£t*l. 30.*l/S! Virginia Exports ■ ■.,' . f ■ ■- - - , ^SbE? U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ^^^^ International Trade Administration An ita Washington, D.C. 20230 Publication August 1984 ■ ■ ■ EXPORTS . . . their importance to the United States economy Exports play an important role in our economy and in the increasingly interdependent world econ- omy. The United States is the world's largest exporter — currently selling $200 billion of U.S. goods abroad — and is the world's largest economy. With 5 percent of the world's population, our coun- try produces 24 percent of the world's industrial goods. Exporting provides a broader marketing base for U.S. firms and is considerably more important than many Americans realize. Exports currently account for 5 million jobs in the United States. On average, 25,000 jobs are generated per $1 billion of U.S. merchandise exports. Many jobs depend on exports Employment generated by exports is much great- er than the number actually employed in producing the final products shipped abroad. Exports create a large demand for employment that spreads throughout our economy. This includes all the jobs needed to produce goods and services supplied to export pro- ducers, the jobs needed by the export producers to produce exports, and the jobs needed to move prod- ucts to our ports or borders for transport to other countries. Most of the export-related jobs are in manufactur- ing and services. According to the latest estimates, 49 percent of the jobs are in manufacturing, 37 percent in services, and 14 percent in production of nonmanufactured goods. The importance of export employment varies among the industries. About one out of every eight Americans currently employed in manufacturing is dependent on exports of manufac- tured goods. About one out of every six jobs produc- ing nonmanufactured goods and one out of 24 jobs in services are export-related. Exports affect production and employment in all industries, not just in a few major export industries. For example, while the primary metals industries directly export about $6 billion of their products annually, an additional $21 billion of steel and other metals are exported in the form of American- made computers, aircraft, tractors, and other man- ufactured goods. Exports are of great importance to America's farm- ers as well. They account for $ 1 of every $4 of farm sales. Likewise, many jobs in the coal mining and mineral industries, as well as a considerable number in the fishing industry, are dependent on overseas sales. Exports also support employment in the truck- ing, rail transport, insurance, and other service industries. Exports essential But the basic importance of exports is that they are the principal means by which America pays for its purchases from foreign countries. The United States imports proportionately far less than other major, countries, but imports have become increas- ingly important to the American standard of living — and they have to be paid -for. The other major indus- trial nations generally cover the cost of the goods they import by their exports. Merchandise exports and imports each account for an average of about 20 percent of the gross national product in that group of countries. American exports, however, were only 5.9 percent of GNP in 1983, while the ratio of imports to GNP stood at 7.8 percent. This gap between exports and imports is the trade deficit, which amounted to $57.6 billion in 1983. The strength of our exports means a great deal to America. Exports are important to all the 50 states, and each state plays a significant role in meeting the need to export more. This report helps explain that role and shows the significance of exports in rela- tion to employment and production. CONTENTS Inside front Importance of Exports to U.S. Economy cover 1 Virginia's Export Highlights 2 Explanatory Notes 3 Table 1 - Virginia's Manufactured Exports, Production, and Employment, 1981 4 Table 2 - Growth in Virginia's Manufactured Exports 5 Table 3 - U.S. Manufactured Exports by State 6, 7 Map - U.S. Manufactured Exports by State 8 Table 4 - Virginia's Agricultural Exports 9 Table 5 - U.S. Agricultural Exports by State 10 Table 6 - Virginia's Manufactured Production, Export-Related Manufactures and Employment, 1981 11 Table 7 - Growth in Virginia's Export- Related Manufactures 12 Table 8 - Export-Related Manufactures and Employment by State Inside Chart - Exports of U.S. Manufacturing