PB93-231090 How to Locate and Acquire Japanese Scientific and Technical C S7.2T: i 7r pennState UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES How to Locate and Acquire Japanese Scientific and Technical Information Proceedings of the Conference held March 18-19, 1993 in San Francisco, California Sponsored by The Japanese Information Center of Science and Technology and The National Technical Information Service PENNSYLVANIA : i ur- : '" TV N0V1 1993 DOCL U>& ! : >r> Copy NTIS Supervising Editor, Barbara Payne Executive Editor, Mindy L. Kotler Managing Editor, Susan M. Lusk Production Editor, Benet J. Wilson Intern, Ellen Stanfield This report has been prepared by the Japan Information Access Project for the National Technical Information Service and the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Neither the United States Government nor any other person acting on behalf of the United States Government assumes any liability resulting from the use of the information contained in this document. COPYRIGHT WARNING International Copyright National Technical Information Service, 1992. All portions of this publication are protected against copying or other reproduction outside of the United States under the provision of Article II of the Universal Copyright Convention. The United States copyright is not asserted under the United States Copyright Law, Title 17, United States Code. For sale by the National Technical Information Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 487-4650. Price $56. NTIS Order Number PB93-231090. Add $3.00 per order for shipping and handling. JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table of Contents Preface: U.S. Department of Commerce Japan Technology Program . ix Introduction . . . xi Welcoming Speech 1 Mr. Ron Lawson, Acting Director, National Technical Information Service Keynote Address 7 Professor Michael Harrison, Professor of Computer Science, University of California-Berkeley Part I. The Future of the Bilateral S&T Relationship: Views from Japan and the United States "The Future of the Bilateral Science and Technology Relationship: View from Japan and the United States" 17 Mr. Yoshinari Akeno, Deputy Director, S&T Information Division, Science and Technology Agency "An Update on the U.S.-Japan Agreement for Cooperation in Science and Technology" 23 Dr. Joseph E. Clark, Acting Director, Office of International Technology Policy and Programs, U.S. Department of Commerce Part II. American Activities to Monitor and Utilize Japanese Information "Monitoring Japanese Activities - In English" 31 Ms. Hillary Handwerger, Director, Manufacturing Information Resource Center, National Center for Manufacturing Sciences Pagei JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings "The du Pont Perspective: American Activities to Monitor and Utilize Japanese Information" 39 Dr. James Nottke, Director, Technology Acquisition, EX du Pont Nemours & Company "The Relationship Between Technology Policy and Scientific and Technical Information within the U.S. and Japanese Aerospace Industries" 49 Dr. Thomas Pinelli, Assistant to the Chief, Research Information and Applications Division, NASA Langley Research Center "Foreign Technology Tracking at MCC's International Liaison Office" 81 Mr. Howard Curtis, Senior Research Analyst, International Liaison Office, Microelectronics & Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) Luncheon Speaker, Day One "3M's International and Japanese Experience" 95 Dr. Geoffrey Nicholson, Vice President, International Operations, 3M Corporation Part III. Suppliers of Japanese S&T Information "Accessing Information on Japanese Companies Through Dialog's Teikoku Database" 109 Mr. Richard DeTurck, Director of Marketing, Dialog/Teikoku Databank "NIKKEI Telecom (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.)" 115 Mr. Pier Friend, Databank Sales Representative, NIKKEI Telecom "Accessing 'Grey Literature' in Japan" 121 Mr. Carlton Williams, Cooperative Research Student, Information, Science, Tokyo University and Information Science Specialist, Japan Technology Information and Evaluation Service Page ii JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings "NACSIS International: An Update" 131 Professor Hitoshi Inoue and Professor Hiromichi Hashizume, National Center for Science Information Systems "An Overview of the JICST Databases" 141 Mrs. Hisako Uchida, Counselor, International Programs, Japan Information Center of Science and Technology "R&D Trends of Major Japanese Companies as a Result of Bibliometric Analysis of JICST Database" 155 Ms. Yukiko Sone, Deputy Information Manager, Product Development Division, Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) "Access to Japanese Aerospace-related Scientific and Technical Information: The NASA Aerospace Database" 163 Mr. Glenn P. Hoetker, International STI Analyst and Mr. Thomas F. Lahr, Manager, International Programs, NASA STI Program Part IV. How to Obtain and Use Japanese Patent Information "Japanese Patent Information on DIALOG" 177 Dr. LeeAnn Gorthey, Senior Information Specialist, Dialog Information Services "Sources of Patent Information" 203 Mr. Jeremy Sergeant, President, Derwent, Inc. Opening Address, Day Two "A History ofWestinghouse in Japan" 211 Dr. Gene Strull, Executive Director for Technology, Retired, Westinghouse Electric Page iii JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part V. Experiences of Information Users "The Role of the U.S Embassy in Disseminating Japanese S&T Information" 217 Dr. Richard W. Getzinger, Director, American Association for the , Advancement of Sciences (AAAS) "Japanese Information Gathering & Patent Licensing: The Rockwell International Experience" 221 Dr. Stanley Zehr, Asia-Pacific Technology Liaison Office, Rockwell International Corporation Part VI. Building Human Networks "The Importance of Human Networks in Gathering Japanese Information; The Role of the Japan Information Access Project" . 233 Mindy L. Kotler, Director, Japan Information Access Project "Quality Mores and Best Practices: Competitive Intelligence In Japan" 247 Dr. Giuliana A. Lavendel, Manager, Information Resources, Palo Alto Research Center, Xerox Corporation "Opportunities for Scientific Research in Japan: The Role of the National Science Foundation" 257 Dr. Alexander P. De Angelis, Program Coordinator, National Science Foundation, Japan Program "Japan's Science & Technology Agency's Fellowship Program in Science & Technology: A Description and History" 265 Mr. Takashi Nitto, Manager, Office of Planning, Research Development Corporation of Japan ( JRDC) Page iv JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings "Access to Japanese Science and Technology: Issues in U.S.-Japan Technology Relations" 277 Dr. Phyllis Genther Yoshida, Director, Japan Technology Program, U.S. Department of Commerce Luncheon Speaker, Day Two "Technology Awareness" 295 Mr. Richard Iverson, President, American Electronics Association (AEA) Part VII. Developments in Computer-Assisted Access "The Joint Research Project for a Retrieval System for Overseas Users of Japanese Databases" 309 Mr. Keisuke Okuzumi, Promotion Director, Database Promotion Center (DPC), Japan "Retrieval of Japanese Scientific and Technical Information From the JICST Online Information System (JOIS)" 315 Professor James L. Davis, Technical Japanese, Department of Engineering Professional Development, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Ms. Efrat Livny, Director, Biolnformation Facility, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center "NSF-NACSIS Japanese Science & Engineering Database Access Project" 341 Mr. Lawrence Garfield, Database Search Operator, National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) "Machine Translation: A Report by the Japanese Information Sciences Project at New York University" 351 Dr. Susan Goldman, Research Scientist, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Director, Japanese Information Sciences Project, New York University Pagev JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings "Network of Japanese Translation Services" 369 Mr. Robert W. Brown, Electronics Engineer, U.S. Army Communication- Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey "Use of Computer Translation by U.S. Companies" 373 Mr. David Andrews, Chief Executive Officer, InterLingua Part VIII. Creating a Program for Japanese S&T Information within your Organization "Creating a Program for Japanese S&T Information: A Model & Experience in Washington State" 383 Ms. Betty Tonglao, Coordinator, Pacific Rim Project, Seattle Public Library "Technical Translation or Technical Japanese?" 389 Dr. Michio Tsutsui, Professor, Department of Technical Communications and Director, Technical Japanese Program, College of Engineering, University of Washington "3M's Corporate Strategy for Japanese S&T Information" 401 Ms. Claire Zigmund Stokes, Supervisor, Information Services, 3M Corporation "Creating a Program for Japanese S&T Information within your Organization" 405 Ms. Dawn Talbot, Information Manager, Center for Magnetic Recording Research, University of California-San Diego Closing Remarks: The Importance of Information in Japan 421 Mr. Toshiyasu Sasaki, Executive Vice President, Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) Page vi JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part IX. Directory Directory of Information Services 429 Biographies 459 Page vii JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page viii JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings U.S. Department of Commerce Japan Technology Program The Japan Technology Program carries out the mandates of the Japanese Technical Literature Act of 1986 and the U.S.-Japan Science and Technology (S&T) Agreement of 1988 for the Department of Commerce. It is part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy. It was established in 1987 as the Japanese Technical Literature Program, and with the accretion of duties under the U.S.-Japan S&T Agreement and the creation of the Technology Administration, renamed the Japan Technology Program. Japan's skill in acquiring and utilizing foreign information to develop commercially applicable technologies spurred the enactment of the Japanese Technical Literature Act. The act directs the Secretary of Commerce to increase the availability and understanding of Japanese technical information by coordinating federal government activities and by working with industry. The United States signed the head-of-government U.S.-Japan S&T Agreement to cooperate in research and development in science and technology, and to ensure equitable flows of technology. The Japan Technology Program coordinates im- plementation of the Agreement for the department, and undertakes negotiations to ensure Japanese-initiated international R&D programs provide equitable benefits to all participants. Major negotiations underway include the international Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) feasible study and discussions related to Japan's Real World Computing Initiative on possible bilateral optoelectronics module fabrication. Major Activities Technical Literature - Serves as the focal point in U.S. government for activities related to acquisition, translation, and dissemination of Japanese technical literature; obtains and abstracts Japanese scientific and technical documents in cooperation with the National Technical Information Service (NTIS); and chairs the interagency Japanese Technical Literature Committee to coordinate activities and to make more information available to the private sector. Information Dissemination - Produces directories of Japanese technical resources in the United States and Japanese technical documents entered into the NTIS collection; commissions and publishes reports on important Japanese technologies and R&D practices; publishes a quarterly newsletter; sponsors conferences; and provides busi- ness counseling to companies seeking to monitor Japanese S&T developments. Page ix JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Policy Actions Related to Technology Flows - Advises policy makers in the federal government and U.S. industry on, and implements as directed, provisions of the U.S.-Japan S&T Agreement; works with the National Science Foundation to en- courage U.S. researchers to visit and work in Japan; and monitors emerging trends in impact of these trends on flows of information and technology. For further information and assistance, contact: Japan Technology Program U.S. Department of Commerce Room 4817 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20230 Telephone: (202) 482-1287 Page x JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Introduction This volume presents the proceedings of a conference entitled "How to Locate and Acquire Japanese Scientific & Technical Information," held on March 18-19, 1993, in San Francisco. Sponsored by the Japan Information Center of Science and Technol- ogy (JICST) and the U.S. National Technical Information Service (NTIS), the conference presents an important step taken to fulfill the 1988 U.S.-Japan Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology. If these proceedings bear witness to one thing, it is the commitment of govern- ment on both the U.S. and Japanese sides to improve bilateral research cooperation and to remove any obstacles to the free flow of information that may arise from lack of familiarity with the appropriate knowledge diffusion mechanisms in each national system. U.S. government speakers included senior officials charged with implementing the Science and Technology Agreement, including Dr. Joseph Clark, Acting Director of the Commerce Department's Office of International Technology Policy and Programs and Dr. Tamami Kusuda of the Japan Technology Program. Remarkably, too, despite the distance from Tokyo to San Francisco, Japanese counterparts of these officials also appeared. While Japanese funding may have made the conference possible, it was the highly visible presence of authoritative Japanese speakers and their accessibility to questions from the American audience that made the conference so successful. Rockwell, 3M, du Pont, Xerox, Westinghouse and the top names in American international high-technology business likewise sent presenters, as did major information vendors from the United States and Japan, covering all points on the spectrum from consumers to suppliers. Innovative ventures in publishing (NIKKEI Telecom), research (National Science Foundation), and nonprofit services (the Japan Information Access Project) lent further depth to the proceedings. As a result of the conference, and this, the accompanying conference volume, smaller American businesses now have available to them a comprehensive overview of the "information ecology" of both the United States and Japan, with a frame of reference for their orientation and specific people to contact for help in getting started. Part I of the conference volume contains speeches covering the future of the bilateral S&T relationship with views from the United States and Japan. Part II Pagexi JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings presents American efforts to collect, monitor and use Japanese scientific and tech- nical information. Part III discusses the types of information produced in Japan, the suppliers, and the channels of distribution. Part IV describes how to obtain and use Japanese patent information. Part V tells the experiences of information users, while Part VI offers practical information on how to build human networks by acquiring information through friendships, col- leagues, and counterparts. Part VII reviews developments in computer-assisted access, what is available, actual experiences, and future trends. Part VIII explains how to create a program for Japanese S&T information within your own organization. The aforementioned sections are complemented by a special Part IX, a directory of all presenters and exhibitors at the conference, along with many other sources of Japanese information. The directory is contributed by the Japan Information Access Project, which plans to produce a larger, stand-alone directory of this type to be published at regular intervals. Page xii JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Welcoming Speech Page 1 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 2 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Welcoming Speech Mr. Ron Lawson, Acting Director, NTIS It is particularly gratifying to be a part of the Third Annual Conference on How to Locate and Acquire Japanese Scientific and Technical Information because it exemplifies some of the best aspects of the relationship between the United States and Japan. By this, I mean both sides working hand-in-hand to achieve a meaningful objective. In the late 1970s, American researchers began realizing that a substantial gap existed in their knowledge of what their counterparts in Japan were producing. Further, it became apparent that certain barriers existed to the easy access to S&T information being generated in Japan. Foremost among these apparent barriers are the differences in language and the ways in which S&T information is traditionally handled. Several congressional hearings were devoted to Japanese S&T information, and the Japanese Technical Literature Act was passed in 1986. Further, the U.S. and Japanese Governments also agreed to include provisions for a Joint Working Group for S&T Information Transfer in the 1988 U.S.-Japan Agree- ment for Cooperation in Science and Technology. The Japanese government responded to the problem in a positive way at the highest levels. The Prime Minister's Office asked JICST (The Japan Informa- tion Center of Science and Technology) to take steps to make it easier for foreigners to gain access to Japanese S&T information. As part of its response, JICST asked NTIS to help it organize a series of conferences on the subject. At that time, there had already been several national and international con- ferences on Japanese S&T information. However, they addressed policy, competitiveness, and technical issues and were aimed at specialist in the field. It was decided to aim the new series of conferences at those who are on the front lines of attempting to acquire Japanese S&T information. It would feature presentations by those who had been successful in their pursuit of Japanese S&T information, as well as those who could provide access points to it. Emphasis was to be on the practical. Page 3 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Thus, a desire on the part of the U.S. to gain better access to Japanese S&T information, combined with a Japanese desire to make its S&T knowledge base more accessible to non-Japanese, has resulted in a highly successful conference series. I sincerely hope that all of you will find this Conference as useful and stimulating as have the participants in the previous conferences in the series. Page 4 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Keynote Address Page 5 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 6 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The U.S. & Japan: The Technological Relationship Professor Michael Harrison, Computer Science Division, University of California-Berkeley Over the past dozen years, circumstances have drawn me into a variety of U.S.-Japanese interactions, academic, commercial, and policy related. To set the context, I have spent almost all of my career as a professor at the University of California at Berkeley specializing in computing. The university is a truly cosmopolitan community and we have had the pleasure of hosting many important foreign researchers. This has included a number of Japanese scien- tists who are now prominent leaders of academia and industry. The rapid growth of computing at Berkeley in the late 1960s and the 1970s created severe space shortages and we lost touch with many foreign researchers. As it turned out, so had many American researchers. Technology Assessments In the early 1980s, the Computer Science and Technology Board of the National Research Council was asked to examine international developments in computer science. Agencies such as NSF had become concerned at the insular attitude of U.S. researchers who submitted proposals for funding plausible research projects. NSF would seek peer reviews and find that most of the reviewers would respond favorably but some reviewers would point out that someone abroad had done the work several years ago and would even supply references. Industrial members of the Board were more concerned by the rapid expansion of the Japanese market share in consumer electronics, microelectronics, and computing. Then, Japan announced the Fifth Generation Computing Project [2] at a conference in Tokyo in 1982. This conference was reported as a major Japanese attempt to achieve global leadership in computing. Competing national programs were proposed in Britain, the U.S. and elsewhere. This research has been sponsored in part by the Defense Research Projects Agency (D ARPA), under Contract N00039-88-C-0292, monitored by Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command and under Grant MDA972-92-J-1028. The contents of the information in this paper does not necessarily reflect the position of the government. Page 7 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings As part of the reaction to that event, I was appointed the Chairman of the National Research Council's Panel on Microelectronics and Computer Science. We assembled a panel of distinguished people and spent two weeks in Japan visiting key laboratories and universities to evaluate the state of Japanese technology. Subsequently, a series of Japanese Technology Evalua- tion Program (JTECH) studies were established through other sponsorship. They followed the model of our first panel. These panels spend only one week in Japan and then write a report on the state of Japanese R&D in their area. Of course, one week is not enough time to investigate an active area, but the panels are carefully selected and the members are diligent. There have been over twenty reports and most are useful. I served on the first JTECH Panel and also served as the Chairman of a Panel on Advanced Computing in Japan in 1990. Recently the program has been expanded to focus on all countries, not just Japan. The opportunities for new collaborations arising from the end of the Cold War are significant. There are a number of U.S. activities in Japan which support technological evaluation. These include the NSF office, the ONR office in Tokyo, and office of the American Electronics Association. One important resource is Dr. David Kahaner of the Tokyo Office of ONR. Dr. Kahaner attends many conferences and visits laboratories. Voluminous reports are written which are distributed over Internet to interested parties. His electronic mail address is KAHANER@XROADS.CC.U-TOKYO.AC.JP. It is the depth and timeli- ness of his reports on a wide variety of areas that make them invaluable. On the Japanese side, JICST provides an important service in reviewing foreign, i.e., not Japanese, work in all areas of science and technology. NTTS performs the same function for U.S. work. These services are not restricted. It turns out that some U.S. private companies maintain internal services to monitor Japanese activities. I am personally acquainted with efforts at IBM and MCC. Certain government agencies have a charter to monitor critical programs which could affect national security. A certain small European country maintains a disproportionally large staff in Japan to monitor S&T. Much more information on international competition in computing may be found in [1]. Page 8 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Pressures on U.S.- Japanese Cooperation The technological relationship between the U.S. and Japan has been stressed by persistent trade imbalances. During the previous two U.S. administrations, the U.S. and Japanese played well-rehearsed roles. The Japanese pointed out the U.S. debt, deficit, and low savings rate. On the other hand, the U.S. complained about artificial impediments to trades. There is a great deal of merit in both positions. It is prudent to listen to political pronouncements, but it is essential to watch what is actually being done. For example, the Bush administration eschewed "industrial policy." On the other hand, they realized the need to support high-performance computing. A national program was set up in high performance computing and funding was made available. This was considered proper behavior by the administration because "a national program is not a form of industrial policy." The new Clinton administration has stated its determination to improve the U.S. economy through growth in jobs and in exports. Inflammatory language has been used and xenophobia seems on the rise in many countries. In fact, this is the time for international cooperation especially in science and technol- ogy. Now is the time to do high-energy physics by building one semiconducting super-collider by pooling funding and sharing access. It does not matter if the super-collider is in Europe, America, or Asia. Similar remarks apply to the Japanese space program. One senior executive told me of his apprehension prior to a visit by then-U.S. Department of Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher. He expected to be challenged on his company's failure to use U.S. space technology which was more advanced and cheaper. There was no "politically correct" answer. Fortunately for my friend, the secretary never raised the issue. Changing Financial Times There are a number of financial issues that influence the U.S.-Japan relation- ship. • the U.S. deficit • the Japanese real estate market • the Japanese stock market Page 9 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings There are thousands of articles on these topics, ranging from scholarly publi- cations to newspaper articles. A popular theme can be summarized as denial. That is, the deficit and debt are claimed to be a modest burden. Have you ever met a real-estate salesman who thought a property was overvalued and this was a poor time to buy? This is not the forum for me to enter these debates except to state that the deficit is a real problem and must be faced. Likewise, the Japanese markets seem overvalued and corrections must be expected. Trade progress, a problem for both the U.S. and Japan, is an area on which real progress must be made. The U.S. needs to have the benefits of Japanese manufacturing expertise, engineering advances, and products. The Japanese need access to U.S. research and technology especially computer software and computer architectures, and Japan needs access to the huge U.S. market. A Case Study in U.S.-Japan Cooperation Let us consider a true story about one venture which illustrates the advantages of cooperation. This is the tale of a real company — Gain Technology Inc. — which was founded by Pehong Chen and myself. In 1988, 1 was engaged in DARPA-funded university research and we were working on advanced environments for document and programs. Pehong Chen was one of my Ph.D. students and the senior student on our research project. The department had an industrial liaison program to attract funding for a new building. Under this agreement, a large Japanese corporation sent a young researcher Ikuo Minakata, to work on our project. This was a wonder- ful experience for everyone. For Minakata-san, he worked in a cooperative group, learned new technologies, and had a good time. From my perspective, we had another young, talented researcher who generated new ideas, and our research flourished. Joint papers were published. In 1988, P. Chen received his doctorate and joined a local research laboratory. During that year, he and I became interested in starting a new software company. By this time, Minakata-san had returned to Japan. As Dr. Chen and I developed our ideas, our Japanese friend provided some marketing informa- tion. We invited him to join our start-up. He remained loyal to his company but asked instead if we were interested in obtaining funding from his firm. As a result of writing my book [1], I had met a consultant to the senior technical person in the same company. Our two friends, one American and one Japanese, made inquiries on our behalf. We went to Japan and met some key Page 10 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings people including Board members. The timing could not have been better in that the company was looking for a strategic software partner. It was decided within three days that we were interested in working together but our ideas needed further work. The company offered a job to Dr. Chen and offered me consulting for the summer to develop the ideas further. At the end of the summer, we would decide if they would fund the company. While this involved little risk for me, Dr. Chen was a young family man who had been working at his job for less than one year. He demonstrated his confidence by instan- taneously announcing that he would quit his job upon his return to the U.S. Our former colleague, Minakata-san, was to return to the U.S. to help us. Over the next months, the business plan and technology were developed. The plans were accepted and the company was incorporated. Here are some key points. • The goal was to develop a comprehensive UNIX-based multimedia system • A team of ten Japanese engineers worked with Gain in its Palo Alto offices • An international (multi-lingual) product was developed on time Although the deal between Gain and its partner is a private matter, some aspects can be discussed. The Japanese partner provided the personnel men- tioned and funding. There was no equity participation by the Japanese partner. The American team developed most of the software while the Japanese team dealt with Japanese language input/output. The technology was jointly owned with special marketing rights. While the details remain private, the key lesson is that it was possible to craft a creative deal which met the specific needs of both partners. The actual contract is a curious document and is essentially a memorandum of our agreements. Whenever a new question or opportunity has arisen, a compromise agreement has always been reached amicably if not always quickly. The company grew from the two founders to over one hundred people in less than three years. Gain has had essentially all of the UNIX market share for multimedia. In September of 1992, Gain was acquired by Sybase. The deal When a new concept or an unexpected suggestion is made, decision making may be suspended for nemawashi or consensus building. The effect on business is similar to that of "garbage collecting in software systems." Page 11 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings was satisfactory to the Japanese partner, all of whose rights have been preserved. The terms were attractive for the Gain shareholders as there was no external equity participation. This venture was so successful because the partners trusted one another. Each party got what they needed and there were numerous other joint efforts collateral to the main business of Gain Technol- ogy, but which were mutually beneficial. Conclusions The U.S. Japanese relationship is special and very important. It is vitally important to both sides. There are great opportunities to do on a large scale what was done in our small example of Gain Technology. If the two countries can cooperate as well as compete, new key technologies and cost-effective products can be developed and the world can become a safer and more prosperous place for everyone. After all, "A rising tide will lift all ships." Page 12 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings References [1] David H. Brandin and Michael A. Harrison. The Technology War. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987. [2] T. Moto-Oka, editor. Fifth Generation Computer Systems. Japan Informa- tion Processing Development Center, North Holland Publishing Company, 1982. Page 13 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 14 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part I. The Future of the Bilateral S&T Relationship: Views from Japan and the United States Page 15 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 16 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Future of the Bilateral Science and Technology Relationship: View from Japan and the United States Mr. Yoshinari Akeno, Deputy Director, Science and Technology Information Division, Science and Technology Agency This conference is being held as one of the cooperative activities based on the Japan-United States Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement. It is designed so that the people of the United States can gain a broad under- standing of the ways in which Japanese scientific and technical information can be efficiently obtained and put to use. The first and second conferences were held in Washington, but I feel the fact that this third conference was held in San Francisco, a city near the Silicon Valley, which is internationally famous in the high-tech industry has extremely profound significance. The theme of my speech is "The Future of the Bilateral Science and Technol- ogy Relationship: View from Japan." As a premise, I would like to explain the basic thinking behind Japanese science and technology policies as well as the concrete measures that the Japanese Government is discussing as cooperative activities between Japan and the United States, in particular the aspects of those measures dealing with the flow of science and technical information. Following this, I would like to take a look at the future of those matters. In January 1992, the latest direction in Japanese science and technology policy was indicated in the recommendation entitled, Comprehensive and Basic Science and Technology Policy Toward the New Century submitted to the Prime Minister. In April 1992, based on this proposal, the Basic Policy for Science and Technology was decided upon at a government cabinet meeting. Let us introduce the content of that basic policy in simple terms. This new science and technology policy was enacted in light of the heightening international concern with issues common to all mankind, such as changes ir the international conditions, global environmental problems, natural resource and energy problems,and food problems which emerged amidst the end of the Cold War between the East and West. Because of this new international situation, there were demands that Japan fulfill the responsibilities and duties commensurate with its international standing. A consensus resulted on the need for Japan to make positive contributions for all of mankind through science and technology. Japanese are often criticized as being economic Page 17 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings animals, but it should be pointed out that the Japanese consciousness has gradually undergone a change from a desire for material wealth to a desire for mental and psychological affluence. Japan's science and technology is considerably strong in terms of applicable technology. It has become clear, however, that in comparison with this strength, its science and technology is weak in terms of basic research. As a result, there is an increasing awareness of the need to strengthen basic research in Japan, especially in the public fields, and to consider the accumulation of the new knowledge, called "intellectual stock" which is for the use of all humans, as well as to make the structure of science and technology more balanced. The new science and technology policy was established in this light. It has the following three objectives: 1. Coexistence of human beings in harmony with the earth 2. Expansion of intellectual stock 3. Construction of an experimenting society where people can live with peace of mind The following are a few examples of the important measures that ought to be promoted in order to substantiate these objectives. One of these measures is the "expansion of investment in research and development." The structure of Japan's investment in research and development is such that an extremely high proportion of this investment goes toward research and development for insuring industrial competitiveness. In order to balance out this situation, we intend to make efforts to double government investment in basic research and development as soon as possible. Another measure is the "activation of research and display of creativity." We intend to develop a center of excellence which has a system for promoting the exchange of researchers, and has an outstanding research environment where top researchers from Japan and abroad will gather. Measures will also be taken for the "intensification of international science and technology activities." In order to advance major international joint research and promote the appointment and reception of foreign researchers, we are planning to take measures to provide a research system and environ- ment which is open to the international community. Page 18 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings In terms of the flow of scientific and technical information, the strengthening of functions for the mutual exchange of international information is indicated in this last measure and is intended to intensify liaisons with foreign countries through the formation of an international network, expansion of an English- language database for papers and government publications, and provide a system for promoting access to this database. This explains Japan's current science and technology policy. Based on this fundamental way of thinking, the Japanese government is putting a variety of policies into action and, in conforming with these policies, implementing specific cooperative activities with the United States. Next will follow specific cooperative activities between Japan and the United States in the area of the flow of scientific and technical information. The activities to be introduced now are based on the four initiatives agreed in the Japan-U.S. Task Force on Scientific and Technical Information, which was set up under the Japan-United States Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement. The first initiative is to improve awareness and understanding of organizations and systems established to improve the use of scientific and technical information (STI). The JICST/NTIS conference represents one concrete measure taken to meet this objective. The second initiative is to increase the quantity and quality of STI. To achieve this goal, efforts are being made primarily through JICST, the National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS), and the National Diet Library (NDL). For example, JICST has created an English-language database for information on scientific and technical literature, including research reports of Japanese governmental organizations, and on research topics at national and public research organizations. These database services have been avail- able since 1987 through the international scientific and technical information network STN International. This English-language database is also available through JOIS, an online service of JICST. In addition, JICST has published the English version of the Annual Report on Science and Technology in Japan issued by the Science and Technology Agency. The title of the report is the White Paper on Science and Technology. It describes the recent trends and present status of S&T activities and policies of Japan with data and statistics. Page 19 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) has expanded its databases related to the research and information of Japanese universities and academic societies and is currently offering them to researchers from the United States through the U.S. Library of Congress and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Information is also being exchanged by the National Diet Library (NDL) through exchange programs with overseas organizations such as the Library of Congress. The third initiative is to reduce impediments to the flow of scientific and technical information. In cooperation with academic societies, publishing and authors' associations and the Japanese government, the Japan Reprographic Rights Center was established in September 199 1. This is a private organiza- tion functioning in a way similar to the Copyright Clearance Center in the United States. The fourth initiative is to increase the translation of scientific and technical information. We are investigating the possibility of a joint project on Japanese- English, machine-aided translation. The next matter does not directly concern the flow of scientific and technical information, but rather the exchange of researchers. From the perspective of promoting the exchange of researchers with the United States and the other countries, we are setting up a science and technology fellowship system as well as a variety of other invitational systems. In addition, since 1990, a summer institute program has been implemented in which science and engineering graduate university students from the United States are invited to Japan during their summer breaks and given the opportunity to undergo approximately eight weeks of summer training at Japan's national research institutes, private corporations, and other organizations. These programs are being expanded. Through the efforts of both Japan and the United States, all these measures have been highly praised by the Joint High Level Committee, held in Washington last September. The increase in global environmental problems, the growing disparity between the North and the South, food and energy problems and other issues common to mankind will be linked to science and technology. There is also a need to grapple with mega-science such as space stations and nuclear fusion. In light of the globalization of science and tech- nology activities, there is an increasing need for the countries of the world to come together and cooperate in the fight. I think Japan and the United States, in particular, are expected to contribute to the world while deepening their cooperation as technologically advanced nations. Page 20 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings In order to deepen the cooperative relationship between Japan and the United States in the fields of science and technology, in addition to strengthening its efforts in the area of basic research, the Japanese government intends to make efforts to expand the diffusion of the results of this research and other infor- mation overseas and to expand the exchange of researchers. Finally, I hope this JICST/NTIS Conference fulfills one important role in order to actually strengthen the functions for mutually distributing scientific and technical information between Japan and the United States. Page 21 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 22 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings An Update on the U.S.- Japan Agreement for Cooperation in Science & Technology Dr. Joseph E. Clark, Acting Director, Office of International Technology Policy and Programs, U.S. Department of Commerce Since the 1988 signing of the U.S.-Japan Agreement for Cooperation in Science & Technology, technical collaboration between our nations has progressed significantly. This annual conference is one important way that we have increased our mutual understanding and built a stronger foundation for S&T cooperation that is mutually beneficial. One major focus of the agreement is on scientific and technical information. As the U.S. co-chair of the Task Force on Scientific and Technical Information, I am proud of the candid and fruitful discussions we have held. In 1989 we agreed on four goals for the Task Force, which have continued to be our focus as the Japanese co-chair has been passed from Mr. Setsuo Matsuzawa, to Mr. Yasutsugu Takata, and to Mr. Junichi Yamaji. Our goals still are to 1) Improve awareness and understanding of organizations and systems established to improve the use of S&T informa- tion ("Mutual Understanding") 2) Increase the quantity and quality of S&T information ("STI") 3) Reduce impediments to the flow of S&T information ("Reprographic Rights") 4) Increase the translation of S&T information ("Transla- tion") Over the years we have made some significant accomplishments. I will high- light just a few. Page 23 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Progress Toward our Goals (1) Improve awareness and understanding of organizations and systems estab- lished to improve the use of scientific & technical information (mutual under- standing). To begin, we jointly developed a comprehensive report on the current status of distribution of S&T information between Japan and the United States. Both sides reported on a) basic government policy toward effective distribution of Scientific and Technical Information (STI), b) the status of STI information centers, and c) international distribution and cooperation in STI. Several reports and studies were undertaken in order to understand better the process by which Japanese STI can be accessed by technical experts from the United States. Survey results from the Science & Technology Agency (STA) and Mitsubishi Research Institute indicated the need to improve access to Japanese technical reports, doctoral dissertations and technical bul- letins/newsletters. At the request of the U.S. side, the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) has been providing the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) with videotapes that describe the capabilities and facilities at Japanese laboratories and that portray other related information helpful to American scientists planning to visit, live or work in Japan. Overall, the tapes have been found to be of significant value to the small number of individuals who have thus far used them prior to visiting Japan. (2) Increase the quantity and quality of scientific and technical information (STI). The Task Force has defined its scope of activities by listing the types of scientific and technical reports produced by government agencies or through major government-sponsored or government-supported R&D programs that are not published in readily available professional literature. Thus our focus has been more clearly defined and the Task Force has been able to concentrate its efforts on the exchange of STI. In pursuing this goal, the National Center for Science Information System (NACSIS), the Japanese academic informa- tion network, has provided 18 databases containing information on grants, university doctoral theses, conference papers and other such information to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Library of Congress. Page 24 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The National Diet Library (NDL) has added staff and increased its budget by $1 million for collection of such literature. NDL is distributing its information to the Library of Congress, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Chicago. Such material includes large quantities of technical books, periodicals, and related materials. The Japan Information Center for Science and Technology ( JICST) has played a large role in facilitating Japanese information for U.S. consumption. It has begun doing machine translation of its bibliographic database into English, and produced and distributed a referral database (J-Grip File) which covers ongo- ing and completed research publications at public research organizations in Japan. The JICST files are accessible electronically on the JICST Online Information System (JOIS) and STN International In addition, JICST has increased distribution in the U.S. of the annual White Paper and the monthly publications of STA Today. (3) Reduce impediments to the flow of scientific & technical information (Japan Reprographic Right Center). Many years ago, Japan began exploring the establishment of a "copyright clearance center" similar to those established in other industrialized nations. With the aid and encouragement of the Task Force, a public-private consensus developed on the need for such an organization in Japan. Thus the Japan Reprographic Right Center (JRRC) was established in September 1991, and announced at the March 1992 annual conference. Publishers, authors and academic societies in Japan were active in its start-up. About 1200 Japanese companies have completed agreements with the Center. This major ac- complishment is due in large part to the excellent cooperation and open dialogue fostered by the Task Force. (4) Increase the translation of scientific & technical information (translation). Obtaining proper legal rights to distribute English translations of Japanese publications has been a concern of Americans interested in U.S. distribution of Japanese publications. JICST and NTIS have initiated an experimental mechanism to assist those seeking permission from Japanese authors to dis- tribute translations of their technical works. Contrary to initial expectations, there have been few requests to use this arrangement yet. The few cases that have been handled under this arrangement have been processed successfully but slowly. Page 25 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings JICST has begun using machine-aided translation (MAT) extensively, in order to increase the English-language content of the JICST bibliographic database. Cooperation between Japanese and American MAT researchers has been initiated, and the lead responsibility for fostering this cooperation has been transferred to this Task Force from the Information Science & Technology Liaison Group. In addition, a Japan Technology Evaluation Center (JTEC) study team visited Japan in 1990, and published a report on the state-of-the-art of machine translation. The report has helped both the U.S. and Japan to explore cooperation in R&D on the next generation of MAT technology. New ways of cooperation between the two countries are being explored for the future development of MAT technology. In November 1992, Japanese re- searchers participated in a U.S. conference in San Diego on the evaluation of MAT systems. A joint U.S.-Japan workshop is scheduled for late 1993. Another milestone under this goal is that two U.S. government sponsored research consortia have been established. The first is the Lexical Development Consortium based at the University of Pennsylvania, and the second is the Consortium for Lexical Research based at the New Mexico State University. There has also been discussion of possible cooperation and resource-sharing with Japan's Electronic Dictionary Research Institute. Conclusion The U.S. and Japan have mutually recognized the importance of maintaining an equitable exchange of information as defined in the Science and Technology Agreement. The Task Force on Scientific and Technical Information ensures that programs and other mechanisms of information exchange are established and properly executed. The Task Force will continue to encourage additional programs and improve on the ones already in progress. The program to collect videotapes, as presented in the First Goal, has had significant value; however, this service is currently under-utilized. In addition, difficulty in acquiring good quality tapes with significant technical relevance has been experienced. We hope that these deficiencies will soon be remedied. Page 26 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Under the Second Goal, the National Diet Library is being encouraged to continue to expand its U.S. distribution of material to other universities and research centers. In addition, the U.S. and Japanese sides need to continue to investigate ways to improve the use of NACSIS and other online databases available at the National Science Foundation and the Library of Congress. In regard to the Third Goal, Japan is heartily congratulated on the estab- lishment of the Japan Reprographic Right Center. The JRRC and the Copyright Clearance Center of the U.S. should be actively encouraged to conclude a reciprocal agreement on the exercise of the right which they administer. The Fourth Goal needs the most action and attention. Translation of materials is crucial and essential to an equitable exchange of information with the United States. The Task Force needs to actively pursue ways to cooperate on machine- aided translation, to research and develop the next generation of this technol- ogy and related technologies such as Optical Character Recognition, and we need to ensure that the funds are available to utilize this technology. The U.S.-Japan workshop tentatively scheduled for late 1993 is an exemplary step toward cooperation in this area. In closing I should note that JICST and NTIS have done a fine job of organizing these Annual Conferences on Improving Access to Japanese Scientific & Technical Information. The participants have not only described their ser- vices, but also shared their information search techniques and procedures. The high level of participation and the very positive evaluations from hundreds of participants clearly indicate the success of these conferences. These annual conferences serve as an excellent model for additional efforts to improve mutual understanding of STI systems and their use. Thus, this Third Conference is being held in San Francisco. This is the first such conference held outside the Washington, D.C. area, and I am certain that it will be as successful as the previous conferences. Page 27 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 28 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part II. American Activities to Monitor and Utilize Japanese Information Page 29 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 30 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Monitoring Japanese Activities- In English Ms. Hillary Handwerger, Director of the Manufacturing Information Resource Center, National Center for Manufacturing Sciences The National Center for Manufacturing Sciences is a consortium of U.S. and Canadian owned corporations committed to making North American manufacturing globally competitive through development and implementation of next-generation manufacturing technologies. The organization traces its roots to the early 1980s when a concern began to emerge about America's ability to competitively produce advanced technology for both defense and commercial needs. The consortium was formally incorporated in November 1986. We current- ly have over 160 member companies, both large and small. NCMS works to bring together many companies in collaborative projects which leverage their insights and dollars to develop new tech- nology initiatives and to ensure their adoption within the North American industry base. Besides hard technology issues, the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences addresses management, human resource development, and infrastructure needs. There is also a major initiative to support the informational needs of our member companies. That is where the Manufacturing Information Resource Center fits in to the overall NCMS initiative. We hope to improve the competitive- ness of our members by making sure that each of their business decisions is an informed one. The Manufacturing Information Resource Center has been set up to serve both the information and research needs of our project managers and our member companies. We have four goals: 1. Acquisition, being the most effective source of national and international manufacturing information and research. 2. Management of the information that we capture so that data and materials are rapidly accessible for a variety of purposes. Page 31 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 3. Dissemination, using our various research, database, and publication capabilities to disseminate information as needed. 4. Awareness, by making industry, and our members in particular, aware of the resources that are available to them so that they will broaden their information seeking beyond their immediate environment To meet these goals and serve our constituents, we have developed an extensive collection of materials that are used internally and can be borrowed by our members. This includes books, technical and market research reports, journals, videos and training materials, and transla- tions of pertinent materials that we are able to identify. We provide research services and an online database, again for both internal and member use. In the near future we will be opening the Information Center's capabilities and services to non-members. How does this relate to our monitoring of Japanese information? As NCMS sets up its research agendas and investigates potential research projects, we look around the world to determine what is being done elsewhere in these areas, and what the potential market and long-term trends are for various technologies. And as we continue to develop selected programs, we need to be constantly aware of related research and developments, internationally, that impact what we are currently doing. NCMS is monitoring international activities, almost entirely, through English-language sources. The following are typical sources of information that we use to monitor Japanese research and business activities. Much of this information originates in Japan, but not all. Research Activity Sources Reference: Pacific Research Centres: A Directory of Scientific, Industrial, Agricul- tural, and Biomedical Laboratories, Longman Engineering Research Centres: A World Directory of Organizations and Programmes, Longman Page 32 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Materials Research Centres: A World Directory of Organizations and Programmes, Longman Directory of Japanese Technical Reports, NTIS Directory of Japanese Technical Resources in the U.S., NTIS Journals: Advanced Composite Materials: The Official Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, VSP BV Advanced Powder Technology: The International Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan, VSP BV and the Society of Powder Technology Advanced Robotics: The International Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan, VSP BV and the Robotics Society of Japan Advanced Coatings & Surface Technology, Technical Insights Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Technical Insights International Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, JSPE New Technology Japan, JETRO JSME International Journal, The Japan Society of Mechanical En- gineers NTIS Alert: Foreign Technology, U.S. DOC, National Technical Infor- mation Service JPRS Report - Science & Technology, Japan, Foreign Broadcast Infor- mation Service Databases: JICST-E JGrip Inspec Page 33 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Compendex Plus World Patents Index NTIS OCLC, EPIC Business/Industry Information Reference: Directory of Japanese-Affiliated Companies in the USA & Canada, JETRO Japan Trade Directory, JETRO Directory of American Electronics Companies in Japan, AEA Industry Committee Standard Trade Index of Japan, Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry Journals: Asiamac Journal, Adsale Publishing Asian Wall Street Journal Business Tokyo: The U.S. Executive's Key to Japan, Keizaikai Digest of Japanese Industry & Technology (DJIT), Japan Trade & Industry Publicity, Inc. Japan High Tech Report, World Business Publications Japan- U.S. Business Report, Japan Economic Institute of America Japanese Technical Literature Bulletin, U.S. DOC, Japan Technology Program Tokyo Business Today, Toyo Keizai Venture Japan: The Journal of Global Strategic Alliances, Investment Dealers Digest Page 34 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Databases: Comline: Electronics Comline: Industrial Automation/ Mechanical Engineering ABI/Inform PROMT Newsnet Datatimes General information Reference: How to Find Information about Japanese Companies and Industries, Washington Researchers, Ltd. Inside U.S. Trade, An Inside Washington Publication JEI Report, Japan Economic Institute Yomiuri Report from Japan, The Yomiuri Shimbun We use these materials and many more database and CD-Rom products that have Japanese related information as part of their inter- national focus, to provide current awareness of research, technologies and industry information. We also use these resources to answer research questions having to do with Japanese related business or research activities posed by members or our Project Managers and their committees. Then we go one step further. Our catalog of MIRC-owned materials, which includes the citations of papers of proceedings and pertinent articles from journals as well as all our books and reports, is all entered into the NCMS TRACK database system which is an online system our staff and members can sign onto and search themselves. Beyond this catalog of materials, we have been receiving the Comline Electronics and Industrial Automation files weekly for the last two Page 35 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings years, those records are also in the file, as are records of new tech- nologies from Technical Insight's Alerts. Since last October, we have been loading the NTIS Report abstracts file (from 1990 on) into TRACK. And beginning this month we will be loading the UMI tapes for ABI/INFORM, both abstracts and full text; and we are now testing U.S. Patent Abstracts tapes on our system. All these records and more, (we expect to have about 800,000 records in our file by the end of 1993), are available to be searched for information. About 11 percent of the materials currently in our files discuss Japan or Japanese developments in some form. So current business informa- tion and some research reports and technological developments are available, in a single file in NCMS TRACK, for our users to search. Translations are another issue. There is a lot of technical and economic research going on in Japan that is published, but difficult to find out about, and not translated into English. We have a number of member companies that travel to Japan regularly on business, or have divisions in Japan that can and do identify and retrieve important reports for us. The NCMS staff goes on or leads various trips to the Far East where they are given materials. We have also used the services of Comline to find materials that we would like to have. Many of the Japanese reports listed in the NTIS tapes or through JICST-E may have an English-language abstract or citation, but the report itself is in the original language. When we find pertinent reports, we then have a number of issues to deal with in getting translations of the reports — not least of which is the small number of proficient Japanese translators in the United States. When you compound this with the slowness of a good quality translation and its costliness, the quantity of materials that can actually be trans- lated is small. We are trying to get around this problem using machine translation, with the help of Interlingua and by sharing the costs of translation projects with other organizations. NCMS is jointly translat- ing the five-volume text of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) proposals with Sematech and MCC. Because NCMS is a consortia of member companies, we have yet another problem with translations which has to do with copyright law. When we translate, it is not expected that the materials would be held Page 36 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings closely within our company. Our translations, once completed, are shared with our member companies and our project committees. We therefore need to get permissions to translate these materials. Starting in 1990, we tried getting permission to translate reports, by going directly to the publisher and requesting permission; more than 18 months later and with a good deal of interdiction from NTIS, we finally got our permission to translate and distribute copies of reports to members. Since that experience, we have used NTIS and our trans- lators to help us with these permissions and have been a good deal more successful. However, in getting ready for this presentation, I put myself in the shoes of a novice and sent out some requests for translation permissions- one request went to the Copyright Permission Officer at Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun-sha and the other to JETRO Publications Department acting for the Japanese Reprographics Rights Center. Both letters were sent in early December, we have gotten no replies to date. We are hoping to be able to set up some agreements with various institutes in Japan (as we have in the Ukraine) that will give us both rapid access to pertinent documents and permissions to translate. We are willing to distribute these documents outside our membership. Although NCMS is not yet the "information machine" we would like to be, and we do not yet have the staff and language requirements to make us fully proficient in monitoring Scientific and Technical Information of Japan, we are doing our best to put the capabilities in place for a cohesive information strategy for all science and technology. As I have stated, we are currently monitoring publications for items of interest and able to search the English language literature (and some Japanese works) to find answers to research requests. During this next year we hope to be able to access more translations or rights to translate and to start looking at the information we gather to put it in the context of other industry developments, markets, and trends. We hope also to be able to provoke our members to be more assertive in their information demands and make them better citizens of this information age. The access we provide to research services, our publications and translations, and the NCMS TRACK database are all designed to meet this goal. Access to Japanese science and technology is just one piece of the puzzle. Page 37 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 38 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The du Pont Perspective: American Activities to Monitor and Utilize Japanese Information Dr. James Nottke, Director, Technology Acquisition, E.L du Pont Nemours & Company This paper has come out much differently than I anticipated. I was aware of how I obtained technical information from Japan and I as- sumed that most other du Pont professionals who needed such infor- mation obtained it in a different way. But such is not quite the case. As Director for Technology Acquisition, I need to get the information from Japan before it appears in the databases. Once it is in the databases it is available to everyone, and I want to have it first. Everyone knows du Pont, but in fact we tend to be known outside du Pont as a chemical company, or a fibers company, or a paint company, or an agricultural products company. We are all those and much more, and most of us inside du Pont have difficulty grasping just the major aspects of the du Pont that we live in. Du Pont has about $40 billion in annual sales. About half of that is in petroleum products and the associate businesses that have evolved in the decade since we purchased Conoco. The other half of the sales are in what we term the chemicals and specialties, or C&S side of the corporation. Du Pont is mostly a chemicals and materials producer that sells to downstream industrial customers that convert those products into end-user products. These range from basic chemicals such as sulfuric and nitric acids, titanium dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide to engineered materials such as fibers, packaging films, and automotive paint, to finished products such as Silverstone cookware, Stren fishing line, and Remington shotguns and shells. My message is that du Pont is in many markets with many types of products based on many, many technologies. And with about half of our sales outside the United States, we are geographically broad as well. So our technical information needs are highly varied. When I tell you where we are in our interactions with Japan today, I think I must first contrast it with where we were just 15 or 20 years ago so that you see how much we have changed. Obviously, I think it is that change and the rate of change that have shaped how we get technical information from Japan. Fifteen years ago we had a few joint ventures Page 39 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings and these were generally "arms-length" deals in which we carefully controlled the flow of technical information from the parent company, which meant the information flow from the JV was also weak and of a competitive nature. And we had some modest export sales. When I made my first business trip to Japan in 1978 to look for possible sources of new lubricants and antistats to be used on fibers, I was briefed ahead of time, but unprepared for the technical breadth and depth in Japan and the way the industries were organized. In fact, most of our technical information came from technology scouting trips, technology trading trips and participation in very, very few technical conferences each year. In contrast, I note that JICST was in its rapid growth stage at that time. So let us fast-forward 15 years; how do we at du Pont monitor and utilize technical information from Japan today? To prepare this presentation I was about to pick up the phone and call Rita Ayers, who heads up corporate information science in du Pont, when it occurred to me that was not how I proceeded when I needed information of a technical sort from Japan. And then it occurred to me that if they wanted the perspective of an information professional, they would have invited one. So rather than start with our very competent information resource people, I thought of a couple situations in which I had wanted informa- tion of a specific nature from Japan, and mentally walked my way through the path I had followed. In addition, I started talking with a number of technology transfer and business development people that work on my hall in the du Pont building, one of whom was in the final stages of an out-licensing deal with a Japanese company. I also contacted a few scientists and en- gineers and later some business people with a variety of assignments that required them to keep track of certain types of technical activity in Japan. It was soon clear to me that there was no common methodology and there was no common major source or conduit, but it did appear that people doing certain types of work got their information in com- mon ways. Let me emphasize that my "research" for this presentation was neither comprehensive nor particularly scientific, but based on data gathered informally from about 25 people across du Pont. These professionals were selected because I knew that their work involved their knowing what was going on in Japan and that they were perceived, by myself at least, to be good at it. They were people in ongoing positions, not Page 40 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings newcomers to a job, but people looking for information inside their field of competence. From these discussions, I created the categories shown in Figure 1. The "researchers" were senior bench scientists and engineers in the corporate labs or in support of major businesses. The "new business development" people were involved in commercializing new polymer- based products and do it well. The "patents and licensing" people that I have mentioned refer to their work on applications or out-license technology. As I collected data on how people obtained their technical information from Japan, it became apparent how deeply and broadly du Pont had become involved with Japan. Each person I talked to had their contacts or network or consultant in Japan. To be able to finish my story, I need to take two charts to tell you how involved we are today, because that allows you to understand why people use and rely on the sources that they do. Figure 2 is a chart that gives an incomplete, but representative, over- view of du Pont activity in Japan. Don't worry about any of the details, just look at the big picture. The senior vice president of one of our eight business segments is located in Japan. He has all of the electronics business worldwide. We have numerous businesses and JVs, many with an associated R&D unit, in Japan. These are researcher exchanges of three months to a year that have occurred in the last year. We make a number of grants to higher education. Although not on the chart, we also invest in a high-tech venture capital fund in Japan, with the purpose of gathering information. We belong to several consortia, the most notable is that we are the first foreign, full member of the ISTEC consortium on high temperature superconductivity in Japan and have a resident researcher there. We participate in a number of conferences, I have just listed a few major ones in which we play a leadership role, or in the case of the PPC, we helped found. We also have innumerable Japanese companies as suppliers, both in Japan and in the United States, In fact Kao and Takemoto Oil and Fat Company supply fiber finishes to us. In addition, Kao bought High Point Chemical and Takemoto bought Goulston, two of our U.S. finish suppliers. Page 41 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings In Figure 3, I mention a number of activities in the United States. Researcher exchanges from Japanese customers, hosting Japanese faculty who are on sabbatical, training of Japanese employees of joint venture companies. Language training is an interesting item. For the last few years about 20 or 30 researchers at our corporate labs are voluntarily learning Japanese, mostly to be able to interact more effec- tively, not just informally converse with Japanese. We have translators and interpreters, and an increasing number of native Japanese as U.S. employees. Electronic mail sits there on the chart as a single word, but it ought to be 10 inches high. With the time zone difference from the United States and Europe, e-mail is of enormous benefit. And then I list the categories of publications, databases, and studies that we read, use and purchase. Figures 4 and 5 outline how du Pont obtains Japanese information. We have no broad centralized general monitoring of technical information from Japan, and in retrospect I am not surprised. Most information is based on individual initiative and experiences and for most, timeliness is more important than completeness. Let me now quickly go through those users that I introduced you to a few charts back. The researchers get and scan the English abstracts of selected society journals and technical periodicals. They attend one or two Japanese conferences per year and are on the mailing lists for summaries and reports, which are more common in Japan, and almost always available in English. They get some of the ever-increasing number of newsletters. E-mail with their network in Japan is a major source. And finally patent awareness, although I was disappointed at how few researchers were following the patent literature today. The new business development people who target the Japanese market all travel to Japan one to five times per year. They consider it to be inconvenient, but critical to success. There is some reliance on multi- client studies and less use of personal networking than the researchers. Several people had commercial entities in Japan on a retainer to look for and forward specific categories of information. They consider such information services in the United States to be inferior. The patents and licensing people use a number of databases. Their comments are that all are good, but not one of them is perfect. Page 42 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings In the ongoing business category, I will just cover the competitive analysis people. It is incredible what they glean from networking, briefing and debriefing du Pont travelers, perusing publications and using U.S. government agencies, which was a surprise to me. In fact, one particularly good person in this area mentioned that he calls the Department of Commerce of the Census Bureau two or three times per week. Also interesting, is that this competitive analyses person has never travelled personally to Japan! So how does du Pont monitor and utilize information from Japan? By using personal networks and databases, backed up by formal informa- tion systems. For companies such as ours, it is probably far more important that a database be complete, rather than timely, because we use it to back up an informal, international network. Personal contacts are a key to initiating a search for new technical information from Japan. Page 43 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 1 "TODAY" WHO NEEDS TECHNICAL INFORMATION? . RESEARCHER • NEW BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT • PATENTS AND LICENSING . ONGOING BUSINESSES - COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS - MARKET DEVELOPMENT - RECRUITING & HIRING - CAPACITY EXPANSION Page 44 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 2 DUPONT INVOLVEMENT WITH JAPAN IN JAPAN . SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT - ELECTRONICS • BUSINESSES, JOINT VENTURES, & R&D - AUTOMOTIVE PAINT - FIBERS - IMAGING SYSTEMS - AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS - POLYMERS . RESEARCHER EXCHANGES & VISITS - SONY - MATSUSHITA - TOKYO UNIVERSITY - KYOTO UNIVERSITY • GRANTS TO EDUCATION • CONSORTIA MEMBERSHIP - ISTEC, RESIDENT SCIENTIST • JAPANESE SUPPLIERS - KAO, TAKEMOTO O&F, UBE, MITSUBISHI KASEI • CONFERENCES - MT FUJI FIBERS CONFERENCE - IUPAC CHEMRAWN - KOBE - HYONGO ADVANCED POLYMERS - KOBE - PACIFIC POLYMER CONFERENCE - OTSU - JAPAN FINE CERAMICS - POLYMER CHEMISTRY SOC OF JAPAN • TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TRIPS Page45 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 3 DUPONT INVOLVEMENT WITH JAPAN IN THE U.S. RESEARCH EXCHANGES & VISITS - CUSTOMERS - UNIVERSITY FACULTY & POST-DOCS - JOINT VENTURE EMPLOYEES - SEMINAR PROGRAMS • LANGUAGE TRAINING & TRANSLATIONS - SCIENTIST TRAINING - LANGUAGE PROFESSIONALS - JAPANESE RESEARCHERS EMAIL INFORMATION SOURCES - PUBLICATIONS • Primary Literature • News Media - DATABASES • Patent • Dialog - STUDIES • Multi-client • Contract Studies & Services Page 46 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 4 HOW IT WORKS • NO CENTRALIZED GENERAL MONITORING • INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVE • CORPORATE INFORMATION SCIENCE, BUSINESS INFORMATION CENTER • RESEARCHERS - ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH - CONFERENCE ATTENDANCE AND REPORTS - NEWSLETTERS - EMAIL NETWORKING - PATENT AWARENESS • NEW BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT - TRAVEL TO JAPAN - MULTI-CLIENT STUDIES - PERSONAL NETWORKS - INDIVIDUAL PROFILE SERVICES • PATENTS & LICENSING - DATABASES • Numerous, but none "perfect" Page 47 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 5 HOW IT WORKS ONGOING BUSINESSES . COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS EMAIL NETWORK DEBRIEFING TRAVELERS TRADE JOURNALS CLIPPING SERVICES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CENSUS BUREAU CONTRACTED STUDIES MARKET DEVELOPMENT TRADE PUBLICATIONS TRADE SHOWS & CONFERENCES CONTRACTED CONSULTANTS DIRECTORIES • RECRUITING & HIRING - NETWORKS - PERSONAL VISITS • CAPACITY EXPANSIONS VENDORS PERSONAL VISITS TRADE PUBLICATIONS & CONFERENCES Page 48 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Relationship Between Technology Policy and Scientific and Technical Information within the U.S. and Japanese Aerospace Industries Dr. Thomas E. Pinelli, NASA Langley Research Center, Ms. Rebecca O. Barclay, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Mr. Tom Lahr, Scientific and Technical Information Program, NASA, and Mr. Glenn Hoetker, Scientific and Technical Information Program, NASA Page 49 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings With its contribution to trade, its coupling with national security, and its symbolism of technological strength, the aerospace industry occupies a unique position in the industrial structures of the United States and Japan and plays critical but different roles in the economies of both nations. In the U.S. and Japan, government policy has influenced innovation in the aerospace industry, particularly in the commercial aviation sector, with its demand for military and civilian aircraft and through direct support of research. In both nations, government has played a major role in the production, transfer, and use of scientific and technical information (STI) resulting from aerospace research and development (R&D). This paper focuses on the aerospace industry in the U.S and Japan and the role of STI in the process of aerospace innovation. It calls for a coordinated set of technology policy goals and an active STI diffusion- oriented system that scans, acquires, and transfers foreign STI for domestic users. U.S. Aerospace in Perspective The U.S. government has a long history of providing national leadership and significant financial support for the development of aerospace research and technology (R&T). In fact, the U.S. aerospace industry, in particular the commercial aviation sector, is unique among manufacturing industries in that a government research organization, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), subsequently the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has for many years conducted and funded research on airframe and propulsion technologies. The commercial aviation sector has also benefited from considerable investment in terms of research and procurement by the Department of Defense. "Although not intended to support innovation in any but military airframe and propulsion technologies, this