study in Honduras, (AID-PN-AAJ-252) PB82-251398/GAA IDS-80-5 Production Loans to Groups of Farms: Experiments in Honduras, (AID-PN-AAJ-251) PB82-250705/GAA OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER. DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY. Biochemical Analyses for Detection and Assessment of Pollution in the Subsurface Environment. (EPA-600/ 2-83-021) PB83-182303/GAA OKLAHOMA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST., STILLWATER. Appropriate Selection of Water/Wastewater Treatment Processes for Small Cities and Rural Areas, (W82-06162, OWRT-A-100-OKLA(1)) PB82-254889/GAA OKOCHI MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, TOKYO (JAPAN). Research and Development in Japan Awarded The Okochi Memorial Prize. PB82-168659/GAA OLD (BRUCE S.) ASSOCIATES, INC., CONCORD, MA. Return on Investment in Basic Research. Exploring a Methodology. AD-A111 283/8/GAA ONE AMERICA, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. DOE/CS/24312-5 Who's Who in Energy Recovery from Waste. DE83002977/GAA OPEN UNIV., MILTON KEYNES (ENGLAND). ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY GROUP. ATG/4/81 Green Cars: A Brief Guide to Shared Car Ownership, PB83-128967/GAA ATG-6 Alternative Technology, Self-Sufficiency and the Future of Work, PB83-129015/GAA ATG-7 Comparison of Commercial and Do-lt-Yourself Solar Col- lectors, PB83-128975/GAA ATG-9 Family and Community Biogas Plants in Rural India and China, PB83-128959/GAA ATG-10 Recycling Opportunities for Neighbourhoods and Commu- nities, PB83-128942/GAA Smallholdings and Food Production, PB83-128934/GAA Community, Technology, and Design: The Utopian Exam- ple of the Shakers, PB83-129023/GAA Appropriate Technologies for Basic Energy Needs in Rural India. PB83-129031/GAA OPEN UNIV., MILTON KEYNES (ENGLAND). ENERGY RESEARCH GROUP. ERG-037 Information Routing Groups. Getting the Information That You Did Not Know Was Needed Until It Arrived. PB83-184168/GAA OREGON STATE HEALTH PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY, SALEM. OFFICE OF RURAL HEALTH. Clinic Management Handbook, HRP-0904149/2/GAA OREGON STATE PERSONNEL DIV., SALEM. ITFOSBF-82/10 Studies of Small Business Finance: Role of Small Busi- ness in the American Economy, PB82-228776/GAA ITFOSBF-82-1 1 Studies of Small Business Finance: Who Finances Small Business Circa 1980, PB82-228784/GAA OREGON STATE UNIV., CORVALLIS. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TECHNICAL PAPER-5757 Microbiological Profile of Pacific Shrimp, 'Pandalus jor- dani', Stowed Under Refrigerated Seawater Spray, PB82-222977/GAA Utilization of Nickel Refining By-Products on Agricultural Lands. (BUMINES-OFR-62-83) PB83-183129/GAA OREGON UNIV., EUGENE. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANGEMENT. TR-10-ONR Facilitating Effective Performance Appraisals: The Role of Employee Commitment and Organizational Climate. AD-A119 413/3/GAA ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPAST NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK, DELFT (NETHERLANDS). Trade, Transport and Technology: The Functioning of World Seaport Complexes in the Eighties (15th Interna- tional TNO Conference), PB83-248583/GAA OSAKA MUNICIPAL URBAN ENGINEERING INFORMATION CENTER (JAPAN). OSAKA and Its Technology, Number 1, 1982. PB83-244558/GAA OSAKA and Its Technology, Number 3, 1983. PB83-244657/GAA Osaka and Its Technology, Number 4, 1983. PB84-118678/GAA Osaka and Its Technology, Volume 5, 1984. PB84-180942/GAA OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. Consequences of Accelerated Mortality Declines for Future Population Growth and Economic Progress in De- veloping Countries: A Preliminary Exploration, (AID-PN-AAJ-691) PB83-105759/GAA Assistance to the Third World on Urban Energy, (AID-PN-AAJ-101) PB83-106542/GAA OXFORD UNIV. (ENGLAND). COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY INST. CFI/OP-10 Tropical Rainforest Silviculture: A Research Project Report, PB82-1 69871 /GAA CFI/OP-16 Problems and Opportunities in Tropical Rain-Forest Man- agement. PB84-140912/GAA CFI/OP-17 Fire Control in Tropical Pine Forests, PB82-249491/GAA ISBN-0-85074-029-0 Descriptions of Seed Sources and Collections for Proven- ances of 'Pinus oocarpa'. PB83-231894/GAA ISBN-0-85074-030-4 'Pinus kesiya' Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. 'khasya' Royle; P. 'insularis' Endlicher). PB83-231878/GAA ISBN-0-85074-031-2 Manual of Permanent Plot Procedures for Tropical Rain- forests. *■ PB83-231886/GAA ISBN-0-85074-060-6 Problems and Opportunities in Tropical Rain-Forest Man- agement. PB84-140912/GAA TFP-9 'Pinus kesiya' Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. 'khasya' Royle; P. 'insularis' Endlicher). PB83-231878/GAA TFP-10/10A Manual Sobre Investigaciones de Especies y Proceden- cias con Referenda Especial a Los Tropicos (Manual on Species and Provenance Research with Particular Refer- ence to the Tropics and Appendices). PB83-233775/GAA TFP-10/10A Manual on Species with Provenance Research with Par- ticular Reference to the Tropics. PB83-233783/GAA TFP-18 Provenance Regions for 'Pinus caribaea' and 'Pinus oo- carpa' Schiede Within the Republic of Honduras. PB83-229674/GAA 'Pinus patula'. PB83-230995/GAA Descriptions of Seed Sources and Collections for Proven- ances of 'Pinus caribaea'. PB83-231001/GAA Annotated Bibliography of Genetic Variation in 'Eucalyp- tus camaldulensis'. PB83-231019/GAA First Look at Agathis. PB83-231027/GAA 'Terminate ivorensis'. PB83-231167/GAA 'Pinus caribaea'. Volume 1. PB83-232504/GAA OXFORD UNIV. (ENGLAND). DEPT. OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE. OUEL-1 356/81 Corporate Organizational Design and Its Effect on Inno- vation, PB82-108903/GAA PACE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATES, WASHINGTON, DC. Proposed Methodologies for Conducting Assessments of Health Status and Health Systems Status with Regard to Problems of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. HRP-0903802/7/GAA PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, PORTLAND, OR. FSGTR/PNW-3 Aerial Spray Adjuvants for Herbicidal Drift Control. PB84-233048/GAA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, BERKELEY, CA. FSGTR-PSW-59 Using Goats to Control Brush Regrowth on Fuelbreaks. PB83-152207/GAA PADCO, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Transition Housing for Victims of Disasters. Volume I: Disaster Assistance Manual. (AID-PN-AAJ-399) PB82-251422/GAA CA-309 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor. An Orientation for Project Design and Implementation: Volume I. (AID-PN-AAJ-815) PB83-106955/GAA Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor: An orienatation for Project Design and Implementation. Volume II: Annexes. (AID-PN-AAJ-816) PB83-106963/GAA PAINT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, TEDDINGTON (ENGLAND). The Paint Industry Today: World Trends-Translation. PB83-106013/GAA PANDALAI COATINGS CO., BRACKENRIDGE, PA. 5 Investigative Study on Alcohol Diesel Fuel Blends. AD-A125 063/8/GAA PARTNERSHIP FOR PRODUCTIVITY, ANNANDALE, VA. ISBN-0-90303 1-42-6 Asesoria para Pequenas Empresas (Consultancy for Small Businesses), PB82-264946/GAA PATHFINDER FUND, BOSTON, MA. Evaluating Small Grants for Women in Development, (AID-PN-AAJ-775) PB84-174341/GAA Women's Development Projects and Fertility Change: Suggestions for Assessing Field Experience. (AID-PN-AAJ-696) PB84-177013/GAA PECKWORTH (RALPH H.), CHARLOTTE, NC. DOE/R4/10504-T1 Solar Greenhouse and Warm Room with a Spiral Piping System for Hot Water and a Low-Cost Building-Construc- tion Method. Final Report. DE84000382/GAA PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY PARK. NP-2901472 Agricultural Anaerobic Digesters: Design and Operation. DE82901472/GAA PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK. Restoration of Failing On-Lot Sewage Disposal Areas. (EPA-600/2-84-062) PB84-168970/GAA PENNSYLVANIA UNIV., PHILADELPHIA. Three Essays on the Econometrics of Production, Pro- ductivity, and Capacity Utilization. (DLETA-DD-42-81-02- 1) PB82-140823/GAA Market Structure, International Technology Transfer, and the Effects on Productivity of the Composition of R and D Expenditures: Final Report, (NSF/PRA-81031) PB82-217811/GAA PENNSYLVANIA UNIV., PHILADELPHIA. DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY. TR-83-2 Electrochemistry of Polyacetylene: Application in High Power Density Rechargeable Batteries. AD-A126 998/4/GAA PENNSYLVANIA UNIV., PHILADELPHIA. DEPT. OF CIVIL AND URBAN ENGINEERING. Train Crew Reduction for Increased Productivity of Rail Transit. (UMTA-PA- 1 1-0023-82-2) PB82-225871/GAA PENNWALT CORP., KING OF PRUSSIA, PA. Development of an Effective, Safe, Insect-Resistant Treatment for Food Packaging Materials. (NA TICK- TR-83/0 19) AD-A125 945/6/GAA PERMUTIT CO., INC., PARAMUS, NJ. Non-Acid Pretreatment and Management of Microorga- nisms in Seawater Desalination by Reverse Osmosis, (W82-02108, OWRT-C-00093-D(0466)(1)) PB82-153396/GAA PITTSBURGH UNIV., PA. Impact of Increasing Energy Prices and Energy Supply Curtailments on Small Business in the U.S. PB83-208025/GAA PLASTICS AND RUBBER INST., LONDON (ENGLAND). Symposium on Mouldmaking 79. PB82-128414/GAA Use of Plastics and Rubber in Water and Effluents (Joint Conference) 15 February to 17 February 1982 Held at The Royal Lancaster Hotel, London. PB83-116160/GAA Drive for Plastics. Proceedings of a Conference Drive for Plastics He at Hounslow (England) on 6-7 Oct 82. PB83-232405/GAA POPKIN (JOEL) AND CO., WASHINGTON, DC. Analysis of the Effect of Recessions on Small Business' Output. PB82-115981/GAA PRACTICAL CONCEPTS, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Rural Development in the 1980's: Executive Summary and Conference Proceedings Report on the International Conference Held at the Shenandoah National Park, Vir- ginia in November 1979. (AID-PN-AAJ-884) PB84-179084/GAA Urban Functions in Rural Development: Final Report of a Field Demonstration in Fada N'Gourma and Koudougou Regions of Upper Volta, 1978-1980, (AID-PN-AAK-356) PB84-245323/GAA PRC TOUPS, ORANGE, CA. Evaluation of Desalination Technology for Wastewater Reuse. (W83-01270, OWRT/RU-82/8) PB83-139899/GAA PROJECT SHARE (HEW), ROCKVILLE, MD. Productivity in Human Services: Measurement, Improve- ment, and Management. SHR-0202301/GAA PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, WASHINGTON, DC. Breast Is Best: An International Bibliography on Breast Feeding and Infant Health, (AID-PN-AAK-023) PB84-198159/GAA PUBLIC SERVICE SATELLITE CONSORTIUM, WASHINGTON, DC. NAS 1.26:173173 Pacific Basin Communications Study, Volume 1 . (NASA-CR-173173) N84-21767/8/GAA PUERTO RICO ADMINISTRATION OF REGULATIONS AND PERMITS, SANTURCE. Facilidades para los Fisicamente Impedidos: Reglamen- tos y lllustraciones (Facilities for the Physically Handi- capped: Regulations and Illustrations). PB82-258674/GAA Codigo para la Conservacion de Energia en Edificios en Puerto Rico (Code for Energy Conservation in Buildings in Puerto Rico). PB82-261942/GAA Sugerencias para Supervisores (Suggestions for Supervi- sors). PB82-262197/GAA PUERTO RICO DEPT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES, SAN JUAN. Introduccion a la Ecologia del Manglar (Introduction to the Ecology of Mangroves), PB83-218107/GAA Mangrove Forests: Ecology and Reponse to Natural and Man Induced Stressors, PB83-218115/GAA Environmental Impact of Sand Extraction Activities on the Insular Shelf. PB83-218354/GAA Impact of Oil in the Tropical Marine Environment. PB83-218370/GAA PUERTO RICO UNIV., MAYAGUEZ. 