back Industries Related to Domestic cover Production Virginia Export Highlights Virginia's exports of manufactured goods totaled $3.3 billion in 1981, 113 percent above the level in 1977. They rose more than twice as fast as production. An estimated 27,400 jobs in Virginia were directly related to producing manufactured exports in 1981. About 18,600 additional jobs were required to produce materials and parts for incorporation in products exported from the 50 states. Thus, 46,000 jobs in Virginia were dependent on exports of manufactured goods — about one of every nine manufacturing jobs in the state. Exports of bituminous coal, valued at $494 million in 1981, were one and a third times the 1977 value. Manufactured exports doubled Virginia's exports of manufactures totaled $3.3 billion in 1981, an increase of 113 percent since 1977. The state ranked 16th nationally in sales of these products to foreign countries. Its exports accounted for 2 percent of the U.S. total. Manufac- turing shipments from Virginia firms rose by 50 percent, less than half the rate of expansion in exports. Chemicals and tobacco products were Virginia's major exports. Substantial amounts of electric equip- ment, manufactured food, and nonelectric machinery also were shipped abroad. Virginia ranked second nationally as an exporter of tobacco manufactures, fourth in textile mill products, fifth in furniture/ fixtures, and sixth in chemicals. Chemicals topped Virginia's list of export manu- factures. Exports more than doubled their 1977 value to reach $982 million in 1981. Foreign sales in 1981 were 21.6 percent of output compared with 14.9 percent 4 years earlier. Export growth in this period accounted for about one-third of this industry's increased production. These foreign sales generated 7,000 export jobs. Tobacco manufactures exports valued at $846 million accounted for 25 percent of the state's pro- duction. Exports were 46 percent of the production growth from 1977 to 1981. Virginia accounted for 39 percent of the nation's manufactured tobacco exports in 1981. The 4,000 export jobs were one- fifth of the industry's total employment in the state. The Census Bureau has estimated that the full impact of U.S. exports on Virginia's manufacturing activity was 14.3 percent rather than the 9.3 percent attributable to direct exports as shown in table 3. Estimates including supporting shipments of mate- rials and parts for incorporation in products exported from 50 states are shown in tables 6 to 8. Thus, of the expanded manufacturing output generated between 1977 and 1981, 23 percent — or $1 out of every $4 — was due to export-related shipments. Tobacco leading export crop Virginia's share of U.S. agricultural exports in FY 1982, including some manufactures of farm origin, totaled an estimated $384 million, up 71 percent from the FY 1977 level. Unmanufactured tobacco valued at $132 million continued to be the leading crop sold abroad as it had been all through the 1960's and early 1970's. Foreign sales in 1982 were 48 percent above those in FY 1977. Other commodities of substantial value were soybeans, wheat and flour, and feed grains. The sharp growth in exports of agricultural prod- ucts from FY 1977 to FY 1982 accounted for 26 percent of the rise in farm sales and added substan- tially to the income of Virginia farmers. In this period, the export contribution to each dollar of the state's farm sales increased from 22 to 24 cents. Exporter of fish Virginia's fishing industry exported $13.8 million worth of fishery products in 1981. Over half of this total consisted of fish in fresh and frozen form. The (continued on back cover) ■:■-■ ■ ':::>_, Explanatory Notes State export statistics presented in this report are esti- mates, in contrast to national export statistics, which are compiled from export documents prepared at the time goods leave the country. This note considers the reasons for, and consequences of, that difference. Export estimates for each state are needed in order to measure the relative impact throughout our nation of changes in goods sold abroad. National export data are compiled each month in detail by types of goods sold and summarized in large commodity aggregates and overall totals — but in order to measure exports by each state of origin, which is not identified in shippers' export docu- ments, special studies are necessary. This report — one in a series of reports for each state — brings together state export estimates