: GOO IBRARY THE PENNJL SITE COLLEGE A SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF THE GAINFUL WORKERS OF THE UNITED STATES 1930 WITH APPENDIX U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DANIEL C. ROPER, Secretary BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WILLIAM LANE AUSTIN, Director A SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF THE GAINFUL WORKERS OF THE UNITED STATES Gainful workers of 1930 in social-economic groups, by color nativity, age, and sex, and by industry, with comparative statistics for 1920 and 1910 ALBA M. EDWARDS, Ph. D. Statistician, Occupations With appendix UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1938 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ---------- Price 25 cents CONTENTS Introduction (table I)..... .... ... Social-economic status of gainful workers, by sex (table 2).... . Social-economic status of gainful workers, by color, nativity, and sex (table 3). Social-economic status of Negro gainful workers (table 4)...... Social-economic status of gainful workers, by age (tables .6-17) ...... ........ All workers (tables &-8). Native white workers (tables 9~11)„_„___.„. „._._.„ Foreign-born white workers (tables 12-14).. _...,_. Negro workers (tables 15-17)-............. Median age of gainful workers (table 5)...... ...... ... Social-economic status of gainful workers in States and cities (tables 18-30) .... Social-economic status of gainful workers, by industry (tables 31-35). ...... Industry,, color, nativity, and sex (tables 31 and 32)... .. .......... Industry, age, and sex (tables 33-35). ._... ____, Page 1 6 10 13 15 15 16 18 19 20 8 80 80 82 SUMMARY TABLES 1. Gainful workers in the United States classified into social-economic groups, by sex and occupa- tion: 1930 —.—_---.-....-.—--..—- 3 2. Gainful workers in the United States classified into social-economic groups, by sex: 1910 to 1930.. 7 3. Gainful workers in the United States classified Into social-economic groups, by color, nativity, and sex: 1930 .. 10 4. Negro gainful workers in the United States classified into social-economic groups, by sex: 1910 to 1930.. - 13 6, Median age of the gainful workers of the United States, by social-economic groups, color, nativity, and sex: 1930.. 20 6. Gainful workers classified into social-economic groups, by age and sex, for the United States: 1930 ..... 22 7. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the gainful workers in each age period, by sex, for the United States: 1930 . 24 8. Percent distribution, by age, of the gainful workers in each social -economic group, by sex, for the United States: 1930.„. .......... 26 9. Native white gainful workers classified into social-economic groups, by age and sex, for the United States: 1930....... 28 10. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the native white gainful workers in each age period, by sex, for the United States: 1930 ... 30 11. Percent distribution, by age, of the native white gainful workers in each social-economic group, by sex, for the United States: 1930 32 12. Foreign-born white gainful workers classified into social-economic groups, by age and sex, for the United States: 1930... - - - - - 34 13. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the foreign-born white gainful workers in each age period, by sex, for the United States: 1930... 36 14. Percent distribution, by age, of the foreign-born white gainful workers in each social-economic group, by sex, for the United States: 1930 3S 16. Negro gainful workers classified into social-economic groups, by age and sex, for the United States: 1930 - 40 18. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the Negro gainful workers in each age period, by sex, for the United States: 1930 . 42 17. Percent distribution, by age, of the Negro gainful workers in each social-economic group, by sex, for the United States: 1930 44 CONTENTS III STATE AND CITY TABLES Table Page 18. Male gainful workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 46 19. Female gainful workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 48 20. Native white male workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 a 60 21. Native white female workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 52 22. Foreign-born white male workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 54 23. Foreign-born white female workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 56 24. Negro male workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 58 25. Negro female workers, by social-economic groups, by divisions and States: 1930 60 26. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, cf gainful workers, by sex, by divisions and States: 1930 62 27. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of native white workers, by sex, by divisions and States: 1930 „*„ - - - - - 63 28. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of foreign-born white workers, by sex, by divi- sions and States: 1930 - 64 29. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of Negro workers, by sex, by divisions and States: 1930 65 30. Gainful workers by social-economic groups, by sex, for cities of 500,000 or more: 1930 66 INDUSTRY TABLES 31. Gainful workers in each industry or service group, classified into social-economic groups, by color, nativity, and sex, for the United States: 1930 _ 86 32. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the gainful workers in each industry or service group, by color, nativity, and sex, for the United States: 1930 . 124 33. Gainful workers in each industry or service group, classified into social-economic groups, by age and sex. for the United States: 1930 142 34. Percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the gainful workers in each age period, by sex, in each industry or service group, for the United States: 1930 182 35. Percent distribution, by age, of the gainful workers in each social-economic group, by sex, in each industry or service group, for the United States: 1930 214 DIAGRAMS 1. Trend of social-economic groups in the United States, by sex: 1910 to 1930. 9 2. Social-economic groups in the United States, by color, nativity, and sex: 1930 12 3. Age distribution of the male workers in each social-economic group: 1930 69 4. Age distribution of the female workers in each social-economic group: 1930 70 5. Age distribution of male workers in each social-economic group, by color and nativity: 1930 71 6. Age distribution of female workers in each social-economic group, by color and nativity: 1930 73 7. Distribution, by social-economic groups, of the workers in each age period: 1930 75 8. Distribution, by social-economic groups, by sex, of the workers in each age period: 1930. 76 9. Distribution, by social-economic groups, of male gainful workers in each State: 1930 77 10. Distribution, by social-eeonomic groups, of female gainful workers in each State:. 1930 78 11. Distribution, by social-economic groups, by sex, of gainful workers in each city of 500,000 or more: 1930-. 79 APPENDIX Gainful workers, by social-economic groups, by sex, color and nativity, for cities of 500,000 or more 285 IV CONTENTS INDEX OF INDUSTRY TABLES (31-35) Agriculture. Forestry and Fishing Fishing- Forestry. Extraction of Minerals Coal mines Copper mines..... Gold and silver mines. Iron mines Lead and zinc mines... Other specified mines.. Not specified mines. . . Quarries. Oil wells and gas wells. Salt wells and works.. Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries Building industry. _ Chemical and allied industries: Charcoal and coke works Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories. Fertilizer factories Gas works Paint and varnish factories Petroleum refineries „ Rayon factories „_ Soap factories Other chemical factories Cigar and tobacco factories Clay, glass, and stone industries: Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories.. Glass factories _ Lime, cement, and artificial stone factories Marble and stone yards. Potteries _ . Clothing industries: Corset factories Glove factories Hat factories (felt) Shirt, collar, and cufi factories Suit, coat, and overall factories Other clothing factories — Food and allied industries: Bakeries Butter, cheese, and condensed milk factories Candy factories Fish curing and packing. Flour and grain mills Fruit and vegetable canning, etc Slaughter and packing houses.. Sugar factories and refineries Other food factories Liquor and beverage industries Table 31 Page 86 86 86 85 SS 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 98 98 98 98 Table 32 Page 124 124 124 124 142 182 124 142 183 124 142 183 124 142 183 125 144 183 125 144 183 125 144 184 125 144 184 125 144 181 125 144 184 125 125 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 Table 33 Page 142 142 142 144 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 148 148 148 148 148 148 150 150 150 150 150 150 152 152 152 152 152 152 154 154 154 154 154 154 Table 34 Page 182 182 182 185 185 185 185 186 j 186 186 I 186 187 187 187 187 188 188 188 1SS 189 189 189 189 190 190 190 190 191 191 191 191 192 192 192 192 ! Table 35 Page CONTENTS INDEX OF INDUSTRY TABLES (31-35)— Continued Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries: Agricultural implement factories..— Automobile factories _._......--. Automobile repair shops „ Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills... Car and railroad shops.. _ Ship and boat building . Wagon and carriage factories Other iron and steel and machinery factories..... Not specified metal industries „. Metal industries (except iron and steel) : Brass mills , Clock and watch factories Copper factories. Gold and silver factories Jewelry factories .=. Lead and zinc factories Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories Other metal factories Leather industries: Harness and saddle factories Leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories. Shoe factories Tanneries .. Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories. Lumber and furniture industries: Furniture factories Piano and organ factories.. Saw and planing mills . Other woodworking factories... Paper, printing, and allied industries: Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., fac- tories.. Paper and pulp mills.. Paper-box factories Printing, publishing, and engraving Textile industries: Carpet mills... Cotton mills Hemp, jute, and linen mills Knitting mills.. Lace and embroidery mills. Rope and cordage factories Sail, awning, and tent factories Silk mills Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills Woolen and worsted mills Other and not specified textile mills Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Broom and brush factories Button factories... Electric light and power plants. Electrical machinery and supply factories Independent hand trades Rubber factories Straw factories Turpentine farms and distilleries... Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries... Other not specified manufacturing industries Table 31 Page 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 112 112 112 112 112 112 Table 32 Page 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 131 132 132 132 132 132 132 132 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 136 136 136 136 136 Table 33 Page 154 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 158 118 158 158 158 158 160 160 160 160 160 160 162 162 162 162 162 162 164 164 164 164 164 164 166 166 166 166 166 166 166 168 168 168 168 168 168 170 170 170 170 170 170 Table 34 Page 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 195 196 196 196 196 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 201 201 201 201 202 202 202 202 203 203 203 203 204 204 204 204 205 205 205 Table 35 Page 231 231 232 232 232 233 233 234 234 234 235 235 236 236 236 237 237 238 238 238 239 239 240 240 240 241 241 242 242 242 243 243 244 244 244 245 245 246 246 246 247 247 248 248 248 249 249 250 250 250 251 VI CONTENTS INDEX OF INDUSTRY TABLES (31-35)— Continued Transportation and Communication Air transportation Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, sewers, and bridges Express companies Garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries Livery stables Pipe lines , - Postal service - Radio broadcasting and transmitting ... . Steam railroads Street railroads Telegraph and telephone Truck, transfer, and cab companies Water transportation. . _. Other and not specified transportation and com- munication Trade Advertising agencies Banking and brokerage Grain elevators Insurance Real estate - Stockyards Warehouses and cold storage plants Wholesale and retail trade: Automobile agencies, stores, and filling stations. Wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) . Other and not specified trade Public Service Public service (not elsewhere classified) Professional Service Professional service (except recreation and amuse- ment) Recreation and amusement Domestic and Personal Service Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc Domestic and personal service (not elsewhere clas- sified) Laundries Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops Not Specified Not specified industries and services Table 31 Page 112 114 114 114 114 114 114 114 116 116 116 116 116 116 116 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 122 122 122 Table 32 Page 136 136 137 137 137 137 137 137 137 137 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 139 139 139 139 Table 33 140 140 140 140 140 140 141 141 Page 172 172 172 ,172 172 172 172 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 178 178 178 178 178 178 180 180 ISO 180 180 Table 34 Page 205 206 206 206 206 207 207 207 207 208 208 208 208 209 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 211 211 211 211 212 212 212 213 213 213 213 Table 35 Page 251 252 252 252 253 253 254 254 254 255 255 256 256 256 257 257 258 258 258 259 259 260 260 260 261 261 262 262 262 263 263 264 ;CONOMIC GROUPING OF THE GAINFUL INTRODUCTION In census occupation statistics; it has been the custom to present figures for different occupations and occupation groups and, also, for a few general divisions of occupations, such as agriculture, extraction of minerals, and manufacturing and mechanical industries, each of which divisions constitutes a large section of the broad field in which gainful labor is occupied. The Bureau of the Census has not hitherto classified the gainful "orkers into social-economic groups. 1 There is, however, a real need for such an additional grouping. In many present- day studies, the desire is to deal with large social-economic groups, such as pro- fessional persons, clerical workers, skille-* workers, and so forth, with but minor regard to the particular occupations pui^."..jd by the workers, and, often, without regard to the particular section of the broad occupational field in which the workers are employed. There is need, in short, for a grouping that brings to- gether all of the workers belonging to the same social-economic class, without particular reference to the different occupations pursued by the workers. The purpose of this report is to present such a grouping of the gainful workers of the* United States. Many persons have desired a classification of occupations according to skill. A classification of all occupations according to skill, if it could be made, would be very useful; but a complete classification by skill is impossible, since many occupations do not lend themselves to such a classification. Indeed, none of the professional, proprietary, official, lanagerial, or clerical pursuits lends itself readily to a classification by skill; and it is doubtful whether any of them may be properly so classified, since in none of them is skill or manual dexterity the chief characteristic. In faet> it is believed that only those occupations in which the expenditure of muscular force is an important characteristic can be properly class- ified by skill. While it is plainly impossible to draw a hard and fast line between those occupations characterized principally by the exercise of muscular force or manual dexterity and those characterized chiefly by the exercise of mental force or ingenuity — or between hand workers and head workers — such a line of demar- cation probably may be made sufficiently exact for our purpose. 1 Census officials were probably among the first persons in the United States to recognize the importance of statistics showing the gainful workers classified into social-economic groups. In an article published in July, 1897, in Bulletin No. 11 of the Department of Labor, William C. Hunt, for many years chief statistician for population in the Bureau of the Census, grouped the gainful workers into 4 large groups (see p. 420), briefly designated as follows - A. The proprietor class. B. The clerical class. C. Skilled workers. D. The laboring class. Substantially the same 4 groups were discussed by Carroll D. Wright, director of the 1890 census, in his Outline of Practical Sociology, published in 1899. (See pp. 254 and 255). The author of this volume has published 5 articles relating to the social -economic grouping of the gainful workers of the United States. These articles are as follows: "Social-economic Groups of the United States/' Journal Am. Statis. Assn., Vol. XV, June, 1917; "A Social-economic Grouping of the Gainful Workers of the United States," Journal Am. Statis. Assn., Vol. 28, Dee., 1933; "The White-collar Workers," Monthly L.abor Rev., Mar., 1934; "Composition of the Nation's Labor Force," Ann. Am. Acad., Vol. 184, Mar., 1936; and "The Negro as a Factor in the Nation's Labor Force," Journal Am. Statis. Assn., Vol. 31, Sept., 1936, 2 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS The grouping of the gainful workers here presented is not based on skill, except in the case of groups 4, 5, and 6, in which most of the occupations may be more or less readily classified by skill. In the construction of these three groups those occupations are considered skilled for' the pursuance of which a long period of training or an apprenticeship is usually necessary, and which in their pursuance call for a degree of judgment and of manual dexterity, one or both, above that required in semiskilled occupa- tions. Those occupations are considered semiskilled for the pursuance of which only a short period or no period of preliminary training is necessary, and which in their pursuance call for only a moderate degree of judgment or of manual dexterity. Unskilled occupations are considered to include those the workers in which usually require no special training, judgment, or manual dexterity, but supply mainly muscular strength for the performance of coarse, heavy work. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to classify all manual workers as skilled, semiskilled, or unskilled strictly according to the above concepts. In each group of manual workers, certain of the occupations include some workers who would be better classified by skill in one of the other groups. In fact, each of the groups here presented doubtless contains som Torkers who do not actually belong there, and some workers who have been included principally for want of a more appro- priate place for them. In no group, however, are such workers numerous enough to affect the group total materially. The occupations of the gainful workers of the United States have been arranged in the following groups: 1. Professional persons. 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials: 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) . 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers. 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers: 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers: 6-a. Farm laborers. 6-b. Factory and building construction laborers. 6-c. Other laborers. 6-d. Servant classes. The composition of groups 1 and 2, above, probably is sufficiently clear. Clerks and kindred workers— group 3 — are the so-called white-collar workers. They are the clerical assistants to executives, officials, and business and professional men. They comprise office assistants, sales people, telegraph and telephone operators, and all others doing the various types of clerical and kindred work. Skilled workers and foremen — group 4 — comprise foremen and the followers of skilled trades, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, machinists, etc. Semiskilled workers — group 5 — include apprentices, machine tenders, workers in the needle trades, etc. They are manual workers who have a moderate degree of skill and of manual dexterity. Unskilled workers — group 6* — include the laborers and the different servant classes. Most of them have no special training. Of the 6 main social-economic groups here presented, 3 are subdivided, thus making a total of 12 groups. In table 1, the specific occupations of the 1930 census occupation classification, with United States totals for each occupation, are so rearranged as to make up these 12 social-economic groups. In order to conserve space, some occupation subgroups are omitted from table 1. For example, the figures for the total "Retail dealers" are given (group 2-b), but not the figures for each different class of retail dealers. Similarly, OCCUPATION 3 the figures for all "Operatives — Manufacturing" are given (group 5-a), but not the figures for the operatives in each manufacturing industry. The same is true as to "Laborers — Manufacturing" (group 6-b). It is to be noted that census statistics of occupation relate only to gainful workers 10 years old and over, the term "gainful workers" in census usage including all persons who usually follow a gainful occupation, even though temporarily unemployed at the time the census was taken. Table 1.- — Gainful Workers in the United States Classified into Social. Economic Groups, by Sex and Occupation: 1930 GROUP AND OCCUPATION All gainful workers. 1. Professional persons. Actors and showmen Architects Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art. Authors, editors, and reporters Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists Clergymen College presidents and professors Dentists Designers, draftsmen, and inventors.. Lawyers, judges, and justices. __ Musicians and teachers of music Osteopaths Photographers Physicians and surgeons.. _ Teachers Technical engineers. Trained nurses Veterinary surgeons . _.__ Other professional pursuits Chiropractors „ . Healers (not elsewhere classified) Religious workers 2, Proprietors, managers, and officials.. 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) . 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers... Retail dealers Wholesale dealers, importers, and exporters. 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. Foresters, forest rangers, and timber cruisers „ Owners and managers of log and timber camps ___.„ Operators, managers, and officials — extraction of minerals Builders and building contractors Manufacturers „___ Managers and officials — manufacturing Captains, masters, mates, and pilots ___. Garage owners, managers, and officials ... Owners and managers—truck, transfer, and cab companies.... Conductors— steam railroad Officials and superintendents— steam and street railroads Postmasters Proprietors, managers, and officials 1 — transportation Bankers, brokers, and money lenders Managers and officials— insurance companies Proprietors, managers, and officials i— trade Managers and officials— real-estate companies Undertakers... Officials and inspectors— city and county. _• , Officials and inspectors — State and United States Billiard room, dance hall, etc., keepers Directors, managers, and officials— motion-picture production. Keepers of charitable and penal institutions Keepers of pleasure resorts, racetracks, etc Radio announcers, directors, managers, etc. Theatrical owners, managers, and officials Owners and proprietors— cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops. Managers and officials — cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops.. Hotel keepers and managers Laundry owners, managers, and officials... Restaurant, cafe, and luncbroom keepers MALE FEMALE 38, 077, 804 10, 752, 116 1, 497, 984 1, 447, 863 54, 511 20, 785 21, 621 379 35, 621 21,644 46, 922 17, 371 45, 163 1,905 145, 572 3,276 41, 774 20,131 69,768 1,287 93, 518 9,212 157, 220 3,385 85, 517 79, 611 4,554 1,563 31, 163 8,366 146, 978 6,825 202, 337 860, 278 226, 136 113 5,452 288,737 11,852 11 43, 847 70, 546 9,203 2,713 7,866 9,774 11,339 19, 951 9 ; 159, 896 505, 644 5, 749, 367 262,645 1, 675, 193 111,854 1, 593, 356 110, 166 81, 837 1,688 1, 735, 336 131, 14y6 8,042 15 6,889 10 30, 755 141 167, 310 202 202, 190 5,711 302, 334 10, 422 24, 482 3 69, 543 422 40, 508 576 73, 332 37, 963 26 20, 818 13, 603 34, 987 3,003 212,312 9,192 27, 556 1,752 42, 201 3,104 5,124 479 32, 192 1,940 69,431 8,964 49, 881 1,819 28, 819 310 1,888 35 9,468 5,552 9,741 977 1,639 180 18, 691 1,032 15, 207 1,068 4,615 1,226 39, 538 17, 310 22, 482 2,063 1 125, 398 40,008 Not otherwise specified. SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 1. — Gainful Workers in the United States Classified into Social- . Economic Groups, by Sex and Occupation: 1930 — Continued GROUP AND OCCUPATION 3. Clerks and kindred workers Inspectors, scalers, and surveyors— log and timber camps. Baggagemen and freight agents— railroad Ticket and station agents— railroad Agents— express companies Express messengers and railway mail clerks Mail carriers Radio operators Telegraph messengers r Telegraph operators . _ Telephone operators , Advertising agents Clerks in stores Commercial travelers Decorators, drapers, and window dressers Inspectors, gaugers, and samplers — trade Insurance agents , Newsboys Real estate agents Salesmen and saleswomen .... Abstracters, notaries, and justices of peace Architects', designers', and draftsmen's apprentices Apprentices to other professional persons Officials of lodges, societies, etc Technicians and laboratory assistants Dentists' assistants and attendants . Librarians' assistants and attendants Physicians' and surgeons' attendants Agents, collectors, and credit men.,. Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants Clerks (except clerks in stores) Messenger, errand, and office boys and girls .... Stenographers and typists __ #. Skilled workers and foremen.. Farm managers and foremen . Foremen— log and timber camps Foremen, overseers, and inspectors — extraction of minerals Blacksmiths, forgemen, and hammermen Boilermakers '. Brick and stone masons and tile layers Cabinetmakers Carpenters. . Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters Coopers Electricians Electrotypers, stereotypers, and lithographers Engineers (stationary), cranemen, hoistmen, etc Engravers Foremen and overseers— manufacturing Puddlers _. Glass blowers Jewelers, watchmakers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths Loom fixers Machinists, millwrights, and toolmakers.. Mechanics ' Millers (grain, flour, feed, etc.) Molders, founders, and casters (metal) Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (building) Paper hangers Pattern and model makers Piano and organ tuners Plasterers and cement finishers Plumbers and gas and steam fitters Pressmen and plate printers (printing) __. Rollers and roll hands (metal) Roofers and slaters Sawyers Shoemakers and cobblers (not in factory) Skilled occupations (not elsewhere classified) Stonecutters Structural iron workers .(building) Tailors and tailoresses Tinsmiths and coppersmiths — - Upholsterers Bus conductors Conductors— street railroad Foremen and overseers— steam and street railroads Locomotive eugineers 'Not otherwise specified. MALE 4,877,235 2, 183 16, 361 25, 370 4,102 25,600 120. 204 4,909 15, 997 51, 699 13, 625 43, 364 238, 844 219. 790 13,911 10. 923 243, 974 38, 576 203, 119 1, 508, 283 9,848 2,436 3,861 11.513 8,288 770 502 689 182, 630 447, 937 1, 290, 447 81, 430 36, 050 6, 201, 542 66, 3, 34, 147, 49, 170, 57, 929. 173, 11, 280, 16, 316, 18, 310. 1, 3, 37. 19, 761. 638, 15, 105. 429. 26. 29. 6. 85, 237. 31. 30. 23, 35. 76. 12. 22 28, 147. 83, 49. 1. 35. 79, 101. 259 910 274 460 923 896 890 376 363 347 279 448 942 747 037 597 209 408 180 075 190 906 139 9S2 872 711 799 477 813 215 765 636 984 127 227 887 966 476 421 097 002 680 682 201 FE1IALE 3, 072, 220 1 16 1,790 74 8 1,129 46 179 16, 122 235, 259 5,656 163, 147 3,942 6,238 5,820 12, 953 417 31,308 560, 720 1,908 220 74 3.002 7,700 12,945 1,363 13, 353 13, 477 482, 711 706, 553 8,949 775, 140 81,145 963 "~12 50 10, 269 38 244 22 690 28, 467 59 1,254 35 20 63 40 19 123 1. 456 39 24 3 1 80 261 31 1 21, 807 6 2.355 17 55 OCCUPATION Table 1.— Gainful Workers in the United States Classified into Social- Economic Groups, by Sex and Occupation: 1930 — Continued GROUP AND OCCUPATION Skilled workers and foremen— Continued. Locomotive firemen Aviators Foremen and overseers ' — transportation Inspectors— transportat i on Floorwalkers, foremen, and overseers— trade Firemen— fire department Marshals, sheriffs, detectives, etc - --- Policemen -- Foremen and overseers— cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops. Foremen and overseers— laundries 5. Semiskilled workers. 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing . Apprentices to building and hand trades Apprentices (except to building and hand trader- Bakers -manufacturing. Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory). Dyers. Filers, grinders, buffers, and polishers (metal) . Milliners and millinery dealers Oilers of machiner y Enamelers. lacquerers, and japanners. Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (factory) Operatives ' — manufacturing 5-b. Other semiskilled workers. Boatmen, canal men, and lock keepers Sailors and deck hands... Chauffeurs and truck and tractor drivers Boiler washers and engine hostlers Brakemen— steam railroad Motormen— steam and street railroads Switchmen, flagmen, and yardmen— steam and street railroads. Telegraph and telephone linemen Apprentices— transportation.. _ O ther occupations— transportation Apprentices— wholesale and retail trade Del i verymen— bakeries and stores Other pursuits in trade Guards, watchmen, and doorkeepers Soldiers, sailors, and marines Other public service pursuits Other occupations— semiprofessional pursuits Attendants— pool rooms, bowling alleys, golf clubs, etc Helpers— motion-picture production. Theater ushers Other attendants and helpers— professional service Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists ... Boarding and lodginghouse keepers Other operatives— cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops.. Housekeepers and stewards Deli verymen— laundries Other operatives— laundries Midwives and nurses (not trained). Other pursuits— domestic and personal service 8. Unskilled workers. 6-a. Farm laborers _ 6-b. Factory and building construction laborers Firemen (except locomotive and fire department) . Furnace men, smelter men, and pourers Heaters (metal) Laborers '—manufacturing 6-c. Other laborers. Fishermen and oystermen Teamsters and haulers — log and timber camps... Other lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchoppers. Coal mine operatives Other operatives in extraction of minerals Longshoremen and stevedores .. Draymen, teamsters, and carriage drivers Garage laborers. Hostlers and stable hands MALE 67, 096 6.031 52, 061 50, 965 33, 368 7.3, 008 39, 247 130, 838 470 3, 583 5,448,158 2,881,022 40, 105 33, 450 131,884 452 17, 425 76, 264 4,846 31,169 4, 622 89, 546 2, 451, 259 2, 567, 136 5,603 64, 692 970,916 18, 300 88, 197 60, 718 102, 484 71,624 6,097 83, 794 2,337 159, 328 96, 069 147, 115 132, 830 40, 369 8,765 16,047 1.234 9,308 28, 890 261, 096 17, 093 42,313 20, 383 20, 558 45, 087 13, 867 32, 022 10, 893, 039 3, 746, 433 3, 248, 622 127, 293 18, 627 14, 941 3, 087, 761 2.871,744 73,071 9,242 146, 803 621, 545 296, 990 73, 944 111,178 66, 536 6,654 FEMALE 66 74 1,155 4,795 2,576 849 349 2,754 2, 529, 414 1, 676, 971 28 3, 869 8.916 157,928 294 2,336 40, 102 41 1,136 3,522 1, 458, 799 852. 443 40 8 1,502 5 289 1 54 1,923 107 116 29, 106 1,000 1,268 1,756 121 979 3, 153 21, 480 113, 194 127, 278 18, 321 236, 363 15 149, 414 143, 142 1,808 3,115,830 646, 331 125, 521 1 1 125,519 31,321 209 1 93 116 490 10 46 157 1 Not otherwise specified. 6 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 1.- — Gainful Workers in the United States Classified into Social- Economic Groups, by Sex and Occupation: 1930 — Continued GROUP AND OCCUPATION MALE FEMALE 8. Unskilled workers— Continued. 6-c. Other laborers— Continued. Laborers — truck, transfer, and cab companies Laborers — road and street Laborers, including construction laborers-— steam and street railroads Laborers 1 — transportation Laborers in coal and lumber yards, warehouses, etc— Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores ....- Laborers — public service -.. Laborers— professional service Laborers — recreation and amusement.-- Stage hands and circus helpers - Laborers— cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops Laborers— domestic and personal service - - Laborers— laundries 6-d. Servant classes. Bootblacks Charwomen and cleaners Elevator tenders Janitors and sextons Launderers and laundresses (not in laundry) . Porters (except in stores) -.. Servants Waiters 40,920 306, 9S0 459, 090 50, 998 113, 027 199, 296 155,903 23, 762 29, 458 4,099 3,910 67, 337 11,001 1,026,240 18, 747 20,943 55, 255 273, S05 4,565 127, 436 364, 174 50 47 3.384 65 642 9,392 1,107 1,621 435 175 639 4,350 8,292 2, 312, 657 161,315 | 37 40, 989 12, 359 35,820 356, 468 52 1, 634, 959 231,973 1 Not otherwise specified. SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS OF GAINFUL WORKERS, BY SEX In table 2, the gainful workers of the United States are classified into social- economic groups, by sex, for 1910, 1920, and 1930, the earlier census data having been revised to conform with the 1930 classification. In 1930 almost 1 gainful worker in 16 was a professional person and almost 1 in 8 was a farmer. Merchants, other proprietors, and managers and officials, together, formed nearly 1 worker in 13. Clerks and kindred workers, often referred to as "white-collar workers", accounted for nearly 1 worker in 6. More than 1 worker in 8 was skilled, nearly 1 in 8 was semiskilled, and considerably over 1 in 4 was unskilled. The skilled, the semiskilled, and the unskilled, together, comprise the manual workers. To distinguish them from the "white-collar workers", they may be called the "overalls and apron workers." They numbered, in 1930, considerably over one-half (57.9 percent) of all gainful workers. During the 20-year period from 1910 to 1930, some significant changes were taking place in the social-economic distribution of the gainful workers. The professional class increased rapidly — from 4.3 percent of the total workers in 1910 to 6 percent in 1930. Farmers decreased strikingly from 16.1 to 12.3 percent of the total. The clerical group increased more rapidly than any other social-economic group — from 10 percent of the total workers in 1910 to 16.3 percent in 1930. The relative importance of skilled workers and foremen increased somewhat between 1910 and 1920 and then decreased between 1920 and 1930. Between 1910 and 1930 the proportion of the total male workers in the semiskillecl group increased from 11.1 percent to 14.3 percent, but the proportion of the total female workers in this group decreased from 27.1 to 23.5 percent. The unskilled constitute by far the largest social-economic group in the Lmited States. Fortunately, the group has been declining rapidly in relative impor- tance — from 37.3 percent of the total workers in 1910 to 28.7 percent in 1930. There was a marked decline in the relative importance of farm laborers and some decline in the relative importance of factory and other laborers. The relative importance of the servant classes, however, was slightly greater in 1930 than in 1910. SEX Table 2. — Gainful Workers in the United States Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Sex: 1910 to 1930 SEX AND GROUP Total. NUMBER 1930 48, 829, 920 19?0 41,614,248 1910 38, 187, 336 1 . Professional persons — 2, 945, 797 2, 050, 162 | 1, 632, 638 Proprietors, managers, and officials .. ! 9,665,540 6,012,012 1, 787, 047 1, 866, 481 2-a, Farmers (owners and tenants). 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers - 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers... 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers Unskilled workers.. 6-a. Farm laborers -- 6-b. Factory and building construction labor- ers •• 6-c. Other laborers - o-d. Servant classes Male. 7, 949, 455 6, 282, 687 7, 977, 572 4, 557, 993 3, 419, 579 14, 008, 869 4, 392, 764 3, 374, 143 2, 903, 065 3, 338, 897 9, 180, 583 6, 387, 360 1,401,849 1,391,374 5, 704, 970 5, 570, 602 6, 638, 615 j 4,357,451 I 2,281,164 12,469,316 4,186,128 3, 136, 276 2, 890, 738 2, 256, 174 38,077,804 38,084,737 Professional persons 1, 497, 934 1 , 061, 791 S, 579, 746 6, 132, 380 1, 246, 077 1, 201, 289 3, 826, 959 4, 364, 060 5, 512. 344 3. 674, 302 1, 838, 042 14, 251, 589 6, 205, 633 2, 659, 917 I 2,821,526 2, 564, 513 30, 091, 564 913, 866 Proprietors, managers, and officials. 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and official^' Clerks and kindred workers _ _. — Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers -- 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing — 5~b. Other semiskilled workers Unskilled workers - 6-a. Farm laborers 6~b. Factory and building construction labor- ers 6-c. Other laborers.. 6-d. Servant classes — — Female. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. 1, 447, 863 505, 644 262, 645 111,854 131,145 3, 072, 220 81, 145 2, 529, 414 1, 676, 971 852, 443 3, 115, 830 646, 331 125, 521 31,321 6-d. Servant classes ...j 2,312,657 Semiskilled workers , 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers __. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and building construction labor- ers 6-c. Other laborers 9, 159, 896 5, 749, 367 1, 675, 193 1, 735, 336 4, 877, 235 6, 201, 542 5, 448, 158 2, 881, 022 2, 567, 136 10, 893, 039 3, 746, 433 3, 248, 622 2,871,744 1, 026, 240 10,752,116 8, 757, 614 6,121,783 1, 322, 075 1, 313, 756 3,511,808 5, 469, 048 4, 375, 995 2, 689, 245 1,686,750 9, 888, 481 3, 382, 899 2, 966, 841 2, 859, 343 679, 398 8, 549, 511 988, 371 422, 969 265, 577 79, 774 77, 618 2, 193, 162 101, 554 2, 262. 620 1, 668, 206 594, 414 2, 580, 835 803, 229 169, 435 31, 395 1, 576, 776 8, 183, 563 5, 859, 238 1, 178, 049 1, 146, 276 2, 744, 488 4, 267, 327 3, 326, 830 2, 032, 346 1, 294, 484 10, 655, 490 4, 679, 926 2, 571, 215 2, 803, 596 600, 753 8, 075, 772 718, 772 396, 183 273, 142 68, 028 55, 013 1, 0S2, 471 96, 733 2, 185, 514 1,641,956 543, 558 3, 596, 099 1, 525, 707 88, 702 17, 930 1, 963, 760 I'ERCENT DISTRI- BUTION 1930 1920 1910 100.0 100.0 6.0 4.9 100. 39.8 12.3 3.7 3.8 16.3 12.9 16.3 9.3 7.0 28.7 9.0 6.9 5.9 6.8 100.0 I 22.1 15.3 3.4 3.3 13.7 13.4 | 16.0 I 10.5 5.5 i i 30.0 I 10.1 ! 7.5 6.9 5.4 3.9 24.1 15.1 4,4 4.6 12.8 16. 3 14.3 7.6 6.7 28.6 9. 8 8.5 7.5 2.7 100.0 4.3 22.5 16.1 3.3 3.1 10.0 11,4 14.4 9.6 4.8 37.3 16.3 7.0 7.4 6.7 100.0 i 100.0 13.5 4.7 2.4 1.0 1.2 28.6 0.8 23.5 15.6 7.9 29.0 6.0 1.2 0.3 21.5 3.2 26.5 1.8.5 4.0 4.0 10.6 16.5 13.2 8. 1 5. 1 29.9 10.2 9.0 8.6 2.1 100.0 11.6 4.9 3.1 0.9 0.9 25. 7 1.2 26.5 19.5 7.0 30.2 9.4 2.0 0.4 j 18.*4 3.0 27.2 19. 5 3.9 3.8 9.1 14.2 11.1 6.8 4.3 35. 4 15.6 8.5 9.3 2.0 100.0 8.9 4.9 3.4 0.8 0.7 13.4 1.2 27.1 20.3 6.7 44.5 18.9 1.1 0.2 24.3 g SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS At each census the distribution of female gainful workers by social-economic groups differed considerably from that of male workers. As compared with the corresponding proportion for males, the proportion of the females in the profes- sional group, in the clerical group, in the semiskilled group, and in the servant group was particularly large; and the proportion in the proprietary, official, and mana- gerial group, in the skilled worker group, and in the different laborer groups was particularly small. There was a very striking increase between 1910 and 1930 in the proportion of female workers engaged in clerical and kindred pursuits — from 13.4 percent to 28.6 percent; a marked decrease in the proportion employed as semiskilled factory workers, and in the proportion employed as farm laborers; and a considerable decrease in the proportion employed as servants.. The proportion of female workers in manual pursuits — skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled — decreased from 72.8 percent in 1910 to 53.3 percent in 1930. Larger and larger proportions of the female workers were entering clerical and kindred pursuits and professional pursuits. In 1930, the proportion of the workers in each of these fields was far larger for females than for males. The six main groups shown in table 2 are arranged approximately in descending order of the social-economic status of the workers comprising them. Hence, the percentage distribution of the workers among these six groups furnishes a con- venient yardstick for measuring changes in the social-economic status of the entire labor force. If the first three main groups, comprising professional per- sons; proprietors, managers, and officials; and clerks and kindred workers, be combined for each of the three census years 1910, 1920, and 1930, it develops that the proportion of the total gainful workers in these three groups increased from 36.8 percent in 1910 to 40.7 percent in 1920, and to 42.1 percent in 1930. On the other hand, the proportion of the total workers in the unskilled group, comprising laborers and servants, decreased from 37.3 percent in 1910 to 30.0 percent in 1920, and to 28.7 percent in 1930. Plainly, the social-economic status of the Nation's labor force was rising rather rapidly from 1910 to 1930. The trend was definitely upward—definitely away from heavy, arduous, unskilled manual labor and definitely toward more highly skilled manual pursuits and intellectual pursuits. Social-economic status of gainful workers in States and in cities. — Statistics for 1930, corresponding to those shown for the United States in tables 2 and 3, are presented for geographic divisions and States in tables 18 to 29; and statistics corresponding to those shown for the United States in table 2, are presented for cities of 500,000 or more in table 30.* These statistics show striking differences between the several States, and also between the cities, in the distribution of the workers by social-economic groups. For example, they show that the proportions which male professional persons formed of ali male workers ranged from 1.9 percent in Mississippi to 5.7 percent in California and 9.6 percent in the District of Columbia; 2 and they ranged from 4.0 percent in Cleveland, Ohio, to 8.5 percent in Los Angeles, Calif. The figures show, also, that in a given State there were wide variations between population classes in the social-economic distribution of the workers. In each area, the figures indicated marked differences between the two sexes. Thus, in each State and in each city of 500,000 or more, professional persons, clerks and kindred workers, and usually semiskilled workers, formed relatively larger proportions of the female than of the male gainful workers. Diagram 1, based on table 2, shows graphically, by sex, the trend of the different social-economic groups from 1910 to 1930. 3 > The District of Columbia is coextensive with the city of Washington. s For a discussion of probable future trends, see "Composition of the Nation's Labor Force/' Ann. Am. Acad., Vol. 184, Mar., 1936, pp. 16-20. *For these 13 cities, a distribution of gainful workers by sex, col- or, nativity, and economic status is shown in the Appendix. SEX 9 Diagram 1. — Trend of Social-Economic Groups in the United States, by Sex: 1910-30 ALL WORKERS O 20 PROPRIETORS, ETC. SEMISKILLED SKILLED, ETC; _ =a _^«— ~ CLERKS J _ETC_ ; PROFESSIONAL O 20 SKILLEDJj.TC^ SEMI SKILLE D CLERKS, ETC. S — — X PROFESSIONAL !920 FEMALE WORKERS I9IO 10 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS OF GAINFUL WORKERS, BY COLOR, NATIVITY, AND SEX Table 3 shows for native whites, foreign-born whites, and Negroes the gainful workers in 1930 classified into social-economic groups, by sex. Table 3. — Gainful Workers in the United States Classified into Social- Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex: 1930 POPULATION CLASS AND GROUP TOTAL Number Native white 1. Professional persons. 35, 173, 370 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing.. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and laborers 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes... building construction Foreign* born white. 1. Professional persons. .. 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) . 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing 5-b. Other semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and laborers 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes... building construction Negro 1. Professional persons. 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, managers, and officials. 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 6. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in manufacturing. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and laborers 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes... building construction 2, 532, 206 7, 370, 028 4, 598, 201 1, 248, 518 1, 523, 309 7, 103, 717 4, 688, 661 5, 787, 360 3, 256, 407 2,530,953 7, 691, 398 2, 863, 482 1, 861, 680 1, 690, 938 1, 275, 298 7,411,127 287, 243 1, 263, 289 468, 322 493, 431 301, 536 731, 204 1,381,971 1,594,471 1, 082, 214 512, 257 2, 152, 949 199, 579 750, 640 591, 005 611, 725 5, 503, 535 Per- cent 100.0 115,765 929,644 873, 653 28,343 27,648 82, 669 176, 912 515, 381 181, 079 334, 302 3, 683, 164 1,112,510 674, 187 516,414 1,380,053 7.2 21.0 13.1 3.5 4.3 20.2 13.3 16.5 9.3 7.2 21.9 8.1 5.3 4.8 3.6 100.0 3.9 17.0 6.3 6.7 4.1 9.9 18.6 21.5 14.6 6.9 29.1 2.7 10.1 8.0 8.3 100.0 MALE FEMALE 2.1 16.9 15.9 0.5 0.5 1.5 3.2 9.4 3.3 6.1 66.9 20.2 12.3 9.4 25.1 27.511,862 Number 1, 243, 081 7, 017, 203 4, 435, 418 1, 169, 058 1, 412, 727 4, 262, 882 4, 623, 705 3, 886, 352 1, 958, 928 1, 927, 424 6,478,639 2, 659, 897 1, 774, 693 1, 672, 688 371, 361 6,255,071 191, 781 1, 201, 688 447, 205 466, 059 288, 424 528, 593 1, 367, 463 1, 180, 294 797, 648 382, 646 1, 785, 252 194, 358 737, 108 586, 448 267, 338 Per- cent 100.0 4.5 25.5 16.1 4.2 5.1 15.5 16.8 14.1 7.1 7.0 23.5 9.7 6.5 6.1 1.3 100.0 Number Per- cent 7,661,508 100.0 1, 289, 125 16. 8 3,662,893 100.0 3.1 19.2 7.1 7.5 4.6 8.5 21.9 18.9 12.8 6.1 28.5 3.1 11.8 9.4 4.3 55, 610 842,920 797, 231 24, 493 21, 196 62,138 175, 537 329, 374 104,441 224, 933 2, 197, 314 693, 669 650, 925 508,754 343, 966 1.5 23.0 21.8 0.7 0.6 1.7 4.S 9.0 2.9 6.1 60.0 18.9 17.8 13.9 9.4 352. 825 162, 783 79, 460 110, 582 2, 840, 835 64, 956 1, 901, 008 1, 297, 479 603,529 1, 212, 759 203, 585 86, 987 18,250 903, 937 1,156,056 95, 462 61,601 21, 117 27, 372 13, 112 202, 611 14,508 414, 177 284,566 129, 611 367, 697 5,221 13,532 4,557 344,387 1, 840, 642 60, 155 86,724 76,422 3.S50 6,452 20, 531 1,375 186, 007 76,638 109, 369 1, 4S5, 850 418, S41 23, 262 7,660 1.036.0S7 4.6 2.1 1.0 1.4 37.1 0.8 24.8 16.9 7.9 15.8 2.7 1.1 0.2 11.8 100.0 8.3 5.3 1.8 2,4 1.1 17.5 1.3 35.8 24.6 11.2 31.8 0.5 1.2 0.4 29.8 100.0 3.3 4.7 4.2 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.1 10.1 4.2 5.9 80.7 22.8 1.3 0.4 56.3 COLOR AND NATIVITY ]_]_ Since the six main occupation groups shown in table 3 are arranged, approxi- mately at least, in descending order of the social-econ6mic status of the workers in them, the percentage distribution of the workers among these six main groups, as presented in column 2, furnishes a convenient basis for comparing the social- economic status of the workers in the different population classes in 1930. A larger percentage of the native whites than of the foreign-born whites was in each of the first three main groups and a much smaller percentage was in each of the last three. The percentage, both of native whites and of foreign-born whites, was larger than that of Negroes in each main group except "Unskilled workers", where the percentage was over three times as large for Negroes as for native whites and considerably over twice as high for Negroes as for foreign-born whites. More than two out of three Negro workers in 1930 were unskilled; and the proportions of the Negro workers in the semiskilled group, in the skilled group, and in the clerical group were very small as compared with the corresponding proportions for native whites and foreign-born whites. In 1930, 48.3 percent of the native white workers, 30.8 percent of the foreign-born, white workers, and 20.5 percent of the Negro workers were in the first three main groups — the groups comprising the "head workers." In contrast, 51.7 percent of the native white workers, 89.2 percent of the foreign-born white workers, and 79.5 percent of the Negro workers were in the last three main groups — the groups comprising the "hand workers." The relatively large proportion of the Negro workers classed as "Proprietors, managers, and officials" is explained by the fact that 15.9 percent of the Negroes, as compared with 13.1 percent of the native whites and 6.3 percent of the foreign-born whites, were farmers (owners or tenants) . The distribution of the male gainful workers of the different population classes by social-economic status is very similar to the corresponding distribution of the total gainful workers, above discussed. The proportion of the total female workers engaged in professional pursuits in 1930 was over twice as high for native whites as for foreign-born whites, and over five times as high for native whites as for Negroes. Likewise, the propor- tion engaged in clerical and kindred pursuits was over twice as high for native whites as for foreign-born whites and nearly 34 times as high for native whites as for Negroes. The proportion engaged in semiskilled occupations was highest for foreign-born whites, next highest for native whites, and lowest for Negroes. The proportion engaged in unskilled occupations was over twice as high for foreign- born whites as for native whites, and was over five times as high for Negroes as for native whites. The distribution of the gainful workers by social-economic groups, in 1930, is presented graphically, by color, nativity, and sex, in diagram 2, which is based on the figures in table 3. 67555 0—38- 12 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Diagram 2. — Social-Economic Groups in the United States, by Color, Nativity, and Sex: 1930 NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN. BORN WHITE ALL WORKERS PER CENT MALE WORKERS PER CENT NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN. BORN WHITE FEMALE WORKERS NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN. BORN WHITE PROFESSIONAL V 'u 't ;■.: . Professional persons. Proprietors., managers, and officials. 2-a. Farmers (owners and ten'ts) . 2-b Whol. and retail dealers 2-c. Other props., mgrs , and off. | ! Clerks and kindred, workers .. j Skilled workers and foremen .. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg.. 5~b. Other semiskilled workers.. 35 ; I* i 7 - it: 7. 4t, 532, 206 370, 028 598, 201 248,518 523, 309 103, 71? 688, 661 18 and 18 years [1,582,804 2,076,733 7, 696 Unskilled workers . 6-a, Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. est. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d, Servant classes 1 Professional persons 2 J Proprietors, managers, and officials. 2-a . Farmers (own ers a n d ten 'ts) . 2-b. Whol. and retail dealers 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semisk illed workers in mfg . .. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers. . 2, 307 2,306 I 3.17.737 10,532 79, 548 50. 148 35, 086 10, 571 4.491 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 5,724,378 14,724,752 14,097,657 515.639 j 455,464 I 336,432 396,340 ! 254." 78,912 j 63,097 j 590.479 11,590,343 108,235 ! 525.603 390. 664 131,776 135, 607 .147,412 648, 716 5,787,360 I 366,408 3,256,407 I 287,364 2.530.953 ! 69,044 7, 691, 398 2, 863, 482 ■1,861,680 1, 690, 938 1, 275, 298 27, 511, 862 1, 243, 081 7, 017, 203 4, 435, 418 1,169,058 1, 412, 727 4, 262, 882 4, 623, 705 3, 886, 352 1, 958, 928 1, 927. 424 V nskilled workers 6, 478. 639 2, 659, 897 1, 774, 693 1,672,588 371. 361 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bidg. est. labrs. 6-c. Other laborers 6~d. Servant classes Female. Professional persons. Proprietors, mgrs., and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and ten'ts). 2-b. Whol. and retail dealers 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. . 5-b. Other semiskilled workers-. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers _. 6-b. Factory and bldg. est. labrs. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes 465, 369 335, 272 130, 097 1,133,053 689,771 443, 282 878, 144 601, 272 99, 187 62, 088 115, 596 1, 060, 578 7, 681, 508 1, 289, 125 352, 825 162, 783 79, 460 110,582 2, 840, 835 64, 956 1,901,008 1, 297, 479 603, 529 1,212,759 203, 585 86. 987 18, 250 90& 937 650 2,219 1 179, 784 9,556 186, 016 132, 080 53, 938 689, 350 526, 018 85, 811 60, 292 17, 229 5 13, 228 782,9.54 |1,563,401 395,233 668,208 159,445 j 377.673 107,841 j 306,300 120,635 j 211,220 1,814,411 '|S. 875, 562 16,591 j 145,604 48, 921 35, 086 9,866 3,869 239, 208 104, 459 382, 718 252, 768 74, 389 55, 561 864, 457, 407. 950, 317, 254. 245. 129, 814 122 792 199 190 236 754 019 637.211 387, 647 124,811 124, 753 724, 097. ; 651, 614 514. 753 262,683 i 767,077 162.213 ! 398,894 100,470 i 368,183 642.549 jl, 341, 313 371,760 | 634,585 5, 046 87 < 137, 953 956 180.392 165, 284 15, 108 188, 794 75, 254 13, 376 1,797 98, 367 144,346 105.680 I 20,703 762, 822 62, 957 1,227 705 522 351, 271 3, 776 202. 686 173. 059 29, 627 140, 405 15, 099 1,961 99. 872 354, 888 303, 122 48,738 638, 793 652. 040 303, 481 348, 559 830, 922 289,865 j 244, 190 j 247,830 ! 38,937 i 13.622 f 1, 563 4. 523 7, 530 866, 246 10, 850 365. 976 2-90. 877 75, 099 222. OSS 33. 643 22, 785 3, 178 162, 482 20. 836 3.017 6,965 10, $54 495, 798 8,923 212, 874 153,641 59, 233 119, 277 17, 225 10, 046 1.924 00. 082 83a, 662 473, 403 161.839 198. 420 903, 860 668, 356 671, 412 341. 175 330,237 683, 935 101.200 188, 191 104, 677 3,618,047 IS, 327,676 206,467 | 179.379 805,' 467.009 ! 152.915 185,117 | 587,733 ! 660, 230,791 ! 274,574 i 590. 178. - 582,354 197. 471 32, 053 848.817 1,106,705 ; 788,78- 370,035 ! 248,997 t 157,053 28, 621 6.394 13, 303 316, 122 166,047 110, 384 55, 663 93. 755 12. SOS 6. 513 72, 624 AGE 29 Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United States: 1930 85toS8 40 to 44 45 to 48 50 to 54 55 to 59 60 to 64 85 to 89 70 to 74 I 75 years Un- years y^ars years years years years years years and over known 3, 88S, 478 8, 248, 304 2, 789, 584 2, 882, 706 1, 817, 308 1, 318, 097 829, 7S5 458, 912 229, 835 28, 078 292, 917 231, 662 185, 420 156, 229 113, 493 77, 070 42, 123 22, 620 12,526. 3,467 i 983, 607 561, 948 181,, 373 240, 286 938, 543 551, 776 160, 417 226, 350 879, 648 539, 843 142, 579 197, 226 805, 324 510, 851 127,210 167, 263 655, 111 433, 52.5 98, 384 123, 202 499, 535 342, 555 71,695 85, 285 337, 738 245, 237 44. 781 47, 720 208, 824 161.517 24, 491 22, 816 117,029 95, 688 11,134 10, 209 4,165 1,779 1,050 1, 336 2 2-a 2-b 2-e 753, 532 665, 598 554, 265 561, 916 421, 846 467, 984 319, 299 374, 977 219, 000 278/601 144, 4.39 193, 264 78, 870 109, 207 i 39, 004 51,311 17, 549 21, 630 6,082 2,751 3 4 586, 379 300, 191 285, 188 459, 278 237, 502 221, 776 374, 878 191, 864 183, 014 304, 959 150, 642 154, 317 227, 822 108, 244 119, 578 161, 598 72, 969 88, 629 98, 863 42, 666 56, 197 47, 665 19, 973 27, 692 19, 821 8,064 11,757 5,941 3,588 2,353 5 5-a 5-b 602, 445 146,816 167, 521 178, 355 108, 753 503. 640 114.186 140, 358 148, 170 100, 926 459, 818 103, 244 129. 986 130, 346 96, 242 401, 918 91, 627 112,923 108, 877 88, 491 323, 279 77, 588 89, 842 83, 071 72, 778 242, 191 62, 735 65, 598 57, 443 56, 415 162, 934 47, 577 42, 701 34, 553 38, 103 89, 588 29, 330 22, 493 16, 602 21, 163 41, 280 15, 875 9,267 6,382 9,756 5,872 1, 401 1,583 1,164 1,524 6 6-a 6-b 6-c 6-d 8, 201, 217 2, 702, 381 2, 842, 080 1, dm,. 902 1, 55®, 049 1, 141, 858 727, 512 410, 154 ! 205,784 19, S5S 162, 880 134, 319 111,088 96, 940 73, 989 52, 948 30, 576 17, 886 10, 598 1,166 I 942, 857 549, 400 ( 169, 636 j 223, 821 893,317 534, 325 149, 076 209, 916 831, 876 517, 784 131. 907 182, 185 758. 896 486, 022 118, 113 154, 761 61.6, 751 410, 457 91, 693 114, 601 470, 348 323, 082 67, 179 80, 087 317, 970 230, 499 42, 296 45, 175 196, 882 151. 673 23, 366 21, 843 108, 426 87, 985 10. 670 9,771 3,769 1,681 922 1,186 2 2-a 2-b 2-c | 512, 942 ! 657, 164 388, 406 554, 472 307, 918 462, 070 245, 426 370, 622 1«/, 2oi> 275, 712 123, 237 191,457 69, 849 108, 325 35, 881 50, 982 16, 305 21, 508 3,224 2, 661 3 , 4 ; 419, 000 196, 275 ! 222, 725 313.-488 151,436 162, 052 246, 762 122, 993 123, 769 192, 245 96, 268 95, 977 139, 593 69, 528 70, 065 97, 357 48, 669 50, 688 59, 337 27, 133 32, 204 29, 214 13. 225 15, 989 12, 104 5,431 6,673 4,071 2,511 1,560 5 5-a 5-b 506, 374 135, 151 161,654 177, 458 32,111 418,379 105, 035 136, 093 146, 502 30, 749 382, 366 95, 849 126, 724 128, 941 30, 852 335, 773 86, 354 110,519 107,815 31, 085 272, 751 74, 138 88, 316 82. 275 28, 022 206, 611 60, 760 64, 685 56, 991 24, 175 141,455 46, 381 42, 185 34, 340 18, 549 79, 309 28, 740 16,497 11,819 36, 845 15, 533 9. 163 6, 340 5, 809 4,462 1,346 1, 512 i, 134 470 6 6-a 6-b 6-c 6-d 882, 281 548, 923 447, 614 882, 804 261, 257 176, 138 102, 223 48, 758 24, 051 8, 725 - 130, 037 97. 343 74, 332 59, 289 39, 504 24, 122 11,547 4,634 1,928 2,301 1 40, 750 12, 548 11, 737 16, 465 45, 226 17, 451 11,341 16, 434 47. 772 22, 059 10, 672 15, 041 46. 428 24, 829 9. 097 12, 502 38, 360 23, 068 6.691 8,601 j 29, 187 19, 473 4, 516 5,198 19, 768 14, 738 2, 485 2,545 11, 942 9,844 1, 125 973 8,603 7,701 464 438 398 98 ! 128 170 j 2 2~a 2-b 2-c 240, 590 8,434 165, 859 7,444 113,928 5,914 73, 873 4, 355 41,747 2,889 21,202 1, 807 9,021 882 3,123 329 1,244 124 2,858 90 3 4 166, 379 103,916 62, 463 145, 790 86, 066 59, 724 128, 116 68, 871 59, 245 112, 714 54,374 58, 340 8.8, 229 38, 716 49, 513 64. 241 26, 300 37, 941 39, 526 15,533 23, 993 18, 451 6,748 | 11, 703 7, 717 2, 833 5,084 1,870 1, 077 793 5 5-a 5-b 96, 071 11,665 5,867 1,897 76, 642 85, 261 9, 151 4, 265 1,668 70, 177 77, 452 7,395 3,262 1,405 65, 390 66, 145 5, 273 2,404 1,062 57, 406 1 50, 528 3,450 1,526 796 44, 756 35, 580 1, 975 913 452 32, 240 21, 479 1,196 516 213 19,554 1 10, 279 590 240 105 9,344 4, 435 342 104 42 3,947 1,210 55 71 30 1,054 6 6~a 6-b 6-c 6-d 30 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 10. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the United States: [Percent not shown SEX AND GROUP All ages 10 to 17 years 18 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years Total Professional persons. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 7.2 21.0 13.1 3.5 4.3 20.2 13.3 16.5 9.3 7.2 21.9 8.1 5.3 4.8 3.6 100.0 0.5 0.1 3.8 2.4 1.7 0.5 0.2 28.4 5.2 22.4 16.1 6.3 37.7 19.0 7.7 5.2 5.8 100.0 9.0 6.9 4.4 1.4 1.1 27.8 9.2 19.8 12.0 7.7 27.3 11.7 6.6 5.4 3.7 100.0 9.6 13.9 8.3 2.8 2.9 24.3 13.7 18.3 9.7 8.6 20.1 6.7 5.4 5.3 2.7 100.0 8.2 20.3 11.6 3.9 4.8 22.1 16.3 16.4 1 8.3 8.1 j 16.7 | 4.7 ! 4.6 1 4.9 ! 2.6 | 100.0 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials. 2-a. Farmers (owners and ten'ts) .. 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers. . 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off.. Clerks and kindred workers 0.1 3 20.1 0.7 23.1 18.8 4.4 55.5 38.0 6.3 3.9 7.3 100.0 4 Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers. . . .... fi 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. . 5-b. Other semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. est. labrs.. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Male . . .. . Professional persons .. l 4.5 25.5 16.1 4.2 5.1 15.5 16.8 14.1 7.1 7.0 23.5 9.7 6.5 6.1 1.3 100.0 0.2 0.2 1.3 3.7 2.7 0.8 0.3 18.2 7.9 20.0 12.3 7.6 48.9 28.3 11.0 8.0 1.6 100. 3.8 9.9 6.5 1.9 1.4 18.7 13.3 19.8 10.3 9.5 34.6 16.4 9.2 7.8 1.3 100.0 5.7 17.6 10.7 3.4 3.4 18.0 17.7 18.0 8.4 9.6 23.0 8.3 6.7 6.8 1.1 100,0 5.4 24.2 14.0 4.6 5.6 17.7 19.8 15.2 6.9 8.3 17.7 5.4 5.5 5.9 1.0 100.0 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials . 2-a. Farmers (owners and ten'ts).. 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers.. 2-c. Other Drops., mgrs., and off_. Clerks and kindred workers 0.2 3 16.8 0.9 17.4 12.3 5.0 64.5 49.2 8.0 5.6 1.6 100.0 4 5 Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers 6 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. . 5-b. Other semiskilled workers Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. est. labs... 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Female Professional persons ] 16.8 4.6 2.1 1.0 1.4 37.1 0.8 24.8 16.9 7.9 15.8 2.7 1. 1 0.2 il.8 1.0 8.3 0.2 20.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 46.9 0.6 19.8 15.7 4.1 12.0 1.8 1.2 0.2 8. S 22.5 1.9 0.3 0.6 1.0 44.8 0.8 19.2 13.9 5.4 10.8 1.6 0.9 0.2 S. 1 20.4 3.7 : o.s ; 1.2 ! 1-7 , 41.1 1.1 21.6 14.3 7.2 12.2 1.7 0.8 0.2 9.4 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials. 2-a. Farmers (owners and ten'ts).. 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers.. 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off.. Clerks and kindred workers 0.1 0.1 46.1 0.5 26.6 22.7 3.9 18.4 A. 1 2.0 0.3 13.1 3 26.9 0.2 35.1 32.2 2.9 36.8 14.7 2.6 0.4 19.2 4 • Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers fi 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg... 5-b. Other semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. 6-a. Farm laborers .. 6-b. Factory and bldg. est. labrs.. 6-c. Other laborers.. 6-d. Servant classes AGE 31 Native White Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, for the 1930 where less than 0.1] 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over Un- known 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 ( . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.5 7.1 6.6 6.6 6.2 5.8 5.1 4.9 5.4 12.3 I 25.3 14.5 4.7 6.2 28.9 17.0 4.9 7.0 31.5 19.4 5.1 7.1 34.1 21.6 5.4 7.1 36.0 23.9 5.4 6.8 37.9 '26.0 5.4 6.5 40.7 29.6 5.4 5.8 45.5 35.2 5.3 5.0 50.9 41.6 4.8 4.4 14.8 6.3 3.7 4.8 2 2-a 2-b 2-c- 19.4 17.1 17.1 17.3 15.1 16.8 13.5 15.9 12.1 15.3 11.0 14.7 9.5 13.2 8.5 11.2 7.6 9.4 21.7 9.8 3 4 15.1 7.7 7.3 14.1 7.3 6.8 13.4 6.9 6.6 12.9 6.4 6.5 12.5 6.0 6.6 12.3 5.5 6.7 11.9 5.1 6.8 10.4 4.4 6.0 8.6 3.5 5.1 21.2 12.8 8.4 5 5-a 5-b 15.5 3.8 4.3 4.6 2.8 15.5 3.5 4.3 4.6 3.1 16.5 3.7 4.7 4.7 3.5 IV. 3.9 4.8 4.6 3.7 17.8 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.0 18.4 4.8 5.0 4.4 4.3 19.6 5.7 5.1 4.2 4.6 19.5 6.4 4.9 3.6 4.6 18.0 6.9 4.0 2.8 4.2 20.2 5.0 5.6 4.1 5.4 6 6-a 6-b 6-c 6-d 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.2 4.4 5.2 6.0 1 29.5 17.2 5.3 7.0 33.1 19.8 5.5 7.8 35.5 22.1 5.6 7.8 37.9 24.3 5.9 7.7 39.6 26.4 5.9 7.4 41.2 28.3 5.9 7.0 43.7 31.7 5.8 6.2 48.0 37.0 5.7 5.3 52.7 42.8 5.2 4.7 19.5 8.7 4.8 6.0 2 2-a 2-b 2-e 16.0 20.5 14.4 20.5 13.1 19.7 12.3 18.5 11.4 17.7 10.8 16.8 9.6 14.9 8.7 12.4 7.9 10.5 16.7 13.7 3 4 13.1 6. 1 7.0 11.6 5.6 6.0 10.5 5.3 5.3 9.6 4.8 4.8 9.0 4.5 4.5 8.5 4.1 4.4 8.2 3.7 4.4 7.1 3.2 3.9 5.9 2.6 3.2 21.0 13.0 8.1 5 5-a 5-b 15.8 4.2 5.0 5.5 1.0 15.5 3.9 5.0 5.4 1.1 16.3 4.1 5.4 5.5 1.3 16.8 4.3 5.5 5.4 1.6 17.5 4.8 5.7 5.3 1.8 18.1 5.3 5.7 5.0 2.1 19.4 6.4 5.8 4.7 2.5 19.3 7.0 5.4 4.0 2.9 17.9 7.5 4.5 3.1 2.8 23.1 7.0 7.8 5.9 2.4 6 6-a 6-b 6-c 6-d 100. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 19.1 17.8 16.6 16.3 15.1 13.7 11.3 9.5 8.0 26.4 1 6.0 1.8 1.7 2.4 8.3 3.2 2.1 3.0 10.7 4.9 2.4 3.4 12.8 6.8 2.5 3.4 14.7 8.8 2.6 3.3 16.6 11.1 2.6 3.0 19.3 14.4 2.4 2.5 24.5 20.2 2.3 2.0 35.8 32.0 1.9 1.8 4.5 1.1 1.5 1.9 2 2-a 2-b 2-c 35.3 1.2 30.3 1.4 25.5 1.3 20.4 1.2 16.0 1.1 12.0 1.0 8.8 0.9 6.4 0.7 5.2 0.5 32.8 1.0 3 4 24.4 15.2 9.2 26.7 15.7 10.9 28.6 15.4 13.2 31.1 15.0 16.1 33.8 14.8 19.0 36.5 14.9 21.5 38.7 15.2 23.5 37.8 13.8 24.0 32.1 10.9 21.1 21.4 12.3 9.1 5 5-a 5-b 14.1 1.7 0.9 0.3 11.2 15.6 1.7 0.8 0.3 12.8 17.3 1.7 0.7 0.3 14.6 18.2 1.5 0.7 0.3 15.8 19.3 1.3 0.6 0.3 17.1 20.2 1.1 0.5 0.3 18.3 21.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 19.1 21.1 1.2 0.5 0.2 19.2 18.4 1.4 0.4 0.2 16.4 13.9 0.6 0.8 0.3 12.1 6 6-a 6-b 6-c 6-d 32 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 11. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Native White Gain- States: [Percent not shown 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 ■24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 SEX AND AGE 10 to 17 years.-, 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years... 25 to 29 years.. . 30 to 34 years—. 35 to 39 years . 40 to 44 years.. 45 to 49 years . 50 to 54 years _ 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over- Unknown 10 to 17 years... 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years... 25 to 29 years... 30 to 34 years. .. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 years . 50 to 54 years. 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years...-. 75 years and over- Unknown Female. 10 to 17 years.. . 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years... 25 to 29 years.. . 30 to 34 years. .. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 years . 50 to 54 years. 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100.0 4.5 5.9 16.3 13.4 11.6 11.0 9.2 7.9 6.7 5.2 100.0 3.9 4.8 14.1 13.2 12.1 11.6 9.8 8.5 7.3 5.7 4.2 2.6 1.5 0.7 0.1 100.0 6.7 10.0 24.1 14.4 10.0 8.9 7.1 5.8 4.7 3.4 2.3 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.1 Profes- sional persons (1) 100. 0.3 3.1 20.4 18.0 13.3 11.6 9.1 7.3 6.2 3.0 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.1 100. 0.2 1.3 11.7 16.6 14.4 13.1 10.8 8.9 7.8 6.0 4.3 2.5 1.4 0.9 0.1 100. PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS • 0.4 4.9 28. 7 39.3 12.2 10.1 7.6 5.8 4.6 3.1 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 Total (2) 100.0 0.7 5.4 8.9 11.3 13.3 12.7 11.9 10.9 8.9 6.8 4.6 2.8 1.6 0.1 100, 0.7 5.5 9.1 11.5 13.4 12.7 11.9 10.8 8.8 6.7 4.5 2.8 1.5 0.1 100.0 0.3 3.9 5.9 8.1 11.5 12..S 13.5 13.2 10.9 8.3 5.6 3.4 2.4 0.1 Farmers, owners, and tenants (2-a) Whole- sale and retail dealers (2-b) 100. 5.5 8.5 10.3 12.2 12. 11.7 11.1 9.4 7.4 5.3 3.5 2.1 100.0 0.8 5.7 8.7 10.5 12.4 12.0 11.7 11.0 9.3 7.3 5.2 3.4 2.0 100.0 1.0 1.9 3.9 10.7 13.6 15.3 14.2 12.0 9.1 6.0 4.7 0.1 100.0 Other proprie- tors, man- agers, and officials (2-c) 0.2 0.8 6.3 10,6 13.0 14.5 12.8 11.4 10.2 7 Q 2.0 0.9 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.8 6.4 10.7 13.1 14.5 12.8 11.3 10.1 5.7 3.6 2.0 0.9 0.1 100. 0.1 0.9 5.7 8.S 11.2 14. S 14.3 13.4 11.4 8.4 o. 3.1 1.4 0.6 * I 100. 0.3 4.1 8.9 13.0 15.8 14.9 12.9 11.0 8.1 5. 6 3.1 1.5 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.3 3.9 8.8, 13.1 15.8 14.9 12.9 11.0 8. 1 5.7 3.2 1.5 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.5 6.8 9.S 12.0 14.9 14.9 13.6 11.3 7.8 4.7 2. 3 0.9 0.4 33 ful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex.j foe the United 1930 where less than 0.1] Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foreman SEMISKILLED WORKERS 1 1 I UNSKILLED WGRKEHS i To Si 8,1 Semi- skilled workers Other 1 semi- skilled ■. Total Farm laborers Factory j and building- 1 construe- j Other laborers Servant classes in manu- facturing woj ken j tion laborers • i (.3) (4) (5) 100. (5-a) (5-b) 100. i (6) (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) 100.0 (6-d) 100. 100. 100. loo.o ! 100.0 100. 100. 1 4.5 0,2 6.3 9.1 2. 7 11.4 21. 5.3 "IT 9.1 £ 8.3 2. 3 8.0 10.3 s!i 10. 2 13.8 8.6 6.4 9.5 3 22. 4 1L2 19.6 21. 2 17.5 20.3 23.3 20. 3 18.1 18.6 4 16.2 13.8 14.9 14.0 16. 1 12.4 11. 1 13. 7 14,8 10.1 5 12.7 14. 3 11.6 10.5 1«5. 8.9 6.7 10.1 11. 8 8.2 6 10.6 14.- 2 10. 1 9 2 11.3 7.8 5. i. 9.0 10. 6 8.5 7 7.3 12.0 7.9 7.Z 8.8 6.5 ! 4. 7.5 8.8 7.9 8 1 5. 9 .10.0 6.5 5.9 7.2 6.0 3.6 7.0 7.7 7. 5 9 4.5 8.0 5.3 4.6 8.1 5.2 3.2 6.1 6.4 6.9 10 3.1 5.9 3.9 3.3 4.7 4,2 2.7 4.8 i >/-' ff 7 11 2.0 4,1 2.8 2.2 3.5 3.1 2.2 3.5 3.4 4.4 12 1.1 2.3 1.7 1.3 2.2 2.1 1.7 2.3 2.0 3.C 13 0.5 1.1 - 0. 6 1.1 I. 2 1. 1. 2 i. 1.7 14 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 4 0.8 15 0.1 0.1 0. 1 0. I 0.1 0. 1 0A 0.1 16 I 100. ( 100. _ 100,0 100. 100. O 100. 100,0 ioo. o 100. 1.00. 17 4.2 0.2 4.8 | 6.7 2.8 10. 6 19.8 4.8" 3.6 4.6 18 5.6 2.3 6.8 8,3 5.2 9.9 14.0 8.1 6.3 5. 