5 Impact of Heavy Trucks on Highways and Pavement Re- habilitation Needs in Puerto Rico. (Maintenance), PB83-211409/GAA 7 Feasibility Analysis of a Distillation Column with Vapor Recompression, PB83-211417/GAA 8 Microcomputers: A Tool for Planning and Scheduling Construction Projects, PB83-211201/GAA 9 Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Highway Conditions and Highway Accidents, PB83-211193/GAA 10 Work from Steam Expanded to Low Quality Levels, PB83-211268/GAA 11 Recovery of Enthalpy as Work from Thermal Effluents, PB83-211227/GAA 12 Bamboo as a Renewable Energy Source, PB83-211219/GAA Produccion de Metano Usando un Filtro Anaerobico (Pro- duction of Methane Using an Anaerobic Filter), PB83-217661/GAA Tratamiento de Mostos Utilizando el Filtro Anaerobio (Treatment of Must Using an Anaerobic Filter). PB84-149590/GAA Tecnicas de Ensenanza (Teaching Techniques), PB84-207299/GAA Ahorre Energia en su Hogar (Conserving Energy in Your Home), PB84-207307/GAA Aplique los Plaguididas Correctamente: Guia para Agri- cultores Usuarios de Plaguicidas Restringidos (Correct Application of Pesticides: Guide for Agricultural Users of Restricted Pesticides), PB84-207398/GAA Origen y Effectos de la Contaminacion del Aire (Origin and Effects of Air Pollution), PB84-207414/GAA Ganado Lechero. Primera Parte: La Crianza de la Be- cerra (Milch Cattle. Part 1 : Nursing and the Yearling), PB84-207422/GAA PUERTO RICO UNIV., MAYAGUEZ. DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. Operacion del Proceso de Lodos Activados Mediante el Uso de la Curva de Sedimentacion de Lodos (Processing Active Mud by Using a Curve of Sedimentation of Mud), PB83-218149/GAA Renewable Energy Technologies: Models in the Energy Planning for Puerto Rico, PB83-218339/GAA Effect of the Soil in the Prevention of Groundwater Pollu- tion from Sanitary Landfill Leachates, PB83-218347/GAA Assessment of the Wastewater Reuse Potential in Puerto Rico. (OWRT-A-067-PR(1» PB84-227156/GAA PUERTO RICO UNIV., MAYAGUEZ. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST. Packed-Bed Reactors for Concentrated-Waste Treatment and Energy Production. (W83.-02214, OWRT-A-052-PR(1» PB83-177998/GAA Organizational Approach to Water Resources in Puerto Rico, PB83-209239/GAA PUERTO RICO UNIV., RIO PIEDRAS. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BULL-269 Demanda y Consumo de Alimentos en Puerto Rico. IV. Patrones de Compra - Proporcion de Familias Que Com- praban Alimentos (Demand and Consumption of Food in Puerto Rico. 4. 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ISBN-91 -540-4069-8 Traditional Tswana Housing: A Study in Four Villages in Eastern Botswana, PB84-167550/GAA SWEDISH INST. FOR METALS RESEARCH, STOCKHOLM. Swedish Symposium on Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel Held on 27-29 April 1981. PB83-131292/GAA SYDNEY UNIV. (AUSTRALIA). SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND MINING ENGINEERING. R-424 Behaviour of Foundations Supported by Clay Stabilised by Stone Columns. PB84-132141/GAA R-435 Analysis of Deformations Caused by Loading Applied to the Walls of a Circular Tunnel. PB84-115476/GAA R-439 Effects of Ground Creep on a Lining Installed in a Circu- lar Tunnel. PB84-132166/GAA SYRACUSE RESEARCH CORP., NY. Clean Fuel from Bioconversion of Solar Energy. (GRI-8 1/0057) PB83-136226/GAA SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, INC., SAN RAFAEL, CA. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of Se- lected Chemicals. Volume 1 . PB84-102540/GAA TANZANIA INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, DAR ES SALAAM. Trainers' Guide on Soap Making Using Raw Materials In- digenous to Tanzania, P683-191445/GAA TANZANIA NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COUNCIL, DAR ES SALAAM. Young Child in Tanzania from Age Seven to Fifteen PB82-247040/GAA African Goals and Aspirations in the United Nations Con- ference on Science and Technology for Development. Report of a Symposium Held in Arusha, Tanzania Janu- ary 30-February 4, 1978 PB83-191429/GAA TATA INST. OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH, BOMBAY (INDIA). Socio-Economic Significance of Information Technology for Developing Countries, AD-P001 452/2/GAA TECHNISCHE UNIV. BERLIN (GERMANY, F.R.). FACHGEBIET BRENNSTOFFTECHNIK. BMFT-FB-T-82-194 Energy Saving Incineration of Waste. N83-23776/8/GAA ISSN-0340-7608 Energy Saving Incineration of Waste. N83-23776/8/GAA TEM ASSOCIATES, INC., BERKELEY, CA. DOE/SF/11686-T1 Administrative Support of Regional Appropriate Technolo- gy Small Grants Program. Final Report. E84007422/GAA TENNESSEE WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, KNOXVILLE. RR-90 Problems, Issues, Constraints, and Barriers to Water Quality Planning and Management in Urban and Urbaniz- ing Areas (SMSA's) in Tennessee. (W83-02899, OWRT-A-0620TENN(1)) PB83-196519/GAA TETRA TECH, INC., BELLEVUE, WA. Ecological Impacts of Sewage Discharges on Coral Reef Communities. (EPA-430/9-83-010) PB84-134493/GAA TEXAS A AND M UNIV., COLLEGE STATION. TENRAC/EDF-066 Ethanol Production in Small- to Medium-Size Facilities. Final Report. DE83900875/GAA TEXAS A AND M UNIV., COLLEGE STATION. CENTER FOR ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES. TENRAC/EDF-074 On-Site Energy Production from Agricultural Residues. Final Report. DE83900814/GAA TEXAS A AND M UNIV., COLLEGE STATION. SEA GRANT COLL. PROGRAM. TAMU-SG-72-508 Seafood Quality Control: Vessels (Embarcaciones). (NOAA-831 22701) PB84-134675/GAA TAMU-SG-73-504 Seafood Quality Control: Processing Plant Personnel (Planta de Procesamiento de Personal), (NOAA-831 22702) PB84-134667/GAA TAMU-SG-83-112 Proceedings of the Annual Tropical and Subtropical Fish- eries Conference of the Americas (8th), (NOAA-831 00604) PB84-104488/GAA TAMU-SG-84-502 Shrimp Mariculture: State of the Art, (NOAA-831 11401) PB84-122555/GAA TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, COLLEGE STATION. Shrimp Mariculture: Positive Aspects and State of the Art, AD-P002 132/9/GAA Quality of Irrigation Return Flow from Flooded Rice Pad- dies, PB83-170407/GAA TEXAS GOVERNOR'S OFFICE OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AUSTIN. Procedimientos de Seminarios Sobre el Desarrollo Indus- trial/Economico (Summary of Proceedings - Industrial/ Economic Development Seminars). (EDA-83-0002S) PB83-183475/GAA TEXAS SOUTHERN UNIV., HOUSTON. Project to Increase the Level of Patronage for Public Transit Among Specialized Groups. Phase 1. (UMTA- TX- 1 1-00 14-84-2) PB84-206481/GAA TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INST., COLLEGE STATION. TTI-2-9-79-240-2 Construction of Fly Ash Test Sites and Guidelines for Construction. (FHWA/TX-8 1/40-240-2) PB82-196536/GAA TTI-2-1 8-78-228 Special Traffic Management Requirements for Mainte- nance Work Zones on Urban Freeways. (FHWA/TX-82/ 1-228-8) PB82-196510/GAA Passenger Car Equivalents for Rural Highways. (FHWA/RD-82/132) PB83-218826/GAA TEXAS UNIV. AT EL PASO. Women's Organizations in Rural Development, (AID-PN-AAJ-773) PB84-178458/GAA Tracing Sex Differentiation in Donor Agricultural Pro- grams, (AID-PN-AAH-774) PB84-182658/GAA TEXAS UNIV. AT SAN ANTONIO. CENTER FOR STUDIES IN BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND HUMAN RESOURCES. Key Business Ratios of Minority-Owned Businesses: Analysis and Policy Implications. (MBDA-82-03) PB83-104190/GAA TEXTILES LA ESMERALDA S.A., BOGOTA (COLOMBIA). Informe del Agua Tratada con Jacintos (Report on Water Treated by Water Hyacinths), PB83-219212/GAA THAI UNIV. RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, BANGKOK. Socio-Economic Aspects of Poverty in Thailand. A Sum- mary Report of the Workshop on Raising Agricultural Income and Productivity of Poor Farmers, (AID-PN-AAK-007) PB84-242197/GAA THERMO ELECTRON CORP., WALTHAM, MA. TE4274- 160-82 Development of Solar-Assisted Gas-Fired Appliances: Phase II. (GRI-8 1/00 17) PB82-231663/GAA THOMAS (G. RICHARD), STILLWATER, OK. DOE/R6/12041-T1 Human/Electric Hybrid Vehicle. Final Report. DE84003507/GAA THREE RIVERS HEALTH SYSTEMS AGENCY, INC., COLUMBIA, SC. Plan for Institutional-Based Cardiac Services. HRP-0903819/1/GAA Plan for Radiation Therapy Services. HRP-0903822/5/GAA Plan for Institutional-Based Maternal and Newborn Serv- HRP-0903887/8/GAA TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH LAB., CROWTHORNE (ENGLAND). TRR/SR-762 Performance of Surface Dressed Roads in Ghana, PB83-253989/GAA TRRL-LR-1019 Surface Dressing in Developing Countries: Research in Kenya, PB82-135351/GAA TRRL-LR-1031 Vehicle Operating Costs in the Caribbean: Results of a Survey of Vehicle Operators, PB82-253907/GAA TRRL/LR-1056 Vehicle Operating Costs in the Caribbean: An Experimen- tal Study of Vehicle