investment has, nonetheless, yielded indirect, but very important, technological spillovers to the commercial aircraft industry" (Mowery, 1985, p. 17). A critical element of the U.S. economy, the U.S. aerospace industry is a national and global leader. Aerospace produces the largest trade surplus of any U.S. industry ($26 billion in 1990), which significantly reduces the nation's merchandise trade deficit (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1991, p. 25-1). U.S. aerospace policy assumes a positive relationship between U.S. preeminence in both military and civil aviation and effective U.S. aerospace R&T programs. In 1982, the Keyworth study was undertaken to examine the appropriateness and effectiveness of U.S. aeronautical R&T policies and the U.S. government's role in support of aeronautical R&T. The study concluded that superiority in aeronautics is a unique and vital asset to U.S. national security and that U.S. aeronautical R&T is a clearly established government responsibility. The study also concluded Page 50 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings that unclassified but critical dual-use technology was not being adequately controlled and that the results of non-U. S. aeronautical R&T were not being purposefully collected and diffused within U.S. government and industry (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1982). Japanese Aerospace in Perspective In Japan, aerospace enjoys considerable public support because of its technological linkages with a wide range of high-value-added industries. Japanese industry and government have targeted aerospace as one of three key technologies for the next century. Japan's initial effort to develop an indigenous aerospace industry suffered losses "four times its capitalization and when it wound down in the early 1970s, the planners retreated from their independent approach to consider less ambitious strategies for commercial aviation" (Samuels and Whipple, 1989, p. 277-8). Government and industry subsequently allied themselves as junior partners with leading Western aerospace producers, and Japanese subsidies for commercial jet engine development soon equaled those for computer research and exceeded those for energy and telecommunications. By 1990, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) had actively supported a decade of commercial collaboration with Western aerospace firms in an attempt to transform commercial aerospace into the next Japanese export success story (Samuels and Whipple, 1989, p. 275). As with other industries, Japan has emphasized the acquisition, development, and use of aerospace technology to improve its national economic performance. The Japanese aerospace industry has excelled in adapting foreign technology and expertise in contrast to the "not-invented-here" (NIH) syndrome found in the United States. Policy Considerations Can government involvement in the aerospace industry serve as a useful model for stimulating non-defense technological innovation? It is generally accepted that investing in national security should result in products and processes having commercial application. Engineers and scientists outside of the defense community would learn of these discoveries and would adopt them to produce marketable goods. However, few technologies proceed effortlessly from defense conception to commercial application. The technology process requires substantial additional investment and attention (Alic et al., 1992, p. 9). Frequently, programs for technology transfer ignore (1) the relationship between knowledge production, transfer, and utilization as equally important components of the innovation process, and (2) the limitations of organizations engaged in technological innovation to exploit extramural research. Both U.S. and Japanese policies in the aerospace industries have not only supported precommercial research in military and civilian aircraft technologies, but they have also played a major role in supporting the diffusion of the results of such research. Page 51 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings These policies exhibit a fundamental difference, however. U.S. government programs encouraj the utilization of knowledge only after the R&D results have been generated rather than durir the idea development phase of the innovation process (Roberts and Frohman, 1978, p. 9). Th concept of "spin off is illustrated in figure 1. Spin-off emphasizes revolutionary developmen that create new markets, rather than the processes of incremental improvements and rap response on which commercial competitiveness demands. The spin-off paradigm portra; knowledge diffusion as easy and nearly automatic; it assumes that borrowers can recognize ar apply potentially useful technology from government funded R&D and apply it with minim effort to any number of non-defense industries (Alic, et aL, 1992, p. 9). Page 52 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Figure 1. U.S. Technology Spin-Off Model Page 53 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japanese government programs, in contrast, do not wait until the R&D results have been generated. Technology transfer programs in Japan, as illustrated in figure 2, "spin on" or extend the application of technologies originally developed for commercial purposes (Samuels and Whipple, 1989, p. 276). Technological development is valued for its ability to elevate the fundamental capacities of the economy. Consequently, the know-how that enabled production in a particular technology is "diffused aggressively throughout the Japanese economy" (Friedman and Samuels, 1992, p. 4). This know-how is obtained by acquiring foreign STI through licensing, joint ventures, and direct purchase of foreign high technology companies. Although Japan's private sector conducts most technology acquisition activities, the Japanese government actively encourages and facilitates the transfer of STI (Chaney and Grimes, 1991, p. 3). Figure 2. Japanese Technology Spin-On Model Control Materials Structural Aerodynamics Engine Electronics Technologies Processing Technologies Technologies Technologies Page 54 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings MODELS FOR THE TRANSFER OF STI Three models or approaches have dominated the "transfer" of STI arising from government funded R&D (Ballard, et al., 1989; Williams and Gibson, 1990). While variations of the models or approaches have been tried in a number of disciplines, a "supply-side" dissemi- nation model is used to transfer aerospace STI in the U.S. and, to a lesser extent, in Japan. The Appropriability Model The appropriability model emphasizes the production of government-funded knowledge that would not otherwise be produced by the private sector and competitive market pressures to promote the use of that knowledge. This model emphasizes the production of basic research as the driving force behind technological development and economic growth, and assumes that government funded R&D will be rapidly assimilated by the private sector. Deliberate transfer mechanisms and intervention by information intermediaries are viewed as unnecessary. Appropriability emphasizes the supply (production) of knowledge in sufficient quantity to attract potential users. Good technologies, according to this model, sell themselves and offer clear policy recommendations regarding government priorities for improving technological development and economic growth. This model incorrectly assumes that the results of government funded R&D will be acquired and used by the private sector, ignores the fact that most basic research is irrelevant to technological innovation, and dismisses the process of technological innovation within the firm. The Dissemination Model The dissemination model emphasizes the need to transfer information to potential users and embraces the belief that the production of government funded knowledge is not sufficient to ensure its fullest use. Linkage mechanisms, such as information intermediaries, are needed to identify useful knowledge and to transfer it to potential users. This model assumes that if these mechanisms are available to link potential users with knowledge producers, then better opportunities exist for users to determine what knowledge is available, acquire it, and apply it to their needs. The strength of this model rests with the recognition that STI transfer and use are critical elements of the process of technological innovation. Its weakness lies with the fact that it is passive, for it does not take users into consideration except when they enter the system and request assistance; however, user requirements are seldom known or considered in the design of information products and services. This model employs one-way, source- to- user transfer procedures that are seldom responsive in the user context. In this model, the role of information technology is expanded to emphasize information and retrieval, but retrieval is accomplished by intermediaries who are required to have more familiarity with the activities of the knowledge producers than the potential users have. Page 55 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Knowledge Diffusion Model The knowledge diffusion model is grounded in theory and practice associated with the diffusion of innovation and planned change research, and the clinical models of social research and mental health. Knowledge diffusion emphasizes "active" intervention as opposed to dissemination and access; stresses intervention and reliance on interpersonal communications as a means of identifying and removing interpersonal barriers between users and producers; and assumes that knowledge production, transfer, and use are equally important components of the R&D process. This approach also emphasizes the link between producers, transfer agents, and users and seeks to develop user-oriented mechanisms (e.g., products and services) specifically tailored to the needs and circumstances of the user. It makes the assumption that the results of government funded R&D will be under utilized unless they are relevant to users and ongoing relationships are developed among users and producers. This model uses proactive information intermediaries and information technology to enhance both formal and informal communication among all participants in the innovation process. It purposefully collects, analyzes, and diffuses foreign STL It encourages the user oriented development and evaluation of STI products and services. The STI Aerospace Dissemination Model: An Analysis and Critique As we envision it, the Aerospace STI Dissemination Model is composed of two parts ~ the informal that relies on collegial contacts and the formal that relies on surrogates, information products, and information intermediaries to complete the "producer to user" transfer process. Producers include government laboratories, the aerospace industry, and universities. (The more collegial the relationships between government laboratories, the aerospace industry, and universities, the greater the effectiveness of the STI Aerospace Dissemination Model.) Surrogates serve as repositories or clearinghouses for the producers. In the U.S. they include the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), the NASA Center for Aero Space Information (CASI), and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). In Japan they include the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), the National Center for Science Information System (NACSIS), and to a lesser extent, the National Space Development Agency which operates the Aerospace Information Reference System (AIRS). Intermediaries are, in large part, librarians and technical information specialists in academia, government, and industry. Those representing the producers serve as what McGowan and Loveless (1981) call "knowledge brokers" or "linking agents." Information intermediaries connected with users act, according to Allen (1977), as "technological entrepreneurs" or "gatekeepers." The more "active" the intermediary, the more effective the transfer process (Goldhor and Lund, 1983). Active intermediaries take information from one place and move it Page 56 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings to another, often face-to-face. Passive information intermediaries, on the other hand, "simply array information for the taking, relying on the initiative of the user to request or search out the information that may be needed" (Eveland, 1987, p. 4). The major problem with the STI Aerospace Dissemination Model is that it lacks a "coherent or systematically designed approach to transferring the results of R&D to the user" (Ballard, et al., 1986, p. 2-3). Approaches to STI transfer may vary considerably and may change significantly over time. These variations reflect fundamental differences between organizations -(e.g, government and industry), the interpretation of their missions, and budgetary opportunities and constraints. For example, in their study of issues and options in U.S. government STI policy, Bikson and her colleagues found that many interviewees considered dissemination activities "afterthoughts, undertaken without serious commitment by agencies whose primary concerns were with [knowledge] production and not with knowledge transfer;" therefore, "much of what has been learned about knowledge transfer has not been incorporated into [formal] STI transfer activities" (Bikson, Quint, and Johnson, 1984, p. 22). The specific problem with the informal part of STI Aerospace Dissemination Model is that knowledge users can learn from collegial contacts only what those contacts happen to know. Ample evidence supports the claim that no one researcher can know about or keep up with all the research in his/her area(s) of interest. Two problems exist with the formal part of the model. It employs one-way, source-to-user transmission, but one-way, "supply-side" transfer procedures do not seem to be responsive to the user context (Bikson, Quint, and Johnson, 1984). Rather, these efforts appear to start with an information system into which the users' requirements are retrofit (Adam, 1975). The consensus of the findings from the empirical research is that interactive, two-way communications are required for effective information transfer. (Bikson, Quint, and Johnson, 1984). The formal part of the model also relies heavily on information intermediaries to complete the knowledge transfer process, but a strong methodological base for measuring or assessing the effectiveness of the information intermediary is lacking (Kitchen and Associates, 1989). The impact of information intermediaries is likely to be strongly conditional and limited to a specific institutional context. To date, empirical findings on the effectiveness of information intermediaries and the role(s) they play in knowledge transfer are sparse and inconclusive (Beyer and Trice, 1982). The formal part of the STI Aerospace Dissemination Model is ineffective because aerospace STI is not organized and structured according to problem relevance. More to the point, putting aerospace STI to use frequently requires transferring it in a use context that is quite different from the context in which it was produced or originally packaged. This problem is complicated by the fact that aerospace STI is organized along traditional disciplinary lines as are subject matter indexes, abstracts, and key words. This organizational scheme makes multidisciplinary Page 57 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings retrieval extremely difficult for users and (typically non-technical) information intermediaries alike. The formal part of the model becomes even less effective when the user's environment is not well aligned with the standard disciplinary taxonomies (Bikson, Quint, and Johnson, 1984). THE INFORMATION-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF JAPANESE AND U.S. AEROSPACE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS Rapidly changing patterns of international cooperation and collaboration and innovative technological and managerial changes are combining to influence the production, transfer, and use of STI in the workplace. To contribute to our understanding of information- seeking behavior at the international level, an exploratory study was conducted that investigated the information- seeking behavior of aerospace engineers and scientists in Japan and the United States. The data reported herein were collected through self-administered questionnaires undertaken as a Phase 4 activity of the NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. The Japanese-U.S. study included the following objectives: 1 . To solicit the opinions of aerospace engineers and scientists regarding the importance to their profession of effectively communicating STI; 2. To determine the types of STI products produced and used by aerospace engineers and scientists; 3. To determine the use and importance of computer and information technology to them; and 4. To determine the sources of STI used in problem solving. Background Aerospace engineering exhibits particular characteristics which make it an excellent platform for studying information-seeking behavior in the international workplace. The aerospace industry is becoming more international in scope and increasingly collaborative in nature, thus creating a multinational manufacturing environment. International industrial alliances will result in a more rapid diffusion of technology in order to enhance innovation and increase productivity. Aerospace producers will feel growing pressure to push forward with new technological developments, to maximize the inclusion of those developments into the R&D process, and to maintain and improve the professional competency of aerospace engineers and scientists. Meeting these objectives at a reasonable cost depends on a variety of factors, but largely on the ability of aerospace engineers and scientists to acquire, process, and communicate STI. Studies have shown that access to STI can increase productivity and innovation and help aerospace Page 58 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings engineers and scientists maintain and improve their professional skills. These same studies demonstrate, however, that little is known about how aerospace engineers and scientists find and use STI or how aerospace knowledge is diffused. To learn more about this process, researchers at the NASA Langley Research Center, the Indiana University Center for Survey Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and institutions in selected countries are studying aerospace knowledge diffusion. These studies comprise the NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Phase 1 of the project investigates the information- seeking behavior of U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists and places particular emphasis on their use of federally funded aerospace R&D and U.S. government technical reports. Phase 2 examines the industry-government interface and emphasizes the role of information intermediaries in the aerospace knowledge diffusion process. Phase 3 concerns the academic- government interface and focuses on the relationships between and among the information intermediary, faculty, and students. Phase 4 explores patterns of technical communications among non-U. S. aerospace engineers and scientists in selected countries (Pinelli, Kennedy, and Barclay, 1991). A list of NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project publications appears in the Appendix. The Japanese exploratory study is particularly interesting for two reasons. First, Japanese culture is perhaps as different from that of the U.S. as the culture of any other developed nation; hence, it has the potential to provide us with instructive contrasts and insights into the influence of language and culture on information-seeking behavior. Second, very few studies specifically concerned with the information- seeking behavior of Japanese engineers and scientists have been conducted. The bulk of the literature on Japanese information- seeking focuses on interpersonal and business communication rather than on the communication of STI. (For a discussion of the importance of language and culture on STI in Japan, see Kohl et al., 1993.) Research Design and Methodology A list of approximately 50 U.S. and 13 Japanese aerospace engineers and scientists served as the sample frame for the exploratory study. All of these engineers and scientists were working in the fields of cryogenics, magnetic suspension, and adaptive walls. We sent multiple questionnaires to the members of the sample and asked that each recipient distribute the survey to colleagues. We received 63 U.S. and 96 Japanese responses by the established cut off date. Demographic Information About the Survey Respondents Survey respondents were asked to provide information regarding their professional duties, organizational affiliation, years of professional work experience, education, gender, and whether English was their first (native) language. These demographic findings appear in table 1. Page 59 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 1. Demographic Findings [N=96;N=63] Page 60 Japanese U.S. % (n) % (n) Professional Duties Design/development 27 (26) 14 (9) Administration/management 2 (2) 27 (17) Research 40 (38) 35 (22) Other 31 (30) 24 (15) Organizational Affiliation Academic 36 (34) 24 (15) Government 26 (25) 41 (26) Industry 37 (35) 24 (15) Other 1 (1) 11 (7) Professional Work Experience 1 - 9 years 26 (25) 8 (8) 10 - 19 years 35 (34) 15 (9) 20 or more years 39 (37) 39 (48) Education Bachelor's degree or less 22 (21) 18 (11) Graduate degree 78 (74) 82 (52) Educational Preparation Engineer 91 (87) 87 (55) Scientist 8 (8) 13 (8) Other 1 (1) (0) Current Duties Engineer 91 (87) 68 (42) Scientist 6 (6) 10 (6) Other 3 (3) 22 (14) English (native) language (100) 89 (55) Member of a Professional/ 87 (83) 87 (56) Technical Society Gender 1 (1) 2 (1) Female 99 (95) 98 (62) Male JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings A comparison of the two groups reveals that they are similar in education, educational preparation, and gender. They differ in professional duties, organizational affiliation, years of professional work experience, and current duties. We speculate that differences in organizational affiliation and professional duties may account for some variations in the responses of the two groups. However, we took these differences into account in our analysis of the data and in the discussion which follows. Importance of and Time Spent Communicating STI Approximately 97 percent of the Japanese respondents and 95 percent of the U.S. respondents indicated the ability to communicate STI effectively is important. (Importance was measured on a 5-point scale with a 1 = very unimportant and 5 = very important; percentages = combined "4" and "5" responses. According to Hall (1976), Japan (unlike the U.S.) is a high-context society, in which information is widely and freely shared. Even the typical Japanese office arrangement, in which dozens of workers share a common workspace, with desks arranged in groups and separated only by low dividers (Haas and Funk, 1989, p. 364), would seem to encourage communication. Hence we might expect Japanese aerospace engineers and scientists to spend more time communicating STI than their American counterparts. However, when subjects were asked how many hours per week they spend communicating STI, the median for Japanese respondents was 5 hours, compared to 10 hours for the Americans, (table 2.) We believe the explanation for this apparent contradiction to be that the Japanese rely more on oral communication than on written communication. Because it takes less time to communicate orally than in writing, it is not surprising that the mean for the Japanese was lower. The claim that the Japanese rely more on oral communication and less on written communication than Americans do is supported by several sources. Page 61 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 2. Median Number of Hours Spent Each Week by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists Communicating Scientific and Technical Information Japanese U.S. Communicating With Others Working With Communications Received From Others Percent of Work Week Devoted to Technical Communications* 5.00 hours/week 10.00 hours/week 37.5% 10.00 hours/week 10.00 hours/week 50% * Based on a 40-hour work week For example, in their ethnographic study of Japanese technical communication, Haas and Funk (1989) found that "shared information is primarily spoken rather than written." They also noted "work groups met formally as often as twice a day," and that "matters of office procedure, upcoming deadlines, even notices of social events, which might be conveyed in memos in the U.S. were announced publicly at departmental meetings" (pp. 364-365). Similarly, Cutler (1988) observes that "it is difficult to track research activities in Japan because there are no paper trails, no intermediate publication points" (p. 45). Approximately 38 percent of the Japanese respondents and 42 percent of the U.S. respondent indicated that the amount of time they spent communicating STI had increased over the past 5 years (table 3). Forty-seven percent of the Japanese respondents and 45 percent of the U.S respondents indicated that the amount of time they spent communicating STI had stayed the same over the past 5 years. Fifteen percent of the Japanese respondents and 13 percent of th U.S. respondents indicated that the amount of time they spent communicating STI had decreased over the past 5 years. Page 62 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 3. Changes in the Past 5 Years in the Amount of Time Spent Communicating Scientific and Technical Information by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists Japan U.S. % (n) % (n) Increased Stayed the Same Decreased 38 47 15 (36) (45) (15) 42 45 13 (26) (28) (8) As they have advanced professionally, 48 percent of the Japanese respondents have increased the amount of time they spend communicating STI. Likewise, 56 percent of the U.S. respondents indicated that, as they have advanced professionally, they have increased the amount of time they spend communicating STI (table 4). Table 4. Changes in the Amount of Time Spent Communicating Scientific and Technical Information as a Part of Professional Advancement by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists Japan U.S. % (n) % (n) Increased Stayed the Same Decreased 48 34 18 (46) (32) (17) 56 25 19 (35) (16) (12) Scientific and Technical Information Products Produced When survey participants were asked how many times they wrote or prepared various types of STI products, their responses further confirmed the Japanese emphasis on oral communication. For example, the Japanese respondents produce far fewer memos (the most common form of internal written communication) than their American counterparts (table 5). As Funk (1988) observed, in Japan "projects. ..are set up quickly, without paperwork or written requisitions. Employees from one department frequently visit other departments in order to coordinate their activities" (p. 58). Page 63 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 5 also shows that the Japanese produce fewer letters, audiovisual materials, and technical talks/presentations than the U.S. respondents. They produce more of certain scholarly or research-based types of publications such as abstracts, in-house technical reports, and journal articles, and they write the same number of conference/meeting papers and technical proposals as their U.S. counterparts. However, these latter types of documents are written less frequently than the others, and the low numbers that are involved make these median figures less meaningful. Thus, although the Japanese do not use written communication at least as often as U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists do to document and report their research, it seems clear that they rely on informal oral communication for many kinds of information that are communicated in writing in the U.S. Scientific and Technical Information Products Used We also asked subjects how many hours per week they spend working with STI received from others. For this question, the medians for the Japanese and the Americans were the same: 10 hours per week (Table 2). However, when asked about how many times they had used parti- cular types of STI during the past six months, the Japanese reported using far fewer memos, letters, and audiovisual materials, but more abstracts, conference/meeting papers, journal articles, technical manuals, computer program documentation, drawings/specifications, and AGARD (Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development) reports (Table 6). Page 64 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 5. Median Number of STI Products Produced in the Past Six Months by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists Japan U.S. Letters 5 10 Memos 1 6 Audiovisual Materials 4 Technical Talks/Presentations 2 3 Conference/Meeting Papers 1 1 Technical Proposals 1 1 Abstracts 2 1 In-house Technical Reports 2 1 Journal Articles 1 Drawings/Specifications AGARD Technical Reports Computer Program Documentation Technical Manuals Trade/Promotional Literature U.S. Government Technical Reports Because the different subgroups of the survey participants undoubtedly use and produce different types of STI in varying quantities and proportions, we also analyzed the responses of the university professors, administrators, and R&D engineers separately. Although the specific U.S.- Japanese ratios varied slightly, the pattern was consistent: the Japanese are able to spend more time producing and working with STI that is the most essential to research, and they "have much less work-related 'mail' to sort through every day than their American counterparts" (Haas and Funk 1989, p. 365). We suspect that the two phenomena are related. Use and Importance of Computer and Information Technology Survey participants were asked about their use of computer technology to prepare STI. About 86 percent of the Japanese respondents use computer technology to prepare STI. Almost all (98 percent) of the U.S. respondents use computer technology to prepare STI. About 24 percent of the Japanese respondents and about 37 percent of the U.S. respondents "always" use computer technology to prepare STI. A majority of both groups (99 percent and 98 percent) indicated that computer technology had increased their ability to communicate STI. About 52 percent of the Japanese respondents and 69 percent of the U.S. respondents stated that computer technology had increased their ability to communicate STI "a lot." Page 65 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 6. Median Number of STI Products Used in the Past Six Months by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists Japan U.S. Letters 5 10 Memos 1 10 Trade/Promotional Literature 2 4 Technical Proposals 2 3 Audiovisual Materials 2 5 U.S. Government Technical Reports 2 5 Technical Talks/Presentations 5 8 Journal Articles 6 6 Technical Manuals 2 2 In-house Technical Reports 6 5 Abstracts 10 6 Conference/Meeting Papers 10 7 Drawings/Specifications 5 3 AGARD Technical Reports 3 2 Computer Program Documentation 5 2 From a prepared list, survey respondents were asked to indicate which computer software they used to prepare written STI (Table 7). Word processing software was used most frequently by both groups. Overall, the U.S. respondents made greater use of computer software for preparing written technical communications than did their Japanese counterparts; however, the Japanese respondents made greater use of word processing software than did their U.S. counterparts. Page 66 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 7. Use of Computer Software by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists to Communicate Written Scientific and Technical Communications Software Japanese U.S. % (n) % (n) Word Processing 99 (90) 95 (55) Outliners and Prompters 9 (7) 14 (7) Grammar and Style Checkers 24 (20) 26 (14) Spelling Checkers 62 (53) 74 (42) Thesaurus 13 (11) 37 (20) Business Graphics 28 (24) 31 (16) Scientific Graphics 63 (56) 79 (45) Desktop Publishing 28 (24) 30 (16) Survey respondents were also given a list of information technologies and were asked, "How do you view your use of the following information technologies in communicating STI?" Their choices included "already use it"; "don't use it, but may in the future"; and "don't use it and doubt if I will." The Japanese and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists who participated in this study use a variety of information technologies. The percentages of "I already use it" responses ranged from a high of 88 percent (FAX/TELEX) to a low of 5 percent (teleconferencing) for Japanese respondents. Similarly, the U.S. responses ranged from a high of 97 percent (FAX or TELEX) to a low of 5 percent (laser disk/video disk/CD-ROM). Page 67 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Table 8. Use, Nonuse, and Potential Use of Information Technologies by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists Don't Use It, But May in Don't Use It and Doubt If Already Use It Future Will Japan U.S. Japan U.S. Japan U.S. Information Technologies % % % % % % Audio Tapes and Cassettes 28 24 43 37 29 40 Motion Picture Film 21 30 43 23 36 47 Videotape 74 56 25 34 1 10 Desktop/Electronic Publishing 27 32 64 52 9 17 Computer Cassettes/Cartridge Tapes 26 32 37 35 37 33 Electronic Mail 33 54 59 30 8 16 Electronic Bulletin Boards 22 16 66 54 12 30 FAX or TELEX 88 97 9 2 3 1 Electronic Data Bases 42 39 55 53 3 8 Video Conferencing 5 23 67 60 28 17 Teleconferencing 5 54 50 39 46 7 Micrographics and Microforms 57 22 31 43 12 35 Laser Disk/Video Disk/CD-ROM 17 5 80 75 3 20 Electronic Networks 36 38 60 44 4 18 A list, in descending order, follows of the information technologies most frequently used. Japanese U.S. FAX or TELEX 88% Videotape 74% Micrographics and Microfilm 57% Electronic Data Bases 42% Electronic Networks 36% FAX or TELEX 97% Videotape 56% *Electronic Mail 54% *Teleconferencing 54% Electronic Data Bases 39% Electronic Networks 38% * indicates tie A list, in descending order, follows of the information technologies "that are not currently being used but may be used in the future." Page 68 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japanese U.S. Laser Disk/Video Disk/ Laser Disk/Video Disk/ CD-ROM 80% CD-ROM 75% Videoconferencing 67% Videoconferencing 60% Electronic Bulletin Electronic Bulletin Boards 66% Boards 54% Desktop/Electronic Electronic Data Bases 53% Publishing 64% Desktop/Electronic Electronic Networks 60% Publishing 52% Use of STI in Problem Solving From a list of sources of STI, survey respondents were asked to indicate which sources they routinely used in problem-solving (table 9). Table 9. Sources of STI Used by Japanese and U.S. Aerospace Engineers and Scientists in Problem-Solving Japanese U.S. % (n) % (n) Informal Discussions With Colleagues 98 (93) 100 (61) Discussions With Supervisors 73 (68) 66 (38) Discussions With Experts In Organization 89 (84) 100 (62) Discussions With Experts Outside Organization 70 (66) 89 (54) U.S. Government Technical Reports 47 (44) 90 (54) Other Technical Reports 92 (86) 92 (56) Professional Journals 96 (91) 90 (56) Conference/Meeting Papers 72 (68) 95 (58) Textbooks 93 (87) 92 (56) Handbooks And Standards 82 (76) 64 (37) On-line Sources Of STI 60 (54) 37 (21) Librarians/Technical Information Specialists 21 (19) 86 (53) Personal Store Of STI 79 (73) 95 (59) Page 69 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of STI used for problem- solving by Japanese and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists in this survey exhibit a number of interesting similarities and differences. Both groups of respondents rely heavily on collegial (informal) sources of STI (discussions with others), which confirms the oral tradition of technology (as opposed to science) and, in the case of Japanese language traditions, reliance on the spoken word. Both groups also rely on formal and informal printed products (journal articles and technical reports). The Japanese respondents reported a greater use of on-line information (60 percent) than did the U.S. respondents (37 percent); however, they reported less frequent use of personal collections of STI (79 percent) than did their U.S. counterparts (95 percent). Only 21 percent of the Japanese respondents consulted a librarian or technical information specialist whereas 86 percent of the U.S. respondents consulted such an individual in the search for STI. Discussion Given the limited purposes of this exploratory study, the overall response rates, and the research designs, no claims are made regarding the extent to which the attributes of the respondents in the studies accurately reflect the attributes of the populations being studied. A much more rigorous research design and methodology would be needed before any claims could be made. Nevertheless, the findings of the studies do permit the formulation of the following general statements regarding the production, transfer, and use of STI by the aerospace engineers and scientists who participated in the two studies: 1. The ability to communicate STI effectively is important to Japanese and U.S. aerospace scientists and engineers. 2. As the Japanese and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists in these studies have advanced professionally, the amount of time they spend producing and working with STI products has increased for more than one-third of the Japanese respondents (42 percent) and the U.S. respondents (38 percent). 3. The Japanese and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists in these studies display great similarities in their reported use and anticipated use of information technology, particularly electronic-network-related technologies. 4. Both the Japanese and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists in these studies make use of oral sources of STI within and outside their organizations. The Japanese respondents do not appear to rely on librarians and technical information specialists to the extent that their U.S. counterparts do; however, they do make greater use of on-line sources of STI than do their U.S. counterparts. Page 70 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Despite the limitations of this investigation, these findings contribute to our knowledge and understanding of the production, transfer, and use of STI by aerospace engineers and scientists at the national and international levels. The findings reinforce some of the conventional wisdom regarding the nature and importance of STI and the amount of time engineers and scientists devote to its production, transfer, and use. The findings hold implications for technology and STI policy development and point out a need for additional research, U.S. TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND THE DIFFUSION OF STI Critics, such as Tornatsky and Fleischer (1990) suggest that the "United States has no coherent innovation or technology policy. The United States does, however, have many programs and numerous policies which cut across political jurisdictions and the idiosyncratic missions and mandates of single agencies which are more or less responsive to a series of shifting political alliances and imperatives"(p. 241). Phillips (1992, p. 104) argues that existing national technology policy is vague, confusing, politicized, and frequently ineffective because it is usually driven by special interests rather than by strategic intent. With the globalization of technology, the continued loss by U.S. high technology industries of world market shares, and the end of the Cold War, political strategists and public policy planners are slowly beginning to conclude that the U.S. could benefit from a coherent, coordinated technology policy. George Fisher, CEO of Motorola, recently described the U.S.' primary rivals as no longer military ones. Fisher told a Chicago audience, " 'They are those who pursue economic, industry, and technology policies designed to expand their shares of global markets. U.S. policies [economic, trade, and technology] must reflect this reality if we are to remain a world leader and a role model' " (Phillips, 1992, p. 107). A review of U.S. and Japanese aerospace policy illustrate and reinforces Fisher's point. U.S. and Japanese Aerospace Policy in Retrospect Despite the expenditure of billions of dollars more on military and defense R&D in the U.S. than in Japan, Japanese manufacturers now exhibit defense production capabilities that match or exceed U.S. capabilities in many areas. This type of growth has occurred, Friedman and Samuels (1992) argue, because the Japanese view of technology and national security differs considerably from comparable American beliefs. In their paper, "How to Succeed Without Really Flying: The Japanese Aircraft Industry and Japan's Technology Ideology," Friedman and Samuels (1992, p. 3-5) make the following points. • Both the U.S. and Japan have vigorously attempted to foster indigenous defense technologies but have employed very different ideologies and approaches to achieve this objective. Page 71 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings • U.S. technology strategy (policy) has focused on making public outlays to specialized defense laboratories and commercial firms and, while many "spin-offs" have occurred, no special effort has been made to marry commercial and defense industry capabilities. Indeed, U.S. strategy has actually impeded effective exchanges of commercial and defense technology. • Japan, in contrast, has made little distinction between military and civilian technology, focusing instead on the following 3 principles: (1) obtaining and indigenzing foreign civilian and military design, development, and manufacturing capabilities; (2) diffusing these capabilities as widely as possible through the economy; and (3) nurturing and sustaining the prime and subcontractors to which commercial and military technologies could be diffused and from which indigenous development could be generated. • To the Japanese, differences between domestic capabilities and foreign dependence were not as crucial as nurturing the more fundamental ability to design and make things. What matters most is aggressively diffusing the know-how that enables production throughout the Japanese economy as a matter of security (economic) ideology, national (technology) policy, and private practice. As part of the process, defense technology became valued as much for its ability to elevate the fundamental capacities of the economy as for its capability to produce military hardware. • Unlike U.S. defense production, Japanese defense production is simply one of many technology linkages that firms maintain within the domestic economy. Japan's defense contractors are less specialized than their American counterparts and more readily combine defense and commercial production in a wider range of industrial undertakings. As a consequence, defense and commercial technologies interdiffuse — they "spin-on" and "spin-off to each other with comparative ease in Japan. U.S. Technology Policy and STI Although there is growing recognition that the U.S. should establish a consistent and coherent technology policy, there does not yet appear to be a political consensus as to its form and substance. In a recent trip to San Jose, California, President Clinton outlined his "supply-side" approach to technology policy which involves the use of tax breaks and "peace dividend" money from scaled-back defense spending to help create more high technology jobs. The key points of the President's policy include a permanent extension of the R&D tax credit, government support of new computer and communications technology, increased funding of the national (federal) laboratories, increased funding for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for private- Page 72 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings industry development of environmental technology, and federal grants to industry-led research project among groups of companies, a tentative first step toward the kind of European government involvement that produced the Airbus ("Clinton Fleshes Out...", February 23, 1993, p. B9). Implicit in Mr. Clinton's policy is the idea that U.S. technology policy should look like that of its chief competitors, namely Japan and Germany. Both of these countries have developed and implemented long-term strategic plans for economic competitiveness that benefit their companies (and their nation) in global competition. But those who urge that U.S. technology policy should look more like that of Japan and Germany overlook the profound reasons why the U.S. economic and political system differs so much from those of its economic competitors: (1) an individualistic, free-market culture that does not lend itself to national strategizing or statist planning and (2) what may be history's greatest collection of special interests, both in the financial capital of New York and the political capital of Washington, DC (Phillips, 1992, p. 110). These differences notwithstanding, the call is becoming louder for an articulated U.S. technology policy that is based on competition in a global economy (Raloff, 1992; Burton, 1992; "Innovation: The Machinery..." and "American Technology Policy..."; and "Industrial Policy..."). A review of recent articles demonstrates the following points of agreement. • The U.S. must develop and implement a coordinated and holistic approach to tech- nological innovation and economic competitiveness. • The current "supply-side" approach to technology policy, which is product, not process, oriented, encourages innovation and emphasizes the production of knowledge but not its transfer and use. [N.B., Mowery (1983) and others believe that the failure of previous U.S. attempts to stimulate non-defense R&D stems from the application of an inappropriate theoretical economic framework, one that ignores or does not account for the effective transmission and utilization of complex research results. In particular, attempts to transfer the results of "mission-agency" produced R&D overlook the ability and limitations of organizations engaged in non-defense R&D to exploit extramural research, thus ignoring the relationship between knowledge production, transfer, and utilization as equally important components of the innovation process.] • The trickle-down benefits associated with the funding of basic research and mission- oriented (defense) R&D provide an inadequate basis for developing U.S. technology policy. Page 73 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings • In other words, the current approach will simply not restore the U.S. to a more competitive footing with its economic rivals who are adopting what Branscomb (1991) calls "diffusion-oriented" or "capability-enhancing" policies that increase the power to absorb and employ new technologies productively. Before U.S. technology policymakers can adopt such policies, however, they must discontinue relying on a rather passive, dissemination-oriented approach to the transfer of government-funded STL Policymakers generally agree that STI derived from government-funded R&D can be used to enhance technological innovation and economic competitiveness. Studies show a positive rela- tionship between government funded STI and successful innovation, technical performance, and increased productivity. However, as Solomon and Tornatzky (1986) point out, "While STI, its transfer and utilization, is crucial to innovation [and competitiveness], linkages between [the] various sectors of the technology infrastructure are weak and/or poorly defined" (p.43). Defining and understanding these linkages is critical for formulating U.S. technology policy that would recognize the inherent relationship between technological innovation and STI resulting from government funded R&D. As Ballard, et al., (1986) have noted though, the U.S. lacks a coherent or systematically designed approach for transferring the results of government funded R&D to users. Policy instruments such as the Stevenson- Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (P.L. 96- 480), the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-502), the Japanese Technical Literature Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-382), and Executive Order (E.O.) 12591, "Facilitating Access to Science and Technology" (April 10, 1987), the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130 have shaped the legislative and regulatory environment for Federal STI policy. Excluding A-130, the intent of these instruments is to (1) develop a predominant position for the U.S. in international markets by facilitating technology transfer from government laboratories and (2) provide the inducements for Federal engineers and scientists to nurture the transfer process. In addition, some of these instruments provide a mechanism for the collection and dissemination of foreign (i.e., Japanese) STI in the U.S. The High Performance Computing Act, for example, emphasizes linking government, industry, and academia for distributed access to high-performance computing and communications (HPCC) although little emphasis is placed on the role of HPCC technologies in the transfer and utilization of government funded STI and technology transfer in general. The intent of A-130, which concerns the management of information as a resource, includes Federal STI. According to OMB, STI conforms to a standard information life cycle and does not exhibit any unique characteristics calling for the development and implementation of a separate information policy framework. Attempts by OMB to regulate STI with a single policy instrument fail to recognize the linkages between Federal technology policy and federally funded STI; thus, from a policy standpoint, A-130 negates attempts by the Congress to promote innovation and competitiveness (Hernon and Pinelli, 1991). Page 74 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Globalization of Technology and STI The past 20 years have witnessed the propensity of technology and STI to cross national boundaries, a phenomenon that observers such as Vernon (1987) have labeled "the globalization of technology." This boundary-spanning propensity of technology and STI is due mainly to improvements in communications and transportation and the fact that developed and developing nations are spending more on R&D. The globalization of technology illustrates the growing interdependence of science and technology systems, requires both countries and organizations involved in innovation to construct strategies for exploiting extramural research, and places increasing pressure on countries and organizations to develop strategies and systems for scanning and acquiring foreign technology and STL The Japanese have been notably successful in developing strategies for acquiring foreign technology and STI to increase the international reach of their R&D organizations. The U.S has been much slower, however, in recognizing both the growing interdependence of science and technology systems and the need to develop strategies and systems for scanning and acquiring foreign technology and STL The dissemination-oriented approach used to transfer government-funded STI, as presently constituted, remains much too passive to be used for scanning and acquiring foreign technology and STL CONCLUDING COMMENTS In closing, we take the position that U.S. technology and STI policy must be closely coordinated and that the present passive dissemination-oriented approach to the transfer of government-funded STI should be replaced with an active knowledge diffusion-oriented system. Further, this system must have an "intelligence" component for scanning and acquiring foreign technology and STI and for matching these acquisitions with domestic needs and activities. (In the absence of cooperative domestic and foreign research projects and the outright purchase of foreign R&D, scanning — identifying and acquiring useful technology and STI on a global scale and diffusing them domestically — has the advantage of preserving economies of scale in R&D, providing control over domestic technology and STI, while placing the lowest demand on financial and human resources.) The intelligence component of the knowledge-diffusion system would be used to identify foreign technologies and STI that could accelerate the development and production of new products and services. It would also be used to assess the strength and strategies of key technologies and foreign competitors, to help benchmark domestic and foreign technology, and to help overcome the "not invented here" syndrome, which is not an easy task under the best of conditions. The U. S. government and firms have historically taken a dim view of allocating funds for scanning activities in particular and STI programs in general. Witness the very low level of support for knowledge transfer and utilization in comparison to knowledge production by the U.S. government and the fact that such activities, even the most modest, are often most vulnerable to Page 75 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings cost-cutting efforts by both management and R&D organizations. In the final analysis, the Nil syndrome and the mistaken belief that other nations only build on U.S. science and technolog rather than serve as potential contributors to it will significantly challenge attempts to initiat both a knowledge-diffusion system for transferring government funded STI and any attempts t include a component for a scanning and acquiring foreign technology and STI and for matchin these acquisitions with domestic needs. We remain convinced, however, that an activ knowledge-diffusion system that has a scanning component offers the best hope for maintainin U.S. preeminence in aerospace and restoring it to a preeminent position in other high technolog arenas. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The survey of Japanese engineers and scientists was funded by a grant from the Society fc Technical Communication. The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts and contributions c the following individuals: Dr. Robert A. Kilgore, Mr. Seiichi Kawabe, Mr. Keisuke Asai, M Y. Furuya, Mr. Takeshi Yamada, Prof. Tsutomu Adachi, Mr. Ryuji Matsuda, Prof. Hirotosl Kubota, Mr. Tadatoshi Aoyama, Mr. Shigefumi Tatsumi, Mr. Tatsumi Fujimoto, Mr. Atsusl Kaneko, Prof. Yutaka Yamaguchi, and Ms. Denise Beasley. Page 76 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings REFERENCES Adam, R. (1975). Pulling the Minds of Social Scientists Together: Towards a Science Information System. International Social Science Journal 27 (3), 519-531. Alic, J.A., L.M. Branscomb, H. Brooks, A.B. Carter, and G.L. Epstein (1992). Beyond Spinoff: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World. Boston, MA: Harvard Press. Allen, T. J. (1977). Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. American Technology Policy: Settling the Frontier. (1992, July 25). The Economist 25: 21-23. Ballard, S., et al. (1989). Innovation Through Technical and Scientific Information: Government and Industry Cooperation. NY: Quorum Books. Ballard, S., et al. (1986). Improving the Transfer and Use of Scientific and Technical Information. The Federal Role: Volume 2 - Problems and Issues in the Transfer and Use of STL Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. (Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB- 887-14923.) Beyer, J.M. and Trice, H.M. (1982). The Utilization Process: A Conceptual Framework and Synthesis of Empirical Findings. Administrative Science Quarterly 27, 591-622. Bikson, T.K., Quint, B.E. and Johnson, L. L. (1984, March). Scientific and Technical Information Transfer: Issues and Option. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. (Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-85-150357; also available as Rand Note 2131.) Branscomb, L.G. (1991). Toward a U.S. Technology Policy. Issues in Science and Technology 7 (4), 50-55. Burton, D.F. (1992). A New Model for U.S Innovation. Issues in Science and Technology 8 (4), 52-59. Cheney, D.W. and W.W. Grimes (1991, February). Japanese Technology Policy: What's the Secret? Washington, DC: Council on Competitiveness. Clinton Fleshes Out Technology Policy (1993, February 23) Daily Press B9. Page 77 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Cutler, R.S. (1988). Survey of High-Technology Transfer Mechanisms in Japan and the USA. Technology Transfer (Fall), 42-48. Eveland, J.D. (1987, March). Scientific and Technical Information Exchange: Issues and Findings. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. (Not available from NTIS.) Friedman, D.B. and R.J. Samuels. (1992, April). How to Succeed Without Really Flying: the Japanese Aircraft Industry and Japan's Technology Ideology. Paper presented at the "Conference on Japan and the U.S. in Pacific Asia." April 1-3, 1992, San Diego, CA. (Available from the MIT Japan Program as MITJP 92-01.) Funk, J. (1988). How Does Japan Do It? Production 100 (8), 57-62. Goldhor, R.S. and R.T. Lund. (1983). University-to-industry Advanced Technology Transfer: A Case Study. Research Policy 12, 121-152. Haas, C. and J.L. Funk. (1989). Shared Information: Some Observations of Communication in Japanese Technical Settings. Technical Communication 36 (4), 362-367. Hall, E.T. (1976). Beyond Culture Garden City, NJ: Doubleday. Hemon, P. and T.E. Pinelli. (1992, January). Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Policy and the Competitive Position of the U.S. Aerospace Industry. 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Federal Funding of R&D in Transportation: The Case of Aviation. Paper Commissioned for a Workshop on The Federal Role in Research and Development, November 21-22, 1985, held in Washington, DC, and sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. Mowery, D.C. (1983). Economic Theory and Government Technology Policy. Policy Sciences 16, 27-43. Office of Science and Technology Policy. (1982, November). Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy Volume 2 - Final Report. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, OSTP (Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; 83N23268; AKA the Keyworth Report.) Phillips, K.P. (1992) U.S. Industrial Policy: Inevitable and Ineffective. Harvard Business Review. (July- August), 104-112. Pinelli, T.E., J.M. Kennedy; and R.O. Barclay. (1991). The NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Government Information Quarterly 8(2) 219-233. Roberts, E.B. and A.L. Frohman. (1978). Strategies for Improving Research Utilization. Technology Review 80 (March/ April) 32-39. Raloff, J. Tackling R&D Stagnation (1992). Science News 142 (12, September 19) 190-191. Samuels, R.J. and B.C. Whipple. (1989). Defense Production and Industrial Development: The Case of Japanese Aircraft. In Politics and Productivity: The Real Story of Why Japan Works. C. Johnson, L.D. Tyson, and J. Zysman (eds.) NY: Harper Business, 275-318. Solomon, T. and L.G. Tornatzky. (1986). Rethinking the Federal Government's Role in Technological Innovation. In Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership. D.O.Gray, T. Solomon, and W. Hetzner (eds.) NY: North-Holland Publishing, 41-53. Tornatzky, L. G. and M. Fleischer (1990). The Process of Technological Innovation. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath Company. U.S. Department of Commerce. (1992, January). U.S. Industrial Outlook '92: Business Forecasts for 350 Industries. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Vernon, R. (1987). Coping With Technological Change: U.S. Problems and Prospects. In Technology and Global Industry: Companies and Nations in the World Economy. B. Guile and H. Brooks (eds.) Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Page 79 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Williams, F. and D.V. Gibson (Eds.). (1990). Technology Transfer: A Communication Perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Page 80 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Foreign Technology Tracking at MCC's International Liaison Office Mr. Howard Curtis, Senior Research Analyst, International Liaison Office, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) The Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), founded in 1983, is a private North American research consortium, with a membership of approximately 80 firms, national laboratories, govern- ment agencies, and universities. MCC's International Liaison Office (ILO) tracks developments abroad in R&D and market factors related to high technology, and reports its findings through a variety of reports, briefings, electronic databases, and consulting services to the MCC membership. On an occasional basis, the ILO also works on consulting projects under contract to non-member firms. ILO's technology monitoring efforts cover approximately the spectrum of fields where MCC's research programs are active. These include semiconductor packaging and interconnect; hardware component tech- nologies for computers, including displays, mass storage devices, and batteries for portable electronics; computer architectures and systems; distributed systems; software development environments; advanced database technologies; artificial intelligence and knowledge-based sys- tems; applications of software and systems; and networking and telecommunication. In terms of geographical coverage, ILO con- centrates on Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and northern Europe, with an increasing emphasis on eastern Europe. Japanese technologies of in- terest to MCC members currently consume approximately 50 percent of the group's overall effort. ILO activities and services to MCC member organizations include • The publication of a monthly MCC technical report called the Global Technology Monitor, which provides an overview of key developments abroad • Preparation of occasional in-depth technical reports on topics in foreign technology of high interest to the MCC membership Page 81 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings • Technical briefings and presentation at MCC mem- ber sites on developments in foreign technology • Initiation and coordination of multi-firm "competi- tive technology tours" of laboratories, high-technol- ogy firms, and government agencies abroad • Short courses and seminars in topics related to foreign technology and R&D • Consulting services • Searches for sources of technology abroad • Assistance in the marketing and licensing of technology abroad • Profiling and evaluation of potential business and alliance partners abroad • Translation services • Literature searches; database searches; general reference services in the foreign technology arena In spring 1993, the ILO concluded a subcontract with the federally funded Japanese Industry and Management of Technology (JIMT) program in order to provide database services to the eight JIMT centers in U.S. universities. Under this arrangement, staff members in JIMT centers will have access over the national Internet to ILO's databases on foreign technology, and ILO will structure a system that permits each of the university centers to input information from its own research, document collection, instruction, and internship programs for shared use by all centers and by the MCC membership. Page 82 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The presentation transparencies which follow provide further back- ground information on the activities of the International Liaison Office. Questions may be directed to Howard Curtis Senior Research Analyst International Liaison Office MCC 3500 West Balcones Center Drive Austin, Texas 78759-6509 Telephone: (512) 338-3792 Fax:(512)338-3898 E-Mail: curtis@mcc.com (Internet) Page 83 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings 0> Q o CD • rH cd a o •11 a c C/3 C^5 c« «§1 ^ a -S « S cc >> O ft >> »tg Sh CC S ^ M (/) 3 •S a 12 1 a s * 03 s ° fl Cfi $ *h "!? ^ > ^ ti o a a a> * B g « § 5 » 4> 9 ® cjT ^ g t> o C3 a; .« S co o • FN o •3 % ^ s S s s p °3 a coo •S 2 H as cfi a 15 ° SC3 ft £ -I £ a -S o ° Cfi ft 8 cfi Ctf Sh - 0) Cfi 3 S a a) Q g Sop S.SP g 2 CO 05 o u a o Cfi •iH •m *3 a o •|H -*> a a Page 84 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 0> o «4H a o cd J a o cd a & CD a 0> a a a; H x -M • H Cfl 0) a 0} a cd ta 0; o -M a • lH J $1 o CD M a cd h- 1 >> Ph M CD •lH > 2 0) p-H cd 0) a .a a cd a 0) a cd 3 a •lH cd c- 1 a 0) o o 0) a cd to o § 0) Ph S-l HH CO OS u 05 0, o Cfl •FN i— I cd S o Page 85 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings O a o •fH cd •fH cd o cd A 13 o • fH T* • fH nd 0) 0) \ >>cd bora etc. cd^-H cd «5 Cfl f-H 0) CO C5 0) ^T3 *3 o o ^ 1— 1 cd cd bJD ^ Sh Cd cd aS »fh ".fH s Q dex to J; comput D • O hH cation , site v 73 cd IE o O 0) F^ fl fH Cd CD • fH 0) cd S £a cd •• • pari ^^ Cd O •r"H > 0) M cd .8 g H fH 38 O • fH *3 • a -3 • O 0) J J Q hH J ^y § Page 86 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings r \ r • pH CS s .o a H u CS Oh - 0> o a • IH CS ickground Inf ents "o S ii of Foreign icensees S 0) CO 05 0> • pH . § 05 - "cS o Is H en • pH ■4^ ^ 2 s J2 cs CS sT cd •IH cS s c U • w > ^rature Searches a Foreign R&D Deve X i fl • pH o a CS dination of Comp If ® ee«H * S •PH 3 ^ • 0) ft C20 j ^^ _^y § Page 87 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings «4H a o G8 c O cd a E a & fc in +j £ 0) s 0) bo 03 S3 Cfl i 03 S3 o3 • ft en CO 03 S u 03 T3 1— 1 p4 03 1 s 0) 03 0) •5 s Oh H S3 03 CO 3 2 o CO 03 03 T3 fS3 XII 3 0) S3 cu O Q O 03 U O O o 03 G 2 § § |2 T3 • • • • la S C8 < fa CO 05 05 rH 03 03 03 O <4H S3 O CO 03 • lH 13 S3 o 03 S3 03 +^> S3 Page 88 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings / \ r • CD CD CD CD ^ Cd s u a CD CD CD H HH CD S3 13 O X CD a i/3 & 6 6 CD CD a CO CD S Sh CD CO & O) O eg cd •IH o> s CO CD S3 CO 05 OS J v. CD o CD TJ i-H 13 o **- CO CO s Cd cd cd 5 8 tronic Dis etter) CD Cd »PH o 09 •ph y of Visit cussion Q O Cd 73 CD CD a 5 l-H O e ILO Databases Av urease Access by En Elec ewsl jH o h- 1 o CO «H 0) CD > CD ease Frequenc; iefings and Dis 03 0> Q CD CD a as n Prototypical ectronic ILO N C/3 •pH Cd • pH P-H ca © • pH cd X fl «hS CD w H W § tt © +? fl I • • • • • , J ^ — ^y § Page 89 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings a o CD eg fl o •IN OS fl 13 i— i a. Q s C/3 C/2 CJ9 4) ID 03 o ® o U <*H 03 CO 05 9 o o g o 03 O « o •+* •PN a CIS CU 0) > 03 +* c>» •13 aa T3 03 03 0) > « •p* £ 03 H-» •M T3 03 H 05 o fl 03 « o3 03 -M pS ° y 03 O »P* +a 3 £ S ® S i* O O « « a Sh « flj CO £g O Sh £ 3 So & O „ O bD q; 03 * g bA*iN AS •FN Jrt 03 fi pm 03 §2 J3 ° © ho fl o O O CO ffia CO eg 03 0) o CO 03 •m 03 fl O 03 a a; o Page 90 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 0? O o • H cd C3 O cd 03 © u Cm O 09 C CO CO 13 Q < -: c o u In 4) "a s WD S O 'S © "3 o s © s £ o © JM U 03 s s c ^ £ 00 o m 3 13 3 C "C OS 3 V5 &£ 3 <-> E © 9 E J © &) "• a £ 3 ® m £^ k> • •■. OX) e ^ 3 <^ 43 i W 00 . r, CO ©\ m ^S 00 w *? s •*- -» C« ^ s S S • 3 TJ a 03 OD S S ™ 03 £ JS 03 • «^ c*n S © « C 3 © t*> o> a; ■4-4 • VS a> bN 03 £ a» >•* u 0^ g 3 • m ■*»* cs a 0? S X! 3 CJ 03 *** t- < a> ^rf t. C 3 a s E 0) © W3 u £ £ w 3 • © U if ® a ■*r» 03 3 W ©> m is ■ ^ 2S 00 fO Sr^ i-H v — ' w s "c3 'v* -4-* U 03 03 U © *5 CO H ?3 0) IS o •H S3 O •rH Sn Page 91 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings IS o a o cd ►J cd a o cd Vl 0) 4) a © u 9 1 1 WD cd Sh 4> > o U «** o C/2 cd 0> Sm < C/3 TJ 4> H >> jmm4 pool C3 <; ^ s © © © ® © g Cd © ft (^ © CO CO CO 00 CO CO cn w © Sh o S3 © Cd s © © © a © cn CO I QO CO CO e 10 "3 & a © s © © © s © CO !—■ 1 © CO CO oo CO °? rH w o § Q © © l—t "3 CO C5 05 i-H © cd © © «4H © CO •i-i cd © cd © Page 92 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Luncheon Speaker, Day One Page 93 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 94 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 3M's International and Japanese Experience Dr. Geoffrey C. Nicholson, Staff Vice President, International Technical Operations, Research and Development, 3M Corporation 3M is one of the world's leading manufacturing companies. We are a leader in most of our markets. We are a global company in 57 countries and have sales in more than 200. We are an innovative company with more than 60,000 products. At least 25 percent of our annual sales are the result of new products introduced within the last five years. In 1992, 3M's worldwide sales were $13.9 billion and in Japan sales were more than $1.1 billion. 3M's Worldwide R&D employs over 8,400 people and spends nearly 8 percent of our sales revenues or over $1 billion on R&D. Our major non-U.S. laboratories are located in Canada, the UK, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, and Japan. These laboratories employ over 2,700 people. The key to 3M's worldwide success is the company's unique corporate culture that nurtures innovation and encourages the sharing of infor- mation. We follow the 15 percent rule that is, we give our researchers 15 percent of their time to work on projects of their own choosing, and look for ways to combine technologies. The 3M culture stresses infor- mality, entrepreneurship (we have product champions), and a suppor- tive management that understands that a lack of success is a learning experience and that many of our formal, new product programs fail. 3M fosters an entrepreneurial environment by hiring enterprising people, sharing information, trusting and rewarding our employees, and tolerating failure. There is also an expectation that new products will be developed, that our scientists will have monitored outside develop- ments, and that our inventions will be "multi-technologies" or tech- nologies with numerous applications. Examples of multi-technologies are precision coating, non-wovens, membrane science, laser processing, optical recording, artificial intelligence, and microstructured surfaces. Page 95 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The location internationally of 3M labs is a direct result of responding to local business needs. 3M management understands that it is impera- tive to have in-country labs to be close to our customers, follow market and technology trends quickly, and respond cost-effectively to markets and competition. 3M wants to be located where the world's technologi- cal leaders are. The Japanese are the world's leaders in many product development technologies and it is, therefore, imperative for 3M to be in Japan. Sumitomo 3M, 3M's joint venture company in Japan, serves as a lighten- ing rod and listening post for developments in Japan. Personal contacts with our Japanese staff are a chief source of information on Japanese science, technology, and markets. This is an important reflection of 3M's information strategy. At 3M "information is useful if it produces a useful result." Information exchange among those who share 3M's corporate culture is our company's most vital source of S&T information. For 3M's internation- al laboratories it is the sharing of information among our scientists that is critical. This personal method of information gathering has added benefit to information brokers or librarians. Useful information is gathered by those who understand the subject matter, are scientists in the subject at question, and can immediately transform their knowledge into results. These information exchanges not only stimulate new ideas, but also increase productivity and reduce information duplica- tion. Although there are drawbacks of personal information exchange: infor- mation hoarding, information fiefdoms, no way to judge if the informa- tion is accurate or complete, and possible duplication of efforts in other parts of the company, I have found the advantages to be profound. If anything, American managers and scientists should become more familiar with Japan's scientific community's information structures and sources. An American manager who can ask the right questions and direct his staff to the right resources is an effective manager. It is the personal, human network for information gathering that I have found to be the most successful. I hope that the papers presented at this conference will help you better understand how to create an Page 96 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings effective human network in Japan. The following presentation transparencies describe in more detail 3M's R&D operating principles and Sumitomo 3M. Page 97 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 3M INTERNATIONAL R&D OPERATING PRINCIPLES ® WELL-DEFINED MISSIONS • REGIONALIZED CENTERS ® LOCALLY-BASED LEADERSHIP 9 LABORATORIES ARE EXTENSIONS OF EACH OTHER <• SHARED TECHNOLOGY • PLACE LABORATORIES WHERE ACTION AND CUSTOMER ARE LOCATED • PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES • WINDOW ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND COMPETITIVE ACTIVITIES Page 98 THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY ! JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings O b O CO LU rx "ft SO « to o fb S3 > 80 ft QJ 32 "-h 3 ft M lo ^ o o ft,.*" HO £ Cft ft 3 to ft, o -CI -ft SO "3 q to O HO o ft ft *H ft qj *h qj '2 C8 HO q o ft $ qj qj o ^ ft C8 to 3 O Co q o o "-H o is HO q o o qj so so CO q HO >3 SO Hs so qj CD ^ »s q * * * * * Page 99 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ment ilure" ation gnals" 05 * i N 'co d ~^_ ■ «■■■ D) CO o o 1 c O E CO '> o c: CO CO o P O d 2 b "o Q. CD ■D CD c novative O c O o mt stability freedom ;o risk and t y sharing a ent avoidan id recogniti sin loyme idual CO CO CD molog agem ard ai rs Q. E div CD Q. • Tech CO CD m LU _c O ^ DC Page 100 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Technological Competitiveness Provide technical content to customer*. * Leading edge technology with features, advantages, benefits * Product modifications * Professional Technical Service * Value Page 101 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT INCREASING SPENDING FOR R&D ALONE IS NOT THE KEY TO BETTER TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT. Higher levels of RAD spending does not guarantee success in global markets. The key is the links between its marhst needs and customer requirements. Page 102 GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS AND LEVERAGING ARE BECOMING MORE IMPORTANT. Because of the costs and risks associated with R&D, no company can become a technological island. Creativity and innovation require the outside stimulation. QGN4 Page 103 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings INOLOGY MANAGEMENT -MARKETS ARE GLOBAL - TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IS NOT' New Technology and specialized talent that produces it will continue to be developed locally - the results are global. Page 104 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Supports our Current Business Grows our Future Business is Alert to Competitive Threat Is Close to Leading Customers Is Close to Technology Development Page 105 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sumitomo 3M Joint Venture 50% 3M 25% NEC 25% SEI Exclusive License to Manufacture Non-exclusive License to Import, Convert, Sell From 3M To Sumitomo 3M Page 106 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sumitomo 3M Laboratory Technical Sales Support Product Engineering Product Modification Page 107 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings I ! CO .2 ® 2 2* o us H ^ £« & 3 1 1 Page 108 3 en ON 00 3 &Z Sw " 9H 2S *• * C# >$ v^ c£ a* * <£ tf> o CO o o Tf 00 co 00 CO o CO 9 a o u o o £-1 a •PHI a M < & 5 6 d a d < a c a a c Part III. Suppliers of Japanese S&T Information Page 109 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 110 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Accessing Information on Japanese Companies Through Dialog's Teikoku Database Mr. Richard DeTurck, Director, Dialog Information Services Dialog is the world's largest database host distributing 450 databases in over 110 countries. Many of Dialog's databases can be useful gathering and tracking information on Japan. One of the most interesting database that Dialog distributes that directly relates to Japanese busi- ness is "File 502." File 502 is the English-language version of the Teikoku Databank. Teikoku is the largest producer of databases on Japanese companies and corporations. It is also among the oldest companies in Japan producing credit information. Dialog's Teikoku file has information on over 180,000 companies and is updated monthly. You can locate individual companies or companies by industry, location, or financial standing. The following two charts demonstrate some of the information that you can obtain from Teikoku. A sample company profile contains the English and Romanized Japanese names of the company; address; telephone and fax numbers; primary and secondary product codes; financial information (sales, profits, dividends, and capitalization); na- tional sales ranking; credit rating; banks; and information about the chief executive officer. Page 111 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sample Record From Teikoku Databank, File 502 on Dialog 0168613 CANON SALES CO INC KYANON HAMBAI KK MTTA DAUCfflSEIMEI BLDG. 1 1-28, MTTA 3-CHOME MINATO-KU, TOKYO 108 Telephone: 03-3455-9111 Primary Product: 4086 (OPTICAL MACHINERY, PHOTOGRAPHIC MACHINERY, ETC.) Secondary Product: 4082 (GENERAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR OFFICE WORK, ETC.) Date of Incorporation: Paid-in Capital (000): Credit Rating: Number of Employees: Number of Shareholders: Sales Ranking: Declared Income (000): 02/1968 Y40,588,000 $112,591 ($1=Y360.4) A (92) 8,699 3,175 1 of 537 companies (12/1991) Y20,830,36O $162,686 ($1=Y128.0) (12/1990) Y20,765,670 $155,095 ($1=Y133.8) Latest Annual Previous Annual 12/1991 12/1990 Sales (000): Y 502,771,000 Y 456,091,000 $ 3,926,671 $ 3,406,460 Profits (000): Y 8,431,000 Y 8,339,000 $ 65,846 $ 62,282 Dividends (%): 25 25 Capitalization (%): 44 46 ($1=Y128.0) ($1=Y133.8) Top 10 Banks: FUJI BANK, HAMAMATSUCHO SAKURA BANK, GOTANDA EKIMAE SANWA BANK, MITA SUMITOMO BANK, SHIMBASHI NORIN CHUKIN BANK. H O BANK OF TOKYO. GINZA TOKAI BANK, GINZA DAI-ICH1 KANGYO BANK, H O BANK OF YOKOHAMA, H O YASUDA TRUST AND BANKING, H O THIS IS: a CORPORATION a(n) LISTED company Teikoku Company Number: 985142611 Page 112 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Chief Executive: TAKIGAWA. SEIICHI 2-12, SHIBOKU 1-CHOME MIYAMAE-KU, KAWASAKI 216 Telephone: 044-854-034 Birthdate: 01/12/1931 Birthplace: TOKYO Education: THE UN1V OF TOKYO The financial figures expressed in Yen are provided by Teikoku Databank The dollar equivalent figures are merely estimates and are for informati onal purposes only. Copyright 1992 Teikoku Databank Ltd D Page 113 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sample Report From Teikoku Databank, File 502 on Dialog Product Code 4086, Optical and Photo Machinery (Top 15 of 200 Ranked by Sales) Romanized Company Name KYANON HAMBAI KK N1HON KODAKKU KK ASANUMA SHOKAI KK KASHIMURAKK ORIMPASU HAMBAI KK MISUZU SANGYO KK OMIYA SHASHINYOHIN KK NIHON PORAROIDO KK NIKON KAMERA HAMBAI KK MINORUTA KAMERA HAMBAI KK KARU TSAISU KK ASAHI KOGAKU SHOJI KK KOSEKI KK MEGANE DORAGGU KOGYO KK KENKOKK Sales Company Name (000$) CANON SALES CO INC 3,926.671 KODAK JAPAN LTD 796.626 ASANUMA & CO LTD 650.390 KASHIMURA CO LTD 517.776 OLYMPUS JAPAN CO LTD 491.299 MISUZU CO LTD 369,057 THE OMIYA PHOTO SUPPLY CO LTD 351.889 POLAROID CORPORATION OF JAPAN 288.972 NIKON PHOTO PRODUCTS INC 263.435 * NOT KNOWN 240.855 CARL ZEISS CO LTD 148.920 ASAHI OPTICAL CORP 145.815 * NOT KNOWN 88,504 * NOT KNOWN 81.906 KENKO CO LTD 72.975 Page 114 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NIKKEI Telecom (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.) Mr. Pier Friend, Databank Sales Representative NIKKEI is Japan's largest and most authoritative news and data source for business and economics. It is the primary authority for all business- related information in Japan. For those who are unfamiliar with NIK- KEI as a publishing company, you may know our stock indexes of which the Nikkei Average, a listing of 225 stocks, is most commonly quoted. The NIKKEI average is followed in Japan and internationally much in the same way as the Dow Jones Industrial average is in the United States. The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, commonly referred to as NIKKEI, was established in 1876 as a business newspaper publisher. NIKKEI now publishes 5 newspapers, and many periodicals, books, and magazines. The largest newspaper, and the company's namesake, is the Nihon Keizai Shimbun. It is considered the premier business daily in Japan. With a circulation of around 3,000,000 it is the largest financial daily in the world, 1.5 times bigger than the daily circulation of The Wall Street Journal, which is published by Dow Jones & Company. NIKKEI also publishes four other newspapers, of which the NIKKEI Weekly, formerly titled The Japan Economic Journal, is written in English NIKKEI books and periodicals have an even larger market share than do its newspapers. In total, NIKKEI publishes 38 magazines, 16 newsletters, and over 300 books exceeding 5,000,000 in circulation. NIKKEI'S extensive and comprehensive coverage of a wide variety of subjects can be attributed to its over 2,000 correspondents worldwide. Although NIKKEI is primarily a publisher, the company has expanded into modern media to remain on the cutting edge of technology, and to provide information and data in the most advanced methods possible. NIKKEI's other media include electronic data services, broadcasting, business and corporate events, and seminars and symposia. These media allow NIKKEI to cover all forms of information circulation and to position itself as Japan's primary source of reference for now and into the future. Page 115 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NIKKEFs Databank Bureau, a computerized electronic data service, is the fastest growing business of NIKKEI. This is due to the rapid demand for information about Japan, whether it be news, corporate information, market information, or science and technology. The NIK- KEI Databank is the leading source of Japanese information in Japan for two reasons: it is the primary source for news in and about Japan, and it provides it in an accurate and timely manner. Until recently, current and comprehensive information about Japan was very difficult to obtain. If the information was available it was written in Japanese, which prevented most non-Japanese people from accessing it. To access information it had to be requested and sent for by mail, which further slowed the process and made the eventual arrival of the information less valuable. News and information often needs to be accessed immediately if its full value is to be realized. NIKKEI brings you on-line information on practically every Japanese subject you will need to know about. From cryogenics to corporate profiles, semiconductors to stocks, aerospace to artificial intelligence, it can all be found through NIKKEI. To bring this information to you in a rapid and convenient medium, NIKKEI developed its PC-based online ser- vice called Nikkei Telecom Japan News & Retrieval, or more common- ly Nikkei Telecom. This service allows you to access any time of day, in English, Nikkei's databases. The databases on this service can be divided into five immediate areas: news information, corporate information, market information, in- dustrial information and macroeconomic information. (There are many others which are covered on the service, although I will not go into them at this time.) 1. News (Broadcast) In today's world it seems that everyone wants their infor- mation just a little faster. The broadcasting mode of thr, Nikkei Telecom database provides real-time articles which are automatically displayed as they come in from Tokyo. When a certain headline catches the user's eye, the full article may be called up. Full-text articles which are scheduled to appear in tomorrow's Nihon Keizai Shimbun are translated and appear as soon as they are filed. Top stories from the Page 116 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NIKKEI Industrial Daily and the NIKKEI Financial Daily are also avail- able. Articles from The Japan Times, an English daily in Japan, are also available the day before delivery. (News) Every day over 450 articles are released for your viewing. Tomorrow's, today's, and yesterday's articles are all compiled on a special menu to allow you easy access to the most recent articles by newspaper publication. (Text Search) In total, there are over 1,000,000 articles which are available for text search purposes. In text search mode you can access every periodical and publication in Nikkei's database. Just by entering in key words, you have access to up to ten years of information on any topic that is of interest to you. You can get as specific or as general as you like, depending on the parameters of your search. Over 50 newspapers, periodicals, newsletters, and reports written in English are accessible. To name just a few: the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, the NIKKEI Industrial Daily, the NIKKEI News Bulletin, The NIKKEI Weekly, The Straits Times, The Japan Times, The Far Eastern Economic Review, Focus Japan (a JETRO newsletter), Digest of Japanese Industry and Technology, the National Technical Report, the Nikkei High Tech Report (which features comprehensive coverage of Japan's high-tech industry), and many other sources which I have not mentioned. Major articles from a variety of Nikkei newsletters covering such issues as the markets, commodities, and the high-tech industry are available in both the news and text search modes of Nikkei Telecom. These are accessible on the day of publication and stored in text search. Examples of some of the newsletters from high-tech companies are: the National Technical Report by Matsushita Electric, Technical Review by Mit- subishi Heavy Industry, Sanyo Technical Review by Sanyo, and Bulletin from Toppan Printing. 