i3>. ao/5 •• (oS-15 i % *** T °' o 0a '°*KM Of * \ CO J Voluntary roduct andard S 65-75 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards PAINTS AND INKS FOR ART EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS American National Standards Institute American National Standard Z 297. 1-1975 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards 1 was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics 2 — Cryogenics 2 — Electromagnetics 2 — Time and Frequency 2 . THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor Radiation — Physical Chemistry. 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THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical Publications — Library — Office of International Relations — Office of International Standards. 1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234. 2 Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary Dr. Betsy Anckor-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD PS 65-75 Paints and Inks for Art Education in Schools Approved by the American National Standards Institute on October 31, 1975, as American National Standard Z297.1-1975 Abstract This Voluntary Product Standard covers the establishment of requirements for pre- servatives, toxicity, course particle content, performance, working qualities, and packaging for school paints and inks, and provides producers, distributors, and users with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of this product. Key words : Art education ; inks for art education ; paints and inks ; schools, paints and inks. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Prod. Stand. 65-75, 7 pages (March 1976) CODEX: XNPSAX For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.20/2 :65.75), Price 35 cents (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing.) Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/paintsinksforartOOunit Contents Page 1. Purpose 1 . Scope 1 3. Requirements 1 3.1. Material 1 3.2. Color 1 3.3. Preservatives 1 3.4. Toxicity 1 3.5. Coarse particle content 1 3.6. Working qualities 1 3.6.1. Finger paint 1 3.6.2. Liquid and powder tempera 1 3.6.3. Semimoist water colors 2 3.6.4. Water-soluble block printing ink 2 3.7 Performance 2 3.8. Packaging 2 3.8.1. Finger paint 2 3.8.2. Liquid tempera 2 3.8.3. Powder tempera 2 3.8.4. Semimoist water colors 2 3.8.5. Water-soluble block printing ink 2 4. Inspection and Test Procedures 2 4.1. General 2 4.2. Preservatives 2 4.3. Coarse particle content 2 4.4. Performance 2 4.4.1. Preparation of paintouts 3 5. Identification 3 6. Effective Date 3 7. History of Project 3 8. Standing Committee 4 Appendix A — Additional information for purchasers and users of art materials 4 Appendix B — Metric conversion factors 4 in VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARDS Voluntary Product Standards are developed under procedures published by the Department of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Kegulations. The purpose of the standards is to establish nationally recognized requirements for products, and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the prod- ucts. The National Bureau of Standards administers the Voluntary Product Standards pro- gram as a supplement to the activities of the private sector standardizing organizations. Establishment of a VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD The role of the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of a Voluntary Product Standard is to (1) act as an unbiased coordinator in the developmentof the standard, (2) pro- vied editorial assistance in the preparation of the standard, (3) supply such assistance and review as is required to assure the technical soundness of the standard, (4) seek satisfactory adjustment of valid points of disagreement, (5) determine the compliance with the criteria of the Department's procedures, (6) provide secretarial functions for each committee appointed under the Department's procedures, and (7) publish the standard as a public document. Producers, distributors, users, consumers, and other interested groups contribute to the establishment of a Voluntary Product Standard by (1) initiating and participating in the development of the standard, (2) providing technical or other related counsel as appropriate relating to the standard, (3) promoting the use of and support for the standard, and (4) assisting in keeping the standard current with respect to advancing technology and market- ing practices. Use of a VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD The use of a Voluntary Product Standard is voluntary; the National Bureau of Standards has no regulatory power in the enforcement of the provisions of the standards. However, since the standards represent a consensus of all interested groups, their provisions are likely to become established as trade customs. In addition, when a standard is made a part of a legal document, such as a sales contract or code, compliance with the standard is enforceable. The benefits derived from Voluntary Product Standards are in direct proportion to their gen- eral recognition and actual use. Producers and distributors whose products meet the require- ments of a Voluntary Product Standard may refer to the standard in advertising and on labels to promote greater public understanding of or confidence in their products. Purchasers may order products conforming to the requirements of the standards. For copies of the Voluntary Product Standards procedures or for more information concern- ing the development and use of these standards you may write to : Standards Development Services Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. IV Voluntary Product Standard