Performance. PB82-253048/GAA TRRL-LR-1057 TRRL (Transport and Road Research Laboratory) Road Investment Model for Developing Countries (RTIM2). PB83-232900/GAA TRRL-LR-1093 Performance of Unsealed Roads in Ghana, PB84-163187/GAA TRRL/LR-1110 Dust Emission from Unpaved Roads in Kenya. PB84-234749/GAA TRRL/LR-1112 Kenya Maintenance Study on Unpaved Roads: Optimum Maintenance Strategies. PB84-233568/GAA TRRL/SR-709 Characteristics of Public Transport Demand in Indian Cities. PB82-254426/GAA TRRL-SR-756 Effects of Urban Traffic Control in Bangkok, PB83-254052/GAA TRRL-SR-771 Preliminary Study of Children's Road-Crossing Knowl- edge in Three Developing Countries. PB83-231530/GAA TRRL-SR-777 Value of Time Savings in West Malaysia: Car, Bus and Taxi Occupants, PB83-253971/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-670 Selection of Geometric Design Standards for Rural Roads in Developing Countries, PB82-113614/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-709 Characteristics of Public Transport Demand in Indian Cities. PB82-254426/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-758 Study of Bus Safety in Delhi. PB83-233163/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-790 Conduct of Road Maintenance in Ghana, PB84-138767/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-798 High Performance Surface Dressing: 3. Properties of Thermosetting Binders Related to Road Performance. PB84-161272/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-807 Road Accidents in Developing Countries, PB84-167378/GAA TRRL-SUPPLEMENTARY-81 1 Specialised Bus Services in Three Third World Cities. PB84-164235/GAA TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD, WASHINGTON, DC. ISBN-0-309-03257-1 Transportation System Management - Parking, Enforce- ment, and Other Issues. PB82-142357/GAA ISBN-0-309-03400-0 Segmental and System Bridge Construction; Concrete Box Girder and Steel Design, PB83-169359/GAA ISBN-0-309-03407-8 Underwater Inspection and Repair of Bridge Substruc- tures, PB82-230467/GAA ISBN-0-309-03454-X Coordination of Transportation System Management and Land Use Management. PB83-176693/GAA ISBN-0-309-03462-0 Design and Upgrading of Surfacing and Other Aspects of Low-Volume Roads, PB83-200691/GAA ISBN-0-309-03511-2 Low-Volume Roads: International Conference, (3rd), 1983, PB83-219717/GAA ISBN-0-309-03517-1 Bridges and Culverts. PB83-256891/GAA ISBN-0-309-03565-1 Criteria for Use of Asphalt Friction Surfaces. PB84-155613/GAA ISBN-0-309-03569-4 Diesel Fuel Quality and Effects of Fuel Additives. PB84-235688/GAA TRB/NCHRP/SYN-88 Underwater Inspection and Repair of Bridge Substruc- tures, PB82-230467/GAA TRB/NCHRP/SYN-93 Coordination of Transportation System Management and Land Use Management. PB83-176693/GAA TRB/NCHRP/SYN-104 Criteria for Use of Asphalt Friction Surfaces. PB84-155613/GAA TRB/NCTRP/SYN-3 Diesel Fuel Quality and Effects of Fuel Additives. PB84-235688/GAA TRB/TRR-816 Transportation System Management - Parking, Enforce- ment, and Other Issues. PB82-142357/GAA TRB/TRR-871 Segmental and System Bridge Construction; Concrete Box Girder and Steel Design, PB83-169359/GAA TRB/TRR-875 Design and Upgrading of Surfacing and Other Aspects of Low-Volume Roads, PB83-200691/GAA TRB/TRR-898 Low-Volume Roads: International Conference, (3rd), 1983, PB83-219717/GAA TRB/TRR-903 Bridges and Culverts. PB83-256891/GAA CA-313 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX TRB/TRR-940 Transportation Management, Finance, and Pricing Issues, PB84-227594/GAA Transportation Technology Support for Developing Coun- tries. Synthesis 3: Labor-Based Construction and Mainte- nance of Low-Volume Roads. (AID-PN-AAJ-720) PB83-106484/GAA Urban Buses: Planning and Operations. PB84-144849/GAA TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA. DOT-TSC-NHTSA-82-6 World Motor Vehicle Demand. (DOT-HS-806-215) PB83-131995/GAA DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-47-1 Planning for Downtown Circulation Systems. Volume 1. Planning Concepts. (UMTA-MA-06-0039-83-2) PB84-209238/GAA DOT-TSC-UMTA-83-47-2 Planning for Downtown Circulation Systems. Volume 2. Analysis Techniques. (UMTA-MA-06-0039-83-3) PB84-209246/GAA DOT-TSC-U MT A-83-47-3 Planning for Downtown Circulation Systems. Volume 3. Appendices. (UMTA-MA-06-0039-83-4) PB84-209253/GAA TRIBHUVAN UNIV., KATHMANDU (NEPAL). RESEARCH CENTRE FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Sample Survey of Traditional Water Wheels and Small Water Turbines in Nepal: A Preliminary Report, PB83-142695/GAA Study on Vegetable Tannin in Nepal, PB84-133867/GAA TRINITY COLL., DUBLIN (IRELAND). Advanced Technical Training in Developing Countries - Some Wider Considerations, AD-P001 472/0/GAA TRINITY COLL., DUBLIN (IRELAND). DEPT. OF PSYCHOLOGY. Effects of Prolonged Driving on Time Headway Adopted by HGV (Heavy Goods Vehicle) Drivers. (ARl-RN-83-33) AD-A136 586/5/GAA TUFTS-NEW ENGLAND MEDICAL CENTER, BOSTON, MA. Role of Intestinal Bacteria in Acute Diarrheal Disease. AD-A134 902/6/GAA Role of Intestinal Bacteria in Acute Diarrheal Diseases. AD-A136 755/6/GAA TUFTS UNIV., MEDFORD, MA. Investments in Large Scale Infrastructure: Irrigation and River Management in the Sahel. (AID-PN-AAK-258) PB84-245455/GAA Analysis of Selected Agricultural Parastatals in the Ivory Coast, (AID-PN-AAK-126) PB84-245463/GAA TWITCHELL (JON)/ASSOCIATES, SAN FRANCISCO, CA. TSM for Major Institutions: San Francisco Experience. (DOT-l-82- 1 1) PB82-242496/GAA UKAEA ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, HARWELL (ENGLAND). MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT DIV. AERE-R-10361 Automated Electrochemical Test Facility. N83-15407/0/GAA UNITED HEALTH SYSTEMS AGENCY, INC., CONCORD, NH. Cardiac Catheterization, HRP-0904237/5/GAA UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, NAIROBI (KENYA). HS/CONF/83/5 Land for Housing the Poor. PB83-214320/GAA ISBN-91 -540-3905-3 Land for Housing the Poor. PB83-214320/GAA UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, VIENNA (AUSTRIA). 81-24139 Analysis of Machinery for the Food-Processing Industry. PB83-235366/GAA 82-21244 Chinese Experiences in Small Mini Hydro Power Genera- tion. PB83-228726/GAA 82-21821 Estrategia de Desarrollo Industrial en Bolivia (Industrial Development Strategy in Bolivia), PB83-229286/GAA 82-28195 UNIDO's (United Nations Industrial Development Organi- zation's) Industrial and Technological Information Bank (INTIB) and National Industrial Information and Advisory Services with a Problem Identification and Information Extension Function as an Interrelated System of Services to Industry in Developing Countries, PB83-228684/GAA ID/WG.375/8 Boatbuilding and Repair Yard for Wooden Fishing Boats, PB84-130970/GAA ID/WG.375/37 Construction of Shipbuilding and Shiprepair Yards for Small-Scale Ships, PB84-165562/GAA ID/WG.375/38 Glassfibre Reinforced Cement Used in the Boatbuilding, PB84-165588/GAA R-81 -24534 Mini Hydro Power Stations. (A Manual for Decision Makers). PB84-131861/GAA R-81 -30086 Manual on Jigs for the Furniture Industry, PB84-131556/GAA R-81 -33841 Meeting of the Expert Group to Exchange Experiences in the Developing Countries (1st), Held in Vienna, Austria on 7-11 December 1981. PB84-130350/GAA R-82-27167 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Industrial Develop- ment. A Review of UNIDO Activities on the Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for the Production of Phar- maceuticals in Developing Countries, PB84-131754/GAA R-82-31070 Energy Development and Industrialization. PB84-130939/GAA R-82-31870 Boatbuilding and Repair Yard for Wooden Fishing Boats, PB84-130970/GAA R-82-31875 Application of Wind Power for Ship's Drive, PB84-130954/GAA R-82-33205 Emerging Petrochemicals Technology: Implications for Developing Countries, PB84-131275/GAA R-82-33288 Emerging Photovoltaics Technologies: Implications for Developing Countries. PB84-128750/GAA R-82-34028 Small-Scale Manufacture of Footwear. PB84-131044/GAA R-82-34129 Production of Newsprint from Waste Paper in North America, PB84-131598/GAA R-82-34752 Contractual Arrangements for the Setting up of a Plant for the Production of Bulk Drugs or Intermediates. PB84-131093/GAA R-82-34762 Guidelines for the Establishment of Industrial Joint Ven- tures in Developing Countries, PB84-131986/GAA R-83-50024 Importance of Blood as a Basic Material for Local Pro- duction of Blood Derivatives Essential for the Health Care Programmes of Developing Countries, PB84-131762/GAA R-83-50135 Industrial Production of Coconut Cream: The Production Concept, PB84-131770/GAA R-83-50632 Interregional Cement Technology Forum, Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 13-20 April 1982. PB84-130731/GAA R-83-51155 Application of Wind Power in the Shipbuilding (Use of Sail in the Marine Transportation), PB84-132059/GAA R-83-51698 Microelectronics and Developing Countries. Towards an Action-Oriented Approach. PB84-130772/GAA R-83-52764 Preparatory Phase in the Establishment of a Regional Project in the Area of Maintenance and Repair in Latin American and Caribbean Sugar Mills. PB84-131622/GAA R-83-53160 Implications of Biomass Energy Technology for Develop- ing Countries. PB84-131846/GAA R-83-53177 Packaging and Plastics, PB84-132067/GAA R-83-53178 Medical Applications of Plastics, PB84-131739/GAA R-83-53179 Plastics in Agricultural Applications in Developing Coun- tries, PB84-132042/GAA R-83-53180 Plastics in the Building and Construction Industry, PB84-131614/GAA R-83-53553 Implications of New Materials and Technology for Devel- oping Countries. PB84-131838/GAA R-83-53923 Development of African Capacities for the Design and Manufacture of Basic Agricultural Equipment. PB84-1 29071 /GAA R-83-54325 'Balanites Aegyptiaca' an Unutilized Raw Material Poten- tial Ready for Agro-Industrial Exploitation, PB84-131085/GAA R-83-55103 High-Level Expert Group Meetings Preparatory to the Fourth General Conference of UNIDO (United Nations In- dustrial Development Organization). International Forum on Technological Advances and Development, Tbilisi, USSR, 12-16 April 1983. PB84-131036/GAA R-83-56335 Promotion of Commercially Less Accepted Species (Timber) of