from studies by various U.S. Government agencies on manufactured goods, agricultural products, fishery products, and selected miner- als. Overall totals for all goods exported from each state are not shown since these studies differ in methodology, frequency, export valuation, and U.S. geographic cover- age, and the manufactures and agricultural studies some- what overlap the products covered. Manufactured Exports in this report relate to manufac- tures as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and include manufactured food, mineral fuel prod- ucts, fats, oils, firearms, and ammunition not typically part of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) definition of manufactures. For the United States as a whole, exports of these additional products totaled $28.5 billion in 1981. Exports, normally valued at the port of exportation, are adjusted to f.o.b. plant values to make accurate comparisons with production (shipments) data. The state estimates for manufactured goods are based on surveys of manufacturers conducted by the Industry Division of the Bureau of the Census. These studies are for selected years; cover the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii; and present data classified by the 20 major SIC industry groups (2-digit). Tables 1 to 3 show the value of state exports and state production, and the number of workers employed in manufacturing plants producing the finished goods for direct shipment to for- eign destinations. State economies also benefit from manufactured goods produced for ultimate export through other states, and from jobs related to manufactured exports which are gen- erated in nonmanufacturing industries. In the table below, percentages show the full impact of export-related manufactures on state employment. Tables 6 to 8 show the percent of production and the value of state export- related manufactures — direct exports plus indirect exports or the value of materials and parts incorporated in prod- ucts exported from elsewhere in the nation — and the number of state export-related workers employed in manufactur- ing plants producing these goods. Table 8 also shows the total number of workers related to manufactured exports — in manufacturing plus the number in nonmanufacturing industries supporting manufactured exports by supplying materials or services such as forwarding, warehousing, transport, and other foreign trade-related services. Agricultural Exports relate to food products other than those from marine sources, unmanufactured tobacco, and other agricultural products simply processed such as fibers, raw hides and skins, fats and oils, wine and beverages other than distilled types. The state estimates for agricultural exports are from studies prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Exports reflect shares in national exports according to each state's production and sales data. Export values were obtained by multiplying each state's share of farm pro- duction by commodity times the total export value for each of the respective commodities. These annual studies are for fiscal years ending September 30 and for all states except Alaska, and show data classified by 18 commodity groups. Tables 4 and 5 show the value of state exports and the percent of farm sales. Other Exports — Fishery products, various minerals, and fuel export estimates shown in the Highlights on page 1 for selected states are from studies prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Department of Interior, and the U.S. Department of Energy, respectively. Exports generally reflect shares in national exports according to state production. Annual Exports and Employment Related to Manufactured Exports Manufactured exports Manufacturing employment Total employment, including nonmanufacturing employment (million dollars) (thousands) Percent of manufacturing employment (thousands) Percent of civilian employment Virginia * 1976 1,545 35.6 9.5 58.3 2.8 1977 1,573 33.5 8.5 56.1 2.6 1980 3,208 48.5 11.6 89.9 3.7 1981 3,344 46.0 11.1 88.3 3.6 United States 1976 83,098 2,125.4 11.3 3,452.1 4.0 1977 85,796 1,990.2 10.2 3,258.2 3.6 1980 151,216 2,639.3 12.8 4,808.3 4.8 1981 164,283 2,603.8 12.8 4,794.0 4.7 * Virginia's export-related manufactures were as follows in million dollars: 1976, 2,370; 1977, 2,480; 1980, 4,876; and 1981, 5,163. About 23 percent of the increase in Virginia's manufacturing production from 1977 to 1981 was generated by growth in export-related