^H^Co, ■^Xtes o* ■\ r 9 ^ FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ON THE PROPOSED CHANNEL ISLANDS MARINE SANCTUARY •\ r FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Prepared on the Proposed Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary May 1980 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Zone Management 3300 Whitehaven Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20235 S 3 & O Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/finalenvironOOnati DESIGNATION TITLE: ABSTRACT: LEAD AGENCY CONTACT: FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Proposed Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration proposes the designation of the waters surrounding the four northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island as a marine sanctuary. The proposed sanctuary would extend six nautical miles seaward from the mean high tide line. If these waters are designated as a marine sanctuary, the following activities would be subject to the proposed regulations described in this document: oil and gas operations, discharging or depositing any substance, alteration of or con- struction on the seabed, navigation and operation within one nautical mile of the Islands of vessels not engaged in fishing, kelp harvesting, research, recreation, military activities, or enforcement, aircraft overflights below 1000 feet within one nautical mile of the Islands, and removing or other- wise deliberately harming cultural resources. All regulations shall only be applied consistent with international law. Activities necessary for national defense or to respond to an emergency threatening life or property are not prohibited. Alternatives to the proposed action include no marine sanctuary designation, modification of the sanctuary boundaries, and more stringent and less stringent regulations. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coastal Zone Management JoAnn Chandler Sanctuary Programs Office Office of Coastal Zone Management 3300 Whitehaven Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20235 202/634-4236 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Cover B. Note to the Reader C. Summary D. Purpose and Need for Action E. Description of the Affected Environment 1. General Overview of the Nominated Area a. Location b. Environmental Setting 2. Natural Resources of Exceptional Value a. Marine Mammals b. Marine Birds c. Fish and Plant Resources d. Intertidal Organisms e. Cultural and Historic Resources 3. Human Activities a. Introduction b. Oil and Gas Activities c. Commercial and Recreational Fishing and PI ant Harvesting d. Commercial Shipping e. Military Operations f. Research g. Recreation F. Alternatives Page B-l C-l D-l E-l E-l E-l E-3 E-ll E-ll E-29 E-45 E-52 E-55 E-59 E-59 E-59 E-70 E-78 E-87 E-90 E-90 F-l 1. Status Quo Alternative F-l a. Introduction F-l b. Existing Management Authorities F-6 c. Environmental Consequences F-50 2. Alternative 2--the preferred alternative F-61 a. Introduction F-6i b. Management F-63 c. Regulated Activities F-70 1. Hydrocarbon operations F-71 2. Discharges of polluting substances F-116 3. Alteration of or construction on the seabed F-113 4. Operation of commercial vessels F-119 5. Disturbing marine mammals and birds by overflights F-l 24 6. Removing or damaging historical or cultural resources F-125 d. Other Regulations F-126 Page 3. Alternatives F-131 4. Alternative 4 F -146 5. Alternative 5 F-157 6. Alternatives F-160 G. Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement and NOAA's Responses H. Literature and Personal Communications Cited H-l a. References H-l b. Personal Communications H-12 I. List of Preparers I_l J. Appendices j_l Appendix 1. Proposed final designation document and proposed proposed regulations Appendix 2. Fish and shellfish species of commercial and recreational interest in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island Appendix 3. Brief review of the outer continental shelf (OCS) oil and gas development process Appendix 4. BLM special stipulations for Sale #48 Appendix 5. Summary of USGS Pacific OCS orders and notices to lessees Appendix 6. Analysis of the economic impacts of the proposed Channel Islands sanctuary regulations Appendix 7. Distribution list for the Channel Islands FEIS Tl LIST OF FIGURES p age C-l Preferred marine sanctuary C-7 E-l Location of Southern California Bight E-2 E-2 Generalized water current patterns during upwel lings £_6 E-3 Generalized water current patterns for oceanic period £.7 E-4 Generalized water current patterns for Davidson period £_8 E-5 Santa Barbara Channel region physiographic features £_io E-6 Pinniped breeding and haulout areas on San Miguel Island a. Cal 1 orhi nus ursi nus E_14 b. Zal ophus " cal 1 form anus E_15 c. Phoca vitulina £„16 d. Mirounga angustirostris E_17 E-7 Migration routes of the gray whale in the nominated area E-28 E-8 Distribution of bird nesting colonies on San Miguel Island E-36 E-9 Distribution of bird nesting colonies on Santa Cruz Island E-37 E-10 Distribution of bird nesting colonies on Santa Rosa Island E-38 E-ll Distribution of bird nesting colonies on Anacapa Island E-39 E-12 Distribution of bird nesting colonies on Santa Barbara Island E-40 E-13 Diversity of fish species along the Pacific coast E-47 E-14 Distribution of kelp beds in the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island region E-49 E-l 5 Underwater diagram of a kelp bed E-50 E-16 Known marine cultural resources E-58 E-17 Tracts withdrawn from OCS Sale #48 by the Secretary of the Interior E-63 E-18 Existing leases and operators and tracts offered in Sale #48 in the Northern Channel Islands area E-64 E-18a Tracts leased in OCS Sale #48 E-65 E-19 Existing lease numbers and all tract numbers proposed for Sale #48 E-66 E-20 Mean annual fish landings (1970 to 1974) around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island E-71 E-21 Cumulative density of partyboat fishing landings be- tween 1973 and 1975 E-80 E-22 Cumulative density of anglers fishing from partyboats in the southern California partyboat fleet E-81 E-23 Vessel traffic lanes E-83 E-24 Recreational boating concentrations and access routes around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island E-95 E-25 Popular skin and SCUBA diving sites E-98 F-l Existing federal and state management authorities as they relate to resources and activities F-4 F-2 Ecological reserves F-10 m Page F-3 San Miguel Island ecological reserve F-12 F-4 Anacapa Island ecological reserve F-14 F-5 Santa Barbara Island ecological reserve F-16 F-6 Boundaries for alternative 2--the preferred marine sanctuary F-62 F-7 Existing leases and operators, and tracts offered in Sale #48, in the northern Channel Island area F-75 F-7a Tracts leased in OCS Sale #48 F-76 F-8 Existing leases and tracts subject to Sale #48 F-77 F-8a Tract numbers in the immediate vicinity of the northern Channel Islands F-78 F-9 Potential oil spill trajectories F-93 F-10 Hypothetical spill locations from proposed Sale #48 leases F-98 F-ll Hypothetical spill locations from existing leases F-99 F-12 Hypothetical spill locations which correlate with tracts withdrawn from Sale #48 F-100 F-13 Locations of Clean Seas, Inc.— the oil spill coopera- tive for the northern Channel Islands area F-104 F-14 Santa Barbara Channel traffic separation scheme (TSS) and the 1 nmi (1.8km) prohibition zone F-122 iv LIST OF TABLES Page E-l Marine mammals of the Southern California Bight E-12 E-2 Pinniped rookery and haulout areas E-18 E-3 Summary of ecological information for seals, sea lions, and sea otters E-20 E-4 Approximate times of pinniped activity in the study area E-22 E-5 Historical species accounts and ecological information for cetaceans E-25 E-6 Marine avifauna of the Southern California Bight E-30 E-7 Marine birds sighted or reported near the nominated area E-31 E-8 Known marine bird colonies in the nominated area E-35 E-9 Numbers of seabird pairs on the California Channel Islands in 1975 E-41 E-10 Frequency of bird sightings for all species E-44 E-ll Intertidal species of the nominated area E-53 E-12 Shipwrecks recorded in the nominated area E-57 E-13 Milestones in Santa Barbara Channel and the northern Channel Islands area oil and gas development E^60 E-14 Estimated oil and gas reserves for currently leased tracts in Southern California Bight E-62 E-15 Platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel area E-68 E-16 Number of wells drilled on existing leases in the vicinity of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island E-69 E-17 Commercial fish landings for selected species caught off the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island between 1971 and 1975 E-73 E-18 1975 commercial fish landings by species around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island /E-74 E-19 Kelp harvests off the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island between 1974 and 1978 E-79 E-20 Commercial passenger fishing vessel catch in numbers of fish for the northern Channel Islands between 1970 and 1974 E-79 E-21 Commercial passenger fishing vessel catch in numbers of fish for Santa Barbara Island between 1970 to 1974 E-79 E-22 Major research organizations which have or are likely to conduct marine related scientific investigations on the coastal ocean environment in southern California E-91 E-23 Research funding entities with potential or demonstrated relevance to the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island waters E-92 Page F-l Summary of boundary, activity regulation, and management alternatives for a marine sanctuary designation, exclusive of the status quo alternative F-2 F-la Abbreviations of authorities and agencies F-5 F-2 Catch restrictions for species of commercial fish in the northern Channel Islands area F-19 F-3 EPA effluent guidelines and standards for far offshore oil and gas extraction facilities F-35 F-4 Summary of potential hazards to marine mammals, seabirds, and marine organisms resulting from offshore oil resource development and production F-73 F-5 Potential oil and gas development impacts mitigated by NOAA's preferred marine sanctuary F-74 F-6 Seabird species most vulnerable to impacts related to OCS oil resource exploitation F-87 F-7 Probability of contact by one or more 1000 bbl. spills between 1979 and 2000 F-92 F-8 Probabilities (in percent) that an oil spill starting at a particular location will reach in three days: (1) major haulout and breeding areas and (2) seabird breeding areas F-96 F-9 Oil spill recovery equipment in the vicinity of the northern Channel Islands F-97 vi B. Note to the Reader The major segments of this FEIS are Section E, the Description of the Affected Environment, which presents a review of the resources and activities in the Channel Islands area; Section F, Alter- natives, which discusses the preferred alternative of designating a marine sanctuary and regulating certain activities, and five other alternatives including a status quo or no action alter- native; and the summaries of comments received on the DEIS and NOAA's responses in Section G. Certain additional documentation is appended. Particular attention should be paid to the proposed Designation Document and the proposed regulations presented in Appendix 1. A compendium of the full written comments received by NOAA is included in a separate volume. This compendium is being mailed to all the commenters and Federal contacts and is available from NOAA upon request. Citations are referenced in the text by the name of the author or source in parentheses. Section H, Literature and Personal Commu- nications Cited, contains detailed information on both documentary references and personal communications. B-l C. Summary Introduction The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1431-1434) authorizes the Secretary of Commerce, after consultation with appropriate Federal agencies, concurrence of the affected State, and Presidential approval, to designate ocean areas having distinctive conservation, recreational, ecological, or aesthetic values as marine sanctuaries. In 1977, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NQAA) of the Department of Commerce sent out a nationwide letter asking for recommendations of sites appropriate for consideration as marine sanctuaries. The response included several different recommendations for the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island. The Resources Agency of the State of California recommended the waters extending 12 nmi (22km) around each of the eight Channel Islands, the National Park Service proposed the waters extending 8 nmi (14.8km) around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island, and the County of Santa Barbara proposed the entire Santa Barbara Channel and the waters around the northern Channel Islands and over the Santa Rosa Plateau, but excluding State waters. In June 1978, the County of Santa Barbara followed up its recom- mendation with a formal nomination. This Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) proposes the creation of a marine sanctuary in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island extending 6 nautical miles (nmi) (11.1 kilometers (km)) seaward from the mean high tide line. The waters immediately around the islands support an extraordinary assemblage of marine mammals, numerous seabirds Including the endangered brown pelican, and important fishery resources, Including kelp and shellfish (see Section E for a discussion of the natural resources). Until recently, the waters around the islands have been left relatively untouched by human activity because of their distance from the populous mainland. Use of the Santa Barbara Channel is increasing, however, and, based on the unique characteristics of the marine sanctuary program, designation and management of a sanctuary at this site would assist in the preservation of its distinctive ecological and recreational values. Establishment of a marine sanctuary would provide a formal institutional recognition of the national signi- ficance of the resources of this site and would focus, over the long term, on the range of actions necessary to preserve these resources. The proposed sanctuary will concentrate on the manage- ment of this marine area in a manner which will complement the management of the recently created Channel Islands National Park. The management of the sanctuary will include research, assessment, education, coordination and regulation. A comprehensive program of this nature does not exist and will not be created in the absence of a sanctuary. Preservation of these marine resources requires an understanding of their condition, both current and evolving. A research, assessment and monitoring program is essential and would be instituted by the marine sanctuary. Funds would be available for the conduct of specific studies and for projects to coordinate and analyze existing data to assist in the decisions concerning sanctuary management. Likewise, the long term preservation of ecological, conservation, and recreational values requires public awareness of the value of the resources and of potential harm to the resources. Users of the proposed sanc- tuary must be informed and educated in order to reduce harm to sensitive areas. The proposed sanctuary would undertake a variety r.-? of such educational programs. The proposed marine sanctuary would also provide a focus for the coordination of the variety of regulatory actions which state, local and federal agencies already undertake in this area. This coordination, which would occur throucih a sanctuary advisory committee or some other structure created by mutual agreement, would help assure that complete information concerning the cumulative impacts of activi- ties within the proposed sanctuary is considered as each separate agency pursues its discrete mission and regulatory activities. Finally, through the promulgation of limited additional regu- lations, the sanctuary would control certain activities which are currently not addressed in a manner most appropriate to the preservation of the special values of this rich marine area. To determine the desirability and feasibility of proceeding with the designation, NOAA has gathered and analyzed information and consulted with other Federal agencies; State agencies, particu- larly the California Coastal Commission (CCC); the Pacific Regio- nal Fishery Management Council; and local interest groups. In April 1978, NOAA held a public workshop in Santa Barbara to discuss the sanctuary proposal. An Issue Paper on possible California marine sanctuary sites, including the Channel Islands, was circulated for review and discussion in December 1978. In February and March 1979, the California Coastal Commission (CCC) held regional and State hearings to solicit reaction to the possibility of a marine sanctuary near the Channel Islands. Based on public response and a recommendation by the CCC to develop a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS), NOAA prepared a DEIS which described the proposed action to designate the sanctuary, Including draft regulations on activities and uses. NOAA distri- buted copies of and solicited comments on a preliminary draft of the Description of the Affected Environment (Section E.) and an outline of five designation options and the status quo option in C-3 June, 1979. NOAA held public meetings 1n Santa Barbara and Yentura to discuss these documents and answer questions about the program. In November 1979, NOAA Issued proposed regulations and the DEIS for public review. NOAA held public hearings on the DEIS in Ventura and Santa Barbara on January 10 and January 11, 1980, and accepted written comments until January 23. The comment period was extended to February 4, 1980, to be consistent with the comment period on the proposed regulations and again to March 7, 1980, to assure receipt and consideration of comments from the maximum number of Interested parties. This final environmental impact statement (FEIS) summarizes and responds to all the comments received through March 7, 1980. It proposes the designation of a marine sanctuary in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island and describes the proposed regulations in this sanctuary. The bound- aries and regulations proposed for the Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary are summarized below, discussed in Section F, and set forth in Appendix 1. The changes to the proposal from the prefer- red alternative in the DEIS are as follows: 1) The regulation of vessel traffic within 1 nmi of the Islands has been rewritten so that 1 t 1s absolutely clear that fishing, recreational and research vessels are allowed within the Islands' nearshore waters. 2) Airplane overflights for the purpose of surveying kelp beds have been exempted from the prohibition on over- flights below 1000 ft. within 1 nmi of the Islands. 3) The harvest of kelp has been exempted from marine sanctuary regulation in the designation document along with fishing. C-4 4) The navigation of vessels within vessel traffic separation schemes and port access routes designated by the Coast Guard outside the Islands' nearshore waters have been exempted from regulation by the Designation. 5) Any amendment to the regulations which significantly alters the extent to which activities are restricted will be auto- matically considered a direct effect on California's coastal zone for Federal consistency purposes. If California proposes to relax any requirement in State waters, NOAA will propose an amendment to conform the sanctuary regulations unless clearly inconsistent with the purposes of the sanctuary. The proposed Designation and regulations do not represent a final decision. NOAA will receive comments on this FEIS for thirty days following publication and then consult with Federal agencies. After review and consultation, a decision will be made whether to proceed with the designation. If so, the Secretary of Commerce must obtain Presidential approval of the designation. The final rules will be promulgated after designation. The Designation and, therefore, the regulations are not effective within State waters for a period of sixty days following publi- cation of the Designation. During this period, if the Governor certifies that the Designation is unacceptable to the State, the sanctuary will not include State waters and the Secretary may withdraw it entirely if it no Jonger meets statutory and regul- atory objectives. C-5 PROPOSAL TO DESIGNATE THE CHANNEL ISLANDS MARINE SANCTUARY The Office of Coastal Zone Management, which is reponsible for the marine sanctuary program within NOAA, proposes the designation as a marine sanctuary of the waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island, extending from the mean high tide water line on the four northern Channel Islands (San Miguel Island and adjacent rocks (Castle Rock and Richardson Rock), Santa Cruz Island, Santa Rosa Island, and Anacapa Island) and Santa Barbara Island seaward 6 nmi (11.1km) (see Figure C-l). The exact boundary by coordinates is presented in an appendix to the pro- posed regulations. The proposed sanctuary encompasses 1252.5 square nautical miles (4286. 7knn). Designation The Designation Document (the proposed Designation for the Channel Islands marine sanctuary is presented in Appendix 1) serves as a constitution for the sanctuary. It establishes the boundary and purposes of the sanctuary, identifies the types of activities that may be subject to regulations, specifies the extent to which other regulatory programs will continue to be effective within the sanctuary, and provides a framework for sanctuary management, including research, assessment, education, and coordination. The Designation requires the approval of the President. Its content can be altered only after repeating the entire designation process and securing Presidential approval. If the designation is adopted, the following activities will be subject to necessary and reasonable regulation: C-6 C-7 -oil and gas operations -discharging or depositing any substance -alteration of or construction on the seabed -navigation (except within a designated YTSS or PAR) and operation of vessels (other than fishing and kelp harvesting vessels) and aircraft over- flights below 1000 ft (305m) -removing or otherwise deliberately harming cultural or historical artifacts The proposed restrictions on these activities are set forth in the proposed regulations. NOAA may legally promulgate regulations only in relation to the specific activities listed in the Desig- nation. Article 5 of the proposed Designation specifically exempts fishing and kelp harvesting activities from sanctuary regulation, except that fishing and kelp harvesting vessels may be regulated with respect to discharges. Management Management of the marine sanctuary will be designed to preserve the resources of the waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Islands in their present relatively undisturbed state. By integrating education, environmental monitoring, research, and compatible use regulations into a coordinated management strategy, NOAA will insure that the public can derive maximum benefit from the marine sanctuary with a minimum of environmental damage. C-8 If a sanctuary is established, NOAA will emphasize the natioi importance of the sanctuary's resources. NOAA will establish a Sanctuary Information Center and will promote the public's aware- ness of sanctuary resources through brochures and other tech- niques. NOAA will encourage and seek to coordinate rese« within the sanctuary. Such coordination will not only improve the data base on area resources and stimulate infoi exchange, but also should help to eliminate duplicative research and close data gaps. Sanctuary management will strive also to improve public access. Finally, both resource quality and effects of human activities in the sanctuary will be monitored* These results should aid in further upgrading the management system whenever necessary. NOAA plans to delegate onsite sanctuary management to an existing authority with regional experience, for example, the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG). The onsite manager will coordinate with other Federal and State agencies, conduct re- search, monitoring, review permit applications, and make recom- mendations to NOAA concerning changes 1n regulations or overall management policies. NOAA will encourage the onsite manager to form an advisory council with representatives from Federal, State, and local agencies, user groups, and citizen associations. Enforcement and surveillance will be an integral part of the management and protection of the Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary. NOAA is exploring various means of providing enforcement and surveillance; the National Marine Fisheries Service, the U.S. Coast Guard, the National Park Service, and DFG have experience in such operations so NOAA will further explore the possibility of cooperative management with each of these agencies. The parti- C-9 cipation of any enforcement agent will, of course, be subject to continuing discussions and will be affected by the precise scope and content of the final regulations , as well as by other demands and priorities facing NOAA and the other agencies involved. Under a cooperative agreement with NOAA, DFG is currently gather- ing information and consulting with other interested agencies to formulate more detailed suggested management programs, addressing research, education, interagency coordination, and access. DFG will also explore enforcement issues both as they relate to the need for additional resources to enforce existing regulations and to the mechanisms and resources appropriate to enforce the proposed regulations. Some regulations are unlikely to require extensive enforcement activities, such as those relating to hydrocarbon exploration and development and dredging. Others, such as the regulation of discharges, may require surveillance of areas of the proposed sanctuary or intensive education of sanc- tuary users. The U.S. Coast Guard has indicated its willingness to cooperate to the limits of its normal enforcement activities. The National Park Service and DFG already have a cooperative relationship in relation to enforcement of State regulations in the very nearshore waters around the Islands which is likely to be susceptible to modification to serve the enforcement needs of the sanctuary. The draft report by DFG should be available for final consul- tations with other agencies and will be made available for public comment and review when final and prior to the institution of management measures, if the sanctuary is designated. C-10 Proposed Regulations Specific regulations are proposed as reasonable and necessary for the protection of the natural resources. To the extent possible, the sanctuary managers will coordinate with existing authorities in both the administration and enforcement of the regulations. This coordination may be accomplished in several ways. Agencies may wish to alter their regulations in this area to conform with sanctuary regulations, or they may want to use their review and enforcement capabilities to implement NOAA provisions. Other Interagency arrangements to facilitate coordination are possible. Each such step will be the subject of discussion with the indivi- dual agency concerned. If no specific arrangements are agreed upon, and more than one regulation affecting certain activities is in effect, all regulations will apply and the most stringent restrictions must be met. These regulations will apply only within the sanctuary boundaries. The full text of the proposed regulations is presented Appendix 1. The proposed regulations would impose the following controls: —Hydrocarbon operations The proposed regulation prohibits any activity for the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbons (oil and gas) anywhere in the sanctuary pursuant to leases executed on or after the effective date of these regulations. Exploration, production and develop- ment pursuant to leases predating the effective date of the regulations and the construction of pipelines are allowed subject to all other proposed sanctuary regulations and all regulations C-ll and conditions imposed by the following entities: the Department of the Interior, the U.S. Coast Guard, the Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency, the State of California under the Federal consistency provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act, and any other State or Federal authority. This activity is permitted subject to the further requirement that certain oil spill contingency equipment is present for such operations (see Section F.2.b.l). The regulations are designed to reduce the risk of contamination of the nearshore resources by spilled oil, and to protect the island shores from visual and acoustic disturbances. Currently, the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Geological Survey regulate hydrocarbon activities on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), and the State Lands Commission has responsibility for oil and gas leasing in State waters. The Secretary of the Inter- ior withdrew 24 tracts in the proposed marine sanctuary from leasing in OCS Sale #48, but, absent sanctuary regulations, tracts within the area of the proposed sanctuary may be considered for and offered in future lease sales. —Discharges The proposed regulation prohibits all discharges into sanctuary waters, except discharges of indigenous fish waste and chumming materials, effluents from marine sanitation devices, non-polluted cooling waters from ocean-going vessels, and effluents incidental to allowed hydrocarbon operations regulated by the standards imposed in an NPDES permit. Discharges from foreign flag vessels are also prohibited to the extent consistent with international law. The prohibition on discharges will help maintain the water quality in the sanctuary and prevent aesthetic degradation. The exemptions insure that this regulation will not prevent activities C-12 consistent with the goals of the sanctuary. Existing regulations control through permits some of the present sources of contamination of the ocean waters. Point source discharges are controlled by permits issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which also has authority to regulate oil and hazardous substance discharges and ocean dumping. However, discharges may be permitted by EPA in the proposed sanctuary since no special status is permanently assigned to this site. Solid waste overboard discharges from vessels are not currently regu- lated. Existing regulations do not prohibit discharges from tankers and other vessels smaller than 150 gross tons, respec- tively, which might occur beyond the territorial zone (3 nmi (5.4km)). The limited discharge standard proposed by the sanc- tuary would eliminate a variety of currently allowed discharges. --Alteration of, or construction on, the seabed The proposed regulation prohibits dredging, drilling, constructing on, or altering the seabed within 2 nmi (3.7km) of the islands, except to construct navigation aids or lay pipelines. This prohibition offers a buffer for sensitive nearshore resources, Including marine mammals, seabirds, and benthic organisms, from the visual, acoustic, and pollution/sedimentation disturbances associated with seabed alteration. The Army Corps of Engineers and the California Coastal Commission currently have permitting authority over construction, dredging, and dredge spoil disposal. The Bureau of Land Management and State Lands Commission have authority over mining. No agency has issued particular restrictions on dredging and construction which C-13 are Intended to benefit and preserve the ecosystem of this area. Dredge spoil disposal, while subject to permit requirements, is not otherwise prohibited in the proposed sanctuary. The laying of pipelines is exempted from this regulation because the level of disturbance and risk of oil pollution associated with barging supplies and oil and gas to and from offshore platforms is often higher than the disturbance and pollution risk associated with the laying of pipelines. —Vessel traffic The proposed regulation prohibits the passage of certain U.S. flag and, to the extent consistent with international law, foreign vessels within 1 nmi (1.8km) of the islands to protect sensitive nearshore resources from disturbance and possible oil spills or discharges resulting from groundings, collision, or normal opera- tion» This restriction also serves to decrease congestion in nearshore zones. Fishing, kelp harvesting, recreational, re- search, military, and enforcement vessels are exempted from this prohibition. The Coast Guard currently recommends vessel traffic lanes but does not require adherence to them. The California Department of Fish and Game restricts vessel access in parts of the ecological reserves around Anacapa and San Miguel Islands. C-14 --Disturbing marine birds and mammals by overflights To insure that sensitive nearshore resources, particularly marine mammals and seabirds, are fully protected, disturbance by over- flights at less than 1000 ft (305m) is prohibited within 1 nmi (1.8km) of the islands. Military search and rescue, and enforce- ment operations, kelp harvesting surveys, and access to the islands are exempted from this regulation. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which currently regu- lates air traffic, will indicate some sensitive areas on charts, and will print a request from the concerned agency that pilots maintain a certain altitude in those areas. However, the FAA issues regulations for the safety of air traffic, and not to avoid potentially adverse impacts on ecosystems, species, or habitat. Accordingly, overflights of this area are not currently limited. The California Department of Fish and Game controls overflights directly over San Miguel, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands. —Historical or cultural resources California can register sites as either "points of interest" or "landmarks." The latter would afford some protection against harmful activities, but only within State waters. Sites beyond State waters can be registered on the National Register of Histo- ric Sites; however, registration provides protection only against Federal and not private activities. Accordingly, the proposed sanctuary regulations would prohibit removing or damaging histo- rical or cultural resources within the sanctuary. C-15 Environmental and Socio- Economic Consequences of the Proposed Action The proposed action would institute an integrated management program including research, monitoring, education, long term planning, coordination and regulation that would provide increased protection for the special resources of the proposed sanctuary, particularly marine birds and mammals. The Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service has concluded, following official consul- tation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, that the marine sanctuary will promote the conservation of the bald eagle, American peregrine falcon, and the southern sea otter and is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the California brown pelican (Greenwalt, 1980, personal communication). The research, assessment and monitoring programs would increase available knowledge on the present condition of the resources and would help measure impacts of human activities. Results from these programs would be utilized not only to increase the effec- tiveness of sanctuary management, but to advise other agencies proposing actions. The sanctuary would establish a special institutional voice for the resources of this area. The long term preservation of the special resources near the Islands will depend on public awareness and education. The sanctuary would promote public awareness and increase the atten- tion of users to the issues of conservation. C-16 The sanctuary would also address long range planning issues and other concerns which may arise in the future, which are presently not addressed by any institution. For instance, the sanctuary management plan would address matters such as the desirability of a public transportation system to all or parts of the sanctuary , and it would consider methods to increase access and enjoyment of the sanctuary by the poor s the elderly, and the handicapped. The sanctuary managers would be concerned with the separate and cumulative impacts of all activities occurring within its bound- aries, and would therefore perform a coordinating function. Coordination, even in the simple form of assuring transfer of information, will help assure full consideration is given by all agencies to the resources of the area. Finally, through limited proposed regulations, the Sanctuary would control certain activities which require further restriction to assure preservation of the resources of the area. The regulations attempt to minimize any adverse socioeconomic consequences on affected industries, to the extent consistent with the primary mission of resource preservation. In addition, by contributing to the preservation of the natural resources of the area, the pro- posed action should benefit those activities such as fishing, tourism, and recreation which depend on these resources. Because the proposed regulations have been formulated in detail and are the aspect of the sanctuary management program most likely to produce socio-economic consequences; they are discussed in some detail below. C-17 The prohibition of petroleum operations on leases acquired on or after the effective date of the sanctuary regulations will guar- antee the continued existence of an area of minimal OCS develop- ment. The Department of the Interior withdrew 24 tracts within 6 nmi of the Islands from OCS Lease Sale #48. The existence of such an area of minimal petroleum development will protect sanctuary resources that are particularly vulnerable to spilled oil and to human activity associated with normal petroleum operations and oil spill cleanup attempts from increased activity levels in the future. The 6 nmi (11.1km) buffer provides time and distance for natural forces to weather and volatilize oil spills and other discharges before they reach nearshore communities. The buffer also in- creases the available response time for at- sea cleanup and oil spill containment, and if nearshore cleanup becomes necessary, allows a longer planning period; nearshore cleanup activities may otherwise be even more damaging than the oil itself. The buffer reduces the visual and acoustic disturbances of petroleum develop- ment which may affect marine mammals, seabirds, and the aesthetic qualities of the islands. Finally, the buffer will insure the continued integrity of California's oil and gas sanctuaries and prevent the potential need for a drainage sale with associated disruption and potential damage to nearshore resources. This prohibition does not affect activities pursuant to leases within the sanctuary which predate the effective date of the regulations and are partially or wholly within the proposed sanctuary. While the majority of tracts wholly or partially inside the proposed sanctuary were withdrawn from Lease Sale #48 (which occurred June 29, 1979), the regulation is necessary to C-18 assume the long-term protection of the area. For example, the call for nominations and comments on Lease Sale #68 included some of the waters within 6 nmi of the Islands. Although the Secretary of the Interior retains the authority to exclude these tracts from Lease Sale #68 later in the lease sale process and such a with- drawal would be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's decision to withdraw 24 tracts from Lease Sale #48, no authority exists to withdraw permanently this area from leasing. NOAA will seek the cooperation of the Department of the Interior to insure that the tracts affected by the prohibition are not offered for lease. If petroleum reserves exist in these areas which cannot be tapped from outside the sanctuary, these reserves will be unavailable under the proposed regulation. In February 1979 the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimated that there were 5.7 million barrels of oil and 8.9 billion cubic feet of gas underlying 24 tracts in the proposed sanctuary which the Secretary of Interior withdrew from Lease Sale 48 although these resources may not all be profitable to produce. No reliable data are available on the amount of petroleum underlying the entire pro- posed sanctuary. Past exploration in the area has proven nega- tive, but that does not preclude the possibility of recoverable reserves. This area adjoins the Santa Barbara Channel, which is an area of high proven petroleum reserves. Currently, production of oil and gas is concentrated near the mainland and several leases near the northern Channel Islands were terminated because of insufficient attempts at exploration and development by the leaseholders. However, as petroleum prices rise, reserves that are not now profitable to produce may become so. If the need for oil under- lying the proposed sanctuary increases and the technology becomes C-19 environmentally safe, the regulations could be changed at a later date to allow hydrocarbon development. The 6 nmi (11.1km) buffer created by the prohibition on oil and gas activities does not provide complete protection from the adverse effects of petroleum operations: first, in a marine environment the transport of substances from one location to another is inevitable; and secondly, operations on existing leases are allowed in the sanctuary in order to minimize the economic impact of the sanctuary and the burden on the lessees. The proposed regulations allow development of existing leases in accordance with other sanctuary regulations and all conditions imposed by existing authorities. The requirement for certain additional on-site oil spill containment equipment should not place large additional cost on the industry, particularly since similar equipment may also be required by the State of California under the consistency provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act. The prohibition of discharges will enhance the area's aesthetic features by lessening levels of litter thrown overboard and will reduce the threat that marine mammals and seabirds in the sanc- tuary will swallow or become entangled in potentially harmful trash. It will further maintain water quality by ensuring that no ocean dumping or dredge spoil disposal occurs in the sanctuary. The economic impact of this regulation on sanctuary users is minor, although they will be required to retain their trash for proper disposal on land. The regulation supplements prohibitions of discharges of oil and hazardous substances within 50 miles of the nearest land. C-20 The. Impacts of prohibiting seabed alteration and construction are expected to be minor since all current dredging occurs outside the sanctuary. The regulation prohibiting certain commercial vessels from the waters within 1 nmi (1.8km) of the Islands will probably have minimal economic impacts because the affected vessels generally remain 1n the vessel traffic lanes and thus well away from near- shore areas. Fishing, recreational, kelp harvesting, research, military and enforcement vessels will be allowed in nearshore waters. Since military and enforcement operations, kelp surveys s and landings on the Islands are exempted from the overflight prohi- bition (and commercial aircraft fly much higher), the prohibition on flying below 1000 ft (305m) within 1 nmi (1.8km) of the islands will primarily affect recreationists observing area resources, especially whales. The environmental and economic consequences of prohibiting the removal or damage of historical or cultural resources should be minimal. More precise estimates of the consequences will be possible after all identified resources are mapped. NOAA's preferred marine sanctuary and the proposed regulations will not prohibit military operations necessary to the national defense or 1n a national emergency or actions necessary to respond to an emergency threatening life, property, or the environment. r.?i Marine Sanctuary Permits Marine sanctuary permits, issued by NOAA, will be required for any activity otherwise prohibited by the regulations and may be granted only 1f the activity will serve research or educational purposes. The permit procedure is specified in the regulations (Appendix 1). NOAA will coordinate its permit procedure with other authorities to the maximum extent possible. Certification of Other Permits The regulations propose to certify in advance any permit, license, or other authorization issued pursuant to any other authority within the sanctuary as long as the activity does not violate marine sanctuary regulations. This notice of validity avoids permit delays and costs from duplicative reviews where there is no violation. C-22 D, Purpose and Need for Action NOAA proposes that, as an area of exceptional value subject to mounting development and use pressures, the waters offshore of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands deserve special recognition, protection, and management as a marine sanctuary. Located at the confluence of two major biogeographic coastal provinces, in an area of exceptionally high biologic productivity, on a submarine ridge possessing a wide variety of open water marine habitat, the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island support a large and varied array of signi- ficant natural resources. Among the resources found at the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island is one of the largest and most varied assem- blages of pinnipeds in the world. The waters surrounding the islands serve as feeding grounds for six species of seals and sea lions including one species (the Guadalupe fur seal) which may be proposed for listing as an endangered species. In addition, numerous species of whales and dolphins migrate through the area, including several endangered species. A large number of marine birds also depend on the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island. The islands serve as rookery areas for 9 of the 12 species of nesting marine birds found in the Southern California Bight, and the surrounding waters provide an essential foraging and rafting area for resident and transient species. Marine fish, algae (particularly kelp beds), and inter- tidal habitats also comprise a major component of the ecosystem. Finfish, shellfish, and kelp found in the area have exceptional ecological, recreational, and commercial value. D-l With this concentration of highly productive, diverse, and rich living resources in a relatively small geographic area, the waters around the Channel Islands are also of high research value. Extensive studies of these marine areas have been conducted. The recreational opportunities in the waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island include pleasure boating, skin diving, sportfishing, and nature studies such as bird and mammal watching. Congress recently acknowledged the extraordinary value of this area through its creation of the Channel Islands National Park, which expanded and strengthened the Channel Islands National Monument. Park designation will provide protection and management for the special values of the Islands. However, in the debates in the House which accompanied the legislation creating the Channel Islands National Park, Congressman Sibelius voiced concern about the ability of the park to protect adequately the resources of the Islands from threats orginating in surrounding waters such as tanker traffic and oil and gas drilling (Congressional Record, May 7, 1979, H2751). The park boundary does extend 1 nmi into the water but is purely an administrative boundary and does not carry with it any authority for NPS to regulate activities in the waters. It does provide authority for NPS enforcement agents to enforce the regulations issued by other agencies that apply to the waters, such as those issued by DFG or any final regulations promulgated for the proposed marine sanctuary. Until recently, the island waters maintained relative isolation from activities which could affect them, primarily due to their distance from the mainland. Therefore, formal recognition of the particular value of these waters to marine mammal, marine bird, D-2 fish, kelp, and inter-tidal communities, and to recreational and research activities was not needed. Various agencies regulated specific uses of the waters, but the establishment of a compre- hensive management system to protect these waters was not re- quired. More recent and ever- increasing development and use, however, have made the reliance on geographic remoteness insuf- ficient to avoid increased pressure upon and potential harm to the components of this rich ecosystem. Although the Secretary of the Interior withdrew 24 tracts within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the islands from Lease Sale 48, pressure for expanded offshore oil and gas development in the Santa Barbara Channel and around the Channel Islands is likely to increase. Several tracts within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the islands were leased in Sale 35, and unless the area is given special status, future lease sales (Sale #68 in 1982 and Sale #73 in 1983) may include near- shore areas. New drilling and redrilling for oil and gas is being planned on several existing leases near the islands. The Santa Barbara Channel also has become an important commercial shipping area with use levels expected to increase as additional tankers bring oil and liquid natural gas (LNG) into southern California ports. Specifically, the movement of oil from the Elk Hills Petroleum Reserve and from drilling platforms in the Chan- nel, as well as the projected development of an LNG terminal in the Channel region, may significantly increase tanker transport of oil and hazardous substances through the Santa Barbara Channel. The shipment of rocket boosters and external tanks to Vandenberg Air Force Base for the Space Shuttle Vehicle System will increase the number of barges transitting the Channel. The construction of a Northern Tier pipeline and of platform to shore pipelines in the Channel may, however, cut down on some of the tanker and barge D-3 traffic in the Channel. Commercial fishing activity, already firmly established around the northern Channel Islands, will continue and possibly increase in intensity as market demands for fish expand. With a growing southern California population, the area has also become more frequently sought out as a recreational resource. Because of the area's varied recreational potential and the paucity of undis- turbed natural marine settings elsewhere in the region, the demand for recreational opportunities will grow. Finally, the Department of Defense, particularly the u\S. Navy, uses much of the Channel and Channel Islands area for various training and testing activi- ties. In summary, increasing development within the Channel and in the waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands is gradually eroding the buffer of isolation that previously protected the area's outstanding natural resources, and pressures are likely to continue growing in the future. Therefore, some form of special protection is desireable in order to ensure that the extraordinary wealth of natural resources in the area is not jeopardized, and a focussed management program dealing with research, assessment, education, coordination, long-term planning, and regulation is required. Although many agencies currently regulate or have authority over specific activities and particular natural resources of the island waters, no single authority has responsibility for monitoring the entire system and acting to protect that system. Consequently, the impacts of each activity which might affect the resources are evaluated separately, and cumulative impacts may be overlooked. D-4 Currently, there is no provision for comprehensively monitoring the effects of human activities in the area. Without some provi- sion for study and monitoring, it is impossible to act in a manner insuring the long-term protection and preservation of the marine resources of the waters near the islands. The absence of a program of public education reduces public awareness of the value and sensitivity of the area's natural resources. Furthermore, the waters around the islands have no formal recog- nition of their special environmental value. In some cases, it may be in the general public's interest to allow activities which may pose threats to the environment, such as the siting of an LNG terminal. Such decisions, however, must be balanced against the region's important resources. In the absence of formal recog- nition of the importance of the waters around the Channel Islands, there is no assurance that the existing authorities will ade- quately consider the particular value and vulnerability of this vital habitat. The designation of a marine sanctuary in these waters would create a system responsible for assessing the overall impacts of activi- ties in the area. More formal acknowledgement of the special value of the area would insure that it is given special protection and consideration in an overall planning sense, and would en- courage particularly careful review of any proposals for future siting of potentially harmful activities nearby. Finally, moni- toring and study of the sanctuary would provide the basis for a greater understanding of the area's needs and ecological balance and would provide the foundation for better management. D-5 In light of the identified needs, the proposed sanctuary would have the following objectives: 1. To preserve a unique and strategically located part of the * California outer continental shelf where marine life, geo- logical formations, and ocean currents combine to form an outstanding marine ecosystem by ensuring that human uses and activities within the proposed sanctuary boundaries do not: (a) degrade intertidal and subtidal habitats and their associated communities or foraging, resting, migratory, or other open water habitat areas of value to marine birds and mammals; or (b) otherwise threaten the continued health, stability, diversity or numbers of seabird or marine mammal populations using sanctuary waters. 2. To encourage scientific research consistent with objective 1 on the significant resources of the area which will contribute to the understanding of ecologic relationships and to the re- solution of management and regulatory issues. 3. To enhance public awareness of sanctuary resources by ensuring adequate interpretive and educational services. D-6 E. DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT E.l. General Overview of the Nominated Area E.l.a. Location The ocean area currently under investigation lies within the northern portion of a regional coastal ocean area commonly refer- red to as the Southern California Bight (see Figure E-l). This area (also referred to below as the study area) includes the Santa Barbara Channel and the waters surrounding the four northern Channel Islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa as well as Santa Barbara Island. The shoreward boundary of the area under consideration extends to the upper limit of high tide. A set seaward boundary was not established for purposes of asses- sing environmental resources, but specific boundary alternatives are developed in Section F based upon this assessment of the affected environment. This area was selected in large part because of the extraordinary concentration of the following resources: 1) marine mammals; 2) seabirds; 3) fish, shellfish, and kelp resources; 4) inter tidal organisms; and, to a lesser extent, 5) archaeologic/historic resources. Accordingly, each of these resource categories is addressed separately in Section E.2. Human activities in areas near these resources are discussed in Section E.3. E-l San Mig Santa Rosa Is. Santa .Cruz Is. Anacapa Is. San Nicolas Is. Santa Barbara Is. Santa Catalina Is. San Clemente Is. FIGURE E-l. Location of the Southern California Bight E-2 E.l.b. Environmental Setting Prior to reviewing each of the above-listed resource categories, it is necessary to recognize the significance of the broader ecologic system which supports and influences the localized resource assemblage. This requires some understanding of the role and importance of intricate physical and biological processes which link resources to the regional environment. A marine sanctuary cannot be a self-contained environmental unit whose living natural resources are independent of broader environ- mental conditions. The sanctuary can, however, describe an area whose natural conditions, as influenced by surrounding environ- mental processes, permit the site to serve as a focal point for biologic activity or resources of special significance. The following discussion briefly highlights some of the most important region-wide processes, conditions, and pathways which serve to influence the significant resources concentrating within the Channel Island shelf marine environment. Perhaps the most significant aspect of the northern Channel Islands is their location at the transition point between two biogeographic coastal provinces. Stretching along the coast to the north from Point Conception to Alaska is a biologically rich cold- temper ate province referred to by Hedgpeth (1975) as the boreal-antiboreal littoral province. To the south from Point Conception to the lower third of Baja California in Mexico is a warm- temperate area referred to by Briggs (1974) as the San Diego biogeographic province. The biota of this transition zone in- cludes cold temperate species from the north and tropical species from the south, as well as a large number of endemic (or regional- ly limited) species. E-3 The importance of Point Conception as a major marine biogeographic boundary is well documented. Briggs (1974) cites several investi- gators who note that this California point lies at a significant biogeographic boundary for many species of fish, and invertebrates such as bryozoans* and mollusks. In addition, the point is also a significant boundary area for several species of marine mammals and seabirds. The area marks a northern breeding limit for some warm- temperate species and a southern breeding limit for certain northern cold- temperate organisms. Located directly in this transition area, the northern Channel Islands area possesses a ique and extraordinarily rich species assemblage. un Two of the major factors contributing to the creation of this biologic transition area are the area's geomorphology and current patterns (see Figure E-3). At Point Conception the coastline turns sharply to the east while the edge of the outer continental slope offshore continues in a generally south-southeasterly direction. The California Current, which carries cold water down from the north, sweeps along the shoreline in a meandering south- easterly direction. When the current reaches the Point Conception promontory, this direction of flow carries the current away from the shoreline and thus induces a large eddy (gyre) effect in the Southern California Bight area. The return flow, carrying waters through the Channel Islands toward the shore in a southeast to northwesterly direction, is called the Southern California Coun- tercurrent. Both the California Current and the Countercurrent are surface currents extending about 328 ft (100m) deep. The current gyres in the Southern California Bight circulate both nutrients and pollutants throughout the areas and thus provide a major force tying the conditions in the northern Channel Island *Bryozoans include many of the small marine organisms commonly seen encrusting submerged rocks, pilings and other solid substrates. E-4 area to those of the broader region. During the course of a year, surface currents in the Southern California Bight undergo three distinct phases: the oceanic period from July to November; the Davidson Current period from November to mid-February*; and an upwelling period from mid- February through August during which nutrient rich deep waters are drawn to the surface. The current patterns characterizing these periods have been reviewed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (1979) and are graphically presented in Figures E-2, E-3, and E-4. During the spring, when day length and light intensity are in- creasing, the high nutrient levels in surface waters foster exceptionally high primary production (phytoplankton and other plant growth). High primary production increases the food supply for other marine animals and thereby supports greater numbers of fish, shellfish, and other marine life than would otherwise be possible. Patches of upwelling occur in a sporadic fashion during this late winter-early summer period; the waters off Point Con- ception are particularly prominent as an upwelling center (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Water current gyres throughout the Southern California Bight as well as species movement serve to distribute the high productivity benefits of this phenomenon beyond the localized upwelling patches and throughout the southern California coastal area. *The Davidson Current is a northwesterly flowing mid-water current which rises to the surface along the southern California coast during this time of the year. E-5 E-7 c =3 s- 3 CO 00 XJ o •r- s- Q- c o oo T3 •f— > (T3 Q &- O M- oo 4-> C CD i- S- =3 O CO i— • -o • N C •r- <1) <— £ A3 u H $ . < ° t O « 5 " 5 v>z «>o << ju S. v **/■:■ III */\-y. > o u i^' , v! , !v'.''.''.''.' >- J < s-'. •*•"*'•*%***»"•*. ••*•*•"•* m f.-.-. '.*.*•*•*."**•*. 1 IUO •/:'•:'•> uz ac< O ) J3 u +J • >> p~ • p— E I. >>ts> t. i- e CU c > 4- J_ «J C > 4- -M s- >^ > ■ '"0 Z > ; -o O P 3 +-> to O +J 3 +J J. lO en >> Cn U E A3 3 o >^ S. CU •p- s: s- «T3 x: ■a f« s: if-"- +j > 3 I •p— > c J- f0 (Ti ^ 3 3 ra • p- Q. n3 »'r- CQ «J r— rs ■-3 n *"' s > *~ +? 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Q ^ s ^3 ai 6 id _g*4 wc3 ■• c >< ui -3 C -4 — < 4J aj fl E u 3 li-f s 3 fl EC •H 3 rH S3 •h (75 >,-w 5 j^ ajjq aj u Ul -H oi 01 fi r-J C ui S3 1) U-l U 4J ui m g -h aj j- x fi flni oi q SJ u id u -h S3 cc "4-1 o q to en oi 3 o r- 01 aj ^ IS 1-3 83 ** •— < *" "3 ui ui -2 2 E-26 Because of its consumption of sea urchins, abalone, and other shellfish, the sea otter is an important factor in determining the abundance of other marine species and possibly even the type of habitat (Woodhouse e_t al_. , 1977; Yellin, 1977). At least some scientists have suggested that the otter's consumption of sea urchins, which graze on the attachment points of kelp, may in- directly lead to an expansion of kelp beds (Yellin, 1977). (Kelp beds, as discussed in Section E.2.C., provide a special habitat for many organisms in much the same manner as coral reefs.) Ranging throughout the Southern California Bight and beyond, the marine mammals in the waters around the islands affect the food chain and natural ecosystem stability in a broad region. Mainland- based coastal pollution and intensive littoral development have (both directly and indirectly) reduced and in some cases elimi- nated mainland haulout areas for seals and sea lions here. Therefore, the remaining populations on shorelines and in adjacent waters provide an important indicator of broad environmental health and conditions as well as an extremely valuable vestige of marine wilderness and species distribution. Seals, sea lions, and possibly whales and porpoise also provide an invaluable research and public educational potential. Finally, marine mammals, particularly the migratory gray whale (see Figure E-7), support recreational benefits of considerable economic importance. As these whales travel along the shore, charter boats carry paying customers in increasing numbers out for closer observation. In some cases, whale watchers even charter planes. E-27 E-20 E.2.b . Marine Birds The northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island are a focal point for one of the richest resource areas for marine birds in the United States. This richness is based on both numbers and species diversity. Seabird concentrations occur not only on the islands and offshore rocks themselves (which provide nesting labitat for nine of southern California's 12 species of breeding seabirds) but also on the productive waters around the islands )ver which many species forage for food. A recent study of Southern California Bight marine avifauna (University of Cali- fornia, Santa Cruz, 1976) collected baseline data on 64 species of seabirds including nesting species, year-round visitors, summer visitors, winter visitors, transients, and strays (see Table E-6). Because of their highly mobile and migratory habits, probably all of these seabird species appear at least occasionally around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island. The brown pelican is the only breeding seabird species found on the Channel Islands which is listed as endangered due to low population levels. Among the other endangered terrestrial species currently or formerly found on the Islands are Bel dings' s savannah sparrow, the peregrine falcon, and the southern bald eagle. Of greatest significance to the proposed sanctuary are the large number of marine bird species which use the relatively shallow marine waters around these islands (see Table E-7). For example, seabirds nesting on the northern Channel Islands tend to forage near their rookeries and close to island shores. Limited tracking and observation data, described more fully below, indicate that E-29 TABLE E-6. The marine avifauna of the Southern California Bight (developed from University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976). 1. Nesting Species Ashy storm-petrel (on Channel Islands) Brown pelican (on Channel Islands) Double-crested cormorant (on Channel Islands) Brandt's cormorant (on Channel Islands) Pelagic cormorant (on Channel Islands) Western gull (on Channel Islands) 2. Pigeon g.uillemot (on Channel Islands) Xantus' murrelet (on Channel Islands) Cassin's auklet (on Channel Islands) Least terns (on mainland only) Caspian terns (on mainland only) Elegant terns (on mainland only) Year-round Visitors (do not breed on the Islands but can be expected any time of the year) California gull Forster's tern Royal tern Ring-billed gull 81ack storm-petrel Black-footed albatross 3. Summer Visitors Least storm-petrel Red-billed tropicblrd 4. Winter Visitors Heermann's gull Northern fulmar Common loon Arctic loon Red- throated loon Horned grebe Eared grebe Western grebe Craveri 's murrelet Leach's storm petrel Short- tailed shearwater Manx shearwater Fork-tailed storm petrel White-winged scoter Surf scoter Red-breasted merganser Red phalarope Pomarine jaegar Pink-footed shearwater Sooty shearwater Glaucous-winged gull Herring gull Common murre Thayer's gull Mew gull Bonaparte's gull Black-legged kittiwake Rhinoceros auklet 5. Transients (pass through Southern California waters while migrating) New Zealand shearwater Skuas Brant Sabine's gull Parasitic jaeger Common tern Long-tailed jaeger Horned puffins 6. Strays (occur in small numbers but not considered part of 8ight's avifauna) Red-necked grebe Ancient murrelet Laysan albatross Cape petrel E-30 g «d 5 N fl 3 I •g V* fd i S3 o § •d ■a a 3 -P n 01 3 C S S -U W lis 5 11 rH r-l r-l s .. 