Wood, PB84-130947/GAA R-83-56338 Promoting the Use of Wood in Construction, PB84-132000/GAA R-83-56382 Items which could be Incorporated in Contractual Ar- rangements for the Transfer of Technology for the Manu- facture of those Bulk Drugs/Intermediates Included in UNIDO's (United Nations Industrial Development Organi- zations) Illustrative List. PB84-130921/GAA R-83-56696 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion) Model Form of Cost Reimbursable Contract for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Including Guidelines and Technical Annexures. PB84-131002/GAA R-83-56924 Water Use and Effluent Treatment Practices for the Man- ufacture of the 26 Priority Drugs in the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Illustrative List, PB84-131051/GAA R-83-57316 Impact of Microelectronics on Biomedical Applications in Developing Countries, PB84-130699/GAA R-83-57337 Mechanical Wood-Processing Industries in Developing Countries. Problems - Causes - Search for Solutions, PB84-130707/GAA R-83-57376 Measures to Promote the Use of Wood and Wood Prod- ucts. PB84-132034/GAA R-83-57501 Manual for Planning the Development of Capital Goods Industries, PB84-130343/GAA R-83-57590 Profile on Establishment of National Systems for Metal Scrap Collection and Processing, PB84-131069/GAA R-83-57780 Some Aspects of Export Packaging of Furniture, PB84-130715/GAA R-83-58224 Items which could be Included in Licensing Arrangements for the Transfer of Technology for the Formulation of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. PB84-131077/GAA R-83-58464 Some Considerations about a Practical Approach to the Development of Technical Infrastructure for Microelec- tronics, PB84-130764/GAA R-83-58484 Items which could be Included in Contractual Arrange- ments for the Setting up of a Plant for the Production of Bulk Drugs (or Intermediates) Included in UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Illustrative List. PB84-131382/GAA R-83-59103 Cost Reduction Considerations in Small Hydropower De- velopment, PB84-130913/GAA R-83-59104 Factors Affecting the Feasibility of Small Scale Water Power Plants, PB84-129063/GAA R-83-59212 Small Hydro Power Development. 1. Methodology for Feasibility and other Studies Appropriate for Small Hydro Power Development. 2. Local Manufacture of Small Hydro Power Equipment (Turbine). 3. Ways and Means of Cost Reduction Compatible with Viability and Utility Re- quirements. PB84-130749/GAA R-83-59451 Prospects for Production of Vaccines and Other Immuniz- ing Agents in Developing Countries. PB84-132349/GAA R-83-59494 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion) Model Form of Licensing and Engineering Services Agreement for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant In- cluding Guidelines and Technical Annexures. PB84-130053/GAA CA-314 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, R-83-59559 Second Draft of the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Model Form of Semi-Turnkey Contract for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Includ- ing Guidelines and Technical Annexures. PB84-131010/GAA R-83-59929 Development of Drugs Based on Medicinal Plants. PB84-130905/GAA R-83-61526 Contractual Arrangements for the Transfer of Technology in the Fast Food Sector, PB84-130723/GAA R-83-61642 Economic Production of Doors and Windows, PB84-131572/GAA R-83-61695 Why and How Wood Dries, PB84-1 30681 /GAA R-83-61696 Waste and Dust Extraction Systems, PB84-130673/GAA UNIDO-ID/WD.412/3 Genetic Engineering in Veterinary Medicine, PB84-191469/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/8 Economic Production of Doors and Windows, PB84-131572/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/9 Maintenance of Wide Band Blades in Sawmills, PB84-149624/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/11 Why and How Wood Dries, PB84-1 30681 /GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/12 Waste and Dust Extraction Systems, PB84-130673/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/13 Wooden Packaging for Fruit and Vegetable Products, PB84-165539/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/14 Machines and Equipment for Tool Maintenance, PB84-204932/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.369/15 Safety Standards for the Erection and Maintenance of Electrical Installations, PB84-204890/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.375/10 Application of Wind Power for Ship's Drive, PB84-130954/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.375/40 Application of Wind Power in the Shipbuilding (Use of Sail in the Marine Transportation), PB84-132059/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.378/3 Some Aspects of Export Packaging of Furniture, PB84-130715/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.384/1 /Rev.1 Implications of New Materials and Technology for Devel- oping Countries. PB84-131838/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.384/2 Emerging Photovoltaics Technologies: Implications for Developing Countries. PB84-128750/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.384/5/REV.1 Microelectronics and Developing Countries. Towards an Action-Oriented Approach. PB84-130772/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.384/6/Rev.1 Implications of Biomass Energy Technology for Develop- ing Countries. PB84-131846/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.385/3 Contractual Arrangements for the Setting up of a Plant for the Production of Bulk Drugs or Intermediates. PB84-131093/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.389/6 High-Level Expert Group Meetings Preparatory to the Fourth General Conference of UNIDO (United Nations In- dustrial Development Organization). International Forum on Technological Advances and Development, Tbilisi, USSR, 12-16 April 1983. PB84-131036/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.392/1 Packaging and Plastics, PB84-132067/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.392/2 Medical Applications of Plastics, PB84-131739/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.392/3 Plastics in Agricultural Applications in Developing Coun- tries, PB84-132042/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.392/4 Plastics in the Building and Construction Industry, PB84-131614/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/1 Items which could be Incorporated in Contractual Ar- rangements for the Transfer of Technology for the Manu- facture of those Bulk Drugs/Intermediates Included in UNIDO's (United Nations Industrial Development Organi- zations) Illustrative List. PB84-1 30921 /GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/3 Items which could be Included in Licensing Arrangements for the Transfer of Technology for the Formulation of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. PB84-131077/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/4 Items which could be Included in Contractual Arrange- ments for the Setting up of a Plant for the Production of Bulk Drugs (or Intermediates) Included in UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Illustrative List. PB84-131382/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/1 1 Development of Drugs Based on Medicinal Plants. PB84-130905/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/1 2-REV-1 Manufacture of Vaccines in Developing Countries: Issue Paper. PB84-191394/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/1 3-REV-1 Manufacture of Vaccines in Developing Countries: Back- ground Paper. PB84-191386/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.393/14 Technical Profiles for Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. PB84-1 69051 /GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.395/1 Promotion of Commercially Less Accepted Species (Timber) of Wood, PB84-130947/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.395/2 Promoting the Use of Wood in Construction, PB84-132000/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.395/5 Mechanical Wood-Processing Industries in Developing Countries. Problems - Causes - Search for Solutions, PB84-130707/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.395/8 Measures to Promote the Use of Wood and Wood Prod- ucts. PB84-132034/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.401/6 Some Considerations about a Practical Approach to the Development of Technical Infrastructure for Microelec- tronics, PB84-130764/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.403/21 Cost Reduction Considerations in Small Hydropower De- velopment, PB84-130913/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.403/22 Factors Affecting the Feasibility of Small Scale Water Power Plants, PB84-129063/GAA UNIDO/ID/WG.403/29 Economic Appraisal of Small-Scale Hydro Power Projects, PB84-1 50671 /GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.403/30 Small Hydro Power Development. 1. Methodology for Feasibility and other Studies Appropriate for Small Hydro Power Development. 2. Local Manufacture of Small Hydro Power Equipment (Turbine). 