2. Corporate There are basically two separate categories of corporate information that can be accessed from NIKKEI. The first is the Japanese corporate profile database which covers companies listed on Japan's 8 exchanges. Corporate profiles, financial statements, capital investment projects, and more can be accessed. The corporate profile section can be quite Page 117 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings detailed, depending on the company one is searching. I believe that Sony's corporate profile alone is over 40 pages of information. The second, Asian Corporate profiles, contains information on major Asian companies and Japanese-invested companies in Asia. Basic financial data and a corporate outline is available for 12,000 Chinese industrial companies, 1,900 Korean-listed companies, 800 listed companies in Southeast Asia, and 1,200 Japanese-invested companies in Southeast Asia. 3. Market Market information covers all of Japan's 8 exchanges in stocks, bonds, futures, options, indices, forex, and commodities. Information is avail- able on a daily basis with updates during the day. One can access 900 days of daily data, ten years of weekly data, 20 years of monthly data, and annual data since 1964. 4. Industrial The information in this database includes production, shipment and inventory indices for all of the major industrial groups. 5. Macroeconomic Macroeconomic statistics cover national accounts, trade and balance of payments, finance and tax, labor, price, and products, among others. To access NIKKEI's information quickly and easily, all you need is a personal computer and a modem. For those of you who don't feel computers are your best friend, you will find that retrieving information from the databases is very easy. The online service is menu-driven, and very few commands are necessary to access the data that you need. Furthermore, there are help functions at many of the menus and there is an online manual for the particularly perplexed. The Japanese-language version of NIKKEI has more extensive news coverage, because there is no need for translation. The Japanese NIKKEI Telecom news section includes 1500 real time flash reports and news articles per day. Retrievable articles include not only those Page 118 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings from the newspapers available in our English version, but also 20 other newspapers such as the Asahi Shimbun, the Mainichi Shimbun, local papers, sports papers, and technical papers such as Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Tekko Shimbun, and Denki Shimbun. In the Japanese version of Nikkei Telecom, magazine articles are available for retrieval. Most important, Nikkei business publication's magazines are included, For example, Nikkei New Media, Nikkei BIOCHEM, NIKKEI Artificial Intelligence, and NIKKEI Aerospace. JICST's JOIS is also available, adding updates twice per month and more than 5.3 million articles on science and technology. This is added to Nikkei's over 10 million articles from newspapers, magazines, and newsletters. Furthermore, the Japanese corporate profiles are even larger and more extensive; there is a who's who section and a section for new product releases. For numerical information, such as macro and micro economic statistics, the English and Japanese versions cover the same amount of information. Access to the databases is very simple. Everyone, anywhere in the country using a personal computer and a modem can access NIKKEI's data. NIKKEI's host computer is located in Tokyo, however, for your convenience there is a computer center in New York and communica- tions lines set up in Washington D.C. and Los Angeles. For those who want to access the system from another location, access can easily be established through TYMNET. Online services are also available in a variety of fee formats to suit your usage needs and expectations. For those of you who wish to access the Japanese version of Telecom, NIKKEI will provide you with a software diskette that allows your computer to be Kanji compatible. I have tried to show you that NIKKEI is the leader in Japanese news and information provision. There are literally hundreds of thousands, if not millions of science and technology articles that are available to you on-line through NIKKEI NIKKEI provides its information in both Japanese and English. All you need is a computer and a modem, and fee structures are flexible. Page 119 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 120 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Accessing "Grey Literature" in Japan Mr. Carlton Williams, University of Tokyo/J-TIES Although Japan is more open to sharing scientific and technical infor- mation than in the past, it is still relatively difficult for non-Japanese parties to obtain access to "grey" literature on a timely basis. Each year a massive amount of research results is disclosed in myriad fields and sub-fields of technical research in an end user's field of interest can be a confusing task for one not familiar with the organization of the Japanese technical community. Further, many of the disclosed results are of inferior quality or of minor importance to the particular technical field. Such disclosed results can be thought of as the "low-grade ore" through which one must prospect for the "gems," the papers of true significance in a particular technical field. However, gathering a selection of grey literature to evaluate to determine the few that are of superior quality can be a laborious and expensive task if undertaken by an end user. To alleviate these problems, it is useful to understand the manner in which the technical community is organized. Further, it is useful to have a system of weeding out the "gems" from the "low-grade ore" before the materials are passed on to the end user. This paper will generally describe the organization of the Japanese technical community, using the Nihon Kohgakkai (the Japanese Federation of Engineering Societies) as an example. Further, a solution to the problem of evalua- tion will be described. Organization of Academic Societies All technical societies in Japan are organized under the Nihon Kohgak- kai. There are 88 separate technical societies, claiming over 550,000 members. However, this number is misleading, since there is some overlap, with many members belonging to more than one society. The total is further inflated by the large number of students that become new members upon graduation, often automatically or for a relatively inexpensive fee. After an initial five year period, only an estimated 20 percent of these new members elect to renew their membership. Page 121 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings These technical societies are further subdivided into numerous "tech- nical meetings." Technical meetings are committees organized around particular fields of research interest for a determined period of time. The number of these organizations varies widely among the Technical Societies. For example, in 1990 the Japan Society of Applied Physics (JSAP) had 47 Technical Meetings, whereas the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE) had only 13. Research Disclosure There are essentially three stages in the information disclosure process in Japan: presentation at the technical conferences, discussion at tech- nical meetings, and formal publication in trade journals. A technical conference provides a forum for brief presentations of the latest re- search results. The periodic technical meetings provide a means for researchers to gather and discuss the latest research progress on a regular basis. Finally, the journals are the formal recording of the completed work. Technical Conferences Each year there are numerous regular technical conferences organized by technical societies, technical meetings, and various joint committees. These technical conferences are usually divided into a variety of sub- fields (please refer to Appendices A and B for samples from the IEICE and JSAP). These conferences generate the majority of disclosed research results. Most of these technical conferences meet once or twice a year, and are open to all. However, only members are allowed to present their results. There is no limit on the number of papers for presentation, but the time allotted for each is generally 15 to 20 minutes. Abstracts are published for attendees at the time if the conference, and are obtainable only upon attendance. By way of example, the average number of research disclosures in recent years at the JSAP Conference has been approximately 3,300, and at the IEICE Conference, approximately 3,000. These societies both Page 122 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings hold their conferences on a semi-annual basis, hence the yearly figures for research disclosures within these two technical societies alone are 6,000 to 7,000 apiece. Recently, an attempt to make the process more accessible to interested parties from other countries or "internationalization" has been en- couraged. This generally takes the form of the so-called international conferences, for which greater efforts are made to invite repre- sentatives from abroad. In many of these international conferences, the majority of presented papers are in English, due to the commitment of the organizers to greater internationalization. However, not all tech- nical societies are equally committed at this point in time. For example, IEICE and the Japan Electronics Society (JES) hold approximately the same number of international conferences each year (in 1992, seven for IEICE versus five for JES), but JES does not yet accept English papers. Technical Meetings Technical meetings are smaller groups, numbering from 30 to 100 people, organized around a current topic of research interest. As such, membership is strictly limited to those performing relevant work under that topic and those who have strong interests in that topic. These groups meet on a more frequent basis than do technical conferences, usually 6 to 12 times a year. The IEICE maintains 47 such technical meetings, whereas the JSAP has only 13. The purpose of technical meetings is to provide a support group com- posed of interested experts who can discuss and evaluate the work the members are performing in that particular field. Papers are presented at every meeting. These papers are normally full papers, 4 to 8 pages, in Japanese. The number presented varies widely, ranging anywhere from 7 to 30 per meeting. These technical meetings are useful as a means of monitoring the progress of research in a particular area. For example, the IEICE holds a meeting every December on compound semiconductor devices, through which one can cover an entire year's progress in this field. Page 123 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Journals Journals are the final step in the disclosure process. Most technical societies publish their own journal, usually on a monthly or bimonthly basis. Some of the smaller technical societies publish on an annual or semi-annual basis, but such instances are the exception. Journals are usually available to the general public, and hence do not necessarily come under the rubric of "grey literature," but are mentioned here as a source for technical information. Papers are subject to a review process prior to publishing. This process ensures that results of research are disclosed in journals as much as two or three years after the research was actually performed. Due to this fact, journals are considered to be of less importance in monitoring ongoing research or the latest research results. Databases In addition to the various sources mentioned above, there are several databases in Japan which contain scientific and technical information. Some of these provide fee-based services to the public, while others are limited to the academic community. At this point in time, most of the material exists in the form of abstracts, but there are some full papers available, and the percentage of full papers relative to the whole is expected to steadily increase in the future. Evaluating Japanese Scientific and Technical Information As shown, there are many sources and services available to those searching for scientific and technical information. Yet, there is the problem of determining which of the many thousands of papers produced each year are in fact important. Evaluation by the end user is possible, but the time and expense required to gather a sufficient sample of papers are prohibitive. The solution reached by J-TIES is to retain a "Technical Advisory Committee," composed of experts from academia. These advisory com- mittee members are drawn from many key technical fields, and are easily able to monitor progress in their fields and related fields. When Page 124 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings informed of a need for access to grey literature from a particular technical field, these members are well-placed for quickly and efficient- ly gathering the most important examples of research disclosures. Further, these experts are qualified to critically evaluate chosen papers for various criteria, such as technical importance and practical impact. In this manner, greater focus is enabled, and considerable effort is saved by the end user. Conclusion Despite the recent openness of Japan in scientific and technical infor- mation disclosure, it is still relatively difficult for non-Japanese parties to access disclosed research results. This is often due to lack of knowledge of the correct points at which to access information, as well as difficulties inherent in determining which of the myriad disclosures are of real value. In this paper, we have attempted to clarify the organization of the Japanese technical community. With this organizational structure in mind, it is hoped that the non-Japanese end user will have clearer knowledge of where to access information regarding a particular field of interest. Further, we hope to provide a possible solution to the problem of determining which research disclosures of the thousands produced each year are important. Page 125 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings APPENDIX A Sub-fields Covered by the Semiannual Conference of the Institute of Electronics, Information, And Communications Engineers Artificial Intelligence & Knowledge-Based Processing Antennas & Propagation Circuits & Systems Theoretical Foundations of Computing Component Parts & Materials Computer Systems Communication Systems Data Engineering Digital Signal Processing Engineering Acoustics Electron Devices Electronic Information Displays Electromechanical Components Electromagnetic Compatibility Electromagnetic Theory Educational Technology Fault Tolerant Systems Human Communications Engineering Page 126 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Integrated Circuits & Devices Image Engineering Information Networks Information Security Information Theory ME & Bio-Cybernetics Magnetic Recording Microwaves Neurocomputing Natural Language Understanding and Models of Communication Nonlinear Problems Optical Communication Systems Organic Material Electronics Optical & Quantum Electronics Office Systems Power Engineering in Electronics & Communications Pattern Recognition & Understanding Reliability Radio Communication Systems Space, Aeronautical & Navigational Electronics Satellite Telecommunications Superconductive Electronics Page 127 Page 128 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Silicon Devices & Materials Speech Software Science Switching Systems Engineering Ultrasonics JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings APPENDIX B Sub-Fields Covered by the Semiannual Conference of the Japan Society of Applied Physics Radiation and Plasmas Measurement and Control Optics Quantum Electronics Optoelectronics Thin Films Surfaces Beam Technologies Applied Material Physics Superconductivity Organic Molecules and Bioelectronics Semiconductors A (Silicon) Semiconductors B (Non-Silicon) Crystal Engineering Amorphous Materials General Applied Physics Page 129 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 130 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NACSIS International: An Update Professor Hitoshi Inoue, Director, Science Information Research Division, National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) and Professor Hiromichi Hashizume, Science Information Research Division, NACSIS NACSIS's New Policy to Privatize its Database Services (NACSIS-IR) Abroad NACSIS has extended its services to Western countries. Connections were made with the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in January 1989, to provide NACSIS-IR, and with the British Library (BL), in February 1991 to provide NACSIS-CAT to some U.K. univer- sity libraries, as well as NACSIS-IR service to the BL. These services were supplied primarily to test the feasibility of the telecommunications links with both countries and were funded by a grant for International Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Cul- ture (MONBUSHO). The three-year pilot stage ended in 1992 and is considered a great success. Before embarking on its second stage to internationalize its services, NACSIS recently released a memorandum on fundamental policies of service of NACSIS-IR to foreign countries, as follows [authors' word- ing]: 1. The service will be available to research & higher educational institutions and governmental bodies of foreign countries which have been established to promote the development of academic research. 2. The service shall be exclusively used for the purpose of scientific research and education, and not for the purpose of profit making. Page 131 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings 3. Databases to be offered (Table 1) include 1) those produced by NACSIS alone, 2) those by NACSIS and other institutions, 3) those introduced from other in- stitutions that the institutions permit NACSIS to offer them in to foreign countries. 4. Service hours shall be corresponded to the regular operating hours of NACSIS (Japan Standard Time), except the designated holidays. Monday through Friday 9:00 a.m. - 2:00 a.m. of the following day. Saturdays 9:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. 5. The service shall be charged. The rate and terms of payment will be announced later. 6. Terminals supporting the Japanese language, and communications software shall be supplied by user's own effort. 7. Only one representative will be designated in each institutions to which the user's ID will be issued. The current plan to reorient NACSIS's database service policy toward foreign countries includes the shift to INTERNET for telecommunica- tions and the introduction of user's defrayment of their user costs. NACSIS will take time to closely examine these points of the reorien- tation policy and to consult with other affected institutions before reaching any conclusion on how to make a final public announcement and implementing the new policy. Current Statistics of Utilization of NACSIS-IR and Evaluations by U.S. Users Utilization of NACSIS-IR through international online access from the United States and the United Kingdom is shown in Table 2. One can see that usage is twice as much for the United States as for the United Kingdom, in terms of sheer numbers as well as averages per month. However, if one goes into the details of the uses of each database, one can easily find that the kinds of databases used are totally different between these two countries. In the United States, most of the usage Page 132 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings is concentrated among three groups: 1) so-called grey literature, such as grants-in-aid scientific research which includes research project information funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture; 2) Japanese electronics information presented at the variety of meeting of academic societies in the fields of electronics, control and com- munications; and 3) biographical and career background information of Japanese researchers included in Directory of Researchers. In contrast, in the United Kingdom, usage is almost exclusively focused upon the union catalogs produced by NACSIS. The reason is rather simple. Since 1990, NACSIS and the British Library have been engaged in a cooperative research project on the feasibility of a U.K. collabora- tive catalogue of Japanese publications and the union catalogues produced by NACSIS have been used as the reference sources by participating U.K. university libraries. The project will be explained in the next section. Ketron, Inc., the NSF subcontractor for the NACSIS database search operations for the American scientific community conducted user sur- veys several times either by telephone or by mail. Although most of the respondents in United States evaluated the unique value of information they receive from the NACSIS databases, they tended to be unsatisfied with the relevance of the results due, in part, to the uncontrolled vocabulary of the NACSIS databases and the lack of appropriate guidance by U.S. users. Based on the results of these surveys, Ketron, Inc. invented a series of "hot topics" packages, which resolved some of these problems and improved users' effective access to the NACSIS databases. Report of the Pilot Phase of the Research Project on the Feasibility of a U.K. Collaborative Catalogue of Japanese Publications The British Library and NACSIS have an agreement to experiment with the feasibility of using records derived from the NACSIS-CAT system to aid in the creation of the union catalogue of Japanese materials in the United Kingdom to be based at Cambridge University and made available over JANET. Toshiba was kind enough to provide five Toshiba laptop computers with Japanese character-sets and the cataloging software. Participating U.K. libraries include: Cambridge Page 133 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings University, Oxford University, Oxford University Oriental Institute, Sheffield University, Stirling University, the BL Oriental and Indian Office Collections (OIOC), and the BL Japanese Information Service (us). Aims, Objectives, and Conclusions The Project Committee was organized by the participating libraries and the BL provided the R&DD staff which included Dr. Terry Cannon and Mr. Neil Smith and headed by Mr. Brian Perry. This team performed the coordinating function. The Project Committee defined the aims and objectives at its first meeting held at the BL Science Reference and Information Service (SRIS) on Aug. 2, 1990. The Project's aims and conclusions are as follows : 1. To assess the feasibility of compiling a U.K. col- laborative catalogue of Japanese publications by con- necting to the cataloging system of NACSIS. It was agreed that it is possible to contribute to the compila- tion of such a union catalogue by deriving records from the NACSIS-CAT system. Problems include record conversion to produce romanized records, conversion to U.K. format, and difficulties of access due to the time differences. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Toshiba com- puters and software provided by NACSIS. The Toshiba computers were found to have no problems from the point of view of hardware. There are some problems, however, with Lumina software when it is used in the United Kingdom. 3. To evaluate access via JANET to NACSIS-CAT over the British Library-NACSIS dedicated link. Al- though all the participants can now access NACSIS, there were real difficulties in the initial stages, due to the use of an old standard of X.25, X.25(76), the difficulty of setting and changing parameters in the Page 134 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Lumina software to suit different local requirements, and the differences in the participants' campus net- works. 4. To report on the use of NACSIS-CAT in com- parison with other methods of producing a U.K. catalogue of Japanese publications. It has not been possible to carry out a real comparison between NAC- SIS-CAT and other sources because of the initial delays in connecting to the NACSIS-CAT system and the limited availability of the system due to time dif- ferences. 5. To compile a pilot union catalogue from the input of some or all of the participants. No NACSIS-CAT record has been transferred into the Union Catalogue at Cambridge. There remains work to be done on the conversion of NACSIS records to UKMARC format and in setting up the conversion to romanized form. These activities will be pursued in the next stage of the project. Workshop on Information Resources for Japanese Studies (WIREJAS) NACSIS is going to hold in December 1993 a Workshop on Information Resources for Japanese Studies in the United States - Accessibility Issues in Social Sciences and Area Studies — as a program of Interna- tional Joint Research funded grant-in-aid by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, coming in December. One of the major reasons why NACSIS wants to identify the accessibility problems in the social science and area studies is NACSIS's relative lack of knowledge of these areas compared with other areas, such as the humanities, the pure sciences, and technology. There is also a recognition of the uniqueness of these fields in terms of information gathering activities of these researchers. The uniqueness of these fields may be highlighted as follows: Page 135 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 1. Primary data is Japanese and is collected in Japan tailored to each research project. 2. Although English is used for reporting the research results, proficiency in Japanese and its vernacular may be required for primary research communication, 3. The subject fields and researchers, individuals or groups, are scattered and obscured in the well-estab- lished social science fields such as political science, economics, law, sociology, anthropology, etc. Because of these unique features, providing documentation and infor- mation services in these fields falls behind that of humanistic studies of Japan. In the latter field, time-honored libraries and documentation activities are available for end-users; and in the fields of science and technology, the system of international research communication in English has been well established. Moreover, social sciences and area studies are the domains where information requirements of U.S. scholars are expanding rapidly and are most urgent. The workshop is planned, therefore, as an opportunity for social scien- tists and information specialists in these fields from both countries to discuss and exchange information. The workshop will pinpoint six aspects of the issue, namely: database issues, bibliographic control, area centers, careers of scientists, personal exchange, and national plans. Two speakers for each topic from each country were programmed to make presentations. The proceedings of the con- ference will be published. Page 136 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings REFERENCES 1. Adachi, Jun, "NACSIS: Its Activities and Services," in NTIS How to Acquire Japanese Scientific and Technical Information, Proceedings of the Conference Held March 26-27, 1992, in Falls Church, Virginia. Springfield, Virginia. NTIS 1992 p. pp. 81-86. 2. Smith, Neil, "Research Project on the Feasibility of a U.K. Col- laborative Catalogue of Japanese Publications — Report to NACSIS of the Pilot Project" NACSIS Research Bulletin 5:113-135 (December 1992). Page 137 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ! CO M w u < 2 >, ■a a) «-> L CI a tx 03 0) w rs c3 a 3 & CJ CJ CJ © © re CJ © ej © CJ to — CO to -3 to — to to CO to to © CO CJ CJ CO © CO © CO © © © to © 3 — e 3 3 3 W © 3 3 3 3 re — re re re re o be re re re a, be a be bo c .= re C C. c be o. J re c C3 re re re — 3 re re re 3 90 o 3 re CO © J3 Cv >• CJ O. re JB CJ re "^ •© 3 In ■o bs CJ CO 3 CJ P3 3 © © N CD © 3 3 a — O) o CO 3 "3 © c U .rz. © — ez OJ CO CO CO CJ CJ re ,:j In s "3 CJ o 3 © « o © "3 CO CO to c re 3 CJ In ■3 CO re QJ .3 s "3 3 CD re Sm CJ © © © OB 3 © w — BS re 3 re — * 3 Q. © 3 © PO CJ 3 to re In © to © CO re © "-» © s CJ CJ CJ re t- 13 bo e 3 © UJ o. 3 o ^ 3 e ro 3 3 © o *— to CO Ct O O 3 CO © b* o In in re © In CO CO CD QJ CO © JS © CD © L. ~ >s O. 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CJ to 6a 03 0J cO CO es V- U) to es u. o-> CO Ci3 bO 0J to bO CO 0J Gfl bO Ob O C= o G a. o = In O c co o to co O CO 2= O co =: o ao sr o CO s bo bo bp bO "3 O o o o o cO cd cO cO <3 03 2 cj cO CJ cO C-J to S ^-o B3 to es CO B3 cO s < O JC o Jei O o o Im tt es =3 O go es =JJ o as a =3 CJ CO 5 1) CO 3 - CM CO •^r uo OJ to J=! 0J © -a CJ — OJ o (— l- es ■< Qj ■— ty J=> — O f»^0 X £ OJ Page 139 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings TABLE 2 The lumber of use for NACSIS-1R through International Line (1992 fiscal year) As of March 31. 1993 ~^~~-~~^Mon t h DB name— — ____ Ap r May Jun Ju I Aug Sep Oc t Nov Dec Jan Feb Ma r To t a 1 Average KAKEN 22 26 9 5 1 1 19 1 1 7 6 5 1 6 17 1 54 1 2. 8 GAKU1 8 6 4 1 2 1 3 2 1 28 2. 3 GAKKAI 22 21 8 10 6 1 12. 2 GAKKA! 1 28 26 7 13 30 13 22 20 — — — . — 1 59 1 9. 9 GAKKAI 2 27 7 1 4 17 9 1 3 7 — — — — 94 1 1. 8 GAKKAI 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 — — — — 1 2 1. 5 GAKKAI 4 2 1 2 1 — — — — 6 0. 8 GAKKAI 5 2 2 2 — — — — 6 0. 8 GAKKAI 6 2 1 1 2 — — — — 6 0. 8 GAKKAI 7 2 1 1 4 — ■ — — — 8 1. GAKKAI 8 3 1 2 — — — — 6 0. 8 JOSEI 1 3 1 1 1 7 0. 6 KEI ZAI 1 1 2 1 1 5 2 6 1 2 31 2. 6 I SHIN 1 1 1 3 0. 3 MOKKAN — — 1 1 1 3 0. 3 RES 23 32 19 5 9 21 4 3 8 1 20 14 168 14. DBDR 3 2 1 1 1 8 0. 7 KASE! 1 1 0. 1 RAMBIOS 2 2 4 0. 3 JBCAT 1 8 1 5 9 3 3 7 5 8 1 16 4 89 7. 4 FBCAT 8 2 4 4 3 1 5 3 30 2. 5 JSCAT 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 30 2. 5 FSCAT 2 2 1 2 2 9 0. 8 To t a 1 1 65 1 26 56 58 83 93 70 48 66 39 68 5 1 923 7 6. 9 BL ~~ — ^Mon t h DB n ame~— - — ^___ Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc t Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar To t a 1 Average KAKEN 5 2 1 2 1 0. 8 GAKUI 1 1 0. 1 GAKKAI 0. GAKKAI 1 1 1 — — — — 2 0. 3 GAKKAI 2 5 — — — — 5 0. 6 GAKKAI 3 — — — — 0. GAKKAI 4 2 — — — — 2 0. 3 GAKKAI 5 — — — — — 0. GAKKAI 6 1 — — — — 1 0. 1 GAKKAI 7 2 — — — — 2 0. 3 GAKKAI 8 2 1 — — — — 3 . 0. 4 JOSEI 2 1 1 4 0. 3 KEI ZAI 1 1 2 0. 2 I SHIN 1 1 0. 1 MOKKAN — — 0. RES 2 1 3 0. 3 DBDR 0. KASEI 1 1 0. 1 RAMB I OS 1 I 0. 1 JBCAT 22 1 4 1 18 1 6 28 25 25 1 4 7 1 5 1 1 205 1 7. 1 FBCAT 1 5 4 9 4 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 4 95 7. 9 JSCAT 1 1 3 5 7 1 3 6 1 3 3 2 3 7 82 6. 8 FSCAT 3 6 2 2 3 3 5 2 1 1 1 29 2. 4 To t a 1 62 4 37 3 1 | 47 54 58 4 5 20 13 1 9 23 4 4 9 3 7. 4 Page 140 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings An Overview of the JICST Databases Mrs. Hisako Uchida, International Programs Counselor, The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) is a semi-governmental organization established Aug. 16, 1957. As a central information organization in Japan, JICST has been collecting, analyz- ing, and disseminating STI published in and out of Japan and has greatly contributed to the advancement of S&T in Japan. In the beginning, JICST's collections were comprised mostly of source materials published in overseas countries. JICST's initial, major objec- tive was to disseminate overseas STI in Japan. As Japanese S&T has advanced, the quantity of Japanese STI has also increased. As a result, the proportion of domestic source materials collected by JICST has increased gradually. In the early 1980s, the national regulation for data transmission was relaxed and foreign online database services became easily available in Japan. In general, databases produced in non-Japanese countries cover less Japanese information than American or European information. Many Japanese users who, although satisfied with the availability of foreign information, began to ask us to expand the coverage of Japanese information in the JICST bibliographic database. At that time, the JICST online database service had just begun and access was provided only in Japan. Thus, Japanese STI was hardly available to overseas countries. This situation increased overseas customers 5 demand for Japanese STI. To meet these demands, JICST took the measures to collect Japanese STI comprehensively and to disseminate it worldwide. Almost eight years have passed since we started providing the JICST online service to overseas customers in 1985. During this period, JICST has promoted the use of JICST's databases at various meetings, such as the annual "Online" conferences held in the United States and the United Kingdom, the International Conference of Japanese Informa- tion on Science, Technology and Commerce which has been held three Page 141 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings times, once each in the UK, Germany, and France, as well as at the previous two meetings of the JICST/NTIS conferences that began in 1991. The questions we encountered at these meetings were similar and can be put into two categories: those directly related to the JICST databases and those related to methods of accessing Japanese databases, in general. Concerning tne latter, you can get a clearer understanding by taking a look at the demonstrations in the exhibit room and by obtaining these services' English-language brochures. Examples of questions about JICST are as follows: 1. Does JICST-E include Japanese authors' articles published in source documents from countries other than Japan? 2. Are all Japanese documents included in the JICST File available in JICST-E? To best answer these questions and others, I will take a moment to discuss the historical background and some features of the JICST bibliographic databases. An Introduction of the JICST Bibliographic Databases JICST started publishing journal abstracts covering worldwide scien- tific and technical information in 1958. In the late 1960s, JICST developed its own computerized journal abstract compiling and photocomposing system. As a by-product of these efforts, the JICST machine-readable file was produced. In 1975, the subject-indexing procedure was improved by adding a keyword index to the subject classification that was being used, and a new database production system was launched. The secondary document information accumu- lated from this system has been provided online as the JICST File on Science and Technology (JICST File), the biggest and the oldest JICST database. In its initial stages, the biomedical sciences were not covered in the JICST collection. Instead, JICST has become the MEDLARS Center in Japan and has been providing access to MEDLINE for more than 20 Page 142 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings years. To compensate for the shortage of Japanese medical information in MEDLINE, JICST has been constructing and providing online, since 1981, the JICST File on Medical Science in Japan (JMEDICINE), a database comprised of biomedical documents published in Japan. In order to enlarge the coverage of this database, citations related to life sciences are also added by duplicating those from the JICST File. Since 1986, JMEDICINE has been enlarged by merging the JAMAS (the Japan Medical Abstract Service) database. The JAMAS database is a bibliographic database corresponding to the abstract journal, Japan Medical Abstracts, the oldest abstract journal in Japan (started in 1903). Conference papers have a large share in the JAMAS database portion of JMEDICINE. JICST started providing the online database service to overseas countries in 1985 in response to the strong request for Japanese STI. As all the databases were written in Japanese at that time, the usage was quite low. There are two major reasons. 1. There are few people who have Japanese language reading skills. Therefore, most users who want to ob- tain Japanese information have to have intermediaries with Japanese language skills in order to access Japanese databases. 2. Terminal equipment, which has the capability for handling the Japanese language, is difficult to buy because of high tariffs. When JICST started providing the database services overseas, it already had plans to disseminate Japanese information in a language that is most widely used throughout the world. In 1985, the construction of an English-language bibliographic database comprised of documents pub- lished in Japan, JICST-E, was started. JICST-E has been provided online since 1986. During the period of 1986-1990, a practical Japanese-English machine translation system was developed. The system has been used for the JICST-E production since 1991. In 1992, about 10,000 Japanese abstract texts, and all Japanese titles whose English titles are not described in original articles, have been automatically translated. The 10,000 abstract texts thus translated have a share of about 8 percent of Page 143 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings the original articles in which English abstract texts are not included. Although the translated texts need to be pre-edited and post-edited, labor cost is 20 percent to 30 percent lower than that of manual translation. The proportion of Japanese journal articles which include author-writ- ten English abstract texts has been increasing steadily. In 1992, they amounted to more than 40 percent. This increase might be owed to JICST's effort to make and distribute the SISTs (Standards for Infor- mation on Science and Technology) under the supervision of the Science and Technology Agency. There are 13 series of SIST. SIST07 defines the constitution of scientific periodicals and SIST 08 defines the constitution of scientific papers. In these two standards, there are items which specify that a scientific paper written in Japanese should include a title and an abstract written in "a mostly universal language." In 1990, a new JICST bibliographic database, JQUICK, started to be constructed and provided online. JQUICK includes all bibliographic items which are input before abstracting and indexing are conducted. If English abstract texts and English titles are included in original articles written in the Japanese language, they are also inputed into the database at this stage. Because more than 40 percent of Japanese-language articles include English abstract texts, you can obtain Japanese STI much earlier by accessing JQUICK, although it is not comprehensive. JQUICK also contains citations not included in the other JICST databases. In 1991 updates, for example, there are about 230,000 citations of this sort. Of those citations, documents published in Japan are mostly comprised of preprints of scientific and technical meetings. Figure 1 shows the interrelationship among the bibliographic citations covered by the four JICST databases. Figure 2 shows the characteristics of the JICST collection as broken down by publishing countries. Over half of the journals collected (from more than 50 countries) are published in Japan. The JICST's collection includes a lot of so-called "grey" literature of Japanese origin. These include research reports published by the Japanese government, the local government, public research institutes, and universities, or tech- Page 144 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings nical reports (so called "Giho") published by private enterprises. The JICST databases, reflecting the JICST policy to put special emphasis on Japanese STI, have highly attracted users' attention even in Japan. The following are some characteristics of the JICST database citations, excluding the JAMAS portion of JMEDICINE, as analyzed by the 1991 updates. Figure 3 shows the number of citations included in each subject field. In the JICST classification table, scientific and technical fields are divided into 24 subject categories (Table 1) and these categories are used to break down the data by subject fields. In Figure 3, each column is divided in half to show the share of citations originating from domestic documents and those from foreign source documents. The reason that the proportion of domestic documents is especially high in Medicine is that JICST does not collect and process foreign source documents related to clinical medicine. Figure 4 shows the proportion of citations as broken down by publishing country. Figure 5 shows the proportion of citations as broken down by original language. Figure 6 shows the percentages of foreign-language articles and abstract-containing citations in JICST-E as broken down by subject fields. Future Prospects Information on the advancement of science and technology greatly encourages the research and development of more advanced tech- nologies. Accordingly, demands for obtaining accurate information quickly will never decline. As a database producer, JICST will have to make every effort to respond to these demands by improving the quality of its databases. Page 145 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Quality control of bibliographic databases is a long-standing critical issue for database producers. Subject analysis of a document is the most important, yet the most labor-intensive, job in database production. In order to keep indexing consistency at a high level, the implementa- tion of an expert system in the indexing process should be effective. JICST has been developing a computer-assisted abstracting and index- ing system, with expectations that it will improve database quality. The enhancement of JICST-E is also one of our major tasks. The first step is to increase the number of citations with English abstracts. The next step is to increase the coverage of Japanese documents. JICST is considering merging the JAMAS portion of JMEDICINE into JICST- E. Japanese documents covered only by JQUICK are also to be in- cluded in JICST-E. The third task is to shorten the time-lag of database production. To accomplish this, JICST first plans to create a database, JICST-E Preview, that is comprised of citations with author-written, English titles. Citations in this database will be provided online about two or three months earlier than when these citations are ordinarily augmented by index terms and classification codes, and transferred into JICST-E. To make scientists and technologists as well as information inter- mediaries aware of Japanese STI, JICST will continue to make various promotional campaigns by holding meetings, such as this JICST/NTIS conference, or by distributing our information products as widely as possible. This spring, JICST successfully conducted an experiment to access JOIS (JICST Online Information System) from Thailand through an ex- perimental satellite operated by NASDA (National Space Develop- ment Agency of Japan). This test was conducted as a part of the PARTNERS Project (Ean-Pacific Regional Telecommunications Net- work Experiments and Research Satellite), a joint project between NASDA and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. The pur- pose of the project is to explore the simple satellite communication's possibilities to promote Asia-Pacific regional cooperation in education, medical services, technology transfer, and so on. Page 146 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Publication of an English version of the White Paper on Science and Technology is also one of our efforts to distribute Japanese information worldwide. This report presents the overall landscape of the Japanese scientific and technological activities and has been welcome by our customers overseas. The rapid development of higher information and communications technology urges database producers to diversify their information products. In JICST, various attempts have been made to develop new products. Ms. Sone, in her paper, describes one of these attempts. JICST will make every effort to improve and to diversify its information products, taking the customers' needs into consideration. Your ideas and comments will be highly appreciated. Page 147 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 7\ id Q u H 1-3 CD ^ -P Cn o a rd u, •H ^ c/j C O •H rd a) a) c H 00 •H Q W 7K" 7F &4 o (-1 c H CO o M \JZ \l/ 7F\* •-3 /\ TV w CO CJ u +J G w tr> a) •h g 0) o H Q O fa co XJ a) 6 • P a o CO " a) c \J/ A CO 4-1 CJ 0) u o a •H 0) M O p4 Page 148 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Fig. 2 Publishing Countries of JICST Collection Others (6.1%) UK (9.3%) Fr. (1.5%) FRG (4.7%) Swit. (1.3%)" Neth. (2.7%) £ Rus. (2.5) USA (17.5%). JPN (54.4%) Page 149 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings cr> a\ t— 1 — " in +-» C QJ m c o •r-| ■M e U o C CD o •r-| QJ o O QJ S T3 C OS P3 •H +-* 00 CO QJ s CD o PL. e o u 4h c CO E- Y////////X&& ^ K////^K\\ V -B ■2 YTZ^ -^ V///X$&k wzzzzmi V//////ASS& A*. Y///A^ V. 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CU CU DO CO CU to cu Z3 cu co (j o a E C-i • — I — < »«H ;D cu >> cd u E id JJ cd t- — i o t- _c: to C CU CJ CU CU CJ c id c a -h x: aj o — * -o cd c .i-> cd c cu -i-J E C o CMC -i C CU f_ CO CU ->-) — < a) c co C DO C C U t-i • — i • — i cd O d cd id ■ — i Ou DO • — i CJ O ■ — ' CO C — I — ' "H cu C — i -T = a- cy cu cjq e— ■ rz> x >- t>o Page 151 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings o\o;. o CO CO c 7—1 o CD • H V_> 4- 1 cti C/l CJ c ■ H o r-H ■H X2 4-" 3 cc CU +J •H MH O O MH **, o S-i ■H 5-i c QJ Z3 X2 O S o _> ^r •H pq +J • x: • •H en +j M £ 3 oj Cn CQ tf ^u CD Page 152 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings CD i_n o ±-> LO •H CD U •H r-H 00 c a ■«-| CO -M O O CU a 03 CD C 01 QJ s >_1 —I cAO \o o\° O MD • • • rH m "^ • ^ CO M cu 3 00 Page 153 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings CD •H CD CO CD G cd I (— • O) •H CD *-. O u, o o ■H ■H co r-H "3 w CD y •"D •H 00 C o co •H O tD C ■H C CO G O O i CO J3 u CO 5-1 00 oo CD0 c A 00 CD DJ CO en t~ ' »— i CO c ■H CD S_ o v Page 154 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings R&D Trends of Major Japanese Companies as a Result of Bibliometric Analysis of JICST Database Ms. Yukiko Sone, Deputy Information Manager, Product Development Division, Technology Research & Development Department, Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) It is said that the R&D activities in Japanese private companies are predominant over those of government or academic institutions, both in the expenditures and in the variety of themes. According to the statistical data, R&D expenditures in Japanese private companies amounted to more than ¥8.2 trillion in 1989 and represented a 70 percent share of the total amount of R&D expenditures in Japan. Research fields have expanded rapidly as a result of diversification of private enterprises' business. Results of these research activities are mostly published in S&T publi- cations and covered by the JICST File on Science and Technology (hereinafter, the JICST File). As an attempt to explore the potential of the JICST File as a more useful data source, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to examine macro- trends of R&D activities of major companies in Japan. Citations of the JICST file, which is the largest bibliographic database in Japan covering almost all fields of science and technology, were unanalyzed. Three questions were asked • In which fields R&D activities are conducted • Which companies and institutions cooperatively conducted R&D activities • Who are carrying out the R&D activities in these companies Page 155 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Method of Analysis For this analysis, 150 private companies covering 21 industries, were selected which ranked high in accumulated numbers of contributed articles in the JICST File over the last decade. Citations of articles authored by the above-mentioned companies were retrieved from the JICST File updated in fiscal 1991 (from April 1991 to March 1992) through JOIS. The search queries were formulated by taking into account the different forms of a company's name in order to avoid false drops and misses. As a result, 38,337 citations of articles were obtained. From each citation, the following factors were used for a statistical analysis of each company "Citation number," "JICST classification code," "author's name," and "author affiliation." This analysis included • analysis of research fields conducted using the JICST classification codes which represent 154 S&T fields • analysis of collaborative institutions (conducted using author affiliations) • analysis of researchers (conducted using author's names affiliated with a selected company) Analysis of Research Fields in a Company For the analysis of research fields, a method for displaying the "Inter- relationship among research fields" was designed. Figure 1 represents an example of the display method. In this figure, the size of each circle shows the number of citations in a research field, which corresponds to a JICST classification code. Each citation in the JICST File contains one or more classification codes assigned by an indexer according to its subject content. It is assumed that these codes show the subject fields of the research reported in each article. The number of occurrences of each classification code assigned to all citations by a selected company was counted. The field having the greatest number of citations is regarded as the main research field and positioned in the central circle. Its diameter is constant regardless of the number of citations. On a concentric circle surrounding the central one, the circles of the second and lower ranked fields were arranged Page 156 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings counterclockwise in alphabetical order by classification codes. Their diameters were determined in proportion to the number of citations in the main research field. In the case where an article covers plural subject fields, more than one classification is assigned to the citation. In the indexing in JICST, an indexer judges the significance of the subject fields and decides the order of coding. Based on this, we regard the classification code to be the main classification and the others to be sub-classification codes. The main code and each sub-code in the citation are paired. For example, three classification codes, GY, GW, CF are assigned to a citation in this order. In this case, pairs GY-GW and GY-CF are generated. These pairs represent the correlation among the article's subjects and this correlation is shown with an arrow line connecting two circles of the fields. The number of occurrences of each pair obtained from all citations by a selected company was counted. Table 1 is a ranking list of the pairs obtained from all citations by the same company shown in Figure 1, and shows how they correspond to arrow lines drawn in Figure 1. The kind of the arrow line is determined by the rate of frequency of the pair. A pair with a higher ranking is shown by a solid line and a pair with a lower ranking by a broken line. Each arrow is headed from the sub-fields to the main field. From these diagrams, the following points can be made clear: 1) Main research fields indicated by the combination of the size of circles and the density of arrowheads. 2) Research themes related to two fields connected by the arrow line. In comparison with the usually employed graphic display methods such as a pie chart, this diagram can show more visually and clearly the features in research fields of a company and thus it can be used to compare the company's research fields with those of other companies in the same industry and to examine the transition over the years of the research fields in the same company. Page 157 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Figure 2 is the example of another chemical company. As these two (Figure 1 and Figure 2) are representative chemical companies in Japan, the difference between the major R&D fields of the two com- panies can be seen clearly. Analysis of Research Fields in an Industry By summing the data of the companies in an industry, it is possible to draw up an "interrelationship among research fields" in the industry. Since the 150 Japanese companies selected are leading companies representing each industry, major industrial trends in Japan can be disclosed by this analysis. Figure 3 shows a correlation map of research fields in the automobile industry in 1991. From this map, three major research fields of the industry can be identified. They are automobiles (performance and design, etc.), heat engines, and metal working tech- nologies. If these maps were made consecutively for a couple of years, the trends in an industry could be monitored more clearly. Figure 4 depicts, by year, the number of articles for each of the three major research fields. It shows that in the automobile industry, changes in the major research fields have taken place over the last five years. Analysis of Collaborative Institutions When a paper is co-authored, it suggests that a kind of joint research has been conducted. There may be a great variety in the type of collaborations, but it can be roughly divided into collaboration within the same organization and that between different organizations. When an article by an author affiliated with a selected company was co- authored by an author affiliated with another organization, the organization's name was extracted under the name of "co-author in- stitution." For each company, co-author institutions were ranked in order of their occurrences. The co-author institutions were classified into four categories and the number of different co-author institutions were counted in each category. Page 158 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings This allowed us to analyze to what extent the company collaborates with other institutions and what kinds of institutions are selected as partners. Figure 5 shows the number of collaborative institutions of each electri- cal machinery company and the share as broken down by the four categories. Analysis of Researchers Author's names affiliated with a selected company were ranked in order of their occurrences. The author with a higher ranking is presumed to be a key person in R&D activities of the company. A matrix was made to show the correlation between authors rankings and the major re- search fields. However, JICSTFile author's names are expressed either in "kanji" or "roman-ji" (English expression) depending on the lan- guage of the original article and that made difficult a complete aggrega- tion in terms of a "researcher." Evaluation Synthesizing the results as mentioned above, the following points have become clear: • Present status of R&D activities in each company can be seen to some extent • The transition of R&D activities in each company can be monitored • The characteristics of R&D activities of a company can be made clear by comparing it with those of other companies within an industry It is said that there are 3 kinds of materials to be used for the evaluation of R&D activities of a company, that is, patents, products, and papers. Above all, patents have been given more attention to be used for this kind of analysis. However, technical papers include many pioneering research areas which may relate to industrial technologies applied by companies in the future. In this sense, the present analysis would give very useful data for understanding the potentials of R&D in Japanese companies. Page 159 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 1 MITSUBISHI KASEI CORP. (CHEMISTRY) 1991 INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG RESEARCH FIELDS r \ RADIAT. PHYS. 6 r\ - ELECTRON. PROP. 5 q >"' Q 8 PLASTIC IND. PHYS. CHEM.8Q 4 UNIT OPER. ORG. CHEM. 10 O 4 THERM. ENG. C\ \ [***•* 53 PHARMACOL n POLYM.CHEM. 10^ \ % \.-"*\ 7 5 ELECTRON. ENG. BIOCHEM. 12V< \ ° 5 UTILIZATION \ GENETICS 8 ® \\ ° 4 STRENGTH o a ZOOLOGY 6 o 7 PHARMACEUTICS ONCOL 4 v J Page 160 TABLE 1 PAIRS, FREQUENCIES AND ARROW LINES PAIR FREO. ARROW LINE GY-GW 5 PHARMACEUTICS-* PHARMACOLOGY GY-CF 2 PHARMACEUT I CS ~* ORGAN I C CHEM I STRY EC-EB 2 GENETICS -* BIOCHEMISTRY CF-GW 2 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-*- PHARMACOLOGY GW-EB 2 PHARMACOLOGY -* BIOCHEMISTRY tJICST CLASSIFICATION CODES AND THEIR FIELDS IN TABLE 1 CF: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EB: BIOCHEMISTRY EC: GENETICS GY: PHARMACEUTICS GW; PHARMACOLOGY JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 2 SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO., LTD. (CHEMISTRY) 1991 INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG RESEARCH FIELDS RADIAT. PHYS. 5 Q PHYS. CHEM. 8^\ ^ Q 5 TEXTILE IND. ANAL.CHEM. 11 ORG. CHEM. 15 POLYM. CHEM. 19 5UNITOPER. BI0CHEM.6O*v GENETICS 1 No. A) ICS9^V ^4 PHARMACOL. CULTIV. FIGURE 3 AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY 1991 INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG RESEARCH FIELDS SOUNDS 24 FLUID 33 Q-- STRENGTH 56 UTILIZATION 24 PROD. ENG. 18 HEAT ENGINES 242 MACH. ELEM.S4 MACHINING 26 27 PLASTIC IND. ........Q 58 CERAM. IND. ^ 16CHEM.OPER. 27 MET. MATER. 126 MET. WORKING 44 SCI. OF MET. FLUID MACH. 24 O 21 ROAD TRANSP. 52 FLYING OBJECTS Page 161 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIGURE 4 MAJOR RESEARCH FIELDS IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY HO. OF ARTICLES 411 SSI III III m in in AUTOMOBILES (PERFORMANCE, DESIGN, ETC) HEAT ENGINES •••teestifigii inn METAL WORKING TECHNOLOGY \ '•Mlll|||ii<< 1991 YEAR IGURE 5 COLLABORATIVE INSTITUTIONS (ELECTRICAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY) COMPANY HITACHI TOSHIBA NEC MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC FUJITSU MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IBM JAPAN FUJI ELECTRIC SONY SHARP 100 200 300 400 NO. OF COLLABORATIVE INSTITUTIONS Page 162 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Access to Japanese Aerospace-Related Scientific and Technical Information: The NASA Aerospace Database Mr. Glenn P. Hoetker, International STI Program Analyst, NASA STI Program and Mr. Thomas F. Lahr, Manager, International Programs, NASA STI Program With Japan's growing R&D strength in aerospace-related fields, it is increasingly important for U.S. researchers to be aware of Japanese advances. Although aerospace is a field in which the United States is widely regarded as a technological leader, Japan has become an increas- ingly more important source of aerospace research and development (OToole, 1992). However, several factors make is difficult to do so. After reviewing the diffusion of aerospace STI in Japan, four factors which make it difficult for U.S. researchers to gather this information are discussed: language, the human network, information scatter, and document acquisition. NASA has initiated a number of activities to alleviate these difficulties. Aerospace STI Diffusion in Japan A widely scattered field Unlike the United States, there is no central organization in Japan with responsibility for aerospace scientific and technical information (STI). In order to understand why not, it is helpful to examine STI in general and aerospace research in Japan specifically. Although Japan is well-Known for its collaborative research between companies, there is little collaboration between universities and in- dustry by American standards. Industry views the universities as a source of well-educated workers, not high-quality research (Nishi and Kobayashi, 1993). As a result, there is low demand from industry for information on university research. Page 163 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Informal methods such as university professors consulting for industry, which is technically illegal but common (Dearing, 1989), and industry lecturers at universities (Nishi and Kobayashi, 1993) help provide much of the information flow needed. It should be noted that there has been a marked increase in university/industry joint research and technology transfer in recent years (Levy and Samuels, 1989). The Japanese aerospace industry is very concentrated, with three firms controlling ninety-six percent of all prime contracting. Extensive ver- tical integration within companies and keiretsu (corporate groupings) further emphasizes this concentration (Levy and Samuels, 1989). Along with a long history of collaborative research between companies, this reduces the need for a formal, centralized mechanism for STI dissemination between companies. Japanese national government administration is very vertically frag- mented. This sectional centralization (tatewari gyosei) inhibits coor- dinated activity in research administration, including STI dissemination. There has historically been fierce rivalry between the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (MESC), the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPT), the Ministry for International Trade and Industry (MITT) and the Science and Technology Agency of the Prime Minister's Office (STA) (Levy and Samuels, 1989). As a result, STI dissemination activities by the various ministries focus on the research institutions under that ministry's jurisdiction, rather than being comprehensive (Dearing, 1989). The effect of this fragmentation is heightened because of the strong central control exerted by the ministries on various research organizations, such as MESC's oversight of the national universities and many of the national research laboratories. Expectations for information dissemination within organizations are also quite different than in the U.S. National research laboratories consider the publication of research reports to be their mandated responsibility and not an appropriate business for the private sector. However, the national institutes are constantly struggling with budgetary limitations, which encourages dissemination of reports only to related institutions and researchers. Page 164 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings To summarize, aerospace research and corresponding STI activity is highly segmented in Japan. As a result, no central organization is responsible for aerospace STI in all sectors of the research community. The Players in Aerospace STI: JICST, NACSIS, and NASDA Two national organizations, the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology and the National Center for Science Information System, have major responsibility for the gathering and dissemination information within their jurisdictions. In 1957, the Science and Technology Agency founded, with government and industry funding, the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) to collect and process worldwide STI, disseminate that information throughout Japan, and encourage scientific documen- tation activity within Japanese organizations. In 1969, the Science and Technology Council of the Prime Minister's Office issued a report proposing a National Information System for Science and Technology (NIST). Several years later the Standing Committee for Information in Science and Technology revised and redefined NIST, stressing com- puterization and an expanded role for JICST. In 1974, a more concrete NIST plan was put forward. JICST, which is a Public Corporation under the Science and Technol- ogy Agency, is active in constructing bibliographic databases, applying machine translation to STI, and international information activities such as constructing English-language databases. It provides access to a variety of databases via JOIS, the JICST Online Information System. In FY 1992, it had a budget of ¥15.635 billion (approximately $130,291,666) (Science and Technology Agency, 1992). JICST's main database covers journal articles and publicly available technical papers. It includes aerospace STI, although aerospace is not a specific focus of the database. The Japanese version of JOIS is accessible via the National Technical Information Service, and the English-version of JICST, JICST-E, is available via the STN informa- tion service. In 1980, the Ministry for Education, Science and Culture issued a report calling for a separate science information system for the national universities and research labs (Congressional Research Service, 1984). Page 165 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings This organization, the National Center for Science Information System (NACSIS), was formed as a National Inter-University Research Institu- tion in 1987. NACSIS has responsibility for the STI activities of the national univer- sities and national research laboratories under the control of the Min- istry of Education, Science and Culture. In FY 1992, it had an overall budget of 2.54 billion yen ($21.2 million) with 117.7 million yen ($980,000) earmarked for the creation of databases at national univer- sities. Databases produced by NACSIS cover technical papers, theses, and dissertations from the universities, including those not provided to the public. This includes aerospace material from laboratories affiliated with universities, such as the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science. The NACSIS database system can currently be accessed in the United States at the Library of Congress and at the National Science Foundation. The National Space Development Agency (NASD A) of Japan, a public corporation under the STA, plays an important, but not central, role in aerospace STI. NASDA is in charge of satellite and launch vehicle development, and is fundamentally an engineering institution, not a research organization. Unlike NASA, NASDA founding legislation does not assign it the responsibility of disseminating information. NASDA is developing the Aerospace Information Reference System (AIRS), which could potentially become the central aerospace STI source for Japan. It is currently an experimental system for NASDA's internal use. It covers aerospace technical reports from the National Aerospace Laboratory, Communications Research Laboratory, and NASDA itself. The various national laboratories have developed a variety of database systems for internal use, but there is no common system yet. The labs do send their reports to the National Diet Library (NDL). However, NDL does not have responsibility for disseminating those reports. Page 166 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Gathering Japanese Aerospace STI in the United States For the reasons discussed above, even Japanese researchers sometimes have difficulty obtaining Japanese aerospace STI. American re- searchers find it even more troublesome. There are four special dif- ficulties Americans face when attempting to gather Japanese STI. Language An obvious difficulty is language. Few U.S. researchers read Japanese and there is an extreme shortage of qualified technical translators from Japanese to English. As a result, translating articles is expensive and time-consuming. Less obviously, the language barrier makes it more difficult even to identify useful Japanese materials. Because of translation costs, few databases cover Japanese materials in as timely or comprehensive fashion as they do materials in English or European languages. As a result, it is difficult even to identify documents worth translating. English-language reporting of Japanese R&D is often helpful in point- ing out important topics. However, often there is a loss of clarity, timeliness, and detail. Therefore, English-language reporting is at best a partial substitute for access to the original Japanese-language material. The Human Network Even more so than in other countries, the flow of information through the "invisible college" of human contacts is a vital part of scientific communication in Japan. Because of language and cultural difficulties, few Americans are part of this network. Moreover, few Americans have spent sufficient time in Japan to make the necessary connections to take advantage of this information flow. It should be noted, however, that this problem, while severe, is often overstated. Access to published material can provide much more com- plete information than is commonly realized. Page 167 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Information Scatter One effect of no national government organization having overall responsibility for aerospace STI is a scattering of aerospace STL Fur- ther scattering is caused by the nature of scientific publishing and the database industry within Japan. Japan has few refereed journals com- pared to the U.S. and most Japanese researchers publish domestically in their university, society, or company publications. This makes it difficult to identify a core group of journals for aerospace-related technologies. This scatter extends into databases, of which Japan has many. There is no Japanese equivalent to DIALOG or Orbit, offering access to a large number of databases across a range of subjects. Therefore, a researcher must identify databases individually, make subscription arrangements with each, and learn a specific search command language for each. While more databases are becoming available through international telecommunication networks, different arrangements maybe necessary to connect to each database. In addition to the administrative costs involved, there may be minimum monthly fees for each database. In sum, access to a range of Japanese databases is much more time-con- suming and costly than in the U.S. Document Acquisition Once an relevant item has been identified, it may still be very difficult to obtain. Holdings of Japanese journals and reports in American libraries are sparse and few American librarians are familiar with alternative sources of Japanese documents. Until this is rectified, it will be difficult to obtain even fairly common publications. NASA Activities to Address These Problems In order to understand NASA's activities to address these problems, it is useful to understand the context in which they take place. The Space Act of 1958 gave NASA two STI-related goals: "To provide for the widest appropriate dissemination of the results of NASA research and development" and "To preserve the role of the United States as a leader in aeronautical and space science technology by acquiring world-wide STI and disseminating it in the U.S." Page 168 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings One of the most important tools the NASA STI Program uses to achieve these goals is the NASA Aerospace Database. The NASA Aerospace Database is the world's most comprehensive bibliographic database of aerospace-related STI, containing over 2 million records from 1962 to the present. Over 70,000 records are added each year from NASA researchers, NASA contractors, other government agencies, published literature, and international partners. Because of the breadth of science and technology involved in NASA programs, the database covers not only obvious fields such as aircraft instrumentation and aerospace medicine, but also fields such as environmental pollution and solid-state physics. Documents cited in the database include technical reports, journal articles, conference proceedings and others. The database is available via NASA's RECON system, DIALOG Informa- tion Services, and several printed versions. The NASA STI Program gathers material from foreign institutions through several means. The most basic is a "bilateral agreement." Under a bilateral agreement between the NASA STI Program and a foreign STI-producing institution, the two institutions exchange copies of their technical documents. The NASA Center for AeroSpace Infor- mation (CASI) produces abstracts and bibliographic citations for the documents and adds them to the NASA Aerospace Database. The NASA STI Program has bilateral agreements with 29 Japanese institutions, including government agencies, private companies, and universities. These agreements have been very productive, with over 58,000 Japanese documents included in the Database. Some of the organizations and journals from which input has been received are listed below. Organizations Universities Chiba University Hiroshima University Kyoto University Nagoya University Osaka University Tohoku University Tokyo Institute Of Technology Tokyo University, (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science) Page 169 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Government Communications Research Laboratory Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute National Aerospace Laboratory National Space Development Agency New Energy Development Organization Industry Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. Fujitsu Ltd. Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Nippon Electric Co. Ltd. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. Journals Astronomical Society of Japan, Publications Astronomical Society of The Pacific, Publications Communications Research Laboratory Review Ishikawajima-Harima Engineering Review Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Journal of the Japan Institute of Light Metals Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals Journal of the Japan Society For Aeronautical And Space Sciences Journal of the Japan Society of Materials Science Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Journal of the Physical Society of Japan JSME International Journal Proceedings of the Research Institute of Atmospherics, Nagoya University Transactions of the IEICE In recent years, Japanese input to the database has increased, reaching over 4,000 items in 1992. Because of this, it became necessary to find a more efficient way to gather and process material from Japanese organizations. Therefore, in November 1992, a National Level Technical Exchange Protocol or a "National Level Agreement" between NASA and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) was finalized and signed, introducing a new level of international STI cooperation. Page 170 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The agreement, modeled on other NASA National Level Agreements, is the culmination of two years of negotiation and consensus building by STI professionals in both agencies and is designed to be mutually beneficial to the aerospace communities of both countries. The recently signed agreement with NASDA calls for a two-phased approach to full exchange status. NASDA will begin to gather aerospace-related technical documents from institutions throughout Japan, prepare English bibliographic citations in machine readable form, and send the documents and citations to NASA to become part of the NASA Aerospace Database. In the first phase of the agreement, NASA will send its technical reports to Japanese institutions in ex- change for their material. NASDA will coordinate the distribution of the NASA reports. In the second phase of the relationship, participat- ing Japanese institutions will be granted electronic access to the NASA Aerospace Database. NASDA has sent periodic test-batches of citations since 1989 which have been reviewed and entered into the STI Database. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) staff have analyzed this material and provided feedback to NASDA. A key step in establishing this arrangement was taken in June of 1992 when NASA received guests from NASDA to discuss the most recent draft of the protocol. The parties made significant progress during their talks, witnessed by the completion of the arrangement by the end of the year. A two-day workshop at CASI provided the Japanese visitors with an overview and tour of processing facilities and allowed for detailed discussion of cataloging, abstracting, and indexing of documents for input into the NASA Aerospace Database. Sessions between NASDA and CASI catalogers were particularly productive, helping to clarify many points of confusion, including those arising from linguistic and cultural differences. For instance, the participants discussed the dif- ferences between U.S. and Japanese corporate structures and how this affects cataloging practices for the NASA Aerospace Database. Both sides learned a great deal from direct discussion and exchange of professional expertise. Equally important, however, were the personal contacts which were made and will assist in the smooth functioning of the agreement. Page 171 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The new agreement will help overcome each of the challenges dis- cussed above in the following ways: Language — NASD A will provide English-language citations, including abstracts, of each document added to the database. Although it will still be necessary to translate some original documents, it will be much easier to identity articles worth translating. Human network - Although it is primarily an engineering, rather than research, organization, NASDA is an important part of the Japanese aerospace research community. Therefore, it already possesses the important connections necessary to involve organizations effectively in the information exchange. For example, it has working arrangements with important laboratories such as Communications Research Laboratory and the Aeronautical Research Laboratory. Hopefully, the new agreement will encourage American researchers to begin building their own networks by making them more aware of their Japanese peers' research. Information scatter - The agreement can do nothing to reduce the scatter of research results in Japan. However, NASDA has the exper- tise to identify and gather key documents from throughout Japanese government agencies, universities, and private companies. Of course, all of these will be brought together in the NASA Aerospace Database greatly reducing information scatter for American researchers. Another consolidated source for information on Japanese research is the annual publication, Japanese Aerospace Science and Technology (NASA Special Publication 7099). Document acquisition - By virtue of being in Japan, NASDA is more able to gather Japanese documents in a timely and cost-effective fashion. Additionally, it has the important institutional connections necessary to acquire documents not normally distributed to the general public. The NASA STI International Program looks forward to future coopera- tion for the benefit not only of the U.S. and Japan, but the entire aerospace community, both international and domestic. Page 172 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings References Congressional Research Service. (1984). The Availability of Japanese Scientific and Technical Information in the United States. Report prepared for the Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology, 98th Congress, Second Session. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Dearing, J. W. (1989). How Japanese Scientists Talk to Each Other: Communication Networks in Tsukuba Science City. Boston: MIT-Japan Program. Report M1TJP 89-13. Joint Publication Research Service, eds. (1992). Science and Technol- ogy Japan: Science and Technology Budgets for Fiscal Year 1992. Washington, DC: Joint Publications Research Service. Report JPRS- JST-92-093-L. Levy, Jonah D. and Richard J. Samuels. (1989). Institutions and In- novation: Research Collaboration as Technology Strategy in Japan. Bos- ton: MIT-Japan Program. Report MITJSTP 89-02. Nishi, Yoshio and Hisashi Kobayashi. (1993). A Comparison Between Japanese and American Technology Management. Paper given at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting, Boston, MA., February 13. OToole, Kevin. (1992, June 3). Sunrise Aerospace — Technology Development in the Pacific Rim. Flight International 141 (4321), 23-25. Science and Technology Agency, Japan. (1992). STA 1992: Its Role and Activities. Tokyo: Science and Technology Agency. For more information on NASA STI Program services, contact the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information Access Help Desk at (301) 621-0390 or via electronic mail, help@casi.nasa.gov. Glenn Hoetker may be contacted directly at 703-685-1350 or ghoetker@sti.nasa.gov. Page 173 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 174 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part IV. How to Obtain and Use Japanese Patent Information Page 175 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 176 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japanese Patent Information on DIALOG Dr. Lee Ann Gorthey, Dialog Information Services, Inc. Patents are a very important source of technical and competitive infor- mation. Because many countries preclude patenting of material that has been otherwise disclosed, a large percentage of patents contain infor- mation that is not published elsewhere. Dialog Information Services, Inc. provides access to a comprehensive collection of patent databases, in addition to hundreds of databases in other areas, such as company directories, market research reports, technical journals, and newspapers. Nearly every category includes databases with a global emphasis. The Japanese Patent Office publishes two major kinds of patent docu- ments: unexamined applications (kokai) and examined applications (kokoku). A few of the latter go on to the granted patent stage. Databases on DIALOG covers the first or first two stages of publica- tion. Coverage and features vary from one database to another. Derwent's World Patents Index (Dialog files 350,35 1) cover both stages of publication, with coverage of Japanese chemical patents from 1963 and Japanese electrical patents from 1982. Japanese patents in other technologies are not covered. The records feature enhanced titles for the electrical patents, and enhanced titles and informative abstracts for the chemical patents. Records also include family (equivalent) infor- mation from 30 other countries and issuing authorities, as well as detailed subject coding. INPADOC/Family and Legal Status (Dialog file 345) also covers both stages of publication, with coverage of all technologies from April 1973. Family information from 55 other countries and issuing authorities is included, as well as legal status from 16 (not including Japan). Subject information is limited to titles and IPC (International Patent Classifica- tion) coding. INPADOC generally has a shorter time lag between publication and appearance online than the other databases discussed here. Page 177 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings JAPIO (Dialog file 347) is based on the printed Patent Abstracts of Japan and covers unexamined applications (examined not included) from late 1976. Most records for applications originating in Japan contain an English abstract. (Those from earlier years are less likely to contain an abstract.) IPC and JAPIO codes are also included. The time lag for this database is generally much longer than for INPADOC or Derwent WPI. Other patent databases on DIALOG do not explicitly cover Japan but can offer important supplementary information, e.g., the text of a U.S. equivalent. These are the CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts database (Dialog files 125, 340), produced by IFI/Plenum, and the U.S. Patents/Fulltext database (Dialog files 652,653,654), based on USPTO tapes. Still others, such as the BNA Daily News (file 655) and PTS PROMT (file 16), offer information on newsworthy intellectual proper- ty-related events such as changes in patent law, licensing agreements, and litigation. The DIALOG search software has many features that enhance cross- file searching, such as OneSearch (the capability to search in multiple databases simultaneously) and the MAP command (the ability to ex- tract search terms from one database for use in another). For more information on Dialog services, contact Dialog Marketing at (800) 3-DIALOG. The following presentation transparencies are examples of the above DIALOG files. Page 178 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Information on DIALOG: Derwent World Patents Index (Files 351, 350) Coverage : ♦ Chemical patents from 1963 ♦ Electrical patents from 1982 (IPC Section H, some G) Kokai (unexamined applications) Kokoku (examined applications) ♦ PCT transfers to Japan ♦ Limited coverage of utility models Features : ♦ Interpretative titles and abstracts (no abstracts for JP electrical) ♦ Patent family information from 31 issuing authorities ♦ Detailed indexing: International Patent Classification Derwent Classification Subscriber coding: Manual Codes Chemical and Polymer Fragment Coding Markush structure searching (coming soon on DIALOG) Page 179 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Information on DIALOG: Derwent World Patents Index (contd.) Currency : Latest publication date as of March 12 1993: December 15, 1992 Costs : Std. Subs. JP Std. JP Subs, Connect hour: 198.00 119.00 208.00 125.00 Online type: 1.80 .80 1.90 .84 Page 180 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Information on DIALLOG INPADOC/Family and Legal Status (File 345) ) Coverage : ♦ All technologies from April 1973 ♦ Kokai (unexamined applications) ♦ Kokoku (examined applications) ♦ PCT transfers to Japan ♦ Limited coverage of utility models Features : ♦ Family information from 56 issuing authorities ♦ Legal status information from 16 issuing authorities (Japan not included) ♦ International Patent Classes; National Classes ♦ Reference tags to Derwent WPI and JAPIO Page 181 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Information on DIALOG: INPADOC/Family and Legal Status (contd.) Currency : ♦ Latest publication date as of March 12 1993: January 22, 1993 Costs : ♦ Connect hour: 132.00 ♦ Basic record: .30 ♦ Country record: 5.00 ♦ Full family record: 20.00 Page 182 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Information on DIALOG JAPIO/Patent Abstracts of Japan (File 347) Coverage : ♦ All technologies from October 1976 ♦ Kokai (unexamined applications) Features : ♦ English titles and abstracts (no abstracts for non-JP priority) ♦ International Patent Classification ♦ JAPIO Classification Currency : ♦ Latest publication date as of March 12 1993: July 31, 1992 Costs : ♦ Connect hour: 150.00 ♦ Bibliographic record: .45 ♦ Full record: .70 Page183 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sample Record from JAPIO: Patent Abstracts of Japan DIALOG File 347 03691713 FOCUS DETECTOR PUB. NO.: 4-056813 [JP 4056813 A] PUBLISHED: February 24, 1992 (19920224) INVENTOR(s): OTAKA KEUI APPLICANT(s): CANON INC [000100] (A Japanese Company ' or Corporation), JP (Japan) APPL. NO.: 02-165142 [JP 90165142] FILED: June 22, 1990 (19900622) INTL CLASS: [5] G02B-007/34; G03B-013/36 JAPIO CLASS: 29.2 (PRECISION INSTRUMENTS -- Optkzal Equipment); 29.1 (PRECISION INSTRUMENTS - Photoszraphy & Cinematography) JOURNAL: Section: P, Section No. 1365, Vol. 16, No. 2447, Pg. 149, June 05, 1992 (19920605) ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To make a detecting means for detecting the poosition of a diaphragm unnecessary and to prevent focus detecting accuracy from being cdropped due to the switching of the diaphragm by correcting and converting a sensor- signal output by a parameter so as to correct the deviation of a diaphragm aperture nfrom the normal position of its centroid position which is at the time of changing the aperture sshape of the diaphragm. CONSTITUTION: The focus detector is provided with a correcnnng/con verting means 61 for correcting/converting a sensor signal output by a parameter reflated to the deviation of the aperture from the normal position of the centroid position wtmich is generated when the aperture shape of the diaphragm is changed by a diaphragm conmrol means, a correlation arithmetic means 62 for detecting a focus based upon a rreaicHm/conversion signal found out by the determined parameter and a parameter determining meaans 63. Thereby, the deviation of the aperture from the normal position of the centronid position which is generated when the aperture shape of the diaphragm is changed. Consequently, a new detecting means for detecting the position of the diaphragm is nocrrequired and focus detection accuracy can be prevented from being dropped due to the switclmmg of the diaphragm. Page 184 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Informations INPADOC and JAPIO ? b345 File 345:INPADOC/Family & Legal Status UB = 9301, UE = 9301, UL = 9301 ? spn=jp 4056813 51 1 PN=JP 4056813 ? s s1/eng 52 S1/ENG <— - no English equivaieent ? t s1/4,ti,dx < — - low cost format; imcludes Derwent access/on number if present 1/4,TI,DX/1 Ace no: 10807212 Basic Patent (No, Kind, Date): JP 4056813 A2 920224 FOCUS DETECTOR (English) FOCUS DETECTOR Patent Assignee: CANON KK Author (Inventor): OTAKA KEIJI Priority (No, Kind, Date): JP 90165142 A 900622 Applic (No, Kind, Date): JP 90165142 A 900622 IPC: *G02B-007/34; G03B-013/36 JAPIO Reference No: 160247P000149 Language of Document: Japanese Page 185 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? map an temp s1 1 Select Statement(s), 1 Search Term(s) Serial#TC519 ? b347 File 347:JAPIO - Patent Abstracts of Japan Oct/76 - July/92 (c) JAPIO ? exs Executing TC51 9 S1 1 AN=JP 90165142 ? t s1/9 Page 186 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 0O026813 ^OCUS DETECTOR PUB. NO.: PUBLISHED: INVENTOR(s): APPLICANT(s): APPL. NO.: FILED: INTL CLASS: JAPIO CLASS: JOURNAL: 04-056813 {JP 4056813 A} February 24, 1992 (19920224) OTAKA KEIJI CANON INC {000100} (A Japanese Company or Corporation), JP (Japan) 02-165142 {JP 90165142} June 22, 1990 (19900622) {5} G02B-007/34; G03B-013/36 29.2 (PRECISION INSTRUMENTS -- Optical Equipment); 29.1 (PRECISION INSTRUMENTS - Photography & Cinematography) Section: P, Section No. 1365, Vol. 16, No. 247, Pg. 149, June 05, 1992, (19920605) ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To make a detecting means for detecting the position of a diaphragm unnecessary and to prevent focus detecting accuracy from being dropped due to the switching of the diaphragm by correcting and converting a sensor signal output by a parameter so as to correct the deviation of a diaphragm aperture from the normal position of its centroid position which is at the time of changing the aperture shape of the diaphragm. CONSTITUTION: The focus detector Is provided with a correcting/ converting means 61 for correcting/converting a sensor signal output by a parameter related to the deviation of the aperture from the normal position of the centroid position which is generated when the aperture shape of the diaphragm is changed by a diaphragm control means, a correlation arithmetic means 62 for detecting a focus based upon a correction/conversion signal found out by the determined parameter and a parameter determining means 63. [etc.] Page 187 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Japanese Patent Information: JAPIO. IFI CLAIMS, and Derwent World Patents Index File 347: JAPIO - Patent Abstracts of Japan Oct/76 - July/92 (c) JAPIO ? s pn=jp 4042282 S1 1 PN-JP 4042282 ? ts1/9 1/9/1 00012282 ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTER FOR CONTINUUM PUB. NO.: PUBLISHED: INVENTOR(s): APPUCANT(s): APPL. NO.: FILED: PRIORITY: INTL CLASS: JAPIO CLASS: JAPIO KEYWORD: Page 188 04-042282 {JP 4042282 A} February 12, 1992 (19920212) SEODORE ZAJIYATSUKU JIYUNIAA AUTOPUTSUTO TEKUNOROJII CORP{000000} (A Non-Japanese Company or Corporation), US (United States of America) 02-303740 {JP 90303740} November 08, 1990(19901108) 7-535,1 12 {US 535112-1990}, US (United States of America),June 08, 1990 (19900608) {5} G03G-015/20; B41 J-002/41;B41 J-01 1/42; G03G-01 5/00;G03G-01 5/00; G03G-01 5/20 29.4 (PRECISION INSTRUMENTS ~ Business Machines) R002 (LASERS); R1 16 (ELECTRONIC MATERIALS - Light Emitting Diodes, LED) JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? map an t <— ~ maps all application numbers 1 Select Statement(s), 3 Search Term(s) Serial#TC531 ? map anyy t <— — maps only US NNNNNN-YYYY 1 Select Statement(s), 1 Search Term(s) Serial#TC532 ? b 125,340 SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 125:CLAIMS/U.S. PATENT ABS WEEKLY PN 5175885-5185888 JAN 05 92-FEB 09 93 File 340:CLAIMS/U.S. PATENT ABS PN 2492948-51 75885 1 950-DEC 92 ? exs Executing TC532 S1 1 AN = US 535112-1990 ? ts1/27 Page 189 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 190 1/27/1 (Item 1 from file: 340) 2149671 United States Patent Patent Number: US 5019872 Date of Patent: 910528 CONTINUOUS-FORM ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTER Inventor(s): Zajac, Jr, Theodore, Spokane, WA, (US) Assignee: Output Technology Corporation, Spokane, WA Appl. No.: US 535112 Filed: 900608 Related U.S. Application Data Priority Applic(Ser#,Date): US 535112 900608 Int. CI G03G-021/00; U.S. CI 355317000; 226075000; 355274000; 355282000; 355311000 Field of Search.. 226074000; 226075000; 355203000;35520400C 355208000:355271000; 355274000; 355282000 355308000;355309000; 355311000; 355317000 References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Patent Date Number YYYYMM Class Inventor US 3987884 197610 226074000X Buxton US 4478508 198408 355317000 Kato et al. US 4595279 198606 355282000 Kuru et al. US 4607572 198608 355317000 Pou et al. JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings US 4609279 US 4843429 US 4844434 US 4870434 US 4943863 198609 198906 355274000 198907 355308000X 198908 346160000 199007 355271000 ausmann et al. Avritt et al. Acquaviva et al. Negishi et al. Ainoya OTHER PUBLICATIONS Laser Printer User's Guide, "Pentax Teknologies Laserfold 240", Pentax Teknologies Corporation, Broomfield, Colo., Rev. 05 (Jan. 30, 990). Primary Examiner - Grimley, A T Assistant Examiner - Dang, Thu A Attorney, Agent or Firm - Wells, St John & Roberts ABSTRACT A preferred embodiment of this continuous-form electrophotographic printer as illustrated in the drawings having an image transfer device 38 positioned at the image transfer station for placing images on individual sheets 14 of a continuous-form 12. Downstream, a distance A, is a fixing device at an image fixing station 32 for fixing the image onto the individual sheet 14. The printer 10 [etc.] 020 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures, 4 Drawing Sheets EXEMPLARY CLAIM D R A Wl N G 1 . A continuous-form electrophotographic printer for printing a continuous-form composed of a series of interconnected individual sheets each having a sheet length B between a leading edge and a trailing edge, said printer comprising: sheet feeding means for conveying the continuous-form initially past an electrophotographic image transfer station and then past an image fixing station; [etc.] Page 191 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? b 351,350 SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 351: iDERWENT WORLD PATENTS INDEX-LATEST 19&1 + ;DW = 9252,UA = 9240,UM = 9212 File 350:J)erwent World Patents Index 19GG3-1980, EQUIVALENTS THRU DW = 9247 ? exs TC531 Executing TC531 S1 4 AN =JP 90303740 + AN = US 535112 + AN = US 535112-1990 ? t 1/ti/ail (The US NNNNNN-YYYY format is not yet available in WPI, so check titles to eliminate non-relevant records with AN = US 535112 from other series.) 1/TI/1 (Item 1 from file: 351) Continiuous-form electrophotographic printer - includes control for movincg continuous sheet forward when stop signal is received to positiorn sheet leading edge 1/TI/2 (Item 2 from file: 351) Universsa! concrete screed stake has flat top, pointed bottom, and longitiudinal bend with four pairs of upward pointing fingers receiving fscreed edge 1/TI/3 (Item 1 from file: 350) Contirrouous oxygen vertical refuse converter - producing useful gases ancti inert solid residue 1/TI/4 (Item 2 from file: 350) Tapered shaft furnace solid refuse converter - has vapour tig refuse anari oxygen feed inlets, gas and molten residue outlets Page 192 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? ts1/37/1 1/37/1 008812891 WPI Ace No: 91-316904/43 XRPX Ace No: N91 -242742 Continuous-form electrophotographic printer - includes contra* ! for moving continuous sheet forward when stop signal is receivesd to position sheet leading edge Patent Assignee: (OUTP-) OUTPUT TECHN CORP Author (Inventor): ZAJAC T Number of Patents: 002 Patent Family: CC Number Kind Date Week US 5019872 A 910528 9143 (Basic) EP 460303 A 911211 9150 Priority Data (CC No Date): US 535112 (900608) Applications (CC,No,Date): EP 90202919 (901102) Language: English EP and/or WO Cited Patents: No.SR.Pub Designated States (Regional): DE; FR; GB; IT; NL Abstract (Basic): US 5019872 An image transfer device passes electrophotographic tmasges onto individual sheets as the continuous form is conveyed past thee image transfer station. An image fixing device at the image fixing sstation fixes the transferred images to the individual sheets as the continuous-form is conveyed past the image fixing station. Ak printer control is operatively connected to the sheet feed, having a ssheet register that is responsive to a preset sheet movement distamce and to stopping and restarting of movement of the continuous-foorm. The continuous-form is indexed relative to the image fairing station to register a leading edge of a sheet with the image foxing station when the continuous-form is stopped. The continuouss-form is indexed relative to the image transfer station to register a leaading edge of a sheet with the image transfer station when moveroient of the continuous-form is restarted. ADVANTAGE - Avoids damage to continuous-form sheests which are not of standard length. @(10pp Dwg.No.1/6)@ Page 193 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Intellectual Property Law in BNA Daily News (DIALOG File 655) File 655:BNA DAILY NEWS 06/01/90 - 03/15/93 (c) 1992 BNA, Inc. ? e jn = bna patent Ref Items E1 509 E2 5017 E3 * E4 4544 E5 7403 E6 3851 E7 4415 E8 361 E9 9003 E10 4098 E11 8418 E12 16 Index-term JN = BNA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT DAILY JN = BNA OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH DAILY JN = BNA PATENT JN = BNA PATENT, TRADEMARK & COPYRIGHT LAW DAILY JN = BNA PENSIONS & BENEFITS DAILY JN = BNA PRODUCT LIABILITY DAILY JN = BNA SECURITIES LAW DAILY JN = BNA STATE ENVIRONMENT DAILY JN = BNATAX UPDATES JN = BNA TOXICS LAW DAILY JN = BNA WASHINGTON INSIDER PD = 900524 Enter P or E for more ? s e4 S1 4544 JN = "BNA PATENT, TRADEMARK & COPYRIGHT LAW DAILY" Page 194 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? s s1 and japan?/ti S2 48 S1 AND JAPAN7/TI ? t /6/1-9 2/6/1 00473974 Loral Fairchild Corp. v. Victor Co. of * Japan* Ltd. District Court, E.D. New York No. 92 CV 0128 (SJ) Decided October 13, 1992 LINE COUNT: 46 2/6/2 00472979 *Japan* LAW IMPOSING ROYALTIES ON AUDIO, VIDEO EQUIPMENT IS PASSED BY DIET LINE COUNT: 42 2/6/3 00472978 *Japan* PENALTIES FOR LOOK-ALIKE PRODUCTS WOULD INCREASE UNDER MITI PROPOSAL LINE COUNT: 27 2/6/4 00468487 *JAPAN* TO DRAFT GUIDELINES ON COMPUTER SOFTWARE COPYRIGHTS LINE COUNT: 54 Pagers JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 2/6/5 00466318 Legislation BILLS AMEND Section 337 FOR GATT COMPLIANCE, "SPECIAL 301" TO TARGE7T * JAPAN* PATENT LAW LINECOUNTT: 131 2/6/6 00452729 *Japan* HIGHER *JJAPANESE* PENALTIES ON COPYCAT PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS PROPOSED BY PANEL LINE COUNnJT: 41 2/6/7 00444987 *Japan* JPO PROPOSES INCREASES IN APPLICATION FEES LINE COUWT: 80 2/6/8 004404821 Copyrights^ *JAPANES3E* AGENCY DRAFTS CHANGES TO IMPOSE ROYALTIES ON AUDIOi-VIDEO EQUIPMENT LINE COUIWT: 56 2/6/9 00436491 REPORT ANALYZES * JAPAN *S PATENT LAWS IN CONTEXT GLOBAL HARMONIZATION D tot . LINE COUIWT: 81 Page 196 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? t S2/9/9 2/9/9 00436491 DIALOG File 655: BNA DAILY NEWS *BNA PATENT, TRADEMARK & COPYRIGHT LAW DAILY* (Copr.) BNA, Inc. October 30, 1992 *Japan* REPORT ANALYZES *JAPAN*'S PATENT LAWS IN CONTEXT OF GLOBAL HARMONIZATION LONDON (BNA) - The Industrial Property Council, an advisory council established by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), has issued an English version of a subcommittee report that examines several possible changes to Japanese patent law, WIPR hes learned. The purpose of the report, entitled "Subcommittee Report on Patent & Utility Model Lawsand Their Practices Leading to International Harmonization," is to analyze the current state of Japanese patent law in the context of global harmonization and to recommend consideration of certain short- and long-term changes. According to a source who is familiar with the report, specific issues discussed in it include changing the acceptable scope of amendments to a pending application, eliminating the pre-grant opposition system and eventually introducing a post-grant opposition system, and revising the utility model system. * Page 197 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Patent and Licensing Information in PTS PROMT ™ File 16:PTS PROMT - 72-93/March 15 (Copr. 1992 Predicasts) ? s co = chugai pharm? S1 573 CO = CHUGAI PHARM? ? e en = patent Ref Items Index- E1 14921 EN E2 192959 EN E3 * EN E4 28614 EN E5 4300 EN E6 385 EN E7 1868 EN E8 22967 EN E9 313 EN E10 88482 EN E11 9773 EN E12 14036 EN -term = ORGANIZATIONS & INSTITUTIONS (10) = PARENT-TO-SUBSIDIARY DATA (14) = PATENT = PATENTS & COPYRIGHTS (37) = PEOPLE (50) = PERSONAL HANDICAPS (59) = PERSONAL INCOME (52) = PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION (28) = PHOTO = PLANNING & INFORMATION (22) = PLANT & EQUIP SALES (66) = POLLUTANTS PRODUCED & RECYCLED (42) Enter P or E for more ? s e4 S2 28614 EN = "PATENTS & COPYRIGHTS" Page 198 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? e en = license Ref Items Index- E1 39623 EN E2 3280 EN E3 * EN E4 107416 EN E5 13828 EN E6 4636 EN E7 5522 EN E8 38244 EN E9 582 EN EIO 150913 EN E11 167698 EN E12 24581 EN term = LABOR USE (53) = LIABILITIES NEC (89) = LICENSE = LICENSEE & SALES AGREEMENTS (38) = LINE OF BUSINESS CLASSIFICATION (19) = MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT (21) = MANAGEMENT DYNAMICS (20) = MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (32) = MAP = MARKET INFORMATION (60) = MARKETING PROCEDURES (24) = NATURAL RESOURCES (41) Enter P or E for more ?se4 S3 107416 EN = "LICENSEE& SALES AGREEMENTS" ? s s1 and s2 and s3 S4 4 S1 AND S2 AND S3 Page 199 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? t /6/all 4/6/1 03914909 DIALOG FILE 16: PTS PROMT Amgen Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. *FULL TEXT AVAILABLE IN FORMAT 9 * WORD COUNT: 70 4/6/2 03852679 DIALOG FILE 16: PTS PROMT News Capsule: Amgen, Chugai Settle *FULL TEXT AVAILABLE IN FORMAT 9* WORD COUNT: 69 4/2/3 03603371 DIALOG FILE 16: PTS PROMT CHUGAI HAMPERED BY PATENT WOES *FULL TEXT AVAILABLE IN FORMAT 9* WORD COUNT: 181 4/2/4 03162240 DIALOG FILE 16: PTS PROMT GTN PATENT UPDATE: Genetics Institute Gets European EPO Patent *FULL TEXT AVAILABLE IN FORMAT 9* WORD COUNT: 21 1 Page 200 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ? t S4/9/1 4/9/1 03914909 DIALOG FILE 16: PTS PROMT Amgen Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. In Vivo the Business & Medicine Report June, 1992 p. 38 ISSN: 0773-1398 Transaction: As part of a patent settlement, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. will grant Amgen Inc. an irrevocable, exclusive, royalty-free license to G-CSF patent rights in the US. (May) Terms/Other: Chugai will also grant Amgen an irrevocable, exclusive, royalty-free license for all G-CSF patent rights in Canada and Mexico. The parties have entered a covenant not to sue each other in several other countries, which applies to all subsidiaries, joint ventures, and licensees. THIS IS THE FULL TEXT: Copyright 1992, Windhover Information Inc. WORD COUNT: 70 COMPANY: Amgen Chugai Pharmaceutical PRODUCT: Hormones NEC (2834139) EVENT: Patents & Copyrights (37); Licensee & Sales Agreements (38) COUNTRY: United States (1USA); Japan (9JPN) Page 201 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 202 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Sources of Patent Information Mr. Jeremy Sergeant, President, Derwent Inc. How Can I Access Japanese Patent Information? If I wanted to start my contribution on a flippant note, I'd answer the question, "READ THE PATENT, STUPID!" Which, on the face of it, is the obvious answer — so long as you can read Japanese, and have the time to scan millions of pages of documents. Yet, not so long ago, the stupid answer was the only answer. But lots of things have changed. For example • Global awareness of the value of patents information • International patenting as a result of the global economy • English language abstracts and equivalent patents • Over 40 percent of the worlds' patents are from Japan • International patent litigation is on the increase • The Japanese really are innovating, not just copying, and lead in many fields in applying technology: and this is highly patentable So one can conclude that it is vital to follow technology through patents and that you must to do it internationally. This realization, however, poses some difficulties. You might find PROBLEM: You cannot read Japanese, yet you want to know what Japanese companies are patenting in your field of technology. SOLUTION 1: Hope that someone picks up the important Japanese patents and reports them in an English language technical journal that you read. Page 203 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings It is known, however, that over 70 percent of advances reflected in patents are not reported elsewhere. So this solution is not very effective and certainly not at all reliable. What is more it could be too late, because of the time-lag between patenting and publications in journals for example. SOLUTION 2: Get hold of copies of Japanese patents (in Japanese) that are in the technology area you are interested in, and have them translated. This is theoretically possible, but let us say that the technology area covers just 2 percent of total Japanese patents. This means that 6,000 patents need to be translated, each averaging, 10 pages. The cost per page is likely to be $85, so the total cost will come to about $18 million each year. It will not only be costly but slow. SOLUTION 3: If the Japanese patentee wants coverage outside Japan, for example in an English speaking country, then you will wait until an equivalent patent comes along WHICH IS IN ENGLISH. Not a bad idea but the waiting may be endless: if it is only patented in Japan you will never see it except in Japanese. SOLUTION 4: Use one of the international English-language abstract- ing services. Such services are indeed widely used and are found to very useful. None are very cheap - but they are an excellent first filter; sometimes being sufficiently informative to avoid the need to look at a translated Japanese patent. Of course there are still occasions when a translation will be necessary - often for legal reasons. Abstracting Services Using an English-language patents abstracting service is the most popular way of learning about advances in Japanese technology, and thus about what they are inventing. Page 204 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings I would, therefore, like to spend the remainder of this paper describing these as objectively as possible, but with special emphasis on Derwent's World Patent Index because it is the most used patent information database anywhere — and also because I work for Derwent. First a short history lesson. Some time in the 1950s an English chemist called Monty Hyams was working for a company that was in the chemi- cal fire extinguisher business. One of his jobs was to monitor patents brought out by competitors. To do this he would travel up to the London Patent Office once a week to see what new patents had been published in his field of interest. To aid his memory he would write a short description of the patent after reading it carefully. One day as he was doing this he realized that someone was watching him attentively: so he asked why. It just so happened that the other person was waiting to do exactly the same — to write an abstract of the identical patent. Out of this experience was born a very simple idea: "If one person compiles an abstract of a patent, then this could be used by everyone else who wants to know about this patent." Soon after that Monty Hyams founded the company called Derwent. To this day that is, in essence, what Derwent does: we write patent abstracts revealing the significance of a patent and sell them to those who have a need for them. Of course, this is oversimplifying a rather complex operation that now employs over 750 full-time people, most of whom are technical and language specialists at the Masters degree level or higher. A Japanese patent has several pages of rather legalistic text and some drawings. A Derwent abstract features • A specially written title • An abstract of 150-250 words • A list of identical patents taken out at other patent offices • Various indexing systems to aid precise retrieval by chemists, for example • Drawings or chemical structures as appropriate Page 205 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Derwent covers all technologies, broadly dividing them into chemical, including biotechnology; mechanical; and electrical/electronic fields. And Derwent covers the patents of all major patenting authorities or countries. These include Japan, the United States, Europe-EPO, Ger- many, France, Great Britain, Russia, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Italy, Sweden, and over 20 more. The most popular way of acquiring the information is through one of the following major international online information retrieval services: DIALOG INFOPRO (often known as ORBIT) QUESTEL But the information is also available in many other forms including print, CD-ROM, diskette and magnetic tape. Annual spending by a user ranges widely, say from $400 up to $40,000 or more. Most users would say that the main strengths of Derwent are • many years of consistent coverage of patents • all technology • english language abstracts • indexing system • abstracts and titles which reveal the meaning The intellectual effort to reach this standard does not come cheaply. As a guideline think of access online to a Derwent abstract as costing $2 whether for a Japanese patent or for any other. Of course, Derwent is not the only provider of Japanese patent information (in English) and I'd like to review some of these other sources. Page 206 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) A clearly descriptive name of a well-respected service, CAS is part of the American Chemical Society. Its coverage of the chemistry reflected in a patent is good. Many patent experts will use both CAS and Derwent when conducting a serious patent search. And of course CAS covers the worldwide literature of chemistry. INPADOC A quasi-governmental organization that covers patents from all countries where patents are granted, although only giving very ab- breviated textual details, confined to the original title in the original language. JAPIO This is an online file in English, compiled in Japan, and comprising translations of the author's (i.e., patent agent's) abstract from the Japanese original patent. Coverage of patent applications is from 1976 to date. Users seem to regard JAPIO as a worthwhile source although searching tends to lack precision. Of course, there are many other sources which could be given, often of a rather specific in nature, but those mentioned are probably the key players. In summary, therefore, we need not be discouraged at the language barrier nor put off by the sheer volume of Japanese patent information. Organizations such as CAS, JAPIO, INPADOC, and Derwent, have created practical and cost-effective solutions to the problems -- solutions already being exploited by companies large and small all over the United States. Page 207 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 208 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Opening Address, Day Two Page 209 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 210 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings A History of Westinghouse in Japan Dr. Gene Strull, Executive Director for Technology, Retired, Westinghouse Electric The Westinghouse Electric Corporation has had a formal relationship with the Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO) since 1923. Originally a part of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, MELCO was founded in 192L Quoting from a news release of the time The purposes of this company are to distribute Westinghouse products throughout Japan and to arrange for the proper servicing of the many old as well as the new users of Westinghouse apparatus in Japan. Adequate stocks will be carried, repair and other service facilities provided and engineering and construction assistance will be supplied to users of the Company's products. The staff in Japan will be almost entirely Japanese. Jt was a simple matter to assemble the staff because there are sources of Japanese engineers who have been engineers who have been employed at our Works in East Pittsburgh and elsewhere. After the war, a relationship with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) began in 1952, There are smaller involvements with other firms of the Mitsubishi industrial group. The initial licensing agreement between Mitsubishi Electric and Westinghouse covered motors and generators and rapidly expanded to include a broad range of electric products. During the 1950s, steam turbines and later nuclear systems were licensed to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, followed by combustion tur- bines in 1961. With MELCO, activities expanded to include radars, electronic warfare pods, and weapon delivery computers. The size and scope of these activities within Japan enabled Westin- ghouse to obtain access to scientific and technical information not readily available to small- and medium-size organizations. Early in the agreement, and for many years, the flow of information was into Japan. However, this period proved valuable to Westinghouse because of the relationships developed and an understanding of, and appreciation for Japanese business and culture. From the 1920s until 1991 MELCO personnel worked at various Westinghouse facilities in the United States. Page 211 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings In 1981, the Westinghouse/Mitsubishi Engineering Exchange Program was begun. This program, which continued through 1991, placed MELCO engineers with Westinghouse for one year and Westinghouse engineers at MELCO for one year -- after three months of language and culture training. Alumni of this program have proved to be an outstanding resource in improving the effectiveness of Japanese visits to the United States and vice versa. Also important to "Westinghouse in Japan" has been additional in- country presence. The usefulness of a local office, staffed by both American and Japanese cannot be overemphasized. Initial visits to Japan were virtually always escorted by a person from the Tokyo office, a person from MELCO, or both. This field training provided a window on Japanese technology, planning, and business methods. The Japanese in the Tokyo office provided a capability in obtaining information, both formally and informally. Significant technology news items, the results of conferences, technical literature, etc. was always translated promptly. In addition, the Japanese staff presence at conferences to "catch" the off-the-cuff remarks, answer questions, and gossip at "breaks" or at exhibitions was equally valuable. For several years, in the late 1980s, Westinghouse and MELCO had a joint R&D Program. The activities encompassed contracted research in either company, visiting scientists and engineers for seminars, forums, etc., and the Exchange Program mentioned earlier. The broad range of topics included motor control, semiconductor materials, materials analysis, and testing. All of the diverse activities mentioned enabled Westinghouse to ac- quire and benefit from Japan's informal and limited distribution of scientific and technical information. I believe that Westinghouse was one of the first, or possibly the first U.S. corporation to appreciate the rapid advance in "Total Quality Management" in Japan over twenty years ago. This awareness, with its implications for trade, markets, and manufacturing has been extremely important to Westinghouse and, in course, the United States. The term "high technology" is used frequently, almost tritely. The "high" simply stands for high rate of change. The technological world is moving so quickly that no firm of any size can be without an up-to-date knowledge of the information relevant to their business. Through Page 212 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings knowledge comes understanding — and everyone benefits. And now information is international; no one country or laboratory has a monopoly. Japan has become one of the most important science and technology information resources. Page 213 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 214 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part V. Experiences of Information Users Page 215 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 216 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Role of the U.S. Embassy in Disseminating Japanese S&T Information Dr. Richard W. Getzinger, Director, AAAS Directorate For International Programs I served in the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo as the Science Counselor for four years, from 1986 to 1990. Throughout that period, monitoring and reporting on Japanese S&T developments was an important part of the work of the embassy's Science Office, which I headed, as well as of the work of several other embassy offices. As you may know, many U.S. government agencies maintain offices either in the embassy or else- where in the Tokyo area. A number of these offices share a keen interest in S&T information (STI). These include the Foreign Commercial Service (a part of the Commerce Department), the Office of Naval Research (DOD), the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Each of these offices is tasked with its own respon- sibilities, and does its own reporting to its "home office" in Washington. Primary responsibility for all S&T matters at the embassy, however, resides in the Science Office, which is a part of the U.S. Department of State. The Science Office has a staff of eight, including three ex- perienced Japanese nationals. In addition to monitoring and reporting on STI, the Science Office is also responsible for handling visitors, keeping the Ambassador and other senior embassy officers informed about the implications of day-to-day S&T developments, and serving as the primary conduit through which the U.S. government communicates with the Japanese government on science and technology matters. It is generally a very busy place! The assigned duties of the various U.S. government science-related offices in Tokyo sometimes overlap, and there is always the risk of duplicative efforts. This risk has been minimized in recent years by the establishment within the embassy of a Science Council, made up of representatives from each of the S&T offices. The Science Council is chaired by the Deputy Chief of Mission (the number two officer in the embassy) or the Science Counselor, and meets monthly for the purposes of coordinating reporting and sharing of information about important ongoing activities and future visitors. Page 217 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Embassy officers, regardless of which U.S. agency they represent, are very much aware of the high level of interest in Washington and throughout the U.S. in obtaining as much STI from Japan as possible. Nevertheless they are stretched very thin with other responsibilities, and are definitely limited in the amount of reporting they can do. An initiative taken in recent years that has significantly enhanced S&T reporting from the embassy has been the use of short-term visitors with technical expertise in areas of special interest. Such visitors, usually one at a time, come to Japan for periods of six weeks to three months, live in housing provided in the embassy housing compound, and, under the guidance of the embassy's Science Office, participate in meetings and site visits throughout Japan that provide the basis for useful S&T reporting. In my experience over a two-three year period this program was highly successful, with experts coming from such diverse organiza- tions as the NSF, NOAA, and the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico. I would like to focus now on the nature and sources of the science and technology information that provides the basis for the bulk of typical, unclassified embassy reporting. The type of STI that is easiest for embassy officers to collect, digest, and write up for transmission is derived from Japanese government activities, and is typically of a general, policy-oriented nature. Examples are annual R&D budgets, attainment of major R&D milestones, decisions to initiate or phase out major research programs, positions to be taken at bilateral or interna- tional conferences, and personnel changes in senior government science positions. This type of information is readily available from English-language newspaper reports and government brochures, and from normal Japanese government contacts. It has the additional ad- vantages of being easily understandable to non-technical U.S. govern- ment staff both in the embassy and in Washington, and of serving the useful purpose of keeping interested U.S. officials informed about general S&T trends in Japan. On the other hand, it has the disadvantage of being of very limited value to such potential users as U.S. university researchers and U.S. industry. Under normal circumstances, however, it is very difficult for an embassy science officer to provide more detailed reporting about specific R&D results. The problem is one of a lack of time and, to a lesser extent, of the requisite technical expertise. There is plenty of information avail- Page 218 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings able in English about Japanese technical developments that might be followed up. For example, newspaper stories and company brochures frequently contain descriptions of the latest research "breakthroughs" and new high-tech products about to be brought to the market place. Existing databases (often maintained by the Japanese government) can be culled for useful information. In most cases, site visits can be ar- ranged to provide an opportunity to meet directly with the researchers themselves. In practice, however, it is only when there is a clearly recognized need or a special request from Washington that embassy officers are able to rearrange schedules to expand STT reporting in any particular area. It goes without saying that embassy efforts to increase the flow of S&T information from Japan to the United States will only fully succeed if the new information is adequately disseminated and utilized in this country. Clearly, the embassy itself can have very little direct impact on this process. Nevertheless, we in the embassy Science Office were much encouraged a few years ago with the establishment by the U.S. govern- ment of the STI distribution system known as STRIDE. Under this initiative, special efforts were made in the U.S. to ensure that S&T reporting from Japan reached the widest possible audience in this country. The knowledge that our STI reporting from Tokyo would now reach this much wider U.S. audience served in turn as a stimulus for the embassy staff to devise ways, such as those described above, to provide a broader range of coverage than undertaken previously. Another means by which enhanced embassy S&T reporting efforts can be encouraged is through feedback from information users in the U.S. Many times it seems to those at the embassy in Tokyo that information sent back to Washington simply disappears into a black hole. It is indeed a rare occurrence when the embassy receives a message either noting the usefulness of a particular report and asking for additional informa- tion, or calling attention to a new subject area where some reporting would be especially helpful. Believe me, when such messages arrive they do get attention! In this regard, I might mention that while I was in Tokyo, the occasional appearance of some of our reporting in a foreign technology newsletter, published at that time, I believe, by the Commerce Department, also served to demonstrate that Japanese STI originating in the embassy was reaching a wider audience in the U.S. Despite the limitations on embassy S&T reporting described above, there are other ways that embassy S&T officers can be of assistance to Page 219 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings U.S. university and industry officials interested in Japanese STI. One of the most useful of these is through information exchanges with U.S. S&T-related visitors to Japan. Drawing from my own experience, the kinds of meetings of this sort that were among the most useful were with U.S. aerospace industry representatives. Because of the continuing close coupling of government-to-government, and industry-to-industry relations in this crucial field of high technology, these meetings proved to be especially valuable to me, and, hopefully, also to our U.S. visitors Page 220 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japanese Information Gathering & Patent Licensing: The Rockwell International Experience Dr. Stanley Zehr, Asia-Pacific Technology Liaison Office, Rockwell International Corporation Why Information about Japanese Technology Is Important to U.S. Companies Serious competition may exist or be developing in Japan. If your customer base is entirely domestic or if your business area is of interest to the Japanese, your most important competitors may not be U.S. companies. To avoid being blindsided in the marketplace, it is vital to know as much as possible about who these competitors are, what they are doing, and what their future plans are. If your business is worldwide, you also need to know what constitutes a world class operation and how you measure up. There is a lot of good stuff being developed over there that we can use. R&D projects in Japanese companies and government-related or- ganizations are carefully chosen to be at the forefront of "hot" and rapidly evolving technologies. These technologies are selected because the Japanese believe them fundamental to the future economic success of key industries in Japan, as well as in the United States and Europe. In addition, there is a lot of excellent process and product technology being developed in less critical industries in Japan that may be of immediate practical use and available for licensing. We can learn a lot. There are basic Japanese attitudes and traditions about business which are quite different from those common in the United States, but that have spawned some particularly effective methods for managing "the product cycle" from initial recognition of a market need and the subsequent R&D planning, through incorporating developing technologies into the manufacturing of useful and profitable commercial products. In a spirit of open-minded prag- matism, some of these practices could profitably be adapted in many U.S. businesses. Page 221 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings We can reduce business risk; R&D is inherently an inefficient process. Initial uncertainties about what will ultimately work and what it will cost are often unavoidable. Furthermore, if the needed technology spans several narrow and deep areas of discipline, it becomes hard for one company, no matter how large, to do it alone. The same can be said for manufacturing, where acquisition of expensive and rapidly evolving capital equipment must be timed precisely to meet a narrow window of opportunity. The up-front capital investments required are often so large and so risky in terms of timing and technology choice, that it is foolish to make the bet alone. In many areas of high technology, the most attractive partners for such risk-reducing collaborations are in Japan. We can increase income. Often, industrial R&D is technically success- ful in ways that do not fit well with the core businesses of the sponsoring company. In such cases, it may make sense to seek some return on the R&D investment through out-licensing to companies which can more effectively exploit the orphaned technology. Opportunities to do this in Japan and in other Asian countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, and others are enormous. Patent licensing and the resulting revenue can be a welcome source of support for continuing commercial R&D. More generally, a thorough understanding of the local market in Japan will increase the probability that a product can be uniquely tailored to meet the specific local demands and therefore become successful. You cannot accomplish this without an effective information-gathering and documentation effort. Sources of Information Available about Japanese Technology There currently exists a formidable cottage industry devoted to assem- bling information about Japanese technology and business activity and disseminating it in the form of English-language publications and databases. The sheer volume and diversity of this resource requires considerable selectivity for its effective use. A good start can be made with some of the relatively inexpensive newsletters from United States and Japanese government agencies such as the NTIS Alert of Foreign Technology and the Japanese Technical Literature Bulletin from the U.S. Page 222 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Department of Commerce. Japanese government publications include New Technology Japan from JETRO, STA Today from the Japanese Science and Technology Agency. Consortia such as MCC also provide members with Japanese technical information in their monthly newsletters. Commercially, there is the COMLINE monthly report, the Japan High Tech Report, and Techno-Japan, and many others. There are often Japanese technology articles in more broadbased publications such as the Asian Wall Street Journal, The Nikkei Weekly, The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan, Electronic Business Asia, and the Far Eastern Review. Sources for more specific and detailed technical information in English include the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, the various IEEE Transactions, and the technical journals from most of the large Japanese companies such as the Fuji Electric Journal, Mitsubishi Electric Giho, the Matsushita National Technical Report, Sumitomo Electric Technical Review, Hitachi Hyoron, and many others. Available online and floppy disk-based database services include DIALOG and EGIS. For more "science" oriented information, there is the Japanese Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), which is associated with the Japanese Science and Technology Agency with various Japanese- and English-language products. The National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) of the Ministry of Education offers some 20 databases available through the National Science Foundation and Library of Congress. The local JETRO (Japan External Trade Organization, and arm of MITI) office can often be very helpful in providing leads and contacts about specific technology and products. International trade shows and conferences in the United States are an additional source of up-to-date information. There are also plenty of private consultants eager to help you with information gathering and problem solving related to Japanese technology. The Japanese technology management programs at institutions such as MIT, Stanford, the University of Michigan, Vanderbilt and many others may be helpful as well. All of the above can be accessed without leaving the United States and provide a broad base for initially identifying organizations in Japan whose work is of most interest. Page 223 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings If a U.S. company has local sales representatives, offices, or other facilities in Japan, it has taken the first small step toward becoming a knowledgeable "local insider." However, just being there is not enough. Active participation in and contribution to the local business community with patience, integrity, competence and genuine interest is needed to achieve even partial acceptance into the informal network of local individuals who are influential in defining the current state and future direction of a particular technology or business sector. This level of local involvement is crucial for long-term business success in Japan. If done right, it can be a path for early access to critical information which may never become accessible through English-language publica- tions. Several divisions of Rockwell have achieved, on their own, this level of local integration in their specific business areas. Other divisions which have not yet reached this stage, are more dependent on the organization to which I belong. Japanese Information-Gathering at Rockwell By the mid 1980s, the need for good information about Japanese technology was considered important enough to Rockwell that a formal activity for gathering it was begun within the corporate R&D organiza- tion. A little background information about Rockwell may help put this in perspective. Rockwell is an $11 billion, multi-industry company with facilities in 30 countries employing nearly 80,000 people worldwide. Over 1,000 are in the Asia-Pacific region, with about 350 in Japan. Rockwell busi- nesses currently have a significant presence in 21 countries including eight in the Asia-Pacific region. Over the last decade, geographical and commercial broadening of the company's business interests has oc- curred to the point where Japan is now crucially important to us as a source of good ideas for novel technology, management methods, improved product quality and future business strategies. Rockwell has traditionally placed heavy emphasis on R&D to support all its businesses. About 25 percent of our work force are engineers, scientists and technical support personnel. Our total R&D expendi- tures in 1992 were $1.5 billion, with about $500 million being company- initiated programs. Advanced technology is a critical ingredient in the broad spectrum of products for each of our core business areas of Page 224 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings aerospace, electronics, automotive and graphic systems. Examples of these products are the Space Shuttle, the B-1B fighter jet, a wide range of telecommunications systems including 70 percent of the world's fax modems, commercial and military avionics, global positioning satellite receivers, other commercial and military electronics systems, industrial control and automation, components for light and heavy vehicles, and large commercial printing presses. Providing information to support these diverse interests requires the monitoring of an extremely broad range of technologies. Gathering the information, however, is only about half the job. Disseminating it effectively to the right people throughout the company is at least an equal challenge. Our individual divisions are largely autonomous. There is relatively little central corporate guidance, interference or help beyond a vigorous encouragement to successfully execute divisional business plans so that established goals are met, or better yet, exceeded. The functions of R&D and technical information gathering are partial exceptions to this decentralized operating mode. The in-house product development efforts of each division are supplemented by a corporate "Science Center," which has served as a resource for fundamental scientific and engineering expertise for the whole company since 1962. Over the years, its role has evolved in response to changes in relative emphasis of Rockwell's businesses and sources of R&D funding. In particular, over the last decade, the activities of the Science Center have shifted from being primarily government-sponsored defense-related, contract research, mainly in the areas of materials, electronics and optics and information science to a more recent emphasis on company- sponsored R&D to support non-military businesses. Accompanying this shift has been increased emphasis on developing international business and collaborative activities with foreign com- panies. This has expanded the mission of the corporate R&D function to include responsibility for locating and evaluating external tech- nologies, including those from Japan, which are of potential use in every part of our organization. A thorough and continually updated knowledge of what is "hot" in each part of the corporation's engineering and design community is needed to do this effectively. Keeping current on everyone's technical needs also provides opportunities for technical Page 225 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings "matchmaking" between apparently unrelated businesses where one may have a problem while another has a solution, but they do not know of each other's existence. From the time the Japan technology search activity was formally or- ganized in 1986 until about mid 1991, the process was largely carried out by the Asia-Pacific Technology Liaison Office (APTLO) located in Tokyo. This office was first headed by Dr. Jim Martin. During his tenure, Dr. Martin hired a small but extremely capable and dedicated local staff to gather and disseminate technical information and support Japan-related needs from all parts of the company. Since he return to the United States in July 1991, the Tokyo office has been headed by Dr. Atsushi Toda who is a Japanese national with a thorough and patient understanding of the idiosyncracies of U.S. business. I joined this operation coincident with Jim's return to the United States to act as a U.S. point of contact to facilitate day-to-day communications between Tokyo and the company's U.S. divisions. As a "technology window," we circulate dozens of technical papers, company journals, press releases, database entries, product brochures, etc., to appropriate people in the company. To keep this current, we make an annual round of division visits supplemented with frequent follow-up communica- tions. We also respond to numerous direct requests for specific tech- nical and business information from people at all levels within the company, and facilitate various meetings and visits between Rockwell personnel and representative of Japanese companies and government organizations. We have set up researcher exchanges with Japanese companies and academia and facilitate the support of university re- search at Japanese institutions in technical areas of importance to Rockwell businesses. Current examples of this include support at Keio University, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, and Tokyo University. These activities are designed to complement related activities which individual divisions may be doing on their own, such as joint ventures with Japanese companies, collaborative development of specific products, and participation in Japanese standards committees. Page 226 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Inevitably, the search for technical information leads to ideas for new business opportunities. When appropriate, we work closely with people who are responsible for new business development and for related activities such as technology licensing. An Example of Information Gathering to Support Overseas Patent Licensing International patent licensing has become an increasingly important activity for high-tech businesses for a number of reasons. Foremost among these is the increasing value being derived in recent years from dominant patents on key technologies. A great deal of money can be made or expanded, depending on which side of the negotiating table one is sitting. Second, as mentioned, it often makes practical business sense for companies to swallow their "Not Invented Here" pride and simply license needed technology rather than reinventing it. Third, the Process Patent Amendment Act of 1988 became law February 23, 1989. The Process Patent Amendment Act of 1988 is part of the U.S. Congress' Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. One of its key objectives was to strengthen the position of intellectual property rights owners attempting to enforce their rights against unlicensed foreign manufacturers. Until this legislation became effective, it was the rule that a U.S. process patent was infringed only by its unauthorized domestic use. Importation, use or sale of products produced by the process overseas were not considered infringing acts. All this was changed by the new act. Now, unlicensed importers, distributors, retailers and even consumers can become patent infringers if products they sell for use in the United States are produced or certain parts produced, even partially, by an unlicensed, U.S.-patented process. This is true whether the unlicensed process is practiced in the United States or offshore. In addition to creating large new classes of potential infringers and a great deal of job security for intellectual property lawyers, this law has created important new opportunities for U.S. process patent owners to fend off their competitors or to seek potential process patent licensees worldwide. This act also allows the royalty base to be extended substantially beyond the specific process step covered by the licensed patent. Exactly how far this can be pushed remains to be clarified by the courts. Page 227 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings At a time when the combination of economic recession and defense cutbacks are making funds to support R&D especially scarce, the new licensing opportunities opened by this legislation offer an important new way to obtain a financial return from some R&D projects which have been technically successful, but which may not be critical to a company's core businesses. Accordingly, Rockwell decided about four years ago to begin exploring these newly accessible licensing opportunities for a basic compound semiconductor processing patent which it owned. Preliminary market research, supported by APTLO, revealed that virtually all the large electronics companies in Japan were either using, or contemplating the use of this process in their own products. To plan a reasonable licensing program, access to Japanese technical and business-related informa- tion became vital. This was first used to assemble a list of potential licensees, next it was used to estimate the extent to which products made by MITI provided a basis for making these estimates. Information was also needed to understand whether the products of interest were used internally, or sold to other offshore companies on an OEM basis or directly imported into the United States as individual devices. Helpful initial information about this was obtained from published annual reports and company press releases available in Japan. During actual license negotiations, issues were sometimes raised about the validity of our patent with respect to related Japanese patents or about whether certain unrelated business activities of our company might possibly be covered by patents owned by some of the Japanese companies. This required information about the specific Japanese patents. Throughout the various discussions, basic advice about tradi- tional Japanese business and technical practices from the local APTLO staff was invaluable to the negotiators in placing the discussions in their proper context. The result to date is 18 licenses with Japanese com- panies (out of about 35 total worldwide) and several million dollars of much-needed revenue to support R&D within the company. Summary I have tried to make the case that obtaining technical information from Japan is valuable if not vital to U.S. companies for a wide variety of reasons. A solid base of this type of information is readily available Page 228 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings right here in the United States, but if a company is fortunate enough to have a permanent presence in Japan, there are other opportunities for much broader and deeper access to such information. Within a broadly diversified high tech company like Rockwell, there have been substan- tial and tangible payoffs from accessing such information. These are not limited to just becoming aware of new products, processes and technology, but also include finding new business opportunities, often in cooperation with Japanese partners, and in maximizing the return on R&D investments through licensing and other business arrangements. Page 229 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 230 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part VI. Building Human Networks Page 231 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 232 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Importance of Human Networks in Gathering Japanese Information: The Role of the Japan Information Access Project Ms. Mindy L. Kotler, Director, Japan Information Access Project Underlying all the presentations at the third JICST/NTIS conference on how to acquire Japanese scientific and technical information, from discussions of databases to tips on obtaining unpublished scientific papers, is the intensely personal nature of information in Japan. In Japan, ideas are generated and protected within carefully constructed "personal networks." The paper trails, bibliographies, and sense of public education do not exist in Japan to the extent that they do in the United States. A detailed answer to most questions about Japanese S&T should begin with a search for "who might know or might need to know" the answer. This situation has compelled Japanese companies to organize special "external affairs" departments called shogai katsudo. The sole job of these corporate managers is to oversee their company's relationships with outside organizations, particularly the government, and to main- tain a constant flow of information. This activity allows companies to receive early warning of policy and market changes. More important, the information process encourages the companies to become involved in making policy, thus allowing regulations to remain unwritten or ambiguous. This emphasis on people over paper creates a system of remarkable capacity, flexibility, and quickness of response. What is lost from a lack of public transparency, is made up by extensive and intense personal relationships. The Japanese reliance on "human networks" to transmit knowledge presents the American researcher with three important considerations. The first, the debate over "industrial policy" is misleading. Govern- ment-initiated projects whether they realize a scientific breakthrough or not, are tremendously important for bringing researchers, bureaucrats, and industry officials together to establish the groundwork for future collaboration. The Japanese government acts as a facilitator among information groups. Japanese government officials do not so much "pick winners" as they "create winning teams." Page 233 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Two examples come to mind. The Fifth Generation Computer Project was brushed aside in the U.S. as a failure. I doubt if anyone in Japan thought the same. The personal contacts and ties established among researchers across technology fields with government and industry officials were invaluable. The prospects for future collaboration com- bined with the efforts expended collecting information worldwide are certain to produce results. Another example is the Ministry of Health and Welfare's establishment in 1990 of the Japan Association for the Advancement of Medical Equipment (JAAME). This organization is typical of the many Japanese, quasi-governmental trade associations. Under JAAME, private manufacturers and university researchers join with Health Min- istry officials in study groups. By pooling resources in JAAME, com- panies and researchers can monitor developments overseas, absorbing information more cost effectively and rapidly than they could ac- complish alone. As a result, JAAME will sponsor "catch-up research" and "mould" an industry-government consensus. These efforts highlight the next point that information is a privilege in Japan. Each group, each "human network," retains control over its information. To be a member of a particular group is to have the privilege of access to its information. Outsiders are not welcome. It is therefore critically important in Japan to belong to the right groups. In the case of S&T, to keep close watch of developments in research and industry, you must become a member of the professional and trade associations that directly affect your business and research. These memberships are something, I believe, that the U.S. government and industry should be insisting upon from Japan. This leads into the last point, that all the databases, translated literature, and study missions are simply peripheral to access to the people within these organizations. The discussions, regulatory processes, and per- sonal relationships within these associations are the true window to Japanese S&T information. The Japanese government, especially the hardworking officials from JICST and NACSIS, have expended noble and laudable efforts to disseminate Japanese data. Their important efforts, however, are concentrated on but one facet of Japanese infor- mation. Page 234 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The interpretation of Japanese information poses another problem. Most who come to the task with good will expect the commonly cited "cultural differences" and "linguistic barriers" to present significant difficulty. But language and culture, though genuine problems, are also secondary to the real challenge. The very concept of information is at issue. The Japanese word for information, joho, differs dramatically from the American perception. Joho did not exist in the Japanese language until the turn of the century, when it was used in a translation of von Clausewitz's On War to refer to "military intelligence." The meaning of this word changed as the information needs of the state changed-from promoting military might to developing and safeguarding industrial strength. In all of its permutations, however, joho never has meant only the mere collection of facts. Information always has been considered to be intel- ligence — pieces of a puzzle to be organized for some purpose. The Japanese concept of information in contrast to the American one, is something dynamic rather than static, integrated rather than random, and targeted for application. In contrast to an American style of selective specialization, Japanese organizations predicate their entire existence on a strategy of "total information." American science, industry, and government must there- fore come to terms with Japanese counterparts determined to know everything about all subjects and all markets all the time. The Japanese treat information not as something incidental to good business, but as a precondition to any business whatsoever. As noted by Professor Ikujiro Nonaka of Hitotsubashi University in the Harvard Business Review (November-December 1991), Japanese companies take a "holistic approach to knowledge" that is their "one sure source of lasting competitive advantage." Ultimately, it is the human network that makes the seemingly impos- sible "total information" strategy a basic reality of business and techni- cal research and development in Japan. Those who would compete with Japanese technological enterprises, therefore, must develop a "total information" and human network strategy of their own. When- ever possible, the researcher must plug into Japanese information Page 235 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings networks at the source to obtain good answers. The analyst, in turn, must learn to understand the patterns and purpose of these same information networks to successfully evaluate the research results. The Japan Information Access Project is an effort to help the Western researcher begin to understand and join Japan's "human networks." The Project is a nonprofit [501(c)(3)], nonpartisan, educational or- ganization to train public and private sector decisionmakers to access, use, and evaluate Japanese information in business, science, and tech- nology. Members learn how to apply Japanese information as a strategic asset for planning, marketing, and R&D. The Project introduces its members to Japan's information networks and helps them to create their own resources on Japan. The Project has over 250 members from all industries, major univer- sities, government agencies, congress, and overseas. A core activity is to establish industry-specific, member study groups to exchange re- search techniques on Japan and to create a Western "human network" on Japan. Study groups have been formed for computers, electronics, & semiconductors and intellectual property. Attached is a list of con- ference proceedings published by the Project as well as documents and translations the Project distributes. The Project is planning to create an interactive database of internation- al resources on Japanese S&T information which will have an annually updated hard-copy version in the form of a primer on information gathering on Japan. In time, the Project also hopes to track U.S. legislation regarding Japan and science and technology. And last, the Project will be an advocate for greater information openness and accessibility in both the United States and Japan. Whether Americans compete or cooperate with Japan, we can no longer remain misinformed and merely satisfied with partial answers. We can no longer afford information arrogance--no one company nor individual can possibly know all about Japan. Indeed, it has been our experience that the U.S. companies with Tokyo offices seem the most complacent and least informed about developments in Japan. The senior American managers are simply not effectively using the resour- ces that they have. Page 236 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Japan Information Access Project is an effort to actively involve Americans in the information process, to ensure that we do not rely on any one resource, and to work on closing the "information gap" with Japan. We are hopeful that our efforts will help establish a truly equal "global partnership." I urge you to join us. Page 237 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM THE JAPAN INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT 1. JAPANESE INFORMATION: WHERE CAN YOU FIND IT AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN? TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY. 250-page proceedings of February 1992 conference. Complete papers on accessing Japanese patents, financial statements, databases, and techniques for gathering hi-tech information. Includes 25-page directory of information sources. Members $100; Nonmembers $200. 2. JAPANESE INFORMATION IN COMPUTERS, ELECTRONICS & SEMICONDUCTORS. 200-page proceedings of September 1992 Workshop. Complete papers outlining methods for collecting and understanding Japanese patents, technology infrastructure, databases, government, translations, and literature on these fields. Includes a 50-page directory of information sources. Members $100; Nonmembers $200. 3 HOW TO ACQUIRE JAPANESE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION. Proceedings of March 1992 JICST/NTIS conference. Complete papers of Japanese and American government officials, information experts, and industry experts. Includes 20-page directory of information sources. Order directly from the U.S. National Technical Information Service (NTIS), #PB92-220201, call (703) 487-4650. Price: $57. 4. 1992 JAPAN INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT NEWSLETTERS (January - December 1992). Full of unique and interesting information sources on Japan. 75 pages. Members $30; Nonmembers $60. Individual issues also available. PLUS SHIPPING & HANDLING: DOMESTIC SHIPPING $10 INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING $25 Japan Information Access Project 1706 R Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 332-5224 Page238 Fax: (202)332-6841 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings H ^ JAPANESE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY The Japanese Patent System and Strategies for Competitiveness Conference Proceedings July 1993 Book I — Complete papers discussing how to understand and effectively work with the Japanese patent system. Topics include comparative analysis of U.S. and Japanese patent law, strategies for retrieving Japanese patent information, patent analysis for strategic advantage, integrating Japanese patent data for R&D planning, and commissioning a patent translation. Appendices: GAO's report "Intellectual Property Rights: U.S. Companies' Patent Experiences in Japan," U.S. embassy view of the Japanese patent system and analysis of the 1992 annual report of the Japanese Patent Office, intellectual property-related legislation of the 103rd congress, comparison chart of document delivery services and CD-ROMS, and 107-page directory of information sources on Japanese science and technology. 400 pages Members $125 Nonmembers $300 Book II — The View From Japan: Selected Articles from the Japanese Press on the 'Patent War' and Japanese R&D. 11 pages Members $50 Nonmembers $75 POSTAGE U.S. and Canada Postage $10 each book Non-U. S. Postage $25 each book PLEASE SEND YOUR PREPAID ORDER TO THE ADDRESS BELOW JAPAN INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT 1706 I SHEET, K.W. WASHINGTON. DC 1000*7410 (20?) 332 5224 FAX (202) 332-6841 e-moS japan.projMt@conipnHiil.aim (internet) Page 239 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings MEMBERS ONLY PUBLICATIONS July 1, 1993 The following reports and translations are available to Japan Project members who are engaged in research on one of these subjects and for their personal research use. Costs cover duplication and postage. Prepayment required. Non-U. S. postage extra. TRANSLATIONS The following translations are available for $0.50/page. 1. R&D Structure and Goals of Sumitomo Electric Industries, June 1992. 19 pages. 2. Current Status of Fine Ceramics, a MITI report, March 1991. 85 pages. 3. Twelfth High Tech Forum-Tribological Advances in Ceramics, February 1992. 31 pages. 4. Fifth Symposium on Ultrahigh Temperature Materials, Selected papers, March 1992. 45 pages. 5. "U.S. Patent War Against Japan," Selected comments from the Japanese press, August 1992. 24 pages. 6. Globalization of Japan's Research Activities, Science and Technology Agency report, February 1992. 173 pages. 7. Survey Report on Research Activities among Japan's Private Enterprises, Science and Technology Agency, February 1992. 128 pages. 8. Ninth Symposium on the R&D Project on Basic Technologies for Future Industries-Fine Ceramics, Selected papers, November 1991. 71 pages. 9. RISC Processor Technology Development, August 1992. 50 pages. 10. Fourth Functionally Gradient Materials Symposium, Selected articles, October 1991. 164 pages. 11. Bio Japan '92 Symposium Proceedings, Selected papers, August 1992. 90 pages. 12. Optical Fiber Sensors in Japan, August 1992. 17 pages. Page 240 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 13. Space Development Program, March 1992. 15 pages. 14. Robot Industry Patent Trends, May 1992. 11 pages. 15. 1992 Annual Report of the Science and Technology Agency: Its Roles and Activities, August 1992. 40 pages. 