manufactures. TABLE 1 Virginia Manufactured Exports, Production, and Employment, 1981 • Virginia's leading manufactured exports were chemicals, tobacco products, and electric equipment. • These three industries accounted for 63 percent of Virginia's total exports of manufactures. Industry group Estimated Production exports (million dollars) Exports as percent of production Estimated employment related to exports (thousands) Employment related to exports as percent of total employment Total 1 35,910 3,344 9.3 27.4 6.7 Chemicals and allied products 4,556 982 21.6 7.0 21.7 Tobacco manufactures 3,380 846 25.0 4.0 21.9 Electric and electronic equipment 2,745 286 10.4 3.3 10.0 Food and kindred products 5,146 247 4.8 1.1 3.0 Machinery, except electric 1,436 229 15.9 2.7 14.2 Textile mill products 2,822 190 6.7 3.7 8.7 Transportation equipment 2,606 128 4.9 0.7 1.9 Fabricated metal products 2,041 110 5.4 1.0 5.5 Paper and allied products 1,962 88 4.5 0.5 3.6 Rubber and plastic products 1,362 72 5.3 0.5 4.2 Instruments and related products 241 40 16.6 0.7 13.2 Primary metal industries 1,115 25 2.2 0.1 1.0 Furniture and fixtures 1,008 21 2.1 0.5 2.0 Lumber and wood products 1,293 21 1.6 0.3 1.3 Apparel and textile products 903 13 1.5 0.1 0.3 Printing and publishing 1,479 8 0.5 0.1 0.4 Misc. manufacturing industries 148 8 5.2 ( 2 ) — Leather and leather products 137 2 1.5 ( 2 ) ~ Petroleum and coal products ( 1 ) ( 1 ) — O ~ Stone, clay, and glass products C) — O — 1 Total includes estimated exports, production values, and employment numbers which are withheld for certain industry groups to avoid disclosure of individual companies' data. 2 Less than 50 employees. — Not applicable. TABLE 2 Virginia Growth in Manufactured Exports • In 1981, Virginia's manufactured exports totaled $3.3 billion, more than double the 1977 value. • Over half the increase stemmed from growth in chemicals and tobacco products exports. 1 (rr Export value lillion dollars I Percent increase from 1977 to 1981 Pro- Exports duction Export increase as percent of production Industry group 1960 1969 1972 1977 1981 increase 1977-81 Total 368 581 716 1,573 3,344 113 50 15 Chemicals and allied products 69 143 115 412 982 139 65 32 Tobacco manufactures 178 194 326 402 846 110 40 46 Electric and electronic equipment 8 38 88 156 286 83 82 10 Food and kindred products 30 48 V) 135 247 83 43 7 Machinery, except electric 7 25 35 107 229 115 57 23 Textile mill products 22 36 110 190 73 41 10 Transportation equipment 2 25-50 ( 1 ) 37 128 251 17 24 Fabricated metal products V) 6 5 34 110 226 89 8 Paper and allied products 21 16 (') 42 88 111 69 6 Rubber and plastic products 2 6 10 43 72 68 65 5 Instruments and related products C) 1-5 n 13 40 215 67 28 Primary metal industries 1 5-10 4 9 25 171 39 5 Furniture and fixtures V) 1-5 ( 1 ) 11 21 88 27 5 Lumber and wood products 4 10-25 ( 1 ) 17 21 23 20 2 Apparel and textile products 3 1-5 ( 1 ) 11 13 16 15 2 Printing and publishing (') 1-5 ( 1 ) 3 8 141 86 1 Misc. manufacturing industries 5 5-10 ( 1 ) 6 8 26 1 100 + Leather and leather products O 0-1 ( 1 ) 2 2 11 44 ( 2 ) Stone, clay, and glass products ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 15 3 ( 1 ) -- ~ — Petroleum and coal products V) (') ( 1 ) D o ~ — — ' Not available. 2 Less than one half of one percent. 3 1976. " Less than $500,000. - Not applicable. Note: Totals for all years include values for industry groups which are not shown separately. TABLE 3 United States Manufactured Exports by State California, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan continued to be the top five exporters of manufactures in 1981. Manufactured exports totaled $2 billion or more for almost half of the 50 states. Employment Export value Percent Estimated related to (million dollars) increase exports as exports as Rank as from percent of percent of exporter 1977 to state state State in 1981 1969 1972 1977 1981 1981 production employment U.S., total — 29,210 36,608 85,796 164,283 91 8.1 7.3 California 1 2,721 2,809 9,116 18,775 106 9.8 9.7 Texas 2 1,468 1,982 5,386 11,687 117 6.5 7.2 Illinois 3 2,343 2,902 6,313 10,369 64 8.2 6.9 Ohio 4 2,338 3,054 6,028 10,353 72 8.5 7.9 Michigan 5 2,613 3,522 6,937 10,275 48 9.8 7.6 New York 6 2,296 2,795 5,833 10,155 74 8.5 6.5 Washington 7 954 1,781 2,805 9,023 222 24.5 21.9 Pennsylvania 8 1,902 2,351 4,714 8,129 72 7.1 6.9 Massachusetts 9 818 920 2,310 5,096 121 10.6 8.6 Indiana 10 998 1,404 2,942 5,008 70 7.1 7.0 North