3. Ways and Means of Cost Reduction Compatible with Viability and Utility Re- quirements. PB84-130749/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.404/3 Production and Market Situation for the Food-Processing Industry with Special Emphasis on Vegetable Oils and Fats. PB84-166222/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.405/2 Contractual Arrangements for the Transfer of Technology in the Fast Food Sector, PB84-130723/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.407/2 Manufacture and Quality Estimation of Cast Spare Parts, PB84-150655/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.411/3 Component and Auxiliaries Manufacture for the Shoe and Other Leather Products Industry in the Developing Coun- tries, PB84-191485/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.412/6 Biotechnology for Food Conversions in the Third World: Development, Transfer and Implementation, PB84-196278/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.413/2 Wind-Power Vessels for Coastal and Inter-Island Use in the ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN), Bangkok (Thailand) Region. PB84-196260/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.413/3 Facilities and Technical Aspects of Shipbuilding and Shi- prepair in Bangladesh, PB84-200450/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.413/4 Shipbuilding and Repair Develpment in Papua New Guinea, PB84-200468/GAA UNIDO/ID/WG.416/1 Carbon Fibres and Their Application, PB84-193366/GAA UNIDO/ID/WG.416/3 Comparison of High Modulus Fibres, PB84-193358/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.416/6 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Fibres, PB84-191451/GAA UNIDO/ID/WG.416/8 Industrial, Marine, and Recreational Applications of Carbon Fibres and Their Composites, PB84-193093/GAA UNIDO/ID/WG.416/10 Industrial and Further Applications of Carbon Fibres: Spe- cial Experience in Europe, PB84-193101/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.418/2 Gas Producers Technology for Rural Applications, PB84-204999/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.418/4 Bioenergy from Farm Wastes and/or by Farm Wastes for Rural Development, PB84-204916/GAA UNIDO/ID/WG.418/7 Agricultural Machinery and Implements: Tanzania Case, PB84-200492/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.418/8 Agricultural Machines and Implements in Kenya, PB84-200476/GAA UNIDO-ID/WG.419/1 Microelectronics Applications for Developing Countries: Preliminary Issues for Concerted Action. PB84-204171/GAA UNIDO-ID/154/REV.1 Low-Cost Automation for the Furniture and Joinery Indus- try, PB84-128743/GAA UNIDO-ID/193 Manufacture of Low-Cost Vehicles in Developing Coun- tries. Development and Transfer of Technology Series No. 3. PB84-114594/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/2 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Low-Cost Transport for Rural Areas. Monographs on Appropriate Industrial Technology No. 2. PB84-116151/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/3 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Paper Products and Small Pulp Mills. PB84-114602/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/4 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Agricultural Machin- ery arid Implements. PB84-115054/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/5 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Energy for Rural Requirements. PB84-114610/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/6 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Textiles. PB84-114628/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/7 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Food Storage and Processing. PB84-116946/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/8 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Sugar. PB84-114636/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/9 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Oils and Fats. PB84-114644/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/10 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Drugs and Pharma- ceuticals. PB84-115047/GAA UNIDO-ID/232/11 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Light Industries and Rural Workshops. PB84-1 14651 /GAA UNIDO-ID/232/12 Appropriate Industrial Technology for Construction and Building Materials. PB84-116920/GAA UNIDO-ID/246 Technologies from Developing Countries (II). PB84-119007/GAA UNIDO-ID/261 Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. PB84-132919/GAA UNIDO-ID/265 Manual on Jigs for the Furniture Industry, PB84-131556/GAA UNIDO-ID/266-EN Structural Changes in Industry. PB83-228759/GAA UNIDO-ID/266-FR L'Evolution des Structures dans I'lndustrie (Structural Changes in Industry). PB83-228775/GAA UNIDO-ID/266-SP Cambios Estructurales en la Industria (Structural Changes in Industry). PB83-228767/GAA UNIDO-ID/275 Manual on Upholstery Technology, PB84-130319/GAA UNIDO-ID/280 Information Sources on the Pesticides Industry. PB84-132083/GAA UNIDO-ID/283 Information Sources on Grain Processing and Storage. PB84-1 32091 /GAA UNIDO-ID/297 Formulation of Pesticides in Developing Countries. PB84-191055/GAA UNIDO-ID.298 Value Analysis in the Furniture Industry, PB84-132190/GAA CA-315 CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX UNIDO-ID/299 Manual on the Production of Rattan Furniture, PB84-130335/GAA UNIDO/IO.410 Organic Wastes for Fuel and Fertilizer in Developing Countries, PB84-165521/GAA UNIDOV 10.491 Estrategia de Desarrollo Industrial en Bolivia (Industrial Development Strategy in Bolivia), PB83-229286/GAA UNIDO/IO.494 'Balanites Aegyptiaca' an Unutilized Raw Material Poten- tial Ready for Agro-Industrial Exploitation, PB84-131085/GAA UNIDO/IO.500/Rev.1 Production of Newsprint from Waste Paper in North America, PB84-131598/GAA UNIDO/IO.505 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Industrial Develop- ment. 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PB84-130731/GAA UNIDO/I0.548 Manual for Planning the Development of Capital Goods Industries, PB84-130343/GAA UNIDO/I0.549 Profile on Establishment of National Systems for Metal Scrap Collection and Processing, PB84-131069/GAA UNIDO/I0.562 Seminar on National Self-Reliance in Blood and Blood Fractions for Developing Countries, Stockholm, Sweden, 27 September - 1 October 1 982. PB84-166248/GAA UNIDO/IO.563 Ceramic Glazes: Basic Information, PB84-150663/GAA UNIDO/I0.565 Manufacture of High Alumina Products: Basic Informa- tion, PB84-165596/GAA UNIDO/IO.566 Manufacture of Laboratory Porcelain: Basic Information, PB84-165513/GAA UNIDO/I0.567 So You Want to Build a Chlor-Alkali Plant, PB84-165919/GAA UNIDO/IO.569 How to Establish a Pharmaceutical Industry in Developing Countries, PB84-191428/GAA UNIDO/I0.572 Heat Diagnoses Made on Tunnel Kilns and on Belt Drier: Basic Information, PB84-1 93341 /GAA UNIDO/IS.221 Analysis of Machinery for the Food-Processing Industry. PB83-235366/GAA UNIDO/IS.225 Mini Hydro Power Stations. (A Manual for Decision Makers). PB84-131861/GAA UNIDO/IS.284 Chinese Experiences in Small Mini Hydro Power Genera- tion. PB83-228726/GAA UNIDO/IS.325 UNIDO's (United Nations Industrial Development Organi- zation's) Industrial and Technological Information Bank (INTIB) and National Industrial Information and Advisory Services with a Problem Identification and Information Extension Function as an Interrelated System of Services to Industry in Developing Countries, PB83-228684/GAA UNIDO/IS.350 Emerging Petrochemicals Technology: Implications for Developing Countries, PB84-131275/GAA UNIDO/IS.354 Small-Scale Manufacture of Footwear. PB84-131044/GAA UNIDO/IS.361 Guidelines for the Establishment of Industrial Joint Ven- tures in Developing Countries, PB84-131986/GAA UNIDO/IS.372 Directory of Industrial and Technological Research Insti- tutes: Industrial Conversion of Biomass. PB84-130657/GAA UNIDO/IS.379 Development of African Capacities for the Design and Manufacture of Basic Agricultural Equipment. PB84-1 29071 /GAA UNIDO/IS.387 Water Use and Effluent Treatment Practices for the Man- ufacture of the 26 Priority Drugs in the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Illustrative List, PB84-131051/GAA UNIDO/IS.392 Impact of Microelectronics on Biomedical Applications in Developing Countries, PB84-130699/GAA UNIDO/IS.398 First World-Wide Study of the Wood and Wood Process- ing Industries. PB84-202779/GAA UNIDO/IS.399 Wood Resources and Their Use as Raw Material. Secto- rial Studies Series Number 3, PB84-132109/GAA UNIDO/IS.402 Prospects for Production of Vaccines and Other Immuniz- ing Agents in Developing Countries. PB84-132349/GAA UNIDO/IS.413 Review of Technology and Technological Development in the Wood and Wood Processing Industry and Its Implica- tions for Developing Countries. PB84-169069/GAA UNIDO/IS.415 Informatics for Industrial Development, PB84-191360/GAA UNIDO/IS.439 Guidelines for Software Development in Developing Countries, PB84-202787/GAA UNIDO/IS.440 Guidelines for Software Production in Developing Coun- tries, PB84-202795/GAA UNIDO/IS.443 Meeting on Energy Conservation in Small and Medium In- dustries, Held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 1-2 Decem- ber 1983. PB84-205525/GAA UNIDO/IS.444 Silicon Foundry to Service Developing Countries' Needs: A Preliminary Approach. PB84-204114/GAA UNIDO/IS.446 Software Engineering: A Survey, PB84-204387/GAA UNIDO/IS.448 Strategies for Increasing the Production of Tanning Chemicals in Developing Countries. PB84-200443/GAA UNIDO/IS.452 Biotechnology and the Developing Countries: Applica- tions for the Pharmaceutical Industry and Agriculture. PB84-204908/GAA UNIDO/OED.135 Energy Development and Industrialization. PB84-130939/GAA UNIDO/PC.26/REV. 1 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion) Model Form of Cost Reimbursable Contract for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Including Guidelines and Technical Annexures. PB84-131002/GAA UNIDO/PC.30 Meeting of the Expert Group to Exchange Experiences in the Developing Countries (1st), Held in Vienna, Austria on 7-11 December 1981. PB84-130350/GAA UNIDO/PC.73 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion) Model Form of Licensing and Engineering Services Agreement for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant In- cluding Guidelines and Technical Annexures. PB84-130053/GAA UNIDO/PC.74 Second Draft of the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Model Form of Semi-Turnkey Contract for the Construction of a Fertilizer Plant Includ- ing Guidelines and Technical Annexures. PB84-131010/GAA UNIDO/PC.90 Study on Downstream Processing Activities in Vegetable Oils in Developing Countries: Promotional Measures, PB84-191402/GAA UNIDO/PC.93 Role of Faculties of Agriculture in the Development of the Food Processing Industries, PB84-193085/GAA UNIDO/PC.97 Expert Group Meeting on Downstream Processing Activi- ties in the Vegetable Oils and Fats Industry in Developing Countries, Held at Vienna, Austria, on 6-8 February 1984. PB84-205947/GAA UNIDO/PI/88 Wooden Bridges: UNIDO'S (United Nations Industrial De- velopment Organization's) Prefabricated Modular System. PB84-169044/GAA V-81-21829 Organic Wastes for Fuel and Fertilizer in Developing