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S- E +J to u •i~- c Q r— UJ UJ CO E-39 wt LEGEND Western Gull Xantus Murrelet Pigeon Guillemot Double-crested Cormorant Brant's Cormorant Pelagic Cormorant ARCH ROCK LANDING COVE SUTIL IS. CAT CANYON ROOKERY FIGURE E-12. Distribution of nesting colonies of seabirds on Santa Bar- bara Island (University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976). E-40 TABLE E-9. Numbers Islands 1976). of seabird pairs nesting en the California Channel in 1975 (University of California, Santa Cruz, Island Species ASP BP DC BC PC WG PG XM CA 1. San Miguel 7 42 31 + 140 7 7 Castle Rk. ? 216 15 + 40 7 + Prince Is. + - 20-40 860 1 600 200 + 10,000 Richardson Rk. 7 _ - 7 - - 7 2. Santa Rosa Is. 7 200 + + + 7 7 3. Santa Cruz Is. ■? — — ? 7 7 + 7 7 Gull Is. 7 23 4 31 - 7 30 Scorpion Rk. 7. 80 - ? - 50 1 7 7 4. Wast Anacapa Is. 7 212 + 1 1 + 7 7 7 Middle Anacapa Is. 7 _ - 1000 - 7 7 East Anacapa Is. 7 - - 3000 - 7 7 5. Santa Barbara Is. ■> - 2 27 1 1162 60 ca .1000 ? Sutil Is. 7 - 8 93 - 7 20 7 ? Shag Rk. ? - - 7 7 7 ? 6. Santa Catalina Is. 7 - - 7 - ? 7 Bird Rk. 7 - - 25-30 - 7 - Ship Rk. 7 - - - - - - 7 - 7. San Nicolas Is. 7 - 365 - 720 - 7 7 3. San Clemente Is. ? 12 - 7 -. 7 7 Castle Rk. 7 1 - 7 - 7 • Bird Rk. (NW Harbor) - _ - 31 - - - Symbols: - = not present; ? of numbers obtained = possibly present, but not found; + = present, but no estimate ASP = Ashy stormy petrel BP = Brown pelican DC = Double-crested cormorant BC = Brandt's cormorant tC = Western gull PG XM CA PC = Pigeon guillemot = Xantus' murrelet = Cassin's auklet = Pelagic cormorant E-41 fraction of their former numbers. Two other marine species which nested in the Channel Islands 75 years ago (the tufted puffin and common murrelet) no longer nest there. As noted above, the brown pelican is listed as endangered on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Endangered Species List. In addition to seabirds, two land-oriented species also designated as endangered (the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon) once nested on the northern Channel Islands but have not been observed in the area for several years. These two species, although known to feed along beaches and over waters very close to the coast, are not true seabirds. Although distribution and movement vary between species and time of year, seabirds, like marine mammals, tend to concentrate over areas of high bottom relief including ridges, island shelves, and plateaus, During summer, for example, the brown pelican, western gulls, and Cassin's auklets in the Bight are found in greatest numbers northwest of San Miguel Island, in the eastern end of Santa Barbara Channel, close inshore around all eight islands, and in waters overlying the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge and Santa Cruz Basin (University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976). As mentioned above, nesting birds have been observed to forage in waters close to their rookeries, usually within several miles of shore. For example, the three species of cormorants, pelican, Xantus' murrelet, and pigeon guillemot were predominantly within 6 nmi (10km) of their colonies while Cassin's auklets concentrated between 6 to 15 nmi (10 to 25km) offshore (University of Cali- fornia, Santa Cruz, 1976). Radio telemetry studies on the move- ments of radio-banded Xantus' murrelets and western gulls at Santa Barbara Island and transects for Cassin's auklet at San Miguel Island and Xantus' murrelet at Santa Barbara Island also demon- strate patterns of movement close to island shores. The relative E-42 importance of the waters near the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island for all species of marine birds is indicated by the large number of individuals sighted there as compared to the other more southern Channel Islands (see Table E-10). Seabirds also tend to feed in the kelp bed canopy. Kelp, as discussed below in Section E.2.c, grows principally on rocky bottom areas shallower than 100 ft (30m). The kelp canopy pro- vides a resting and foraging ground to many seabirds (California Department of Fish and Game, 1979). For instance, the great blue heron uses the surface kelp as a platform from which it hunts. The pigeon guillemot swims within the forests for its prey. The brown pelican plunges after fish in clear water between the canopy growth. Cormorants also feed about the kelp. Gulls of many species and sea ducks use the kelp canopy and clear water between as resting areas. Some examples are: Larus occidental is Western gull Larus californicus California gull Larus philadephis Bonaparte's gull Melanitta deglandi White-wing scoter Melanitta perspicillata Surf scoter Aythza af fines Lesser scaup Marine birds as a predatory group are one of the most important food chain consumers in the Bight along with pinnipeds, cetaceans, and man. Although their principal food sources are poorly known and vary by species, squid and small schooling fish such as anchovies, sardines, and saury probably predominate. Estimates of annual consumption are not available, but as a major predator at the top of the food chain, their importance in maintaining a balance in the Bight's species diversity and abundance is un- E-43 Table E-10 Sightings of all species combined (total individuals) on and near Channel Islands and beaches, April 1975 through March 1976. Dash indicates area not surveyed or survey incomplete (University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976). Location A] Dr-Jun 7 5 Jul-Sep 75 Oct-Dec 75 Jan-Mar 75 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Richardson Rock 102 233 179 93 West 1427 1313 1365 810 South 304 194 372 216 East 1846 894 1616 755 North 130 272 245 281 SANTA ROSA ISLAND West 289 188 1563 633 South 80 116 613 2756 East 437 •653 626 1136 North 691 822 734 546 SANTA CHJZ ISLAND West 163 247 749 186 South 230 442 783 1454 East 375 356 928 173 North 582 448 632 502 ANACAPA ISLAND 1865 — — 7482 SAN NICOLAS ISLAND Northwest 140 587 1756 1513 Southwest 69 25 78 95 Southeast 37 1608 944 Northeast 127 477 302 416 SANTA BARBARA ISLAND 1187 597 2141 813 SANTA CATALINA ISLAND Northwest 11 63 103 852 Southwest 84 40 120 1171 South 48 13 24 94 East 43 54 34 1620 Isthmus 56 65 41 1096 SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND Northwest 303 571 790 2141 West Central 66 130 611 579 Southwest 18 42 161 107 Pyramid Cove 10 29 40 East 30 16 E-44 doubtedly significant. The shallow island shelf waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island provide significant feeding areas for the largest concentrations of seabirds in the Southern Cali- fornia Bight. From an ecologic point of view, this concentration of top predators represents a significant factor determining the Bight's trophic (food) pathways. The breeding colonies of seabirds on the islands represent remnants of former ranges that once included mainland areas. Now, however, most mainland breeding colonies south of Point Conception have been destroyed (California Department of Fish and Game, 1979). The marine feeding areas in waters surrounding these remaining rookeries provide significant food sources to support these breeding colonies. The large concentrations of marine birds also afford exceptional research opportunities, particularly for the study of ecologic pathways related to the birds, as well as an important resource for ornithologists and nature lovers. E.2.c. Fish and Plant Resources Marine fish resources, finfish, invertebrates, and plants, are discussed below under two groupings: nearshore species (found in waters shallower than 180 ft (55m) and offshore species (found in water of greater depths). The outer margin of the nearshore zone approximates the depth at which the island shelf plunges down a steeper slope to the deeper offshore basins, plateaus, and sub- merged ridges. In most cases, the division between the two zones is 3 to 6 nmi (4.8 to 9.7km) from shore. E-45 California's nearshore fish assemblage (i.e., fish favoring the island and mainland shelves) has been found by Horn (1974) to include some 213 species, or about 44 percent of all species reported by Miller and Lea (1972) to occur in all southern Cali- fornia waters (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). This diversity (Figure E-13) is at least partly due to the convergence near the northern Channel Islands of two major biogeographic regions. A detailed list of all fish in the island shelf area of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island has not been compiled. The California Department of Fish and Game (1979) has identified fish species of recreational and commercial interest that occur off each of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island (see Appendix 2). Among the more notable finfish are the rock- fishes and surfperches. Among the invertebrate and plant species are the abalones (red, black, white, pink), rock scallops, Cali- fornia sea mussels, piddocks, sea urchins, lobster, bay mussels and kelp. The most frequently occurring shellfish on the island shelves are the bivalves Parvilucina tenuisculpta and Tell ina carpenteri (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Two of the most prominent nearshore marine habitats are the kelp bed/rocky bottom areas and the sand flat areas. Of these, kelp beds are the most important island shelf habitat in terms of diversity and abundance of fish species. In southern California kelp beds only grow on rocky bottom areas with depths between 9 to 284 ft (3 to 86m). Greatest abundances occur between about 25 to 100 ft (8 to 30m). E-46 OCEANIC ZONE ZONAl SUBDIVISION NUMBER OF SPECIES SHARED WITH NORTHERN TEMPERATE ZONE BOREAL TEMPERATE ALASKAN BRITISH COLUMBIAN OREGONIAN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA^ NORTHERN CENTRAL SOUTHERN Uvue.w ICASO SAN LUCAS FIGURE E-13. Diversity of fish species along the Pacific coast (North and Hubbs, 1968). E-47 Kelp beds are found throughout the region, around all the Channel Islands and along the mainland coast (Figure E-14), The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (1979) identifies the abundant kelp beds off the island's shores as a major reason behind its (BLM's) conclusion that island waters represent one of the most important of southern California's marine habitats. They describe this vital resource as follows (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979): "About 40 percent of all the kelp beds in the Southern California Bight occur around the Channel Islands. These kelp beds are some of the most highly developed submarine forests in the world. Over 800 plant and animal species are known to be associated with these kelp beds including many valuable sport and commercial species." Kelp beds (see Figure E-15) offer sessile, resident, and transient marine life protection, food, and special benthic (in holdfasts) and pelagic (stipes, fronds, and canopy) niches. Southern Cali- fornia kelp beds harbor some 125 fish species although perhaps only 20 or 30 are common (Quast 3 1968). Ebeling et al_. (In process) reports that most fish species prefer either the bottom or canopy zones, bypassing the intermediate depths. Particularly important to repopulation rates, many kelp bed fishes such as the kelp bass and some rockfish show little seasonal movement. Ebeling et_ al_. (In process) cite sources which state that adults of kelp bed fish may spend most of their lives within an area of but a few hundred square yards. Ebeling et_ al_. (In process) also suggest that northern Channel Island kelp bed fishes E-43 E-49 i -a-jVi • ;•, y, • v •' ' « Stipe Bundle 1 .' v I k FIGURE E-15. Underwater diagram of a kelp bed (North and Hubhs, 1968). E-50 tend to have a higher fish density and diversity than do mainland beds. They attribute this "island effect" to habitat differences such as clearer water, more continuous high-relief rocky bottom, and perhaps more fish food on the island shelves. Many of the fish species found in more open waters over island sand flats and in offshore pelagic areas beyond the island shelves are presented in Appendix 2. In these areas, the small schooling species such as the northern anchovy, Pacific saury, sardine, mackerel, and squid are particularly important because of their vital role in the marine food chain. The nutrient rich waters fed by regional upwellings support exceptionally abundant populations of these species which in turn are fed upon by other fish, the seabirds, marine mammals, and humans. The abundance of these fish is undoubtedly a significant factor supporting the large concen- trations of marine mammals and seabirds in the area. The northern Channel Islands 1 surrounding marine waters are also habitat for the hydro coral Allopora californica. With an incom- plete sampling record, it is difficult to call this a rare or endangered species; however, the species is presently known in only 12 locations in Southern California. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (1979) cites this finding as a reason for identifying these southern California offshore islands as one of Southern California's most important marine habitats. In general, the fish resources around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island include a species array representative of the high diversity of fish found throughout the Southern Cali- fornia Bight. As indicated in commercial and recreational catch statistics maintained by the California Department of Fish and Game (discussed more completely under fishing and plant harvesting E-51 In Section E.3.C.), many of these species are found in abundance. E.2.d. Intertidal Organisms The intertidal habitats on the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island include primarily rocky shorelines with some scattered sandy beaches. This is in contrast to the mainland shoreline which is only 20 percent rocky (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Rocky intertidal shorelines are an important marine habitat zone in southern California. Describing these areas, the Southern California Ocean Sciences Studies Consortium (1974) states that "...the intertidal area of a rocky coast is considered to have the greatest diversity of plant and animal life of any ecological area. Few major habitats so clearly show richness and variety of life." A variety of marine organisms characterize this habitat, including encrusting abalone, barnacles, and limpets, several species of attached marine algae, starfish, sea urchins, tidepool fish, foraging shorebirds, and marine mammals (see Table E-ll). Sandy beaches extend over a much smaller stretch of the island shorelines and provide habitat to fewer marine oganisms; never- theless, quite a few species occur in this habitat, including burrowing clams, amphipods, isopods, and other invertebrates. The area provides an important feeding habitat for several species of shore birds. Marine mammals using the upper beach for haulout purposes must pass through the area when moving from the water to shore. E-52 TABLE E-ll. Examples of intertidal "species of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island (California Department of Fish and Game, 1979) ROCKY INIEKrmAL HABITAT Chlorophyta - green algae Enter ctrorpha spp. Urospora wormskioldii Phaeophyta - brown algae Pachydictyon ooriaceum Taonia lennebackariae Eisenia arbor ea Rhodophyta - red algae Porphyrella californica Acrochaetium barbadense Acrochaetium pacificum Helminthora stricta Gelidium rooustum Bossiella californica Chaetomorpha spiralis Coduim curreatom Hesperophycus harveyanus Dictyoneurops is reticulata Pelvetia fastigiata Gloriopeltis furcata Iridaea flaccida Iridaea linear a Botryocladia neushulii Callithamnion rupicolum Endocladia muricata Porifera - sponges Esperiopsis originalis I sociona lithophoenix Coelenterata - hydro ids, sea anemones, etc. Abietinaria amDhora Aglaochenia struthlonides An thop Laura elegantissina Annelida - worms Arabella iricolor Nereis pelagica Leuconia heathi Rhabdcdermella nuttingi Plumularia alica Synthecium cyclindricun jiactis prolifera Sabellaria californica Salxnacina tribranchiata Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, etc. Astrometis sertulifera Pisaster giganteus S trongylccentro tus franciscanus Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Amarouciun aequali siphonis Archidistora psamdon Mollusca - limpets, snails, octopus, etc. Iflittallina calif oraiga rallisella digitalis Collisella scabra risfture Ha ' volcana Haiiotis cracherodii Littorina planaxis Octoous bimaculatus Patiria mlniata Pisaster ochraceus Cucumaria lubrica Amphipholis squama ta Euherdmania claviformis Littorina scutulata Acanthina spirata Tegula funebralis Cypraea spadicea Mytilus calif ornianus Haiiotis fulger.j """" Chama pellucida E-53 TABLE E-ll Cant. Arthropoda - barnacles, Hyale frequens Cirolana harfordi Ligia occidentalis crabs, isopods, Crago nigricauda Balanus glandula Balanus tintinnabulum anphipcds, shrimps, etc. Alpheus clamatcr Cancer jordani Pachygrapsus crass ipes Pagurus hirsutiusculus Mitella polymerus Osteichthyes - boney fishes Cebidichthys violaceus (monkeyface eel) Micrometrus aurora (reef surfperch) Oligocattus snyderi (fluffy sculpin) Xiphister atropurpureus (black prickleback) Gibbons ia elegans (spotted kelpfish) Gibbons ia metzi (striped kelpfish) Girella nigricans (opaleye) Clinccottus recalvus (bald sculpin) Xererpes fucorum (rockweed gunnel) Aves - shore birds Haematopus pallia tus frazari (American oystercatcher) Haematopus bachmani (black oystercatcher) Aphriza virgata (surfbird) Arenaria me lanocephala (black turnstone) Heteroscelus incanus (wandering tattler) Pinnipeds - seals and sea lions Zalophus cal if ornianus (California sea lion) Phoca vitulina (harbor seal) Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephant seal) SANDY INTERTIDAL HABITAT Mollusca - clams Tivela stultorum • Olivella biplicata Arthropods - crabs, anphipcds, isopods, etc. Alloniscus pereonvexus Orchestoidea californiana Lepidopa " califomica Bmerita analoga Lophopanopeus heathii Aves - shore birds Squatarola squatarola (black-bellied plover) Limosa fedoa (marbled godwit) Numenius phaeopus (whimbrel) Ca top trophorus semipolmatus (willet) Crocethia alba (sanderling) E-54 Because the northern Channel Islands are remote and thus, until recently, subject to little human disturbances, the island inter- tidal areas include some of the best representative areas in southern California. Mainland intertidal areas, which are more easily accessible to the public and used intensively as areas for specimen collecting, are typically in poorer condition than comparable island areas. E.2.e. Cultural and Historic Resources Cultural and historic resources located in the marine waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island include underwater archaeological sites and artifacts and ship and aircraft wrecks. Mo extensive onsite inventory of the cultural and historic resources of the study area has yet been conducted, although Science Applications, Inc. (1978) conducted a thorough survey of the relevant literature for the Southern California Bight for BLM. Numerous archaeological and paleontological resources exist on the land areas of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1978c). It has been determined with an acceptable degree of accuracy that sea levels were as much as 180 ft (55m) lower during previous eras of geo- logic time (Science Applications, 1978). Since known prehistoric sites on land document the presence of man in the Channel Islands area during these eras, it is generally thought that the exposed areas of the continental shelf were extensively inhabited (Science Applications, 1978). The potential exists, therefore, that undiscovered archaeological sites are present in the submerged E-55 lands of the study areas. The BLM literature survey (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1978c) mapped three zones of different proba- bility levels for the presence of cultural resources. The zone of highest probability was the area from to 330 ft. (0 to 100m) in depth, where all known sites have been discovered. Medium and low probability zones 330 to 485 ft (100 to 150m) and deeper than 485 ft (150m) respectively are less likely to contain significant resources. The discipline of underwater archaeology is relatively new and has not yet been extensively applied in the study area. As a result, most of the information which is currently available concerning underwater sites identified within the study area is based on the reports of amateur collectors and sport divers. The location and value of identified sites are depicted on Table E-12 and Figure E- 16. Due to natural hazards and prevailing current and weather pat- terns, the seas around the northern Channel Islands have been highly prone to shipwrecks throughout history. Such wrecks are of interest to historians as time capsules representing the period in which they sank and of interest to sport divers as marine habitat and curiosities. Science Applications, Inc. (1978) identifies 573 shipwrecks and 9 aircraft wrecks covering a period from approxi- mately 1540 to the beginning of World War II in the Southern California Bight. E-56 Table E-12 . Shipwrecks recorded around the i northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara i Island (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979c). ID NO. NAME VESSEL TYPE CAUSE DATE OF SINKING San Miguel Island 167 1 Comet Schooner stranded 8/30/11 Simonton 194 1 Cub a St. Scr. stranded 9/8/23 415 1 J. M. Colman Schooner stranded 9/3/05 411 a J. F. West Schooner sunk 1898 444 a Kate & Annie sunk 1902 661 a Pectan 1029 1 Unk. Galleon sunk 1801 1068 a Watson A. West Schooner stranded 2/23/23 Santa Rosa Isl and 17 1 Aggi Steel 4-mast sunk 5/2/15 199 1 Dora Bluhm Schooner stranded 5/25/10 192 1 Crown of England St. Scr. sunk 11/7/1894 101 a Blue Fin Oil Scr. stranded 9/3/44 68 a Aristocrat!* s sunk 1949 335 a Golden horn Barkentine stranded 9/12/1892 1026 1 Unk. Wreck Santa Cruz Isl and 1 99 1 Black Dolphin Barkentine stranded ? dynamited 154 1 City of Sausalito Oil Scr. burned 12/11/41 82 a Babina Gas Scr. burned 3/3/23 393 a International No. 1 Barge stranded 9/13/18 571 a Nancy Lee sunk 1946 888 a Thornton sunk 1910 1113 a Yukon Barge sunk 1/6/38 Anacapa Isl and 671 1 Pi nnacl e 760 1 San Francisco Oil Scr. burned 10/31/49 86 a Balboa Oil Scr. burned 1/18/49 260 a Equator Oil Scr. sunk 7/2/49 467 a Labor Gas Scr. sunk 10/2/24 1008 1 Diesel sunk ? 1098 1 Winfield Scott St. side wheel stranded 12/2/1853 Santa Barb ara Island 13 a Adriatic Oil Scr. sunk 12/28/30 Fed. 207 1 Dante Aleghieri II Gas Scr. sunk 11/30/38 253 a Emperor Oil Scr. sunk 7/15/32 E-57 E-58 E.3 Human Activities E.3.a. Introduction The northern Channel Island's proximity to one of the most heavily urbanized areas along the United States' west coast exposes the surrounding waters to many different (and often competitive) types of human activities. The following section describes the scale and intensity of the major area uses including oil and gas explor- ation and production, commercial and sport fishing, kelp harvest- ing, commercial shipping, military operations, scientific re- search, and recreation. Wherever possible, uses are identified on a site-specific basis and discussions of both current patterns and future trends are incorporated. E.3.b. Oil and Gas Activities Offshore oil and gas development began in the United States in the State tidelands of the Santa Barbara Channel in 1896. The first leases in State tidelands were sold in 1950. Development of the Federal OCS lands within the Channel began in 1966 with the sale of one drainage tract to allow development of a known field (Carpinteria) in federal waters. In 1968, the first Federal lease sale was held in the Channel. Federal development in the Channel continued with OCS Lease Sale #35 in 1975 and Lease Sale #48 in June 1979. 8LM plans to hold two additional sales in the Southern California Bight (which includes the Santa Barbara Channel) in the next five years; Sale 68 in 1982 and Sale 73 in 1983. Significant milestones in the history of oil and gas development in the Santa Barbara Channel and in the vicinity of the northern Channel Islands are summarized on Table E-13. Appendix 3 briefly reviews stages in the OCS oil and gas development process. E-59 E-60 Approximate oil and gas reserves have been determined for the major outer continental shelf basins (National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration, 1980). The Santa Barbara region contains an estimated 1.50 billion barrels of oil and 1.70 trillion cubic feet of gas. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has ranked this area seventh among twenty-one offshore basins for the size of its reserves. It is estimated to hold 3.9% of the total energy equivalent of oil and gas resources calculated to be found on the outer continental shelf. In terms of resource potential over the current 5-year OCS oil and gas leasing schedule, the Santa Barbara area was ranked third by industry and sixth by USGS (U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, 1979c). The nearby Los Angeles and Ventura Basins, which together contain about the same amount of acreage as the proposed sanctuary, have proven reserves of 9 billion barrels of oil (Tell, 1980, personal communication). Industry projections indicate that the Channel area could produce as much as 400,000 barrels of oil per day by the mid- to-late 1980s, about 5 percent of the total domestic supply (Magee, 1980, personal communi- cation). Table E-14 shows estimates of the magnitude of recoverable reser- ves in the Southern California Bight. These estimates are an important factor in determining areas likely to be developed, as well as the amount and types of facilities to be used in the area. Figure E-18 shows existing leases around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island and the operators of these leases, relevant tract numbers are shown on Figure E-19. Until now, most of the oil and gas activity in the area has occurred in the State tidelands and on those OCS leases closest to the main- land. Production platforms in the Channel area are shown on Table E-61 TABLE E-14. Estimated oil and gas reserves for currently leased tracts in the Southern California Bight (tracts leased in 1966, 1968, OCS Sale #35, and OCS Sale #48). (Meekins, 1980, personal communication; data based on open file report dated January 1979.) Reserves* Oil Gas (million barrels) (billion cubic feet) Total Southern California Bight: 695 1575 Undiscovered Resources* * Total Southern California Bight: 394 1295 Santa Barbara Channel: 152 516 Santa Rosa Plateau: 10 45 Santa Barbara Island: 15 15 *Reserves are defined as known technologically recoverable quantities of hydrocarbons. **Undiscovered resources are defined as those quantities of oil and gas which are reasonably expected to occur in existing favorable geographic settings but are completely undiscovered, and which after discovery can be expected to be produced under present technology. E-62 E-63 E-64 HI o QJ -J E-65 30' w ■p o fa-—» e i- en 3 rt3 " -t-> i — i ra •» •> s. «— I co en >, CIO i— i s- r>» co e *i- r— cm 3 en > •!- i_ (OOtflH j_ e ai O 3 E -l-> "O o ■(/) «B C E OO :»• r—i—i <— a_ * . E fl **- > — .=«= 3 (O U O CO 3 Q." ' ••»«!- E O O) E -r- . S- COi O r— =) O Q. E r^ -i- rt3 •r- rc$ en -»-> o -o M- >>-E H (O E •r- i — o » i m- a) co e en r*- oo cn.c e E i en O 't- 4-> co o •— < r-» O S- S- CD CJ o o ia q. • CT> E E r— rtj -E E 10 «3 rtJ 21 O • •r- S- cos: E — ' S- «"— « 4-> CO JC O nj ra co^3+jt3 oo m co en •i- E C S-N WS x=JEfl3Cocr>cocr> e *r- —i anaiH E-66 E-15; all of these are on tracts either in State waters or on OCS leases on the mainland side of the Channel. Platform Grace, once installed, will be the furthest platform offshore (approximately 10 nmi or 18.5km) and the closest to the northern Channel Islands (approximately 8 nmi or 14.8km from the tip of Santa Cruz Island). Several exploratory wells have been drilled close to the northern Channel Islands. Tracts on which wells have been drilled and the number of wells drilled per tract are shown on Table E-16. Two plans for exploration on leases near the northern Channel Islands have recently been approved by the USGS and certified as consistent with California's coastal plan by the California Coastal Commission (CCC). The CCC found Chevron's exploration plan to drill four wells on tracts 204, 208, 209, and 215 (in the Santa Clara Unit) to be consistent with California's Coastal Plan on December 12, 1978 (California Coastal Commission, 1978). The most southerly of Chevron's proposed wells lies approximately 8 nmi (14.8km) north of the Anacapa Islands (Chevron, 1978). On March 23, 1979, the CCC also found Exxon's exploration plan to drill up to 15 exploratory wells from tracts 222, 223, 230,231,232, and 238 in the Santa Rosa Unit to be consistent with the coastal plan (California Coastal Commission, 1979). The southern tip of tracts 222 and 223 are approximately 6 nmi (11.1km) from Santa Cruz Island. E-67 « * 00 «r*» p ct> c t-H o or (/) id Mana Resour anning o c c c c aac I— < 22 22 o o CCC r— f— %. C C or > > > > O «3 «3 o OOO r- i— > O O UJ CU CU CU CU O X X u •r- «t— *r- C C •»■• •»■ CU X »r» Cl, £r££ J- CU CU s_ ccc33x:x:j=xc k- r— rt3 • *> Qu O O O O O < h- t— < 3DD(/)(/)QLQ.01iJ3 _J <— » «* <♦- m- r*. o o o^ 1 cu 3 •-< O A3 «r- CU Q.q_ S. «3 <4- 3 5. O O *3" O «tf" CM CO CO to tO CM CO C\J •tf- O CM ^o CQ •«-— HCOHflO MMN «* HHHO«!}-(OU)IN00M to 1— (OHCOH CO CM CM c=^ ^t «t "!t ^" O «) «3 rH CO O • LO «1— o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 (MMCVICJCMHHCVJHM co r*» c ct> s- < or o o o o or q; or or o o o or or or o or 9 9 9 9 *? 9 9 9 9 <=? _;-<£ I— Q_ 0_ Q- Q> a. a. a. Q_ o.o.Q.a.a.Q.QL.o.0.0. «_• • • «r— >»r- IQ 0) (Q cu > o i- s- rt3 3 "O CO C .— «3 CU r— TO c V)V)l/)lOIO>• CU «3 O O cs.cs. (Q Cl. 3333CCC E S. CU *•"* •r- CU f- CU j= p cu O O O O •!-•!- t- «3 A3 35 flO C I— Q. E O- E p s- o Ol Q. O-P p c h- « S- E S- E 3 «o c (/) H m tO rH 1— 5 3 r-. W «/)0 * S.rH£ 'to o — * * *» o *-~- *— » P CT> £ CU UJ q- to s- TJ T3 — CU CU "O to r-*. S •t— cu C C CU i— "O CU — c «— Q. CO o c c to O *r- *— «— 1 It CD i— -i- «d >,c * o s. C C C SZ >>-C c cu 1 P CU CU "O XJ r— CU £ u CU OOO" — S. O fl UT3 fl UJ 3 A3 O. N «r- r- i— f— sZ c u. •t- -i- •!- r- C 3 CD «3 C C 01 P CO O <0 CU *i— o: 3= a: a: Q CU CU a: a: a: or C C C'»- CUOO S-O'r- =)=D=)n:3:3:±:ci3±:cu i i— E-68 TABLE E-16. Number of we lis dri lied on exist ,ing lea: :es, all or partially within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the northern Channel Isla nds and Santa Barbara Island (also see Figure E-22) (Adams, 1979, personal communication; U.S. 3ureau of Land Management, 1979 (V- isual No. 1);. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1978a). Closest fajmoer Tract 167 Island San Miguel of Wells 1 Operator Future Status Expired or Terminated 168 San Miguel — Expired or Terminated 169 San Miguel 1 — Expired or Terminated 170 San Miguel 1 — Expired or Terminated 172 San Miguel — Expired or Terminated 174 San Miguel — Expired or Terminated 175 San Miguel — Expired or Terminated 176 San Miguel 2 — Expired or Terminated 177 San Miguel — Expired or Terminated 178 San Miguel — Expired or Terminated 179 San Miguel 1 ™~ Expired or Terminated 243 Santa Rosa Oxoco •> 244 Santa Rosa Chevron •> 245 Santa Rosa Chevron -> 246 Santa Rosa Chevron ■> ,247 Santa Rosa Oxoco ■> 200 Santa Cruz lim Expired or Terminated 201 Santa Cruz — Expired or Terminated 206 Santa Cruz — Expired or Terminated 210 Santa Cruz Chevron •) 211 Santa Cruz — Expired or Terminated 212 Santa Cruz 1 — Expired or Terminated 213 Santa Cruz — — Expired or Terminated 198 Anacapa _ _ Expired or Terminated 199 Anacapa 2 — Expired or Terminated 202 Anacapa 4 Union Development 203 Anacapa 4 Untton Exploratory Drilling 204 Anacapa 1* Chevron Exploratory Drilling 205 Anacapa 2 Chevron Exploratory Drilling 208 Anacapa 1* Chevron Exploratory Drilling 209 Anacapa 1* Chevron Exploratory Drilling 215 Anacapa 1* Chevron Exploratory Drilling 289 Santa Barbara 1 Mobil ? 