6 19 17.0 11. 1 IS. 7 20. 4 19. 1 20.7 23.9 20.0 18.1 13. I 20 15. 3 13.8 16.8 j 15.5 18.1 12. 8 11.3 13,8 14. 8 10.5 21 13.8 14,3 13.0 j 11.8 14.2 6.7 10. 3 11.8 8.8 oo 12.0 14. 2 10.8 10. 11.6 7.8 5. 1 I' 1 10.8 8, 8 23 9.1 12.0 8.1 j 7.7 8.4 6,5 3.9 7. 7 8.8 8.3 24 7.2 10. 6.3 ! 6. 3 6.4 5. 9 3. 6 7. 1 7.7 8.3 25 5.8 8.0 4.9 i 4.9 5.0 5. 2 3, 2 6.2 6.4 8.4 26 4.2 6. G 3.6 3.5 3.6 4.2 2.8 5.0 4.9 7.5 27 2.9 4,1 2.5 2.4 2.6 3. 2 2.3 3,8 3.4 8.5 28 1.6 2.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 2^2 1.7 2.4 2.1 5 29 0.8 1. 1 0.8 7 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 3.2 SO 0.4 0.5 0.3 0,3 d. 3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0,4 1.6 31 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 32 100.0 ioo. o 100.0 100. 100. 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100. 33 4.9 1.5 9.5 12.7 2.5 15. 6 37.0 15.4 9,8 10.9 34 12.4 5.8 10.7 J.-J. •> 4 •■< 11.6 11.5 17.4 10.7 11.0 3^ 30.5 16.7 19,. 3 22.4 12.4 18,3 16.5 26.2 17.4 18.0 36 17.5 13. 7 11.2 11.8 9.8 9.8 8.5 11. 5 10.5 10.0 37 11.1 12.6 8.7 8.5 9:2 7.7 8, 3 7.5 9.4 8.0 38 8.5 13.0 8.8 8.0 10.3 7.9 5.7 6,7 10.4 8.5 39 5.8 11.5 7.7 6.6 9,9 7.0 4.5 4.9 9. 1 7.8 40 4.0 9.1 6.7 5.3 9.8 fi.4 3.8 3. 7 7.7 7. ;; 41 2.6 6.7 5.9 4.2 9.7 5.5 2.6 2,8 5.8 f " 4 42 1.5 4, 4 4.8 3.0 8.2 4.2 1.7 i.S 4.4 5.0 43 0,7 2.8 3.4 2.0 6.3 2.9 1,0 1.0 2.5 3.6 H 0. 3 1.4 2. 1 1.2 4.0 1.8 0.6 0.6 I. 2 2.2 45 0.1 0. 5 L0 0.5 1.9 0.8 0. 3 0.3 0.6 1.0 48 1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8 0,4 0.2 0.1 0. 2 0.4 47 " "~oT ! o.i i 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 2 0. 1 <*g i ^ 34 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 12. — Foreign-born White Gainful Workers Classified into SEX AND GROUP Total:. Professional persons . Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants)... 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-e. Other proprietors, mgrs., and off. Clerks and kindred workers _ Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers . _ 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers.. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Male. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers.. 2-e. Other proprietors, mgrs., andoff. Cierks and kindred workers _ Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 6-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b- Other semiskilled workers.. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Female. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) _ . . 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, mgrs., and off. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 6-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 6-b. Other semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Total 7,411,127 287, 243 1, 263. 289 468, 322 493, 431 301. 536 731, 204 1, 381, 971 1, 594, 471 1, 082, 214 512, 257 2, 152, 949 199, 579 750, 640 591, 005 611,725 6.255,071 191, 781 1, 201, 688 447, 205 466, 059 288, 424 528, 593 1, 367, 463 1, 180. 294 797, 648 382, 646 1, 785, 252 1-94, 358 737, 108 586, 448 267, 338 1,156,058 95, 462 61. 601 21.117 27, 372 13, 112 202,611 14, 508 414, 177 284. 566 129,611 367, 697 5.221 13, 532 4.557 344, 387 10 to 17 years 51,719 18 and 19 1 20 to U years years 120, 123 353 257 '257 14, 474 906 20, 341 17, 671 2,670 15, 388. 3,067 3,715 1,939 6,667 27. 107 114 252 "252" 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 480,071 j 653,759 ! 762,570 2, 983 21, 725 | 3.5, 553 [ 35, 982 1,407 128 1,102 177 32, 486 9,013 37, 901 31, 086 6,815 36, 333 5,012 9,379 4,679 17, 263 62,431 909 7,530 778 9.475 7.587 1,888 8,958 2,947 3,113 1,856 1,042 24. 612 239 5 ..... 6,944 128 10, 866 10, 084 782 6, 430 120 602 83 5, 625 1,334 128 1,048 158 13, 581 8,508 17. 817 13,319 4,498 20, 282 4,825 8,262 4,542 2,653 57, 692 2.074 73 54 19 18. 905 505 20, 084 17, 767 2,317 16, 051 187 1,117 137 14,610 16, 276 2,339 10, 308 3,629 103, 607 62, 659 131, 877 97, 394 34, 4S3 143, 927 17, 543 37, 406 20. 152 68, 826 51,841 ! 93,330 9,062 ! 17,042 29, 019 I 47, 900 13, 760 28, 388 104, 36S 118, 590 169, 974 115. 112 54, 862 178, 433 18. 596 55, 047 34. 099 70, 691 84,835 151, 609 187, 898 128, 267 59, 631 208, 916 16, 160 75,681 50, 936 66, 139 298,518 504,561 \ 639,702 8, 780 I 21, 742 , 24, 026 15, 329 2,311 9, 750 3,268 49.737 60. 767 49, 597 8.949 27. 606 13, 042 S9, 465 16, 756 45. 404 27. 305 66. 118 ! 63, 616 116,679 j 149,729 76,999 119,745 ! 140.963 51,087 75,154 i 92.391 25. 912 44,591 i 48,572 86,906 17, 178 35.316 19. 854 14, 558 181. 553 12, 945 947 28 558 361 53, 870 1,892 54. 878 46. 307 8,571 57. 021 365 2.090 298 54,268 130, 680 18. 257 53, 529 33. 732 25, 162 171, 903 15,746 74, 214 50,448 31. 495 154.198 122.868 13.811 2,244 113 1,413 718 3S. 250 1,911 50. 229 39. 958 10,271 47.753 339 1, 518 367 45, 529 11. 956 3,865 286 2.496 1.083 21,219 1,880 46. 935 35. S76 11,059 37. 013 414 1,467 488 34,644 AGE 35 Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United States: 1930 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years i 60 to 64 j 65 to 69 years years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over Un- known 1, 012, 529 1, 066, 831 968, 986 779, 836 571, 718 449, 071 290, 878 128, 932 62, 714 2,865 6,410 35, 806 36, 578 33, 624 29, 098 21, 043 16, 453 10, 064 4,776 340 1 154, 891 34, 673 74. 923 45, 295 191, 152 53, 801 84, 189 53, 162 190, 006 64. 459 76, 640 48, 907 168,611 67, 495 61, 656 39, 460 136*, 195 63, 821 44, 672 27, 702 114,400 61, 672 31, 866 20, 862 79, 526 48, 702 18, 517 12,307 40, 426 27,412 7, 993 5,021 24, 240 17, 578 4,083 2,579 731 138 306 287 2 2-a 2-b 2-C 82, 895 200, 949 . 78, 409 215,918 69, 057 197, 320 56, 443 153, 891 40, 637 107, 987 32,012 82, 100 19, 316 51, 402 8, 123 20, £65 3, 910 8,192 632 870 3 4 236, 782 167, 200 69, 582 223, 845 155, 815 68, 030 186, 018 126, 332 59, 686 142, 612 93, 060 49, 552 101,419 63, 291 38, 128 78, 281 45, 653 32, 628 48, 130 26, 186 21, 944 19, 790 10, 293 9,497 8, 352 4,081 4,271 1,251 773 478 5 5-a 5-b 301, 206 19, 464 116,658 85, 534 79, 550 320, 929 21,841 124,969 99, 718 74, 401 292, 941 22, 140 111,226 94, 830 64, 745 229,481 19, 907 82, 166 73, 393 53, 715 164, 437 17, 007 55, 487 51,745 40, 198 125, 826 15, 742 40, 254 37, 335 32, 494 82, 440 12, 444 24, 809 23, 467 21, 720 35, 252 6,674 9, 576 9,048 9,954 15, 155 3,766 3,486 3, 531 4,372 2, 586 216 781 599 990 6 6-a 6-b 6-C 6-d 876, 374 942, 667 859, 530 690,811 509, 352 402, 834 263, 369 116, 780 56, 045 4,990 24, 043 25, 385 23, 604 20, 572 15, 514 12, 677 8,050 3,865 2,329 171 1 147, 812 33, 838 70, 426 43, 548 182, 538 52, 174 79, 349 51,015 180, 870 61,957 72, 165 46, 748 160, 026 64, 240 58, 247 37, 539 129, 067 60, 430 42, 236 26, 401 108, 492 58, 228 30, 285 19, 979 75, 576 46, 108 17, 628 11, 840 .38, 148 25, 757 7,545 4,846 22, 507 16, 202 3,838 2,467 675 127 280 268 2 2-a 2-b 2-c 64, 891 198, 856 63, 150 213, 924 56, 726 195, 776 4.7, 961 152, 813 36, 057 107, 307 29, 325 81, 678 18, 085 51, 166 7,694 20, 472 3,670 8,156 452 854 3 4 182, 599 127, 324 55, 275 176, 851 124, 261 52, 590 145, 860 102, 390 43, 470 110, 438 76, 643 33, 795 78, 784 53, 276 25, 508 60, 922 38, 960 21, 962 37,687 22, 574 15, 113 15, 347 8, 819 6,528 6,012 3,369 2,643 795 494 301 5 5-a 5-b 258, 173 18, 752 114, 692 84, 743 39, 986 280, 819 21.091 123, 280 98, 976 37, 472 256, 694 21,411 110, 078 94, 231 30, 974 199,001 19,311 81 s 383 72, 971 25, 336 142, 623 16,611 54, 985 51, 466 19, 561 109, 740 15, 466 39, 943 37, 155 17, 176 72, 805 12, 264 24, 618 23, 361 12, 562 31, 254 6,575 9, 489 9,010 6,180 13,371 3,711 3,440 3,509 2,711 2,043 213 766 594 470 6 8-a 6-b 6-c 6-d 136, 155 124, 164 109, 436 89, 025 62, 886 48, 237 27, 509 12, 152 6,889 1,420 11, 763 11, 193 10, 020 8,526 5,529 3,776 2, 014 911 536 169 1 7,079 835 4,497 1,747 8,614 1.627 4,840 2,147 9,136 2,502 4,475 2,159 8,585 3,255 3, 409 1,921 7,128 3, 391 2, 436 1,301 5, 908 3,444 1, 581 883 3,950 2,594 889 467 2,278 1, 655 448 175 1,733 1.376 '245 112 56 11 26 19 2 2-a 2-b 2-C 18, 004 2,093 15, 259 1,994 12, 331 1,544 8,482 1,078 4, 580 680 2,687 422 1,231 236 429 93 240 36 180 16 3 4 54, 183 39, 876 14, 307 46, 994 31, 554 15, 440 40, 158 23, 942 16,216 32, 174 16, 417 15, 757 22, 635 10,015 12, 620 17, 359 6, 693 10, 666 10, 443 3,612 6,831 4,443 1,474 2,969 2, 340 712 1,628 456 279 177 5 5-a 5-b 43, 033 712 1,966 791 39, 564 40, 1 10 750 1,689 742 36, 929 36, 247 729 1,148 599 33, 771 30, 180 596 783 422 28, 379 21,814 396 502 279 20, 637 16, 085 276 311 180 15, 318 9,635 180 191 106 9,158 3,998 99 87 38 3,774 1,784 55 46 22 1,661 543 3 15 5 520 6 6-a 6-b 6-<5 6-d 36 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 13, — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of- the Sex, for the [Percent not shown SEX AND GROUP 1 Total | 10 to H years 18 and 19 20 to 24 years 25 to 28 years 30 to 34 | years j Total......... .. ., ...- Professional persons . 100. | 100. too. 100.0 100.0 100.0 ! 1 3. 9 i j 0.7 2.5 4. 5 5.4 4 - 7 l 2 Proprietors, managers, arid officials 2-a, Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-e. Other props., mgrs., and officials.— 17.0 6.3 6.7 4.1 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.1 3 4 2.1 0.8 7.9 1.4 4.4 2.1 12.2 i 2.2 j 6.3 1 3.7 j 0.5 3 4 Skilled workers and foremen 9. 9 ! is! 6 28. 1.8 27.0 7.5 21.6 13.1 15. 8 18. 11.1 19.9 ! K Semiskilled workers 5~a. Semiskilled workers in mfg... ... .. 5 -b. Other semiskilled workers . 21.5 i 14.6 6.9 39.3 34.2 5.2 31.6 25.9 5.7 27.5 20.3 7.2 2o.S 17.5 8.3 24.6 : 16.8 7.8 6 Unskilled workers--. _._ 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers.... 29.1 2.7 10.1 8.0 8.3 29. 8 5^9 7.2 3.7 12.9 30.2 4 2 VI 3.9 14.4 30.0 3.7 7.8 *■ 2 14.3 27.1 2.8 5.2 10.7 27.4 2.1 9.9 i 5.7 ; 8.7 | Male... .... Professional persons . _ _ - 100. 100. - 100. 100.0 100. 100.0 | I 1.5 2.9 4.3 3.8 J 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. "Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and officials.... 19.2 7,1 4.6 ------- ! 2. 1 0.2 1.7 0.3 1:1 3.3 1.1 9.S 1.8 5.5 2.6 14.0 1 2.6 1 7.1 4.3 I 3 4 Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen 8.5 21.9 27.8 2. 9 21.8 13.6 16. 7 20.4 13.1 23.1 9.9 ! 23.4 I £ Semiskilled workers ........ 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg 5-b. Other semiskilled workers. 18.9 j 12.8 6. 1 35.0 28.0 7.0 28. 5 21. 3 7,2 25.8 17.1 S.7 23.7 8.8 22.0 ! 14.4 | 7.6 ; 6 8-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. . 6-d. Servant classes . - 28.5 1 3.1 11.8 9 4 4.3 i 33.0 10.9 11. 5 6.8 3.8 32.5 7.7 13.2 7.3 4.2 29. 1 5.8 11.8 5.7 4.9 25.9 3.6 10. 6 6. 7 5.0 26.9 j 2.5 j 7.9 ! 4.9 ! Female Professional persons 100. 1 100. 100. 100.0 100. 100.0 i i 8.3 1.0 3.6 7 I 9.0 fa Proprietors, managers, and officials 2~a. Farmers (owners and tenants) 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and officials... 5.3 1.8 2.4 1.1 0. 1 . 0, 1.5 0.1 0.9 0.5 3. 1 2.0 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 3 4 Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen 17.5 | 1.3 | 28.2 0.5 32.8 0.9 29.7 1.0 24. S 1.2 17.3 ; ..5 5 Semiskilled workers } 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mf{^ . | 5-b. Other semiskilled workers... 35.8 24.6 11.2 44.1 41.0 3.2 34.8 30.8 4.0 30.2 25. 5 4.7 32.6 6.7 38. 2 9.0 % 6~a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers.. | G-c. Other laborers... : 6-d. Servant classes 31. 8 0.5 1.2 j 0.4 j 29.8 26. 1 0. 5 2.4 0.3 22.9 27. 8 0.3 1.9 0.2 25.3 31.4 0.2 1.2 0.2 29.9 31. 0.2 1.0 0.2 29.5 30.1 0.3 1.2 0.4 2S.2 Foreign-Born White Gainful United States: 1930 where less than 0.1] AGE Workers in Each Age Period, by 37 85 to 89 40 to 44 45 to 49 5® to 54 55 to 59 m to 64 85 to 89 70 to 74 75 years Un- years years years years years years years years and over known 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. . 100.0 100.0 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 4.6 5.3 1 15.3 17.9 19.6 21.6 23.8 25.5 27.3 31.4 38.7 11.4 2 3.4 5.0 6.7 8.7 11.2 13.7 16.7 21.3 28.0 2.2 2~a 7.4 7.9 7,9 7.9 7.8 7.1 8.4 6.2 6.5 4.8 2-b 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.5 2-c 8.2 7.3 7. 1 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.6 6.3 6.2 9.9 3 19.8 20.2 20.4 19.7 18.9 18.3 17. 7 16.0 13. 1 13.6 4 23.4 21.0 19.2 18.3 17.7 17.4 16.5 15.3 13.3 19. 5 5 16.5 14.6 13.0 11.9 11.1 10.2 9.0 8.0 6.5 12.1 5-a 6.9 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.3 7.5 7,4 6.8 7.5 5-b 29.7 30.1 30.2 29.4 28.8 28.0 28.3 27.3 24.2 40.3 8 L9 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.0 3.4 6 '8 ll.fi 11.7 11.5 10.5 9.7 9.0 8.5 7.4 5.6 12.2 6-b 8.4 9.3 9.8 9. 4 9.1 8.3 8.1 7.0 5.6 9.3 6-C 7.9 7.0 8.7 6^9 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.0 15.4 6-d 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.3 4.2 3.4 1 16.9 10.4 21.0 23.2 25.3 28.9 28.7 32.7 40.2 13.5 2 3.9 5.5 7.2 9.3 11.9 14.5 17.5 22.1 28.9 2.5 2-® 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.3 7.5 6.7 6.5 6.8 5.6 2-b 5.0 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.5 4.1 4.4 5.4 2-C 7.4 6.7 6.6 8.9 7.1 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.5 9.1 3 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.1 21.1 20.3 19.4 17.5 14.6 17.1 4 20.8 18.8 17.0 18.0 15. 5 15. 1 14.3 13.1 10.7 15.9 5 14.5 13.2 11.9 11. 1 10.5 9.7 8.8 7.6 6.0 9.9 5-a 6.3 5.6 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.5 5.7 5.6 4.7 6.0 5-b 29.5 29.8 29.9 28.8 28.0 27.2 27. 8 28.8 23.9 40.9 6 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.3 3.8 il 5.6 6.6 4.3 6-a 13.1 13.1 12.8 11.8 10. 8 9.9 9.3 8.1 6.1 15.4 6-b 9.7 10.5 11.0 10.8 10.1 9.2 8.9 7.7 6.3 11.9 6-e 4.8 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.3 4.8 5. 3 4.8 9.4 6-d 100.0 8.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.0 9.2 9.6 8.9 8.2 7.3 7.5 8.0 11.9 1 5.2 8.9 8.3 9.6 11.4 12.8 14.4 18.7 26.0 3.9 2 0.6 1.3 2.3 3.7 5.4 7.4 9.4 13.6 20.6 0.8 2-a 3.3 3.9 4.1 3. 8 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.7 1.8 2-b 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.3 2-C 13.2 12.3 11.3 9,5 7.3 5.8 4.5 3.5 3. 8 12.7 3 1.5 1.6 1.4 I. 2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.1 4 39.8 37.8 36.7 36.1 36.3 37.5 38.0 36. 8 35.1 32.1 5 29.3 25.4 21.9 18.4 16.1 14.5 13.1 12.1 10.7 19.6 5-a 10.5 12.4 14.8 17. 7 20.2 23.1 24.8 24.4 24.4 12.5 5-b 31.6 32.3 33.1 33.9 35.0 34.8 35.0 32.9 26.8 38.2 6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.2 6-a 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 6-b 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 6-C 29.1 29.7 30.9 31.9 33.1 33.1 33.3 31.1 24.9 36.6 6-d 38 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 14. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Foreign-Born White United [Percent not shown SEX ANI> AGE Total Profes- sional persons (1) PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS Total (2) II Fanners (owners and tenants) (2-a) Whole- I sale and retail dealers (2-b) Other propri- etors, managers, and officials (2-e) 1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 to 17 vears ? 0.7 1.6 6.5 8.9 10.3 13.7 14.4 13.1 10.5 7.7 6.1 3.9 1.7 0.8 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.0 7.6 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.7 11.7 10.1 7.3 5.7 3.5 1.7 1.0 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 5.9 9.7 15.2 17.1 15. 5 12.5 9.1 6.5 3.8 1.6 0.8 0.1 100.0 ..... 1.2 4.6 9.4 15.0 17.6 16.2 13.1 9.2 6.9 4.1 1.7 0.9 0.1 100.0 3 18 and 19 years . . 0.1 1.3 4.1 7.4 12.3 15.1 15.0 13.3 10.8 9.1 6.3 3.2 1.9 0.1 100.0 4 20 to 24 years 0.5 1.9 3.6 7.4 11.5 13.8 14.4 13.6 13.2 10.4 5.9 3.8 ft 25 to 29 vears it 30 to 34 years 7 35 to 39 years 8 40 to 44 years __ 9 45 to 49 years . _. .. . .. 10 50 to 54 vears _ ... ... 11 55 to 59 years 12 60 to 64 years 13 65 to 69 years 14 70 to 74 vears 1.5 75 years and over. ... . 16 Unknown. 17 Male 100.0 10 to 17 vears ... 18 0.4 1.0 4.8 8.1 10.2 14.0 15.1 13.7 11.0 8.1 6.4 4.2 1.9 0.9 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.5 4.6 11.3 12.5 12.5 13.2 12.3 10.7 8.1 6.6 4.2 2.0 1.2 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 5.9 9.7 15.1 17.0 15.5 12.5 9.1 6.5 3.S 1.6 0.8 0.1 100.0 10 18 and 19 years.-- 0.1 1.3 4.1 7.4 12.3 15.2 15.1 13.3 10.7 9.0 6.3 3.2 1.9 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.1 4.5 9.5 15.1 17.7 16.2 13.0 9.2 6.9 4.1 1.7 0.9 0.1 | 100.0 1 ?n 20 to 24 years 0.5 2.0 3.7 7.6 11.7 13.9 14.4 13.5 13.0 10.3 5.8 3.6 ?i 25 to 29 years 2? 30 to 34 vears ?3 35 to 39 years.. ?4 40 to 44 years. W5 45 to 49 years ?6 50 to 54 years . 27 -55 to 59 years . ._ 28 60 to 64 vears. 29 65 to 69 vears . 30 70 to 74 years. 31 75 years and over . 3? Unknown 33 Female 100.0 10 to 17 years.. _ .. 34 2.1 5.0 15.7 13.3 10.6 11.8 10.7 5^ 4.0 2.4 1.1 0.6 0.1 1 0.3 2.2 13.6 14.5 12.5 12.3 11.7 10.5 S.9 5. S 4.0 2. 1 1.0 0.6 0.2 35 18 and 19 years . 0.1 1.5 3.6 6.3 11.5 14.0 14.8 13.9 11.6 9.6 (i. 4 3.7 2.S 0. 1 . 0.2 2.0 5.2 9.1 16.4 17. 7 16.3 12. 3 S.9 5. S 3. 2 1.6 2? 0.1 0. 1 2.8 5.5 5. 3 13.3 16.4 16.5 14.7 9.9 6. 7 3.6 1.3 0.9 a. 1 36 37 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 vears 0.1 0.5 1.4 4.0 7. 7 11.8 15.4 16. 1 16.3 12.3 7.8 6.6 0. 1 38 30 to 34 years 39 35 to 39 vears 40 40 to 44 vears.. . ... 41 45 to 49 vears. 4? 50 to 54 years. __ . 43 55 to 59 vears . . 44 60 to 64 vears . . 45 65 to 69 years, 46 70 to 74 vears. . .. 47 75 vears and over 48 Unknown AGE 39 Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Grocp, by Sex, for the States: 1930 where less than 0.1] Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS Total Semi- skilled workers in manu- facturing Other semi- skilled workers Total F«arm laborers Factory and building construc- tion laborers Other laborers Servant classes (3) (4) C5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) (6-d) 100 100. G 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 2.0 0.1 1.3 1.6 0.5 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.3 1.1 2 4.4 0.7 2.4 2.9 1.3 1.7 2.5 1.2 0.8 2.8 3 14.2 4.5 8.3 9.0 6.7 6.7 8.8 5.0 3.4 11.3 4 14.3 8.6 10.7 10.6 10.7 8.3 9.3 7.3 5.8 11.6 5 11.6 11.0 11.8 11.9 11.6 9.7 8.1 10.1 8.6 10.8 6 11.8 14.5 14.9 15.4 13.6 14.0 9.8 15.5 14.5 13.0 7 10.7 15.6 14.0 14.4 13.3 14.9 10.9 16.6 16.9 12.2 8 9.4 14.3 11.7 11.7 11.7 13.6 11.1 14.8 16.0 10.6 9 7. 7 11.1 8.9 8.6 9.7 10.6 10.0 10.9 12.4 8.8 10 5.6 7.8 6.4 5.8 7.4 7.6 8.5 7.4 8.8 6.6 11 4.4 5.9 4.9 4.2 6.4 5.8 7.9 5.4 6.3 5.3 12 2.6 3.7 3.0 2.4 4.3 3.8 6.2 3.3 4.0 3.6 13 1. 1 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.9 1.6 3.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 14 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 15 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 16 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17 1.4 0.1 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 18 2.6 0.6 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.5 1.1 0.8 1.0 19 9.4 4.4 6.5 6.4 6.8 4.9 8.8 4.8 3.4 5.4 20 12.5 8.5 10.1 9.4 11.7 7.3 9.4 7.3 5.8 9.4 21 12.0 10.9 11.9 11.6 12.7 9.6 8.1 10.1 8.6 11.8 22 12.3 14.5 15.5 16.0 14.5 14.5 9.6 15.6 14.5 15.0 23 11.9 15.6 15.0 15.6 13.7 15.7 10.9 16.7 16.9 14.0 24 10.7 14.3 12.4 12.8 11.4 14.4 11.0 14.9 16.1 11.6 25 9.1 11.2 9.4 9.6 8.8 11.1 9.9 11.0 12.4 9.5 26 6.8 7.9 6.7 6.7 6.7 8.0 8.5 7.5 8.8 7.3 27 5.5 6.0 5.2 4.9 5.7 6.1 8.0 5.4 6.3 6.4 28 3.4 3.7 3.2 2.8 3.9 4.1 6.3 3.3 4.0 4.7 29 1.5 1/5 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.8 3.4 1.3 1.5 2.3 30 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.9 0.5 0.6 1.0 31 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 32 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33 3.4 0.9 2.6 3.5 0.6 1.7 2.2 4.4 1.8 1.6 34 9.3 3.5 4.8 6.2 1.8 4.4 3.6 8.3 3.0 4.2 35 26.6 13.0 13.2 16.3 6.6 15.5 7.0 15.4 6.5 15.8 36 18.9 13.2 12.1 14.0 7.9 13.0 6.5 11.2 8.1 13.2 37 10.5 13.0 11.3 12.6 8.5 10.1 7.9 10.8 10.7 10.1 38 8.9 14.4 13.1 14.0 11.0 11.7 13.6 14.5 17.4 11.5 39 7.5 13.7 11.3 11.1 11.9 10.9 14.4 12.5 16.3 10.7 40 6.1 10.6 9.7 8.4 12.5 9.9 14.0 8.5 13.1 9.8 41 4.2 7.4 7.8 5.8 12.2 8.2 11.4 5.8 9.3 8.2 42 2.3 4.7 5.5 3.5 9.7 6.0 7.6 3.7 6.1 5.9 48 1.3 2.9 4.2 2.4 8.2 4.4 5.3 2.3 3.9 4.4 44 0.6 1.6 2.5 1.3 5.3 2.6 3.4 1.4 2.3 2.7 45 0.2 0.6 1.1 0.5 2.3 1.1 1.9 0.6 0.8 1.1 46- 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.5 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 47 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0v2 48 40 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 15. — Negro Gainful Workers Classified into Social- sex AND GROUP Total. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmess (owners and tenants).. 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, mgrs., and off . Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers.. Unskilled workers . . 6-a. Farm laborers -..- 5-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) ... 2-b. Wholesale and retajl dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, mgrs., and off. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers- Unskilled workers . 6-a. Farm laborers . 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. 6-c. Other laborers . 6-d. Servant classes Female. Professional persons- Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants).., 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other proprietors, mgrs., and off. Olerks and kindred workers- Skilled workers and foremen , Total Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers- Unskilled workers ..... 6-a. Farm laborers— . 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, laborers. $-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes.. 5, 503, 535 115, 765 929,644 873, 653 28,343 27,648 82, 669 176, 912 515, 381 181, 079 334, 302 3, 683, 164 1, 112, 510 674, 187 516. 414 1, 380, 053 S f 882, 893 55, 610 842, 920 797, 231 24.493 21,195 62,138 175, 537 329,374 104, 441 224, 933 2,197,314 693. 669 650, 925 508, 754 343, 966 1, 840, 842 60, 155 86, 724 76, 422 3,850 6, 452 20. 531 1,375 186,007 76, 638 109, 369 1,485,850 418, 841 23. 262 7,660 1, 036, 087 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 : 30 to U years I years 471,629 ! 304,365 | 818,810 751,111 813.861 711 161 lei 4,222 481 22, 371 7,517 14, 854 443, 683 345, 863 24, 191 15,853 57, 776 3, 426 13, 213 12, 719 367 127 4,161 3, 253 26, 237 9.687 16, 550 254, 075 128, 820 31, 584 22. 725 70. 946 21,637 j 18,571 86,339 ! 96,182 83,816 91,312 1,389 I 2,310 1,134 2.560 299,903 i 180,823 232 153 153' 3,682 473 16,990 4.212 12, 778 278,373 227,624 22, 353 15, 471 12, 925 171,726 479 653 13, 151 12, 719 325 107 2,779 3,212 15, 848 4,898 10,950 155, 180 86, 592 29,729 22. 231 16, 628 113, 542 12, 239 16, 667 82, 971 30, 628 52, 343 596, 957 192, 686 105. 035 80, 373 218, 863 12.440 24, 412 90,173 31, 930 58, 243 509,333 98, 574 108, 061 83. 764 218. 934 13,938 88.761 82,297 2,971 3,493 11, 567 24,961 ! 74,989 i 26,740 j 48,249 1399, 745 ! 85.307 j 39.377 68,615 176,446 517,707 1483.423 f403, 804 4,201 5,891 ! 6,210 82,74a 80, 656 1,194 881 7,453 16,494 90, 503 86, 618 1,974 1,911 8,423 24,178 52,373 ! 58.356 16,875 ] 18,276 35,498 ! 40,080 540 5,381 3,305 2,076 165, 310 118.239 1,838 382 44, 851 2,773 62 42 20 1,382 41 10, 389 4,789 5.600 98. 895 42,228 1, 855 494 54,318 354, 445 121. 964 100,504 79. 016 52, 961 296,072 [ 55,948 1 104. 455 | 82,503 53,169 299.103 1287, S88 17, 436 3,598 3,150 195 253 4,786 173 30, 598 13,753 16, 845 242, 512 70, 722 4,531 1.357 165,902 12,680 5,679 4,694 336 649 4.017 234 81, 180 76. 064 2.489 2.627 8.714 24, 705 48. 817 15, .566 33, 251 234,178 35.320 S6.658 67,623 44, 577 210, 157 7,728 7,581 6,233 482 2.853 256 31,817 26,172 13,654 11,174 IS, 163 14, 998 213, 261 42.626 3. me 1.264 165,765 165, 567 29.987 2,719 992 131, 869 AGE 4 | Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United States: 1930 35 to 39 years 6S7, 823 14 109 100 3 11 28 71 25 46 4.03 63 90 69 180 27, 45 14. 30, 231 32 87 68 43 sag <■- 91,7 862 126 065 691 525 166 216 390 099 244 483 40 to 44 years 488, 117 22 48 17 31 307 49 67 52 137 160 i 346 KIT ' 272 I 557 | 587 J 808 ! i 370 J 699 ' 671 J 766 I 433 413 J 667 85. 78 3 3 -6. 22. 30, 10 20, 177 25 65 51 34 375 502 308 776 418 393 970 839 114 725 038 857 134 511 536 ; 5 Do i 9 years 458. 211 10, 767 110/769 102, 604 4, 030 4. 135 7 106 2o', 482 38, 810 13, 289 25, 521 270, 277 47, 585 58, 857 46, 106 117,729 50 to 54 years 55 to K years 371,858 223,948 8,572 113,468 106, 771 3. 508 3, 189 5, 192 15, 390 25, 985 8, 479 17, 506 203, 051 41, 575 43, 145 33. 677 762 814,200 916 125 ! 629 ! 213 283 I i 727 821 841 052 332 790 T 8S 540 7, 269 97, 722 91, 160 3, 407 3, 155 5,811 20. 366 8. 102 16, 28; 158,643 25, 821 57. 333 45, 529 29,980 6, 438 L01, 852 96, 159 3, 109 2, 584 4, 450 15, 323 16, 375 5, 318 11,057 123, 892 25, 736 42, 092 33. 28-9 22, 775 5, 239 72, 270 2,388 1, 774 2,904 8, 826 14, 277 4, 510 9, 767 116,265 26, 178 24, 032 19, 111 46,944 ,_.,, X35, 228 3, 645 62, 033 59. 344 1, 643 1,046 1, 752 5, 770 9, 078 2. 772 6, 306 82. 948 22, 184 15, 701 12, 123 32, 940 65 to 59 years n to 74 Hi years years and over 4, 133 69, 302 65, 734 2, 123 1,445 2,522 I 8,791 i 8,907 2, 833 6,074 73, 115 17, 355 23, 447 18, 897 13, 416 3, 118 55,860 i 53.479 ! 1.505 j 876 I i 1,567 | 5,755 I 5,488 j 1,772 j 3,716 51, 727 15, 515 j 15,282 j 11,983 i 8,947 ! 96, 159 2, 007 37, 349 35o 840 980 529 873 ] 3,178 4,890 ! 1,334 | 3,556 | 47,862 I 14,148 j 8, 562 6. 476 18, 676 72, 648 1, 771 33, 727 32, 397 886 // ; 800 { 3, 168 1,941 30, 394 10. 406 8, 324 6, 399 5, 265 50. 114 1,021 20, 639 19, 912 496 231 367 1, 354 2,288 591 1,697 24, 445 8. 552 4, 180 2, 918 S.815 I 38, 506 807 16, 876 16, 207 365 214 857 1,681 441 1,240 18, 471 7,152 2,829 2,064 6, 426 Un- known 102 222 622 534 42 46 113 246 1, 101 522 579 5,798 639 1,420 854 2, 835 38,786 80/223 960 | I 18,626 | 17,967 460 | 199 343 1, 349 1 1, 254 i 386 16, 284 6, 803 ■>■': 2, 876 2,541 587 15,079 I 14.641 i 344 888 289 599 12,644 •5, 917 2,738 2, 031 1,958 i 101 553 481 2 2~a 2-b 3 4 5 5-a 5~b 6 6-a 6-b 6~c 6-d 2 2-a 9_h S3 I 241 j 318 374 ; S65 i P'i.2 I 637 o-a 6-b 6~s 6-b 6--c 6-d 42 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 16. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the States: [Percent not shewn SEX AND GROUP Total. Professional persons . Proprietors, managers, and officials.. 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants). 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers.. . 2.-C. Other props., mgrs., and off... Clerks and kindred workers- Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled Avorkers.. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6~b. Factory and building est. labrs 6-c. Other laborers . 6-d. Servant classes - Male. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. .. 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants). 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers .. 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers. . Unskilled workers . C-a. P'arm laborers 6-b. Factory and building est. labrs. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes _. Female. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. _ 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) . 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers... 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off... Clerks and kindred workers. Skjlled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers.. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers... 6-b. Factory and building est. Iabrs. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes AGE 43 Negro Gainful. Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, for the United* 1930 where less than 0.1] 1 35 to 39 1 40 to 44 ) 45 to 49 59 to 54 55 to 59 60 to 64 65 to 69 70 to 74 1 75 years Un- years years years years years years years years and over known 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2T3" 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.7 1 17.2 19.7 • 24.2 30.5 34.1 37.5 38.8 41.2 43.3 7.7 2 15.8 18.0 22.4 28.7 32.3 35.9 37. 3 39.7 42.1 6.6 2-a 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.5 2-b 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 2-c 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.4 3 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.3 2.7 2.2 3.0 4 11.2 9.8 8.5 7.0 6.4 5.5 5.1 4.6 4.4 13.6 5 4.0 3.4 2.9 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 6.4 5-a 7.2 6.4 5.6 4.7 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.2 7.1 5-b- 63.2 61.9 59.0 54. 6 51.9 50.2 49.8 48.8 48.0 71.6 6 9.9 10.0 10.4 11.2 11.7 13.4 14.7 17.1 18.6 7.9 6-a 14.1 13.5 12.8 11. 6 10.7 9.5 8.9 8.3 7.3 17.5 6-b 10.9 10.6 10.1 9.1 8.5 7.3 6.7 5.8 5.4 10.5 6-c 28.3 27.7 25.7 22.8 21.0 19.9 19.4 17.6 16.7 35.6 6-d 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.0 1 23.3 25.8 31.1 38 41.6 45.2 46.4 48.0 49.9 11.2 2 21.7 23. 8 29.0 35.8 39.4 43.3 44.6 46.3 48.4 9.7 2-a 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 2~b 0:9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 2-c 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 l.'l 0.9 0.7 1.7 3 6.7 0.9 6.5 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.4 3.5 2.8 4.9 4 10.9 9.4 7.8 6.1 5.3 4.4 3.8 3.2 2.9 14.0 5 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 6.4 5-a 7.3 6.3 5.2 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.0 7.5 5-b 55.4 53.8 50.5 46.2 43. 8 41.9 41.8 41.9 41.8 66.3 6 7.8 7.8 8.2 9.6 10.4 12.6 14.3 17.5 19.6 9.0 6-a 20.9 19.8 18.2 15.7 14.1 12.4 11.5 10.4 9.1 27.5 6-b 16.3 15.7 14.5 12.4 11.3 9.7 8.8 7.4 6.7 17.0 6-c 10.4 10.5 9.5 8.5 S.0 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.5 12.8 6-d 100.0 3.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.5 3.8 1 5.5 7.4 9.1 11.2 12.5 14.8 15.4 17.8 19.3 2.2 2 4.6 6.4 7.9 10.3 11.4 14.1 14.6 17.2 18.9 1.7 2-a 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 2-b 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 2-c 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 3 0.1 12.0 0.1 10.8 0.1 10.0 0.1 9.3 0.1 9.4 0.2 13.0 4 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.6 5 4.9 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 6.5 5-a 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.2 6.9 7.3 7.7 6.5 5-b 78.1 78.0 77.5 76.6 75.5 74.9 74.3 72,2 70.4 79.8 6 14.1 14.5 15.1 15.3 15.4 16.0 15.9 15.4 14.9 6.2 6-a 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 6-b 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 6-c 62.3 61.9 60.9 59.9 58.6 57.5 57.0 55.4 54.0 71.5 6-d 67555 0—38 4 44 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 17, — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Negro Gainful Workers [Percent not shown 2 3 i 5 6 7 8 g lo i] 12 L3 14 15 16 18 L9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 25 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 SEX AND AGE Total. 10 to 17 years... 18 and 19 years. 2o to 24 years... 25 to 29 years... 30 to 34 years .... 35 to 39 years - 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 years . 50 to 54 years . 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years— 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years. „— 75 years and ovez Unknown 10 to l? years.... 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years ... 25 to 29 years — 30 to 34 years— 35 to 39 years . 40 to 44 years . 45 to 49 years . 50 to 54 years. 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years. ..... 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown. 10 to 17 years... 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years... 25 to 29 years. .. 30 to 34 years. .. 35 to 39 years— 40 to 44 years... 45 to 49 years... 50 to 54 years... 55 to 59 years.. . 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total ,-;; } 8.6 5.5 14.8 13.6 11.2 11.6 9.0 8.3 6.8 4.1 3.0 1.7 0.9 0,7 0.1 8.2 5.2 14.1 13.2 11.0 11.4 9.0 8.6 7.3 4.6 3.4 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.1 100.0 9.3 6.2 16.2 14.5 11.4 11.9 9.0 7.8 5.6 3.1 2.3 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 Profes- sional persons (1) 100. 0.6 3.0 18.7 16.0 12.0 12.1 9.8 9.3 7.4 4.5 3.1 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.2 100. PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS 0.4 1.2 7.6 10.6 11.2 12.9 12.4 13.1 11.6 7.4 5.6 3.2 1.7 1.0 0.2 100.0 0.8 4.6 29.0 21.1 12.8 11.4 7.4 5.8 3.5 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 0. 2 Total (2) 100.0 Farmers (owners and tenants) (2-a) Whole- sale and retail dealers (2-b) Other proprie- tors, mana- gers. officials (2-c) 1.4 ! 9.3 | 10.3 9.5 11.8 10.5 11.9 12.2 8.2 6.7 4.0 2.2 1.8 0.1 100. 1.6 9.8 | 10.7 J 9.6 i 11.5 10.1 11. 6 12.1 8.2 6.6 4.0 2.2 1.8 0.1 10O.0 0.1 4.1 6.5 8.7 14.0 14.3 15.0 13.4 8.2 7.1 4.2 2.3 1.8 : 100.0 i 100.0 i. o 9.6 10. 5 9.4 11.5 10.2 11.7 12.2 8.3 6.8 4.1 2.3 1.9 0.1 100. 1.6 10.1 10.9 9.5 11.4 9.9 11.4 12.1 8.2 6.7 4.1 2,3 1.8 0.1 100.0 4.1 6.1 8.2 13.3 14.0 15.0 13.9 8.6 7.7 4.5 2.5 2.0 0. 1 0.6 1.3 4.9 8.2 10.5 13.8 13.3 14.2 12.4 8.4 5.8 3. 5 1.7 1.3 0.1 100.0 0.6 1.3 4.9 8.1 10. 2 13.4 13.1 13.9 12.7 8.7 6.1 3.6 1.9 1.4 0.2 100. 0.2 1.1 5.1 8.7 12.5 16. S 14.6 16.2 10.4 6.9 3.6 2.4 0.9 0.5 0.1 100. 0.5 ! 4.1 9.3 ; 12.6 j 17.6 j 16.0 ! 15.0 i 11.5 6.4 j 3.8 1 9 0.8 0..4 0.2 100. J 0.5 4.2 9.0 12.4 16.8 14.9 12.2 6.S 4.1 2.1 0.9 0.4 0.2 100.0 0.3 3.9 10.1 13.4 20.2 17.6 15.2 9.4 5.1 2.6 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 AGE 45 in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, for the United States: 1930 where less than 0.1] Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS Total Semi- skilled workers Other semi- skilled Total Farm laborers Factory and building construc- Other laborers Servant classes in manu- workers tion facturing laborers (3) (4) (5) (5-a) (5--D) (6) (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) (6-d) 100. 100.0 100.0- 0.3 1(30. 100.8 100. 100.0 100. i. 000 100. e 1 5.1 4.3 4.2 4.4 i 2, 31.1 3.6 3.1 4.2 2 5.0 1.8 5.1 5.3 5.0 6.9 11.6 4.7 4.4 5.1 3 14.8 9.4 16.1 16.9 15.7 16.2 17.3 15.6 15.6 15.9 4 15.0 13.8 17.5 17.6 17.4 13.8 8.9 16.0 16.2 15.9 5 14.0 14.1 14.6 14.8 14.4 10.9 5.9 13.3 13.3 12.8 6 13.5 15.9 13.9 14.1 13.8 10.9 5.7 13.4 13.4 13.1 7 10.2 13.0 9.5 9.5 9.5 8.3 4.5 10. G 10.2 LO.O 8 8.6 11.6 7.5 7.3 7.6 7. 3 4.3 8.7 8.9 8.5 9 6.3 8.7 5.0 4.7 5.2 0. 5 3.7 6.4 6. 5 6.1 10 3.5 5.0 2.8 2^5 2.9 3.2 2.4 3.6 3 7 3.4 11 2.1 3. 3 1.8 1.5 1.9 2.3 1 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.4 12 1.1 1.8 0,9 o- ; 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 13 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0. 6 0.6 14 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 15 0. 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 9.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 18 i@@.® 100. 100. 5.2 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0. too. 100. 1M. 1? 5.9 0.3 4.0 5.7 12.7 32.8 3.4 3.0 3.8 18 4.5 1.8 4.8 4.7 4.9 7.1 12.5 4.6 4.4 4.8 19 12.0 9.4 15. 9 16.2 15. 8 16.1 17.6 15.4 15.5 15 4 20 13.6 13.8 17.7 17.5 17.8 13.5 8.1 16. 16.2 15.5 21 14.0 14.1 14.8 14.9 14.8 10.7 5.1 13.3 13,3 13.0 22 13. 8 15.8 13.8 14.1 13.6 10.5 A *] 13.4 13.4 12,7 23 10.8 13.0 9.4 9.6 9.2 8. I 3.7 10.0 10.2 10.0 24 9.4 11.6 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.2 3.7 8.8 8.9 8.7 25 7.2 8.7 5.0 5'. 1 4.9 5.6 3.7 6. 5 6.5 8.6 26 4.1 5,0 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.5 3.6 3 ;■ 3.9 27 2.5 3.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 28 1.3 1.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.3 L3 1.5 29 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 30 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.6 31 0.1 0.1 0.2 0. 3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 32 im. o 100.0 100.0 100. @ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.8 100. 33 2.6 0.8 2.9 4.3 1.9 11.1 28.2 7.9 5.0 4.3 34 6.7 3.0 5.6 6.2 5.1 S.7 10.1 8.0 6.4 5.2 35 23 3 12.6 16.4 17.9 15.4 16.3 16.9 19.5 17.7 16.0 36 19.6 17.0 17.1 17.8 16.6 14.4 10.2 15.5 16.5 16,0 37 13.9 18.6 14. 1 14.6 13.7 11.1 7.2 11.7 13.0 12.7 38 12.4 18.7 14.2 14.1 14.2 1L 5 7.4 11.5 12.9 13.2 39 8.1 10.8 9.7 9.2 10.0 8.7 5.7 8.4 9.1 9.9 40 6.3 8.4 7.8 6.8 8.4 7.5 5.2 6.6 7.5 8.5 41 3.6 4.9. 5.2 4.1 5.9 5.3 3.8 4.5 5.1 6.0 42 1.9 2.5 2.9 2.2 3.4' 2.9 2.1 2.5 2,8 3.2 43 0.9 1.1 1.9 1.3 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.3 44 0.4 0.7 LI 0.6 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 L3 45 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 46 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 47 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 48 46 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 18. — Male Gainful Workers, by Social- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 DIVISION AND STATE United States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central- West South Central. Mountain Pacific Total 38, 077, 804 2, 489, 486 8, 322, 037 8, 042, 907 4, 106, 672 4, 581, 790 2, 908, 937 3, 656, 565 1, 159, 563 2, 809, 847 New England; Maine New Hampshire Vermont M assachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa. Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska... Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. of Columbia.. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia... Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Wesi South Central: Arkansas. Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho.. Wyoming Colorado.. New Mexico Arizona. Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California 240, 110 142, 710 112,806 1,285,316 209, 343 499, 201 4, 108, 232 1, 295, 594 2,918,211 2,076,158 1,015,761 2.469.216 1,567,525 914, 247 791, 833 749, 313 1, 158, 734 204, 090 210, 343 417, 287 575, 072 77, 221 515, 187 155, 028 697, 944 488, 254 868, 006 480, 976 850, 219 448, 955 760,417 763, 062 772, 281 613, 177 548, 652 624, 196 698, 658 1, 785, 059 184, 205 139, 946 79, 709 321, 874 120, 506 135, 325 141,016 36, 982 538, 054 328. 503 1. 943. 290 PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS Profes- sional persons (1) Total (2) Farmers ! Whole- (owners \ sale and and ten- ; retail ants) { dealers (2-a) (2-b) Other proprie- j tors, man- ( agers. and officials j (2-c) Clerks and kindred j workers j (3) 1,497,934 9, 159, 8S6 15,749,307 ; 1,875, 193 1.735,336 ;4, 877, 235 ! 107, 858 402, 685 325, 880 145, 510 143, 272 69, 887 110,790 45, 093 146. 959 7,536 4,953 3,373 63, 179 7,876 20, 941 222, 076 66, 413 114, 196 87,614 38, 364 111,000 57, 346 31, 556 28, 248 25, 371 44,319 5,715 6,472 15,001 20, 384 3,051 20, 965 14, 850 20, 073 16, 265 20, 020 10, 034 20, 336 17, 678 20, 557 21, 106 16. 748 11,476 13, 050 15, 535 24, 874 57, 331 5,564 4,807 2,379 14, 142 3,985 5,891 6,719 1,606 22, 092 13,568 111,299 348, 363 1,216,304 1,606,698 1, 428, 122 1, 257, 558 1,126,712 1, 317, 768 325, 681 532, 690 52, 173 24, 004 29, 561 154, 245 23, 318 65, 062 645, 447 178, 904 391, 953 384, 349 246, 832 442, 594 282, 848 250, 075 248, 957 273, 883 340, 809 91,826 98, 946 164, 411 209,290 15, 979 86, 181 17, 110 190, 441 97, 301 304, 600 163, 396 287, 442 95, 108 272, 357 272, 196 275, 038 307, 121 257, 067 191, 954 251, 864 616, 883 60,753 49, 654 21,820 87, 595 37. 106 25.804 36.120 6,829 112.736 80. 087 339, 867 98, 592 308, 958 884, 169 1, 067, 204 935, 386 962, 763 1, 037, 202 227, 756 227, 337 121. 102 457, 053 341, 023 174. 339 165, 295 87, 935 145, 489 45, 153 137.804 128.669 356,566 450,293 1,390,312 I 381,506 ; 1,099, 991 186, 579 156, 877 76,014 135, 077 52, 772 167, 549 29, 878 11, 542 20,021 20, 192 2,868 14,091 143, 260 24,673 141, 025 194, 985 161, 656 202, 727 153, 956 170, 845 177, 619 207, 348 237, 685 76, 589 82, 181 127, 247 158,535 8,871 37, 225 247 140, 974 65, 997 256, 265 140, 422 236, 093 49, 292 224, 014 223, 102 235, 005 280,642 226,211 149, 097 192, 964 468, 930 46, 030 39, 126 15,680 66. 457 29. 084 13, 841 24, 141 3,397 59. S66 47,700 119, 771 10,903 6.114 4,445 64, 389 10.196 25, 055 254, 120 73, 659 129, 274 88,235 40,290 1 13, 098 61,395 38, 005 33,163 32,680 50, 599 7,239 8,089 17, 930 24.639 3.392 24. 336 7,554 25. 501 15,116 26. 578 12, 994 26, 988 22,836 25. 424 26, 207 21.218 15, 086 17,256 23,121 28, 926 76. 186 6,621 5.054 2.554 14,297 4,110 5. 744 5.377 1.396 23,429 14, 219 100. 156 11.392 6,348 5,095 69,664 10,254 25,916 248, 067 80, 572 121,654 101, 129 44,886 126, 769 67, 497 41.225 38, 175 33. 855 52, 525 7,998 8,676 19.234 26, 116 3,716 24,620 9,309 23,966 16,188 21, 757 9.980 24, 361 22,980 22. 919 22.887 18,815 11,393 13,600 19, 736 29.974 71, 767 8.102 5,474 3.586 16. 841 3. 912 6,219 6.602 2,036 29,441 18.168 119.940 482, 330 430, 971 206,404 347, 496 116, 366 446. 799 23, 107 13, 742 9,866 210, 425 28,572 70,854 784, 794 223,589 381, 929 284,848 116,013 410. 879 192. 266 95,985 99, 648 78, 810 163, 789 15.500 15. 490 47, 076 62,017 8,691 72,854 37, 718 63.826 38. 754 59, 524 28.336 69.507 51, 761 59. 877 66, 5S7 51. 732 28, 208 32,592 58,769 69.400 186, 735 15.623 10. S74 5.925 40. 852 7,763 13.788 IS. 158 3.3S3 69,704 40,973 336,122 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, by Divisions and States: 1930 47 Skilled SEMISKILLED WORKERS XjNSKILLED workers 1 workers Semi- Factory and foremen Total skilled workers in manufac- turing Other semiskilled workers Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction laborers Other laborers Servant classes (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-rb) (6-c) (6-d) 6,201.542 5, 448, 158 2,881,022 2, 587, 136 10, 893, 039 3, 746. 433 3, 243. 622 2, 871, 744 1, 028, 240 1 532, 6G6 623, 690 424, 778 198, 912 520, 343 104, 231 208, 831 133, 279 74, 002 2 1, 679, 775 1, 567, 952 867, 513 700, 439 2, 065, 009 250, 843 800, 969 712, 482 300, 715 3 1, 609, 649 1, 328, 597 784, 195 544, 402 2, 072, 092 520, 118 8,54, 208 494, 270 203, 496 4 509, 172 384, 241 155, 893 228, 348 1, 157, 297 577, 145 252, 978 243, 666 83, 508 5 557. 183 557, 208 282, 587 274, 621 1, 635, 598 731, 689 404, 188 393, 814 105, 9J7 6 272, 099 219,813 98, 039 121, 774 1, 014, 022 524, 564 198, 188 241, 633 49, 637 7 380, 568 289, 881 92, 990 196, 891 1, 210, 062 594, 379 251, 236 288, 567 75, 880 8 150, 635 99. 791 31, 205 68, 586 421, 997 183, 002 71, 479 142, 287 25, 229 9 509, 795 376, 985 143, 822 233, 163 796, 619 260, 462 206, 545 221, 746 107, 866 10 39, 671 43, 329 26, 604 16, 725 74, 294 19, 653 29, 414 21, 043 4,184 11 26, 812 36, 781 27, 822 8, 959 36, 418 9,572 14, 720 8.889 3,237 12 20, 303 13, 364 6,661 6, 703 36, 339 16, 851 10, 146 7, 581 1,758 13 280. 940 346, 211 234, 641 111,570 230, 316 32, 101 87, 906 65, 825 44, 484 14 47. 758 64, 564 45, 780 18, 784 37, 255 5. 580 16, 202 9, 278 6,195 15 117, 182 119,441 83, 270 36, 171 105, 721 20,471 50, 443 20, 663 14, 144 16 836, 677 824, 761 438, 610 386, 151 794, 477 114, 174 273, 917 208, 913 197. 473 17 294, 714 263, 959 150, 683 113, 276 268, 015 36, 190 128, 015 65, 398 38. 412 18 548, 384 479, 232 278, 220 201, 012 1. 002, 517 100, 479 399, 037 438, 171 64, 830 19 437, 293 363, 776 218, 918 144, 858 518, 278 106, 566 235, 446 127, 464 48, 802 20 181, 176 147, 707 83, 092 64,615 285, 669 80,813 123, 133 61,915 19, 808 21 485, 146 393, 886 206, 943 186, 943 625, 711 138,601 225. 801 175,711 85, 598 22 351, 646 293, 471 194, 073 99, 398 389, 948 85, 648 184, 554 84, 376 35, 370 23 154, 388 129, 757 81, 169 48,588 252, 486 108, 490 85, 274 44, 804 13, 918 24 110,265 77, 704 32, 755 44. 949 227,011 115,292 46, 850 48, 055 16,814 25 89,281 62, 985 24, 548 38, 437 218, 983 114,980 48/450 44. 589 10, 964 26 160, 764 142, 055 67. 310 74, 745 306. 998 118.870 83, 520 71, 428 33, 180 27 14, 388 7,700 2,030 5,670 68, 961 53, 488 5,949 7, 252 2,272 28 15, 549 10, 025 2,778 7,247 63, 861 44, 900 8,127 8,831 2,003 29 45, 332 32, 541 10, 260 22, 281 112, 926 65. 149 22, 046 18, 380 7,351 30 73, 593 51, 231 16, 212 35, 019 158, 557 64, 466 38, 036 45, 131 10, 924 31 14, 936 12, 257 5, 937 6,320 22, 307 7,695 9,010 3,720 1,882 32 99, 354 86, 704 41, 767 44, 937 149, 129 43, 132 50, 983 39, 606 15, 408 33 29,503 24, 407 5, 229 19, 178 31.440 790 8,576 9,857 12, 217 34 90, 306 83, 392 35, 237 48, 155 249, 906 109, 691 59, 639 65, 166 15,410 35 68, 624 46, 630 23, 737 22, 893 220, 680 46, 288 38, 366 129, 003 7,023 36 77, 242 103, 528 68, 076 35, 452 303, 092 171,363 77, 517 39, 178 15,034 37 38, 371 60, 081 41, 098 18, 983 180, 758 114. 255 37, 717 21, 802 6,984 38 76, 983 88, 193 42, 981 45, 212 307, 758 173,797 72, 732 43, 883 17, 346 39 61, 864 52, 016 18, 525 33, 491 170, 528 64, 678 49, 648 41, 599 14, 603 40 83, 734 62, 984 26, 563 36, 421 260, 908 117, 628 38, 142 92, 086 13, 052 41 81, 763 66, 981 31,592 35, 389 254, 429 122, 202 59, 798 55. 099 17, 330 42 72, 670 63, 776 31,719 32, 057 292, 317 152, 068 63. 589 64, 721 11,939 43 33, 932 26, 072 8,165 17, 907 206. 368 132, 666 36, 659 29, 727 7,316 44 38, 056 27, 101 8,885 18,216 180, 786 108, 866 33, 201 32, 279 6,440 45 65, 714 60,170 20,556 39, 614 232, 054 97, 789 59, 372 61, 228 13, 665 46 79, 427 50, 309 15, 300 35, 009 222, 784 99, 138 42, 135 68, 030 13, 481 47 197, 371 152, 301 48, 249 104, 052 574, 438 288, 586 116,528 127, 030 42, 294 48 21,340 12, 748 4,335 8,413 68, 177 30, 594 9,914 24, 595 3,074 49 14, 272 8,765 3,128 5,637 51, 574 24, 369 9,688 15. 364 2,153 50 10. 779 8,918 2,050 6,868 29, 888 13,618 4,027 10, 697 1,546 51 44, 308 31, 179 10, 635 20, 544 103, 798 44, 565 19, 024 31,977 8,232 52 12, 051 7,040 1, 986 5.054 52, 561 27, 030 8,011 15,317 2,203 53 20. 306 14, 474 4.013 10, 461 55, 062 21,991 8,260 21, 185 3,626 54 21,484 13, 456 4, 253 9,203 45, 079 15, 788 10, 369 15,831 3.091 55 6,095 3,211 805 2,406 15, 858 5,047 2,186 7,321 1,304 56 93, 684 73, 067 30, 668 42, 399 166. 771 38, 288 54, 854 58, 829 14, 800 57 52, 772 38, 276 16, 243 22, 033 102, 827 30. 148 30, 819 33, 728 8,132 58 363, 339 265, 642 96,911 .168, 731 527, 021 192, 026 120. 872 129, 189 84, 934 59 48 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 19. — Female Gainful Wokkebs, by Social- Profes- PROPRIETOBS,MANAGERS,AND officials Clerks Farmers 1 Whole- Other DIVISION AND STATE Total sional persons Total (owners 1 and ten- ants) sale and retail dealers proprie- , tors, man- agers, and and kindred workers (1) (2) (2-a) (2-b) officials (2-c) (3) 1 United States - Geographic divisions: 10,752,116 1, 447, 883 505, 644 262, 845 111,854 131, 145 3,072,220 2 New England. ... ., 941, 681 120, 239 20, 494 4,229 8,265 7,999 275,456 3 Middle Atlantic. ... 2, 635, 509 .3.34, 684 63. 179 10. 870 29, 992 22, 317 902,627 j 4 East North Central.., 2, 065, 414 285, 875 77, 651 28, 448 23, 112 26,091 729,876 ! ft West North Central- . 946, 165 182, 366 58, 030 31.048 9,783 17, 199 291, 786 | 6 South Atlantic. .... 1, 473, 514 154,307 82, 116 57, 144 11, 494 13, 478 237,942 i 7 East South Central... 827, 744 75, 864 76, 734 63, 711 5,534 7, 489 103,546 i B West South Central 861, 667 111,460 69, 764 46,816 9,197 13, 751 176,215 i 9 235, 250 765, 172 49, 380 133, 688 17, 720 39, 958 7, 771 12, 608 3,272 11,204 6.677 16, 144 66.710 ' 283,062 j 10 Pacific. New England: ]] Maine 68, 493 10, 716 3,012 1,284 770 958 15,619 12 New Hampshire 49, 956 6,641 1, 453 464 440 549 9, 713 13 Vermont . - 28, 397 5, 090 1.518 716 323 479 6,871 : 14 Massachusetts... . . 528, 9y9 66, 617 9,674 957 4, 565 4. 152 165.277 1ft Rhode Island .. 87,829 | 178, 007 8,402 22, 773 1,324 3,513 130 678 704 1, 464 490 1,371 21, 404 56, 572 i 16 Connecticut... .. Middle Atlantic: 17 New York. 1,415,105 181, 975 32, 587 4,982 14, 706 12, 899 516.919 ! 18 New Jersey .. 416, 512 49, 141 9,958 1,011 5,328 3,619 142.005 j 19 Pennsylvania .... East -North Central: 803, 892 103, 568 20, 634 4,877 9,958 5. 799 243,703 j 7,0 Ohio ._ 539, 606 235, 304 74, 171 32, 861 18, 916 10. 944 6,170 4.827 5,781 2,846 §,965 3,471 184,367 : 74, 459 21 Indiana .. 22 Illinois .. . 715, 468 90, 889 23, 154 5,875 8.580 8,899 279,100 i 23 Michigan 359, 822 215,214 54, 157 33, 797 13, 136 11, 501 4,989 6,587 3,735 2,370 4.412 2,544 124,463 ' 67. 487. 24 Wisconsin West North Central: 2.5 Minnesota .. .. 200, 965 38, 450 10,630 6,095 1, 722 2,813 65,888 | 26 Iowa. . 163, 522 37,418 9, 450 4,760 1, 627 3,063 50.399 27 Missouri .... ....... 299, 234 38. 425 18, 801 S, 974 3.219 4,608 94,898 | 28 North Dakota 36, 213 10,416 3,272 2,121 267 884 7,271 ! 2ft South Dakota. 37, 310 89, 721 L0,610 21, 147 3,456 5,625 2,064 2,757 428 973 964 1,895 8,849 27, 976 30 Nebraska. .... ... 31 Kansas _. South Atlantic: 119,200 25, 900 8,796 4, 277 1, 547 2,972 36, 505 32 Delaware . .. ... 20, 883 2,449 791 268 288 235 6,072 33 Maryland 157. 692 18, 016 4.780 1. 437 1,937 1, 406 ■ 035 34 District of Columbia.. 88,825 10. 053 1.355 14 584 757 38,305 3ft 182, 267 24, 363 12. 826 9,490 1,406 1, 930 33. 488 36 West Virginia .. 82, 198 15, 838 6, 105 3,865 964 1, 276 19.640 37 North Carolina .... 272, 965 28, 048 15, 882 13, 822 1,344 1,716 26. 38 South Carolina... ._ 206, 761 15, 232 13, 109 11,371 869 869 11,854 39 Georgia 311. 939 149, 984 24, 785 15, 523 17,857 8,411 13, 221 3, 656 2,062 2,040 2.574 2, 715 34, 24,885 40 Florida East South Central: 41 Kentucky . .. .... 146, 678 19, 628 14, 375 10, 424 1,693 2,258 35 42 Tennessee _. 195, 324 21, 835 14, 625 11.343 1,279 2,003 34. 934 43 Alabama. 254, 014 231, 723 19, 810 14, 591 20, 501 27, 233 17, 255 24, 689 1,430 1, 132 1,816 1,412 24. 120 14,214 44 Mississippi .. West South Central: 45 Arkansas ..... 119, 193 12, 702 15, 358 12, 552 1.064 1, 742 15.466 46 Louisiana... 191, 420 17. 422 13. 414 9.723 1.978 1,713 323 47 Oklahoma 129. 346 421, 708 23, 552 57, 7S4 11,331 29, 661 6, 274 IS. 267 1.713 4. 442 3.344 6, 952 37, 189 94. 237 48 Texas... , .. Mountain: 49 Montana 32, 274 22, 286 S.037 5,558 2, 999 1,993 1, 462 1,037 486 28S 1. 051 66S 8, 424 6,231 50 Idaho .. 51 Wyoming 12, 739 3. 354 1,221 539 21S 464 3,023 52 Colorado 80, 993 15, 939 5,284 1,876 1,095 2. 313 25. 779 53 New Mexico 22, 101 4, 232 2, 237 1,331 317 589 3, 770 54 Arizona 29, 971 5,313 1.S33 66S 406 759 55 Utah 28, 984 5, 736 1. 638 721 327 10. 56 Nevada ... 5,902 1,211 515 137 135 243 1.6S4 Pacific: 57 Washington 126, 676 21. 676 8, 333 3.533 2,009 44, 759 58 Oregon 81.142 557, 354 14, 861 97, 151 26, 274 2. 273 6,802 1, 190 8,005 11,467 27, 332 210. 971 59 California DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Gboups. by Divisions and States: 1930 49 Skilled SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS Factory and workers and foremen Semiskilled ',■;■; ■■■■■ Total workers in semi- Total Farm building Other Servant manufac- skilled laborers construc- laborers classes turing workers tion laborers (4) (5) (5-a) 1, 676, 971 (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-fa) (6-c) (6-d) 81, 145 2, 529, 411 852, 448 8,125,830 046, SSI 125, 521 31,821 2,312,657 1 9,064 361,928 282,911 79, 012 154, 502 1,957 10, 909 1,321 140, 315 2 25, 929 788, 822 568, 948 199, 876 540, 288 5, 375 23, 475 5,251 506, 167 3 21, 733 497, 398 317. 065 180, 333 452, 881 9, 404 34, 444 8, 839 402, 194 4 8, 367 180, 339 91 918 88, 421 227, 277 13, 604 8, 275 3,877 201, 521 5 5. 568 298,711 217,300 81,411 694, 870 232, 101 24. 940 4, 509 433, 320 6 2, 953 105, 823 67, 853 37, 970 457, 824 229, 373 10, 674 2 581 215, 196 7 2,510 109. 325 45, 690 63, 635 392. 393 141, 748 6,517 3,575 240. 555 8 1,243 44, 101 16,871 27, 230 56, 096 5,990 '967 1,065 48, 074 S 5, 778 162, 969 68, 414 94, 555 139, 719 6, 781 5,320 2,303 125,315 10 503 24, 206 16, 542 7,684 14, 437 193 1, 632 154 12, 458 11 417 23, 554 18, 705 4, 849 8,178 83 797 105 7, 193 12 205 7, 411 3.. 842 3, 569 7, 302 133 312 42 6,815 13 5, 518 199, 373 155, 429 43, 944 82, 540 951 3. 864 875 77, 050 14 1,105 44, 144 37, 976 6, 168 11,450 93 711 79 10, 567 15 1,316 63,238 50, 420 12, 818 30, 595 504 3, 593 266 26,232 16 14. 640 386, 486 273, 217 113,289 282, 498 2,140 8,988 2,714 268, 656 17 ! 3; 877 131,299 100, 075 31, 234 80, 232 1, 065 4, 682 829 73, 876 18 7,412 251, 037 195, 654 55, 383 177, 538 2,170 9, 825 1,708 183, 835 19 6,954 132, 153 86, 557 45, 596 123,045 1, 865 8,146 1,553 111,481 20 1 2, 381 83, 944 41, 902 22, 042 50, 735 ! 089 5,176 826 43, 644 21 ! 7,191 165, 892 106, 617 59,275 149, 242 2, 338 11,399 2,687 132, 838 22 3, 580 82, 478 46, 399 36, 079 82, 028 1, 583 5.985 1,074 73. 388 23 1, 667 52, 931 35, 590 ; "' 34 1 47, 831 2, 529 3, 738 719 40, 845 24 1, 348 35, 401 17, 944 17. 457 49, 248 3, 195 1,289 585 44, 179 25 979 27, 038 11,915 15, 123 38, 23S 2, 038 : .rl: 888 33, 493 26 2, 616 74, 612 47. 142 27. 470 71, 882 3, 840 3.394 948 63. 900 27 122 4; 344 1, 049 3,295 10, 788 1, 442 75 83 9, 188 28 158 4, 770 1, 334 3, 436 9, 487 1. 088 219 186 7, 978 29 448 14, 138 4, 825 9,513 20 387 1, 095 691 471 18, 130 30 698 20, 036 7, 909 12, 127 27, 267 i, 110 766 736 24, 855 31 166 4,736 3, 252 [,484 6. 869 ' 636 55 5. 673 32 2,082 41, 554 30 388 11, 188 49, 225 1.237 2. 301 571 45, 116 33 460 11, 757 4, 280 7, 477 26, 895 8 " 70 373 28, 444 34 798 38,- 583 27, 533 11,050 72 209 B, 355 4, 657 800 58.297 35 411 16, 862 9,707 7, 155 23, 34.2 1, 555 1, 519 321 19, 947 36 518 72. 643 80, 840 11.803 127,877 56' 817 7, 362 724 62, 974 37 160 36, 048 30, 386 5. 862 130, 358 77, 213 2,104 328 50, 713 38 642 51,063 38, 370 12, 693 182, 926 72, 382 4, 745 787 105,012 39 331 25, 465 12, 584 12,901 75, 369 13, 929 1,548 750 59, 144 40 1,559 27, 862 17, 276 10, 586 47. 976 5.488 2,082 574 39, 852 41 914 38, 971 26, 454 12, 517 84. 045 19, 222 4,683 911 59,229 42 347 28, 581 19. 099 9,482 180, 655 87, 167 2,494 579 70, 415 43 133 10, 409 5,024 5, 385 165, 148 117,496 1, 435 517 45, 700 44 417 10, 196 3,783 6,413 85, 054 35, 281 794 438 28,541 45 453 23, 231 12, 368 10, 883 107, 577 38, 421 1, 988 724 66, 448 46 387 18, 245 4, 823 13, 422 38, 642 -6*519 692 591 30,840 47 1,253 57, 653 24,716 32, 937 181, 120 J, 525 3, 045 1,822 114, 728 48 101 5, 056 1,048 4, 008 7,657 643 58 99 8,857 49 153 3.744 963 2,781 4, 607 314 184 123 3,981 50 65 1,880 303 1.577 3, 198 448 13 36 2,699 51 548 14, 487 4,985 9, 522 18, 956 2,199 394 346 18, 017 52 66 5, 016 3, 013 2,003 8.780 871 93 141 5,675 53 3.07 7,447 1 060 3, 387 8,103 j 1,225 55 165 6, 658 54 179 5,527 2,374 3, 153 5,273 241 181 123 4,748 55 24 944 145 799 1,524 49 9 32 1,434 56 896 25, 127 9,486 15,881 25,885 1,158 1,107 460 23, 160 57 692 16, 095 6,758 16,813 1 837 819 292 14,865 58 4,190 121, 747 52, 190 89,557 97,021 | 1 4, 786 3,394 1,551 1 87,290 59 50 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 20. — Native White Male Workers, by Social- PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS Clerks j DIVISION AND STATE Total Profes- sional persons Total Farmers (owners and ten- ants) Whole- sale and retail dealers Other proprie- tors, man- agers, and officials and kindred j ~ ; (1) (2) (2-a) Ob) (2-c) (3) 1 United States Geographic divisions: 27,511 862 1, 248, 081 .7,017,203 i . . 4, 435, 418 1, 169, 058 1,412,727 4,262.882 i 2 New EnelancL . 1,655,244 89. 781 245, 469 75,688 71, 738 98, 043 298,729 i 3 Middle Atlantic 5, 470, 796 312, 542 823, 581 263, 139 236, 491 323. 951 1,138.486 i 4 East North Central- 6, 143, 663 276, 460 1,338,716 778, 902 243, 939 315,875 967. 154 ! 5 West North Central. 3, 485, 898 128, 928 1,213,351 904, 762 144, 677 163.912 448,306 j 6 South Atlantic...... 3, 150, 649 119,710 939, 112 661, 458 137, 276 140, 378 402,625 i 7 East South Central . 2, 062, 618 59, 174 822, 964 674, 191 78, 558 70,215 197,630 j 8 West South Central. 2, 650, 809 94, 700 988, 399 741, 467 124,014 122,918 325,021 1 9 Mountain 894, 029 40, 184 261, 037 180, 043 36, 020 44, 974 105,660 j 10 Pacific... New England: 1,998,156 121, 602 384, 574 155, 768 96, 345 132, 461 379,271 ! 11 Maine 196, 554 6, 636 44, 767 26. 363 8,707 9,697 20,580 ; 12 New Hampshire 106, 458 4, 306 19, 232 9,634 4,382 5,216 11,952 i 13 Vermont 93, 446 815,019 2,954 52, 1 19 24, 858 100, 496 16, 888 12, 777 3,588 36, 000 4,- 382 51,719 8,965 ! 173,418 j 14 Massachusetts 15 Rhode Island - 132, 458 6,350 14, 872 1,831 5,648 7,393 23,421 16 Connecticut Middle Atlantic: 311,309 17, 416 41,244 8,195 13,413 19, 636 60,393 j 17 New York 2, 474, 775 160, 768 395, 452 119, 284 112, 741 163, 427 605,002 18 New Jersey 826, 547 53, 462 115, 031 16, 186 39, 538 59, 307 190,278 19 Pennsylvania. East North Central: 2, 169, 474 98, 312 313,098 127, 669 84, 212 - 10L217 343,206 i 20 Ohio 1, 657, 816 77, 723 339, 65Q 183, 255 68, 232 88, 163 260,718 j 21 Indiana ... 904, 554 35, 615 233, 702 156, 909 35, 275 41..518 111,341 22 Illinois 1, 761, 060 90, 070 358, 072 187, 264 71, 018 99, 790 348, 849 23 Michigan... 1, 091, 649 45, 766 209, 872 117, 623 40, 451 51, 798 158, 587 24 Wisconsin . West North Central: 728, 584 27, 286 197, 420 133, 851 28, 963 34, 606 87, 659 ?5 Minnesota 604, 209 671, 421 23, 732 23, 164 183, 867 242, 984 129, 092 183.813 24, 242 28, 455 30, 533 30, 716 87, 778 74, 802 26 Iowa _. 27 Missouri 1, 009, 674 39, 594 315,817 226, 437 42, 248 47,132 154, 170 13,376 1 28 North Dakota 149, 830 4, 593 58, 730 47, 217 5,295 6,218 29 South Dakota 174,098 5,664 77, 158 62, 941 6, 757 7,460 14,339 i 30 Nebraska .. .... 360, 533 13,393 141, 403 109, 334 14,918 17, 151 43,924 31 Kansas .. South Atlantic: 516, 133 18, 788 193, 392 145, 928 22, 762 24, 702 59,917 ■ 32 Delaware 57, 598 2,657 13, 501 7,683 2,546 3,272 8,137 33 Maryland 378, 864 17, 750 70, 592 31, 225 17, 875 21,492 67, 370 34 Dist. of Columbia... 99, 709 12, 430 12, 529 188 4,644 7,697 32, 129 35 Virginia . _ 504, 354 419, 408 16, 978 14, 905 149, 820 93, 038 106, 431 65, 119 21, 576 13, 166 21,813 14, 753 60, 361 37.313 36 West Virginia 37 North Carolina 613, 539 16, 469 228, 535 184,023 24,468 20,044 57,406 38 South Carolina 264, 691 7,815 93, 696 73, 342 11,366 8,988 27, 083 39 Georgia.. ... 531, 529 16, 585 202, 132 156, 374 23, 370 22, 388 65,632 40 Florida East South Central: 280, 957 14, 121 75, 269 37, 073 18, 265 19,931 47,194 41 Kentuckv... 677, 021 18. 437 259, 494 214,491 23, 490 21,513 58, 055 42 Tennessee 609, 402 484, 083 18, 244 13, 528 234, 621 187, 342 189, 848 151,667 23, 559 18, 529 21, 214 17. 146 64. 003 48,948 43 Alabama. 44 Mississippi... West South Central: 292, 112 8, 965 141, 507 118,185 12, 980 10. 342 26, 624 45 Arkansas 395, 612 370, 209 11,122 12, 252 180, 306 114,469 151, 776 79, 450 15. 957 17, 739 12, 573 17, 280 31,324 54,390 46 Louisiana 47 Oklahoma. 611, 130 22, 282 221.026 166, 205 26, 719 28, 102 66, 855 48 Texas Mountain: 1, 273, 858 49, 044 472, 598 344, 036 63, 599 64, 963 172, 452 49 Montana 137, 775 120, 533 63, 625 259; 527 91,975 4,841 4,434 2,189 12,700 3,448 44. 916 42. 585 18, 258 72, 647 30.093 33, 048 33. 391 13. 106 46, 425 23.115 5,140 4, 428 2,068 11,558 3, 500 6. 728 4.766 3, 084 14, 664 3. 478 13.938 10, 214 5. 476 37,811 7,158 50 Idaho 51 Wyoming 52 Colorado 53 New Mexico 54 Arizona 78, 955 116,484 25, 155 4,921 6,211 1,440 17. 13S 30, 703 4,697 7. 952 20, S91 2.115 4. 049 4,264 1,013 5,137 5,518 1, 569 11,635 16, 411 3,017 55 Utah 56 Nevada Pacific: 57 Washington 399, 074 268, 255 IS, 050 11,956 81,771 65. 348 41. 358 38. 660 17, 356 11.354 23. 057 15, 334 59, 7S8 36. 522 58 Oregon 59 California. 1,330,827 90, 990 237, 455 75. 750 67,635 94. 070 282, 961 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, by Divisions and States: 1930 51 Skilled SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS workers Semi- Factory and foremen Total skilled workers in manufac- turing Other semiskilled workers Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction laborers Other laborers Servant classes (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) (6-d) 4, 623, 705 3, 886, 352 1, 958, 352 1. 927, 424 6, 478, 639 2, 659, 897 1, 774, 693 1, 672, 688 371,361 1 338, 423 387, 826 245, 234 142, 592 295, 016 77, 614 105, 385 75, 075 36, 942 2 1, 108, 764 985, 787 504, 962 480, 825 1,101,636 201, 046 419, 204 387, 085 91, 301 3 1, 193, 449 995. 288 561, 367 433, 921 1, 372, 596 478, 227 495, 707 313, 369 85, 293 4 426, 291 328, 507 128, 268 200, 239 940, 515 528, 253 191,070 176,811 44, 375 5 474, 365 429, 892 238, 733 191,159 784,"945 401,037 169,705 195, 325 18, 878 6 238, 116 168, 516 81, 670 86, 846 576, 218 335, 651 92, 920 138, 423 9,224 7 331,414 224, 478 73, 453 151,025 686, 797 365, 097 126,438 172, 062 23, 200 8 123, 910 81,752 23, 988 57, 764 281, 486 133, 853 50, 888 82, 225 14, 520 9 388, 973 284, 306 101, 253 183, 053 439, 430 139, 119 123, 370 132, 313 44,628 10 31, 679 33, 250 19, 247 14, 003 59, 642 17, 322 23, 055 16, 171 3,094 11 19, 860 25, 186 18, 357 6,829 25, 922 8,290 9,583 5,959 2,090 12 15, 709 10, 962 5,178 5,784 29, 998 14, 780 8,017 5,820 1,381 13 168, 151 208, 533 131,396 77, 137 112, 302 20, 677 37, 734 32, 839 21,052 14 29.247 39, 758 25, 938 13, 820 18, 810 3,534 7,570 4,603 3,103 15 73. 777 70, 137 45, 118 25. 019 48, 342 13,011 19, 426 9,68? 6,222 16 488, 024 456, 181 210, 806 245, 375 369, 348 89, 822 125, 758 98, 848 54, 920 17 191, 394 163, 800 85, 718 78, 082 112, 582 22, 461 48, 697 28, 266 13, 158 18 429, 346 365, 806 208, 438 157, 368 619, 706 88, 763 244, 749 259, 971 26, 223 19 350, 489 288, 422 169,448 118,974 340, 814 97, 849 137, 684 83, 142 22, 139 20 162, 293 131, 739 72, 780 58, 959 229, 864 78, 363 88, 940 51, 223 11,338 21 323, 007 269, 329 130, 810 138, 519 371, 733 128, 124 116, 905 93, 740 27, 964 22 240, 050 204, 060 127, 948 76, 112 233, 314 74, 376 94, 839 49, 160 14, 939 23 117, 610 101, 738 60, 381 41,357 196, 871 99, 515 57, 339 31, 104 8,913 24 76, 799 60, 418 23, 683 36, 735 171; 615 102, 825 32,116 27, 571 9,103 25 78, 707 57, 334 21, 550 35, 784 194, 430 107,810 42, 118 36, 639 7,863 26 142, 024 121, 358 57, 032 64, 326 236, 711 110, 458 59, 044 53, 042 14, 167 27 10, 044 6.458 1,596 4,862 56, 029 45, 860 4,389 5, 039 1,341 28 12, 716 8,977 2.341 6,636 55, 244 39, 682 6,784 7,286 1, 492 29 37, 773 28, 092 8,037 20, 055 95, 948 60, 082 16, 954 14, 733 4,179 30 68, 228 45, 87C 14, 029 31,841 129, 938 61, 536 29. 671 32, 501 6,230 31 12, 737 9, 325 4,417 4,912 11, 237 4,648 4,229 1,706 654 32 83, 051 66, 730 32, 945 33, 785 73, 371 26, 150 22, 549 20, 997 3,675 33 23, 465 14, 441 3,567 10, 874 4,715 461 1, 452 1, 509 1,293 34 80, 536 64, 487 28, 910 35, 577 132, 172 68, 646 26, 098 35, 175 2,253 35 63, 675 41,961 21, 468 20, 493 168, 516 44, 866 31,614 89, 177 2, 859 36 67, 549 85, 578 61, 347 24, 231 158, 002 99, 943 38, 330 17, 266 2,463 37 30, 089 50, 253 38, 518 11,735 55, 755 39, 603 11,046 4,174 932 38 62, 819 63, 974 36, 730 27, 244 120, 387 86, 661 20, 975 10, 869 1,882 39 50, 444 33, 139 10, 831 22, 308 60, 790 30, 059 13, 412 14, 452 2,867 40 78, 059 55, 240 24, 106 31, 134 207, 736 104, 523 26, 918 72, 322 3,973 41 72, 524 52, 707 27, 502 25, 205 167, 303 97, 464 33, 673 33, 285 2,881 42 60,488 43, 808 24,233 19, 575 129, 969 83, 452 21, 676 23, 255 1,586 43 27,045 16, 761 5,829 10, 932 71.210 50, 212 10, 653 9,561 784 44 33, 900 21, 222 7,056 14, 166 117, 738 76, 960 17, 950 21, 064 1,764 45 53, 491 39, 865 15, 218 24,647 95, 742 43,813 22, 730 26,232 2,967 46 74, 952 46, 368 14, 024 32, 344 179, 647 82, 389 33, 380 57, 672 6,206 47 169, 071 117,023 37, 155 79, 868 293, 670 161, 935 52, 378 67, 094 12, 263 48 16, 290 10, 265 3,255 7,010 47, 525 24, 241 6,870 14, 506 1,908 49 12, 281 7,799 2,649 5,150 43, 220 22, 052 8,167 11, 434 1,567 50 9,088 7,964 1,693 6,271 20, 650 10, 734 3,370 5,598 948 51 37, 697 26, 823 8,529 18,294 71, 849 33, 158 13, 939 19, 866 4,886 52 10, 272 6,024 1,620 4,404 34, 980 18, 529 6.123 % 776 8, 951 1,377 53 15, 905 8,971 2,318 6,653 20, 385 8,084 7,955 1,570 54 17, 470 11,318 3, 350 7,968 34,371 14, 348 8,416 9,964 1,643 55 4,907 2, 588 574 2, 014 8,506 2,707 1,227 3,951 621 56 69, 882 58, 031 22, 968 35, 063 110,946 30, 519 37,680 35, 057 7,690 57 43, 117 32, 178 12,813 19, 365 79, 134 25, 943 23,911 24, 376 4,904 58 275, 974 194, 097 65, 472 128, 625 249, 350 82, 657 61, 779 72, 880 32, 034 59 £<] 52 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 21. — Native White Female Workers, by Sociai DIVISION AND STATE United States 12 13 14 15 16 ■17 18 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 30 C»1 Jl 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 59 Geographic divisions: New .England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Centrai. Soutb. Atlantic...... East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine ...... New Hampshire Vermont . Massachusetts Rhode Island . Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York .... New Jersey l.„. Pennsylvania . East North Central: Ohio Indiana..... Illinois.. Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa . Missouri North Dakota.. South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware. _. ... Maryland District of Columbia. .. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina ... South Carolina Georgia ... Florida East South Central: Kentucky... Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho... Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington... Oregon... California Profes- sional persons W proprietors, managers, officials 7, 881, 508 709, 1,944 1,M' 836 770 389 497 196 619 , 587 ,313 ,813 , 198 ,807 ,605 ,274 ,040 ,871 57 y 318 39. 293 25'. 212 385, 843 65, 159 136, 762 977, 101 304'. 624 662, 588 452, 819 212.770 55?; 865 282, 482 191, 877 176, 898 154, 134 250, 928 31,402 34. 080 81, 588 107, 188 14, 979 105,798 53, 658 103, 575 71, 738 150, 521 Vr 902 128, 011 66, 625 111,747 118,993 100, 510 58, 355 64, 021 77, 240 105,' 193 250, 820 27, 891 20, 700 11,347 71, 286 16, 136 18. 147 4, S45 72, 182 441,117 1,289,125 105, 292, 264, 174. 126. 62, 95. 46, 120. 187 99G 590 504 080 990 973 788 017 Total (2) Whole- Otner ; %X C jproprie- Clerks :~Vi I tors, and and tenants) i ruersi tiers mana- \ kindred dealers officials (2-a) i (2-b) (2-c) (3) 852,825 J 162,783 | 79,430 j 110, 5S2 j 2,840,635 9,778 5, 777 4,652 57, 216 7,155 20, 609 1.51,981 43, 873 70. 061 31. 248 82, 320 48. 906 32, 055 36, 573 36,615 35, 753 9.866 10, 200 20, 606 24, 891 2, 123 15, 830 7,969 20, 080 14,752 22, 447 11, 412 19, 117 12, 550 17, 768 18, 867 15, 290 11,065 10. 661 13,854 21,400 50.058 7, 553 7, 367 3. 226 15. 202 3,983 4. 800 5. 502 1, 149 19, 639 13, 869 86, 509 43, 62, 47, 54 V 30 099 769 052 834 065 369 336 343 978 2 623 1,215 1, 330 6,671 894 2, 368 22, 012 6,143 15,614 16, 361 10,111 17 926 9, 401 8,253 7, 065 8. 292 15; 380 1,952 2,598 4,656 7, 873 645 3, 718 '983 9, 63 4 5, 822 11, 501 5,398 10, 358 6, 026 13, 680 11,915 8, 744 7, 030 7, 894 6,038 9,344 20, 060 2,283 1,688 1,044 4. 459 1,847 1, 267 1, 336 419 6,195 4,499 3 28 1 9' 034 23, 013 23, 763 34, 108 30, 414 24, 271 5, 910 8,989 5, 26i 17, 350 16, 803 8, 442 8, 526 4,558 7,132 2, 844 8. 744 • 140 393 633 613 96 406 4, 063 64.8 0, 6SS 4, 653 5, 248 3, 226 4, 198 3,309 3. 932 8,417 1, 001 1, 336 2.082 228 1, 219 11 6,903 3.813 8, 905 4,053 6, 710 2, 266 10, 079 9, 134 6, 167 5,034 5, 458 3,178 4,759 10, 876 1,012 827 452 1. 507 1,060 390 571 91 1. 815 22, 15, 11, ■■■ -; 1 * J - 5, 13, 557 38^ 236 609 431 397 933 789 245 9 ! 643 351 255 I 2.781 ! '405 826 j 8.257 | 2,706 ! 6,387 4.515 : 2.253 ! 5.599 ! 2,588 ■ 1.848 j 1.368 j 1,472 ! 2,771 213 j 3S0 ! 842 I 1,396 ! 197 | 1,315 355 1,033 842 1,103 '648 1,518 1 , 515 1, 551 1, 084 1,052 871 904 1. 441 1, 538 3. 251 394 253 181 900 271 271 112 1.610 1, 035 838 i 471 442 3,277 ; 393 I 1, 136 ! P. 692 ! 2; 789 ! 4,904 j 6,158 j 3,205 '< 7.079 | 3,587 • 2,207 ! 2,388 j 2,888 4. 192 '738 880. 1, 732 2,791 220 1,184 6i7 1.167 1,493 697 j 2,130 2,245 ! 2,050 1,697 I 1,525 j 1,125 I 1.532 1,419 I 3,049 5, 933 577 608 411 503 1,649 9,288 249, 756 814, 819 675', 371 282, 147 227, 304 104, 758 167, 425 62.899 256, 356 14, 468 j 9,007 I .6,458 ! 148,235 j 19.431 I 52,157 ! I 453. 7 130,000 I 231,033 ! 174, 72." 254. r 108,482 i 64,658 62, 482 49,300 92. 015 5.S5S 8. 595 26; 977 35, 920 5. 915 40', 241 36; 022 32. 219 19,184 26, 203 33, 077 23, 030 34, 560 33,850 ! 13,483 14,969 27. 993 36, 057 88, 406 6, 025 24, 743 6, 109 10, 085 1.597 40. 5S9 190, 225 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, by Divisions and States: 1930 53 SEMISKILLED "WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS Skilled Semi- Other semi- skilled workers Factory workers and fore- men Total skilled workers in manufac- turing Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction laborers Other- labor- ers Servant classes (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) 1,212,759 (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) (6-d) 64,956 1, 901, 008 1, 297, 479 603, 529 203, 585 86, 987 18,250 90S, 937 1 6,857 252, 299 198,921 53, 378 80, 389 1,^46 7, 704 753 70, 686 2 19 583 548. 504 419, 777 128, 727 224, 642 4,181 18,742 3,089 198, 630 3 17 641 397, 654 261, 457 136, 197 280, 505 8,223 27, 789 1 165 240, 028 4 5 767 156, 668 82. 