16. Selected papers reviewing developments from the October 1991 International Industrial Robot Exhibition held in Tokyo, 32 pages. 17. Semiconductor Industry - includes a detailed survey on the stagnation in the semiconductor industry, interviews with Japanese executives on the management, technology applications, and new markets. July 1992. 80 pages. 18. Selected Abstracts of Japan Research and Development Corporation International Symposium on Supermolecules and Molecular System held November 25-25, 1992, 62 pages. 19. New Technologies Pending Commercialization from Japan 's Universities and National and Public Research Institutions, March 1992. 45 pages. 20. Major Indices of Japanese R&D Activity, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, June 1992. 78 pages. 21. Selected Papers on a Symposium on High-Performance Materials for Severe Environments held November 28-29, 1991. 170 pages. 22. Abstracts of papers presented to the Erato Symposia 1992 sponsored by the Japan Research Development Corporation, November 1992. 33 pages. 23. Selected papers from The 18th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science held May 17, 1992, sponsored by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and others. 78 pages. 24. Kawasaki Heavy Industries' Vision for the Year 2000, December 1992. 30 pages. 25. MITI Survey on the Establishment of an International Technology Exchange Base in the Tokai Region, June 1992. 78 pages. 26. Interim Report on Japan's International Exchange of Scientific Researchers, March 1992. 128 pages. 27. Science and Technology Agency Report on the Promotion of Regional Science and Technology, August 1992. 151 pages. 28. Selected papers on Robots for Precision Assembly and Clean Rooms, May 1992. 56 pages. 29. Selected papers from the Second Photoforming Systems Symposium of the Tokyo Modeling Page 241 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Technology Association, May 1992. 88 pages. 30. Four papers on High-Power KrF Laser. February 1992. 64 pages. 31. MITI Report on Diamond-Based High Performance Materials Industrial Policy, March 1991. 35 pages. 32. Selected papers from the International Forum on Fine Ceramics 1992, March 1992. 70 pages. 33. Selected papers from the 19th New Ceramics Seminar on New Functional Ceramics, March 1992. 61 pages. 34. Selected papers on Japanese Developments in Micromachine Technology, June 1992. 47 pages. 35. Flash, DRAM Memories to Replace Magnetic Disks, May 1992. 53 pages. 36. Optoelectronics Industry Technology Association's Survey VII on the Trends and Perspectives of Optoelectronic Technology R&D, April 1992. 126 pages. 37. Selected articles on Character Recognition Technology and OCR Systems, February 1992. 65 pages. 38. Selected articles on the Standardization of Optical Technology, July 1992. 40 pages. 39. Report on the Results of Japanese Research Developments in Inorganic Advanced Materials, March 1992. 24 pages. 40. Human Genome Analysis, March 1992. 46 pages. 41. Japanese Developments in Factory Automation Networks, December 1992. 30 pages. 42. Biotechnology: Japanese Government Funding — Bio-related budgets of Japan's government agencies tops ¥100 trillion, February 1992. 12 pages. 43. Survey of CAD/CAM/CAE Use in Manufacturing, July 1992. 28 pages. 44. Selected articles from the 30th National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) Conference held in Tokyo, October 20 1992. 53 pages. 45. 1992 Annual Report from the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Committee, January 1993. 35 pages. 46. MITI Report on the Global Trends and Problems of Industrial Science and Technology, June 1992. 78 pages. Page 242 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 47. Status of Government Biotechnology R&D, July 1991. 71 pages. 48. 21st MITI Survey of the Foreign Operations of Japanese Corporations, December 1991. 33 pages. 49. Optoelectronics in Future Automotive Technology, September 1991. 77 pages. 50. Report on Development of New Telecommunications Policies in the 1990s, July 1991. 47 pages. 51. Evolution and Applications of Machine Translation Systems, November 1990, 43 pages. 52. Aggressive R&D Plan by Nippon Steel, March 1991, 43 pages. 53. Strategy for Developing Bio-industries, October 1990. 24 pages. 54. Directory of Japanese Online Database Services (specifically economic and science/technology-related databases), January 1990. 29 pages. 55. Military R&D Results for 1992 [1992 Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute (TRDI) conference], November 1992. 55 pages. 56. R&D on basic Technologies for Future Industries [Proceedings from 1 1th AIST Tsukuba General Symposium in Tsukuba City], February 1992. 154 pages. 57. Semiconductor Lithography Technologies [2nd Semiconductor Process Symposium--64M DRAM 0.35 Micron device manufacturing technology], November 1992. 36 pages. 58. Neural Network Developments, Summer 1992. 95 pages. 59. Developments in Rapid Prototyping Systems, September 1992. 64 pages. 60. New Trends in Electron Microscopy, December 1992. 38 pages. 61. Developments in Lightwave Sensing Technology [Proceedings of the 10th meeting on lightwave sensing technology], December 1992. 34 pages. 62. Developments in Japan's Aerospace Activities, May 1993. 30 pages. 63. Latest Liquid Crystal Process Technology, October 1992. 137 pages. 64. FY91 Environmental Research in Japan [selections of summarized reports of environmental research conducted in FY91 by the national research institutes of government ministries and agencies], September 1992. 238 pages. Page 243 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings OCCASIONAL PAPERS AND DOCUMENTS Prices as listed. L The Japan Source: A Directory of the Clinton Administration's Trade & Technology People and Offices. May 1993. $20. 2. Japan 2000. The final version of the controversial Rochester Institute of Technology symposium on the future of U.S. -Japan relations. (1991) $35. 3. Information Perception: A Strategic Gap. Paper presented to The Third International Conference on Japanese Information in Science, Technology and Commerce, Nancy, France, May 1991. $2.50. 4. Technology Policy Initiatives in the Clinton-Gore Administration. A 48-page Congressional Research Service report. March 18, 1993. $15. 5. Reference Guide to Japanese Organizations and Their English Translations. March 1992. 31 pages. $20. 6. Japan-U.S. Relations: Policy Issues For the Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress. A 39-page Congressional Research Report Service report. April 29, 1993. $15. JAPAN NEWS BRIEFS Reviews of the Japanese press on selected S&T issues. $3.00 each unless otherwise noted. 1. Assessing the Clinton Administration's S&T Policies Toward Japan (February 1993) 2. Japan's Search for Ways to Counter the U.S. "Patent Offensive" (July 1992) 3. Japanese Foreign Aid Targets Environmental Markets (January 1993) 4. Calls for Continued Defense Technology R&D After the Cold War (October 1992) 5. The Silent Service" An Overview of the Popular Renegade Nuclear Submarine Comic (April 1993) 6. Minimap Automation Protocol (July 1992) 7. Activities of the Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies (December 1992) 8. Japan's Expanding International Network for Developing its Space Industry (July 1992) 9. Japan's Industrial Robot Association (December 1992) 10. Japan's Regional Technology Alliances (January 1993) Page 244 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 11. Japan's Micromachine Project Enters the R&D Stage for Medical and Industrial Uses (April 1992) 12. Japan is Forging Ties with Russia in Nuclear Power Technology (March 1993) 13. Japan is Seeking to Turn Virtual Reality into a Key Domestic Industry (June 1992) 14. Japanese Industrial Policy Toward Electric Vehicles (April 1993) ($7.50) 15. MITI and SJAC (Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies) Initiatives with Russia and China to Aid Aerospace Industry (June 1993). 16. Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) (June 1993). 17. Japan Encourages and Develops Emerging Nuclear Power Market in Pacific Rim (July 1993). PLEASE SEND REQUESTS AND PAYMENT TO: JAPAN INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT 1706 R STREET, N.W. TEL: (202) 332-5224 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20009 FAX: (202) 332-6841 Page 245 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 246 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Quality Mores and Best Practices: Competitive Intelligence in Japan. Dr. Giuliana A. Lavendel, Manager, Information Resources, Palo Alto Research Center, Xerox Corp. You will remember that old proverb "In Rome, do as the Romans do." I propose that, when looking at Japanese information ~ scientific, technical, business- we do as the Japanese do. This came to mind at a Xerox benchmarking conference in Marina del Rey; we were meeting at the Ritz Carlton, one of the best hotels in the country, where all employees, down to the last dishwasher, are really empowered. The hotel manager gave a presentation about the quality and benchmarking process, and said something which applies to our competitive intel- ligence challenge: "Where mores are sufficient, laws are not necessary." I believe that we have not applied quality and benchmarking principles to the problem of information exchange between the U.S. and Japan, which continues to be a one-way stream, from the U.S.to Japan. In 1989, at a conference in Berlin (Second International Conference on Japanese Information on Science, Technology, and Commerce), I presented a graphic view of the information flow between the U.S. and Japan in 1967-68 (Fig, 1). Today, according to the experts and to the best of my knowledge, the situation is almost the same. The lion's share of R&D is still performed in the U.S. and this, in turn, spurs the torrent of information from America. To quote a former trading company executive, Juro Nakagawa [Nakagawa 1992]: "The major economic activities in the 21st century focus on R&D, which are mainly centered in the triad of the U.S., Europe, and Japan." A recent report on global R&D from the National Science Foundation (NSF 1993) confirms this scenario and updates it (Fig. 2) : Page 247 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Following Total Quality Management's well-known guidelines we should ask: who are the U.S. customer of Japanese information? They are found among the Fortune 500, mid-size and small businesses, and also the entrepreneurial firms seeking joint ventures with larger partners in America and abroad, a typical Silicon Valley scenario. Furthermore, the benchmarking paradigm prescribes that we identify "best practices." Since the Japanese are the best users of Japanese information, they also represent best practices in gathering it and using it to advantage. In fact, Japanese executives, whether in the U.S. or in their own country, employ optimal methods for obtaining information on Japanese business and STI. The same executives, when faced with an information request from persons they know and trust, respond with remarkable openness. I was fortunate in obtaining candid responses on the subject of information gathering, Japanese-style, in interviews with numerous business contacts. Some of the most cogent observa- tions came to me via E-mail, from business connections I do not even know personally . "Direct contact with the company would be essential to perform com- petitive intelligence," a Japanese source stated. As an example, he added that "to obtain competitive information (about the U.S.) we should get involved in the U.S. in any aspect." In fact, he continued, many Japanese companies in the U.S. have "research labs" and development organizations which are nothing else but listening posts. They establish direct contact with the desired source, to get "hot topics" and feed them back home. To be sure, U.S. companies have the opportunity to use their Japanese branches, research labs, and affiliates as information sources or listening posts. It should be even possible for several companies with matching interests to establish collective "re- search projects" to function as listening posts in Japan. The Japanese frequently use product acquisition discussions, requests for quotations and other forms of negotiations to focus on companies with interesting products. Merger-acquisition discussion are also very useful sources of confidential information on technology develop- ments, and so are investment banks which serve as intermediaries in negotiations among firms. It is common for Japanese businessmen to obtain prospectuses on competitors from investment bankers — librarians can obtain them from Disclosure -yet how many people are aware of this resource? Page 248 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings For a strategic overview covering three to five years, trend patent analysis is among the best tools, and widely practiced in Japan — but not many U.S. companies bother to perform this trend analysis on Japanese competitors; they are content with researching individual projects and patents. Patent analysis, as conducted by the Japanese, always mentions the number of inventors. Why? Because the number of individuals involved may offer an approximation of the technical resources in- vested in a certain field of invention. Software is an exception, but key software, which usually relates to specific hardware, is well covered in press organs and other public sources. Patent applications, especially the kokai "laid open" after eighteen month from filing, are a primary source of information on competitors' focus. Japanese executives feel they do not have to go out of their way to obtain competitive intelligence because there is enough of it circulating freely, especially in the U.S. On the other hand, they hold that much of this "free" information is inaccurate. One pessimist estimated a "10% accuracy" factor only. In Japan, accuracy is a priority requirement, perhaps because strategic decisions are made on the basis of competi- tive intelligence. Just like their counterparts in the U.S., business and technical people in Japan network heavily. However, because of "lifetime employment" and other cultural factors, Japanese staff is less mobile. Intelligence circulates more slowly and over a limited range, e.g., within a certain industrial segment or geographical area; as a consequence, the infor- mation on which intelligence is based is more accurate. Intelligence is often the result of meetings where customers of major companies congregate; general discussions, where people talk freely, are very fruitful. College friends often exchange information, but in a more cautious way than in the U.S., where you can gather significant intel- ligence just standing in a hotel lobby or dining at a restaurant — or just reading a magazine, for that matter. Information exchanges among friends and acquaintances are conducted in a "gentlemen's agreement" style, which requires mutual disclosure. Reporters and consultants usually get information from Japan to the U.S. with a delay of two to three weeks, while the reverse flow from the U.S. to Japan is almost instantaneous. This is because the Japanese are more interested in systematic information gathering, and regard it as part of the strategic process. For instance, approximately seventy Page 249 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japanese trading companies have a small offices of no more than three people each, scattered in various cities in the U.S. They operate seven days a week and send a continuous stream of information to Japan all day, and even at nighttime if necessary; it would be very interesting to study how information collected in this fashion is filtered and utilized in Japan. At meetings of the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, members exchange stories about the trading companies' eternal vigilance. It is worthy of note that trade company repre- sentatives also scan magazines and journals, and send a stream of relevant English-language clippings to Japan, where they are immedi- ately read and understood; no delay for translation intervenes. At Xerox, we have a resident in Tokyo, stationed at Fuji Xerox, who scans the technical journals. There are many Americans residing in Japan who try to gather intelligence by sifting through journals and interviewing people, but the difficulty they encounter is that they rarely stay put long enough to cement their contacts and establish a human network. The Japanese cite examples of foreign companies, e.g. European firms, which failed because of staff changes: for instance, the case of a new CEO in Europe who did not give a measure of "authority" to his representatives in Japan. Because of Japanese business mores, our federal government and U.S. companies need to station people in Japan for a long time, instead of rotating them periodically. For in- stance, our company treasures Mr. Roger McDonald, a product manager who has been in Japan for ten years and is still there. Other companies do it right, like Hewlett-Packard, owner of 30 percent of Yotokawa Electric; H-P has fifty permanent residents in Japan. (Xerox has over one hundred Fuji Xerox residents in the U.S. and only seven American residents in Japan, but we are working on establishing a balance.) Some experts believe that managers should be exchanged, with middle and junior levels reporting to a Japanese executive for absorbing language and culture more effectively. In sum, tenure and contacts are all important for collecting information in the Japanese world. The recently appointed President of Dataquest Japan Ltd. is Kasahiro Yamane, who spent thirty years with Mitsubishi Electric. The Mitsubishi Group is the largest of the six major industrial groups in Japan, and Dataquest made a smart strategic move. (Can you imagine the contacts the Yamane-san has?) In the U.S. consultants are legion; there are fewer consultants in Japan. Newcomers have no chance, since large established firms like Nomura Research or Mc- Page 250 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Kinsey are preferred. Japanese management feels comfortable with these large companies, which they consider "very professional," while in the U.S., we rely more on the individual consultant. There is a slight blurring of these patterns now. The Japanese may not be able to speak it fluently, but most educated people in Japan can read English. At PARC, we have Japanese lesson, off and on, all year long, and we are not alone. At Compaq, one of the most visionary companies in the U.S., there are compulsory Japanese classes at lunchtime, so that many people already speak Japanese; there are also evening classes for the eager beavers, but those are not com- pulsory. It would help us if journals like Nihon Kezai Shimbun, which is printed in the U.S. daily via satellite, were translated immediately. For instance, when a Fuji Xerox/Xerox Corporation joint venture announced its OEM printer agreement with Compaq, Nihon carried the announcement before the American press. It would help if Nikei Zaikai (a Business Week equivalent) appeared in an English transla- tion; its intelligence is mostly accurate. There is the problem of time lapse, since sending an English document to Japan is standard practice, but not the reverse. Scientific American is translated into Japanese immediately, cover to cover. When a PARC scientist wrote a groundbreaking paper on ubiquitous computing, it was a matter of just few weeks before it appeared in the Japanese version of Scientific American, Finally, the Japanese do not go for "front office tours" and "fishing expeditions" in their own country. They set up visits and exchanges well in advance, and appreciate offers to make reciprocal technical presen- tations. Japanese executives especially like unpublished results, as MIT's Prof. Eagar mentions in his paper on the accessibility of Japanese Science and Technology (EAGER, 1992). He was a liaison scientist at the Office of Naval Research in Tokyo, and had the opportunity to observe that the Japanese are quite willing to cooperate in research while competing in the marketplace. "The Japanese are in this for their own benefit, " he writes. "Why shouldn't we be also?" This means that when pursuing Japanese information we should do as the Japanese do. It works. In the end, as McKinsey pundit believe (LEWIS 1992), we may learn from each other: while Americans assimilate Japanese information gathering, the Japanese economy may open up, become more service Page 251 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings oriented. A win-win transfer of innovation may occur. Mike Porter's analysis in "The Competitive Advantage of Nations" notes that the U.S. experiences strong demand on its local markets, and fierce domestic competition. Japan does not. Is this a source of current problems? If so, will the Japanese way of gathering information change? I wonder. Page 252 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings C O w 2 D O H s • aw C j^ w 0) K- C emm C O • •■» .fi IA • m c *— 3 ^ O c E ♦* to - * c f* o 00 ■o 9t 0) «— > 01 m 0) _c k» u (0 s 2 k. o> 0> E c < *D • C m k. k. 0B 0* 0> E 0> < E ♦* o C , k. Page 253 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings > a. Q cc Z £ C Si 0) o 3 o 5. 7 o go >■ "3 CO o o o o> CO *- O) a> re £ c 1 - 5 o o z CO W "■■■ £ R a. < CO a a -Q 2 5 0> * a. <0> £ u £ c o 0) £ CL w | £ J ^1 ° LZ (3 -* O C/5 — • aw* • ■« * a. C/5 o c/5 > 0> "=, > W c V < Z < 2f wo o £ H O "O 0> u LU 5 0) o & O 0) a> £ u — o c x- o CL WD 5 a) 3 E C5 00 en J* c C/5 C/5 © C/5 c o > MB £ ^ » — wo 5 o o 01 C/5 c rd CL <9 c «s oi S g 5 > £" W w = 0> ■a c a; > o a a. £ a; Cfi a; • u 0) c w In 0) £ c u E u <^ ■o s £ <^ *-» *. rs >. £■ wo hm CD c ■a w c eg £ a g o u E o £ O U Q £ « g ^ ££ I 3 .2 a *^ c/5 i 0) -4 0) w c 0) o £ O u 3 £ £ < u C/5 C/5 ^ J J "E c o o O £ c^ ^1 3 — * C/5 - WO 1 £ WD < o a. o X Z £ Page 255 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 256 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Opportunities for Scientific Research in Japan: The Role of the National Science Foundation Dr. Alexander P. De Angelis, Program Coordinator, National Science Foundation, Japan Program Policy Background Scientific and technical issues have become a major focus of attention in our relationship with Japan because of their far-reaching implica- tions to our economy and ultimately our well-being as a nation. There are many factors which compel us to pay serious attention to our S&T relationship, including the following: 1. The United States and Japan together account for approximately 40 percent of the world's GNP and therefore share a special responsibility toward the world's energy resources and environment. 2. The United States and Japan are by far the largest investors in R&D in the world, each investing ap- proximately 3 percent of GNP in research and development. 3. The emergence of a global economy based upon knowledge-intensive technologies. 4. The demise of the superpower confrontation has increased the importance of economic competitive- ness as a key component of national security. 5. Japan enjoys a $40 billion plus trade surplus with the United States, largely in high technology products. Many more factors could easily be cited, but these will suffice to demonstrate that the U.S.-Japan S&T relationship is one of global importance. Indeed it is a key element in determining whether we will be able to meet the challenge of competition and cooperation in the coming century. Page 257 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The importance of the U.S.-Japan S&T relationship has been reaf- firmed and indeed has been given increasing emphasis by successive administrations. For example, In June 1988, following protracted and often difficult negotiations, a renewed and expanded U.S.-Japan Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology was signed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone. It sets forth the following principles to guide the overall relationship: 1. Shared responsibilities and mutual and equitable contributions and benefits commensurate with the two nations respective scientific and technological strengths and resources. 2. Comparable access to major government-spon- sored or government-supported programs. 3. Adequate and effective protection of intellectual property. 4. Widest possible dissemination of information. 5. Shared costs of collaboration. In January 1992 U.S. President George Bush and Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa, in what has come to be know as the Tokyo Declaration, reemphasized the importance of the S&T relationship and the growing responsibility of both countries to exert leadership in global matters affected by S&T. The Tokyo Declaration stated Mindful of their positions as world leaders in scientific research and technical development, the two governments undertake to expand scien- tific and technical cooperation, including basic research, based on recipro- cal access, for the benefit of both societies and the human community. More recently, the Clinton Administration in its February 22, 1993, statement, Technology for America s Economic Growth, A New Direction to Build Economic Strength, specifically singles out Japan for mention as a country which has supported commercial technology as a matter of national policy, a policy to be emulated in certain degree by the United Page 258 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings States. Based on this an other statements from the Administration, there is little doubt that the U.S.-Japan S&T relationship will gain even greater salience with time. The challenge which we face now and for the foreseeable future is to develop ways to cooperate in science and technology for everyone's benefit with countries such as Japan, the newly emerging technological powers of the Pacific, and the countries of Europe, which are at the same time our greatest economic competitors. It is a difficult challenge in that it does not lend itself to the old world divisions of friends and enemies. Also, in the case of Japan we must struggle hard to stay clear of facile generalities and stereotypes that would blind us to the fact that Japan, for all its vaunted cultural, racial, and linguistic homogeneity, is a large, complex, diverse country of many facets and differences, strengths, and weaknesses. One generality which tends to get in the way of a clear vision of what is really happening in Japan is the idea that basic research in Japan is weak. Relative to the United States, which has the most highly developed, diversified basic research system in the world, Japan is weak in basic research. But this is a relative perspective comparing systems on an aggregate level. It says nothing about the many areas of research excellence and the many excellent researchers in Japan. Nor does it say anything about the heavy investment which Japan has made in state-of- the-art facilities and equipment, nor about the growing policy emphasis on basic research in Japan. Numerous delegations of experts have visited Japan over the past five years to assess the state-of-the-art in this or that field. Many have been sent by or through the National Science Foundation under the JTEC (Japanese Technology Evaluation Center) program. These reports, while obviously focused primarily on technological developments, repeatedly point out that in the pursuit of specific technological goals Japanese scientists are achieving noteworthy basic research results. For example, the JTEC Display Technologies report points out that world-class basic research in liquid crystal materials is being carried out under Professor S. Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. Similarly, Professor Shoji Tanaka of Tokyo University is credited as one of the pioneers in basic research on high temperature superconductivity. Such examples of excellence are plentiful. Page 259 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings These two examples also demonstrate the fact that excellent research results are being achieved at Japanese universities, which runs counter to the widely held opinion that university research in Japan is bad. Again, the truth is that there are many examples of excellent research being conducted in Japanese universities as well as in Japanese corpora- tions and government labs, even though the overall system of university research is not comparable to the U.S. Since it is in the nature of fundamental discoveries that one such discovery can change the very foundations of our understanding of the laws of nature, it certainly is in our interests to pursue the possibilities of new insights wherever they may be, including Japan. The Role of the National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation is one of many government agencies, each with its own strengths and each serving a particular part of the scientific and technical community, trying to meet the challenge. For NSF the playing field is basic research. The particular challenge is to access the best basic or fundamental research in Japan in order to augment and complement our own capabilities. The NSF Japan Pro- gram attempts to do this in many different ways. The goal of the Japan Program is to provide American researchers at all stages of their research careers and from all sectors including universities, govern- ment, and corporations, with opportunities to initiate contacts and cooperation with Japan in all sectors including corporations, govern- ment, and universities. The Program places special emphasis on re- searchers at the beginning of their careers so as to provide them with a life-long focus on developments in their field in Japan. (The various components of the NSF Japan Program are briefly described below. Because of the complexity of the programs it is recommended that interested persons enquire of the Japan Program staff about the relevant components: phone (202) 653-5862, fax (202) 653-7775, e-mail "NSFJinfo@nsf.gov" through Internet, or "NSFJinfo@nsf" through BitNet.) Page 260 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Cooperative Projects The oldest component of the NSF Japan Program goes back over thirty years to the 1961 Summit Meeting between President Kennedy and Prime Minister Ikeda, from which developed the first S&T bilateral between the United States and any foreign government. This program consists of cooperative research and joint seminars. It has been respon- sible for introducing thousands of researchers to their U.S. or Japanese counterparts. A cooperative research project begins with a joint proposal for work to be carried out separately at sites in the U.S. and Japan over a two year period during which the counterpart researchers often visit each other for short- to medium-term visits ranging from a week to several months. The purpose of the joint seminars is to develop common research agenda that may lead to joint research projects. Medium- and Long-Term Visits for Individual Research Medium-term visits from three to six months duration are supported for Senior Investigators (more than five years beyond the doctoral degree) and Young Investigators (within five years of having received a doctoral degree or equivalent experience). Long-term visits (referring specifically to this particular element of the NSF Japan Program) of 6 months to two years are supported only for Senior Investigators. (For Young Investigators visits of 6-24 months are also available, but under the program element referred to as Post-doc- toral and Junior Faculty Research Fellowships below.) Post-doctoral and Junior Faculty Research Fellowships Young Investigators may apply for post-doctoral fellowships in Japan for six to 24 months duration. (As described above, they may also apply for visits of from 3-6 months under a separate program element.) NSF cooperates with three Japanese organizations, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the Science and Technology Agency (STA), and the Center for Global Partnership (CGP), to provide fellowships at different types of Japanese laboratories: university, na- tional research institutes or public research corporations, and private industry. For JSPS and STA, NSF receives proposals from U.S. re- Page 261 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings searchers, reviews them for merit, and nominates candidates to the appropriate Japanese agency. JSPS and STA directly fund the fellow- ships. For the CGP Fellowships, NSF receives and reviews the proposals and makes decisions in consultation with CGP. NSF directly funds the fellowships. Dissertation Enhancement Awards The Japan Program will consider dissertation enhancement proposals for stays in Japan from 3-12 months. Japanese host institutions can be in any sectonuniversity, government, or private. Summer Institute in Japan for U.S. Graduate Students in Science and Engineering, Including Biomedical Science and Engineering The Summer Institute in Japan provides up to 60 U.S. graduate students first-hand experience in a Japanese research environment, intensive Japanese language training, and an introduction to the science and science-policy infrastructure of Japan. The goals of the Institute are to expose U.S. graduate students to Japanese science and engineering in the context of a research laboratory and to initiate personal relation- ships which will better enable the students to collaborate with Japanese counterparts in the future. The program lasts for 8 weeks and takes place in two locations: Tokyo and Tsukuba (Relevant Program An- nouncement: NSF 92-105). This program is in its fourth year. It began in 1990 with 25 students in Tsukuba Science City and has since grown to its current size of 60 students both in Tsukuba and downtown Tokyo. NSF sponsors 50 of the students in all basic fields and NIH sponsors 10 in biomedical sciences. In 1991 a number of corporations were added as potential host sites. Currently 19 corporations have signed on as potential hosts. Last year nine students were hosted by corporations. Page 262 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NSF's Arrangement with the Center for Global Partnership One of the special features of the NSF Japan Program is that it has worked to build partnerships with key institutions in Japan in order to insure access for our scientists to the best resources available. The most recent arrangement has been with the Japan Foundation's Center for Global Partnership which was established only a few years ago. The NSF/CGP arrangement, agreed to in September 1992, allows for young and senior investigators to travel to Japan for research visits ranging from 3-24 months (as described in brief above). NSF receives solicits, receives and reviews the proposals, and selects those to be funded in consultation with CGP. CGP provides the funds to NSF, and NSF makes the grants. Deadlines for application are April 1 and November 1. (This year only there was a special initial deadline of February 15.) In conclusion, Japan provides many opportunities for valuable scientific cooperation. It is in our best interests as a nation to know what these are and to make them available to America's research scientists and engineers. Page 263 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 264 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japan's Science and Technology Agency's Fellowship Program in Science and Technology: A Description and History Mr. Takashi Nitto, Manager, Office of Planning, Research Development Corporation of Japan STA Fellowship Program: Introduction The Science and Technology Agency (STA), an administrative organ of the Government of Japan, established the STA Fellowship Program in 1988. The fellowship offers opportunities for promising young foreign researchers in the fields of science and technology to conduct research at Japan's national laboratories and public research corporations (ex- cluding universities and university-affiliated institutes). The program is also a response to calls from the international com- munity of science and technology for greater international cooperation through the exchange of promising researchers. Since Oct. 1, 1989, the program has been managed by the Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC), a statutory organization under the supervision of STA, in cooperation with the Japan Interna- tional Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC). JRDC also has the strong support and cooperation of the Responsible Organiza- tions listed in Table 1. Fellowship Qualifications Each applicant for the STA Fellowship should: • Possess a doctor's degree in a scientific, technologi- cal, engineering or medical field, or have an equivalent qualification (if professional, or other, experience indicated a level of competence equivalent to that required of a doctor, the applicant may be considered for a Fellowship); Page 265 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings • Be no greater than 35 years of age, in principle; • Be of sufficiently good health to pursue research activities in Japan; • Have sufficient language ability to pursue research activities in Japan. Japanese language ability is preferable, but English is sufficient in most cases. With the agreement of the host research institute, other languages many suffice. Tenure and Field of Research The tenure will be from six months to two years, to be decided upon through negotiations between the candidate and the host institute. The results of research activities produced during the tenure will be subject to the regulations of the host institute. Fellowship Awards JRDC provides Fellows with the following support: • A round-trip airline ticket (economy class) between Japan and tne Fellow's home country (not available for dependents); • A monthly living allowance of ¥270,000; • A family allowance at a flat rate of ¥50,000 per month for Fellows accompanied by one or more dependents during their tenure; • An initial international settling-in allowance of ¥200,000 • An annual allowance of up to ¥1 15,000 for travel within Japan related to research activities; • Housing; • Normally accommodations are arranged by JISTEC and offered to Fellows free of charge. However, service charges utility bills, etc., must oe paid by the Fellows. As a guideline, JISTEC tries to secure apartments with a floor area of 40m for unaccom- Page 266 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 2 Eanied Fellows, and 60m for Fellows accompanied y dependents (Floor areas will be smaller in metropolitan areas such as Tokyo). If a Fellow prefers a larger apartment for reasons such as family size, up to a maximum of ¥100,000 per month may be paid as a housing allowance toward rent. Any shortfall in rent, usual maintenance costs, and char- ges for electricity, gas and water, must be borne by the Fellow; # Medical insurance (not available for dependents). In addition to the above, ¥516,000 per year will be paid to the host institute to cover research expenses incurred as a result of accepting the Fellow, such as reasonable refitting costs, equipment and materials, consumables, utilities, and various requirements such as books. Assistance for Fellows If they wish, Fellows may take advantage of the following assistance: • Free Japanese-language courses for Fellows whose host research institutes are in the Tsukuba area. Fel- lows whose institutes are located elsewhere are en- titled to reimbursement of reasonable amounts for language tuition at a private school (not available for dependents); • Since most apartments in Japan are unfurnished, basic furniture and electric appliances will be provided free of charge to Fellows; • Counseling on problems relating to such aspects of daily life as children's schooling, medical care, and shopping, is available for Fellows living in the Tsukuba area. Application Procedure: Application through Responsible Organization (Figure 1-A) Applicants possessing the nationality or citizenship or permanent resi- dent status of a country listed in Table 1 should: Page 267 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 1. Contact the Responsible Organization in their country to obtain an application form and information about the host research institutes given in Table 2. 2. Communicate with host research institutes of interest to ascertain their suitability for the applicant's area of specialization. This should be done on Form 1 in the application packet. 3. After agreeing with the prospective host institute on the subject of research, the length of tenure and starting date for the Fellowship, the applicant should obtain from the institute a formal letter of acceptance expressing its willingness to serve as a host. 4. Submit the completed application form and the letter of acceptance to the Responsible Organization concerned. The Responsible Or- ganization will then screen applicants, and submit its recommendations for Fellowship Candidates to JRDC through JISTEC, accompanied by a complete dossier on the candidates. 5. JRDC will then conduct a further screening and notify successful applicants by sending a Letter of Award through JISTEC. The Respon- sible Organization and the host research institute concerned will also be informed in this respect. Application Through Host Research Institute (Figure 1-B) 1. Applicants without the nationality or citizenship or permanent resi- dent status of a country with a Responsible Organization should send enquiries directly to institutes of interest listed in Table 2. This should be done using Form 1. 2. The institute will screen the applicant and, if willing to pursue the application, will request him/her to send pertinent documents and information. These will then be sent along with a letter of recommen- dation to JRDC through JISTEC (complete dossiers on candidates are all submitted to JRDC through JISTEC once a year, usually in July). 3. JRDC will then conduct a further screening and notify successful applicants by sending a Letter of Award through JISTEC. The host research institute concerned will also be informed in this respect. Page 268 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings FIG. 1 PROCEDURAL FLOW FROM CONTACT TO RECEIPT OF AWARD Foreign Researcher (2) Contact ® Notify ©Send Letter of ® 5E55Lf n ward acceptance Award Host Institute Fig. 1-A Application through Responsible Organization Recommend Transmit recommendation Foreign Researcher © Contact @ Request materials necessary for recommendation from acceptable applicants Send Letter of Award (7) Notify award decision (|) Notify award decision Fig. 1-B Application through Host Research Institute © J Transmit recommendation Page 269 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings TABLET RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATIONS AUSTRALIA THE AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Ms. Bonnie Bauld International Exchange Officer GPO BOX 783, Canberra ACT 2601 Tel: 61-6-247-3966 Fa*: 61 -6-257-4620 AUSTRIA FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR SCIENCE AND RESEARCH Ms. Susanna Peterka Administrative Officer, International Affairs Minoritenpl atz 5, A 1014 Vienna Tel: 43-222-531-20-6794 Fax: 43-222-531-20-6486 CANADA NATURAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH COUNCIL Ms. Eileen P. Garvey Program Officer, Japan Programs 200 Kent Street, Ottawa. K1 A 1 H5 Tel: 1-613-947-0190 Fax: 1-613-992-5337 GERMANY ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT-STIFTUNG Dr. Eberhard Nies Selection Department Jean-Paul-Str. 12. D-5300 Bonn 2 Tel: 49-228-833-101 Fax: 49-228-833-199 FINLAND THE ACADEMY OF FINLAND Ms. Rilva Helle International Affairs P. O. Box 57, SF-00551 Helsinki Tel: 358-0-7758-31 6 Fax: 358-0-7758-299 FRANCE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE Ms. Francoise Aubujeault Chief of Asia Division. Mission of International Relations 15 Quai Anatole-France, 75700 Paris Tel: 33-1-47-53-12-43 Fax: 33-1-47-53-1 8-70 or 33-1 -47-53-00-55 ITALY MINISTERO DELLA RICERCA SCIENTIFICA E TECHNOLOGICA Ufficio Relazioni Internazionali Dr. Maria Enrica Danubio Head of Bilateral Activities International Relation Oflice Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, 00100 Roma Tel: 39-6-3232642 Fax:39-6-3221584 Page 270 NETHERLANDS STICHTING VOOR DE TECHNISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN (STW) Dr. C. A. M. Mombers Program Officer Postbus 3021 . 3502 GA Utrecht Van Vollenhovenlaan 661, Utrecht Tel: 31 -30-923275 Fax:31-30-961536 NEW ZEALAND MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Ms. Lisa Goodman International Science Officer P. O. Box 5336, Wellington Tel: 64-4-472-6400 Fax:64-4-471-1284 NORWAY THE ROYAL NORWEGIAN COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (NTNF) Ms. Else Boon Advisor P. O. Box 70, Tasen 0801 Oslo 8 Tel: 47-2-237685 Fax: 47-2-181 139 or 47-2-184137 SWEDEN NUTEK Ms. Leena Holappa Administrative Program Officer Liljeholmsvagen 32, S-117 86, Stockholm Tel: 46-8-775-4000 Fax: 46-8-1 9-68-26 SWITZERLAND SWISS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Dr. Benno G. Frey Head of the Fellowship Section Wildhainweg 20, CH-3012. Bern Tel: 41-31-27-22-22 Fax: 41-31-23-30-09 UNITED KINGDOM THE ROYAL SOCIETY Ms. Vida Cody Head of Japan Exchanges 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1 Y 5AG Tel: 44-71-839-5561 Fax: 44-71 -930-21 70 UNITED STATES NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Ms. Janice M. Cassidy Japan Programs Division of International Programs 1800 G Street, NW., Washington, D. C. 20550 Tel: 1-202-653-5862 Fax:1-202-653-5929 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Mr. Mario Merla Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development, DG XII-G-3. 200 Rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels, Belgium Tel: 32-2-295-39-90 Fax: 32-2-296-33-08 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings TABLE 2 HOST INSTITUTES National Laboratories NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY 1 National Research Institute of Police Science 6 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102 Tel: 03-3261-9986 Fax:03-3261-9986 ext. 219 HOKKAIDO DEVELOPMENT AGENCY 2 Civil Engineering Research Institute, Hokkaido Development Bureau Hiragishi 1-jo 3-chome. Toyohiraku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 062 Tel: 011-841-1119 Fax:011-824-1226 ext. 251 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY 3 National Aerospace Laboratory (Research on aerospace technologies) 7-44-1, Jindaijihigashi-machi, Chofu City, Tokyo 182 Tel: 0422-47-5911 Fax:0422-48-5888 ext. 261 4 National Research Institute for Metals 2-3-12, Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153 Tel: 03-3719-2279 Fax:03-3792-3337 ext. 290 5 National Institute of Radiological Sciences 9-1, Anagawa, 4-chome, Chiba City, Chiba Pref. 260 Tel: 043-251-21 11 Tlx: 3722205 NIRS J Fax: 043-256-9616 ext. 387 6 National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials 1-1, Namiki. Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-51-3351 Fax:0298-52-7449 ext. 227 7 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Earth science and preventative science and technology related to natural disasters) 3-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prel. 305 Tel: 0298-51-1611 Fax:0298-51-1622 ext.29 8 National Institute of Science and Technology Policy 1-11-39, Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Tel: 03-3581-2391. 2392 Fax: 03-3503-3996 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 9 National Institute for Environmental Studies (Natural & social sciences; basic & project studies) 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-51-61 1 1 Fax: 0298-51-4732 10 National Institute for Minamata Disease (Clinical, epidemiological and basic medical research on health effects of methyl mercury) 4058-18 Hama, Minamata City, Kumamoto Pref. 867 Tel: 0966-63-31 1 1 Fax: 0966-63-6844 MINISTRY OF FINANCE 1 1 Central Customs Laboratory 531, Iwase, Matsudo City, Chiba Pref. 271 Tel: 0473-63-4211 Fax:0473-61-0531 12 National Research Institute of Brewing (Alcoholic beverages; Biotechnology; Fermentation technology) 2-6-30, Takinogawa. Kita-ku. Tokyo 1 14 Tel: 03-3910-6235 Fax: 03-3910-6239 MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND WELFARE 13 Institute of Population Problems (Research and studies on population problems) 2-2, 1-chome, Kasumigaseki. Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-45 Tel: 03-3591-4816 Fax: 03-3591-4816 14 National Institute of Health Services Management 1-21-13, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162 Tel: 03-3203-5327 Fax: 03-3202-6853 15 Institute of Public Health (Health policy and management; Promotion and disease prevention; Environmental health) 6-1, Shirokanedai 4-chome, Minato-ku Tokyo 108 Tel: 03-3441-71 11 Tlx: 2428187 INSTPH J Fax:03-3446-2615 ext. 210 16 The National Institute of Health 10-35 Kamiosaki 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 Tel: 03-3444-2181 Fax: 03-3446-6286 1 7 The National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Basic & applied research on health promotion; Research on dietary habits of Japanese and food components analysis) 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162 Tel: 03-3203-5721 Fax: 03-3202-3278 18 National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP 1-7-3. Kohnodai, Ichikawa City, Chiba Pref. 272 (Research and therapy in mental health for the factors of aging, environment, genetics, and bio-chemical reactions) Tel: 0473-72-0141 Fax:0473-71-2900 19 National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP (Basic and clinical research on nervous, mental, muscular and developmental disorders) 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira City, Tokyo 187 Tel: 0423-41-2711 Fax:0423-44-6745 ext. 2116 20 National Institute for Leprosy Research (Microbiological studies on leprosy bacilli and bioregulatory studies on leprosy) 2-1. 4-chome, Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama City, Tokyo 189 Tel: 0423-91-8211 Fax:0423-94-9092 ext, 25 21 National Cancer Center 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104 Tel: 03-3542-2511 Fax:03-3545-3567 22 National Institute of Hygienic Sciences (Experimental work on the regulation of food, drugs and other chemicals to protect consumers' health and salety) 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158 Tel: 03-3700-1 141 Tlx: 2466597 JPNIHS J Fax:03-3707-6950 ext. 220 23 National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute 5-7-1, Fujishiro-dai, Suita City, Osaka 565 Tel: 06-833-5012 Fax:06-833-9865 24 National Children's Medical Research Center 3-35-31, Taishido, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154 Tel: 03-3414-8121 Fax: 03-3414-3208 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES 25 National Institute of Animal Industry 2. Ikenodai, Kukizaki-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-8617 Fax: 0298-38-8606 26 National Agriculture Research Center (Crop science; Agronomy; Crop protection; Farm management) 3-1-1 , Kannondai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-8510 Fax: 0298-38-8484 27 National Institute of Agrobiological Resources (Genetic resources; Tissue culture; Recombinant DNA; Biological functions; Radiation breeding) 2-1-2, Kan-nor iai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-7406 Fax: 0298-38-7408 28 National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences 3-1-1, Kannondai, Tsukuba City. Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-8161 Fax: 0298-38-8199 29 National Grassland Research Institute (Grassland, Ecology; Plant breeding; Grazing; Soil management. Physiology) 768. Senbonmatsu, Nishmasuno-machi, Nasu-gun, Tochigi Pref 329-27 Tel: 0287-36-01 11 Fax:0287-36-6629 ext. 203 30 Fruit Tree Research Station (Fruit breeding; Biotechnology; Postharvest; Pomology; Fruit protection/apple, citrus, Japanese pear, peach etc.) 2-1, Fu|imoto, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-6451 Fax:0298-38-6437 „ ,_, Page 271 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 31 National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental 48 Plants and Tea 360, Kusawa, Ano-cho, Age-gun, Mie Pref. 514-23 Tel: 0592-68-1331 Fax:0592-68-3213 32 National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering (Irrigation and drainage engineering) 49 2-1-2. Kannondai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-7506 Fax: 0298-38-7609 33 Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station Hitujigaoka-1. Toyohira-ku. Sapporo City. 062 50 Tel: 01 1-851-9141 Fax:011-853-5916 34 Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station 4, Akahira, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka City, Iwate Pref. 020-01 Tel: 0196-41-2145 Fax:0196-41-7794 ext. 223, 327 51 35 Chugoku National Agricultural Experiment Station (Studies on the marketing and distribution technology of agricultural products) 6-12-1, Nishifukatsu-cho, Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Pref. 721 Tel: 0849-23-4100 Fax:0849-24-7893 ext. 253 52 36 Shikoku National Agricultural Experiment Station 1-3-1, Senyu-cho, Zentsuji City, Kagawa Pref. 765 Tel: 0877-62-0800 Fax:0877-63-1683 37 Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station 53 2421, Suya, Nishigoshi-machi, Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto Pref. 861-11 Tel: 096-242-1 150 Fax:096-242-3919 National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries (Fisheries in the far seas and implementation of maritime research) 7-1, Orido 5-chome, Shimizu City, Shizuoka Pref. 424 Tel: 0543-34-0715 Fax:0543-35-9642 Nansel National Fisheries Research Institute 2-17-5, Maruishi, Ohno-cho, Saeki-gun, Hiroshima Pref. 739-04 Tel: 0829-55-0666 Fax:0829-54-1216 Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute (Population studies; Ecosystemic studies; Cultivation, management techniques) 49, Kokubu-machi, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Pref. 850 Tel: 0958-22-8158 Fax:0958-21-4494 National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering (Aquaculture, fishing ports, fishing boats and marine research instruments, fishing gear and methods, research technologies) Ebidai, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki Pref. 314-04 Tel: 0479-44-4961 Fax:0479-44-1875 National Research Institute of Aquaculture (Basic studies on various aspects of aquaculture) 422-1 Nakatsuhamaura, Nansei-cho, Watarai-gun, Mie Pref. 516-01 Tel: 05996-6-1830 Fax:05996-6-1962 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-73-321 1 Fax: 0298-74-8507 ext. 221 38 The Hokuriku Agricultural Experiment Station (Improving agricultural technology for the heavy snowfall areas) Inada, 1-2-1, Joetsu City, Niigata Pref. 943-01 Tel: 0255-23-4131 Fax:0255-24-8578 ext. 203 39 National Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (Overall studies on economic problems related to agriculture) 2-1, Nishigahara 2-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 1 14 Tel: 03-3910-3946 Fax: 03-3940-0232 40 National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science (Sericulture; Utilization of insect function) 1-2, Ohwashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-6004 Fax: 0298-38-6028 4 1 National Institute of Animal Health (Animal health research) 3-1-1, Kannondai. Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-7707 Fax: 0298-38-7880 42 National Food Research institute (Food science; Applied microbiology; Bioconversion) 2-1-2, Kannondai. Tsukuba City. Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-8005,7991 Fax: 0298-38-7996 43 Tropical Agriculture Research Center {International collaborative research on agriculture and forestry) 1-2, Onwashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-38-6335 Tlx: 3652456 TARCJP J Fax:0298-38-6316 44 Hokkaido National Fi-heries Research Institute 116, Katsur „oi, Kus o City Hokkaido 085 Tel: 0154-91-9136 Fax:0154-91-9355 45 Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute (Methods lor managing fishery resources, aquaculture and sea-larming techniques) 27-5. Shinhama-cho 3-chome. Shiogama City, Miyagi Pre! 985 Tel: 022-365-1 191 Fax:022-367-1250 46 National Research Institute of Fisheries Science 5-1, Kachidoki 5-chome, Chuo-ku Tokyo 104 Tel: 03-3531-1221 Fax:03-3533-5693 ext. 202 47 Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute 1-5939-22. Suido-cho. Niiaata City, Nngata Prel 951 Page 272 Tel: 025-228-0451 Tlx: NSK NG J No 3122-171 Fax' 025??4-09S0 AGENCY OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY 54 National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR) (Atom molecule manipulation; Cluster science; Bionic design) 1-1-4. Higashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-54-2500 Fax: 0298-54-2538 55 National Research Laboratory of Metrology (Metrology; Measurement of standards) 1-4, Umezono 1-chome, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prel. 305 Tel: 0298-54-4149 Tlx: 3652570 AIST J Fax:0298-54-4135 56 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (Developing advanced technologies for mechanical engineering and contributing to the expansion of industrial science) Namiki 1-2, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-58-7016 (Research Planning Office) Tlx: 3652570 AIST J Fax: 0298-58-7033 57 National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research (Science and technology for new materials; Polymer technology; Energy and resources; Standards and safety) 1-1 Higashi. Tsukuba City. Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-54-4444 Tlx: 3652570 AIST J Fax: 0298-54-4488. 0298-55-1397 58 Government Industrial Research Institute, Osaka (Research and development in the field of technology concerning new materials and new functions of materials) 8-31, Midorigaoka 1-chome. Ikeda City, Osaka 563 Tel: 0727-51-8351 Fax: 0727-51-6945 59 Government Industrial Research Institute, Nagoya (Ceramics [materials, machinery); Composite material; Solar material; Artificial clay; Biotechnology; Fluorine chemistry; Beam technology) Hirate-cho 1-chome, Kita-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Pref. 462 Tel: 052-91 1-2111 Fax:052-914-3439 ext, 705 60 National Institute of Bioscience and Human- Technology (Development of biotechnology, bioscience and human- technology for industries) 1 Higashi 1-chome. Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-54-6023 Tlx: 3652570 AIST J Fax:0298-54-6005 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 61 Geological Survey of Japan (Basic and applied geology, geochemistry and geophysics) 1-3, Higashi 1~chome, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-54-3576 Tlx: 3652511 GSJ J Fax: 0298-56-4989 62 Electrotechnlcal Laboratory (Electronics; Informatics; Energetics; Standards & metrology) 1-1-4, Umezono, Tsukuba City. Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-54-5013 (International Affairs Office) Tlx: 3652570 AIST J Fax: 0298-58-5345 63 National Institute for Resources and Environment (Development & utilization of mineral resources and energy; Environmental protection; Mine & industrial safety) 16-3, Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-56-81 11 Tlx: 3652570 AIST J Fax:0298-58-8118 64 Government Industrial Development Laboratory, Hokkaido 17-2-1, Higashi 2-jo. Tsukisamu, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 062 Tel: 01 1-857-8404 Fax:011-857-8901 65 Government Industrial Research Institute, Kyushu (Producing/processing new materials; Use of natural resources; Pollution control) 807-1, Shuku-machi, Tosu City, Saga Pref. 841 Tel: 0942-82-0893 Fax: 0942-83-0850 66 Government Industrial Research Institute, Shikoku (Marine science and technology; Highly functional materials science) 2-3-3, Hananomiya-cho, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Pref. 761 Tel: 0878-67-351 1 Fax: 0878-67-8234 67 Government Industrial Research Institute, Tohoku (New materials science; Extraction technology; Geothermal technology) 2-1, Nigatake 4-chome, Miyagino-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi Pref. 983 Tel: 022-237-521 1 Fax: 022-236-6839 68 Government Industrial Research Institute, Chugoku (Marine science and technology; Material and system science) 2-2-2, Hiro-Suehiro, Kure City, Hiroshima Pref. 737-01 Tel: 0823-72-1 1 1 1 Fax: 0823-73-3284 ext. 212 MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT 69 Ship Research institute 38-1, 6-chome, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181 Tel: 0422-41-3007 Fax:0422-41-3026 70 Port and Harbour Research Institute (Port; Airport; Coast; Ocean; Soil; Structure; Design; Planning; Dredging; Data base) 1-1, Nagase, 3-chome, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Pref. 239 Tel: 0468-44-5003 Fax: 0468-42-9265 71 Electronic Navigation Research Institute (Navigation and traffic control system technology) 6-38-1, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181 Tel: 0422-41-3162 Fax:0422-41-3169 72 Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute (Research on safety, nuisance control and energy saving for automobiles, railways and aviation) 6-38-1, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181 Tel: 0422-41-3207 (General Affairs Section) Fax:0422-41-3233 73 Meteorological Research Institute (Meteorology; Oceanography; Seismology and related geoscience) 1-1, Nagamine, Tsukuba City. Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-51-71 11 Fax:0298-51-1449 ext. 204 74 Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safely Agency (Oceanographic data and information service; Oceano- graphic surveys) 3-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104 Tel: 03-3541-3811 Fax- 03-354? 7174 3545-2885 ext 557 75 Marine Technical College (Navigation and engineenng training) 12-24, Nishikura-cho, Ashiya, Hyogo Pref. 659 Tel: 0797-22-9341 Fax:0797-32-7904 76 Institute for Sea Training (General studies on ships' operation techniques) 2-1-3, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Tel: 03-3580-31 1 1 ext 891 1 Fax: 03-3580-7972 MINISTRY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 77 Communications Research Laboratory (Intelligent communication; Optical/radio application; Informatics; Space technology & science) 4-2-1, Nukui Kita-machi. Koqanei City, Tokyo 184 Tel: 0423-21-1211 Tlx: 2832611 DEMPA J Fax: 0423-27-7458 MINISTRY OF LABOUR 78 Research Institute of Industrial Safety (Safety; Labour accident; Machinery; Ergonomics; Explosion; Construction; Electricity) 1-4-6, Umezono, Kiyose City, Tokyo 204 Tel: 0424-91-4512 Fax:0424-91-7846 79 National Institute of Industrial Health (Industrial physiology; Toxicology and environmental hygiene) 21-1, Nagao 6-chome, Tama-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Pref. 214 Tel: 044-865-61 11 Fax:044-865-6116 MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION 80 Public Works Research Institute (River; Dam; Sabo; Sewage; Road; Traffic; Bridge; Machinery; Geology; Material; Structure; Earthquake) 1, Asahi, Ooaza, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-64-221 1 Tlx: 3652574/PWRIMC J Fax:0298-64-1527 81 Building Research Institute (Housing; Planning; Building Sciences) 1 Tatehara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 Tel: 0298-64-2151 Tlx: 72-3652560 BRIMOC J Fax: 0298-64-2989, 7226 82 Geographical Survey Institute (Surveying and mapping) Kitasato-1. Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-64-1 1 1 1 Fax:0298-64-1658 ext. 313 MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS 83 Fire Research Institute (Research on combustion, extinguishment; R&D of firefighting equipment; Studies of hazardous materials. safety) 14-1, Nakahara 3-chome, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181 Tel: 0422-44-8331 Fax:0422-44-7719 Public Corporations 1 NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) Science & Technical Research Laboratories (Basic and practical studies on broadcast media. applications) 1-10-11, Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157 Tel: 03-5494-2215 Fax: 03-5494-2440 2 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (Research & development of atomic energy) 2-2-2, Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Tel: 03-3592-2368 Tlx: J 24596 Fax:03-3580-6107 3 The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) (Comprehensive research on physics, chemistry and biology) Hirosawa 2-1. Wako City, Saitama Pref. 351-01 Tel: 0484-62-1111 Tlx: 2962818 RIKEN J Fax: 0484-62-4608 ext. 2431-2434 4 Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC) 5-2, Nagata-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Tel: 03-3507-3001 Fax: 03-3581-1486 Page 273 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 5 Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC) (To establish a well-baJlanced nuclear fuel cycle in Japan) 1-9-13, Akasaka. Minatc-ku, Tokyo 107 Tel: 03-3586-331 1 Tlx: J 26462 Fax:03-3505-5125 ext. 2402 6 National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) (Implementing agency for space applications and research) World Trade Center Building. 4-1, Hamamatsu-cho, 2-chome. Minato-ku, Tokyo 105 Tel: 03-5470-4111 Tlx: J28424 Fax:03-3436-2928 7 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (Ocean research; Underwater technology; Deepsea survey) 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prel. 237 Tel: 0468-66-381 1 Fax: 0468-66-3061 8 Japan Information Center of Science and Technology 5-2. Naaatacho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Tel: 03-3581-6790 Fax:03-3593-3980 9 Japan Sewage Works Agency (Sewaae works; environment; sanitation) 5141, Shimo-sasame, Toda City, Saitama Pref. 335 Tel: 0484-21-2693 Fax:0484-21-7542 10 Institute of Agricultural Machinery (1AM) Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN) (Developmeni and improvement of aoricultural machinery) 1-40-2, Nisshin-cno, Omiya City, Saitama Pref, 331 Tel: 048-653-3901 Fax: 048-651-9655 Non-Profit Organizations 1 Osaka Bioscience Institute (Basic research in molecular biology, enzymes and metabolism, neuroscience, and cell biology) 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita City, Osaka 565 Tel: 06-872-4812 Fax:06-872-4818 2 Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (Investigation, research and education on remote sensing) 7-15-17, Yuni-Roppongi Building, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106 Tel: 03-3403-1761 Fax:03-3403-1766 3 Japan Chemical Analysis Center (Analysis of environmental radioactivity) 295-3. Sanno-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Pref. 281 Tel: 0434-23-5325 Fax: 0434-23-5326 4 Agricultural Policy Research Committee, Inc. 1-26-3, Nishiciahara, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114 Tel: 03-3910-7223 Fax: 03-3910-7267 5 International Development Center of Japan (Economic development studies; Project evaluation) Kyotuku Building, 9-11, Tomioka 2-chome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135 Tel: 03-3630-6911 Fax:03-3630-8120 6 Nippon Institute for Biological Science (Vetennary pathogens, their inlections and preventive measures; Methodology ol salety evaluation; Laboratory animals) 2221-1, Smcho, Ome City, Tokyo 198 Tel: 0428-31-5135 Fax:0428-31-6166 7 Totlorl Mycologlcal Institute (Taxonomy; Ecology; Genetics; Breeding; Cultivation; Farm manaoement) Kokoge-21 1", Tonon City, Totiori Pref. 689-1 1 Tel: 0857-51-81 11 Fax:0857-53-1986 ext, 24 8 Japan Environmental Sanitation Center (Environmental engineering; Environmental science) Page 274 10-6, Yotsuyakami-machi Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prel. 210 Tel: 044-288-4896 Fax:044-299-2294 ext. 220 9 The Research Institute of Tuberculosis Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Tuberculosis control program; Surveillance & epidemiology; Clinical & basic studies) 3-1-24, Maisuyama, Kiyose City. Tokyo 204 Tel: 0424-93-571 1 Fax: 0424-92-4600 10 Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (Carcinogenesis; Cancer biology, diagnosis & treatment) 1-37-1. Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170 Tel: 03-3918-01 11 Fax:03-3918-0167 1 1 International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences (Interdisciplinary research on traffic and related sciences) 2-6-20, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104 Tel: 03-3273-7884 Fax: 03-3272-7054 12 Railway Technical Research Institute (Comprehensive testing, research and development for railway engineering, railway system and railway business) 2-8-38, Hikari-cho, Kokubunji City, Tokyo 185 Tel: 0425-73-7213 Fax:0425-73-7255 13 Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan 3-2-4, Kasumiyama Building, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 Tel: 03-3580-3271 Fax: 03-3580-3657 14 Japan Weather Association (Meteorological analysis; Weather forecast service; Atmospheric and marine survey) 2-9-2, Kandanishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101 Tel: 03-3295-1521 Fax:03-3292-7835 15 Hokkaido River Disaster Prevention Research Center (Synthetic research ol river disaster prevention techniques) Dai 2 Yuraku Building, 1-chome, Nisi, 1-jyo, Minami, Chuo-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060 Tel: 011-222-8141 Fax:011-231-3380 16 Radiation Effects Research Foundation (Epidemiological, clinical, pathologic and genetic studies) 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732 Tel: 082-261-3131 Fax: 082-263-7279 17 Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (R&D lor advanced science and technology) Kanagawa Science Park, 3-2-1, Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki City. Kanagawa 213 Tel: 044-819-2030 Fax:044-819-2026 18 Superconductivity Research Laboratory (SRL) International Superconductivity Technology Center (ISTEC) 10-13Shinonome, 1-chome, koto-ku, Tokyo 105 Tel: 03-3536-5703 Fax:03-3536-5714 19 Institute of Research and Innovation (Nuclear chemistry, laser technology, bio-engineering, environmental technology & related investigative research) 1-6-6, Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1 13 Tel: 03-5689-6351 Fax:03-5689-6350 20 Japan Fine Ceramics Center (R&D concerning test evaluation, manufacture, applications etc. of fine ceramics) 4-1 Mutsuno 2-chome, Atsuta-ku. Nagoya City, Aichi Pref. 456 Tel: 052-871-3500 Fax:052-871-3505 21 Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) (R&D of filth generation computer-Parallel and knowledge information processing technology based on logic programming) Mita Kokusai Bldg.. 21 F, 1-4-28 Mita. Minato-ku, Tokyo 108 Tel: 03-3456-3191 Fax: 03-3456-3191 22 Sag"8ml Chemical Research Center (Basic research in the fields ol organic and biological Chemistry) 4-4-1 Nishi-ohnuma, Sagamihara City, Kanaoawa Pref. 229 Tel: 04 27-42-4 791 Fax: 0427-49-7631 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 23 Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (Research on safety, environmental pollution, energy and new technology applications relating to the automobile) 2530, Karima, Tsukuba City, Ibarakj Pref. 305 Tel: 0298-56-1 1 1 1 Fax:0298-56-1122 ext. 317 24 Japan Wildlife Research Center (Wildlife management; Development of research technology) 2-29-3. Yushima, Bunkyo-ku. Tokyo 113 Tel: 03-3813-8806 Fax:03-3813-8958 25 Akajima Marine Science Laboratory Establishment of Tropical Marine Ecological Research (ETMER) (Basic research on conservation and effective use of tropical sea ecosystems) 179, Aka, Zamami-mura, Shimajiri-gun Okinawa Pref. 901-33 Tel: 098-987-2304 Fax: 098-987-2875 Reference in Japan © Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC) Department of International Research Exchanges 5-2, Nagata-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100. Japan Tel: 03-3507-3024-6 Fax:03-3581-1486 © Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC) Port One Building 6F, 1-7-6. Minato-machi, Tsuchiura City. Ibaraki Pref. 300, Japan Tel: 0298-24-3355 Fax: 0298-24-3214 Page 275 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 276 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Access to Japanese Science and Technology: Issues in U.S.-Japan Technology Relations Dr. Phyllis Genther Yoshida, U.S. Department of Commerce The emergence of formidable global competitors has forever changed the landscape of international business transactions. The playing field is global. Just as markets are global, so are technology development and technology management, as well as a wide range of business ac- tivities. This business-driven technology diversification means that a firm's internal technology management process must be expanded to include interactions with, and often the involvement of, international R&D players in its overall technology strategy. The United States can no longer operate as an island, and view itself as the world's sole significant inventor. These changes are particularly evident in U.S.-Japan relations. It goes far beyond the trade imbalance and volatile bilateral trade issues such as the semiconductor and supercomputer agreements, telecommunica- tions procurement, or the automobile voluntary export restraint about which we all hear daily in the news. Japan, as an economic challenger, is bringing to the forefront issues that involve science and technology. The following charts clearly show some of the trends in the U.S.-Japan science and technology relationship. These charts demonstrate the importance and growing preeminence of Japanese S&T. The first two charts show how Japanese basic R&D is spreading inter- nationally. U.S. corporate labs in Japan are a fraction of the Japanese ones in the United States. The next three charts show the results of basic R&D -- patents, licens- ing, and royalty fees. Again, the balance is uneven. The last chart indicates what happens to high-tech products that incor- porate this knowledge flow. The merchandise trade balance is also skewed. Page 277 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Where does this leave us? Although the flows of technology are not toward the United States, the product flows are. That is one reason to care about Japanese science and technology. It also suggests to me that maybe, we need to understand what is happening in Japan. We need to access Japanese science and technol- ogy. How do we reverse the flow? This is the role of the Commerce Department. The Japan Technology Program The mandate of the Japan Technology Program is to improve the access of, and ability of, U.S. companies and researchers to use important Japanese scientific and technical information. Or, more simply, we try to help Americans find and utilize Japanese knowledge and serve as a facilitator. The program carries out the mandates of the Japanese Technical Literature Act of 1986 and the U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Agreement for the U.S. Department of Commerce. The program is in the Technology Administration which includes NIST, NTIS, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy, in which my program is located. Senators Rockefeller and Baucus in 1986 saw Japan's skill in acquiring and utilizing foreign information to develop commercially applicable technologies. This spurred them to enact the Japanese Technical Literature Act that directs the Secretary of Commerce to increase the availability and understanding of Japanese technical information by coordinating federal government activities and by working with in- dustry. The United States signed the head-of-government U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Agreement in 1988 to cooperate in research and development in science and technology and to ensure equitable flows of technology. The Japan Technology Program coordinates implemen- tation of the Agreement for the Commerce Department. The program works on the flow of S&T information and researchers, undertakes negotiations to ensure that Japanese-initiated international R&D programs provide equitable benefits to all participants, and Page 278 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings counsels potential U.S. participants in these programs on how to better utilize them. Examples of negotiations underway include the interna- tional Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) feasibility study and a bilateral program in optoelectronics under Japan's Real World Com- puting Program. Finally, we established the new U.S.-Japan Manufacturing Technology Fellowship Program. Unlike existing programs geared for academics and students that send Americans to Japanese universities and national laboratories, our program will send U.S. manufacturing engineers and industrial designers to work in manufacturing in Japanese private com- panies -- Japan's "centers of excellence." The Three Components I just introduced the three components of a successful strategy to access Japanese science and technology which are also the three major com- ponents of the Japan Technology Program. They are understanding that knowledge originates in • Technical Information — the explicit transfer of infor- mation through documents, studies, databases, trans- lations • Networking of Individuals - the tacit transfer of in- formation through personal relationships • Cooperative Activities - joint R&D projects The Japan Technology Program works in all three areas, and as I would argue so should every successful company. Briefly, let me describe our major activities in each of these areas as examples of the type of activities that help us access KNOWLEDGE in these three ways. Technical Information The Japan Technology Program serves as the focal point in the U.S. government for activities related to the acquisition, translation, and dissemination of Japanese technical literature. We obtain, abstract, and sell Japanese scientific and technical documents through the Na- Page 279 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings tional Technical Information Service (NTIS), our sister agency within the Technology Administration. I chair the federal interagency Japanese Technical Literature Committee that coordinates govern- ment collection activities and tries to find ways to make more informa- tion publicly available. We produce directories of Japanese Technical Resources in the United States and Japanese technical documents entered into the NTIS collec- tion. We commission and publish reports on important Japanese tech- nologies, R&D practices and other issues of relevance to U.S.-Japan science and technology relations. We publish a quarterly newsletter. We sponsor and cosponsor con- ferences to disseminate information and to build awareness of Japanese science and technology. Finally, we provide business counseling to companies seeking to monitor developments in Japan. We believe that creating a system to obtain information and to know what sources of technical information exist is the first step in estab- lishing a successful corporate policy for utilizing Japanese science and technology. It is not cheap and it must be developed in a manner that reinforces the strategic needs of your company. It is the HOMEWORK that prepares your company for the more complicated steps of network- ing and cooperative activities. Networking The second component of knowledge creation and transfer is the networking of individuals to develop long-term personal relationships. Do you want real time information? You need to know people. And, no where else in the world than in Japan is the key to obtaining knowledge the development and maintenance of such relationships. The Japan Technology Program works closely with the National Science Foundation and other groups in the United States to encourage Americans to study and work in Japan. These efforts, along with the more favorable exchange rate since 1986, are just starting to pay off in the form of a cadre of Americans who speak Japanese and have lived in Japan for extended periods. Page 280 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings However, two major problems still remain. First, these young Americans worry that going to Japan will jeopardize, rather than en- hance, their careers and their employability. Second, there is still a 12 to 1 imbalance in the flow of researchers and students between the United States and Japan. In 1990-1991, it was 45,860 to 3,772. Japanese companies have long recognized the importance of network- ing and having their employees experience foreign cultures. Mitsui has stated that "We attach great importance to human resources, which is why every year we send our employees for training overseas." When Americans return home, we must provide positions that will allow them to contribute the knowledge acquired in Japan to the American economy. The new U.S.-Japan Manufacturing Technology Fellowship Program is under way. It is a joint project of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The program will enable U.S. manufacturing engineers to work in Japanese private-sector facilities. A program stressing manufacturing and technology manage- ment is important because our companies believe that Japan has the most to offer in the area of manufacturing process technology and technology management. Our sales people might have been to Japan, but our engineers have not. In our view, manufacturing matters. Why is the second component networks? Technology transfer is a "contact sport." Technology is not a stable commodity. These descrip- tions are apt. Access to, and effective utilization of, knowledge is greatly increased when individuals understand the culture and systems of their foreign partners, and can access information in real time through personal networks. You have to know how the basic facts in written documents and analyses fit together — and know whether or not you are getting all there is to get. Cooperative R&D Activities The third component is cooperative activities. We are increasingly charged with finding a way to help our country cooperate in R&D in order to compete so as to expand and retain global markets, and to increase the world's standard of living. Questions we ask are Page 281 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings • What have we learned from recent experiences negotiating joint R&D projects in precompetitive technology areas with Japan? • How can we develop knowledge, and thereby benefit from active participation in Japanese government sponsored and supported R&D initiatives? • How can potential initiatives with Japan, and with the rest of the world, best be structured to provide equi- table benefits? The answers are especially critical challenges in advanced research fields with significant commercial industrial implications. But, even if we successfully answer them, there is one even more important chal- lenge. How can we work within the United States to ensure that the results of such initiatives are adopted and deployed expeditiously into commercially viable products? Let me attempt to answer in terms of a major negotiation we have underway: the multilateral Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) feasibility study. Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Talks Japan proposed international collaborative R&D in intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS), advanced manufacturing. Because of U.S. industry concerns about its structure and equity, it became the subject of international negotiations. We are now in the final stages of negotiations to structure an international program in this field. The negotiations involve participants from Australia, Canada, the European Community, and the European Free Trade Area countries, as well as Japan and the United States. The majority of the negotiators on each delegation are from industry, not government. The Japan Technology Program serves as the U.S. Secretariat. The objective of the two-year feasibility study-negotiations that began last February is to create and to test a framework for international R&D collaboration. How are we going to work with international partners in areas of shared needs and cooperative strategies for knowledge and technology creation while addressing the more complex issue of tech- nology deployment into the competitive marketplace? How are we going to balance different interests and needs to arrive at an outstanding win-win international program? Page 282 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The regions agreed at the outset of discussions that four critical issues need to be addressed and resolved: the type of technical projects, equitable methods of cooperation, intellectual property rights and funding, and contribution and funding. We are also undertaking five R&D test cases and one study to provide additional information on the mechanics and difficulties of international collaboration in technology. What have we learned? We are addressing very real issues, many for the first time on such a scale, in structuring cooperative R&D projects such as IMS. First, we are encountering an issue created by structural asymmetries between the United States and Japan, as well as with the other countries involved in how and where science and technology research is performed, how it is funded, as well as differences in intellectual property rights, methods of information dissemination, and industrial organization. We have all discovered that a better under- standing of the differences of each other's systems and that working within these systems is essential to success. Second, we must look past a perception that our own methods and goals are the best. For example, the EC at the beginning was convinced that their ESPRIT model was the best and Japan was having a hard time recognizing that its domestic collaborative R&D model might not provide the equitable benefits international partners desire. Australia and Canada wanted to be players, but were not sure how. The United States did not want to miss the benefits a good program could bring, but wanted to make sure we could adopt the results as quickly as our partners all the while knowing that we did not have a domestic structure in place like the EC or Japan to do so. We have moved forward primarily because the industry delegates want to find a way to make it work, and they want to be able to use any results to help them compete. Third, there are other lessons we have already learned including the importance of an industry-academic-government partnership in drafting and implementing strategy, and the real problems in taking domestic schemes for intellectual property rights international. We will learn many more lessons from industry's at- tempts to develop and implement the test cases, and from our further deliberations to develop a "blueprint" for a program. Page 283 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings We know that R&D collaboration has to be carefully structured to achieve a win-win position that allows the benefits of technology ex- change to flow freely to both countries and to ensure that both sides really benefit. Ultimately, successful R&D collaboration also depends on the level of knowledge of the individuals participating, and everyone's acceptance of an overriding framework, in our case, equi- table benefits and contributions for cooperative activities. A successful effort must operate in an environment that includes 1) The opportunity to access and develop scientific and technical knowledge in whatever form it takes. Op- portunity must include the perception that a "produc- tive" opportunity exists. 2) Receptivity on the part of the "receiver" to seek out and utilize S&T information, to participate when necessary in activities in which information is ex- changed and generated; and to establish human net- works that facilitate long-term personal interactions. 3) Mutual and equitable benefits. Conclusion I have given you a fast review of why access to Japanese science and technology is an issue, what the U.S. Department of Commerce does in this area, and the three components of any successful strategy to access Japanese science and technology: Technical Information, Networking and Cooperative R&D. There is much knowledge to be gained and shared with Japan in each of these areas but IT IS NOT EASY. If you think it is easy and that you are getting everything, you can be sure that you are not. The questions are: First, are you getting enough? • Much Information » Much Of It LOW QUALITY (The higher the quality of the information or the more strategic, the more difficult it is to access. There are few shortcuts to knowledge ~ there are to isolated facts.) Page 284 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings • HUMAN NETWORKS are time consuming and dif- ficult to develop and keep up. Without them, forget real time access. • COOPERATION - you need to but are you benefit- ing as much as your partner? Do you know the REAL benefits to your company or to your partner? (A clue -- in Japan, the benefits aren't just £$$) Second, are you using what you get? Success ultimately means the adoption and deployment of a technology into an existing or new product — and winning market share. Knowledge allows companies to make investments that result in profits. It allows governments and universities to make investments that promote the development of new science and technology. And proper- ly utilized, knowledge results in a more competitive economy and a better standard of living. If the United States is to remain a competitive economic power, we cannot ignore that Japan is increasingly an important source of scien- tific and technical knowledge. Part of Japan's economic success can be attributed to its active national and private sector efforts to collect and apply foreign scientific and technical knowledge. In closing, you have to invent it and understand how it works, before you can manufacture it. And you have to manufacture it, before you can sell it. All of which must now be undertaken in a global playing field with the emergence of formidable global competitors that have forever changed the landscape of science and technology. Page 285 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings f! j i W fe 3 : I i qJ* \ ^.2 i Dfla o a U o I r^ « tl * fl 1 OJ u ane Perc o g? QN fj ON psi *-< -D j Page 286 CD > oo c oo CO CD F Tt i_ CD ® O. 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C W L. o *rf o 0) 3 • to u T3 E o 3 a E o TO C o u F E o a 0) i o *-• 'E o O & o O o G o CO CO y- O a> X in r- o CO £ d o .- 3 3 ■O C7 C LU O . .2 3 « Q. '5 cr LU TO O '■D O CD O O c .c o G) +-> O in > o E o 3 < Page 289 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings U.S. Patents Granted, by Company, 1991 Number of Companv Country U.S. Patents 1. Toshiba Japan 1,156 2. Hitachi Japan 1,139 3,. Mitsubishi Japan 959 4. General Electric U.S. 923 5. E. Kodak U.S. 887 6. General Motors U.S. 863 7. Canon Japan 828 8. Philips Netherlands 768 9. Fuji Photo Film Japan 742 10 Bayer Germany 706 11 IBM U.S. 680 12 Motorola U.S. 631 13 DuPont U.S. 631 14 Siemens Germany 610 15 Hoechst Germany 575 16 Matsushita Japan 561 17 AT&T U.S. 487 18 NEC Japan 482 19 BASF Germany 464 20 Dow Chemical U.S. 439 21 Ciba-Geigy Switzerland 430 22 Sharp Japan 388 23 Nissan Japan 385 24 Fujitsu Japan 382 25 Texas Instruments U.S. 380 26 Westinghouse U.S. 377 27 . 3M U.S. 374 28 Mobil U.S. 374 29 Xerox U.S. 353 30 Hewlett-Packard U.S. 327 31 Ricoh Japan 317 32 Minolta Japan 315 33 Robert Bosch Germany 313 34 Royal Dutch Shell U.K./Netherlands 310 35 Sony Japan 305 Source: Compiled by CHI Research, Inc.; U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Page 290 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Cfl <1 I >■* 3 was ™ r 4> 60!: [•< IJ p s S li 9 8 8 o as OS e UJ 5 -«■ s UT © h. ») 1 (0 - «_ CO » C *- o := ^ (/> o -a w „ c