290 Santa Barbara Mobil •p 291 Santa Barbara Mobil -> * Chevron's exploration plan for exploratory wells P-0204-1, P-0208- -2, P-0209-2 and P-0215-2 was recently approved by USGS. The plan was certified as consistent with California's coastal plan by the California Coastal Commission on December 12, 1978. ? As yet undetermined E-69 E.3.c. C ommercial and Recreational Fishing and Plant Harvesting Harvesting of living marine resources (see also Section E.2.c.) by commercial and recreational fishermen and kelp harvesters current- ly represents the most intensive human use occurring over the shelves adjacent to the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island. Depending on the species sought, commercial fishermen use gill nets, purse seines, traps, trawls, and other assorted gear while recreational fishermen typically use their hands, hook and line or sometimes spear guns. Commercial fishermen may seek any of a large variety of species which are of little interest to recreational fishermen. However, commercial and recreational fishermen may compete with each other for a few species such as rockfish and abalone. Catch statistics maintained by the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) indicate that for the marine sanctuary study area, the greatest commercial fishing catch by weight occurs north of Anacapa Island in the Santa Barbara Channel (see Figure E-20). The tonnage of fish taken from these waters is typical of near- shore southern California coastal waters. The weights are well below those off San Pedro, the most productive commercial fishing area in the Southern California Bight; however, while much of the tonnage landed in San Pedro consists of migratory schooling fish, due to the extensive shallow water island shelf areas, the island waters are major southern California producers of species such as abalone, sea urchin, and rockfish. In addition to the fish and shellfish fisheries, the northern Channel Island waters and those off Santa Barbara Island support southern California's most productive kelp harvests, In 1978, the kelp beds around the northern Channel Islands produced over 24,000 wet tons (22,000 metric tons) of kelp while the beds around Santa Barbara Island produced 1,867 wet tons (1,600 metric tons) (Cali- E-70 E-71 fornia Department of Fish and Game, 1979). Kelp is harvested by specially designed ships, kelp cutters, which cut off and scoop up the top 4 ft. (1.3m) (depth of cut is limited by law) of the kelp while leaving the remainder of the plant alive and intact. Rapid growth of up to a foot or more per day under extremely favorable conditions permits several annual kelp harvests (California Department of Fish and Game, 1971; North and Hubs, 1968). Kelp harvesting has occurred for almost 30 years around the northern Channel Islands although harvesting around Santa Barbara Island has only been started recently (Trabert, 1979, personal communication). The industry uses almost all of the well- developed kelp bed areas. Table E-19 illustrates fluctuations in landings between 1974 and 1978. One of the major kelp harvesters, Kelco, uses small, single engine aircraft to survey the condition and size of kelp canopy so that kelp harvests can be scheduled after optimum regrowth of kelp vegetation. These craft operate at altitudes of approximately 500 ft. (152m) and move to within a quarter nmi (0.5km) of the Channel Islands (Trabert, 1979, personal communiction). The species and total catch of fish landed by commercial fishermen may vary significantly from year to year (see Table E-17). For example, between 1971 and 1975, annual sea urchin harvests rapidly expanded from zero to several million pounds as this new regional fishery developed. Conversely, lobster catches declined steadily over the same period. Comparable trends in the landings of other species such as abalone and rockfish are less clear. Table E-18 lists the species caught most abundantly around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island during 1975 (the most recent year for which comprehensive statistics were compiled). E-72 u i H n3 " ■s ro r» uo CN 1— I CN «- "O I i I i 1 it> n> c CO TT O i-H o 1 i i U3 VJ3 i i O U0 0> +■> .O i~ •— in v Hi} *r o r-4 T ~4 T o i i T CN o rr i i O jc c c in in cn o H «y O r~ r-4 P» 03 *-> c •-• n) r~ TT <-4 r-4 CO J- TJ nj m c in in I CTi © 1 1 cn i— t 00 o ■^p o T as +-> xa m i— i c\ i— 1 o ro m 'g- 1 CN in T3* c £. r- ^ iH 1 in a) -o ao CO CN O o CfN (N o vo o •^ O 1 o CN .c: c c H o *r r~ i— I ^j3 T m <3" 03 CN m ■M C IT) t. US i— O JC V) r~» CN rH >J3 H rH 00 r-4 r-4 * i—( CN rH <*> o C «_> •-« r-4 ID r-4 (N H Cn - cn ■ i ro «o c CO cn o CN 1 1 1 1 r~ o O >J3 CN 1 CN o 00 -4 C «» i— tO rO u) ^ PI CN (*1 H 00 i— 1 CN *J3 O loaii-i o o f> t— 1 en •5 —i c m r« r-t m r» oo fN | in a> (N CO o r-t en O U3 «a> o O 1 ■^r o 4J in cri i— i r-4 i-4 >J0 CN O m rr T r-4 JC CN CN r-4 cn ■ r~ 00 m ro O C7> t. IO • — ^ CN m o • H O JC in 1— 1 £ CUM ro T cn ro i-4 r- ■ g «J IO 00 CN r4 rt f*> t*« c*- C I- •— r« cn •0 ro OT (/)OlM (N cr\ r-4 c I- •— in ro m m i— 1 r-4 I VO 1 O vo r-t P- o 1 (N \o o O CN *T CN CN JC c c CO CO ON ro T m o CN »T O Vfl ■*-* B rO 1. to — O JC CI-.— iH r-4 PO IT) ID «/» r— ( r-4 V)DO*-i rH r-4 e m m UP 00 CN o> | 01 0) "O JC c c vjS 03 I—I CN O 1 I ro TP ^" 1 1 •*r vO ! T r-4 ■»-> c t— T r-4 m CN "T* fH C^ r~ O JC m (N c o •-• JC r •H 01 2 r-4 JS iu .5 5 — i id -1 o_ * CJ -J *» _ < c CD 9 e CU +j CT> S- fl3 re c Q. 03 OJ £ Q -o 03 c •t— fO C _J s- O 4- *- o •f» r— 3 «3 re O 4) <_-- £- 3 LD ca r-. o> a T— 1 ^) T3 • c =D A3 C en >i>" i^. cr> -a |-H a^ 4-> £Z c: ■VJ cu cu CO s cu +J s_ CU o. -O Wl £/> 03 en £ 10 •i— as ■o •r- c •o «3 3 r- +■> CO *C to *C •r- o M- -M 03 +J o ca o +-> J3 s- >) o 4-> Q. s- CO «a D. cu c t>- •r~ o s- 03 >>2 4-> •f— cu to E C a3 (■**. •r™ cr> 4-> JZ i— • 03 CO f-« •i— «» 3 u. +-> F c 3 M- CU O O E « r-H CM 1 UJ L±J CsL ZD O E-80 % O O. o_ 1\ M 1 O o o, o a> ff» O O o _ © 4-» fa o jQ C >>• i— +J i- -o fO a> Q.+-> c fO OS •r- er> c +J oo 3 o ■C CO o 4-» V (d JC o +J ■P c i- •r— o Q- CO *J 0) fO c o •r— jD £- >> fO 4-> in S- fO as a. s (d E C o i- -o «4- c » «• cr> en c .e r*. •r- CO ot JC •r— i— i CO Ll_ •r- « q_ t> 4-> O C (/J a) s- 4-J g aj c S i— a) U) £ fO fO <- fd rd TT" M- c O g T3 >1 fd ■M rd _J •r~ •r~ V) C <*- c s. o CD o T3 «4- 3 •f - fO 0) r— a> > rd s- •r- <_> 3 ■P CQ fO r™ — +j 9 3 OJ 00 E a> 13 r— O 4- =3 « CNJ CVJ I LU LU dL ZD C3 E-81 to the overall level of shipping. A Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) established by the Coast Guard runs just north of, and roughly parallel with, the northern Channel Islands. It approaches to within 2 nmi (3.7km) of Anacapa in the east end of the Channel and is about 20 nmi (35km) from San Miguel Island in the west end of the Channel (Figure E-23). The TSS is used by many commercial vessels travelling between northern Pacific ports (e.g., Alaska, San Francisco, and Seattle) and those situated in southern California, as well as by traffic using the Panama Canal or heading to and from Indonesia and other western Pacific ports. Large vessel traffic (i.e., vessels larger than 100 gross tons) has been estimated to pass through the Channel at a rate of 6.5 vessels per day in a northbound direction and 5.5 vessels per day in southbound direction (McMullen, 1977). Another Channel area survey, conducted by the Coast Guard at Port Hueneme and assisted by radar data collection procedures, reported a daily average traffic load of nine large vessels (300 feet or longer) heading north within, or closely paralleling the TSS (Cherney et^al_. , 1978). This study also recorded a daily combined average of seven medium (100-299 feet long), small (less than 100 feet long), and tug- in- tow vessels en route along the TSS in a northerly direction. In addition, an averge daily load of 32 vessels (incuding vessels of all sizes) were observed crossing the lanes from one side of the Channel to the other. The majority of these were probably linked to service/supply boat activity between Port Hueneme and offshore oil and gas platforms and associated facilities. E-82 E-03 The most common cargo aboard ships transitting the study area appears to be petroleum products, both crude and refined. In 1976, these products accounted for approximately two- thirds (66 percent) of the total cargo (by weight) received at or shipped from Long Beach Harbor, Los Angeles Harbor, and Port Hueneme -- the three major ports closest to the study area (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1976). In order of decreasing tonnage, the pre- dominant petroleum . products handled at these ports were crude petroleum, residual fuel oil, and distillate fuel. Commodities such as fresh fruits and nuts, limestone, basic chemicals, coke, iron, steel, nonmetallic minerals, and lumber made up much of the remaining non-petroleum related cargo passing through these ports. Although precise traffic log counts are not kept, it is reported that the majority of vessels passing within or close to the study area are of foreign registry (Bannon, 1979, personal communi- cation). The waters around the northern Channel Islands are also used by ships servicing offshore oil and gas lease tracts in the immediate Channel region. Because there is currently limited onshore pipeline capacity from the Channel area to Los Angeles Basin refineries, most offshore production must be transported either by tanker or barge or both. In the future, vessel traffic in the Channel is likely to increase both as a result of new southern California offshore oil produc- tion and the realization of a number of external projects now in the planning stages. As many as 40 new round trips per month can be expected as a result of offshore Santa Barbara Channel oil E-84 production if platform- to- shore pipelines are not constructed (California Office of Planning and Research, 1977). Specifically, this increase would consist of new production from the South Ell wood, Summerland, and Carpinteria State offshore fields, and the Santa Ynez, Santa Clara, and Hueneme Units. However, the recent approval of an oil and gas pipeline system by the South Central Coast Regional Commission should significantly lower the number of projected tanker and barge vessels transitting the Channel (California Coastal Commission, 1979b). Tanker traffic can also be expected to increase as a result of exploration and development of other OCS Sales #35 and #48 leases. Projects not originating in the Santa Barbara area may also lead to increased vessel traffic in the Channel. However, there is a possibility that current levels of vessel traffic in the Santa Barbara Channel due to the transport of Alaskan oil will decrease. Tankers carrying Alaskan crude now pass through the Channel at a rate of about 183 per year (Stark, 1979, personal communication). Congressman Lagomarsino (R., Calif.) has introduced a bill in the House of Representatives which would prohibit vessels transporting Alaskan oil from using routes through waters lying shoreward of the Channel Islands (HR 1056, 96th Congress 1st. Sess., 1979). This legislation is currently pending before the Coast Guard subcommittee of the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee. In addition, President Carter has officially approved the Northern Tier Pipeline Com- pany's project to build a west-east crude oil transmission system for Alaskan oil (Turnbull , 1980, personal communication). The proposal involves a marine terminal at Port Angeles, Washington, and 1,491 miles of new pipeline to a terminal at Clearbrook, Minnesota. The project is currently being evaluated by several £-85 federal regulatory agencies and the State of Washington. Con- struction time is estimated to be 2 years (Oil and Gas Journal, 1979b). A project which might increase Santa Barbara Channel tanker traffic involves shipment of Naval Petroleum Reserve oil. Pur- suant to the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976, facilities will be acquired or constructed to ship not less than 350,000 barrels per day of crude oil from Elk Hills, California to unspecified marketing terminals. One transportation option being considered would involve piping this oil to Port Hueneme and then transferring it by tanker to market. Tankers bound for Pacific coast destinations north of Port Hueneme such as San Francisco would have to enter the Channel shipping lanes. If this option were put into operations, an estimated 207 additional northbound vessel trips per year could be expected through the Channel (U. S. Bureau of Land Mangement, 1979). Another proposed project which might add to the present level of commercial shipping in the Santa Barbara Channel is the construc- tion of a liquified natural gas (LNG) terminal and gasification plant in southern California. To date, a variety of sites have been proposed and considered by the California Coastal Commission (CCC), the California Public Utilities Commission (PUC), and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). A final decision has not as yet been made. The site at Point Conception, preliminarily approved by the PUC, would result in little if any additional traffic in the study area -- LNG tankers would approach no closer than 20 nmi (37km) from San Miguel Island. A site further south at Oxnard, which is currently favored by FERC (which has permit- E-36 ting authority along with PUC) would result in a steady flow of tankers through the Channel. The CCC has suggested alternative offshore siting options near the northern Channel Islands, how- ever, neither the PUC, FERC, nor the applicant have seriously considered them (Reese, 1979, personal communication). Finally, the Space Shuttle Vehicle System at Vandenberg Air Force Base, when in operation, will also lead to increased vessel traffic. Barges transporting expendable external tanks will be moved from Port Hueneme through the Channel to Vandenberg. Ten round trips per year by barge are expected (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Also, boosters recovered after launch in an impact zone southwest of Point Arguello are likely to be towed across the Channel, thus adding to the region's traffic. E.3.e. Military Operations The United States Navy and Air Force conduct a wide range of military operations in the general southern California Bight area. All of these operations are strictly controlled whether on sea or in the air, and all require that extensive danger zones be free of non-participants in order that the conduct of an operation may safely proceed. Current operations include air to air, air to surface, surface to air, and surface to surface missile launch, bomb drop exercises (inert bombs with spotting charges), aerial mining exercises, and some submarine activities in the hydrophone array area south of Santa Cruz Island. Additional military operations planned for the near future are those in conjunction with the Air Force Space Shuttle Vehicle Flight System. The Navy maintains a weather station on San Miguel Island. No permanent personnel stay on the island in connection with the station, but occasionally personnel visit the station by helicopter to check equipment. E-!87 Bomb drop exercises in the area at San Miguel Island are conducted against a target buoy in ocean waters approximately 1 nmi (1.8km) south of the eastern tip of the island. Light attack aircraft from the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, California are the primary users of this facility. The present rate of these operations is approximately 200 times a year, with an average of five aircraft per flight--a total of 1,000 individual sorties per year. Planes making the bombing runs cruise at an altitude of 12,000 ft (3063m) and descend to an altitude of approximately 2,000 ft (606m) when dropping practice bombs. A surface danger zone extends 3 nmi (5.6km) from the shoreline of the eastern half of San Miguel Island. Prior to the conduct of bomb drop exercises, boaters are advised to remain clear of this area (U.S. Department of Navy, 1979, personal communication). San Miguel Island has not been intentionally struck by ordnance items for many years. Occassional ly, however, missile danger zones may overlie the island, forcing evacuation of personnel for the duration of such activities. A practice aerial mine range is maintained by the Navy in Beecher's Bay on the northeast side of Santa Rosa Island and in the channel area between Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands. The mines used are inert and consist of a mine casing filled with sand and concrete. The altitude of aircraft involved in mine laying operations is often as low as 200 ft (61m). Mine recovery by divers occurs approximately once each month. This activity requires the presence of recovery craft for a period of approx- imately three days. E-88 The Navy maintains an undersea hydrophone array extending south from the east end of Santa Cruz Island for a distance of approx- imately 10 nmi (18.5km). The facility is operated by the General Motors Corporation, Delco Division, and is used for acoustic measurement purposes approximately 50 times a year (Scruggs, 1979, personal communication). As noted, a future Air Force use of the area involves the develop- ment and operation of the Space Shuttle Vehicle System. Approx- imately twenty operation flights are planned for the system and will be launched for Vandenberg Air Force Base on Point Conception (beginning in December, 1982, and extending over an eight year period), although only seven or eight polar orbit flights will pass directly over the Island shortly after takeoff. Flight profiles indicate that the launch vehicle would be between 160,000 and 180,000 feet (48,480 to 54,500m) as it passes over the study area (Pfeiffer, 1979, personal communication). Overpressures felt on the islands will vary widely, however, depending on the angle of inclination chosen upon launching. As part of the space shuttle system a splashdown area to the west and southwest of San Miguel Island is planned for the recovery of space shuttle booster rockets. Most returning shuttles will approach the study area at altitudes ranging from 80,000 to 100,000 feet (24,200 to 30,300m) along a reentry path passing near, and for one return orbit directly over, San Miguel Island. Overpressures of variable intensity (1 1/2-2 pounds per square foot) are projected to resemble aircraft sonic booms in these cases (Pfeiffer, 1979, personal communication). The towing of spent booster rockets by barge from Port Hueneme to Vandenberg AFB is also envisioned and is addressed in Section E.3.d. above. E-89 E.3.f. Research Because of the exceptional abundance and condition of marine birds, marine mammals, fish and intertidal populations (see Section E-2), the marine ecosystem surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island provides an especially valuable natural laboratory for investigating species interactions with other marine life and with their environment. These natural attributes have encouraged extensive scientific oceanographic research by government and university groups. Many research institutions located throughout the southern California area have conducted (see Table E-22) or funded (see Table E-23) scientific investigations in the area. E.3.g. Recreation Water-based recreational activities in the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island region are pursued by three often interrelated user groups: pleasure boaters (sail and power); SCUBA divers and spearfishermen; and those interested in photography and nature study (e.g., marine bird and mammal observers). Although the dominant means of recreational access is by boat, charter aircraft overflights also provide a form of access which appears to be increasing in popularity (Coffin, 1979, personal communi- cation). For a discussion of sport fishing see Section E.3.c. The attractiveness of the northern Channel Islands as a desti- nation for recreationists is generally on the upsurge; still there is currently no indication that congestion among recreational users is a problem. Natural controls upon public accessibility -- E-90 Table E-22. Major research organizations which have or are likely to conduct marine related scientific investigations on the coastal ocean environment in southern California University of California at Santa Cruz* Irvine* Berkeley* San Diego* Los Angeles* Santa Barbara* Scripps Institute (part of the University of California and San Diego) Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History California State Colleges (at Long Beach and Fullerton) California Institute of Technology Los Angeles County Museum Planning Research Corporation Point Reyes Bird Observatory San Diego State College University of Southern California* Allan Hancock Foundation Hubbs Seaworld in San Diego California Department of Fish and Game U.S. Bureau of Land Management National Marine Fisheries Service National Park Service * Sea Grant Universities E-91 TABLE E-23. Examples of research funding entities with potential or demonstrated relevance to the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island v/aters. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 1. Department of Interior a) U.S. Bureau of Land Management b) U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service c) National Park Service 2. Department of Contnerce a) National Marine Fisheries Service b) Office of Sea Grant c) Office of Coastal Zone Management d) Office of Environ- mental Data Service 3. Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marine Mammal Conmission National Science Found- ation supports environmental baseline studies as well as special studies on hydrocarbon/heavy metal pollution; supported sea and air surveys of marine mammals and seabirds in the southern California Bight. supports research on sea otters in southern- California as well as migratory birds and endangered species. has supported research on resources of the Channel Islands National Monument; will conduct biannual re- source inventories in the Channel Islands National Park, supports research concerning marine mammals (including seals and sea lions on San Miguel) , fishery resources, and endangered marine species . supports a full range of marine related research through its system of Sea Grant colleges . supports research and monitoring at marine sanct- uaries as well as coastal management concerns supports a full range of oceanographic and . climatological data collection, analysis and ; archiving functions. supports studies and monitoring of pollutant levels in coastal and pelagic marine organisms and environments. supports oceanographic research utilizing tele- metric and remote sensing capabilities of air- craft and satellites. supports research pertaining to conservation and protection of marine mammals including abundance and distribution studies, ecological studies, and biological studies. supports a variety of pure and applied marine science and engineering projects. 7. Department of Energy 8. Department of Defense a) U.S. Air Force b) Office of Naval Research c) Naval Undersea Center adn Other Units supports research and monitoring of marine pollution levels in coastal and pelagic marine organisms and environments. supporting research on the effects of the space shuttle's suparscnic bocms on marine martmal and seabird life in the northern Channel Islands. supports bioacoustic and biomedical research on marine mammals as well as other marine studies. supports bioacoustic research on marine mammals. STATE GOVERNMENT 1. California Department of Fish and Game 2. California Coastal Conmission supports research concerning state fisheries as game species maintains sport and commercial fishing statistics, conducts monitoring research. supports research related to coastal water resource and use management. E-92 most notably lengthy boat travel distances from the mainland and occasionally adverse weather conditions — are matched by as yet fairly strict landing permit controls. . Together these controls favor rather sparse activity densities. This is not to say, however, that future recreational trends in southern California might not alter the activity patterns around the northern Channel Islands over the long run. Regional water- oriented leisure demands already appear to be exceeding supplies available along the mainland coast and Santa Catalina Island to the south (California Department of Parks and Recreation, 1979). Consequently, it is possible that the Islands will increasingly function as an "overflow" destination for the greater southern California region. Another potential stimulant to the growth of water-based recrea- tional activities is the rising popularity of the Channel Island National Monument (i.e., Santa Barbara and Anacapa Islands) for public visits. The National Park Service's (NPS) policy encour- ages tightly-monitored visits, while at the same time cautioning the public (in preventative fashion) against overuse. This popularity may increase with the recent creation of the Channel Islands National Park, which includes Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel Islands as well as Santa Barbara and Anacapa Islands. However, the law establishing the Park states that the Park "shall be administered on a low-intensity, limited-entry basis" and that "in recognition of the special fragility and sensitivity of the park's resources, it is the intent of Congress that the visitor use within the park be limited to assure negligible adverse impact on the park resources" (P.L. 96-199). In light of this mandate, it seems unlikely that recreation levels will rise significantly. E-93 Most private boaters frequenting waters surrounding the Channel Islands are either en route to activities on the islands or engaged in activities such as diving, fishing, or casual nature observation . A small percentage of users is comprised of "through" boating parties destined for other points along the California coast. Many of these transients often frequent pass- ages separating Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and Anacapa Islands (Figure E-24) (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). While extensive data on vessel types and seasonal use densities are unavailable, it is also probable that these parties occasionally make island stopovers, if only to seek shelter within approved overnight mooring areas (e.g., San Miguel's Tyler Bight and Cuyler Harbor). Many recreationists visit the Channel Islands National Monument. En route, they often partake in nature observation and occasional diving. Other boaters travel to nearshore zones merely to enjoy the islands' scenery (from on-board) or the exhileration of a day's relaxation at sea. In the absence of detailed boater surveys, however, there is no way of differentiating between levels of private passive boaters, multi- activity boaters (i.e., divers/nature observers), and those solely concerned with reaching the monument islands for other land-based pursuits. The most popular staging points for private vessels with destinations on or around the northern Channel Islands are situated along the coast between Point Conception and Point Mugu. They include Santa Barbara, Ventura, Oxnard, Gaviota, Goleta, and Port Hueneme (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). E-94 E-95 Whereas private recreational boaters are apt to cruise throughout the northern Channel Islands region and can partake of diving and/or nature watching in innumerable nearshore locales, the majority of visitors to the Channel Monument Islands of Anacapa and Santa Barbara now arrive on commercial pay-as-you-go charters. For example, one publicly-licensed common carrier operating out of Ventura to Anacapa (and a few other island destinations nearby) carries most of the total visitor traffic to the monument. Day- long, as well as overnight, camping drop-off/pick-up arrangements, are provided throughout the year, reaching their peak activity season (6 trips per day) between June and September (Duthie, 1979, personal communication). Although aimed at conducting visitors on guided tours of the monument islands of Anacapa and, to a lesser extent, San Miguel and Santa Cruz, this service also facilitates en route nature observation. Boat captains regularly seek out gray whale pods during their northward (Jan. -March) migrations in the Santa Barbara Channel to observe and photograph (Connelly, 1979, personal communication). In the course of approaching Anacapa (west end) and Santa Cruz (north side), moreover, boats regularly pass at a safe distance from sea lion rookeries for similar purposes. Until recently, when they were restricted by California Department of Fish and Game's Ecological Reserve regulations for West Anacapa, such observational forays reportedly also included observations of brown pelican nesting grounds (Connelly, 1979, personal communication). While the brunt of commercial boat visits by recreationists to the northern Channel Islands are centered upon Anacapa Island, more recently a special permit process has also been initiated for restricted tours (i.e., small ranger-accompanied) of San Miguel Island (which the NPS manages in league with the Department of the Navy). On Santa Cruz Island, having assumed majority ownership in late 1978, the California Nature Conservancy hopes to expand E-96 public visits as well, relying mostly upon commercial charter services such as the one currently in operation (Grumbine, 1979, personal communication). The management plan which the National Park Service must develop for the Channel Islands National Park may change recreational patterns around the Islands but must by law administer visitor access to the Park on a low-intensity, limited entry basis (Whelen, 1980, personal communication). Along the passive pleasure boating and nature observation, near- shore water zones around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island are frequented by divers and spearfishing enthu- siasts. Despite rather cold year-round water temperatures (normally necessitating wet suits), visual clarity is of such good quality, and protected cove shallows and kelp beds so numerous, that both SCUBA and limited snorkel ing activities thrive here. The presence of substantial stocks of lobsters and abalone also serves to attract many participants to this recreational use sector (Duthie, 1979, personal communication). As inventoried by the California Governor's Office Task Force on the Offshore Continental Shelf, some 25 skin and SCUBA diving sites are evident in the northern Channel Islands, including 7 off Santa Cruz, 3 off Santa Barbara and 5 off each of Anacapa, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel (California Office of Planning and Research, 1977) (see Figure E-25). Both party boaters and commercial charter operators engage in or facilitate diving activities, but there is as yet little informa- tion on their proportional contributions to total user demand or quantified area! concentrations. One "open" charter boat operator from Santa Barbara, for example, regularly transports paying SCUBA divers to San Miguel (Wilson Rock, Richardson Rock and Prince E-97 E-98 Island), Santa Rosa (Talcott Shoals), and Santa Cruz (Gull Island and Smuggler's Cove) (Duthie, 1979, personal communication). In these areas, most dives occur well within one-quarter mile of shore, and frequently in kelp beds. An estimated 50 percent of these recreationists carry spear guns on board and take both lobster and abalone. This particular operator indicated few, if any, concerns about user congestion, again highlighting the abundance of both open water space available in general and quality diving sites. Local diving clubs from communities along the mainland coast and elsewhere generate most of this operator's business (Duthie, 1979, personal communication). Although not strictly marine-based, recreational flying is also a growing leisure pastime in the Santa Barbara Channel (Coffin, 1979, personal communication). Airports such as a county facility situated in Santa Barbara function as the primary staging points for this activity. Presently, two charter firms in the nearby mainland coastal region offer offshore overflights. Nature- watching during the gray whale's north and southward migration season is reportedly the most popular motive (90 percent) behind the demand for plane trips; a much smaller proportion of users charter aircraft purely to enjoy the unique scenic vistas provided by the offshore area's marine/island environment (Coffin, 1979, personal communication). One of the charter companies, Santa Barbara Aviation, reports that they receive approximately 6 or 8 requests per month for flights in and around the Channel for nature observation (Glendinning, 1979, personal communication). E-99 The peak season for recreational overflights lasts from April through September; and given the evidence of widening public interest in this activity, the frequency of charter services is likely to increase (Coffin, 1979, personal communication). E-100 F. ALTERNATIVES F.a. INTRODUCTION Section F discusses six alternative actions for NOAA to take regarding the area under consideration. The first alternative presented is the possibility of not designating a sanctuary but instead relying on the existing system of controls. Alternative 2 is NOAA's preferred alternative, namely the designation of a marine sanctuary with the controls set forth in the draft desig- nation document and proposed regulations in Appendix 1. Alter- natives 3 through 6 include several different boundary, regula- tory, and management options. These alternatives are discussed in comparison to the preferred alternative. Table F-l summarizes the boundaries and controls considered for designation alternatives 2 through 6. F.l STATUS QUO ALTERNATIVE F.l.a. INTRODUCTION An alternative to designating a marine sanctuary is to rely solely on the State and Federal authorities currently in effect. This section sets forth the existing controls in the area under consi- deration and the environmental consequences of relying only on current controls. The following section (F.l.b, Existing Manage- ment Authorities) includes a brief description of each of the authorities now in effect in the study area. Some readers may prefer to review Table F-l and Figure F-la which provide an F-l en . 1— l/> ro *-» E .e E Ol (TJ •— E r- >> >4- S- C (1) fO ■»- > rj S- O IS 4-> e >. CJ J3 c 3 10 n3 •r- XJ i/> J3 t- J_ -r- 3 XJ 0) 4-> c to TJ 1- C •1— O ro i. rC E rC U © *4- Ol 0) U > 0) <♦_ ■r- tO t|- +J 1/1 ro o> s- 4-> C S- 0) 10 u ifl'O c-o o> m c^ O O ro O X <— Q. 