PS 65-75 Paints and Inks for Art Education in Schools Effective November 15, 1975 (See section 5.) (This Standard, which was initiated by The Crayon, Water Color and Craft Institute, Inc., has been developed under the Procedures for the Development of Voluntary Product Standards of the U.S. Department of Commerce as a revision of the school paint portions of Commercial Standard CS 130-60, Color Materials for Art Education in Schools, and Simplified Practice Kecommendation R 192-63, Crayons, Chalks, and Related Art Materials for School Use.) 1. PURPOSE The purpose of this Voluntary Product Stand- ard is to establish nationally recognized quality requirements and package sizes for paints and inks used for art education in schools and to provide producers, distributors, and users with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of these products. 2. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION 2.1. Scope — This Voluntary Product Standard provides requirements for the material, shelf life, toxicity, coarse particle content, working qualities, performance, and packaging of school paints and inks. Methods of identifying products that con- form to the Standard are included. Note: As an aid in correlating U.S. customary units to metric units, conversion factors for the units used in this Standard are given in appen- dix B. 2.2. Classification — This Standard covers the following five types of paints and inks: Finger paint Liquid tempera Powder tempera Semimoist water colors Water-soluble block printing inks 3. REQUIREMENTS 3.1. Material — All products shall be water dis- persible. Finger paint and block printing ink shall be ready for use as received. Liquid tempera shall be ready for use when thoroughly mixed, powder tempera shall be ready for use when mixed with water, and semimoist water colors shall be ready for use when moistened. 3.2. Color — The color of the paints or inks shall be as specified by the buyer and agreed upon by the seller. 3.3. Preservatives — There shall be no evidence of decomposition, scum, or mold growth when the product is tested in accordance with 4.2. 3.4. Toxicity — No product covered by this Standard shall contain anv materials in quantities that may be toxic or injurious to the human body even if the product is ingested in a large single dose up to 8 ounces or in multiple small doses (e.g., as in fingerlicking) the equivalent of % teaspoon daily up to 6 months. 1 Advice concerning the appropriateness of specific materials may be obtained from the Bureau of Biomedical Science, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washing- ton, D.C. 20407. 3.5. Coarse particle content — The coarse par- ticle content of the product retained on a 3 inch No. 325 (45-//,m) sieve shall be no more than 0.5 percent when tested in accordance with 4.3. 3.6. Working qualities — The various colors of ink and of each type of paint shall intermix with themselves to readily produce intermediate colors. 3.6.1. Finger paint — The paint shall have a smooth, creamy consistency. 3.6.2. Liquid and powder tempera — The tem- pera shall brush easily, adhering evenly on white drawing paper and shall dry to an opaque matte finish. x At the present time, insufficient data exists to deter- mine a safe limit for lead in paint ; therefore, it is recom- mended that no lead compounds be intentionally added to art materials for school use. 3.6.3. Semimoist water colors — The water col- ors shall lift readily with a wet brush and shall dry to a uniform transparent matte finish. 3.6.4. Water-soluble block printing ink — The ink shall print uniformly when applied to draw- ing paper and shall dry to an opaque, matte finish. 3.7. Performance — The product shall show no visual signs of chipping, peeling, or cracking when tested in accordance with 4.4. 3.8. Packaging — Except for semimoist water colors, each container of paint or ink shall bear the name of the color it holds. The color in refill containers of semimoist water colors shall be marked on the outside of the container. Powder tempera containers shall also bear instructions for mixing the contents. 3.8.1. Finger paint — The paint shall be pack- aged in glass, plastic, or other suitable containers having a net content of 2, 4, 8, 16 (one pint), 32 (one quart), 64 (one-half gallon), or 128 (one gallon) fluid ounces. 3.8.2. Liquid tempera — The paint shall be pack- aged in suitable containers including those having a net content of %, 1, iy 8 , 2, 8, 16 (one pint), 32 (one quart), 64 (one-half gallon), or 128 (one gallon) fluid ounces. 3.8.3. Powder tempera — The paint shall be packaged in containers equipped with a reclosable opening and shall have a net weight of 1 pound or 5 pounds. 3.8.4. Semimoist water colors — The paints shall be packaged in pans in accordance with table 1, or in equivalent volumes in cavities in plastic strips. If in pans, the pans shall be indi- vidually removable from their containers. If in cavities in plastic strips, the cavities shall be of a size to accommodate refill pans, and the strips shall be removable from their containers. Colors other than refills shall be packaged in boxes with lids. Refills shall be packaged in pans or in plas- tic strips. Table 1. Size of pans Package Approximate inside dimensions Length (inch) Width (inch) Depth (inch) Half pans a Full pans 3/4 1-1/4 9/16 3/4 1/4 1/4 ■ Or oval or round pans containing a volume of material equivalent to that held by the half pans. 3.8.5. Water-soluble block printing ink — The ink shall be packaged in metal or plastic tubes or other suitable containers having a net content equivalent to 1, l 1 ^, 2%, 5, and 8 fluid ounces; and 1 pound can, avoirdupois. 