043 74, 625 169, 298 11,853 6, 736 3.1H 147, 598 5 4 72o 233, 228 185, 323 47, 905 125, 405 82, 038 11. 691 1.509 50, 167 6 2 779 82, 701 60, 214 22, 487 95, 008 58, 709 6, 606 993 28, 700 7 2 212 78, 237 33, 069 45, 168 110,0*91 51, 685 3,438 2, 013 52, 955 8 1 052 31, 908 9,347 22, 581 39, 050 2,785 785 807 34, 673 9 4 340 119,809 47, 328 72, 481 88, 371 2, 865 176 3,496 1,265 1,510 80,500 10 424 18, 586 12, 273 8. 313 11,441 114 9,886 11 341 16, 797 12. 991 3.806 6,156 67 563 72 5, 454 12 183 6,321 3, 234 3,087 6, 268 106 268 38 5. 856 13 3, 983 133,811 106, 484 27, 327 35, 927 522 2,574 324 32, 507 14 881 31, 337 27, 240 4, 097 5,481 64 491 50 4, 856 15 1,045 45, 447 36, 699 8, 748 15, 136 311 2,543 155 12, 127 16 10, 149 240, 414 173,659 88, 755 98, 759 1, 537 8, 799 1,425 88, 998 17 3, 087 94,236 74, 064 20. 172 27, 305 643 3,284 424 22, 954 18 6,367 213, 854 172, 054 41,800 98, 578 2, 001 8,859 1,240 86, 678 19 6,044 111,693 74, 655 37, 038 74, 012 1,589 6, 872 1. 138 64. 413 20 2, 248 59, 222 39, 539 19, 683 37, 295 1. 045 4,701 702 30, 847 21 5,082 118,675 79, 192 39, 483 78, 925 2,063 8,287 1, 307 87, 268 22 2,820 62, 573 36, 930 25, 643 50, 300 1, 222 4, 618 751 43, 709 23 1,447 45, 491 31, 141 14, 350 39, 973 2,304 3, 311 567 33, 791 24 1,124 29,120 15, 060 14,060 40, 534 2,674 1,131 447 38, 282 25 918 25, 063 11,191 13, 872 33, 946 1,913 1, 681 788 29, 564 26 2,405 64, 565 42, 660 21, 905 40,830 3, 053 2, 608 670 34, 479 27 103 3,430 822 2,608 9, 193 1,234 62 69 7,828 28 143 4,162 1,171 2.991 8,384 'M-Vf 191 172 7, 034 29 407 12. 422 3. 977 8, 445 16,520 952 478 418 14, 672 30 667 17, 906 7,162 10, 744 19,911 1,040 585 547 17, 739 31 155 4,111 2, 923 1,188 2,030 200 500 29 1.301 32 1,632 34, 112 26, 351 7,781 10, 465 529 1, 260 258 8,418 33 315 6,110 2. 460 3,650 2. 259 4 19 92 2,144 34 740 28, 591 21.781 8,810 12,331 3,034 1,256 213 7, 828 35 398 15, 289 9.320 5,969 16, 293 1, 520 1.426 258 13, 089 36 494 57, 933 51, 462 6,471 31, 943 21, 182 ;. !VY; 208 5, 886 37 138 31, 386 28, 692 2,694 16, 155 13, 618 681 45 1,813 38 564 40, 260 34, 451 5. 809 24, 635 19, 283 1,370 150 3,852 39 289 15, 436 7,883 7,553 9,294 2, 690 512 256 5,838 40 1,484 23, 710 15, 195 8, 515 20,545 5,059 1,558 421 13, 507 41 870 31, 546 24, 353 7,193 21, 945 •8, 977 3, 284 326 9, 358 42 308 21, 098 16, 872 4,226 32, 205 27, 172 3,132 148 3, 753 43 117 6,347 3,794 2, 553 20, 313 17,501 632 98 2, 082 44 387 7,617 3,146 4, 471 22, 493 15, 094 455 231 8, 713 45 375 14, 149 8,392 5, 757 14, 831 5,969 976 354 7,532 48 364 16, 190 4,360 11,830 21.838 4,777 537 485 16, 039 47 1,086 40, 281 17, 171 23, 110 50, 929 25, 845 1,470 943 22, 871 48 93 4,084 871 3, 213 5,980 429 48 83 5, 420 49 139 3,353 886 2, 467 4,128 276 172 114 3, 566 50 57 1,641 267 1,374 2, 503 193 11 24 2, 275 51 470 12, 753 4,381 8, 372 13. 659 1, 137 319 277 11,926 52 50 2,105 409 1,696 4, 585 284 64 99 4,158 53 85 2,809 552 2,257 3,071 273 20 78 2,700 54 138 4,433 1,863 2,570 4,194 188 145 108 3,753 55 20 730 118 612 930 25 6 24 875 56 674 20, 010 7,592 12, 418 19, 465 775 937 316 17, 437 K7 594 13, 792 5.793 7.999 13, 886 678 727 234 12, 247 58 3 ,072 86, 007 33, 943 52.084 55, 020 1,412 1,832 960 50,816 59 54 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 22.— Foreign-born White Male Workers, by Social- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 DIVISION AND STATE United States Geographic divisions: New Pmgland Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central... West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine N ew Hampshire Vermont M assachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut- ... Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana , Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. of Columbia... Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas. Mountain: Montana ,-.. Idaho Wyoming Colorado Now Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California.. Total 6, 255, 071 800, 609 2, 468, 935 1,534,041 480, 165 148,208 28, 535 83, 263 149, 060 562, 255 42, 912 35. 751 19, 124 451, 498 73, 558 177, 766 1, 474, 945 398, 255 595, 735 310,011 66, 787 575, 841 404, 063 177, 339 180, 294 70, 368 68, 825 51, 749 30, 692 48, 789 29, 448 8,382 44, 106 13, 002 11,929 30,090 4,504 2,800 6,941 26, 454 10, 213 6,297 8.160 3,865 5,075 17, 775 13, 044 47, 369 40, 464 16, 748 11.406 40, 799 4,123 8,009 19, 674 7,837 123, 017 53,293 385, 945 Profes- sional persons (1) 191,781 17,305 81,461 42, 201 13, 264 6,751 1,597 4,060 3,720 21, 422 895 643 416 10, 534 1. 457 3, 360 56, 487 11, 674 13, 300 7,870 1,866 17, 854 10, 507 4,104 4,320 2, 037 2,775 1,095 675 1, 415 947 209 1,127 778 538 379 137 503 1,291 511 407 452 227 219 890 663 2,288 658 343 167 1,219 229 476 478 150 3,137 1,513 16, 772 proprietors, managers, and officials Total (2) 1,201,688 101, 215 381, 532 255, 034 201, 001 36, 261 11, 162 40, 274 46, 852 128,357 7,349 4,737 4,680 52,614 8.317 23, 518 245, 472 61. 324 74, 736 40, 888 11, 720 79, 610 70, 737 52, 079 64. 633 30, 601 17, 494 32, 357 19, 095 22, 500 14, 321 1,552 9,240 3,367 4,537 3,421 2,032 1,405 3.039 7,668 2,827 2,800 3,423 2,112 2,681 7,558 6, 632 23,403 14, 46S 6,233 3, 161 13, 126 1,411 2. 089 4,623 1,741 28. 401 13, 581 86. 375 Farmers (owners and ten- ants) (2-a) 447, 205 22, 716 44, 289 101, 779 151, 653 6,284 2,707 21, 568 32, 502 63, 707 3,494 1,901 3,117 7,324 1,025 5,855 23, 535 7,931 12, 823 10. 508 4,285 14, 588 35, 752 36, 646 48, 329 23,383 5,569 28, 679 16, 594 17, 579 11, 520 404 1,289 18 1,137 454 275 118 243 2,346 596 524 995 592 1, 521 2,165 4.195 13, 687 11, 763 5.007 2. 250 8,498 672 677 2.631 1,004 17. 277 8,347 38.C83 Whole- I Other j sale and ' proprie- i retail } tors, man- dealers agers, and i officials Clerks and kindred workers (2-b) (2-c) (3) 466, 059 288, 424 525. 593 48, 950 216, 648 92, 885 28. 373 19, 513 5,628 12, 160 7,739 34, 163 2,188 1,729 857 28,080 4,518 11, 578 139, 928 33. 294 43, 426 18, 943 4,668 40, 146 20, 150 8,978 8,867 4.187 7,469 1,939 1, 326 2, 950 1,635 773 5,535 2, 289 2.272 1,815 934 875 1.864 3,156 1,388 1,492 1,584 1.164 712 3,914 1,436 6.09S 1.442 599 471 2. 627 422 7 SO 1. 043 355 5.»406 2.632 26.125 29, 549 120, 595 60, 370 20, 975 10, 464 2,827 6,546 6,611 30, 487 1,667 1,107 706 17, 210 2,774 6,085 82,009 20, 099 18, 487 11, 437 2,767 24, 876 14.835 6,455 7,437 3,031 4,456 1,739 1,175 1,971 1,166 375 2,416 1.060 1,128 1,152 823 412 932 2,166 843 784 S44 356 448 1.479 1,001 3,618 1,263 627 440 2, 001 317 632 ( .»49 3S2 5, 718 2.602 22. 167 56, 427 232, 438 119,969 30,833 13,440 3,148 7,703 8,295 56, 340 2,507 1,779 895 36,035 5, 061 10, 150 167, 336 3J, 204 33, 898 21, 335 3, 915 54. 532 31, 958 8, 229 11, 645 3,889 7,556 2,102 1.087 3.031 1,523 465 3, S45 1,97S 1,156 1.126 574 379 1.062 2,855 951 955 895 347 366 1,751 1,013 4,573 1,622 639 414 2. 672 268 677 1.683 320 9.148 4,205 42, 987 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, by Divisions and States: 1930 55 Skilled SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS Semi- Other semi- skilled Factory workers and foremen Total skilled workers in manu- Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction Other laborers Servant classes facturing worKers laborers (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-bJ (6-c) (6-d) 1, 387, 463 1, 180, 294 797, 648 382, 646 1, 785, 252 194, 358 737, 108 586, 448 237, 338 1 191, 543 228, 790 176, 908 51, 882 205, 329 24, 947 98,011 53, 765 28,606 2 540, 650 516, 824 343, 552 173, 272 716, 030 39, 534 293, 107 258, 473 124, 916 3 383, 235 279, 566 197, 932 81, 634 454, 036 34, 256 239, 338 122, 710 57, 732 4 76, 171 39, 820 22, 279 17, 541 119,076 34, 631 32, 920 38, 172 13, 353 5 30, 016 23, 917 14,049 9,868 37, 823 2,809 9,904 19, 542 5,568 6 5,220 2,782 1,479 1,303 4,626 624 783 2,328 891 7 12, 252 7,505 2,613 4,892 11, 469 3,033 2,297 3,934 2,205 8 21, 374 10, 515 4,828 5,687 58, 301 13, 163 9,861 30,909 4,371 9 107, 002 70, 575 34,008 36, 567 178, 559 41, 361 50, 887 56, 615 29,696 10 7,953 9,907 7,275 2,632 14, 301 2,302 6,248 4,765 986 11 6,933 11,517 9,446 2,071 10, 142 1,283 5,068 2,907 904 12 4,576 2,372 1,473 899 6,185 2, 034 2,084 1,730 337 13 111, 160 133, 653 101, 673 31,980 107, 502 10, 420 48, 097 30, 909 18, 076 14 18, 280 24, 073 19, 574 4,499 16, 370 1,887 8,135 3,944 2,404 15 42, 641 47, 268 37, 467 9,801 50, 829 7,041 28, 379 9,510 5,899 16 335, 240 338, 469 219, 827 118,642 33i, 941 21, 898 127, 415 86, 830 95, 798 17 97, 593 87, 777 61, 412 26, 365 108, 683 9. 124 59, 683 25, 730 14, 146 18 107,817 90, 578 62, 313 28, 265 275, 406 8,512 106, 009 145, 913 14, 972 19 77, 267 59, 932 43,820 16, 112 102, 719 6,095 61, 263 25, 641 9,720 20 15, 575 10, 363 7,743 2,620 23, 348 1,341 15,321 4,863 1,823 21 150, 428 104, 849 66, 892 37, 957 168, 568 8,702 77, 409 52, 491 29, 966 22 103, 834 77, 502 59, 315 18, 187 109, 525 9,783 60, 155 27, 679 11, 908 23 36, 131 26, 920 20, 162 6,758 49, 876 8,335 25, 190 12, 036 4,315 24 33, 132 16, 502 8,844 7,658 50, 062 11,201 13, 683 19, 578 5,600 25 10, 158 4,830 2,666 2,164 18,853 6,821 4,693 5,665 1,674 26 14, 955 10, 845 7,059 3, 786 15, 200 1,342 6,695 4,280 2,883 27 4,267 1,176 412 764 10, 752 6,446 1,468 2,029 809 28 2,670 897 373 524 6,268 3,447 1,123 1,283 415 29 7,264 3,551 1,769 1,782 11,028 3,868 3,415 2,390 1,355 30 3,725 2,019 1,156 863 6,913 1,506 1,843 2,947 617 31 1,844 1,883 1,125 758 2,429 304 1,346 414 365 32 12, 788 8,321 4,883 3,438 8,123 826 3,582 2,593 1,122 33 2,945 1,900 583 1,317 1,685 90 229 224 1,142 34 2,215 1,700 519 1,181 1,543 317 304 531 391 35 3,471 2,428 1,768 660 19, 106 195 3,817 14, 484 610 36 699 301 160 141 519 92 61 80 286 37 365 293 100 193 221 38 32 31 120 38 1,059 687 210 477 591 107 58 170 256 39 4,630 6,404 4,701 1,703 3,606 840 475 1,015 1,276 40 2,163 1,370 847 523 2,391 186 364 1,532 309 41 1,206 417 216 201 512 113 79 128 192 42 1,400 762 334 428 1,228 194 265 507 262 43 451 233 82 151 495 131 75 161 128 44 701 281 157 124 827 230 122 344 131 45 2,623 2,366 725 1,641 2,587 523 688 827 549 46 1,630 702 296 406 2,404 438 409 1,258 299 47 7,298 4,156 1,435 2,721 5,651 1,842 1,078 1,505 1,226 48 4,849 2,204 1,015 1,189 16, 663 4,498 2,649 8,808 708 49 1,918 874 452 422 6,741 1,698 1,354 3,401 288 50 1,492 758 269 489 5,414 1,124 458 3,522 310 51 5,984 3,416 1,749 1,667 14, 382 3,174 2,811 7,073 1,324 52 607 212 62 150 1,396 156 75 1,050 115 53 1,572 603 228 375 2,592 345 225 1,677 345 54 3, 883 1,976 868 1,108 7,031 826 1,668 3,579 958 55 1,069 472 185 287 4,085 1,342 621 1,799 323 56 23, 000 13,572 7,166 6,406 45, 759 5,475 14, 938 21, 134 4,212 57 9,415 5,592 3,168 2,424 18, 987 3,302 5,979 7,749 1,957 58 74, 587 51,411 23, 674 27, 737 113.813 32,584 1 29,970 27, 732 23, 527 59 56 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 23. — Foreign-Bobn White Female Workers, by Social- peopsiet ORS,MANAGERS,AND OFFICIALS Other Profes- Farmers Whole- propn- Clerks DIVISION AND STATE Total sional persons Total (owners and tenants) sale and retail dealers I etors, man- agers, and officials and kindred workers (1) (2) (2-a) (2-b) (2-c) (3) 1 - United States 1, 159, 058 85, 482 61,301 21/117 27, 372 13, 112 202 811 Geographic divisions: 2 New Exigiand ._ 216,336 14, 674 5,290 937 2, 971 1,382 25, 210 3 Middle Atlantic 489, 396 36. 655 18, 291 1, 768 12, 293 4.230 83,805 4 East North Central 232, 996 17, 304 13, 878 5,271 5,900 2,707 49, 767 5 West North Central 56, 721 5, 536 9,137 6.847 1, 178 1,112 8,446 fi South Atlantic __._ _. 24, 318 3, 810 3, 153 819 2,271 494 363 135 1,443 273 465 86 5,408 7 East South Central 1, 140 8 West South C entrai 12, 061 2,962 2, 303 1,285 720 298 2,462 a Mountain-.. _._ 17, 185 2.099 2,399 1,251 503 645 2,759 10 Pacific. .... .__' New England: 103, 233 12, 260 7,538 3, 260 2,091 2,187 23. 614 11 Maine..- - .. 10, 943 936 388 144 126 118 1,146 12 New Hampshire 10, 583 861 238 71 89 78 705 13 Vermont.. .____._. 3, 130 437 187 82 68 37 413 14 Massachusetts 134, 550 9,133 2.942 339 1, 764 839 16,686 If) Rhode Island 20, 940 1,210 420 31 295 94 1,928 16 Connecticut Middle Atlantic: 36, 190 2,097 1,115 270 629 216 4,332 17 New York 341, 135 ill , XiO 10, 135 876 6, 350 2,909 60,711 18 New J ersey -'. 73, 172 75, 089 4,467 ! 5,013 3,547 4,609 350 542 2,516 3.427 681 640 11,471 1° Pennsylvania 11,623 East North Central: j ?0 Ohio.. . . 46, 255 7, 625 100, 872 | 3, 108 917 6,803 2, 051 638 4, 550 435 158 586 1,162 352 2,824 454 126 1.140 8,793 ?1 Indiana..- - ___•_ 1,414 Illinois . 21, 524 23 Michigan .... 56, 480 4,792 3,454 1. 732 1, 055 667 15, 262 ?4 Wisconsin ._. . 21,764 1, 684 3, 187 2,360 507 320 2.774 "West North Central: Minnesota. _. 22. 266 7,298 1,795 765 3,525 1,104 2,774 814 347 149 404 141 3.306 26 1. 042 27 10.783 1, 051 853 330 367 156 2, 184 28 North Dakota...... 1 198 537 1,271 1, 083 49 139 394 29 South Dakota. 2, 734 376 762 638 45 79 232 30 Nebraska _ 5,627 488 905 662 123 120 905 31 Kansas South Atlantic: 3, 455 524 717 546 98 73 383 32 Delaware 1,188 7,392 123 813 107 654 16 63 84 503 38 141 33 Maryland ..... 1,435 34 District of Columbia 3,816 539 237 * 176 59 1. 1S3 35 Virginia-. . .. . 1,656 294 267 74 148 45 509 36 West Virginia. . 1, 790 241 166 26 104 36 340 37 North Carolina 722 188 77 _I7 37 23 1S5 38 South Carolina . 396 1, 077 97 219 67 135 9 13 48 94 10 28 124 39 Georgia __. . 412 40 Florida __ 6,281 639 561 143 249 169 1,079 East South Central: 41 Kentucky... ... _. 1,448 315 164 42 88 34 302 42 Tennessee ... _ . 885 184 102 19 55 28 326 43 Alabama. ... .. 931 218 141 49 78 14 343 14 Mississippi West South Central: 566 102 87 25 52 10 169 45 Arkansas ___.»__- . 723 239 156 92 39 25 112 46 Lou isiana 2,403 608 430 79 312 39 556 47 Oklahoma .. 1,480 291 327 209 62 56 330 48 Texas . 7, 450 1,824 1,390 905 307 178 1,464 Mountain: 49 Montana... .. . .. 3, 843 457 669 419 88 162 5(1 Idaho. 1,407 186 284 194 33 57 198 51 Wyoming 927 113 160 80 36 44 143 5? Colorado. 5,702 581 651 152 696 95 310 37 188 30 198 28 921 53 New Mexico 94 54 Arizona. 1,233 2,910 582 265 218 57 14'.? 271 82 38 139 34 45 61 22 59 71 26 283 55 Utah 536 56 Nevada 82 Pacific: 57 Washington 17, 790 8.089 77, 354 1.957 944 9.359 1,907 763 4, 868 1.143 420 1,697 363 143 1. 585 401 200 1,586 3,903 58 Oregon 1.724 59 California 17,987 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, bt Divisions and States: 1930 57 Skilled SEMISKILLED WOEKERS | ~ ~ ~ UNSKILLED WOE KERS I workers Semi- Other semi- skilled workers Factory and foremen Total skilled workers in manufac- turing Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction laborers Other laborers Servant classes (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) 129,811 (6) (6-a) 5, 221 625 (6-b) (be) (6-d) 14, 508 2, 164 414, 177 284, 586 S87, 697 13, 532 4,567 344, SS7 1 106, 048 82, 283 23, 765 62, 950 3, 133 497 58, 695 2 6, 035 177, 213 128,949 48. 264 167, 397 985 •3,677 1, 506 161, 229 3 3,711 70, 530 44, 456 26,074 77, 806 869 4,715 1,413 70, 809 4 547 15, mi 7,064 7,973 18, 018 627 617 329 18, 445 5 539 7,694 5, 025 2. 669 5, 253 121 184 158 4, 780 6 65 686 308 3?S 606 154 18 28 406 7 ' 57 2,163 766 1, 397 2, 114 603 38 73 1, 400 8 145 4, 225 1, 227 2, 998 5,558 526 68 95 4,889 9 1,245 30, 581 14, 488 16, 093 27, 995 711 1, 082 458 25, 744 10 77 5, 514 4,194 1,320 2,882 16 360 2,487 11 74 8 f 729 5,702 1,027 1, 976 15 234 33 1,694 12 22 1,085 603 .>: ; 990 27 42 4 917 13 1.507 83, 439 47, 908 15, 531 40, 843 357 1, 274 308 38, 906 14 220 12, 497 • 10, 599 1, 898 4, 665 26 217 24 4, 398 15 264 16, 788 13, 277 3 511 11,594 184 1, 006 91 10, 313 16 4, 351 121, 249 87, 204 3-x, 04a 117, 514 563 1,779 901 114, 271 17 750 30, 202 22, 932 7, 270 Ajji* 6 tjO 1 286 1, 083 323 21, 043 18 934 25, 762 18, 813 6, 949 27. 148 136 815 282 25, 915 19 855 14, 389 9,910 4, 459 17, 079 222 960 241 15, 656 20 77 2,416 1, 494 9 v -: 2, 165 34 188 29 1,914 21 1,390 30, 789 20, 120 10, 669 35, 318 122 2, 057 770 32, 387 22 673 15, 931 8,672 7, 259 16, 368 271 1,127 236 14, 734 23 2] 6 7, 025 4. 280 2, 765 6, 878 220 383 137 6,138 24 221 5, 953 2,797 3, 161 7,4,lyl 237 142 114 6, 968 25 59 1. 772 671 1, 101 2, 556 79 124 51 2, 302 26 177 3, 549 2,222 1, 327 2. 969 52 139 79 2, 699 27 19 879 216 663 1,398 114 12 13 1, 259 28 is 522 143 379 S87 51 26 10 ' 800 29 39 i 7 420 561 859 1, S70 66 124 39 1, 641 30 17 1 937 454 877 28 50 23 776 31 8 308 209 97 503 6 46 10 441 32 421 2,397 1, 729 668 1,672 37 56 42 1, 537 33 51 19 717 384 258 182 459 152 1. 089 233 27 29 1, 062 192 34 6 6 35 8 560 198 362 475 8 58 12 397 36 6 153 64 89 113 7 5 4 97 37 64 27 37 44 2 2 40 38 9 170 62 108 .132 11 1 11 109 39 17 2,993 2, 596 697 992 46 10 21 915 40 49 323 151 172 295 2 4 4 285 41 10 177 79 98 66 12 5 6 43 42 4 138 63 75 87 12 3 16 56 43 2 48 15 33 158 128 6 2 22 44 3 112 29 83 101 17 2 82 45 19 509 257 252 286 39 8 23 216 46 8 261 63 198 263 16 6 8 235 47 27 1,281 417 864 1,464 531 24 42 867 48 7 895 164 731 1,313 97 9 13 1, 194 49 14 346 71 275 379 23 8 8 340 50 7 190 30 160 314 34 1 8 271 51 65 1, 319 467 852 2, 050 337 33 39 1,841 52 1 10 122 264 23 49 99 215 117 269 4 8 5 4 108 256 53 I 54 39 929 402 527 917 17 16 14 870 55 2 160 21 139 199 6 4 189 56 197 4,622 1. 744 2,878 5,204 186 148 102 4,768 57 88 2, 156 945 1,211 2,414 74 85 47 2,208 58 960 23, 803 11,799 12,004 20, 377 451 849 309 18, 768 59 58 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 24. — Negro Male Workers, By Social- 10 li 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 DIVISION AND STATE United States Geographic divisions: New England.. Middle Atlantic East North Central, .. West North Central. _ South Atlantic East South Central West South Central. .. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine. New Hampshire Vermont _ - . „ Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey -. Pennsy 1 vania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois-... Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas - Louisiana Oklahoma Texas.. Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah... Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California Total 3, 862, 893 29, 686 360, 329 325, 016 114,322 1, 275, 378 816, 059 698, 683 11,741 31, 679 363 421 194 16, 187 3,023 9,498 143, 554 68, 487 148,288 104, 982 38, 683 115,236 62, 089 4,026 3,562 5,927 77, 530 175 241 4,910 21, 977 11, 172 91, 537 41,811 181, 064 38, 547 245, 479 213, 167 311,550 141,051 73,098 147, 237 279, 829 315, 895 147, 538 233, 907 51, 578 265, 660 528 305 536 3,991 1,012 4,705 428 236 2,761 948 27, 970 Profes- sional persons (1) 55, 610 693 7,977 6,704 2,980 16, 678 9.104 9,995 331 1,148 4 3 2 468 63 153 4,274 1,243 2,460 1,978 842 2,784 970 130 149 154 1,893 9 14 158 603 184 1,415 1,242 2,313 820 3,135 2,081 3,235 2,253 1,608 2.450 2,764 2,282 1,694 2,371 1,468 4,462 22 8 13 142 29 107 103 23 1,022 proprietors, managers, and officials Total (2) 842, 920 696 8,048 10, 699 9,197 279, 071 291, 625 241, 652 519 1,413 Farmers (owners and tenants) (2-a) 797,231 172 1,257 3,021 6,876 265, 222 285, 212 234, 645 314 512 10 16 402 74 166 2,674 1,963 3,411 3,383 1,244 4,171 1,768 133 120 218 7,243 18 51 151 1 396 912 6,187 1,084 35, 869 807 71,827 68,168 82,168 12,049 10, 022 34. 721 84, 210 162, 672 73, 924 69, 2S4 15.553 82, 891 35 22 27 164 88 161 15 146 29 1. 238 18 5 14 89 10 36 197 537 523 1,207 441 865 448 60 27 116 5,653 11 45 49 975 4, rs4 no 41 33,306 421 69, 795 66, 857 79, 471 9,837 8,925 32, 713 82,300 161, 274 72, 860 67,015 14, 650 80, 120 22 18 15 72 76 102 5 4 55 10 447 Whole- sale and retail dealers (2-b) 24, 493 226 3,284 3,838 1,161 8.352 3.509 3,644 78 401 146 28 45 1,049 691 1,544 1,029 305 1,739 736 29 32 35 831 3 3 45 212 73 918 594 1,644 135 1,161 751 1,688 1,388 546 1,142 1,103 718 503 1,401 412 1,328 4 1 6 37 4 19 4 3 42 5 354 Other propri- etors, man- agers, and officials (2-C) Clerks and kindred workers (3) 21, 196 62, 138 561 S6S 491 1,443 1,248 18,088 11, 748 2,790 14,788 5, 505 6,349 321 1,301 11 854 79 291 11,430 1,983 4,675 719 701 756 539 33 146 102 1,948 2 6 88 498 S6 1. 627 3.554 2, 299 i 312 1,533 S70 2.803 1,704 869 1.625 1,879 1, 132 857 2.563 518 2,411 12 2 8 220 9 53 13 4 S7 25 1. 1S9 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, by Divisions and States: 1930 59 Skilled SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS workers Semi- Other semi- skilled workers Factory and foremen Total skilled workers in manu- Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction Other laborers Servant classes facturing laborers (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) (6-d) 175, 537 329, 374 104, 441 224, 933 2, 197, 314 693, 669 650, 925 508, 754 343, 966 1 2, 579 5,868 2,505 3,363 18, 602 1,606 5,272 4,271 7,453 2 29, 479 59, 831 18, 218 41,613 236, 906 9,750 86,213 65, 801 75, 142 3 30, 739 48, 795 21, 836 26, 959 216, 331 6,058 103, 905 49, 299 57,069 4 5.927 14, 393 4,746 9,647 79, 035 8,391 25, 713 20, 358 24, 573 5 52. 686 102, 423 29, 691 72, 732 809, 732 325, 675 224, 407 178, 662 80, 988 6 28. 737 48, 448 14, 879 33, 569 432, 640 187,919 104, 454 100, 803 39, 464 7 22, 238 42. 963 11, 503 31,460 375, 486 151,464 96, 263 83, 745 44, 014 8 613 2.608 238 2,370 7,349 863 1,120 1,771 3,595 9 2, 539 4,045 825 3,220 21, 233 1,943 3,578 4,044 11,668 10 28 63 12 51 229 19 59 75 76 11 17 58 16 42 325 18 63 17 227 12 16 24 8 16 131 39 41 26 25 13 1,558 3,241 1,539 1,702 9,664 983 1,993 1.984 4,704 14 213 659 251 408 1, 935 145 489 714 587 15 747 1,823 679 1,144 6,318 402 2,627 1,455 1,834 16 12, 805 26, 424 7,472 18, 952 85, 947 2,006 19. 640 22, 660 41,641 17 5.653 11.690 3,452 8,238 45, 955 4,581 19, 496 11,283 10, 595 18 11, 021 21, 717 7,294 14, 423 105,004 3,163 47, 077 31, 858 22, 906 19 9,396 15, 055 5, 528 9,527 72, 451 2,511 35,412 17, 981 16, 547 20 3,014 5,189 2.291 2,898 27, 693 1,030 14,919 5,264 6,480 21 10, 967 17,682 8,086 9,596 72, 876 1,707 26, 223 19, 472 25, 474 22 6,950 10, 243 5,530 4,713 40. 619 724 25, 946 5,943 8,006 23 412 626 401 225 2,692 86 1,405 639 562 24 229 397 158 239 2,521 43 279 363 1,836 25 365 701 273 428 4,387 137 1,269 1,623 1,358 26 3,664 9,543 3,108 6,435 53, 239 7,013 17, 319 13, 222 15, 685 27 10 23 7 16 113 23 15 17 58 28 13 18 4 14 139 38 28 23 50 29 243 725 357 368 3,545 52 1,241 589 1,663 30 1,403 2,986 839 2,147 15,091 1,085 5,562 4,521 3,923 31 353 1,024 393 631 8,613 2,743 3,428 1,597 845 32 3,500 11,346 3,916 7,430 67, 462 16, 152 24, 833 16,001 10, 476 33 3,086 7,945 1,072 6,873 24,900 238 6.891 8,113 9, 658 34 7,541 17, 074 5,797 11,277 115,968 40, 656 33, 190 29, 433 12, 689 35 1,470 2.221 500 1,721 32, 917 1,226 2,934 25,217 3,540 36 8.949 17, 597 6,553 11,044 142, 438 69, 383 39, 050 21,743 12, 262 37 7,906 9,491 2,466 7,025 124, 651 74, 504 26, 626 17, 594 5,927 38 13, 102 23, 494 6,035 17, 459 186, 748 87, 021 51, 698 32, 839 15, 190 39 6,779 12, 231 2,959 9,272 106, 035 33, 752 35, 757 26, 125 10, 401 40 3, 509 6,361 1,610 4,751 50, 729 12,918 10, 857 18, 201 8, 753 41 8,028 13, 844 3,871 9,973 86, 569 24, 605 26,040 21,677 14,247 42 10, 769 19, 180 7,148 12, 032 161, 027 68, 377 41, 639 40, 944 10, 067 43 6,431 9,063 2,250 6,813 134,315 82, 019 25, 918 19, 981 6,397 44 3,434 5. 585 1, 666 3,919 62,044 31, 632 15, 100 10, 784 4.528 45 9,517 17, 594 4, 557 13, 037 132, 578 53, 101 35, 773 33, 717 9,987 46 1,512 2,190 591 1,599 30, 337 10, 958 6,925 5,830 6,624 47 7, 775 17, 594 4,689 12, 905 150, 527 55, 773 38, 465 33,414 22, 875 48 26 41 5 36 392 28 63 67 234 49 19 28 5 23 226 22 31 46 127 50 29 54 22 32 405 21 59 175 150 51 246 357 98 259 2,862 88 422 741 1,611 52 67 74 16 58 745 112 103 202 328 53 192 2,001 81 1,920 2,191 581 361 438 811 54 16 33 10 23 344 4 32 67 241 55 18 20 1 19 184 7 49 35 93 56 184 294 78 216 1,947 63 282 448 1,154 57 26 76 23 53 769 27 95 146 501 58 2,329 3,675 724 2,951 18, 517 1,853 3,201 3,450 10, 013 59 67555 0—38- gO SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 25.— Negro Female Workers, by Social- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 92 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 DIVISION AND STATE United States. Geographic divisions: New England.. Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific.-- New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont M assachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut... Middle Atlantic: New York. New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana . Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota.. _.^... Nebraska Kansas. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky... Tennessee Alabama.. Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas.. Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming... Colorado. _., New Mexico .Arizona Utah Nevada.. Pacific: Washington Oregon California Total 1, 840, 642 15, 443 200, 409 132, 229 51, 236 676, 413 433, 967 309, 663 4,463 16, 819 147 72 53 8,479 1,670 5,022 95, 751 38, 627 66, 031 40, 397 14, 649 55, 837 20, 160 1,186 1,247 2.004 37, 295 44 67 2,269 8,310 4,715 44, 477 31,311 77, 002 8,660 120, 065 130, 309 182, 834 77, 040 33, 474 75, 456 152. 520 172, 517 54, 410 111,482 19, 676 124, 095 167 63 160 2,229 343 1,281 122 •98 911 383 15, 525 Profes- sional persons (1) 60, 155 361 4,854 3,869 2,224 25, 020 12, 049 11, 041 170 567 2 3 1 257 33 65 2,691 794 1,369 994 691 1,704 439 41 58 36 1,603 3 4 46 474 203 1,566 1,542 3,987 845 5,374 3,722 5,448 2,333 1,544 2,784 4,298 3,423 1,797 2,927 1,418 4,899 3 9 65 12 66 5 2 38 11 518 proprietors,managers,andofficials Total (2) 86, 724 Farmers (owners and ten- ants) (2-a) 76, 422 96 1,056 1,640 888 25, 599 34, 837 22, 088 141 379 1 57 8 29 389 265 402 499 189 665 263 24 19 52 561 12 1 49 194 39 403 133 2,937 117 5,149 7,638 7,363 1,820 531 2,608 11,615 20, 083 7,307 6,917 1, 121 6,743 2 10 63 20 28 8 1 35 19 325 9 34 128 286 22, 511 33, 133 20, 280 14 27 1 5 1 2 10 13 11 47 14 40 23 4 2 14 226 1 1 3 39 24 155 1 2,508 26 4,749 7,303 6,498 1,247 303 2,190 11,039 19, 601 7,002 6,441 838 5,999 Whole- sale and retail dealers (2-b) 3,850 31 337 389 142 1,518 698 677 13 45 19 4 89 106 142 100 40 154 89 2 4 78 5 5 48 119 52 224 18 200 173 449 276 54 140 299 205 121 223 95 238 Other proprie- tors, manag- ers, and officials (2-c) 6,452 56 685 1,123 460 1,570 1,006 1,131 114 307 33 3 19 290 146 249 352 135 471 151 14 15 34 257 6 41 107 129 80 205 73 200 162 416 297 174 278 277 277 184 253 18S 506 55 15 20 23 17 267 DIVISIONS AND STATES Economic Groups, by Divisions and States: 1930 61 Skilled SEMISKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS workers Semi- Other semi- skilled workers Factory and foremen Total skilled workers in manufac- turing Total Farm laborers and build- ing con- struction laborers Other laborers Servant classes (4) (5) (5-a) (5-b) (6) (6-a) (6-b) (6-c) (6-d) 1,375 186, 007 76, 638 109, 369 1, 485, 850 418, 841 23, 262 7,660 1, 036, 087 1 41 3,434 1,620 1,814 11, 041 86 67 71 10, 817 2 304 42, 665 19, 974 22, 691 147, 662 202 1, 042 652 145, 766 3 374 28, 205 10, 760 17, 445 93, 579 202 1,790 916 90,671 4 51 8,265 2,643 5,622 38, 755 583 832 388 36, 952 5 304 57, 718 26, 915 30, 803 562, 578 168, 420 13, 057 2,841 378, 260 6 109 22, 419 7,326 15, 093 361, 920 170, 254 4,047 1,559 186, 060 7 154 20, 622 6,571 14, 051 253, 526 78, 984 2,337 1,141 171, 064 8 10 511 117 394 3,546 49 12 21 3,464 9 28 2,168 712 1,456 13, 243 61 78 71 13, 033 10 2 42 14 28 95 1 5 1 88 11 2 22 7 2,077 8 5 1,027 14 2 1,050 45 44 5,721 1 72 44 42 5,590 12 2 14 13 26 45 14 4 298 130 168 1,285 3 3 5 1,274 15 7 988 436 552 3,851 9 43 20 3,779 16 133 24, 487 12, 140 12, 347 65, 742 34 397 384 64, 927 17 60 6,824 3,068 3,756 30, 158 136 295 82 29, 645 18 111 11,354 4,766 6,588 51, 762 32 350 186 51, 194 19 55 6,039 1, 974 4,065 31, 893 34 311 174 31, 374 20 36 2,165 862 1,303 11, 189 10 272 95 10, 812 21 215 15, 997 7,084 8,913 34,711 148 965 551 33, 047 22 64 3,726 706 3,020 14, 983 9 206 83 14, 685 23 4 278 134 144 803 1 36 13 753 24 2 2.50 56 194 845 3 8 8 826 25 2 192 46 146 1,671 6 30 28 1,607 26 33 6,418 2,217 4,201 28, 017 533 643 195 26, 646 27 8 3 5 18 2 16 28 21 273 21 198 38 1,816 1 1 1 32 1 13 35 1,770 29 2 75 30 12 1,103 246 857 6,350 37 118 143 6,052 31 3 319 120 199 4,135 99 90 16 3,930 32 29 5,041 2,286 2,755 37, 080 671 985 271 35, 153 33 94 4,926 1,561 3,365 23, 530 4 51 254 23, 221 34 39 9,653 5,570 4,083 59, 626 5,615 3,394 358 50, 259 35 5 1,008 185 823 6,571 27 35 51 6, 458 36 18 14, 539 9,309 5,230 94, 381 34, 239 2,685 512 56, 945 37 22 4,587 1,656 2,931 114, 023 63, 464 1,419 281 48, 859 38 69 10, 632 3,857 6,775 158, 155 53, 108 3,374 625 101,048 39 25 7,013 2,371 4,642 65, 077 11,193 1,024 473 52, 387 40 26 3,827 1,930 1,897 27, 130 427 500 149 26, 054 41 34 7,243 2,021 5,222 62, 029 10, 231 1,394 579 49, 825 42 35 7,342 2,162 5,180 128, 320 59, 955 1,359 414 66,592 43 14 4,007 1,213 2,794 144, 441 99, 641 794 417 43, 589 44 27 2,465 608 1,857 42, 435 20, 159 339 205 21, 732 45 59 8,518 3,686 4,832 92, 307 32, 369 997 346 58, 595 46 13 1,350 287 1,063 15, 541 1,485 126 78 13, 852 47 55 8,289 1,990 6,299 103, 243 24, 971 875 512 76, 885 48 32 10 22 218 5 27 10 19 159 115 47 117 1,813 1 3 114 44 111 1,800 49 50 1 3 59 5 4 1 7 51 9 2 52 38 160 7 36 31 124 273 1,009 88 84 643 3 1 4 3 266 961 53 39 54 55 20 11 161 3 4 33 17 7 128 1 87 81 630 2 6 1 2 56 3 5 57 2 59 7 52 284 2 1 3 278 58 23 1,948 672 1,276 12, 316 54 71 66 12, 125 59 62 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 26.— Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of Gain- ful Workers, by Sex, by Divisions and States: 1930 ^Percent not shown where less than 0.1] MALE FEMALE Division and state CO a o co (-. P) a .2 co CO t£ o O co OS'S a* s joo © 5 ■— ■ Co i- (X co" O «- >- co Q. be " 03 CN 6 o CO M u 5 C3 CO 1-1 M u o & M CO a CD CO co S-. co O >-< u a> 6 CO M s_ .2 O co u © M O M w co i_ CD M u o ■a — CO a o CO n u, CD M o — a CO United States 3.9 24.1 12.8 16.3 14.3 28.6 13.5 4.7 28.6 0.8 23.5 29.0 Geographic divisions: New England 4.3 4.8 4.1 3.5 3.1 2.4 3.0 3.9 5.2 14.0 14.6 20.0 3«.8 27.4 38.7 36.0 28.1 19.0 14.3 16.7 13.7 11.7 9.4 7.1 9.5 10.0 15.9 21.4 20.2 20.0 12.4 12.2 9.4 10.4 13.0 18.1 25.1 18.8 16.5 9.4 12.2 7.6 7.9 8.6 13.4 20.9 24.8 25.8 28.2 35.7 34.9 33.1 36.4 28.4 30.9 25.5 32.2 17.9 17.8 21.2 19.3 20.7 34.4 25.0 28.1 25.3 24.9 27.6 28.7 29.2 26.5 33.8 30.4 27.1 27.6 28.9 28.9 20.3 35.8 45.2 34.9 37.6 36.2 38.0 34.3 33.3 37.9 33.7 33.0 37.2 31.9 32.2 37.0 36.9 37.5 32. 2 43.6 40.7 32.0 42.9 31.0 31.3 27. 1 12.8 12.7 13.8 19.3 10.5 9.2 12.9 21.0 17.5 2.2 2.4 3.8 6.1 5.6 9.3 8.1 7.5 5.2 29.3 34.2 35.3 30.8 16.1 13.1 20.5 28.4 37.0 l.Q 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 38.4 29.2 24.1 19.1 20.3 12.8 12.7 18.7 21.3 16 4 Middle Atlantic East North Central... West North Central... South Atlantic. East South Central. .. West South Central. .. Mountain ... 20.5 21.9 24.0 47.2 55.3 45. 5 23 8 Pacific 18.3 New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont . 3.1 3.5 3.0 4.9 3.8 4.2 5.4 5.1 3.9 4.2 3.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.8 2.8 3.1 3.6 3.5 4.0 4.1 9.6 2.9 3.3 2.3 2.1 2.4 3.9 2.7 2.8 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.5 3.6 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.0 4.4 3.3 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.1 4. 1 5.7 21.7 16.8 26.2 12.0 11.1 13.0 15.7 13.8 13.4 18.5 24.3 17.9 18.0 27.4 31.4 36.6 29.4 45.0 47.0 39.4 36.4 20.7 16.7 11.0 27.3 19.9 35.1 34.0 33.8 21.2 35.8 35.7 35.6 50.1 46.9 30.8 36.0 34.6 33.0 35.5 27.4 27.2 30.8 19.1 25.6 18.5 21.0 24.4 17.5 9.6 9.6 8.7 16.4 13.6 14.2 19.1 17.3 13.1 13.7 11.4 16.6 12.3 10.5 12.6 10.5 14.1 7.6 7.4 11.3 10.8 11.3 14.1 24.3 9.1 7.9 6.9 5.9 8.2 11.5 7.9 8.7 6.7 4.6 5.9 9.4 9.9 10.5 8.5 7.8 7.4 12.7 6.4 10.2 12.9 9.1 13.0 12.5 17.3 16.5 18.8 18.0 21.9 22.8 23.5 20.4 22.7 18.8 21.1 17.8 19.6 22.4 16.9 13.9 11.9 13.9 7.0 7.4 10.9 12.8 19.3' 19.3 19.0 12.9 14.1 8.9 8.0 9.1 13.8 11.0 10.7 9.4 5.5 6.9 10.5 11.4 11.1 11.6 10.2 13.5 13.8 10.0 15.0 15.2 16.5 17.4 ki 18.7 18.0 25.8 11.8 26.9 30.8 23.9 20.1 20.4 16.4 17.5 14.5 16.0 18.7 14.2 9.8 8.4 12.3 3.8 4.8 7.8 8.9 15.9 16.8 15.7 11.9 9.6 11.9 12.5 10.4 11.6 8.3 8.8 8.3 4.3 4.9 9.6 7.2 8.5 6.9 6.3 11.2 9.7 5.8 10.7 9.5 8.7 13.6 11.7 13.7 15.6 13.3 17.9 12.6 9>.6 12.8 12.9 11.8 12.9 13.7 14.0 12.7 15.1 15.7 19.1 22.9 12.8 28.8 28.4 23.6 21.7 11.7 11.4 11.3 13.4 19.3 10.3 7.4 7.9 10.3 13.4 11.2 7.8 6.3 10.7 9.1 18.2 13.7 24.9 24.9 26.3 19.7 19.1 17.7 19.8 20.5 17.1 18.3 17.4 4.4 2.9 5.3 L8 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.6 3.5 4.7 3.2 3.7 5.3 5.3 5.8 5.6 9.0 9.3 6.3 7.4 3.8 3.0 1.5 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.3 5.7 5.6 9. S 7.5 8. 1 11.8 12.9 7.0 8.8 7.0 9.3 8.9 9.6 6.5 10.1 6.1 5.7 8.7 6.6 6.6 4.7 22.8 19.4 24.2 31.2 24.4 31.8 36.5 34.1 30.3 34.2 31.6 39.0 34.6 31.4 32.8 30.8 31.7 20.1 23.7 31.2 30.6 29 1 26.7 43.1 18.4 23.9 9.9 5.7 11.1 16.6 24.1 17.9 9.5 6.1 13.0 15.3 28.8 22.3 26.1 28.0 23.7 31.8 17.1 23. 9 36.7 28.5 35.3 33.7 37.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.8 35.3 47.1 26.1 37.7 50.3 35.5 27.3 31.5 31.2 24.5 27.2 23.2 22.9 24.6 17.6 16.5 24.9 12.0 12.8 15.8 16.8 22.7 26.4 13.2 21.2 20.5 26.6 17.4 16.4 17.0 19.0 20.0 11.3 4.5 8.6 12. 1 14.1 13.7 15.7 16.8 14.8 17.9 22. 7 24. 8 19.1 16.0 19.8 19.8 21. R 21.1 16.4 25 7 Massachusetts . Rhode Island 15.6 13 Connecticut.. 17 2 Middle Atlantic: New York 90 New Jersey ^9 3 Pennsylvania 22 1 East North Central: Ohio. 22.8 Indiana 21.6 111 inois 20 9 M ichigan 22.8 Wisconsin 22 2 West North Central: Minnesota . 24.5 Iowa 23 4 Missouri North Dakota 24.0 29 8 South Dakota... Nebraska 25.4 22 7 oo 9 South Atlantic: Delaware 31.9 Maryland . 31. 2 District of Columbia.. Virginia 30.3 39.6 West Virginia. South Carolina.. Georgia 28.4 46.8 63.0 5S 6 Florida ... 50 3 East South Central: Kentucky 32.7 Tennessee 43 Alabama. 63. 2 Mississippi 71.3 West South Central: Arkansas 54.6 Louisiana 56. 2 Oklahoma 29.9 Texas Mountain: Montana 42.9 23 7 Idaho 20.7 Wyoming 25. 1 Colorado _ New Mexico 23.4 30.7 Arizona 27 Utah IS. 2 Nevada -'5.8 Pacific: Washington 20.4 Oreeon 20.7 California 17.4 DIVISIONS AND STATES 63 Table 27. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of Native White Workers, by Sex, by Divisions and States: 1930 MALE FEMALE DIVISION Ar'D STATE CO a o CO M CD a "cS a O "co co «2 O t- Ph i-5 2.3 C3-; a-~ £o O t-> CO C "C * O I- }-> co £l be " a CM o -u co CO M %* CO 5 CO CO u CO M S-. o * cj o CO CO u CD 1h O n CD M co 1 co W co cd M M O £ cu M CO a CO CO CO Ih cd a a o CO CO «2 o M P-i l-H G co a p u u* cy Pi ti> CO CM 6 CO CO M CO O CO CO (H CO U o +-> s co •** CO u CO M (h o & -a CO CO s CO CO M CO M o 1 a P CO United States 4.5 25.5 15.5 16.8 14.1 23.5 16.8 4.6 37.1 0.8 24.8 15.8 Geographic divisions: New England 5.4 5.7 4.5 3.7 3.8 2.9 3.6 4.5 6.1 14.8 15.1 21.8 34.8 29.8 39.9 37.3 29.2 19.2 18.0 20.8 15.7 12.9 12.8 9.6 12.3 11.8 19.0 20.4 20.3 19.4 12.2 15.1 11.5 12.5 13.9 19.5 23.4 18.0 16.2 9.4 13.6 8.2 8.5 9.1 14.2 17.8 20.1 22.3 27.0 24.9 27.9 25.9 31.5 22.0 14.8 15.1 15.6 20.9 16.4 16.2 19.3 23.9 19.4 2.1 2.3 3.7 5.7 7.0 10.6 8.7 7.3 5.0 35.2 41.9 39.8 33.7 29.5 26.9 33.7 32.1 41.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 35.6 28.2 23.4 18.7 30.3 21.2 15.7 16.3 19.3 11,3 Middle Atlantic East North Central. .. West North Central- . South Atlantic East South Central. .. West South Central- Mountain 11.6 16.5 20.2 16.3 24.4 22.1 19.9 Pacific 14.3 New England: Maine 3.4 4.0 3.2 6.4 4.8 5.6 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.7 3.9 5.1 4.2 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.9 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.6 4.6 4.7 12.5 3.4 3.6 2.7 3.0 3.1 5.0 2.7 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.4 4.9 3.7 6.2 5.3 5.7 4.7 4.5 6.8 22.8 18.1 26.6 12.3 11.2 13.2 16.0 13.9 14.4 20.5 25.8 20.3 19.2 27.1 30.4 36.2 31.3 39.2 44.3 39.2 37.5 23.4 18.6 12.6 29.7 22.2 37.2 35.4 38.0 26.8 38.3 38.5 38.7 48.4 45.6 30.9 36.2 37.1 32.6 35.3 28.7 28.0 32.7 21.7 26.4 18.7 20.5 24.4 17.8 10.5 11.2 9.6 21.3 17.7 19.4 24.4 23.0 15.8 15.7 12.3 19.8 14.5 12.0 14.5 11.1 15.3 8.9 8.2 12.2 11.6 14.1 17.8 32.2 12.0 8.9 9.4 10.2 12.3 16.8 8.6 10.5 10.1 9.1 7.9 14.7 10.9 13. 5 10.1 8.5 8.6 14.6 7.8 14.7 14.1 12.0 15.0 13.6 21.3 16.1 18.7 16.8 20.6 22.1 23.7 19.7 23.2 19.8 21.1 17.9 18.3 22.0 16.1 12.7 11.7 14.1 6.7 7.3 10.5 13.2 22.1 21.9 23.5 16.0 15.2 11.0 11.4 11.8 18.0 11.5 11.9 12.5 9.3 8.6 14.4 12.3 13.3 11.8 10.2 14.3 14.5 11.2 20.1 15.0 19.5 17.5 16.1 20.7 16.9 23.7 11.7 25.6 30.0 22.5 18.4 19.8 16.9 17.4 14.6 15.3 18.7 14.0 10.0 8.5 12.0 4.3 5.2 7.8 8.9 16.2 17.6 14.5 12.8 10.0 13.9 19.0 12.0 11.8 8.2 8.6 9.0 5.7 5.4 10.8 7.6 9.2 7.5 6.5 12.5 10.3 6.5 11.4 9.7 10.3 14.5 12.0 14.6 30.3 24.3 32.1 13.8 14.2 15.5 14.9 13.6 28.6 20.6 25.4 21.1 214 27.0 28.4 29.0 23.4 37.8 31.7 26.6 25.2 19.5 19.4 4.7 26.2 40.2 25.8 21.1 22.6 21.6 30.7 27.5 26.8 24.4 29.8 25.9 29.4 23.1 34.5 35.9 32.5 27.7 38.0 25.8 29.5 33.8 27.8 29.5 18.7 17.1 14.7 18.5 14.8 11.0 15.1 15.6 14.4 14.7 15.5 14.7 14.8 17.3 16.7 20.7 23.8 14.2 31.4 29.9 25.3 23.2 142 14.8 14.9 19.4 20.6 14.9 15.0 14.9 18.8 15.9 15.9 15.2 19.0 16.7 17.9 20.3 20.0 27.1 25.9 28.4 21.3 24.7 26.5 21.4 23.7 18.4 19.2 19.6 | 4.6 3.1 5.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.0 2.4 3.6 4.8 3.2 3.3 4.3 4.0 5.4 6.1 6.2 7.6 5.7 7.3 4.3 3.5 1.8 9.3 8.1 7.6 7.1 8.1 9.0 12.2 10.0 8.7 12.0 12.3 7.8 8.9 8.0 8.2 8.2 9.2 6.3 11.4 7.0 5.2 8.6 5.8 6.2 4.6 25.2 22.9 25.6 38.4 29.8 38.1 46.4 42.7 34.9 38.-6 34.1 45..7 38.4 33.7 35.3 32.0 36.7 21.8 25.2 33.1 33.5 39.5 38.0 67.1 31.1 26.7 17.4 15.0 25.8 34.6 30.9 28.4 22.7 23.1 23.4 36.2 34.3 35.2 28.3 29.1 25.3 34.7 22.1 33.7 39.3 33.0 38.1 35.4 43.1 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 .0.9 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 32.4 42.7 25.1 34.7 48.1 33.2 24.6 30.9 32.3 24.7 27.8 21.3 22.2 23.7 16.5 16.3 25.7 10.9 12.2 15.2 16.7 27.4 32.2 11.4 27.6 21.3 38.5 41.4 31.5 23.2 21.2 26.5 21.0 10.9 11.9 18.3 15.4 16.1 14.6 16.2 14.5 17.9 13.0 15.5 17.3 15.1 18.8 19.1 19.5 20.0 New Hampshire Vermont 15.7 24.9 Massachusetts ... Rhode Island 9.3 8,4 Connecticut 11.1 Middle Atlantic: New York 10.1 New Jersey 9.0 Pennsylvania 14.9 East North Central: Ohio ------ 16.3 Indiana.. Illinois Michigan 17.5 14.1 17.8 Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota 20.8 22.9 Iowa Missouri... North Dakota 22.0 16.3 29.3 South Dakota 24.6 Nebraska ... Kansas... 20.2 18.6 South Atlantic: Delaware 13.6 Maryland— District of Columbia.. Virginia 9.9 4.2 11.9 West Virginia 22.7 North Carolina South Carolina Georgia 21.2 21.3 19.2 Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee 13.9 18.4 18.4 Alabama Mississippi 32.0 34.8 West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma 35.1 19.2 20.8 Texas Mountain: Montana 20.3 21.4 Idaho. 19.9 Wyoming 22. 1 Colorado.. New Mexico 19.2 28.4 Arizona 16.9 Utah. 16.3 Nevada _ Pacific: Washington 19.2 18.3 Oregon 19.2 California- 12.5 64 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 28. — Percent Distribution, by Sogial-Economic Groups, of Foreign- Born White Workers, by Sex, by Divisions and States: 1930 [Percent not shown where -less than 0.1] MALE FEMALE OO a o oo In 4) M GO OO a © oo a3 V. i- oo DIVISION AND STATE 55 ft a O §"3 el St3 OO M u o o 13 M >-. o © ft a O 2.5 si © CD oo 'z c o O X3 w go <2 o u Ph 2 O ft - oo M S-. 5 -a HITE^ — •TOT/ ,L "*°"" 10 5 ... ...^ 5^44; ■»» ^FOREIG N-BORIS WHITE Nt IGRO-f / / -kg. ^i . • •- ^_ — -- * * ^ 10-17 18,19 20-24 25-28 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 00-64 05-89 70-74 75-h AGE 10-17 18.16 2024 72 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Diagram 5.— Age Distribution op Male Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Color and Nativity: 1930 — Continued (Diagram based on tables 8, 11, 14, and 17] I0-I7 18.19 20-24 26-29 30-34 36 DIAGRAMS— AGE 73 6*=— Age Distribution of Female Workers in Each Social- Economic Group, by Color and Nativity: 1930 [Diagram based on tables 8, 11, 14, and 17] 10-17 18,19 20-24 26-29 30-S4 36-38 40-44 46-49 50-64 55-59 AGE 0* 85-89 70-74 75* 74 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Diagram 6. — Age Distribution of Female Workers in Each Social- Economic Group, by Color and Nativity: 1930 — Continued [Diagram based on tables 8, 11, 14, and 17] 10-17 18,10 20-24 25-29 30 DIAGRAMS— AGE 75 Diagram 7.— -Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Workers in Each Age Period: 1930 [Diagram based on table 7] AQE 10-17 18.19 20-24 26-29 30-34 36-39 40-44 46-49 60-64 66-69 60-64 6S-09 70-74 76 t^2^ PROFESSIONAL PROPRIETORS, CLERKS, ETC. SKILLED, ETC. SEMISKILLED UNSKILLED ETC 67555 0—38- 76 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Diagram 8.— -Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, by Sex, op the Workers in Each Age Period: 1930 [Diagram based on table 7] MALE PER CENT 40 80 60 FEMALE PER CENT SO EM3 m% PROFESSIONAL PROPRIETORS, CLERKS, ETC, ETC '/'/.'/'A SKILLED, ETC. SEMJS:'. LLEO UNSKILLEO DIAGRAMS—STATES 77 Diagram 9.- — Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Male Gain- ful Workers in Each State: 1930 [Diagram based on table 26] PER CENT 10 20 30 M west south central OKLA. mmmmmmmsmz^m MMMWz&S£^^ :::::::::v::v>>:v:-M^^//|\\^ . i ,r , i , ' , 1,1 , * , * ■ i n « «-« ■ ■■ i • ,,! | i __i!^_ /, . c, , 1 ,\ , A, _Q>- UTAH PROFESSIONAL PROPRIETORS, ETC. SEMISKILLED UNSKILLED 78 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Diagram 10. — Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Femalb Gainful Workers in Each State: 1930 [Diagram based on table 26] PER CENT 10 30 30 40 60 80 70 80 00 100 NEW ENGLAND EAST NORTH CENTRAL wmgmmsgMs^^^mi WgZM£m?£2^2^ZZZZZ& M^jA^A^fA^mw//////////, m^^^:s^A^Mv^/////^m WS^ZZSZZ^EMfflZ^^k WEST NORTH CENTRAL IOWA NEBR. kAns. DEL. D. C. OKLA. TEX. WEST SOUTH CENTRAL mszszzs mm . wmzgMZZZgmmzz ES3^ZZ5£S MOUNTAIN ARIZ. UTAH NEV. mmmmg^zmzz ////// // $ L£L$L£^L£SLSi WMsmMZE gz ^m \t W:^A$///MMMZ/M W^/M MM^MM ESESE2222S PACIFIC WASH. CALIF. ^sMMZEMizm&sm>. .'.", i o or a r> a a r> .V v \ v \ ^wjjsssj/s/s/s ^MMEM£M££££^%ffi2ZL PROFESSIONAL PROPRIETORS, CLERKS. ETC ETC. SKILLED, SEMISKILLED UNSKILLED ETC. DIAGRAMS— CITIES 79 Diagram 11. — Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, by Sex, of the Gainful Workers in Each City of 500,000 or More: 1930 [Diagram based on table 30] BALTIMORE BOSTON BUFFALO CHICAGO CLEVELAND DETROIT LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH SAN FRANCISCO ST LOUIS MALE BALTIMORE BOSTON BUFFALO CHICAGO CLEVELAND DETROIT LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH SAN FRANCISCO ST LOUIS FEMALE BALTIMORE BOSTON BUFFALO CHICAGO CLEVELAND DETROIT LOS ANGELES MILWAUKEE NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH SAN FRANCISCO ST LOUIS ^ ra .^ PROFESSIONAL PROPRIETORS, ETC CLERKS, ETC. SKILLED, ETC. SEMISKILLED UNSKILLED SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS OF GAINFUL WORKERS, BY INDUSTRY In the United States, the occupational field is subdivided into a large number of industries and service groups, and in each industry and service group there is a more or less minute subdivision of labor. The distribution of the workers by occupation varies so greatly from one industry to another that frequently it is difficult, from a study of the occupation statistics, to make a satisfactory comparison of the labor force of one industry with that of another. Evidently, the task of making such comparisons would be much less difficult if the many occupations in each industry and each service group were first classified into a few large social-economic groups. With such a grouping of the occupations, one could readily compare the labor force of one industry with that of another; and, using the corresponding grouping of all gainful workers as a yardstick, one could readily compare the labor force in any given industry or service group with the labor force in the entire occupational field. This section of the report presents statistics showing, for the entire United States, the gainful workers in each of the more important industries and service groups in 1930, classified by color, nativity, age, and sex, into the following social-economic groups: Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers. Laborers. Servant classes. The classification by color, nativity, and sex is presented first, and then the classification by age and sex. Social-economic status of workers, by Industry, color, nativity, and sex. — Table 31 shows the number of workers in each industry or service group, classified into social-economic groups, by color, nativity, and sex. 8 Table 32, based on the numbers presented in table 31, shows, by sex, for each industry and service group, the percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the gainful workers in each principal population class. The percentages in table 32 show that the distribution of the workers by social- economic groups varied greatly from one industry to another, both in the case of all workers and in the case of the workers in each principal population class. Among all workers, professional persons were of the greatest relative importance, of course, in professional service, where they constituted 79.7 percent of the work- ers. They formed 55.0 percent of the workers in recreation and amusement; 7.7 percent of those in "other chemical factories"; 6.3 percent of those in radio broadcasting and transmitting; 5.2 percent of those in electrical machinery and supply factories, and also of those in electric light and power plants; and 4.6 percent of those in public service. Professional persons were of but minor relative importance in any of the other industries. The veiy large numbers of farmers, of bankers and brokers, and of wholesale and retail dealers, resulted in the relative importance of proprietors, managers, 8 The statistics in tables 31 and 33 are the result of a regrouping of the figures for the different industries and service groups presented in table 2 of ch. 7, vol. V, Fifteenth Census Reports on Population. 80 INDUSTRY 81 and officials being highest in agriculture (57.3 percent), next highest in banking- and brokerage (35.5 percent), and next in wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) (31.3 percent). In about 20 other industries, proprietors, managers, and officials formed from 10 to 30 percent of the total persons. The relative importance of clerks and kindred workers, including salesmen, was highest in real estate (97 percent), next highest in insurance (92.4 percent), and next in the postal service (82.4 percent). They formed over one-fourth of the workers in about 20 different industries and over one-half of the workers in 11 industries. Skilled workers and foremen were of the greatest relative importance in auto- mobile repair shops, where they constituted 74.1 percent of all workers. They constituted 71.4 percent of the workers in the building industry; 60.1 percent of those in air transportation; 54.9 percent of those in suit, coat, and overall factories; 54.1 percent of those in garages, automobile laundries, and greasing stations; and from 25 to 45 percent of those in each of 23 other industries. In more than one-fourth of the industries over one~half of the workers were semiskilled, and semiskilled workers formed over 8 out of 10 of the workers in each of four indus- tries — glove factories; shirt , collar, and cuff factories; "other clothing factories"; and straw factories. In forestry and fishing, in the different industries engaged in the extraction of minerals, in several of the manufacturing and transportation industries, and in a few other industries, from one-half to over nine- tenths of the workers in 1930 were unskilled. Usualty, in the different industries, most of the unskilled workers were laborers. The servant classes were of greatest relative importance in domes- tic and personal service (not elsewhere classified), where they constituted 69.2 percent of the workers, and in hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc., where they constituted 62.1 percent of the workers. They constituted 5.8 percent of the workers in water transportation, 5.2 percent of those in professional service, 3.4 percent of those in recreation and amusement, and 3.1 percent of those on steam railroads. In only seven of the remaining industries did they form as large a proportion as 1 percent of the workers. What has been said of the distribution by social-economic groups of the total number of gainful workers in the different industries and service groups is largely true of the corresponding distribution of native white workers. Foreign-born white workers and Negro workers, however, are differently distributed over the industrial field than are native white workers, and their distribution by social- economic groups differs considerably from that of native white workers. As in the case of all workers (see table 3, p. 10), so, also, as a rule, in the case of the workers in each industry and service group, a considerably smaller proportion of the foreign-born white than of the native white workers, in 1930, were in intellectual pursuits — comprising professional persons; proprietors, managers, and officials; and clerks and kindred workers — and a considerably larger proportion of the foreign-born white than of the native white workers were in manual pur- suits — comprising skilled workers and foremen; semiskilled workers; and un- skilled workers. There were, however, several exceptions to this general rule. Foreign-born white workers were most numerous in agriculture, the building industry, wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) and domestic and personal service (not elsewhere classified). 6 In agriculture, 29.6 percent; in the building industry, 20.2 percent; and in domestic and personal service, 67.5 percent of the foreign-born white workers, were unskilled. In wholesale and retail trade, however, only 5.3 percent of them were unskilled. Negro gainful workers were much less evenly distributed over the industrial field, in 1930, than were either native white or foreign-born white workers, and their distribution by social-economic groups was quite different from that of either class of white workers. Negroes were most numerous in agriculture; the 9 Fifteenth Census Reports on Population, vol. V, pp. 408 et seq. 32 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS building industry; saw and planing mills; wholesale and retail trade (except auto- mobile); hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc.; domestic and personal service (not elsewhere classified); and on steam railroads. 9 In agriculture, 43.9 percent of the Negro workers were proprietors (farmers), and 56.0 percent were farm laborers. In wholesale and retail trade (except automobile), 46.3 percent of the Negro males and 19.1 percent of the Negro females were unskilled. In the other industries named, from 53.3 to 92.4 percent of the Negro males and from 44.4 to 95.4 percent of the Negro females were unskilled. In fact, a majority of the Negro males in about four-fifths and a majority of the Negro females in about one-third of the different industries and service groups in which they were represented in 1930 were unskilled. Professional persons formed 61.8 percent of all Negro males and 83.6 of all Negro females classified in professional service and 35.6 percent of all Negro males and 75.2 percent of all Negro females classified in recreation and amuse- ment, but were not of much relative importance in any other industry. Propri- etors, managers, and officials were fairly numerous among the Negroes in agri- culture, where they formed 53.4 percent of the males and 15.4 percent of the females, and among the Negroes in wholesale and retail trade (except auto- mobile), where they formed 15.2 percent of the males and 26.4 percent of the females. They were of but minor relative importance in the other industries. Clerks and kindred workers, including salesmen, were of greatest relative importance among the Negroes engaged in the real estate business, in insurance, in the postal service, and in telegraph and telephone service. Clerks and kindred workers, including agents, accounted for 88.7 percent of the Negro males and for 96.9 percent of the Negro females in the real estate business, and for 86.8 percent of the Negro males and for 97.5 percent of the Negro females in insurance. Of couise, nearly all (99.6 percent) of the Negro males in independent hand trades were skilled, and skilled workers and foremen constituted 66.3 percent of those in automobile repair shops; 55.5 percent of those in suit, coat, and overall factories; 43.2 percent of those in the building industry; 31.7 percent of those in garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries; 29.4 percent of those in printing, publishing, and engraving; and from 10 to 20 percent of those in a number of other industries. In many of the manufacturing industries and in a few other industries, in 1930, rather large percentages of the Negro workers were semiskilled. Semiskilled workers formed over one-fourth of the Negro males in 41 different industries and over one-fourth of the Negro females in 44 different industries. In 8 industries over half of the Negro males and in 35 industries over half of the Negro females were semiskilled. In 14 industries, over 8 out of 10 of the Negro females were semiskilled. Social-economic status of workers, by industry, age, and sex. — Table 33 shows the number of workers in each industry and service group, in 1930, classified into social-economic groups by ageand sex. 10 Table 34, based on the numbers in table 33, shows, by sex, for each industry and service group, the percent distribu- tion, by social-economic groups, of the gainful workers in each age period. As a rule, in the different industries and service groups, a large proportion of the workers under 20 years old, in 1930, were in 3 large social-economic groups — clerks and kindred workers, semiskilled workers, and unskilled workers. In banking and brokerage, in the insurance business, and in the real estate business, more than 95 out of 100 of the children 10 to 17 and of the young persons 18 and 19 years old were in clerical and kindred pursuits, including sales persons. Clerks and kindred workers were especially numerous among female workers under 20 8 Fifteenth Census Reports on Population, vol. V, pp. 408 et seq. 10 For source of the statistics in table 33, see footnote on p. 80. INDUSTRY 33 years old. They constituted more than 9 out of 10 of the females 10 to 17 years old in 15 different industries, and more than 9 out of 10 of the females 18 and 19 years old in 24 different industries. In many of the industries outside of agriculture and domestic and personal service, unskilled workers formed only a small proportion of the females under 20 years old. Most of these young females were in either clerical and kindred pursuits or semiskilled pursuits. Hence, these two groups were largely comple- mentary, that is, if an industry, such as a textile industry, furnished suitable employment for large numbers of young women in semiskilled pursuits, usually only a small proportion of the young women in that industry were in clerical pursuits; but if an industry, such as electric light and power plants, furnished semiskilled work for only small numbers of young women, then usually most of the young women in that industry were in clerical and kindred pursuits. Semiskilled pursuits accounted for a large proportion of the persons under 20 years old in more than half of the industries. More than half of the workers were semiskilled, among boys 10 to 17 years old in 48 industries, among boys 18 and 19 years old in 32 industries, among girls 10 to 17 years old in 62 industries, and among girls 18 and 19 years old in 53 industries. Semiskilled pursuits were especially important for girls. In 26 industries, more than 8 out of 10 of the girls 10 to 17 years old, and in 16 industries more than 8 out of 10 of the girls 18 and 19 years old were semiskilled. In 1930, practically all of the children 10 to 17 years old and over 9 out of 10 of the young persons 18 and 19 years old in agriculture were unskilled, and un- skilled workers formed from 70 to nearly 100 percent of the boys 10 to 19 years old in the other extractive industries. Over half of the boys 10 to 17 years old in 23 other industries, and over half of the boys 18 and 19 years old in 21 other industries were unskilled. Girls under 20 years old were relatively unimportant in the extractive industries outside of agriculture, and in most of the other indus- tries only a small porportion of them were in unskilled pursuits. In six other industries, however, over one-fourth of the girls 10 to 17 years old were unskilled, and in four other industries over one-fourth of the girls 18 and 19 years old were unskilled. In hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc., 95.6 percent of the girls 10 to 17 and 90.8 percent of the girls 18 and 19 years old were unskilled; and unskilled workers formed 98.1 percent of the girls 10 to 17 and 88.8 percent of those 18 and 19 years old in domestic and personal service (not elsewhere classified). The percent distribution, by social-economic groups, of the adult workers in each specified age period varied widely from one industry to another, and fre- quently, in a given industry, the distribution was by no means the same for each sex. Thus, for example, of the workers 25 to 34 years old, semiskilled persons formed 27.8 percent of the males and 1.9 percent of the females in ship and boat building; 45.8 percent of the males and 86.0 percent of the females in cigar and tobacco factories; and 77.1 percent of the males and 81.4 percent of the females in shoe factories. In fact, the proportion of the workers 25 to 34 years old engaged in semiskilled pursuits ranged from less than one-tenth of 1 percent in a number of industries to 77.1 percent of the males in shoe factories and to 99.4 percent of the females in independent hand trades. As a rule, in the different age periods, the proportion of the adult workers of an industry engaged in clerical and kindred pursuits was larger for females than for males, while the proportion engaged in skilled pursuits and the proportion engaged in unskilled pursuits was much larger for males than for females. In those industries, such as the clothing and the textile industries, in which females con- stituted a relatively large proportion of the total number of workers, the propor- tion of the workers engaged in semiskilled pursuits was usually much larger for females than for males. In many of the industries in which the proportion of the females engaged in semiskilled pursuits was especially large the proportion of the 34 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS workers engaged in clerical pursuits — especially of the workers in the higher age periods — was larger for males than for females; and in many of the industries in which the proportion of the females engaged in clerical pursuits was especiailj- large the proportion of the workers engaged in semiskilled pursuits was larger for males than for females. Professional persons constituted less than 1 percent of the total male workers in a majority of the industries, and less than 1 percent of the total female workers in over five-sixths of the industries. They formed as large a proportion as 5 per- cent of the male workers in only nine industries and service groups, and as large a proportion as 5 percent of the female workers in only two — professional service and recreation and amusement. The relative importance of male professional persons usually was highest in the age period 25 to 34 years. The relative import- ance of female professional persons was highest in the age period 25 to 34 years in professional service and in .the age period 65 to 74 years in recreation and amusement. Professional persons constituted 81.5 percent of all females and 77.6 percent of all males classified in professional service, and 77.3 percent of all females and 45.7 percent of all males classified in recreation and amusement. Only in a few other industries was the relative importance of professional persons greater among females than among males. Proprietors, managers, and officials were of the greatest relative importance in agriculture, where they formed 60.1 percent of the males and 28.7 percent of the females; in banking and brokerage, where they formed 46.2 percent of the males and 5.5 percent of the females; and in wholesale and retail trade (except automo- bile), where they formed 37.9 percent of the males and Q.2 percent of the females. They formed 10 percent or more of the males in 27 other industries and 5 percent or more of the females in 9 other industries. They formed over one-fifth of the male workers in sail, awning, and tent factories (22.2 percent) ; in radio broad- casting and transmitting stations (20.2 percent) ; in grain elevators (32.7 percent) ; in automobile agencies, stores, and filling stations (31.8 percent); in hotels, res- taurants, boarding houses, etc. (23.8 percent); and in cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops (25.2 percent). They formed 46.2 percent of the female workers in the postal service and 20.7 percent of those in radio broadcasting and trans- mitting stations. In agriculture, male proprietors were of the greatest relative importance in the age period 55 to 64 years, where they formed 81.6 percent of the total; and female proprietors were of the greatest relative importance in the age period 75 years and over, where they formed 86.5 percent of the total. In banking and brokerage, proprietors, managers, and officials formed 68.8 percent of the males 45 to 54 years old and 30.6 percent of the females 65 to 74 years old; and in wholesale and retail trade (except automobile), proprietors, managers, and officials formed 61.7 percent of the males and 54.7 percent of the females 75 years old and over. As a rule, in the different industries, proprietors, managers, and officials were of greater relative importance in either the age period 45 to 54 years or the age period 55 to 64 years than in any other 10-year period. In many industries, however, they were of the greatest relative importance in the age period 65 to 74 years, a»d in many other industries the males were of the greatest relative importance in the age period 75 years and over. Table 35, based on the numbers in table 33, shows, by sex, for each industry and service group, the percent distribution, by age, of the gainful workers in each social-economic group. Space limits preclude an analysis, industry by industry, of the age distribution of the workers in each social-economic group. Hence, particular industries pre- sent exceptions to the general rules stated in the following discussion. As a rule, in each industry and service group, in 1930, a large majority of the professional persons of each sex were in the ages 20 to 54 years, and, professional persons were most numerous in the age period 25 to 34 years. In the case of each INDUSTRY 85 sex, and particularly in the case of females, proprietors, managers, and officials, as a group, usually were considerably older than the professional persons and the proportion of them in the higher age periods was considerably larger. Usually, the ages 25 to 64 years included a large majority of them, and usually they were most numerous in the age period 35 to 44 years. Clerks and kindred workers, particularly the females, were, as a group, young persons. Most commonly, in the different industries, more than 8 out of 10 of the males were in the age span 20 to 54 years, and more than 9 out of 10 of the females were in the age span 18 to 44 years. The males were most numerous in the age period 25 to 34 years, and the females in the age period 20 to 24 years. Usually, 70 percent or more of the male skilled workers and foremen were from 25 to 54 years old. They were most numerous in the age period 35 to 44- years. Female skilled workers and foremen were relatively unimportant in 1930, except in a few industries. In the printing, publishing, and engraving industry, where they numbered 10,564, 85.5 percent of them were in the ages 20 to 54 years; and in suit, coat, and overall factories, where they numbered 22,505, 78.7 percent of them were in the ages 20 to 54 years. As a rule, from one industry to another, from 70 to 80 percent of the male semi- skilled workers were in the ages 20 to 54 years and from 70 to 80 percent of the female semiskilled workers were in the ages 18 to 44 years. Usually, the males were most numerous in the age period 25 to 34 years, and the females in the age period 20 to 24 years, but there were numerous exceptions to this general rule. The age distribution of unskilled workers was different in agriculture from what it was in most other industries. In agriculture, considerably over half of the unskilled workers of each sex were under 25 years old. In other industries, usually from 50 to 70 percent of the unskilled male workers were in the age span 25 to 54 years, and from 50 to 70 percent of the unskilled female workers were in the age span 20 to 44 years. Usually, the unskilled male workers were most numer- ous in the age period 25 to 34 years, and the unskilled female workers were most numerous in the age period 20 to 24 years. 86 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Female All industries 48, 829, 920 33, 077, 804 10, 752, 116 Professional persons 1 2, 945, 797 9, 665, 540 7, 949, 455 6, 282, 687 7, 977, 572 14, 008, 869 10, 669. 972 3, 338, 897 1, 497, 934 9, 159, 896 4, 877, 235 6, 201, 542 5, 448, 158 10, 893, 039 9, 866, 799 1, 026, 240 1, 447, 863 505,644 3, 072, 220 81, 145 2, 529, 414 3, 115, 830 803, 173 2, 312, 657 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers Laborers . . .- Servant classes „ _ . Agriculture . . . 10, 483, 917 9, 570, 359 913, 558 Professional persons _ 1 748 6, 012, 012 6,153 71, 344 769 4, 392, 891 i 4, 392, 826 65 73, 827 747 5, 749, 367 2,540 70, 379 769 3, 746, 557 3, 746, 495 62 73, 522 1 262, 645 3,613 965 9 Proprietors, manager.-, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers . 4 Skilled workers and foremen ... fi Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers 646, 334 646, 331 3 305 Laborers . . Servant classes -- . . Fishing Professional persons 1 12 12 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials -. 3 Clerks and kindred workers 272 116 121 *73, 306 73,295 11 195, 165 176 116 121 73,097 73, 086 11 193, 184 96 4 Skilled workers and foremen , p , Semiskilled workers . fi Unskilled workers 209 209 Laborers S er van t classes _.. Forestry . _, , 1,981 Professional persons . 1 812 14, 956 3,966 8,577 6,570 160, 284 156, 164 4,120 891, 288 811 14, 931 3,577 8,577 6,558 158, 730 156, 070 2,660 689, 921 1 25 3S9 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen IS Semiskilled workers 12 1,554 94 1,460 1,367 fi Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes . Extraction of Minerals Coal mines Professional persons 1 2,713 6,751 8,717 45, 657 3,641 623, 809 623, 646 163 39, 510 2,689 6,737 7,529 45. 654 3,637 623, 675 623, 530 145 39, 368 24 14 1. 188 3 4 134 116 18 142 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials.. 3 Clerks and kindred workers... 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers. 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Copper mines Professional persons 1 768 3S2 996 5,487 682 31. 195 31, 167 2S 22,252 766 381 862 5,487 682 31, 190 31, 164 26 22, 171 2 1 134 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers 5 3 2 81 Laborers Servant classes Gold and silver mines Professional persons 1 484 977 244 1,932 412 18, 203 18, 182 21 4S2 966 190 1, 932 409 18. 192 IS, 173 19 2 11 54 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers. . -1 Skilled workers and foremen __ fi Semiskilled workers 3 11 9 2 6 Unskilled workers Laborers.... Includes 62 draymen, teamsters, and carriage drivers. INDUSTRY 87 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 27,511,862 7,661,508 6, 255, 071 1,156,056 3, 662, 893 1,840,642 647, 978 93,910 1. 243, 081 7, 017, 203 4, 262, 882 4, 623, 705 3, 886, 352 6, 478, 639 6,107,278 371, 361 1, 289, 125 352, 825 2, 840, 835 64, 956 1, 901, 008 1, 212, 759 308, 822 903, 937 191, 781 1, 201, 688 528, 593 1, 367, 463 1, 180, 294 1, 785, 252 1,517,914 267. 338 95, 462 61,601 202, 611 14, 508 414, 177 367, 697 23,310 344, 387 55, 610 842, 920 62, 138 175, 537 329, 374 2, 197, 314 1, 853, 348 343, 966 60, 155 86, 724 20, 531 1,375 186, 007 1, 485, 850 449, 763 1, 036, 087 7,462 98, 085 23, 622 34, 837 52, 138 431, 834 388, 259 43, 575 3,121 4,494 8,243 306 28, 222 49, 524 21, 278 28, 246 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,158,212 370, 695 648, 126 28, 536 1, 492, 926 495, 295 271, 095 21,032 685 4, 435, 418 2,270 59, 262 592 2, 659, 985 2, 659, 947 38 48, 633 1 162, 783 3,461 862 57 447, 205 209 6,147 131 194, 377 194, 368 9 15,314 5 69, 513 44 3,010 13 198, 510 198, 509 1 2,453 1 21,117 123 75 797, 231 17 1,960 33 693, 685 693, 671 14 7,122 76, 422 11 21 2,323 18 7 2 3 4 203, 588 203, 585 3 200 5, 221 5,221 418, 841 418, 841 18, 684 18,684 6 13 56 36 U 1 1 9 139 83 92 48, 308 48. 