Countries, PB84-165521/GAA V-83-51152 Construction of Shipbuilding and Shiprepair Yards for Small-Scale Ships, PB84-165562/GAA V-83-51153 Glassfibre Reinforced Cement Used in the Boatbuilding, PB84-165588/GAA V-83-59058 First World-Wide Study of the Wood and Wood Process- ing Industries. PB84-202779/GAA V-83-62182 Technical Profiles for Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. PB84-1 69051 /GAA V-83-62382 Production and Market Situation for the Food-Processing Industry with Special Emphasis on Vegetable Oils and Fats. PB84-166222/GAA V-83-63357 Seminar on National Self-Reliance in Blood and Blood Fractions for Developing Countries, Stockholm, Sweden, 27 September - 1 October 1982. PB84-166248/GAA V-83-63524 Manufacture of Vaccines in Developing Countries: Issue Paper. PB84-191394/GAA V-83-63529 Manufacture of Vaccines in Developing Countries: Back- ground Paper. PB84-191386/GAA V-83-64067 Review of Technology and Technological Development in the Wood and Wood Processing Industry and Its Implica- tions for Developing Countries. PB84-169069/GAA V-83-64172 Wooden Packaging for Fruit and Vegetable Products, PB84-165539/GAA V-83-64212 Advances in Materials Technology: Monitor. Issue Number 1. PB84-196286/GAA V-83-64240 Manufacture of Laboratory Porcelain: Basic Information, PB84-165513/GAA V-83-64241 Manufacture of High Alumina Products: Basic Informa- tion, PB84-165596/GAA V-83-64337 Informatics for Industrial Development, PB84-191360/GAA V-83-64925 So You Want to Build a Chlor-Alkali Plant, PB84-165919/GAA V-84-80181 Genetic Engineering in Veterinary Medicine, PB84-191469/GAA V-84-80288 Study on Downstream Processing Activities in Vegetable Oils in Developing Countries: Promotional Measures, PB84-191402/GAA V-84-80330 Biotechnology for Food Conversions in the Third World: Development, Transfer and Implementation, PB84-196278/GAA V-84-80490 Component and Auxiliaries Manufacture for the Shoe and Other Leather Products Industry in the Developing Coun- tries, PB84-191485/GAA V-84-80504 Role of Faculties of Agriculture in the Development of the Food Processing Industries, PB84-193085/GAA V-84-80586 How to Establish a Pharmaceutical Industry in Developing Countries, PB84-191428/GAA V-84-80839 Wind-Power Vessels for Coastal and Inter-Island Use in the ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN), Bangkok (Thailand) Region. 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V-84-81162 Industrial and Further Applications of Carbon Fibres: Spe- cial Experience in Europe, PB84-193101/GAA V-84-81338 Safety Standards for the Erection and Maintenance of Electrical Installations, PB84-204890/GAA V-84-81 527 Guidelines for Software Development in Developing Countries, PB84-202787/GAA V-84-81 528 Guidelines for Software Production in Developing Coun- tries, PB84-202795/GAA V-84-81 843 Meeting on Energy Conservation in Small and Medium In- dustries, Held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 1-2 Decem- ber 1 983. PB84-205525/GAA V-84-82124 Software Engineering: A Survey, PB84-204387/GAA V-84-82125 Silicon Foundry to Service Developing Countries' Needs: A Preliminary Approach. PB84-204114/GAA V-84-82402 Facilities and Technical Aspects of Shipbuilding and Shi- prepair in Bangladesh, PB84-200450/GAA V-84-82539 Gas Producers Technology for Rural Applications, PB84-204999/GAA V-84-82541 Bioenergy from Farm Wastes and/or by Farm Wastes for Rural Development, PB84-204916/GAA V-84-82630 Machines and Equipment for Tool Maintenance, PB84-204932/GAA V-84-82640 Microelectronics Applications for Developing Countries: Preliminary Issues for Concerted Action. PB84-204171/GAA V-84-82968 Agricultural Machinery and Implements: Tanzania Case, PB84-200492/GAA V-84-82973 Shipbuilding and Repair Develpment in Papua New Guinea, PB84-200468/GAA V-84-83194 Agricultural Machines and Implements in Kenya, PB84-200476/GAA V-84-83242 Biotechnology and the Developing Countries: Applica- tions for the Pharmaceutical Industry and Agriculture. PB84-204908/GAA V-84-83487 Expert Group Meeting on Downstream Processing Activi- ties in the Vegetable Oils and Fats Industry in Developing Countries, Held at Vienna, Austria, on 6-8 February 1 984. PB84-205947/GAA Papers from the Expert Group Meeting on the Implica- tions of Technological Advances in Lighter than Air Craft: Technology, PB83-228700/GAA Papers from the Expert Group Meeting on the Implica- tions of Technological Advances in Lighter than Air Craft for Developing Countries: Applications of the Technology, PB83-228718/GAA Preparatory Meeting of Directors of Industrial Develop- ment Finance Institutions on the Creation of a Techno- logical Information Exchange Network Held at Bridge- town, Barbados, on 26-28 January 1982. PB83-229294/GAA Papers Submitted to a Meeting of Directors of Industrial Development Institutions on the Creation of a Technolog- ical Information Exchange Network, Barbados, 26-28 Jan- uary 1982. PB83-229302/GAA Appropriate Industrial Technology for Basic Industries. PB83-235341/GAA Metal Production Development Units. PB83-235358/GAA Manual on Instrumentation and Quality Control in the Textile Industry. PB84-116912/GAA Agricultural Machinery Industry in the Philippines, PB84-200484/GAA UNITED PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN INDIA. United Planters' Associaton of Southern India (UPASI) - Tea Scientific Department: Annual Report 1979, Summa- ries of Research. PB82-239542/GAA UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER HEALTH ASSOCIATION, EL PASO, TX. U.S. -Mexico Border: Contraceptive Use and Maternal Health Care in Perspective, PB84-150374/GAA UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES, BOGOTA (COLOMBIA). CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS E INVESTIGACION. D-1 Technologia Apropiada: Resumenes de Investigaciones Realizadas en el Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica de la Universidad de los Andes (Appropriate Technology: Results of Studies by the Mechanical Engineering De- partment of the University of the Andes). PB84-169085/GAA 1-1 Racionalizacion del Uso de Energia en las Futuras Edifi- caciones Colombianas (Rationalization of Energy Use in Future Colombian Buildings), PB84-165455/GAA I-4 Condensadores en los Sistemas de Potencia (Condens- ers in Power Systems), PB84-165927/GAA I-8 Introduccion al Analisis y Proyeccion de Series de Tiempo (Introduction to Analysis and Projection of Time PB84-165463/GAA UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES, BOGOTA (COLOMBIA). CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE DESARROLLO ECONOMICO. Balance Energetico Rural de Colombia y su Contexto So- cioeconomico 1981 (Rural Energy Balance of Colombia and Its Socioeconomic Context 1981), PB84-165547/GAA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO, MEXICO CITY. INST. DE INGENIERIA. 433 Design of Concrete Walls with Shear Failure (Diseno de Muros de Concreto con Falla por Cortante), PB82-175944/GAA 435 Static Penetrometer for Soft and Loose Soils (Penetro- metro Estatico Para Suelos Blandos Y Sueltos), PB82-1 35401 /GAA 437 Optimization of Structural Shapes-Translation. PB82-159922/GAA 442 Scientific Research and Basic Needs of the People: A Method of Assessing Research Projects (Investigacion Cientifica Y Necesidades Basicas de la Poblacion: Un Metodo de Evaluacion de Proyectos), PB82-135419/GAA E-40 Behavior of Spillways in Mexican Dams, PB84-170489/GAA SER-D-16 Concentradores Solares (Solar Concentrators), PB84-165695/GAA SER-442 Investigacion Cientifica y Necesidades Basicas de la Poblacion: Un Metodo de Evaluacion de Proyectos (Sci- entific Research and Basic Needs of Population: Method for Project Evaluation), PB84-165844/GAA SER-444 Instructive para Diseno Estructural de Pavimentos Flexi- bles para Carreteras (Manual of Structural Design Criteria for Flexible Roads), PB84-165687/GAA SER-445 Macrosismo de Oaxaca 29 de Noviembre de 1978 (Earthquake of November 29, 1978), PB84-169028/GAA UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA, MOBILE. COLL. OF MEDICINE. Biochemical Basis of Virulence in Epidemic Typhus. AD-A135 430/7/GAA UOP, INC., SAN DIEGO, CA. FLUID SYSTEMS DIV. Research and Development on Spiral-Wound Thin-Film Composite Membrane Systems. (W83-02052, OWRT-C- 10062-0(148 1)(1» PB83-167825/GAA URBAN RESOURCES CONSULTANTS, INC., WASHINGTON, DC. Transfer of Technology to Water Supply, Sanitation, and Waste Disposal Systems in Developing Countries. (AID-PN-AAH-478) PB83-106518/GAA URBAN WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER, INC., COLUMBIA, MD. Planning for Urban Fishing and Waterfront Recreation. (FWS/OBS-80/35) PB82-130147/GAA URBITRAN ASSOCIATES, INC., NEW YORK. Simplified Techniques to Estimate Emissions and Fuel Consumption Inventories (User's Manual). PB83-205229/GAA UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, LOGAN. Tables of Feed Composition for Indonesia (Tabel-Tabel Dari Komposisi Bahan Makanan Ternak Untuk Indone- sia), (AID-PN-AAK-406) PB84-245240/GAA UTAH BIOMEDICAL TEST LAB., SALT LAKE CITY. TR- 163-002 Evaluation of the Physiological Role of Bilirubin and the Methods Employed for Its Determination in Serum. 