Carolina 11 739 705 2,291 4,682 104 7.5 5.0 New Jersey 12 1,114 1,328 2,881 4,469 55 6.1 5.8 Wisconsin 13 785 916 2,132 4,031 89 7.4 7.4 Louisiana 14 396 541 1,494 3,725 149 6.4 6.6 Florida 15 426 567 1,583 3,352 112 9.1 6.6 Virginia 16 581 716 1,573 3,344 113 9.3 6.7 Tennessee 17 472 679 1,501 3,285 119 8.0 5.6 Connecticut 18 659 848 1,662 3,083 85 10.2 8.2 Missouri 19 634 577 1,682 3,013 79 7.3 6.2 Minnesota 20 492 654 1,605 2,730 70 7.7 7.1 Iowa 21 412 590 1,578 2,705 71 8.1 8.2 Georgia 22 428 580 1,419 2,505 76 5.3 4.8 South Carolina 23 254 312 1,150 2,230 94 8.0 5.5 Alabama 24 318 287 895 1,936 116 6.3 5.5 Kentucky 25 345 451 1,354 1,935 43 6.4 5.1 Oregon 26 240 237 906 1,724 90 9.2 9.0 Arizona 27 157 266 680 1,639 141 13.1 15.4 Arkansas 28 204 320 626 1,604 156 8.7 6.1 Kansas 29 241 283 689 1,517 120 5.7 7.6 Oklahoma 30 158 252 639 1,515 137 6.0 7.3 Colorado 31 157 245 668 1,283 92 7.5 8.6 Maryland 32 362 314 634 1,219 92 5.7 5.3 West Virginia 33 235 295 438 1,199 174 10.0 6.1 Mississippi 34 181 236 718 1,159 61 5.9 4.6 Nebraska 35 100 134 328 945 188 6.1 6.3 Alaska 36 33-48 ( 1 ) 374 653 75 33.4 32.5 New Hampshire 37 74 103 290 637 120 8.8 8.9 Rhode Island 38 110 107 297 586 98 7.7 6.8 Maine 39 77 83 232 498 114 5.5 5.6 Idaho 40 35 27 246 460 87 9.2 6.8 Utah 41 48 127 173 449 159 4.6 5.8 Delaware 42 124 128 155 375 142 4.1 3.7 Vermont 43 52 52 183 229 25 6.3 6.0 South Dakota 44 13 ( 1 ) 95 185 96 6.3 4.5 North Dakota 45 7 14 73 156 114 6.6 7.9 Nevada 46 10-25 7 31 105 238 6.8 5.1 Hawaii 47 10-25 ( 1 ) 26 96 265 2.7 2.3 New Mexico 48 16 18 37 64 73 2.0 0.9 Montana 49 14 ( 1 ) 59 61 4 1.4 1.8 Wyoming 50 1-5 ( 1 ) 6 18 192 0.6 — 1 U.S. total includes values withheld to avoid disclosure for individual companies or because estimate did not meet publication standards. - Not applicable. U.S. Manufactured Exports by State All 50 states shared in U.S. exports of manufactures. Exports accounted for varying percentages of domestic production Estimated Value of Exports of Manufactures, 1981 (in millions of dollars) 12,000 r- 10,000 TO o e/5 § 1,000 TJ Q ha 500 100 ^ & & <& <& # ? fjr&jFjF * <$ Estimated Exports as Percent of Production, 1981 (Indicated by shading) 0.6% to 4.9% 5.0% to 6.4% 6.5% to 9.9% 10% or more (in millions of dollars) 12,000 10,000 iiiii.ni.nii ^ M ^_^^ iM ^_^^ O ,$* v\? iV to* 1 /n\ sfV" O A* *V O < X \*V & \V \fc* vG> «V> * w ° //// * * v * y i o (0 1,000 § 3 -a CO O 500 100 TABLE 4 Virginia Agricultural Exports • In fiscal 1982, Virginia's share of U.S. agricultural exports totaled $384 million, about one and three-fourths times the 1977 value. • Tobacco was the leading farm export from the state. Estimated exports (million dollars) Percent increase Product FY 1968 FY 1972 FY 1977 FY 1982 1977 to 1982 Total 80 92 225 384 71 Tobacco, unmanufactured 38 48 89 132 48 Soybeans and products 6 14 36 71 95 Wheat and products 6 5 11 51 371 Feed grains and products 6 4 25 37 46 Meats and products 2 2 5 22 315 Peanuts and products C) (') 15 20 39 Poultry and products 1 2 7 16 136 Hides and skins 1 2 5 8 83 Fats, oils, and greases 2 2 5 8 64 Fruits and preparations 4 1 1 8 443 Vegetables and preparations 2 1 4 4 -14 Dairy products 2 (') 1 — Nuts and preparations 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) -70 Cotton ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) C) — Other products 7 10 20 6 -72 * Exports reflect shares in national exports according to each state's production. ' Not available. 2 Less than $500,000. -- Not applicable. TABLE 5 United States Agricultural Exports by State Exports accounted for over one fourth of total U.S. farm sales in FY 1982 and for more than 25 percent of sales from 20 of the states. Illinois, Iowa, California, and Texas each exported more than $2 billion of farm products. Export va lue Percent (million dollars) increase Exports as Rank as FY 1977 percent of exporter to farm sales' State FY 1982 FY 1968 FY 1972 FY 1977 FY 1982 FY 1982 FY 1982 U.S., total ~ 2 6,315 8,050 24,013 2 39,094 63 27.5 Illinois 1 585 758 2,539 3,306 30 43.3 Iowa 2 392 620 2,042 3,026 48 28.9 California 3 413 592 1,774 2,854 61 20.6 Texas 4 551 456 1,761 2,569 46 25.4 Minnesota 5 226 347 918 1,883 105 29.4 Nebraska 6 230 283 988 1,808 83 26.4 Kansas 7 296 365 998 1,628 63 29.3 Indiana 8 252 384 1,319 1,559 18 36.6 Missouri 9 174 317 766 1,404 83 34.4 North Dakota 10 166 250 554 1,326 149 50.7 Arkansas 11 255 352 907 1,283 41 39.2 North Carolina 12 366 420 964 1,247 29 29.8 Ohio 