297 11 131, 526 88 32 28 21 15, 232 15, 232 8 2 5 8 7,107 7,107 3 ?, 4 Proprietors, managers, and officials. . . 3 Clerks and kindred workers. -. 96 1 1 19 17 2 567 4 Skilled workers and foremen .... ... R Semiskilled workers. _ 6 Unskilled workers Laborers.. .. . Servant classes SFot specified mines Professional persons _ 1 1,941 1,761 1,644 3,747 453 21, 673 21, 649 24 98, 344 1,931 1,748 1,121 3,747 449 21, 656 21, 636 20 97, 494 10 13 523 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials. . 3 Clerks and kindred workers. 4 Skilled workers and foremen R Semiskilled workers . . 4 17 13 4 850 fi Unskilled workers Laborers „ . Servant classes _. -- Quarries .. Professional persons . 1 389 4,532 2,970 16, 179 7,920 66, 354 66, 318 36 198, 446 388 4,504 2,180 16, 177 7.919 66. 326 66, 293 33 195, 035 1 28 790 2 1 28 25 3 3,411 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials. . - R Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen ,. R Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers -- Laborers.. Oil wells and gas wells Professional persons 1 2,643 15. 429 14. 601 50, 960 7. 542 107.271 107, 130 141 7,125 2. 61S 15, 360 11.306 50. 960 7.542 107, 249 107, 118 131 6,878 25 69 3,295 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers _. .. 4 Skilled workers and foremen .. R Semiskilled workers - .. - fi Unskilled workers 22 12 10 747 Laborers _ Servant classes Salt wells and works Professional persons .. 1 106 308 1.011 1,160 232 4,308 4,263 45 104 305 6SS 1,148 232 3,901 3.856 45 2 3 323 12 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials. . a Clerks and kindred workers --- 4 Skilled workers and foremen ^ Semiskilled workers. , fi Unskilled workers - 407 407 Laborers. Servant classes INDUSTRY 89 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 13, 980 97 14, 244 15 8,560 80 513 226 792 3,102 232 9,065 9,050 15 17, 486 2 87 36 91 1,822 97 12,111 12,055 56 2,476 3 1 2 1 2 92 1 10 5 50 6 3,498 3,497 1 80 3 2 4 5 2 2 2 1 1 8 86 86 A 59 433 288 309 433 2,624 247 13, 585 13, 578 7 11,081 6 1 47 31 39 1,9 205 32 2, 150 2,148 2 1,059 3 1 1 2 ?, 1 11 3 415 415 3 4 3 2 1 1 110 2 78 75 3 2,371 fi ft 6 8 1,108 1 274 444 340 1,908 3.52 7,743 7,740 3 21, 178 6 13 43 16 128 10 849 849 1 5 1 2 91 6 35 13 1,052 1,051 1 2,459 3 30 26 2,314 2,304 10 663 1 4 1 12 12 5 1 6 5 1 1 6 1 SO 532 6,848 4 1,661 1,395 968 2,961 351 13, 843 13, 834 9 88, 598 9 12 497 255 329 137 630 60 4,935 4,927 8 16, 436 1 1 24 15 23 11 141 28 2,241 2,239 2 2,112 1 1 5 15 10 637 636 1 10, 348 ?, 2 3 4 3 11 9 2 797 1 3 1 2 80 5 1 1 2 2 6 21 2 352 4,034 2,047 12, 626 6,862 42, 677 42,654 23 137, 761 1 25 762 2 1 6 4 2 3,822 36 456 111 3,196 500 12, 137 12, 135 2 4,757 1 3 25 9 18 302 377 9,642 9,635 7 1,408 5 4 53 180 1,870 1,869 1 1,109 ?, 2 1 3 4 5 2 1" 1 66 19 19 1 1 6 2 21 2,434 14,842 10, 960 49, 336 7,184 103, 005 102, 939 66 4,459 24 67 3,215 175 489 293 1,331 164 2,305 2,292 13 1,880 1 1 63 1 4 12 72 138 1, 181 1,142 39 S45 8 25 41 221 56 758 745 13 244 1 1 ? 17 3 4 5 16 8 8 879 1 1 1 4 3 1 4 6 1 8 61 87 275 626 933 169 2,369 2,346 23 2 3 311 9 17 30 55 196 55 977 962 15 1 2 12 3 6 12 7 320 313 I 7 1 7 1 235 235 3 4 , c > 354 354 46 46 3 3 4 4 6 90 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries Building industry 2, 574, 968 2, 549, 803 25, 165 Professional persons 1 21, 284 172, 862 46, 566 1,839,651 67,023 427, 582 426, 318 1,264 11,766 21,206 172, 287 24,195 1, 837, 963 66. 978 427,174 426, 190 984 11,515 78 575 22,371 1,688 45 408 128 280 251 | ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers.. 4 Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled werkers Laborers Servant classes t CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Charcoal and coke works Professional persons ] 358 262 1,035 2,320 2,027 5,764 5,720 44 19, 404 353 259 823 2,316 2,012 5,752 5,709 43 15,035 5 ! 3 212 | 4 15 12 11 1 4,369 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers . . fi Unskilled workers . _ Laborers.. . _ Servant classes Professional persons . 1 717 625 2,882 3,240 6, 570 5,370 5,286 84 28, 169 697 612 1,772 3,206 3,981 4,767 4,686 81 27, 340 20 13 1,110 34 2,589 603 600 3 829 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen R Semiskilled workers.. 6 Unskilled workers.. Laborers Servant classes Fertilizer factories Pro fessional persons 1 209 1,394 3,640 1,772 2.622 18, 532 18, 478 54 114,930 208 1,379 2,969 1,770 2,568 18,446 18, 392 54 102, 842 1 15 671 2 54 86 86 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen __ *i Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes.. Gas works 12, 088 Professiona 1 persons 1 2,412 4,545 35, 656 21,714 IS, 674 31.929 30, 942 987 37, 074 2,391 4,457 23, 912 21, 655 18, 637 31. 790 30.929 861 31, 543 21 88 11,744 59 37 139 13 126 5,531 fl Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers.. 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers.. fi Unskilled workers.. . Laborers Servant classes Paint and varnish- factories Professional persons. - 1 1,457 3,596 11,893 2,993 10. 425 6. 710 6.440 270 173. 738 1.43S 3,521 7. 736 2. 924 9.3S1 6.543 6,286 257 163, 561 19 75 4,157 69 1, 044 167 154 13 10.237 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials. . .. 3 Clerks and kindred workers - 4 Skilled workers and foremen .. .. 5 Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers . . . -- Laborers - Servant classes - - Petroleum refineries Professional persons - 1 6,676 7.816 36, 468 41.426 35.260 46. 152 45, 447 705 6.598 7, 737 27, 164 41,391 34. 755 45. 916 45. 276 640 79 9,304 35 SOS 236 171 65 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen .. R Semiskilld workers.. .. - fi U nskilled workers Laborers - Servant classes. INDUSTRY 91 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 1, 758, 506 23, 373 539, 510 1,516 181, 173 250 20. 614 26 1 18, 293 129,550 21, 965 1, 333, 085 53, 785 201,828 201, 292 536 6,173 71 522 20, 983 1,530 35 232 75 157 223 2,809 40,011 2,101 416, 506 8,996 liy,087 118,852 235 2,992 6 49 1,287 113 5 56 14 42 6 60 2,461 96 78, 291 3,727 96, 538 96,339 199 2,168 44 265 33 10, 081 470 9,721 9, 707 14 182 1 1 4 86 45 4 111 32 79 22 ? 15 3 4 1 9 7 2 5 6 312 227 762 1,765 1,144 1,963 1,954 9 11,963 5 3 207 4 2 2 2 38 31 54 502 457 1,910 1,897 13 2,506 2 1 7 47 368 1,743 1,723 20 451 1 1 ?, 5 3 2 43 136 135 1 no 4 1 12 10 9 1 25 5 6 | 3,909 434 I jj 638 515 1,671 2,683 3,122 3,339 3,294 45 9,123 17 13 1,064 32 2,234 549 549 57 97 97 504 730 1,021 994 27 1,073 3 2 / 1 2 44 2 343 42 40 2 25 3 16 74 356 347 9 16, 900 2 1 3 55 51 51 3 4 12 11 10 1 120 fi 1 1 6 684 244 189 1,313 2,787 1,447 1,085 2,302 2,287 15 76, 519 1 14 650 2 10 7 7 11, 542 13 59 106 143 159 593 588 5 19, 205 6 2 63 179 1,230 15, 420 15, 386 34 5,769 1 1 19 5 13 1 94 131 131 2 2 8 4 5 39 79 79 5 g. 516 2 4 456 3 5 46 2 44 431 24 1,349 6 2,175 4,179 22, 162 17, 285 14, 857 15, 861 15, 571 290 23, 336 19 84 11, 280 56 32 71 6 65 5,043 208 275 1,641 3,973 3,233 9,875 9,647 228 6,652 4 1 73 311 455 4,925 4,588 337 1,349 4 2 36 86 92 1,129 1,123 6 206 1 2 3 5 a 4 5 21 5 16 51 1 6 1 6 1,235 3,109 6,956 2,191 6,518 3,327 3,243 84 132, 945 16 68 3,914 59 864 122 116 6 9,726 195 409 741 691 2,393 2,223 2, 148 75 19, 280 3 7 240 9 148 24 21 3 441 7 2 32 36 413 859 763 96 9,386 1 1 7 6 57 134 132 2 1,950 T 2 2 1 27 21 17 4 47 1 3 4 5 5 6 23 5,994 7,269 25, 883 35,841 30, 223 27, 735 27, 483 252 74 73 8,954 29 440 156 111 45 1 583 462 1,170 5,054 3,504 8,507 8,362 146 4 6 331 6 54 40 23 17 1 7 14 6 45 205 257 1,423 1,415 8 ! 1 18 2 66 291 771 8,251 8,016 235 1 3 4 9 37 35 2 2 3 1 1 5 6 67555 0—38- 92 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES— Continued Rayon factories . ., Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers „ Unskilled workers ... Laborers , Servant classes Soap factories. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other chemical factories. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Cigar and tobacco factories. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes. CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE INDUSTRIES Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen Sen iskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers*. ■. Servant classes... Glass factories. Professional persons Proprietors, n.anagers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers... Laborers Servant classes Lime, cement, and artificial stone factories. Total Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers'. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes 33, 982 778 278 1,836 4,335 21, 530 5,225 5,062 163 22, 983 613 1,381 7,015 2,713 5,998 5,263 5,075 188 179, 880 13, 901 13, 634 47, 140 22, 771 40, 507 41, 927 40, 692 1,235 149, 563 124 4,663 11, 992 6,187 105, 204 21,393 20, 870 523 97, 245 676 4,429 5,567 8,059 15, 894 62, 620 62, 510 110 97, 729 902 2, 987 8, 838 12.910 43, 002 29.090 28, 737 353 83. 636 Male 21, 573 742 262 1,144 4,050 10, 669 4, 706 4,551 155 18,091 585 1,322 4,438 2,621 4,110 5,015 4,842 173 143, 373 13, 322 12. 947 26,472 21, 893 28,527 40,212 39, 060 1,152 70, 970 96 4,579 8,738 5,530 37, 202 14, 825 14, 383 442 93, 094 652 4,382 3,647 8.034 14, 518 61,861 61, 759 102 84, 947 866 2.948 5, 441 12. 745 35, 640 27. 307 26, 991 316 80. 827 1,812 5.030 5.555 12. 793 15.304 40. 333 40, 153 180 INDUSTRY 93 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued 94 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued clay, glass, and stone industries— continued Marble and stone yards Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Potteries- Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes CLOTHING INDUSTRIES Corset factories. Total 50, 430 Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Glove factories. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Hat factories (felt) . Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Shirt, collar, and cuff factories.. Piofessioual persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes 1,312 3,903 4,565 22, 894 9,452 8,304 8,258 46 42, 921 413 1, 395 3,052 2,676 23,922 11,463 11,354 109 15, 308 160 611 2,554 556 10, 995 432 373 59 22, 896 750 1,539 756 18,613 1,230 1,182 48 34, 770 290 1,558 3,329 1,308 26,833 1,452 1,233 219 68. 776 Suit, coat, -and overall factories. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unsk illed workers Laborers Servant classes 80 1.666 4,513 2, 305 55, 781 4,431 4. 192 239 313. 138 1 . 466 15. 106 11. 114 171,805 109. 062 4. 5S5 3.8SS 697 Male 48, 806 1,290 3,821 3,075 22,887 9,439 8,294 8,253 41 33, 876 379 1,361 1,913 2,531 17, 159 10, 533 10, 445 2,570 79 402 714 255 918 202 156 46 7,732 716 818 478 5.098 616 573 43 24, 248 78 1,516 1,947 1.093 18, 350 1,264 1, 057 207 17, 844 66 1.597 2, 297 l!sC4 M). 000 2,580 2.370 210 226. 486 1,376 14.743 5, 885 149. 300 51.9S6 3.196 2. 550 646 INDUSTRY 95 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 32, 504 1,511 14, 521 109 1.665 4 116 1,086 2,921 2,830 13, 983 6,435 5,249 5,234 15 26, 368 20 71 1,398 6 9 7 5 2 8,074 204 899 235 8,538 2,679 1,966 1,958 8 6,168 2 11 91 1 4 1 1 ' 7 320 293 1,044 1,026 18 939 ? 1 3 46 32 35 35 3 4 5 3 6 3 62 694 401 215 325 1,145 1,707 2,072 13, 540 7,579 7,538 41 1,984 30 31 1,088 133 5,963 829 815 14 10, 585 52 210 197 435 3,312 1,962 1,933 29 556 4 3 47 12 550 78 74 4 2,081 2 6 3 3 95 292 292 1 ? 6 21 212 700 682 18 29 3 1 3 4 37 22 19 3 67 213 1 1 5 6 1 5 53 309 611 189 703 119 99 20 5,865 70 176 1,656 264 8,234 185 179 6 13,267 26 91 98 63 211 67 50 17 1,810 10 33 174 37 1,786 41 37 4 1,624 1 1 1 5 3 4 16 7 9 53 1 ? 10 3 4 52 4 1 3 244 5 5 6 4 29 4 537 719 393 3,691 521 494 27 13, 755 1 30 660 255 11,743 578 574 4 7,985 2 179 95 84 1,386 64 57 7 9,766 1 4 56 20 1,515 28 28 1 9 4 1 18 30 21 9 654 4 1 232 7 6 1 188 1 2 25 1 1 3 4 3 1 1 5 6 2,281 73 68 56 776 1,581 787 9,929 626 584 42 12, 679 161 31 1,209 163 6,297 124 121 3 44, 620 22 737 264 297 8,060 386 364 22 3,791 48 11 159 49 1,970 44 40 4 5,138 2 1 1 2 94 9 309 240 97 143 1,253 1 8 9 16 1 165 10 7 3 1,074 4 2 51 10 8 2 100 3 4 52 12 12 5 6 121 51 1,049 1,959 1,054 6,826 1,740 1,652 88 62, 321 13 60 2,037 912 39, 938 1,660 1,646 14 61, 148 15 545 295 233 2,518 185 154 31 158, 979 1 9 168 79 4,764 117 108 9 22, 336 1 3 6 1 87 24 23 1 2,634 9 37 16 569 631 541 90 12, 552 11 10 980 73 67 6 2,523 3 4 99 1 1 5 6 645 354 4,377 4,525 25, 992 15,381 1,692 1,602 I 90 65 222 4,549 14, 036 41. 064 1,212 1,186 26 1,021 9,919 984 114,318 32, 226 511 419 92 24 125 616 7,776 13, 666 129 115 14 1 348 336 6,969 3,981 917 456 461 1 13 45 556 1,863 45 34 11 1 99 40 2,021 398 76 73 3 3 19 137 483 3 3 2 3 4 5 6 96 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table -31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued clothing industries— continued Other clothing factories Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials .. Clerks and kindred workers .. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers . Laborers r , Servant classes . FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Bakeries . Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers .. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Butter, cheese, and condensed milk factories Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Candy factories Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers .. Unskilled workers Laborers , Servant classes ^ Fish curing and packing.. Professional persons ..... Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers ... Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers ...". Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes , Flour and grain mills „ Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers _ Servant classes Fruit and vegetable canning, etc Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total Male 334, 958 6,528 16, 290 27, 046 7,044 271,930 6,120 4,868 1,252 281,885 234 21, 083 41, 779 7,770 195, 203 15,816 13, 254 2,562 88, 900 708 10, 925 17, 155 5,651 34, 538 19, 923 19, 608 315 71,294 509 6,277 12,400 20, 199 10, 953 16, 895 16. 578 317 56. 235 248 3, 956 6. 025 5.574 20. 219 20. 213 19,954 259 158 4,072 11, 433 3,326 45,917 6,390 5,800 590 16, 288 19 802 955 1, 092 7,117 6, 303 6,285 18 67, 233 96,719 2,640 14, 738 12,744 3,694 59,451 3, 452 2.295 1,157 241, 645 209 19, 376 30, 176 6,963 170, 885 14, 036 11,678 2,358 76, 429 634 10, 338 10, 729 5,583 30, 151 18, 994 18, 693 301 36. 776 117 3,671 7.102 2,224 18, 803 4,859 4, 328 531 11,259 18 791 645 1,067 4,017 4. 721 4, 709 12 62. 542 479 6, 175 8,637 20. 131 10. 396 16, 724 16. 420 304 35, 133 203 3.847 3.858 4. 960 6. 638 15. 627 15. 397 230 INDUSTRY 97 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE , WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male j Female Male Female Male Female 39, 518 159, 618 53, 038 62, 588 3,864 12, 905 299 3,128 878 2,715 1,752 1,116 9 42 1 15 ] 5,598 1,054 9,097 489 7 3 36 6 i 9,533 12,061 2,517 2,034 660 164 34 43 2,049 2,513 1,609 774 29 50 7 13 i 19, 877 139, 215 37,401 57,884 1,978 12, 348 195 3,032 1, 583 2,060 662 291 1,181 298 26 19 1,396 2,028 512 273 363 255 24 17 187 32 150 18 818 43 2 2 147, 768 32, 823 82, 714 5,958 8,259 983 2,904 478 170 11,236 18 1,229 37 8,010 7 466 1 29 1 101 4 8 26, 409 10, 350 3,605 1,190 109 33 53 30 5,270 702 1,580 94 102 9 11 2 96. 793 19, 227 66,507 3,885 5,058 798 2,527 408 7,890 1,297 2,975 316 2,960 139 211 28 7,404 1,225 2,489 235 1,591 88 194 28 486 64, 507 72 11, 800 486 10, 640 81 590 1,369 940 51 43 17 342 38 555 8,939 73 562 77 1,391 1 23 1 1 1 7 2 9,332 6,148 1,351 274 18 2 28 2 4,606 25, 271 64 4,088 928 4,494 3 247 30 246 1 22 19 140 30 15, 804 865 2,399 42 644 18 147 4 15, 684 855 2,312 38 552 18 145 4 120 24, 682 10 29, 588 87 10, 061 4 3,908 92 1,566 2 467 633 389 89 2,646 36 362 26 997 3 36 1 7 1 21 i 2 6,210 3,993 793 314 68 8 31 16 1,486 1,002 713 93 20 6 5 1 11,615 23, 025 6,111 3,282 780 457 297 350 2,636 1,170 1,421 180 690 161 112 20 2,509 1,148 1,304 157 408 148 107 19 127 22 117 23 282 13 5 1 5,904 2,324 1,766 341 2,170 1,794 1,419 570 15 640 503 3 137 114 1 3 19 8 287 3 2 ii 26 2 2 690 2,112 19 1,381 283 750 3 218 26 889 68 266 3 496 1,005 1,944 629 479 97 1,250 787 1,048 69 1,942 628 472 96 1,248 784 1,047 68 2 1 7 1 2 3 1 1 52, 161 4,400 6,216 185 3,728 49 437 57 443 5,730 8,108 26 90 3,636 33 416 471 4 2 116 2 7 35 1 22 23 io 8 3 17, 744 56 1,987 5 305 2 95 5 8,281 481 1,262 40 761 16 92 20 11,855 111 2,047 18 2,618 28 204 14 11, 690 107 2,001 12 2,526 25 203 14 165 25. 866 4 14, 808 46 6,073 6 4,069 92 1,558 3 1,145 1 1,636 1,080 172 3,426 3,424 37 96 2,067 29 398 377 8 13 91 1 4 18 1 19 39 3 6 4,056 519 796 86 35 5 73 4 4, 702 8,875 1,249 3,182 334 696 353 848 10, 086 3,214 3,224 709 1,166 441 1,151 222 10,003 3,204 3,156 698 1,092 436 1,146 219 83 10 68 11 74 5 5 3 98 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued food and allied industries— continued Slaughter and packing houses 164, 882 143, 972 20,910 Professional persons 1 747 6,505 37, 086 13, 279 61, 292 45, 973 44,473 ; 1,500 23, 503 707 6,433 30, 235 13, 083 51, 246 42. 268 40, 812 1.456 21,727 40 72 6,851 196 10, 046 3, 705 3.661 44 1,776 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen. fi Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers -.. ... . .. ... ... . Laborers . . ... ... Servant classes -- _._ . Sugar factories and refineries .. .__ Professional persons . . . 1 746 880 3,303 4,152 4,681 9,741 9,578 163 86, 630 731 866 2,554 4,129 3,970 9,477 9,318 159 62, 259 15 14 749 23 711 264 260 4 24, 371 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers . ... .. 4 Skilled workers and foremen . . 5 Semiskilled workers . - . 6 Unsk lied workers. .. . . Laborers .. Servant classes. . Other food factories Professional persons 1 1,016 9,658 19, 116 6,962 31, 584 18, 294 17, 779 515 50, 403 957 9,252 12, 514 6,539 18,415 14, 582 14, 092 490 46, 799 59 406 6,602 423 13, 169 3,712 3,687 25 3,604 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers-and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers Laborers. . Servant classes - Liquor and beverage industries Professional persons 1 321 8,309 i 10, 000 3,395 18, 703 9,675 9, 45,7 218 53, 244 317 8.138 7,607 3,373 17, 922 9,442 9,235 207 50, 140 4 171 2,393 22 781 233 222 11 3,104 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers.. . _. - 4 Skilled workers and foremen . 5 Semiskilled workers .- -- fi Unskilled workers Laborers , Servant classes.. IRON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND VEHICLE INDUSTRIES Agricultural implement factories Professional persons 1 786 2,072 11,273 16, 284 11,311 11,518 11,211 307 640, 474 775 2.050 8,876 16, 276 10, 798 11,365 11,0ft 292 595, 433 11 22 2,397 8 513 153 138 15 45, 041 ?, Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers .. - 4 Skilled workers and foremen . R Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Automobile factories . Professional persons 1 10. 241 11,851 65, 913 204, 084 218, 351 130, 034 126.410 3, 624 257, 925 10. OSS 11,727 45, 979 202, 802 198. 493 126. 344 122. S43 3,501 254, 674 153 124 19, 934 1,282 19.858 3.690 3.567 123 3,251 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers .. . -- 6 Unskilled workers - Laborers Automobile repair shops Professional persons -. - 1 155 23. 078 6, 0S5 191,251 24, 375 12. 981 12,697 2S4 155 22, 961 3,114 191. 220 24. 2S4 12, 940 12, 661 279 ? 117 2, 971 31 91 41 36 5 3 Clerks and kindred workers . 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 fi Unskilled workers Laborers . INDUSTRY 99 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOKEIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 91, 253 15, 985 32, 214 3,170 17, 028 1,398 3,477 357 628 5,446 27, 407 9,629 28,693 19, 450 18, 969 481 11,833 37 63 6,494 158 6,933 2,300 2,285 15 1,370 78 972 2,539 3,120 14, 706 10, 799 10, 396 403 5,758 3 9 331 35 1,970 822 808 14 217 1 8 197 264 6,926 9,632 9,076 556 8,148 1 7 92 70 921 2,387 2,371 16 888 ?, 15 3 888 492 478 14 132 11 3 4 255 91 90 1 57 5 6 645 760 2,213 3,047 2,261 3,007 2,969 38 46, 148 12 14 713 16 542 73 72 1 15, 723 79 105 303 942 1,248 3,081 3,016 65 11, 189 3 3 4 1 6 20 118 739 735 4 921 1 ? 35 6 133 • 40 39 1 1,671 32 120 343 2,650 2,598 52 4,001 1 3 1 16 40 40 4 20 111 109 2 5,592 5 6 1,385 791 7,553 11, 105 5,084 13, 168 8,447 8,282 165 S3, 878 55 361 6,200 365 7,532 1,210 1,199 11 8,199 159 1,586 1,300 1,348 3,752 3,044 2,925 119 9,989 4 37 366 41 1,067 156 147 9 245 3 18 66 88 1,069 2,757 2,555 202 3,045 4 95 43 19 426 334 330 4 387 1 1 18 13 3,359 2,201 2,196 5 140 7 18 4 1,211 145 145 2 3 4 5 6 20 243 6,245 6,663 2,344 12, 357 5,526 5,469 57 88, 471 4 150 2,259 20 619 147 141 6 2,884 71 1,855 866 968- 4,156 2,073 2,018 55 10, 452 1 15 27 50 1,250 1,702 1,608 94 1.080 2 23 51 11 159 141 140 1 137 1 21 119 2 83 20 18 2 208 ? 14 1 3 4 67 59 56 3 12 12 7 7 5 6 660 1,894 8,302 12, 070 8,190 7,355 7,229 126 899, 827 11 22 2,329 4 406 112 108 4 38, 797 113 156 546 4,004 2,396 3,237 3, 150 87 166, 102 1 1 1 ? 67 4 103 34 24 10 5,914 24 180 187 688 610 78 25, 598 1 4 22 25 85 84 1 8,906 3 4 4 7 6 1 297 5 ft 33 7,884 10, 376 39, 522 142, 121 138, 230 61, 694 60, 689 1,005 210, S29 131 110 18, 429 1,055 16, 308 2,764 2,708 56 3,027 2,170 1,344 6,195 57, 197 54, 677 44, 519 43, 548 971 28, 891 22 14 1,493 220 3,434 731 687 44 171 11 6 209 2,859 4,439 18, 074 16, 563 1,511 12, 752 23 1 53 C25 1,147 2.057 2,043 14 2.202 1 ? 7 6 100 184 161 23 41 5 1 16 11 11 3 4 5 6 12 130 20, 145 2,866 159, 834 19, 174 8,680 8,621 59 25 2,593 216 21, 486 3,336 1,235 1,205 30 T 104 2,804 28 68 23 21 2 12 146 3 10 170 16 8,449 1,285 2,832 2,646 186 53 16 1,451 489 193 189 4 1 7 ?, 14 3 4 10 17 15 2 3 1 5 6 1 100 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GEOUP Total Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued IKON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND-VEHICLE INDUSTRIES — COntd- Blast fiirnftfifts anii st«el rolling miH* 620, 894 602, 358 18, 536 Professional persons . 1 12, 580 10,444 58, 021 156, 241 121,073 262, 535 260, 556 1,979 225, 638 12, 348 10;344 44,386 156, 126 117, 929 261, 225 259,354 1,871 223, 511 232 100 13, 635 115 3,144 1, 310 1,202 108 2,127 ?, Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen _ fi Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers Laborers . _ Servant clasess Car and railroad shops . Professional persons.. .^ Proprietors, managers, and officials.... _. 1 ? 1,082 808 7,948 101, 480 74, 666 39,654 39, 112 542 93, 437 1.062 802 6,633 101,444 74, 198 39, 372 38, 865 507 92, 094 20 6 1,315 36 468 282 247 35 1,343 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers. Laborers Servant Classes 1 _ ^ Ship and boat building Professional persons 1 1,846 1,576 5,100 41, 732 25,036 18, 147 17, 945 202 9,144 1,824 1,566 3,919 41, 724 24,955 18,106 17,918 188 8,541 22 10 1,181 8 81 41 27 14 603 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers ._ 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes.. Wagon and carriage factories Professional persons 1 35 570 668 2,696 3,653 1,522 1,499 23 1, 213, 548 35 563 431 2,623 3,380 1,509 1,486 23 1, 118, 796 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 7 237 73 273 13 13 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers _ Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other iron and steel and machinery factories 94,752 Professional persons 1 31. 632 48, 963 154, 745 484, 647 308, 333 185. 22S ISO, 922 4,306 168, 899 2.051 5.094 11,087 59, 252 37,004 54,411 53, 988 423 69, 964 31,279 48. 210 103, 089 483,648 271,811 180, 759 176. 641 4,118 161, 962 353 753 51,656 999 36, 522 4,469 4. 2SI 188 6.937 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers 6 Laborers Servant classes Not specified metal industries . Professional persons 1 2,024 5,033 7,505 59, 176 34, 424 53,800 53,394 406 63,034 27 61 3.5S2 76 2,580 611 594 17 6.930 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL) Brass mills Professional persons 1 1.067 2.485 8.506 20. 921 20, 937 16.048 15. 745 303 1.031 2.444 5.539 20. 846 17.534 15. 640 15.347 293 36 41 2.967 75 3,403 408 398 10 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled yorkers Laborers . INDUSTRY 101 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 349, 975 16, 752 188, 735 1,426 52, 625 331 11,023 27 10, 705 8,950 40,158 109, 347 72, 589 108, 226 107, 761 465 159, 379 210 93 12, 984 104 2,595 766 722 44 1,765 1,609 1,388 3,900 42, 691 36, 877 102, 270 101, 504 766 44, 903 19 7 642 9 447 302 253 49 226 20 5 282 3,475 7,589 41, 254 40, 625 629 16, 148 3 14 1 46 613 874 9,475 9,464 11 3,081 1 2 6 2 99 221 206 15 131 3 3 4 3 21 21 5 6 5 898 711 5,968 79, 114 52, 759 19,929 19, 803 126 59, 109 17 6 1,266 22 341 113 99 14 1,218 160 91 494 19, 168 16, 483 8, 507 8,369 138 24, 751 3 1 3 1 2 48 13 97 65 50 15 100 137 2,292 4,099 9,619 9,384 235 7,605 1 1 27 102 96 6 23 34 870 857 1,317 1,309 8 629 3 4 3 2 2 5 6 2 1,420 1,280 3,433 28, 159 16, 340 8,477 8,404 73 5,991 18 9 1,112 4 60 15 7 8 480 401 285 420 12, 740 6,379 4,526 4,489 37 2,249 4 1 69 3 16 7 3 4 121 3 1 1 55 733 2,100 4,716 4,641 75 286 2 11 92 136 387 384 3 15 3 1 3 19 17 2 2 4 2 5 6 28 447 400 1,782 2,279 1,055 1,047 8 794, 314 7 115 28 769 1,053 277 270 7 279, 156 1 5 225 52 189 9 9 2 12 21 82 4 4 1 2 66 44 173 165 8 40, 833 2 1 6 4 4 4 3 4 2 5 6 83, 633 10, 281 785 4,493 53 26, 173 41,306 93, 386 342, 380 193, 420 97, 649 95, 923 1,726 91,035 301 687 48, 892 866 29, 538 3,349 3,241 108 5,836 5,047 6,867 9,194 131, 290 70, 377 56, 381 64, 970 1,411 50, 102 50 66 2,733 130 6,543 759 710 49 891 26 20 409 8,448 7,085 24, 845 23, 868 977 17, 882 2 33 17 100 1,530 929 1,884 1,880 4 2,943 1 ?, 21 3 411 348 317 31 182 10 3 i 30 13 13 5 6 28 1,680 4,045 6,529 35, 807 21, 904 21, 070 20, 947 123 37, 038 26 54 3,367 61 1,973 355 345 10 5,788 333 982 884 19, 765 10, 257 17, 881 17, 743 138 23, 458 1 7 208 14 543 118 116 2 1,095 8 2 72 3,170 1,943 12, 687 12, 546 141 2,348 3 4 20 434 320 2,162 2,158 4 190 1 ?, 5 1 52 124 119 5 40 2 3 4 12 14 14 6 6 7 880 2,060 4,825 13, 010 10, 423 5,840 5,740 100 31 37 2,796 68 2,582 274 269 5 149 383 683 7,407 6,720 8,116 7,986 130 5 4 169 7 795 115 112 3 1 1 1 5 44 44 95 95 1 ?, 26 385 347 1, 589 1,526 63, 1 1 3 4 21 18 16 2 5 1 1 5 6 102 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL)— Continued Clock and watch factories.. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Stilled workers and foremen , Semiskdled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes =. Copper factories Professional persons Proprietors, manageis, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Gold and silver factories. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers „ Servant classes Jewelry factories Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes lead and zinc factories , Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers ... Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories Professional persons - ... Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other metal factories... Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers -.. Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes Total 25, 096 Male Female 15,907 215 199 16 656 639 17 2,982 1,260 1,722 3,353 3,245 108 16, 169 9, 380 6,789 1,721 1,184 537 1,617 1,089 528 104 95 9 21, 199 20. 520 679 632 621 11 402 400 2 1,803 1,338 465 5,519 5,516 3 3,714 3.585 129 9,129 9,060 69 9,057 8,994 63 72 66 6 19, 326 2S9 15, 409 3,917 271 18 705 688 17 2,913 1,502 1,411 4,951 4,831 120 8,970 6,727 2,243 1,498 1,390 108 1,392 1,291 101 106 99 7 39, 458 27, 996 11,462 440 362 78 2 351 2,293 58 5,826 2,394 3,432 12, 609 11,766 843 17, 583 10, 604 6,979 649 577 72 502 433 69 147 144 3 18,615 17, 836 779 518 509 9 478 471 t 1,806 1,263 543 3,240 3,228 12 2,516 2,338 178 10, 057 10, 027 30 9,965 9,942 23 92 85 1 97,415 83.009 14,406 1,085 1.060 25 5,182 5, 122 60 10, 327 6. 626 3,701 31, 295 31, 140 155 27,964 19. 3S5 8,579 21,562 19, 676 1.8S6 21.161 19. 293 1.868 . 401 3S3 IS 41, 903 84. 140 7,763 1,034 995 39 1,929 l>875 54 5,681 3,20S 2, 473 7,199 7. 066 131 17.299 12,683 4,616 8. 761 8,311 450 8, 575 8.140 435 186 171 15 INDUSTRY 103 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 11,799 7,873 4,052 1,301 45 15 11 167 465 1,117 2,493 6, 759 798 750 48 11,220 15 13 1,601 90 5,663 491 483 8 617 32 174 137 745 2,596 368 327 41 5,801 1 4 119 18 1,113 46 45 1 59 1 ? 5 4 18 18 12 6 1,106 2 1 3 7 3 4 13 5 6 2 2,393 1 533 325 1,185 3,778 2,253 3,146 3,131 15 10, 124 9 2 435 2 113 56 53 3 3,352 81 75 124 1,473 842 3,206 3,182 24 4,988 2 7 1 ?, 30 1 15 11 9 2 545 12 71 94 929 918 11 74 17 194 396 1,779 1,763 16 223 3 4 1 1 a 1 1 6 1 12 8 204 531 1,315 3,159 4,205 710 657 53 18, 248 15 17 1,311 97 1,827 85 82 3 9,724 65 157 181 1,480 2,481 624 585 39 9,470 3 1 1 1 ?, 99 16 407 20 16 4 1,676 6 15 35 17 10 7 143 1 3 177 6 39 39 7 1 4 8 3 3 5 6 53 135 9 225 1,464 1,983 7,119 7,148 309 247 62 12, 436 67 48 3,103 673 5,782 51 50 1 704 135 825 364 4,516 3,405 225 175 50 4,126 11 10 325 157 1,152 21 19 2 67 1 1 41 29 32 39 10 29 936 1 3 6 102 19 4 1 3 338. 1 ?. 3 9 41 1 4 4 3 4 5 8 472 434 1,177 2,586 1,713 6,054 6,015 39 63, 091 8 7 514 10 143 22 20 2 12, 800 36 37 80 602 537 2,834 2,808 26 17, 500 1 1 1 ?, 29 2 30 5 6 33 72 825 805 20 1,894 3 7 16 314 314 4 5 3 3 B 6 5 1,530 194 524 82 901 4,177 6,024 23, 920 14, 997 13, 072 12, 898 174 23, 543 21 56 3,520 138 7,303 1,562 1,553 9 6,818 159 937 583 6,856 3,788 5,177 5,031 146 8,908 3 4 173 15 1,078 257 252 5 858 1 1 4 15 241 457 1,177 1,118 59 1,579 4 4 123 143 250 246 110 ? 5 2 139 47 43 4 76 3 3 4 59 20 20 5 6 11 845 1,456 2,811 5,088 8,948 4, 395 4,333 62 30 40 2,305 114 3,950 379 372 147 417 372 i,896 3,468 2,608 2,550 58 5 13 166 16 602 56 50 6 2 2 19 73 224 1,259 1,208 51 2 1 2 1 1 ?, 2 1 57 14 12 2 6 11 43 49 49 3 4 7 1 1 5 6 104 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued LEATHER INDUSTRIES Harness and saddle factories 9,103 8,657 446 Professional persons . 1 5 608 411 303 7,252 524 508 16 26, 634 5 602 284 298 6,976 492 476 16 19,012 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 6 127 5 276 32 32 3 Clerks and kindred workers _ _*, 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers Q Unskilled workers - Laborers.. Servant classes ,. Leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories Professional persons 7,622 1 199 1,928 ] 4,094 1,406 16, 945 2,062 1,993 69 271,451 176 1,886 2,417 1,259 11,442 1,832 1,764 68 172, 054 23 42 1,677 147 5,503 230 229 1 99, 397 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen *i Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers... Servant classes Shoe factories Professional persons 1 695 4, 949 21.689 12, 182 211,694 20,242 18, 906 1,336 58, 420 592 4,846 10, 539 10,673 129, 945 15, 459 14,164 1,295 52, 512 103 103 11,150 1,509 81, 749 4.783 4,742 41 5,808 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers , 4 Skilled workers and foremen.. 5 Semiskilled _. 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Tanneries Professional persons 1 334 1,698 4,350 3,959 30, 383 17, 696 17,503 193 8,461 319 1.686 2,743 3,891 26. 701 17,172 16, 990 182 7,100 15 12 1,607 68 3,682 524 513 11 1,361 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen ft Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Servant classes Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories Professional persons 1 25 503 1,026 682 5,165 1,060 1.006 54 268, 098 22 494 656 669 4,284 975 924 51 248.610 3 9 370 13 881 85 82 3 21, 488 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers , 4 Skilled workers and foremen.. R Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers.. . Servant classes LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES Furniture factories. 1 1,695 10.160 23.215 98.686 92. 042 42.300 41, 242 1,058 18,151 1.60S 9.997 14, 655 97,203 82, 403 40.744 39. 761 983 16. 428 87 163 8.560 1.483 9,639 1. 556 1.481 75 1.723 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials . 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers . _.. 6 Unskilled workers Laborers _ Servant classes . . Piano and organ factories. 1 Professional persons 103 8f5 2.149 3.930 9,128 1.976 1,824 152 102 847 1.242 3,898 8,471 1.S68 1.726 142 1 18 907 32 657 108 98 10 1 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials .. 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen.. -. ._ 5 Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers _ Laborers Servant classes INDUSTRY 105 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, bt Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 6,470 407 1,979 28 138 12 70 1 5 454 260 253 5,136 362 356 6 10,154 1 5 122 5 254 21 21 144 21 42 1,716 56 54 2 8,456 1 5 18 2 2 1 1 1 73 62 55 7 366 - 3 2 2 51 12 11 1 36 2 3 4 3 9 9 1 5 ft 5,860 1,606 135 21 101 1,094 2,040 ! 797 5,298 824 808 16 124, 705 20 29 1,482 118 4,024 187 187 73 789 345 446 6,009 794 770 24 45, 155 3 13 190 27 1,347 26 26 2 1 29 15 114 205 177 28 1,938 1 2 3 1 21 9 9 fl 4 2 117 12 11 1 221 1 3 4 15 5 5 5 6 87,051 12,093 256 32 425 3,557 9,491 8,626 91, 178 11,428 10, 895 533 SO. 106 95 90 10,565 1,356 70, 526 4,419 4,394 25 4,522 165 1,284 955 2,019 37, 843 2,889 2,612 277 19, 375 8 13 574 153 11,025 320 312 8 1,227 2 3 87 26 729 1,091 607 484 2,630 1 2 6 2 195 51 50 1 401 ?, 9 2 3 4 172 40 32 8 135 26 4 4 5 24 255 1,322 2,329 2,689 14, 284 9,227 9,156 71 4,849 13 10 1,478 58 2,602 361 355 6 1,150 63 361 380 1,156 11, 558 5,857 5,785 72 1,970 2 2 128 7 982 106 101 5 168 1 1 3 3 93 300 298 2 80 T 2 31 43 766 1,788 1,751 37 201 ?, 1 3 81 50 50 3 4 i7 7 7 5 29 14 17 308 559 476 2,864 625 608 17 168, 495 2 7 346 13 714 68 66 2 18, 544 5 182 81 178 1,319 205 196 9 69, 355 1 1 23 1 4 6 5 44 21 21 1 1 ?, 10 10 57 124 99 25 7,324 3 4 134 9 9 26 3 2 1 610 7 5 5 5 ft 2,262 1,436 72 1,221 7,574 12, 977 57, 592 58,782 30, 349 29,902 447 10, 068 77 138 8,020 1,121 7,997 1,191 1,155 36 1,556 386 2,390 1,559 37, 811 20, 664 6,545 6,274 271 6,158 10 23 522 313 1,272 122 113 9 162 1 7 26 492 661 249 245 4 7 1 26 93 1,308 2,296 3,601 3,340 261 195 2 13 34 326 235 206 29 5 ? 5 15 44 8 7 1 3 4 5 6 82 657 1,051 2,215 4,979 1,084 1,040 44 1 15 857 30 562 91 89 2 20 190 178 1,671 3,407 692 623 69 1 3 50 2 94 13 8 5 2 12 11 80 92 63 29 1 1 5 3 4 1 4 1 3 - 5 ft J 106 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES— Continued Saw and planing mills 454, 503 444, 782 9,721 Professional persons . ... 1 1,161 20,297 15, 939 72, 104 79,933 265, 069 264,683 386 122, 274 1,133 20, 195 12, 064 71,999 77. 292 262, 099 261, 741 358 109, 183 28 102 3,875 105 2,641 2,970 2,942 28 13, C91 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials . ?, Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen .. . ... a Semiskilled workers A Unskilled workers. .. Laborers _.. ... Servant classes Other woodworking factories Professional persons i 655 6,329 7,116 26, 294 39, 246 42, 634 42, 329 305 38, 941 640 6,240 4,598 26, 145 31, 894 39, 666 39, 378 288 22, 692 15 89 2,518 149 7,352 2,968 2,951 17 16, 249 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers.. ft Unskilled workers Laborers ._ . Servant classes PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., factories Professional persons 1 406 2,310 8,284 5,781 17,850 4,310 4,105 205 178, 792 348 2,206 4,327 5,183 7,179 3,449 3,251 198 155,236 58 104 3,957 598 10,671 861 854 7 24,556 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen ... R Semiskilled workers. -.. fi Unskilled workers . . .. Laborers .. Servant classes Paper and pulp mills Professional persons 1 2,182 5.434 20, 815 25, 654 68, 948 56, 759 55, 814 945 24, 656 69 1,788 2,740 2,430 14, 824 *2,805 2, 706 99 544.. 606 3,218 43, 854 148, 245 244. 443 89, 240 15, 606 11.472 4,134 44, 499 2,081 5,351 13, 143 25,298 55,006 54. 357 53, 453 904 14, 052 101 83 7,872 356 13, 942 2, 402 2,361 41 10,634 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers . . 6 Unskilled workers Laborers - Servant classes Paper box factories Professional persons 1 61 1,737 1,585 2,182 6.2S8 2,199 2,105 94 429, 918 S 51 1, 155 24S 8,536 606 601 5 114.688 o Proprietors, managers, and officials T Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers R Unskilled workers 1. Laborers Servant classes Printing, publishing, and engraving Professional persons .. 1 2,956 41, 496 79,163 233, 879 58.365 14, 059 10, 090 3,969 30. 040 509 830 2,551 3, SIS 17, 753 4, 579 4,413 166 262 2,358 69. 082 10, 564 30, 875 1,547 1,382 165 14,459 164 32 1, 403 98 12, 156 606 592 14 ?, Proprietors, managers, and officials . 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers fi Unskilled workers Laborers,.. .. . Servant classes TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Carpet mills Professional persons 1 673 862 3. 954 3.916 29. 909 5. 185 5,005 ISO a Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen ft Semiskilled workers <> Unskilled workers INDUSTRY 107 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 287, 515 7,734 39, 445 345 112, 264 1,598 5,558 44 973 18, 891 10.813 58, 072 59, 003 139, 763 139, 597 166 73, 610 25 97 3,736 93 2,268 1, 515 1,504 11 10, 135 153 1,227 1,017 9,548 9,039 18, 461 18, 378 83 19. 497 3 5 124 8 119 86 81 5 923 6 67 188 4,048 8,568 99, 387 99, 282 105 15,431 1 10 46 331 682 4,488 4,484 4 645 1 5 ? 10 4 242 1,342 1,330 12 1,176 3 4 12 27 27 5 6 857 509 5,205 4,119 17, 303 23.188 23, 286 23, 154 132 18, 506 13 79 2,380 137 5,591 1,935 1,923 12 14, 789 131 1,024 429 7,016 6,773 4,124 4,041 83 3,757 2 9 128 9 598 177 176 1 1,350 1 6 41 1.766 1.709 11, 909 11,836 73 394 8 2 327 839 835 4 96 5 9 60 224 347 347 1 2 1 836 17 17 2 3 4 5 6 35 14 289 1,882 3,831 4,210 5, 786 2,508 2,415 93 115,440 52 96 3,714 552 9,596 779 772 7 20, 718 93 71 7,278 307 11, 173 1,796 1,775 21 58 320 452 950 1,271 706 652 54 32, 592 6 8 234 43 1,002 57 57 1 2 2 10 9 11 10 1 511 1 2 42 13 113 224 174 50 6,693 6 2 67 21 21 7, 3 1 6 4 4 93 3 4 5 6 2,899 846 1,791 4,596 11, 563 20, 037 41,618 35, 835 35, 468 367 288 750 1,464 5,079 12, 131 12.880 12,641 239 8 12 381 44 2,143 311 299 12 1 4 102 151 1,114 5.321 5,026 295 1 1 14 31 143 321 318 3 1 ?, 10 5 565 266 259 7 3 3 4 61 29 28 1 5 6 10, 596 9,294 8,183 1,219 252 63 21 28 55 1,297 1,375 1,770 4,580 1, 519 1,469 50 864, 194 6 43 1,046 222 7,442 535 532 3 105, 739 6 437 204 398 1,598 540 521 19 53, 633 2 8 106 24 1,019 60 58 2 7,685 1 3 1 1 11 5 5 ? 5 13 99 135 110 25 7, 248 2 2 51 8 8 1 3 4 24 3 3 5 6 1,043 1, 845 191 2,500 35, 999 71,023 198, 261 48, 183 8,228 6,984 1,244 239 2,201 64, 532 9,622 27, 866 1,329 1,255 74 443 5, 213 7,291 32, 284 8,704 2,698 1,974 724 23 142 4, 144 699 2,521 136 94 42 5 178 630 2,128 1,278 3,027 1,035 1,992 8 106 219 1,206 200 106 9? 9 1 13 327 197 430 76 28 48 2 79 46 58 6 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 18, 575 11,070 10, 979 8,278 430 88 58 23 367 617 2,108 2,493 10, 653 2,337 2,270 67 144 27 1,288 80 9,134 397 391 6 140 210 432 1,314 6,883 2,000 1,926 74 18 5 112 16 2,931 196 188 8 2 2 1 3 8 9 178 232 207 25 ?. 2 2 70 12 12 3 2 39 10 10 1 3 4 21 1 1 5 6 67555 0—38- 108 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued textile industries— continued Cotton mills _ Professional persons .. Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers _ . Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Hemp, jute, and linen mills Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Knitting mills Professional persons - Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers .. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers. Servant classes Lace and embroidery mills.... Professional persons - Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Rope and cordage factories Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Sk'lled workers and foremen ... Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers. Servant classes Sail, awning, and tent factories.. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials . Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers ... Laborers.. Servant classes Silk mills Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total 422, 204 758 3.757 11. 998 34, 803 311,391 59, 497 57. 736 1,761 8,015 62 416 1,054 735 4,694 1,054 1,016 38 174,912 287 3,984 12, 634 10, 565 137, 118 10, 324 9,880 444 16, 336 586 1,276 1,461 714 11, 667 632 604 28 11,869 54 413 1,336 1,252 5,757 3,057 3,001 56 8,311 14 1,366 1.202 546 4,425 758 737 21 171. 140 717 3,393 12,473 12.229 130, 065 12,263 11.729 534 Male 261, 821 593 3,693 7,332 34,409 165,638 50,156 48, 655 1,501 4,956 50 405 600 687 2,264 950 918 32 72, 845 226 3,791 6,064 8,797 47,220 6,747 6,351 398 7.798 443 1,189 714 503 4,444 505 479 26 8,600 46 405 834 1,199 3,353 2,763 2,712 51 5.915 Female 160,383 165 64 4,666 394 145. 753 9,341 9,081 260 3,059 13 1,313 717 463 2.714 695 677 18 87. 901 598 3,303 6,680 10, 987 56.264 10, 069 9,571 49S 12 11 454 48 2,430 104 98 6 102, 067 61 193 6,570 1,768 89, 898 3,577 3,529 48 8,538 143 87 747 211 7,223 127 125 2 8,269 502 53 2,404 294 289 5 2.396 1 53 485 83 1,711 63 60 3 83,239 119 90 5,793 1,242 "3,801 2,194 2,158 36 INDUSTRY 109 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE Male 205, 729 481 3,327 6,614 27, 323 135, 140 32,844 31,940 904 2,939 37 235 438 409 1,359 461 447 14 59, 952 178 2,785 5,379 7,364 38, 904 5,342 5,154 188 3,318 Female 284 534 249 1,805 348 336 12 5,756 43 345 738 900 2,122 1,608 1,586 22 4,671 1,062 641 371 2,031 558 552 6 61, 400 423 1,946 5,570 8,039 38, 356 7,066 6,820 246 134. 141 146 57 4,352 331 122, 906 6,349 6,315 34 1,971 11 387 40 1,476 49 46 3 91, 575 52 167 6,124 1,583 80, 405 3,244 3,220 24 6,112 Male 42, 394 112 364 638 6,793 27, 445 7,042 6,727 315 1,614 13 170 154 258 654 365 350 15 11,968 NEGRO Female 23, 149 16 7 308 61 22, 027 730 701 29 4 65 8 893 28 26 2 9,607 87 42 634 150 5,084 115 113 2 2,541 478 50 1,812 188 186 2 2,089 48 1,005 636 1,404 7,943 932 818 114 4.450 344 903 177 254 2,624 148 140 2,323 48 462 74 1,449 56 54 2 71, 789 102 75 5,323 1,130 63, 234 1,925 1,902 23 2 60 88 281 1,020 872 857 15 1,113 9 26 428 179 8,773 192 175 17 2,283 Male 13, 373 X 70 274 2,885 10, 143 9,866 277 156 7 8 65 76 73 3 866 52 44 107 60 2,008 12 12 647 5 249 72 90 613 84 80 4 25, 824 173 1,353 1,058 2,924 17, 742 2,574 2,405 169 23 3 532 86 83 3 275 1 5 22 9 235 3 3 44 22 331 469 376 93 25 Female 2,939 5 2 682 2,247 2,050 197 80 52 26 25 1 803 OTHER RACES Male 3 "~13~ 9 3 6 462 1 7 18 192 244 231 13 113 16 3 647 137 130 111 6 1 101 65 46 18 18 19 11. 133 16 15 464 110 10, 333 195 187 2 3 2 62 44 36 8 648 1 1 45 21 153 427 344 83 15 3 2 1 306 1 6 2 227 70 65 5 325 1 10 19 168 127 122 5 247 1 12 186 48 48 59 59 29 Female 154 1 138 15 15 10 82 2 3 73 4 4 32 30 16 13 11 110 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued textile industries— continued Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills .. 47, 023 38, 568 8,457 Professional persons. 1 577 991 4,526 4,899 27,718 8,312 8,129 183 144, 513 546 957 2,342 4,752 21, 978 7,991 7,815 176 89, 842 31 34 2,184 147 5,740 321 314 7 54, 671 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials •} Clerks and kindred workers ... 4 Skilled w orkers and foremen S Semiskilled workers... . 6 Unskilled workers Laborers. .. .- . Servant classes Woolen and worsted mills Professional persons 1 602 2,653 9.206 11,155 105, 584 15,313 14, 876 437 134, 607 554 2,616 5,786 10, 898 56, 508 13, 480 13, 078 402 80, 838 48 37 3,420 257 49, 076 1,833 1,798 35 53, 769 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials S Clerks and kindred workers .. 4 Skilled workers and foremen «i Semiskilled workers - 6 Unskilled workers. - Laborers.. Servant classes .. Other and not specified textile mills Professional persons .. 1 2,562 6,375 16, 218 12, 685 82, 385 14, 382 13, 865 517 18, 873 1.603 6,056 9,036 11.682 39, 847 12, 614 12. 150 464 15,718 959 319 7,182 1,003 42, 538 1,768 1, 715 53 3,155 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials s Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen «> Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes .. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Broom and brush factories Professional persons 1 40 1,753 3,602 992 9,804 2,682 2,626 56 11,340 34 1,719 2,686 934 7,885 2,460 2,409 51 7,538 6 34 916 58 1,919 222 217 5 3.802 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen . .. 5 Semiskilled workers . . fi Unskilled workers.. Laborers . Servant classes B utton factories Professional persons , 1 27 451 933 1,002 7,732 1,195 1,165 30 289, 255 26 446 497 922 4,644 1,003 976 27 260, 845 1 5 436 SO 3. OSS 192 189 3 28.910 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen . 1 Semiskilled workers . .. 6 Unskilled workers - Laborers.. - Servant classes Electric light and power plants. .. Professional persons .. - .. 1 15, 144 10. 808 72, 949 88. 267 58, 851 43, 236 41,024 2 212 383, 570 15. 062 10. 635 44, 688 88,182 58, 75S 43. 020 41.009 2,011 298, 383 82 173 28,261 S5 93 216 15 201 85. 187 9 Proprietors, managers, and officials .. .. - - 3 Clerks and kindred workers . .- - - 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 6 Semiskilled workers ... - - Unskilled workers .. . - - .. - Laborers... .- -- - Servant classes. .. .. . Electrical machinery and supply factories Professional persons - . ... . . . .-- 1 19.937 13. 382 85, 323 95,316 129, 697 39.915 37. 9S0 1,935 19, 663 13.084 51. 508 94. 017 83, 905 36. 206 34. 440 1,766 274 298 33. 815 1.299 45, 792 3.709 3,540 169 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials . . 3 Clerks and kindred workers . .. 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers. .. . ... ... ... .. . .- Unskilled workers Laborers . Servant classes INDUSTRY 111 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 22, 872 7,232 14, 778- 1,121 847 101 69 3 437 660 1,932 3,246 12, 380 4,217 4,142 75 54, 202 25 30 2,018 128 4,763 268 265 3 35, 609 109 293 394 1,480 9,289 3. 213 3,137 76 35, 091 6 4 162 19 889 41 37 4 13, 954 1 4 1 1 43 20 20 ?, 15 25 266 541 516 25 433 4 3 4 85 12 12 3 5 6 179 116 4,929 408 1,986 4,605 6,687 33, 603 6,913 6,753 160 54,126 41 31 3,114 211 31, 096 1,116 1,104 12 41,880 146 629 1,164 4,183 22, 700 6,269 6, 058 211 24, 091 7 6 305 44 12, 934 658 639 19 9,924 1 1 3 2 64 46 45 1 159 ?, 14 26 141 252 222 30 2,462 1 2 123 53 49 4 1,696 3 4 4,923 6 6 5 6 269 1,129 4,176 7,585 8, 230- 25, 677 7,329 7,127 202 12, 058 27 1,395 2,423 729 5,744 1,740 1,720 20 5,402 751 269 6,464 837 32, 449 1,110 1,084 26 2,716 472 1,878 1,361 3,359 13,216 3,805 3, 655 150 2,801 202 50 694 161 8,612 205 192 13 335 1 2 84 79 870 1,426 1,317 109 666 5 1 1 1 ?. 19 2 1,229 441 427 14 100 6 14 84 54 51 3 193 5 3 248 12 12 3 4 5 6 4 5 28 861 53 1,600 169 167 2 3,135 7 304 239 198 1,672 381 371 10 2,068 1 6 51 5 243 29 27 2 554 1 14 13 6 358 275 254 21 64 6 11 1 111 64 64 ?, 3 1 3 4 73 24 23 1 104 3 5 4 9 21 263 404 649 3,336 729 716 13 219, 944 5 183 87 272 1,273 248 240 8 31,708 1 1 5 392 64 2,523 151 149 2 27, 686 ?, 41 13 467 32 32 6 1 33 24 18 6 7,598 3 3 92 6 5 1 57 3 4 2 2 2 6 3 3 5 6 1,150 1,095 17 13, 520 10,025 41, 803 76, 854 51, 200 26, 542 25, 765 777 233, 990 74 166 27, 189 74 78 105 12 93 75, 192 1,502 605 2,753 10,573 6,427 9,848 9,296 552 60, 885 8 7 1,046 11 12 66 1 65 9,769 24 2 88 547 974 5,963 5,296 667 2,919 16 3 44 208 157 667 652 15 609 1 ?, 9 17 3 4 3 45 2 43 176 5 6 50 16, 798 11, 540 46, 596 71, 828 65, 864 21, 364 20, 665 699 243 276 31,727 1, 152 38, 769 3,025 2,957 68 2,825 1,534 4,740 21,611 17, 194 12, 961 12, 254 707 30 22 2,064 144 6,878 631 548 83 13 6 153 421 645 1,681 1,322 359 1 27 4 19 157 202 200 199 1 1 ? 17 3 111 44 27 17 7 3 4 34 9 8 1 5 6 112 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total 1 Male Female Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES— Continued Independent hand trades 360, 329 159, 293 201, 036 Professional persons - 1 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials.. 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 154, 585 205, 744 153, 740 5,553 845 200, 191 fi Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers ... Servant classes Rubber factories , 166 391 130, 784 35, 607 Professional persons 1 2,533 5,081 27,010 16, 9G7 83, 658 31, 142 29, 878 1,264 2,290 2,447 4,978 16, 865 16, 332 62,233 27.929 26, 735 1,194 963 86 103 10, 145 635 21, 425 3,213 3,143 70 1,327 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers. 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Straw factories Professional persons 1 6 45 103 116 1,850 170 160 10 43, 467 5 45 52 89 615 157 148 9 43, 045 1 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 51 27 1,235 13 12 1 422 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 6 Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Turpentine farms and distilleries Professional persons... . 1 56 1,386 428 1,391 2,034 38, 169 38, 159 10 360, 023 55 1,378 335 1,392 2,025 37, 860 37, 852 8 280, 489 1 1 8 93 2 9 309 307 2 79, 554 2 Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen fi Semiskilled workers .. fi Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes. Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries Professional persons 1 5,746 31, 203 59. 239 46. 896 145, 722 71,217 69, 713 1,504 465, 559 5,218 30, 271 34. 151 45, 059 99, 269 66, 501 65, 109 1,392 359. 393 528 932 25.088 1,837 46, 453 4.716 4,604 112 106. 166 ?, Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen . 6 Sem isk illed workers. 6 Unskilled workers - Laborers Servant classes Other not specified manufacturing industries Professional persons 1 6,732 15,991 62, 978 96, 852 157, 904 125, 102 118. 776 6, 326 18. 139 6.016 15.423 36, 867 94, S42 93, 521 112.724 106,715 6.009 17. 161 716 568 26,111 2. 010 64,383 12. 37S 12. 061 317 1.028 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers . 4 Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers . . Laborers Servant classes - - Transportation and Communication Air transportation Professional persons .. .. i 561 1.090 2. 505 10. 939 1.310 1,784 1.659 125 557 1.085 1.598 10, S72 1.274 1. 775 1,652 123 4 5 907 67 36 9 7 2 ? Proprietors, managers, and officials . . 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen . 5 Semiskilled workers 6 Servant classes INDUSTRY 113 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 85, 872 146, 147 65, 027 81, 620 6,565 20, 965 2,029 2,304 1 2 3 83,229 2,443 619 145, 528 61, 970 3,057 192 31,428 6,540 25 28 20, 937 2,661 28 6 2,298 4 5 6 96, 614 29, 949 30, 402 5,525 3,403 89 365 44 2,155 4,478 15, 279 12, 757 45, 537 16, 408 16, 045 363 750 77 97 9,622 558 17. 042 2,553 2,533 20 1,084 292 497 1,515 3,485 15, 322 9,291 8,945 346 191 9 6 515 76 4,300 619 574 45 223 1 3 59 76 1,217 2,048 1,563 485 20 2 4 1 49 35 30 5 10 12 14 157 182 182 4 3 4 34 6 6 5 6 2 4 39 47 78 469 113 109 4 10, 588 1 1 6 4 9 138 33 31 2 46 1 ?, 46 23 1,014 10 10 5 4 213 1 1 1 3 2 7 11 8 3 32, 402 4 8 2 1 1 281 1 5 fi 141 9 53 1,358 315 1,000 1,035 6,827 6,825 2 181, 144 1 8 92 2 3 35 35 2 8 7 7 12 10 10 1 12 12 384 976 31,018 31,012 6 31,255 ?, 1 1 1 2 5 5 3 4 6 274 272 2 3,139 5 6 64, 534 65, 272 11, 570 2,798 311 4,312 24, 007 30, 150 34, 301 58. 195 30, 179 29, 710 469 237, 071 401 806 23,186 1, 551 35, 264 3,326 3,285 41 84, 756 887 6,152 3,499 9,750 33, 945 11,039 10, 631 408 S5, 008 100 118 1,826 260 8,759 507 474 33 14, 034 13 60 426 882 6,558 23, 316 22, 809 507 24, 887 25 7 56 26 2,185 840 804 36 6,713 6 52 76 126 571 1,967 1,959 8 2,427 2 1 20 1 2 3 4 245 43 41 2 663 5 6 4,870 12, 721 31,937 66, 268 62, 642 58, 633 56, 859 1,774 15. 095 585 492 24. 265 1,707 49, 200 8,507 8,383 124 977 1,105 2,625 4.291 26, 883 26, 088 34,016 32, 161 1,855 1,498 123 71 1.723 270 10,314 1,533 1,434 99 4b 29 54 579 1,444 4,292 18, 489 16. 120 2,369 430 8 4 109 28 4.342 2,222 2,129 93 6 12 23 60 247 499 1.586 1,575 11 138 1 1 14 5 527 116 115 1 2 3 4 5 6 493 1,021 1,491 9,861 1,109 1.120 1,088 32 3 5 867 66 34 2 64 64 99 940 116 215 205 10 1 1 ?, 40 1 2 1 1 4 25 36 365 287 78 4 46 13 75 72 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 2 114 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Transportation and Communication— Continued Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, sewers, and bridges Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindre'd workers. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers.. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Express companies.. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries Professional persons .. Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen .. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers.. Laborers Servant classes Livery stables. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Pipe lines. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes - , Postal service. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes Radio broadcasting and transmitting. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers . Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total 454, 823 16, 458 19,852 6,794 52, 359 43, 305 316, 055 314, 384 1,671 62, 239 24 1,478 30, 234 2,663 15,314 12, 526 11,991 535 423, 843 124 69. 965 32, 861 229, 122 20, 961 70,810 66, 849 3,961 9,642 1,536 182 595 267 7,062 7,005 57 25, 001 252 792 1,198 5,147 3,555 14, 057 14, 041 16 283, 936 46 37,268 233, 847 3,220 2,051 7,504 3,868 3,636 8,964 562 1,819 5,966 328 161 128 77 51 Male 451,855 16, 425 19,837 4,720 52, 358 43, 2-19 315,266 314, 337 929 58, 542 21 1,478 26,586 2,662 15.284 12,511 11,990 521 409, 781 124 69, 543 19, 539 229, 104 20. 862 70, 609 66, 692 3,917 9,588 1,519 146 595 266 7,062 7.005 57 24.818 252 791 1,031 5,146 3,546 14, 052 14, 037 15 254, 439 38 23.64S 218,616 3,211 1,973 6,953 3,851 3,102 8.094 561 1,639 5,320 328 122 124 77 47 Female 2,963 33 15 2,074 1 56 789 47 742 3,697 3,648 1 30 15 1 14 14, 062 422 13,322 18 99 201 157 44 54 183 1 167 1 9 5 4 1 29, 497 13,620 15,231 9 78 551 17 534 870 1 180 646 39 4 INDUSTRY 115 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued 116 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Transportation and Communication — Continued Steam railroads. , Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers ._. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes , Street railroads. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers _. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Telegraph and telephone. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers .. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Truck, transfer, and cab companies. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers — Unskilled workers Laborers.... Servant classes Water transportation Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes... Other and not specified transportation and communica- tion Professional persons , Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Trade Advertising agencies Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes. Total 1,583,067 14,519 108, 390 291, 200 413,017 269, 524 48G. 417 437, 557 48, 860 195,408 1,998 3,628 18,512 63, 666 78, 025 29, 579 27, 967 1,612 578, 602 15, 449 18, 998 419, 285 27, 134 80, 421 17,315 12,971 4,344 483, 148 126 41,084 17, 704 8,756 327, 895 87, 583 86, 834 749 299, 804 1,476 28,471 24, 073 37, 670 91. 766 116,348 99, 074 17, 274 11, 747 189 1,989 5,912 1.108 1. 298 1. 251 1.197 54 64, 488 381 10. 539 43, 776 2.694 6,185 913 825 SS Male Female 1,528,073 14, 399 108, 369 242. 683 412. 924 268, 217 481,481 434, 446 47, 035 188,973 1,984 3,623 12, 643 63,636 77, 869 29, 218 27,694 1,524 •-467, 354 15, 131 16, 125 114, 848 25, 924 78, 859 16, 467 12,944 3,523 474, 860 123 40,508 11,201 8,752 326. 809 87. 467 86, 761 706 294,423 1,460 28,449 20.029 37, 666 91, 057 115.762 99, 062 16, 700 9,927 1S2 1,920 4,213 1.107 1,268 1. 237 1.190 47 48.980 346 9,771 29, 560 2, 629 5,776 89S 819 79 54, 994 120 21 48, 517 93 1.307 4, 936 3,111 1,825 6,435 14 5 5,869 30 156 361 273 311,248 318 2,873 304, 437 1,210 1,562 848 27 821 8,288 3 576 6,503 4 1,086 116 73 43 5.381 16 22 4,044 4 709 5S6 12 574 1.820 7 69 1,699 1 30- 14 7 7 15.508 35 768 14, 216 65 409 15 6 9 INDUSTRY 117 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE Male 1,118,283 13,316 101,131 225, 140 347, 776 220, 739 210,181 204, 898 5,283 131, 740 1.J49 3,207 10, 983 48, 172 57, 568 10, 061 9,781 280 242, 838 14, 096 15, 282 107, 312 23, 163 72, 912 10, 073 8,758 1,315 376, 545 106 33, 004 10, 189 6,836 264, 086 62, 324 62, 191 133 155,781 1,157 19, 472 16, 272 26, 894 51,998 39, 988 34, 738 5,250 7,831 139 1,648 3,545 872 1,015 612 594 18 44, 319 301 8,945 27, 088 2,173 5,119 693 660 33 Female 49, 857 113 19 46, 680 65 928 2, 052 1,076 976 5,789 11 4 5,458 24 127 165 118 47 297, 554 294 2,775 291, 650 1,145 1,254 436 21 415 7,565 3 485 6,085 4 952 36 25 11 4,384 15 20 3,652 3 380 314 1 313 1,640 7 63 1,540 1 25 4 1 3 14, 446 33 724 13, 247 58 374 10 4 6 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE Male 193, 179 1,046 7,129 15, 282 51,783 30, 897 84, 042 81,713 2,329 49, 199 228 415 1,589 15, 123 19,546 12, 298 12, 043 255 20, 028 1,027 831 6,496 2,676 5,434 3,564 2,514 1,050 53, 579 17 5,433 857 1,679 36, 909 8,684 8,623 61 88, 434 299 8,708 3,453 10, 089 28, 340 37, 545 33, 376 4,169 1,651 41 255 617 223 203 312 302 10 4.285 45 822 2,383 437 494 104 88 16 Female 3,079 6 2 1,775 18 209 1,069 746 323 517 3 1 404 5 19 85 60 25 12, 930 24 98 12, 194 64 285 265 265 459 66 316 69 8 4 4 661 1 2 382 1 231 44 44 169 156 1,030 2 44 942 7 32 3 2 1 NEGRO Male 160, 798 14 54 1,835 8,087 14, 743 136, 063 97, 260 38, 803 6,546 5 1 63 251 616 5,610 4,647 963 3,478 1 4 520 63 393 2,497 1,360 1,137 40, 904 1,853 111 212 23, 162 15, 566 15, 062 504 44, 959 2 206 205 532 8, 234 35, 780 29, 934 5,846 388 1 2 30 10 43 302 283 19 319 2 59 14 149 95 66 29 Female 1,834 37 10 162 1,624 1,127 497 122 1 9 106 92 14 517 351 1 19 146 6 140 248 25 95 59 69 42 27 328 95 228 11 217 10 21 16 OTHER RACES Male 55,815 23 55 426 2,278 1,838 51, 195 50, 575 620 1,488 8 90 139 1,249 1, 223 26 1,010 520 22 120 333 312 21 3,832 218 44 25 2, 652 893 885 5,249 2 63 99 151 2,485 2,449 1,014 1,435 57 57 2 30 5 14 6 5 1 Female 224 25 191 162 29 1 5 3 2 247 242 16 11 11 118 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Trade— C ontinued Banking and brokerage Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers - Servant classes Grain elevators. . Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Insurance Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials - Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Real estate Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers =. Laborers Servant classes . Stockyards. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Warehouses and cold storage plants Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE Automobile agencies, stores, and filling stations Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total 2, 221, 369, 3, 8, 18, 1, 16, 31, 124 100 9,505 7,221 2,070 2,736 9,492 9,400 92 507, 299 4,272 29, 308 468, 962 1,793 1,225 1,739 315 1,424 288, 192 1,199 5,603 279, 430 460 589 911 76 835 17, 763 30 421 5,855 1, 324 1,068 9,065 8,899 166 59, 394 461 -7, 389 14, 473 5,915 10, 555 20, 601 19, 407 1,194 498, 350 123 150, 697 294. 669 12, 145 9,618 31,098 30, 264 834 624, 783 168 504 501 930 890 790 925 865 Male Female 453,054 2,071 212,312 216, 186 3,850 A 516 16, 119 1,904 14,215 29, 045 9,484 5,660 2,061 2, 327 9,415 9,329 86 338, 508 3,737 27. 556 303, 112 1,757 921 1,425 312 1,113 223; 273 1,184 5,124 215, 151 459 542 813 76 737 17,220 30 420 5,330 1,324 1.060 9. 056 8,897 159 53, 462 459 7,327 10, 906 5,880 8,816 20, 074 18,913 1,161 465. 393 121 148, 086 264, 596 12. 143 9.440 31,007 30,203 804 165, 729 97 9,192 153, 315 80 374 2,671 21 2,650 2,079 2 21 1,561 9 409 77 71 6 168,791 535 1,752 165, 850 36 304 314 3 31-1 64,919 15 479 64,279 1 47 98 543 1 525 8 9 2 7 5,932 2 62 3,567 35 1,739 527 494 33 82. 951 2 2,611 30. 073 2 178 91 61 30 INDUSTRY 119 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES 1 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 409, 130 156, 129 40, 206 8,627 8,534 749 1,184 224 1,934 194, 258 198, 030 2. 790 6,052 6,066 1, 145 4, £21 24, 474 86 8,746 145, 654 71 288 1.284 14 1,270 1,936 135 17,314 16, 079 989 2,091 3,598 389 3,209 3,579 11 417 7,269 9 61 860 2 858 122 2 491 529 5 32 125 25 100 92 1 249 1,548 66 341 6,330 345 5,985 900 18 200 11 192 2 19 2 3 4 23 508 5 503 9 5 6 19 12 87 8,703 5,011 1,642 1,846 7,185 7,13,3 52 292, 431 2 21 1.509 8 337 59 54 5 157, 210 11 778 630 390 343 1,427 1,408 19 38, 241 1 3 5 2 9 73 73 2 50 14 27 129 730 715 15 7,211 1 1 1 8 2 2 3 4 56 16 15 1 8,756 8 5 6 2,728 625 97 3,447 24,433 261, 790 1, 463 714 584 195 389 175, 371 458 1,662 154,691 34 255 110 1 109 57, 190 287 2,613 34,453 284 176 428 78 350 43, 159 58 77 8,406 2 43 170 3 499 6,260 10 27 412 39 373 4,266 19 12 2, 65S 1 11 609 1 94 2 3 4 6 32 1 31 945 4 1 5 2 1 1 172 6 170 6,612 1 477 1,066 4,456 168, 888 318 372 271 51 220 10, 967 15 449 56, 650 1 42 33 109 643 42, 032 110 77 188 17 171 3,480 8 20 3,786 30 81 341 8 333 2,280 1 5 445 1 12 13 29 6,543 1 916 2 170 3 4 3 37 1 27 1 1 5 6 33 502 37 33 27 8 13 493 1 26 390 4,926 884 684 4,057 4,031 26 37, 982 4 30 352 384 257 2,453 2,391 62 8,843 I 1 495 2 27 45 51 109 2, 075 2,004 71 6,182 3 7 5 10 471 471 S 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 3 6 4 527 3 194 5,145 455 66 388 6,675 9,172 4,710 6,133 10, 904 10, 564 340 420, 048 1 57 3,340 32 1,319 396 380 16 31, 209 69 632 1,371 1,063 1,474 4,234 3,882 352 31, 806 1 5 201 3 261 56 50 6 1,574 1 18 316 90 1,143 4,614 4,154 460 11,990 1 2 47 17 66 322 313 9 1,549 1 6 2 20 3 4 116 58 48 10 121 43 17 16 1 53 5 6 109 133, 750 247, 090 10, 457 7,945 20, 697 20,346 351 2 2,335 28, 660 2 158 52 37 15 11 13,518 14, 962 1,065 681 1,569 1,450 119 1 376 759 63 48 302 285 17 1 238 1,308 442 1,785 558 766 8,439 8,122 317 28 62 16 43 2 3 4 15 13 6 7 5 26 18 8 «> : 6 1 120 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Trade — Continued wholesale and retail tra DE— Continued* Wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) — Professional persons , Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other and not specified trade Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Public service (not elsewhere classified). Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Professional Service Professional service (except recreation and amusement) Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Recreation and amusement. Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen. , Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers*. Laborers Servant classes Domestic and Personal Service Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc. Professional persons. Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Domestic and personal service (not elsewhere classi- fied) Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total 5, 353, 165 5,127 1,674,247 2, 856, 735 91,322 441, 237 234, 497 262,817 21,680 85, 506 832 13, 686 67,229 787 1.495 1,477 1.257 220 1, 049, 576 47, 791 130, 448 182, 483 273, 678 222, 952 192, 224 168, 525 23, 699 2, 9B5, 742 2, 364, 847 15, 020 306, 080 15, 589 76, 842 187, 364 34. 454 152, 910 443, 205 243, 681 61, 493 34, 138 8,357 45, 843 49, 693 34, 829 14.864 1.357.381 412 222, 254 82, 874 8,844 17S, 70S 864. 229 20. 993 843, 236 3. 037, 568 132 8. 684 7. is: 859. 390 2, 162. 175 59. 108 2, 103, 067 Male 4, 125, 858 4,078 1, 561. 724 1,789,117 86, 554 414. 375 270. 010 253, 462 16, 548 54, 542 806 12, 774 37, 632 750 1,153 1,427 1,232 195 927, 882 43, 235 119, 665 88, 139 270, 338 219, 494 187,011 167, 416 19, 595 1,335,228 1, 036, 016 9,468 87,031 15, 514 41, 783 145, 416 32, 832 112, 584 312. 802 142, 944 59, 139 16,611 8,318 38, 855 46,935 34, 219 12, 716 693.220 332 164,936 47, 752 8,837 29.342 442, 021 18,909 423, 112 754, 448 Female 1, 227, 307 1.049 112.523 1, 067, 618 4,768 26,862 14,487 9, 355 5,132 30, 964 26 912 29.597 37 342 50 25 25 121,694 4.556 10. 783 94. 344 3.340 3,458 5.213 1,109 4,104 1. 630, 514 1, 328. 831 5.552 219, 049 75 35, 059 41, 948 1, 622" 40. 326 130. 403 100. 737 2,354 17, 527 39 6.9SS 2, 75S 610 2. 14S 664. 161 80 57. 318 35, 122 149, 426 422, 20S 2.0S4 420. 124 2.283. 120 102 4. S17 7, 175 406, 961 335, 393 56. 841 27S, 552 30 3.S67 12 452. 429 1, 826, 782 2,267 1,824,515 INDUSTRY 121 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex, States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 8, 110, 301 1, 079, 401 797, 939 123, 722 176, 161 16, 100 41,457 8,084 3,386 1,064,617 1,521,714 71, 283 312, 401 136, 900 131, 106 5,794 47, 165 920 79,618 964, 378 4,223 21,883 8,344 5,994 2,350 29, 190 639 454, 914 235, 716 13, 543 47, 336 45, 791 42, 026 3,765 6,589 116 27, 461 89, 781 509 3,046 2,809 1,905 904 1,591 38 26, 856 16, 381 1,379 49, 938 81,569 74, 906 6.663 613 9 4,250 7,750 25 995 3,071 1,227 1,844 149 15 15, 337 15, 306 349 4,700 5,750 5,424 326 170 4 1,164 5,703 11 933 263 229 34 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 746 11,030 32, 781 651 997 960 884 76 759, 766 25 832 27, 944 33 318 38 21 17 113, 139 58 1,647 4,525 92 104 163 132 31 101, 535 1 76 1,483 3 20 8 4 4 4,717 2 46 249 6 45 270 184 86 58, 962 1 4 139 51 77 1 7 34 32 2 7,619 31 1 2 3 4 2 4 5 4 3,521 317 40, 331 109, 546 78, 261 240, 796 190, 421 100,411 89, 765 10, 646 1, 078. 279 4, 038 10, 407 90, 685 2,964 2,728 2,337 474 1,863 1, 446. 909 2,638 9,344 5,574 25, 544 17, 726 40, 709 37, 853 2,856 177, 842 354 325 2,668 249 417 704 95 609 113.597 154 441 3,833 3,154 9,374 42, 006 36, 321 5, 685 71, 784 156 34 819 123 279 2,110 503 1,607 66, 479 112 334 471 844 1,973 3,885 3,477 408 7,323 8 17 192 4 34 62 37 25 3,529 1 2 3 4 5 6 863, 325 8,170 74, 787 11,590 33, 375 87, 032 20, 453 66, 579 227, 306 1, 185, 099 4,545 203, 284 65 27, 439 26, 477 1,081 25, 396 114.314 123, 736 1,180 10, 390 3, 576 6,383 32, 577 7,190 25, 387 51,322 85, 523 899 11,863 9 6,394 8,909 284 8,625 9,779 44, 352 96 1,422 264 1,761 23, 889 4,656 19, 233 29, 476 55, 609 106 3,415 1 1,053 6,295 241 6, 054 5,634 4,603 22 432 84 264 1,918 533 1,385 4,698 2,600 2 487 1 2 3 4 173 267 16 251 676 5 6 103, 263 45, 157 14, 344 6,922 29,424 28,196 24, 099 4,097 326. 010 88, 906 2,011 16, 006 31 5,791 1,569 415 1,154 454. 251 26, 903 10, 967 1.777 1,271 3,522 6,882 5,105 1,777 212, 367 7,108 268 1,086 8 661 648 81 567 96, 391 10, 492 2,173 29 r 104 5,328 11.088 4,504 6,584 122, 273 4,238 42 360 2,286 842 199 21 581 769 511 258 32, 570 485 33 75 1 2 3 4 466 528 107 421 105, 893 70 13 7 6 7,626 5 6 257 99, 705 38, 235 5,977 17, 865 163, 971 9,404 154, 567 358, 743 63 44. 076 30, 790 5 105, 156 274, 161 1,390 272, 771 931. 947 62 54, 568 8,106 2,558 8,775 138, 298 4,708 133, 590 184, 176 15 6,962 3,687 1 29, 149 56, 577 274 56, 303 343, 735 12 6,106 845 252 2,072 112, 986 3, 864 109, 122 192,421 2 5,501 513 1 4, 557 566 50 630 26, 766 933 25, 833 19, 108 1 779 132 1 1,976 4,738 43 4,695 25, 875 2 3 4 13, 145 86, 732 377 86, 355 981, 563 5 6 65 17 26 10 10 3 1 1 3,174 4, 595 2^5, 265 105, 644 22,113 83,631 3,308 6 335, 403 593, 213 1,083 592, 130 1,425 2,167 98, 116 82, 442 13, 362 69, 080 421 3 69, 469 273, 832 244 273, 588 187 398 58, 402 133, 424 20, 001 113, 423 125 3 44, 847 936, 585 907 935, 678 31 15 5,178 13, 883 1,365 12, 518 13 3 4 2,710 23, 152 33 23,119 5 6 122 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 31. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United INDUSTRY AND GROUP Domestic and Personal Service— Continued Laundries . Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers ... Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers - Laborers Servant classes Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops.... Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Not specified industries and services Professional persons Proprietors, managers, and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total 310, 379 174 24,54.5 25, 610 11,224 226, 512 22, 311 21,120 1,194 109, 245 117 22, 116 14, 259 1,464 65, 961 5,328 4,855 473 1, 337, 689 9,887 9,928 300,028 58, 966 230, 009 728, 871 715,413 13,458 Male 134, 733 154 22, 482 12, 639 8,465 77, 052 13, 946 12,828 1,118 78, 618 109 19,822 5,270 1,115 47, 633 4,669 4,216 453 1,101,680 9,455 9,064 110, 442 58,549 199, 848 714, 322 703, 997 10, 325 Female 175,641 20 2,063 12, 971 2,759 149, 460 8,368 8,292 76 30. 