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(D (A a> 0) c DC •r- „J r— r© QJ O f-^ •f=- •r— cr» 2: O r— a> O c u LU or disturb any bird or nest, or eggs thereof, or any plant, mammal, fish, mollusk, crustacean... or any other form of plant or animal life in an ecological reserve" (California 14 Adminis- trative Code §630 (a) (1)). These activities are, however, permitted by the Department of Fish and Game in particular reser- ves or in certain areas of particular reserves pursuant to speci- fic regulations. Boating is permitted in the San Miguel Island Reserve, except between Judith Rock and Castle Rock (Figure F-3) where all boat entry is prohibited within 300 yards (270m) of shore. However, boats may approach the Island between Judith Rock and Castle Rock to a distance of 100 yards (91m) from shore during the periods from March 15 through April 30 and October 1 through December 15. Persons who have been issued permits by the DFG to take sea urchins within the Point Bennett area or to dive for ab alone may enter the 300 yard (270m) area between Judith Rock and Castle Rock for the purpose of fishing for abalone and sea urchins during the same periods. The DFG may rescind permission for boats to enter within 300 yards between Judith Rock and Castle Rock if it finds that impairment to the marine mammals of the Island is imminent. Boats traveling within 300 yards (270m) of the shoreline of the Island must operate with a minimum of noise and not exceed speeds of five miles per hour (14 California Administrative Code §630(b)(28)(C) ) (Edgerton, 1979, personal communication). Over- night anchoring of boats, however, is permitted only at Tyler Bight and Cuyler Harbor. Furthermore, landing is allowed only by permit and only at the designated landing beach in Cuyler Harbor. Access to offshore rocks and islands within the reserve is allowed only by permit (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(28)(C) ). F-ll > 0) (/) ot: o '& o u LJJ ■o c JS J2 13 3 O) c CO CO I a: F-12 In the San Miguel Island Ecological Reserve, swimming and diving are permitted in areas where boating is authorized (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(28)B) ). Fishing from shore or in areas closed to boating is prohibited. Recreational fishing from boats is permitted in other areas of the reserve. Commercial fishing, except using hook and line gear or pursuant to abalone, lobster or sea urchin permits, is only allowed pursuant to a special permit (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(28)(A)). The most direct resource protection in the Anacapa Island Ecolo- gical Reserve is a brown pelican fledging area established off the north shore of West Anacapa Island (see Figure F-4). Entry is prohibited during breeding season, March 1 to May 31 (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(31)(E)). Boating, swimming and diving are otherwise allowed within the Anacapa Island Reserve (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(31)(A)). No nets or traps may be used anywhere within 450 ft (135m) of the island. Harvesting of kelp is prohibited within the reserve except by special permit. A "natural area" has been established off the north shore of East Anacapa Island from which it is unlawful to take any native plant, fish, wildlife, aquatic organism or disturb any natural geological feature (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(31)(B) ). Zones have been established off the southeast shore of the West Anacapa Island and the north shore of Middle Anacapa Island where taking of invertebrates from the mean high tide line to a depth of 20 ft (6.1m) is prohibited (California 14 Administrative Code §630(b)(31)(C)) (see Figure F-4). Commercial and sportfishing are F-13 0) > o a: o "5) _g o a "D C figure f-5. Santa Barbara Island Ecological Reserve F-16 Service rangers associated with the Channel Islands National Monument were deputized as Department of Fish and Game wardens and conduct patrol operations within the reserves. Regular joint training meetings have been conducted by the DFG to keep NPS personnel abreast of changes in DFG regulations and policy (Co- operative Agreement between California Department of Fish and Game and U. S. National Park Service, 10/78; Johnson, 1979, personal communication; and Martin, 1979, personal communication). This cooperative agreement will probably be extended and expanded in light of the creation of the Channel Islands National Park (Whelen, 1980b, personal communication). Fish and Game Code (Chapter 14, Administrative Code) The California Department of Fish and Game, under the Fish and Game Code (and Chapter 14 of the Administrative Code), regulates and manages a wide variety of activities affecting the fish and game resources found in the land and water areas under State jurisdiction. Specific Department of Fish and Game programs, other than ecological reserves (discussed above), of relevance to the study area include management of sport and commercial fishing, and plant harvesting, protection of endangered species, protection of migratory birds, coordination of the oil spill contigency plans, and restriction of overflights. --Sport and commercial fishing and kelp harvesting management (California Fish and Game Code §7100 et seq.) F-17 The Department of Fish and Game regulates sport fishing through license and bag limit systems. A sport fishing license is requir- ed for the taking and possession of fish for any no n- commercial purpose (California Fish and Game Code §7100). Sport fishing of spiny lobster is restricted to collection by hoop nets or hand, and clam, mollusk, and crustacean collection are limited to the period between one-half hour before sunrise to one- half hour after sunset (California Fish and Game Code §7256, 7290, and 7332). The Code does not specify bag limits for these resources. Commercial fishing is also governed by a licensing system. Every person who operates or assists in using any boat or gear to take fish for profit must procure a license (California Fish and Game Code §7580); party boat operators must get special licenses (California Fish and Game Code §7920 et seq .). Vessels used in commercial fishing operations must also carry a Department of Fish and Game registration number (California Fish and Game Code §7880). Fishing reports, described in Sections 8010 et seq. , must be supplied by buyers, processors, and anyone else who receives fish from fishermen. These reports form the basis of Department of Fish and Game statistics used in formulating fishery management policies. Species near the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara are subject to the seasonal, size, and catch restrictions 1 isted in Table F-2. Under the Submerged Lands Act of 1953 (43 USC §130(c)), California has jurisdiction over kelp within state waters as a seabed re- source. Generally, a license is required to harvest kelp for profit (California Fish and Game Code §6650). As with other commercial fisheries, a record book must be maintained (California Fish and Game Code §6652). F-18 TABLE F-2o Catch restrictions for species of commerical fish in the northern Channel Islands area (references are to the California Fish and Game Code). Catch restrictions for Channel Islands area (1 Game Code) . species of commercial fish in the northern •eferences are to the California Fish and Sardines Catch limited to 20,000 tons (or other OFG allowance) of the spawning population (Section 8150.7). Anchovies Restricted according to the PFMC plan. Lobster Fishery open between the first Wednesday in October and the first Wednesday after March 15 (Section 8251). Lobster permit required (Section 8254.7). Size restrictions exist (Section 8252). Crab Fishery open between the second Tuesday in November and June 30th (Section 8276). Abalones Fishery open each month but February and August (Section 8300). Abalone permit re- quired (Section 8306). Size limits exist (Section 8304). Abalone diving permits exist and are limited in number (Sections 8306.1 and 8306.4). Black abalone taking within one mile of Santa Cruz and Anacapa Islands prohibited with some exceptions (Sections 8307.5, 8307.6). Clams, Molluscs Fishery open year round (Sections 8340 and 8341). Scallops Illegal to sell or purchase (Section 8345). Saltwater and Anadromous fish Kelp bass, sand bass, and spotted bass may be sold (Section 8372); yellowfin and blue- fin tuna may be taken at any time (Section 8374); bluefin tuna must exceed 7 1/2 lbs to be marketed (Section 8375); albacore and skipjack may be taken any time (Section 8376 and 8378); white seabass, barracuda, and yellowtail not less than 28 in. in length may be taken by hook and line any time (Section 8382). Mackerel Catch limited as stock is enhanced (Section 8388.3). California halibut May be taken any time (Section 8391). Swordfish May be taken any time (Section 8394). F-19 Through a cooperative agreement recently reached between the Department of Fish and Game and the National Marine Fisheries Service, officials of both agencies may enforce each other's laws (see discussion below). --Endangered species (California Fish and Game Code §2050 et seq. ). The California Department of Fish and Game maintains a list of rare and endangered species. It is unlawful within the state to take or possess any listed species, "Taking" is defined (Cali- fornia Fish and Game Code §2050 et seq .) in a manner analogous to the interpetation under the Federal act (see below). Listed species found in the study area are the Guadalupe fur seal, the California brown pelican, the California least tern, the light- footed clapper rail, and the Bel ding's savannah sparrow. —Protection of Migratory Birds (California Fish and Game Code §355 et seq. and 3500 et seq. In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, California has provided protection for migratory birds, their nests and eggs by fixing areas, seasons, and hours plus bag and possession limits by species for migratory game birds (California Fish and Game Code §356). The peregrine falcon, brown pelican, California black rail and clapper rail, California least tern, light-footed clapper rail and southern bald eagle (California Fish and Game Code §3511) have all been accorded "fully protected" status, which protects these birds from taking except as authorized for scientific research. F-20 —Oil Spill Contingency Plans (California Fish and Game Code §5650 et seq.) It is unlawful to "deposit or permit any petroleum to pass into the waters of the State" (California Fish and Game Code §5650). The California Department of Fish and Game together with an Interagency Committee coordinates the State's oil spill contin- gency plan. Because Federal law preempts State regulation of oil spill cleanup operations, the State's role is that of observer, assistant, and advisor--with the important exception that the State has veto power over the use of chemical agents in State waters. In practice, State Department of Fish and Game personnel: 1) investigate all spills in State waters and many spills in Federal waters; 2) monitor, assist, and advise Federal and indus- try cleanup operations; and 3) maintain liaison between various government agencies and industry. —Overflights (California Fish and Game Code §10501.5) The California Department of Fish and Game prohibits overflights below 1000 ft (305m) over San Miguel, Santa Barbara, and Anacapa Islands. Water Quality Control Act (California Water Code §13300 et seq .) The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act is designed to enhance and maintain water quality in the waters under the juris- diction of the State. The State Water Resources Control Board and the nine regional water quality control boards have primary F-21 authority for regulating water quality in California. The Water Quality Control Plan for Ocean Waters of California (1978), which sets standards for water quality characteristics for ocean waters within State jurisdiction, places particular emphasis on maintaining water quality in Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBSs). The State Water Resources Control Board has designated ASBSs in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island to a distance of 1 nmi (1.8km) offshore or to the 300 ft (90m) isobath, whichever is greater. To be classified as an ASBS, an area of ocean water must be considered to contain biological communities of such extraordinary value that no risk of change in their environments resulting from human activities can be considered acceptable (California Water Resources Control Board, 1976). Dischargers must ensure that their wastes are discharged a sufficient distance from designated ASBSs to assure that the natural water quality conditions within the area are not affected. This is accomplished (i.e., adminis- tered) by Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs) which, via a permit procedure, set waste discharge restrictions upon: a) elevated temperature wastes; b) discrete, point source sewage or industrial process wastes; and c) non-point source wastes such as, but not limited to, storm water runoff, silt, and urban runoff. F-22 ASBS designations have no impact on vessel wastes, dredging control, or dredge spoil deposition because the California Ocean Plan, of which ASBS's are a part is not applicable to those activities. RWQCBs are responsible for integrating ASBS designations into their area-wide basin plans which outline waste discharge prohi- bitions and restriction. A routine ASBS reconnaissance survey conducted by the SWRCB provides RWQBs with detailed resource information as well as data on existing or future activities apt to threaten their environmental quality. ASBS surveillance and monitoring is the responsibility of RWQCBs which ensure compliance with discharge regulations in the broader context of basin-wide enforcement. Should either an actual discharge violation or a threat therefore become apparent, the regional board is empowered with specific administrative procedures and remedies to enforce compliance (see California Water Code, Section 13300). Though the primary intent of the designation is to protect marine life from waste water discharges, petroleum discharges into an ASBS are also covered (California Water Resources Control Board, 1976). Several study stations for the worldwide Mussel Watch Program, coordinated domestically by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been established within these ASBSs. Mussel watch stations are located in the shallow waters off Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa Islands and two stations each have been established off San Miguel and Santa Rosa Island (Cali- fornia Water Resources Control Board, Annual Report, 1978). This program involves periodic tissue analysis of collected mussels as indicators of pollution levels. The establishment of these stations provides no special management of or protection for the research value of these sites, but does provide some information F-23 for monitoring purposes. Regulation of Offshore Oil and Gas Development Activities, Cunningham-Shell Tidelands Act, as Amended C California Public Resources Code §6850 et seq.) Leasing of state submerged lands (extending from the mean high tide line seaward 3 nmi (5.5km) for oil and gas development activities and regulation of these activities is the responsi- bility of the State Lands Commission. Both the State Lands Commission and the Coastal Commission regulate these activities to ensure that they proceed safely and that marine resources are adequately protected. In this regard, the State Lands Commission enforces requirements similar to those of the United States Geological Survey concerning blowout prevention, drilling prac- tices, production procedures, pollution control, and oil spill prevention, containment and cleanup (see below). In order to protect sensitive resource areas, the California State Legislature may designate Oil and Gas Sanctuaries in which petro- leum development is prohibited within submerged lands. Oil and gas sanctuaries have been established in the waters around the northern Channel Islands. The sanctuaries extend from the mean high tide line seaward three nautical miles (California Public Resources Code §6871). Although leasing is normally excluded from the sanctuaries, if underlying oil and gas deposits might be drained by wells located on adjacent Federal lands, thereby threatening the State's proprietary interest in the resource, the State Lands Commission may open up the affected sanctuary areas for a drainage sale. The waters around Santa Barbara Island have not been declared an oil and gas sanctuary. F-24 Control of Oil Discharges from Vessels (California Harbors and Naviga- tion Code §133) The California Harbors and Navigation Code generally applies to the activities of vessels operating in state waters. One of its purposes is to prevent the activities of vessels from adversely affecting the marine environment. To achieve this purpose, the discharge of oil from any vessel in the state's navigable waters is prohibited except in cases of "unavoidable accident, collision, or stranding" (California Harbors and Navigation Code §133). Any person who intentionally or negligently causes or permits any oil to be deposited in the waters of the State is liable for cleanup costs and subject to a $6,000 civil penalty (California Harbors and Navigation Code §151). Air Resources (California Health and Safety Code §3900 et seq. ). The California Air Resources Board (ARB) is charged with the maintenance and enhancement of the ambient air quality of the State. The ARB has set air quality standards designed to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards and delegated their imple- mentation to local Air Pollution Control Districts (APCDs). The northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island are located partly within the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District and partly within the Ventura County Air Pollution District. F-25 Generally, offshore oil and gas development facilities located within state waters must both obtain a permit from the appropriate APCD and meet ARB emission standards. Emissions from tankers which dock at onshore facilities located in California are also considered together with those of the related onshore facility. As with onshore oil and gas development facili- ties, the total emissions level of the tanker and the related onshore facility must meet standards set by the ARB as implemented by the appropriate APCD. Unlike other offshore facilities, however, neither the ARB nor an APCD has authority to issue permits solely for tanker emissions (Stamey, 1979, personal communication) . Preservation of Historic Resources (California Public Resources Code §5020.4) Preservation of representative and unique archaeological, paleontological , and historical sites in the land and water areas of the State is the responsibility of the California Historical Resources Commission. The Commission evaluates and makes recom- mendations to the State Historic Preservation Officer on nomi- nations to the National Register pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act (see below). The Commission also recommends State registration of sites as landmarks and points of interest to the Public Resources Department which is responsible for main- tenance of registered sites (California Public Resources Code §5020.4). Registration as a point of interest qualifies a site only for the placement of informational signs. Landmarks, along with properties listed on the National Register and city or county F-26 registers or inventories, become eligible for "qualified historic property" status for which special protection may be afforded by the Commission (California Public Resources Code §5031). At present, no sites within the study area have been registered as either landmarks or points of interest (Berry, 1979, personal communication). Underwater State Parks In order to protect special marine resources and water-based recreational values in ocean waters within State jurisdiction and to expand coastal park units beyond the water's edge, the Cali- fornia Department of Parks and Recreation has established an Underwater Parks Program (California Department of Parks and Recreation, 1979). As a result of a recently initiated underwater park study, underwater parks are being considered near San Miguel, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands (Kelly, 1979, personal communi- cation), but at present, there are no underwater parks in the study area. F.l.b.ii FEDERAL AUTHORITIES Except where specified otherwise, Federal authorities apply throughout the entire area under consideration. The major ex- ceptions are management of petroleum and fishery resources, which fall under State jurisdiction within three nautical miles (5.6km) of the shore. F-27 Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) (16 USC §1801 et seq.) The FCMA provides for the conservation and management of all fishery resources in the zone between three and two hundred nautical miles (5.6-370km) offshore. In the Channel Islands area, this authority is vested in the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is charged with establishing guidelines for and approving those fishery management plans (FMPs) prepared by the PFMC for selected fisher- ies within its jurisdiction. These plans will determine the levels of commercial and sport fishing consistent with achieving and maintaining the optimum yield of each fishery. The PFMC has already completed a management plan for anchovy and is currently preparing plans for groundfish and jack mackerel--all of which are found in the study area. The final anchovy FMP (Pacific Fishery Management Council, 1978a) proposes several fishing area closures, but none in the study area. Four different fishing seasons were proposed in the plan, some of which would prohibit fishing during important times of the life cycle of marine mammals and birds. A final decision on the preferred season is pending. The draft FMPs for groundfish (PFMC, 1978b) and jack mackerel (PFMC, 1979) address limitations on catch but do not consider closures. Although the FMP for groundfish is only in a draft stage, it does appear possible that the final FMP may aim to protect intertidal spawning grounds and kelp bed habitats such as those found in the study area, which are vital to the survival of lingcod, bocaccio, and numerous rockfish. F-28 The FCMA also applies to marine plant life. Therefore, the harvesting of kelp beds in Federal waters, such as Osborn Bank, south of Santa Barbara Island, could be regulated. No such plan is now being developed. Benthic continental shelf fishery resources located outside state waters, such as abalone, lobster, crabs, sea urchins, and corals, are within the jurisdiction of the PFMC, the NMFS and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) pursuant to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (see below). Endangered Species Act (16 UCS §§1531-1543) The Federal endangered species program provides protection for listed species of marine mammals, birds, and fish in both State and Federal waters. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and NMFS determines which species need protection; FWS maintains a list of endangered and threatened species. The most significant protection provided by the Endangered Species Act is the prohi- bition on taking. The term "take" is defined quite broadly to mean "harrass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in such conduct" (16 USC §1532(14)). Fish and Wildlife Service regulations interpret the term harm to include significant environmental modification or degradation and acts which annoy listed species to such an extent as to significantly disrupt essential behavior patterns (50 CFR 17.3). F-29 The Endangered Species Act also provides for the protection of endangered species and their habitat by establishing a consul- tation process designed to insure that projects authorized, funded or carried out by Federal agencies do not jeopardize the continued existence of endangered of threatened species, or "result in the destruction or modification of habitat of such species which is determined by the Secretary (of the Interior or Commerce) to be critical" (16 USC §1536.). Critical habitat areas for endangered species are designated by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. The 1978 amendments to the Act establish a Cabinet level committee authorized to exempt Federal agencies from compliance with a determination by the Secretary of the Interior through an elaborate review process should an irreconcilable conflict occur. No critical habitat has been designated in the study area at this time. Several species of marine mammals found in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island are listed as endangered or threatened species. These include: 1) sea otter, 2) gray whale, 3) fin whale, and 4) humpback whale. The blue whale, sei whale, and sperm whale, all of which have been sighted elsewhere in the Southern California Bight, but not immediately around the northern Channel Islands, are also listed as endangered species. Species of birds listed under the Endangered Species Act are found in the waters around the northern Channel Islands including: 1) California brown pelican, 2) light-footed clapper rail, and 3) California black rail, (44 CRF 3636, 1/17/79). F-30 Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) (16 USC §1361 et seq.) The MMPA applies to any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States in both State and International waters. It is designed to protect all species of marine mammals. While the MMPA allows States to petition for the return of management responsi- bility over marine mammals, California has done so only with regard to the sea otter and that petition was later withdrawn. Provisions of the Act are implemented by the Department of Com- merce, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which is respon- sible for whales, porpoises, and pinnipeds other than the walrus, the Department of Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), which is responsible for all other marine mammals. An independent Federal body, the Marine Mammal Commission, advises these imple- menting agencies and sponsors relevant scientific research. The primary management features of the Act include: (1) a moratorium on the "taking" of marine mammals; (2) the development of a management approach designed to achieve an "optimum sustainable population" (OSP) for all species or population stocks of marine mammals; and (3) protection of populations determined to be "depleted". The MMPA defines "take" quite broadly to include " harass" , hunt, capture, or kill any marine mammal" or to attempt to engage in such conduct (16 U.S.C. Sec. 1362(13), emphasis added). The term has been interpreted to encompass both intentional and negligent acts, including the operation of motor boats, which result in the disturbing or molesting of marine mammals (50 CFR 18.4; 50 CFR 216.3). F-31 The MMPA provides for limited exceptions to the moratorium. Pursuant to these exemptions, marine mammals in the Channel Islands area may be taken for scientific research, for public display, and incidental to commercial fishing operations, under specifically authorized permits. Similarly, stranded or debili- tated marine mammals may be taken for the protection and welfare of the marine mammal or for the protection of the public health and welfare. The Secretaries of the Interior and Commerce may also waive the moratorium on taking for particular species or populations of marine mammals under their jurisdiction provided that the species or population being considered is at or above its determined optimum sustainable population. No such waiver, however, has been granted concerning any marine mammal found in the area under consideration. Secondly, the Act directs officials to seek "an optimum sustain- able population (of marine mammals)" (16 USC §1361(6)). Optimum sustainable population (OSP) is defined to mean "the number of animals which will result in the maximum productivity of the population or species keeping in mind the carrying capacity of the habitat and health of the ecosystem of which they form a consti- tuent element" (16 USC §1352(9)). Marine mammal species whose population is determined to be deplet- ed receive additional protection (16 USC §1362). During the moratorium no permit may be issued for the taking of a marine mammal determined to be depleted unless the taking is for scienti- fic research purposes. Seven species of marine mammals in or near the study area (the fin whale, the humpback whale, the gray whale, the blue whale, the southern population of sea otter, the sperm F-32 whale, and the sei whale), are treated as "depleted" based on their listing as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 USC §§703 et seq, ) In the northern Channel Islands area, hunting for migratory birds other than species of ducks, geese, coots, gallinules, and doves is generally prohibited throughout the year, pursuant to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act which implements international conven- tions with Great Britain and Japan. Each convention establishes a "close season" during which no hunting is permitted, which for migratory birds other than game birds is year round. The essen- tial provision of the Act makes it unlawful except as permitted by regulations "to hunt, take, capture... any migratory bird, any part, nest or egg" of any bird protected by the Convention (16 USC §703). The California Department of Fish and Game has supple- mented this authority with its own regulations (see Fish and Game Code discussion, above). Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 USC §1751 et seq.). It is the goal of the CWA to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Waters in the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, and in the ocean beyond are subject to varying requirements under the CWA. F-33 The CWA's chief mechanism for preventing and reducing water pollution is the National Pollutant Discharge Elinimation System (NPDES), administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Under the NPDES program, a permit is required for the discharge of any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters (which include State waters, the contiguous zone, and the ocean). Within California State waters, EPA has delegated NPDES permitting authority to the State government. Since oil and gas development resulting from Federal lease sales will occur outside State waters, an NPDES permit from EPA will be required for discharges associated with this activity. EPA's decision to grant a NPDES permit for offshore oil and gas develop- ments is based primarily on the effluent guidelines shown in Table F-3 (40 CFR §435). Other conditions beyond these guidelines can, however, be imposed by the Regional Administrator on a case-by- case basis. For instance, special conditions for NPDES permits have been applied to several leases from OCS Sale No. 35 in the vicinity of Tanner and Cortes Banks, a hard bank community south- west of the northern Channel Islands. To protect the bank re- sources, discharges of drilling mud are not allowed over the banks. The CWA prohibits the discharge of oil and hazardous substances in such quantities as may be harmful (33 USC §1321(b) (3)), except discharges outside the territorial sea permitted by the Inter- national Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 (see Oil Pollution Act below). When such discharges do take place, the National Contingency Plan (NCP) for the removal of oil and hazardous substance discharges (33 USC §1321(c); Executive Order 11735, Aug. 3, 1973), which is designed to minimize the F-34 TABLE F-3. EPA Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Far Offshore* Oil and Gas Extraction Facilities (40 CFR Pt 435). Effluent limitations Oil and Grease Pollutant Maximum for Average of Residual parameter any Id, daily values chlorine, mini- waste source milligram for 30 consecu- mum for any 1 per liter tive days shall d, milligram not exceed, per liter milligram per liter 48 NA Deck Drainage No discharge No discharge NA of free oil of free oi] Drilling muds (1) (1) NA Drill cuttings (1) (1) NA Well treatment (1) (1) NA Sanitary: i 2 M10 NA NA M9IM 3 NA NA NA Domestic-* < NA NA NA (1) NA No discharge of free oil. Minimum of 1 mg/1 and maintained as close to this concentration as possible. There shall be no floating solids as a result of the discharge of these wastes. NOTE: M10 means facilities continously manned by ten (10) of more persons. M9IM means facilit ies continously manned by nine (9) or less persons or intermittently manned by any number of per- sons. * beyond 3 nmi. ■ F-35 impacts on marine resources, will take effect. The Coast Guard, in cooperation with EPA, administers the Plan, which applies to all discharges of oil in the contiguous zone and to activities under the OCSLA. As a result of a memorandum of understanding between the Secretaries of Transportation and the Interior, however, the USGS has exclusive authority to institute measures to abate the source of pollution (United States Departments of the Interior and Transportation, Memorandum of Understanding, (8/16/71)). The NCP establishes the organizational framework whereby oil spills are to be cleaned up. To carry out the national plan, regional plans have been established; the Coast Guard has issued such a plan for Federal Region 9 which encom- passes the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island. Under the plan, Coast Guard personnel are to investigate all reported offshore spills, notify the party responsible (if known) of his obligation to clean up the spill, and supervise the cleanup operation. The Coast Guard retains final authority over the procedures and equipment used in the cleanup. If the party responsible for the spill does not promptly begin cleanup opera- tions, the Coast Guard can hire private organizations. Permits from the Army Corps of Engineers, which are based on EPA- developed guidelines, are required prior to filling actions, discharging dredged materials within three miles of shore (33 USC §1344), or the transportation of dredged material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters (33 USC §1413) (see discussion of the Ocean Dumping Act below.) Finally, the CWA requires noncommercial craft to comply with marine sanitation regulations issued by EPA and enforced by the Coast Guard (33 USC §1322). F-36 Ports and Waterways Safety Act, as amended (PWSA) (33 USC §1221) The Ports and Waterways Safety Act (PWSA), as amended by the Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978, is designed to promote navigation and vessel safety and the protection of the marine environment. The PWSA applies both in State waters and in high seas out to 200 nmi (370km). The PWSA authorizes the U. S. Coast Guard to establish vessel traffic services and systems for ports, harbors and other waters subject to congested vessel traffic. In the Santa Barbara Channel, the U. S. Coast Guard has established a Traffic Separa- tion Scheme (TSS) consisting of two one-mile wide vessel traffic lanes, with a two- mile separation zone. The lanes are designed to prevent vessel collisions by separating vessels going in opposite directions. The TSS has been officially recognized by the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organi- zation (IMCO), and appears as recommended traffic routes on all navigation charts of the area. The TSS, which applies to commercial ships other than fishing vessels, is violated when a vessel is in a designated lane but moving in the wrong direction. Violators are subject to flag state enforcement if their violation occurs outside the three mile territorial sea. If a violation occurs within the territorial sea, the U. S. may take enforcement action. The use of the TSS as established is mandatory for vessels proceeding to and from the Los Angeles/Long Beach area when the vessel is in the vicinity of, F-37 and traveling in the general direction of, the TSS. All vessels not using a TSS should avoid it by as wide a margin as possible. Outside the traffic lanes, vessels may proceed in any direction consistent with good seamanship. In addition to vessel traffic control, the Coast Guard regulates other navigation and shipping activities related to vessel design, construction, and operation designed to minimize the likelihood of an accident and reduce vessel source pollution. The 1978 Amendments establish a comprehensive program for regul- ating the design, construction, operation, equipping, and manning of all tankers using U. S. ports to transfer oil and hazardous materials. These requirements are, for the most part, in agree- ment with protocols passed in 1978 to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, and the Inter- national Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (33 USC §1221). The 1978 Amendments also require the U.S.C.G. to conduct a nation- wide study on the need for Port Access Routes (PARs) and to designate such routes as necessary to reconcile competing uses and protect marine resources. If a PAR is established in the sanc- tuary study area, the Secretary of Transportation, through the Coast Guard, could make its use mandatory by all vessels pro- ceeding to or from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach via the Santa Barbara Channel. The PAR study results may reveal that the existing TSS is inappropriate and dictate a modification of its location. The PAR study is actively considering all of the various uses of the waters, including marine sanctuaries, which may be affected by the designation of a PAR. A notice of proposed rule making incorporating the recommendations made in the study is scheduled for publication in the Federal Register in July 1980. F-38 The USCG is also vested with the primary responsibility for maintaining boater safety, including the tasks of conducting routine vessel inspections and coordinating rescue operations. Oil Pollution Act of 1961 (33 USC §§1001-1016) The Oil Pollution Act of 1961 (which implements the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil of 1954) regulates discharges of oil or oily mixtures from vessels with the exception of tankers of less than 150 gross tons and other vessels of less than 500 gross tons. With the exception of discharges from machinery space bilges, tankers subject to the act may not discharge oil or oily mixtures unless they are 50 nmi (93km) from the nearest land and the total quantity of oil dis- charged does not exceed 1/15,000 of the total cargo capacity. Discharges from other vessels regulated by the act, and discharges from the machinery bilges of tankers, must be made as far as practicable from land and may not have an oil content of more than 100 parts per million. In addition to the above requirements, a discharge by any vessel regulated by the act must be made while the vessel is en route and the instantaneous discharge rate must not exceed sixty liters per mile. Clean Air Act (42 USC §7401 et seq.) The Clean Air Act (CAA) sets general guidelines and minimal air quality standards on a nationwide basis in order to protect and enhance the quality of the nation's air resources. States are responsible for developing comprehensive plans for all regions within their boundaries. Thus, as noted above, discharges of air F-39 pollutants within California State waters are subject to the control of the California Air Resources Board. Beyond State waters, EPA Region IX, relying on an EPA Office of General Counsel's opinion, has asserted that the new source and prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) provisions of the CAA apply to new sources on the OCS that can adversely affect air quality over the United States (EPA Office of General Counsel Opinion (4/18/78)). These regulations would supplement DOI OCS afr quality regulations. The new source and PSD provisions apply only to stationary sources which emit, or could emit, at least 100 tons per year of any air pollutant. Exxon's platform Hondo in the Santa Ynez Unit north of the northern Channel Islands (which includes an oil processing plant) is an example of such a major facility near the sanctuary study area. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 USC §1331 et seq.) The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, as amended in 1978 (OCSLA), establishes Federal jurisdiction over the mineral resources of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) beyond three nmi (5.6km) and gives the Secretary of Interior responsibility for managing OCS mineral exploration and development. The Secretary's responsibility has been delegated to two bureaus within the Department: the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). BLM has overall responsibility for leasing OCS lands. In the Santa Barbara Channel, lease sales have been held in 1966, 1968, 1975 (Sale #35), and 1979 (Sale #48). F-40 In unique or special areas, the BLM may impose special lease stipulations designed to protect the specific geological and biological resources found in those areas. These stipulations may vary from lease tract to lease tract and sale to sale. In the FEIS on Sale #48 (U. S. BLM, 1979), BLM has recommended seven lease stipulations (see Appendix 5), three of which are of particular importance to resource protection. Stipulation Number 3 concerns the protection of cultural re- sources. If surveys indicate the possibility of a cultural resource, the lessee shall: (1) locate all structures so that they will not adversely affect the resource or (2) establish to the satisfaction of the U. S. Geological Survey Area Supervisor either that no adverse effects will result from the operation or that the potential cultural resource suggested by the survey does not exist. Stipulation No. 5 requires prevention, to the maximum extent possible, of harm to newly discovered areas of special biological interest including: (1) areas containing rare eco- systems; (2) areas of abundant numbers and/or high diversity of species; (3) areas containing species of limited regional distri- bution; (4) areas critical to the life cycle of species; and (5) areas which are protected by fishery management plans as singu- larly important to a species (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Stipulation No. 4, which only applies to tracts 001-108* (see Figures E-19 and E-20), in the Santa Barbara Channel, con- cerns protection of commercial trawl grounds from sub sea comple- tion systems and pipelines. F-41 The USGS is charged with approving plans for exploratory drilling and development and supervising OCS operations. Several types of regulatory authority are used by USGS in carrying out the latter responsibility. These include enforcement of regulations pursuant to the OCSLA (30 CFR Part 250) and the stipulations applicable to particular leases discussed above. In addition, OCS Orders have been issued by the USGS to supplement regulations in particular regions. Twelve such Orders have been issued for the Pacific region and three more are under review (see Appendix 6). These Orders apply to various aspects of the day-to-day drilling and production operation, including: (1) marking of platforms and structures; (2) general drilling well procedures; (3) testing of blowout preventers; (4) characteristics and use of drilling muds; (5) plugging and abandonment of wells; (6) contingency plans; (7) oil spill pollution equipment; (8) oil spill reports; (9) sub- surface safety devices; (10) pollution and waste disposal; and (11) design and maintenance of oil and gas pipelines. The USGS also issues Notices to Lessees and Operators when clari- fications, corrections, or additions to OCS Orders and Regulations are necessary. These notices have the same status as OCS Orders and Regulations and are used to keep lessees and operators inform- ed of USGS's requirements (see Appendix 6). *Note that tracts 088-108 were withdrawn by the Secretary of the Interior from Sale #48 (U.S. Department of Interior, 1979) F-42 Certain provisions of the 1978 OCSLA Amendments are of importance. If the Secretary of the Interior determines that continued OCS operation threatens "serious, irreparable, or immediate harm or damage to life, including fish and other marine life" or the "the marine, coastal or human environment, such operations may be suspended (16 USC §1334 (c)(1)). In addition, if it is found that regulations, lease provisions, or exploration and development plans, are violated by the lessee, the lease may be cancelled and forfeited (16 USC §1334 (d)). Finally, the DOI, through the USGS, is developing regulations to control air emissions occurring on the OCS that significantly affect a State's air quality. According to Proposed Rule 30 CFR Part 250 (43 Fed. Reg. 27449 (5/10/79)), activities on the OCS will not be approved if they prevent any State from achieving or maintaining national ambient air quality standards (NAAQSs) or if they will cause significant deterioration of onshore air quality. The DOI proposes to require lessees to include in their explor- ation, development, and production plans specific information concerning emissions and their effects on coastal areas. Other agencies within DOI--including the FWS, NPS, and HCRS--are consulted on various potential impacts from OCS development including necessary stipulations pursuant to Secretarial Order No. 2974 of Auaust, 1978. In addition to DOI, both the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) have some responsibility over OCS mineral development. COE is responsible for ensuring, through a permit system, that OCS structures including pipelines, platforms, drill ships, and semi-submersibles do not obstruct navigation or national security (43 USC §1333 (f)). USCG ensures that struc- F-43 tures on the OCS are properly marked (43 USC §1333 (e)). Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (33 USC §§1401-1444) Title I of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), also known as the Ocean Dumping Act, regulates the dumping of materials into the territorial sea (i.e., State waters), The contiguous zone and the ocean beyond. EPA regulates, through the issuance of permits, the dumping of all materials except dredged materials; COE exercises authority over the dumping of dredged materials. Five dredge material disposal sites have been established in the Southern California Bight, with the closest one to the Channel Islands being near Port Hueneme, about 16.6km (9 nmi) from Anacapa Island. No ocean dumping of non-dredged materials has occurred in the Bight since 1972. Prior to 1972, munitions, toxic wastes, and radioactive materials were dumped in the vicinity of the Channel Islands, but more than 18.5km (10 nmi) from the Islands. The nearest disposal site for drill muds and cuttings under consider- ation currently by EPA is located at 32° 55 'N, 119° 17'W, over 40 nmi (74km) beyond the proposed sanctuary. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (16 USC 661-667e) The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act authorizes the Secretaries of Commerce and the Interior to cooperate with Federal, State, public, and private agencies to conserve and develop fish and wildlife resources and their habitats and directs that Federal F-44 agencies conducting or licensing any project that impounds, diverts, channels or otherwise controls or modifies any body of water shall consult with the appropriate Secretary and the head of any State agency exercising administration over the resources. Reports received are made an integral part of the administrative record. National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC §470) The National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC §470) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to maintain a national register of "districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects significant in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture". Sites have been listed on the National Register which include or are composed entirely of ocean waters and submerged lands within state waters or on the Outer Continental Shelf (Lebovich, 1979 , personal communication). No sites in the area under consideration are listed on the National Register at the present time. Any Federal agency conducting, licensing, or assisting an under- taking which may affect a site listed on the National Register must provide the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a reasonable opportunity to comment on the action (16 USC §470f). The criterion applied by the Council is whether the undertaking will change the quality of the site's historic architectural, archaeological or cultural character (36 CFR §800). National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978, as amended (P.L. 96-199) Channel Islands National Park F-45 The National Parks and Recreational Act of 1978, as amended in 1980 established the Channel Islands National Park, which includes the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island and the waters within one nautical mile of the Islands. The Park Service's jurisdiction in the water area of the Park is adminis- trative rather than regulatory. The statute further prohibits the acquisition by the Secretary of the Interior of any lands, waters, or interests within the Park currently owned by the State of California. No provisions of the statute shall affect the rights and jurisdiction of the State of California within the Park, including the submerged lands and waters within the Park bound- aries. The Secretary of the Interior must devleop a natural resources study report for the Park in cooperation with the Secretary of Commerce and the State of California within two years of the enactment of this Act. Within three years of the Act, the Secre- tary of the Interior shall prepare a comprehensive general manage- ment plan for the Park, which will take into account recreational and other human use of the Islands. The law directs the Secretary of the Interior to manage the Park on a low-intensity, limited entry basis. The 1980 amendments to the National Parks and Recreation Act deauthorize the Channel Islands National Monument, which was established pursuant to the Antiquities Act by Presidential Proclamation No. 2281 in 1938 (52 Stat. 1541). F-46 Under these previous authorities, the National Park Service (NPS) had responsibility for managing the Channel Islands National Monument which included Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands. Until May of 1978, the National Monument also included the waters surrounding the two islands out to one mile (63 Stat. 1258 (2/9/49)). Authority over these submerged lands was returned to the State in United States v. California (11 ERC 1651 (1978)). The NPS Statement for Management for the National Monument des- cribed a land classification scheme creating Natural Zones which are to remain largely unaltered by human activity. Most impor- tantly, West Anacapa Island was designated an "Environmental Protection Sub zone," for the protection of the Brown Pelican, and East Anacapa and the Arch Rock Group are "Outstanding Natural Features Subzones" (National Park Service, 1976). The Statement for Management for San Miguel and Prince Islands established Natural Zones similar to those designated in the Monument (NPS, 1978). Of greatest relevance to the resources of the study area have been NPS management policies concerning visiting. Except for boat access via certain areas off San Miguel Island where entry is restricted by the Navy (see below), the NPS controls visitor access to San Miguel, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands as well as the activities of visitors. Prohibition of or restrictions on visitor ingress and egress to and from certain parts of the islands managed by the NPS tend to discourage other activities which could harm the marine resources found in the waters adjacent to those areas. Such activities include boat anchoring, fishing with nets, swimming, diving, and collecting of artifacts. In addition, restrictions on visitor access and the activities of visitors protect the living marine resources of the study area, F-47 most importantly marine mammals and birds, by preventing potential disturbance. Most important in this regard is the Environmental Protection Subzone established on West Anacapa Island for the protection of the Brown Pelican rookery (NPS, 1976). Visits to the islands managed by the NPS generally have been controlled by a permit system, through which the number of visi- tors, length of stay, and time of visit may be restricted. Severe restrictions are placed on visits to West Anacapa to protect the Brown Pelican rookery there. Policies for the other Anacapas and Santa Barbara are considerably more liberal. Anacapa Island receives the most visitors (Whelen, 1979, personal communication). Under the newly created Channel Islands Park, visitor use must be limited to assure negligible adverse impact on Park resources (P.L. 96-199). Visitation levels at San Miguel are limited by restrictions on access imposed by DFG, the Navy, and the NPS and the lack of facilities on the Island. Enforcement responsibilities of the Park Service have been carried out by seven rangers. Two boats, a 40 foot patrol boat and a 20 foot skiff are utilized for patrols in marine areas (Johnson, 1979, personal communication). The Park has just acquired a new 55 foot boat, which will be manned by one ranger and one deck hand (Whelen, 1980a, personal communication). U. S. Navy The U. S. Navy conducts numerous military operations in and over the waters offshore of southern California. Various portions of the study area are within military districts operated by the Navy: the northern Channel Islands are within the Pacific Missile Range; F-48 the waters south of Santa Cruz Island are part of an Acoustic Range Facility; and Santa Barbara Island is located in the south- west corner of a Fleet Operating Area and is also just north of the Santa Barbara Island Training Area. The Pacific Missle Test Center at Point Mugu schedules control of the Navy operating areas in the vicinity of the Channel Islands. Each week, the U. S. Coast Guard publishes a "Local Notice to Mariners", which projects the use of the military operating areas. The Navy routinely conducts bombing practice and missile discrimi- nation operations in the airspace over the waters just south of San Miguel Island. A Naval Danger Zone has been established which extends 3 nmi (5.5km) seaward of the eastern half of San Miguel Island. In this zone, the Navy permits nonmilitary uses, includ- ing recreational use, only when the area is not being used for military operations. Bombing practice runs take place in this zone approximately 200 times a year. Because of the short notice and intermittent nature of these exercises, long range planning of recreational activities in the zone will be difficult; the Navy does, however, attempt to provide some advance notification through the use of signs and map designations. The Navy retains the right to escort boaters and other recreational ists violating the zone away from the target area. Although the Navy owns San Miguel Island, the National Park Service, by agreement with the Navy, administers the Island proper. By this agreement, the Navy has relinquished all autho- rity to manage the resources of the Island and surrounding waters, except within the Naval Danger Zone discussed above. The Navy has agreed to attempt to conduct its operations in a manner which will cause the least impact to Island resources. The sites selected for and frequency of operations reflect this policy. F-49 U. S. Air Force The Air Force will regulate the Space Shuttle Vehicle System which is to operate out of the Vandenberg Air Force Base in Santa Barbara County. The Air Force is currently conducting a study to determine the impacts on the Island fauna, particularly marine birds and mammals, of the supersonic boom acompanying the flight of the shuttle. F.l.c. Environmental Consequences Maintaining the status quo and failing to designate a marine sanctuary in the vicinity of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island will eliminate the potential for positive management of this rich marine area. In the absence of a sanc- tuary, there will be less ecosystem research, no new education or public awareness programs directed at users of the area, and no institutional mechanism to focus on long term planning and co- ordination issues for this particularly valuable geographic area. There is no management system to aid in ensuring that the area's research value and potential can be maximized over the long term. While a variety of organizations conduct research in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island, no agency serves to coordinate research projects to insure that regional information needs are addressed in a timely and adequate manner. F-50 Similarly, no agency or group conducts a systematic scientific monitoring program to follow the conditions and fluctuations in population levels of marine birds, fish stocks, or marine mammals, or the water quality in general. While it provided general information on the Southern California Bight for OCS Sale #48, BLM's baseline monitoring program has been narrowed to focus primarily on questions affecting decision making in the OCS leasing process (DOI, 1978). The area's potential to serve as an ecologic baseline indicator of regional environmental quality conditions is underutilized. Thus a mechanism for monitoring and evaluating the long term adequacy of environmental protection efforts and decisions affecting these resources does not currently exist. Presently, 11 Federal, 7 State, and a multitude of regional and local government agencies are vested with some regulatory autho- rity over certain activities within the area. These authorities provide a considerable degree of protection for marine resources in general; the Channel Islands National Park and the Ecological Reserves around San Miguel, Santa Barbara, and Anacapa Islands protect the resources within those areas in particular. In general, however, each of the statutes described above and the agencies administering them are directed at a single purpose, region or activity. No entity looks to the welfare of all the living resources or the ecosystem of this marine area. Cumulative impacts on the resources, arising from various activities subject to the jurisdiction of separate agencies, may escape the attention of any agency. F-51 The extraordinary diversity of natural resources concentrated in the waters around the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island deserves additional attention beyond that provided by the present institutional structure. For instance, the resource protection afforded by the Channel Islands National Park is aimed primarily at the land based resources of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island, and the ecological reserves discussed above include only the extreme nearshore zone, providing no buffer against outside activities. Although certain uses of the area do not now seriously threaten resource quality here, they could have more significant impact if and when activity intensities grow. The current multitude of regulatory authorities, many of which have different objectives and jurisdictions, may not be able to respond on the basis of ecosystem issues to future activities. Furthermore, some agencies suffer from limited enforcement resources. Because these waters contain so many valuable resources which in turn support so many benificial uses, they require the special acknowledgement and study possible in a marine sanctuary to ensure that they are used and preserved in the future as effectively as possible. Some particular problems which may arise if the present institu- tional and regulatory structure continues to control activities in the absence of the proposed sanctuary are discussed below. F-52 Habitat and Species Protection The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) prohibit the "taking" of marine mammals and threatened or endangered species, including marine species. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act prohibits the hunting of seabirds. The term "taking" has been interpreted broadly by the administering agen- cies, so that the ESA and MMPA provide considerable protection. However, the potential threats to marine mammals and endangered species range from direct injuries to a specific animal or popula- tion to indirect or cumulative degradation of habitat, and neither the MMPA nor the ESA address cumulative or indirect degradation of habitat. Section 7(a) of the ESA does provide protection against actions which jeopardize endangered species or their critical habitats, but this section applies only to activities authorized, funded or carried out by Federal agencies, not to private or State actions. There is no explicit provision for designation or protection of the habitat of marine mammals under the MMPA. This is particularly significant because of the small number of prime habitats remaining in and around the study area. The California DFG, through the establishment of Ecological Reserves, has the ability to protect exceptional marine habitats in territorial waters. Reserves have been established in rela- tively small yet sensitive areas off San Miguel, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands. While the Ecological Reserves protect particularly important breeding grounds and haul-out areas, marine mammals and seabirds (and the resources they feed on) are them- selves dynamic entities and normally utilize areas much larger than these designated protection zones. F-53 As discussed in section F.l.b., the California DFG has only three boats to enforce all the California Fish and Game regulations applicable to the Channel Islands and along the mainland counties of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. These regulations concern not only Ecological Reserves, but also commercial and sport fishing, endangered species, and migratory birds. Because of the wide geographic expanse which must be covered and the relatively small enforcement staff at hand to do so, the enforce- ment capabilities of the DFG appear somewhat strained. To provide additional enforcement, the National Park Service (NPS) rangers have assisted the DFG in enforcing California Fish and Game regulations in the waters within 1 nmi (1.8km) of Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Miguel Islands. This relationship has been formalized (since 1978) in a cooperative agreement between the DFG and the NPS. However, this additional enforcement assis- tance is only provided within 1 nmi (1.8km) of the three islands. In addition, NPS enforcement capabilities are also rather limited- -eight rangers, one 41-foot and one newly acquired patrol boat available for observing all three islands, and one small boat on each island (Johnson, 1979, personal communication; Whelen, 1980a, personal communication). Most of their attention is devoted to the land-based resources of the islands, however. As a result of the new national park status of the Islands and surrounding waters, this cooperative agreement may be expanded (Whelen, 1980a, personal communication). F-54 Petroleum Development The State of California has designated the State submerged lands around the Northern Channel Islands, except Santa Barbara Island, as an oil and gas sanctuary withdrawing the area from leasing except as may be necessary for drainage sales. Under the Cali- fornia Coastal Zone Management Program, the State comprehensively controls oil and gas activities involving State lands and waters around Santa Barbara even though this area has not been declared an oil and gas sanctuary. Regulations governing protection of marine resources, oil spill control equipment, and the siting of development adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas may prohibit or severely restrict any such activities in this area. Beyond State waters, California's coastal policies, applied through Federal consistency, also may prohibit or restrict hydro- carbon exploration, development, or production activities. For instance, the California Coastal Commission's concurrrence with Chevron's certification of consistency of its application for a U.S. Geological Survey Exploratory Well Drilling Permit on Tract 245 states that a production platform within 6 nautical miles of the Islands would hot be found consistent with the program. There has been extremely limited experience in the application of consistency to hydrocarbon activities within the 6 nmi area, therefore, predicting a pattern of decisions is somewhat specu- lative. Under the OCSLA, the Secretary of the Interior can comprehensively regulate activities associated with oil and gas leasing. While the Secretary is responsible for protecting the marine environ- ment, this responsibility is exercised in the context of carrying out the primary objective of the OCSLA to expedite OCS oil and gas development. Of course, this responsibility is carried out in F-55 consultation and coordination with other affected agencies and parties as mandated by general environmental protection statutes such as the National Environmental Policy Act and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act. Nevertheless, these priorities and objectives could result in administrative decisions on leasing, exploration or development that differ from those which would be reached where preservation of marine resources has first priority. The actual leasing decisions reached by the Secretary of the Interior in the past indicate both the sensitivity of DOI to environmental concerns and the primacy of the development mission which is required by the OCSLA. For example, DOI withdrew 24 tracts within 6 nmi of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island from Lease Sale #48 (see Figure E-22). In Lease Sale #35 and sales held in 1966 and 68, however, several (34) tracts within 6 nmi of the Islands were leased, despite recom- mendations by the National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that these Islands were particularly sensitive and should be shielded from petroleum development. DOI also tentatively included some waters within 6 nmi of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island in its call for nomi- nations for Lease Sale #68, to be held in June 1982. Development of hydrocarbon resources within 6 nmi of the Channel Islands poses certain risks. In its FEIS on Lease Sale #48, DOI estimated the likelihood of a major oil spill reaching sensitive areas within 30 days to be 100 percent (see Table F-7). This estimate assumed that certain tracts within 6 nmi of the Islands would be offered in the Lease Sale, although the estimate did not account for the significant reduction in estimated economically recoverable resources. Nor did it take the possibility of future lease sales in account. F-56 In addition, the USGS's OCS Order #7 (pertaining to pollution prevention and control) and BLM's present stipulations, in tandem, do not require certain oil spill containment equipment onsite (see Section F.2.b.l). The presence of adequate onsite equipment, in particular a boat to deploy the equipment, is especially important near the Islands because of the rather long time required for the local oil spill cooperative (Clean Seas, Inc.) to respond to a spill in the more distant parts of the Channel or on the seaward side of the Islands and