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TEKSTIILILABORATORIO. ISBN-951-38-1129-8 Common Concept of Managing Process and Techniques, PB82-204728/GAA ISBN-951-38-1130-1 Projected Account Conception, PB82-204421/GAA TIEDONANTO-20 Common Concept of Managing Process and Techniques, PB82-204728/GAA TIEDOSJANTO-21 Projected Account Conception, PB82-204421/GAA VECTOR RESEARCH, INC., ANN ARBOR, Ml. VRI-ARI-7.1-QRR82-1 Exploratory Research on Personnel Long Range Plan- ning. (ARI-RN-82-23) AD-A119 680/7/GAA VETERANS ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC. VA/NPR-157 Formation of Stat Team to Handle Incidents Involving As- saultive/Disturbed Patients. PB82-190497/GAA VA/TB-10-36 Schistosomiasis in the Veteran. PB82-246174/GAA VA/TB-10-47 Management of Vivax Malaria in the Veteran. PB82-246422/GAA VA/TB-10-93 Management of Vivax Malaria in the Veteran, PB82-251505/GAA VA/80-5014 Rehabilitative Engineering Research and Development, Spring 1980. PB82-1 15031 /GAA VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST. AND STATE UNIV., BLACKSBURG. Microbiological Studies Towards Optimization of Methane from Marine Plant Biomass. (GRI-82/0035) PB83-193276/GAA Microbiological and Chemical Studies on the Anaerobic Conversion of Coal-Derived Compounds to Methane. (GRI-81/0151) PB83-218131/GAA Various Perspectives on Using Women's Organizations in Development Programming, (AID-PN-AAJ-774) PB84-169713/GAA VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST. AND STATE UNIV., BLACKSBURG. DEPT. OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING. DOE/ET/13702-T1 VPI-4.8 - Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Disintegration of Refractories in Coal Gasifiers. DE83005670/GAA VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST. AND STATE UNIV., BLACKSBURG. SEA GRANT PROJECT. VPI-SG-82-05 Seafood Processing Wastes as Fish Meal Substitutes in Pelleted Catfish Feeds, (NOAA-83 100607) PB84-104207/GAA VIRGINIA STATE UNIV., PETERSBURG. Supply Responses of Cotton Farmers in Ghana: Case Study of Northwestern Ghana. (AID-PN-AAK-278) PB84-245307/GAA VIRGINIA UNIV., CHARLOTTESVILLE. 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New Technology and Employment: Extensions to the Case of Developing Countries, AD-P001 481/1/GAA WASHINGTON STATE UNIV., PULLMAN. On-Farm Improvements to Reduce Sediment and Nutri- ents in Irrigation Return Flow. (EPA-600/2-84-044) PB84-155217/GAA WASHINGTON UNIV., SEATTLE. CHARLES W. HARRIS HYDRAULICS LAB. TR-72 Water Resource System Reliability Under Drought Condi- tions: The Seattle Water Supply System as a Case Study. (W83-00229, OWRT-B-080-WASH(1)) PB83-108357/GAA WASHINGTON UNIV., SEATTLE. DEPT. OF CHEMISTRY. DOE/ER/10912-1 Rubber Elasticity. June 15, 1981 -June 14, 1981. DE82011220/GAA WASHINGTON UNIV., SEATTLE. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. TR-GS-16 Situational Interview: Examining What People Say Versus What They Do Versus What They Have Done. AD-A119 265/7/GAA WASHINGTON UNIV., SEATTLE. URBAN TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM. RR-83-1 Planning, Designing and Operating Multi-Center Timed- Transfer Transit Systems: Guidelines from Recent Experi- ence in Six Cities. (UMTA-WA- 1 1-0009-84- 1) PB84-211085/GAA WATER AND SANITATION FOR HEALTH PROJECT, ARLINGTON, VA. WASH/TR-10 Social and Economic Preconditions for Water Supply and Sanitation Programs. (AID-PN-AAJ-903) PB84-178730/GAA WATER RESEARCH CENTRE, STEVENAGE (ENGLAND). TR-165 Investigations of Sewage Discharges to Some British Coastal Waters. Chapter 5: Bacterial Distributions, Part 3. PB82-248865/GAA TR-176 Investigations of Sewage Discharges to Some British Coastal Waters. Chapter 5: Bacterial Distributions, Part 4. PB82-248972/GAA TR-192 Investigations of Sewage Discharges to Some British Coastal Waters. Chapter 3. Bacteriological Enumeration Procedures, Part 1 . PB84-201912/GAA TR-199 Effluent Recharge: The Effects of Effluent Recharge on Groundwater Quality. PB84-201805/GAA WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, DC. Nonstructural Alternatives in Municipal/Industrial Water Management. PB82-160912/GAA WED ENTERPRISES, GLENDALE, CA. Water Hyacinth Wastewater Treatment System. (GRI-80/0169) PB83-211896/GAA WEST VIRGINIA UNIV., MORGANTOWN. DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. Develop Grounding Practices for Metal/Non-Metal Mines. (BUMINES-OFR- 154-8 1) PB82-137308/GAA WEST VIRGINIA UNIV., MORGANTOWN. WATER RESEARCH INST. INFORMATION-15 Microbial Purification of Recycled Wastewater, (W82-02172, OWRT-A-034-WVA(2» PB82-153693/GAA WRI-WVU-81-01 Microbial Purification of Recycled Wastewater, (W82-02172, OWRT-A-034-WVA(2» PB82-153693/GAA WESTINGHOUSE HEALTH SYSTEMS, COLUMBIA, MD. Contraceptive Prevalence Survey: Model Questionnaire (Encuesta de Prevalencia del Uso de Anticonceptivos: Cuestionario Modelo)(Etude de Predominance des Meth- odes Contraceptives: Questionnaire Modele). (AID-PN-AAJ-985) PB84-197029/GAA WESTINGHOUSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER, PITTSBURGH, PA. Refractories for Coal Gasification and Combustion Sys- tems. EPRI-AP-1268/GAA WESTON (ROY F.), INC., WEST CHESTER, PA. Operation and Maintenance Considerations for Land Treatment Systems, (EPA-600/ 2-82-039) PB83-138560/GAA WILLIAMS (CHARLES W.), INC., ALEXANDRIA, VA. Future Developments in the Food Industry: Probable Ef- forts at Vertical Integration by Food Retailers. (FTC/OPP-81/07) PB82-132374/GAA WILMINGTON COLL., OH. Value Added Tax and Small Business. PB83-144485/GAA WISCONSIN UNIV.-MADISON. OP-3 Decentralization for Development: The Form and Sub- stance of International Development Strategies. (AID-PN-AAJ-518) PB82-257809/GAA WISCONSIN UNIV.-MADISON. DEPT. OF COMPUTER SCIENCES. CSTR-383 Performance Analysis of Alternative Database Machine Architectures. AD-A104 927/9/GAA WISCONSIN UNIV.-MADISON. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS. 12-ONR Summary of Field Experiments and Technical Reports. AD-A125 375/6/GAA WISCONSIN UNIV.-MILWAUKEE. CENTER FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION STUDIES. Examination of Methods for Coordination of Transporta- tion Planning Activities. (UMTA-WI- 1 1-0007-82- 1) PB82-223991/GAA WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, MA. WHOI-82-38 Workshop on Cooperative International Marine Affairs. (NOAA-82082402) PB83-114470/GAA WORK GLOVE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, GRAYSLAKE, IL. Work Glove Industry Technical Assistance Project. (EDA-83-26-004) PB83-258681/GAA WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, COPENHAGEN (DENMARK). REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE. Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Planning Emergency Response Systems for Chemical Accidents. Interim Doc- ument 1. Emergency Response to Chemical Accidents, PB83-213025/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Document 2. Manpower Development for Control of Chemicals, PB83-213033/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Document 3. Progress Report July 1981, PB83-213041/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Quality Control in the Occupational Toxicology Laboratory. Interim Document 4. Laboratory Quality Control, PB83-213058/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Document 10. Progress Report July 1981 -December 1982, PB84-142256/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Document 12. Allergy and Hypersensitivity to Chemicals, PB84-142264/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Document 11. Combined Exposures to Chemicals, PB84-144062/GAA Health Aspects of Chemical Safety. Interim Document 13. Environmental Toxicology, PB84-144070/GAA WSA, INC., SAN DIEGO, CA. SAFETY SCIENCES DIV. Long Term Effects of Learned Safety Skills: Demonstra- tion of the Effectiveness of an Industrial Lift Truck Opera- tor Safety Training Program Utilizing a Behavior Sampling Procedure. PB83-197012/GAA WWI CONSULTING ENGINEERS, EMERYVILLE, CA. Technology Assessment of Aquaculture Systems for Mu- nicipal Wastewater Treatment, (EPA/600/2-84/ 145) PB84-246347/GAA WYOMING UNIV., LARAMIE. Synthesis of Environmental Management Strategies: Volume I. (NSF/RA-800616) PB82-142266/GAA Synthesis of Environmental Management Strategies: Volume II. (NSF/RA-800617) PB82-142274/GAA XENERGY, LEXINGTON, MA. DOE/CS/20295-3 Reducing Energy Costs in the Plastics Industry. DE82006012/GAA ZAININGER ENGINEERING CO., SAN JOSE, CA. EPRI-AP-2587 Benefits to Utility Systems of Coproduction of Methanol and Electricity. Final Report. DE83900279/GAA ZELLARS-WILLIAMS, INC., LAKELAND, FL. Evaluation of Potential Commercial Processes for the Production of Sulfuric Acid from Phosphogypsum. (FIPR/PUB-01 -002-001) PB83-1 87781 /GAA CA-318 INDICE DE LIBROS EN ESPANOL /INDEX OF BOOKS IN SPANISH Los titulos incluidos en este indice pueden encontrarse en la BIBLIOGRAFIA, donde los resumenes van enumerados ordenadamente. PE 84-22 0722 /GAA WORLD BANK GLOSSARY: ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH PB84-207422/GAA GANADO LECHERO. PRIMEPA PARTE: LA CRIANZA DE LA BECERRA PB84-207414/GAA ORIGEN Y EFFECTOS DE LA CONTAMINACION DEL AIRE PB84-207398/GAA APLIQUE LOS PLAGUIDIDAS CORRECTAMENTE : GUIA PARA AGRICULTORES USUARIOS DE PLAGUICIDAS RESTRINGIDOS PB8 4 -2 07 30 7 /GAA AHORRE ENERGIA EN SU HOGAR PB84-207299/GAA TECNICAS DE ENSENANZA PB84-202290/GAA PERU-PRINCIPALES CUESTIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES EN MATERIA DE DESARROLLO PB84-197029/GAA ENCUESTA DE PREVALENCIA DEL USO DE ANTICONCEPTIVOS: CUESTIONARIO MODELO PB84-188903/GAA LOS RESIDUOS DE COSECHA COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA LA ALIMENTACION DE RUMIANTES MENORES PB84-181312/GAA DETERMINACION DE LA CANTIDAD DE ALIMENTO CONCENTRADO NECESARIO PARA LA PRODUCCION ECONOMICA DE LECHE PB 84-179803/GAA PRODUCCION Y UTILIZACION INTENSIVA DE LAS FORRAJERAS EN PUERTO RICO PB84-179571/G7iA EL MERCADO DE TRABAJO EN LA AGRICULTURA Y LAS CARACTERISTICAS SOCIO-ECONOMICAS DE LOS OBREROS ACRICOLAS EN PUERTO RICO PB84-1690 85/GAA TECNOLOGIA APROPIADA: RESUMENES DE INVESTIGACIONES REALIZADAS EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA MECANICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES 319 PB84-16 9077/GAA PB84-169028/GAA PB84-165927/GAA PB84-165844/GAA PB84-165695/GAA PB84-165687/GAA PB84-165547/GAA PB84-165463/GAA PB84-165455/GAA PB84-160837/GAA PB84-160829/GAA PB84-152057/GAA PB84-151521/GAA PB84-151513/GAA PB84-151505/GAA PB84-150531/GAA PB84-149590/GAA PB84-149343/GAA PB84-149335/GAA LA FUNDACION EN COLOMBIA MACROS I SMO DE OAXACA 29 DE NOVIEMBRE 1978 CONDENSADORES EN LOS SISTEMAS DE POTENCIA INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA Y NECESIDADES BASICAS DE LA POBLACION: UN METODO DE EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS CONCENTRADORES SOLARES INSTRUCTIVO PARA DISENO ESTRUCTURAL DE PAVIMENTOS FLEXIBLES PARA CARRETERAS BALANCE ENERGETICO RURAL DE COLOMBIA Y SU CONTEXTO SOCIOECONOMIC© 1981 INTRODUCCION AL ANALISIS Y PROYECCION DE SERIES DE TIEMPO RACIONALIZACION DEL USO DE ENERGIA EN LAS FUTURAS EDIFICACIONES COLOMBIANAS MANUAL DE CARNES HARINAS: VALOR NUTRITIVO E