627 2,294 8,989 349 18,328 659 639 20 236, 009 432 864 189, 586 417 30,^161 14.549 11,416 3.133 INDUSTRY 123 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Color, Nativity, and Sex States: 1930 — Continued NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 84,261 105, 095 24, 5S0 18, 645 12, 788 47, 842 IS, 179 4,059 131 12, 153 18 1, 493 21 5,818 2 429 2 239 1 96 4,272 45 2 10, 775 1 1,887 1,615 880 126 164 123 40 3 6,469 2,319 1,602 351 339 80 55 9 4 47, 580 84, 443 1G, 367 16,318 8,106 44, 967 7,999 3,732 5 7,153 4,935 2,107 665 3,956 2,535 730 233 6 6,874 4,908 1,973 649 3,265 2,503 710 232 279 27 134 16 691 32 14 1 48, 124 28, 576 16, S78 8,490 18, 340 8,290 778 271 74 12, 486 8 1,896 27 5,431 7 1,659 1 246 1 305 75 18 2 4,529 8,287 644 603 81 81 16 18 3 806 281 263 58 42 8 4 2 4 27, S14 12, 660 9,445 2,472 9,902 2,973 472 223 5 2,415 444 566 52 1,649 153 39 10 6 2,358 434 520 48 1,302 147 36 10 57 762, 989 10 203, 701 46 156,910 4 21,877 347 148, 987 6 9,915 3 S2, 834 1,018 8,065 362 1,346 63 18 6 26 1 1 7,758 733 1,211 124 79 5 16 2 2 96, 812 173, 203 12, 168 15, 105 1,086 1,064 376 214 3 45, 976 351 10, 865 65 1,414 1 294 4 146, 854 21, 788 33, 243 4,590 16, 705 3,499 3,046 284 5 457, 504 7,264 98, 077 1,430 129, 665 5,340 29, 076 515 6 452, 795 5,504 95, 602 782 126, 682 4,626 28, 918 504 4,709 1.760 2,475 648 2,983 714 158 11 67555 0—38 9 124 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the. Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100. In addition, where "servant classes" constitutes less than 1 percent of the total for any specified industry, for both sexes, the percentages for "laborers" and "servant classes" have been omitted. The numbers for each of these subgroups of un- skilled workers are given in table 31] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE * NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 1 Male Fe- male Male Fe- male All industries 100.0 6.0 19.8 16.3 12.9 16.3 28.7 21.9 6.8 100.0 3.9 24.1 12.8 16.3 14.3 28.6 25.9 2.7 100.0 13.5 4.7 28.6 0.8 23.5 29.0 7.5 21.5 100.0 4.5 25.5 15.5 16.8 14.1 23.5 22.2 1.3 100.0 16.8 4.6 37.1 0.8 24.8 15.8 4.0 11.8 100.0 3.1 19.2 8.5 21.9 18.9 28.5 24.3 4.3 100.0 8.3 5.3 17.5 1.3 35.8 31.8 2.0 29.8 100.0 1.5 23.0 1.7 4.8 9.0 60.0 50.6 9.4 100.0 3.3 4.7 1.1 0.1 10.1 80.7 24.4 56.3 100.0 1.2 15.1 3.6 5.4 8.0 66.6 59.9 •6.7 100 0/ 1. Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials..... _ 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers.... 6. Unskihed workers... Laborers Servant classes 3.3 4.8 8.8 0.3 30.1 52.7 22.7 30 1 Agriculture . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100. 1C0. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 57.3 0.1 0.7 60.1 0.7 28.7 0.4 0.1 62.0 0.8 43.9 0.9 0.2 69.0 0.9 79.6 0.5 0.3 53.4 15.4 25.6 11.0 1 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 0.1 1.1 6. Unskilled workers 41.9 100.0 39.1 100. 70.7 100.0 37.2 100.0 54.9 100.0 30.0 100.0 19.7 46.5 100.0 84.8 73.2 100.0 88 8 Fishing 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 0.4 0.2 0.2 99.3 100.0 0.4 7.7 2.0 4.4 3.4 82.1 80.0 2.1 100.0 0.4 1.0 1.3 6.6 0.5 90.2 90.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 99.4 0.4 7.7 1.9 4.4 3.4 82.2 80.8 1.4 100.0 0.4 1.0 1.1 6.6 0.5 90.4 90.4 31.5 68.5 100.0 0.1 1.3 19.6 0.6 78.4 4.7 73.7 100.0 1.8 1.0 86.9 0.2 0.3 9.8 8.5 1.3 100.0 1.4 0.7 94.4 3.5 2.1 1.4 100.0 4.5 91.1 0.9 3.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 99.3 100.0 0.5 10.1 2.4 5.2 4.3 77.4 76.2 1.2 100.0 0.6 1.3 1.6 8.7 0.7 87.1 87.1 100.0 3.2 1.3 3.5 19.2 2.0 70.8 70.8 100.0 2.5 4.9 1.0. 9.6 2.0 79.9 100.0 3.7 1.6 5.7 22.3 1.7 65.1 44.0 56.0 100.0 0.1 1.6 26.0 0.5 71.9 4.0 67.8 100.0 1.6 1.0 90.6 0.2 0.3 6.2 5.8 0.4 100.0 0.8 0.8 97.0 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 99.5 100.0 0.3 4.4 1.2 4.6 1.2 88.3 85.7 2.6 100.0 6.1 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 100.0 0.1 0.1 99.8 100.0 5. Semiskilled workers 8= Unskilled workers... . 100.0 99.9 100.0 Forestry ... 1 . Professional persons ...... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 1.0 7.3 ~9L7~ 1.0 90.6 0.4 0.2 0.6 2.2 96.7 96.0 0.6 100.0 1.6 98.4 7.6 90.9 2.4 0.3 1.1 0.8 95.3 94.2 1.0 100.0 6. Unskilled workers . Laborers Servant classes Extraction of Minerals Goal mines. ,«._ 1. Professional persons 0.1 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 0.5 0.2 3.5 0.2 95.4 95.4 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 0.2 1.1 0.3 9S.3 98.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.8 0.2 98.9 98.9 0.1 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Copper mines.. 100.0 1.9 1.0 2.5 13.9 1.7 79.0 78.9 0.1 100.0 2.2 4.4 1.1 8.7 1.9 81.8 100. 1.9 0.8 3.1 15.6 1.0 77.5 100.0 1.9 1.0 2.2 13.9 1.7 79.2 79.2 0.1 100.0 2.2 4.4 0.9 8.7 1.8 82.1 100.0 1.9 0.8 2.8 15.6 1.1 77.8 100.0 0.7 0.6 0.9 10.6 1.8 85.4 85.2 0.1 100.0 1.4 3.4 0.6 7.2 1.7 85. : 100.0 0.6 0.3 0.6 12.8 0.7 85.0 100.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 3.3 0.7 95.1 95.1 1 Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Gold and silver mines 100.0 0.4 0.3 0.1. 1.9 0.3 97.1 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Iron mines 100.0 1. Professional persons.. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 0.1 1.4 5. Semiskilled workers. . 1 0.2 1 98.3 6. Unskilled workers INDUSTRY 125 Table 32, — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total 100.0 1.6 1.7 2.4 13.8 1.4 79.0 100.0 1.9 3.1 2.9 13.4 2.6 76.2 76.1 0.1 100.0 6.2 5.6 5.3 12.0 1.5 69.4 100.0 0i4 4.6 3.0 16.5 8.1 67.5 100.0 1.3 7.8 7.4 25.7 3.8 54.1 100.0 1.5 4.3 14.2 16.3 3.3 60.5 100.0 0.8 6.7 1.8 71.4 2.6 16.6 16.6 Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Extraction of Minerals— Con. Lead, and zinc mines ... 100.0 1.6 1.7 2.2 13.9 1.4 79.3 100.0 1.8 3.1 2.3 13.5 2.6 76.7 76.6 0.1 100, 6.3 5.7 3.7 12.2 1.5 70.7 100.0 0.4 4.6 2.2 16.6 8.1 68.0 100. 1.3 7.9 5.8 26.1 3.9 55.0 100. 1.6 4.8 10.8 18.0 3.6 61.2 100.0 0.8 6.8 0.9 72.1 2.6 16.8 16.7 100,0 4.9 78.0 0.8 0.8 15.4 13.8 1.6 100.0 1.8 2.3 92.2 0.7 3.0 100.0 0.1 3.3 92.9 0.2 0.1 3.3 100.0 0.7 2.0 96.6 0.6 100. 0.3 0.4 43.2 1.6 54.5 100.0 0.3 2.3 88.9 6.7 0.2 1.6 0.5 1.1 100.0 2.0 1.2 84.5 1.6 6.0 4.8 100.0 1.6 1.8 2.5 15.0 1.4 77.7 100.0 2.5 4.0 3.1 17.2 3.2 70.0 70.0 100.0 5.5 82.7 ~"6.~9~ 10.9 10.9 100. 1.3 1.6 0.8 8.3 1.3 86.8 100. 1.2 4.1 1.5 12.1 0.9 80.2 80.2 100. 0.7 1 Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3! Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5 Semiskilled workers 0.2 2.5 0.7 95.8 100.0 6 Unskilled workers ... Other specified mines 1 Professional persons 100.0 ....^ 2. Props., mgrs., and officials — 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5 Semiskilled workers.. "I.T 1.1 97.6 97.2 0.4 100. © "o.r 0.7 2.2 1.5 95.4 100.0 ...... 0.5 3.2 1.2 95.1 95.0 0.1 100.0 0.6 0.9 0.4 5.7 1.1 91,1 100.0 6. Unskilled workers . Laborers .... Servant classes Not specified mines...... ... 1 Pro fessional persons . 100.0 7.8 6.6 4.6 14.0 1.7 65.4 100.0 0.5 5.9 3.0 18.4 10.0 62.2 100.0 1.3 7.9 5.8 26.3 3.8 54.9 100.0 2.0 6.2 14.0 20.9 3.8 53.1 100.0 1.0 7.4 1.2 75.8 3.1 11.5 11.4 100.0 5.1 3.7 12.3 28.6 18.5 31.8 100.0 1.7 2.3 93.4 0.6 2,1 100.0 0.1 3.1 95.6 0.3 0.1 0.8 100.0 0.7 2.0 96.8 0.5 100.0 0.3 0.4 45.8 1.3 52.1 100.0 0.3 2.2 89.8 6.5 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.7 100.0 2.2 1,3 92.8 1.8 0.9 0.9 100.0 4.0 5.2 2.2 9.9 0.9 77.8 100.0 0.2 2.8 0.7 19.4 3.0 73.8 100.0 3.7 10.3 6.2 28.0 3.4 48.5 100.0 1.3 2.3 4.1 14.7 4.1 73.5 100.0 0.5 6.8 0.4 70.7 1.5 20.2 20.2 100.0 1.3 1.0 1.8 16.8 15.3 63.8 ._._., 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5 Semiskilled workers. ..... 6. Unskilled workers Quarries .. 1. Professional persons .... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers.. __ ._ ...... 0.1 0.2 2.9 3.6 93.2 100.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 5.1 9.8 83.9 100.0 0.2 0.2 2.5 8.5 88.5 100.O 0.7 2.3 3.7 19.9 5.0 68.3 100.0 ::::: 6. Unskilled workers _-«.____ Oil wells and gas wells.. _„. 1. Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.,.. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers ..... 6. Unskilled workers Salt wells and works........ 1. Professional persons ..... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers ... 100.0 0.4 3.2 84.9 7.5 0.3 3.7 0.9 2.8 1.7 3.5 2.0 92.8 100.0 100.0 0.4 2.9 0.4 96.3 100.0 0.2 1.3 0.2 48.9 2.3 47.2 47.1 0.1 100.0 0.5 6. Unskilled workers .... Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries Building industry... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 1.4 0.1 43.2 2.1 53.3 53.2 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.6 34.4 18.0 1.6 44.4 12.8 31.6 E 6. Unskilled workers . Laborers Servant classes CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Charcoal and coke works... 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 100.0 3.0 2.2 8.8 19.7 17.2 49.0 100.0 3.1 2.2 7.1 20.1 17.5 50.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers ...... 0.3 2.2 17.0 80.4 ...... "I.T 23.6 74.7 _____ 6. Unskilled workers ..... 126 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [S ee note at head of this table. INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUS- TRIES— Continued Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories... 1. Professional persons LOO.O 3.7 3.2 14.9 16.7 33.9 27.7 100.0 0.7 4.9 12.9 6.3 9.3 65.8 100.0 2.1 4.0 31.0 18.9 16.2 27.8 26.9 0.9 100.0 3.9 9.7 32.1 8.1 28.1 18.1 100.0 3.8 4.5 21.0 23.8 20.3 26.6 100.0 2.3 0.8 5.4 12.8 63.4 15.4 100.0 2.7 6.0 30.5 11.8 26.1 22.9 22.1 0.8 100.0 7.7 7.6 26.2 12.7 22.5 23.3 100.0 4.6 4.1 11.8 21.3 26.5 31.7 100.0 0.8 5.0 10.9 6.5 9.4 67.5 100.0 2.3 4.3 23.3 21.1 18.1 30.9 30.1 0.8 100.0 4.6 11.2 24.5 9.3 29.7 20.7 100.0 4.0 4.7 16.6 25.3 21.2 28.1 100.0 3.4 1.2 5.3 18.8 49.5 21.8 ICO.O 3.2 7.3 24.5 14.5 22.7 27.7 26.8 1.0 100.0 9.3 9.0 18.5 15.3 19.9 28.0 100. 0.5 0.3 25.4 0.8 59.3 13.8 100.0 0.1 1.8 80.9 0.2 6.5 10.4 100.0 0.2 0.7 97.2 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.1 1.0 100.0 0.3 1.4 75.2 1.2 18.9 3.0 100.0 0.8 0.8 90.9 0.3 4.9 2.3 100.0 0.3 0.1 5.6 2.3 87.5 4.2 100.0 0.6 1.2 52.7 1.9 38.6 5.1 4.8 0.3 100.0 1.6 1.9 56.6 2.4 32.8 4.7 100.0 5.3 4.3 14.0 22.4 26.1 27.9 100.0 2.1 14.4 30.5 15.9 11.9 25.2 100. 2.8 5.5 29.0 22.6 19.4 20.7 20.3 0.4 100.0 5.3 13.3 29.8 9.4 27.9 14.3 100.0 4.5 5.5 19.5 27.0 22.7 20.9 100.0 3.3 1.1 5.5 19.1 51.9 19.1 100.0 3.8 8.7 30.5 15.3 21.2 20.5 20.0 0.5 100.0 10.8 10.8 23.1 16.6 20.0 18.7 100.0 0.4 0.3 27.2 0.8 57.2 14.0 100.0 0.1 2.0 95.0 0.3 1.5 i.a 100.0 0.2 0.7 97.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 100.0 0.3 1.3 77.6 1.2 17.1 2.4 100.0 0.8 0.8 92.1 0.3 4.5 1.6 100.0 0.3 0.1 5.6 2.2 87.6 4.2 100.0 0.6 1.2 55.1 1.8 37.0 4.3 4.2 0.1 100.0 1.5 1.9 58.9 2.4 31.2 4.0 100.0 2.3 3.9 3.9 20.1 29.1 40.7 100.0 1.2 5.5 9.9 13.3 14.8 55.3 100.0 1.1 1.4 8.5 20.7 16.8 51.4 50.2 1.2 100.0 2.9 6.1 11.1 10.4 36.0 33.4 100.0 3.0 2.4 6.1 26.2 18.2. 44.1 100.0 7.9 3.9 5.7 23.1 40.0 19.4 100.0 1.7 4.1 9.1 13.9 27. 2 44 42.6 1.3 100.0 7.1 6.1 8.6 15.2 20.8 42.2 100.0 0.7 100.0 0.4 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.-,.] 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers. _—.-—._ 6. Unskilled workers ... 10.1 0.5 79.0 9.7 0.7 3.5 16.4 78.9 100.0 100.0 0.9 2.7 50.0 46.4 100.0 Fertilizer factories..... 1. Professional persons ... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.— 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers. ...... ... 6. Unskilled workers .. 2.0 5.3 0.4 38.5 53.7 100.0 0.3 0.1 2.7 6.4 6.8 83.7 83.2 0.4 100.0 0.5 0.5 3.4 2.9 27.7 65.0 100.0 0.7 0.3 2.3 10.5 13.2 73.0 100. 0.4 0.8 88.4 0.6 1.0 8.9 0.4 8.5 100.0 0.7 1.6 55.7 2.1 34.3 5.6 100.0 0.9 1.4 75.1 1.4 12.2 9.1 100.0 0.2 0.4 1.1 7.3 91.2 100.0 0.1 "IT 5.4 7.9 85.4 79.5 5.8 100.0 0.5 0.1 2.4 2.7 30.6 63.7 100.0 0.1 "b'V 3.1 8.2 87.9 100.0 1.7 "325* 65.8 Gas works . . 1. Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . _ 5. Semiskilled workers ... 6. Unskilled workers Laborers _ Servant classes ....... Paint and varnish factories - 1 . Professional persons ...... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials — 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers.. .... 6. Unskilled workers... .... Petroleum re fineries... ... 1. Professional persons _. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 6. Semiskilled workers... 6. Unskilled workers Rayon factories „ 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . _ 4.6 4.4 88.4 2.4 100.0 0.5 1.9 32.1 2.6 52.7 10.2 8.3 1.9 100.0 2.4 2.2 39. S 2.4 46.2 7.0 0.1 4.0 9.6 86.3 100.0 1.0 0.2 4.4 1.9 24.5 68.0 59.7 8.3 100.0 1.7 0.4 3.2 2.6 16.2 75.9 5. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers Soap factories _ 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers. Servant classes Other chemical factories. .. 1. Professional persons 100.0 0.9 0.7 24.1 0.7 42.3 31.2 100.0 4.1 3.3 7.0 3.5 17.0 65.2 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen _ 5. Semiskilled workers INDUSTRY 127 Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued Cigar and tobacco factories . 1. Professional persons 100.0 0.1 3.1 8.0 4.1 70.3 14.3 100.0 0.7 4.6 5.7 8.3 16.3 64.4 100.0 0.9 3.1 9.0 13.2 44.0 29.8 100.0 2.2 6.1 9.3 15.3 18,7 48.4 100.0 2.6 7.7 9;1 45. 4 18.7 16.5 LOO.O 1.0 3.3 7.1 6.2 55.7 26.7 100.0 1.0 4.0 16.7 3.6 71.8 2.8 2.4 0.4 100.0 0.1 6.5 12.3 7.8 52.4 20.9 100.0 0.7 4.7 3.9 8.6 15.6 66.5 100.0 1.0 3.5 6.4 15.0 42.0 32, 1 100. 2.2 6.2 6.9 15.8 18.9 49.9 100. 2.6 7.8. 6.3 46.9 19.3 17.0 100.0 1.1 4.0 5.6 7.5 50.7 31.1 100.0 3.1 15.6 27.8 9.9 35.7 7.9 6.1 1.8 100.0 0.1 4.1 0.8 86.5 8. 4 100. 0.6 1.1 46.3 0.6 33.1 18.3 100.0 0.3 0.3 28.6 1.3 57.6 13.9 100.0 0.2 2.4 79.0 0.5 11.7 6.1 100.0 1.4 5.0 91.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 100.0 0.4 0.4 12.6 1.6 74.8 10.3 100.0 0.6 1.6 14.4 2.4 79.1 1.8 1.7 0.1 100. 0.2 8.4 19.1 11.1 50.0 11.2 100.0 0.9 6.5 5.7 10.6 16.4 59.8 100.0 1.1 3.6 7.5 15.8 42.5 29.4 100. 3.1 8.0 9.7 19.5 19.4 40.3 100.0 3.3 9.0 8.7 43.0 19.8 16.1 100.0 1.2 4.3 6.5 7.9 51.4 28.7 100.0 2.7 15.6 30.8 9.5 35.4 6.0 5.0 1.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 8.1 5.8 4.8 74.7 6.5 100.0 0.6 2.8 1.4 8.0 18.1 69.0 100.0 0.9 3.8 2.8 14 6 43.8 34.3 100.0 1.0 4.3 2.0 12.9 20.7 59.1 100.0 1.4 6.2 1.6 58.8 18.4 13.5 100.0 0.8 3.4 3.2 7.1 53.7 31.8 100.0 4.7 16.4 17.6 11.3 37.9 12.1 9.0 3.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. © 2. Props, mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskil]ed workers.. 6. Unskilled workers.... CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE INDUSTRIES Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories 0.1 6.0 1.2 87.2 5.5 100. 0.5 1.2 48.9 0.7 32.7 15.9 100.0 0.3 0.1 2.1 0.6 94. 3 2.9 100.0 1.7 0.4 31.7 42.2 23.9 100.0 0.4 0.6 21.9 1.5 61.3 14.3 100.0 5.1 51.7 ~26.y 16.5 100.0 1.8 10.1 83.5 0.9 3.7 100.0 0.6 0.4 6.8 1.7 79.3 11.2 100.0 0.5 1.6 8.4 1.8 85.8 2.0 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.9 2.2 37.8 59.0 100.0 "b"i 1.8 9.4 88.6 100.0 0.1 ~~6~9~ 2.9 24.9 71.1 100. 0.1 0.2 0.3 3.0 16.7 79.7 100.0 6.3 0.1 80.9 18.7 100.0 "I~8~ ~18.~9~ 79.3 100.0 1.8 2.5 1.4 83.9 10.4 100.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 3.7 14.0 81.5 100.0 ~~6.~7 0.2 82.0 17.1 1. Professional persons ._ 2. Props., mgrs., and officials—. 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers .. ..... 6. Unskilled workers Glass factories .. 1. Professional persons . ... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. .Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. 'Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers ... lime, cement, and artift~ 1. Professional persons 0. 28 1 56 13 100 2 83 9 4 100 1 4 92 100 13 1 73 10 100 8 1 3 9 2 3 2 5 6 1 3 7 5 4 6 5 4 4 5 6 9 3 "o.q 66.5 32.9 0.2 1.7 5.0 28.8 64.3 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers . 0.3 0.2 2.3 10.0 87.1 100.0 — - 6. Unskilled workers Marble and stone yards 1. Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials ... 0.1 0.4 19.2 17.6 62.7 100.0 "~6.T 2.2 22.6 74.5 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers.. _. 6. Unskilled workers _ 2.6 39.7 27.6 30.2 100.0 0.5 1.5 0.7 0.7 23.7 72.8 _.__. Potteries. ..... 100.0 I. Professional persons _ 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers CLOTHING INDUSTRIES Corset factories . _ . ... "a « ~99.*1 0.5 1. Professional persons 0.7 1.7 15.6 2.5 77.8 1.7 1.7 0.1 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. ._ 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in' Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER races Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries—Continued CLOTHING INDUSTRIES— COntd, Glove factories.... _.__„ 100.0 100.0 0.1 9.3 10.6 6.2 65.9 8.0 100.0 0.3 6.3 8.0 4.5 75.7 5.2 100.0 0.4 8.9 12.9 7.3 56.0 14.5 13.3 1.2 100.0 0.6 6.5 2.6 65.9 23.0 1.4 100.0 2.7 15.2 13.2 3.8 61.5 3.6 2.4 1.2 100. 0.1 8.0 12.5 2.9 70.7 5.8 4.S 1.0 100.0 0.8 13.5 34.0 7.3 39.4 24.9 100.0 "6"2~ 4.8 1.8 89.1 4.0 100.0 2.0 0.4 13.1 2.0 80.6 1.8 100.0 0.1 4.4 2.0 89.9 3.6 3.6 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.4 6.0 26.0 65.9 1.6 100.0 1.6 0.7 6.0 1.4 89.2 1.1 1.1 100.0 0.1 4.2 28.8 2.0 60.4 4.4 3.9 0.5 100.0 0.6 4.7 51.5 0.5 35.2 7.4 1G0.0 0.1 9.2 12.3 6.7 62.9 8.9 100.0 0.4 5.6 11.5 5.7 72.2 4.6 100.0 0.4 8.3 15.5 8.3 53.8 13.7 13.0 0.7 100.0 0.7 8.4 8.6 49.7 29.4 3.2 100.0 2.2 14.2 24.1 5.2 50.3 4.0 3.5 0.5 100.0 0.1 7.6 17.9 3.6 65.5 5.3 5.0 0.3 100.0 0.9 13.9 14.5 7.1 39.2 21.5 100.0 0.2 5.0 1.9 88.5 4.4 100.0 2.0 0.4 15,1 2.0 78.9 1.6 ico.o 0.1 4.6 2.0 89.5 3.7 3.7 100.0 0.1 0.4 7.4 23.0 67.2 2.0 100.0 1.7 0.7 7.6 1.6 87.2 1.3 1.3 100.0 0.1 3.7 31.5 2.1 58.6 4.0 3.7 0.2 100.0 0.6 4.8 52.1 0.5 34.6 7.3 100.0 0.1 9.9 5.2 4.6 76.6 3.5 100.0 0.2 7.5 2.7 3.0 82.5 4.0 ioo.o 0.4 14.4 7.8 6.1 66.4 4.9 4.1 0.8 100.0 0.6 6.2 0.6 71.9 20.3 0.3 100.0 3.3 17.2 4.7 3.0 70.5 1.2 1.0 0.3 100.0 9.7 4.4 1.9 80.4 3.6 3.0 0.6 100.0 0.7 13.1 12.7 8.7 42.2 22.5 i 100.0 0.1 0.2 3.4 1.2 93.3 1.7 100.0 2.1 0.5 7.0 2.1 86.4 1.9 100. 100.0 1. Professional persons.. . 2. Props., ingrs., and officials 3.3 6.7 3.3 81.3 5.4 100.0 0.8 4. 5 9.6 3.8 77.2 4.2 0.1 2.4 6.6 3.4 81.1 6.4 6.1 0.3 100.0 0.5 4.8 3. 5 54.9 34.8 1.5 100.0 1.9 4.9 §.1 2.1 81.2 1.8 1.5 0.4 100.0 0.1 7.5 14.8 2.8 69.2 5.6 4.7 0.9 100.0 0.8 32.3 19.3 6.4 38.9 22.4 .3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 100.0 "b~¥ 14.4 1.4 47.2 36.7 100.0 1.6 0.4 95.1 2.9 100.0 1.1 -. 100.0 100.0 0.4 „.».,«, 10.3 0.5 4.7 1.3 2.1 0.3 46.3 87.4 36.3 10.5 100.0 0.5 vs >«. n->-*« 36.4 -^..ao 130 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued IRON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND VEHICLE INDUSTRIES Agricultural implement factories '.. 100.0 1.5 3.9 21.2 30.6 21.2 21.6 100.0 1.6 1.9 10.3 31.9 34.1 20.3 100.0 0.1 8.9 2.4 ?4.1 9.5 5.0 100.0 2.0 1.7 9.3 25.2 19.5 42.3 100.0 0.5 0.4 3.5 45.0 33.1 17.6 17.3 0.2 100.0 2.0 1.7 5.5 44.7 26.8 19.4 19.2 0.2 100.0 0.4 6.2 7. 3 29.5 39.9 16.6 100.0 1.5 4.1 17.7 32.5 21.5 22.7 100.0 1.7" 2.0 7.7 34.1 33.3 21.2 100.0 0.1 9.0 1.2 75.1 9.5 5.1 100.0 2.0 1.7 7.4 25.9 19.6 43.4 100.0 0.5 0.4 3.0 45.4 33.2 17.6 17.4 0.2 100.0 2.0 1.7 4.3 45.3 27.1 19.7 19.5 0.2 100.0 0.4 6.6 5.0 30.7 39.6 17.7 100.0 0.4 0.7 77.2 0.3 16.5 4.9 100.0 0.3 0.3 44.3 2.8 44.1 8.2 100.0 3.6 91.4 1.0 2.8 1.3 100.0 1.3 0.5 73.6 0.6 17.0 7.1 100.0 0.9 0.3 61.8 1.7 22.0 13.3 11.6 1.6 100.0 1.6 0.7 87.9 0.6 6.0 3.1 2.0 1.0 100.0 1.2 39.3 12.1 45.3 2.2 100.0 1.7 4.9 21.6 31.4 21.3 19.1 100.0 2.0 2.6 9.9 35.5 34.6 15.4 100.0 0.1 9.6 1.4 75.8 9.1 4.1 100.0 3.1 2.6 11.5 31.2 20.7 30.9 100.0 0.6 0.4 3.7 49.6 33.1 12.5 12.4 0.1 100.0 2.4 2.2 5.8 47.6 27.6 14.3 14.2 0.1 100.0 0.5 7.5 6.7 29.7 38.0 100.0 0.4 0.8 80.8 0.1 14.1 3.9 100.0 0.3 0.3 47.5 2.7 42.0 7.1 100.0 3.4 92.6 0.9 2.2 0.8 100.0 1.3 0.6 77.5 0.6 15.5 4.6 100.0 i.o 0.3 71.7 1.2 19.3 6.4 5.6 0.8 100.0 1.5 0.7 91.3 0.3 4.9 1.2 0.6 0.7 100.0 1.0 46.9 10. S 39.4 100.0 1.1 1.5 5.2 38.3 22.9 31.0 100.0 1.3 0.8 3.7 34.4 32.9 26.8 100.0 0.1 9.0 0.7 74.4 11.5 4.3 100.0 0.9 0.7 2.1 22.6 19.5 54.2 100.0 0.4 0.2 1.1 42.7 36.7 18.9 18.6 tf.3 100.0 1.6 1.2 1.7 51.5 25.8 18.3 18.1 0.1 100.0 0.3 5.1 1.2 34.2 46.8 12.3 100.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 0.7 1. Professional persons ... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 32.2 1.9 49.5 16.3 100.0 0.4 0.2 25.2 3.7 58.1 12.4 100. 2.2 16.7 17.3 63.7 100.0 WO.O 2.9 16.1 18.2 62.0 100.0 0.6 6. Unskilled workers Automobile factories ... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.-. 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers.. Automobile repair shops... 0.8 11.2 17.3 70.6 100.0 2.4 2.0 33.7 62.0 1.4 16.0 29.4 52.7 100.0 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. „ 5. Semiskilled workers ..... 7.0 85.4 1.8 5.8 100.0 1.3 0.5 45.0 0.6 31.3 21.2 100.0 1.3 1.3 0.1 66.3 10.1 22.2 100.0 100.0 0.9 2.4 0.7 65.9 22. 2 8.8 100.0 0.1 Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills 1. Professional persons ..... 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers- . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers. 0.5 6.6 14.4 78.4 100.0 1.8 0.6 29.9 66.8 100.0 0.4 5.6 7.9 86.0 100.0 0.1 6. Unskilled workers . Car and railroad shops 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . 21.2 5.8 42.9 28.8 22.1 6.6 100.0 4.0 1.0 69.0 3.0 16.0 7.0 3.0 4.0 100.0 0.8 14.2 25.4 59.6 0.8 0.8 20.6 77.9 1.1 28.2 27.8 42.7 42.5 0.3 100.0 0.5 ..... Laborers 58.1 1 73.3 Servant classes. — Ship and boat building 1. Professional persons 1.5 100.0 4.6 ..... 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen— 6. Semiskilled workers 0.7 9.6 27.6 62.0 61.0 1.0 100.0 1.7 14.6 21.6 61.5 61.0 0.5 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Wagon and carriage fac- tories - . . ..... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 1.7 9.9 17.4 67.8 3.3 0.3 0.7 23.1 15.4 60.5 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers... 17.6 1.9 INDUSTRY 131 Table 32.— Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930— Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES- Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued IRON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND VEHICLE INDUSTRIES— -COD. Other iron and steel and machinery factories 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers ..... 100.0 2.6 4.0 12.8 39.9 25.4 15.3 100.0 1.2 3.0 6.6 35.1 21.9 32.2 100.0 1.5 3.6 12.2 29.9 29.9 22.9 100.0 0.9 2.6 11.9 13.4 64.4 6.9 100.0 3.0 1.9 8.5 26.0 17.5 43.1 100.0 1.5 3.6 15.1 25.6 46.4 7.8 100.0 1.1 6.0 14.8 32.0 44.6 1.6 100.0 2.8 2.6 9.7 17.4 13.5 54.0 100.0 2.8 4.3 9.2 43.2 24.3 16.2 100.0 1.2 3.1 4.6 36.5 21.3 33.2 100.0 1.6 3.9 8.8 33.1 27.8 24.8 100. 1.3 4.0 7.9 20.4 59.0 7.4 100.0 3.0 1.9 6.5 26.9 17.5 44.2 100.0 1.8 4.5 9.7 31.4 43.7 9.0 100.0 1.3 8.2 8.6 42.0 37.9 2.1 100.0 2.9 2.6 7.1 18.1 13.1 56.2 100.0 0.4 0.8 54.5 1.1 38.5 4.7 100. 0.4 0.9 51.6 1.1 37.2 8.8 100.0 0.5 0.6 42.8 1.1 49.1 5.9 100.0 0.2 0.2 18.7 1.2 73.9 5.8 100.0 1.6 0.3 68.5 0.4 19.0 10.2 100.0 0.5 0.4 35.0 3.1 57.3 2.8 100.0 0.7 0.5 29.9 7.4 60.9 0.6 100.0 1.2 0.9 69.7 1.5 22.8 3.9 100 3 5 11 43 24 12 100 1 4 7 39 24 23 100 2 5 13 35 28 15 100 1 3 9 21 57 6 100 4 2 10 33 20 28 100. 2 5 13 3i 41. 7. 100. 1. 8 10. 39 39 1. 100. 3 3 9 20 13 48 . .3 ,2 -S .1 .4 .3 Q h A 2 .3 .1 .1 4 6 1 1 8 4 9 5 1 3 8 8 9 6 7 1 2 2 5 2 9 2 7 8 5 5 8 8 7 100.0 0.4 0.8 58.5 1.0 35.3 4.0 100.0 0.4 0.9 57.7 1.0 33.8 6.1 100.0 0.5 0.6 48.3 1.2 44.6 4.7 100.0 0.2 0.2 20.3 1.1 71.9 6.2 100.0 1.5 0.3 70.5 0.3 18.3 9.1 100.0 0.4 0.5 39.1 2.9 54.5 2.5 100.0 0.7 0.5 31.9 6.9 59.5 0.5 100.0 1.1 1.0 73.0 1.4 20.3 3.1 100.0 1.8 2.5 3.3 47.0 25.2 20.2 100. 0.7 2.0 1.8 39.4 20.5 35.7 100.0 0.6 1.6 2.9 31.6 28.6 34.6 100.0 0.8 4; 3 3.4 18.4 64.1 9.1 100.0 1.4 1.3 2.1 25.4 14.5 55.3 100.0 1.3 3:i 3.6 29.7 49.7 12.5 100.0 1.4 8.7 3.8 47.7 36.0 2.4 100.0 0.9 0.9 1.9 14.6 13.0 68.7 100.0 0.5 0.6 26.6 1.3 63.6 7.4 100. C 0.1 0.8 23.3 1.6 60.9 13.2 100.0 0.5 0.4 15.4 0.6 72.6 10.5 100.0 0.1 0.3 9.1 1.4 85.5 3.5 100.0 0.1 100.0 0.3 100.0 0.7 0.4 2.2 34.1 20.7 41.9 100.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 14.7 10.9 73.5 100.0 0.5 0.5 2.6 23.2 23.2 50.0 1.0 20.7 17.4 60.8 100.0 "6.T 17.7 10.9 70.9 100.0 "IT 16.4 14.8 67.7 2.7 0.4 52.4 44.3 100. ~~2.~7~ 0.5 28.6 68.1 ..... Hot specified metal indus» tries .-..„_.-.._.... 1 . Professional persons . ..... 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. ...... METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL) Brass mills.. 1 . Professional persons ..... 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen— 5. Semiskilled workers.... ..... 6. Unskilled workers.... Clock anu watch factories.. 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers... 6. Unskilled workers ......... Copper factories . 100.0 100.0 0.3 1. Professional Dersons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.. Gold and silver factories... 1. Professional persons ..... 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials.... 100.0 0.6 1.1 6.4 8.5 84.0 ...... 0.7 8.1 16.5 74.3 100.0 0.4 ..... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 18.2 2.9 74.7 3.7 100.0 0.7 0.6 19.4 9.4 68.7 1.3 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers . ... 79.4 2.7 17.5 100.0 0.7 2.2 4.4 75.6 14.1 3.0 100.0 0.3 6. Unskilled workers. Jewelry factories 100.0 0.7 0.7 28.7 20.3 22.4 27.3 100.0 1. Professional persons .. ._ 2. Props., mgrs. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers jLead and zinc factories 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled 'workers 0.6 3.5 7.7 88.1 "2T 4.7 92.9 132 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 82„ — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP EanufacSuring and Mechanical -Continued METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT ieon and steel)— continued Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories . ...... 1. Professional persons. .. . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials..— 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. .. 6. Unskilled . workers. ........... Other metal. factories ... 1. Professional persons... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials— 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.... LEATHER INDUSTRIES Harness and saddle fac- tories . Professional persons. .._.___ .. Props., mgrs., and officials- Clerks and kindred workers. . Skilled workers and foremen- Semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers.. .......... leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories Professional persons... Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen... Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. Shoe factories.... _ Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen- Semiskilled workers.. Unskilled workers. Tanneries. Professional persons. Props., mgrs. and officials.. Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories 1. Professional persons.... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled-workers Total 100.0 1.1 5.3 10. 6 32.1 28.7 22.1 100 2.5 4.6 13. 6 17.2 41.3 20.9 100.0 0.1 6.7 4.5 3.3 79.7 5.8 100.0 0.7 7.2 15.4 5.3 63. 6 7.7 100. 0.3 1.8 8.0 4.5 78.0 7.5 100.0 0.6 2.9 7.4 6.8 52.0 30.3 100.0 0.3 5.9 12.1 8.1 61.0 12.5 Male Fe- male 100.0 100.0 1.3 0.2 6.2 0.4 8.0 25.7 37.5 1.1 23.4 59.6 23.7 13.1 100.0 100.0 2.9 0.5 5.5 0.7 9.4 31.9 20.7 1.7 37.1 59.5 24.3 5.8 100.0 100.0 0.1 7.0 1.3 3.3 28,5 3.4 1.1 80.6 61.9 5.7 7.2 100.0 100.0 0.9 0.3 9.9 0.6 12.7 22.0 6.6 1.9 60.2 72.2 9.6 3.0 100.0 100. 0.3 0.1 2.8 0.1 6.1 11.2 6.2 1.5 75.5 82.2 9.0 4.8 100.0 100.0 0.6 0.3 3.2 0.2 5.2 27.2 7.4 1.2 50.8 62.3 32.7 8.9 100.0 100.0 0.3 0.2 7.0 0.7 9.2 27.2 9.4 1.0 60.3 64.7 13.7 6.2 NATIVE WHITE Male 500. 1 6 0.1 7.0 4.0 3.9 79.4 5.6 100. 1.0 10.8 20.1 7.8 52.2 8.1 100. 0.3 6.9 73.1 9.2 100.0 0.8 4.4 7.7 8.9 47.4 30.6 100.0 0.4 6.4 11.5 9.8 59.1 12.9 .Fe- male .00. 0.2 0.4 27.9 1.1 12.4 100.0 0.4 0.6 33.8 1.7 57.9 5.6 100.0 FOREIGN- BORN WHITE Male 1.2 30.0 1.2 62.4 5.2 100.0 0.3 0.5 25.3 2.0 68.7 3.2 100.0 0.1 0.1 12.1 1.6 81.0 5.1 100.0 0.3 0.2 32.7 1.3 57.5 8.0 100.0 0.2 0.6 30.1 1.1 62.1 5.9 100. 0.9 5.4 3.3 39.2 21.6 29.6 100. Q 1.7 4.7 4.2 21.3 38.9 29.3 100. 7.3 1.1 2.1 86.7 2.8 100.0 0.9 9.3 4.1 5.3 71.1 9.4 100.0 0.4 2.8 2.1 4.5 S3. 8 6.4 100.0 0.3 1.9 2.0 6.0 59.7 30.2 100.0 0.3 9.2 4.1 9.0 67.0 10.4 Fe- male 100.0 0.2 0.3 11.3 1.0 70.5 16.8 100.0 0.6 1.5 19.3 1.9 70.2 6.5 100.0 0.2 0:8 11.8 1.7 83.9 1.6 100.0 0.1 0.1 4.7 1.3 91.2 2.6 100.0 0.2 0.2 10.4 0.6 so.o S.6 100.0 0.6 0.6 13.7 NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male 100. 100. 0.1 100.0 79.8 5.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 52.9 44.9 100.0 0.5 0.3 7.9 4.1 31.1 56.0 100.0 0.1 0.2 4.5 1.3 37.6 56.3 100.0 "6.T 1.2 1.6 29.1 68.0 100.0 5.0 5.0 2S.4 61.7 100.0 0.5 2.6 1.0 71.6 24.2 100.0 3.0 1.5 86.7 8.9 100.0 4.1 77.8 18.1 100.0 0.7 2.2 60.0 37.0 Male 100.0 0.8 0.8 23.5 27.3 47.7 100.0 0.9 5.5 10.0 39.1 44.5 100.0 0.8 2.3 0.8 76.2 19.9 100.0 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 23.2 74. S INDUSTRY 133 Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES Furniture factories.. 1. Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.. ~ 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen-. 5. Semiskilled workers.. 8. Unskilled workers ._-__. Piano and organ factories... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers.... 6. Unskilled workers .... Saw and planing mills... _. 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.— 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers .. 6. Unskilled workers Other woodworking facto- ries-. .... 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers...... 8. Unskilled workers....... PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., factories, L Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 8. Unskilled workers Paper and pulp mills...... 1. Professional persons. ._ 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. &. Semiskilled workers'. 6. Unskilled workers.... Paper box factories 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total Printing, publishing, and engraving 1. Professional persons... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials..., 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. 3 8 36 34 15 100. 4 n 21 50. 10 100. 4 3 15 17 58 100. 100 1 5 21 14 45 11 100. 1 3 11 14 38 31 100 0. 7. 11 9 60 11 100,0 0,6 8.1 27.2 44.9 16.4 I 2.9 Male iOa. 4 5 39 as 10 100 5 7 23 51 11 100 100.0 0.6 5.7 4.2 23.9 29.2 36.3 1 1 3 8 16 3 35 100. 0. 12 11 15 44 15 100.0 0.7 9.7 18.4 54.4 13.6 3.3 Fe- male ioo 39 6 x00 0. 1 52 1 38 6 LOO. I 38 1 27 30 .00.0 0.2 2.1 60.2 9.2 26.9 1.3 NATIVE WHITE Male AGO 4 7 M 3-1 18, 100. 0. 6 10 2::: 49 10 100 6 3 20 20 4S 31.6 1 4 10 17 36 31 100. 12 13 16 43 14, 100. 0.7 9.9 19.5 54.4 13.2 2.3 Fe- male ioo. o 43 6 100. 1 55 1 36 5 100 0, I 48 1 29 FOREIGN- BORN WHITE Male ?.co 3 2 27 55 U 100 3 2 24 22 46 100. 0.4 0.6 25.1 3.7 64.9 100.0 0.4 0.3 35.1 1.5 53,9 8.7 100.0 0.1 0.5 11.3 2.4 80.1 5.8 0.2 2.1 61.0 9.1 26.3 1.3 Fe- male 1.5 8.5 12.0 25.3 33.8 18.8 100.0 0.9 2.3 4.5 15.6 37.2 39.5 1G0.0 0.2 13.7 6.4 12.5 50.2 17.0 100.0 0.8 9.2 I 12.9 I 57.0 15.4 I 4.8 NEGRO Male 100. "O.i 1.3 17.9 31.3 49.2 100.0 6.2 5.6 41.0 47.2 100. 0.2 1.0 13.9 1.0 64.8 19.2 100 17 3 13 1 73 10 100 8 2 S3 4 ioo, 1 54 32 0.1 0.2 3.6 7.6 88.5 100.0 0.3 11.4 11.1 77.2 100.0 10 3 28 50. 100, "6 i 2 16 79. 100, 2.0 5.2 39. 3 53.6 1 1 9 1.8 100.0 0.1 2.5 8.7 29.4 17.6 I 41.8 Fe- male 100.0 "6.T 2.1 5.6 53.4 38.5 .00.0 0.6 0,3 15.1 84.0 100.0 0.7 0.2 27.8 71.3 100.0 1.2 0.6 66.8 31.4 100.0 ~~i.~2 31.4 18.9 41.2 I 7.3 OTHER RACES Male 100.0 0.1 0.5 1.8 34.3 46.0 17.3 100.0 0.2 0.8 6.0 12.3 80.7 }.0 0.8 1.4 9.3 34.7 53.8 0.4 5.7 11.9 65.4 10.8 5.7 Fe- male 0.1 0.2 0.1 97.5 2.0 100.0 "To 41.4 24.1 30.4 3.1 134 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930— Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Carpet mills.. .___„„. ._„..__ 100.0 1.5 1.9 8.9 8.8 67.2 11.7 100.0 0.2 0.9 2.8 8.2 73.8 14.1 100.0 0.8 5.2 13.2 9.2 58.6 13.2 100. 0.2 2.3 7.2 6.0 78.4 5.9 100.0 3.6 7.8 8.9 4.4 71.4 3.9 100.0 0.5 3.5 11.3 10.5 48.5 25.8 100.0 0.2 16.4 14.5 6.6 53.2 9.1 100.0 0.4 2.0 7.3 7.1 76.0 7.2 100.0 1.7 2.8 8.5 12.7 59.1 15.2 100.0 0.2 1.4 2.8 13.1 63.3 19.2 100.0 1.0 8.2 12.1 13.9 45.7 19.2 100.0 0.3 5.2 8.3 12.1 64.8 9.3 100.0 5.7 15.2 9.2 6.5 57.0 6.5 100.0 0.5 4.7 9.7 13.9 39.0 32.1 100.0 0.2 22.2 12.1 7.8 45.9 11.7 100.0 0.7 3.8 7.6 12.5 64.0 11.5 100.0 1.1 0.2 9.7 0.7 84.1 4.2 100.0 0.1 2.9 0.2 90.9 5.8 100.0 0.4 0.4 14.8 1.6 79.4 3.4 100. 0' 0.1' 0.2 6.4 1.7 88.1 3.5 100.0 1.7 1.0 8.7 2.5 84.6 1.5 100.0 0.2 0.2 15.4 1.6 73.5 9.0 100.0 2. 2 20^2 3.5 71.4 2.6 100.0 0.1 0.1 7.0 1.5 88. 7 2.6 100.0 2.0 3.3 11.3 13.4 57.4 12.6 100.0 0.2 1.6 3.2 13.3 65.7 16.0 100.0 1.3 8.0 14.9 13.9 46.2 15.7 100.0 0.3 4.6 9.0 12.3 64,9 8.9 100.0 3.0 8.6 16.1 7.5 54.4 10.5 100.0 0.7 6.0 12.8 15.6 36.9 27.9 100.0 0.2 22.7 13.7 7.9 43.5 11.9 100.0 0.7 3.2 9.1 13.1 62.5 a.fi 100.0 1.3 0.2 11.6 0.7 82.5 3.6 100.0 0.1 3.2 0.2 91.6 4.7 100.0 0.4 0.6 19.6 2.0 74.9 2.5 100.0 0.1 0.2 6.7 1.7 87.8 3.5 100.0 1.4 0.7 10.4 2.5 83.2 1.9 100.0 0.2 0.3 18.8 2.0 71.3 7.4 100.0 2.3 22.1 3.5 69.4 2.7 100.0 0.1 0.1 7.4 1.6 88.1 2.7 100.0 1.3 1.9 3.9 12.0 62.7 18.2 100.0 0.3 0.9 1.5 16.0 64.7 16.6 100.0 0.8 10.5 9.5 16.0 40.5 22.6 100.0 0.4 8.4 5.3 11.7 66.4 7.8 100.0 7.7 20.3 4.0 5.7 59. 3.3 100.0 0.1 2.6 3.8 12.1 43.9 37.5 100.0 0.4 22.4 6.5 8.1 55.1 7.5 100.0 0.7 5.2 4.1 11.3 68. 7 10.0 100.0 0,5 0.2 3.4 0.5 89.4 6.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 I. Professional persons.. , 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. «6. Semiskilled workers.... 0.7 1.9 2.1 41.4 54.0 100.0 8. Unskilled workers....... .-.. 1. Professional persons .... 100.0 0.1 100. "6.Y 3.1 5.8 51.7 39.1 100.0 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers. _. 1.3 0.3 95.2 3.2 100.0 0.4 0.5 2.0 21.6 75.8 100. 0.2 0.1 23.2 76.5 0.6 89 6 6. Unskilled workers.-—.. _. Hemp, jute, and linen mills. „ „ „ 9.7 t. Professional persons .. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 8. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers... 6.5 0.8 89.5 2.8 100.0 0.1 0.3 4.5 1.9 91.3 2.0 100.0 2.3 1.9 47 2.6 88.0 0.5 100.0 0.5 4.5 5.1 41.7 48.7 100.0 mmm m 100.0 0.4 4.9 75.3 19.4 6. Unskilled workers Knitting mills ... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials..... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . ~~5.T 2.5 38.2 54.2 "~2."6~ 0.4 80.6 17.1 100.0 2.7 6. Semiskilled workers ■6. Unskilled workers Xace and embroidery mills. 1. Professional persons.. ... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials '3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . -5. Semiskilled workers 5.4 0.9 91.0 6. Unskilled workers . Rope end cordage fac- tories. . 100.0 0.2 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 3.6 0.5 82.2 13.3 100.0 0.4 1.8 8.0 3.3 85.5 1.1 100.0 0.1 0.1 4.2 1.0 92.8 l.S 1.5 3.9 41.6 52.8 100.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 45. Unskilled workers __ Sail, awning, and tent fac- tories... ..... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 1.8 2.7 1.8 54.9 38.9 100.0 0.2 0.2 6.9 3.2 23.6 65.9 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Silk mills 100.0 0.3 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 2.0 0.7 74.2 22.9 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers :::::: 6. Unskilled workers INDUSTRY 135 Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued. [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total 100.0 1.2 2.1 9.6 10.4 58.9 17.7 100.0 0.4 1.8 6.4 7.7 73.1 10.6 100.0 1.9 4.7 12.0 9.4 61. 2 10.7 100.0 0.2 9.3 19.1 5.3 51.9 14.2 100.0 0.2 4.0 8.2 8.8 68.2 10.5 100.0 5.2 3.7 25.2 30.5 20.3 14.9 100.0 5.2 3.5 22.2 24.8 33.8 10.4 100.0 Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES. Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Con. Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills 1 Professional persons 100.0 1.4 2.5 8.1 12.3 57.0 20.7 100.0 0.6 2.9 6.4 12.1 62.9 15.0 100.0 2.0 7.5 11.2 14.5 49.3 15.6 100.0 0.2 10.9 17.1 5.9 50.2 15.7 100.0 0.3 5.9 6.6 12.2 61.6 13.3 100.0 5.8 4.1 17.2 33.9 22.6 16.5 100. 6.6 4.4 17.3 31.5 28.1 12.1 100.0 100.0 0.4 0.4 25.8 1.7 67.9 3.8 100.0 0.1 0.1 6.3 0.5 89.8 3.4 100.0 1.8 0.6 13.4 1.9 79.1 3.3 100.0 0.2 1.1 29.0 1.8 60.8 7.0 100.0 "6." I" 11.5 2.1 81.2 5.0 100.0 0.3 0.6 97.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 100.0 0.3 0.3 39.7 1.5 53.8 4.4 100.0 100.0 1.9 2.9 8.4 14.2 54.1 18.4 100. Q 0.8 3.7 8.5 12.3 62.0 12.8 100.0 2.1 7.7 14.0 15.2 47.4 13.5 100.0 0.2 11.6 20.1 6.0 47.6 14.4 100.0 0.4 4.9 7.5 12.0 61.8 13.5 100.0 6.1 4.6 19.0 34.9 23.3 12.1 100.0 7.2 4.9 19.9 30.7 28.1 9.1 100,0 100.0 0.3 0.4 27.9 1.8 65.9 3.7 100.0 0.1 0.1 8.7 0.6 87.3 3.3 100.0 1.8 0.6 15.4 2.0 77.5 2.7 100.0 0.2 1.0 31.7 2.0 58.9 6.2 100.0 0.2 12.5 2.0 80.5 4.8 100.0 0.3 0.6 98.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 100.0 0.3 0.4 42.2 1.5 51.6 4.0 100.0 100.0 0.7 2.0 2.7 10.0 62.9 21.7 100.0 0.4 1.8 3.3 11.9 64.7 17.9 100.0 2.0 7.8 5.6 13.9 54.9 15.8 100.0 0.2 10.9 8.5 7.1 59.7 13. 6 100.0 0.2 8.8 4.2 13.2 61.6 12.0 100. 4.7 1.9 8.7 33.3 20.3 31.1 100.0 4.6 2.5 7.8 35.5 28.2 21.3 100.0 100.0 0.5 0.4 14.5 1.7 79.3 3 7 100.0 0, 1 "*2.~2~ 0.3 92.7 4,7 100.0 2.0 0.5 7.0 1.6 86.8 2.1 100.0 0.3 1.8 15.2 1.5 72.5 8.7 100.0 0.2 100.0 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials — 3 Clerks and kindred workers. . 1.8 3.0 31.4 63.9 100.0 4.0 4 Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 84.2 11.9 100.0 6 Unskilled workers Woolen and worsted mills. . 1 . Professional persons 100.0 100. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers ~~3.~ 2 6.0 32.6 58.2 100.0 0.1 3.4 3.2 35.3 57.9 100.0 "6.T l.i 68.7 29.6 100.0 0.3 "IT 0.1 72.5 26.0 100.0 0.9 2.6 1.7 55.2 39.7 100.0 0.6 ~~3.~8~ 8.8 52.8 34.0 100.0 99." 9» 6. Unskilled workers .. Other and not specified textile mills ._ 0.1 100. 1. Professional persons 0.4 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. .. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTUR- ING INDUSTRIES Broom and brush lactones . 1. Professional persons ~~L9 1.1 92.2 4,5 2. Props., mgrs., and officials — 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.. Button factories 2.1 2.0 0.9 53.8 41.3 3.0 73.0 24.0 100.0 3.1 5.7 0.5 57.5 33.2 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 7.4 2.3 84.3 5.8 100.0 0.7 0.6 91.0 1.0 1.0 5.7 100.0 0.3 0.2 21.1 1.5 70.4 6.5 100.0 100.0 0.3 "I.Y 7.2 12.8 78.5 100.0 0.4 0.2 5.2 14.4 22.1 57.6 100.0 2.9 2.9 88.5 5.8 100.0 0.6 "9.T 1.7 63.1 25.0 100.0 100.0 1.5 0.3 4.0 19.0 14.3 60.9 100.0 4.4 0.7 3.1 25.8 33.2 32.8 100.0 ...... 6. Unskilled workers Electric light and power plants 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers „ 6. Unskilled workers ..... Electrical machinery and supply factories 1 . Pro fessional persons .... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers .. 6. Unskilled workers. Independent hand trades.. 1. Professional persons 100, 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 42.9 57.1 96.5 3.5 0.4 99.6 97.1 2.9 0.4 99.6 95.3 4.7 0.6 99.4 99.6 0.4 0.1 99.9 98.6 1.4 0.5 99.7 6. Unskilled workers .36 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this tablel INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total 100.0 1.5 3.1 16.2 10.2 50.3 18.7 100.0 0.3 2.0 4.5 5.1 80.8 7.4 100.0 0.1 3.2 1.0 3.2 4.7 87.8 100.0 1.6 8.7 16.5 13.0 40.5 19.8 100.0 1.4 3.4 13.5 20.8 33.9 26.9 25.5 1.4 100. 3.1 6.0 13.8 60.1 7.2 9.8 100.0 3.8 4.4 1.5 11.5 9.5 69.5 69.1 0.4 Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male i Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Malei Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Con tinned MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTUR- ING industries— continued Rubber factories . 100.0 1.9 3.8 12.9 12.5 47.6 21.4 100. 0.5 4.7 5.4 9.2 63.9 16.3 100.0 0.1 3.2 0.8 3.2 4.7 88,0 100.0 1.9 10.8 12.2 16.1 35.4 23.7 100.0 1.7 4.3 10.3 26.4 26.0 31.4 29.7 1.7 100.0 3.2 6.3 9.3 63.4 7.4 10.3 100.0 3.6 4.4 1.0 11.6 9.6 69.8 69.6 0.2 100.0 0.2 0.3 28.5 1.8 60.2 9.0 100.0 0.1 3.8 2.0 93.1 1.0 100.0 0.2 1.9 22.0 0.5 2.1 73.2 100.0 0.7 1.2 31.5 2.3 58.4 5.9 100.0 0.7 0.5 24.6 1.9 60.6 11.7 11.4 0.3 100.0 0.4 0.5 88.2 6.5 3.5 0.9 100.0 1.1 0.5 69.9 1.9 26.6 1.6 25.0 100.0 2.2 4.6 15.8 13.2 47.1 17.0 100.0 0.5 5.2 6.3 10.4 62.5 15.1 100.0 0.5 12.8 3.0 9.4 9.8 64.5 100.0 2.4 13.3 16.6 18.9 32.1 16.7 100.0 2.1 5.4 13.5 28.0 26.4 24.7 24.0 0.7 100.0 3.3 6.8 9.9 65.3 7.3 7.4 100.0 5.0 5.6 1.4 14.5 12.3 61.1 60.9 0.2 100.0 0.3 0.3 32.1 1.9 56.9 8.5 100.0 0.1 4.2 2.1 92.7 0.9 100.0 0.7 5.7 65.2 1.4 2.1 24.8 100.0 0.6 1.2 35.9 2.4 54.6 5.2 100.0 0.7 0.6 28.6 2.0 58.0 10.0 9.9 0.1 100.0 0.3 0.5 88.7 6.8 3.5 0.2 100.0 1.3 0.6 79.7 2.0 16.4 0.4 16.0 100.0 1.0 1.6 . 5.0 11.5 50.4 30.6 100.0 0.2 0.1 9.3 1.4 77.8 11.2 100.0 i LOO. 1. Professional persons- 2. Props., mgrs., and officials — 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 8. Unskilled workers 0.1 1.7 2.2 35.8 60.2 ! 3.3 I 3.8 43.0 49.9 Straw factories ... 100.0 jiOO.O 1, Professional persons- 0.5 1 ! 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.— 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 3.1 2.1 4.7 72.3 17.3 i 2.2 1.8 95.5 0.4 " i 4. Skilled workers and fprcmen.. 5. Semiskilled workers „_ 1 Turpentine farms and distilleries . 100. 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.— 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 0.4 4, Skilled workers and foremen... 1.2 3.0 95.7 100.0 "b'¥ 1.4 2.8 21.0 74.6 100.0 0.1 0.2 2.3 5.8 17.2 74.3 64.8 9.5 100.0 5 Semiskilled workers 2.1 97.5 100.0 0.8 0.2 1.8 0.8 69.6 26.8 100.0 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.4 64.7 33.1 31.7 1.4 6. Unskilled workers Other miscellaneous mfg. industries lj Professional persons 100.0 1.4 9.4 5.4 14.9 52.0 16.9 100.0 1.2 2.8 4.5 28.3 27.5 35.8 33.9 2.0 100.0 4.3 4.3 6.6 62.8 7.7 14.4 100.0 1.1 3.4 0.4 8.8 3.9 82.5 82.3 0.1 100.0 0.9 1.0 15.8 2.2 75.7 4.4 100.0 0.9 0.5 12.3 1.9 73.5 10.9 10.2 0.7 iOO.O 0.2 1.9 2.7 4.5 20.4 70.3 100.0 0.5 0.9 2.5 10.2 20.6 65.3 64.9 0.5 100.0 100.0 0.6 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 6. Semiskilled workers .... 0.3 6.4 78.8 6. Unskilled workers.. Other not specified mfg. industries 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Transportation and Communis cation Air transportation 13.8 100.0 "6"2 2.1 0.8 79.5 17.5 17.3 0.2 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 0.9 5.8 S.4 84.9 100.0 100.0 2.9 33.3 9.4 54.3 100.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 2.3 3.4 93.7 93.4 0.3 6. Unskilled workers Construction and mainte- nance of roads, streets, sewers, and bridges 1 , Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.2 "I.~9~ 3.0 94.9 94.4 0.4 "6.T 0.9 98.6 9.5 89.1 8. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes INDUSTRY 137 Table 32, —-Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Transportation and Communi- cation — Continued Express companies ... 100.0 100.0 100. 0.1 ~98.Y 0.8 0.4 100.0 100.0 "To" 50.0 4.6 26.1 16.8 100.0 100.0 0.1 'm'.o "as" o.i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons. ., .__ 2. Props., ingrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. _. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . _ 5. Semiskilled workers __ ... 2.4 48.6 4.3 24.6 20.1 2.5 45.4 4.5 26.1 21.4 109.0 3.0 29.7 6.2 25.1 36,0 100.0 ~9879~ 1.1 100.0 0.6 3.9 0.9 28.2 66.4 100.0 100.0 2.4 19.8 1.4 38.6 37.7 100. ..... Garages, greasing stations, and. auto laundries ... 1, Professional persons. ... ,__ 100.0 ..... 2. Props. ,mgrs., and officials.. ._ 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers. . ,. ... 16.5 7.8 54.- 1 4.9 16.7 15. 8 0.9 100.0 17.0 4.8 55.9 5.1 17.2 16,3 1.0 100.0 3.0 94.7 0.1 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.3 18.5 5.6 59.7 4.8 11.3 11.1 0.2 100.0 2.8 96.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 22.8 2.5 51.4 6.2 17.1 16.2 0.9 100.0 7.9 87.3 0.4 1.5 2.8 1.8 1.1 1.4 0.4 31.7 6.2 60.3 53.7 6.6 100.0 2.6 19.3 1.6 8.3 68.2 54.2 14.1 7.4 2.0 56.5 8.6 25.5 24.2 1.3 ..... 8, Unskilled workers.. „ Laborers ... ..... ..... Servant classes.. ......... Livery stables ..... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers . 15.9 1.9 6.2 2.8 73,2 100,0 1.0 3.2 4.8 20.6 14.2 56.2 100.0 15.8 1.5 6.2 2.8 73.7 100.0 1.0 3.2 4.2' 20.7 14.3 66.6 100.0 100.0 0.5 91.3 0.5 4.9 2.7 100.0 20.8 2.6 6.7 2.8 67.1 100.0 1.1 3.4 4.5 22.0 15.2 53.8 100.0 100.0 0.6 92.2 0.6 5.0 1.7 100.0 16.1 0.2 7.0 3.3 73.5 100.0 0.9 3.3 2.6 21.8 10.7 60.8 100,0 1.3 0.1 3.6 2.2 92.8 100.0 ...... ...... ..... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers ... 6. Unskilled workers. .. . .. Pipe lines 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. ... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. „ 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Postal service 1. Professional persons ...... 100.0 0.1 0.3 2.4 4.3 93.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.4 5.6 4.9 89.0 100.0 ..... 2. Props., nigrs., and officials... . 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers ....... 13.1 82.4 1.1 0.7 2.6 1.4 1.3 100.0 6.3 20.3 66.6 3.7 1.8 1.4 100. 0.9 6.8 18.4 26.1 17.0 30.7 27,6 3.1 100.0 1.0 1.9 9.5 32.6 39.9 15.1 14.3 0.8 9.3 85.9 1.3 0.8 2.7 1.5 1.2 100,0 6.9 20.2 65.7 4.1 1.5 1.5 100.0 0.9 7.1 15.9 27.0 17.6 31.5 28.4 3.1 100.0 1.0 1.9 6.7 33.7 41.2 15.5 14.7 0.8 46.2 51.6 ~"5.T 1.9 0.1 1.8 100.0 0.1 20.7 74.3 4.5 0.5 100.0 0.2 ~88.~2~ 0.2 2.4 9.0 5.7 3.3 100.0 0.2 0.1 91.2 0.5 2.4 5.6 4.2 1.4 10.1 86.6 1.3 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 100.0 7.3 21.1 65.3 4.0 1.5 0.8 100.0 1.2 9.0 20.1 31.1 19.7 18.8 18.3 0.5 100.0 1.3 2.4 8.3 36.6 43.7 7.6 7.4 0.2 46.9 52.0 ...... 0.8 ~~6.T 100. 0.1 21.4 73.8 4.2 0.5 100. 0.2 ~9376~ 0.1 1.9 4.1 2.2 2.0 100.0 0.2 0.1 94.3 0.4 2.2 2.9 2.0 0.8 7.8 82.6 2.0 1.3 6.2 3.4 2.8 100. 4.2 13.5 73.0 4.5 0.8 4.0 100.9 0.5 3.7 7.9 28.4 16.0 43.5 42.3 1.2 100. 0.5 0.8 3.2 30.7 39.7 25.0 24.5 0,5 47.8 43.5 ~~6.Y 8.4 0.1 8.3 0.2 80.3 0.5 2.2 16.8 8.8 8.0 7.2 46.0 "~§.T 43.8 1.2 42.6 6.8 79.2 0.3 3.3 10.4 8.2 2.2 ..... 6. Unskilled workers Laborers ... ..... Servant classes ....... Hadio broadcasting and transmitting .. . ..... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . _ 5. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers .... Steam railroads ......... 100.0 0.2 0.1 57.6 0.6 6.8 34.7 24.2 10.5 100.0 0.6 0.2 78.1 1.0 3.7 16.4 11.6 4.8 100.0 ...... 5.0 9.2 84.6 60.5 24.1 100.0 0.1 100.0 0.1 ""276" 0.5 8.8 88.5 61.5 27.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons . „. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers ...... 0.1 0.8 4.1 3.3 91.7 90.6 1.1 100.0 0.1 "II."a 3.6 6, Unskilled workers ..... 85.3 Laborers Servant classes _.....^..._ Street railroads ..... 72.3 12.9 1. Professional persons .. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials .... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers ..... 1.0 3.8 9.4 85.7 71.0 14.7 4.9 0.8 7.4, 86.9 75.4 0.5 6.0 9.3 83.9 82.2 ..... Servant classes ... 11.51 1.7 .5,.=.. 138 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 3.2. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTKY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male iMale Fe- male Transportation and Communi- cation—Continued Telegraph and telephone... 1. Prrofessional persons 100.0 2.7 3.3 72.5 4.7 13.9 3.0 2.2 0,8 100.0 100.0 5.7 6.0 43.0 9.7 29.5 6.2 4.8 1.3 100.0 100.0 0.1 0.9 97.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 100.0 100.0 5.8 6.3 44.2 9.5 30.0 4.1 3.6 0.5 100.0 100.0 0.1 0.9 98.0 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 100.0 5.1 4.1 32.4 13.4 27.1 17.8 12.6 5.2 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.8 94.3 0.5 2.2 2.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.7 0.8 51.5 2.2 11.9 33.0 30.9 2.1 100.0 100.0- 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers... 0.1 15.0 1.8 11.3 71.8 39.1 32.7 100.0 "o7.~9~ 0.2 3.7 28.2 1.2 27.1 100.0 "98."6 "I."6 4 Laborers .. Servant classes 0.4 Truck, transfer, and cab 2. Props., mgrs., and officials*.. 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Sem iskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . .... 8.5 3.7 1.8 67.9 18.1 100.0 0.5 9.5 8.0 12.6 30.6 38.8 33.0 5.8 100.0 1.6 16.9 50.3 9.4 11.0 10.6 100.0 0.6 16.3 67.9 4.2 9.6 1.4 100.0 • 0.3 35.5 59.1 0.6 1.4 3.0 0.3 2.7 100.0 0.3 30.5 23.2 6.7 8.8 30.5 100.0 0.8 5.8 92.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 8.5 2.4 1.8 68.8 18.4 100.0 0.5 9.7 6.8 12.8 30.9 39.3 33.6 5.7 100.0 1.8 19.3 42.4 11.2 12.8 12.5 100.0 0.7 19.9 60.4 5.4 11.8 1.8 100.0 0.5 46.2 47.1 0.8 1.9 3.5 0.4 3.1 100.0 0.3 32.7 19.5 7.1 8.0 32.4 100.0 1.1 8.1 89.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 6.9 78.5 13.1 1.4 100.0 0.3 0.4 75.2 0.1 13.2 10.9 0.2 10.7 100.0 0.4 3.8 93.4 0.1 1.6 0.8 100.0 0.2 5.0 91.7 0.4 2.6 0.1 100.0 0.1 5.5 92.5 "6.T 1.6 1.6 100. 0.1 1.0 75.1 0.4 19.7 3.7 100.0 0.3 1.0 98.3 0.2 0.2 8.8 2.7 1.8 70.1 16.6 100.0 0.7 12.5 10.4 17.3 33.4 25.7 22.3 3.4 100.0 1.8 21.0 45.3 11.1 13.0 7.8 100.0 0.7 20.2 61.1 4.9 11.6 1.6 100,0 0.5 47.5 48.4 0.7 1.5 1.5 0.3 1.2 100.0 0.4 35.6 20.5 6.7 7.5 29.4 100.0 1.2 8.4 89.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 6.4 80.4 0.1 12.6 0.5 100.0 0.3 0.5 83.3 0.1 8.7 7.2 "~7.T 100.0 0.4 3.8 93.9 01 1.5 0.2 100.0 0.2 5.0 91.7 0.4 2.6 0.1 100.0 0.1 5.6 93.3 ~"6.T 0.8 0.8 100.0 0.1 1.1 77.9 0.4 17.4 3.0 100.0 0.3 1. 1 98.4 "6.Y 0.1 10.1 1.6 3.1 68.9 16.2 100.0 0.3 9.8 3.9 11.4 32.0 42.5 37.7 4.7 100.0 2.5 15.4 37.4 13.5 12.3 18.9 100.0 1.1 19.2 55.6 10.2 11.5 2.4 100.0 0.3 43.1 40.0 2.5 5.2 8.9 1.0 8.0 100.0 0.3 21.7 17.6 10.9 9.6 39.9 100.0 0.8 6.8 90.1 0.7 0.5 1.1 14.4 68.8 ~15.T 1.7 100.0 0.2 0.3 57.8 0.2 34.9 6.7 "~6.T 100.0 3.6 92.3 2.4 1.8 100.0 0.2 4.3 91.5 0.7 3.1 0.3 100.0 0.1 4.8 84.3 0.1 0.7 10.0 9.9 100.0 4.5 0.3 0.5 56.6 38.1 100.0 10.1 38.3 ~23.Y 27.8 100.0 5.7 1.1 0.7 69.2 23.3 100.0 Water transportation. _.._. 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 6. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers . Laborers 0.5 0.5 1.2 18.3 79.6 66.6 13.0 100.0 0.3 0.5 7. 7 2.6 11.1 77.8 100.0 1.5 29.0 69.5 3.4 66.2 1.2 1.9 2.9 47.3 46.7 19.3 27.3 Servant classes. Other and not specified transportation and com- munication 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers Trade Advertising agencies 1. Professional persons 0.6 18>5 4.4 46.7 29.8 100.0 "~2~9' 18.1 0.8 4.0 74.2 4.0 70.1 100.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Banking and brokerage 1. Professional persons ■. 100.0 "2. 4" 26.7 "I'.l 67. S 0.7 67.2 100.0 0.2 41.5 44.7 0.4 2.7 10.6 2.1 8.4 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 4.9 85.7 "6.9 6. Unskilled workers Laborers 8.5 8.5 Grain elevators.. 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 41.0 ~45." 9" 13.1 100.0 0.7 0.9 96.0 ""6." 5" 1.9 1.6 3.0 14.3 81.1 100.0 "~6.T 86.8 0.1 0.4 5. 7 '.'.'..'.. ...... 6. Unskilled workers Insurance 100.0 0.7 0.4 97.5 "b'2 1.2 100.0 "V.8 97.4 "b'K 0.2 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers nnd foremen. 6. Unskilled workers INDUSTRY 139 Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total Male Fe- male NATIVE WHITE FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO OTHER RACES Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male k Male Fe- male Trade— C ontinued Real estate 100.0 0.4 1.9 97.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 100.0 0.2 2.4 33.0 7.5 6.0 51.0 50.1 0.9 100.0 0.8 12.4 24.4 10.0 17.8 34.7 32.7 2.0 100.0 100.0 0.5 2.3 96.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 100.0 0.2 2.4 31.0 7.7 6.2 52.6 51.7 0.9 100.0 0.9 13.7 20.4 11.0 16.5 37.5 35.4 2.2 100.0 100.0 0.7 99.0 ~"6.T 0.2 100.0 0.2 96.7 "l.~5~ 1.7 0.4 1.3 100.0 1.0 60.1 0.6 29.3 8.9 8.3 0.6 100.0 100.0 0.6 2.5 96.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 100.0 0.2 3.6 44.9 8.1 6.2 37.0 36.8 0.2 100.0 1.0 17.6 24.1 12.4 16.1 28.7 27.8 0.9 100.0 100.0 0.8 99.1 ~"6.T 0.1 100.0 0.2 98.6 "6.T 0.4 0.4 100.0 1.1 64.9 0.6 25.6 7.7 7.4 0.3 100.0 100.0 0.3 1.5 97.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 100.0 0.1 0.9 10.1 11.0 7.4 70.5 68.7 1.8 100.0 0.8 7.1 15.5 12.0 16.7 47.9 43.9 4.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 99.0 0.6 100.0 0.2 0.5 88.7 0.7 1.9 8.0 100.0 100.0 0,1 96.9 "6.T 2.9 100.0 0.2 1.0 93.3 0.2 2.5 2.7 100.0 100.0 1 Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5 Semiskilled workers 98.8 "6. a 6 Unskilled workers 0.6 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5 Semiskilled workers 100. 0.2 0.9 38.1 0.6 49.5 10.6 9.5 1.1 100.0 2,0 2.2 4.8 : 91.0 87.9 3.1 100.0 1.4 1.0 2.0 95.5 95.5 6 Unskilled eorkers Laborers Warehouses and cold stor- age plants .. 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.4 10.3 3.7 14.5 70.8 68.8 2.0 100.0 0.1 24.3 49.0 4.1 3.1 19.5 100.0 ~37.~6~ 36.9 0.8 11.3 13.9 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials — 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5 . Sem iskilled workers 0.3 5.1 1.5 18.5 74.6 67.2 7.4 100.0 10.3 59.8 29.9 24.' 7 5.2 100. 6. Unskilled workers Laborers . .. — — Servant classes WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE Automobile agencies, stores, and filling sta- tions 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 30.2 59.1 2.4 1.9 6.2 100.0 0.1 31.3 53.4 1.7 8.2 5.3 100.0 1.0 16.0 78.6 0.9 1.7 1.7 31.8 56.9 2.6 2.0 6.7 100.0 0.1 37.9 43.4 2.1 10.0 6.5 100.0 1.5 23.4 £9.0 1.4 2.1 2.6 7.9 91.2 "6." 8" 0.3 100.0 0.1 9.2 87.0 0.4 2.2 1.2 100.0 0.1 2.9 95.6 0.1 1.1 0.2 31.8 58.8 2.5 1.9 4.9 100.0 0.1 34.2 48.9 2.3 10.0 4.4 100.0 1.6 23.4 69.5 1.4 2.1 2.0 7.5 91.8 "6." 5" 0.2 100.0 0.1 7.4 89.3 0.4 2.0 0.8 100.0 0.1 2.9 95.7 0.1 1.1 0.1 42.5 47.0 3.3 2.1 4.9 100. 0.1 57.0 29.5 1.7 5.9 5.7 100.0 0.9 25.0 68.7 1.4 1.6 2.5 15.1 83.1 "To" 0.8 100.0 0.1 22.2 72.6 0.4 2.5 2.3 100.0 0.1 4.8 93.2 0.2 1.3 0.5 3.7 14.9 4.7 6.4 70.4 100. "15.2" 9.3 0.8 28.3 46.3 100.0 0.3 7.4 40.3 1.0 7.3 43.7 23.1 51.2 ""i.T 21.5 100. 0.1 26.4 , 48.1 0.2 6.2 19.1 100. 6. Unskilled workers Wholesale and retail trade (except automobile). 1. Professional persons 100.0 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 14.4 70.6 0.1 11.5 6. Unskilled workers 3.3 Other and not specified trade 1. Professional persons. . .. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 2.7 93.3 i.T 2.7 30.0 45.3 0.6 4.1 20.0 6. Unskilled workers ..... 67555 0—38 10 140 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Professional Service else- Public service (not where classified)... Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers — Laborers Servant classes Professional service (ex- cept recreation and amusement) ..... _-.. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Recreation and amuse- ment . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers. — Unskilled workers Laborers. Servant classes Domestic and Personal Service Hotels, restaurants, board- ing houses, etc .... Professional persons „_.. Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. . Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Domestic and personal service (not elsewhere classified). Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. Laborers Servant classes Laundries Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Total 100.0 4.6 12.4 17.4 26.1 21.2 18.3 16.1 2.3 100.0 79.7 0.5 10.3 0.5 2.6 6.3 1.2 5.2 100.0 55.0 13.9 7.7 1.9 10.3 11.2 7.9 3.4 100.0 16.4 6.1 0.7 13.2 63.7 1.5 62.1 100.0 0.3 0.2 28.3 71.2 1.9 69.2 100.0 0.1 7.9 8.3 3.6 73.0 7.2 Male 100.0 4.7 12.9 9.5 29.1 23.7 20.2 18.0 2.1 100.0 77.6 0.7 6.5 1.2 3.1 10.9 2.5 8.4 100.0 45.7 18.9 5.3 2.7 12.4 15.0 10.9 4.1 100.0 23.8 6.9 1.3 4.2 63.8 2.7 61.0 100.0 0.6 1.0 53.9 44.5 7.5 36.9 100.0 0.1 16.7 9.4 6.3 57.2 10.4 Fe- male 100.0 3.7 8.9 77.5 2.7 2.8 4.3 0.9 3.4 100.0 81.5 0.3 13.4 2.2 2.6 0.1 2.5 100.0 77.3 1.8 13.4 ~~5.T 2.1 0.5 1.6 300. 5.3 22.5 63.6 0.3 63.3 100.0 0.2 19.8 80.0 0.1 79.9 .100.0 1.2 7.4 1.6 85.1 4.8 NATIVE WHITE Male 100.0 5.3 14.4 10.3 31.7 25.1 13.2 11.8 1.4 100.0 80.1 0.8 6.9 1.1 3.1 8.1 1.9 6.2 100.0 45.4 19.9 6.3 3.0 12.9 12.4 10.6 1.8 100.0 0.1 30.6 11.7 1.8 5.5 50.3 2.9 47.4 100.0 Fe- male 0.9 1.3 68.4 29.4 6.2 23.3 100.0 0.2 14.4 12.8 7.7 56.5 8.5 100.0 3.6 9.2 80.1 2.6 2.4 2.1 0.4 1.6 100.0 81.9 0.3 14.0 1.9 1.8 0.1 1.8 100.0 77.8 1.8 14.0 ~~5.T 1.4 0.4 1.0 100.0 9.7 6.8 23.1 60.4 0.3 60.0 100.0 FOREIGN- BORN WHITE Male Fe- male 0.4 36.T 63.7 0.1 63.5 100.0 1.4 11.3 2.2 80.3. 4.7 100.0 2.6 9.2 5.5 25.2 17.5 40.1 37.3 2.8 100.0 69.6 0.7 5.8 2.0 3.6 18.3 4.0 14.3 100.0 52.4 21.4 3.5 2.5 6.9 13.4 9.9 3.5 100.0 25.7 3.8 1.2 4.1 65.1 2.2 62.9 100.0 0.8 1.2 53.3 44.8 7.3 37.5 100.0 0.1 23.7 6.6 6.5 54.5 8.6 100.0 7.5 6.9 5G. 6 5.3 8.8 14.9 2.0 12.9 100. 75.3 0.8 10.4 NEGRO Male OTHER RACES mate : 5.6 7.8 0.3 7.6 100.0 72.7 2.7 11.1 0.1 6.8 6.6 0.8 100.0 7.2 3.8 30.2 58.7 0.3 58.4 100.0 0.1 20." 2 79.7 0.1 79.6 100.0 2.3 4.7 1.9 87.5 3.6 100.0 0.3 0.7 6.5 5.3 15.9 71.2 61.6 9.6 100. 61.8 0.1 2.0 0.4 2.5 33.3 6.5 26.8 100.0 35.6 7.4 1.0 0.4 18.1 37.6 15.3 22.3 100.0 5.0 0.7 0.2 1.7 92.4 3.2 89.2 100.0 0.1 0.2 30.4 69.3 10.4 58.9 100.0 1.9 1.0 2.7 63.5 31.0 100.0 4.4 1.0 23.3 3.5 7.9 59.9 14.3 45.6 100.0 83.6 0.2 5.1 1.6 9.5 0.4 9.1 100.0 75.2 0,7 6.4 "~8.T 9.4 1.9 7.5 100.0 100.0 1.5 4.4 6.2 11.1 25.9 51.0 45.6 5.4 100. 62. 0. 5. 1. 3. 26. 7. 18. 5.2 0.5 12.4 81.9 0.4 81.5 100.0 100.0 48.7 17.9 4.2 0.4 12.4 16.4 10.9 5.5 100.0 Fe- male 100.0 2.5 5.4 60.6 1.3 10.7 19.6 1L7 7.9 100.0 73.7 0.1 13.8 4.6 95.4 0.1 95.3 100.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 94.0 5.3 14.0 1.7 0.2 .1.9 82.2 2.9 79.3 100.0 0.2 0.1 27.1 72.7 7.1 65.5 100.0 32.4 0.9 0.4 60.7 5.5 4.9 7.6 0.5 7.1 100.0 71.7 4.9 11.1 ~io.i 1.9 1.0 0.9 100.0 10.2 1.7 25.9 62.1 0.6 61.6 100.0 0.1 10.5 89.5 0.1 89.3 100.0 1.1 L0 0,2 91.9 5.7 INDUSTRY Table 32. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, by Color, Nativ- ity, and Sex, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY AND GROUP Domestic and Personal Service— Continued and Cleaning, dyeing, pressing shops . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers ... Unskilled workers „. Not specified Not specified industries and services . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers.. .... Laborers. ...... „._.... Servant classes ...... Total 100 0, 20 13 I 80. 4. Male 100, 25 6 1 60 5 Fe- male 100.0 7.5 .3 1 59 2. m. o o 30. 12 6 4 1 NATIVE WHITE Male 100 25 9 i 57 5 100 1 1 12 6 19 60 59 0. Fe- male 100.0 8.0 35.2 1.2 53.7 1.9 10i? 0, 85 10 3 2 0. FOREIGN- BORN WHITE NEGRO Male 100 0, 33 3 1 57 3 \W male 100.0 8.7 17.3 1.7 70.8 1.5 100.0 0.3 ,0.6 70.7 0.3 21.5 6.7 3.7 3.0 SMale 100.0 0.1 12.4 0.6 0.3 74.2 12.4 100.0 Fe- male 100.0 2.3 2.5 0.2 90.4 4.7 100. 0.1 0.1 10.7 35.3 53.9 46.7 7.2 OTHER RACES Male 100.0 0.1 31.6 2.1 0.5 60.7 5.0 100.0 0.1 1.1 0.9 9.3 88.6 88.1 0.5 Fe- male 1.00.0 6.6 6.6 0.7 82.3 3.7 100.0 0.1 2' 142 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers- in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 YEARS 18, 19 5TEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Agriculture 9, 570, 359 913, 558 776, 246 199, 499 528, 130 68, 345 1,157,892 113,924 Professional persons ! 2 747 5, 749, 367 2,540 70, 379 769 3, 746, 557 3, 746, 495 62 73, 522 1 262, 645 3,613 965 3 48, 535 111 573 36 478, 872 478, 871 1 2,776 409 67, 936 67, 936 16 76 340, 571 401 4,228 111 812, 505 812, 503 2 8,339 4,814 1,113 31 107, 966 107, 966 58 Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen 3 ■k 41 8 14 776, 183 776, 183 113 199, 386 199, 386 6 Unskilled workers 646, 334 646, 331 3 305 Laborers . Servant classes Fishing 2,338 16 Professional persons 1 12 2 2 3 4 Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 176 116 121 73, 097 73, 086 11 193, 184 96 3 4 3 1 1 2,771 2,771 7 9 9 36 13 21 8,267 8,267 36 22 22 5 6 Unskilled workers . 209 209 2,335 2,335 12 12 Laborers Forestry , 1,981 5,190 47 8,345 116 27, 719 363 Professional persons ] 811 14, 931 3,577 8,577 6,558 158, 730 156, 070 2,660 689, 921 1 25 389 108 1,133 325 471 1,610 24, 072 23,882 190 88, 189 2 114 1 246 12 234 383 2 Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers ,. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers 174 57 62 416 7,636 7,588 48 30, 844 24 92 17 75 102 3 11 15 141 5,023 5,006 1.7 16, 085 3 44 19 25 33 E 12 1,554 94 1,460 1,367 6 Unskilled workers - Laborers - . Servant classes ... Extraction of Minerals i 2,689 6,737 7,529 45, 654 3,637 623, 675 623, 530 145 39, 368 24 14 1,188 3 4 134 116 18 142 11 2 215 333 168 30, 115 30, 112 3 1,229 83 19 19 10 309 71 1,066 2,048 502 84, 193 84,188 5 5,649 6 351 1 25 25 38 O Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers...... Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers . 3 4 5 54 29 100 15, 902 15,897 5 246 20 13 13 2 6 Unskilled workers ._. Servant classes Copper mines Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen 1 766 381 862 5,487 682 31, 190 31, 164 26 22, 171 2 1 134 8 1 26 SI 45 1,068 1,067 1 361 1 9 7 89 5 131 472 86 4,866 4.865 1 1,928 38 17 ? 3 4 5 4 14 223 222 1 113 2 1 5 6 UnskHled workers . 5 3 2 81 Laborers Servant classes Gold and silver mines Professional persons 1 482 966 190 1, 932 409 18, 192 18, 173 19 31, 824 2 11 54 3 24 16 17 97 42 1,732 1,731 1 3,954 16 1 36 o Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 1 2 3 107 107 1 2 12 14 330 330 6 1 1 10 5 3 11 9 2 112 6 Unskilled workers. Laborers Servant, classes Iron mines 174 5 1,051 Professional persons.. 1 603 262 888 4,976 335 24, 760 24, 688 72 5 1 59 2 112 271 47 3,463 3,461 2 1 34 1 i Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 f5 102 1 1 3 2 16S 167 1 4 1 1 15 43 13 979 979 9 1 1 8 Unskilled workers 4 3 1 Laborers INDUSTRY 143 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 46-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 1,729,880 128, 956 1,746,399 134, 436 1,648,578 128, 734 1,202,396 84, 512 628, 249 42, 267 147, 433 12, 443 4,858 442 207 1,058,726 701 15, 751 132 654, 363 654, 356 7 16, 160 20, 998 1,024 113 106, 821 106, 820 1 68 211 1,356,315 539 18, 733 121 370, P80 370, 966 14 16,419 53, 828 588 237 79, 783 79, 782 1 63 140 1,333,711 371 15, 438 118 298, 798 298, 784 14 14, 220 1 75, 347 275 273 52, 838 52, 837 1 41 76 980, 919 244 9,844 133 211, 180 211, 170 10 8,707 62, 237 78 190 22, 007 22, 007 25 24 508, 251 116 4,591 91 115, 176 115, 163 13 8,740 34, 493 6 100 7,668 7,668 12 1 119, 992 13 1,1*77 13 26, 237 26, 236 1 686 10, 757 3 20 9 2,347 3 36 171 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 1,663 1,663 2,263 2,263 266 266 6 4 137 2 2 6 1 1 1 2 58 26 29 16, 045 16, 041 4 46, 725 30 38 38 823 40 26 9 16, 338 16, 337 1 43, 668 12 51 51 439 22 25 20 14, 152 14, 149 3 35, 743 5 36 36 288 13 17 21 8.655 8,653 2 18, 410 2 23 23 80 1 7 16 3,716 3,715 1 6,320 3 12 12 1 4 681 681 4 5 4 4 137 137 2 2 6 13 866 198 2 246 3,301 908 2,054 2,258 37, 958 37, 569 389 1 6 152 4 460 16 444 188 3,983 900 2,771 1,098 34, 728 34, 059 669 8 67 2 362 20 342 145 3,483 745 2,096 646 28, 628 27. 911 717 6 25 2 255 5 250 80 1,984 449 842 276 14, 779 14, 334 445 2 4 2 82 5 77 39 762 158 234 89 5.038 4,879 159 1 1 11 11 4 101 23 24 15 699 677 22 1 10 1 8 9 169 165 4 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 & 170, 962 505 180, 808 235 131, 000 80 56, 550 26 14, 388 3 1,216 379 907 751 2,497 10, 511 885 155,411 155, 399 12 10, 740 7 466 1 1 30 27 3 55 750 1,948 1,902 14, 582 671 160, 455 160, 433 22 10, 141 7 4 197 1 26 19 7 21 446 2,218 1,089 11, 256 507 115, 484 115, 452 32 7,191 3 6 52 1 18 12 6 13 189 1,321 527 5,356 487 48. 670 48, 638 32 3,092 1 2 18 2 3 1 2 2 75 386 151 1,390 284 12. 102 12, 073 29 934 2 1 1 1 37 25 129 32, 992 987 5 124 1 3 3 20 1 351 351 1 2 3 4 5 6 22 249 27 264 1,409 102 8,689 8,688 1 4, 0S2 55 13 198 96 211 1, 432 76 8,128 8,125 3 4,640 1 18 2 1 I 17 137 136 138 1,191 119 5,470 5,461 9 5,023 1 10 2 2 16 63 71 60 689 124 2,085 2,079 6 3,706 1 1 1 7 18 36 23 197 100 560 558 2 1,983 1 2 4 8 4 9 16 83 81 2 388 I 1" 2 3 3 4 5 18 18 8 1 17 80 78 47 382 78 3, 367 3,361 C 7,361 11 1 1 1 34 107 169 37 508 59 3,760 3, 758 2 9,409 1 2 12 2 1 1 15 136 302 48 519 78 3,940 3,935 5 6,702 1 4 7 4 4 10 91 245 25 294 67 2,984 2,983 1 2,509 4 1 1 1 1 I 33 128 11 108 55 1,628 1,624 4 602 2 2 8 28 2 10 13 327 327 3 1 2 3 4 5 17 17 6 1 50 12 192 17 278 1,039 88 5,747 5,743 4 1 33 184 94 269 1,607 66 7,189 7,178 11 14 1 1 121 83 143 1,271 47 5,037 5,017 20 3 7 34 44 5.5 587 45 1,744 1,721 23 1 11 19 15 146 24 387 377 10 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 8 3 36 35 1 1 4 5 10 10 8 144 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 7EARS 18, 19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Extraction of Minerals— Contd. Professional persons . 20,475 82 191 570 5 2,916 12 1 322 348 453 2,840 284 16,228 16, 216 12 15, 597 6 2 49 28 9 88 197 20 2,574 2,572 2 2,483 2 10 29 9, Props., mgrs., and officials .. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers - 3 4 2 4 4 181 180 1 359 10 25 4 531 531 4 1 1 (f 3 2 1 1 128 6 Unskilled workers... Laborers Servant classes . .. Other specified mines... Props., mgrs , and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen...... Semiskilled workers . 1 692 13 1 287 488 362 2,101 401 11, 958 11, 944 14 SO, 352 6 4 47 13 61 213 71 2,078 2,078 1 26 2 2 a 3 ■i 5 96 1 1 19 17 2 587 3 4 7 345 345 1 1 11 17 12 648 648 11 2 1 1 40 fi Unskilled workers... ..... Laborers... .„ Servant classes . Not specified mines ...... 265 8 738 8,155 157 Professional persons . _ . _ 1 1,931 1,748 1,121 3,747 449 21. 656 21, 636 20 97, 494 10 13 523 8 1 26 33 15 655 655 39 1 1 98 22 129 245 66 2,595 2,595 3 148 3 3 3 2 Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers... 8 4 8 4 12 241 241 5 1 1 fi 4 17 13 4 850 ft Unskilled workers ..... Laborers ... Servant classes . . Quarries . ... 1,716 14 4,050 78 14, 267 252 Professional persons ....... Props., mgrs., and officials........ Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen .. Semiskilled workers . 1 388 4,504 2,180 16, 177 7,919 66, 326 66, 293 33 195, 035 1 28 790 2 1 28 25 3 3,411 3 4 86 236 430 3,291 3,291 77 1 1 62 94 424 1,396 1,822 10, 469 10,464 5 25, 382 245 1 6 6 1,058 3 3 4 fi 25 19 135 1,537 1,537 13 1 1 8 Unskilled workers ...... Laborers ... Servant classes ... Oil wells and gas wells . . Professional persons ... Props., mgrs., and officials .... Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers ... 1, 002 29 3,960 272 ,1 2,618 15, 360 11, 306 50, 960 7,542 107, 249 107, 118 131 6,378 25 69 3,295 15 13 257 582 231 2,862 2,860 o A 247 2 270 98 463 269 1,828 4,709 1,412 16, 701 16, 691 10 782 9 1,045 4 4 211 2 3 4 61 56 123 762 762 27 2 2 fi fi Unskilled workers ... 22 12 10 747 Laborers. Servant classes .. . Salt wells and works Professional persons 85 75 1 104 305 688 1,148 232 3,901 3,856 45 2, 549, 803 2 3 323 12 1 1 30 16 8 191 191 26 2 70 70 21 4 85 70 30 572 571 1 242, 389 1 102 2 106 106 7, 214 2 Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 6 o 4 73 73 3 72 72 fi Unskilled workers 407 407 Laborers Servant classes Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries Building Industry 25, 165 25, 158 688 58, 829 2,658 Professional persons 1 21, 2Q6 172, 287 24, 195 1, 837, 963 66, 978 427, 174 426, 190 984 78 575 22.371 1,688 45 408 128 280 1 224 118 1.327 30. 546 6,523 20, 091 20,066 25 2 2,594 15 3 42 12 30 2. 509 2,964 4. 851 160.815 14. 278 56. 922 56. 820 102 17 31 7,041 62| 1 PI Props., mgrs., and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 fi 682 4,002 9,609 10,864 10, 868 6 865 9 14 7 fi Unskilled workers Laborers . Servant classes INDUSTRY 145 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930 —Continued 25-34 TEARS 35-44 TEAKS 4S-54 TEARS 55-64 TEARS 65-74 TEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male 104 32 151 706 67 4, 796 4,795 1 4,429 87 76 139 810 140 3,368 3,366 2 Fe- male 2 'is' i 48 Male 6,355 95 111 97 865 46 141 137 3,481 55 135 79 642 78 2,472 2,469 3 6,730 Fe- male 18 1 1 15 17 13 .... 