because of the need to contain spills, if they do occur, before they reach nearshore resources. The California Coastal Commission has required additional contin- gency equipment on Exxon's tracts 222, 223, 230, 231, 232, and 238 under the Federal consistency provision of the Coastal Zone Management Act. However, development proposals are reviewed for Federal consistency on a case-by-case basis, and there are no guarantees that the State will impose the same requirements on all the tracts near the Islands. The potential impacts of oil and gas exploration and exploitation are discussed in Section F.2.b.l. below. Discharges Numerous laws and regulations apply to the disposal of waste in the marine environment. However, most decisions are made on a case-by-case basis, which provides less certainty of protection than would a designation of no discharge areas. Certain gaps remain in the regulatory framework. F-57 All discharges within the territorial sea are subject to EPA requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (administered by the State) (or COE requirements under the River and Harbors Act for discharges that might obstruct navigation). The EPA requirements are designed to protect marine resources, but may not effectively prevent overboard disposal of trash from ships and similar pro- blems. Beyond the territorial sea, the discharge of oil and listed hazardous substances is generally prohibited, but, at present, tank washing and bilge pumping are permitted for tankers of less than 150 dead weight tons (dwt) and other vessels of less than 500 dwt. EPA approval is needed for ocean dumping, but the regulations do not apply to discharges of substances that were not transported from the U.S. with the intention of dumping, i.e., casual litter. The CWA does not apply to discharges from vessels beyond the territorial sea. For actual dumping, EPA regulations take the ecological productivity and sensitivity of an area into consid- eration, but again on a case-by-case basis. Ocean dumping, municipal outfalls, and dredge spoil disposal can adversely affect benthic biota and introduce toxic substances into the marine environment which may have sublethal effects on fish, bird, and mammal resources. In addition to reducing overall water quality and lessening the aesthetic appeal of the area, the discharge of litter may harm marine mammals that sometimes ingest or become entangled in such litter (Morrell, 1979 personal commu- nication). F-58 Vessel Traffic and Overflights Under the existing regulatory system commercial vessels including tankers and other bulk carriers can transit anywhere in the proposed sanctuary, even within the very sensitive nearshore areas where they could cause visual and acoustical disturbances, create an increased danger of pollution, both from operational discharges and from accidental groundings, and may occasionally strike marine mammals. Generally, compliance with the Coast Guard's Traffic Separation Scheme has been good, although utilization is not mandatory. The Coast Guard has commenced studying the possibility of designating a port access route (PAR) in the Channel under the authority of the Port and Tanker Safety Act. Once designated, a PAR would be mandatory for vessels proceeding to or from Los Angeles. However, its designation would not necessarily preclude all undesirable traffic around and between the Islands, since these vessels would not be traveling in the direction of the PAR. The present system for regulating the overflight of aircraft does not appear to protect fully nearshore marine mammal and seabird populations. While the existing DFG prohibition on overflights below 1000 feet (305m) over the land areas of Santa Barbara, Anacapa, and San Miguel Islands has lessened visual and acoustic disturbance to island resources, protection does not extend to Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Island, or the nearshore water habitat of marine mammals and seabirds surrounding the five islands. Persistent low altitude overflights in nearshore waters can severely disrupt various marine mammal and seabird behavior F-59 patterns, particularly those of breeding and nesting. Historic and Cultural Resources Disturbing underwater archaeological artifacts (see Table E-12) is now prohibited only in the ecological reserves around the San Miguel, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands. Beyond the 1 nmi (1.8KM) boundary of these reserves, as well as around Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands, no regulation currently exists to prevent the disturbance or collection of these resources, except in relation to oil and gas development (see Appendix 5, Notice to Lessees No. 77-3). Although statutory authority exists for the recognition of underwater historic sites, no sites in the waters around the northern Channel Islands have been nominated to the Federal Register of Historic Places. F-60 F.2. ALTERNATIVE 2 — the preferred alternative a. Introduction NOAA proposes the designation of a marine sanctuary to preserve the special ecological, conservation, recreational, and aesthetic values of the waters surrounding the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island. This sanctuary would extend 6 nmi (11.1km) seaward from the mean high watermark of the following islands and offshore rocks: San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Rosa Island, Anacapa Island, Santa Barbara Island, Richardson Rock, and Castle Rock (see Figure F-6). The sanctuary waters would include the entire 3 nmi (5.6km) of California State waters plus an equal distance of Federal waters. The coordinates are set forth in Appendix 1. This area possesses an exceptionally rich and diverse assemblage of living marine resources and offers a variety of benefits to human users ranging from commercial and recreational fishing opportunities to the less tangible benefits of studying and finding beauty in a relatively unspoiled wilderness area (see Section E, affected environment). The 6-nmi (11.1km) boundary includes significant sections of several important resource areas; e.g., Santa Rosa Plateau and Santa Rosa Cortes Ridge North extending south of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz Islands, as well as the Santa Cruz-Catalina Ridge which forms an underwater connection between the Anacapa Islands and Santa Barbara Island. This boundary also coincides roughly with the 250-ft. (about 80m) bathymetric contour, and F-61 F-62 roughly delineates the island shelf and slope contours. It thereby encompasses the most intense concentration of resources in the area under consideration. As noted in Section E.2, many of the marine mammal, seabird, fish and invertebrate species consi- dered to be important in the ecosystem tend to concentrate in the waters over the shallow island shelves. Populations of certain species (e.g., pinnipeds and birds) are, in fact, among the highest in the world here. Marine sanctuary designation would allow NOAA to: (1) support research on and monitoring of the resources; (2) enhance public awareness of the value of the area; (3) aid in coordinating actions by existing authorities; (4) formulate long-range plans and respond to currently unforeseen threats which might arise; and (5) regulate activities which either pose the risk of causing significant damage or may have greater impacts as use of the area increases. Formal acknowledgement of the species value of these waters may discourage excessive new development, focus attention on the natural resources of the area under consideration and direct special attention to future development plans. b. Management Management of the proposed marine sanctuary would integrate and utilize all aspects of the program to provide for the preservation of the special values of this marine area. These program ele- ments — research, education, coordination, long-term planning, and necessary regulation, including effective enforcement — will be the subject of a formal management plan (MP) for the proposed sanc- tuary which will be developed in detail, if a sanctuary is desig- nated. The MP will describe management goals and objectives tailored to the specific resources and uses characterizing the area. F-63 area. The goals and objectives will provide a framework for conserving resources and integrating sound public uses, and since they are the ends, rather than the means, they allow for alternative planning strategies. Management goals are long term and open ended and will focus on desired conditions, rather than on parti- cular facilities and actions. Objectives of each goal represent short-term measurable steps toward achievement of the goal. The MP for this proposed sanctuary will be developed and imple- mented by NOAA and an onsite manager. NOAA anticipates delegating onsite management to an existing authority in order to benefit from the expertise of agencies familiar with the area. A logical candidate for the task of sanctuary manager is the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG). DFG has submitted a proposal to NOAA which involves working with NOAA to make recommendations concerning elements of the MP for the area should it become a sanctuary. In addition, DFG proposes to investigate methods for State-Federal interagency cooperation on marine sanctuary manage- ment, particularly with the National Park Service. The new Channel Islands National Park includes the waters within 1 nmi of the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island making cooperation a crucial element for both programs. If DFG assumes the position of onsite sanctuary manager, one possible mechanism for continuing interagency cooperation would be formation of an advisory board consisting of representatives from agencies and interest groups such as the National Park Service, the U.S. Coast Guard, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the California Coastal Commission, the State Lands Commission, the California Department of Parks and Recreation; the Santa Barbara F-64 Commercial Fisherman, local citizen associations and industry. Based on available information, the proposed sanctuary would have the following goals: 1. To preserve a unique and strategically located part of the California outer continental shelf where marine life, geological formations, and ocean currents combine to form an outstanding marine ecosystem by ensuring that human uses and activities do not: (a) degrade intertidal habitats or foraging, resting, migratory or other open water habitat areas of value to marine birds and mammals; or (b) otherwise threaten the con- tinued health, stability, diversity, or numbers of seabirds or marine mammal populations using sanctuary waters; 2. To encourage scientific research consistent with Objective 1 on the significant resources of the area which will contribute to understanding of ecological relationships and to the resolution of management and regulatory issues; 3. To enhance public awareness of sanctuary resources by ensuring adequate interpretive and educational services. During the planning process leading to the MP, quantifiable objectives will be formulated for each goal. These may include, but are not limited to objectives in research, education, coordi- nation, and enforcement. F-65 --Education and Research The proposed marine sanctuary will develop and enhance education and research programs. An integral component of that effort would be the establishment of the Sanctuary Information Center, which would also serve as administrative headquarters for the sanctuary. The Sanctuary Information Center would be primarily a research and education facility intended to serve as a respo si to ry for scienti- fic literature and information on resources and activities in the sanctuary, as well as visitor orientation and education materials such as slides, brochures, and displays. The visitor information would help tourists and recreationists more fully appreciate and enjoy the resources of the sanctuary; at the same time, it would apprise them both of regulations and the need for protecting marine resources. The general information collection would include both technical and nontechnical reference material for public use in studying sanctuary resources and would collectively provide as complete and detailed a description of sanctuary conditions and use over time as possible. To further this end, the sanctuary managers would ask researchers to notify the Sanctuary Information Center of projects in the sanctuary and to submit reports of their research. This notification process would result in a master listing of research projects conducted from the time of designation. This listing would be continually updated and kept open for public use. A notification procedure should ensure that research parties are not only familiar with existing regulatory controls but also that they better understand which resources are particularly suscept- ible to adverse research- related impacts. In addition, the master listing could: (1) provide a record of scientific investigations which might provide important management information; (2) contri- bute to efforts to monitor use patterns within the sanctuary; (3) F-66 be of assistance in identifying areas of research not receiving adequate attention; and (4) insure that sanctuary managers are aware of relevant area-specific studies and literature. Finally, this notification process could provide both sanctuary managers and researchers with a record of individuals and groups who have firsthand experience with the area's resources. This would provide a valuable tool for coordinating research efforts and encouraging multi disciplinary analyses. The notification of research projects in the sanctuary and the submission of reports on the research to the Sanctuary Information Center would constitute a slight inconvenience for researchers. However, in turn, researchers could benefit from the resources of the Information Center and, unless the research would require a permit (see above in this section) notification would not impose any delay. The compilation of technical documents in the Sanctuary Informa- tion Center will provide a baseline of site- specific information which would help long-term environmental analysis and encourage further research within sanctuary boundaries. In addition to providing information and coordination to attract researchers to the proposed marine sanctuary, the sanctuary manager will directly encourage research by sponsoring monitoring programs, providing partial funding for research, and encouraging researchers and funding organizations to conduct or support studies in the sanctuary. The monitoring effort will focus on the overall health of the natural resources of the area as well as the level and effects of human activities. The information gained from such monitoring efforts and other research projects should enable NOAA to manage and regulate the sanctuary more effectively, F-67 and to assist other applicable authorities in carrying out their responsibilities. Another research objective may be to map and compile an inventory of historical resources. As part of BLM's baseline study of the Southern California Bight, Science Applications, Inc. (1978) listed the known wrecks around the northern Channel Islands. Although some archaeological research has been conducted on the Islands themselves, no research or mapping has been done on the possible historical artifacts in the waters around the Islands. —Coordination The proposed sanctuary will aid coordination between all the authorities in the sanctuary, and will particularly stress consi- deration of the special value of the marine sanctuary's living resources in the formulation of policies affecting the area. The greater understanding of sanctuary resources and the effects of human use gained as a result of the research and monitoring described above will enable NOAA to provide valuable assistance to other authorities in the area in deciding upon the best level of protection for the natural resources of the sanctuary. —Enforcement NOAA presently envisions a State-Federal cooperative enforcement system for any regulations adopted, involving the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG), the U.S. Coast Guard, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and the National Park Service (NPS). Since the proposed sanctuary would include both F-68 State and Federal waters, close coordination between State and Federal authorities would be required. As DFG develops management recommendations, it will consult with Federal authorities on the mechanics of cooperative management. Naturally, agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard are concerned with the extent of additional responsibilities and the resources which will be available to fulfill any new duties. As noted in Section F.l.b, the DFG and the NMFS have a cooperative agreement to enforce the Fishery Conservation and Management Act; the DFG and the NPS have a cooperative agreement concerning NPS enforcement of California Fish and Game regulations within 1 nmi (1.8km) of San Miguel, Santa Barbara, and Anacapa Islands. A new cooperative agreement, modeled after the existing ones, could be adopted within the sanctuary which would allow the DFG, NMFS, and NPS within 1 nmi (1.8km) of San Miguel, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa Islands to enforce jointly existing State and Federal regulations as well as sanctuary regulations. It is also possible that NOAA could provide funds to strengthen the present management *nd enforcement capabilities of the DFG, NMFS, and NPS. Since the proposed marine sanctuary relies heavily on existing regulations for the protection of the area's resources, its enforcement agents would also enforce regulations imposed by other authorities. Thus, the marine sanctuary would provide protection for the area not only by proposing new regulations as discussed below, but also by enhancing the effectiveness of existing regu- lations by providing some resources for additional enforcement. F-69 c. Regulated Activities To protect the resources of the proposed sanctuary, NOAA proposes to subject only the following activities to sanctuary regulations: 1. hydrocarbon operations; 2. discharges or deposits of any substance; 3. alteration of or construction on the seabed; 4. vessel navigation (except within a desginated VTSS or PAR) and operations (other than fishing and kelp harvesting vessels); 5. overflights below 1000 feet (305m); and 6. removing or harming cultural and historic artifacts. In the case of each of the above listed activities, NOAA's deter- mination to propose regulations of particular aspects of the activity was based on an evaluation that included a review of the existence and application of current regulatory authority, the primary mission of the agencies administering such authority, and the need for any further regulation to help ensure the long term preservation of the special resources of the proposed sanctuary. In each instance, the alternative of not proposing any additional regulation for a listed activity and of relying on the authorities as described in the status quo section was considered and reject- ed. The designation specifically excludes the harvesting of living marine resources from the scope of possible sanctuary regulation and leaves various other activities to existing authorities. Permits, licenses, and other authorities applicable in the pro- posed sanctuary would remain valid unless they would allow an F-70 action which violates a marine sanctuary regulation. In order to prevent unnecessary and costly delays, the proposed regulations certify in advance the validity of permits and licenses which do not conflict with marine sanctuary regulations. 1. Hydrocarbon Operations (a) Hydrocarbon exploration, development and produc- tion pursuant to any lease executed prior to the effective date of these regulations and the laying of any pipeline is allowed subject to paragraph 935.6(b), and all prohibitions, restrictions, and conditions imposed by applicable regulations, permits, licenses, or other authorizations and consistency reviews including those issued by the Department of the Interior, the Coast Guard, the Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the California Coastal Commission pursuant to the Coastal Zone Management Act and its implementing regulations. (b) No person may engage in any hydrocarbon operation unless the following oil spill contingency equipment is available at the site of such operation. (1) 1500 feet of open ocean containment boom on a boat capable of deploying the boom; (2) one oil skimming device capable of open ocean use; and (3) fifteen bales of oil sorb en t material. (c) Hydrocarbon exploration, development and produc- tion activities pursuant to leases executed on or after the effective date of these regulations are prohibited. These proposed regulations are designed to protect the sensitive living resources of the northern Channel Islands from threats resulting from oil and gas development by keeping such activities at a minimum within the sanctuary and by requiring protective oil F-71 spill containment measures when drilling and other operations proceed. The regulations will reduce the likelihood of resource degradation due to: (1) the effects of oil spills; (2) noise and visual disturbances caused by drilling, presence of drill rigs or platforms, work crews, supply boats, and helicopters; and (3) pollution associated with aquatic discharges. Table F-4 summa- rizes the hazards to marine mammals, seabirds, and marine organ- isms which may result from offshore oil and gas development; Table F-5 describes how NOAA's sanctuary provisions will help mitigate these impacts. This section addresses the impacts listed above, tells how NOAA's sanctuary provisions will relieve the environ- mental stress, and describes the projected socioeconomic effects of these regulations. It should be clearly noted at the outset that the present level of oil and gas activity within the 6-nmi (11.1km) proposed sanctuary is minimal due to previous actions by the Secretary of the Inter- ior and to industry's failure to develop certain tracts. As discussed previously and as illustrated in Figures F-7, F-8, and F-8a, tracts within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the northern Channel Islands were withdrawn from Sale 48. Because this tract withdrawal does not apply to future sales, NOAA proposes to prohibit all future hydrocarbon activities on these tracts. In addition, as Figures F-7, F-8, and F-8a show, 19 other previously leased tracts, particularly off San Miguel Island, have expired or been termi- nated. Thus, there are only 16 active leases fully or partially within the 6 nmi (11.1km) boundary: 202, 203, 204, 205, 210 (off Anacapa island); 223 off Santa Cruz Island; 243-247 (off the south side of Santa Rosa Island); 77 and 78 off the north side of San Miguel Island; and 289-291 (off Santa Barbara Island). No devel- opment activity at all (including exploratory drilling) has occurred on the tracts south of Santa Rosa Island. However, the California Coastal Commission has concurred that a Chevron U.S.A., F-72 • • c co E p— o E P co S- ITS Ul 3 •i- M- > •r- E S- > UJ c en > o c •p» Ul 03 u u •pp •t-> T3 >. E £ •pp -o Ul -P- C +J jC 1 c 4-> Ul ITS •p* c o a. o> 3 c c > o "O ••- o . •P" is Up> o S. *"D 4-> c o *J ITJ S ui +J •M 3 0) •pp •p- I i i at m <4- Ul CO O o > 1 1 1 u c TJ Ol "O &- *^ rtS c >> c •p» c c c c o s_ ■a s- o. u 4- o 4J •w o ■M o O O ITJ •pp (J •p* s- f~ •P" 3 0) •p- O •r" •pp «p" .O +J s. +j •r— "O 3 ■M T3 O i. Wl <0 +J ■W +J s_ T3 •pp •pp ■p— -Q s_ O a. pM« H) f— P~ r— Ul O.T3 j3 cn <*- 4) c c ITS a> r™ - o o c A ui "o> p— 0) 1/1 l/l •pp Ul 3 •pp E 0) •r- o» o +J s_ J= i- O 3 S_ (. TS C •P-- •u u 03 S-. S- TV N ITS 4J •p» e <*- Ul E 3 C.5 . > iD 03 u •P" •p- a» i- |M>Pi 01 UJ c •p-» Ul 4-> a» +»» •P"» M .s U) Ot 3 OJ C7I C ul •p- i. s_ C c 0> 3 «S Ul O.0J (fl «3 ai 3 o a) o- Ul c i. -^ 1 O V ^ ^ a> S_ •p- Q. CO 03 s_ •p» o +) 15 J3 Wp- (0 ITS p— • *» X Ul "O i— CO J= O 1_ CO) 3 Q.O 0) OJ •p— c O -p- S- «i- u z Q. •-i _l 00 z -I-J03 *m i— -o 03 O «« N 03 03 0) •r" .c s- C o s- i— jz: o +J c 03 CO «*- a> •i- M- •r— J. 4J , ■M m i— s- O) s. c •r- •1" •PP •p- i— Q. J»•»- CO p— p— ■ p- a. a. c s?+j S- u 4- u •p- 3 Ul Lu s. *-. «•- f (0 "O +J 3T3 +J Ul <*- i— O — 0) E co a. <4- +J a, c <*. Ul Xl c (B i. <+- {. c Ol i t- ai ui 2 p- O) CO i- ""-'-< •p- •pp pp +J c o -o p- s- s o ■w •p- c ul C E c E T3 S ITS E ui >» ■M S ■— o .e o p- o a. c 3 ^ 3 J= 3 O *-> £ s- •p* i. -p» pp Ti +■> U- Q. 3 O.U < a. a. S s_ i p-uimu oowua # >■ o Ol s_ o s o. a. CQ (O o cs 4J a. g. US 0) 1 U X t. u_ < LU o 1— o UJ -J CO < h- F-73 Table F-5. Potential oil and gas development impacts mitigated by NOAA's preferred sanctuary alternative REGULATION REASON FOR MITIGATION OF IMPACT 1. No future leasing within — Creates a buffer area providing 6 nmi (11.1km) of north- increased response time for oil ern Channel Islands and spill clean-up efforts; Santa Barbara Island —Increases the distance between potential spill/pollutant dis- charge point (i.e., rigs and plat- forms) and sensitive resource areas thereby allowing for weathering and dilution of contaminants before reaching important marine life con- centration areas; —Provides a buffer between noise and visual disturbances and important marine life habitats; \ —Reduces congestion by additional supply vessels which would other- wise frequent nearshore areas; --Reduces potential visual intrusion on aesthetic values of the National Monument, the proposed marine sanctuary, and the proposed National Park; —Reduces potential air pollution; 2. Requirement of addi- —Increases the probability that, if a tional on-site oil spill occurs, it can be reached and spill containment controlled before drifting to sen- equipment on exist- sitive breeding ground and nesting ing leases areas. F-74 F-75 w ^,-xo; p. V'4*/fr ^ ( '\ fc . • : v v F-76 F-77 CD i — -C CD 4-> cr e c H3 •f— .c: o to S- c 0) ^ -O CD E -C =5 +-> C S- o -M c O fO CD S- -C h- 4-J rd CO u_ F-78 Inc. request to drill a single exploratory well on an existing lease south of Santa Rosa Island is consistent with the State's coastal management program (Baird, 1980, personal communication). The project calls for one exploratory well on lease block 245 approximately 1.7 nmi inside the proposed sanctuary boundary to determine both the prospects for recoverable reserves of natural gas at this location and the production potential on the remaining leases south of the Island (California Coastal Commission, 1980). Drilling operations will not be permitted to begin before June 15, 1980 in order to protect the large numbers of harbor seals present in this area in the spring (Baird, 1980, personal communication). Only one exploratory well (with no discovery) has been drilled in the tracts off Santa Barbara Island (Adams, 1979, personal commu- nication; see Table E-16, Section E.3.b). Thus, because levels of oil and gas development activity within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the islands have so far been relatively low, the area's pristine character has been well preserved. While it does not affect future activities on existing leases the sanctuary's prohibition of operations on leases executed on or after formal designation will keep down the level of oil and gas development nearby and thus enhance long-term resource protection. Threats to Resources —Oil Spills The safety record of the offshore oil and gas industry in the United States has been good. Over 23,000 wells have been drilled in coastal and offshore waters over the past 30 years with few major mishaps (Mertens, 1980, personal communication). However, accidents, natural disasters, and human error can lead to situa- tions which result in the release of oil into the marine environ- F-79 ment. Spills can be caused by well blowouts, barge and tanker accidents, pipeline breaks and leaks, and equipment failures. The large majority of spills involve relatively small amounts of oil, usually less than 100O gallons (24 barrels) (BLM, 1979). In the Santa Barbara Channel and Santa Rosa and Santa Barbara Islands area, 10.20 oil spills of 1,000 barrels or more are still statis- tically expected to occur over the next 20 years as a consequence of oil production and transport, not including blowouts (BLM, 1979). Oil can directly affect living marine organisms biochemically or physically (see, for instance, Boesch e_t al_. , 1973; National Academy of Sciences, 1975; and U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1975 and 1979). Petroleum hydrocarbons can also have sublethal or indirectly lethal effects on marine organisms through the destruc- tion or reduction of a species' food supply, chemical interference with reproductive success, and synergistic effects which may reduce resistance to disease and other stresses which alter behavioral patterns such as feeding. The physical damage that can be caused by oil coating marine organisms, the feathers of seabirds, the fur of marine mammals, and the respiratory apparatus of fish is well documented (see, for instance, BLM, 1979). With the exceptional abundance of marine mammals and seabirds -- both of which may be seasonally present around the Channel Islands in numbers representing a significant percentage of the entire species population (as discussed in Sections E.2.a and b) — the possibility exists that the harm to pinniped and seabird populations would be magnified if an oil spill were to coincide with a concentration period (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). The Fish and Wildlife Service, in comments on proposed Lease Sale #68, recommended that a 6nmi F-80 buffer zone from oil and gas leasing be established in order to protect these major populations of marine mammals and seabirds (Meyer to BLM, 1980, personal communication). Spills are not the only potential source of oil in the Santa Barbara Channel region. The area is characterized by a large number of natural oil seepage zones that are estimated to intro- duce a total of from 40 to as much as 670 barrels of oil per day into the marine environment (BLM, 1979). The amount of oil escaping can vary daily and by season. The major portion of the seeps are found in the northernmost part of the Santa Barbara Channel nearer the mainland (BLM, 1979). However, two seeps have been reported within the boundaries of the proposed sanctuary although the amount of oil being released is not documented (Mertens, 1980, personal communication). While the total amount of oil entering the marine waters is considerable, the number of seeps is also large and their distribution widespread. It is therefore difficult to liken the effects of oil seeps to those of a spill. A spill may involve much larger amounts of oil, perhaps with much greater concentration on or near the water's surface, in closer proximity to the valuable Island resources. In addition, while some studies indicate that the ambient oil concentrations may not effect the rich and varied marine life found in the region (Mertens, 1980, personal communication), the full impact of these chronic low level concentrations has not been evaluated and further threats posed by the additional oil influx resulting from a spill are unknown. The Southern California offshore region also receives significant quantities of oil from other sources not related to 0CS develop- ment. Rivers and creeks introduce about 91 barrels of oil and grease per day and discharges of treated municipal wastewater, F-81 which exceeds 1 billion gallons per day, accounts for an addi- tional 1,152 barrels per day (Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Worldwide data on petroleum hydrocarbons entering the oceans indicate that offshore production operations are responsible for only a small portion of the total (National Academy of Sciences, 1975). Inputs from natural seeps, urban and river runoff, atmos- pheric fallout and the various methods for transporting oil are each several times greater. The impact of oil released as a result of offshore production is not as correspondingly small as it may appear. A spill originating from offshore activities can have more serious immediate environmental effects on the signi- ficant ecological resources of this area than longer term dis- charges from other sources, although the effect of chronic dis- charges is not well understood either. —Pinnipeds Floating oil may adversely effect pinnipeds in four ways: by fouling the fur and through ingestion, inhalation, and the irrita- tion of eyes and membranes (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Oil contamination of fur can cause two very important physiological changes -- loss of buoyancy and impairment of normal thermal resistance. Of the two, impairment of the body insulation properties is probably the more damaging, particularly for fur seals which depend primarily on their fur for insulation (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Two species of fur seals are found in the proposed sanctuary, the northern fur seal and the Guadalupe fur seal, which may be proposed for listing as an endangered species. Both seals are at the limit of their range at the northern Channel Islands which may render them even more susceptible to stress. The sea otter, an F-82 occasional transient in the area, is perhaps the most vulnerable marine mammal to oil contamination (Davis, 1978; Kooyman and Costa, 1978, U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). The only major oil spill occurring in the study area was the 1969 Santa Barbara blowout. Estimates of the damage