o O CD O O GO o a. £ 1 1 •J2 CD O O .*- -Q CL^Z.j= Page 291 1 .,,,1 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 292 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Luncheon Speaker, Day Two Page 293 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 294 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Technology Awareness Mr. J. Richard Iverson, President and CEO, American Electronics Association Technology awareness of world-class manufacturing technologies and capabilities is essential for the United States to compete in the 21st century. The collection, analysis, translation, dissemination and utiliza- tion of manufacturing technology need significant improvement in the United States if we are to be world-class competitors. The AEA represents the overall electronics and information technol- ogy industries. We have a new view of the electronics industry which includes the industries served. The true importance of electronics to the U.S. economy can be seen in the attached "mandala" that illustrates the pervasiveness of electronics in other industries. Electronics and information technologies drive the process and product improvement in other sectors. The reason we need to do much better in technology awareness and other aspects of the manufacturing and marketing process is clearly shown in Chart 1. In summary, the United States invented 29 of the 39 products shown. Japan only invented 2. The United States was first to market with 26 and Japan with 6. However, the United States is the market leader in only 12 products while Japan leads in 21 areas. United States invents — Japan manufactures. Japan's market leadership in products the United States and Europe invent comes, in large part, from their international "technology awareness." The Japanese know how to find, retrieve, and effectively use foreign technologies. One measure of how Japan manages its technology are fees from technology licensing and royalties. In 1987, the data show that Japan obtained $1.35 billion in technology from the United States. The United States, in turn, obtained only $350 million from Japan. Japan has other advantages in manufacturing. A cohesive society al- lows efficient collection, dissemination, and utilization of manufactur- ing technology. Their government participates through tax incentives and many other ways to stimulate manufacturing. The Japanese are Page 295 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings excellent at incremental improvement of their processes, and the com- panies are dedicated to market share, which requires low-cost produc- tion and pricing policies to reduce competition. Technology awareness for manufacturing requires data collection, analysis and translation, dissemination and utilization. The U.S. sys- tems for each of these functions are embryonic, but growing rapidly. We must be world class in this area to win the global economic battle. There are many ways we could collect the technology information we need. One way is by individual companies for their use in their special manufacturing area. Some ways are systematic like NCMS. It has been suggested that the U.S. government could provide a system to support our industries with the needed information. The CIA col- lects considerable information that could be useful in this effort. The collection system is in place. They are looking for a new mission. Many in industry fear this approach, but it could be readily implemented. Some suggest having the U.S. Department of Commerce obtain infor- mation from all government and industry sources. The data would then be disseminated to all users without the sources being known. A new Agency for Information is another alternative. The opportunities for collection are great. They range from personal contact to on-line databases. The following table illustrates many sources. COLLECTION OPPORTUNITIES PUBLICATIONS PATENTS SEMINARS plant vis rrs STDS COMMITTEES PARTNERSHIPS ACOUSmONS mt*i MRVKXt ASSOCIATIONS TRADE SHOWS NETWORKING RK3S NEGOTIATIONS NEWSPAPERS CONSULTANTS Page 296 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings AEA is an example of a trade association active in information collec- tion. We have offices in Tokyo and Brussels. In Tokyo, where we have been for 9 years, we have an excellent American staff tracking technol- ogy developments in Japan. Office director John Stern reads 9,000 column inches of press monthly, and provides appropriate information back to the United States. He and his assistant, David Pollack, par- ticipate in many standards committees, trade shows, seminars, and other networking opportunities. Much valuable Japanese information is in the open literature but needs to be translated. An industry com- mittee of over 180 U.S. companies offers additional potential. Collaboration among companies, between companies and universities, and between countries provide good opportunities to obtain technol- ogy. The Intelligence Manufacturing Systems (IMS) initiative is a good example. Japan initiated the idea of cooperation between the United States, Japan, and Europe on manufacturing. The argument being that we are evolving into manufacturing globally, and technology com- monality would be a benefit. IMS is an initiative to determine the feasibility of international col- laborative R&D in advanced manufacturing and its industrial develop- ment. This program will also demonstrate the ability to work together yet protect each other's intellectual property. There are many online services that allow access to databases around the world. Japanese engineers use databases much more extensively than in the United States. We need to educate our companies about the availability of these services. Japan represents the "best practices" in collection of manufacturing technology and its analysis, dissemination and utilization. Japan takes a systematic approach with industry and government working together. Japan learned technology collection after World War II through visits to United States factories with camera-bearing teams. Organizations like the Science and Technology Agency's Japan Information Center of Science and Technology ( JICST) and MITI's JETRO have been around since the late 1950s, and have offices in many countries. Other or- ganizations include MITI-sponsored trade associations such as Electronics Industries Association of Japan (EIAJ) that also have offices overseas. Page 297 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Adding to the government efforts are the major companies and trading companies. Most have a mission to collect and rapidly transmit manufacturing technology back to Japan. Most have a mission to collect and rapidly transmit manufacturing technology back to Japan. Most Japanese managers work seven days a week, and the telecom- munications lines are busy sending data every day. The Japanese transmit their data overnight, while data collected by the United States in Japan often takes several weeks to reach the appropriate manager. There is a requirement to analyze the technology data collected worldwide. In many cases with Japan and Europe, we need to translate the information. Then we need to assess the impact the technology could have on applications that are determined. The collection and dissemination in the United States is progressing. NCMS has an extensive library of manufacturing technology. The information is available electronically to the members of NCMS. They translate many Japanese reports and articles. The MCC has 6 re- searchers who monitor Japan and offer technical reports, presentations, consultations, and translation to its members. The National Science Foundation, Stanford University, MIT, the University of New Mexico, and many other American universities have programs to support tech- nology collection efforts. Once collected, analyzed, translated, and disseminated, industry has to utilize the information. Help can be obtained from the NCMS, Manufacturing Outreach Centers, and some associations. However, it is really up to the companies at this point to continually learn about, evaluate, and deploy the technology. Page 298 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Today disk drives are manufactured for U.S. companies in Malaysia in high-skill, low labor-cost factories, and in Japan in automated factories. The Japanese recognized that automation was the only way they could compete with low-cost labor. The government of Japan provides excel- lent incentives for the use of robots as shown in the chart below. As a result of these government incentives, the Japanese have 400,000 robots in use and the United States has 50,000. The Japanese competi- tively manufacture many products invented by the U.S. companies. In conclusion, we must decide between low-cost, skilled labor or tech- nology leadership in manufacturing. Since the former is unacceptable, we must improve and systematize our technology awareness throughout collection, analysis, dissemination, and utilization. The United States faces a big challenge in the next century to be the world leader in manufacturing. MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES INCENTIVES JAPAN B060T1CS EXAMPLE INVESTMENT PROMOTION— 7% ACCELERATED DEPREdATON-JO* FIRST YEAR LOW COST LOANS— S.3% IN 1902 INTEREST FREE LOANS— S240.000 JAPAN HAS 400.000 ROBOTS. U.S. HAS SO.00O IN 10B2 Page 299 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings e S I a N O u "J is u. « I* o a »■ o OH * o < z &> S o 2 UJ ^ i t"- a 4 o S * 5 5£ < u ac QD O § < z 5 i o O P i ■q 2 o cm 5 t/>«rt cm «■ s eeeee,s aee s e eeeee eee a ^ & & gl & &cm ^ ^ ci*M Qi & c^cm "• a 5. a e ....p..p..p..p p. CM CM 5 CM § CM tj CM ^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM £ CM CM £ CM CM § CM CM § CM CM CM CM CM CM § CM o s .2 'S 2 s 5 IS ^ ts 2 Sji I** IJE-1 <<< 8 s , o A u bill 2 2 § E E < Page 300 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 0? 5 4> E > o 0> w o > I 1 § i -I" * S m • • • J 2" Page 301 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings U.S.-Japan Electronics Trade : The Durable Deficit 25 n 20- m on a a ? S15 = 10 3 (A o I 5 3 3 (0 oJ p250 2l9 m 221 227 ran • CO CO ill mil I8I N ■ i 1 1 ■ 4© — M W Representative Market Access Measure NTT Procurement Agreement Telecommunications Liberalization Plaza ¥ / $ Accord "Action Program" No Duty on Computers + Parts MOSS Agreements Semiconductor Agreement "Import Now" S & T Agreement Cellular Telephone Access Supercomputer Agreement Satellite Procurement Agreement Final Report, S.I.I. Talks Foreign Investment Reporting Eased 200 ■150 100 50 < (D o o &) 3 o 3 a i-o <0C0<0 *>4 as «o o -* /ear 1981 1985 1985 1985 1986 1986 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1990 1990 1991 AEA Japan Office -• IWI l».)7 AM Page 302 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings AEA Japan Industry Committee Regular Members Acuson Nippon KK Adobe Systems Japan Allied-Signal Inc. Asia Altera Japan KK AMD Japan, Ltd. American Software Japan Ampex Japan, Ltd. Anacomp (Japan) Ltd. Analog Devices KK Andersen Consulting Andrew Int'l Corporation Apple Japan, Inc. Apple Op's & Tech's Japan Applied Magnetics Japan, Applied Materials Japan, Applied Microsystems Japan AspenTech Japan Co., Ltd. AST Research Japan KK AT&T Japan Ltd. AT&T Jens Corporation AT&T Paradyne Japan Augat KK Autodesk KK Brooktree KK Brush Wellman (Japan) OATS Japan Inc. Cadence Design Systems KK Cambrian Systems Japan Cascade Microtech Japan Clearpoint Japan KK Cognos Japan KK Compaq KK Comshare Ltd. Conner Peripherals KK CONVEX Computer Japan Corning Japan KK Cray RctMXCh Japan Ltd. Cymer Japan Inc. Cypress Semiconductor KK Data Card Japan, Ltd. Data I/O Japan Co., Ltd. DDC Electronics KK Dell Far East Corporation Digital Equipment Corp. Japan DSC Japan Incorporated Du Pont Japan Ltd. Dun & Bradstreet Software, Dynisco, KK Eastman Kodak Asia-Pacific as of September 1992 Echelon Japan KK EEsofKK EDS Japan, Ltd. Emerson Japan, Ltd. Emulex Corporation Etec Systems Japan, Inc. Fluke Corp. Fusion Japan KK GE Aerospace Gould Electronics (Japan) Gradco (Japan) Ltd. GS-EECo., Ltd. GVG Japan Ltd. Harris KK Hewlett-Packard Labs Japan Honeywell Asia Pacific Inc. MEMC Electronic Materials I.R. Far East Co., Ltd. IBM World Trade Asia IDTKK Intel Japan KK Internet Systems Japan, Ltd. Keithley Instruments KK KLA Japan Ltd. Kulicke and Soffa (Japan) Lattice Semiconductor LeCroy Japan Corporation Legent Software, Inc. Logic Modeling Systems Lotus Development Japan, LSI Logic KK Mark IV Audio Japan, Ltd. Measure* japan Ltd. Medtronic lapan Co., Ltd. Memorex Telex |apan Ltd. Mentor C.raphics japan Microsoft t\> . Ltd. MOD- TAP lapan MOOC. lapan Ltd. National Semiconductor Japan, Ltd NCR Japan I'd. Nihon B8N KK Nihon Cisco Systems KK Nihon Intergraph KK Nihon Intermetrics KK Nihon M/A-Com KK Nihon Micro Technology Nihon Microtec Research Nihon Silicon Graphics KK Nihon Sun Microsystems Nippon Data Instruments, Noran Instruments, Inc. Northern Telecom Japan NS CalComp KK Olin Japan, Inc. Oracle Corporation Japan Overseas Bechtel Inc. Pacific Telesis International Quantum Japan Corp. RAD Technologies, KK Rasna Japan Corporation Raychem, KK Recognition Equipment (Japan) Inc. Reliability Japan Inc. Rockwell International Japan Rogers Japan Inc. SDRC Inc. Sequent Japan Tech's, Inc. Siecor International Corp Silicon Valley Group, KK SILVACO International Spectra-Physics KK SPSS Japan, Inc. Square D Company Japan Storage Technology of Japan Tandem Computers Japan Tekelec Ltd. Tellabs International, Inc Teradyne KK Texas Instruments Japan Thomas & Betts Japan, Ltd Trek Japan KK Trimble Navigation (Japan) TRW Overseas Inc Unify Japan KK Varian Associates, Inc. VeecoKK Verbatim AA Co., Ltd Viewlogic Systems Japan VLSI Technology KK Western Digital Japan. Ltd WordPerfect Japan XILINX KK Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard Page 303 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings AEA: Evolving Market Opportunities Four Years Of Kyushu Electronics Shows AEA (Company-Paid) Investment: $138,422 AEA (Company-Received) Sales: $49,000,000 AEA-Generated Return on Investment: 353.98 Times Page 304 CO 00 CO c -i O CO Q 3 2 OL CO UJ z Q. o o CO o 2 o DC I- UJ _l UJ < o or LU < ^ O >- cc o z ° 5? LU < DC "» 5 ? 3 t o CO DC O LL. o o CD Q UJ UJ > DC DC £ < < P Page 305 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 306 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part VII. Developments in Computer-Assisted Access Page 307 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 308 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Joint Research Project for a Retrieval System for Overseas Users of Japanese Databases Mr. Keisuke Okuzumi, Promotion Director, Database Promotion Center (DPC), Japan In October 1992, the number of databases available in Japan totaled 2,686. Of this number, 892 were produced by Japanese companies. Foreign databases, mainly from the United States, still numerically but not financially dominate the Japanese market. Of the Japanese- produced databases, 290 are accessible to overseas users. Only 100 of these databases, however, provide English-language versions. Japan databases are extremely difficult to search by potential non-Japanese speaking users without the help of some translation expertise. In order to distribute more Japanese information overseas through databases, the Database Promotion Center (DPC) believes that the number of Japanese databases translated into English must be in- creased. This is difficult for Japanese database producers and vendors because there are significant problems, such as high translation costs, uncertain consumer demand in foreign countries, and time-lags be- tween data creation and distribution. In addition, according to studies made by the DPC (for example, Overseas Needs for Japanese Information and Databases), actual users pointed out the following deficiencies of Japanese databases: 1) full- text databases are not available; 2) abstracts in English are not well prepared; and 3) information can be incomplete. Although, some Japanese-to-English machine translation systems have been commercialized, many problems remain to be solved. Fundamen- tal problems of accuracy, performance, and limited translation domains remain unresolved. Further technological advances in areas such as information technology and natural-language processing promises to improve the quality of future machine translation systems. Page 309 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings On the other hand, the increasing number of people who understand the Japanese language, coupled with PCs capable of handling Japanese characters, (such as Macintosh Kanji-Talk and IBM (or IBM-com- patible) DOS/V, is making it easier for non-Japanese speakers to process Japanese more easily and cheaply. In an effort to avoid costly translation expenses and improve Japanese information distribution, given the low hit rate on most databases, the DPC began to study multi-lingual, front-end retrieval systems for foreign users to search through Japanese databases. This project was initiated by MITI in 1990, with a report titled Research Survey of Japanese Databases in the U.S. The aim of the study was for Japanese information database producers to better understand the needs and requirements of the corporate and individual users of Japanese databases. In order to solve the problems identified in the report, the DPC planned the development of a Multilingual FEP Retrieval System (herein the Project). In May 1992, MITI proposed at the Third International Con- ference in Science, Technology and Commerce at Nancy, France, to develop this system as an international project Immediately, the European Association of Japanese Information Agencies (EURAJIN), agreed to join the project. In July 1992, the DPC organized a committee to oversee the Project. The committee's chair is Professor Takeshi Hiromatsu of the University of Tokyo, and members include representatives from JICST, JAPIO, NIKKEI, NACSIS, database producers, software development com- panies, and members of EURAJIN living in Japan. The main activities in 1991 were to define the scope of the Project and to survey the design details and demands for the system. At the same time, MITI began to research an English-Japanese multi- lingual thesaurus for business information subjects. Being an important participant of the project, Professor Syuichi Ueda of Keio University, was appointed the head of research. In 1992, the DPC committee sent a group to the United States to discuss the feasibility of the system with people interested in Japanese infor- mation at the University of Wisconsin, New York University, MIT, and Harvard. MITI also started the second phase of its project to build an Page 310 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings experimental multilingual thesaurus based on the NIKKEI thesaurus (Japanese version) which is composed of industry, economic, and other business related subjects. This trial is the first time the Japanese govern- ment has attempted to compile a multi-lingual thesaurus dealing with business information. The expectations for this thesaurus are great. In 1993, the Project enters the final stage. In development is an applica- tions software that uses the thesaurus mentioned above and based on a similar program which is already in use for searching English-language Databases in Japanese. This system will be tested in Japan first by using the NIKKEI TELECOM. After those then hope to demonstrate this system at exhibitions or conferences held outside of Japan. Outline of the Multi-lingual FEP Retrieval System The system designed will have the following functions: Searching commands based on ISO or CCL which can be inputted with English-language keywords whereby the corresponding Japanese and English is provided from a keyword list. The system will display this thesaurus in English and Japanese, so that it can clarify the concept and structure of the Japanese keyword. The thesaurus has scopes and comments for each keyword, so that the user can better understand the meanings of the Japanese keyword. The selected Japanese words are then compiled into a search format and then sent to the service system. The searching method will result with a Japanese output, but the messages from the system will be translated into English. The user will be able to access Japanese databases more easily and efficiently as well as obtain full-text information in Japanese with the use of this system. In additional, after the process of down-loading, a user will be able to access into a Japanese-English machine translation system on own PC. Page 311 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Special Features of the System The system has the following features that take special regard for overseas' user needs: • Hardware and Software Hardware; IBM or IBM compatible (easily bought overseas) Software: DOS/V and Japanese WINDOWS (developed by IBM Japan) • Utilization of the Thesaurus The multilingual thesaurus makes it easier to select keywords and to better understand the concepts and contents of Japanese keywords. • Command Standardization Introducing ISO Standard Automatic conversion from ISO format to the format of the individual service system Conclusion This system is only an experimental one. The DPC does not intend to commercialize it immediately. Building keyword files and thesauruses that cover all subjects will require a huge budget and time commitment. The same reasons stand for the creation of a table to convert commands to be used by individual service systems. Page 312 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings We, at the DPC, hope, however, that the Japanese database vendors will overcome the language barrier by utilizing the results of our experimental system. Lastly, this project is not only a Japanese effort, but one that includes the efforts of non-Japanese people from the United States and Europe. Throughout this project we have made many friends and gathered tremendous amounts of information; for this we are grateful. Page 313 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Databases made in Japan Service system ON-LINE SYSTEM STAND-ALONE SYSTEM CD-ROMs, etc. Assuming that the system is developed on > > k personal computers. i Functions i Transmission Reception FEP Tables Edition of retrieval iormula 1 Japanese thesaurus SelectJon of Japanese keywords Keyword tiles lor;;, each language Indication of retrieved results Indication of retr results leved i I Entry of keywords anc retrieval iormula for each language (FEP: Front End F >ro: :essor) V Questions (in each language) 4 Answers (in Japanese) System Structure Page 314 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Retrieval of Japanese Scientific and Technical Information from the JICST Online Information System (JOIS) Professor James L. Davis, (Technical Japanese), Department of Engineering Professional Development, University of Wisconsin- Madison and Ms. Efrat Livny, Director, Biolnformation Facility, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center JICST is a special, non-profit corporation affiliated with the Science and Technology Agency (STA) of the Japanese government. Since 1957 JICST has been charged with collecting scientific and technical infor- mation on a worldwide scale, processing this information systematical- ly, disseminating the information rapidly and appropriately to users, and cooperating with similar organizations throughout the world [Endnotes 1, 2]. The principal services provided by JICST are abstract- ing, publication of these abstracts, maintaining an online database, publishing reference materials for efficient use of the database, docu- ment searching and photocopying, and document translation. For potential users outside Japan, the most important of these services is the online database service, known as the JICST Online Information System (JOIS). This service, which began operation in 1976 and became available to overseas users in 1985, provides access to many of the files maintained by JICST and to certain files maintained by other organiza- tions but distributed by JICST. A partial list of the files available to users in the United States appears in Reference 2. Any of these files can be accessed by opening an account with JICST and by establishing the proper communication links. Guidelines for obtaining access to JOIS using hardware and software readily available in the United States appear in Appendix A. JOIS Files Once access to JOIS has been obtained, it is necessary to select the files to be searched and to construct a search strategy for each file. By far the largest file is the JICST File on Science and Technology (JICST, File 010). Page 315 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings This file includes more than six million citations drawn since 1981 from journals, reports, and conference preprints around the world. A typical search plan using JOIS would probably include searching the JICST file as well as other specialized files that would be appropriate for the specific topic under consideration. One file that is particularly useful for tracking current technical progress in Japan is the Nikkan Kogyo File on New Technology and Products in Japan (NK-MEDIA, File 070). Citations in this file are drawn from the database compiled by the Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, one of the major industrial newspapers in Japan. This file includes citations from 1983 to date. Most of the files on JOIS have been designed to be searched in Japanese. The JICST File on Science, Technology and Medicine in Japan (JICST-E, File 510), however, is an English-language file that is devoted exclusively to citations published in Japan. This file extends back to 1985, and includes citations drawn from both the JICST File on Science and Technology (File 010) and the JICST File on Medical Science in Japan (File 050). The JICST Quick File (JQUICK, File 030) may also be searched in English. The citations contained in this file will ultimately become part of the JICST file, but are gathered here in abbreviated form (titles and bibliographic data only; no key words) to provide more rapid access to recently received documents. Citations in this file date back to 1990, but the real benefit from this file is gained for citations dating back in time about six months from the date of searching. Many citations in the JQUICK file include English titles and some citations also include English abstracts written by the author(s). The other files on JOIS are also valuable, but further discussion in this paper will be restricted to the four files described here. Example Search The most effective way to describe our experience using JOIS is to provide an example. The topic selected for this example is that of conducting polymers and polymer batteries. The search consists of two sections: part A includes terms that are related to the general concept of conducting polymers, part B contains terms that are related to Page 316 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings polymer batteries, which represent one of the most important industrial applications for conducting polymers. A list of terms to be used for a Japanese language search was compiled, and is shown as Figure 1. A corresponding set of terms to be used for an English-language search appears in Figure 2. In compiling these lists it was of course necessary to know the Japanese and English terms that are commonly used by specialists in the field, and to translate each term into the other lan- guage as accurately as possible. It was also important to include the specific terms related to this topic that appear in the controlled vocabulary of key words (descriptors), both in Japanese and in English. In this regard the reference works [Endnotes 3-12] published by JICST were indispensable. Those terms in each language that are included in the JICST Thesaurus (Japanese or English) are indicated with a star. Normally, when searching any of the files on JOIS, our initial iteration includes a search of controlled terms (keywords), free terms, and single words from the title and abstract of each citation in the file. The keywords are those terms listed in the JICST Thesaurus, and appear within the KW field; free terms are words added by the abstractor and appear in a separate FT field. The importance of including in the list of search terms the appropriate terms from the JICST Thesaurus cannot be overemphasized. In this example, although the most common term used in the United States to describe such materials may be "conducting polymers" or "conductive polymers," the official JICST term is "electroconductive polymer." Failure to include this specific term in the list of search terms allows the possibility of overlooking potentially valuable citations for which the desired term appears only in the KW field. Some searches produce disappointing results for exactly this reason. Search Results Once the list of search terms for this example had been compiled, a very simple search strategy was established. The citations identified using each term were linked with a logical "or" to obtain a subtotal for part A and another subtotal for part B. Parts A and B were than joined with another logical "or" to obtain the total number of citations for the topic. The Japanese search was carried out on three files: the JICST file (010), the JQUICK file (030) and the NK-MEDIA file (070). The English search was conducted using the JICST file (010), the JQUICK file, and Page 317 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings the JICST-E file (510). The results for the Japanese searches have been compiled in Figure 3; the results from the English searches appear in Figure 4. Because the JICST file and the JQUICK file both contain citations published outside Japan, the number of citations identified for each term was reduced by restricting the search to citations published in Japan (NA = JPN). Thus, all of the numbers that appear in Figures 3 and 4 refer to citations originating in Japan. In order to fairly compare the results of these searches, some additional information about each file is necessary. Figures 5 and 6 provide some information about the various files and about the fields that are likely to be present in a citation drawn from each file. Although this is not stated in Figures 5 and 6, each Japanese file does, of course, provide a Japanese title for each citation. Where a number is given as a percentage, the percentage applies to the entire file, regardless of the search strategy or topic. Where numbers are presented as a ratio, the result shown is simply the result for the citations found in 1992 for the particular search strategy employed in this example. Other searches on other topics may yield quite different results. Because of the different years included in different files, a year-by-year comparison is instructive. Figures 7 and 8 display the total number of citations identified in each file for each year, beginning with 1992 and working back to 1985. The percentage of Japanese language records is also indicated for each year. The total number of citations identified in each file from 1985 to date is also included. The nominal starting date of the JICST-E file is January, 1985, so any comparison extending earlier than 1985 has no real meaning. The intersection between selected pairs of searches is displayed in Figures 9 (NA = JPN) and 10 (LN = JA). In each case, the total number of citations identified by a search in Japanese is compared with the total number of citations identified by a search in English. These citations are then classified according to whether the citation was included only in the Japanese language search, only in the English-language search or in both the Japanese and English-language searches. The percentage shown for each comparison indicates the degree to which the English Page 318 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings search identified the documents that would have been identified had the search been carried out in Japanese using the JICST file as a reference. Analysis The key issues to be addressed are selecting the correct search terms, constructing a complete search strategy and deciding which file(s) to search in which language. For both the English and Japanese searches the vast majority of the citations were identified using the keywords contained in the controlled vocabulary (Figures 3 and 4). It is important to note that in the JICST-E file each controlled term consisting of two or more words must be entered as a unit rather than as the intersection of two or more in- dividual words. The use of truncation symbols during the search similar- ly causes the computer to overlook citations for which the only hit that might otherwise occur results from the appearance of the term in the keyword field. Thus, in this example "electroconductive polymer" yielded 1786 citations, but "electroconductive[W]polymer&" yielded only 96 citations. "Polymeric semiconductor" produced 78 citations, but "polymer&[W]semiconductor&" failed to produce a single citation (Figure 4). The number of terms required in Japanese to adequately express a fixed number of English terms varies tremendously depending upon the topic. The widespread use oikatakana in certain technical fields means that some English terms could be expressed in a kanji representation and in a katakana representation. In other situations one Japanese term may correspond to several English terms. Thus, it is necessary to include in both lists of search terms the terms preferred by specialists in the field, as well as literal translations of terms from the other language and the translations recognized in the JICST 'Thesaurus. Failure to do so could seriously limit the number of citations produced, and reduce the value of the entire search exercise. Page 319 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings In this specific example, the bulk of the citations identified in the total search came from Part A, regardless of the file or language used. Of the 2756 citations identified in Part A when searching the JICST file in Japanese, 79 percent were Japanese language records. Of the 118 citations identified in Part B of the same search, 94 percent were Japanese language records (Figure 3). This is consistent with the general tendency to encounter a higher percentage of English language records when dealing with more fundamental or basic topics, and a higher percentage of Japanese language records when dealing with applications of a technology to a specific product. Part A included citations from a wide variety of sources: technical journals, conference preprints, government or technical society reports, and some trade journals. Part B included mostly citations from trade journals, which are quite naturally written in Japanese. All of the citations contained in the NK-MEDIA file are Japanese-language citations, since the Nikkan Kogyo Shimhun is a Japanese-language newspaper. Almost all of the citations identified when searching the JQUICK file in Japanese were Japanese-language citations (99 percent), although the percentage of Japanese-language records found when searching the JQUICK file in English (83 percent) or when searching the JICST-E file (77 percent) were close to the percentage for the Japanese language search of the JICST file (79 percent). It should be noted that the value of the JQUICK file lies in the brief lag time between appearance of the original document in print and the inclusion of the citation in this file. In fact, of the 110 citations identified for 1992 by the Japanese language search in JQUICK, 43 citations were newer than the most recent citation identified by the Japanese language search in the JICST file. Similarly, of the 85 citations identified for the same year by the English- language search in JQUICK, 38 were more recent citations than the most recent citation produced by the English language search in the JICST-E file. The drawback associated with this major shortening of this delay comes from the fact that this file contains no keywords, and the percentage of records containing abstracts or an English title varies tremendously according to the search topic and the search language used. In the present example, of the citations produced when searching the JQUICK file in English all of the records included English titles, less than 10 percent contained Japanese abstracts and more than a third Page 320 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings contained English abstracts. Thus, if a citation did not contain an English title, it is unlikely that a search of the JQUICK file in English would have produced that citation. In contrast, of the citations iden- tified when searching the JQUICK file in Japanese only about half included English titles, roughly one third contained Japanese abstracts and about 10 percent included English abstracts. The inherent variability of citations in this file makes clear the danger associated with making assumptions about the characteristics of the Japanese-language citations based only upon a search in English. The completeness of the citations and the high level of quality control associated with the JICST file make this file the standard against which to measure all of the other files available through JOIS. The number of records produced by the search of the JICST-E file reached 84 percent of the total number of records produced by search- ing the JICST file in Japanese (2364 vs. 2815). If the range of the search is restricted to cover 1985 to the present, this percentage rises to 98 percent (2301 vs. 2339). The degree of coverage of the JICST file by the JICST-E file thus appears to be extremely high. The actual overlap between these two searches will be discussed in more detail later. All of the other searches produced far fewer citations. The real value of the NK-MEDIA file and the JQUICK file however, is not their size, but results from the ability to access citations with a lag time that is shorter than that associated with the JICST file. In Figures 7 and 8 the numbers of citations produced year by year in several of the JICST files are listed. Taking the Japanese search of the JICST file as a standard, it is clear that there is almost no value in searching the JICST fde in English. Of course, that is not the purpose of that file. The JICST-E file was designed specifically for searching in English, and an English language search of the JICST-E file consistently produced year by year the same number of citations (plus or minus 5 percent) as a Japanese-language search of the JICST file. The degree of overlap between the Japanese-language search of the JICST file and the English-language search of the JICST-E file for 1992 is shown quantita- tively in Figures 9 and 10. The use of the same citation numbers in the JICST file and the JICST-E file makes analysis of this overlap quite simple to carry out. The existence of some citations that were identified in only the Japanese-language search or only in the English-language search meant that 89 percent of the citations identified for 1992 were in fact common to both sets (Figure 9). Page 321 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The 24 citations that appeared only when searching in Japanese were produced because search terms appeared in the abstracts of these citations. Figure 6 indicates that only about half of the records produced from the JICST -E file contained abstracts. Raising the percentage of citations in JICST-E that included abstracts would certainly reduce the number of citations that appeared only in the Japanese-language search of the JICST file. The eight citations that were identified only by the English-language search were picked up because search terms ap- peared in the English abstract, but not in the Japanese abstract. This percentage is quite small, however. A comparison of Figure 9 with Figure 10 suggests that whether the original document was written in English or in Japanese, there is no significant effect on the percent coverage in the comparison searches. Searching JICST-E on STN A further comparison that would also be of interest to many potential users of the JICST database is the comparison between a search of JICST-E direct from JOIS and a search of JICST-E as it is distributed by STN. STN (Scientific and Technical Information Network) is operated jointly by JICST, the Chemical Abstracts Service and FIZ Karlsruhe. Among the many files available from STN is a derivative of the original JICST-E file compiled by JICST. The JICST-E file avail- able through STN contains for each citation the same information included in the JICST-E file available through JOIS, with the addition of one new field: broad terms (BT). The terms in the BT field of JICST-E on STN are taken from the JICST Thesaurus. The use of broad terms in the search list allows the user to retrieve records that contain all of the narrow terms that are grouped together under that broad term. For example, the use of "solid electrolyte" in the search list employed on STN would produce all of the records that contained as a keyword "superionic conductor," in addition to all of the records that contained "solid electrolyte," because "superionic conductor" is a narrow term that is included under "solid electrolyte" according to the JICST Thesaurus. This BT field appears only in the version of JICST-E dis- tributed by STN. In the example presented in this paper, the presence of the BT field had no impact on the number of citations produced, since the only search terms that qualified as broad terms were "polymeric conductor" and "organic conductor." The only narrow Page 322 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings terms that fall within the scope of these broad terms are "polymeric semiconductor" and "organic semiconductor," respectively, but both of these terms were already included in the initial search strategy. In some searches the effect of the presence of the BT field in the JICST-E file available through STN would be to increase the number of citations identified using the same search for JICST-E on STN to a number higher than that produced by the same search for JICST-E on JOIS. In this specific example the results obtained when searching JICST-E through STN have been included in each figure along with the results obtained when searching JICST-E through JOIS. Over time the num- ber of citations obtained via STN match almost exactly the number of citations obtained via JOIS (Figure 8). However, a difference did appear for 1992. For 1992 there were 16 citations that were identified by both the Japanese language search of the JICST file and the English-language search of the JICST-E file on JOIS that were not identified by the English-language search of JICST- E on STN. When the specific citation numbers for these 16 citations were called up on STN, the system responded that these records did not exist in this database. Thus, there is some period of delay between the time a citation appears in JICST-E through JOIS and the time that the same citation appears in JICST-E through STN. In this particular example the difference between the results obtained using these two versions of JICST-E amounted to 6 percent of the total number of citations identified in the Japanese-language search of the JICST file (Figure 9). With the passage of time it is clear that this difference disappears. Summary It is possible to access the JOIS database service from the United States using hardware and software that are readily available in the United States. In general, a search of the JICST file (file 010) in Japanese is the best way to obtain the most complete coverage of those citations produced in Japan that are included in the JICST database. Other files may also be searched depending upon the specific topic and the type of publica- tion that the user desires to cover. (The JICST database does not Page 323 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings include patents.) A well-constructed search of the JICST-E file (file 510) in English may retrieve as many as 90 percent or more of the citations identified by the Japanese-language search in the JICST file. This figure will vary significantly depending upon the specific topic and the success in constructing an English-language search that is truly equivalent to the Japanese-language search. An English-language search of the JICST-E file available through STN may retrieve as many as 90 percent of the citations identified by the same English-language search of the JICST-E file through JOIS. Other files, such as the JQUICK file and the NK-MEDIA file, complement the JICST file by providing more rapid access to citations that will eventually become part of the JICST file, or by searching a different body of information coming from one of Japan's or U.S.'s major industrial newspapers. Caution is necessary when comparing searches carried out in different languages through different files. Rigorous use of the JICST Thesaurus will minimize the likelihood of overlooking potentially valuable cita- tions, regardless of the file or search language employed. Page 324 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings References 1. National Laboratories and Public Research Organizations in Japan, Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC). Tokyo, Japan. 1991 2. JICST 1991. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1991. 3. JOIS-III Guide. Japan Information Center of Science and Technol- ogy. Tokyo, Japan. 1990. 4. JOIS Katsuyo no Tebiki. I. Komando Kaisetsu. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1991. 5. JICST Kagaku Gijutsu Yogo Shisoorasu. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1981. 6. Nichi-Ei Taiyaku Risuto. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. 7. Ei-Nichi Taiyaku Risuto. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. 8. JICST Thesaurus — English Version, Vol. 1. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. 9. JICST Thesaurus — English Version, Vol. 2. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. 10. JICST Thesaurus — Subject Category Index. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. 11. JICST Classification Table. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. 12. JICST Thesaurus Permuted Index. Japan Information Center of Science and Technology. Tokyo, Japan. 1987. Page 325 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Appendix A Guidelines for the Retrieval of Japanese Scientific and Technical Information from the JICST Online Information System (JOIS) Prepared by Prof. James L. Davis, Department of Engineering Professional Development, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1527 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, (608) 262-4810 and Ms. Efrat Livny, Biolnformation Facility, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center 1710 University Ave., Madison, WI 53705, (608) 262-1966 (I) System requirements: (1) Hardware: ♦ Macintosh or PC ♦ Modem (1200 or 2400 baud) (2) Software: ♦ Japanese system software: Macintosh: Kanji Talk PC: IBM DOS J5.0/V or MS-DOS ♦ Communication software: Macintosh: Ninja Term or EG Talk or Terminal-J PC (using DOS V): Procomm or Nihongo Microsoft Windows PC (using MS-DOS): KCOM2 * Note: Regardless of platform, when searching in Japanese the communication software must be able to send Japanese text using old-JIS or new-JIS code. ♦ Japanese word processing software: Macintosh: Solo Writer or EG Word or Mac Write U-J PC (using DOS V): Nihongo Microsoft Windows PC (using MS-DOS): KCOM2 * Note: Regardless of platform, when searching in Japanese a front end processor (FEP) for kana input is necessary. (II) Access requirements: (1) Establishing a JICST account ♦ All U.S. JICST accounts are established by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at the Department of Commerce. ♦ In order to become a registered user call or write your request to: National Technical Information Service Attn: International Agreements Page 326 U.S. Department of Commerce Office of International Affairs (OIA) 5285 Port Royal Road, Room 306F JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Springfield, VA 22161 Phone:(703)487-4819 Fax: NTIS: (703) 321-5476 OIA:7-4-321-8199 ♦ Key contact: Barbara Payne (703) 487-4826 ♦ NTIS will mail you an Online License Agreement which will need to be signed by an official representative of your organization. The agreement is to be returned to NTIS. ♦ NTIS will obtain from the Japanese JICST office and provide to you the following: 1. New User Code 2. New Master Password 3. Documentation - Handling OfJOIS Master Password 4. Documentation for searching (in English) - JOIS-UI Guide ♦ This process takes up to several weeks. ♦ NTIS does not charge for this service. ♦ There are no charges for setting up and maintaining a JICST account; users are only billed for actual use. ♦ Billing is handled by NTIS in dollars. ♦ A JOIS Database and Price List is available from JICST. (2) Establishing international network access to Japan ♦ Access to JOIS is handled by BT (British Telecommunications) TYMNET. TYMNET connects the U.S. user to the Japanese KDD network that operates VENUS P, a packet switching network through which the JICST Online Information System (JOIS) can be accessed. * Note: There is no connection to JOIS via TYMPAS, TYMNET- Japan or NIS. ♦ In order to become a registered user a written request should be mailed or faxed to: BT North America Inc. 33533 West 12 Mile Suite 100 Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone:(313)932-4870 Fax:(313)932-4882 ♦ Key contacts: Tom Erdman, Cheryl Lott (313) 932-4862 ♦ The following items should be requested of BT North America: 1. A user name and password. 2. The local telephone number for TYMNET for your location. (Be sure to indicate the baud rate for the modem you will use.) 3. Documentation for access procedures, services and fees. ♦ BT North America will provide you with the following: P age 327 1. User name, Network User Identity (NUI, beginning with T.JAPAN). JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 2. Password (beginning with TYM). 3. Local phone number for TYMNET (for the baud rate specified by you). 4. User documentation - How to Use TYMNET Asynchronous Access. 5. Billing information - Customer Billing Guide. ♦ This process takes up to several weeks. ♦ There are charges for setting up and maintaining a BT TYMNET account . ♦ Monthly maintenance fees are charged even if the network is not used. These charges are separate from the JICST search charges and are billed monthly. (3) Other important information: a) JOIS availability : ♦ Refer to the JOIS-HI Guide, and convert the Japanese time to local time. * Note: Service is not available on Japanese national holidays in addition to the dates specified in the JOIS-HI Guide. A complete list of these dates is available from NTIS. b) Terminal settings for searching: ♦ When logging in, the following settings are needed: Modem: VT 100 mode without a local echo. Data length: 7 bits Parity : even Stop bit: 1 Flow control: on Baud rate: 300, 1200 or 2400 ♦ For additional details, refer to How to Use Tymnet , page 1 . (Ill) Access procedure: m Entering JOIS via BT TYMNET: Dial the local TYMNET number "ATDT " For Macintosh with Kanji Talk type "O" for terminal identifier Enter NUI (Network User Identity) "T.JAPAN " Enter Password provided by BT TYMNET 'TYM " Enter host address "44013135780" (2^ Logging into JOIS: In response to "Please enter (JOIS, STN, JOISF):" type "JOIS" In response to "Enter terminal id" hit CR a) On first login only: Page 328 In response to "JICST on-line service" type "\JOIS E ###-####m,name" "E" provides screen messages in English. "###-####" represents the U-JD (user identification number). JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings "m" indicates that you will change the master password to your own password, "name" is the name assigned to the searcher (1-20 characters). * Note: Do not add any extra spaces. In response to "Please enter master password" enter 9-digit master password, then hit CR In response to "Enter $PAS or \JOIS", enter "$PAS 9999" In response to "Please enter password" enter your own password (1-8 alpha-numeric characters) In response to "Enter VJOIS command" type 'VOIS E ###-####,name" "E" provides screen messages in English. "###-####" represents the U-ID (user identification number), "name" is the name assigned to the searcher (1-20 characters). * Note: Do not add any extra spaces. In response to "Please enter password" enter your own password b) On subsequent logins: In response to ""JICST on-line service" type 'MOIS E ###-####,name" "E" provides screen messages in English. "###-####" represents the U-ID (user identification number), "name" is the name assigned to the searcher (1-20 characters). * Note: Do not add any extra spaces. In response to "Please enter password", enter your own password Q) Beginning a search: Change your communication software settings to create a local echo. JOIS will not automatically echo back your input Select the file to be searched. A complete list of files is included in the JOIS-IH Guide. * Note: The JICST file (file 010) can be searched in English or in Japanese. The JICST-E file (file 5 10) is a better alternative when searching in English. When searching in Japanese the communication software may be set for either new JIS or old JIS code. The old JIS code is recommended. The carriage return should be set for 7 bit kana. Note: Neither shift- JIS nor EUC can be used, since neither provides the carriage return setting for 7 bit kana. When searching in Japanese the word processing software rnust be set to input the search terms in half-size katakana. JOIS will rjol accept search terms input in kanji, hiragana or full-size katakana. * Note: Following input in half-size katakana the echo on the screen may look like garbage, but the system will respond with the proper Japanese term and the number of records. Refer to the JOIS-IH Guide for information on conducting a search, viewing the results and obtaining hard copies. * Note: The JOIS-IH Guide in English is a truncated version of the Japanese Page 329 documentation. The latter can be obtained from NTIS. JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Figure 1 Conducting Polymers/Polymer Batteries General Strategy: Japanese m gffty7Xf7^ fiftt7'7^f7^& »«WH£»# #«M£»# * i^^^ft • #«¥## • skmpw» ^»^&mm il^^7 7'J- i^J^&^yf 1 ;- ^'jvii ^ i ;v&mffe ^'J7A'77'J- /f'J-7&;\'7f'J- - -fJTs + vtWfo -fyTs.^y^&MM 7"7^f^^f'J- y^^f'^&Ayf'J- ^--/tfcjfi ^-'<&*Hl& /^~ /"CA? 7'J- ^— /*&>>*? t-v - *«*«! ^m&mm tl^^fV- ^ra&^yf-';- 34 terms Page 330 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Figure 2 Conducting Polymers/Polymer Batteries General Strategy: English ELECTROCONDUCTTVE POLYMER * ELECTROCONDUCTIVE[W]POLYMER& CONDUCT&[W]POLYMER& CONDUCT&[W]PLASTIC& POLYMER&[W]CONDUCTOR& ORGANIC CONDUCTOR * ORGANIC[W]CONDUCTOR& POLYMERIC ]SEMICONDUCTOR * POLYMER&[W]SEMICONDUCTOR& ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR * ORGANIC[W]SEMICONDUCTOR& POLYMER[W]BATTER& POLYMER&[W]BATTER& P0LYMER&[1W]BATTER& PLASTIC[W]BATTER& PLASTIC[1W]BATTER& PAPER[W]BATTER& PAPER[ 1 WJBATTER& ORGANIC[W]BATTER& 0RGANIC[1W]BATTER& 20 terms Page 331 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Figure 3 JICST FILE 010 JQUICK FILE 030 NK-MEDIA FILE 070 SUBTOTAL A 2147 15 44 75 2 5 94 104 1 1 647 88 428 [LN=JA,79%] 2756 175 9 37 7 10 25 2 24 277 112 2 1 1 27 139 # 'Jv;<7 f'J- •* — / p-l t cd CO Ph i— H d r-Q • pH cd CD ons or i ument d o • 1— 1 CO o ♦ pH cd N • pH •iH . H o CD > Final t3 cd pel CO Fini 33 cecj m m. m m /*» w C"> ,-■- •X' H ,boo H H /*> (1 : Q Page 379 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 380 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part VIII. Creating a Program for Japanese S&T Information Within your Organization Page 381 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 382 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Creating a Program for Japanese S&T Information: A Model and Experience in Washington State Ms. Betty Tonglao, Coordinator, Pacific Rim Project, Seattle Public Library I want to share with you our experience on collecting and disseminating business, industry and technology related information through estab- lishing a statewide network of libraries — a network of academic and public libraries. I feel obligated, however, to make a qualifying state- ment before going further. Because of the nature of our consortium, STI-related matters are often implicated in the business context. Now — back to the world of libraries ~ an institution with a history centuries long, but with a new twist of meaning in the 1990s. It is often assumed that the academic libraries are to support research and the curriculum needs within their academic community. There- fore, collecting business and S&T information is often a given. But, on the other hand, people will inevitably ask, "Why the public library?" For many of us, we carry with us the impressions formed in our youth of what a public library in our neighborhood can provide. For those who have not had the opportunity to explore beyond such formed impressions in their adult professional lives, they are often astonished to find what many of the public libraries are doing today for their business communities. This is particularly true in the urban setting. After hearing from people I encounter outside of the library setting, I have this line etched in my mind: "I have never thought the library would have this kind of information." Many have discovered that the business information resources in many of the larger public libraries are an important sources of information for businesses of all types and sizes. Washington is a state where its natural resources, agricultural products, and one giant aerospace company have been dominating our state's economy over the past several decades. We are beginning to readjust our thinking by expanding into international trade in other areas beyond relying solely on the traditional exporting industries. Facing the dynamics of the global economy of the 1990s and the coming century, medium and smaller businesses will need to think globally in order to Page 383 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings survive. And quite often, resources within many of these companies simply are not equipped to embark on the necessary information gathering as fundamental as to study potential foreign markets, or to locate potential contacts overseas, or to identify a technology developed elsewhere across the world. Public libraries in our state are making an attempt to bridge the information gap. The example that I would like to use today is the Pacific Rim Business Information Service. It is entering the seventh year. With an initial three year grant from a private source, we formed a consortium of information and service network focusing on "matters" relating to doing business with the economies in the Asia-Pacific Region. As I look back, there were a few rather unique aspects of that effort. The first unique feature was the collaboration between two metropolitan areas in two states ~ 180 miles apart ~ namely Portland, Oregon and the Seattle area. Incidentally, totally unrelated, this con- cept of regional cooperation has manifested into a more formalized governmental cooperation called "Cascadian Corridor," covering the Canadian province of British Columbia, and the states of Washington and Oregon for the common purpose of economic development of the region. One other unique aspect of this cooperative effort was that the collaboration involved two university libraries and three large public systems located in the two metropolitan areas, with the advisory-type of support from two major corporate libraries. For those of you who are not librarians, "cooperation" has been a buzz word for a long time, but cooperation between or among different types of libraries still rarely happens. This kind of resource sharing has certainly expanded the breadth and depth of our coverage - each naturally complementing the others. The third element, perhaps the most critical component that has given this project its own identity - is that this collaboration is focused. The project pinpointed a specific area of information that was needed ~ the need that has been reflected on university campuses and by the growing international business communities. After identified, we focused our collection effort on issues relating to current economy, business, trade, industry and technology of the economies in that region. For the public library setting, and in the context of this program, our primary clients or targeted clients have been companies that are currently doing busi- Page 384 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings ness with that region and those who are contemplating or preparing to expand into that region. Both types of companies often need informa- tion on what to, where to, and how to, if not when to. This was the case then when we first started and, we believe, is still the case today. I think society, as a whole, especially on the West Coast, is more acutely aware of the economies west of us -- well, if we travel east far enough we reach the Far East which is west of us! Frank Gibney's 10-part Pacific Century" series, which aired on PBS late last year, further testified the fact that Asia cannot be ignored as an area of opportunities and cooperation. With such information needs as our backdrop, we defined the scope of our cooperative collecting effort. Five years later, this vision has been transformed into a similar network of information and service within the state of Washington. Now we have a network of the nine largest public library systems, located at key business centers across the state, a state library, and the University of Washington libraries. To share resources, we created a database to track holdings of up-to- date and relevant titles, such as directories, journals, reports monographs, CD-ROM products, and databases. For example, if some- one wants to stay current on technological developments for commer- cial purposes in Asia, the Seattle Public Library has an air-mail subscription to the Asian Review of Business and Technology published in Hong Kong. Knowing how accessible it is, there is currently very little reason for another subscription within the consortium. Another ex- ample was a list of current and relevant publications that was generated by the database for a presentation on how and where to locate Japanese business information to the Japan-America Society. The topics range from business etiquette to garbage management, from keiretsu to management techniques, from electronic industry to the R&D in biotechnology. The intent for such a tracking system is to provide information that is relevant for doing business with Japan today and tomorrow, but not yesterday. The other important aspect of this cooperative effort goes far beyond identifying, might I add "expensive" resources to share. This program has a built-in requirement of providing easy access. Beyond what is electronically accessible, easy access requires a strong and critical link of a people network. One designated librarian at each of the participat- ing libraries acts as the facilitator and is responsible for developing their Page 385 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings own library's resources as well as bringing the information needed from a remote site to his or her local clients. As a result, there is a great deal of communication among libraries, and between an individual library and myself as a key liaison. As an example, a participating library in an agricultural community in eastern Washington was trying to locate the exporters of reconditioned forklift trucks from Japan. This inquiry was beyond their own resour- ces, however, and with the right directory in the consortium, we faxed the addresses to them on the same day. We also rely on resource people outside of our state. I recall one occasion last year where a local business tried to identify the Japanese company that developed a method of piping the sunlight into an enclosed area of a structure — such as the basement of a building. After we exhausted our own resources, we called the Commerce Department's Japan Technology Program for the answer. It has been our experience that information resources per se do not manifest themselves in a vacuum or in the absence of a network of information facilitator acting as connectors. The Japan Technology Program and NTIS are an important informa- tion clearinghouse and critical connectors encouraging greater in-flow of STI from Japan. In summary, based on our experience over the years, to successfully build and run a program such as ours ~ a few ingredients are essential: the leadership of at least one institution to spearhead toward addressing a common concern in defined geographic area; after the group is formed, the other essential ingredient is the long-term (three to five years) institutional commitment toward the project for implementa- tion; to make a cooperative project work effectively team spirit and team work or a human network is critical. The information is out there, but the pivotal difference is this service and how we structure the service to make the information available to our clients. In our particular case, the strenjth of our services does not just rest upon one individual institution, but relies on the human network that successfully integrates the resources and accessibility for our end users. Page 386 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings acific Rim BUSINESS INFORMATION SERVICE -WASHINGTON PACIFIC RIM BUSINESS INFORMATION SERVICE - WASHINGTON Fact Sheet What is the Pacific Rim Business Information Service - Washington (PRBIS-WA)? The Pacific Rim Business Information Service is for businesses interested in doing business in the Asia/Pacific countries. The service is a cooperative effort sharing information resources and expert knowledge of librarians of ten large public and academic libraries across Washington State. This pilot project is an extension of an earlier five-year old program and currently funded by the State Legislature through the Washington State Library. What is covered? Geographically speaking, the service covers the Asia/Pacific region: Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, Philippines, Russia (in particular Far East), Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. The subject matters range from economy, trade, business, industry to science and technology issues relating to the region as well as to the individual economies in the region. Who are the participating libraries? The libraries are Fort Vancouver Regional Library, King County Library System (Bellevue, Federal Way and Kent Libraries in particular), Pierce County Library District, Seattle Public Library, Spokane Public Library, Tacoma Public Library, University of Washington libraries (advisory), Washington State Library, and Yakima Valley Regional Library. This cooperative effort is led by the Seattle Public Library during this demonstration period (1992-93). Where do we obtain the information? The service acquires current and up-to-date information from a wide variety of domestic and foreign suppliers. Books, magazines, directories, videocassettes, annual reports, market reports, statistical annuals, U.S. and foreign government publications, and on-line or CD-ROM databases are all utilized. While most of the materials are available in English language for users' convenience, materials in original languages may also be obtainable. How does it work? Telephone or visit the participating library nearest you or call the toll-free number (1-800-462-9600). Librarians will assist you to locate information you need within the consortium network or elsewhere. Information and materials may be relayed by telefacsimile or through other delivery services provided by the member libraries. TOLL-FREE LINE: 1 -800-462-9600 Pancipating Libraries: Fori Vancouver Regional Library • King County Library System: Bellevue Library; Federal Way Regional Library; Kent Regional Library • Pierce County Library District ■ Seattle Public Library • Spokane Public Library • Tacoma Public Library • Washington State Library • Yakima Valley Regional Library Page 387 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 388 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Technical Translation or Technical Japanese? Dr. Michio Tsutsui, Technical Japanese Program, University of Washington It seems to be a commonly accepted view among specialists in science and technology that America must make much more effort to import science and technology information (STI) from Japan in order to maintain its competitive position in the technological world. In fact, data concerning the global position of Japanese technology, and the quality and amount of Japanese technical information seem to validate this view. A substantial amount of Japanese technical information is available in English, too. A number of technical journals from Japan are published in English and it is a common practice that technical journals published in Japanese provide English abstracts. Some of the major Japanese technical journals are also released in English translation after their initial publication. In addition, database service organizations such as JICST and NACSIS provide highly comprehensive databases contain- ing STI in English from articles published in Japan. However, it remains the case that a great portion of STI, including Japanese patent information, is available only in Japanese. It should also be pointed out that the most up-to-date STI is usually not available in English. Presently there are two approaches used to obtain information from materials written in Japanese. The traditional and still dominant ap- proach, "technical translation," is to obtain English translations of materials published in Japanese. The other and more recent approach, "technical Japanese," is to draw technical information directly from original materials by training engineers and scientists in technical Japanese language. These approaches differ radically. Technical Translation Advantages: the major advantage of the translation approach is, of course, time. In other words, this method of information access invol- ves a time commitment by someone other than the document user. And Page 389 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings it involves saving not only the time away from the job spent in document interpretation or translation but also the time away from the job spent in technical language training. The translated document itself can be considered a second advantage of this approach. Once the document exists in translated form, the information is available for widespread use. In other words, one person's effort is available for use by others. These advantages seem to indicate that this approach to technical literature is efficient and therefore preferable. But, in fact, the trans- lation approach has several serious drawbacks. Disadvantages: first, the cost of translation from Japanese to English is usually very high. For example, according to the 1991 rate offered by JICST, a double-spaced document costs $40 per page (400 Japanese characters of 26 lines per page). This means that translating a single- spaced five-page article with some figures from Japanese to English costs about $650. Additionally, there is no cost reduction for document translation on a massive scale. Second, and perhaps even more important than cost, the life span of technical literature — and therefore technical translation — is usually quite short. Thus, although it is true that a technical document trans- lated into English can benefit many, the document itself becomes useless fairly quickly. Third, time can also be considered a disadvantage with this approach. Translation takes time; in fact, large documents can take months to translate. Therefore, information may not be available when it is needed. In other words, despite the fact that a short turn-around is crucial in technical translation, obtaining translations in a short period of time can be difficult. One reason is that, at this time, translation is mostly done by man not by machine, and a human translator's daily productivity is limited. Additionally, problems often exist with the original texts, for example, unclear writing, unfamiliar concepts and terms, typos. For translators without backgrounds in technology (and there are many), sorting out these problems frequently causes addition- al delays. Page 390 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Fourth, quality is another problem with technical translation. Techni- cal translators usually work under strong time pressures, which often cause them to sacrifice quality in order to meet deadlines. In addition, there are a number of situations which contribute to mistranslations. For example, many technical materials are not well written in terms of clarity and they are seldom error-free Often, translators are not ex- perts, are not familiar with the topics of the documents they are trans- lating, and may not understand the content of those documents. In addition, technical experts and other information sources are often not available to assist them. Because accuracy is crucial in technical trans- lation, the seriousness of this problem cannot be overemphasized. The final and most important problem of the translation approach is the gap between the amount of technical literature in Japanese and the availability of translation manpower. Because technical translation requires highly specialized linguistic skills involving language and tech- nical knowledge, there are only a few highly-skilled technical trans- lators in the U.S. and it is unlikely that number will change dramatically in the future. On the other hand, the volume of technical literature in Japan has been increasing steadily. For example, the volume of Japanese articles in engineering, technology and applied sciences from 1986-90 was 23.7 percent more than that from 1981-85 and the volume of articles in life science from 1986-90 was 35.7 percent more than that from 1981-1985. Similarly, Japanese patent publications in 1989 and 1990 numbered 61,000 and 63,000, respectively, and those in 1991 are estimated to be 81,000. With such limited translation resources, it is obvious that we cannot deal with this increasing volume of technical literature in Japanese. Is Machine Translation a Solution? Given the situations discussed above, it is natural to expect to employ machines in technical translation. An ideal MT system would certainly be a solution to the problems of translator shortages, high costs, and long turn-around times. Page 391 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Unfortunately, however, current MT technology still has difficulty han- dling such problems as long kanji compounds, long noun phrases, and deeply-embedded sentences, not to mention context- or knowledge-de- pendent ambiguity, inter-sentential references, and ill-formed senten- ces, and is not able at this time to replace skilled human translators. MT systems which are currently in use usually require pre- and post- editing by man and the materials these systems can translate are limited. It should be noted here that post-editing still requires the linguistic and technical knowledge that skilled technical translators have. In other words, machine translation still requires human translators. Thus, MT at this time cannot solve the problems of technical translation. Technical Japanese Disadvantages: this approach to acquiring technical information direct- ly from S&T literature in Japanese involves training engineers and scientists in technical Japanese language. With this method, then, time — that is, the time it takes to learn technical Japanese ~ can be seen as an initial disadvantage. In other words, the direct access approach requires a solid time commitment at the outset from the individuals in training and, if they are in the work force, from the companies employ- ing them. In addition, with direct access, information obtained by the individual user may not be accessible to others unless the user releases the information in some way. These disadvantages, however, can also be viewed as advantages. Advantages: first, the time committed to language training can be viewed as a short term disadvantage only. Although the time involved may seem lengthy initially, the long term pay-off is great. In fact, technical Japanese can be learned in a relatively short period of time for several reasons. Since technical Japanese is a subset of Japanese, it involves a smaller number of kanji and vocabulary. In addition, the grammar needed in reading and understanding technical Japanese is limited. A further reason is that the meanings of technical terms are basically the same cross-linguistically~and there is no need to learn non-technical meanings of needed terms if those exist. Also, because the objective in reading technical literature is to gain specific Page 392 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings information only, the reader's task is simplified. And, since the under- standing of technical literature is heavily dependent on technical knowledge, the reader brings prior skills to the reading task. A second and obvious advantage to the direct access method is cost. That is, this method is free from expensive translation costs. Another advantage of the direct access approach is that direct access allows engineers and scientists to obtain the information from techni- cal materials with no delay. In other words, if they can read Japanese, the technical information is available to them as soon as the material is in-hand. In addition, users can choose what they want to read from a given article since they may need only a portion of the article. It should be pointed out that when an article is translated, it is usually translated in its entirety whether or not the whole article is necessary. A fourth and very important advantage is that there are fewer risks of misinterpretation with the direct access approach. Experience in teaching technical Japanese tells us that an accurate interpretation of technical literature is more dependent on technical knowledge than on Japanese language knowledge. In other words, an expert of semicon- ductors with intermediate-level Japanese skills can read materials on semiconductors more accurately than a non-expert of semiconductors with advanced Japanese knowledge. Fifth, while translated technical materials usually have relatively short life spans, Japanese language skills do not. Rather, the more one uses the acquired language skills, the more one can improve those skills and the more accurately and quickly one can read. In other words, the gain from an investment in Japanese language training lasts much longer than that from an investment in technical translation. Sixth, this approach is free from the problem of translation manpower shortage. Given the present pace of technological development, there is no question of an even greater increase in S&T literature in the future. On the other hand, there is no indication of a sharp increase in technical translation resources in the near future. This means that if the U.S. keeps depending on translation, the manpower shortage will be a very critical issue. The direct access approach could end this problem. Page 393 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Although the seventh advantage of the direct access approach was listed above as a possible disadvantage, it can also be considered an ad- vantage. That is, technical information obtained by users themselves from materials unpublished in English could be used to benefit the individual user more or less exclusively. In other words, the informa- tion is not necessarily available for widespread use, which could be a competitive advantage. Finally, but not less importantly, engineers and scientists trained in technical Japanese can take advantage of the speaking and listening skills they acquire while studying Japanese. Thus, using those skills they can also obtain technical information not available in written form. In fact, these skills enable them to exchange the most up-to-date technical information verbally. Suggestions It is this author's view that the above discussion clearly indicates that the direct access approach to technical literature should be seriously undertaken. A number of things must be done in order to promote this approach. First of all, the environment for technical Japanese studies must be improved. Academic institutions with strong engineering and science programs should establish programs to promote technical Japanese studies. Internships in Japan should be part of such programs. At present, despite the serious need for such programs, there are only a handful in the U.S. (See Appendix.) This situation must be improved. Academic institutions should also develop special curricula for techni- cal Japanese training. Because technical Japanese requires somewhat different skills from traditional language training, traditional curricula is not quite applicable to this kind of language training. In addition, courses must be developed that can be delivered to "remote" learners, individuals who cannot attend regular classes. Developing an effective hardware system to deliver such courses is also necessary. Appropriate teaching materials and self-study materials are also an urgent need. Computer software is one possible form of such materials. Page 394 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Finally, it is important to develop tools to aid in reading technical Japanese literature, such as on-line dictionaries for technical Japanese. Because most non-native readers are heavily dependent on dictionaries when they read Japanese documents, a powerful on-line reference would be an enormous help. In order to execute these projects, support from the two governments and corporations is essential. Conclusion Technical translation may be an indispensable means to acquire tech- nical information from Japan, but it can no longer be the only means. The single most promising alternative is to train engineers and scientists in technical Japanese and thereby obtain information directly from original materials in Japanese. Technical Japanese training is the long- term best investment for both sponsors and learners. The gains may not seem immediate, but they guarantee the future. Page 395 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Endnotes 1. U.S. General Accounting Office (1992). 