97 Male 70 110 56 684 55 2,590 2,590 2,451 61 143 43 413 46 1,745 1,741 4 Fe- male 7 6 1 51 Male 1,635 18 57 32 282 47 1,099 1,097 2 1,238 21 87 18 161 34 915 911 4 4,285 Fe- male 31 Male 437 7 25 14 71 37 283 281 2 10 30 8 30 1.0 331 330 2, 118 Fe- male Male 4 3 i ■i 23 28 2 3 49 49 873 Fe- male Male 41 Fe- male 373 140 295 826 117 4,632 4,631 1 25, 684 123 786 680 4,041 2,951 17, 113 17, 108 5 1,027 2,602 4,515 17, 182 3,240 38, 433 38,410 23 1,575 27 47 199 234 66 002 997 5 569, 853 1 184 447 360 269 923 55 4,676 4,672 4 22, 381 2 2 §1 152 538 545 227 964 60 £,230 i, 228 2 3 5 40 242 2 — ---- 10 1 1,354 97 1,380 455 4,363 1,475 14, 591 14, 589 2 68, 568 5 142 60 1,214 277 3,522 636 11, 246 11, 241 5 3 1 2 73 I 10 81 328 413 115 542 59 2,828 2,824 4 9,215 H 110 213 44 189 55 1,507 1,499 2,900 142 30 730 159 1,936 311 6,049 6,042 7 11,318 47 11 265 64 614 136 1,810 1,803 7 2, 620 11 7 1, 330 700 5,042 2,778 15, 515 1,603 27,930 27, 899 31 1,581 3 23 463 6 2 4 125 286 4,396 1,267 8,682 579 14, 056 14, 028 28 1,225 14 125 105 2,261 458 3,478 229 5,287 5,271 16 11 19 656 117 668 103 1,057 1,041 16 219 107 77 77 7,: 30 90 173 340 33 915 908 7 655,261 1 1 66 3 54 64 4,091 13 97 119 281 34 681 668 13 542, 429 2,123 7,243 26,112 7,931 405, 674 17, 500 105, 393 105, 226 167 33 119 6,878 232 11 91 24 67 5,994 53, 581 4,789 475, 617 9,683 105, 597 105, 369 228 16 183 3,309 3,550 48, 804 2,659 402, 773 5,191 79, 452 79, 220 232 9 154 1,315 566 2 77 19 58 8 52 50 143 30 349 342 1,280 29, 374 1,332 247, 648 2,736 36, 474 36, 320 154 672 2 60 316 257 7 30 7 23 3 11 20 57 24 104 94 10 119,661 341 10, 018 525 96, 781 1,239 10, 757 10, 701 56 124 1 20 34 61 2 6 3 3 25 50 7 18 10 263 262 1 267 29 29 45 19 166 164 2 310 1 3 2 5 4 54 54 110 1 112 19 76 14 88 83 5 22 6 12 8 73 73 15,835 II 1,794 18 89 15 1,162 42 468 466 2 n 146 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 YEARS 18, 19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Charcoal and coke works Professional persons 11,515 251 167 11 340 21 1,417 72 1 353 259 823 2, 316 2,012 5,752 5,709 43 15, 085 5 3 212 4 15 12 11 1 4,389 10 43 7 146 180 306 735 731 4 2,200 1 66 1 3 1 1 1,289 ? Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 fi 15 1 33 118 118 8 1 2 2 31 19 67 213 213 20 1 1 6 Unskilled workers . Laborers _ Servant classes Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories Professional persons . . 282 425 648 659 1 697 612 1,772 3,206 3,981 4, 767 - 4,686 81 27, S40 20 13 1,110 34 2,589 603 600 3 829 13 1 95 68 204 267 266 •1 1,568 2 1 134 1 405 116 116 67 158 12 235 289 638 868 867 1 4,837 8 2 375 4 715 186 184 1 237 % Props., mgrs., and officials.... Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers _ 3 4 R 54 2 115 111 111 39 1 302 83 83 a Unskilled workers , Laborers , Servant classes . .. Fertilizer factories... 1,090 28 Professional persons .. . i 208 1,379 2,969 1,770 2,568 18, 446 18, 392 54 102, 842 1 15 671 2 54 86 86 10 30 33 397 177 513 3,687 3,683 4 14, 640 1 206 1 12 17 17 4,355 ?, Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers . 3 4 42 4 109 935 933 2 872 13 3 10 10 293 95 25 162 1,276 1,274 2 2, 928 60 1 6 6 1,390 fl Unskilled workers . ... Laborers . Servant classes Gas works . 12, 088 Professional persons 1 2,391 4,457 23,912 21, 655 18, 637 31, 790 30, 929 861 31, 548 21 88 11,744 59 37 139 13 126 5,531 51 6 1,191 224 526 925 911 14 1,348 1 1,383 1 5 1 4 782 477 142 5,246 2,021 2,738 4.016 3,976 40 4,512 4 14 4,314 6 12 5 5 1.795 ? Props., mgrs., and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 R 431 4 152 285 280 5 599 290 2 1 1 »ei 6 Unskilled workers . Laborers _. Servant classes Paint and varnish factories.. Professional persons .... 1 1,438 3,521 7,736 2,924 9,381 6,543 6,286 257 163, 561 19 75 4,157 69 1,044 167 154 13 10, 237 47 2 369 38 480 410 405 5 4,535 1 57'S 1 167 35 35 953 306 100 1,294 246 1,553 1,013 994 19 24, 322 5 1 1,471 15 263 40 39 1 3,448 ? Prop., mgrs., and officials 3 4 5 Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers. and foremen Semiskilled workers 186 9 217 187 184 3 1,443 184 147 20 20 235 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Professional persons 1 6,598 7,737 27, 164 41, 391 34, 755 45,916 45, 276 640 21, 573 78 79 9,304 35 505 236 171 65 l 12, 409 137 15 1,279 492 910 1,702 1,695 7 1.765 2 856 1 68 26 24 2 2.736 1, 30S 269 4,994 4. 17S 5, 652 7, 921 7, 895 26 5.099 9 12 3,232 4 144 47 43 4 4.251 2 Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 fi 523 15 353 552 5. r 2 1,045 176 44 ~ 15 14 1 2.146 fi Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Rayon factories 1 Professional persons 742 262 1,144 4, 050 10, 669 4,706 4,551 155 36 16 692 285 10, 861 519 511 8 30 231 13 324 619 2,879 1.033 1,010 23 18 6 304 116 3,672 135 135 ? Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 fi 39 2 715 289 287 2 19 9 2, 003 115 115 114 112 1,093 416 414 2 99 25 2,497 115 115 U nskilled workers Laborers . Servant classes INDUSTRY 147 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930 —Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 3,171 93 3,185 44 2,091 8 860 S 249 1 24 11 139 46 2 2 104 104 2 1 43 61 8 24 5 15 1 1 1 1 V, 268 615 620 81 2 4 219 788 467 33 1 6 92 480 318 3 37 192 134 1 1 12 40 55 3 1 10 3 A 2 5 1, 483 2 1,503 1 1,097 3 465 1 122 1 9 7 6 1,478 2 1,496 1,085 3 454 1 118 1 9 7 5 3,721 1,017 7 3,560 1 624 12 2,673 248 11 1,421 92 4 486 11 51 2 13 2 276 74 3 5 155 196 1 3 72 189 4 2 19 103 2 3 30 1 6 1 1 2 452 781 327 8 455 897 161 13 285 704 51 5 136 344 21 1 55 112 1 1 5 4 1 1 5 4 974 559 864 379 659 161 394 58 113 8 16 1 4 1 5 1,164 115 993 67 764 25 425 10 153 1 19 1 3 6 1,161 115 986 66 750 25 397 9 133 1 12 1 3 3 7,503 279 t 5,987 1 141 14 3,985 53 28 1,708 1 15 20 553 8 7 77 2 32 I 74 243 1 3 43 451 5 34 350 5 13 214 4 67 1 1 19 2 2 724 231 734 114 506 34 310 9 131 2 28 1 2 1 3 478 1 501 383 147 51 2 2 4 696 5,288 16 27 500 3,758 13 9 341 2,371 6 8 174 850 1 5 63 237 2 3 10 18 ty 1 26 6 5,282 27 3,747 9 2,359 8 838 5 233 3 17 1 26 6 30, 702 3,804 11 25,431 1,465 12 17, 312 598 12 8,279 159 4 2,380 15 1 223 5 80 6 988 9 520 5 256 3 69 23 6 1 1 1,096 26 1,449 35 1,060 9 556 3 133 13 2 2 8,015 3,721 4,735 1, 355 2,558 525 1, 260 133 406 12 49 5 21 6 3 6. 529 17 6,294 18 4,160 12 1,933 6 437 40 13 4 5,981 5 4,499 7 2.819 5 1,360 4 500 1 51 11 5 8,093 26 7,934 45 6,459 42 3,101 13 881 2 64 32 6 7,956 6 7,739 3 6,232 2 2,945 803 1 57 30 137 20 195 42 227 40 156 13 78 1 7 2 8,320 1,603 7,436 642 5,330 273 2,861 70 994 14 122 23 1 631 9 266 1 111 3 57 1 18 1 1 1 775 22 1,178 21 817 14 461 12 150 4 36 2 2 2,238 1,299 1,716 442 1,109 154 576 27 208 1 31 9 1 3 742 2,481 20 222 802 1,941 20 137 620 1,503 9 79 349 863 4 24 108 305 5 10 29 4 9 5 1,453 31 1,533 21 1,170 14 555 2 205 4 15 2 - - •pi. 6 1,421 29 1,476 18 1,116 10 510 2 169 1 9 2 ----«= 32 58, 938 2 3,866 57 43, 650 3 1,256 54 21, 894 4 S66 45 8,582 90 36 1,937 3 13 6 157 3 103 7 2,877 35 1,498 25 593 9 156 23 3 3 1 2,270 24 2,906 23 1,526 16 596 2 140 9 6 2 10, 388 3,610 6,266 1,076 2,564 280 909 56 200 8 19 3 22 7 3 14, 070 9 12, 807 15 6,801 3 2,551 3 427 30 20 4 13, 010 137 8,526 73 3,976 25 1,750 12 504 2 54 20 5 14, 323 51 11,647 44 6,434 33 2,620 17 643 3 42 32 6 14,212 41 11,521 24 6,269 14 2,483 10 585 1 34 32 111 7,056 10 2,301 126 3,744 20 713 165 2,022 19 195 137 687 7 51 58 136 2 8 12 1 7 4 291 83 385 1, 555 3,499 13 4 209 86 1,907 139 87 165 1,079 1,479 3 4 48 39 575 40 62 77 493 703 2 2 8 9 154 10 12 31 153 248 1 1 1 3 1 41 4 7 36 45 2 8 2 2 3 1 5 4 1 3 3 5 1,243 82 795 44 647 20 233 6 44 1 4 2 1 6 1,225 80 766 43 602 16 205 5 38 1 2 2 1 18 2 29 1 45 4 28 1 6 2 148 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 YEARS 18, 19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male i Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CHEMICAL AND ALLIED industries— continued Soap factories „„.._ 18, 091 4,892 410 378 803 770 2,824 1,519 Professional persons . 1 585 1,322 4,438 2,621 4,110 5,015 4,842 173 143, 373 28 59 2,577 92 1,888 248 233 15 38, 507 18 3 275 28 237 242 240 2 5,822 2 379 4 342 43 43 5.016 161 41 1,016 236 658 712 704 8 19, 932 8 7 864 13 553 74 72 2 10, 876 ? Props., mgrs., and officials.- Clerks and kindred workers -.-„-- Skilled workers and foremen.. ..... Semiskilled workers 3 4 106 2 184 118 115 3 2, 901 132 2 220 24 24 2,788 fi Unskilled workers „_ Laborers. .. Servant classes Other chemical factories Professional persons 1 13, 322 12, 947 26, 472 21, 893 28, 527 40, 212 39, 060 1,152 70, 970 579 687 20. 668 '878 11, 980 1,715 1,632 83 78, 593 356 20 1,523 332 1,609 1,982 1,954 28 2, 701 1 2 2,806 40 1,921 246 244 2 9,326 2,280 329 4,498 2,077 4,900 5,848 5,745 103 8,109 165 35 6,988 141 3,104 443 436 7 17,431 f > Props., mgrs., and officials.. ._.... Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers.. . 3 4 fi 955 14 979 953 934 19 1,999 1,050 8 1, 559 171 171 8,564 331 1.452 1.448 4 12.971 4,204 22 41 427 103 1, 563 247 240 7 26, 405 60 114 1, 972 808 20. 407 3.044 2, 931 113 24. 033 22 S 3. S67 230 18. 53S 1, 371 1,367 4 INDUSTRY 161 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued I 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Ma'se Fe- male 4,857 196 70 237 4,883 129 3, 141 47 1,418 15 431 6 80 10 2 3 119 138 2 2 64 134 1 1 16 82 1 6 36 1 4 I 351 184 281 74 174 31 83 5 33 2 4 1 801 1 949 6 708 2 330 93 8 2 588 42 560 35 374 10 223 8 88 4 3 1 2,851 5 2,616 10 1,687 2 684 1 175 10 5 2,846 5 2,605 5 1,669 2 654 161 . 8 5 5 11 5 18 30 1 14 2 21, 588 3,215 19, 127 1,690 6 12, 845 678 6,835 206 2,275 59 299 3 35 9 424 11 232 123 4 55 1 11 1 3 1 827 9 1,668 21 1,442 16 784 6 258 1 40 3 1,999 1,034 1,303 439 771 151 364 35 133 7 17 4 2 8,510 42 8,441 37 5,561 21 2,707 6 881 2 133 9 5,103 1,782 3,647 992 2,175 401 1,204 126 412 38 46 3 10 7 4,705 337 3,836 195 2, 773 83 1,521 32 580 10 60 8 4,666 335 3, 794 190 2,69* 80 1,413 30 516 9 46 8 39 9,537 2 1,805 42 7, 808 5 738 81 5,022 3 268 108 2,297 2 87 64 738 1 21 14 75 1 29 2 398 9 211 15 98 2 37 1 6 2 2 400 13 642 11 490 14 230 7 50 2 6 1 2 1,021 2,152 676 39 572 1,985 236 34 322 1,214 60 10 155 509 19 2 49 149 4 4 17 4 3,366 980 2,639 396 1,799 165 826 51 295 13 J2 5 2 2,200 88 1,759 46 1,099 17 540 7 189 2 14 16 2,178 85 1,745 42 1,068 15 500 5 154 12 14 22 3 14 4 31 2 40 2 35 2 2 2 822 104 1,311 73 1,931 42 2, 152 20 1,529 6 354 1 5 J 2 87 1 1 161 33 3 164 115 36 1 1 55 47 596 33 1 64 60 71 988 13 1 53 59 80 1,541 10 27 49 57 1,823 6 12 20 24 1,345 6 1 2 311 5 91 87 4 4,340 6 6 103 103 5 5 89 87 2 3,327 2 2 411 59 53 6 1,806 2 2 135 1 25 24 1 694 45 4 3 1 83 1,880 4,448 891 1 8 4 62 364 8 9 50 624 6 10 26 488 2 10 13 249 5 1 98 "T 1 19 1 572 428 449 184 312 56 192 14 66 4 / 2 2 296 37 323 29 271 27 178 8 56 7 1 2,705 1.152 2, 591 636 1,905 309 999 105 401 36 35 4 2 341 46 411 26 325 7 175 3 72 1 14 I 328 46 405 26 311 7 160 3 68 1 11 1 13 40, 204 209 918 23, 898 6 37, 970 16, 289 14 25,121 8,243 15 13, 860 3, 428 4 5,069 829 3 889 72 81 48 27 22 151 1,597 23 25 103 1,196 16 30 42 728 5 15 10 237 2 4 47 1 2 2, 541 3,088 1,899 1,206 1,343 470 775 135 288 16 33 4 3 6 2,406 416 3,123 449 2,407 236 1,297 95 389 15 51 4 1 4 30, 992 19, 440 28, 966 14, 107 18, 458 7, 251 9,845 3,077 3,547 778 458 57 44 37 3,138 903 2,234 479 1,614 240 1,173 99 598 14 80 6 11 1 2,959 896 2,028 472 1,368 235 902 92 419 13 47 3 9 1 179 1 7 206 7 246 I 5 1 271 7 179 1 33 3 2 162 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued leather industries— continued Tanneries „ Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories _..„_... Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials ... Clerks and kindred workers...... Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant olasses. LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES Furniture factories _.„ Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. Laborers Servant classes Piano and organ factories ._ Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. Laborers Servant classes Saw and planing mills Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other woodworking fac- tories. ... Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers.. Laborers Servant classes Total male 62, 512 319 1,686 2,743 3,891 26, 701 17, 172 16, 990 182 7,100 22 494 656 669 4,284 975 924 51 246, 610 1,608 9,997 14, 655 97, 203 82, 403 40, 744 39, 761 983 16, 428 102 847 1,242 3,898 8,471 1,868 1,726 142 444, 782 1,133 20,195 12,064 71, 999 77, 292 262, 099 261. 741 358 109, 183 640 6,240 4,598 26, 145 31,894 39. 666 39, 378 288 Total female 5,908 15 12 1,607 68 3,682 524 513 11 1,361 370 13 881 85 82 3 21, 488 87 163 8,560 1,483 9,639 1,556 1,481 75 1,723 1 18 907 32 657 108 98 10 9,721 28 102 3,875 105 2,641 2,970 2,942 28 13, 091 15 89 2, 518 149 7. 352 2^968 2,951 17 10-17 YEARS Male 1,317 111 1 718 487 486 1 357 34 24 3 224 123 96 15 94 15 2 7,543 337 789 3,788 2,629 2,607 22 274 38 1 166 69 69 15,916 119 56 2,419 13, 322 13,316 4,336 164 72 1,525 2.575 2,572 3 Fe- male 652 61 1 500 90 90 182 1,256 363 4 757 132 126 6 100 40 10 10 800 93 1 312 394 394 1,349 110 1 857 381 381 18, 19 YEARS Male 2,269 209 34 1,074 944 937 7 465 1 2 47 17 299 99 97 2 12, 169 52 9 685 3,315 4,662 3,446 3,419 27 420 2 1 55 65 196 101 101 28, 946 19 21 368 1,202 3,441 18. 895 18. 886 9 5,764 9 203 599 1,821 3.124 3.117 7 Fe- male 847 206 3 553 85 85 216 42 1 157 16 14 2 2,626 1,177 96 1,109 238 236 2 204 125 (3S 11 11 1,110 7 2 390 4 328 379 377 2 1,777 20-24 YEARS Male 6,119 49 36 510 213 2,914 2,397 2,-392 5 945 3 15 112 64 611 140 138 2 34.115 291 225 2,336 11,811 12, 179 7,273 7,200 73 1,891 12 11 176 278 679 235 224 11 73,214 149 423 1,796 5,993 12, 086 52, 767 52. 752 15 15,329 305 8 1, 050 414 413 1 91 130 765 2,418 4.446 7, 472 7, 450 22 INDUSTRY 163 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 36-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 66-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 10, 071 1,352 13,005 1,029 10, 319 429 5,918 144 2,234 38 261 4 49 7 106 286 6 2 89 529 3 2 35 455 2 2 26 260 2 4 97 2 2 21 2 704 498 545 206 378 86 201 24 74 4 9 1 2 1 746 5,348 21 735 1,070 6,781 16 715 999 5,362 6 292 610 3,132 3 98 191 1,223 23 27 130 2 19 6 3,781 90 3,991 87 3,090 41 1,689 17 695 7 72 1 26 3,770 89 3,964 84 3,057 40 1,644 14 650 7 66 24 11 1 27 3 33 1 45 3 45 6 1 2 1,516 312 1,578 193 1,302 82 656 12 244 5 30 7 7 99 155 151 890 1 1 105 2 187 5 151 136 169 946 4 50 4 124 2 124 100 168 773 2 13 3 60 2 67 52 74 379 1 4 7 2 28 18 20 144 1 4 8 2 3 12 6 214 16 171 11 135 4 82 32 5 1 205 16 161 11 125 3 71 28 4 1 9 10 10 1 11 4 1 56, 787 5,454 51, 470 3,317 42, 875 1,854 27, 752 802 12, 228 231 1,783 34 1 108 19 504 21 358 27 238 10 127 2 31 1 6 1 1,811 38 3,015 44 2,651 40 1,604 23 579 6 102 1 4,322 2.527 3,187 944 2,189 366 1,155 96 394 10 42 8 11 22, 267 380 21, 335 325 18,590 239 12, 374 112 5,715 39 961 5 46 19, 033 2, 133 16, 756 1, 734 13, 293 1,059 8,571 513 3,629 161 460 23 32 7 8,830 355 6,819 243 5,714 140 3, 921 56 1,880 14 212 5 20 1 8,694 342 6.686 228 5, 537 126 3,721 49 1,697 10 180 5 20 1 136 2, 871 13 483 133 3,980 15 251 177 3,582 14 117 200 2,560 7 51 183 1,182 4 10 32 160 8 36 106 1 9 24 232 2 11 212 4 12 180 1 2 91 3 12 2 302 717 258 12 260 989 122 7 224 898 41 8 129 633 17 1 55 274 2 1 3 41 2 1,443 179 2,077 102 1,880 48 1,335 30 611 7 81 3 267 24 398 18 357 16 271 2 149 20 1 257 23 373 14 329 13 235 1 120 17 1 10 112, 908 1 2,640 25 93, 346 4 1,487 28 72, 196 3 712 36 38, 396 1 238 29 12, 968 55 3 1,520 20 372 12 305 5 283 7 204 4 125 2 38 9 1 3,056 16 5,773 20 5, 874 38 3,629 14 1,239 4 159 1 21 1 3,664 1,307 2,928 558 1,887 186 953 53 311 9 33 1 5 5 16, 037 31 19, 292 19 16, 636 19 9,203 8 3,156 1 370 54 20, 349 616 15, 855 424 12, 374 198 7,576 85 2,820 16 329 7 43 1 69, 497 665 49, 215 459 35, 221 267 16, 910 74 5,404 25 620 11 248 5 69, 462 660 49,154 456 35, 160 257 16, 830 69 5,329 24 605 11 247 5 35 5 61 3 61 10 80 5 75 1 15 1 24,439 3,092 22, 457 1,851 19, 023 1,010 11, 772 448 5,149 143 817 34 104 12 193 965 5 23 161 1,772 3 32 101 1,683 3 17 67 1,128 10 15 476 1 4 72 2 5 1,285 766 967 352 686 127 343 34 159 9 20 6 3 5,555 46 6,380 25 5,717 16 3,583 9 1,556 3 248 17 6,907 1,547 6,145 1, 015 5,289 620 3,676 324 1,731 117 333 32 21 6 9,534 705 7,032 -424 5,547 227 2,975 71 1,212 13 140 55 3 9,505 701 6,994 423 5,485 221 2,911 66 1,157 13 133 54 3 29 4 38 1 62 6 64 5 55 ' 7 1 164 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— C ontinu ed PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., factories . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials. .- Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Paper and pulp mills . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers .; Servant classes Paper box factories. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials. .. Clerks and kindred workers- Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers - Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Printing, publishing, and engraving Professional persons Props., mgrs.. and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Carpet mills. Professional persons Props., mgrs.. and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen- Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Cotton mills. Professional persons. Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. Laborers Servant classes. . Total male 22, 692 348 2,206 4, 327 5,183 7,179 3,449 3, 251 198 155, 236 2,081 5, 351 13, 143 25, 298 55, 006 54, 357 53, 453 904 14, 052 61 1,737 1, 585 2,182 6, 288 2, 199 2,105 94 429, 2, 956 41, 496 79, 163 233, 879 58, 365 14, 059 10, 090 3,969 30, 040 509 830 2,551 3.818 17. 753 4, 579 4,413 166 201, 821 593 3, 693 7. 332 34, 409 165, 638 50, 156 48, 655 1.501 INDUSTRY 165 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 5,720 4,159 4,834 1,957 3,412 900 2,001 359 719 65 90 8 14 12 91 422 1,217 1,451 1,819 720 700 20 41, 727 11 30 1,163 172 2,595 188 187 1 6,436 85 736 822 1,337 L, 301 553 517 36 35, 838 18 32 393 155 1, 264 95 94 1 8,722 60 6 32 300 321 442 581 325 279 46 13. 880 5 10 57 21 246 20 19 1 759 6 104 124 132 201 152 120 32 4,711 1 2 2 1 1 573 570 823 914 472 432 40 25, 590 23 167 63 588 53 52 1 1,945 1 6 4 43 11 9 2 180 15 11 11 29 24 16 8 492 4 1 3 4 2 2 7 5 19 76 26 804 1,002 4,017 6,323 16, 024 13, 557 13, 435 122 3, 579 28 327 490 622 1,632 482 470 12 108, 661 937 8,459 20, 320 65, 032 11,279 2.634 1, 946 688 6,655 32 20 2,489 97 3,273 525 519 6 2,464 484 1,724 2,715 7,132 12, 010 11, 573 11, 423 150 3,132 21 24 923 89 2,352 313 302 11 1,202 207 1,429 1,770 5, 546 8,016 8.622 8,433 189 2, 052 22 13 343 53 1,349 165 156 9 612 82 778 827 3, 014 4,418 4,761 4, 545 216 1,048 8 8 SO 18 580 65 57 8 253 28 266 331 885 1,556 1,645 1,506 139 408 3 20 5 128 24 22 2 57 1 46 40 85 158 162 143 19 53 2 3 1 10 3 3 7 1 4 6 13 20 32 31 1 3 10 12 4 4 9 3 326 66 1,937 125 123 2 31, 834 13 555 351 598 1, 242 373 358 15 92, 290 2 19 126 59 940 56 56 17, 734 5 480 161 368 752 286 274 12 61,010 1 15 55 40 475 26 25 1 8,107 1 225 91 175 375 181 157 24 37, 589 1 4 15 19 200 14 13 1 3, mo 2 94 47 45 147 71 58 15 12, 619 3 50 2 2 845 16 2 4 21 10 6 4 1,749 2 5 2 1 1 8 85 283 123 73 562 19, 770 3,140 7,955 334 299 35 3,117 662 12, 062 13, 994 55, 007 8,410 2, 155 1,378 777 6,937 60 682 9,217 2,458 5,124 193 145 48 2,490 348 9,773 9,209 34, 124 5,540 2,016 1, 179 837 4,839 28 565 4,511 1, 385 2,495 123 79 44 1,504 185 6,306 5,749 20, 533 3, 415 1,401 707 694 3,102 8 201 1,883 570 1,062 46 30 16 1,031 53 2,208 2,415 6. 035 1,241 667 300 367 1,384 1 62 455 109 207 11 6 5 504 7 386 416 689 159 92 43 49 214 7 50 7 17 4 2 2 144 5 41 64 144 21 8 5 3 9 10 59 19 30 5 5 9 13) 165 698 844 3,982 836 817 19 62,798 208 601 2,104 8,135 41, 840 9,910 9,758 152 45 3 371 23 2,554 121 120 1 38, 954 118 235 452 1,085 4,018 1,029 1.002 27 51, 702 26 9 139 21 2,207 88 88 26, 634 75 213 285 843 2,636 817 792 25 38, 663 8 12 45 14 1,352 73 71 2 12, 463 58 131 193 511 1,687 522 481 41 20, 656 2 5 17 11 961 35 30 5 3,915 17 53 66 198 812 238 210 28 6,845 2 2 i 4 481 14 13 1 851 4 6 8 26 144 26 18 8 830 1 1 141 2 2 1 5 2 2 1 1 54 119 83 47 15 1,480 128 35, 242 2, 042 1,977 65 114 1,090 1.451 10, 381 30, 903 7,763 7,574 189 48 18 624 101 24, 264 1, 579 1,517 62 88 1, 082 937 8,104 21, 153 7,299 7,014 1 285 31 12 219 55 11, 399 747 714 33 54 585 541 3,959 10, 648 4, 869 4,500 369 7 10 47 29 3,520 302 281 21 20 209 204 978 3,338 2,096 1,861 235 11 4 752 84 78 6 1 37 29 121 372 270 238 32 1 1 42 10 10 2 1 15 61 40 40 4 66 13 13 166 SOCIAL ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 YEARS 18, 19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical In dustries — C ontinued textiles industries— continued Hemp, jute, and linen mills. Professional persons 4,958 3,059 249 363 297 379 806 673 1 50 405 600 687 2,264 950 918 32 72, 845 12 11 454 48 2,430 104 98 6 102, 0S7 2 6 14 102 70 473 141 139 2 16, 891 2 1 147 11 498 14 14 27, 734 2 Props., mgrs., and officials. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen. ..... Semiskilled workers 3 4 46 39 43 19 174 61 59 2 7,724 72 289 16 16 15,476 fi 148 55 55 6,335 311 13 12 1 14, 897 fi Unskilled workers Laborers ... Servant classes .... Knitting mills ... a 226 3,791 6,064 8,797 47, 220 6,747 6,351 396 7,798 61 193 6,570 1,768 89, 898 3,577 3,529 48 8,588 5 9 559 253 6,157 741 727 14 378 2 2 979 87 13, 791 615 615 1,099 30 145 1,283 1,173 13,048 1,212 1,193 19 810 19 30 2,316 294 24, 172 903 901 2 2,049 a Prcjps., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 382 6 5,180 767 756 11 500 452 26 13, 778 641 839 2 1,070 6 Unskilled workers... Laborers Servant classes Lace and embroidery mills.. Professional persons 1 443 1,189 714 503 4,444 505 479 26 8,600 143 87 747 211 7,223 127 125 2 8,269 5 2 82 5 245 39 39 5 139 8 926 21 21 21 24 162 21 515 67 65 2 1,162 28 4 255 33 1,703 26 26 777 2 i Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 116 312 72 72 79 4 954 33 33 6 Unskilled workers ... Laborers Servant classes Rope and cordage factories.. Professional persons. . Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 808 346 492 418 ] 46 405 834 1,199 3,353 2,763 2, 712 51 5,915 8 8 502 53 2,404 294 289 5 2,396 1 11 6 133 98 523 391 388 3 708 1 155 4 553 64 64 335 2 3 4 30 16 48 24 220 199 199 43 328 40 40 IE 182 96 96 302 28 28 fi Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes Sail, awning, and tent fac- tories .. 132 79 244 126 Professional persons. 1 13 1,313 717 463 2,714 695 , 677 ' 18 87, 901 1 53 485 83 1,711 63 60 3 83, 239 2 28 101 64 353 160 160 1 3 145 4 170 12 12 2 Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers. 3 33 S 133 67 67 52 68 6 6 3 4 13 2 90 27 26 1 7,288 26 51 2 1 1 13, 884 6 Unskilled workers. Laborers .. Servant classes Silk mills 7,489 13, 563 15, 025 22. 449 Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 1 598 3,303 6,680 10. 987 56, 264 10, 069 9, 571 498 38, 066 119 90 5,793 1, 242 73,801 2,194 2, 158 36 8,457 20 15 891 244 5,247 1,072 1, 063 9 2,199 9 6 1,014 62 12,028 444 444 1,198 113 114 1,600 1,108 10,444 1.646 1,619 27 5,486 36 11 2,099 258 19, 477 568 562 6 2,321 2 3 4 J! 747 14 5,305 1, 222 1,206 16 1,466 450 10 12, 893 531 531 975 fi Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 1 546 957 2,342 4,752 21,978 7,991 7,815 176 31 34 2,184 147 5,740 321 314 7 29 2 2 301 11 828 52 52 114 24 445 360 3.376 1 i.i67 ; 1,156 11 1 5 1 766 35 1.441 73 71 2 ? 3 4 fi 143 8 932 383 382 1 149 1 768 57 57 221 76 1,381 492 4S9 3 6 Unskilled workers Laborers INDUSTRY 167 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 TEARS 45-54 TEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 TEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 1,203 714 1,071 538 713 257 443 103 157 30 16 3 1 1 13 92 156 148 597 197 195 2 19, 068 4 2 125 10 547 26 26 23, 131 14 111 126 204 396 220 214 6 11. 161 1 4 38 12 464 17 15 2 11.979 9 108 75 127 241 153 145 8 6,485 2 2 22 11 211 9 8 1 5,770 6 58 39 83 174 83 74 9 8,585 1 1 7 3 87 4 4 2,808 2 18 13 34 52 38 35 3 1,888 | 1 3 1 21 4 3 1 645 4 2 1 at 1 9 2 2 220 2 1 1 4 15 ft 1 80 38 67 109 904 1,650 2,960 12, 175 1,270 1,237 33 15 60 1,777 569 19, 998 712 708 4 47 • 1,329 993 2,250 5,660 882 830 52 16 64 667 436 10, 425 371 360 11 22 847 675 1,296 2,801 844 773 71 7 24 267 258 5,001 213 192 21 10 404 368 625 1,477 651 536 115 2 9 80 82 2,039 96 88 8 3 135 134 191 601 324 255 69 f 3 27 15 576 24 24 16 16 39 97 52 41 11 1 59 2„ 4 4 24 4 3 1_ 5 1 59 2 2 2 3 4 5 ft 1,647 2,138 1,941 1,194 1,462 657 755 249 270 69 33 7 2 8 92 230 143 104 985 93 88 5 1,910 54 28 176 72 1,784 22 22 763 150 461 92 128 1,041 69 65 4 1,836 28 25 63 53 1,012 13 13 572 102 323 59 135 779 64 61 3 1,459 17 21 28 32 550 9 8 1 275 51 117 45 76 400 66 60 6 997 8 6 6 8 219 2 1 1 94 17 30 14 28 150 31 26 5 387 3 3 1 1 60 1 1 21 4 2 1 6 16 4 3 1 44 1 1 2 •* 4 7 1 8 ft 1 5 2 17 61 211 256 735 630 624 6 1,866 2 5 172 13 513 58 57 1 575 8 117 201 303 652 555 548 7 1,331 1 74 12 419 66 63 3 608 5 110 116 258 505 465 455 10 1,088 5 1 30 13 201 25 25 452 3 73 65 187 372 297 28'6 11 696 1 12 3 70 8 7 1 172 1 32 29 64 145 116 103 13 293 ] 1 16 4 4 43 6 1 7 16 14 13 1 53 B 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 5 ft 2 4 4 6 254 214 141 578 173 172 1 21, 065 5 152 16 387 15 15 18, 245 2 368 169 112 551 129 124 5 17, 124 21 82 31 460 14 13 1 9,414 1 339 94 75 501 78 77 1 11, 329 12 22 22 391 5 4 1 4,009 2 217 65 47 327 38 33 5 8,167 1 7 5 9 144 7 7 1,323 88 21 14 150 20 17 3 2,148 5 1 1 34 2 2 279 16 7 2 s 4 27 3 1 2 221 2 4 4 5 25 45 48 198 683 1,514 3,150 13, 755 1,765 1,725 40 8,930 43 27 1,507 423 15, 903 342 336 6 2,060 147 1,058 884 3,078 10, 330 1,627 1,573 54 8,312 19 25 495 289 8,418 168 160 8" 1,155 71 860 611 2,074 6,390 1,323 1,213 110 6,498 48 245 259 1,024 3,551 1,369 1,343 26 9 15 171 143 3,579 92 85 7 517 34 444 305 1,027 3,446 911 787 124 8,969 3 6 49 51 1,178 36 29 7 188 14 115 116 273 1,192 438 340 98 1,520 1 3 2 2 32 5 5 3 42 3 3 1 5 5 261 8 6 2 36 11 10 17 123 60 40 20 172 1 22 2 2 2 4 5 6 5 16 4 205 191 647 1,195 5,057 1,635 1,624 11 16 5 612 46 1,316 65 63 2 109 347 427 1,299 4,489 1,641 1,617 24 7 12 235 36 822 43 42 i 1 5 92 13 383 23 23 31 110 128 591 2,224 885 839 46 8 24 5 143 8 6 2 9 37 65 182 856 371 327 44 1 2 33 1 3 6 17 102 43 33 10 1 3f 1 1 2 3 4. 4 10 5 5 2 5 6 168 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33« — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued textile industries— continued Woolen and worsted mills. .. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other and not specified tex- tile mills Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers __ - Servant classes _-- MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Broom and brush factories.. Professional persons .. .. Props., mgrs., and officials. . Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Button factories. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials. . Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Electric light and power plants Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Electrical machinery supply factories and Total male Professional persons . Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers- Skilled workers and foremen . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes 89, 842 554 2,616 5,786 10, 898 56, 508 13, 480 13, 078 402 80, 838 ,603 ,056 ,036 ,682 ,847 ,614 ,150 464 15,718 34 1,719 2,686 934 7,885 2,460 2,409 51 7,538 26 446 497 922 4,644 1,003 976 27 260, 345 15, 062 10, 635 44,688 88, 182 58, 758 43, 020 41. OOP 2,011 298, 388 19, 663 13,084 51.508 94,017 83,905 36,206 34, 440 1,766 Total female 54, 871 48 37 3,420 257 49, 076 1,833 1,798 35 53, 769 959 319 7,182 1,003 42, 538 1,768 1, 715 53 3,155 6 34 916 58 1,919 222 217 5 3,802 1 5 436 80 3,088 192 189 3 28, 910 82 173 28, 261 85 93 216 15 201 35, 187 274 298 33,815 1,299 45, 792 3,709 3,540 169 10-17 YEARS Male 3,481 243 8 2,577 653 645 3,287 566 19 1,991 711 700 11 724 77 2 370 275 273 2 403 77 "248" 78 78 2,822 118 19 891 594 581 13 8,553 2,303 50 5,006 1.192 1,183 9 Fe- male 4,392 140 1 051 200 198 5,339 435 11 4,632 261 255 6 330 46 238 46 46 555 29 483 43 43 856 843 1 2 10 6 4 8.217 1,944 18 5.809 446 444 2 18, 19 YEARS I 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male 4,258 11 2 365 98 2,966 816 811 5 4,448 37 20 780 213 2,522 876 857 19 804 1 5 106 23 416 253 250 3 424 1 2 42 24 291 64 64 9,045 207 10 2.826 1.964 2.192 1, S46 1.813 33 19.080 15,997 5,454 401 6 829 214 214 9,783 53 71 891 460 6.775 1,533 1.520 13 Fe i'' male 11,217 6,289 43 1,043 49 4,898 251 246 5 392 7 4 1,085 28 9.749 344 343 1 11,061 ,12,199 90 2 260 40 40 490 47 1 414 28 28 245 181 1,726 957 6,079 1,873 1,843 30 1,955 199 20 2,427 142 8.975 436 429 848 3 39 419 98 914 482 477 5 883 2 1 327 6 460 52 52 924 70 5S5 130 125 5 152 17 712 43 42 1 3,405 44.099 10.607 2 4 3,373 6 S 12 2 10 514 34 3,655 3,378 8,440 3,009 2, 967 42 14 7 5.510 123 9,521 822 816 6 2. 226 341 10.540 11.938 12. 039 7.015 6. S70 145 57, 248 15 35 10,503 12 17 25 4 21 3,808 534 10,810 15. 175 19. 996 6. 925 6,783 142 28, 724 INDUSTRY 169 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the TJnitee 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male 18,843 19, 800 539 1,315 2,365 2,809 9,576 2,705 2,646 59 3,884 12 294 732 206 1,569 521 514 7 1,888 7 68 88 205 1,087 233 230 3 90, 685 e,2i4 2,865 15, 741 31, 735 22, 462 11, 648 11,312 336 92, 255 7,972 3,591 16,895 32,005 23,176 8,616 8,352 264 Fe- male 13, 974 10 11 1,089 80 12, 382 402 401 1 12, 878 316 70 2,028 252 9,650 360 350 10 784 273 23 435 45 44 1 860 1 1 120 26 677 35 34 1 9,368 39 45 9,209 27 14 34 2 32 20, 869 111 94 9,699 487 9,781 697 662 35 Male 20, 231 131 742 1,229 2,865 12, 395 2,869 2,825 44 17, 778 356 1,961 1, 666 3,190 8,158 2,447 2,391 56 3,187 7 463 507 243 1,579 388 384 4 1,807 4 146 92 251 1,120 194 190 61, 278 3,738 3,815 7,969 23,713 12, 180 9,863 9,461 402 64,996 4,477 4,818 10, 016 24, 084 14, 188 7,413 7,112 301 Fe- male 10, 579 16 7 454 85 9, 672 345 333 12 8,883 242 102 829 275 6,971 244 236 452 4 10 123 13 281 21 19 2 601 2 57 19 494 29 29 8,326 20 53 3,136 19 21 77 1 76 7,953 53 87 3,010 220 4,202 381 312 69 Male 17, 297 98 675 885 2,791 10, 169 2,679 2,603 76 13, 513 232 1,494 1,093 2, 502 6,067 2, 125 2,037 2,664 5 405 414 201 1,379 260 247 13 1,282 6 123 62 205 730 156 150 6 34, 085 402 110 621 798 285 844 441 36, 208 2,106 2,827 5,103 12, 982 7,966 5,224 4,853 371 Fe- male 13 196 38 5,452 210 204 6 5,114 118 73 305 185 4,304 129 121 215 40 10 146 10 10 252 1 22 12 208 1,047 6 23 954 15 16 33 33 2,835 21 41 881 86 1,455 151 123 28 Male 11,480 54 481 496 1,976 6,603 1,870 1,739 131 2,480 1 46" 15 2,305 93 33 10 2,488 1,909 5 313 271 120 1,017 183 173 10 787 2 75 26 127 407 100 95 5 14, 088 650 924 1,783 4,850 2,335 3,546 3,143 403 15, 452 633 996 2,069 5,062 3,931 2,761 2,361 400 Fe- male 36 43 94 70 182 61 54 7 Male 4,180 15 169 182 707 2,322 785 702 83 3,' 5 15 3 67 4 5 81 3 2 1 246 200 5 11 21 21 12 18 176 23 357 52 37 15 45 251 192 469 1, 525 548 473 75 930 1 158 139 40 508 84 77 7 272 2 22 20 38 147 43 40 3 3,888 Fe- male 548 130 234 501 1,208 730 1,083 864 219 4,142 122 247 570 1,159 1,090 954 748 206 1 ? 2 518 20 17 3 807 L6 18 744 19 18 1 1 1 I 24 3 2 1 17 3 23 110 1 2 34 6 57 10 7 3 Male 440 30 27 64 223 96 34 12 323 3 39 28 42 147 64 53 11 201 42 39 12 12 M 3 1 2 23 5 4 1 387 20 31 71 88 86 91 72 19 Fe- male 154 2 1 147 4 3 1 339 8 12 20 59 2 79 85 6 84 55 29 Male 4 5 4 28 •SB W 190 8 13 29 46 45 49 49 163 17 17 28 43 27 28 26 2 Fe- male 4S 1 1 28 3 3 42 1 ""§' *35" 3 3 IT 17 30 170 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry, or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 YEARS 18, 19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male 1 Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING industries— continued Independent hand trades... Professional persons 159, 293 201, 036 1,465 2,520 2,351 4,108 1 7,656 13. 933 ] ? Props., mgrs., and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers 4 Skilled workers and foremen 153, 740 5,553 845 200, 191 1,336 129 10 2,510 2,249 102 46 4,062 7,217 439 105 13,828 6 Unskilled workers Laborers _ Servant classes Rubber factories . 130, 784 35,607 2,261 2,483 5,401 4,625 20,549 10, 414 Professional persons 1 2,447 4.978 16, 865 16, 332 62, 233 27, 929 26, 735 1,194 963 86 103 10, 145 635 21, 425 3,213 3,143 70 1,327 1 52 9 901 221 2,711 1,507 1,491 16 56 2 3 1, 291- ' 43 2,872 414 412 2 386 184 3,248 1.445 10,768 4,518 4,440 78 11 15 3,802 127 5.622 837 833 4 197 ? Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers .. . Unskilled workers .. 3 4 5 455 13 1,185 608 604 4 48 295 7 1, 934 246 245 1 112 Laborers . Servant classes. . Straw factories 108 J 134 Professional persons Props., m?rs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. .. . Semiskilled workers .. ] 5 45 52 89 615 157 148 9 43, 045 1 1 1 12 3 88 29 «8 1 7,173 1 8 2 183 3 2 1 86 2 3 4 R 51 27 1,235 13 12 1 422 7 34 7 7 9 1 98 4 4 3 4 37 12 12 8 98 2 2 6 Unskilled workers Laborers. Servant classes _ .. Turpentine farms and dis- tilleries 3,882 57 2,656 36 Professional persons ... ] 55 1,378 *1. 392 2,025 37, 860 37, 852 8 280, 469 1 8 93 2 9 309 307 2 79, 554 4 3 12 24 62 2,551 2,550 1 13, 299 6 2 28 28 15 54 58 142 309 6.595 6,595 39 47 47 O Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 6 4 52 3,620 3,620 1 1 55 55 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other miscellaneous mfg. industries . 8,780 7,583 10, 870 38, 682 21, 523 Professional persons . 1 5,218 30, 271 34, 151 45, 059 99, 269 66, 501 65, 109 1,392 359,393 528 932 25, 088 1,837 46. 453 4,716 4,604 112 106, 166 3 2 133 60 2,393 900 5,850 3,963 3,919 44 19, 107 34 9 3,649 111 6,329 738 731 7 15,020 782 866 6.028 4.439 15.277 11.290 11,181 109 52, 694 113 61 8.747 350 11.029 1,223 1.214 9 28,601 *? Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 R 1,913 48 4,171 2,645 2,611 34 11,470 1,422 23 5.562 574 570 4 11,181 6 Unskilled workers Laborers , ... . Servant classes Other not specified mfg. industries Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials. . Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers 1 ? 6,016 15, 423 36, 867 94, 842 93, 521 112,724 106, 715 6,009 716 568 26. Ill 2,010 64. 383 12, 378 12. 061 317 2 225 20 2,764 2,460 6,235 7.403 7, 247 156 24 8 3,572 120 9.289 2.007 1.991 16 971 397 7.330 10. 232 15.207 18. 557 18. 05S 499 120 54 9.067 362 15.828 3,170 3,150 20 3 4 5 6 1,942 112 4,964 4,452 4, 372 1 80 1,319 42 8. 103 1, 715 1.708 7 Laborers 1 Servant classes INDUSTRY 171 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 250 24, 334 33, 808 39, 455 50, 565 37, 854 47, 764 27, 253 32, 364 15, 086 13, 845 3,728 1,881 103 1 ?. 'A 22, 946 1,388 203 33, 603 37, 638 1,817 206 50, 359 36, 842 1,012 160 47, 604 26, 771 482 84 32,230 14, 938~ 158 23 13, 822 3, 704 22 4 1,877 99 4 4 246 4 41,495 981 1,201 5,644 4,826 21, 226 7,617 7,433 184 172 10, 691 33. 891 4,882 17, 454 1,759 7,888 815 2,248 109 227 10 72 19 31 26 3,407 218 6, 043 966 951 15 249 679 1,888 3,899 5,119 15, 118 6,688 6,432 256 227 23 26 . 947 139 3, 215 532 506 26 278 253 1,058 1,700 2,952 7,247 4,244 3,982 262 179 12 20 296 72 1, 201 158 146 12 183 83 477 740 1,376 3,030 1,982 1, 722 260 103 5 11 84 24 441 50 41 9 144 11 138 243 343 826 685 560 125 88 1 2 17 5 80 4 4 52 1 18 26 28 90 64 55 9 7 3 6 2 1 1 4 1 5 9 9 32 16 16 g 12 4 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 9 11 19 110 22 20 2 9,919 12 2 234 1 1 108 3 12 8 24 142 38 36 2 8,036 1 5 8 263 2 2 70 14 6 19 112 28 25 3 7,071 6 170 9 4 12 63 15 15 2 2 6 135 1 1 1 6 26 3 3 s 2 50 2 3 2 1 1 153 4 4 fi 1 1 6 47 3,873 18 918 1 1 64 19 222 105 296 559 8,718 8,717 1 74, 134 3 30 1 3 71 71 19, 135 12 413 71 367 415 6,758 6,754 4 86, 054 1 2 8 1 58 58 11,087 3 410 48 358 346 5,906 5, 905 1 46, 007 3 6 2 36 34 2 5,978 2 232 27 167 220 2,725 2,724 1 24, 022 1 3 1 12 12 40 8 27 56 787 787 4 2 3 1 1 5 5 139 139 1 1 2 1 61 61 4 5 6 2,535 8,245 719 1,064 80 182 64 1,834 6,326 9,736 12, 144 26, 790 17, 304 17, 117 187 89, 169 177 196 7,121 564 10, 093 984 960 24 25, 310 1,348 9,602 6,677 12, 529 21. 667 14,231 13, 996 235 80, 913 103 266 2,710 413 6,938 637 609 28 14, 746 722 7,642 4,201 8,937 14, 416 10, 089 9,807 282 58, 316 65 225 1,065 250 4,018 355 333 22 7,437 309 4, 164 2,303 4,505 7,834 4,907 4,650 257 32, 837 31 129 292 107 1,830 146 131 15 2,934 79 1,382 760 1,386 2,872 1,766 1,564 202 12, 910 2 41 61 14 553 48 45 3 741 8 200 117 146 350 243 201 42 1,658 I 17 3 39 4 4 1 5 4 2 62 7 7 29 23 25 42 63 63 2 3 4 5 6 87 319 109 2,008 3,049 10, 097 25, 463 22, 493' 26, 059 24, 972 1,087 224 130 7,671 559 14, 209 2,517 2,458 59 1,480 4,781 7,032 25, 072 18, 594 23, 954 22, 886 1,068 202 171 2,976 499 9,223 1, 675 1,.588 87 848 4,005 4,360 17, 905 13, 300 17, 898 16, 718 1,180 92 120 1,129 291 4,956 849 778 71 346 2,194 2,393 9,592 8,337 9,975 8,873 1,102 43 59 305 107 2.101 319 280 39 119 812 820 3,454 3,813 3,892 3,152 740 7 19 47 24 547 97 82 15 16 150 106 468 497 421 328 93 4 7 1 61 14 12 2 3 15 •23 84 81 113 109 4 2 3 18 5 66 15 14 1 J 1 2 3 4 5 6 67555 O— 38- -12 172 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Transportation and Communication Air transportation Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.. . Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers . Servant classes Construction and mainte- nance of roads, streets, sewers, and bridges Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials. .. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Un?killed workers _. Laborers.. Servant classes Express companies- Professional persons. .. r Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers .. Servant classes. . . Garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.... Clerks and kindred workers. . Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Livery stables. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers- Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Pipe lines. Professional persons.- Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Postal service. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.— Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total male 17, 181 557 1, 085 1,598 10, 872 1,274 1,775 1,652 123 451, 855 16, 425 19,837 4,720 52, 358 43, 249 315, 266 314,337 929 58, 542 21 1,478 26, 586 2,662 15, 284 12,511 11.990 521 409, 781 Total female 10-17 YEARS Male 1,028 4 5 907 67 36 9 7 2 3,697 124 69, 543 19, 539 229, 104 20, 862 70, 609 66, 692 3,917 9,588 1,519 146 595 266 7,062 7,005 57 24, 818 252 791 1,031 5,146 3,546 14, 052 14,037 15 254, 439 38 23,648 218, 616 3,211 1,973 6. 953 3,851 3,102 3,648 1 30 15 1 14 14, 062 422 13, 322 18 99 201 157 44 54 17 36 183 1 167 1 9 5 4 1 29, 497 8 13,620 15,231 9 78 551 17 534 259 45 20 2 154 3 5S 2 57 2 1 7,518 69 39 659 6, 751 6,744 467 Fe- male 25 41 25 1 15 4 11 33 141 1 106 219 215 4 9,923 334 9 4,638 4,942 4, 864 78 251 1 1 249 249 269 11 3 27 228 228 1,325 1,264 ""24 37 19 18 82 T 331 314 264 262 18, 19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male 846 5 5 83 478 126 149 147 2 17, 706 51 17 211 496 2,038 14, 893 14, 871 22 1,394 Fe- male Male Fe- male 108 101 4 2 1 1 4, 031 375 175 3 140 2 538 9 418 427 421 6 19, 427 3 29 6 23 274 268 101 93 385 2,846 261 345 333 12 67, 425 3,068 416 963 4, 121 9,780 49. 077 48, 987 90 6,365 5 1 1, 574 5 40 2.142 113 2,447 1.618 1.585 33 71,341 346 24 2 2 2 876 11 1 700 206 1,080 9,980 1,434 6,727 6,580 147 292 1,537 2 3 1 8 278 913 1 36 39 97 740 739 1 2,816 44 2,633 9 46 84 60 24 10 27 22 5 4,522 26 2,884 4,362 43, 556 3, 561 16, 952 16. 273 679 789 14 22 15 10 12 730 726 4 4,527 14 4, 442 4 20 42 37 5 14 47 17 160 429 693 3,181 3.181 937 18,263 59 3.3S6 175 754 3 391 17, 105 69 236 459 351 108 911 391 1 5 28 4 24 7 157 7 150 794 r89 INDUSTRY X73 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS Male 7,074 256 492 634 S.906 305 481 451 30 117, 554 6,455 3,418 1,468 13, 908 15, 257 77, 048 76, 852 196 19, 704 5 306 8,137 690 6,585 3,981 3,846 135 156, 789 38 22, 670 7,078 99, 340 5,116 22, 527 21, 151 1,376 1,423 Fe- male 371 2 3 329 32 5 973 12 3 701 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS Male 15 239 11 228 1,519 1,502 1 11 5 1 4 4,493 91 4,307 5 24 66 52 14 12 3,340 143 352 234 2,035 195 331 304 27 98, 939 3,909 6,181 890 14, 167 7,918 65, 874 65, 690 184 15, 660 5 422 7,700 874 3.618 3,041 2,908 133 96, 922 Fe- male 34 25, 042 3,738 54,277 2,789 11,042 10. 275 767 1,779 105 1 2 83 5 12 2 2 506 6 5 323 9 163 11 152 1 "678 2 2,110 140 1,930 3 7 30 20 10 14 Male 1,037 40 97 109 429 119 243 221 22 75,990 1,981 5,488 614 11, 131 4,169 52, 607 52, 374 233 9,187 378 4,839 618 1,420 1,928 1,817 111 37, 334 18 12, 231 1,759 16, 694 1,595 5,037 4,622 415 2, 15S Fe- male 22 2 55-64 YEARS Male 423 304 1 3 144 12 144 6 138 1 "253' 10 35 41 126 83 128 107 21 45, 992 712 3,183 335 6,225 2,227 33, 310 33, 160 150 4,556 772 112 620 3 18 19 .15 4 10 1 256 2,465 296 559 979 907 72 13, 301 5 4,964 861 4,160 1,041 2,270 2,012 258 1,807 Fe- male 72 3 28 1 7 33 2 31 85 65-74 YEARS Male 121 1 10 14 35 25 36 29 7 18, 129 203 1,027 1-49 2,050 1,032 13, 668 13, 628 40 1,104 203 135 3 10 / 4 3 1 88 584 58 113 280 255 25 3,954 Fe- male 3 1,334 283 834 584 916 753 163 75 AND OVER Male 12 2,240 28 99 18 197 148 1,750 1,744 6 Fe- male 38 13 23 5 23 3 10 27 25 2 468 145 31 84 85 123 92 31 177 UNKNOWN Male 18 382 18 8 3 24 21 288 287 1 37 Fe male 342 67 13 170 19 73 70 3 13 13 13 136 31 76 19 1,161 1, 154 7 8,008 102 152 374 1,609 1,360 4,411 4,410 1 69, 570 65 302 29 108 25 1,315 1,303 12 5,918 23 58 2,817 64, 051 441 687 1,566 1,095 471 7,567 60 278 260 1,656 821 2,843 2,841 "2 72, 523 21 7,649 2,836 4,640 2 16 73 4 16 5,782 63, 282 1,063 503 1,877 1,105 772 4 3,841 3,627 2 23 152 4 148 405 26 166 66 1,490 1,472 18 3.493 12 358 28 147 81 1,193 1,186 7 1,400 239 12 74 43 536 528 8 254 54 1 13 II 98 97 1 17 35 206 133 977 384 1,758 1,752 6 51, 278 6,440 41, 984 987 243 1,620 754 1 5,954 7 117 49 368 129 730 728 2 29,944 18 6 61 32 137 134 3 3 2 11 11 19 2,955 7, 732 1,078 76 144 4 3,364 2,376 1 11 198 3 195 5 5,529 22, 757 536 158 959 362 597 1,880 982 3 7 83 1 82 2 2,299 4,740 98 66 293 88 205 541 170 9 12 12 328 686 4 9 51 13 38 63 11 18 114 4 1 7 4 3 27 9 18 174 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Transportation and Communica- tion—Continued Radio broadcasting and transmitting. Professional persons .. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes Steam railroads . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen- Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers... Servant classes Street railroads. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers U nskflied' workers Laborers Servant classes Telegraph and telephone. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. .. Skilled workers and foremen.. . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers . Laborers Servant classes Truck, transfer, and cab companies... Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total male Water transportation Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.. . Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other and not specified transportation and com- munication Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes 8,094 561 1,639 5, 320 328 122 124 77 47 1,528,073 14, 399 108, 369 242, 683 412, 924 268, 217 481, 481 434, 446 47,035 188, 973 1,-984 3,623 12, 643 63, 636 77, 869 29. 218 27, 694 1,524 267, 354 15, 131 16, 125 114,848 25, 924 78, 859 16, 467 12, 944 3,523 474, 860 123 40,508 11,201 8,752 326, 809 87, 467 86, 761 706 294, 423 1,460 28, 449 20, 029 37,666 91,057 115,762 99, 062 16,700 9,927 182 1,920 4,213 1,107 1,268 1,237 1,190 47 Total female 870 1 180 646 39 4 54, 994 120 21 48, 517 93 1,307 4,936 3,111 1, 825 6,435 14 5 5,869 30 156 361 273 311, 248 318 2,873 304, 437 1,210 1,562 848 27 821 8,288 3 576 6,503 4 1,086 116 73 43 5,381 16 22 4,044 4 709 586 12 574 1,820 69 1,699 1 30 14 10-17 YEARS 18, 19 YEARS 30-24 YEARS Male Fe- male n- 104 1 9 3 3 10,418 3,270 58 1,195 5,894 5,683 211 535 187 11 141 196 188 15,271 14, 189 8 737 336 288 48 6,921 271 1 3,241 3,408 3.3S4 24 2,953 529 32 1,366 1,026 808 218 201 22 20 728 588 32 108 83 25 105 9S 20,300 20, 186 1 98 15 2 13 218 201 14 3 2 1 118 104 l" 11 Male 418 Fe- male 36 337 19 15 9 7 2 32, 722 95 76 39 8,239 1,895 3,995 18, 478 17, 807 671 1,968 19 527 322 414 686 663 23 14, 651 337 74 8,007 719 4,503 1,011 915 96 18,164 1 120 512 128 10, 906 4,497 4,457 40 9,230 11 42 57 1 40 21 1 22 1 21 1 1 1 147 870 297 5, 021 2,894 2, 166 728 332 1 2 214 14 62 39 36 3 1 2,786 1 2,~585' 31 169 115 54 413 389 48, 577 Male 2,592 Fe- male 156 368 1,911 100 29 28 19 9 152,021 11,645 329 36 285 1,728 1,088 32, 566 19, 895 22, 465 74, 279 70, 114 4,165 14,578 12 48, 286 51 187 41 3 38 785 732 1 45 7 7 386 360 6 20 1 19 172 106 213 46 1,978 4,600 4,713 3,028 2,876 152 52, 063 10, 973 7 126 532 360 172 1,451 1 3, 257 1,295 18, 777 3,798 21,311 3,625 3,263 362 78, 775 11 1,685 2,059 946 62,880 11,194 11,076 118 36. 801 23 23 20 3 106 418 75 576 105,052 376 236 103 8 95 2,139 156 1.305 3.033 2,506 16. 978 12, 823 9.S82 2,941 1,200 18 70 651 103 204 154 149 5 1 16 1,963 135 24 15 9 1.419 317 1 34 66 3 63 483 4 471 INDUSTRY 175 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, tor the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN 1 Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 3,370 267 1,136 112 320 SO 94 9 25 2 8 1 10 307 672 , 2, 212 133 25 30 i 19 11 380, 731 72 179 16 21,418 78 391 571 47 22 26 17 9 420, 017 1 55 51 3 2 2 11,433 17 129 130 22 10 12 5 7 314, 109 13 12 4 1 1 4,901 2 32 42 2 6 10 4 6 164, 381 1 2 3 2 2 4 3 2 1, 67J 8 8 1 4 4 2 2 48. 787 1 1 312 1 2 1 2 1 1 3,518 1 41 1, 871 53 ' 4, 548 i 12,289 71, 940 92, 023 72, 087 127, 844 114,697 13, 147 50, 587 44 5 19, 970 17 227 1, 155 737 418 1,983 3,953 34, 877 58, 503 128,565 78, 797 115,322 101, 504 13, 818 53, 052 41 6 9,573 26 290 1,497 932 565 1,301 2,781 35, 219 38, 697 101, 882 50, 843 84, 687 75, 037 9, 650 40, 045 17 7 3,586 20 337 934 579 355 815 '990 19, 674 22,097 53, 398 26, 923 41, 299 37, 413 3,886 21,298 8 3 1,028 20 204 414 228 186 300 281 4,877 6,714 14, 202 10, 660 12, 053 10, 761 1,292 6,283 1 157 3 53 98 58 40 57 33 234 525 762 1, 045 917 796 121 515 10 6 25 18 7 4 8 72 132 244 207 708 634 74 134 1 47 4 1 3 6 651 445 3,408 18, 154 20, 849 7,060 6,701 359 80, 823 6 1 1,842 8 42 84 68 16 88, 984 515 1, 155 2,710 18, 719 22, 353 7,600 7.224 376 54, 681 1 1 1,152 10 33 104 79 25 32, 813 362 1,132 1,972 13, 130 17,444 6,005 5,720 285 32, 659 4 2 685 10 29 85 58 27 10, 343 159 640 1,274 6,654 9,265 3,304 3,127 177 13, 608 1 1 251 1 8 38 28 10 2,962 56 180 507 1,883 2-, 453 1. 204 1,083 121 3,152 1 40 6 10 7 3 529 8 24 71 126 182 104 83 21 258 -2 1 1 1 84 1 1 9 37 55 31 29 2 190 6 258 6,362 4,595 28, 082 8, 543 28, 731 4,510 3,654 856 171, 927 127 1,116 86, 735 545 261 200 8 192 2, 522 3,214 4,588 22, 687 6,938 14, 029 3,225 2,364 861 106, 470 62 681 31, 272 190 330 278 4 274 1,615 1,569 3,577 14,010 4,286 6,906 2,311 1,601 710 57, 175 32 328 9,515 40 296 132 132 723 328 1,541 7,124 1,359 2,153 1,103 680 423 26, 701 8 138 2,611 5 134 66 2 64 228 49 402 1,750 236 409 306 158 148 9,156 2 28 468 1 18 12 12 45 4 43 150 18 19 22 9 13 1,174 1 62 1 1 5 10 10 72 19 61 18 12 6 397 5 250 1 2 8 52 10, 980 3,749 3,494 133, 999 19, 653 19, 443 210 81, 086 1 95 2,033 1 355 37 23 14 1,773 37 13, 005 2,320 2,493 70, 443 18, 172 18, 024 148 75, 959 1 225 1,026 2 334 27 15 12 925 13 8,831 1,306 1,122 30, 320 15,583 15, 508 75 52, 947 ~l39~ 421 152 11 6 5 586 4 4,287 731 427 11,379 9,873 9,809 64 25, 422 69 105 47 7 5 2 174 5 1,442 219 127 3.03L 4,332 4,309 23 8,158 27 14 4 44 132 27 7 333 675 672 3 1,041 3 2 4 26 7 7 277 80 79 1 826 2 6 4 390 5,931 5,609 10, 150 27, 489 31,517 26, 163 5,354 2,956 5 6 1,488 1 122 151 1 150 654 383 7,904 4,612 11,132 18, 644 33, 284 29, 592 3,692 2,524 6 8 527 1 220 163 2 161 283 308 6,943 3, 053 7,916 11,898 22, 829 20, 486 2,343 1,591 4 5 186 215 126 4 122 119 169 4,367 1,659 4,174 6,213 8,840 7,818 1,022 818 2 46 1 84 41 1 40 57 36 1,609 575 1,264 2, 545 2,129 1,812 317 248 1 14 23 6 6 9 15 206 70 147 385 218 183 35 49 3 1 1 2 37 19 48 518 202 152 50 10 2 1 1 1 1 74 474 1,293 334 464 317 308 9 4 28 606 11 5 2 3 39 657 923 330 230 345 341 4 2 21 254 3 3 3 31 412 559 200 173 216 204 12 1 8 105 1 3 1 1 14 225 301 97 77 102 95 7 7 49 1 5 63 93 24 25 38 33 5 1 7 1 16 17 3 10 3 2 1 1 5 1 2 i 1 1 176 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Total male Total female 10-17 YEARS 18, 10 YEARS 20-24 YEARS Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Trade Advertising agencies Professional persons. . 48, 980 15, 508 929 538 1,404 1,628 5,940 4,918 1 346 9,771 29, 560 2,629 5,776 898 819 79 459, 054 35 768 14, 216 65 409 15 6 9 1 165,729 2 8 2 49 j 508 3,895 467 865 156 152 4 77, 143 11 94 4,691 22 97 3 2 1 54, 885 2 Props., m^rs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremeD Semiskilled workers 3 4 ft 580 31 277 39 38 1 10, 833 489 48 1 1 3,805 952 110 281 53 ! 51 2 i&, 077 1,564 3 57 2 2 16.441 fi Unskilled workers .. Laborers ......... Servant classes . . . Banking and brokerage Professional persons.. . 1 2,071 212,312 216, 186 3, 850 8.516 16,119 1,904 14, 215 29, 045 97 9,192 153,315 80 374 2.671 21 2, GoO 2,079 1 4 548 23. 993 35 123 374 99 275 537 16,336 5 18 82 2 80 187 139 11, 057 64. 195 212 462 1,078 237 841 2.399 8 1.213 53, 364 18 54 228 4 224 513 ! 2 Props., mt?rs., and officials ... Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers. . 3 4 10, 571 7 56 199 46 153 140 3,760 10 34 2 32 73 fl Unskilled workers . _. Laborers ... . Servant classes -- --• Grain elevators Professional persons. . - Props., mers., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers.. 1 98 9,484 5,660 2,061 2, 327 9,415 9, 329 86 338, 508 2 21 1,561 9 409 77 71 6 168, 791 • 10 225 570 109 281 1. 204 1,199 5 33, 261 1 2 449 44 17 16 1 59, 539 2 19 136 21 82 279 278 1 7,588 145 """36" 6 6 24,084 3 4 29 23 5 26 85 84 1 3,622 40 10 9 1 7,105 6 Unskilled workers. ..... .... Laborers.. .. . Servant classes Insurance . Professional persons - 1 3, 737 27. 556 303,112 1, 757 921 1,425 312 1,113 223, 273 535 1,752 165, 850 36 304 314 3 311 64, 919 23 8 261 520 32. 092 186 93 109 43 66 7.383 68 195 1 59.197 I 6 I 54 «5 18" 11.391 2 Props., mcrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 5 3, 588 7 14 13 6 7 524 7,094 2 6 3 1 2 1*, 287 7.463 57 25 15 6 9 1,223 24. 036 4 34 2 2 4,184 8 Unskilled workers. . Laborers _ _ . .. . Servant classes Real estate . Professional persons 1 1,184 5, 124 215, 151 459 542 813 76 737 17, 220 15 479 64, 279 1 47 98 98 543 8 2 1,172 2 25 14 1 13 542 4,183 1 1 57 99 no 7,007 23 82 62 S 54 1, 895 3 35 11.347 1 1 4 4 162 2 Props., mers., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... .. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 3 4 50S 1.287 6 5 11 1 10 807 24 6 Unskilled workers .. .... Laborers ... ... Servant classes . Stockyards ... . Professional persons. Props., mgrs.. and officials 1 30 420 5,330 1,324 1,060 9,056 8,897 159 53, 462 459 7, 327 10, 906 5,880 8,816 20, 074 18.913 1,161 3 6 522 93 124 1,147 1,136 11 6.784 i 158 3 1 1 1. 572 2 1 525 2 136 10 50 344 338 6 1,729 57 ! 713 3 4 Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 103 24 fi 8 9 2 7 5.932 2 62 3, 567 35 1,739 527 494 1 33 21 183 182 1 704 426 fl Unskilled workers... ... . ... Laborers . _ Servant classes Warehouse! and cold stor- age plants Professional persons 1 3 14 572 35 258 847 829 18 450 2 213 48 46 2 33 292 1,986 404 1,148 2,921 2,832 89 1 1 1 1,194 3 305 69 66 3 2 Props., mirrs., and officials .. Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers 1 3 4 5 n 233 2 139 420 410 10 139 235 52 51 1 1 Laborers . Servant classes INDUSTRY Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 TEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 15, 085 5,207 13,221 2,116 7,632 793 3,570 234 1,023 51 129 7 47 16 97 12 99 6 53 3 28 7 1 2 1 2,872 294 3,366 233 1, 993 ' 102 817 35 185 9 23 7 1 1 2 3 9,410 4,784 7,725 1,804 4,283 653 2,019 178 597 34 70 4 29 15 856 14 656 11 300 9 156 4 48 1 4 1 1 1, 605 99 1, 210 59 873 26 477 15 152 6 28 2 8 4 245 4 165 3 130 73 2 34 2 1 5 231 1 152 118 53 21 2 1 6 14 124, 149 3 57, 174 13 95, 129 3 22, 036 12 66, 236 8,273 20 40, 230 2 2,451 13 16, 736 448 3,157 57 364 159 769 34 556 28 359 19 173 6 58 1 12 1 53, 633 3,058 62, 262 2,610 45, 585 1,551 26, 519 588 10, 386 137 2,127 21 195 14 i 65, 469 53,516 26, 970 18, 459 13,816 6,006 7,638 1,497 2,940 213 461 22 133 142 2 614 20 842 16 979 11 811 8 316 1 30 4 1 3 1,140 76 1,343 73 1, 856 73 2, 095 59 1,257 10 177 1 7 4 2,524 470 3,156 850 3,641 613 2. 994 293 1.779 86 350 13 24 2 b 392 6 419 4 383 3 225 92 9 2 b 2, 132 464 2,737 846 3,258 610 2,769 293 1,687 86 341 13 22 2 6,303 591 7,714 393 6,889 199 3, 832 83 1,285 31 126 3 20 6 33 1,570 1 4 31 2,786 4 14 2,684 7 8 1, 621 ~~4 2 518 53 8 1 1,348 505 1,450 297 1,188 100 678 28 231 4 24 1 6 3 1 447 3 640 1 473 4 270 1 91 9 1 6 596 63 530 79 414 73 257 45 129 26 12 2. 1 i 2, 309 15 2, 277 12 1,916 9 998 5 314 1 28 5 2 b 2,295 15 2, 252 10 1, 897 9 983 3 309 1 27 5 2 b 14 98, 802 45, 886 25 90, 209 2 19, 076 19 58, 2S5 9,257 15 33, 145 2 3,221 5 12, 910 638 1 2,428 70 263 135 1,344 206 1,086 171 631 67 307 14 72 1 ia 3 6.709 539 9, 478 521 6, 367 330 3. 301 130 991 26 173 4 17 7 i 87, 717 44, 781 78, 618 18, 190 50, 502 8,748 29,012 3,011 11,657 599 2,224 66 239 128 2 480 i 476 12 313 o 180 *:» 50 1 6 2 6 246 70 196 52 156 48 130 34 53 6 7 1 4 3GG 63 355 130 316 62 215 30 87 5 8 1 b 73 233' 35, 099 63 14,318 81 274 56, 001 1 129 13,616 58. 258 58, 776 62 11,319 35 180 42, 463 30 6,382 9 78 18, 389 1 ti 5 2,036 8 3,231 294 184 92 325 3 301 7 245 1 137 1 60 8 1 889 91 1, 459 142 1, 369 125 872 68 358 12 63 3 2 3 1 33, 469 14, 198 53, 841 13, 423 56, 798 11,154 41, 192 6,291 17, S49 2,017 3,135 290 180 89 '2 105 8 120 97 15 116 69 ]2~ 68 66 7 22 40 3 3 6 3 1 1 4 160 11 149 4,008 18 18 181 183 17 166 4,523 29 29 86 179 16 163 3,322 27 27 23 128 14 114 1.857 15 15 7 60 8 52 672 4 16 5 6 4 3 16 80 14 7 55 8 135 1 9 116 3 66 37 2 1 1,278 180 1.413 76 975 21 633 6 227 3 36 7 i 255 331 331 218 79 6 1 2 216 2,197 1 238 2,398 4 5 183 1,708 2 141 796 1 77 252 10 26 3 5 4 2,173 2, 365 1 1,671 1 767 235 25 5 b 24 13, 988 1, 517 33 12, 643 4 961 37 9,596 1 473 29 5,832 1 202 17 1, 974 55 1 286 5 58 8 124 1,602 1 10 142 2,181 14 102 1,707 1 18 43 1,119 9 10 355 9 2 48 9 1 1 3,291 1,106 2,282 466 1,437 158 805 48 258 2 33 1 9 3 2 1,540 13 1, 654 10 1,338 4 699 2 186 1 21 1 3 2,280 286 1,828 346 1,426 223 1,087 95 553 31 88 2 9 3 4 5,149 101 4,556 125 3,586 69 1,879 48 612 12 74 2 30 1 5 4,920 90 4,318 118 3,324 65 1,681 44 512 11 58 2 29 1 6 229 11 238 7 262 4 198 4 100 1 16 1 178 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Trade— Continued WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE Automobile agencies, stores, and filling stations. . Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. _ Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers ._ Unskilled workers „ Laborers _ ._ Servant classes .. Wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) _._ Professional persons _. Props., mgrs., and officials.. Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers .... Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Other and not specified trade Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers....... Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers ,. Laborers Servant classes Public service (not else- where classified) Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Professional Service Professional service (except recreation and amuse- ment) Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes.. Recreation and amusement. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes... Total male 465, 393 121 148J386 264, 598 12, 143 9,440 31,007 30, 203 804 4, 125, 858 4,078 1,561,724 1, 789, 117 86,554 414,375 270, 010 253, 462 16, 548 54, 542 12, 774 37, 632 750 1, 153 1,427 1,232 195 927, 882 43,235 119, 665 88, 139 270, 338 219, 494 187,011 167, 416 19, 595 1, 335, 228 1, 036, 016 9.468 87,031 15, 514 41, 783 145,416 32, 832 112,584 312, 802 142, 59, 16, 8, 38, 46, 34, 12, 944 139 611 318 855 935 219 716 Total female 32, 957 2 2, 611 30, 073 2 178 91 61 30 1, 227, 307 1,049 112, 523 1, 067, 618 4,768 26, 862 14, 487 9,355 5,132 30,964 26 912 29, 597 37 342 50 25 25 121, 694 4,556 10, 783 94, 344 3,340 3,458 5,213 1,109 4,104 1, 630, 514 1, 328, 831 5,552 219, 049 75 35, 059 41, 948 1,622 40, 326 130, 403 100, 737 2,354 17,527 39 6,988 2,758 610 2,148 10-17 YEARS Male 8,289 5, 403 10 309 2,577 2,560 17 149, 767 6 2,689 98, 900 67 30, 279 17. 826 17,270 556 710 603 44 58 5, 542 667 21 2,704 2,148 2, 024 124 8.611 962 4,090 21 1,316 2, 222 895 1,327 14, 682 2,054 745 2 9,781 2,080 1,611 469 Fe- male 830 812 13 5 4 1 67, 321 4 103 62, 981 3 3,115 1, 115 893 222 1, 108 18, 19 TEARS Male Fe- male 20-24 YEARS Male 17, 854 1,437 11,503 587 669 3,678 3, 654 24 168, 671 3,350 1,040 67 1 1 849 1 747 *"!§ 88 55 33 12, 893 3,9i: 6,606 2 989 1,379 107 1,272 3,657 1,886 "S20" 93 10, 269 106, 129 2,713 30, 786 18, 881 17, 905 776 1.352 5 16 1,188 18 51 74 71 3 24, 246 27 3,298 131,850 27 801 125, 802 281 3,309 1,430 894 536 3,774 101 2,345 411 17,023 4,366 4,059 307 18, 753 6,471 6,733 148 1,872 3,529 1,338 2,191 16, 569 889 62 35 5.860 603 1,122 121 5,865 2,998 2,293 705 3,730 1 38 5 3 2 4.758 13 4, 552 9 23 161 57 104 89, 353 62, 350 Fe- male 70,993 i 10, 617 14 11,778 46, 024 2.335 2,060 8, 782 8,714 68 1 182 10, 374 45 15 12 3 515,5231292,730 613 i 179 77,596! 5,307 300, 662f277, 545 13, 324 J -1,007 81, 652 41. 876 39,916 1,760 6, 627 69 448 5,559 83 216 252 239 13 6,054 2,638 1,520 1,118 9,919 4 55 9,774 6 72 8 6 2 105,638 22,971 4,376 3.842 10,290 10, 505 59, 072 17,553 15,942 1,611 460 ; 1.084 20, 757 169 131 370 126 244 116,268 459,130 22,838 5 1,964 2, 196 153 2,043 8,561 5,158 2.25S 3 1,049 93 51 42 84.417 379.472 170 219 13,113 69,433 680 7,391 10. 497 3,963 6,534 48, 721 27. 143 4. 085 2, 955 752 6,504 7, 302 5,438 1,864 12 5. 145 4.849 242 4,607 25, 93S 18, 667 171 5, 544 12 1,289 250 & 157 INDUSTRY 179 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age And Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 157, 807 10, 822 118, 950 4,707 68, 098 1,896 24, 872 572 7,371 111 787 19 362 33 49 45, 075 1 628 37 46, 189 832 17 26, 275 619 3 12, 949 258 1 3,890 1 59 400 4 93 2 2 95, 864 10, 129 64, 608 3,819 27, 951 1,250 10, 037 297 2,692 51 280 14 234 29 '6 5,181 2 2,773 948 250 63 5 11 4 3,220 44 1,659 33 813 16 459 8 220 1 28 3 1 5 8,418 18 3,684 23 2,094 11 1,174 9 505 74 1 21 1 6 8,251 12 3,621 13 1,946 7 1,042 3 431 64 1 20 1 167 6 163 10 148 4 132 6 74 10 1 1,040,818 3Q9, 280 960, 849 227, 041 701,777 133, 849 405, 743 50, 982 155, 755 11, 788 24, 197 1,402 3,258 1,264 1,399 359 992 256 575 168 290 49 94 6 12 1 4 1 321, 994 20, 877 441, 997 34, 133 371, 659 29, 233 228, 609 15, 947 90, 786 5,194 14, 927 767 1,198 161 2 500, 904 277, 471 367, 963 184, 177 234, 859 99, 169 125, 803 32, 778 45, 701 6,035 6,685 591 1,511 1,069 3 26, 406 1,369 20, 592 1,120 13, 450 690 7,272 243 2,400 50 278 52 5 4 128, 741 5,918 76, 597 4,334 39, 204 2,714 19, 079 1,124 6,960 258 838 19 239 17 6 61, 374 3,286 52, 208 3,021 42, 030 1,875 24, 690 841 9,814 245 1,457 24 254 12 6 58, 689 2,063 49, 378 2,053 38, 908 1,237 21,912 544 8,110 129 1,138 14 236 8 2,685 1,223 2,830 968 3,122 638 2,778 297 1,704 116 319 10 18 4 16, 284 9,077 13, 669 4,221 8,691 1,963 4,952 706 1,882 139 320 22 55 35 258 2,983 12' 242 197 3,949 7 290 166 2,884 1 204 75 1,773 1 96 30 594 1 17 5 111 1 5 16 3 2 12, 166 8,708 8,821 3,864 5,131 1,725 2,805 592 1,133 117 192 16 34 31 •A 218 15 195 10 147 3 61 2 25 2 . .. 1 4 319 83 241 43 135 23 96 11 44 3 4 1 3 1 6 340 17 266 7 228 7 142 4 56 1 6 1 c 306 34 7 10 230 36 3 4 177 51 3 4 110 32 1 3 39 17 1 2 4 1 246, 165 38, 121 220, 577 27, 784 164, 793 17, 625 108, 068 7,584 45, 107 1,643 6,998 140 750 219 11,900 1,522 10, 420 1,464 8,022 793 5,222 250 2,534 35 624 8 34 10 1 22,158 2,777 31, 139 3,140 28, 399 2,446 22,232 1,046 10, 051 248 1,731 24 113 18 2 22, 351 31, 897 20, 833 20, 041 15,652 11, 030 10, 888 4, 305 4,370 803 657 49 86 163 '6 83, 212 702 82. 503 1,037 54,064 870 29, 135 432 9, 176 102 1,157 8 154 11 4 67, 409 408 34, 693 792 20, 829 1,063 11,959 770 4,898 229 718 22 189 7 b 39, 135 815 40, 989 1,310 37. 827 1,423 28, 630 781 14, 078 226 2,111 29 174 10 6 35, 201 206 37, 090 246 34,063 237 25, 215 127 11, 993 44 1,680 9 149 2 3,934 609 3,899 1,064 3, 764 1,186 3,415 654 2,085 182 431 20 25 8 •343, 464 500, 580 307, 554 283, 926 259, 195 174, 200 182, 484 83,511 80, S35 21, 374 17, 217 2,716 1,347 2,8S2 288,528 418, 326 251, 817 234, 224 202, 770 141, 761 134, 451 67, 065 53, 662 17, 103 11, 922 2,201 1,016 2,412 I 1,199 883 2,296 1,391 2,713 1,602 2,143 1,076 808 320 130 46 9 15 k. 20, 318 67, 449 16, 686 31, 733 12, 083 14, 362 8,345 6.206 4,294 1,017 1,294 116 75 289 3 2,602 25 3,754 12 3,940 12 3.063 5 1,181 2 112 13 4 10, 426 6, 654 7,378 6,703 6,273 7,150 4,622 4,795 2,124 1,429 344 180 37 50 5 20, 39-1 7,243 25, 623 9,862 31,416 9,313 29, 860 5,364 18, 266 1,503 3,415 173 197 66 ti 6,445 272 6,473 303 6,289 283 4,794 177 2,193 60 364 15 78 10 13, 946 6,971 19, 150 9,559 25, 127 9,030 25, 066 5,187 16, 073 1,443 3,051 158 119 56 83, 007 36, 403 68. 842 27, 913 45, 303 18, 714 24, 728 8,092 9,420 2,576 1,348 353 407 201 46, 085 28,647 31, 601 23, 104 17, 746 13, 804 8,650 6,801 3,104 2,217 472 293 229 160 1 13, 751 500 17, 885 707 13, 177 564 6,972 279 2,335 107 290 18 61 8 2 4,756 5,447 3, 393 2,262 2, 033 887 1,127 247 405 44 62 4 13 14 3 2,346 17 2,643 3 1,568 2 663 2 189 26 8 4 5,683 1,223 4,183 2,027 3,126 852 2,333 471 1,170 143 177 31 33 14 5 10, 386 569 8,937 810 7, 653 605 4,978 292 2,217 65 321 7 63 5 e 7, 380 133 6,359 141 5, 560 93 3,713 48 1,600 12 217 2 48 2 3,006 436 2,578 1 669 2,093 512 1,265 244 617 63 104 6 15 3 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 33. — Gainful Workers in Each Industry or Service Group, States: INDUSTRY AND GROUP Domestic and Personal Service Hotels, restaurants, board- ing houses, etc Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen- Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Domestic and personal serv- ice (not elsewhere classi- fied) Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials- Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. _. Laborers Servant classes Laundries. Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Cleaning, dyeing, pressing shops and Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials... Clerks and kindred workers. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Not Specified Not specified industries and services Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks ana kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total I Total male female 693, 220 332 164, 936 47, 752 8,837 29, 342 442, 021 18, 909 423, 112 754, 448 102 4,817 7,175 406, 961 335, 393 56. 841 278, 552 134, 738 154 22, 482 12, 639 8,465 77, 052 13, 946 12, 828 1,118 78.618 109 19, 822 5,270 1,115 47, 633 4,669 4,216 453 1,101,680 9,455 9,064 110,442 58, 549 199, 848 714, 322 703, 997 10, 325 664, 161 80 57, 318 35, 122 7 149, 426 422, 208 2.084 420,124 2, 283, 120 30 3,867 12 452, 429 1, 826, 782 2,267 1,824,515 175, 641 20 2,063 12, 971 2,759 149, 460 8,368 8,292 76 30, 627 2,294 8,989 349 18, 328 659 639 20 236, 009 432 864 189. 586 417 30, 161 14,549 11,416 3, 133 10-17 YEARS : 18, 19 TEARS ! 20-24 TEARS Male ! male I Male Fe- i male I Male I Fe- : male 16,563 22,977! 27,378 39,723 1,126 6 68 15, 363 878 14, 485 19, 967 154 3 4,023 15, 787 2,226 13, 561 4,085 318 2 2,914 851 816 35 2.367 255 1 1,765 346 299 47 40, 607 7,721 67 7,922 24, 895 24, 705 190 1 1 2 506! 224 1,0061 2,2011 2,727 104|._: 266! 693 24,300 36,077 1,178 23,122 21, 970 132 21, 838 130, 424 103 ~~2~ 389 127,932 120 127,812 10, 842 568 9,609 665 664 1 1,250 429 781 40 40 15,225 11, 398 6 2,99 824 736 88 22, 800 94 41 9,276 13, 388 2,091 11, 297 6,104 161 35,916 148, 567 310 3 66 489 104 4,362 1,080 1.016 64 4.305 16, 262 131, 995 112 131, 883 85,716 99,126; 25 5,392! 8, 202' 657 1,369 70. 071 2,962 67, 109 8 1, 915 8,064 i 4,478 84,660 319 84, 341 79, 464 350, 331 245 j 818 318! lj 43,079! 54,183! 35,8181295,327! 5,553| 250| 30, 265! 295, 077] 15,634 ! 18,832 1,620 71 13, 081 858 856 2 2.427 134 306 17 3,371 477 432 45 1.132 12 1,226 57 57 20 817 1,823 605 13,200 2,367 2,225 142 32. 686 7 107 3,824 280 26, 873 1.595 1,591 4 14,473 ' 5,867 66, 477 34, 203 192 8 23 10 10, 749 29, 486 817 18 14, 6S8 3.698 40. 008 983 39. 548 731 460 252 16 1,294 1,133 107 10, 781 1.142 1. 051 91 170, 489 211 2.677 23 2.S35 121 117 4 75, 946 1.492 1 86 366! -Q 25, 119! 67. 445 5. 035 j 62 39,803 6. 2 16 98,674 2. 037 97, 3561 1,467 1,318! 570 INDUSTRY 181 Classified into Social-Economic Groups, by Age and Sex, for the United 1930— Continued 25-34 YEARS 35-44 YEARS 45-54 YEARS 55-64 YEARS 65-74 YEARS 75 AND OVER UNKNOWN Male 173, 231 Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 1 Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male Male Fe- male 878 155, 125 176, 729 147, 764 122, 432 114, 834 83, 400 61, 225 23,047 19, 827 3,463 2,882 1,261 101 31,379 12, 126 2,029 3,959 123, 637 4,093 119,544 187, 338 20 9,841 11, 172 2 19, 455 114, 635 392 114,243 515, 141 83 54, 044 8,736 2,308 6,112 105, 446 3,662 101, 784 186, 635 20 18, 120 7,264 2 35, 755 86, 603 465 86, 138 459, 241 68 42, 663 7,165 1, 963 7,277 63, 296 3,031 60, 265 138, 178 14 16, 592 3,538 2 42, 825 51, 863 372 51, 491 361, 080 36 22, 347 5,255 1,283 6,046 28, 433 1,996 26, 437 78, 984 12 8,260 1,114 31, 156 20, 683 190 20, 493 213,939 16 7,396 2,473 427 3, 420 9,315 929 8,386 35, 113 3 2,050 175 12,700 4,699 44 4,655 86, 305 1 982 374 45 778 1,283 132 1, 151 7,006 241 8 2,193 440 3 .437 14, 209 1 227 94 15 47 877 48 829 983 75 54 171 578 6 572 3,883 1 2 4 5 5 19 3 29 6 24 8 18 8 5 2 1 1 1 1 767 1,366 115,139 70, 047 10, 067 59, 980 40, 019 1,046 2 93, 453 420, 637 446 420, 191 44, 917 1,154 1,830 112, 126 71,496 10, 936 60, 560 32, 002 744 4 91, 932 366, 555 515 366, 040 38, 280 1,207 1,810 72, 141 60, 996 11,109 49, 887 20, 592 . 481 2 87, 963 272, 626 438 272, 188 22, 390 798 1,244 36, 373 40, 551 8,531 32, 020 9,718 275 2 69, 867 143,787 238 143,549 8,375 322 513 12, 510 21, 763 5, 009 16, 754 2,921 73 1 31, 025 55, 204 119 55, 085 2, 055 76 46 1,919 4,964 1, 253 3,711 356 13 4,682 9,513 23 9,490 227 4 375 583 66 517 109 4 673 3,206 6 3,200 235 2 3 4 5 G 46 4,965 4,509 2,215 24, 680 3,604 3,362 242 24, 600 2 348 3,675 696 38,117 2,079 2,068 11 8,505 41 6,931 3,029 2,356 16, 954 2,691 2,490 201 18, 384 5 683 2,042 929 32, 892 1,729 1,703 26 7,371 23 5,823 1,666 1,910 9,292 1,878 1,681 197 9,652 587 945 534 19,364 960 944 16 3,-694 15 2,981 607 993 4,106 1,016 880 136 3,802 2 271 233 203 7,281 385 374 11 1,217 6 795 171 251 1,303 395 305 90 1,038 60 51 38 1, 822 84 80 4 238 92 22 21 171 50 39 11 145 4 5 5 203 10 9 1 29 12 5 8 70 14 14 3 8 3 218 3 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 54 29 38 5,862 1,792 314 15, 341 1,253 1,144 109 242, 101 6 574 2,562 92 5,086 185 181 4 60, 858 32 6,808 1,010 309 9,497 728 662 66 203, 387 1 804 1,474 106 4,842 144 138 6 27, 588 16 3, 940 494 208 4, 590 404 359 45 174, 404 1 481 559 82 2,496 75 72 3 13, 584 5 1,400 205 114 1,669 209 179 30 124, 698 187 114 28 862 26 24 2 5,744 2 339 61 40 510 84 68 16 63, 853 27 32 6 164 9 8 1 1,803 29 13 4 78 21 17 4 11,964 8 4 16 1 1 16 1 1 31 5 5 2 6 20 1 1 1 2 3 4. 5 6 384 4,200 694 3,456 2,150 29, 815 14, 578 52, 909 139, 193 137, 105 2,088 145 237 51, 266 117 6,157 2,936 2,166 770 2,200 2,909 17,416 15,418 34, 033 131,411 129,290 2, 121 103 246 19, 504 105 4,584 3,046 2,401 645 1,355 2,146 10, 567 12, 117 22, 593 125, 626 123, 897 1,729 53 164 7,435 70 3,351 2,491 2,047 444 524 1,091 6,061 7,258 15, 608 94, 156 92, 763 1,393 1 30 88 2,282 28 1,858 1,458 1,192 266 185 308 2,432 2,774 8,076 49, 578 48, 748 830 4 30 420 10 725 614 533 81 33 50 393 395 1,820 9,273 9,097 176 ""'"Is 54 186 129 118 11 16 21 169 90 2,396 1,508 1,488 20 3 4 296 1 359 31 25 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 182 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100; this results occasionally in the omission, for females, of an entire economic group. In addition, where "servant classes" constitutes less than 1 percent of the total in any specified industry, for either sex, the percentages for both "laborers" and "ser- vant classes" have been omitted. The numbers for each of these subgroups of unskilled workers are given in table 33j INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years * 5 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a o a m a Agriculture Male.. . ... 100.0 luO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons 0.2 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers _. 60.1 9.2 29.4 61.2 77.6 80.9 81.6 80.9 81.4 50.4 0.1 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 6. Unskilled workers Female 39.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.7 100.0 70.2 100.0 37.8 100.0 21.2 100.0 18.1 100.0 17.6 100.0 18.3 100.0 17.8 100.0 48.6 100.0 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 28.7 0.4 0.1 "6T "6." 6" 4.2 1.0 16.3 0.8 0.1 40.0 0.4 0.2 58.5 0.2 0.2 73.6 0.1 0.2 81.6 86.5 38.7 0.9 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.2 0.2 0.2 6. Unskilled workers .. 70.7 100 99.9 100.0 99.4 100.0 94.8 100.0 82.8 •100. 59.3 100.0 41.0 100.0 26.0 100.0 18.1 100.0 13.4 100.0 60.2 Fishing Male.. 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 0.2 0.2 0.2 99.4 100 0. 0.1 ~99.~9~ 0.1 "99.Y 0.4 0.2 0.3 99.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 99.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 99.