13 194 262 957 1,052 10 31.6 Washington 14 152 163 414 946 129 33.0 Mississippi 15 164 230 648 787 21 35.8 Oklahoma 16 115 108 410 781 90 26.9 Michigan 17 92 107 318 753 137 28.2 Kentucky 18 69 132 473 731 55 24.7 Georgia 19 132 173 476 706 48 21.7 South Dakota 20 95 124 210 655 212 23.8 Louisiana 21 155 191 543 626 15 37.4 Colorado 22 63 98 239 612 156 19.6 Wisconsin 23 59 104 263 592 125 11.9 Tennessee 24 102 143 390 590 51 31.0 Florida 25 101 148 390 586 50 14.2 Montana 26 107 101 322 559 74 37.9 Idaho 27 66 91 262 551 110 24.6 Alabama 28 56 102 332 481 45 21.7 Oregon 29 49 65 182 423 132 24.1 South Carolina 30 107 135 312 407 30 35.6 Arizona 31 61 70 285 404 42 23.3 Virginia 32 80 92 225 384 71 23.5 Pennsylvania 33 65 42 137 246 79 8.3 New York 34 63 44 109 214 96 8.2 Maryland 35 35 41 136 188 39 17.9 New Mexico 36 24 28 82 121 48 13.6 Wyoming 37 8 16 38 95 154 15.8 Utah 38 14 19 55 80 45 14.7 Delaware 39 15 14 53 73 38 18.5 New Jersey 40 19 11 38 65 72 13.9 Hawaii 41 16 17 59 41 -30 8.4 Maine 42 6 5 28 28 1 6.5 Massachusetts 43 5 6 12 24 105 7.6 Nevada 44 2 4 10 22 118 10.5 West Virginia 45 6 4 11 22 97 9.5 Connecticut 46 8 12 22 15 -32 4.6 Vermont 47 2 4 3 8 138 1.9 New Hampshire 48 1 1 2 4 89 3.6 Rhode Island 49 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 1 1 11 3.1 Alaska 50 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 4 ) — * Exports reflect shares in national exports according to each state's production. 1 Commercial sales plus net Commodity Credit Corporation loans and purchases under price support programs. 2 Includes exports that were not apportioned among states. 3 Less than $500,000. * Not available. 5 Less than $100,000. -- Not applicable. TABLE 6 Virginia Manufactured Production, Export-Related Manufactures and Employment, 1981 • About 1 out of 9 Virginia jobs in manufacturing are due to exports. • Four industries — chemicals, textile products, tobacco manufactures, and electric equipment — accounted for 56 percent of Virginia's export-related jobs in manufacturing. Industry group Export- related Production manufactures (million dollars) Export related as percent of production Employment for export- related manufactures (thousands) Employment for export related as percent of total employment Total 1 35,910 5,163 14.3 46.0 11.1 Chemicals and allied products 4,556 1,397 30.6 10.0 30.9 Tobacco manufactures 3,380 1,001 29.6 4.9 26.7 Electric and electronic equipment 2,745 391 14.2 4.7 14.1 Textile mill products 2,822 360 12.7 6.0 14.0 Food and kindred products 5,146 351 6.8 1.8 4.9 Machinery, except electric 1,436 300 20.8 3.7 19.4 Fabricated metal products 2,041 250 12.2 2.0 11.0 Paper and allied products 1,962 232 11.8 1.5 10.9 Primary metal industries 1,115 200 17.9 1.6 15.9 Transportation equipment 2,606 174 6.6 1.2 3.2 Rubber and plastic products 1,362 160 11.7 1.3 11.0 Lumber and wood products 1,293 101 7.8 1.8 7.7 Instruments and related products 241 46 19.0 0.8 15.0 Furniture and fixtures 1,008 30 3.0 0.7 2.7 Printing and publishing 1,479 28 1.9 0.5 1.9 Apparel and textile products 903 24 2.7 0.4 1.3 Misc. manufacturing industries 148 10 6.4 (2) (3) Stone, clay, and glass products ( 1 ) (') — V) — Petroleum and coal products (D (D (D Total includes estimated production and export-related values and employment numbers which are withheld for certain industry groups to avoid disclosure of individual companies' data. 2 Less than 50 employees. 3 Less than one half of one percent. - Not applicable. 10 TABLE 7 Virginia Growth in Export-Related Manufactures • The 108 percent growth in the value of export-related manufactures from 1977 to 1981 was much faster than the rate of expansion in production. • Half the increase in tobacco manufacture production and almost half the rise in chemicals output was generated by growth in export-related manufactures. Export-related manufactures (million dollars) Percent increase from 1977 to 1981 Export-related increase as percent of production Industry group 1977 1981 Export related Pro- duction increase 1977-81 Total 2,480 5,163 108 50 23 Chemicals and allied products 595 1,397 135 65 45 Tobacco manufactures 494 1,001 103 40 52 Electric and electronic equipment 210 391 86 82 15 Textile mill products 207 360 74 41 19 Food and kindred products 183 351 92 43 11 Machinery, except electric 143 300 110 57 30 Fabricated metal products 82 250 203 89 17 Paper and allied products 104 232 124 69 16 Primary metal industries 117 200 72 39 27 Transportation equipment 74 174 136 17 26 Rubber and plastic products 87 160 83 65 14 Lumber and wood products 65 101 56 20 17 Instruments and related products 16 46 181 67 31 Furniture and fixtures 17 30 83 27 7 Printing and publishing 11 28 148 86 2 Apparel and textile products 20 24 24 15 4 Misc. manufacturing industries 8 10 22 1 100+ Leather and leather products 3 3 31 45 2 Stone, clay, and glass products 29 1 ( 2 ) ~ — ~ Petroleum and coal products ( 2 ) ( 2 ) — ~ ~ 1 1976. 