HIGIENE EN SU MANEJO Y CONSERVACION MANUAL AHORRO DE ENERGIA EN LA INDUSTRIA PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA UTILIZACION DE LA TARJETA DE REGISTRO BIBLIOGRAFICO PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA RECUPERACION DE INFORMACION EN UN SISTEMA MANUAL DE DOCUMENTACION SOBRE POBLACION INDIZACION DE DOCUMENTOS Y UTILIZACION DEL 'TESAURO MULTILINGUE SOBRE POBLACION' EN UN SISTEMA MANUAL DE DOCUMENTACION PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA ELABORACION DE RESUMENES TRATAMIENTO DE MOSTOS UTILIZANDO EL FILTRO ANAEROBIC DEMANDA Y CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS EN PUERTO RICO. V: INGRESO DE LA FAMILIA DEMANDA Y CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS EN PUERTO RICO. IV. PATRONES DE COMPRA - PROPORCION DE FAMILIAS QUE COMPRABAN ALIMENTOS 320 PB84-149293/GAA EL TZETZ O BLEDO (AMARANTO) : UNA PLANTA ALIMENTICIA DE ORIGEN MESOAMERICANO QUE TIENE MUCHAS PROTEINAS PERO QUE SE ESTA OLVIDANDO PB84-147446/GAA EVALUACION DE LO PUBLICADO POR NUESTROS ACADEMICOS SOBRE CIENCTAS HUMANIDADES PB84-135581/GAA HONDURAS: LOS EFECTOS DE LA POBLACION SOBRE EL DESARROLLO SOCIAL Y ECONOMICO PB84-134675/GAA EMBARCACIONES: CONTROL DE CUALIDAD DE MARISCOS PB84-134667/GAA PLANTA DE PROCESAMIENTO DE PERSONAL: CONTROL DE CUALIDAD DE MARISCOS PB84-132828/GAA USO DE MICROCOMPUTADORAS EN SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION: LA EXPERIENCIA DE CONICYT PB84-119312/GAA EVALUACION DE RECURSOS PERUANOS DE BIOCOMBUSTIBLE Y ALTERNATIVAS PB84-112549/GAA HOJAS COMESTIBLES DEL TROPICO PB83-265306/GAA PROYECTOS DE LOTES Y SERVICIOS PB83-265280/GAA INVESTIGACIONES AGRONOMICAS PB83-264390/GAA EXTENSION AGRCICOLA: SISTEMA DE CAPACITACION Y VISITAS PB83-264366/GAA POLITICA FORESTAL PB83-263905/GAA EDUCACION (TERCERA EDICION) PB83-263871/GAA COLONIZACION DE TIERRAS AGRICOLAS PB83-263079/GAA EMPRESA RURAL Y EL EMPLEO NO AGRICOLA PB83-262790/GAA CONSIDERACIONES AMBIENTALES PARA EL SECTOR DE DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL PB8 3-26 2741/GAA EL EMPLEO Y EL DESARROLLO DE LAS PEQUENAS EMPRESAS PB83-261826/GAA PROBLEMA DEL MANTENIMIENTO VIAL A LA ASISTENCIA INTERNACIONAL PB83-261800/GAA TPANSPORTES URBANOS PB83-261362/GAA SATISFACCION DE LAS NECESIDADES BASICAS: EXAMEN GENERAL 321 PB83-261321/GAA PB83-233775/GAA PB83-229286/GAA PB83-228767/GAA PB83-226464/GAA PB83-226084/GAA PB83-225821/GAA PB83-225144/GAA PB83-225136/GAA PB83-225011/GAA PB83-224600/GAA PB83-224592/GAA PB83-224378/GAA PB83-224303/GAA PB83-223891/GAA PB83-221549/GAA PB83-219212/GAA PB83-219162/GAA PB83-218990/GAA VIVIENDA MANUAL SOBRE INVESTIGACIONES DE ESPECIES Y PROCEDENCIAS CON REFERENCIA ESPECIAL A LOS TROPICOS ESTRATEGIA DE DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL EN BOLIVIA CAMBIOS ESTRUCTURALES EN LA INDUSTRIA VIVIENDA Y EL PROCESO DE DESARROLLO: UN PROBLEMA ESTRUCTURAL LA TELEMATICA INNOVACION INDUSTRIAL Y SISTEMA EDUCATIVO LA INGENIERIA GENETICA EN LA BIOTECNOLOGIA QUE ES LA INNOVACION TECNOLOGICA TECNOLOGIA APROPIADA EN EDUCACION LA INNOVACION INDUSTRIAL Y SU TRATAMIENTO FISCAL LA INNOVACION INDUSTRIAL Y LAS RELACIONES INDUSTRIA/UNIVERSIDAD LA CONVERSION FOTOVOLTAICA DE LA ENERGIA SOLAR MEDICION DE LAS ACTIVIDADES CIENTIFICAS Y TECNICAS CONSTRUCCION MANUAL DE POZOS DESARROLLANDO TECNOLOGIA APROPIADA PARA EL AGRICULTOR. INFORME DE PROGRESO DEL PROGRAMA DE CAISAN EN PANAMA INFORME DEL AGUA TRATADA CON JACINTOS ESTUDIO ECOLOGICO DE MESOPLANCTON DEL GOLFO DE GUAYAQUIL. ABUNDANCIA, CICLOS NICTEMERALES Y RELACIONES ENTRE EL ESTUARIO DEL RIO GUAYAS Y EL OCEANO GUIA PRACTICA PARA LA CRIA DE CAMARONES COMERCIALES (PENAEUS) EN ECUADOR 322 PB83-218321/GAA PB83-218149/GAA PB83-218107/GAA PB83-217661/GAA PB83-217653/GAA PB83-217646/GAA PB83-217570/GAA PB83-217281/GAA PB83-216010/GAA PB83-215996/GAA PB83-215988/GAA PB83-215970/GAA PB83-215962/GAA PB83-215954/GAA PB83-215558/GAA PB83-210138/GAA PB83-210120/GAA PB83-192377/GAA CONJUNTO TECNOLOGICO PARA LA PRODUCCION DE HORTALIZAS OPERACION DEL PROCESO DE LODOS ACTIVADOS MEDIANTE EL USO DE LA CURVA DE SEDIMENTACION DE LODOS INTRODUCCION A LA ECOLOGIA DEL MANGLAR PRODUCCION DE METANO USANDO UN FILTRO ANAERBICO ENFOQUE BIOTROPICAL PARA LA ARQUITECTURA EN PUERTO RICO TABLEROS DE VIRUTAS AGLOMERADAS CON CEMENTO PORTLAND PROCEEDINGS OF UNICA WORKSHOP ON BIOMAS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE CARIBBEAN, HELD AT SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO ON APRIL, 28-29, 1982 DISENO Y ENSAYO DE VIGAS DE MADERA COMPUESTAS HACIA UNA NUEVA ESTRATEGIA DE DESARROLLO RURAL: LA TECNOLOGIA APROPIADA Y EL TERREMOTO DE 1976 MANUAL PARA LA CONSTRUCCION DE VIVIENDAS CON ADOBE COMO HACER UNA CASA MAS SEGURA ANTEPROYECTO Y PROYECTO CEMATITA SOBRE PUZZOLANA POR CONSTRUCCION MEDICINA SIN DOCTORES. DIAGNOSTICO Y TRATAMIENTO DE ALGUNAS AFECCIONES COMUNES EXPERIENCIAS EN LA RECONSTRUCCION DE LA VIVIENDA RURAL Y SUB-URBANA FICHAS POPULARES SOBRE PLANTAS MEDICINALES CONFERENCIA IBEROAMERICANA SOBRE INFORMACION Y DOCUMENTACION CIENTIFICA Y TECNOLOGICA ELEMENTOS PROCEDIMENTALES PARA ESTRUCTURAR UNIDADES Y SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION TECNOLOGIAS TRADICIONALES EN PANAMA: CLASIFICACION Y DESCRIPCION. FUENTES ALTERNAS DE ENERGIA. INVENTARIO DE PROYECTOS 323 PB83-183475/GAA PB83-167742/GAA PB83-167734/GAA PB83-167726/GAA PB83-167718/GAA PB83-167700/GAA PB83-167692/GAA PB83-167684/GAA PB83-166025/GAA PB83-162495/GAA PB83-159277/GAA PB83-159269/GAA PB83-159251/GAA PB83-159244/GAA PB83-135624/GAA PB83-135616/GAA PB83-132621/GAA PB83-121863/GAA PB83-120428/GAA PB83-120121/GAA PROCEDIMIENTOS DE SEMINARIOS SOBRE EL DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL/ECONOMICO CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 6, NUMERO 29. ENERO-FEBRERO , 1981 CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 5, NUMERO 28. NOVIEMBRE-DICIEMBRE, 198 CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 5, NUMERO 27. SEPTIEMBRE-OCTUBRE, 1980 CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 5, NUMERO 26. JULIO-AUGUSTO , 1980 CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 5, NUMERO 25. MAYO-JUNIO, 1980 CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 5, NUMERO 24. CIENCIA FORESTAL. VOLUME 5, NUMERO 23. ENERO-FEBRERO, 1980 GUIA PARA EL USO DEL SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL DE UNIDADES: DEFINICIONES Y TABLAS DE EQUIVALENCES CONSTRUCCION DE TANQUES DE AGUA DE FERROCEMENTO NOPAL PRIMERA REUNION SOBRE PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES FORESTALES PRIMERA REUNION NACIONAL SOBRE JOJOBA ALTERNATIVAS PARA EL USO DEL SUELO EN AREAS FORESTALES DEL TROPICO HUMEDO. TOMO 1-4 MANUAL DE USO Y MANEJO DE APARATOS FORESTALES MANUAL DE REFORESTACION. NIVEL MEDIO ENERGIA PARA EL DESARROLLO RURAL: RECURSOS RENOVABLES Y ALTERNATIVAS TECNOLOGICAS PARA PAISES EN VI AS DE DESARROLLO EL DESARROLLO DEL NINO EN EL HOGAR UN NINO DESVENTAJADO EN SU CASA CUIDADO PRENATAL 324 PB83-118521/GAA CUANDO SU HI JO VA AL HOSPITAL PB83-118406/GAA CONQUE VA A SER UN NUEVO PADRE PB83-118372/GAA EL CUIDADO DE SU BEBE PB83-1]6665/GAA GUIA DE BOLS1LLO PARA NINERA PB83-106286/GAA FAMILIAS SON SOLO UNO DE LOS PADRES PB83-103572/GAA MANUAL DE MEDICION FORESTAL PB83-103564/GAA MANUAL DE RESINACION SISTEMA: PICA DE CORTEZA PB82-264946/GAA ASESORIA PARA PEQUENAS EMPRESAS PB82-262197/GAA SUGERENCIAS PARA SUPERVISORES PB82 261942/GAA CODIGO PARA LA CONSERVACION DE ENERGIA EN EDIFICOS EN PUERTO RICO > PB82-258674/GAA FACILIDADES PARA LOS FISICAMENTE IMPEDIDOS: REGLAMENTOS Y ILUSTRACIONES PB8 2-245 68 9/GAA EVALUACION DE ACTIVIDADES DE RIEGO EN BOLIVIA PB82-239500/GAA RESUMEN BIBLIOGRAFICO DE LOS TRABAJOS DE INVESTIGACION SOBRE LA UTILIZACION DE ALGUNAS COSECHAS TROPICALES LLEVADOS A CABO EN EL LABORATORIO DE TECNOLOGIA DE ALIMENTOS , 1951-1979 PB82-213489/GAA ASPECTOS ECOLOGICOS DEL DESARROLLO EN LAS ZONAS TROPICALES HUMEDAS PB82-208240/GAA UNA INVESTIGACION DE LA INTERACCION DE LA ROCA Y LOS TIPOS DE PERNOS PARA ROCA PARA CONDICIONES DE CARGA SELECCIONADAS PB82-175944/GAA DISENO DE MUROS DE CONCRETO CON FALLA POR CORTANTE PB82-135419/GAA INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA Y NECESIDADES BASICAS DE LA POBLACION: UN METODO DE EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS PB82-135401/GAA PENETROMETRO ESTATICO PARA SUELOS BLANDOS Y SUELTOS IBRD-WP-298-SP/GAA LOS TEXTOS ESCOLARES Y EL RENDIMIENTO ACADEMICO: LO QUE SABEMOS 325 INDEX DE LIVRES EN FRANCAIS /INDEX OF BOOKS IN FRENCH On peut trouver les titres inclus dans cet index dans la BIBLIOGRAPHIE qui contient les abreges des titres, enumeres par ordre de lettres et de numeraux. PB84-214923/GAA EXPERIMENTATION DE MICRO-IRRIGATION PAR POMPAGE SOLAIRE, 1979-1981 PB84-203728/GAA INFORMATIQUE PB84-197029/GAA ETUDE DE PREDOMINANCE DES METHODES CONTRACEPTIVES: QUESTIONNAIRE MODELE PB83-265272/GAA RECHERCHE AGRICOLE PB83-264408/GAA VULGARISATION AGRICOLE: LE SYSTEME DE FORMATION ET DE VISITES PB83-264374/GAA FORESTERIE PB83-263897/GAA EDUCATION (TROISIEME EDITION) PB83-263103/GAA SANTE (DEUXIEME EDITION) PB83-2628 24/GAA ■ LES MAL NOURRIS: ETUDE D ' ENSEMBLE PB83-262808/GAA PROTECTION DE L ' ENVI RONNEMENT DANS L' INDUSTRIE PB83-26 2758/GAA EMPLOI ET DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA PETITE ENTREPRISE PB83-261834/GAA PROBLEME DE L'ENTRETIEN ROUTIER ET L' ASSISTANCE INTERNATIONALE PB83-261792/GAA TRANSPORTS URBAINS PB83-261270/GAA BESOINS ESSENTIELS: DOCUMENT DE SYNTHESE PB83-261339/GAA LOGEMENT PB83-228775/GAA L' EVOLUTION DES STRUCTURES DANS L 1 INDUSTRIE 327 PB83-219162/GAA ESTUDIO ECOLOGICO DEL MESOPLANCTON DEL GOLFO DE GUAYAQUIL ABUNDANCIA, CICLOS NICTEMERALES Y RELACIONES ENTRE EL ESTUARIO DEL RIO GUAYAS Y EL OCEANO PB83-14 725 6/GAA GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEARL MILLET PLANT PB83-140525/GAA CHICKPEA AND PIGEONPEA DISEASES: RESISTANCE-SCREENING TECHNIQUES PB82-213489/GAA LES ASPECTS ECOLOGIQUES DU DEVELOPPEMENT SOUS LES TROPIQUES HUMIDES IBRD-WP-253-FR/GAA EVALUATION ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIALE DES PRO JETS : CAS DE LA COTE D'lVOIRE IBRD-WP-298-FR/GAA LES MANUELS SCOLAIRES ET LE NIVEAU ATTEINT PAR L'ELEVE: CE QUE NOUS SAVONS 328