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 99.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 99.4 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers.. Female - ... 0.2 0.4 99.4 0.1 0.6 99.3 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 31.5 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers .... 68.5 100.0 0.4 7.7 1.9 4.4 3.4 82.2 80.8 1.4 100.0 0.1 1.3 19.6 Forestry Male 100.0 0.2 0.3 2.7 96.8 96.5 0.3 100.0 ~~2.~ I" 0.7 0.7 5.0 91.5 90.9 0.6 100.0 100.0 0.4 4.1 1.2 1.7 5.8 86.8 86.2 0.7 100.0 100.0 0.5 7.1 1.9 4.4 4.8 81.2 80.4 0.8 100.0 0.2 1.0 24.4 100.0 0.4 9.1 2.1 6.3 2.5 79.5 78.0 1.5 100.0 100.0 0.4 9.7 2.1 5.9 1.8 80.1 78.1 2.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 10.8 2.4 4.6 1.5 80.3 77.9 2.4 100.0 0.6 12.1 2.5 3.7 1.4 79.7 77.2 2.5 100.0 0.5 11.7 2.7 2.8 1.7 80.7 78.2 2.5 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. 0.5 5.1 0.5 4.0 4.5 6. Unskilled workers 85.4 Laborers. . Servant classes. Female 83.3 2.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.. .. 0.6 31.4 1.8 15.3 2.1 8.7 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 20.7 i 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers.. 0.6 78.4 4.7 73.7 100.0 0.4 1.0 1.1 6.6 0.5 90.4 100.0 1.8 1.0 86.9 0.2 0.3 9.8 8.5 1.3 0.3 67.8 3.3 64.5 100. 0.4 0.1 1.2 2.3 0.6 95.5 100.0 1.6 0.6 73.8 2.6 71.3 100. 0.5 0.4 1.5 6.1 0.5 90.9 100.0 1.4 0.5 82.5 4.6 77.9 100.0 0.4 1.1 1.1 8.1 0.4 89.0 100.0 3.0 1.7 S3.S 0.7 88.5 1.7 86.8 100.0 0.3 1.7 0.8 8.6 0.4 88.2 6. Unskilled workers _ 100.0 "6~3~ 0.2 0.6 98.9 79.3 14.7 64.7 100.0 i.i 0.5 97.6 100.0 Laborers Servant classes Extraction of Minerals Coal mines : Male 100.0 0.3 2.3 0.9 9.5 0.9 86.1 100.0 0.5 2.7 1.0 9.7 2.0 S4. 1 100.0 0.1 3.0 2.1 10.6 2.6 81.6 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 0.3 0.8 0.8 5.3 0.3 6. Unskilled workers. Female 92.6 1. Professional persons.. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 81.4 91.6 0.3 92.3 0.2 0.2 5.9 5.3 0.6 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers 0.4 11.1 8.1 3.0 6. Unskilled workers 18.6 18.6 6.5 6.5 Laborers Servant classes INDUSTRY 183 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a o a a Extraction of Minerals — Contd. Copper mines : Male 100.0 1.9 1.0 2.2 13.9 1.7 79.2 100.0 1.4 0.7 94.4 100.0 2.0 1.6 5.7 90.7 100.0 0.7 0.1 2.1 6.6 3.7 86.9 100.0 1.6 0.1 2.3 8.4 1.5 86.1 100.0 2.3 0.3 2.5 13.1 0.9 80.9 JIOO.O 2.0 0.9 2.1 14.1 0.7 80.1 100.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 16.6 1.7 76.1 100.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 22.3 4.0 67.4 100. 1.9 3.9 2.5 21.1 10.7 60.0 100.0 3.2 6.5 3.2 7.3 12.9 66.9 1. Professional persons.. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers... 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen 6. Unskilled workers 3.5 2.1 1.4 100 2.2 4.4 0.9 8.7 1.8 82.1 100. 1.9 0.8 2.8 15.6 1.1 77.8 100.0 4.5 Laborers . Servant classes _. Gold and silver mines : 5 Male . 100.0 "6"9" 1.8 2.7 94.7 100.0 "0.6 1.7 1.1 96.6 100.0 0.8 "b'.h" 3.3 3.9 91.4 100.0 0.1 "~i.T 4.1 1.2 93.1 100.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 5.0 2.2 89.8 100.0 1.5 0.1 2.8 6.9 1.2 87.6 100.0 2.0 1.9 1.2 9.5 1.9 83.5 100.0 2.6 0.2 3.8 14.1 1.2 78.1 100.0 2.3 3.6 0.8 10.9 1.3 81.0 100. 2.0 1.0 2.9 17.1 0.7 76.4 100.0 2.7 6.0 1.0 10.3 1.6 78.4 100.0 1.8 1.2 2.1 19.0 0.7 75.2 100.0 2.5 6.6 0.7 7.9 1.8 80.5 100.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 23.4 1.8 69.5 100.0 1.7 6.5 0.6 5.5 2.8 82.9 100.0 1.8 3.2 2.5 24,3 4.0 64.3 100.0 2.1 7.2 0.5 2.6 3.4 84.3 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.... Iron mines : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 91.1 0.9 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 3.6 100.0 1.6 1.7 2.2 13.9 1.4 79.3 100.0 1.8 3.1 2.3 13.5 2.6 76.7 100.0 4.9 lead and zinc mines : ' Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.0 0.3 3.0 6.8 0.7 88.3 100.0 1.9 0.5 2.5 8.6 2.9 83.7 100.0 1.8 0.5 2.6 12.1 1.1 81.9 100.0 2.0 1.7 3.1 14.0 3.2 76.0 100.0 1.8 2.1 1.8 16.2 0.9 77.2 100.0 1.6 3.9 2.3 18.5 2.3 71.4 100.0 2.0 3.1 1.6 19.2 1.5 72.7 100.0 2.5 5.8 1.8 16.9 1.9 71.2 100.0 1.2 3.7 2.1 18.4 3.1 71.6 100.0 1.7 7.0 1.5 13.0 2.8 74.0 100.0 1.6 5.7 3.2 16.2 8.5 64.8 100,0 2.4 7.2 1.9 7.2 2.4 79.0 1. Professional persons. . . 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials "To" 2.1 2.1 94.8 100.0 "Ts" 4.4 0.7 93.2 100.0 0.6 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers .... . 6. Unskilled workers Other specified mines : Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 0.8 1.1 1.9 96.1 1.6 2.5 1.7 93.6 4. Skilled workers and foremen ._ 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props v mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 78.0 0.8 0.8 15.4 13.8 1.6 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes 1 Females are not shown, the total number reported being less than 100. 184 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years ! " years and over a c a a Extraction of Minerals — Contd. Not specified mines: Male 100.0 6.3 5.7 3.7 12.2 1.5 70.7 100.0 1.8 2.3 92.2 0.7 3.0 100.0 0.4 4.6 2.2 16.6 8.1 68.0 100.0 0.1 3.3 92.9 0.2 0.1 3.3 100.0 1.3 7.9 5.8 26.1 3.9 55.0 100.0 0.7 2.0 96.6 100.0 3.0 1.5 4.5 90.9 100.0 1.1 0.1 3.5 4.5 2.0 88.8 100.0 3.1 0.7 4.1 7.8 2.1 82.3 100.0 1.9 100.0 5.8 2.2 4.6 12.9 1.8 72.6 100.0 100.0 6.6 5.3 4.0 13.7 0.8 69.5 100. 8.2 8.3 3.5 14.7 0.9 64.4 100.0 7.7 9.6 2.7 12.6 1.4 66.0 100.0 5.2 10.1 2.1 8.9 2.6 71.2 100.0 6.7 13.4 1.9 4.8 2.7 70.5 1. Professional persons-. 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons. __ 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 0.5 97.9 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 94.3 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 6. Semiskilled workers. 1.9 1.9 100.0 0.4 0.7 3.0 9.8 12.8 73.4 100.0 6. Unskilled workers 1.6 100.0 0.5 3.1 2.6 15.7 11.5 66.6 100.0 Quarries : Male 100.0 1.5 1.1 7.9 89.6 110.0 0.1 0.1 2.1 5.8 10.6 81.3 100.0 0.4 6.2 2.0 19.5 6.6 65.3 100.0 100.0 0.4 7.2 1.6 20.8 3.8 66.3 100.0 0.3 7.9 1.7 21.0 3.4 65.6 100.0 0.4 9.1 2.2 21.2 4.7 62.4 100.0 0.4 10.5 3.0 16.9 7.1 62.2 1. Professional persons.. . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. _ 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers . Female . . 1. Professional persons ... _. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 2.3 92.7 0.8 3.3 93.4 97.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.4 2.4 100.0 1.8 1.1 7.2 18.6 5.6 65.8 100.0 0.9 6. Unskilled workers 4.2 100.0 1.5 3.9 6.7 25.6 4.8 57.4 100.0 0.8 0.5 98.2 3.3 100.0 1.3 9.4 5.2 29.0 3.0 52.1 100.0 0.6 4.6 93.5 Oil wells and gas wells : Male „ 100.0 "~6.T 5.6 12.3 76.0 100.0 0.4 0.3 6.5 14.7 5.8 72.3 100.0 0.7 100.0 1.0 15.0 4.3 29.7 2.0 48.0 100.0 100.0 0.9 19.1 3.9 29.4 1.9 44.7 100.0 0.7 25.0 4.5 25.5 3.9 40.3 100.0 0.3 36.1 6.1 24.5 4.5 2S. 4 100 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. . . 6. Unskilled workers 1.8 8.2 5.5 10.9 7.3 66 4 Female . . 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 9.9 88.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers 99.3 98.8 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers 0.6 100.0 1.6 4.8 10.8 18.0 3.6 61.2 100.0 0.3 0.4 43.2 1.6 0.4 100. 2.7 0.5 10.9 9.0 3.8 73.1 100.0 0.5 0.4 100. 1.7 3.0 12.6 14.9 4.2 63.6 100.0 1.2 100.0 1.9 5.7 10.9 21.5 2.1 57.9 100.0 0.8 0.8 52.8 2.4 2.1 100.0 1.1 7.9 9.7 22.9 2.8 55.6 Salt wells and works : Male 100.0 0.4 0.4 12.1 6.5 3.2 77.3 100 1.3 8.2 7.9 22. b 4.7 55.2 100.0 1.4 5.0 9.1 26.0 11.0 47.5 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials . 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 48.3 0.9 58.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers. . 6. Unskilled workers. 54.5 50.2 41.8 43.2 1 INDUSTRY 185 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Grouis, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 r-o 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over o Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries Building industry : Male , 100.0 0.8 6.8 0.9 72.1 2.6 16.8 100.0 0.3 2.3 88.9 6.7 0.2 1.6 0.5 1.1 100.0 3.1 2.2 7.1 20.1 17.5 50.0 100.0 2.0 1.2 84.5 1.6 6.0 4.8 100.0 4.6 4.1 11.8 21.3 26.5 31.7 100.0 0.5 0.3 25.4 0.8 59.3 13.8 100.0 0.8 5.0 10.9 6.5 9.4 67.5 100.0 0.1 1.8 80.9 0.2 6.5 10.4 100.0 2.7 15.9 38.2 43.2 100.0 100.0 0.4 0.2 2.3 51.9 11.1 34.2 100.0 100.0 1.0 1.2 2.0 66.4 5.9 23.5 100.0 0.2 0.4 97.6 09 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.5 100.0 3.0 0.5 10.3 12.7 21.6 51.9 100.0 1.3 4.6 1.4 71.2 3.1 18.5 100.0 0.4 1.6 93.4 3.2 0.1 1.2 0.3 0.9 100.0 4.4 1.5 8.5 19.4 19.6 46.8 100.0 0.9 8.2 0.7 72.6 1.5 16.1 100.0 0.4 4.5 80.9 11.9 0.2 2.2 0.8 1.3 10X0 3.3 3.3 6.9 21.7 14.7 47.2 100.0 0.7 9.0 0.5 74.3 1.0 14.6 100.0 0.4 7.3 61.9 26.7 01 3.6 0.9 2.7 100.0 2.1 2.9 4.4 23.0 15.2 52.5 100.0 0.4 9.2 0.4 77.7 0.9 11.4 100.0 0.3 8.9 47.0 38.2 1.0 4.5 1.0 3.4 100.0 U.9 2.8 4.3 22.3 15.6 54.1 100.0 0.3 8.4 0.4 80.9 1.0 9.0 100.0 0.8 16.1 27.4 49.2 1.6 4.8 2.4 2.4 100.0 2.0 6.0 4.8 16.1 22. 1 49.0 100.0 0.3 7.8 0.5 82.8 1.1 7.4 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen - - 1.0 5.0 0.8 64.8 2.3 6. Unskilled workers Female . .. 26.1 1. Professional persons. ... 2. Props., mers., and officials 97.T "I."6" 1.6 0.8 0.8 100.0 "~9."6~ 0.6 19.8 70.7 0.1 97.7 0.6 0.1 1.6 0.5 1.1 100.0 29 "~9.Y 5.6 19.7 62.6 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers. . .. 6. Unskilled workers... Laborers __ Servant classes. _. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUS- TRIES Charcoal and coke works: Male 1. Professional persons. .. .. .. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers .. Female... 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers .. 6. Unskilled workers Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories : Male 100.0 19.1 0.7 40.8 39.4 100.0 "i)~2 0.2 71.1 19.5 100.0 100.0 2.0 0.2 14.7 10.5 31.5 41.2 100.0 0.3 0.2 20.3 0.2 61.5 17.6 100.0 0.6 100.0 7.2 0.5 10.7 13.1 29.0 39.5 100.0 0.6 0.2 29.1 0.3 55.5 14.4 100.0 0.6 0.7 8.2 3.7 10.6 76.2 100.0 100.0 7.4 2.0 12.1 21.0 26.2 31.3 100.0 0.3 0.5 32.2 0.8 55.0 11.3 100.0 1.0 3.2 9.6 6.4 9.3 70.5 100.0 0.4 1.1 82.8 0.4 5.7 9.7 100.0 4.4 5.5 12.8 25.2 24.3 27.9 100.0 0.2 0.5 25.8 2.1 60.7 10.7 100.0 0.7 7.5 12.3 8.4 8.4 62. 8 100.0 100.0 2.7 7.1 10.7 26.3 21.7 28.6 100.0 1.6 0.8 20.6 2.0 64.9 10.1 100. 0.9 8.8 12.7 9.6 8.6 59.5 100.0 1.3 7.2 9.6 24.2 27.7 29.9 100.0 0.6 6.4 11.8 24.0 24.2 32.8 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers . Female 1. Professional persons . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Fertilizer factories : Male 100.0 0.8 12 5 38.1 8.6 10.2 49.8 100.0 0.7 12.1 23.7 I'. 2 11.4 42.9 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen 3.9 0.4 10.0 85.8 6.1 1.6 10.3 81.4 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 0.4 86.9 0.4 5.1 7.2 3.5 80.9 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 9.2 6. Unskilled workers. ' 1 __ 6.4 1 186 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a a a t3 Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUS- TRIES— Continued Gas works : Male 100.0 2.3 4.3 23.3 21.1 18.1 30.9 100.0 0.2 0.7 97.2 n.5 0.3 1.1 0.1 1.0 100.0 4.6 11.2 24.5 9.3 29.7 20.7 100.0 0.3 1.4 75.2 1.2 18.9 3.0 100.0 4.0 4.7 16.6 25.3 21.2 28.1 100.0 0.8 0.8 90.9 0.3 4.9 2.3 100.0 3.4 1.2 5.3 18.8 49.5 21.8 100. 0.3 0.1 5.6 2.3 87.5 4.2 100.0 49.4 0.5 17.4 32.7 100. 100.0 1.7 0.2 40.7 7.7 18.0 31.6 100.0 100.0 3.3 1.0 35.8 13.8 18.7 27.4 100.0 0.1 0.3 99.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.8 2.2 28.7 5.5 34.4 22.5 100.0 0.3 0.1 81.9 0.8 14.7 2.2 100.0 5.4 1.1 20.5 17.2 23.2 32.6 100.0 0.3 0.3 93.7 0.1 4.2 1.4 100.0 4.5 0.3 6.4 12.1 56.5 20.3 100.0 0.4 0.1 7.2 2.7 86.4 3.2 100.0 3.2 3.6 26.1 21.3 19.5 26.4 100.0 0.2 0.7 97.8 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 100.0 7.6 9.3 26.9 8.9 29.8 17.5 100.0 0.6 1.4 81.0 1.2 13.8 1.9 100.0 5.1 4.0 18.2 24. 7 22.8 25.2 100.0 0.9 0.6 93.4 0.2 3.5 1.3 100.0 4.1 1.2 5.5 22.0 49.6 17.6 100.0 0.6 0.2 9.1 3.7 82.9 3.6 100.0 2.0 5.7 18.6 24.7 17.7 31.2 100.0 0.3 2.4 92.5 1.2 0.5 3.1 0.2 2.9 100.0 3.6 15.8 23.1 10.8 26.1 20.6 100.0 0.2 3.3 68.8 3.1 21.3 3.3 100.0 3.4 6.7 14.4 29.3 19.5 26.7 100.0 2.0 1.8 85.7 1.2 5.8 3.5 100.0 3.7 2.3 4.4 28.8 39.5 21.2 100.0 0.4 0.6 6.7 5.5 80.6 100.0 1.5 6.1 14.8 24.0 16.3 37.3 100.0 0.5 1.5 88.1 2.0 0.8 7.0 0.3 6.7 100.0 2.1 15.3 20.8 11.6 28.2 22.0 100.0 1.1 5.1 56.4 3.3 28.9 5.1 100.0 2.7 7.0 11.7 31.1 18.2 29.4 100.0 2.5 4.4 76.5 0.8 6.8 9.0 100.0 2.0 3.1 3.8 24.4 34.8 32.0 100.0 1.0 1.0 4.1 4.6 79.0 100.0 0.8 6.7 15.2 23.3 16.4 37.5 100.0 100.0 1.0 5.6 17.1 18.4 21.0 37.0 100.0 2.7 5.8 22.0 17.9 22.9 28.7 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers-.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials ~99."6" 0.1 99.5 1.9 83.6 3.8 2.5 8.2 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.7 0.3 0.3 100.0 ~3].T 1.5 36.2 31.2 100.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 100.0 3.5 0.1 27.4 2.8 35.7 30.5 100.0 6. Unskilled workers - . Laborers ... Servant classes... 8.2 100.0 2.0 16.1 20.1 12.2 30.2 19.4 Paint and varnish factories: Male 100.0 1.8 15.1 20.9 10.9 30.7 20.6 100.0 0.8 29.5 25.4 8.2 23.8 12.3 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen ._ 6. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials ~52~4~ ~4L9~ 5.7 100.0 38.2 1.0 24.5 38.3 100.0 0.1 73.9 0.1 21.4 4.5 100.0 3.0 0.3 28.2 10.8 20.1 37.5 100.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Petroleum refineries : Male 100.0 1.8 6.9 10.6 29.7 20.4 3D. 5 100.0 1.2 7.2 10.3 22.0 26.0 33.2 100.0 1.9 5.7 12.1 19.1 34.4 26.8 100.0 1 . Prp fessional persons . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 2.9 5.8 21.4 19.4 19.4 6. Unskilled workers Female 31.1 1. Professional persons.. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 74.9 18.7 6.4 100.0 ~~3.T 0.2 68.4 27.7 100.0 0.2 89.8 0.1 7.1 2.7 100.0 1.7 "Kl" 6.3 61.9 23.6 100.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen 6. Semiskilled workers | Rayon factories : Male .. 100.0 1.5 1.7 4.5 22.3 36.1 33.9 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 2.9 5.1 26.5 33.1 32.4 6. Unskilled workers... Female . 1. Professional persons . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 0.9 0.4 93.3 5.4 3.6 9 91.3 4.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 6.2 10.3 ! INDUSTRY 187 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 3 r ears 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over o a M a Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued Soap factories : Male 100.0 3.2 7.3 24.5 14.5 22.7 27.7 26.8 1.0 100.0 0.6 1.2 52.7 1.9 38.6 5.1 100.0 9.3 9.0 18.5 15.3 19.9 28.0 100.0 1.6 1.9 56.6 2.4 32.8 4.7 100.0 0.1 6.5 12.3 7.8 52.4 20.9 100.0 100,0 ~25~9~ 0.5 44.9 28.8 28.0 0.7 100.0 100.0 2.2 4 34.2 3.5 29.5 30.1 29.9 0.2 100.0 100.0 5.7 1.5 36.0 8.4 23.3 25.2 24.9 0.3 100.0 0.5 0.5 56-. 9 0.9 36.4 4.9 100.0 11.4 1.7 22.6 10.4 24.6 29.3 100.0 1.5 0.3 64.3 1.3 28.5 4.1 100.0 0.2 8 17.4 7.1 43.6 31.1 100.0 100.0 4.4 6.0 28.3 16.0 21.1 24.2 23.7 0.5 100.0 1.0 1.0 59.2 2.4 32.3 3.9 100.0 12.0 6.5 19.6 15.9 20.3 25.7 100.0 2 2 1.3 63.5 2.6 26.6 3.7 100.0 0.2 3.3 17.4 9.5 45.8 23.9 100.0 100.0 2.5 9.6 20.7 18.4 20.0 28.8 28.0 0.8 100.0 0.7 3.1 47.4 4.2 38.7 5.9 100.0 9.2 11.6 16.2 17.9 17.0 28.1 100.0 2.6 4.1 50.4 5.4 32.0 5.6 100.0 0.1 7.1 12.5 9.9 52.0 18.3 100.0 0.1 0.1 3.0 1.1 87.1 8.5 100.0 0.7 5.7 4.0 10.3 15.3 64.0 100.0 0.8 1.6 43.3 0.6 33.2 20.4 100.0 1.6 10.4 16.5 16.4 22.2 33.0 31.6 1.4 100.0 1.1 4.8 47.3 5.1 36.6 5.1 100.0 7.1 13.6 15.0 17.9 18.6 29.9 100. 2.1 7 43.1 5.3 35.9 6.6 100.0 0.1 9.6 8.9 8.2 55.9 17.2 100.0 0.4 2.4 1.1 86.3 9.8 100.0 0.5 7.3 2.8 11.3 14.8 63.3 100.0 1.6 5.2 27.9 2.0 37.8 25.5 100.0 1.9 13.3 15.5 16.7 23.7 29.0 26. 2 2.9 100.0 2.0 13.5 14.3 14.3 28.0 28.0 24.5 3.4 1. Professional persons ,. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3 Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5 Semiskilled workers 6 Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Female .. 1. Profession persons ... 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 34.9 0.5 58.2 6.3 100.0 ~32~9 0.5 33.7 32.9 100.0 0.3 49.2 0.5 44.4 5.6 100.0 6.1 0.3 26.2 5.7 27.6 34.0 100. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5 Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers - Other chemical factories : Male . 1. Professional persons. . . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindreo. workers-. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. — Female .. . 100.0 6.5 15.5 15.2 17.1 18.8 26.9 100.0 2.0 11.6 34.6 5.6 39.8 6.3 100.0 0.1 11.8 6.3 6.4 ei. 5 14.0 100,0 0. 1 0.4 1.9 0.7 87.3 9.6 100.0 0.4 9.6 2.7 13.2 15.8 58.3 100.0 6.1 17.1 16.5 14.6 20.2 25.5 100.0 1.9 14.2 35.4 3.5 40.4 4.6 100.0 12.1 5.0 4. 1 66.7 12.1 100.0 100.0 9.4 23.9 20.2 10.6 18.8 17.2 1. Professional persons. . 2. Prop., mgrs., anu officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen __ 37.7 0.3 55.9 6. 1 100.0 14.2 0.4 51.7 33.7 100. 55.9 0.8 38.3 4.9 100.0 0.1 0.1 14.0 2.9 48.8 34.1 100.0 5. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers. .. Cigar and tobacco factories : Male . .. ... 1. Professional persons. . . 2. Prep., mprs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 100.0 0.2 13.4 3.6 2.1 66.3 14.4 6. Unskilled workers . Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 0.1 4.1 0.8 86.5 8.4 100.0 0.7 4.7 3.9 8.6 15.6 •66.5 100.0 0.6 1. 1 46.3 0.6 33.1 18.3 0.1 4.9 0.9 86.0 8.1 100.0 0.9 3.2 4.6 7.7 16.9 66.7 100.0 0.9 0.7 55.3 0.5 26.9 15.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 87.4 10 4 100.0 0.3 10.7 3.3 13.0 17.9 54.8 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 2.1 0.1 90.0 7.8 100.0 3.0 0.3 12.2 84.5 100.0 4.6 8 87.1 7.4 100.0 0.5 0.1 3.7 1.9 12.0 81.9 100.0 6.0 0.9 84.6 8.5 100.0 0.9 0.8 4.9 4.4 15.5 73.5 100.0 0.3 0.2 53.7 0.5 30.7 14.6 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers. CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE INDUSTRIES Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories : Male .. ... .. 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and ofhV-ials 3-. Clerks and kindred workers. ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. .. . 6. Unskilled workers Female . . . 17.8 5.5 13.4 16.2 47.0 1. Professional persons. .. ... ... 2. Props., mgxs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 1.8 0.4 50.8 27.1 38.1 0.2 41.1 20.6 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 67555 0—38- -13 188 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued clay, glass, and stone indus- tries— continued ©lass factories : Male 1. Professional persons r 2. Props., mgrs., and officiate 3. Clerks and kindred workers-.. i. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female .... 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Marble and stone yards: Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers _. Potteries : Male.... ____ 1 . Professional persons". 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props.', mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total Female Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers lime, cement, and artificial stone factories : Mile 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 8. Unskilled workers 100.0 1.0 3.5 8.4 15.0 42.0 32.1 100.0 0.3 0.3 26.6 1.3 57.6 13.9 100 2 6 6 15 18 49 ?ou 2 79 11 6 100.0 2.6 7.8 6.3 46.9 19.3 17.0 100.0 1.4 5.0 91.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 100.0 1.1 4.0 5.6 7.5 50.7 31.1 100.0 0.4 0, 12 1. 74, 4 6 6 8 10.3 10 to 17 years 100.0 4.0 0.3 41.9 53.8 100.0 8.3 73.3 18.4 100.0 0.7 18.2 72.2 18 and 19 years 100.0 21.0 0.9 63.0 15.1 100.0 2.2 0.2 7.2 4.2 19.0 67.2 100.0 20 to U year? 100.0 9.0 0.9 53.8 36.3 100.0 6.2 0.1 45.0 48.7 100.0 1.2 0.3 79.6 15.9 78.8 0.4 16.1 4.7 100.0 4.8 0. 1 6.2 33.3 26.0 29.6 100.0 2.4 96.4 ~L2 100 5 1, 41.8 50.6 100.0 0.9 9.9 0.5 76.6 12.1 100.0 1.1 0.4 8.3 36.5 100.0 0.3 0.1 32.5 1.0 53.8 12.3 100.0 3.1 1.0 8.3 8.8 22.1 56.7 100.0 0.1 0.1 87.6 0.2 8.0 3.9 100.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 41.5 22.2 22.2 100.0 1.2 0.2 97.0 0.6 1.0 100.0 1.6 0.5 6.3 3.3 48.8 39.5 100.0 0.3 17.9 0.9 71.4 9.4 25 to 34 years 100.0 1.3 2.7 7.9 15.8 44.1 28.2 100. 0.3 0.2 35.3 1.5 50.8 11.9 100.0 2.9 4.1 8.2 15.5 20.9 48.3 100.0 0.1 1.9 84.9 0.3 8.8 4.0 100.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 45.2 20.6 18.3 100.0 0.8 1.7 96.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 100.0 1.9 2.4 6.6 6.7 53.0 29.4 100.0 0.2 0.5 18.0 1.9 71.6 7.8 35 to 44 years 100.0 1.3 5.1 5.8 19.5 41.6 26.7 100.0 0.4 1.0 24.9 2.6 57.8 13.3 100.0 2.2 7.7 6.7 18.5 17.9 47.0 100.0 0.5 4.4 72.9 0.5 13.9 7.9 100.0 2.1 8.8 5.3 48.1 19.1 16.6 100.0 2.2 7.1 88.4 45 to 54 years 2.2 100.0 1.0 5.2 4.9 8.1 53.4 27.3 100.0 0.5 0.6 10.2 2.3 76.9 9.5 100.0 0.9 5.9 5.2 19.8 39.0 29.3 100.0 0.9 1.3 21.1 2.5 56.9 17.4 100.0 1.8 9.4 4.9 18.5 16.8 48.7 100.0 10.8 52.4 1.8 16.9' 18.1 100.0 1.4 10.3 5.5 51.4 16.9 14.4 100.0 0.8 22.3 73.8 0.8 55 to 64 years 100.0 0.7 6.1 4.8 18.2 38.1 32.1 100.0 0.4 2.6 12.9 2.6 60.9 20.6 100.0 0.8 10.7 4.9 19.4 16.0 48.2 65 to 74 years 100.0 0.7 5.1 5.1 16.8 38.2 34,2 100.0 1.0 11.7 5.2 17.3 18.6 46.3 75 years and over 100. 0. 8. 3. 15. 40. 4 1 2 4 7 32.3 100.0 0.5 17.1 6.9 14.8 20.8 39.8 2.3 100.0 0.6 6.0 4.8 10.3 50.5 27.8 100.0 0.3 0.8 7.2 3.4 76.3 12.0 100.0 1.1 12.3 6.3 52.2 15.8 12.3 100.0 0.7 7. 7 5.1 11.8 4S. 2 26. 5 100.0 0.5 0.8 6.7 3.1 SO. 1 8.8 100.0 0.7 15.6 8.1 48.6 15.2 11.8 100.0 0.5 8.1 7.1 11.8 47.3 25.3 100.0 1.2 20.6 14.1 46.0 10.9 7.3 100.0 11.6 5.8 11.6 39.7 31.4 INDUSTRY 189 Table 34. — Peecent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CLOTHING INDUSTRIES Corset factories : Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. .. Skilled workers and foremen. . Semiskilled workers - Unskilled workers - Laborers -- Servant classes. Female -- --- 1. Professional persons - 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .- 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total Glove factories: 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., m^rs., and officials 3. Clerks arid kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Professional persons Prop., mgrs.. and officials. — Clerk? and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers -. Hat factories (felt) : Male |. Professional persons — .. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . Female 1. Professional papers 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Shirt, collar, and cuff factories: Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. 1 6. Unskilled workers -.- Laborers Servant classes.. Female 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers... 6. Unskilled workers ICC! 1 14. 2, 79 I ji.00. to 17 years and 19 years lu 43.2 44." 5 12.3 11.6 0.7 100.0 100.0 0.4 8.9 12.9 7.3 56.0 14.5 13.3 1.2 100.0 0.1 4.4 2.0 39. 9 3.6 12.9 0.2 84.2 2.7 6.5 0.6 75.0 18.0 3.0 0.6 58.8 7.6 1.2 40.2 3.0 48.8 6.7 6.7 100.0 0.1 17.3 1.4 78.2 3.0 100.0 2® to U years 5.6 0.6 87.1 6.7 22.3 0.3 66.0 11.4 100.0 12.9 0.1 83.5 3.4 100.0 13.0 0.5 70.1 16.4 16.1 0.3 100.0 2.3 0.2 92.0 5.5 o o. 16 1 72. 300.0 0.1 0.2 14.2 2.4 62.5 20.6 20.0 0.6 100.0 5.8 0.7 38.7 4.8 1 42 4 42. 7, 7. 0. 100 0. 19 2 75 2 25 to 34 years m 3 II 27 11 39 5 3 1 100 1 1 15 3 78 1 100.0 8.6 1.5 85.2 4.6 o, i 12 2. 76 6 100.0 7.6 1.2 87.4 3.6 100.0 0.1 7.8 12.5 7.6 63.8 8.2 0.3 6.6 2.4 86.0 4.7 to years to 54 years 100 5 26 23 12 27. 5, 4. 1 100 3.0 12.3 2.9 79.5 1.4 13.9 9.8 8.5 64.0 3.9 0. 7. 7, 4 76. 3 m. 3 14. 2. 78 1 100.0 0.5 8.7 13.6 8.1 53.2 16.0 15.0 1.0 100.0 0.2 5.5 2.5 38.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 91.3 2.7 0. 9. 4. 2. 100 14 10 10 55 8 7. 0, 100. 2 4 90 2 3 27 19 12 27. LOG 0. 3 12 2 8-) 1 If:*!. 14 9 7 63 « 00 5. 5. 75 4, 100, 3 3 2 39 100.0 0.6 17.9 11.1 10.8 52.4 7.2 6.1 1.1 100.0 0.3 1.6 4.0 91.5 2.7 to years 3.00 2. 19. 23 II 9 5 4 to 74 years 14.4 9.1 6.6 65.0 4.9 100.0 1.2 1.2 95.9 1.3 17 12, 9. 47, 12 100 3 93 2, 75 years and over ).0 11.7 6.5 5.3 70.6 6.0 100.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 97.6 0.8 100.0 0.1 5.9 3.9 5.5 79.9 4.6 100.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 95.5 100.0 0.2 12.7 13.1 12.2 46.2 15.6 10.8 4.9 100.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 2.1 94.3 „ 2.6 100.0 7.3 4.5 6.4 72.7 9.1 190 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued CLOTHING INDUSTRIES— COIltd. Suit, coat, and overall factories: Male 1. Profess ; onal persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. o. Semiksilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons ^._ 2. Prop., rngrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen. . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. 3. ■4, 5. 6. Other clothing factories: Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.. Laborers. Servant classes Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Bakeries : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Butter, cheese, and condensed milk factories : Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Total 100.0 0.6 6.5 2.6 65.9 23.0 1.4 100.0 0.1 0.4 6.0 26.0 65.9 1.6 100.0 2.7 15.2 13.2 3.8 61.5 3.6 2.4 1.2 100.0 1.6 0.7 6.0 1.4 89.2 1.1 100.0 0.1 8.0 12.5 2.9 70.7 5.8 4.8 1.0 100.0 0.1 4.2 28.8 2.0 60.4 4.4 100.0 0.8 13.5 14.0 7.3 39.4 24.9 100. 0.6 4.7 51.5 0.5 35.2 7.4 10 to 17 years 100.0 21.1 12.7 59.6 6.6 100.0 6.3 6.8 84.5 2.4 100.0 18 and 19 years 36.7 0.2 54.5 8.5 7.5 1.0 100.0 6.3 0.4 91.0 2.3 100.0 5.0 0.1 79.7 15.2 14.6 0.6 100.0 19.8 0.3 73.8 6.2 100.0 10.1 0.2 43.2 46.5 100.0 25.4 59.3 15.3 100.0 0.2 0.4 12.9 32.9 48.2 5.4 100.0 11.7 15.3 70.4 2.5 100.0 0.7 0.6 34.8 1.4 54.8 7.7 6.2 1.5 100.0 0.6 0.1 10.7 0.7 86.2 1.8 100.0 20 to 24 years 0.3 8.7 0.8 80.0 10.2 9.6 0.6 100.0 0.3 28.7 0.7 65. 1 5.2 100.0 0.3 1.3 11.7 1.3 41.3 44. 1 100.0 0.3 50.2 0.3 39.8 9.4 100.0 0.3 1.7 8.1 45.3 39.9 4.6 100.0 0.1 0.1 11.4 18.2 68.1 2.0 100.0 1.2 3.3 24.3 2.7 63.1 5.4 3.8 1.7 100.0 1.5 0.2 10.9 1.2 85.0 1.3 100.0 0.1 1.5 13.4 1.6 77.2 6.2 5.4 0.8 100.0 1.0 37.0 1.6 56.1 4.3 103.0 0.7 3.4 14.1 3.2 45.7 32.8 100.0 0.7 1.3 59. 0.5 32.4 6.2 25 to 34 years 100.0 0.4 5.6 3.2 61.2 27.3 2.4 100.0 0.2 0.4 6.4 25.2 66.4 1.4 100.0 2.4 14.3 12.4 4.2 63.4 3.3 1.9 1.3 100.0 2.4 0.6 5.8 1.8 88.6 0.9 100.0 0.1 6.5 16.9 3.4 68.8 4.3 3.4 0.9 100.0 0. 1 3.8 36.4 3.1 52.7 3.9 100.0 1.1 10.9 15.1 6.9 44.3 21.7 100.0 0.9 4.1 58.0 0.4 30. 6 6.0 35 to 44 years 100.0 0.7 7.4 1.3 68.6 21.3 0.8 100.0 0.1 0.6 2.6 32.4 63.0 1.2 100.0 3.3 21.8 6.7 4.4 61.8 2.0 1.2 0.8 100. 0. 2.4 1.2 2.4 1.9 91.3 0.8 109.0 0.1 13.0 12.5 3.6 66.7 4.1 3.2 0.9 100.0 0.1 7.8 25.8 3.2 58.7 4.5 100.0 0. 9 19.3 13.9 9.4 36.7 19.8 100.0 0.7 11.3 44.3 1.1 34.9 7.7 45 to 54 years 100.0 0.9 7.8 1.1 71.4 18.3 0.5 100.0 0.1 0.8 1.6 37.5 58.8 1.2 100.0 4.2 21.7 6.8 4.6 60.3 2.4 1.5 0.9 100.0 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.8 92.6 0.6 100.0 0. 1 13.9 9.8 3 67 5 4 1 6 4 2 2 100.0 0.1 11.5 17. 1 2.5 65.3 3.4 100.0 0.8 21.6 12.9 10.5 32.1 22. 2 100.0 0.4 12. 6 40.9 0.9 37.1 8.1 to C4 years 65 75 to I years 74 j and years over 100.0 0.6 7.5 1.2 74.1 16.0 0.6 100.0 To" 1.0 44.7 52.5 0.7 100.0 3.2 17.6 7.8 4.4 63.4 3.6 2.0 1.6 100.0 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 94.4 0.6 100.0 0.1 12.6 7.6 3.4 69.6 6.9 5.2 1.7 100.0 0.1 12.-2 13.6 1.4 68.7 4.1 100.0 0.6 21. S 13.9 10.3 28. 4 25.0 100.0 0.4 18. 2 31.4 100.0 0.2 6.8. 1.2 78.1 12.7 0.9 100.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 52.6 46.0 0.6 100. 0. 6. 1. 82. 8. 1. 100.0 57.0 40.1 2.8 100.0 100.0 3. 3 ! 2.2 14.7 10.7 4.1 61.5 5. 7 3.4 2.3 100.0 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 95.5 0.5 100.0 27.8 18.3 5.0 41.1 5.6 1.7 3.9 100.0 0.3 0.7 1.7 1.4 95.8 11.0 7.4 3.3 68.2 10.0 7.3 2.7 100.0 12.5 7.1 0.8 74.9 4.6 100.0 0.3 22.1 14.4 8.3 27. 4 27.3 100.0 0.4 11. S 5.9 4.8 66.7 10.3 7.2 3.1 100.0 0.5 24.7 15.4 6.0 28 25.3 41.2 8.8 INDUSTRY 191 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, £JEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES — continued Candy factories: Male.. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials.. ... 3. Clerks and kindred workers— . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Fish curing and packing : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen ._ 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Flour and grain mills : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.— 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons ... . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled worker's Fruit and vegetable canning, etc. : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop.., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers— . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female.. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers.. Total 100.0 0.3 10.0 19.3 6.0 51.1 13.2 11.8 1.4 100.0 0.1 1.2 12.5 3.2 78.6 4.4 100.0 '0.2 7.0 5.7 9.5 35.7 41.9 100.0 (0 0.2 6.2 0.5 61.6 31.5 100.0 0.8 9.9 13.8 32.2 16.6 26.7 100.0 0.6 2.2 80.2 1.4 11.9 3.6 100.0 0.6 10.9 11.0 14.1 18.9 44.5 100.0 0.2 0.5 10.3 2.9 64.4 21.7 10 to 17 years 100.0 14.5 0.2 63.0 22.3 21.7 0.7 100.0 18 and 19 years 5.8 0.2 88.6 5.4 100.0 2.9 47.9 49.2 100.0 0.8 100.0 11.7 25.5 62.8 100.0 57.4 32." 6" 9.9 100.0 6.1 0.2 30.2 63.6 100.0 3.9 0.3 73.2 22.6 100.0 0.1 0.5 15.9 .1.4 62.2 19.8 18.7 1.1 100.0 20 to 24 years 11.4 0.8 82.9 100.0 0.2 0.3 4.5 2.1 36.7 56.3 100.0 7.5 61." 6* 30.9 100.0 0.9 0.9 16.6 10.7 22.8 48.2 100.0 76.8 0.4 17.7 5.0 100.0 0.2 0.1 62.8 100.0 9.5 0.3 68.9 21.3 100. 0. 1. 20. 2. 57. 16. 15. 1. 25 to 34 years 100.0 ' 0.1 0.3 17.1 2.2 76.0 4.3 100.0 0.1 0.9 7.3 4.4 35.0 52.3 100.0 11.5 0.2 53.2 35.0 100.0 1.6 2.1 17.8 16.2 23.2 39.2 100.0 0.6 0.3 84.7 0.6 11.3 2.6 100.0 0.4 1.7 13.3 7.2 22.2 55.1 100.0 0.1 0.1 16.7 0.9 62.1 20.1 100.0 0.5 7.6 22.8 6.1 51.1 11.9 10.3 1.5 100.0 0.1 1.2 15.3 4.4 75.0 3.9 100.0 0.2 4.7 7.0 9.4 32.5 46.2 100.0 35 to 44 years 0.3 8.2 0.2 60.8 30.5 100. r. 6. 16. 24. 21.6 29.6 100.0 0.7 1.3 85.8 1.4 8.0 2.7 100. 0.9 9.0 13.7 16.0 18.8 41.7 100.0 0.4 0.4 16.4 3.2 59.9 19.7 100.0 0.4 14.1 19,0 8.0 48.1 10.3 9.0 1.3 1QO.0 0.3 2.7 11.1 7.0 75.1 3.9 100.0 0.1 10.1 5.7 14.3 32.6 37.2 100.0 0.3 5.2 1.1 62.4 30.9 100.0 0.7 11.4 15.2 31.4 16.2 25.1 100.0 0.4 4.3 78.8 1.7 11.2 3.6 100.0 0.6 15.6 11.7 18.5 16.5 37.1 100.0 0.2 0.6 7.1 5.3 65.5 21.2 45 to 54 years 100.0 0.3 17.4 18.3 7.9 45.5 10.7 9.5 1.1 100.0 0.3 5.0 8.0 7.1 75.6 4.0 100.0 0.3 12.7 5.2 12.1. 34.3 35.3 100.0 0.1 0.3 3.0 0.6 68.0 28.0 100.0 0.4 13.2 11.9 38.2 13.5 22.8 100.0 2.4 7.9 68.3 5.1 11.5 100.0 0.7 17.3 9.4 17.5 15.0 40.0 100.0 0.3 1.2 4.3 6.1 65.1 23.0 55 to 64 years 100.0 0.2 16.3 16.1 9.0 45.0 13.4 11.1 2.2 100.0 5.7 6,5 6.9 75.1 5.8 100.0 0.2 10.1 5.1 10.4 39.7 34.6 100.0 65 to 74 years 100. 0. 16. 14. 6. 48. 13. 11. 2. 100.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 66.2 29.6 100.0 0.2 14.2 9.7 47.0 9.8 19.0 100.0 0.9 12.8 48.6 5.5 21.1 11.0 100.0 0.3 15.8 8.0 15.5 18.4 41.9 100.0 0.6 2.0 2.8 4.0 61.4 29.2 7.2 6.5 5.0 73.4 7.9 100.0 8.6 4.1 9.4 44.6 33.3 75 years and over 100.0 18.6 13.8 2.8 51.0 13.8 10.3 3.4 a o a I P 100.0 0.2 14.4 6.1 55.1 8.8 15.4 100.0 0.3 14.3 6.5 13.1 19.1 46.8 100.0 0.3 2.0 2.7 2.4 54.6 37.9 100.0 14.0 4.7 60.8 7.8 12.7 100.0 17.4 6.2 12.4 24.2 39.9 192 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry ok Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES— continued Slaughter and packing houses : Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . ■5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen . . Semiskilled workers .... Unskilled workers.. Sugar factories and refineries : 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers. Unskilled workers. Female 1. Profesional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen. _ 5. Semiskilled workers.. ._ 6. Unskilled workers Other food factories: 1. Professional persons , 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.. Female . 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. ... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. _ 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers... liquor and beverage industries: Maje 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total SCO 4 21 9 35 29 28 1 101). 0, 32 48 17 3 4 II 19 18 43 0. 42 1 40 14 100.0 1.5 14.9 20.1 10.5 29.6 23.4 100.0 0.2 1.7 27.1 1.7 54.0 15.2 100.0 20.2 100.0 0.1 4.7 66.4 0.6 21.7 6.5 10 to 17 years 100.0 24.0 0.4 36.7 38.9 38.3 0.6 100.0 14.9 0.2 64.6 20.3 100.0 14.6 0.5 23.7 61.2 100.0 16.0 67.9 16.0 100.0 18.4 0.3 44.1 37.2 100.0 10.6 0.2 70.4 18.7 100. 5.3 0.1 44.8 49.8 100.0 36.4 48.4 15.2 18 and 19 years 100.0 0.3 0.2 24.8 2.0 34.9 37.9 37.4 0.5 100.0 6T 31.3 0.4 50.8 17.5 100.0 2.3 12.8 5.0 21.4 58.4 100.0 27,5 1.4 62.1 9.0 100.0 0.9 0.9 19.1 3.2 40.1 35.8 100.0 0.1 26.2 0.6 58.3 14.9 100.0 0.4 0.8 9.6 *1.9 49.7 37.6 100.0 0.3 36.4 25.8 7.6 20 to 24 years 100.0 0.5 0.8 27.5 4.7 35.5 31.1 30.6 0.5 100. 0.1 45.6 0.5 39.7 14.0 100.0 3.8 0.3 14.4 9.5 19.3 52.6 100.0 0.8 48.6 1.2 41.5 7.9 100.0 1.4 3.7 22.8 6.2 37.4 28.5 100.0 0.3 0.3 35.5 1.0 49.6 13.4 100.0 0.6 3.7 16.5 3.4 49.7 26.0 100.0 0.4 77.1 a2 18.8 3.5 25 to 34 years 100.0 0.7 3.3 25.6 8.1 35.7 26.7 26.1 0.6 100.0 0.3 0.3 39.7 1.1 42.4 16.2 10Q.0 4.8 2.0 12.4 18.4 18.1 44.2 100.0 1.6 1.0 57.1 0.8 26. 13.5 100.0 1.9 12.4 22.5 10.0 32.8 20.5 100.0 0.4 1.5 33.7 2.0 48.5 14.0 100.0 0.8 14.8 22.0 6.5 39.8 16.0 ioao 2.S 75.9 0.7 15.8 5.0 35 to 44 years 100.0 0.4 6.1 18.5 10.9 35.2 28.9 27.9 1.0 100.0 0.2 0.7 22.1 1.4 53.0 22.6 100.0 3.3 5.0 10.9 21.2 16.3 43.4 100.0 0.8 1.7 36.1 2.1 33.2 26.1 100.0 1.8 20.2 19.5 12.5 25.4 20.7 100.0 0.4 3.3 23.3 3.S 53.1 16.6 100.0 0.8 24.7 17.8 8.4 33.9 14.3 100.0 0.5 10.1 56.1 1.5 24.7 7.1 45 to 54 years 100 7 14 12 35 30 28.9 1.4 100.0 0.2 1.1 16.4 2.0 59.2 21.1 100.0 2.3 6.7 10.2 24.5 17.2 39.1 100.0 3.4 30.8 2.6 35.0 28.2 100.0 1.5 22.0 17.3 13.4 23.4 22.4 100.0 0.2 5.5 18.4 3.4 56.2 16.2 100.0 0.6 25.3 13.3 9.8 33.2 17.8 100.0 0.3 17.5 47.6 1.0 24.5 9.1 09 to 64 years 100.0 0.4 7.4 13.0 14.0 36.6 28.6 26.2 2.4 100. 1. 1. 14. 3. 56. •23. 100.0 2.4 6.9 11.8 22.7 20.5 35.7 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 100.0 0.4 6.5 11.5 14.6 37.4 29.5 25.4 4.1 100.0 0.7 7.1 15.3 8.1 39.0 29.8 25.4 4.4 100.0 3.1 5.4 11.9 20. S 23.7 35.2 100.0 1.1 21.8 17.5 14.3 22.2 23.1 100.0 0.3 6.7 14.5 4.4 56.2 17.9 100.0 0.6 25.2 12.8 10.9 31.8 IS. 7 100.0 1.1 20.8 16.0 12.7 24.0 25.4 100.0 0.6 10.2 8.4 1.8 57.2 21.7 100.0 0.6 24.0 10.8 10.8 31.4 22.5 100.0 0.8 30.0 17.1 12.5 25.0 14.6 100.0 0.6 27.6 18.4 10.9 25.3 17.2 INDUSTRY 193 Table 34* — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued IRON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND VEHICLE INDUSTRIES Agricultural implement factories: Male -- 1. Professional persons 2. Props.,- mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. . 6. Unskilled workers.--.-. Automobile factories: 1. Professional persons - 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. _ 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Female. - 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. _ - Automobile repair shops : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers— - 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. 'Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills: Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total 1 4 17 32 21 22 100 77 16 m i 2 7 34 33 21 100 o. 44, 2 100 9 1 75 9 5 100 Female 1. Professional persons.. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clejks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 100 2 1 7 25 19 43 100 1 73 17 to 17 years and years 100.0 100 0.1 2 16.1 41.6 42.2 100.0 '52.0 33.3 14.7 100.0 15.7 2.3 57.5 24.5 100.0 31.6 0.2 56.6 11.6 2.5 0.3 78.9 18.4 9.2 3.7 100.0 16.4 0.9 31.9 50.8 LOO.O 0.1 ~49~4~ ~39.5~ 10.9 25.4 6.1 ioo.o 2.5 46.1 10.4 109.0 0.8 2.2 70.2 14.1 0.5 96.1 0.3 2.1 1.0 11 14 22 49 100 67 24 U years 25 to 34 years 2 19 25 25 26 100 1 10 27 37 22 100 0, 0. 51 2 32 100.0 2.7 1.8 78.4 9.1 8.0 100.0 0.5 96.7 0.8 1.2 100. 2 10 21 21 44. 100 3 00 1 2 19 34 22 100 82 11 3 i00 ?5 to U years 300 1 5 16 39 19 20 100 1 71 20 5 j 00 13 76 7 3 100,0 2.6 ,0 2 27. 20 Q 100 5 1 12 18 ;0S 2 1 70 1 15 45 to 54 years 100.0 1.2 6.2 16.5 35.1 19.0 22.0 100.0 1.4 2.8 72.5 2.1 12.7 8.5 1 3 5 34. 31 24 100 0, 1 23 4 59 10 0.1 15.6 0.9 6&5 11.0 3,9 100.0 14.6 73.7 1.2 8.8 1.8 1 3 5 27 ,17 44 100 3 2 09 1 18 14 55 to 64 years years 100.0 1.1 2.7 6.0 31.4 32.5 26.3 100.0 0.7 2.7 22.1 6.0 57.6 10.9 000 0, 17 1 57/5 17.8 3 100.0 1.3 3.4 5.6 28.3 18.1 43.4 100.0 2.4 3.5 45.1 4.7 20.4 23.9 65 to 74 100.0 0.9 8.1 14.7 29.1 21.8 25.4 100 2. 6 26 3d 100.0 0.1 18.1 2.3 49.7 22.2 7.7 100 1 3 6 26 19 42 75 years and 100.0 1.2 10.6 16.1 28.6 16.1 27.3 100.0 1.3 3.4 6.2 22.8 32.9 33.3 100.0 13.7 2.8 47.6 27.8 100. 6 7. 24. 21 40 100.0 1.3 2.5 6.3 32.1 25.1 32.7 13.2 6.9 5.0 194 SOCIAI^ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 75 to 1 years 74' 1 and years j over a o a M a Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued IRON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND VEHICLE INDUSTRIES— COntd. Car and railroad shops : Male . - . . 100.0 0.5 0.4 3.0 45.4 33.2 17.6 100 0.9 0.3 61.8 1.7 22.0 13.3 11.6 1.6 100.0 2.0 1.7 4.3 45.3 27.1 19.7 100 1.6 0.7 87.9 0.6 6.0 3.1 2.0 1.0 100.0 0.4 6.6 5.0 .30.7 39.6 17.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.8 100.0 0.7 100.0 0.6 0.2 3.6 45.9 32.5 17.3 100.0 1.9 0.3 70.5 0.6 17.9 8.8 7.9 0.9 100.0 2.5 1.0 4.7 43.4 27.8 20.7 100.0 1.5 0.4 93.3 100.0 0.5 0.4 2.3 48.2 33.1 15.6 100.0 '1.5 0.8 49.2 2.6 27.7 18.2 15.6 2.6 100.0 2.3 1.9 3.7 47.7 26.6 17.9 100.0 5.2 0.5 78.6 2.6 6.8 6.2 3.1 3.1 100.0 0.2 6.5 5.4 36.1 36.1 15.7 100.0 0.3 0.6 1.8 48.8 32.8 15.7 100.0 100.0 0.3 *0.8 2.2 49.8 31.0 15.9 100.0 0.3 0.6 2.6 47.6 29.4 19.6 100.0 0.2 0.7 2.8- 44.0 26.8 25.5 100.0 1. Professional persons. 0.9 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials... . 3. Clerks and kinderd workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. - 9 10.4 2.9 53.8 32.9 6.5 19.8 43.1 29.8 100.0 5.0 33.6 36.1 24.6 100.0 0.2 0.9 43.7 25.0 6. Unskilled workers . •28.6 Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials . .. 0.5 36.3 5.7 30.6 26.9 20.7 6.2 100.0 1.9 2.5 3.5 51.2 24.6 16,3 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 67.9 75.9 1.1 15.5 7.3 6.7 0.6 100.0 2.1 0.3 5.5 34.3 29.8 28.1 100.0 0.3 0.3 93.6 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers... 20.7 11.4 11.4 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes . Ship and boat building : Male . 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workeps and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . .. 100.0 9.9 2.5 48.4 39.3 100. 01 1.3 0.2 6.5 23.6 33.6 35.0 100. Q 100. 0- 1.3 .3.2 3.7 53.7 24.4 13.6 100.0 0.8 3.2 54.' 5 24.8 13.7 100.0 0.4 3.4. 1.5 55.0 24.7 14.9 Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials. ... 3. Clerks and kindred workers 91.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers. 7.5 1.5 1.5 4.8 1.0 1.0 1.9 2.8 2.1 0.6 1C0.0 1.0 3.5 7.6 25.8 "41.6 20.5 100.0 6. Unskilled workers .. Laborers Servant classes Wagon and carriage factories : Male 1. Professional persons 1000. 100.0 0.4 100.0 1.0 0.9 9.6 17.4 45.1 25.9 100.0 100.0 0.2 9.1 3.7 35.7 35.0 16.4 100.0 0.1 10.3 3.0 34.1 39.7 12.9 100.0 0.1 9.3 1.4 36.9 39.4 12.9 100.0 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials... . 3. Clerks and kindred workers 12.8 5.4 2.0 63.5 29.1 7.8 11.4 45.2 35.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers ... Female . 41.2 40.6 5.3 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks' and kindred workers 1.2 39.3 12.1 45.3 2.2 100.0 2.8 4.3 9.2 43.2 24.3 16.2 100.0 0.4 0.8 54.5 1.1 38.5 4.7 0.6 47.2 9.4 42.8 47.9 12.7 37.0 2.4 100.0 3.7 0.7 12.3 34.5 30.0 18.9 100.0 0.2 0.2 61.7 0.7 33.3 3.9 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Other iron and steel and machin- ery factories : Male 100.0 16.1 6.4 58.9 24.6 100.0 "Si."6" 0.1 60.8 8.1 100.0 2.6 0.1 12.9 23.8 37..8 22.8 100.0 0.1 0.1 51.7 0.3 42.1 5.7 100.0 3.8 3.0 10.4 44.4 24.2 14.1 100.0 0.5 0.6 61.0 1.2 33.1 3.5 100.0 2.7 5.6 8.1 47.5 21.4 14.7 100.0 0.7 1.8 47.2 2.0 43.2 5.2 100.0 2.1 6.4 7.1 47.8 20.3 16.3 100.0 0.7 3.6 40.1 2.6 46.8 6.2 100.0 1.5 6.6 6.9 47.0 21.0 17.0 100.0 0.7 5.2 34.6 3.0 47.8 8.7 100.0 1.3 7.1 6.4 44.4 22.5 100.0 •1.3 9.1 7.2 42.0 .23.0 100.0 1. Professional persons , 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 2.5 5.7 9.0 47.1 19.4 6. Unskilled workers. .. 18.2 r.17.4 16.3 Female 100.0 1. Professional persons 0.6 8.2 25.6 4.1 51.7 9.8 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. INDUSTRY 195 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a & a M a Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued IRON AND STEEL, MACHINERY, AND VEHICLE INDUSTRIES— COntd. Not specified metal industries : Male.. - .- . 100.0 1.2 3.1 4.6 36.5 21.3 33.2 100.0 0.4 0.9 51.6 1.1 37.2 8.8 100.0 1.6 3.9 8.8 33.1 27.8 .24.8 100.0 0.5 0.6 42.8 1.1 49.1 5.9 100.0 1.3 4.0 7.9 20.4 59.0 7.4 100.0 0.2 0.2 18.7 1.2 73.9 5.8 100. 3.0 1.9 6.5 26.9 17.5 44.2 100.0 1.6 0.3 68.5 0.4 19.0 10.2 100.0 10.0 0.4 48.6 41.0 100.0 ~28~6~ 0.2 60.4 11.4 100.0 0.1 18.3 0.5 53.1 28.0 100.0 100.0 1.5 0.2 8.3 18.0 32.3 39.7 100.0 0.1 0.2 47.4 0.4 43.8 8.0 100.0 1.9 0.1 13.9 15.5 38.5 30.1 100.0 0.1 100.0 1.8 0.5 7.6 27.3 26.7 36.2 100.0 0.3 0.3 61.3 0.4 30.7 7.0 100.0 2.5 6.7 14.2 25.1 32.3 25.2 100.0 0.5 0.3 49.0 0.9 44.7 4.7 100.0 1.7 0.6 10.6 14.3 63.4 9.3 100.0 0.2 22.0 0.9 70.3 6.7 100.0 3.1 0.2 9.5 17.4 21.5 48.3 100.0 1.0 100.0 1.7 2.0 5.3 35.7 22.4 32.9 100.0 0.7 0.7 58.2 1.6 31.1 7.6 100.0 2.5 2.5 11.5 34.7 26.1 22.7 100.0 1.0 0.7 52.2 1.0 41.0 4.1 100. 1.6 3.1 8.2 21.6 59.8 5.8 100.0 0.2 0.3 20.6 1.5 74.1 3.3 100.0 4.4 1.2 6.8 26.7 18.2 42.7 100.0 2.8 100.0 1.0 3.8 3.5 41.5 18.8 31.4 100.0 0.4 1.9 41.2 2.1 43.4 10.9 100.0 1.5 4.6 6.6 37.7 24.7 24.9 100.0 0.4 0.9 36.6 2.1 54.3 5.8 100.0 1.3 5.5 6.4 23.9 57.2 5.7 100.0 0.3 0.1 16.8 2.0 78.2 2.7 100.0 2.9 2.4 4.9 29.5 15.6 44.7 100.0 0.9 4.4 3.0 41.2 17.3 33.2 100.0 0.8 2.6 36.7 1.6 43.5 14.8 100.0 1.0 6.0 5.3 36.2 25.7 25.9 100.0 0.5 1.2 30.0 2.4 56.7 9.1 100.0 •0.9 6.5 5.0 24.2 57.5 6.0 100.0 0.3 0.6 13.8 1.7 81.7 1.9 100.0 2.4 2.9 4.5 31.6 14.4 44.1 100.0 0.9 5.6 3.7 38.9 18.8 32.2 100.0 100.0 0.6 5.8 4.0 36.8 21.2 31.8 100.0 1.1 8.3 5.8 30.9 20.6 33.3 ino 1. Professional persons . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. . 0.8 0.8 4.0 32.5 7 1 6. Unskilled workers . 54,8 Female .. .. 1. Professional persons. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 5.0 31.4 3.3 42.1 18.2 100.0 0.8 5.9 5.9 34.0 29.0 24.5 100.0 0.8 5.0 24.0 2.5 59.5 8.3 100.0 0.8 7.0 5.6 25.0 54.9 6.8 100.0 1.2 0.8 12.3 2.8 80.6 2.4 100.0 1.5 3.9 6.0 32.4 16.5 39.6 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . METAL INDUSTRIES, EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL Brass mills : Male 100.0 0.5 6.1 6.9 30.5 31.2 24.8 100.0 1.0 10.6 4.5 24.1 33.7 26.1 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers... 6. Unskilled workers . ._ Female.. . -. _ 1. Professional persdns - 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 21.3 "69.1" 9.6 100. 2T6" 0.3 61.4 17.3 100.0 36.8 0.4 54.7 8.0 100.0 1.1 11.3 62.4 12.9 100.0 0.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Clock and watch factories : Male 100.0 1.1 4.8 3.9 22.8 57.7 9.6 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers .. 12.1 0.2 75.2 12.5 100.0 "21.T 2.2 28.2 48.0 18.7 0.5 70.7 9.9 100.0 2.0 0.2 12.5 13.4 22.6 49.4 100.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers... 6. Unskilled workers... Copper factories : Male 100.0 1.4 3.6 5.4 29.4 21.2 38.9 1. Professional persons _ 2. Props., mgs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. _. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Se'miskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers ... Female _ 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. _. 50.0 75.6 79.5 4. Skilled workers and foremen. _ 5. Semiskilled workers 27.2 22.8 14.9 8.5 14.0 3.7 6» Unskilled workers . 196 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — -Continued [See note at head of this table] INDU3TRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued METAL INDUSTRIES, EXCEPT IRON and steel— continued Gold and silver factories : Male -..- 1. Professional persons.-- 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. ~ 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total Female i . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs", and officials-.. 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6= Unskilled workers.— Jewelry factories : Male Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers... Female Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials.... Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Lead and sine factories : Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers 6., Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons ... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Tinware, enamelware, etc., fac- tories : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 100.0 1.8 4.5 9.7 31.4 43.7 9.0 100.0 0.5 0.4 36.0 3.1 57.3 2.8 100.0 1.3 8.2 8.6 42.0 37.9 2.1 100.0 0.7 0.5 29.9 7.4 60.9 0.6 100.0 2.9 2.6 7.1 18.1 13.1 56.2 100. 0. 69. 1. 22.8 3.9 100.0 1.3 6.2 8.0 37.5 23.4 23.7 100.0 0.2 0.4 25.7 1.1 59.6 13.1 10 to 1? years 100.0 19.0 66.2 14.7 100.0 18.4 0.6 74.7 6.3 100.0 21.7 0.2 75.9 2.2 100.0 13 2 "6! 3 85.4 1.1 100.0 24.5 1.1 23.8 50.7 100.0 9.4 0.2 53.4- 37.0 100.0 10.1 0.2 70.9 18.8 18 and 19 years 100.0 0.9 0.2 17.9 20.7 46.6 13.7 37.3 3.1 56.3 3.3 100 14 28 54 2 0, 100.0 2.9 0.2 11.8 7.6 15.7 61.8 1.00 0.8 0.1 9.0 19.9 34.0 36.1 100.0 20.5 0.4 64.5 14.6 20 to U years 100.0 2.0 1.0 17.7 26.1 43.2 10.1 100.0 0.5 44.3 2.3 50.0 3.0 100. 1.1 1.2 10.6 42.9 42.3 1.8 100.0 0.7 0.2 38.2 7.9 52.6 0.4 100.0 3.7 0.2 8.1 12.1 14.1 61.8 100.0 1.4 73.0 1.4 20.5 3.7 100.0 1.3 0.7 10.6 30.5 29.5 27.4 100.0 0.2 31.5 0.8 55.1 12.4 25 to 34 years 100.0 2.2 2.7 11.9 30.4 45.0 7.9 100.0 0.7 0.4 42.9 2.6 51.3 2.0 100.0 1.6 6.4 8.1 49.6 33.0 1.4 100.0 1.2 0.6 36.6 8.5 52.5 0.6 100.0 4.0 1.4 7.2 16.5 12.1 58.7 100.0 0.S 1.8 77.6 0.4 17.7 2.1 100.0 2.0 3.8 9.3 39.5 23.7 21.8 100.0 0.3 0.3 32.2 1.3 55.4 10.5 35 to 44 years 100.0 1.8 5.8 7.6 31.0 45.9 7.9 100.0 0.7 1.1 30.3 4.9 61.0 2.0 100.0 1.2 11.3 5.8 48.2 31.8 1.6 100.0 1.2 1.1 27.9 9.9 59.6 0.3 100.0 2.6 3.0 6.0 20.4 12..0 56.1 100.0 1.6 1.6 57.4 4.7 27.1 7.8 100.0 1.2 8.7 6.8 44.1 19.1 20.1 100.0 0.4 1.2 26.0 2.2 58.7 11.5 45 to 54 years 100.0 1.6 5.8 7.2 35.4 41.8 8.3 100.0 0.3 1.0 28.1 4.1 64.2 2.3 100.0 1.9 14.1 6.5 41.3 34.0 2.2 100.0 0.6 1.5 22.7 10.9 63.6 0.7 100.0 2.0 4.3 5.5 22.5 11. 9 53. 7 100.0 1.0 11.2 6.0 43.3 16.9 21.6 100. C 0.6 2.4 22.3 3.1 59.3 12.3 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 100.0 2.1 6.3 6.5 38.6 37.1 9.4 100.0 0.6 1.8 18.9 6.1 71.3 1.2 100.0 1.3 13.0 6.6 43.2 32.3 3.6 100.0 0.8 2.6 26.4 9.8 60.4 100.0 1.1 5.8 5.9 23.3 15.7 48.2 100.0 0.8 11.8 5.5 40.8 18.1 22.9 100.0 0.5 2.9 17.0 2.9 61.2 15.5 100.0 1.1 6.2 5.8 34.0 41.2 11.7 75 years and over 100.0 1.7 5.2 8.7 43.5 34.8 6.1 100.0 0.5 11.8 6.0 41.0 36.8 3.8 100.0 1.4 8.4 7.7 21.6 20.4 40.6 100.0 2.9 13.6 7.9 42.1 28.6 5.0 100.0 0.5 11.3 5.S 3S.7 18.1 25.5 100.0 1.0 13.4 5.7 44.5 15.4 20. 1 INDUSTRY 'able 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and id years n to U years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years m to 64 years 6ai to n years 75 years and over a a ■a Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued METAL INDUSTRIES, EXCEPT IRON and steel— continued Other metal factories : Male 100.0 2,8 6.5 9.4 20.7 37.1 24.3 100.0 0.5 0.7. 31.9 1.7 59.5 5.8 100.0 0.1 7.0 3.3 3.4 80.6 5.7 lOO.O 100. ~14.T 0.4 56.8 28.7 100.0 100.0 1.5 0.2 12.5 8.5 47.1 30.1 100.0 0.3 100.0 3. 7 0.9 12.3 15.3 39.3 28.5 100.0 0.3 0.2 36.6 1.2 66,8 4.9 100.0 0.6 1.7 7.0 4.4 65.7 20.6 100.0 lOO.O 4.2 4.2 10.7 22.6 35.3 23.1 100.0 0.5 0.7 37.5 2.2 54.3 4,9 100.0 4.0 6.7 5.7 72.5 11.1 100.0 iCO. 2.7 8.2 7.3 25.4 33.8 22.5 100.0 2.0 1.6 32.0 4.6 53.7 6.2 100.0 0,2 6.6 4.6 5.4 75,4 7.8 100.0 2.0 9.8 6.4 24.2 o5. 21.9 100.0 0.7 5.2 22.4 100.0 1.6 10.0 6.7 22.2 36.0 23.5 100.0 0.8 6.8 6.6 20.2 40.0 25.6 1. Professional persons ... . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. _ 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers j 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 1 16.0 0.1 76.2 7.7 26.7 0.9 64.9 7.1 100. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 3.7 61.6 6.3 100. 0.1 8.3 3.1 4.1 79.8 4.6 5. Semiskilled workers ..- 6. Unskilled workers LEATHER INDUSTRIES Harness, and saddle factories: Male -. 100.0 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female ...... "9." 2" 1.7 65.5 23.5 7.6 2.3 2.6 84.7 2.7 7.5 1.3 1.6 88.0 1.6 10.2 0.3 0.6 87.9 1.1 — 1. "Professional persons.. __ 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 1.3 28.5 1.1 61.9 7.2 100.0 0.9 9.9 12.7 6.6 60.2 9.6 100.0 0.3 0.6 22.0 1.9 72.2 3.0 100. 0.3 2.8 6.1 6.2 75.5 9.0 100.0 0.1 0.1 11.2 1.5 82.2 4.8 3. Clerks and kfhdred workers 40.5 2.7 48.6 8,1 100.0 0.9 1.7 17.8 4.3 65.0 10.3 100.0 0.2 0.1 26.5 1.2 69,1 2.9 100.0 0.2 0.4 7.5 3.1 77.3 11.5 100.0 0.1 31.7 1.0 81.5 5.8 100.0 1.4 8.4 13.2 8.8 62.3 7.9 100.0 0.5 0.5 25.5 2.2. 68.6 2.7 100.0 0.5 2.3 6.3 6.0 77.1 7.8 100.0 0.1 0.1 12.9 1.7 81.4 3.8 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 8. Unskilled workers leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories : Male „ 100.0 21.0 0.1 65.0 13.9 100.0 ~i2.T 0.4 83.1 4.0 100. 7.1 0.1 75.5 17.3 100. 100.0 0.1 0.3 20.1 2.2 65.2 12.1 100.0 0.2 0.1 22.0 1.2 72.9 3.5 100.0 0.1 0.1 7.7 1.5 76.2 14,4 100.0 0.1 100. 1.1 14.0 10.1 7.3 58,3 9.2 100.0 0.7 1.1 20.7 3.3 71.4 2.9 100.0 0.4 4.2 5.0 8.2 78.3 5.9 100.0 0.1 0.2 7.4 2.8 86.6 2.9 100.0 0.8 14.7 9.4 8.1 57.3 9.8 100.0 0.5 2.4 13.6 8.6 75.2 1.7 100.0 0.4 4.8 5.3 9.6 73.5 6.4 100.0 0.2 0.4 5.7 2.9 88. tf 2.9 100.0 0.7 13.8 10.6 9.9 55.3 9.7 100.0 100. 0.1 14.1 9.5 8.1 57 R 10.4 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. ..... 6. Unskilled workers.... Female .... 1. Professional persons . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials. 3.7 10.4 5.9 77.8 2.2 100.0 0.3 5.3 5.6 9.4 71.0 8.5 100.0 0.1 0.4 3.9 2.8 89.8 2.9 3, Clerks and kindred workers ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Shoe factories : Male . 100.0 0.2 4.7 5.7 7.7 70.0 11.8 100.0 0.2 0.5 1.9 1.8 93.8 1.7 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. - 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers 7.0 4.9 7.6 88.5 12.0 — 6. Unskilled workers. Female... 1. Professional persons-. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 6.5 0.1 85.2 8.2 13.7 0.4 79.1 6.7 16.1 1.0 77.1 5.7 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 198 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued LEATHER INDUSTRIES— COD. Tanneries : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Trunk, suitcase, and bag facto ries: Male 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . Female.. 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers ... LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES Furniture factories: Male 1. Professional persons +__ 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. _ 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total Piano and organ factories : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 100.0 0.6 3.2 5.2 7.4 50.8 32.7 100.0 0.3 0.2 27.2 1.2 62.3 8.9 100.0 0.3 7.0 9.2 9.4 60.3 13.7 100.0 0.2 0.7 27.2 1.0 64.7 6.2 100.0 0.7 4.1 5.9 39.4 33.4 16.5 100.0 0.4 0.8 39.8 6.9 44.9 7.2 100.0 0.6 5.2 7.6 23.7 51.6 11.4 100.0 0.1 1.0 52.6 1.9 38.1 6.3 10 to 17 years 100.0 8.4 0.1 54.5 37.0 100.0 9.4 0.2 76.7 13.8 100.0 9.5 0.8 62.7 26.9 100.0 18 and 19 years 100.0 0.4 "~9.T 1.5 47.3 41.6 100.0 14.8 75.9 9.3 100.0 4.5 10.5 50.2 34.9 100.0 28.9 0.3 60.3 10.5 100.0 13.9 0.4 60.6 25.2 100.0 24.3 0.4 65.3 10.0 100.0 0.2 0.4 10.1 3.7 64.3 21.3 100.0 40.0 50.0 10.0 19.4 0.5 72.7 7.4 100.0 0.4 0.1 5.6 27.2 38.3 28.3 100.0 0.2 ~44~8 3.7 42.2 9,1 100.0 0.5 0.2 13.1 15.5 46.7 24.0 100.0 20 to U years 35 to 34 years 35 to 44 45 to 54 61.3 33.3 5.4 100.0 0.8 0.6 8.3 3.5 47.6 39.2 100.0 0.3 0.1 36.9 1.3 53.8 7.5 100.0 0.3 1.6 11.9 6.8 64.7 14.8 100.0 0.3 0.3 34.8 0.8 57.8 6.1 100.0 0.9 0.7 6.8 34.6 35.7 21.3 100.0 0.3 0.2 52.0 4.8 36.4 6.3 100.0 0.9 0.8 12.7 20.0 48.8 16.9 100.0 0.4 59.6 0.6 34.1 5.3 100.0 1.0 2.6 6.4 6.8 48.7 34.5 100.0 0.4 0.1 36.8 1.6 54.4 6.7 100.0 0.5 6.5 10.2 10.0 58.7 14.1 100.0 0.3 0.3 33.7 0.6 59.9 5.1 100.0 0.9 3.2 7.6 39.2 33.5 15.6 100.0 0.4 0.7 46.3 7.0 39.1 6.5 100.0 1.3 3.7 10.5 25.0 50.3 9.3 100.0 0.2 1.9 53.4 2.5 37.1 5.0 years years 55 65 I 75 . £ to to ] years < g 64 74 and 1 years years over ° 3 100.0 0.7 4.1 4.2 8.2 52.1 30.7 100.0 0.3 0.2 20.0 1.6 69.5 8.5 100.0 0.3 9.6 8.6 10.7 59.9 10.8 100.0 2.1 25.9 2.1 64.2 5.7 100.0 0.7 5.9 6.2 41.5 32.6 13.2 100.0 0.8 1.3 28.5 9.8 52.3 7.3 100.0 0.6 5.8 6.5 24.8 52. 2 ioio 100.0 100.0 0.3 4.4 3.7 9.7 52.0 29.9 100.0 0.5 0.5 20.0 1.4 68.1 9.6 100.0 0.2 9.5 7.7 12.9 59.4 10.4 100.0 0.4 4.4 3.4 10.3 52.9 28.5 100.0 100.0 0.2 4.2 3.2 8.4 53.5 30.4 100.0 0.8 8.0 3.4 10.3 49.8 27.6 1.4 16.7 2.1 68.1 11.8 100.0 0.3 10.2 7.9 11.3 57.8 12.5 100.0 0.8 11.5 7.4 8.2 59.0 13.1 0.8 48.6 2.8 40.6 7.2 100.0 0.6 6.2 5.1 43.6 31.1 13.4 100.0 0.5 2.2 19.7 12.9 57.1 7.6 100.0 0.3 5.9 6.3 25.1 52.5 10.0 100.0 100.0 0.5 5.8 4.2 44.6 30.9 14.1 100.0 0.2 2.9 12.0 14.0 64.0 7.0 100.0 0.5 7.0 5.0 24.7 52.1 10.6 3.4 35.0 6.8 41.0 13.7 100.0 0.3 4.7 3.2 46.7 29.7 15.4 100. 0.4 2.6 4.3 16.9 69.7 6.1 100.0 0.2 7. 7 4.7 23.2 51.7 12.6 100.0 0.3 5.7 2.4 53.9 25.8 11.9 100. C 0.9 0.9 7.4 42.6 29.6 18.5 100.0 1.9 7.5 1.9 25.6 50.6 12.5 INDUSTRY 199 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, op the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to U years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a o a Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued LUMBER AND Ftf RNITURE INDUS- TRIES— Continued Saw and planing mills : 100.0 0.3 4.5 2.7 16.2 17.4 58.9 100. 0.3 1.0 39.9 1.1 27.2 30.6 100.0 0.6 5.7 4.2 23.9 29.2 36.3 100.0 0.1 0.7 19.2 1.1 56.2 22.7 100.0 1.5 9.7 19.1 22.8 31.6 15.2 100.0 0.4 0.6 24.4 3.7 65.7 5.3 100.0 1.3 3.4 8.5 16.3 35.4 35.0 100.0 0.4 0.3 31.2 1.4 56.8 9.8 100.0 0.7 0.4 15.2 83.7 100. "ii.T 0.1 39.0 49.3 100.0 3.8 1.7 35.2 59.4 100.0 100.0 0.1 0.1 1.5 5.0 14.4 78.9 100.0 0.6 0.2 35.1 0.4 29.5 34.1 100.0 0.1 0.2 3.5 10.4 31.6 54.2 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.6 2.5 8.2 16.5 72.1 100.0 0.1 0.2 48.1 0.8 24.7 26.1 100.0 0.6 0.8 5.0 15.8 29.0 48.8 100.0 0.1 0.1 24.1 1.2 52.9 21.6 100.0 1.8 1.3 21.8 20.9 35.8 18.4 100.0 0.2 0.1 28.9 2.4 63.2 5.2 100.0 1.7 0.4 9.9 8.3 39.0 40.6 100.0 0.2 0.2 39.4 1.0 49.0 10.2 100.0 0.3 2.7 3.2 14.2 18.0 61.6 100.0 0.2 0.6 49.5 1.2 23.3 25.2 100.0 0.8 3.9 5.3 22.7 28.3 39.0 100.0 0.2 0.7 24.8 1.5 50.0 22.8 100.0 1.6 7.4 21.3 25.4 31.8 12.6 100.0 0.3 0.7 28.0 4.1 62.4 4.5 100.0 1.9 2.4 9:6 15.2 38.4 32.5 100.0 0.5 0.3 38.7 1.5 50.9 8.2 100.0 0.3 6.2 3.1 20.7 17.0 52.7 100.0 0.5 1.3 37.5 1.3 28.5 30.9 100.0 0.7 7.9 4.3 28.4 27.4 31.3 100.0 0.2 1.7 19.0 1.4 54.8 22.9 100.0 1.8 15.2 17.0 27.7 26.9 11.4 100.0 0.9 1.6 20.1 7.9 64.6 4.9 100.0 1.4 4.8 7.6 20.0 33.7 32.5 100.0 0.6 0.6 24.8 2.4 63.2 8.4 100.0 0.3 8.1 2.6 23.0 17.1 48.8 100.0 0.6 5.3 26.1 2.7 27.8 37.5 100.0 0.5 8.8 3.6 30.1 27.8 29.2 100.0 0.3 1.7 12.6 1.6 61.4 22.5 100.0 1.8 16.8 16.7 24.1 26.8 13.8 100.0 0.7 2.6 18.6 7.0 65.3 5.9 100.0 0.8 5.6 6.9 21.7 31.3 33.7 100.0 1.1 0.7 17.6 2.7 69.4 8.5 100.0 0.3 9.5 2.5 24.0 19.7 44.0 100.0 0.8 5.9 22.5 3.4 36.0 31.4 100.0 0.6 9.6 2.9 30.4 31.2 25.3 100.0 100.0 0.3 9.6 2.4 24.3 21.7 41.7 100.0 0.6 10.5 2.2 24.3 21.6 40.8 100.0 1. Professional persons.-.. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers . 0.3 5.6 1.3 14.5 11.6 6. Unskilled workers 66.7 Female. 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.. . 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers ... Other woodworking factories : Male 100.0 0.3 9.2 3.1 30.2 33.6 23.5 100.0 100.0 0.5 8.8 2.4 30.4 40.8 17.1 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers . _ 6. Unskilled workers Female "is 5.8 16.3 20.2 52.9 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mers... and officials ~~8.*2~ 0.1 63.5 28.2 100.0 0.1 21.7 3.8 50.3 24.1 100.0 ~15~1~ 1.1 77.2 6.6 100.0 14.5 0?8 38.0 46.6 100.0 ~15.T 0.3 69.6 15.0 ~17.T 0.5 59.1 23.3 100.0 0.7 0.3 20.1 14.4 41.7 22.7 100.0 0.2 ~21 .~9~ 2.1 69.9 5.9 100.0 1.0 0.1 10.4 4.7 37.6 46.1 100.0 0.1 0.1 29.2 0.6 58.1 12.0 2.2 7.6 2.0 72.3 15.8 100.0 1.6 15.0 16.0 22.1 29.0 16.2 100.0 1.4 2.8 15.9 5.8 68.5 5.6 100.0 0.6 5.6 8.0 21.7 31.8 34.3 100. 1.1 1.1 10.5 2.4 76.4 8.6 0.7 6.3 2.1 81.8 9.1 100.0 0.8 14.5 17.2 18.4 28.0 21.1 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. ... 6. Unskilled workers . PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., factories: Male 1. Professional persons... 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers... _ Female . 1. Professional persons. ... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers Paper and pulp mills : Male. 100.0 0.6 5.6 7.0 18.8 33.0 34.9 100. 100.0 0.2 9.3 8.1 17.3 32.1 32.9 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials . 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. -. 0. Unskilled workers Female ._ I. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 1.7 11.1 2.8 71.1 13.3 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers _ 6. Unskilled workers 200 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED industries— continued Paper box factories : Male ... 1. Professional persons ._ 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Female , 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers.... Total Printing, publishing, and engrav- ing: Male. — . 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mejs.. and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. : 6. Unskilled workers ; Female 1 . Professional persons . _ 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers „ TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Carpet mills : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 6. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 100.0 0.4 12.4 11.3 15.5 44.7 15.6 100-0 0.1 0.5 10.9 2.3 80.5 5.7 100.0 0.7 9.7 18.4 54.4 13.6 3.3 100.0 0.2 2.1 60.2 9.2 26.9 1.3 100.0 1.7 2.8 8.5 12.7 59.1 15.2 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 100.0 1.1 0.2 9.7 0.7 84.1 4.2 Cotton mills: Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 100.0 0.2 1.4 2.8 13.1 63.3 19.2 100.0 0.1 10 to 17 years years 18 and 100.0 10.6 1.1 63.2 25.1 100.0 4.7 0.2 87.8 7.3 ).l 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 100.0 0.2 100.0 37.4 13.5 43.2 5.8 100.0 49.7 2.7 44.7 2.9 100.0 9.1 0.4 72.5 18.0 100.0 2.9 0.2 90.9 5.8 8.6 0.1 86.1 5.2 100.0 1.4 0.1 69.1 29.4 100.0 10.4 f).9 82.5 6.2 100.0 0.6 1.0 22.9 40.5 29.6 5.4 100.0 0.2 0.1 64.4 5.0 28.6 1.8 100.0 1.6 0.1 14.4 2.7 63.6 17.7 100.0 1.4 0.1 15.2 0.4 77.7 5.3 100.0 0.1 "2.~5 2.1 72.9 22.4 100.0 100.0 0.5 1.8 12.5 13.4 52.9 18.9 100.0 0.9 93.6 6.1 0.2 13.5 1.4 78.9 6.1 100.0 0.8 2.9 19.4 56.3 17.0 3.6 100.0 0.2 0.6 68.2 6.5 23.2 1.3 100.0 2.0 0.6 12.4 6.5 63.5 15.0 100.0 1.9 2.7 0.1 91.2 6.0 to 44 years 100.0 0.7 9.1 13.7 17.4 45.6 13.5 100.0 0.1 0.3 13.2 2.7 78,6 5.1 100.0 0.9 7.8 18.7 59.8 16.5 0.6 76.5 4.4 100.0 0.2 0.2 3.2 5.6 72.0 18.8 100.0 0.1 4.4 0.1 89.6 5.7 45 to 54 years 10.4 2.4 100.0 0.2 1.8 62.1 9.9 25.0 1.0 100.0 2.0 2.5 10.5 12.7 59.8 12.6 100.0 1.4 0.1 11.9 0.7 81.9 3.9 100.0 0.3 1.0 3.4 13.0 66.6 15.8 100.0 0.1 100.0 0.4 17.7 11.2 19.1 39.7 11.9 100.0 0.2 1.6 10.5 4.9 78.2 4.7 100.0 0.7 13.1 15.2 59.6 9.1 2.3 100.0 0.3 3.8 52.0 13.9 28.9 1.1 100.0 1.7 3.4 6.5 15.6 57.9 14.8 100.0 1.0 0.4 5.6 0.8 SS.6 3.5 100.0 0.2 2.1 2.8 20.1 59. S 15.0 3.8 0.3 90.5 5.2 100.0 0.2 23.4 7.8 17.9 36.6 13.9 100.0 0.2 2.5 9.0 6.5 77.6 4.2 100.0 0.6 16.0 15.1 55.9 9.1 3.3 100.0 0.3 6.2 49.5 15.2 27.4 1.4 100.0 1.5 4.4 5.9 17.3 54.1 16.8 100.0 0.5 0.8 3.0 0.9 89.9 4.9 100.0 0.2 2.8 2.4 21.0 54.7 IS. 9 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.3 l.S 0.4 0.4 91.1 91.5 5.9 6.0 100. 0.1 21.5 8.7 16.7 35.8 17.3 100.0 0.4 1.6 5.'9 7.5 79.1 5.5 100.0 0.5 16.8 15.3 54.6 9.1 3.7 100.0 0.2 7.2 46.4 15.7 29.3 1.3 100.0 1.9 4.2 6.2 16.5 54.4 16.8 100.0 0.2 0.5 1.6 1.1 93.2 3.4 100.0 0.3 2.8 2.6 19.2 51.5 23.6 100.0 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 89. 9 7.7 100.0 0.5 23.2 11.6 11.1 36.2 17.5 75 years and over 100.0 0.4 17.5 19.1 47.8 9.8 5.3 100.0 0.1 7.3 53.8 12.9 24.5 1.3 100.0 1.2 3.8 4.8 14.3 58.7 17.2 100.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.8 95.4 2.8 100.0 0.3 3.1 3.0 14.3 4S.S 30.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 22.1 23. S 39.4 9.1 5.3 1.8 \ 14.5 i 22.6 ! 50.9 7.4 ! 2.8 100.0 100.0 1.9 2.S 3.7 12. 1 8.1 48.0 15.4 24.4 4.1 12.1 100.0 0.7 97.9 1.4 100.0 0.1 4.5 3.5 14.6 44. S 3-:. 5 1.3 0.5 SS 4 9.9 100.0 1.7 0.8 12.6 51.3 33.6 INDUSTRY 201 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930-^-Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued textile industries— continued Hemp, jute, and linen mills: Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 8. Unskilled workers .-.. Female Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen- Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers — . Knitting mills ; Male . L Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Female 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. Lace and embroidery mills ; Male... 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total Rope and cordage factories : Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers •ii)G 1 8 12 13 45 19 loo o o 14. 1 100.0 0.3 5.2 8.3 12.1 64.8 9.3 100.0 0.1 0.2 6.4 1.7 88.1 3.5 Female 1. Professional persons.. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers m o 4 9 13 39 32 ICO 15 1 73 to 17 years 100.0 59.4 22.1 10.7 85.7 3.6 100.0 6.0 0.1 81.8 12.1 100.0 3.0 0.2 92.5 4.3 23.2 ~62~4 14.4 100.0 7.4 0.4 89.2 3.1 100.0 9.7 ~59.T 31.2 100.0 and 19 years 14.5 6.4 58.6 20.5 100. 0.5 ~19."6" 76.3 4.2 100 0.1 0.1 7.2 3.3 79.7 9.6 100.0 6.3 0.6 89.1 4.0 4.6 '87." 3 8.1 100.0 0.2 "O" 4.9 44.7 40.4 100.0 to 24 years m o i 12. 8. 58, 17, loo o o 2! 10ft 7 6 77 7 100 8 1 87 3 2 3 20 2 63 1 00. 1 12 1 33 1 10.3 1.7 78.5 9.6 100. 0.9 0.5 11.4 8.4 45.0 33.6 LOO.O 0.1 19.9 0.5 71.2 8.2 25 to 34 years 100 1 7 13 1 2, 49 16, LOO 0. 0, 17 1 76 3 109 .100 5 14 8 6 59 5 100 2 1 100.0 0.9 3.2 11.0 13.4 38.5 33.0 100.0 0.3 0.7 22.5 1.7 67.2 7.6 35 to 44 years IOC 1 10 11 19, 37. 20 100 7 2 86 3 100 11 8 20 50 7 100 5 3 87 3 7 23 4 6 53 3 100. 2 2 5 4 84 1 iOO.O 0.4 6.4 10.9 16.5 35.5 30.2 100,0 0.2 12.9 2.1 73.3 11.5 45 to 54 years m o 13 10 20 43 13 100.0 7.0 22.1 4.0 9.2 53.3 4.4 100.0 2.6 3.2 4.3 4.9 83.7 1.4 100.0 0.3 7.5 8.0 17.7 34.6 31.9 100 ..1 10 4 73 55 to 64 years 100.0 1.4 13.1 8.8 18.7 39.3 18.7 100.0 1.0 1.0 6.8 2.9 84.5 3.9 100 1] 10 17 41 18 100 3 2 2 100.0 0.3 7.3 6.5 18.8 37.3 29.8 65 to 74 years 100.0 L.3 11. 5 8.3 21.7 33. 1 24.2 m o 9 Q 13 43 23 m "6 4 2 89 3 75 years and over .00.0 0.3 8.3 7.5 16.5 37.5 30.0 100.0 7.3 7.3 17.7 44.1 23.6 202 SOCIAL ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over '< 6 Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued TEXTILE INDUSTRIES— COntd. Sail, awning, and tent factories: Male 100.0 0.2 22.2 12.1 7.8 45.9 11.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.3 4.0 14.3 9.0 49.9 22.6 100.0 0.3 0.9 43.3 1.2 50.7 3.6 ioo.o 0.8 0.8 10.6 7.4 69.5 11.0 100.0 0.2 100.0 0.4 18.6 15.7 10.3 42.3 12.7 100.0 100.0 0.2 27.6 12.7 8.4 41.4 9.7 100.0 100.0 0.1 31.2 8.6 6.9 46.0 7.2 100.0 100.0 0.3 31.2 9.3 6.8 47.0 5.5 100'. 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials ~~9.~8 1.5 68.2 20.5 1.2 13.5 3.3 54.5 27.5 100.0 30.0 7.2 4.8 51.2 6.8 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.. __ Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 2.2 20.2 3.5 71.4 2.6 100.0 0.7 3.8 7.6 12.5 64.0 11.5 100.0 0.1 0.1 7.0 1.5 88.7 2.6 100.0 1.4 2.5 6.1 12.3 57.0 20.7 100.0 0.4 0.4 25.8 1.7 67.9 3.8 100.0 0.6 2.9 6.4 12. 1 62.9 15.0 100.0 0.1 0.1 6.3 0.5 89.8 3.4 0.9 20.4 2.8 67.3 2.6 100.0 0.9 3.2 7.2 15.0 65.3 8.4 100.0 0.2 0.1 8.3 2.3 87.2 1.9 100.0 2.3 2.1 7.2 13.4 56.6 18.3 100.0 0.8 0.2 29.7 2.2 63.9 3.2 100.0 1.0 2.4 7.8 10.3 66.8 11.6 100.0 0.1 0.1 7.8 0.6 88.6 2.9 3.5 13.5 5.1 75.7 2.3 100.0 0.9 6.2 5.2 18.0 60.3 9.5 100.0 0.2 0.3 5.3 3.1 89.4 1.8 100.0 1.3 4.2 5.1 15.6 54.0 19.7 100.0 0.6 1.0 20.3 3.1 71.2 3.7 100.0 0.6 3.7 6.1 14.2 61.3 14.2 100.0 0.2 0.1 4.3 0.8 91.4 3.3 2.7 4.9 4.9 86.5 1.1 100.0 0.6 7.6 5.4 18.3 56.4 11.7 100.0 0.2 0.4 4.3 3.6 89.3 2.3 100.0 0.7 3.8 4.0 15.8 54.7 21.1 100.0 0.2 1.0 17.8 2.5 74.1 4.'4 100.0 0.6 3.9 5.1 16.1 58.8 15.5 100.0 0.2 0.2 3.3 0.6 92.1 3.5 1 4.1 2.9 5.2 83.7 4.1 100.0 0.6 7.2 4.9 16.7 55.9 14.8 100.0 0.2 0.5 3.7 3.9 89.0 2.7 100.0 0.8 2.8 3.2 14.9 56.0 22.3 100.0 41.3 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. 100.0 10.2 0.2 72.8 16.8 100.0 54.0 4.8 100.0 0:3 0.2 11.9 3.3 70.1 14.3 100.0 0.1 6. Unskilled workers . Silk mills : Male 100.0 0.7 5.4 5.4 12.7 55.5 20.4 100.O 100.0 1. Professional persons. . . 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers. 5.0 4.5 7.7 55.7 27.1 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 3.2 0.1 92.9 3.8 100.0 7.5 0.5 88.7 3.3 100.0 1.3 9.4 1.1 86.8 2.5 100.0 2.1 0.4 8.1 6.6 61.5 21.3 100.0 0.2 33.0 1.5 62.1 3.1 100.0 0.5 0.7 9.1 4.7 69.3 15.7 100.0 0.1 1.8 1.8 93.5 2.9 100.0 0.6 2.4 4.3 12.0 56.3 24.4 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills : Male 100.0 0.6 1.7 3.5 9.9 59.3 25.0 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs.. and officials . 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 9.8 0.5 63.6 26.1 100. 15.3 0.1 78.8 5.8 100.0 10.1 3.5 62.8 22.4 100.0 0.2 0.2 25.2 0.9 69.2 4.3 100.0 0.3 6. Unskilled workers Female .. 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 4.3 12.8 2.7 76.1 4.3 100.0 0.5 4.2 4.3 17.2 57.5 16.3 100.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers . Woolen and worsted mills : Male 100.0 0.4 4.0 4.4 16.9 55.6 18.8 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 6.8 6.1 14.5 50.7 21.8 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 7.0 0.2 74.0 18.8 100. 8.6 2.3 69:7 19.2 100.0 0.1 6. Unskilled workers .. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 1.9 0.6 93.7 3.8 0.2 1.3 0.4 94.5 3.6 3.2 "92.Y 4.6 7.4 0.1 88.5 3.9 9.7 0.2 86.9 3.1 6. Unskilled workers. INDUSTRY 203 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years « to 54 years 55 to 64 years f u to 74 years 75 years and over a o c M G Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued TEXTILE INDUSTRIES— COntd. Other and not specified textile mills : Male - 100.0 2.0 7.5 11.2 14.5 49.3 15.6 100.0 1.8 0.6 13.4 1.9 79.1 3.3 100.0 0.2 10.9 17.1 5.9 50.2 15.7 100.0 0.2 1.1 29.0 1.8 60.8 7.0 100.0 0.3 5.9 6.6 12.2 61.6 13.3 100.0 100.0 17.2 0.6 60.6 21.6 100.0 ~8.T 0.2 86.8 4.9 100.0 'ib'.h' 0.3 51.1 38.0 100.0 100.0 0.8 0.4 17.5 4.8 56.7 19.7 100.0 0.7 0.1 16.6 0.8 77.9 4.0 100.0 0.1 0.6 13.2 2.9 51.7 31.5 100.0 100.0 2.2 1.6 15.6 8.7 55.0 16.9 100.0 1.6 0.2 19.9 1.2 73.6 3.6 100.0 0.2 2.0 21.4 5.0 46.8 24.7 100.0 0.2 0.1 38.6 0.7 54.2 6.1 100.0 0.5 0.8 9.9 7.9 66.3 14.7 100.0 100.0 2.8 6.8 12.2 14.5 49.6 14.0 100.0 2.5 0.6 16.0 2.0 76.1 2.8 100.0 0.4 8.8 22.0 6.2 47.1 15.6 100.0 1.0 34.8 2.9 55.5 5.7 100.0 0.4 4.0 5.2 12.1 64.4 13.8 100.0 0.1 0.1 14.0 3.0 78.7 4.1 100.0 6.9 3.2 17.4 35.0 24.8 12.8 100.0 0.4 0.5 98.3 0.3 100.0 2.0 11.0 9.4 17.9 45.9 13.8 100.0 2.8 1.2 9.6 3.2 80.5 2.8 100.0 0.2 14.5 15.9 7.6 49.5 12.2 100.0 0.9 2.2 27.2 2.9 62.2 4.6 100.0 0.2 8.1 5.1 13.9 62.0 10.7 100.0 100.0 1.7 11.1 8.1 18.5 44.9 15.7 100.0 2.3 1.4 6.0 3.6 84.2 2.5 100.0 0.2 15.2 15.5 7.5 51.8 9.8 100.0 100.0 1.8 9.8 7.6 18.4 46.8 15.6 100.0 1.4 1.7 3.8 2.8 87.8 2.5 100.0 0.3 16.4 14.2 6.3 53.3 9.6 100.0 1.5 8.3 6.3 15.5 50.3 18.1 100.0 0.5 0.7 2.0 2.2 92.2 2.4 100.0 0.1 17.0 14.9 4.3 54.6 9.0 100.0 0.9 12.1 8.7 13.0 45.5 19.8 100.0 1. Professional persons. - 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers... Female . 1. Professional persons. . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials..- . 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers ! 1.3 0.6 95.5 2.6 100.0 6. Unskilled workers . MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Broom and brush factories: Male i. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 20.9 9.5 5. Semiskilled workers.. .. 63.7 6.0 6. Unskilled workers Female . .. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 4.2 18.6 4.7 67.9 4.7 100.0 0.5 9.6 4.8 16.0 56.9 12.2 100.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 13.9 72.1 13.9 100.0 19.1 61.5 19.4 100.0 23.0 0.5 66.3 10.2 100.0 0.2 0.5 9.9 5.7 68.6 15.1 100.