2 Not available. -- Not applicable. Note: Totals include values for industry groups which are not shown separately. 11 TABLE 8 United States Export- Related Manufactures and Employment by State California, New York, Texas, Pennsylvania, and Ohio led the states with the largest number of jobs related to manufactured exports. Employment rates were highest in Connecticut, Washington, Ohio, and Delaware for jobs in all industries related to manufactured exports. E x port-related manufactures Employment Total employment related to for export manufactured exports Rank as export 1977 1981 Percent increase Percent of state related as percent of Percent of related from 1977 production manufacturing civilian State in 1981 (million dollars) to 1981 1981 employment (thousands) employment U.S., total .. 142,404 271,703 91 13.4 12.8 4,794.0 4.7 California 1 13,319 27,399 106 14.2 14.5 526.5 4.7 Texas 2 9,196 22,651 146 12.5 12.7 285.5 4.2 Ohio 3 11,047 18,132 64 14.8 14.7 284.0 6.2 Illinois 4 10,216 17,039 67 13.4 12.9 275.4 5.4 Michigan 5 10,975 15,512 41 14.7 14.6 218.9 5.7 Pennsylvania 6 8,955 15,485 73 13.4 13.2 284.1 5.5 New York 7 8,894 15,260 72 12.7 11.4 372.0 4.9 Washington 8 3,716 10,773 190 29.2 26.3 121.9 6.5 Indiana 9 5,784 9,692 68 13.7 13.3 140.3 5.8 New Jersey 10 4,880 8,204 68 11.2 11.9 175.0 5.4 North Carolina 11 3,883 7,808 101 12.5 9.8 150.3 5.5 Massachusetts 12 3,498 7,425 112 15.4 14.2 155.1 5.6 Louisiana 13 2,734 7,415 171 12.8 11.9 63.7 3.6 Wisconsin 14 3,607 6,590 83 12.0 13.0 114.9 5.3 Tennessee 15 2,716 5,567 105 13.4 10.3 102.5 5.3 Virginia 16 2,480 5,163 108 14.3 11.1 88.3 3.6 Georgia Florida 17 2,723 4,981 83 10.5 9.7 106.1 4.3 18 2,294 4,965 116 13.4 10.8 129.9 3.0 Connecticut 19 2,687 4,886 82 16.2 14.9 103.5 7.1 Missouri 20 2,834 4,861 72 11.7 11.1 94.7 4.3 South Carolina 21 2,117 4,194 98 15.0 11.7 76.4 5.5 Minnesota 22 2,298 4,135 80 11.6 12.4 90.9 4.5 Alabama 23 2,061 4,024 95 13.1 11.0 71.1 4.6 Iowa 24 2,228 3,940 77 11.8 12.0 60.0 4.5 Kentucky 25 2,367 3,751 58 12.3 10.6 58.7 3.9 Oregon 26 1,498 2,801 87 14.8 14.5 58.7 4.7 Oklahoma 27 1,044 2,752 164 10.8 12.4 54.5 4.0 Kansas 28 1,158 2,678 131 10.1 12.4 47.2 4.3 Arkansas 29 1,086 2,524 132 13.6 10.5 40.8 4.3 Arizona 30 1,050 2,461 134 19.7 20.5 53.7 4.4 West Virginia Maryland 31 1,108 2,361 113 19.7 14.6 30.7 4.2 32 1,327 2,348 77 11.0 10.8 53.8 2.6 Mississippi 33 1,111 2,066 86 10.4 8.2 36.9 3.7 Colorado 34 976 1,922 97 11.1 12.7 49.4 3.3 Nebraska 35 576 1,477 156 9.5 10.0 24.4 3.3 Utah 36 416 1,050 153 10.6 10.3 20.5 3.3 Rhode Island 37 540 1,018 88 13.4 12.0 24.9 5.8 New Hampshire 38 455 994 119 13.6 14.1 24.3 5.5 Maine 39 425 924 118 10.1 9.9 20.9 4.5 Delaware 40 346 852 146 9.4 13.5 15.1 6.1 Idaho 41 381 740 94 14.7 11.7 15.4 3.9 Alaska 42 393 711 81 36.3 34.1 6.3 3.3 Vermont 43 287 451 57 12.3 11.6 10.1 4.0 Montana 44 182 327 80 7.6 7.5 7.9 2.2 South Dakota 45 130 267 105 9.1 7.9 8.1 2.6 North Dakota 46 98 242 147 10.2 11.1 7.8 2.6 New Mexico 47 109 235 116 7.2 4.6 9.5 1.7 Hawaii 48 66 232 252 6.3 4.5 6.4 1.5 Nevada 49 70 205 192 13.1 10.1 5.4 1.2 Wyoming 50 43 180 320 5.6 4.4 5.1 2.1 12 «U3 OOVERNMENT PRINT1NO OFFICE 19R4 - 421-009 - 227/748 Exports of U.S. Manufacturing Industries Related to Domestic Production, 1981 Direct Exports and Indirect Requirements to Support Exports Machinery, except electric Tobacco manufactures Chemicals and allied products Primary metal industries Instruments and related products Transportation equipment Electric and electronic equipment Paper and allied products Fabricated metal products Lumber and wood products Rubber and plastic products Textile mill products Misc. manufacturing industries Stone, clay, and glass products Food and kindred products Petroleum and coal products Leather and leather products Apparel and other textile products Furniture and fixtures Printing and publishing industries Percent of Domestic Production 10 15 20 25 Length of bars represents percent of production; values within bars denote direct exports and indirect