4. INSPECTION AND TEST PROCEDURES 4.1. General — The inspection and test proce- duces contained in this section are to be used to determine the conformance of products to the re- quirements of this Voluntary Product Standard. Each producer or distributor who represents his products as conforming to this Standard may utilize statistically based sampling plans which are appropriate for each particular manufac- turing process but shall keep such essential rec- ords as are necessary to document with a high degree of assurance his claim that all of the re- quirements of this Standard have been met. Addi- tional sampling and testing of the product, as may be agreed upon between purchaser and seller, is not precluded by this section. 4.2. Preservative — The effectiveness of paint and ink preservatives should be tested as follows. Cover several pieces of bread with a sugar and water solution containing 5 percent sugar by weight, and allow time to stand exposed for 24 hours. Cover them and keep them at room tem- perature until a substantial area is moldy. (This will require approximately a week to 10 days.) Select two moldy pieces, each approximately y± inch in diameter, from the bread and push them lightly into the surface of the material being tested. Assure there is good wet contact, but do not submerge the mold in the product. Cover the test sample so as to avoid excessive evaporation and to provide subdued lighting. Allow the sam- ple to remain in this state for 2 weeks, then inspect the sample for decomposition, scum, and mold growth. 4.3. Coarse particle content — The coarse par- ticle content shall be determined in accordance with section 6, Procedure for Water- Soluble Pig- ments, Pastes in Oil, Pastes, in Japan, and Mixed Paints, in American Society for Testing and Ma- terals (ASTM) D 185-72, Standard Methods of Test for Coarse Particles in Pigments, Pastes, and Paints. 2 The exception is that water shall be substituted for kerosene as a flushing vehicle or solvent. 4.4. Performance — Using paintouts prepared as specified in 4.4.1, place the specimens in a controlled atmosphere of 73 ± 3 °F and relative humidty of 50 ± 5 percent. After 14 days, inspect the specimens for compliance with 3.7. 2 Later issues of this publication may be used provid- ing the requirements are applicable and consistent with the issue designated. Copies of ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 4.4.1. Preparation of paintouts — All paint- outs shall be completely dry before testing. Paint- outs shall be prepared as follows ; where drawing paper is specified, white textured drawing paper with an 80-pound basis weight shall be used: a. Finger paint — Spread the finger paint on wet finger paint paper. b. Liquid tempera — Mix liquid tempera thoroughly to insure uniformity. Paint out on drawing paper. c. Powder tempera — For test purposes, mix one part tempera to one part water (by weight) and stir thoroughly to insure uniformity. Paint out on drawing paper. d. Semimoist water colors — Paint out on drawing paper. e. Water-soluble block printing ink — Using a brayer and block, apply the ink to drawing paper. 5. IDENTIFICATION In order that purchasers may identify products conforming to all requirements of this Voluntary Product Standard, producers and distributors may include a statement of compliance in con- junction with their name and address on product labels, invoices, sales literature, and the like. The following statement is suggested when sufficient space is available: This (paint or ink) conforms to the require- ments established in Voluntary Product Standard PS 65-75, developed cooperatively with the industry and published by the Na- tional Bureau of Standards under the Pro- cedures for the Development of Voluntary Product Standards of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Full responsibility for the con- formance of this product to the standard is assumed by (name and address of producer or distributor). The following abbreviated statement is sug- gested when available space on labels is insuffi- cient for the full statement : Conforms to PS 65-75, (name and address of producer or distributor) . 6. EFFECTIVE DATE The effective date of this Voluntary Product Standard is the date upon which reference to the Standard may be made by producers, distributors, users and consumers, and other interested parties. Compliance by producers with all of the require- ments of this voluntary standard may not actu- ally occur until some time after its effective date. Products shall not be represented as conforming to this Voluntary Product Standard until such time as all requirements established in the Stand- ard are met. The effective date of this Standard is November 15, 1975. After this date, products shall not be labeled as conforming to the super- seded standards, CS130-60 and R192-63. 7. HISTORY OF PROJECT In 1962, The Crayon, Water Color and Craft Institute, Inc., requested a revision of Commercial Standard CS 180-60, Color Materials for Art Education In Schools, to include school paste and block printing ink. The first revision was rejected primarily on the grounds that no preservative requirements were included for paste, and no chroma requirements existed for block printing inks. It became apparent during these early de- velopment stages that certain aspects of the orig- inal document had become obsolete, and that dif- ferent test procedures were needed in many areas for the various products to be covered by the standard. The entire project was reviewed in late 1967, and it was then deemed appropriate to com- bine the requirements of CS 130-60 and Simpli- fied Practice Recommendation R 192-63, Cray- ons, Chalks, and Related Art Materials