to biological communities vary from essentially no damages to intertidal areas to 100 percent mortality to certain organisms and plants at some locations. All observers reported high mortality for birds (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). The long-term effects of the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill on marine mammals are also still unclear. Shortly after the spill, biologists surveyed the percentage of mortality and of oil contam- ination among the northern elephant seal and California sea lion pups and tagged both oily and clean living pups (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). While significantly more oiled than "clean" California sea lion pups were found dead, the evidence did not prove a cause and effect relationship. Although the spill occurred soon after the breeding season for northern elephant seals, the pups had already been weaned and they did not ingest oil from their mothers. Tag returns for this species showed that oily pups survived as well as clean pups. An earlier spill could have had far more severe impacts (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Several other circumstances of the spill may have also mitigated the effects on biological resources. Most of the oil did not reach shore until at least 3 days after the spill, thus allowing time for weathering; favorable winds, kelp beds, and a natural current barrier may have prevented much of the oil from reaching shore; and the heavy rains of that year increased sedimentation F-83 and flotsam in the area, which may have acted as sinking and absorbent agents for the oil (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979), An oil spill in the sanctuary area would probably cause most damage to pinniped populations if it occurred during the breeding season (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). For San Miguel Island, this would be from March to August and from December to February (see Table E-4). On Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands, the only species with rookeries are harbor seals; the greatest effects of a spill would be between March and May. On Santa Barbara Island, the breeding season extends from June to August and from December to February (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). --Cetaceans Although the impacts of oil on cetaceans are not well understood, some scientists believe that they may have both short and long- term detrimental effects (Leatherwood, 1979, personal communi- cation). Because baleen whales (Mysticeti) are filter feeders, for example, they are susceptible to direct ingestion of oil or oily substances. The toothed whales (Odontoceti) , on the other hand, would be more indirectly affected by eating organisms further down the food chain, such as cephalopods and fish. Of concern is the fact that this could trigger a magnification effect where toxic oil might build up to high levels in the top carni- vores; however, such effects have not yet been demonstrated. There is no data available at present showing the bioaccumulation of oil through the food chain resulting in a biomagnification effect on cetaceans. F-84 It is not known whether whales will swim through or around an oil slick. Humpback whales have been seen feeding in an oil slick in the northern Atlantic Ocean without apparent immediate ill effects (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1979). Although the cumulative effects of oil on whales are not known, it is likely that it would, at least, irritate their eyes and could possibly affect their breathing apparatus given prolonged expo- sure. Because whales depend on blubber rather than fur for thermal regulation, however, oil would not affect their ability to withstand cold Pacific waters. Mammal reactions to an oil spill would depend on many variables including the species of whale, condition of the whale, time of year, and severity of the oil spill . --Birds Floating oil affects marine birds by fouling feathers and through ingestion, inhalation, and irritation of eyes and membranes. Feather contamination is the primary cause of immediate mortality because of the resulting inability to fly, avoid predators, or forage under water as well as the lowering of body temperature due to loss of insulation. Birds may also ingest oil while preening or grooming contaminated feathers, which can lead to death (U. S Bureau of Land Management, 1979). A number of factors influence the vulnerability of different species of birds to contact with spilled oil. Species which have a tendency to form large, dense flocks on the water, spend consi- derable time swimming on the water, dive when alarmed, or exist in small, isolated populations are especially vulnerable (U. S. F-85 Bureau of Land Management, 1979). To some extent, all seabirds which breed in large colonies are vulnerable to contact with floating oil during nesting season. The study area is characterized by a number of seabird breeding colonies (see Section E.2.b. and Table E-10 above). In addition, many migrating species congregate in the offshore region for brief periods throughout the year. Potential degredation threats endangering seabirds due to oil spills and associated clean up operations are likely to be particularly severe from January to June when seabird densities are at their highest (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Both cormorants and alcids are particu- larly susceptible to exposure in this respect largely on account of their sizeable breeding colonies within the study area. Brown pelicans, while present in far smaller populations here, are equally vulnerable due to their restricted area distribution, seasonally large breeding assemblages, and frequent diving (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Among the other seabirds generally believed to be the most sus- ceptible to oil contamination are: murres, guillemots, auklets, murrelets, puffins, loons, grebes, and scoters (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). According to an analysis of impacts resulting from the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, the western grebe was apparently incapable of discriminating between oiled and clean water surfaces and thus was the one species most seriously affect- ed by oiling ( Battel! e- Northwest, 1969). Shearwaters, albatros- ses, petrels, gulls, terns, shorebirds, and some ducks and geese all demonstrate vulnerability to oil contamination, but less so than diver species (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979) (see Table F-6). F-86 Table F-6. Seabird species most vulnerable to impacts related to OCS oil resource exploitation. (All populations are considered vulnerable to disruption of feeding grounds wherever they aggregate in large numbers. Birds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.) (University of California, Santa Cruz, 1978). SPECIES COMMENTS Migratory waterfowl (loons, grebes, sea ducks) Cormorants Brown pelican Phalaropes Western gull Nesting ale ids (Cassin's auklet, pigeon guillemot, Xantus' murrelet) Wintering alcids Most are divers and are wery sus- ceptible to oiling of feathers; many species forage in large groups in restricted areas of shallow water nearshore. Breeders in Channel Islands; wery susceptible to disturbance of colo- nies; roost ashore in large groups and forage in flocks; susceptible to oiling of feathers. Endangered species and Channel Is- lands breeder; wery susceptible to disturbance of colonies; \ery numerous and wide-ranging but susceptible to oiling of feathers. Channel Islands breeder; may contami- nate eggs by bringing oil to nests on breast feathers. Very susceptible to oiling of feathers; gather in large groups near colonies; vulnerable to disturbance of colonies and introduction of terrestrial pre- dators. yery susceptible to oiling of feathers; may concentrate in restricted offshore areas for feeding. F-87 The long-term, cumulative effects of oil and gas development on seabird habitat areas and foraging grounds in the Santa Barbara Channel area are still unknown (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Because of their direct dependence on nearshore food sources, long-term contamination of foraging grounds could cause major alterations in seabird reproductive capabilities (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Oil spill treatment and clean-up operations also have important impacts on the seabirds and mammals. Often the emulsifiers used and associated human activity have been more harmful than the oil (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Because many new gene- ration dispersants which are supposed to be no more toxic than oil have not yet been totally evaluated, their environmental effects remain largely unkown (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). As with oil spills themselves, the impacts of cleanup operations would be particularly severe at times when seabirds are highly concentrated. --Fishery A large oil spill in a fishing area also poses a serious threat to sport and commercial fisheries such as those encompassed by the preferred sanctuary alternative (see Section E.2.c). Potential long-term effects include not only injury to the generally more sensitive larvae and juveniles but also to adults, altered repro- duction (fish egg viability or sperm-egg interaction) or behavior (feeding or migration), or disruption of the food chain. The precise type of impact depends largely on timing with respect to spawning season, migration patterns, and whether the oil sinks F-88 (i.e., affects bottom or demersal eggs) or floats (i.e., affects pelagic eggs). A spill resulting in a surface slick could affect upper water biota such as the squid, northern anchovy, jack mackerel, and the planktonic base of the food chain. Heavier oils that sink could affect shellfish (abalone, lobster, crabs) and fishes such as the flounders and soles. A spill could prevent or limit fishing for a period of time during and after its occurrence. In the case of the Santa Barbara spill in 1969, it is estimated that fishermen lost a minimum of two months of fishing with the area displaced by the spill (Neal and Sorenson, 1970; U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). The chemical remains of spills of refined hydrocarbons in other sectors of the world's oceans, some of which are similar to portions of the marine sanctuary study area, have closed waters to fishing or other activities for many years (e.g., Hyland, 1977). The effects of oil and gas activities on kelp, particularly in terms of kelp's role as a habitat for fish, are also important. A number of kelp bed concentrations are evident around each of the Northern Channel Islands (see Section E.2.c and Table E-14). It is generally believed that the susceptibility of kelp and other plants to oil pollution varies with its life stage and that the adult generation has an outer mucilage covering which appears to protect it against oil toxicity (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). While there appears to be little evidence to indicate that kelp is harmed by oil, it is an important habitat for fish and fauna which may ingest or come into contact with oil trapped in its fronds. In addition, kelp contamination due to oil (e.g., natural seepage) renders it unfit for human harvest unless suffi- cient wave action cleansing occurs (Szelenyi, 1979, personal communication) . F-89 --Invertebrates and Intertidal Organisms The effects of a large oil spill on the invertebrate species of the study area could be devastating. These species include squid and shellfish such as the rock crab, lobster, shrimp, mussels, and ab alone, all of which are commercially valuable to the region, in addition to many bottom- dwell ing and intertidal organisms impor- tant to the food chain. The planktonic larval stages of shellfish are highly vulnerable to the effects of oil. Bivalve shellfish are sedentary and suffer significant mortalities in areas where sediments become contaminated with oil (NOAA, 1979). The area supports a diversity of intertidal organisms. Many invertebrates and other types of marine species are dependent on tide pools during some part of their life cycles. The impact of an oil spill reaching these habitats could be severe. Smothering could cause extensive damage and subsequent shore clean-up efforts could serve to disrupt further the affected sites (Resources, 1978). The toxic and long-term effects of the oil are not as well known. The area contains a large number of endemic species which could be threatened with extinction by even a small spill because of their narrow range (Resources, 1978; BLM, 1979). Low concentrations of oil or its components have been found to affect the feeding behavior in species such as snail, lobster, crab, and oyster and low levels of oil in sediments can impede the burrowing activities of certain bivalves (NOAA, 1979). The long- term effects from the Santa Barbara oil spill have not been fully determined. While high mortalities were suffered by acorn bar- nacles and the breeding rates of barnacles and mussels and the F-90 larval settlement of barnacles were temporarily inhibited, certain species of molluscs and other intertidal species were able to return to the area (BLM, 1979). —Reduced risks from spills Based upon existing knowledge concerning trajectories of oil spilled at sites near and in the proposed sanctuary, the prohi- bition of hydrocarbon activities within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the islands will substantially reduce the risk to the sensitive resources therein, both by preventing some spills and providing a temporal and spatial buffer to nearshore resources. Immediately following a spill, the oil undergoes rapid weathering and most of the toxic fractions evaporate into the atmosphere or disperse into the water. Such dilution and chemical /biological degradation lessens the damage from contact with oil spills. It is, therefore, important to note that the greater the distance between significant resources and potential oil spill sites, the greater the amount of time available for spills to be diluted and weathered to a less toxic concentration or form. The Bureau of Land Management developed oil spill probabilities for leases predating and included in Lease Sale 48 and an oil spill model to plot trajectories of hypothetical spills. Table F- 7 illustrates the probability of an oil spill (1000 barrels or more) reaching the five islands as a result of activities asso- ciated with all the tracts considered for Lease Sale 48 as well as with tracts from earlier sales premised on BLM's oil spill model and probabilities. Figure F-9 shows oil spill trajectories computed by the California Office of Planning and Research (1977). 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CU O CD E O CO <> 0. re 2 CO S- CU £3 O E re >, o_ jc: «* i- re S- re H-C0Q.2: T3 Q II * * •K * ¥ Q- * F-92 F-93 In the Final Environmental Statement of Sale 48 (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979), BLM finds that "if just San Miguel Island, as the major pinniped breeding island is considered, the probabi- lity of a major spill within the next 20 years is almost 100 percent." As noted in Section E.3.b. and below, BLM's oil spill probabi- lities reflect development scenarios analyzed in the Final Envir- onmental Impact Statement on Sale 48 (U. S. Bureau of Land Manage- ment, 1979). Since then, the Secretary of Interior withdrew 69 tracts from Sale 48, including 24 near the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island (Figure F-7). Furthermore, U.S.G.S. significantly reduced its most probable estimate of the oil and gas reserves associated with Sale #48. Although the oil spill model was not rerun to reflect changes in oil spill probabi- lities because of these tract withdrawals, these two changes have certainly reduced the probability of an oil spill reaching the Channel Islands. Spills can still result from operations on existing leases in the area and, potentially, from Sale 48 tracts beyond 6 nmi (11.1km). In addition, although the tracts closest to the islands have been withdrawn from Sale 48, without sanctuary designation they can still be leased in subsequent sales. In addition to showing the probability that an oil spill will reach the islands, BLM's oil spill model also developed probabi- lities that an oil spill will affect: (1) major pinniped haulout and breeding areas and (2) seabird breeding and nesting areas within three days; these are shown on Table F-8*. For instance, *The probabilities that a hypothetical spill will affect pinniped and seabird areas are not specific to the Channel Islands, but reflect areas throughout the Southern California Bight. BLM's resource maps used for this analysis do illus- trate a very high correlation between location of these areas on the Channel Islands and their areal extent throughout the Bight. F-94 probabilities of a spill reaching major pinniped haulout and pupping areas from a proposed lease within the proposed sanctuary (see P9 on Figure F-10) north of Santa Cruz and Anacapa Islands (for Lease Sale 48 which was later withdrawn) within three days range as high as 63 percent. Probabilities range as high as 68 percent that spills occurring on a proposed lease (P9) and 70 percent from existing leases (see E5 on Figure F-ll) will reach seabird breeding and nesting areas. These probability figures do not reflect the fact that a significant impact could also occur at sea (i.e., not just to haulout and nesting sites) because of the intensive use of these areas as foraging grounds. Because BLM's oil spill model has not been rerun in light of the withdrawal from Sale #48 of 24 tracts around the Islands or the USGS's reduction in estimated resource potential available from Sale #48 (see Table E-13), it is difficult to determine the specific additional protection from oil spills (i.e., a reduction in the probability of a spill hitting an Island resource ) pro- vided by the 6nmi (11.1km) buffer. NOAA also cannot project how many tracts within 6 nmi of the Islands would be leased in the future in the absence of a marine sanctuary designation. Table F- 8 and Figure F-12 show the high probability of oil spills origi- nating from tracts in the proposed sanctuary and reaching sensi- tive biological areas. Although these probabilities have certain- ly declined, given the lower resource estimates of USGS, there is no question that a prohibition on oil and gas activities on future tracts within 6 nmi of the Islands will reduce the risk of oil spills reaching nearshore resources by eliminating whatever petroleum exploration and exploitation might otherwise occur. Furthermore, while the risks of oil spilled beyond the proposed boundary reaching nearshore resources may remain high, oil spilled more, than 6 nmi from Island shores is less likely to reach these F-95 TABLE F-8. Probabilities (in percent) that an oil spill starting at a particular location in the vicinity of the northern Channel Islands will reach in three days: (1) major pinniped haul out and breeding areas and (2) seabird breeding and nesting areas (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1978b) *. Hypothetical Spill location** (see Figure F-10 and F-H) (Proposed Leases) ?-, **** ■pi D 8 r Q **** P P 10 ^12 ** ** Major Pinniped Seabird Breeding and Haul-out and Breeding Nesting Sites*** Areas *** 13 26 8 46 26 28 4 7 30 13 10 17 11 17 16 14 63 68 3 3 13 24 22 52 (Existing Leases) ll 10 8 23 34 55 49 2 2 18 10 46 40 35 70 52 2 3 37 * These probabilities were computed from USfiS's original high resource estimate. ** See Figures F-10 and F-ll for hypothetical spill locations and their proximity to San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands. "P" stands for Proposed Sale 48 Leases and "E" for Existing Leases. BLM's Oil Spill Model also includes probabilities for spills from tankers hitting these resources. *** As noted, BLM's Oil Spill Model does not consider the probabilities of an oil spill on these areas specifically at the northern Channel Islands and Santa Barbara Island, but rather throughout the Southern California Bight. **** P7, and p 9, and p 12 correlate with the 24 tracts around the islands withdrawn from Sale 48. n - less than 0.5 percent. F-96 TABLE F-9. Oil spill recovery equipment in the vicinity of the northern Channel Islands--see Figure F-13 (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). Location on Figure F-13 Equipment available at location A Clean Seas Getty Oil Terminal 1 trailer 1 51 T ACME Skimmer - "800" of 16" Sea curtain boom 6 Clean Seas 3 Exxon Floating Heir skimmers 1 Komara Mini Skimmer 1 050 Cyclonet Skimmer 800' of 8" Sea curtain boom 400' of 16" Sea curtain boom 1,210' of Sea Sentry boom 2,000' of B-T boom 1 Vicoma sea pack (1,600' of boom) 1 trailer 1 39 T ACME Skimmer 1,500' of 43" Expandi boom 800' of 8" Sea curtain boom C Clean Seas Carpinteria yard 1 trailer 1 51 T ACME Skimmer 800' of 16" Sea curtain boom 400' of 8" Sea curtain boom - Clean Seas Union Terminal 1 trailer 1 51 T ACME Skimmer 4,400' of 43" Expandi boom 738' of 30" Expandi boom E Clean Seas 1 trailer 1 51 T ACME Skimmer 2,410' of 30" Expandi boom NOTE: At each drilling location there is a minimum of 1 skimmer, 1,000' of boom and 10 bbls of dispersant. F-97 F-98 F-99 =3 03 00 00 00 *3- =*= +j r^» •p- CT> 2 t— 1 to a +-> S_ u o 03 •p~ S- s- +-> cu -M sz £ 4-> i—i •r— 2 <+ O 03 £ p— 0) £ S_ s- o 03 o Q. O. E to O) "O JZ £ +-> 03 o -J Q. >><*- 3= O a CVJ I— 1 1 L±_ UJ a; C3 F-100 nearshore wildlife concentrations in toxic quantities, since the increased distance from shore would provide more time for natural forces to weather, mix, dilute, or redirect spilled oil. The 6 nmi (11.1km) buffer created by NOAA's proposed regulations is necessary because oil spill containment measures do not suffice to protect the resources of these waters from the risks of an oil spill in this area. The success or failure of at-sea containment and recovery operations in the event of an oil spill depends heavily on three factors: prevailing marine conditions, the amount of time available before the oil will reach critical resources, and speed of response. Under calm ocean conditions, existing containment and recovery equipment will function effectively, making successful at-sea recovery of the spilled oil more likely. But the effectiveness of containment booms and skimmers falls off dramatically as wave heights or wind velocities increase; the booms will not function effectively if water currents exceed one to two knots (California Office of Planning and Research, 1977). Wave period, height, and the amount of turbulence also affect performance. Skimming devices are, likewise, dependent on sea conditions. Effective skimming is unlikely when ocean conditions are not at least moderately calm (California Office of Planning and Research, 1977). The exposure of the waters seaward of the Channel Islands to currents from the south and north and to storm swells makes sea states too rough during most periods for effective at-sea spill containment. Similarly, the seas around San Miguel Island are typically very rough and would often preclude effective contain- ment. For instance, Clean Seas, Inc. (no date), in their site F-101 protection and cleanup plan, state that the convergence of ocean and Channel currents at the easternmost tip of San Miguel Island results in breakers and rough seas. Access or approach for spill control in that region is extremely dangerous (Clean Seas, Inc., n.d.). Waters within the Santa Barbara Channel are more protected from offshore swells and storms, particularly in the eastern portion of the Channel. Chevron (1978) noted that average signi- ficant wave heights in the eastern portion of the Channel are less than 6 feet (1.8m) and that severe storm waves (100-year maximum) have a 95 percent probability of not exceeding 34.4 feet (10.5m) in height. Such currents and winds can still, however, make the waters rough and limit the effectiveness of oil spill containment equipment. Because of rough water conditions around the islands, even the availability of on-site containment equipment may not insure that spills are effectively recovered. Other spill abatement methods are available in addition to, or in lieu of, at- sea containment. Dispersants act to facilitate the incorporation of the oil into the water column and can be used when conditions prevent the deployment of containment and collec- tion equipment. The application of dispersants is contingent on authorization for their use given by the Environmental Protection Agency (CEQ, 1980). This permission is granted on a case-by-case basis depending on specific spill site conditions and is planned to result in the least overall environmental damage. Various dispersant application techniques have been evaluated (Smith, 1979). However, an insufficient amount of research, especially for newly developed dispersant chemicals, has been conducted to assess adequately their effects of the marine environment (McCarthy, 1980, personal communication). Early studies indicated that the impacts of using dispersants at times exceeded that of the oil alone (BLM, 1979; Dewling, 1979). F-102 Because the tracts in the sanctuary are far from the mainland where Clean Seas' oil spill response equipment is located (see Figure F-13), in the event of an oil spill it is important that there be sufficient time for Clean Seas to reach the site. NOAA's prohibition on oil and gas operations within 6 nmi (11.1km) of the islands on future leases extends the response time available for possible at- sea oil spill cleanup before the spill reaches near- shore areas. This increase in response time is particularly important because, if a spill does reach shore, it is likely that cleanup crew, equipment, and associated disturbances will greatly compound the impact caused by the spill itself (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979). For instance, Lindstet-Siva (1976) stated that attempts to boom rookery beaches may be counterproductive since most species of pinnipeds will abandon rookeries if repeat- edly disturbed. Because suitable areas for pinniped rookeries are quite limited, abandonment of a rookery in this area could have severe consequences. Even if disturbed only once, several days may be required before activity patterns return to normal on a disturbed beach. Because of these factors, Lindstet-Siva (1976) noted that the best action is to mechanically contain the oil at the site. Lindstet-Siva (1979) recommended that human activity be kept to a minimum in nearshore waters and on beaches used by pinnipeds and that the use of chemical dispersants in the open sea (approximately 5 miles from the rookery) be considered to mitigate the effects of the spill. If oil reaches rookeries, it is probably best not to attempt cleanup since almost any method would be disturbing to these animals. In their site protection and cleanup plans, Clean Seas Inc. recognize the potential that oil spill recovery activities may disrupt pinniped rookeries (Clean Seas, Inc., no date). The site protection plans for San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and F-103 r— (/) ^-s >r _ "O CT» £L c r^. 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4-1 >o •H c (D to o (N 01 rH 01 ro X t; U4 C HWH >i4J £ 0) ID c 4-1 >1 * u 4J U ID 1-1 4-1 01 to 0) 0) to X 4J 3 ID 01 ID C C •P to c M o> U4 ID (D c 1-1 4J in 4J O (0 U 4J rH 0> ID 0) .c 0) M X 4-1 c c m X 4J 0) U-l rH u E S C •- U 10 ID •H C tO tj> 'O rH -H 10 to 4-> U 10 t-l 4J iD 3 I — 1 !_, 10 W 4J ID c 4-1 c ■C C S ( i C •H 4-> rH -H to 4-1 to •H O E O 3 T3 10 c •H -P C ID 4J 01 1-1 0) E 0) X u-< O X u to 4-1 ID X c -P -H C CO -H ■H 14 -H D> S to oi c rH ID U c o z C U-l 0) to 4-1 V 4J c >1 H 4J ►J -h x -a -h XI U 01 E 0) rH 10 > 0) O 4J ID i-l to 0) ID to 01 u Q CO o > 4J oi n 3 -H c CJ X I-l U-l O O c 01 U4 to C X >H rH < u 10 £ > •H 3 4J C ■a 0) 10 4-> u -H J 0> E- -P ID 1-1 3 01 r4 -Q CO 3 Q c en >1 to MH • tN 01 X CO E •H •H 01 4-1 S OJ M W U •H to rH rH ID a 0) H rH 0) to to c o •H 4-> 0) u 3 u 4J 3 to 4J u 0) 4-1 C ^ a u a to s C -H M 4J *«0 rj rH rH < •H x 4-> ID C •H E O u 0) X 3 ID U c a, c •H >-i c •H X l-i UH ID E to 10 o a 4J 0) 0) -p rH rH ID to •v. rH|U U -H oo C 3 01 4J VO -H to Table 4; Platforms In the Santa Barbara Channe area (U. S. Bureau of Land Management, 1979 (Visual No. 1); U . S. Geological Survey, 1975 (Map I- ■974); Resources 1978; Adams, 1979, personal communication; and California Office of Planning and Research, 1977). PLATFORM NAME UNIT TRACT OPERATOR State Waters Hope Carplnterla PRC-3150 Chevron Hazel Summerl and PRC-1824 Chevron He1d1 Carplnterla PRC-3150 Chevron Hilda Summerl and PRC-1824 Chevron Holly South Ell wood PRC-3242 Arco Helen Cuarta PRC-2206 Texaco Herman Conception PRC-2725 Texaco Rlncon (Artificial Island) PRC-1466 Arco Federal Waters Union A Dos Cuadras P-0241 Union Union B Dos Cuadras P-0241 Union Union C Dos Cuadras P-0241 Union Hlllhouse Dos Cuadras P-0240 Sun Henry (Planned) Carplnterla P-0204 Sun Houchln Carplnterla P-0166 Phillips Hogan Carplnterla P-0166 Phillips Grace (PI anned) Santa Clara P-0217 Chevron Hondo Santa Ynez P-0188 Exxon Gina (Planned) Hueneme P-0202 Union in fN 1 0) •a 4J 0) XI •0 -a H ID c -P 14 1 4J 0) c 3 XI TO TO 4J •D 1 u Ul TO O 4J 4-> X! i U £ H • in O in 4-1 0) H 4J rH 01 0J X! c a 4J TO a in T> 0) U H c 1-1 O c 0) u E 0) ID •H c 01 0) > C o 01 H M-( C rH QJ 14 H •H. 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ID a> 0) 0> *» c 4J 4J o •H to •H ID I -fl 4-> M H 4J ai >a ■0 0) x: S •d •r4 M rH 4H a ! *> h O 0: ID JZ 0) 0> CO 4J •H 01 cn 0) 3 C •H « V-l i 3 •H H 0) co ID 4-1 4J n U tu, 01 M 0) H E to 1 c tu CO 13 U 0) M r-l o ID x; a £ U •H 0) rH a a J 01 3 ai E rH jj 4-> c 0) ! C rC o 3 u o o "O CO a rH 0) o o 4-> •H in M M C C 0) X •rH <4H £ c (J 3 -H •H n s ID a 0, •H 3 M 0) +J 3 4J •H V to 4J r« a APPENDIX 7. Distribution List for the Channel Islands FEIS U.S. Air Force L.A. District - Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior - National Park Service - Channel Islands National Monument Department of State, Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs Department of Transportation, FAA Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration - Region Nine Department of Transportation, 11th Coast Guard District U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Surveillance and Analysis Division U.S. Environmental Protection, Office of Environmental Review Marine Mammal Commission U.S. Representative Anthony C. Beilenson (CA) State of California Coastal Commission California Coastal Commission, Regional Office The Resources Agency of California California Department of Fish and Game City of Del Mar, California The City of Santa Barbara, California Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors Board of Supervisors of Santa Barbara County Hermosa Beach Planning Commission County of Ventura-Fish and Game Commission State Senator Omer L. Rains State Assemblyman Gary K. Hart The American Cetacean Society American Petroleum Institute Association of Santa Barbara Channel Yacht Clubs Atlantic Richfield Company California Marine Parks and Harbors Association California Seafood Institute Carpi nteria Valley Association Center for Law and Social Policy Channel Islands Yacht Club CHEVRON U.S.A. Coast Al liance Concerned Citizens of Silver Strand Corinthian Yacht Club Crowley Maritime Corporation-Steamship Association of Los Angeles Harbor Environmental Defense Network Defenders of Wildlife Environmental Defense Center Environmental Defense Network EXXON Company U.S.A. Fishermen and Allied Workers' Union Friends of the Earth and Coast Watch Friends of the River Friends of the Santa Monica Maintains, Parks and Seashore Friends of the Sea Otter Hanna-Barbara's Marine"! and League of Women Voters of Santa Barbara League of Women Voters of Ventura County Merck & Co. , Incl More Mesa Land Trust National Association of Underwater Instructors National Coalition for Marine Conservation Pacific Region National Parks and Conservation AssociationNorcal Graphics Natural Resources Defense Council Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Association, Incl Pacific Merchant Shipping Association Recreational Boating Counsel Resources Partnership Santa Barbara Audubon Society Santa Barbara Commercial Fishermen Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Scenic Shoreline Preservation Conference Sea Land Sport Fishing and Sport Fishing Association of California Seaworld Sierra Club Sierra Club - Santa Monica Mountains Task Force Southern California Cruiser Association Sportsmen's Council of Central California Southern California Gas Southern California Petroleum Contingency Organization Atlantic Richfield Company Sportsmen's Council of Central California and California Wildlife Federation Stauffer Chemical Company Texico, Incl University of California - Irvine - School of Biological Sciences University of California - Santa Cruz Ventura Col lege Ventura College Well Control School and the International Association of Drilling Contractors Ventura Yacht Club Western Oil and Gas Association Whale Center F.E. Bernstein Atlee Clapp Al Ebling Ted Flesher Clara Ann Folk Peter Gross Rick Hamner and Associates Mr. and Mrs. John D. Harms Myrna Lefferts Philip R. Lever Helen Matelson Adam C. McOuat John Morgan Timothy M. Murphy and 30 Friends Scott T. Olson Christopher P. Onuf William Rubin Richard S potts Mrs. J.R. Stallings Dyanne Tabin and Family Gary Vesperman Edward and Sarah Zawaski PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES mini i mm A0DDD7D c mDDlS