2. According to Ron Granich, President of Japan Communications, Inc., only 400 qualified Japanese-English technical translators are avail- able at this time. 3. Science Watch, Vol. 2.4; Vol. 2-8 (May, Sept. 1991). 4. Kelley(1992) 5. Tsujii (1989) and Ishizaki and Ishara (1989) 6. Daub, et. al. (1990) claim that the 365 kanji introduced in Basic Technical Japanese cover 80 percent of the kanji in a typical technical text. In this author's view, however, a knowledge of 1100-1200 kanji is necessary for reading professional technical articles efficiently. 7. At present, the University of Wisconsin delivers Basic Japanese and Intermediate Japanese courses through National Technological University's teleconferencing network. 8. The University of Washington's Technical Japanese program is currently developing a computer-assisted technical Japanese tutorial system which includes an on-line dictionary. References Daub, Edward E., R. Byron Bird, and Nobuo Inoue (1990). Basic Technical Japanese. University of Wisconsin Press. Inshizaki, Shun and Hitoshi Isahara (1989). "Bunmyaku-joohoo Honyaku System CONTRAST (Contextual Information Translation System CONTRAST)." Joohooshori, Vol. 30, No. 10. Page 396 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Bibliography Ketley, A. Donald (1992). "Acquiring and Exploiting Information in Japan: The Case of High Technology," in Information Sources on Japanese Science and Technology (Conference Proceedings), Japan Information Access Project. Science Watch, Vol. 2.4; Vol. 2.8 (May, Sept. 1991). Tsujii, Jun-ichi (1989). "Shizen-gengo-rikai no Rekishi to Genjoo (His- tory and Present Status of Understanding Natural Languages)." Joohooshori, Vol. 30, No. 10. United States General Accounting Office (1992). High-Technology Competitiveness: Trends in U.S. and Foreign Performance (GAO/NSIAD-92-236). Page 397 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Appendix Technical Japanese Programs in the U.S. Engineering Alliance for Global Education (EAGLE) (Cornell, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Lehigh, Georgia Tech, North Carolina State, University of California-Berkeley, University of Texas- Austin, Rose-Hulman, SUNY-Buffalo, Texas A & M, University of Illinois-Champaign-Urbana, Temple, University of New Mexico) Telephone: (608) 263-2191 Fax: (608) 263-0839 Massachusetts Institute of Technology The MIT- Japan Program Telephone: (617) 253-8095 Fax: (617) 258-7432 National Science Foundation NSF Summer Institute in Japan Telephone: (202) 653-5862 Fax: (202) 653-5929 National Technological University Management of Technology Program Telephone: (303) 484-6050/(215) 758-3427 Fax: (303) 484-0668/(215) 758-3655 Stanford University Stanford Center for Technology and Innovation Telephone: (415) 725-0239 Fax: (415) 725-7355 University of Cincinnati International Engineering Program Telephone: (513) 556-5174 Fax:(513)556-3626 Page 398 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings University of Michigan Japan Technology Management Program Telephone:^ 13) 763-3258 Fax (313) 936-2948 University of Washington Technical Japanese Program Telephone: (206) 543-7610 Fax: (206) 685-3264 University of Wisconsin, Madison Japan Engineering Leadership Program Telephone: (608) 263-2191 Fax: (608) 263-0839 Vanderbilt University U.S.-Japan Program in Management of Technology Telephone: (615) 343-8913 Fax:(615)343-6983 Page 399 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 400 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 3M's Corporate Strategy for Japanese S&T Information Ms. Claire Z. Stokes, Supervisor, 3M Information Services 3M's International Operations 3M is a diversified manufacturing company, serving industrial, com- mercial, health care, and consumer markets worldwide. 3M has moved into the global marketplace, and has operations in 57 countries, with manufacturing in 42 and research laboratories in 22. 3M products are now being sold in more than 200 countries. 3M's international operations began in 1951, and by 1973 sales outside the U.S. had grown to $1 billion. In 1992 just over 50 percent of 3M's worldwide sales of $13 billion were from 3M subsidiaries and joint ventures outside the United States. About 38,500 of 3M's 85,000 employees are located outside the United States. Information Services Information Services is the primary source for technical and business information resources for 3M personnel worldwide. This department contributes to 3M's global competitive advantage by providing answers to all information requests, and access to appropriate information materials. In addition, we play an active role in improving access to internal technical information and expertise, and providing leadership in the effective use of information. 3M's need for international information has paralleled its business growth in the global marketplace. Our 3M clientele want the informa- tion we provide to encompass global markets. Requests for informa- tion specifically on foreign firms are becoming more and more frequent. 3M management, researchers, and marketing staff can not ignore foreign competition, so we are obliged to expand our range of resources for finding the information they seek. Page 401 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings One way that we have increased our information resource base is by working in collaboration with the staff of fourteen 3M libraries/infor- mation centers operating outside the U.S. In 1988 we held our first International Information Conference at corporate headquarters in St. Paul, Minnesota. This internal conference brought together 3M staff from around the world who are engaged in information retrieval. Since this conference, there have been a number of other visits and short job exchanges among information professionals in the United States and Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan. All these staff visits facilitate understanding and the flow of information that reaps benefits for the entire company. Japanese Competition 3M faces keen Japanese competition for a number of our products. A case in point is the competition faced by our Memory Technologies Group. This group produces consumer video and audio products, data storage products such as diskettes and computer tapes, and optical recording devices such as compact discs. For many of these product lines, 3M is the only U.S. company still actively engaged in research and development, and the competition is almost entirely Japanese. Serving 3M's Need for Japanese Information Information Services acquires resources for obtaining information about Japanese companies and technologies, and we continue to watch for new sources. Our Business Library maintains a collection of annual reports on Japanese companies who are major 3M competitors. We also subscribe to journals and newspapers covering Japanese business, such as the Asian Wall Street Journal and The Nikkei Weekly. The search staff in the Business Library use the Jiji Press Ticker Service and the Kyodo English Language News Service online for corporate and business news. Other databases being used are Nikkei Telecom Japan News Retrieval and the Teikoku Databank. Technical information resources covering Japanese developments are also being acquired, such as the ILO Monthly Newsletter, Techno Japan, and Japanese R&D Trend Analysis: Advanced Materials. The patent literature is used to monitor Japanese technologies. The patent search Page 402 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings staff access the World Patent Index, INPADOC and JAPIO. Examined applications published by the European Patent Office (EPO) from Japanese firms are monitored to detect trends from Japanese com- petitors. These applications must be made in a language accepted by the EPO, eliminating the need for a Japanese translation. Programs to Increase Use of Japanese Information Being aware of resources and how to best use them is a constant challenge in the information retrieval business. As the person assigned by Information Services to monitor the area of Japanese information resources, it is my responsibility to insure that our department is using the best information resources available for tracking Japanese tech- nologies. Our job is to spread the word to the researchers and other staff that can utilize these sources in the course of making business decisions. Towards that end, we have published two issues of an internal publication, the Information Link, highlighting Japanese infor- mation resources. Besides obtaining the right resources and publicizing them, our third approach for delivering Japanese information involves establishing and using our internal network of information professionals. Extremely important to us are the contacts we have at Sumitomo/3M. Our Direc- tor, Barbara Peterson, has established good relationships with Japanese staff providing business and technical information services. Visits to the U.S. by the Japanese staff have taken place. We are able to obtain Japanese documents with the assistance of this staff. Their assistance with translations is a real asset. We are also fortunate enough to have a Japanese national located in St. Paul who is assisting with translations on a contract basis. Plans for Improved Services A near-term goal within Information Services is the development of a Global Information Strategic Plan. A component of this plan will focus on access and use of Japanese information. Although this plan is not complete, our vision for the Japanese information component is start- ing to take shape. Page 403 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings We envision a more formalized process for information exchange between staff at Sumitomo/3M and the staff of Information Services. For example, we hope to contact Japanese staff during routine visits to corporate headquarters for an orientation to Information Services. Besides giving them information about services available from us, we will be soliciting their help in acquiring Japanese information. We will continue networking with 3M information professionals in other countries, including Japan. This may be in the form of a Second International Information Conference, or it may involve video con- ferencing with those colleagues. We expect that joint efforts and work- ing groups with members from any number of countries will form in the future. One of our goals is to retain a Japanese speaking staff member to work with us in St. Paul. This person would be involved in information retrieval and would assist our Divisions that face major Japanese com- petition. Always in our thinking is the need for increased awareness of our growing capabilities to deliver Japanese information. Towards that end we are considering a number of mechanisms for increasing that aware- ness. We may facilitate an internal forum for individuals involved in tracking Japanese developments or competitors. This group could share ideas, resources and strategies for acquiring this information. We also watch with great interest developments from the Japanese and U.S. governments for improving the information transfer between the two nations. We appreciate the efforts from JICST, NTIS and the Department of Commerce, and the Japan Information Access Project and look forward to future exchanges such as the one afforded by this two-day conference. Page 404 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Creating a Program for Japanese S&T Information Within Your Organization Ms. Dawn Talbot, Information Manager, Center for Magnetic Recording Research, University of California, San Diego The faster and further you move information, the more expensive it becomes. Glen McG. Renfrew, Reuters, Managing Director This seems a very apt quote for a seminar on locating and acquiring Japanese scientific and technical information (STI). Along with dis- tance and speed there is the added component of language. These factors add up to "expensive." For those of you working in this area this will come as no surprise. Although Japanese STI is still not as easily accessed as the scientific and technical literature from the United States, this situation is changing. In the nine years that I have been involved in Japanese information, I have seen a definite acceleration over the last few years in efforts, notably by the Japanese, to make their information more accessible. The Japanese have expended vast human and monetary resources in tracking information from the West. Indeed this has been a constant criticism of the Japanese by Americans — that the information flow is one way, from the United States to Japan — that it is not reciprocal. Where I disagree with many of these critics is that I consider the problem ours rather than Japan's. We were unwilling to look beyond our own borders, confident that we would remain at the forefront of research and development in most, if not all, high tech areas. We stopped requiring foreign language training for scientists and en- gineers, we curtailed the accumulation of scientific and technical litera- ture from other countries if it was not published in English. Faced with a similar situation, Japan has successfully developed strategies over the last 40 years to tap information from abroad. Before developing any information gathering program, I would suggest you realistically assess the information needs of your organization. Many U.S. companies are unaware of, or reluctant to admit, their need Page 405 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings for Japanese STL One of the phenomena that many of us working in this area over the last 10 years have noticed is that there is a need but no demand in this country for Japanese STL In order to assess your Japanese STI needs consider the following: • Ask yourself whether the types of information dis- cussed over the past two days would be of benefit to your organization. • Is this likely to be an occasional or frequent need? • Who is responsible for satisfying the company's need for technical information not related to Japan? Per- haps you have a technical information service or library already in place? Could this department hand- le Japanese information? • Perhaps your scientists and engineers retrieve needed information for themselves from a nearby academic research collection or use some other out- side resource? Could this be utilized for Japanese information? • Do you have an office or subsidiary in Japan which could be tapped? Perhaps you have a Japanese joint- venture partner? • Is there any technical Japanese language expertise within your staff? • How much are you prepared to pay? • How comprehensive do you want to be? • Are you comfortable with contracting outside for these services or would you prefer to Keep this in- house? There are 4 major stages in tracking published Japanese STI, as I see it; one, identifying what is being published in Japan; two, selecting the right amount of relevant material — the filtering process; three, procur- ing actual documents; and four, translation where necessary. Page 406 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings What is Being Published in Japan in Targeted Fields Of Science & Technology I am going to start not with the actual publications or primary sources, but instead start with the secondary sources ~ the so-called abstracting and indexing services, since these provide the easiest, most cost-effec- tive method for getting to a range of the primary literature. While many of these services are available in print form, we also have machine readable versions offered through a variety of database vendors such as Dialog, STN, etc. These machine readable databases provide numerous indexing points and cover hundreds or even thousands of titles. Perhaps the most straight forward are the English-language databases with an international scope. Of those that cover Japanese sci-tech material some of the most important are INSPEC; NTIS; Chemical Abstracts; Predicast's PROMT; Predicast's International Newsletter Database; and NewsNet. Most of the Japanese material included in the aforementioned sources are in English, since translation of Japanese information into English can be prohibitively expensive for the database producer. For more comprehensive coverage however, one needs to go to databases that focus on Japan. The databases I will mention are avail- able in the United States. There are others produced in Japan, in Japanese, that are not available in this country. Although I will not discuss these, one should be aware of their existence if comprehensive- ness is important. Should there be a Japanese-language database core to your field, it may be worth the effort to have it searched in Japanese on your behalf. The major Japanese system which comes to mind is JOIS from the Japan Information Center for Science and Technology (JICST). The JICST-E file has been available in the United States since 1987, al- though its coverage dates back to 1985. It covers some 4,000 journal titles. JICST has also started to include government reports in its file, but this is uneven coverage, since Japan is not yet committed to a centralized repository of government report literature. Page 407 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings Initially abstracts were provided for only about 30 percent of the file. This has been steadily improving and is now approaching 50 percent. English-language abstracts are provided by the authors or are produced by the JICST machine translation system and then post-edited. By far the largest number of abstracts are still provided by authors rather than by machine translation. Recently I compared 81 records retrieved from the Japanese-language version of the JICST database with the English-language database. Forty-four percent of those records had an English-language abstract available in the English database. However, some 14 percent were not available at all in the English-language version due to the time delay before records are added to the English-language database. For my users, and I would guess for most users, abstracts are critical, particular- ly as an aid in determining whether it is worth the expense to acquire the article and especially in helping to decide whether translation is warranted. For those requiring abstracts for all records, JICST, Tokyo will conduct searches of the JICST-J database on a one-time or weekly basis. Of course the results will be in Japanese and will require trans- lation. Material is added to the Japanese-language database approximately six months after publication. Another three months generally elapse before we see these records appear in the English-language database. This means that a nine-month time lag is common. For those requiring very timely information, JICST has another early version of the database in Japanese called JQUICK. Begun in 1990, it is designed for rapid access to published information, but does not include abstracts (except for author created abstracts), nor does it include the added index points found in the JICST databases. Another available file again from JICST is the Japanese government and Public Research in Japan (JGRIP) file. This covers research in progress and research completed within the last five years from public, national, and local government research organizations. In 1991, about 28 percent of the file included abstracts. As well as providing informa- tion on current research it is a good source for identifying "experts" in a particular field and as such provides a good starting point in pursuing personal contact. Unfortunately, it does not include research being Page 408 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings conducted in Japanese universities or the private sector, so this limits the usefulness of this file given the importance of corporate research in Japan. In my own field this is a distinct limitation. JAPI (Japanese Information on Scientific and Technical Topics), produced by Eurobrokers sari, Luxembourg and offered through Data- Star, is an interesting file. It covers 1987 to date and generally includes material six months after publication. DataStar has very recently been acquired by DIALOG, so I expect we will see the DataStar databases offered via a DIALOG interface in the near future. The JAPI file purports to cover the so-called "grey literature" or information outside mainstream publication. About 70 percent of the file covers conference publications. Since many are not covered by the JICST file, this seems to be the real strength of this file. About 29 percent of the file covers journal articles, most of which are covered by the JICST files. The remaining 1 percent accounts for technical reports, research reports, internal publications, interim reports etc. The Teikoku database available on DIALOG, and Nikkei Telcom have been covered elsewhere in this seminar, so I will not go over them again. The NACSIS databases have also been covered but I will mention them again since they are not well known here, probably due to their limited access and also because many of them are only in Japanese. As of February 1992 the NACSIS databases are Grant-In-Aid Scientific Re- search; Dissertation Index; Conference Papers of Academic Societies and Associations; Scientific Papers, Series I Electronics and Series II Chemistry; Exchange of Information on Research Projects (EX- IRPTS); Private Grants-In-Aid Research; Electronic File of Academic Conference Papers (tentative); and Directory of Researchers. Currently, access to these databases is being offered outside Japan via leased lines to the British Library and selected British universities, and in the United States at the Library of Congress and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Another category of information whose usefulness to the sci-tech com- munity cannot be stressed too strongly is that of patents. This has already been dealt with in a special section at this meeting, so I will not elaborate. The Japanese patent database JAPIO which was until recent- ly an exclusive file on Maxwell Online (now InfoPro Technologies) is Page 409 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings now offered through DIALOG. The World Patents Index (WPI) is also a good file for Japanese patents in selected areas and is a useful tool for filtering significant Japanese patents. I will now go on to the primary sources of information — journals published in Japan. The Japanese are voluminous publishers with currently some 10,000 titles being published in science and technology alone. I would recommend identifying major Japanese publications in one's area of interest and subscribing to them. The majority of these publications will, of course, be in Japanese. There does seem to be a trend, however, to include more English-language access points such as translated titles and an abstract. Often there is an English-language table of contents. If there is not, then translation of these should be considered. It is interesting to note the differences in scientific and technical publishing in Japan compared with the United States. The referred journal is not common in Japan. Typically one might find new research reported in a house organ or perhaps in the proceedings of a small technical meeting. These would usually be in Japanese. This same work may be later published in a more commercial Japanese journal. It may be published yet again in an English-language publication from outside Japan, often as the proceedings of a conference where the work has been presented. The time lag for this English-language version may be as much as two years, so one can see the importance of scanning the patent literature and Japanese-language sci-tech material for early warnings of new technology. And of course, the percentage of Japanese research that is presented in English is but a small percentage of the total, and it represents only the top strata of research. The so-called "grey literature" — the noncommercially published sour- ces, remain the most elusive. Bibliographical control of this material is poor in Japan, often giving rise to the myth that the Japanese are particularly secretive. In my experience, they are no more secretive than we are in the United States, since much of this information would be classed as proprietary in either country. Often contacting the author or sponsoring organization is the only channel for acquiring this infor- mation, and the request should be written in Japanese. Page 410 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Newspapers and trade journals are a useful source of technical infor- mation in certain fields. Unlike the United States, major newspapers carry considerable news of new products and scientific and technical research. There are also a number of industry-specific publications that can be useful windows to Japanese technology. Publications from industry-specific groups can also prove to be very useful particularly if there is a group which matches you own area of interest, such as the Magnetic Media Industries Association or the Electronic Materials Manufacturers Association of Japan. Another emerging format for information is electronic information on the INTERNET. Although not pervasive, there are sites in Japan which connect to the INTERNET. David Kahaner, a numerical analyst on sabbatical to the Office of Naval Research, Asia, is located in Tokyo and writes regular reports summarizing meetings he has attended in Japan and elsewhere in Asia. These are posted to a USENET Newsgroup called comp.research.japan. This Newsgroup was set up with grant funding from the U.S. Office of Naval Research and is moderated at the University of Arizona by Dr. Rick Schlicting. This electronic forum was established to more widely disseminate research developments in computing and computer science from Japan. Along with the Kahaner reports are the contents pages of several Japanese journals relating to Japanese computing. These include both English and Japanese papers. Also included are announcements related to computing and computer science in Japan, including conferences, and research opportunities, queries and general discussion, both academic and industrial. If you are unable to access the USENET Newsgroup, you can also access this information by subscribing to the electronic mailing list res-japan-group. Filtering By now you are probably getting the idea that there is a lot of informa- tion out there, admittedly much of it redundant, and some of it of questionable value. With experience, one is able to determine which publications and which databases provide the most "bang for the buck." Initially, I would encourage casting one's net wide in setting up a systematic monitoring service to track Japanese STL After awhile, it will be evident that some sources, particularly databases are not ap- propriate or yield too few useful results. Page 411 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings It is interesting to note here the different information seeking behaviors of Japanese compared with American researchers. In Japan, informa- tion gathering or competitive intelligence is a highly regarded activity. Vast sums of money and human resources are expended in gathering large quantities of information. This attitude does not prevail in the United States. Instead, we expect targeted retrieval of highly relevant material at little or no cost. Avoiding duplication of resources will reduce costs, but of course a very narrowly defined research profile will inevitably miss pertinent infor- mation. This may or may not be acceptable. I would stress again that you should be clear on what it is you want to achieve from your Japan program — comprehensive, or highly focused results? Do you want everything on the subject or just a few relevant references? What are your needs? Tailor the program accordingly! Procurement of the Documents. I have often been referring to citations or pointers to the actual infor- mation rather than the information itself. In most of the databases mentioned the full text of an article is not included, instead there is the information to point you to the journal and hopefully an informative summary. Getting hold of the actual paper can present some challen- ges. Your options are as follows: 1. Large academic research collections Japanese-language technical journals are not widely held in U.S. re- search libraries. Although you may start with a university research collection if there is one close by, this may be a less-complete resource than you would expect. MIT, Ohio State University and a private scientific and technical collection — the Linda Hall Library in Kansas City have significant Japanese collections, but again, their coverage of current sci-tech materials in may still prove inadequate for your needs. While this can be a low-cost route, it can also be a time-consuming route. If the library does not hold the titles you are looking for, they may offer a service (for a fee) to locate a source and retrieve the required document. I do not suggest using Japanese academic libraries, Page 412 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings since unlike U.S. libraries, this is not a service they provide on a routine basis. We may see some changes in this area due to the influence of NACSIS, but it will not happen quickly. 2. Commercial document delivery companies While these services advertise fast, efficient turnaround, I have found they often falter when it comes to anything but the most straightforward Japanese materials unless they specialize in Japanese information. They are also often reliant on academic research libraries as their sources. They will also charge accordingly if they are required to go outside their usual channels of supply. However, two excellent com- mercial sources for Japanese STI are JICST, Tokyo, and the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, United Kingdom. If you expect to make frequent use of these organizations, they offer deposit accounts to expedite the process. Speedy access is available via electronic mail to send requests to these sources. 3. Subscriptions to Japanese journals Another method for acquiring Japanese information is to subscribe to Japanese journals in your research area. These should be acquired through an agent specializing in Japanese journals and the same goes for technical books from Japan. One complication with publications from Japanese professional societies is that they often require you to deal with them directly rather than via an agent and that you pay in yen rather than dollars. 4. Japanese Patents These can be very easily and inexpensively acquired from the British Library Patent Express Service. One nice feature of this service is the slight enlargement, which makes the Japanese characters more legible, which is imperative if you are going to have the patent translated. Translation I come now to the final stage in the information seeking process and that is translation. Since this is an expensive operation, there are a number of steps which I would recommend before a custom translation is ordered. First, look at the original in Japanese. For technical articles, Page 413 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings the language of numbers is universal. Perhaps there are sufficient tables, graphs, charts, etc. to give you the information you need without going to the expense of translation. Next, look to see if there is an English-language equivalent. For patents, the patent families information on WPI may yield a U.S. patent or even a European equivalent which will not require the expense of Japanese to English translation. For Japanese technical articles, a search should be conducted to see if the authors did indeed publish in an English-language publication. There are also translation journals which publish cover-to-cover, or selectively, from Japanese language journals. In my own field the IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics is a good example. Yet, another under utilized resource is the World Translation Index, maintained jointly by the Library of Congress and the World Translation Center in Delft, Netherlands. This database publishes listings of custom translations which companies and institu- tions have had prepared and are now offering for sale. These are sold at reasonable cost. One warning here is that generally very recent articles will not show up here. In my own subject area, this has not been a particularly useful resource. Once you have decided that custom translation is the only alternative available I offer the following tips; in order to reduce costs work directly with a translator rather than an agency if at all possible; ensure the technical as well as language competence of the translator and ask to see examples first; be specific about what your needs are i.e., exclude author biographies; translate patents for readability of technical infor- mation rather than a literal translation for legal use. The claims section can go on for pages without a sentence break. This can be very difficult to read; ask for a quotation and be clear on turnaround times. Expect to pay a lot for rush jobs; and provide clean originals (Japanese charac- ters can be very hard to read from third generation photocopies). You will be paying for your translator's time as he struggles to read charac- ters. CMRR strategies CMRR is a consortium of the University of California and 13 American companies involved in the magnetic storage industry, primarily mass storage for computers. Our funding comes from our corporate spon- Page 414 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings sors and from federal grants. A small percentage is contributed by the University of California. We aim to train graduate students and to further basic research in the technology of magnetic recording. We provide an information service for members of our companies, for our faculty, and for our students. Japanese information is not our only concern — we cover information from worldwide sources. However, since Japan is a major competitor in our business, not surprisingly, we devote considerable time and energy to Japan. Many of the strategies I have mentioned are ones we have adopted at the center. Since I work in a relatively narrow are, many of these methods have proved quite successful. If I was faced with a much broader-based subject area I would expect the task to be far more difficult. Although certainly not comprehensive, we provide a window on Japan which complements other resources used by our companies. We have certainly have increased the amount of pertinent information available to our companies in this area. Our services include • A monthly alerting service to our members which includes Japanese information • Searching databases both international and Japan specific. We also have a weekly profile running against the JOIS database and translate the results into English • Scanning current journals, including relevant Japanese titles for pertinent information, translating tables of contents where necessary • Procuring any documents or patents requested by our users using many of the sources mentioned • Providing a subsidized, custom translation service. In order to improve the quality of our translations and maintain consistency we have prepared a dictionary of frequently occurring technical terms for the mag- netic recording industry • Creating in-house databases for our Japanese trans- lations and also for the Japanese technical articles and patents. Page 415 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings CMRR has a small, highly specialized collection of books, videotapes, directories, and journals on magnetic recording which does include Japanese language materials. However we have also developed effi- cient access to vast resources within the University of California system, within the nation, and internationally. Page 416 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings BRIEF SOURCE LIST OF JAPANESE STI Directories Talbot, Dawn E., Japan's High Technology: An Annotated Guide to English-language Information Sources. Oryx Press, 1991. Phoenix, Arizona. EC- Japan Center, Directory of Sources of Japanese Information. EC- Japan Center for Industrial Cooperation, Tokyo, Japan, First Edition, 1988, Second Edition, 1993. Directories by the Japan Information Access Project, 1706 R St., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20009-2410, Telephone, (202) 332-5224, Fax, (202) 332-6841. Directory of Japanese Databases in 1992, Annual, Tokyo, Database Promotion Center, 1992, Ichibuncho-81, Bldg 5F, 6-4 Ichibuncho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan, Telephone 81-33-221-6161, Fax, 81-33- 221-6226 Database Vendors DIALOG Information Services, Inc 4640 Admiralty Way, Suite 722 Marina Del Rey, California 90292 (800) 334-2564 STN International c/o CAS 2540 Olentangy River Road P.O. Box 3012 Columbus, Ohio 43210-0012 (614) 447-3600 Page 417 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NewsNet Inc 945 Haverford Road Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010 (800) 345-1301 Document Delivery Linda Hall Library 5109 Cherry St Kansas City, Missouri 64110 (816) 363-4600 Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) 5-2 Magatocho 2 chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo C.P.O. Box 1478, Tokyo, Japan 81-33-581-6448 British Library Document Supply Center Boston Spa, Wetherby W. Yorks, United Kingdom 33-0937-84-3434 British Library, Patent Express 25 Southampton Bldgs London, WC2A 1AW United Kingdom 33-01-323-7927 Agents for Japanese Publications Japan Publications Trading Company IPO Box 5030, Tokyo International Tokyo 100-31, Japan 81-33-292-3753 81-33-292-0410 Page 418 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Kinokuniya Book Store Co Ltd Offices in San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York Maruzen Co Ltd P.O.Box 5050 Tokyo International Tokyo 100-31, Japan 81-33-278-9223 Page 419 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 420 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Importance of Information in Japan Mr. Toshiyasu Sasaki, Executive Vice President, Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) In Japan, the importance of information is well understood by govern- ment, industry, and academia. With this in mind, a variety of informa- tion activities are carried out by individuals or organizations. For this presentation, I would discuss five typical examples: researchers in Tsukuba Science City; ERATO research project managers; sogo- shosha; corporate employers; and engineers of industrial companies. Tsukuba Science City is a concentrated area of 50 Japanese national laboratories and universities and about 150 private research institu- tions. In order to maintain the information flow among such a large number of institutions, there is STA's Tsukuba Center for Institutes and the Tsukuba Research Consortium, established by private companies. With the help of these organizations, there are well organized human networks among researchers in a variety of research fields, particularly among the younger-generation researchers. Such information-sharing networks are characterized by the following: 1) they are open to every researcher; 2) they provide free communica- tion for individuals rather than a particular institution's staff; 3) they offer good human relations that encourage smooth information flow; 4) the participants are highly intelligent; and 5) there is a broadness of research fields that enables interdisciplinary exchange. Such human networks have been successful because of the creative, research- oriented atmosphere in Tsukuba. The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) pro- gram of JRDC is a semi-governmental organization funded by STA as part of the Japanese govermnent's policy to promote creative research. The research themes are selected from the most promising fields. These fields are defined based on the trends in basic research and technology development as analyzed by several information sources. For example, information sources for overall, international R&D trends include STA 's White Paper on Science and Technology, the Prime Minister's Council for Science and Technology's Basic Policy for Science and Technology; and U.S. reports on science and technology. Page 421 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings For a more detailed analysis of S&T trends, the following reports on Japanese-government funded research are helpful: Advanced Scientific Research of Academic Institutions Supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scien- tific Research of the Ministry of Education; Advanced Research Supported by the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology of the STA; and MITI's R&D Program on Basic Technologies for Future Industry. In addition, the themes of keynote speeches, invited speeches, and important S&T conferences or symposia are reviewed and analyzed. Information on human resources is also taken into account. The follow- ing factors are considered: 1) authors of technical reports (as identified through JOIS); 2) invited speakers to academic meetings; and 3) win- ners of scientific prizes. The sogo-shosha (large-scale trading company) is a business informa- tion source of global scale. The staff is provided with current news immediately after it is received from the branch offices located worldwide. The news is exchanged among the staff daily by telephone, facsimile, or telex through the company's global telecommunications network. Each sogo-shosha also recognizes its role as an information provider to its customers. In a booklet prepared by Japanese trading companies, entitled What can we do for you?, the following description is given of a typical sogo-shosha's vast information network that provides timely informa- tion as one of its main business functions. The booklet makes special note that 1. The sogo-shosha has 10,000 employees stationed in 180 overseas offices. 2. Each piece of information is coded to specify a file category, screened, processed, and then stored in a mainframe computer. 3. Manufacturers are provided with information about markets so that they can best control their inventories, plan production, and invest wisely. 4. Exporters are given information about overseas markets and the activities of competitors. Page 422 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings 5. Investors are provided with information on business climates, currency exchange rates, and currency regulations. 6. To maintain the information systems, including the advanced telecommunications network, this sogo- shosha spends more than $60 million annually. Corporate employers need information on various fields, such as politics, the economy, social trends, and technical developments, as well as financial data on their own company. Their experiences and careers are different from one another. Besides the fact that they are busy. Therefore, the information service for them has to be provided through face-to-face communication with their staff. That is to say, they need non-systemized or individualized information to which access is rather limited. It is not to say, however, that systemized information such as a database like that of the stock market, is not important to them. Combined use of these two types of information is necessary to increase the effectiveness of the information service. In this connection a survey on information useful to enterprises revealed the following: 1. 80 percent of the total information being collected is written material, and the rest is oral or in other forms. 2. 65 percent of the written material is public. 3. 64 percent of nonpublic information is from outside the company. The following results of another survey show similar trends: 1. Newspapers and journals got more than 80 percent of the responses. 2. Books, group study, and business connections got more than 60 percent of the responses. Scientists and engineers, in industry, acquire information (according to a recent survey) as follows: Page 423 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings 1. Purpose of information acquired • Implementation and planning of R&D are highly ranked and followed by management of technology, research and production. 2. Information needed on a specific S&T field is ranked the highest and followed by: • basic and general STI • information on products and services • factual data on S&T • information on plants and equipments in a specific S&T field • patent information • information to back-up a new plan 3. Period needed for information acquisition: • About 60 percent is acquired in the same day • 20 percent in several days • 10 percent in a week 4. Frequency of the use of information source: • Journals, personal collections, human contact with colleagues, newspapers and books are ranked high, • Secondary documents and databases produced in their companies as well as those of other companies are also used. What I have just discussed is, to some extent, uniquely Japanese but I hope you will more or less learn from such practices. Japan is geographi- cally isolated from the rest of the world by sea and we have consequent- ly built up a unique culture which sometimes make our way of conducting business difficult to understand for foreigners. As a part of the Japanese government's efforts to lessen such difficulty and to Page 424 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings contribute to the international society, JICST will continue conferen- ces, such as this one, every year— once in the U.S. and once in Europe. I hope that such efforts will be useful for the global dissemination of Japanese STI. Finally, I would like to express our appreciation for the continuing support of the U.S. Department of Commerce and NTIS, who have been essential for the success of this conference. I would also like to extend my appreciation to speakers from both the U.S. and Japan for their remarkable contribution and for their voluntary participation. Page 425 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 426 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Part IX. Directory Page 427 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 428 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The following resource directory is designed to help you locate the conference speakers and exhibitors. It will identify their organizations and show their institutional context so that you can best evaluate how to use these sources. Conference speakers' names are italicized. DIRECTORY Selected Sources for Information Gathering on Japan JAPANESE GOVERNMENT • OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY Science and Technology Information Division Science and Technology Promotion Bureau 2-2-1, Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan Telephone: 81-33-581-5271 Fax: 81-33-595-0567 Minister of State for Science and Technology: Mr. Kanzo Tanigawa Vice Minister: Mr. Takuya Hirano Parliamentary Vice Minister: Mr. Hideo Niki Deputy Minister: Mr. Kenichi Murakami Director: Mr. Tateo Arimoto Deputy Director: Mr. Yoshinari Akeno STA operates under the auspices of the Office of the Prime Minister. It coordinates Japan's science and technology policies. JAPAN INFORMATION CENTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (JICST) International Programs 2-5-2 Nagata-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan Telephone: 81-33-581-6411 Fax: 81-33-593-3980 President: Mr. Muritaka Nakamura Executive Vice President: Mr. Toshiyasu Sasaki Deputy Information Manager: Ms. Yukiko Sone International Programs Counselor: Mrs. Hisako Uchida General Manager: Mr. Toshihiko Watanabe Founded in 1957 to gather and disseminate international science and technology informa- tion. JICST is part of the science and technol- ogy agency which is under the Prime Minister's office. The JOIS database (JICST Online Ser- vice) is available through STN or by contacting NTIS. There is an abbreviated English-lan- guage version called JICST-E and JICST has recently initiated a translation and document delivery service. In the U.S. contact the JICST Washington Office 1550 M Street, N.W. Suite 1050 Washington, D.C. 20005 Telephone: (202) 872-6370 Fax: (202) 872-6372 Director: Mr. Ken-ichi Iwasaki Page 429 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF JAPAN (JRDC) Science Building 5-2, Nagata-cho 2-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan Telephone: 81-33-507-3052 Fax: 81-33-581-1486 President: Mr. Nobuhisa Akabane Telephone: 81-33-507-3022 Fax: 81-33-581-1486 Department of Technical Development: Mr, Hideo Aoyama, Counselor Manager, Office of Planning: Mr. Takashi Nitto m MINISTRY OF EDUCATION NACSIS 3-29-1, Otsuka, Bunyo-ko Tokyo 112, Japan Telephone: 81-33-942-6949 Fax: 81-33-942-9398 Director General: Dr. Hiroshi Inose Associate Professional Systems Research Division: Dr. Jun Adachi Director, Science Information Research Division: Professor Hitoshi Inoue NACSIS Newsletter Secretary: Mr. Tatsuo Kaida The National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) of the Ministry of Educa- tion, Science and Culture was founded in April 1986. NACSIS is a central organ for promoting the service of national and comprehensive science information systems. NACSIS' primary service is online access to the science data bases associated with Japan's Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. NACSIS also provides a newsletter which is available free of charge. Some Westerners sometimes mistakenly iden- tify this organization as Japan's National Science Foundation. NACSIS One of the most important programs that the NSF administers in regard to Japan is a cooperative venture with Japan's Ministry of Education, Science and Culture to allow free access to NACSIS (Japan's National Center for Science and Information System) database. This program, funded by the Japanese government, allows any American free access to 12 bib- liographic Japanese databases, many that have been previously un- available in the U.S. All are in the Japanese language. The NSF and the Library of Congress provide free, brief, translations and sear- ches. Information tends to be dated. Some of the NACSIS databases now accessible to the U.S. research community include KAKEN: compiled by NACSIS, these are abstracts of research projects subsidized by grants-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education. RES: biographical, publication, and research information on researchers at Japanese univer- sities. GAKKAI 1, 2, 3, 4 & 7: abstracts of papers presented at conferences and meetings of a Page 430 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings number of academic societies in electronics, information processing, electricity, chemical engineering, biotechnology, architecture, civil engineering, medicine, dentistry, botany, and agriculture. GAKUI: an index to doctoral dissertations sub- mitted to Japanese universities. KEIZAI: index of economics literature publish- ed in academic, professional and official peri- odicals. DBDR: directory of databases created or acces- sible through Japanese universities. The other databases in the NACSIS system con- tain the holdings of university libraries (union catalogues) in Japan. To access the system, contact NACSIS Operator at NSF Operator: Mr. Larry Garfield Telephone: (202) 357-7278 (between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., EST on weekdays) NOTE: This project has been temporarily suspended due to funding. For more informa- tion, contact Mr. David Stout, (202) 357-9717 or the Library of Congress at (202) 707-1207. JAPAN REPROGRAPHIC RIGHTS CENTER (JRRC) 6-41, Akasaka 9-chome, Minato-ku Tokyo 107, Japan Telephone: 81-33-475-4621 Fax: 81-33-403-8199 Executive Director: Dr. Ohiko Kammori Established September 1991. Helps improve flow of scientific and technical information be- tween the U.S. and Japan. Provides Japanese publishers and authors with licensing programs and a means to collect royalties on works they have published, both within Japan and in other countries. • MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS EMBASSY OF JAPAN 2520 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Telephone: (202) 939-6700 Fax: (202) 328-2187 Ambassador: His Excellency Shoichi Kuriyama Deputy Chief of Mission: Mr. Hiroshi Hirabayashi Political Minister: Mr. Kenzo Ohshima Economic Minister: Mr. Seiichiro Noboru Commercial Minister: Mr. Masatoshi Toriihara Financial Minister: Mr. Shoji Mori Information Minister: Mr. Seiichi Kondo Scientific Counselor: Mr. Yukihide Hayashi Defense and Military Attache: General Shunichi Nito MITI Representative: Mr. Atsuo Sibouta ■ Japan Information and Culture Center 1155 21st Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Telephone: (202) 939-6900 Fax: (202) 822-6524 Director: Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe ■ Japan Information Center 299 Park Avenue 18th Floor New York, New York 10171 Telephone: (212) 371-8222 Page 431 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Fax: (212) 371-1294 Director: Mr. Seigi Hinata ■ Japan Information Center Olympia Center 737 North Michigan Avenue Suite 1000 Chicago, Illinois 60611 Telephone: (312) 280-0430 Fax:(312)280-6883 Director: Mr. Ko Kodaira ■ Japan Information Center 50 Fremont Street Suite 2300 San Francisco, California 94105 Telephone: (415) 777-3533 (415)777-0518 Director: Mr. Eiichi Suzuki ■ Japan Information Center 250 East First Street Suite 1507 Los Angeles, California 90012 Telephone: (213) 624-8305 Fax: (213) 680-3202 Director: Mr. Takeo Yoshikawa ■ Japan Information Center 100 Colony Square Bldg. 1175PeachtreeSt.,N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30361 Telephone: (404) 892-2700 Fax: (404) 892-5067 Cultural Division: Ms. Hisako Dozai Public Relations Director: Mr. Takeshi Takemori J^PAN ECONOMIC INSTITUTE (JEI) 1000 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 296-5633 Fax: (202) 296-8333 President: Dr. Arthur Alexander Research organization funded by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The largely American staff (Keidanren traditionally sends a researcher) produces a series of excellent reports on U.S.-Japan relations and Japanese political, economic, and business issues. The Institute is a good place to look for answers to political and general business-related ques- tions. They are not helpful with company- and industry-specific inquiries. Produces an annual report of Japanese investment in American manufacturing. Subscription publications are (both reports $150/year): JEI REPORT (Two-part weekly. Part A on a relevant aspect of the Japanese economy or Japan-U.S. relations; Part B is a newsletter on Japan-U.S. developments.) JAPAN-U.S. BUSINESS REPORT (monthly on U.S. and Japanese investments and agree- ments.) • MITI: Ministry of International Trade and Industry DATABASE PROMOTION CENTER (DPC) World Trade Center Building 7th Floor 2-4-1 Hamamatsu-cho Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan Promotion Director: Mr. Keisuke Okuzumi Telephone: 81-33-459-8581 Fax: 81-33-432-7558 MITI-sponsored, quasi-governmental agency founded in 1984 to promote, fund, and study databases and data services in Japan. Their an- Page 432 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings nual Directory of Japanese Databases is a must for anyone interested in Japanese information. Abridged version available in English. JAPAN EXTERNAL TRADE ORGANIZATION (JETRO) 1221 Avenue of the Americas 44th Floor New York, New York 10020 Telephone: (212) 997-0400 Fax: (212) 997-0464 Library: (212) 997-0412 President: Mr. Hiroshi Tsukamoto Vice President: Mr. Hiri Sumihito Export to Japan Contact: Mr. Sumihito Hirai Industrial Electronics Division: Mr. Soichi Nagamatsu Research Technology Department: Mr. Koshi Ohashi The New York JETRO office has over 20 departments following trade and technology is- sues. Departments include industrial research, automotive, bicycles, textiles, ship machinery, and prefectual representatives. In 1990, MITI began an Import Now campaign and began to reorient the mission and budget of JETRO. Founded in 1958, its mission tradi- tionally has been to collect business and com- mercial information around the world for Japanese industry. Other JETRO offices are ■ San Francisco: (415) 392-1333 ■ Chicago: (312) 527-9000 ■ Los Angeles: (213) 624-8855 ■ Houston: (713) 759-9595 ■ Atlanta: (404) 681-0600 ■ Denver: (303) 629-0404 U.S. Representative in Washington, D.C. Mr. Claude R. Shirai, D.C. Liaison 830 National Press Building Washington, D.C. 20045 Telephone: (202) 293-6958 Fax: (202) 833-2215 MITI does not have an official of- fice in the U.S. MITI officials sit at the Embassy and JETRO, as well as at most Japanese trade associations located in Washington. U.S. GOVERNMENT • COMMERCE DEPARTMENT The Commerce Department is a wealth of in- formation. Commerce should be your starting point for almost any business question you might have. Consultants and foreign nationals long ago discovered the value of this department's resources. The government agen- cies that are part of the Commerce Department are: International Trade Administration, Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Technical Information Service, National Telecommunications and In- formation Administration, Patent and Trademark Office, Bureau of the Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis and the U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration. Page 433 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings The Commerce Department's many agencies and services can be overwhelming to the begin- ning researcher. It is difficult to know where to start to look for information. If you are outside Washington, D.C, start with your local Com- merce District Office. However, do not be afraid to call Washington directly. A central source to direct you to the proper information resource is the Business Liaison Office Commerce Department 14th and Constitution Avenue, N.W. Room 5898-C Washington, D.C. 20230 Telephone: (202) 482-3176 Director: Ms. Melissa Moss Business Assistant Program Trade Specialists: Ms. Nancy Larkin For information on all U.S. government Japan sources, start with the Japan Technology Program 14th and Constitution Avenue, N.W. Room 4817 Washington, D.C. 20230 Telephone: (202) 482-3036 Contact: Dr. Phyllis Genther Yoshida or Dr. Tom Kusuda The Japanese Technical Literature Program was established in 1987 by an act of Congress to increase the availability and awareness of Japanese technical literature. The Office's newsletter Japanese Technical Literature and its annual Directory of Japanese Technical Resour- ces are musts for anyone interested in Japanese science and technology. Other publications include: The Role of Cor- porate Linkages in U.S. -Japan Technology Transfer 1991 and Japanese Direct Investment in U.S. Manufacturing. ■ INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION Herbert Clark Hoover Building 14th and Constitution Avenue, N.W. Room 3840 Washington, D.C. 20230 Under Secretary (designate): Mr. Jeffrey Garten Telephone: (202) 482-2867 Deputy Under Secretary: Mr. Timothy J. Hauser Telephone: (202) 482-3917 ITA offers assistance and information to help U.S. exporters. ITA units include country and industry experts and domestic and overseas commercial offices, each promoting products and offering services and programs for the U.S. exporting community. Office of Japan Room 2318 Washington, D.C. 20230 Telephone: (202) 482-4527 Deputy Assistant Secretary: Ms. Marjorie E. Searing o Trade Policy Mr. Philip Agress, Director Mr. Edward Dunn, Assistant to Mr. Agress, High Technology Ms. Terrie Etheridge, Structural Impediments Initiative, Construction, MPA Page 434 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Mr. David Birdsey, Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Ms. Alison Roche, Automotive and Parts Ms. Beth Johns, Aviation Services, ODA Mr. Dennis Goldenson, Automotive Commercial Programs Room 2324 Telephone: (202) 482-2425 Mr. Robert Francis, Director o Japan Export Information Center (JEIC) Room 2318 Telephone: (202) 482-2425 Mr. Cantwell Walsh, Director Mr. Edward Leslie, Deputy Director Ms. Cynthia Campbell, Associate Director Mr. Eric Kennedy, Associate Director The Office of Japan is the country-specific ex- pert on Japan in ITA, The Office of Japan per- forms two separate and distinct functions: trade policy and trade promotion. The former invol- ves the development and implementation of bilateral and multilateral trade policy and com- mercial strategies. The latter function is per- formed by the recently established JEIC. The JEIC offers business counseling and provides current and accurate information on exporting to Japan. The JEIC provides information on doing busi- ness in Japan, market entry alternatives, market information and research, product standards and testing requirements, tariffs, and nontariff barriers. The staff also maintains a commercial library and is available to participate in private- and government-sponsored seminars on various aspects of doing business in Japan. m TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION Under Secretary (designate): Dr. Mary G. Good Deputy Under Secretary (acting): Mr. Mark Bohannon Telephone: (202) 482-1575 Technology Policy Assistant Secretary: vacant Telephone: (202) 482-1581 Office of International Technology Policy and Programs Director: Dr. Joseph Clark (acting) Telephone: (202) 482-5150 Japan Technology Program: Dr. Phyllis Genther Yoshida, Director, (202) 482-1287 Office of Technology Policy Analyses and Studies Strategic Partnerships Initiative: Mr. J. William Nelson, (202) 482-2058 U.S. NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS) 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 Telephone: (703) 487-4819 Fax: (703) 487-4636 Acting Director: Mr. Ronald Lawson o Office of Business Development Associate Director for International Affairs: Mr. Walter Finch, (703) 487-4674 Page 435 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Agreements Officer: Ms. Barbara Payne, (703) 487-4826 Japanese Technical Resources Directory Editor: Mr. John W. Hounsell, (703) 487-4819 Foreign Acquisitions: Dr. A. Rahman Khan Collects Japanese technical literature. U.S. agent for online access to the Japan Informa- tion Center of Science and Technology (JICST). The central source for the public sale of scientific and technical reports prepared within the federal government. Many interest- ing studies on Japan. Publishes an annual Directory of Japanese Tech- nical Resources and NTJS ALERT: Foreign Technology, Daily Report: East Asia, and JPRS Report: Science & Technology, Japan. To order, call (703) 487-4650 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) Administration Building Quince Orchard & Clopper Roads Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Public Affairs: (301) 975-2758 Director: Dr. Arati Prabhakar Deputy Director: Mr. Raymond Kammer Telephone: (301) 975-2300 Contact: Ms. Sharon Kemmerer, Computer Specialist Telephone: (301) 975-3287 Fax: (301) 948-1784 • STATE DEPARTMENT 2201 C Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20520 Public Information: (202) 647-6575 Secretary: Mr. Warren Christopher Deputy Secretary: Mr. Clifton R. WTiarton, Jr. Telephone: (202) 647-9640 Under Secretary for Economic and Agricultural Affairs: Dr. Joan Spero Telephone: (202) 647-7575 Under Secretary for International Security Affairs: Ms. Lynn E. Davis Telephone: (202) 647-1049 Under Secretary for Political Affairs: Mr. Peter Tarnoff Telephone: (202) 647-2471 Under Secretary for Management: Mr. J. Brian Atwood Telephone: (202) 647-1500 Counselor: Mr. Timothy Wirth Telephone: (202) 647-0978 ° BUREAU OF EAST ASIAN AND PACIFIC AFFAIRS Room 6205 Assistant Secretary: Mr. Winston Lord Telephone: (202) 647-9596 Deputy Asst. Secretary: Mr. Peter Tomsen Telephone: (202) 647-6910 Deputy Asst. Secretary (Japan): Mr. Thomas C. Hubbard Telephone: (202) 647-736-4393 Deputy Asst. Secretary (Economic Policy): Mr. Phillip T. Lincoln, Jr. (acting) Telephone: (202) 647-6904 Office of Japan Room 4206 Director: Mr. Rust Deming (to be Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, start- ing November 1993) Telephone: (202) 647-2913 Fax: (202) 647-4402 Page 436 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Political Section Chief: Mr. John F. Scott Desk Officers: Mr. David Shear, Mr. Carl Gettinger, Mr. Kenneth Chern, and Mr. Drew Quinn Telephone: (202) 647-2913 Economic Section Chief: Mr. Robert Ludan Desk Officers: Mr. Kurt Tong and Ms. Patricia H. Scruggs Telephone: (202) 647-3152 ° BUREAU OF OCEANS AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS Assistant Secretary: Mr. Curtis Bohlen Telephone: (202) 647-1554 Science and Technology Affairs Deputy Assistant Secretary (acting): Dr. John P. Boright Room 7825 Telephone: (202) 657-2958 Fax: (202) 647-0773 • DEFENSE DEPARTMENT The Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20301 Public Information: (703) 545-6700 Secretary: Mr. Les Aspin Telephone: (703) 695-5261 Deputy Secretary: Mr. William J. Perry Telephone: (703) 695-6352 DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY Cameron Station Alexandria, Virginia 22304-6100 Telephone: (703) 274-6111 Fax: (703) 274-7920 Director: Vice Admiral Edward M. Shaw Defense Technical Information Center Building 5, Cameron Station Alexandria, Virginia 22304 Telephone: (703) 274-7661 Fax: (703) 274-1297 Mr. Robert Billingsley, Chief, Information Programs Support ° DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Secretary of the Army (acting): Mr. John W. Shannon Telephone: (703) 695-3211 Assistant Secretary for Research, Development and Acquisition (acting) : Mr. George E. Dausman Telephone: (703) 695-6153 Deputy Assistant Secretary, Research and Technology: Mr. George T. Singley Telephone: (703) 697-1646 Space & Terrestrial Communications Directorate Headquarters, U.S. Army Communications- Electronics Command Fort Monmouth Attn: Amsel-RD-SP-LA-M Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703-5203 Telephone: (908) 544-3900 Fax: (908) 544-2150 Contact: Mr. Robert Brown, Electronics Engineer Page 437 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Secretary of the Navy (designate): Mr. John H. Dalton Telephone: (703) 695-3131 Assistant Secretary for Research, Development & Acquisition (acting): Mr. Edward C Whitman Telephone: (703) 695-6315 Fax: (703) 697-0172 Office of Naval Research Asian Office Unit APO 96337-0007 Telephone: 81-33-401-8924 Fax: 81-33-403-9670 Contact: Dr. David Kahaner E-Mail: kahaner@cs.titech.ac.jp The Tokyo Office of ONR is one of the best reporting services on Japanese S&T and R&D developments, especially in the computer and materials field. You can regularly receive their reports online by directly contacting Dr. Kahaner. Also place yourself on the mailing list for their free quarterly reports, Scientific Infor- mation Bulletin. You can also receive Dr. Kahaner's reports, as well as additional information on Japanese computer science by connecting with the fol- lowing newsgroup: Dr. Richard D. Schlichting Department of Computer Science The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 Telephone: (602) 621-4324 Fax: (602) 621-4246 Internet: rick@cs.arizona.edu This newsgroup includes descriptions of cur- rent Japanese computing and computer science activities, including reports prepared by the U.S. Office of Naval Research; trip reports on Japanese universities, government laboratories, and companies; information about computer science research papers pub- lished in Japan, including titles, authors, and abstracts. This includes papers in both Japanese and English; tables of contents of leading Japanese computer journals; an- nouncements related to computing and com- puter science in Japan, including those related to conferences held in Japan, research oppor- tunities, etc.; queries related to computing and computer science in Japan; and general discus- sions on computing and computer science in Japan, both academic and industrial. • THE WHITE HOUSE ° OFFICE OF THE U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE 600 17th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20506 U.S. Trade Representative: Ambassador Michael Kantor Telephone: (202) 395-3204 Fax:(202)395-3911 Deputy USTR: Ambassador Rufus Yerxa Deputy USTR (Asia): Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky General Counsel: Mr. Ira Shapiro Chief of Staff: Mr. Tom Nides Counselor on Trade Policy: Dr. Ellen Frost Congressional Affairs: Ms. Nancy LeaMond Page 438 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japan & China Assistant USTR: Mr. Ira Wolf Telephone: (202) 395-3900 Deputy Assistant USTR (Japan): vacant Director of Japanese Affairs: Mr. Charles D. Lake Deputy Director of Japanese Affairs: vacant Telephone: (202) 395-5070 ° NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL OEOB 17th and Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20506 Asian Affairs Special Assistant to the President: Mr. Kent W. Wiedemann Telephone: (202) 395-5746 Japan Director: Ms. Sandy Kristoff Telephone: (202) 395-6173 ° OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE POLICY OEOB 17th and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20506 Telephone: (202) 456-7116 Fax: (202) 395-3261 Assistant to the President for Science & Tech- nology: Dr. John H. Gibbons • INDEPENDENT AGENCIES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) 300 E Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20546 Telephone: (202) 358-0000 Administrator: Daniel S. Goldin Telephone: (202) 358-1010 Fax: (202) 358-0071 Deputy Administrator (acting): Mr. John R. Dailey Telephone: (202) 358-1010 NASA Scientific Technical Information Program Crystal Gateway Building #2 1225 Jefferson Davis Highway Arlington, Virginia 22202 Telephone: (703) 685-1350 Fax: (703) 271-5669 International STI Program Analyst: Glenn Hoetker Office of Aeronautics Associate Administrator: Mr. Wesley Harris Telephone: (202) 453-2693 Fax: (202) 755-3283 Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23665 Telephone: (804) 864-1000 Director: Mr. Paul F. Holloway Research Information and Applications Division Telephone: (804) 864-2491 Fax:(804)864-8311 Chief: Mr. Andrew J. Hansbrough Assistant to the Chief: Dr. Thomas E. Pinelli • THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Division of International Programs 1800 G Street, N.W. Room V-501 Page 439 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Washington, D.C 20550 Telephone: (202) 653-5387 Fax: (202) 653-5929 Director: Mr. Marcel Bardon East Asia & Pacific Section Senior Program Manager for the Japan Program: Dr. Alexander De Angelis Telephone: (202) 653-5862 Japan Specialists: Ms. Patricia Tsuchitani Mr. Alan Milsap Telephone: (202) 653-5343 Administers U.S.