requirements Direct exports Indirect requirements to support exports Note: Percentages shown for each industry indicate the total relative impact of exports on the domestic economy, including direct exports and goods shipped from domestic establishments for use as inputs in manufactured products exported from other establishments. Such inputs are included in domestic production industry totals. continued from page I remainder was divided between fish oils and fish meal. Virginia ranked second in U.S. exports of the latter. Shipments abroad were valued at $2.5 mil- lion, which was 13 percent of U.S. exports of the product in 1981. Fourth largest coal exporter Virginia ranked fourth to West Virginia, Penn- sylvania, and Kentucky as a U.S. exporter of bitu- minous coal in 1981. Foreign sales totaled $494 million or one-eighth of the nation's coal exports. Export-related employment grew Virginia's $3.3 billion worth of manufactured exports provided direct employment for an estimated 27,400 workers in 1981. Those jobs constituted 6.7 percent of the total direct employment in manufac- turing in the state. From 1977 to 1981 the number of workers engaged in the production of manufactures was up only 4 percent while employment directly related to exports jumped by 41 percent. Two-fifths of these workers were concentrated in the chemi- cals, tobacco manufactures, and textile mill prod- ucts industries. These jobs accounted for between 9 and 22 percent of the work force in those industries. In addition, an estimated 18,600 jobs were required in the state to manufacture products used by other establishments in the United States as inputs for manufactures that were ultimately exported. Thus, an estimated 46,000 jobs in Virginia were directly or indirectly dependent on exports of manufactured goods. This number was 11.1 percent of all manu- facturing employment in the state. Over one-half of the jobs dependent on manufac- tured exports were concentrated in the chemicals, textile mill products, tobacco manufactures, and electric equipment industries. These jobs accounted for one out of three jobs in the chemicals industry, one out of four jobs in the tobacco manufactures industry, and one out of seven jobs in the electric equipment and textile products industries. An additional 42,300 jobs were generated in non- manufacturing industries that supply materials and services supporting manufactured exports. Viriginia's total employment related to manufactured exports amounted to 88,300 jobs. It is estimated that Virginia's farm employment related to exports in 1982 amounted to 23,700 or about one out of every four farmers. This estimate assumes that the number of farmers dependent on exports corresponds to the ratio of exports to farm sales in the state. Depending on numerous variables, including the character of the product, mechaniza- tion, and degree of intensiveness of farming, it may somewhat understate or overstate the actual number dependent on exports. STATE EXPORT REPORTS This report is one of a series of 50 prepared by the Office of Trade and Industry Information /Trade Information and Analysis, International Trade Administration on exports from the individual states. Data on manufactured and agricultural exports are presented in tabular form for a series of years. In addition, recent information is included on state exports of fish, fish products, and minerals. The statistics on 1981 exports of manufactures by state were taken from Origin of Exports of Manufac- tured Products, 1 98 1 Annual Survey of Manufac- tures, M81 (AS)-5, issued by the Bureau of the Census in May 1983. That publication can be ordered from the Data User Services Division, Customer Services (Publications), Bureau of the Census, Wash- ington, D.C. 20233, or from any U.S. Department of Commerce District Office for $2.75 per copy. Data for earlier years were taken from similar Census reports now out of print. The information on state shares of agricultural exports was taken from various issues of Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Special compilations on exports of minerals and fuels by state were provided by the Bureau of the Mines, U.S. Department of Interior, and by the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, and on fish and fishery products by Nation- al Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. * v & tV&O&Ca \ ^g ^ ^ '"* r flADE &* PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ADDDD7EflS7E7M