for School Use (Types, Sizes, Packaging and Colors), and to develop individual standards for (1) paints and inks, (2) chalk, and (3) school paste. Committees were established in 1968. After re- jecting several draft proposals, the Standard Re- view Committee approved the proposed Volun- tary Product Standard for paints and inks in October 1973. That recommended standard was circulated for acceptance in January 1974. Based on comments received from that mailing and sub- sequent circulation in October 1974, changes were incorporated into a new draft proposal. The re- vised document was unanimously approved by the Standard Review Committee in March 1975, and the standard was again circulated in April 1975 to producers, distributors, users and consumers, and others interested in the product to determine its acceptability. An analysis of the response to that circulation indicated a consensus as defined in the published procedures. The new standard was designated Voluntary Product Standard PS 65-75, Paints and Inks for Art Education in Schools, and became effec- tive November 15, 1975. Technical Standards Coordinator: George S. Chaconas Standards Development Services Section National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 8. STANDING COMMITTEE A Standing Committee has been appointed to assist in keeping this Voluntary Product Stand- ard up to date. The names and members of the committee are available from the Standards De- velopment Services Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234, which serves as the secretariat of the committee. APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR PURCHASERS AND USERS OF ART MATERIALS Al. Reference to Voluntary Product Stand- ards — Voluntary Product Standards are most ef- fective when they are adopted by industry as recognized trade practice. Purchasers and users of school art materials can promote the adoption and use of this Standard by referencing it in their specifications and purchase orders. For example, the Standard can be referenced as part of the specifications for individual prod- ucts in the invitation to bid : Item Article Description Unit No. of No. Units Block printing ink, 1 oz tubes waterbase, certified to comply with Voluntary Product Standard PS 65-75. 05-16-035 Black ea. 3400 05-16-038 Blue Paint, liquid tempera, quart, certified to comply with Voluntary Product Standard PS 65-75. ea. 2400 05-26-001 Red ea. 100 05-26-003 Yellow ea. 100 05-26-005 Blue ea. 100 Or, a paragraph similar to the following can be added to the General Conditions section of the invitation to bid: Standards Unless otherwise specified, the products or- dered shall comply with Voluntary Product Standard PS 30-70, School Chalk, and PS 65-75, Paints and Inks for Art Education in Schools, where applicable. Or, if additional assurance is required the pur- chaser can further request in the General Condi- tions section : The packages of products covered by these standards shall be marked to indicate the product's compliance with the applicable standard (or "A certificate of compliance with the applicable standard shall be in- cluded with each shipment of products cov- ered by these standards.''). A2. Color — Color deserves special mention be- cause it is the essence of art materials. Ideally, the purchase of intense colors is desirable as they are more than just "pretty," they are economical. With intense color as a base, all that is needed is the addition of white or black to get a wide va- riety of tints or shades. True primary colors also mix better with one another to form secondary colors. Intense color in a paint or ink usually indi- cates more pigment in the product. Consequently, the economics of buying intense colors is apparent. Unfortunately, there are limitations on the degree of intensity obtained in a paint or ink intended for school use. Certain pigments, for example, produce brilliant colors, but at the same time they may be toxic. Because of new data on existing ingredients, new ingredients, and the changing availability of ingredients, manufac- turers often find it necessary to reformulate. In some instances, the intensity and even the hue of the color may by affected. For these reasons, paints and inks meeting the toxicity require- ments of this Standard and having intense, clear colors will give greater economy and satisfaction. APPENDIX B. METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS The conversion factors and units contained in this appendix are in accordance with the Interna- tional System of Units (abbreviated SI for Sys- teme International d'Unites). The SI was defined and given official status by the 11th General Con- ference on Weights and Measures which met in Paris in October 1960. For assistance in convert- ing U.S. customary units to SI units, see ASTM E 380, ASTM Standard Metric Practice Guide, available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. The conversion factors for the units found in this Standard are as follows: inch ounce (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) ,= 25.4 millimeters 28.35 grams 0.45 kilogram 29.57 milliliters 5 milliliters 1 fluid ounce 1 teaspoon 1 quart (liquid) = 0.95 liter t c = (t F — 32)/1.8 where: t c = temperature in degrees Celsius t F = temperature in degrees Fahrenheit NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS PERIODICALS JOURNAL OF RESEARCH reports National Bureau of Standards research and development in physics, mathematics, and chemistry. It is published in two sec- tions, available separately: • Physics and Chemistry (Section A) Papers of interest primarily to scientists working in these fields. 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