-Japan scientific exchanges. Occasional reports reviewing R&D and scien- tific trends in Japan. Reports available: Direc- tory of Japanese Company Laboratories Willing to Receive American Researchers (March 1991), Survey of Direct U.S. Private Capital Investment in Research and Development Facilities in Japan (January 1991), and The Science and Technol- ogy Resources of Japan: A Comparison with the U.S. (June 1988). NSF Tokyo Office c/o Amembassy, Tokyo Unite 45004, Box 236 APO AP 96337-0001 Telephone: 81-33-224-5505 Fax: 81-33-582-0496 NSF Officer: Dr. Larry Weber Tokyo Report Memoranda: Over 200 reports on Japanese science policy developments. For ex- ample, Report #221 is 1991 Survey of Research and Development in Japan. To be put on the mailing list for these reports, contact Ms. Pandoria Nobles, Acting Secretary, Pacific & East Asia Section, Telephone: (202) (202) 653-5862 The NSF also administers a project called JTEC (Japan Technology Evaluation Center) to access the status and trends of Japanese re- search and development in selected technologies (as well as a similar one on Europe, WTEC). NSF JTEC Program Officer: Mr. Paul Herer Telephone: (202) 357-9774 CONGRESS • LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Japanese Section Asian Division Adams Bldg., Room 133B Washington, D.C. 20540 Telephone: (202) 707-5431 Fax: (202) 707-1724 Head: Mr. Hisao Matsumoto Area Specialist: Ms. Yoshiko Yoshimura Far Eastern Law Division Madison Bldg., Room 235 101 Independence Avenue, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20540 Telephone: (202) 707-5050 Japan Specialist: Mr. Takeo Nishioka Science Reference Section Science and Technology Division Adams Bldg., Room 5010A Washington, D.C. 20540 Page 440 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Telephone: (202) 707-5639 Japan Expert: Mrs. Hisako Halasz Telephone: (202) 707-1207 Business Reference Services Humanities and Social Science Division Adams Bldg., Room 5010 Washington, D.C. 20540 Telephone: (202) 707-5522 Congressional Research Service (CRS) Japan Task Force Contact: Dr. Richard Nanto Telephone: (202) 707-7300 Science Policy Research Director: Mr. Glenn McLoughlin, (202) 707-7073 CRS is the research arm of Congress. Research is vigorous, and the scholars are often among the top in their field. The Japan Task Force coordinates the research work on Japan. Recent studies include: McLoughlin, Glenn, Japan 's Science and Tech- nology Strategies and Policies: Issue Brief (#IB 90053) Nanto, Dick and Glenn J. McLoughlin, Japanese and U.S. Industrial Association: Their Role in High-Tech Policy-Making (#91-447E), June 6, 1991 You may obtain these publications through your congressman or senator. PRIVATE SECTOR AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE (AAAS) 1333 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 Telephone: (202) 326-6640 Fax: (202) 289-4958 Executive Officer: Mr. Richard S. Nicholson Telephone: (202) 326-6639 Director of International Programs: Dr. Richard W. Getzinger Telephone: (202) 326-6650 Contact for Asia/Japan Issues: Dr. Lisbeth Levy AMERICAN ELECTRONICS ASSOCIATION (AEA) 5201 Great America Parkway Santa Clara, California 95054 Telephone: (408) 987-4200 Fax: (408) 970-8565 Director of Marketing & Communications: Ms. Sue Puleo Washington Office 1225 I Street, N.W. Suite 950 Washington, D.C. 20005 Telephone: (202) 682-9110 Fax:(202)682-9111 President: Mr. Richard Iverson International Affairs Director: Mr. William Krist International Trade Affairs Manager: Ms. Debra Waggoner Page 441 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Tokyo Office U.S. Electronics Industry Japan Office Nambu Building, 3rd Floor Kioicho 3-3 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Telephone: 81-33-237-7195 Fax: 81-33-237-1237 Executive Director: Mr. John P. Stern Tokyo office is a joint project sponsored by the American Electronics Association, the Electronics Industries Association, and the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association in cooperation with the Commerce Department. Publishes a monthly newsletter, Japan Electronics Update. Also available: How to Get a Slice of the Japanese Electronics Market: Direc- tory of Purchasing Officers ($25); Sources of Electronics Information in Japan ($45); and Soft Landing in Japan: A Market Entry Handbook for U.S. Software Companies . JAPAN INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT 1706 R Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009-2410 Telephone: (202) 332-5224 Fax:(202)332-6841 Director: Ms. Mindy L. Kotler Nonprofit [501(c)(3)], nonpartisan, education- al organization that trains American public and private sector decisionmakers on how to access, use, and evaluate Japanese business, science and technical information. Offers an informa- tion clearinghouse, publications, conferences, and workshops. A membership organization. MICROELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION (MCC) 3500 West Balcones Center Drive Austin, Texas 78759-6509 Telephone: (512) 343-0978 Chief Executive Officer: Dr. Craig Fields Telephone: (512) 338-3227 Fax:(512)338-3898 Vice President, Strategy and Development: Mr. Mark Eaton Telephone: (512) 338-3315 Senior Research Analyst, International Liaison Office: Mr. Howard Curtis Telephone: (512) 338-3792 Fax:(512)338-3898 Founded in 1982 to foster research cooperation among leading U.S. high technology com- panies. Extensive information gathering on Japanese science and technology. Monthly newsletter/review of Japanese technical and commercial literature. NATIONAL CENTER FOR MANUFACTURING SCIENCES Manufacturing Information Resource Center (MIRC) 3025 Boardwalk Ann Arbor, Michigan 48208-3266 Telephone: (313) 995-0300 Fax:(313)995-4004 E-Mail (Internet): hillary.hand- werger@ncms.org Director, MIRC: Ms. Hillary Handwerger Page 442 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings A nonprofit consortium of manufacturing com- panies in North America whose goal is to spur corporate research and increase competitive- ness. MIRC offers an online database that lists 30,000 documents, including NTIS files begin- ning in 1969. SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY Pacific Rim Project Business Information Services 1000 Fourth Avenue Seattle, Washington 98104 Telephone: (206) 386-4636 Fax: (206) 386-4634 Coordinator: Ms. Betty Tonglao SEMATECH 2706 Montopolis Drive Austin, Texas 78741 Telephone: (512) 356-3000 Fax:(512)356-3083 Chief Executive Officer: Mr. William Spencer Librarian: Ms. Marilyn Redmond Telephone: (512) 356-3442 Strategic Data and Analysis Group: Ms. Madeline Dovale Telephone: (512) 356-3834 Fax:(512)356-3083 Nonprofit cooperative venture of U.S. manufacturers and equipment and materials suppliers to jointly develop advanced semicon- ductor manufacturing technologies. Founded in 1987. Provides translations of Japanese busi- ness and technical articles to members. SEMICONDUCTOR RESEARCH CORP. 4501 Alexander Drive Suite 301 P.O. Box 12053 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Telephone: (919) 541-9431 Chief Executive Officer: Mr. Larry Sumney Industry consortium founded in 1982 to fund semiconductor-related research on U.S. university campuses. SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment Materials International) 805 East Middlefield Road Mountain View, California 94043-4080 Telephone: (415) 964-5111 Fax: (415) 967-5375 President: Mr. William H. Reed Technology: Mr. Scott Young, Director Trade association for the semiconductor and flat panel display equipment and materials in- dustry. ACADEMIA Stanford University U.S. Japan Technology Management Center 322 McCullough Stanford, California 94305-4055 Telephone: (415) 723-2094 Fax: (415) 723-4659 E-Mail: INFO@FUJI.STANFORD.EDU Director: Dr. Robert A. Burmeister University of Wisconsin-Madison International Engineering Program 1500 Johnson Drive 1018 Engineering Research Building Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Telephone: (608) 263-2191 Associate Dean Thomas W. Chapman Page 443 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Engineering Professional Development 1527 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Telephone: (608) 262-4810 Fax: (608) 262-6707 Professor James L, Davis University of Wisconsin-Madison Biotechnology Center 287 Enzyme Institute 1710 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53705 Director, Information Resources Facility: Ms. Efrat Linvy Telephone: (608) 262-1966 University of California at San Diego Center for Magnetic Recording Research La Jolla, California 92093-0401 Telephone: (619) 534-6213 Fax: (619) 534-2720 Manager, Information Services: Ms. Dawn Talbot University of Washington Department of Technical Communication Technical Japanese Program 12 Engineering Library FH-40 Seattle, Washington 98195 Telephone: (206) 543-7610 Fax: (206) 685-3264 Director: Dr. Michio Tsutsui New York University Japanese Translation Project Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences 251 Mercer Street New York, New York 10012 Telephone: (212) 998-3067 Fax: (212) 995-4121 Director: Dr. Susan Goldman University of California-Berkeley Computer Science Division 571 Evans Hall Berkeley, California 94720 Telephone: (510) 642-1469 Fax: (510) 642-5775 E-Mail: harrison@cs.berkely.edu Contact: Prof essor Michael A. Harrison CONSULTANTS/SERVICE PROFESSIONALS AGENT INTELLIGENCE GUIDANCE SYSTEM OnLoQ (order agent) 1172 Old Alameda Pt. Alameda, California 94501 Telephone: (510) 521-4375 Agent Software Contact: Mr. J. Mena Software that pinpoints the databank with intel- ligence needed in areas including advertising, marketing, business, competitive industry intel- ligence, intellectual properties, Japan, new technologies, and computer software and hardware. It also provides online services offer- ing full text coverage of thousands of trade, business, and technological publications around the world. BLAKELY & ASSOCIATES 503 Beacon Street Alton, Illinois 62002 Telephone: (618) 462-0856 Fax:(618)474-2109 Page 444 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Contact: Mr. Stephen W. Blakely Services include development of market-driven strategies and tactics, competitive situation analysis, market research and analysis, and ac- quisition candidate profiles. MR. DONALD C. GORHAM 12900 Old Columbia Pike Silver Spring, Maryland 20904 Telephone: (301) 384-9512 Over 50 years of translating, interpreting, and consulting on Japanese business, technical, and legal matters. FENWICK & WEST Two Palo Alto Square Palo Alto, California 94306 Telephone: (415) 494-0600 Fax:(415)494-8022 Contact: Mr. Fred M. Greguras Washington Office 1920 N Street, N.W. Suite 650 Washington, D.C. 20036 Telephone: (202) 463-6300 Fax: (202) 465-6520 Contact: Ms. Mary Kate O'Hare Provides information, translation, and travel services for Japanese businesses. Services in- clude Nippon Information Services, which spe- cializes in a variety of communication and information services in Japanese and in English; publishes weekly report of translation from the U.S. press; Japan Associates Travel, a full service travel agency serving both in- dividuals and organizations; and Robotech, which brings Japanese and American com- panies together with technology transfers, licensing agreements, and technical informa- tion exchanges. ISTA, INC. 950 Conestoga Road Suite K-46 Rosemont, Pennsylvania 19010 Telephone: (215) 527-4538 Fax: (215) 527-2041 Contact: Dr. Alan K. Engle Serves technology needs between Japan and the U.S. by providing targeted analysis, consult- ing and liaison help, access to databases, grey literature, newspapers, journals, and reference books. A 90-lawyer firm that specializes in venture capital and emerging companies, intellectual property, litigation and dispute resolution, mergers and acquisition, and representing in- ternational Pacific Rim companies. GALAXY SYSTEMS, INC. 2004 17th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 Telephone: (202) 939-8856 Fax: (202) 667-5303 JAPAN TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION & EVALUATION SERVICE (J-TIES) 503 Bonne Akasaka 8-13-13 Akasaka, Minato-ku Tokyo 107, Japan Telephone: 81-33-423-2400 Fax: 81-33-470-4141 Contact: Mr. Carlton Williams Page 445 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings U.S. Office University of Maryland-College Park College Park, Maryland 20742 Telephone and Fax: (301) 986-0645 Provides surveillance of technical and business trends in Japan; maintains a database and a patent retrieval system, and surveys Japanese company's R&D strategies and activities. JAPANESE BUSINESS CONSULTING, INC. 1374 Telegraph Hill Drive Salt Lake City, Utah 84123 Telephone: (801) 268-8959 Fax: (801) 268-8928 Contact: Mr. Douglas K. Bringhurst Helps companies compete in Japanese markets by providing market research, marketing, strategic planning, government lobbying, inter- pretation, technical translation, and Japanese typesetting. PROFESSIONAL ADVANCEMENT ENTERPRISES 2182 Saginaw S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506 Telephone: (616) 956-9443, (800) 421-1943 Fax: (616) 956-7973 Offers translation, typesetting and interpreting services, as well as international protocol train- ing for business development. STEIN ASSOCIATES, INC. 4901 Hornbean Drive Rockville, Maryland 20853 Telephone: (301) 924-4520 Fax: (301) 924-3847 Contact: Mr. Marvin Stein Market research with an emphasis on Japan and Asia. Technical translation and document ac- quisition. STEWART JAPAN/U.S. BUSINESS INTERFACE, INC. 1001 Craig Road, Suite 260 St. Louis, Missouri 63146 Telephone: (314) 569-9849 Fax: (314) 569-9862 Contact: Dr. Fumia Yoshikawa Services include representation, negotiation, venture analysis, consultation, market research, language services, and seminars. TECHSEARCH INTERNATIONAL, INC. 9430 Research Boulevard Suite 400 Austin, Texas 78759 Telephone: (512) 343-4508 Fax:(512)343-4509 President: Ms. Jan Vardaman Produces the Japanese Technical Abstracting Service (JTAS), which provides a link to tech- nical developments of the Japanese computer electronics and semiconductor industries. JTAS consists of abstracts of technical articles from Denshi Zairyo, Nikkei Electronics, Nikkei Microdevices, and Semiconductor World. JTAS is distributed monthly on floppy disk and costs $5,000 a year. A keyword search of the JTAS database is also available for $100 per month per topic. VENTURELINK USA West Coast Office BigBang Technology, Inc. 1425 Koll Circle Suite 110 Page 446 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings San Jose, California 95112 Telephone: (408) 453-0110 Fax:(408)453-9115 Contact: Mr. Tamio Saito Helps American entrepreneurs and corpora- tions enter the markets of Japan and the Pacific Basin using a business-to-business matching service. Publishes a quarterly newsletter about Japan, featuring exclusive information on economic trends, tips for success in global marketing, case histories, and articles by Japan experts. CORPORATIONS E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY D-602S Wilmington, Delaware 19898 Telephone: (302) 773-1163 Fax: (302) 774-3154 Director, Technology A cquisition: Dr. James E. Nottke INTEL CORPORATION Technology Management Group Strategic Research 2200 Mission College Boulevard MS RN 3-19 Santa Clara, California 95052 Telephone: (408) 765-9523 Fax: (408) 765-9223 Industry Analyst: Mr. Ryan Hoover ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL Corporate Asia Pacific Technology Liaison Office P.O. Box 1085 1049 Camino Dos Rios Thousand Oaks, California 91630 Telephone: (805) 373-4145 Fax: (805) 373-4672 Manager, International Research and Technology Division: Dr. Stanley W. Zehr Rockwell International Science Center Palo Alto Laboratory, Suite 400 444 High Street Palo Alto, California 94301 Telephone: (415) 325-7145 Fax:(415)325-2007 Contact: Dr. Jim F. Martin 3M CORPORATION P.O. Box 33800 St. Paul, Minnesota 55 144 Telephone: (612) 733-0388 Fax: (612) 733-2094 Staff Vice President, International Operations, Research and Development: Dr. Geoffrey C. Nicholson 3M Information Services Building 21-BW-02 St Paul, Minnesota 55144 Telephone: (612) 778-7525 Fax: (612) 778-6364 Supervisor: Ms. Claire Zigmund Stokes Information Link 201-2S-00, 3M Center Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114-1000 Telephone: (612) 736-2834 Fax: (612) 736-0902 E-Mail: US296752@MRGATE@ATLAS Editor: Mr. Gene Danilenko Internal newsletter published by 3M Corporate Technical Planning and Coordination. It covers publications on company, cultural, and Page 447 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings technical information, patents, and current events. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION 1 Gristmill Court Suite 606 Baltimore, Maryland 21208 Telephone: (410) 765-7324 Fax: (410) 765-9684 Vice President, Technology, Electronics System Group: Dr. Gene Strull XEROX PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER (PARC) 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 Telephone: (415) 812-4042 Fax: (415) 812-4028 Manager of Information Resources: Dr. GiulianaA. Lavendel DATABASE INFORMATION SERVICES CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE P.O. Box 3012 Columbus, Ohio 43210 Telephone: (614) 447-3600 Fax:(614)447-3713 Manager, Marketing Services: Ms. Janice E. Mears Database monitors over 10,000 titles a year. As of 1988, almost 54 percent of the over 80,000 patents added to the database were of Japanese origin. Online databases include JICST-E and STN, an international online network in North America. DERWENT, INC. Suite 401 Dolley Madison Blvd. Mclean, Virginia 22101 Telephone: (703) 790-0400, xl09 Fax: (703) 790-1426 President: Mr. Jeremy Sergeant Online Marketing Executive for North America: Ms. Ginger Roberts Leading provider of scientific and technical in- telligence to business, industry, government and research institutes throughout the world. They process approximately 8,000 patent docu- ments from Japan each week. They provide five major services backed by the World Patents Index online database including Chemical Patents Index, Electrical Patents Index and World Patents Abstracts. NIKKEI TELECOM (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.) Information Service Secretary Databank Bureau 1-9-5 Ohte-machi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-66, Japan Telephone: 81-35-294-2407 Fax:81-35-294-2411 U.S. Office 1325 Avenue of the Americas Suite 2500 New York, New York 10019 Telephone: (212) 261-6240 Databank Sales Representative: Mr. Pier Friend Sales Agent In the U.S.: Page 448 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Mitsui & Co. (USA), Inc. 200 Park Avenue New York, New York 10166-0130 Telephone: (212) 878-0937 Fax: (212) 878-0998 Contact: Ms. Seema Sherma Nikkei Telecom Japan News & Retrieval is an online service developed by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc., publisher of Japan's premier economic newspaper. Nikkei Telecom I has complete corporate financial for all publicly listed Japanese companies and coverage of 10,000 Southeast Asian companies. Nikkei Telecom II offers some extra features including real time tick-by-tick data on stocks, futures, and options. TEIKOKU DATABANK, LTD. 2-5-20 Minami-Aoyama Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan Telephone: 81-33-404-4309 Fax: 81-33-404-2164 Contact: Mr. Yoshio Goto In the United States: 750 Lexington Avenue, 28th Floor New York, New York 10022 Telephone: (212) 486-2637 Fax: (212) 486-2638 President: Mr. Michio Hamaji Teikoku (TDB) is Japan's oldest credit report- ing company. TDB compiles detailed credit reports on over 2 million Japanese companies. In the Spring of 1991, TDB introduced an English language online database. This database is available on DIALOG and Nikkei Telecom. Custom credit reports are available for $350. COMLINE BUSINESS DATA, INC. 1-12-5, Hamamatsu-cho Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan Telephone: 81-35-401-4567 Fax: 81-35-401-2345 Managing Director: Mr. Hal Morimoto Since 1986, Comline has been the premier provider of news on Japanese high technology, science and business. This year, Comline will begin to provide full English translations of corporate reports listed on the first and second sections of the Tokyo Stock Exchange as well as Over-the-Counter companies. This new database, COMLINE Fundamental Data, is one of the databases whose development was funded by the Database Promotion Center. DIALOG INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SERVICE 3460 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, California 94394 Telephone: (800) 334-2564 (415) 858-3785 Fax: (415) 858-7069 Director of Marketing: Mr. Richard DeTurck Senior Information Specialist: Dr. LeeAnn Gorthey EL-NET Electronic Library KORINZU 8 8-11-13 Nishi-Gotanda Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141, Japan Telephone: 81-33-779-1211 Fax: 81-33-779-1227 Database of over 37 newspapers and 250 magazines, in Japanese, covering industry, markets, finance, economics, politics, and general news that allows not only searching of Page 449 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings index terms and free text terms from articles but also allows the searcher to order, using a simple command, fax copies of the original full-text Japanese documents to be sent to him/her in seconds. G-SEARCH 8F, Houkou-Kowa bldg. 1-2-4, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104 Japan Telephone: 81-35-565-1480 Agent in the U.S.: Japanese Language Services 186 Lincoln Street Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Telephone: (617) 338-2211 Fax:(617)338-4611 Contact: Mr. Carl Kay G-Search offers a comprehensive full-text news database of over 2.3 million records from Japan's leading business publications and general print media. Specialized files also con- tain marketing information, information on new product releases and research develop- ments in high technology fields, an index of titles of articles from over 600 Japanese techni- cal journals, macroeconomic data, corporate press releases, and a report of Japanese court decisions related to intellectual property. TRANSLATION SERVICES AMPAC, INC. 5713 Edsall Road Alexandria, Virginia 22304 Telephone: (703) 823-9773 Fax:(703)823-1138 Contact: Mr. Tim Rowe An Asian language communications, typeset- ting and publishing service. In-house transla- tion and typesetting, desktop publishing, computer graphics, Asian language word processing and phototypesetting systems. BERKELEY SCIENTIFIC TRANSLATION SERVICE 2161 Shattuck Avenue Suite 315 Berkeley, California 94704 Telephone: (510) 548-4665, (800) 488-9884 Fax:(510)548-4666 Modem: (510) 548-4667 E-Mail: 71773.1422@CompuServe.Com Contact: Mr. Rob Sellin Specializes in technical, industrial, and scien- tific translations into English from all lan- guages. Offers expert translation of English manuals, brochures, contracts and patents into other languages. Provides interpreters and in- ternational patent location and delivery ser- vices. Also offers typesetting and desktop publishing of manuals, brochures, proposals, and books. DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE SERVICES, INC. 1117 North 19th Street Suite 800 Arlington, Virginia 22209 Telephone: (703) 243-4856, (800) 642-7974 Fax: (703) 358-9189 Contact: Mr. John B. Ratliff III Exclusively offers scientific and technical trans- lations. Offers services for IBM-compatible and Apple computers, fax, modem, and desktop publishing. Page 450 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings DON HANK TRANSLATION AGENCY 3013 Main Street Conestoga, Pennsylvania 17516 Telephone: (717) 872-8942 Fax: (717) 872-5822 Contact: Mr. Donald E. Hank Specializes in technical translation, using both in-house production and translation staff and freelance technical translators. Also has exper- tise in food science, chemical engineering, and medical research. INFOX LIMITED FKD Building 128 Sakamoto-cho, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240, Japan Telephone: 81-45-332-6048 Fax: 81-45-332-6052 Contact: Mr. Junzo Tokunaga Technical translation from Japanese to English in the areas of biotechnology, molecular biol- ogy, food technology, and plant pathology. INTERLINGUA, INC. 27520 Hawthorne Blvd. Suite 230 Rolling Hills Estates, California 90274 Telephone: (310) 544-8552 Fax:(310)544-4998 Translation Fax: (310) 544-1271 E-Mail: 71042.242 CompuServe Chief Executive Officer: Mr. David Andrews Offers quick computerized translation between Japanese and English. Uses state-of-the-art ar- tificial intelligence software developed by Fujitsu. Also provides delivery of final docu- ments. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS EXCHANGE 15247 Streamside Court Dumfries, Virginia 22026 Telephone: (703) 680-1502 Fax: (703) 680-4578 Contact: Ms. Mitsuko Mask/Mr. Bob Mask Helps to identify specific market niches in order to develop a competitive strategy for penetrat- ing the Japanese marketplace. Services include information database development, transla- tion, and conference support services, including interpretation, bilingual administrative con- ference support and bilingual presentation materials. JAPANESE LANGUAGE SERVICES 186 Lincoln Street, 4th Floor Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Telephone: (617) 338-2211 Fax:(617)338-4611 Contact: Mr. Carl Kay Specializes in technical translation, desktop publishing and business cards. Can also do document acquisition and database searches in Japanese. Expertise in facilitating software and technical communications know-how licensing between U.S. and Japan. Cultural training seminars and consulting on machine transla- tion, Japanese OCR, on-line databases, and translation management. JAPANESE TRANSLATION SERVICE 17215 Ernadale Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44111 Telephone: (216) 252-0777 Fax: (216) 252-0777 Contact: Ms. Sachiko Mizukami Duffy Page 451 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Specializes in computer, engineering, industry & technology, legal, and general commercial translation. Other services include interpreta- tion, abstracts and summaries, audiovisual ser- vices, cross-cultural consulting, and language training. JAPANESE TRANSLATION TEAM RR 2, Box 909 Canaan, New Hampshire 03741 Telephone: (603) 523-9656 Fax: (Same as above - Auto Transfer) Contact: Mr. Gerald T. Peters Experience translating technical literature, specializing in hard sciences. Other fields of expertise included biology, physics, electronics, and patents. JAPANIC U.S. Office 1911 Rose St. Berkeley, California 94709 Telephone: (510) 527-7537 Fax:(510)527-0162 Contact: Mr. Scott McGillivray Japan Office #1-1002 Miyako-Dori Danchi 3-18 Honen-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464, Japan Telephone: 81-52-722-7181 Fax:81-52-711-9343 Contact: Mr. John M. Shields Specializes in translating technical articles and monographs on original products and research for international publication. Emphasizes Japanese and English language pair transla- tions. Offers marketing, advertising, and copywriting services for the Japanese market. Also offers translation for patents, contracts and legal communications. KANZEN TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS, INC. 1801 NW Upshur Street Portland, Oregon 97209-1700 Telephone: (503) 221-3043 Fax: (503) 221-3053 Contact: Mr. Allan Hunter Specializes in translating technical documenta- tion including R&D reports, patents, journal articles, legal agreements, financial reports, and technical manuals and marketing materials. KANJI-FLASH SOFTWORKS P.O. Box 3119 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20885-3119 Telephone: (301) 279-2678 Fax: (301) 279-2598 Contact: Mr. Craig Van Degrift Specializes in software to aid in comprehension and use of technical Japanese kanji. Produced accompaniment to Basic Technical Japanese by Daub, Bird and Inoue. RALPH MCELROY TRANSLATION COMPANY P.O. Box 4828 Austin, Texas 78765 Telephone: (512) 472-6753, (800) 531-9977 Fax: (512) 472-4591, 479-6703 Contact: Ms. Shelly Orr Priebe Provides technically accurate custom transla- tions from every language in any subject matter. Also offers foreign patent and document retrieval service. Page 452 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings NATIONAL TRANSLATION CENTER (NTQ Cataloging Distribution Service Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20541-5017 Telephone: (202) 707-0103 Fax:(202)707-6147 Technical Information Specialist: Ms. Karen Sturges-Vera The NTC serves as a national depository and information source for locating unpublished English translations of foreign literature in the natural, physical, and medical sciences. The col- lection contains approximately 400,000 transla- tions including thousands from Japanese and an additional 600,000 citations to translations held at other locations. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA PATENT TRANSLATION & CONSULTING SERVICES 1181 Chess Drive, #202 Foster City, California 94404 Telephone: (415) 349-3610 Fax:(415)349-4124 Contact: Mr. Alexander Shkolnik Services include filing patent applications in Japan, ordering translations of Japanese patent documents, and conducting patent searches of Japanese patent documents. SUZUKI, MYERS & ASSOCIATES, LTD. P.O. x3ox 852 Novi, Michigan 48376 Telephone: (313) 344-0909 Fax:(313)344-0092 Contact: Ms. Akiko Sakuma Services include simultaneous interpretation. Expertise includes negotiations, transactions, consulting, quality engineering, and sales & marketing materials. U.S.- JAPAN TRANSLATIONS, INC. Japanese Technical Translations 504 Bullan Austin, Texas 78746 Telephone: (800) 798-7527, (512) 327-8102 Fax:(512)327-3199 Contact: Mr. Bruce Gardner Specializes in Japanese technical and scientific translations for the semiconductor, computer, and software industries. Areas of expertise in- clude biochemistry, electrical engineering, medicine, metallurgy, and polymer science. PUBLICATIONS DIANE Publishing Co. 600 Upland Avenue Upland, Pennsylvania 19015 Telephone: (215) 499-7415 Fax: (215) 499-7429 Contact: Mr. Herman Baron The Japan Catalog has over 100 entries of market studies, reports, books, and government documents. The catalog also contains material from think tanks, both here and abroad; non- profit organizations; small publishers; and large commercial international publishing organiza- tions. Also available from DIANE Publishing is anime, or Japanimation, a mixture of sci-fi and action adventure, on video. All videos are sub- titled in Japanese with original Japanese dialogue. Page 453 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Japan Digest 205 N. Emerson Street Arlington, Virginia 22203 Telephone: (703) 528-7570 Fax: (703) 528-8123 Contact: Mr. Kim Willenson Daily and weekly executive summary of politi- cal, business, trade, technology and social issues news from Japan by FAX. A weekly edition is available by mail. It is edited by professional journalists, based on a careful reading of Japanese newspapers and magazines, and the reports of Kyodo News, Japan's premier news agency. $995, 1 year; weekly, $595/annual Japan Technology Highlights P.O. Box 7445 Northridge, California 91327 Telephone: (818) 360-3955 Contact: Mr. Hiroshi Kimura Bi-weekly journal since 1984, featuring trans- lated articles from Japan's Nikkan Kogyo Shim- bun, the premier source for science and technology information. Each issue contains between 16 and 20 pages of reviews, abstracts, and briefs of the most current technological events and discoveries announced in Japan. Topics covered include semiconductor and su- perconductor devices and materials, electronic and computer science, robotics and artificial intelligence, biological and medical sciences, chemistry, and automobile and automotive science. $295/year. Japan Technical Affairs 301 North Harrison Street Suite 484 Princeton, New Jersey 08540-3512 Telephone: (609) 466-2281 Publishing Editor: Mr. Richard J. Chafey An independently published quarterly publica- tion dealing with Japanese scientific and tech- nological developments and related commercial, economic, management, and com- petitiveness issues. $60/year. Maruzen Co., Inc. 1-4-14, Kyobashi Chuo-ku Tokyo 104, Japan Telephone: 81-33-271-6088 Fax: 81-33-271-6082 Director, Information Service Division: Mr. Ken I. Teramura Provides a comprehensive range of information services and operations in publishing, export, import and retail sales. Also provides electronic information services from countries such as the U.S.A., France, England and Japan. Key clien- tele include universities, corporations, and libraries, as well as individual researchers. Neo Japan NeoConcepts 510 Woodhaven Court Aptos, California 95003 Telephone: (408) 685-8818 Publisher: Mr. Sheridan M. Tatsuno A monthly analysis of emerging computer, semiconductor, and new media technologies and markets. $395/year. Parent company also offers a variety of newsletters, seminars, reports, videotapes, and consulting on emerg- ing Japanese and U.S. computer, semiconduc- tor, and multimedia technologies. Page 454 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings M omingstar, Inc. 53 W. Jackson Blvd. Suite 460 Chicago, Illinois 60604 Telephone: (312) 427-1985 Fax:(312)427-9215 Contact: Ms. Susan E. Bray An American financial publishing company with a new bi-weekly service that tracks 700 of Japan's leading companies. Morningstar Japan provides up-to-date financial statistics and con- cise editorial analysis and news. Offers special three-month U.S. trial subscription for $55. $495/year. Nikkei Weekly (Formerly The Japan Economic Journal) 1221 Avenue of the Americas Suite 1802 New York, New York 10020 Telephone: (212) 512-4579 Fax:(212)512-4550 Contact: Mr. Shigeki Miyagi Weekly newspaper of translated articles from Japan's daily financial newspaper, Nihon Kezai Shimbun. Covers the world of Japanese finance from politics and industry to weekly transac- tions of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. $108/year. HTE Research, Inc. 400 Oyster Point Blvd. Suite 220 South San Francisco, California 94080 Telephone: (415) 871-4377 Fax: (415) 871-0513 Contact: Mr. Steve Z. Szirom Publishes Semiconductor Industry and Busi- ness Survey, which offers news, facts, analysis, commentary, opinion, trends, views, and reports on the international semiconductor in- dustry. It also publishes reports on the industry. The newsletter is published 18 times a year. HTE offers the SIBS plant site database, which has over 950 records on worldwide semiconduc- tor plant sites, organized by geography, by com- pany, by technology, by products and by plant activity. Also operates SIBS On-Line, a direct, on-line access to the SIBS newsletter back-issue database using a personal computer and modem for market research. This directory was prepared by the Japan Information Access Project. If you have any questions or cor- rections, please contact us directly at (202) 332-5224; Fax, (202) 332- 6841. Page 455 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 456 JICST/NTTS 1993 Conference Proceedings Biographies Page 457 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Page 458 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Biographies of Speakers and Moderators Yoshinari Akeno is deputy director of the Science and Technology Information Division of the Science and Technology Promotion Bureau of Japan's Science and Technology Agency (STA). He has worked for STA since 1983 and has served in the Nuclear Safety Policy Division of the Nuclear Safety Bureau, the Policy Division of the Science and Technology Promotion Bureau, the Power Reactor Development Division, and the Nuclear Fuel Division of the Atomic Energy Bureau. Mr. Akeno received his Bachelor of Science in nuclear engineering in 1982 from Nagoya University. David Andrews is chief executive officer of InterLingua, Inc. (Los Angeles), a provider of liaison services and machine translation to U.S. and Japanese companies. He has been actively involved in the market evaluation, research, and planing of machine translation systems since 1988 and has extensive experience in end-user applications of the technology. Before joining InterLingua in 1992, Mr. Andrews was managing partner of The Stratagem Group, a marketing consultancy specializing in high technology products in Japan, Europe and the United States. His clients included many of the world's largest technol- ogy companies, including Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard, IBM, and Xerox. He retains board positions at The Stratagem Group and Primetime Publicity (U.K.) Ltd. A native of the United Kingdom, Mr. Andrews graduated from Southend College of Technology in 1966. He holds patents in consumer packaging technology and has been awarded numerous design awards. Robert W. Brown is an electronics engineer at the U.S. Army Com- munications-Electronics Command at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. He has been engaged in the fields of communication and electronics research and development for over 30 years. Currently he is active in the establishment of cooperative research programs between the U.S. and Japanese governments. Mr. Brown has a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from City University of New York. Robert A. Burmeister is Director of the U.S.-Japan Technology Management Center, and Professor (consulting) of electrical engineer- ing at Stanford University. He has been actively involved in managing academic research programs at Stanford and elsewhere since 1988. Prior to this, he was with the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, Page 459 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings California, where he held a number of technical and managerial posi- tions, including Laboratory Director within Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. Professor Burmeister has served on a number of advisory groups to agencies of the federal government, panels of the National Research Council, and external advisory boards of several universities. He has had close ties with the technical community in Japan for the past two decades, and has been both a speaker and a participant in many technical meetings and symposia in Japan and Europe. He receive his Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees in material science from Stanford University. Joseph E. Clark is acting director of the Office of International Tech- nology Policy and Programs at the Technology Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce. He was the Deputy Director of the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) from 1983 to 1992. He also served as the U.S. co-chairman of the U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Information Task Force. From 1979 to 1983, he was responsible for policy issues relating to scientific information, patents and technological innovation at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Before entering government service, Dr. Clark was employed by the Chemical Manufacturers Association and W.R. Grace & Co. He earned a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Windsor, Canada, and Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in chemistry from Villanova University in Pennsylvania. He has served as a visiting professor of engineering at Princeton University and was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow in public and international affairs at Prin- ceton. Howard Curtis is a senior research analyst in the International Liaison Office at MCC. He monitors developments in computer, software, and networking technologies in Japan and elsewhere in Asia. Prior to joining MCC, he was head of the Information Technology Section of the Mann Library at Cornell University. He is fluent in Japanese and has worked as a free-lance interpreter and translator. Mr. Curtis holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in East Asian studies from Princeton Univer- sity and a Master of Business Administration from the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University. He studied Japanese and Japanese literature at Doshisha University, Kobe Univer- sity and Middlebury College. Page 460 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings James L. Davis is an Assistant Professor of Technical Japanese in the Department of Engineering Professional Development at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin-Madison, where he has been teaching technical Japanese and developing short courses related to Japanese science and technology since 1990. A licensed professional engineer in New York and Wisconsin, Dr. Davis has worked as a chemical engineer in industry and has conducted research as a Fulbright Graduate Fellow at Kyoto University in Japan. In addition to research publications and con- ference presentations in the United States and Japan, he has eight years of experience as a translator of Japanese technical documents. As a translator, his areas of specialty include organic chemistry, polymer science, and ceramics. He participated in translating Isostatic Pressing: Technology and Applications. Alexander De Angelis is the Program Coordinator and Senior Manager of the National Science Foundation's Japan Program. Through the program, he provides support to American researchers to conduct research in Japan and otherwise seeks to open U.S. access to Japanese science and technology. From 1989 to 1991, Dr. De Angelis was Senior Program Manager of the U.S. -Japan Program of the same NSF Division. He was Director of NSF's Tokyo Regional Office, located in the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, from 1986 to 1989. The first six months of his stay in Japan was as an NSF intern at the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. He was Manager of NSF's China Committee from 1973 to 1981. He uses both Japanese and Chinese as working languages for negotiating and lecturing, and has published numerous reports in science and technology in Japan and China. Dr. De Angelis did doctoral work in Chinese and Japanese languages and literature at Cornell University. He received his Bachelor of Arts in Biology from New York University in 1967 and his Master of Arts degree in Asian Studies from Seton Hall University in 1969. Richard DeTurck is the Director of Marketing for Dialog's Business and finance Services. In this capacity, he directs the development and marketing of information services, including online databases, electronic clipping services, compact disc databases and search and retrieval software. He also oversees the advertising and training func- tions, manages Dialog's user conferences, and coordinates resellers in the business area. Prior to joining Dialog, Mr. DeTurck was the Manag- ing Consultant for DRI's State and Local Government Consulting Practice in their San Francisco office and prior to that, he was Chase Page 461 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Econometrics' Western Region Manager. His additional experience with Chase Econometrics was in their headquarters in Philadelphia as a market manager for their Micro/Mainframe Software Products division, as a product manager for their Natural Resource and Transportation Services, and as an economist and senior consultant in their Metal and Energy Forecasting services. Mr. DeTurck holds a B.A. degree in mineral economics from Pennsylvania State University and has completed additional coursework toward an MBA at Temple and Drexel Universities. Pier Friend is a Databank sales representative for Nikkei Telecom, a subsidiary of the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, where he handles all distribu- tion of Nikkei Databank services in North America, including news, market information, and corporate financial information through Nikkei's online services and other media. He lived and worked in Osaka for two years and is a graduate of Williams College. Lawrence Garfield is a the National Center for Science Information Systems Database Search Operator for the National Science Founda- tion under contract with the KETRON Division of the Bionetics Cor- poration. He performs searches of Japanese-language databases in science, engineering, and business, which are produced and served by NACSIS, a body under the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Monbusho), in accordance with a NSF contract. Mr. Garfield is also a Japanese-English technical translator, providing translation of Japanese-language computer manuals and engineering patents. Richard W. Getzinger was named Director of the AAAS Directorate for International Programs in November 1990. This directorate serves as the organizational focal point for the association's international activities. Major program areas include global change, developing countries, science and international security, and international scien- tific cooperation. He came to AAAS from the U.S. Department of State, where he served most recently in Tokyo as the U.S. Embassy's Counselor for Scientific and Technological Affairs. He has also served as Science Counselor in the U.S. Embassies in Ottawa, Canada and Vienna, Austria, as well as science advisor to U.S. Sen. Pete Domenici (R-NM). Dr. Getzinger holds a Bachelor of Science in engineering from the University of California-Los Angeles and a Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from the University of California-Berkeley. Page 462 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Susan Goldman is a research scientist at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University and Director of its Japanese Information Sciences project, established in 1982 as a center for analysis, translation, and dissemination of Japanese materials in parallel processing, supercomputers, machine translation, and robotics. She has initiated and written the curriculum for a three-year Japanese language sequence targeted at science/engineering majors, and in 1990, established the first U.S. graduate course in Japanese technical trans- lation. As Project Director, she has supervised extensive tests of two Japanese-English machine translation systems. In addition, Goldman serves in an advisory capacity to assess research coming from Japan and provide information concerning the respective groups involved. Recent publications include the translation of the English edition of Pax Computers—Highly Parallel Processing and Scientific Computing, by Hoshino Tsutomu (Addison-Wesley, 1987) and testimony entitled Japanese Technical Translation in the United States, A Report to the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Science, Re- search and Technology at hearings of the committee. She received undergraduate and graduate degrees from Columbia University and spent two years as a postgraduate research fellow at Kyoto University, followed by seven years as a full-time faculty member at Osaka Institute of Technology. LeeAnn Gorthey is the Senior Information Specialist covering patents and chemistry at Dialog Information Services. She was an information scientist at Henkel Research Corporation in Santa Rosa, Calif., and a research chemist/technical specialist at EJ. DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware. Dr. Gorthey has a Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford Univer- sity. Hillary Handwerger has been Director of the Manufacturing Informa- tion Resource Center (MIRC) of the National Center for Manufactur- ing Sciences since 1988. She is responsible for the collection, maintenance, and dissemination of informption on manufacturing and the business environment. MIRC provides research services, docu- ment and information delivery, and an online database and bulletin board system for its users. Prior to joining NCMS, Ms. Handwerger was Director of Information Resources at Domino's Pizza. She was also an information specialist at the Industrial Technology Institute, MDSI/Schlumberger, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. She is a consultant in information resource developments and teaches a course Page 463 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings in Management of Special Libraries at the University of Michigan. She has a Master of Library Science degree from the University of Michigan and a Bachelor of Science degree from Ohio State University. Michael A. Harrison has been a professor of computer science at the University of California-Berkeley since 1963, His current research is in the creation of multimedia systems. He also researched switching theory, automata, formal language theory, protection in operating sys- tems, electronic document systems, and programming environments. Dr. Harrison is a founder of Gain Technology, Inc., and has served for four years on the Computer Science and Technology Board of the National Academy of Sciences. He was chairman of a panel of the National Research Council on International Developments in Com- puter Science and recently chaired the National Science Foundation's JTEC Panel on Advanced Japanese Computing. Dr. Harrison is a member of several honorary and professional societies, has written five books and over 100 technical publications, and is an editor or consulting editor to several computer and mathematics periodicals. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and his Bachelor and Master's degrees in electrical engineering from Case Institute of Tech- nology. Glenn P. Hoetker is an international program analyst at the NASA Scientific Technical Information Program in Washington, D.C. His experience in Japanese information includes serving as a Japanese Information specialist for SCAN C2C, researching the influence of new information technology in Asia as a research fellow for the Thomas J. Watson Foundation, and conducting an extended study of sources of Japanese technical information. Hoetker earned his Master of Science degree in information and library science at the University of Illinois and his Bachelor of Arts degree in Japanese studies and mathematics at Earlham College. Ryan E. Hoover is an industry analyst with Intel Corporation in the Technology Management Group. Mr. Hoover has been active in promoting the use of Japanese scientific and technical information by mtel since joining the company in 1986. He is proficient in searching Japanese patent information. He has been studying Japanese language and culture since 1990. Hoover's 23-year career involves working with scientific and technical information in both academia and private enterprise. Page 464 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Hitoshi Inoue has been a Professor and the Director of the Science Information Research Division at the National Center for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) since 1986. Formerly he did research at the Research Center for Library and Information Science (RCLIS) at the University of Tokyo, and at the Center for Bibliographic Infor- mation at the University of Tokyo, the predecessor of NACSIS. His research interests include history of documentation, comparative and theoretical study of international librarianship, indexing procedures, and readability of books and museum documentation. Currently, he is studying Japanese studies and its relation to library collections in the United States, Europe, and East Asia. He belongs to a variety of academic societies, including the Information Processing Society of Japan and the Japan Society of Information and Communication Re- search, and holds memberships on a variety of committees, including the Japanese Committee on the Improvement of Information Access to Japan of the Japan Foundation, Center for Global Partnership. He received is Master of Science degree in Library Science from Columbia University in 1962. Richard Iverson is president and chief executive officer of the American Electronics Association (AEA), the largest trade group rep- resenting U.S. high technology companies. He joined AEA after a 33-year career in commercial and defense electronics, serving in many capacities from engineer to project engineer to marketing management and as general manager and group executive. Prior to joining AEA in January 1986, Mr. Iverson was a Group Vice President for Gould Inc., where he was responsible for developing defense electronics. The last few years with Gould he was Senior Vice President responsible for corporate marketing and government relations, based in Washington, D.C. Mr. Iverson began his career as an engineer at Teledyne Ryan Electronics in 1952. He has served on the Council on Competitiveness, Vice Chairman of CORETECH, an industry/university research and development coalition, and on the Board of the Economic Strategy Institute. He graduated from San Diego State University in 1951 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. David Kahaner is a specialist in scientific computing for the Office of Naval Research's Asian Office. Prior to that, he was a group leader in the Center for Computing and Applied Mathematics and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where he was responsible for scientific software development on both large and small computers. He Page 465 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings also worked in the Computing Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Dr. Kahaner is the author of two books and over 50 research papers. He also edits a column on scientific applications of computers for the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics. He obtained his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the Stevens Institute of Technology. Sharon Kemmerer has worked at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Computer Systems Laboratory, in the Infor- mation Systems Engineering Division since 1986. Her duties include conformance testing and validation as it relates to the U.S. Department of Defense Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistic Support (CALS) initiative, assisting in managing the CALS programmatic efforts at NIST, and being a primary point of contact at NIST for technical issues associated with CALS information technology standards. Due to the nature of her CALS activities, Ms. Kemmerer has a broad-based ex- posure to many of the information technology standards which have been developed or are evolving through the ANSI and ISO com- munities. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in education from Shippensburg University and an MBA from Marymount College. She has published several NIST reports in conformance testing and an article in the periodical, CALS Journal, May 1992 edition. A. Rahman Khan is the Chief of International Acquisitions at the National Technical Information Service's Office of Business Develop- ment. He is a member of the U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Information Task Force and co-chaired the Information Science and Technology Working Group of the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Science and Technology. He was Executive Director of the Commerce, Energy, NASA, NLM, Defense Information Administrators Group (CENDI) from 1987 to 1988. Prior to joining government service, Dr. Khan served at the research facility of Henkel Corporation in Min- neapolis, where he worked closely with researchers, strategic planners, and the legal staff as a manager of Technical Information Services from 1981 to 1985. He was at the Agricultural Chemical Division of FMC Corporation in New York from 1975 to 1980. Dr. Khan received his Ph.D. in information services from Rutgers University in 1987 and his Master of Science degree in entomology from the University of Delaware in 1974. Page 466 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings Mindy L. Kotler is president of the Japan Information Access Project, a nonprofit [501(c)(3)], educational organization dedicated to helping American and other international users learn how to obtain and under- stand Japanese scientific, technical, and business information. Prior to establishing the Japan Project, she managed her own Washington, D.C., consulting firm, Search Associates, Inc., which she founded in 1982. It tracked the politics and policies of international trade and technology. Ms. Kotler received her Master of Arts degree in international relations from Yale University and her Bachelor of Arts degree in government and history from Smith College. She is the author of Information Gathering on Japan: A Primer and writes regularly for various business journals, Tamami Kusuda has been with the Japan Technology Program (formerly the Japanese Technical Literature Program) at the U.S. Department of Commerce, since 1987 as a consultant on Japanese technology. He assists the director of the Japan Technology Program in preparing annual technical summary reports on significant scientific discoveries and technical innovation occurring in Japan. Previously, Dr. Kusuda worked for the National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology (NIST) from 1962 to 1986, finishing as the chief of the Building Physics Division. From 1955 to 1962, he worked at the Worthington Air Conditioning Company. He received a Ph.D. in mechanical en- gineering in 1955 from the University of Minnesota and graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1947, with a major in precision engineering and applied physics. Nancy Lambert is recognized in the information community as a specialist in patent information, particularly online patent searching. She serves as a consultant to a number of database producers and online vendors, and she has published six papers and given many professional talks on patent information topics. Since 1986, she has been a patent information resource for all of Chevron Corporation and its sub- sidiaries. In 1974, she started work for the 3M Company as a patent information specialist and became senior technical information analyst and the principal chemical and polymer patent searcher at 3M. Ms. Lambert did two years of graduate work in chemistry at Princeton University before going on to Columbia University, where she received a Master of Science degree in library science. She received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors in chemistry from Carnegie Mellon University. Page 467 Giuliana A. Lavendel is manager of Information Resources at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center in California. She runs a network of infor- mation centers and other services, supporting customers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Business information and analysis is a specialty developed in support of corporate decisionmakers; much of this knowledge base is disseminated electronically. Some competitive tools are developed jointly with counterparts in Japan. Lavendel is a member of the Advisory Board for the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at the U.S. Department of Commerce and has served as a board member for the California Library Authority for Systems and Services (CLASS). A native of Milan, Italy, she has a Ph.D. in classics, MBA, and a Master of Science in library and information science. Ronald E. Lawson is Associate Director for Finance and Administrator at the National Technical Information Service. Previously he served as Trust Fund Secretary and Financial Manager of the National Archives Trust Fund Board from 1988 to 1991; Accounting Officer and Chief, Finance Branch of the National Archives and Records Administration from 1985 to 1988; and Regional Director of Finance at the General Services Administration from 1975 to 1984, after holding several ac- counting positions at GSA. Simultaneously, Lawson was an Instructor in public administration at Northeastern University from 1972 to 1985; an Adjunct Professor of management at Boston State College from 1974 to 1982; and a Professor in accounting from 1970 to 1985. He received a Master of Public Administration from Northeastern Univer- sity in 1972, an MBA in accounting from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business in 1963 and a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Northeastern University in 1961. Geoffrey C. Nicholson is Staff Vice President of 3M's International Technical Operations, Research and Development. His prior interna- tional experience at 3M was as Executive Director, International Tech- nical Operations from 1986 to 1989; Technical Director, International Operations f rom 1985 to 1986; Director, Technology and New Products, International Operations from 1980 to 1985; and Technical Director, Sumitomo 3M Ltd. from 1978 to 1980. Dr. Nicholson is a member of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan, the Japan- America Society, and the Board of Directors of Sumitomo 3M Ltd. Born in England in 1938, he received his Bachelor of Science degree Page 468 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings from A.R.C.S., University of London, and his Ph.D. in 1963 from Imperial College, University of London. He received the 3M Carleton Society Award in 1991. Takashi Nitto is the Manager of the Office of Planning at the Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC). He was transferred there from the Kyoto office, where he was the Administrative Manager of Basic Research of the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Program (ERATO) from 1987 to 1989. Previously he worked as the Liaison Officer of JRDC at Tsukuba Science City, and he worked at the Financial Affairs Division of JRDC from 1970 to 1980. James E. Nottke was appointed to the newly created position of Direc- tor, Technology Acquisition of du Pont in 1992. Previously he had been Science Director for Polymer Science and Engineering and director of Advanced Materials, which included basic R&D in polymers, ceramics, high-temperature superconductors, and electro-optic materials. Prior to that, he spent 17 years in du Pont's Textile Fibers Department in research, manufacturing, marketing, and management assignments. He joined du Pont's Central Research Department in 1968, where he was the principle investigator on herbicide and dye precursors, fluoropolymers, and highly aromatic polymers, and held research as- signments in the Elastomers and Plastics Departments. Dr. Nottke has a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Oregon and a Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Illinois. Keisuke Okuzumi is the promotion director of the Database Promotion Center, Japan. His responsibilities include promoting databases and the database industry of Japan, and advising, consulting, and training for database construction, operation, and services. He is also a member of the Japan Industrial Standard Committee for ISO/TC46 (Informa- tion and Documentation), the Patent Classification Advisory Commit- tee of the Japan Patent Office, and a committee member of several information technology and standardization nonprofit organizations. Mr. Okuzumi previously worked at the Patent Data Center, Inc., developing a patent information system, a legal information retrieval system, and other applications for government and enterprises. Before Joining the Patent Data Center, he worked as a computer engineer at the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to assist in the Page 469 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings planning, design, and development of an information system for use by administrative departments of MITL Mr. Okuzumi received a Bachelor's degree in architecture from Kogakuin University in 1969. Thomas E. Pinelli is as the Assistant to the Chief, Research Information and Applications Division at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. He is a principal investigator with the NASA/Department of Defense Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Re- search Project. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. Toshiyasu Sasaki has been the Executive Vice President of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) since 1990. In 1987, after serving as Director General of the Nuclear Safety Bureau of Japan's Science and Technology Agency, he joined the Power Reac- tor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (PNC) as Executive Director. Previously, Mr. Sasaki was the Deputy Director of the Secretariat of OCED/NEA from 1983 to 1986. He was counsellor to the Embassy of Japan in Austria from 1975 to 1978, after having been with the Science and Technology Agency since 1969 and with MITI from 1957 to 1959. He graduated from Osaka University in electrical engineering. Jeremy Sergeant is the President of Derwent Incorporated. He was previously marketing director of Derwent Publications in London, England. Prior to that, he was general manager of Derwent-SDC Search service, also in England. Sergeant has almost 15 years of ex- perience in the online industry and has always been closely connected with the field of intellectual property, patents information in particular. Yukiko Sone has been Deputy Information Manager of the Product Development Division of the Technology Research & Development Department of the Japan Information Center of Science and Technol- ogy (JICST) since 1991. She develops new-media products of JICST, such as CD-ROMs and research the possibility of other new products using the information resources in JICST. She also developed a sales and users management system of JICST's services during the time she served as Deputy General Manager of Marketing Division from 1988 to 1990, for which she was cited by JICST's Commendatory Committee in 1992. Previously, she worked in the Acquisition Division of JICST's Information Resources Department as a librarian. There, she was Page 470 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings involved in developing a computerized acquisition and management system for information resources from 1985 to 1987. She graduated from the National Junior College of Library Science. Claire Zigmund Stokes is a supervisor in Information Services at 3M, where she has worked in various capacities since 1988. She has respon- sibility for monitoring Japanese information resources. Previous work experience includes chemical research at the Stamford Research Laboratories, American Cyanamid Corp., and head of reference and research services at the Science & Engineering Library at the Univer- sity of Minnesota. Ms. Stokes has extensive experience using chemical, patent, and other technical online databases. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and Master of Arts degree in library science, both from the University of Minnesota. Gene Strull was employed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation from 1954 to 1992. In 1958, he started the first semiconductor device laboratory in a defense systems environment. In his last position as vice president for Technology of the Electronic Systems Group and general manager of the Advanced Technology Division, he was responsible for developing and manufacturing advanced electronic components re- quired by Westinghouse. In 1993, the Westinghouse Advanced Tech- nology Laboratories in Baltimore were renamed the Gene Strull Advanced Technology Laboratories. He has been a government con- sultant for many years, serving on the U.S. Army Science Board, NASA, and committees of the Defense Science Board, Naval Research Ad- visory Committee, and the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Strull is a fellow at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and was awarded the EASCON 1987 Government Industry Service Award. In 1991, he was awarded the IEEE Frederik Philips Award for outstanding accomplishments in the management of microelectronics and in- tegrated circuit developments and their applications to aerospace sys- tems. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1951 from Purdue University, and his Master of Science and Ph.D. from Northwestern University. Dawn E. Talbot is a librarian and the manager for information services at the Center for Magnetic Recording Research at the University of California, San Diego. She received her Bachelor's degree from Monash University and completed graduate studies in librarianship at the University of New South Wales. Prior to moving to California, she Page 471 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings held positions at the University of Sydney, Australia. As manager for information services at the center, an industry-university consortium, she established a model for acquiring and translating selected informa- tion from Japan for the recording industry. Active in this area since 1984, she has spoken at national meetings and acted as a consultant to government and private groups. Betty Tonglao is a senior reference librarian at the Seattle Public Library. As senior librarian, she has been responsible for establishing and developing the Asian languages collection at the main library. For the past six years, she has been overseeing the development of the Pacific Rim Business Information Service. The service is now a state- wide, multi-type library cooperative project initially privately funded. Mrs. Tonglao has addressed groups and conducted workshops throughout the United States and Canada. Michio Tsutsui is an associate professor in the department of Technical Communication and the director of the Technical Japanese program in the College of Engineering at the University of Washington. He has taught Japanese at various institutions, including the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Japanese School at Middlebury College, Vermont, and the University of California at Davis. He founded and directed the technical Japanese program at MIT from 1985 to 1990. Mr.Tsutsui's publications include A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar (The Japan Times) and a number of articles on Japanese linguistics and technical Japanese. He has a Bachelor of Science in naval architecture from Osaka University. Hisako Uchida is a counselor in International Programs at the Japan Information Center for Science and Technology (JICST). Since 1989, she has worked in international cooperation including the exchange of scientific and technical information and personnel. Mrs. Uchida was Director of JICST's EDP Division from 1985 to 1988, and was involved in R&D activities from 1962 to 1985. During this period, JICST developed many information processing systems, such as database production systems, information retrieval systems (batch and online), and vocabulary control systems. From 1958 to 1962, she worked in JICST's Abstracting and Indexing Department as an abstractor and indexer. Mrs. Uchida graduated from the department of Pharmaceuti- cal Science at Chiba University in 1958. She has been a member of the Information Task Force under the U.S.-Japan Agreement on Coopera- Page 472 JICST/NTIS 1993 Conference Proceedings tion in Research and Development in Science and Technology, and a member of the I&D panel under the Japan-Federal Republic of Ger- many Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Science and Technol- ogy. Carlton Williams is a cooperative research student in Information Science at Tokyo University and an information science specialist with the Japan Technology Information and Evaluation Service (J-TTES). J-TIES performs technical paper collection, analysis, and abstracting across many technical fields for a variety of clients from the European Community and the United States. Additionally, J-TIES is developing a technical dictionary for use in English-Japanese machine translation. Mr. Williams received his Bachelor of Science degree in computer science from Tufts University in 1986 and his Master of Arts degree in Japanese studies from the Johns Hopkins University School for Ad- vanced International Studies in 1992. Phyllis Genther Yoshida is Director of the Japan Technology Program at the U.S. Department of Commerce. She implements the Japan Technical Literature Act, which helps U.S. scientists and engineers keep abreast of important Japanese scientific and technical literature and information, and she monitors Japanese technical activities and coordinates Commerce Department activities under the 1988 U.S.- Japan Science and Technology Agreement. Dr. Yoshida also teaches graduate courses on Japanese trade and technology policy at George Mason University in Virginia. Previously she worked as a trade policy analyst in the Commerce Department's Office of the Under Secretary for International Trade and on Japanese industry and trade issues in the Office of Industrial Trade. She held a Fulbright Fellowship at the University of Tokyo from 1983 to 1985, worked as an economic analyst at the Japan Economic Institute in Washington from 1980 to 1983. Dr. Yoshida received her Ph.D. in international relations in 1986, a Master of Arts in international affairs and East Asian Economies in 1978 from George Washington University, and a Bachelor of Arts in international relations from Carleton College in 1976. Stanley Zehr serves in Rockwell's corporate Asia-Pacific Technology Liaison Office, with responsibility for bringing Asian technology to the various Rockwell divisions. He is also responsible for the technical aspects of worldwide licensing of Rockwell's basic MOCVD process patent. Since joining Rockwell in 1979, he has had a variety of technical, Page 473 JICST/NT1S 1993 Conference Proceedings management, and transfer to production responsibilities involving III- V compound semiconductor materials and devices, with special em- phasis in optoelectronic devices, solar cells, optically triggered photoconductive switches, and MOCVD growth in InP-based epitaxial structures. Dr. Zehr received his BS and ScD degrees in materials science from MIT. Page 474 JOIS The JICST Online Information System Gives you immediate access to hundreds of thousands of Japanese R&D results Through an agreement with the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST), NTIS makes available a major Japanese online information system. The JICST Online Information System (JOIS) provides references to hundreds of thousands of monographs, journal articles, and technical reports. The system operates on host main frame computers located in Japan, which may be reached through a local telephone network. JICST-E The English-Language Japanese Database Scientific, technical, and medical information is available in English on the JICST-E database, which can be accessed with standard U.S. terminal equipment and English language commands. The database contains 1,100,000 records and is updated twice a month. The full text reports are in Japanese. Other JICST Files Japanese-Language Databases Several Japanese-language files are also available. They require a computer terminal capable of sending, receiving, and printing Japanese characters. The JICST files available outside Japan are: Name of database • JICST File on Science and Technology • JICST file on Medical Science in Japan • Nikkan Kogyo File on New Technology and Products in Japan • JICST File on Current Science and Technology Research in Japan • JICST Holding List File (contains JICST resource materials) • JICST Quick File (contains titles and bibliographic data of JICST collection without abstracts or keywords) JOIS may be searched through an arrangement with NTIS. For additional information, contact NTIS' Office of International Affairs, (703) 487-4819. Update frequency Number of records twice a month 7300,000 once a month 1,750,000 once a week 190,000 once a year 35,000 once a month 500,000 twice a month 1,150,000 National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce; 5285 Port Royal Rd.; Springfield, VA 22161 JTEC Reports Evaluations by panels of top U.S. experts of Japanese developments in specific technologies As the Japanese become leaders in research in targeted technologies, it is essential that the United States have access to the results. The Japanese Technology Evaluation Center (JTEC) provides the essential first step by alerting U.S. researchers to Japanese accomplishments by providing assessments of Japanese research and development (R&D) in selected technologies. The assessments are performed by panels of about six U.S. technical experts from industry, academia, and Government. Panel members are leading authorities in the field, technically active, and knowledgeable of Japanese and U.S. research programs. Each panelist spends about one month of effort reviewing literature, making assessments, and writing reports on a part-time basis over a six-month period. Most panels go on extensive tours of Japanese laboratories. The assessments focus on the status and long-term direction of Japanese R&D efforts relative to those in the United States. Other important aspects include the evolution of the technology, key Japanese researchers and R&D organizations, and funding sources. The time frame of the R&D forecasts is up to ten years, corresponding to future industrial applications in 5 to 20 years. Panelists review timely source material, such as conference proceedings in the Japanese research community and results from recent technical committee meetings on Japanese national R&D projects and from contacts at R&D centers in Japanese high technology industries. The panel findings are presented to small workshops where invited participants critique the preliminary results. The panel final reports are available from NTIS: Bioprocess Engineering PB92-100213/BCS, PC $52.00/MF $20.50 X-Ray Lithography PB92-100205/BCS, PC $38.00/MF $1250 High Definition Systems PB-91-100032/BCS, PC $52.00/MF $12.50 Construction Technologies PB91-100057/BCS, PC $52.00/MF $12.50 Advanced Composites PB90-215740/BCS, PC $38.00/MF $12.50 Advanced Computing PB90-215765/BCS, PC $36.50/MF $12.50 High-Temperature Superconductivity PB90-123126/BCS, PC $38.00/ MF $12.50 Advanced Sensors PB89-158760/BCS, PC $41.00/MF $9.00 Advanced Materials PB86-229929/BCS, PC $32.00/MF $1250 Telecommunication Technology PB86-202330/BCS, PC $32.00/ MF $12.50 Biotechnology PB85-249241/BCS, PC $28.50/MF $12.50 Computer Science PB85-216760/BCS, PC $25.50/MF $12.50 Display Technologies PB92-100247/BCS, PC $52.00/MF $20.50 Database Use and Technology PB92-1 00221 /BCS, PC $38.00/MF $15.50 Machine Translation in Japan PB92-100239/BCS, PC $38.00/MF $12.50 Space Robotics PB91-100040/BCS, PC $52.00/MF $1250 Nuclear Power PB90-215724/BCS, PC $44.50/MF $12.50 Space and Transatmospheric Propulsion PB90-215732/BCS, PC $38.00/MF $12.50 CIM & CAD for the Semiconductor Industry PB89-138259/BCS, PC $28.50/MF$9.00 Exploratory Research Program for Advanced Technology (ERATO) PB89-133946/BCS, PC $35.00/MF $9.00 Optoelectronics & Microelectronics PB85-242402/BCS, PC $38.00/MF $12.50 Mechatronics PB85-249019/BCS, PC $20.50/MF $12.50 JTEC Program Summary PB92-119429/BCS, PC $38.00/MF $12.50 The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead support agency for JTEC. Other sponsors include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Commerce (DoC), and the Department of Energy (DoE). ■fr U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 — 3 4 1-835/ 83087 Now available only from NTIS Reports prepared for the Commission on U.S.-Japan Relations for the Twenty First Century Edson W. Spencer (Chairman) Peter G. Peterson Donald H. Rumsfeld Henry Wendt consisting of Lamar Alexander Frank Press Cyrus R. Vance John C. Whitehead James B. Hunt, Jr. James D. Robinson, III Paul Volcker This prestigious group of Americans has drawn together in a privately-funded, non-partisan commission out of strong concern for the future of U.S.-Japan relations. They have all served in or as advisors to government and possess broad experience with Japan. The Commission's objective is to encourage Americans to think long-term, to think of Japan as an ally as well as a competitor, and to expand our horizons of cooperation. For instance, new issues such as managing scientific and technical advancement permi t simultaneous competition and cooperation and could lead to a U.S.-Japanese- European environmental alliance. Similarly, the frontiers of health and medicine are extended best through cooperation. Working with a range of experts, the Commission stimulates research and dialog on major issues and makes public recommendations to promote America's long term interest in a healthy, balanced relationship with Japan. Interim recommendations already available are: Commission on U.S.-Japan Relations for the Twenty First Century Final Report: America's Stake in the Future of the U.S.-Japan Relationship - Issues and Recommendations PB92-114149/BCS,PC$17.50/MF$9.00 Preparing for a Pacific Century: Exploring the Potential for Pacific Basin Cooperation PB92-114156/BCS, PC $27.00/MF $12.50 The 1990's: Decade of Reckoning or a Decade of a New Partnership PB91-156653/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the U.S. and Japan: Issues and Recommendations PB91-219170/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 Political/Security Relations of the U.S. and Japan in the Coming Decade PB91-156471/BCS, PC$1 7.50/ MF $9.00 Reassessing the U.S.-Japan Security Rela- tionship in the Post Cold War Context PB91-207944/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 Japan as Competitor PB91-156455/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 America and Japan: How We See Each Other PB91-156430/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 The U.S. and Japan: Collaborators and Com- petitors - Toward a More Competitive America PB91-156463/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 Japanese Foreign Investment in Tennessee: A Case Study PB92-142066/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 Japanese Foreign Investment in Hawaii PB91-156448/BCS, PC $17.50/MF$9.00 Japanese Investment in North Carolina PB91-209270/BCS, PC $17.50/MF$9.00 Japanese Investment in Oregon PB91-209288/BCS, PC $19.50/MF $9.00 Adding an Environmental/Energy Dimension to the U.S.-Japan Alliance: Four Views on International Cooperation PB91-184820/BCS, PC $19.50/MF $9.00 Foreign Assistance: In Need of Radical Reform PB92-142058/BCS, PC$17.50/MF $9.00 What Next on Debt: An Examination of Strategies for Dealing with the Threat to the Global Economy Posed by Third World Debt PB91-156422/BCS, PC $17.50/MF $9.00 \ \ > © 1 ac Q. 0) w CO 0) Q. 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