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Button factories : Male... 100.0 0.3 10.2 3.5 17.2 55.2 > 13.6 100.0 0.7 8.1 7.4 14.0 54.0 15.8 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Female. _ _ 1. Professional persons. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 0.1 11.5 2.1 81.2 5.0 100. 5.8 4.1 17.2 33.9 22.6 16.5 100.0 0.3 0.6 97.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 9.5 3.2 82.2 4.8 100. 6.1 6.2 13.0 38.7 19.9 16.1 100.0 0.6 1.6 94.3 0.6 0.4 8.7 4.8 82.5 3.8 100.0 5.5 7.0 12.1 37.0 17.0 21.4 100.0 0.6 2.2 91.1 1.4 - 1.5 3.2 5.2 87." 6" 7.7 100.0 42.6 0.7 34.0 22.7 100.0 ~98.~5~ 0.1 0.2 1.2 9.6 0.2 84.5 5.7 100.0 2\3 0.1 31.2 21.7 24.2 20.4 100.0 0.1 0.1 99.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 16.5 1.8 77.1 4.7 100.0 5.0 0.8 23.9 27.1 27.3 15.9 100.0 0.1 0.3 99.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Electric light and power plants : Male ._ _ . 100.0 4.6 6.6 12.7 34.4 16.6 25.2 100.0 100.0 3.3 6.0 12.9 31.1 18.8 27.9 100.0 5.2 8.0 18.3 22.7 22.2 23.5 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers.. . 4.2 6.8 15.3 24.2 23.7 6. Unskilled workers 25.8 Female ... . 1. Professional persons. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3.7 81.3 2.0 4.5 8.5 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 0.1 0.6 0. 4 1 2. 3 1 67555 0—38- -14 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, bt Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries— Continued MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTUR- ING industries— continued Electrical machinery and supply factories : Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Female Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. _. Skilled workers and foremen.. . Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Independent hand trades: Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials..... 3. Clerks and kindred workersi. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers. 8. Unskilled workers Female .. Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers. . Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Rubber factories ; Professional persons Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen.. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers. ..-..- Fe male Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers... Skilled workers and foremen .. Semiskilled workers . Unskilled workers Total 1.00. 6 4 17 31 28 12 100 39 1 53 4 100.0 96.5 3.5 100.0 0.4 99.6 Straw factories : Male 1. Professional persons . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 8. Unskilled workers Female 100.0 1. Professional persons 0.1 2. Props., mgrs., and officials... 3. Clerks and kindred workers 3.8 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 2. 5. Semiskilled workers... | 93.1 6. Unskilled workers ' 1,0 1C0.0 1.9 3.8 12.9 12.5 47.6 21.4 100.0 0.2 0.3 28.5 1.8 60.2 9.0 100.0 0.5 4.7 5.4 9.2 63.9 16.3 10 to 17 years 100.0 26.9 0.6 58.5 13.9 100.0 23.7 0.2 70.7 5.4 100.0 91.2 8.8 18 and 19 years 100 2 19 17 44 15 100 100.0 95.7 4.3 20 to 24 years 100.0 6.7 0.9 18.9 26.5 34.9 12.1 100.0 0.2 0.2 43.7 1.2 50.8 4.0 100. 25 to 34 years 94.3 5.7 100.0 100.0 0.4 99.6 100.0 20.1 0.6 52.4 26.9 100.0 11.9 0.3 7.7.9 9.9 100.0 1.1 )8.9 100.0 1.0 0.2 16.7 4.1 50.2 27.9 100.0 0.1 27.9 0.9 62.1 9.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.6 3.9 18.3 34.7 25.1 9.3 100.0 0.5 0.5 46.5 2.3 46.9 3.3 100.0 94.3 5.7 0.8 99.2 8.0 0.9 87.5 3.6 100.0 100.0 1.9 0.9 15.8 7.0 52.4 22.0 100.0 0.1 0.1 36.5 1.2 54.0 8.0 100.0 0.7 0.7 9.0 2.2 65.7 21.6 100.0 0.5 0.6 99.4 7.4 90.7 1.9 100.0 2.4 2.9 13.6 11.6 51.2 18.4 100.0 0.3 0.2 31.9 2.0 56.6 9.0 100.0 0.6 5.2 6.4 11.0 64.0 12.8 100.0 35 to 44 year: 45 to 54 years 100.0 6.9 7.4 15.4 37.1 21.8 11.4 100.0 0.7 1.1 37.8 2.8 52.8 4.8 100.0 100. oo to 64 years 100.0 5.8 7.8 14.1 35.9 22.0 14.4 100.0 0.8 1.6 33.4 3.3 55.2 5.7 95.4 4.6 100.0 97.3 2.7 100. 0.4 99.6 0.3 99.7 4.1 1.0 92.9 1.5 100.0 2.0 5.7 11.7 15.3 45.3 20.0 100.0 0.5 0.5 19.4 2.8 65.9 10.9 100.0 1.3 5.3 3.5 10.6 62.6 16.7 100.0 4.8 0.8 94.0 0.4 1.8 2.9 94.6 0.7 100.0 1.4 6.1 9.7 16.9 41.5 24.3 65 75 to 74 years and years over 100.0 100.0 1100.0 4.1 6.4 13.4 32.8 25.4 17.9 100. 1.9 2.8 27.6 3.6 5S. 8.2 100.0 98.2 1.8 100.0 0.3 99.7 100. 0.7 1, 16 4 68 9 100. 3.4 10.6 62.6 15.6 100.0 3.8 3.3 92.9 100.0 1.1 6.2 9.6 17.9 39.4 25.8 100.0 0.8 1.8 13.7 3.9 71.7 8.1 100.0 8.7 3.9 11.7 61.2 14.6 100.0 2.9 6.0 13.8 28.0 26.3 23.0 100.0 0.9 1.8 30.9 5.5 51.8 9.1 100.0 3.5 5.9 17.4 23.3 25.1 24.8 99.0 1.0 100.0 0.2 99.8 100.0 0.5 6.1 10.8 15.3 36.8 30.5 100.0 0.9 1.8 15.6 4.6 73.4 3.7 99.4 0.6 100.0 100.0 0.4 7.9 11.5 12.3 39.6 28.2 1.4 4.2 93.7 0.7 100. 10.6 10.6 17.5 26.9 16.9 17.5 100.0 100.0 96.1 3.9 100. 0.2 1.6 99. 8 98. 4 INDUSTRY Table 34, — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries — Continued MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTUR- ING industries— continued Turpentine farms and distilleries : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.... 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers ... Fe male 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . . 5. Semiskilled workers.. ... 6. Unskilled workers.... Other miscellaneous mfg. in dustries : Male 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers „„._.-- Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen... 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers _. Total U10 1 22 2 73 Other not specified mfg. in- dustries : Male Professional persons. _ _ . Props., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers and foremen... Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Female ... 1. Professional persons .... 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers _ 100.0 1.9 10.8 12.2 16.1 35.4 23.7 100.0 0.7 1.2 31.5 2.3 58.4 5.9 Transportation and Communi- cation Air transportation : Male ... 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. __ 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers. 1 4 10 26 26 31 29 1 100 24 1 m 11 100.0 3.2 6.3 9.3 63.4 7.4 10.3 100.0 0.4 0.5 88.2 6.5 3.5 0.9 10 to 17 years 100.0 0.2 0.1 1.4 100.0 and 19 years 21.8 0.5 47.5 30.1 100.0 18.8 0.3 73.3 7.6 16.9 1.0 43.3 38.8 38.1 0.7 100.0 11.8 0.4 72.5 15.3 L00. 1.0 100. .2 0. .1 0. .5 0. .9 2. .3 4. .0 91. m . i o 14 12 32 38 37 100 23 61 13 20 to H years 17.4 0.8 59.5 22.4 25 to U years 35 to 44 years 100.0 0, 9 56 14 17 100.0 93.5 3.7 1.9 0.9 100.0 1.8 0.8 13.9 19.4 28.9 35.2 34.3 0.9 100.0 0.4 0.2 3-k7 1.3 55.3 11.1 100.0 2.5 2.3 9.6 70.6 6.5 8.6 100.0 0.3 92.3 6.4 0.5 0.5 2.8 27.8 0.9 2.8 65.7 :.00 2 8 13 16 36 23 '(90 1 37 2 52 5 100.0 0.1 5.1 0.9 4.6 5.2 84.1 100. 2.3 3.4 11.3 28.6 25.2 29.2 28.0 1.2 100.0 0.9 0.5 30.3 2.2 56.1 9.9 3 7 9 69 4 6 100 to 54 years 100.0 100.0 1.8 5.9 8.7 31.0 23.0 29.6 28.3 1.3 100.0 1.4 1.2 20.2 3.4 62.5 11.4 100.0 4.3 10.5 8.5 60.9 5.8 9.9 100.0 1.0 1.9 79.0 4.8 11.4 1.9 55 to 64 years 30.0 0.1 6.9 0.8 5.0 6.5 30.8 100. 1.5 6.9 7.5 30.7 22.8 30.7 28.7 2.0 100.0 1.2 1.6 15.2 3.9 66.6 11.4 100.0 3.9 9.4 10.5 41.4 11.5 23.4 1 17 9 IS 32 20 1C0. 1 5 11 4 72 5 65 to n years 100.0 4.4 0.9 2.9 6.1 85.7 100.0 2.6 3.3 3.3 90.8 100.0 1.1 6.7 7.3 29.2 25.4 30.4 27.0 3.4 100.0 1.5 2.0 10.4 3.6 71.6 10.9 100.0 2.4 8.3 9.7 29.8 19.6 30.3 1 16 9 16 34 21 im. o 5 8 1 76 6 100. 0.9 6.3 6.4 26.8 29.5 30.1 24.4 5.7 100.0 0.9 2.6 6.3 3.2 73.8 13.1 100.0 0.8 8.3 11.6 28.9 20.7 29.8 100 18 11 13 32 22 100.0 1.0 9.0 6.4 28.2 30.0 25.4 19.8 5.6 100.0 15.9 12.6 13.7 23.1 34.6 LOO 4 7 26. 25 35 34 1 loo l 2 16 4 60 13 206 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a c - Transportation and Communi- cation — Continued Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, sewers, and bridges : Male 100.0 3.6 4.4 1.0 11.6 9.6 69.8 100.0 1. 1 0.5 69.9 100.0 0.9 0.5 8.8 89.8 100.0 0.3 0.1 1.2 2.8 11.5 84.1 100.0 1.7 100.0 4.6 0.6 1.4 6.1 14.5 72.8 100.0 1.3 0.1 79.9 100.0 5.5 2.9 1.2 11.8 13.0 65.5 100.0 1.2 0.3 72.4 100.0 4.0 6.2 0.9 14.3 8.0 66.6 100.0 1.2 1.0 63.8 100.0 2.6 7.2 0.8 14.6 5.5 69.2 100.0 0.3 1.0 47.4 100.0 1.5 6.9 0.7 13.5 4.8 72.4 100.0 1.1 5.7 .0.8 11.3 5.7 75.4 100.0 1.2 4.4 0.8 8.8 6.6 78.1 100. 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., m?rs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 5.0 2.2 0.8 6.6 5.8 6. Unskilled workers... 79.6 Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 80.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 1.9 26.6 1.6 25.0 100.0 100.0 1.7 16.6 3.4 13.1 100.0 0.8 17.9 0.8 17.1 100.0 0.1 0. fi 1.5 24.6 1.1 23.4 100.0 1.8 32.2 2.2 30.0 100.0 3.9 47.4 2.0 45.4 100.0 6. Unskilled workers... Laborers .. Servant classes. . Express companies : Male.... 100.0 100.0 0.1 6.2 52.9 5.3 10.2 25.4 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 2.5 45.4 4.5 26.1 21.4 100.0 0.1 30.2 0.2 22.7 46.9 0.1 1.6 41.3 3.5 33.4 20.2 100.0 2.7 49.2 5.6 23.1 19.4 100.0 0.1 4.1 52.7 6.7 15.5 21.0 100.0 0.4 5.6 54.1 6.5 12.3 21.5 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 38. 6 33. 7 0. 6 1 18 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers. 30.0 30.6 100.0 38.4 25.4 100.0 0.1 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials . 3. Clerks and kindred workers 98.7 97.8 99.4 98.9 0.1 0.7 0.3 100.0 98.7 96.9 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers. 0.8 0.4 100.0 100.0 1.8 0.4 100.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.9 0.3 100.0 1.5 1.1 100.0 6. Unskilled workers Garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries: Male.... 100.0 100.0 0.1 33.7 7.2 2H 14.8 23.2 19.0 4.1 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foiemeD.. 5. Semiskilled workers 17.0 4.8 55.9 5.1 17.2 16.3 1.0 100.0 3.4 0.1 46.7 49.8 49.0 0.8 100.0 1.1 5.6 51.4 7.4 34.6 33.9 0.8 100.0 4.0 6.1 61.1 5.0 23.8 22.8 1.0 100.0 14.5 4.5 63.4 3.3 14.4 13.5 0.9 100.0 25.8 3.9 56.0 2.9 11.4 10.6 0.8 100.0 32.8 4.7 44.7 4.3 13.5 12.4 1.1 100.0 37.3 6.5 31.3 7.8 17.1 15.1 1.9 100.0 31.0 6.6 17.9 18.2 26.3 19.7 6.6 19.6 3.8 49.7 5.6 6. Unskilled workers 21.3 Laborers 20.5 Servant classes . 0.9 Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 3.0 94.7 0.1 0.7 1.4 100.0 0.3 98.2 0.1 0.4 0.9 100.0 2.0 95.9 0.1 0.5 1.5 100.0 6.6 91. 5* 0.1 0.3 1.4 100.0 14. 5 80.3 0.4 2.3 2.5 100.0 23.6 66.5 1.5 4.9 3.4 100.0 94.9 97.6 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 2.7 2.4 100.0 0.6 1.7 100.0 6. Unskilled workers Livery stables : ' Male 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons. . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 15.8 1.5 6.2 2.8 73.7 1 0.4 "6.T 99.2 0.7 1.0 0.3 2.7 95.2 2.8 1.9 1.3 1.5 92.5 9.6 2.2 5.3 1.3 81.6 17.0 1.6 6.1 1.4 73.9 18.8 1.2 7.7 3. 1 69.2 19. 8 1.5 8.1 4.5 f 66.0 26.4 1.3 8.2 4.8 59.3 1 30.5 0.6 7.3 6.2 55.4 Females not shown, the total number reported being less than 100. INDUSTRY 207 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 'years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over a St o p M a Transportation and Communi- cation—Continued Pipe lines : Male 100.0 1.0 3.2 4.2 20.7 14.3 56.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 1.0 0.4 3.5 9.5 15.3 70.3 100.0 1.3 1.9 4.7 20.1 17.0 55.1 100.0 1.0 4.7 4.4 28.0 13.-9 48.0 100.0 1.0 5.9 3.8 28.0 11.0 50.3 100.0 0.5 8.4 3.5 26.3 9.2 52.1 100.0 1. Professional persons. . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 7.1 2.4 24.0 12.6 53.9 4.1 1.1 10.0 84.8 3.9 4.3 10.6 81.1 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female . 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 0.5 91.3 0.5 4.9 2.7 100.0 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Postal service : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons. . . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workeis... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. 9.3 85.9 1.3 0.8 2.7 1.5 1.2 100.0 9.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.6 93.5 0.3 1.6 3.0 2.1 0.9 100.0 2.1 93.7 0.4 1.3 2.5 1.9 0.6 100.0 4.0 92.1 0.6 1.0 2.3 1.6 0.7 100.0 8.0 87.3 1.5 0.7 2.6 1.5 1.1 100.0 0.1 50.2 47.4 12.6 81.9 1.9 0.5 3.2 1.5 1.7 100.0 0.1 56.5 39.9 18.5 76.0 1.8 0.5 3.2 1.2 2.0 100.0 30.7 63.2 1.3 0.9 3.9 1.2 2.7 100.0 30.4 63.6 0.* 0.8 4.7 1.2 3.5 12.5 79.2 2.8 0.7 6. Unskilled workers... 4.9 Laborers . 2.8 Servant classes 2.1 Female 1. Professional persons. . 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 46.2 51.6 ~99~2~ 18.7 80.5 27.3 71.7 37.5 61.3 63.6 33.2 0.1 0.2 2.8 73.9 23.2 3. Clerks and kindred workers 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers. 0.3 1.9 0.1 1.8 100.0 6.9 20.2 65.7 4.1 1.5 1.5 100.0 0.1 20.7 74.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 100.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 0. 1 0.8 0.1 0.7 100.0 6.0 14.2 73.7 3.9 1.1 1.1 100.0 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.9 100.0 9.1 19.9 65.5 3.9 0.7 0.9 100.0 0.3 2.0 0.1 1.9 100.0 6.9 34.4 50.3 4.1 1.9 2.3 100.0 0.9 49.1 45.5 0.2 3.3 0.1 3.3 100.0 5.3 40.3 40.6 6.9 3.1 3.8 1.2 1.6 6. Unskilled workers... . Laborers.. Servant classes 2.8 1.6 Radio broadcasting and trans- mitting : Male 1. Professional persons _. .. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 88.9 0.9 7.7 2.6 8.7 81.0 4.6 3.6 2.2 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers.. 6. Unskilled workers Female.. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 10.9 86.6 27.0 67.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers. 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers .. . 4.5 0.5 100.0 0.9 7.1 15.9 27.0 17.6 31.5 28.4 3.1 100.0 0.2 2.4 6.0 2.7 1.8 100.0 0.9 8.3 13.9 30.6 18.8 27.5 24.2 3.3 100.0 0.4 0.1 83.7 0.2 2.5 13.1 8.2 6. Unskilled workers Steam railroads : Male... .^ 100.0 31.4 0.6 11.5 56.6 54.5 2.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.1 25.2 5.8 12.2 56.5 54.4 2.1 100.0 100.0 1.1 0.7 21.4 13.1 14.8 48.9 46.1 2.7 100.0 0.1 100.0 1.2 3.2 18.9 24.2 18.9 33.6 30.1 3.5 100.0 0.2 100.0 0.9 11.2 12.3 32.4 16.2 27.0 23.9 3.1 100.0 0.3 0.1 73.2 0.4 6.9 19.1 11.8 100.0 0.6 12.0 13.4 32.5 16.4 25.1 22.8 2.4 100.0 0.5 0.2 61.3 1.2 12.2 24.7 13.6 11.1 100.0 0.6 10.0 13.8 29.1 21.9 24.7 22.1 2.6 100. 0.3 100.0 0.9 6.7 14.9 21.7 29.7 26.1 22.6 3.4 100.0 1. Professional pepons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers^.. 0.6 5.3 9.6 17.8 15.1 51.6 Laborers 46.2 Servant classes 5.4 Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials: 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 88.2 0.2 2.4 9.0 5.7 3.3 80.8 ~~4.T 14.8 11.4 3.4 92.8 "I.T 6.1 4.1 1.9 94.2 0.1 1.1 4.6 3.1 1.5 93.2 0.1 1.1 5.4 3.4 2.0 50.3 1.0 17.0 31.4 18.6 12.8 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . Laborers Servant classes 4.9 7.2 1 208 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to U years 25 to U years 35 to U years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 85 to 74 years 75 years and over a a M a Transportation and Communi- cation—Continued Street railroads : Male 1. Professional persons.. ._ 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers— . 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . _- 100.0 1.0 1.9 6.7 33.7 41.2 15.5 100.0 0.2 0.1 91.2 0.5 2.4 5.6 4.2 1.4 100. 5.7 6.0 43.0 9.7 29.5 6.2 4.8 1.3 100.0 0.1 0.9 97.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 100.0 100.0 "35." 6" 2.1 28.4 36.6 100.0 100.0 1.0 ~26~8" 16.4 21.0 34.9 100.0 100.0 1.5 0.3 13.6 31.6 32.3 20.8 100.0 0.1 100.0 1.3 0.9 6.7 35.9 41.2 14.0 100.0 0.3 0.1 92.9 0.4 2.1 4.2 3.4 0.8 100.0 7.9 5.7 34.7 10.6 35.5 5.6 4.5 1.1 100.0 0.1 1.3 97.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 100.0 100.0 1.0 2.2 5.1 35.3 42.1 14.3 100.0 0.1 0.1 88.5 0.8 2.5 8.0 6.1 1.9 100.0 5.9 8.4 41.5 12.7 25.7 5.9 4.3 1.6 100.0 0.2 2.1 95.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 100.0 100.0 0.9 2.8 4.9 32.8, 43.6 15.0 100.0 0.5 0.2 84.0 1.2 3.6 10.4 7.1 3.3 100.0 4.8 11.0 42.9 13.1 21.1 7.1 4.9 2.2 100.0 0.3 3.2 92.0 0.4 2.9 1.3 100.0 100.0 0.7 3.0 6.0 31.2 43,5 15.5 100.0 0.3 0.3 83.7 0.3 2.7 12.7 9:3 3.3 100.0 2.4 11.3 52.4 10.0 15.8 8.1 5.0 3.1 100.0 0.3 4.7 88.1 0.2 4.5 2.2 100.0 100.0 0.9 2.9 8.1 30.0 39.0 19.-2 100.0 1.6 4.7 13.8 24.5 35.3 20.2 100.0 0.7 0.7 6.7 27.6 41.0 23.1 Female .. 2. Professional persons. . 2. Prop., mgrs,, and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 93.3 94.2 96.8 4. Skilled workers and foremen - * 5. Semiskilled workers. . - 1.9 4.8 4.8 100.0 92.9 0.1 4.8 2.2 1.9 0.3 100.0 "99.T "b'.l' 0.1 100.0 3.1 2.7 1.9 0.7 100.0 2.3 0.5 54.7 4.9 30.7 6.9 6.2 0.7 100.0 "99." 4" 0.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.2 100: 6.3 2.5 36.1 7.3 40.9 7.0 6.3 0.7 100.0 0.1 0.5 98.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 6. Unskilled workers.. Laborers . Servant classes . Telegraph and telephone : Male 100.0 1.6 12.8 55.5 7.5 13.0 9.7 5.0 4.7 100.0 0.4 5.3 88.5 0.2 3.4 2.3 100.0 0.1 15.7 2.4 1.4 33.1 47.3 100.0 1.6 16.8 58.6 7.0 7.4 8.6 3.5 5.1 100 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen ._ 5. Semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers 5.3 5.3 37.9 10.0 32.1 9 R Laborers 6.3 Servant classes.. Female 3.2 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs,, and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 1.9 96.9 0.4 0.8 6. Unskilled workers. . Truck, transfer, and cab com- panies : Male 100.0 100, 1. Professional persons. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen ._ 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers... Female 8.5 2.4 1.8 68.8 18.4 100. 3.9 46.8 49.2 100.0 0.7 3.2 0.8 67.5 27.8 100.0 2.1 2.6 1.2 79.8 14.2 100.0 6.4 2.2 2.0 77.9 11.4 100.0 12.2 2.2 2.3 68.2 17.1 100.0 0.1 13.9 63.5 0.1 20.7 1.7 100.0 0.5 10.4 6.1 14.7 24.5 43. S 39.0 4.9 1G0.0 0.6 0.9 57.0 0.1 23. S 17.6 0.2 17.4 15.4 2.3 2.0 53.0 27.3 100.0 16.1 2.7 1.6 42.6 37.0 100.0 11.2 2.3 0.6 2S.4 57. 5 6.5 1.8 1.8 69. £ 20.2 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers 6.9 78.5 ~92.Y ~93.~2 0.1 5.7 0.9 100.0 0.7 91.8 3.8 80.6 19.2 58.2 30.3 46.1 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5 Semiskilled workers 13.1 1.4 100.0 0.5 9.7 6.8 12.8 30.9 39.3 5.7 100.0 0.3 0.4 75.2 0.1 13.2 10.9 0.2 10.7 6.4 1.4 100.0 6.3 1.1 100. 0.4 3.5 8.2 6.8 46.1 34.8 26.9 S.O 100.0 0.1 14.1 1.5 100. 0.5 7.3 6.9 12.5 33.9 38.9 32.3 6.6 100.0 0.3 0.3 83.9 0.1 6.9 8.5 0.1 8.5 21.0 1.5 100.0 0.6 13.1 5.8 15.0 22,5 43.1 3S. 7 4.4 100. 0.7 0.9 34.7 40.1 23.5 0.7 22. S 20.6 3.1 100.0 0.7 17.2 6.5 16.4 24.4 34.8 3(5. S 4.0 100.0 6. Unskilled workers .. Water transportation : Male 100.0 0.4 19.7 7.0 15.5 31.2 26. 1 22.3 3.9 100.0 1.4 19.8 6. 7 14.1 37.0 20.9 17.6 3.4 100.0 1. Professional persons. . . 0.2 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 17.9 1.1 46.3 34.7 27.4 7.4 100.0 1.6 9.4 3.2 54.4 31.4 23.5 7.9 100.0 4.5 2.3 5.8 62.7 6. Unskilled workers Servant classes Female 24.5 18.4 6.1 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 1.1 26.4 0.6 48.3 23.6 0.6 -23.0 3. Clerks and kindred workers 89.7 93.3 92. S 0.1 2.4 4.7 0.2 4.4 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers 0.9 9.5 9.5 1.6 5.2 0.3 4.9 Laborers . -.*• ..... INDUSTRY 209 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Transportation and Communi- cation—Continued Other and not specified transpor- tation and communication : Male - 1. Professional persons 2. Props., ingrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female „„, 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. .. 3. Clerks and kindred workers. „ 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers..... Trade Advertising agencies: Male - 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers. .-.---.--. 6. Unskilled workers. Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers.. Banking and brokerage : Male „ 1. Professional persons.. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials. ... 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers . Servant classes Female. 1 . Professional persons. 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Grain elevators: Male . 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Total 100 48 47 1 3 0. 3 100.0 0-1 5.5 92.5 0.2 1.6 1.6 to 17 years 100.0 78.1 0.5 10.4 10.9 100.0 0.2 ~62.T 3.3 29.8 4.2 100.0 90.9 "8.1" 0.2 100.0 100.0 0.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 20.7 18.6 60.7 and 19 years 100.0 96.5 1.7 1.7 100.0 0.6 "67,""" 7 20. 3 100. "96 3 100.0 100.0 99.4 0.1 0.5 0.5 ).0 3.5 25.3 3.9 15.3 52.0 10Q.0 77.5 19.3 3.2 to 24 years 1 5, 54 8 17 12 m. o 8, 65 7 14 2. 100 1 95 0, 2 o. 14 83 1 1 J 00, 1 4 0.4 9, 23 4 11 50, 100, 0. 0, 25 to 34 years 2 16 43 11 15 10, 100 0, 4 92. 10&. 0, 43 52 0. 2, 1 100 5 S3 100.0 ).5 36.6 100.0 0.2 0.7 85.4 0.5 10.7 2.5 35 to 44 years 100.0 1.5 26.0 36.6 13.1 9.1 13.7 100.0 0.7 7.4 1.1 1.1 m. o, 65 28, 0. 1. 3 o. n S3 0, 3 3.8 100 0.4 36.1 18.8 3 6, 39. 100 45 to 54 years 0. 26 56 3 II 1 too.o 0.4 12.9 82.3 1.1 3.3 100. 0. 18, 72 7, 7.4 .00.0 0.2 40.1 17.8 7.1 6.2 28.6 100. 3.5 53.3 2.0 38.7 4.5 to 64 years 85 to 74 years 12.0 100.0 0.2 42^3 17.7 7.0 6.7 26.0 19.2 100. 0, 40. 18, 7, 10, 24 75 years and over 100 o. 67. 14 1 5, U 10. 100.0 "42.T 19.0 7.1 9.5 22.2 Hfe 210 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Total 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years ' 75 years and over a a M a Trade— Continued Insurance : Male 100.0 1.1 8.1 89.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 100.0 0.3 1.0 98.3 100.0 "99T 0.2 0.4 0.4 100.0 100.0 0.3 ~98~4~ 0.8 0.3 0.2 100.0 100.0 as 1.6 96.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 100.0 0.1 0.3 99.4 100.0 1.4 6.9 90.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 100.0 0.5 1.2 98.1 100.0 1.2 10.5 87.2 0.5 0.2 0.4 100.0 0.9 2.7 95.4 0.1 0.3 0.7 100.0 0.5 2.6 96.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 100.0 0.1 1.0 98.6 100.0 l.l 10.9 86.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 100.0 0.7 3.6 94.5 0.5 0.7 100.0 0.4 2.3 96.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 100.0 100.0 0.9 10.0 87.5 0.5 -0.4 0.6 100.0 0.4 4.0 93.5 0.1 1.1 0.9 100.0 0.3 2.1 97.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 100.0 100.0 0.6 7.7 90.3 0.4 0.4 0.7 100. 0.2 4.1 93.9 0.2 0.9 0.8 100.0 0.3 1.9 97.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 100.0 100.0 0.4 7.1 91.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 100 1 . Professional persons 2. Props., mrgs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 1.1 6. 5 90.9 0.8 0.4 6. Unskilled workers Female.. . . 0.4 100 1. Professional persons 2. Props., mgrs., and officials.. - 1 5. 2 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen 99.8 99.8 , ! 94.8 f». Semiskilled workers. 0.2 • 0.2 100.0 0.5 2.3 96.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 100.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.9 2.5 95.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 100.0 0. Unskilled workers... .. JReal estate : Male... 100.0 96.9 "To" 2.1 100. 100.0 0.7 0.2 95.8 0.2 2.0 1.1 100.0 100.0 1.3 1.5 94.9 0.3 1.1 0.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 0.2 1.9 97.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1. i 97.8 "as (i. Unskilled workers Female 0.5 100.0- 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 0.7 99.0 0.3 99.6 0.6 99.2 1.1 98.5 1.1 98.6 0.6 99.1 1.0 98.6 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 100.0 100.0 5. Semiskilled workers. 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.2 2.4 31.0 7.7 6.2 52.6 100.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.2 1.4 31.9 6.4 5.4 54.8 100.0 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.2 3.0 31.2 7.3 5.3 53.0 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.3 3.5 29.3 10.0 5.5 51.4 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.2 3.6 34.1 11.7 7.6 42.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.3 6. Unskilled workers... Stockyards : Male...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.3 27.5 4.9 6.5 60.5 100.0 1 i 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials. 3. Clerks and kindred workers ~33.~6~ "6.Y 59.6 0.4 25.1 1.8 9.2 63.5 5.5 33.8 11.8 11.5 37.5 , — - 4. Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers... Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 0.2 96.7 3. Clerks and kindred workers 97.5 99.4 4. Skilled workers and foremen . 5. Semiskilled workers. . 1.5 1.7 0.4 1.3 100.0 0.9 13.7 20.4 11.0 16.5 37.5 35.4 2.2 100.0 1.9 0.6 0.6 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes 0.6 100.0 0.5 4.3 29.3 6.0 16.9 43.1 41.7 1.3 100.0 Warehouses and cold storage plants : Male 100.0 "29." 3 0.3 17.5 52.9 51.6 1.3 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.8 33.1 2.0 14.9 49.0 47.9 1.0 100.0 100.0 0.9 11.5 23.5 11.0 16.3 36.8 35.2 1.6 100.0 0.1 0.7 72.9 0.9 18.9 6.7 100.0 1.1 17.3 18.0 13.1 14.5 36.0 34.2 1.9 100.0 1.5 48. 5 1.0 36.0 13.0 100.0 1. 1 17.8 15.0 13.9 14.9 37.4 34.6 2.7 100.0 0.2 3.8 33.4 0.8 47.1 14.6 100.0 0.8 19.9 14.3 12.4 19.3 33.4 29.8 3.5 100.0 100.0 5 18.0 13.1 9.4 28.0 31.0 25.9 5.1 100.0 0.8 IS 12 4 7.9 33.1 27.8 21.8 6.0 1. Professional persons _. .. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. . Servant classes 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 1.0 60.1 0.6 29.3 8.9 0.1 76.0 0.2 19.4 4.4 4.5 23.8 1.0 47.0 23. 8 32.6 ~55.~2~ 12 2 63.1 0.3 29.9 6.7 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers 1 INDUSTRY 211 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930— Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Trade— Continued WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE Automobile agencies, stores, and filling stations : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. ._ 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers . Total Wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) : Male . 1 . Professional persons. 2. Piop., mgrs , and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. . 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Other and not specified trade: Male 1. Professional persons. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop , mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen .. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Public service (not elsewhere classified) : Male 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen . . 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers.. Servant classes 10 to 17 years 100 C 31.8 56.9 2.6 2.0 6.7 100.0 7.9 91.2 0.5 0.3 100.0 0.1 37.9 43.4 2.1 10.0 6.5 100.0 0.1 9.2 87.0 0.4 2.2 1.2 100.0 1.5 23.4 69.0 1.4 2.1 2.6 100.0 0.1 2.9 95.6 0. 1 1.1 0.2 100.0 4.7 12.9 9.5 29.1 23.7 20.2 18.0 2.1 100.0 3.7 8.9 77.5 2.7 2.8 4.3 0.9 3.4 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 100.0 65.1 0.1 3.7 31.1 100.0 97.8 1.6 0.6 100.0 1.8 66.0 20.2 11.9 100.0 "b~2 93.6 ~4.T 1.7 100.0 0.1 84.9 6.2 8.7 100.0 93.9 ~6.~6" 0.1 100.0 12.0 0.4 48.8 38.8 36.5 2.2 100.0 0.1 88.0 1.5 10.4 6.5 3.9 100.0 8.0 64.4 3.2 3.7 20.6 100.0 0.8 98.4 0.5 0.2 100.0 0.1 6.1 62.9 1.6 18.3 11.9 100.0 ~6.~6" 95.6 0.2 2.5 1.1 100.0 0.4 1.2 87.9 1.3 3.8 5.5 100.0 98.8 1.0 0.1 100.0 0.4 ~9.~7~ 1.7 70.2 18.0 16.7 1.3 100.0 0.3 95.7 0.2 0.5 3.4 1.2 2.2 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 100.0 16.6 64.8 3.3 2.9 12.4 100.0 1.7 97.7 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.1 15.1 58.3 2.6 15.8 8.1 100.0 0.1 1.8 94.8 0.3 2.1 0.9 100.0 1.0 6.8 83.9 1.3 3.3 3.8 100.0 0.6 98.5 0.1 0.7 0.1 100 4 3 9 1 6 7 9.9 55.9 16.6 15.1 1.5 100.0 2.0 4.7 90.4 0.7 0.6 1.6 0.5 1.1 100.0 28.6 60.7 3.3 2.0 5.3 100.0 5.8 93.6 0.4 0.2 100.0 0.1 30.9 48.1 2.5 12.4 5.9 100.0 0.1 6.8 89.7 0.4 1.9 1.1 100.0 1.6 18.3 74.7 1.3 2.0 2.1 100.0 0.1 2.7 95.9 0.2 0.9 0.2 100.0 4.8 9.0 9.1 33.8 27.4 15.9 14.3 1.6 100.0 4.0 7.3 83.7 1.8 1.1 2.1 0.5 1.6 100.0 38.8 54.3 2.3 1.4 3.1 100.0 17.7 81.1 0.7 0.5 100.0 0.1 46.0 38.3 2.1 8.0 5.4 100.0 0.1 15.0 81.1 0.5 1.9 1.3 100.0 1.4 28.9 64. £ 1.4 1.8 1.9 100.0 0.2 6.9 91.5 0.2 1.0 0.2 100. Q 4.7 14.1 9.4 37.4 15.7 18.6 16.8 1.8 100.0 5.3 11.3 72.1 3.7 2.9 4.7 0.9 3.8 45 to 54 years years years 100.0 45.2 48.1 1.6 1.4 3.6 100.0 32.6 65.9 0.8 0.6 100.0 0.1 53.0 33.5 1.9 5.6 6.0 100.0 0.1 21.8 74.1 0.5 2.0 1.4 100.0 1.9 33.2 59.0 1.7 1.6 2.6 100.0 0.1 10.4 87.9 0.2 1.2 0.4 100.0 4.9 17.2 9.5 32.8 12.6 23.0 20.7 2.3 100.0 4.5 13.9 62.6 4.9 6.0 8.1 1.3 6.7 55 to G4 100.0 52.1 40.4 1.0 1.8 4.7 100.0 45.1 51.9 1.4 1.6. 100.0 0.1 56.3 31.0 1.8 4.7 6.1 100.0 0.1 31.3 64.3 0.5 2.2 1.6 100.0 1.5 35.8 56.6 1.2 1.9 2.9 100.0 0.1 13.6 83.9 0.3 1.6 0.6 100.0 4.8 20.6 10.1 27.0 11.1 26.5 23.3 3.2 100.0 3.3 13.8 56.8 5.7 10.2 10.3 1.7 8.6 65 to 74 100.0 52.8 100.0 53.2 45.9 0.9 100.0 0.1 58.3 29.3 1.5 4.5 6.3 100.0 0.1 44.1 51.2 0.4 2.2 2.1 100.0 1.6 31.6 60.2 1.3 2.3 3.0 100.0 0.7 12.2 84.2 2.2 0.7 100.0 5.6 22.3 9.7 20.3 10.9 31.2 26.6 4.6 100.0 2.1 15.1 48.9 6.2 13.9 13.8 2.7 11.1 75 years and over 100.0 50.8 35.6 0.6 3.6 9.4 100.0 61.7 27.6 1.1 3.5 6.0 100. 0.1 54.7 42.2 1.4 1.7 100.0 1.6 34.7 60.0 0.6 1.3 1.9 100.0 100 24. 9. 16. 10.3 30.2 24.0 6.2 100.0 5.7 17.1 35.0 5.7 15.7 20.7 6.4 14.3 100.0 25.7 64.6 3.0 0.8 5.8 100. 0.1 36.8 46.4 1.6 7.3 7.8 100.0 12." 7 84.6 0.4 1.3 0.9 100.0 4.5 15.1 1.5 20.5 25.2 23.2 19.9 3.3 100. 4.6 8.2 74.4 5.0 3.2 4.6 0.9 3.7 212 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GxVINFUL WORKERS Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this tabte] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes.. Eecreation and amusement : 1 . Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials.... 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 6. Semiskilled workers ..... 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes Total Professional Service Professional service (except recreation and amusement) : 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4 . Skilled workers and foremen. . 6. Semiskilled workers... 6. Unskilled workers Laborers . Servant classes. Domestic and Personal Service Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc. : Male 1 . Professional persons. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen. . 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes... Female. 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Laborers Servant classes. 100.0 77.6 0.7 6.5 1.2 3.1 10.9 2.5 8.4 100.0 81.5 0.3 13.4 2.2 2.6 0.1 2.5 100. 45 18 5 2 12. 15 10 4 XC0 77 1 n 100.0 23.8 6.9 1.3 4.2 63.8 2.7 61.0 100.0 8.6 5.3 22.5 63.6 0.3 63.3 10 to 17 years 47 15 25 10 15 100 30, "51 100.0 14.0 5.1 66.7 14/2 11.0 3.2 100.0 51.6 ~22.T 24.3 1.7 1.0 0.7 100.0 6.8 0.4 92.8 5.3 87.5 100.0 4.4 95.6 0.6 95.0 18 and 19 years 100.0 34.5 35.9 0.8 10.0 18.8 7.1 11.7 100.0 25.6 2.2 2.5 0.2 2.3 100.0 35.4 3.6 6.8 0.7 35.4 18.1 13.8 4.3 100.0 60.2 ~26.T 12.3 1.1 0.6 0.5 100.0 1.8 8.0 0.4 1.0 88.8 4.3 84.5 100. 0.6 6.9 1.7 90.8 0.4 90.4 20 to 24 years 100.0 72.6 0.1 11.3 0.6 6.4 9.0 3.4 5.6 100.0 82.7 ~15.T 1.1 1.1 0.1 1.0 100. 55. 1 13 15.0 11.2 3.8 100.0 72.0 0.7 21.4 5.0 1.0 0.4 0.6 100.0 6.3 9.6 0.8 1.6 81.7 3.5 78.3 100.0 1.9 8.1 4.5 S5.4 0.3 85.1 25 to 34 years 100.0 84.0 0.3 5.9 0.8 3.0 5.9 1.9 4.1 100.0 83.6 0.2 13.5 1.3 1.4. 0.1 1.4 100.0 55.5 16.6 5.7 2.8 6.8 12.5 8.9 3.6 100.0 78.7 1.4 15.0 3.4 1.6 0.4 1.2 100.0 0.1 18.1 7.0 1.2 2.3 71.4 2.4 69.0 100.0 6.3 7.2 12. 5 73.9 0.3 73.6 35 to 44 years 100.0 81.9 100.0 82.5 0.5 11.2 2.4 3.5 0.1 3.4 100.0 46.0 26.1 4.9 3.9 6.1 13.0 9.3 3.8 100.0 82.8 2.5 8.1 3.7 2.9 0.5 2.4 100.0 30.6 4.9 1.3 3.5 59.7 2.1 57.6 100.0 12.3 4.9 24.2 58.6 0.3 58.3 45 to 54 years 100.0 78.2 1.0 4.7 1.5 2.4 12.1 2.4 9.7 100.0 •81.4 0.9 8.2 4.1 5.3 0.2 5.2 100. 39.2 29.1 4.5 3.5 6.9 16.9 12.3 4.6 100.0 82.6 3.4 5.3 5.1 3.6 0.6 3.1 100.0 0.1 34.8 5.9 1.6 5.9 51.7 2.5 49.2 100.0 14.4 3.1 37. 3 45.2 0.3 44. S to 64 years 100. 73. 1. 7 2 4.6 1.7 2.5 16.4 2.6 13.7 100.0 80.3 1.3 6.2 5.7 6.4 0.2 6.2 100.0 35.0 28.2 4.6 2.7 9.4 20.1 15.0 5.1 100.0 84.0 3.4 3.1 5.8 3.6 0.6 3.0 100.0 0.1 35.3 8.3 2.0 9.5 44. S 3.1 41.7 100.0 13.5 1.8 50. 9 33. S 0.3 33.5 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 100.0 66.8 1.0 5:3 1.5 2.6 22.7 2.7 20.0 100.0 80.0 1.5 4.8 6.7 7.0 0.3 6.8 100.0 33.0 24.8 4.3 2.0 12.4 23.5 17.0 6.5 100.0 86.1 4.2 1.7 5.6 2.5 0.5 2.1 100.0 0.1 32.1 10.7 1.9 14. S 40.4 4.0 36.4 100.0 100.0 69.2 0.8 7.5 0.7 2.0 19.8 2.1 17.7 100.0 81.0 1.7 4.3 6.6 6.4 0.6 5.8 100.0 35.0 21.5 4.6 1.9 13.1 23.8 16.1 7.7 100.0 83.0 5.1 1.1 2.0 0.6 1.4 100.0 28. 4 10. S 1.3 22.5 37.0 3.8 33.2 100.0 10.4 0.9 8.4 0.3 64. 7 76. 1 23.9 15.3 0.2 ; 0.1 23.7 I 15.2 INDUSTRY 213 Table 34. — Percent Distribution, by Social-Economic Groups, of the Gainful Workers in Each Age Period, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [See note at head of this table] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND GROUP Domestic and Personal Service- Continued Domestic and personal service (not elsewhere classified) : Male . 1. Professional persons... _. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers .._. Laborers Servant classes Female. _ Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Semiskilled workers Unskilled workers.... Laborers. Servant classes laundries : 1. Professional persons .. 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. _. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers. L Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers. .. 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing Male.... 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled ¥/orkers Female Professional persons Prop., mgrs., and officials Clerks and kindred workers.. Skilled workers and foremen. Sem iskilled workers Unskilled workers... _. 1 2 3 4 5 8. Not specified industries and services : Male . 1. Professional persons... 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers... 4. Skilled workers and foremen.. 5. Semiskilled workers 6. Unskilled workers Female 1. Professional persons 2. Prop., mgrs., and officials 3. Clerks and kindred workers.. 4. Skilled workers and foremen! 5. Semiskilled workers. 6. Unskilled workers Laborers .. Servant classes Total 100.0 0.2 80.0 0.1 79.9 ISO 16 U. 10 5 38 64 loo o o 80 12 1.3 to 17 years 100.0 20.1 70.1 11.1 67.9 LOO.O 1.8 98.1 0.1 98.0 100.0 7.8 71.3 20.8 5.2 6.1 100.0 "16Ti" 74.6 14.6 100. 34,3 62.' 5 3.2 100.0 74.9 W.7 5.4 4.8 0.6 and years 100.0 0.4 0.2 10.9 88.8 0.1 88.8 100.0 "I.T 8.0 1.7 71.5 17.7 100.0 10.4 0.5 83.7 5.5 7.1 0.4 78.3 11.1 100.0 46.6 0.5 50.5 2.3 :u'50 "16 1 22 60 100. 2© to U years 100.0 0.2 15.5 3 1 2 H iQf: 12 74 7 190 100 14 3 23 57 100 88 8 2 1 25 to 34 years 0.2 18.1 81.7 0.1 81.6 100 34 100 6 30 1 59. 4 2 0.2 10.1 4 3.6 3 to 44 years 100.0 1 60 38 5 32 100 0.2 20.0 79.8 0.1 79.7 «00 37, 5 1 51 4 100 16 64 100 70 16 11 to 54 years 100.0 75.5 0.1 75.4 40, 5.1 2.2 6 4.2 1C0.0 13.0 15.1 2,2 67.6 2 100 1 6 6 13 72 55 to years 100.0 5 100. 0.1 30 6 10 42 10 100 15 70 4 5 12 75 100 1 39 32 25 20 65 75 to years 74 and years over 100.0 0.1 35.9 64.0 0.1 63.8 13 leo 12 78 100 100. 'C ).l 20.0 9.0 2.8 53.8 14.5 100 3 3 15 77 100 100.0 0.1 60, 6 103. 0,1 17.3 82.6 0.2 82.4 L0O-.0 11.0 4.6 7.3 64.2 12.8 100.0 L3 3.4 1.3 92.8 1.3 i.00. 4 2 57 35 100 42 51 4 3 214 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total 1 Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Agriculture : Male 100.0 8.1 5.5 12.1 18.1 18.3 17.2 12.6 6.6 1.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.6 4.4 15.8 27.6 21.2 14.6 9.6 4.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 3.1 11.3 30.8 28.3 16.3 7.6 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.7 1.7 20.5 33.0 22.7 12.5 7.4 0.6 100.0 0.8 6.0 22.4 26.6 21.9 14.0 6.5 1.7 0.1 100.0 100.0 1.8 4.7 14.4 17.2 15.7 15.3 17.3 11.8 1.7 100.0 20.7 12.8 21.7 17.5 9.9 8.0 5.6 3.1 0.7 0.1 100. 30.8 10.5 16.7 16.5 1 12. 3 8.2 3.4 1.2 0.3 100.0 20.7 12.8 2L7 17.5 9.9 8.0 ,5.6 3.1 0.7 0.1 100.0 30.8 10.5 16.7 16.5 12.3 8.2 3.4 1.2 0.3 10 to 17 years T8 and 19 years . 0.4 10.2 27.7 28.2 18.7 10.2 3.2 0.1 1.2 0.8 5.9 18.4 23.6 23.2 17.1 8.8 2.1 100.0 20 to 24 years '.— 25 to 34 years - - - 35 to 44 years - 45 to 54 years - - 55 to 64 years - 65 to 74 years - .. 75 years and over - Unknown -. . Female 100.0 21.8 7.5 12.5 14.1 14.7 14.1 9.3 4.6 1.4 10 to 17 years ... 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 1.8 8.0 20.5 28.7 23.7 13.1 4.1 0.1 3.2 11.7 24.6 28.3 19.7 10.4 2.1 0.1 100.0 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years ... .. . .. 65 to 74 years ... 75 vears and over... . . . Unknown.. . .. Fishing : Male 100.0 3.2 3.8 11.3 22.0 22.3 19.3 11.8 5.1 0.9 0.2 100.0 5.2 5.2 19.0 22.3 20.7 13.4 8.2 3.9 1.3 0.7 100.0 2.7 4.3 14.3 24.2 22.6 18.5 9.5 3.3 *0.4 0.1 100.0 2.4 5.9 18.3 31.4 22.2 14.5 4.5 0.7 100.0 100.0 3.2 3.8 11.3 1 22.0 22.4 ! 19.4 1 11.8 j 5.1 0.9 0.2 ! 100.0 ! 5. 7 4.3 10.5 18.2 24.4 17.2 11.0 5.7 1.9 1.0 100.0 3.2 4.8 15.2 23.9 21.9 18.0 •■ 9.3 ! 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.8 5.9 15. S 29.6 23.3 16.4 5.3 0.7 100.0 3.2 3.8 11.3 21.9 22.4 19.4 11.8 5.1 0.9 0.2 100.0 5.7 4.3 10.5 18.2 24.4 17.2 11.0 5.7 1.9 1.0 100.0 3.2 4.9 15.3 24.1 21.8 17.9 9.2 3.1 0.4 0.1 1 10 to 17 years .. . 18 and 19 years 0.9 11.2 22.4 22.4 21.6 14.7 6.0 0.9 0.8 17.4 24.0 7.4 16.5 17.4 13.2 3.3 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. .- .. 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 vears .. ... 55 to 64 years .. - 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over . . Unknown.. . . Female 10 to 17 vears 18 and 19 vears 20 to 24 years 35 to 44 vears - . 45 to 54 vears 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years . 75 vears and over . Unknown Forestry : Male 10 to 17 years. .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.3 1.6 9.1 25.4 25.2 20.8 12.6 4.4 0.6 100.0 0.8 6.2 29.3 39.1 17.2 6.4 1.0 100.0 0.2 0.7 5.5 23.9 32.3 24.4 9.8 2. 7 0.3 0.1 1C0. 2.2 6.3 24.6 34.4 16.7 9.9 4.2 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.6 18 and 19 years . .. "l3.T 30.3 23.2 17.9 9.9 4.8 0.5 0.1 1.2 7.6 22.1 26.7 23.3 13.3 5.1 0.7 0.1 1.8 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years < . 1 14.6 35 to 44 years. .. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 vears 25.2 27.0 16.7 65 to 74 vears 6.0 75 years and over_ . . . . . . Unknown. . Female 0.8 0.2 100.0 10 to 17 vears . 1.7 18 and 19 vears .. 5.1 20 to 24 vears . 16.0 25 to 34 vears . . . SO. 4 35 to 44 vears 23.4 45 to 54 vears 17.1 55 to 64 vears 5.3 65 to 74 vears _. 0.8 75 vears and over Unknown « .. 6.i 0.1 ::::::::! 0.1 INDUSTRY 215 Table 35. — .percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Extraction of Minerals Coal mines : Male * 10 to 17 years _- 100.0 2.3 4.5 12.8 24.8 ' 26. 1 19.0 8.2 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.4 7.5 28.0 36.9 17.2 5.9 1.9 0.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.7 2.9 14.2 33.2 25.3 14.5 7.0 2.0 0.3 100.0 0.1 0.7 4.5 23.0 31.9 24.7 11.7 3.0 0.3 100.0 2.7 4.6 13.8 24.3 18.4 13.9 13.4 7.8 0.9 100.0 2.5 4.8 13.5 24.9 25.7 18.5 7.8 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.7 14.2 18.7 22.4 19.4 13.4 2.2 100.0 2.5 4.8 13.5 24.9 25.7 18.5 7.8 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 11.2 16.4 21.6 23.3 16.4 10.3 0.9 100.0 3.4 18 and 19 years 0.4 11.5 33.7 27.9 16.6 7.0 2.8 1.1 11.1 28.9 32.9 19.6 5.7 0.5 2.1 20 to 24 years 3.4 25 to 34 years 8.3 35 to 44 years 15.2 45 to 54 years 22.1 55 to 64 years 22.1 65 to 74 years 20.0 75 years and over 3.4 Unknown. . Female 100.0 1.7 7.0 29.5 39.2 16.6 4.4 1.5 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Copper mines : Male 100.0 0.6 3.1 14.3 27.3 25.8 18.3 7.9 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.4 7.0 26.8 38.7 14.8 9.2 1.4 0.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.6 3.0 15.2 30.6 24.5 16.0 7.0 2.7 0.5 100.0 1.5 6.7 28.4 41.0 13.4 7,5 0.7 0.7 100.0 0.1 1.5 8.6 25.7 26.1 21.7 12.6 3.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.1 6.6 12.6 15.0 11.1 17.4 18.2 14.7 2.3 100.0 0.7 3.4 15.6 27.9 26.1 17.5 6.7 1.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.7 %4 15.6 27.9 26.1 17.5 6.7 1.8 0.3 0.1 10 to 17 years - 18 and 19 years . _ 1.0 11.6 32.5 25.8 17.9 8.2 2.3 0.5 0.3 1.3 7.1 25.2 35.7 18.6 9.4 2.1 0.3 20 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years 45 to 54 years -- 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years - 75 years and over.. Unknown Female . 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 vears 20to24vears 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years - 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years . - 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown. Gold and silver mines : i Male .. 100.0 0.5 1.6 8.7 18.2 20.9 22.7 16.7 8.9 1.8 0.1 100.0 0.6 5.0 16.6 22.2 28.2 18.9 6.8 1.7 100.0 1.7 8.1 17.5 31.3 25.4 13.3 2.9 100.0 0.5 1.1 8.9 24.7 19.5 25.3 13.2 5.8 1.1 100.0 0.1 0.6 5.0 19.8 26.3 26.9 15.2 5.6 0.5 100.0 0.7 3.4 10.3 19.1 14.4 19.1 16.4 13.4 3.2 100.0 0.6 1.8 9.5 18.5 20.7 21.7 16.4 8.9 1.8 0.1 100.0 0.6 1.8 9.5 18.5 20.7 21.7 16.4 8.9 1.8 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. ... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 vears and over Unknown 1 Females not shown,- the total number reported being less than 100. 216 SOCIAIv-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35*— Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each .Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin= dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Extraction of Minerals — Con. Iron mines : Male - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 1.7 12.6 31.3 30.3 16.1 6.2 1.7 100.0 0. * 0.9 5.4 20.9 32.3 25.5 11.8 2.9 0.2 100.0 0.6 3.9 14.0 26.3 19.7 14.0 13.4 7.2 0.9 100.0 0.7 4.0 14.0 23.2 29.0 20.3 7.0 1.6 0.1 100.0 0.7 4.0 14.0 23.3 29.1 20.3 7.0 1.5 0.1 10 to 17 years 3 12 23 29 21 7 1 .5 .3 .4 .1 .6 1 9 9 2 18 and 19 years . 0.2 9.8 31.8 30.5 20.1 5.6 1.8 0.2 0.8 6.5 35.9 31.7 16.8 7.3 0.8 0.4 20 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years. ... 35 to 44 years ... 45 to 54 vears 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . - 75 years and over. Female 100.0 100.0 3.9 8.8 33.3 32.4 13.7 6.9 1.0 10 to 17 years 4 8 32 30 13 8 5 9 1 4 4 9 9 9 18 and 19 years .. 20 to 24 years r 25 to 34 years . . 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years - 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Lead and zinc mines : ' Male _. 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 2.2 19.4 33.3 21.4 12.4 7.1 3.1 0.7 100.0 0.1 0.9 6.9 24.9 30.5 24.1 9.9 2.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.8 10.1 29.5 30.6 19.7 7.7 1.4 0.1 100.0 1.4 1.4 7.0 23.6 16.2 19.4 16.5 13.0 1.4 100.0 1.1 3.3 15.9 29.6 25.5 16.0 6.8 1.7 0.2 100.0 1.1 3.3 15.9 29.6 25.5 15.0 6.8 1.7 0.2 10 to 17 years .. 2 14 28 26 17 7 2. 0. 9 8 2 6 2 4 5 1 ?, 18 and 19 years . . 20 to 24 years .. . . . 8.7 32.3 29.5 21.7 5.6 2.2 2.6 9.2 31.9 31.6 16.4 7.2 LI 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years . - 75 years and over Unknown . . . Other specified mines : Male 100.0 2.3 4.4 15.9 28.4 22.2 15.7 7.9 2.7 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.8 10.6 23.6 39.0 13.8 10.6 1.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.8 3.0 16.9 38.4 21.8 11.9 5.0 2.2 100.0 1.7 3.0 17.7 34.9 19.5 11.5 8.5 2.5 0.7 100.0 2.9 5.4 17.4 28.2 20.7 14.6 7.7 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.9 5.4 17.4 28.2 20.7 14.6 7.6 2.8 0.4 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 1.4 16.4 30.3 19.2 21.3 7.3 3.5 0.3 0.3 2.7 15.6 27.7 29.3 17.8 6.1 0.8 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . 75 years and over Unknown.. ... Female . 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years, ... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 1 Females not shown, the total number reported being less than 100. INDUSTRY Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930— Continued Gainful Industry [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Workers in or Service INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Extraction of Minerals— Con Hot specified mines : 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown... Female..... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years..... 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown. Quarries : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24yeais 25 to 34 years.. ^.. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Oil wells and gas* wells : Male 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years... 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years ,. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 66 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100.0 1.8 4.2 14.6 26.4 22.9 17.4 9.5 3.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.6 9.2 29.6 30.7 17.9 8.6 1.6 0.5 0.2 100.0 0.5 2.0 13.0 34.4 27.5 15.0 6.1 1.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.9 8.0 31.0 39.7 14.5 4.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100. Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 5, 19. 23. 27. 17. 5. 1. 0.. ).4 0. ». 1 1. .3 8. .1 20. .9 31. .0 23. .7 12. .3 2. .2 0. 100.0 100'. 0.6 17.7 39.2 26.7 10.9 4.0 0.7 0.1 100.0 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 8 0. 16 o 31 ? 17. 25 30. 15 5 27. 7 7 16. 2 8 5. 3 0. 3 0. 100. 0.1 1.8 16.9 32.8 28.6 14.7 4.3 0.7 0.1 100 2 11 26 24 20 10 3 100 1 7 28 35 17 7 2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100 1 3 19 31 20 12 7 2 100 1 9 31 30 18 7, 0.1 100 2 16 39 24 11 4 1 100 8 31 40 14 3 0.2 100 i} 6 22 24 25. 14 5 100, 1 9 33 30 17, 6 1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100 2 3 14 26 12 13 13 12 2 UNSKILLED Total 100 1 5 23 37 100.0 1.6 3.1 18.7 43.0 21.3 7.7 3.0 1.4 0.2 0.1 100 2 5 15 25 22 17 9 2 100.0 0.7 2.7 15.6 35.8 26.0 13.1 4.9 1.0 0.1 0.1 Labor- ers 100 1 3 12 21 21 19 13 6 1 Ser- vant classes 100 2 15 35 26 13 4 1 100=0 1.5 7.6 17.6 23.7 21.4 15.2 12.2 3.8 218 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 1001 Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- 1 vant ! classes Extraction of Minerals — Con. Salt wells and works : Male... 100.0 1.3 3.9 12.3 24.7 24.8 19.2 9.9 3.4 0.3 0.2 100.0 10.0 13.1 28.2 24.6 16.7 5.2 1.5 0.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9 4.4 12.4 28.9 25.1 17.3 7.3 2.9 0.6 0.3 100.0 0.9 8.0 31.6 33.1 20.4 5.0 0.9 100.0 0.2 1.4 6.1 20.4 29.6 24.5 12.5 5.0 0.3 0.1 100.-0 1.7 3.4 12.9 28.4 14.2 14.7 12.9 10.3 0..9 0.4 100.0 1.9 4.9 14.7 25.7 23.5 17.5 8.9 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 17.7 17.2 26.0 18.9 13.3 4.2 1.7 0.7 100.0 1.9 5.0 14.8 25.9 23.5 17.3 8.9 2.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 17.7 17.2 26.0 18.9 13.3 4.2 1.7 0.7 i 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years _ .. 1.0 20.2 26.0 28.8 12.5 7.7 2.9 1.0 0.3 1.3 15.4 29.5 31.8 17.0 3.6 0.7 0.3 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years ... 75 years and over. Unknown ... Female 10 to 17 years ._ .. 18 and 19 years .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years . . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years .. 65 to 74 years . . 75 years and,over. .. Unknown . . 0.1 100.0 1.0 2.3 9.5 22.3 25.7 21.3 12.5 4.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 3.5 10.6 28.7 29.3 16.3 8.4 2.7 C. 5 0.2 100.0 2.5 4.7 13.3 24.7 24.7 18.6 8.5 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.4 10.3 14.5 22.3 21.6 i 18.9 7.4 1.5 0.2 100.0 2.5 4.7 13.3 24.7 24.7 18.6 " 8.5 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 5.5 9.4 17.2 18.8 25.8 14.8 5.5 2.3 Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries Building industry: Male . . . 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 2.8 5.5 20.0 32.8 19.8 11.0 5.5 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.9 11.6 31.5 30.7 14.8 5.9 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.8 1 3.8 17.7 ■ 32.6 26. 6 11.2 4.5 1 1.5 0.4 i 100.0 0.2 1.7 8.7 22.1 25.9 21.9 13.5 5.3 0.7 0.1 100.0 100.0 14.3 9.7 21.3 26.1 14.5 7.8 4.1 1.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years. .. ... . 0.6 18 and 19 years. . . . 1.1 11.8 34.2 28.3 16.7 6.0 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 1,7 15.2 31.1 28.3 17.0 5.8 0.7 0.1 100.0 2.5 20 to 24 years . ... 10.4 25 to 34 years . 17.0 35 to 44 years - 23.2 45 to 54 years . 23.6 55 to 64 years 15.7 65 to 74 years ... 5.7 75 years and over. 1.2 Unknown 0.2 Female 100.0 10 to 17 vears 2.5 18 and 19 years 0.3 5.4 20.7 31.8 26.8 10.4 3.5 0.7 0.3 100.0 0.9 3.7 13.7 28.9 33.5 15.2 3.6 0.2 0.2 100.0 0.8 7.8 26.6 34.0 20.7 8.3 1.7 10.7 20 to 24 years 13.2 25 to 34 years - . 23.9 35 to 44 years 19.6 45 to 54 years 20.7 55 to '64 vears 8.2 1. 1 75 vears and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 1.5 3.0 12.3 27.5 27.7 18.2 7.5 2.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 100.0 1.6 3.3 15.2 30. S 23.2 15.8 6.7 2.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 100.0 2.1 3.7 12.8 25.8 26.1 19.1 S. 1 2.1 0.2 0.1 ! 0.8 100.0 2. 1 3.7 12.8 25.9 26. 2 19.0 8.0 2- J 0.2 0.1 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Charcoal and coke works: Male 10 to 17 vears 18 and 19 years 2.8 12.2 39.4 29.5 12.2 2.3 1.4 0.3 1 2.7 17.8 40.2 23.6 9.3 5.8 0.4 0.4 20 to 24 vears 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 vears 5") to 64 vears 65 to 74 vears 7,i vears and over Unknown INDUSTRY 219 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers arid fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED Industry, sex, and age Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes 'Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED industries— continued Charcoal and coke works — Continued. Female 100.0 4.4 8.4 28.7 37.1 17.5 2.4 1.2 0.4 100.0 3.8 9.4 31.1 38.2 15.6 1.4 0.5 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories : Male 100.0 1.9 4.3 14.6 24.7 23.7 17.8 9.5 3.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 9.7 15.1 29.5 23.3 14.3 5.7 2.1 0.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.0 5.4 13.3 25.5 25.7 16.1 7.7 3.1 0.3 100.0 3.5 12.1 33.8 29.5 14.5 4.6 1.9 0.1 100.0 0.1 2.1 9.0 24.4 28.0 22.0 10.7 3.5 0.1 0.2 100.0 2.9 5.1 16.0 24.5 21.7 16.6 9.9 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 11.7 15.6 27. -6 21.6 14.6 6.2 2.2 0.3 100.0 2.3 5.6 18.2 24.4 20.8 16.0 8.9 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 13.8 19.2 30.7 19.1 11.1 4.1 1.7 0.2 0.2 100.0 2.4 5.7 18.5 24.8 21.0 16.0 8.5 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 13.8 19.3 30.7 19.2 11.0 4.2 1.5 0.2 0.2 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 1.9 22.7 39.6 22.2 10.3 2.7 0.4 0.1 6.2 2.0 12.1 32.0 30.9 16.8 4.9 1.0 0.2 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years r 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years ... . 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . __ 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 1.4 3.2 13.4 24.4 24.7 17.0 10.4 4.4 0.9 0.1 100.0 1.9 8.9 30.7 34.4 17.0 5.1 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 Fertilizer factories : Male 100.0 4.0 5.7 17.7 27.4 21.9 14.6 6.2 2.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.1 8.1 28.6 33.7 17.0 6.4 1.8 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 1.4 10.0 27.0 28.3 21.6 8.3 2.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.2 6.3 20.0 27.1 19.5 13.3 6.8 2.5 0.4 100. 5.1 6.9 20.0 28.7 20.4 12.9 4.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.1 6.9 20.0 28.7 20.4 12.8 4.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 10 to 17 years . 18 and 19 years 4.8 14.4 35.6 20.7 16.3 6.2 1.9 2.4 17.6 32.7 25.4 15.5 4.9 1.4 0.1 20 to 24 years .. ... 25 to 34 years ..... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... 55 to 64 years .. ... 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over . Unknown Female. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. .. 75 years and over Unknown 67555 0—38- -15 220 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United State/s: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than "0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED industries— continued Gas works : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown.... Paint and varnish factories : Male... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown _ Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Petroleum refineries: Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 0.8 2.8 14.2 29.9 24.7 16.8 8.1 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.4 11.5 36.0 31.5 12.1 4.9 1.3 0.1 100.0 1.9 4.3 14.3 26.4 23.6 16.9 9.1 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.3 14.1 32.5 29.0 11.'6 4:9 1.3 0.3 100.0 0.9 2.8 14.9 34.8 26.7 13.4 5.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 2.1 19.9 41.3 21.7 10.7 2.9 1.0 0.3 100.0 3.3 21.3 43.9 18.5 7.7 4.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.1 19.8 43.6 22.7 9.0 2.4 0.3 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.1 3.2 24.6 32.5 23.8 12.5 3.0 0.3 100.0 0.1 2.8 22.0 33.5 23.2 13.1 4.3 1.0 0.1 100.0 0.2 3.5 29.3 37.6 19.7 7.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 1.8 5.0 21.9 33.5 19.8 10.7 5.3 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.5 11.8 36.7 31.7 11.5 4.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.4 4.8 16.7 28.9 22.2 14.3 7.4 2.7 0.4 0.1 100.0 4.4 13.9 35.4 31.2 10.6 3.7 0.6 100.0 1.9 4.7 18.4 3S.2 23.1 9.4 3.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 1.0 9.3 30.2 29.1 100.0 0.3 1.3 8.4 25.4 27.4 21.2 11.9 3.7 0.3 100.0 1.2 10.1 34.0 30.9 16.4 6.2 1.0 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 0.8 2.8 14.7 32.1 24.1 15.1 7.3 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.3 5.1 16.6 26.4 20.7 16.0 9.2 3.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 14.1 16.0 25.2 21.3 13.1 7.6 2.3 0.5 100.0 1.0 2.6 16.3 37.4 24.5 11.4 5.0 1.5 0.2 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 0.9 2.9 12.6 25.5 25.0 20.3 9.8 2.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.7 3.6 3.6 18.7 32.4 30.2 9.4 1.4 100.0 2.9 6.3 15.5 22.2 23.4 17,9 8.5 3.1 0.2 100.0 12.0 21.0 24. C 18.6 12.6 8.4 1.2 2.4 100.0 1.2 3.7 17.3 31.2 25.4 14.0 5.7 1.4 0.1 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 0.9 2.9 12.9 25.7 25.0 20.1 9.5 2.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.9 6.4 15.8 22.6 23.5 17.8 8.1 2.7 0.1 100.0 13.0 22.7 25.3 18.8 11.7 6.5 1.3 0.6 100.0 1.2 3.7 17.4 31.4 25.4 13.8 5.5 1.3 0.1 0. 1 INDUSTRY 221 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930— Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CHEMICAL AND ALL/ED industries— continued Petroleum refineries — Con. Female. 100.0 2.3 9.3 33.7 37.8 12.3 3.6 0.9 0.1 100.0 1.9 9.2 34.7 38.8 11.6 3.0 0.6 0.1 100.0 8.7 13.5 28.5 27.1 14.5 5.0 2.4 0.4 100.0 6.4 11.0 19.9 21.6 18.6 14.0 7.2 1.3 100.0 8.2 14.0 25.1 24.0 14.0 8.2 5.8 0.6 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. .. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over __ Unknown.. ... 0.1 100.0 4.8 8.2 23.6 32.7 17.4 9.4 3.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.4 10.0 28.3 33.7 14.4 6.7 2.7 0.6 Rayon factories : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.8 15.3 38.4 26.6 12.2 3.8 0.9 100.0 6.7 10.2 27.0 32.8 13.9 6.6 2.3 0.4 100.0 6.1 8.8 22.0 26.4 16.9 13.7 5.0 0.9 0.1 100.0 6.3 9.1 22.2 26.9 16.8 13.2 4.5 0.8 1000 10 to 17 years 1 1 14 11 18 29 18 3 1 8 18 and 19 years. - 4.0 31.1 39.2 18.7 5.4 1.3 0.1 5.0 31.7 33.2 23.7 4.6 1.5 0.4 ;-( 20 to 24 years.. 8 25 to 34 years.. ft 35 to 44 years 7 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 1 65 to 74 years 9 75 years and over . 3 Unknown 0.2 100.0 2.7 14.3 43.9 30.2 6.9 1.2 0.4 0.3 Female. 100.0 17.3 22.0 34.3 18.5 5.7 1.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 3.2 8.8 40.7 30.2 13.7 3.2 0.4 100.0 18.4 23.0 33.8 17.6 5.3 1.4 0.4 0.1 100,0 22.2 22.2 26.0 15.8 8.5 3.9 1.2 0.2 100.0 22.5 22.5 26.4 15.7 8.4 3.1 1.0 0.2 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years , 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years -. 75 years and over Unknown 0.2 100.0 2.4 4.8 14.2 23.6 23.8 19.2 8.9 2.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.7 17.3 29.8 20.2 13.7 5.6 3.6 0.2 100.0 2.4 5.0 14.5 23.9 23.9 19.1 8.3 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 10.3 18.5 30.9 20.6 13.3 3.9 2.6 Soap factories : Male. 100.0 2.3 4.4 15.6 27.0 22.9 16.1 8.5 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 7.7 15.7 31.1 26.0 11.7 5.6 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.4 6.2 22.9 31.1 19.3 10.8 5.4 1.6 0.2 100.0 0.1 1.1 9.0 29.9 29.0 18.2 9.8 2.7 0.2 100.0 4.5 5.8 16. 25.1 20.1 15.8 8.9 3.4 0.4 0.1 100.0 11.7 18. 1 29.3 21.8 11.8 5.3 1.7 0.3 loo o 10 to 17 vears i. l. 4. 13. 20. 23. 25. 9. 0. 7 18 and 19 years. 3.1 27.5 36.9 17.4 8.0 5.0 1.7 0.3 0.2 3.1 22.1 30.1 22.9 15.5 5.1 0.9 0.1 ?, 20 to 24 years fi 25 to 34 years 3 35 to 44 years 9 45 to 54 years 1 55 to 64 vears 4 65 to 74 vears „ fl 75 years and over fi Unknown Female 100.0 5.1 14.7 33.5 29.2 10.6 5.0 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 vears 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. . Unknown 0.1 222 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES— COn. Other chemical factories : Male.. 100.0 2.0 4.1 13.9 26.9 24.6 16.7 8.6 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 7.6 13.7 29.8 25.6 12.8 6.9 2.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.8 3.8 11.4 22.4 22.0 18. 1 12.5 6.0 0.9 0.1 100.0 10.9 11.9 22.2 25. 1 17.3 8.4 3.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.6 5.8 17.0 28.6 21.5 13.6 7.1 2.5 0.4 100.0 0.1 1.5 9.5 28.0 28.8 19.6 9.6 2.7 0.2 100.0 3.4 5.6 17.2 27.5 21.0 13.9 8.1 2.8 0.3 100.0 2.4 4.9 14.5 24.6 24.6 17.9 8.2 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 10.0 14.3 25.8 20.4 15.2 9.6 3.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 100.0 4.5 6.2 17.0 25.6 19.3 14.9 8.4 3.5 0.6 100.0 2.4 5.0 14.7 24.9 24.8 17.8 7.9 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 10.5 15.0 26.7 20.9 14.3 8.8 2.9 0.7 100.0 lOto 17 years.. 1.6 18 and 19 v ears 2.7 17.1 34.8 24.4 12.7 6.0 1.8 0.4 100.0 0.2 2.5 19.5 31.7 25.1 14.7 5.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 2.4 20 to 24 years 8.9 25 to 34 years 16.7 35 to 44 years 19.1 45 to 54 years 19.6 55 to 64 years 19.3 65 to 74 years 10.9 75 years and over 1.3 Unknown.... 0.1 Fe male 100.0 5.1 13.6 33.8 28.7 11.4 5.2 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.3 4.3 16.1 31.7 22.4 13.1 6.4 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 5.5 13.2 32.4 29.8 12.7 4.8 1.5 0.1 100.0 0.9 4.6 16.1 27.2 28.6 15.3 6.3 1.0 0. 1 100.0 13.0 16.0 25.9 20.8 12.4 7.5 3.3 0.9 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 0.2 28.5 36.1 21.1 9.2 3.5 0,9 0.3 0.3 0.3 5.1 17.5 27.7 25.5 16.6 5.4 1.5 0.6 100.0 20 to 24 years ... 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years _ 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. 75 years and over Unknown., 0.2 100.0 4.6 6.3 17.1 25.6 19.3 14.9 8.2 3.4 0.6 Cigar and tobacco factories : Male 100.0 0.1 1.4 10.3 27.4 28. 1 19.0 10.2 3.2 0.2 100.0 1.8 11.3 22.8 26.8 22.8 11.0 2.9 0.6 100.0 2.8 3.5 9.5 19.6 21.9 19.3 14.7 7.6 1.1 0.1 100.0 11.3 11.9 21.7 25.0 17.4 8.3 3.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years 2.9 18 and 19 years . 0.1 1.3 11.4 24.4 26.9 22.8 11.2 1.8 0.1 4.1 20 to 24 years 13.1 25 to 34 years.. 25.3 35 to 44 years....... 20.1 45 to 54 years 15.4 55 to 64 years 12.2 65 to 74 years. 5.4 75 years and over 1.4 Unknown Female.. . ... .. 100.0 10.2 10.6 22.5 24.3 17.6 9.8 3.8 1.2 0.1 100.6 10.2 10.7 22.5 24.3 17.5 9.8 3.7 1. 1 0.1 10 to 17 years... . 18 and 19 years 20to 24 years 25 to 34 years ... 35 to 44 years .. 45 to 54 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown . CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE INDUSTRIES Brick, tile, and terra cotta factories : Male 100.0 2.3 4.3 14.7 26. 6 23.3 16.9 8.7 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 3. 1 19. 2 34.7 23.6 12.9 5.2 1.2 6.2 100.0 0. 1 2.6 17.9 28.2 26. 1 17.7 6. 4 1.0 100.0 1.8 4. 1 18.5 31.5 23.6 11.9 6.0 2.4 0.4 100.0 0. 1 0.9 7.4 23.7 27.8 22. 1 13.3 4.2 0.4 100.0 1.8 3.3 14.6 28.9 22. 9 16. s. s 3. 2 0.3 100.0 2.9 5.3 16.3 26. 7 22. 4 16. 1 7.6 ■-> 3 0. 2 ' 0. 1 100.0 2.9 5.3 16.3 26. S 22 5 16. 1 7.6 2.3 0. 2 1 0. 1 100.0 10 to 17 vears 3.9 18 and 19 years.. .. 1.0 20 to 24 years . 3.9 14. 7 35 to 44 vears 9.8 45 to 54 years ... 19.6 55 to 64 years 24.5 65 to 74 vears IS. 6 75 years and over.. 3.9 Unknown INDUSTRY 223 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers unskilled INDUSTRY, SEX,' AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE industries — contd. Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories— Continued. Female 100.0 6.3 13.5 28.8 28. 1 14.9 6.0 1.8 0.4 100.0 3.0 11. 1 33.5 33.6 13.9 3.6 1.0 0.3 100.0 9.7 16.7 26.7 22.8 14.9 6.9 2.0 0.3 100.0 9.4 15.2 23. 1 24.0 16.6 8.4 2.2 0.8 0.1 0.3 100.0 6.9 9.3 17.7 21.7 18.0 14.4 8.4 3.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 15.0 17.5 26.0 20.1 11.3 6.7 2.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.8 4.1 14.3 27.0 24.4 17.6 8.1 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.7 6.4 19.9 21.6 19,9 17.5 5.8 3.5 100.0 9.5 15.2 23.0 24.2 16.4 8.3 2.3 0.8 0.1 0.3 100.0 6.9 9.4 17.9 21.8 18.0 14.4 8.3 2.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 15.3 17.8 26.4 20.0 10.8 6.4 2.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.8 4.2 14.4 27.1 24.5 17.6 8.0 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 5.0 6.9 20.8 22.0 20.1 17.0 4.4 3.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years . . ... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years - . 35 to 44 years . . . . .. 45 to 54 years. _. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years -. 75 years and over Unkno wn 0.1 100.0 4.1 6.3 15.6 24.7 21.7 15.8 8.5 2.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 11.4 16.1 29.4 23.6 11.8 5.4 1.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.6 5.4 20.1 30.5 19.8 12.8 6.3 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.6 12.7 35.9 31.3 11.1 4.2 0.9 0.1 Glass factories : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 1.9 9.2 26.0 28.2 20.9 10.2 3.2 0.3 100.0 4.1 6.3 16.7 25.9 21.6 14.7 7.7 2.6 0.3 100.0 10 to 17 years .. 3.2 18 and 19 years ,.... 2.3 17.0 32.7 26.7 13.4 6.0 1.8 0.1 0.2 2.0 19.1 32.1 26.7 14.8 4.2 0.8 0.1 0.9 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 5.1 13.9 35 to 44 years 17.4 45 to 54 years.. 20.3 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 22-. 8 13.3 75 years and over 3.2 Unknown Female . ... .. 100.0 10.9 22.4 27.9 23.6 10.3 3.6 1.2 100.0 10 to 17 years 14 17 27 20 11 5 1 5 7 5 8 9 3 9 4 1 1 18 and 19 years.... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years... 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 1.2 3.1 12.6 27.9 25.9 18.1 8.3 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.3 8.4 31.1 32.5 15.4 5.9 2.4 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.6 3.2 15.2 33.4 25.4 13.0 5.9 1.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.4 8.4 34.5 35.0 14.2 3.9 1.4 0.2 100.0 0.1 0.8 7.0 27.3 30.4 21.1 10.2 2.8 0.3 Lime, cement, and artificial stone factories : Male . . .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.2 3.1 14.7 30.8 24.5 15.9 7.0 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 9.4 11.5 21.2 24.2 18.2 8.5 4.8 1.5 0.3 0.3 100.0 10 to 17 years ... 1. 1 18 and 19 years 3.0 17.3 35.7 25.4 14.6 2.8 1.1 0.1 0.1 2.1 18.5 32.1 27.3 14.4 4.7 0.7 2.2 20 to 24 years 4.4 25 to 34 years .. 11.1 35 to 44 years 16.7 45 to 54 years . . 18.9 55 to 64 ydbrs.-,.. 27.2 65 to 74 years.. 15.6 75 vears and over . ... 2.8 Unknown.. ... Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. .. 25 to 34 years. .. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 6.6 0.6 224 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35.; — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers unskilled INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total J Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. CLAY, GLASS, AND STONE industries— continued Marble and stone yards : Male . . 100.0 1.2 2.8 11.1 23.2 24.1 20.7 12.2 4.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 3.2 10.3 30.6 29.3 13.9 8.0 3.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.8 4.6 13.3 24.6 23.1 18.2 9.8 3.2 0.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.7 2.7 12.6 25.7 20.4 18.0 12.2 5. 5 1.1 0.1 100.0 3.4 10.9 32.3 30.9 13.4 6.4 2.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.1 4.6 14.8 29.0 20.0 15.5 8.8 4.0 0.4 100.0 2.0 9.8 22.3 24.7 22.7 13.6 4.4 0.5 0.1 100.0 3.3 3.7 12.7 24.6 23.8 18.1 10.0 3.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.6 4.8 | 14.5 i 25.0 | 23.6 17. 5 8.9 2.9 0:2 100.0 2.6 4.8 14.5 25.0 23.6 17.6 8.8 2.9 0.2 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 5.0 23.6 35.0 19.1 11.0 4.9 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.0 14.7 26.9 27.3 19.2 8.5 1.3 20 to 24 years .. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. .. 65 to 74 years .. 75 years and over Unknown.. Female .. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years i 20 to 24 years „ ,... i 25 to 34 years.. ■ 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . . ! 75 years and over Unknown Potteries : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9 5.9 21.9 25.1 25.0 15.4 5.0 0.6 100.0 2.5 3.8 12.8 25.8 24.4 18.2 9.3 3.0 0.3 100.0 4.4 7.5 16.9 23.3 20.3 j 16.3 8.3 2.6 0.4 100.0 4.4 7.5 17.0 23.5 20.3 16.2 8.2 2.4 0.3 18 and 19 years 1.1 19.0 40.9 20.8 10.6 6.3 1.3 0.3 1.7 14.6 30.1 27:0 18.7 6.4 1.0 0.1 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown . Female 100.0 9.9 12.6 23.1 22.7 16.6 9.8 4.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 3.3 9.8 32.8 32.4 13.4 5.6 2.3 0.2 100.0 2.1 4.1 12.4 26.2 24.1 20.7 8.3 1.4 0.7 100.0 10.5 12.9 22.1 21.7 17.0 10.0 4.6 0.9 0.2 100.0 15.3 | 14. S j 21.2 17.2 15.3 11.5 ! 3.7 1.1 | 100.0 15.6 15.1 21.2 17.4 15.1 11.3 3.3 1.0 10 to 17 vears 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years .. 65 to 74 years 75 vears and over . . Unknown . , 0.1 100.0 8.8 9.2 21.3 19.7 17.1 11.8 9.1 2.7 0.3 clothing industbies Corset factories : Male 100.0 5.7 6.4 14.0 19.9 20.5 16.7 11.0 5.3 0.5 100.0 100.0 2.0 6*7 23. 9 26.3 21.6 12.9 5.9 0.8 100.0 7.1 8.7 16.6 21.8 15.6 13.1 10.3 6.2 0.7 100.0 8.9 5.4 | 13.4 ; 14.4 13.9 IS. 8 13.9 10.4 1.0 100.0 10.9 7.1 16.7 12.8 14.7 18.6 9.6 9.0 0.6 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 1.7 14.9 34.6 29.4 13.7 5.5 0.2 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over INDUSTRY 225 Table 35. — -Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- aUper- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED Industry, sex, and age Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CLOTHING INDUSTRIES— COn. Corset factories — Contd. Female 100.0 6.9 8.8 16.8 20.7 20.9 15.4 8.1 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 6.8 6.9 13.0 17.1 19.6 19.0 11.4 5.4 0.7 100.0 100.0 6.1 10.5 22.5 22.8 17.8 13.5 5.6 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.2 6.7 19.9 20.2 18.1 17.4 9.8 3.3 0.5 100.0 0.7 5.3 14.0 30.6 25.6 14.0 7.3 2.7 100.0 0.6 2.5 7.5 21.1 26.8 24.1 12.1 4.6 0.6 100.0 7.3 8.' 7 16.0 20.0 21.0 15.7 8.6 2,4 0.2 0.1 100.0 7.7 7.5 13.0 16.6 19.0 18..4 11.2 5.8 0.8 0.1 100.0 8.$ 10.2 18.4 21.2 18.4 13.1 7.1 2.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 4.2 6.2 13.5 20.6 24.1 16.5 10.2 4.1 0.4 100.0 10.4 14.8 25.2 18.3 15.7 8.7 3.9 3.0 100.0 11.1 15.7 26.7 19.4 15.7 7.4 2.8 1.4 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 1.4 14.8 37.8 30.1 11.5 4.3 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown. Glove factories : Male... 10 to 17 years 100.0 100.0 15.3 13.8 22.2 17.7 9.6 10.4 7.0 4.1 100.0 15.9 14.5 23.2 17.8 9.2 10.1 5.9 3.3 18 and 19 years 0.1 1.1 14.4 29.3 29.3 17.7 6.8 1.1 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years _ 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 100.0 8.3 10.5 19.2 22.0 18.0 12.5 6.6 2.5 0.5 0.1 100,0 4.9 6.5 13.4 20.3 23.9 16.5 10.2 3.9 0.5 100.0 5.3 12.3 34.7 30.4 10.5 4.9 1.7 0.3 100.0 2.9 3.2 16.2 28.4 28.4 15.5 4.3 1.1 100.0. 15.5 17.4 22.0 25.4 11.9 5.0 2.1 0.5 100.0 15.6 17.6 22.0 25.6 11.8 4.8 2.0 0.5 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 0.2 100.0 10.6 10.5 17.1 15.2 19.5 13.3 9.5 3.5 0.8 0.2 100.0 11.4 11.0 17.0 13.6 19.4 14.3 9.4 3.0 0.9 Hat factories (felt) ; Male. 100.0 100.0 13.5 13.6 21.0 18.2 14.5 11.0 6*1 1.9 0.3 0:1 100.0 10.1 18.2 35.8 23.8 8.2 2.3 1.4 0.2 100.0 0.4 2.7 8.3 20.8 27.7 19.1 15.6 4.8 0.6 100.0 10 to 17 years 6.3 18 and 19 years 0.3 2.3 22.7 34.6 23.4 12.5 3,7 0.5 0.1 8.2 20 to 24 years 17.4 25 to 34 yearSi 23.2 35 to 44 years 20.3 45 to 54 years 8.2 55 to 64 years. 10.1 65 to 74 years 5.8 75 years and over 0.5 Unknown .... Female 100.0 10.2 11.7 23.7 22.0 15.5 9.5 5.3 1.9 0,1 0.1 100.0 100.0 0.5 7.9 24.2 22.8 21.9 12.6 7.9 2.3 100. 10.6 10.9 21.7 21.3 16.5 10.5 6.0 2.3 0.1 6.1 100.0 19.7 13.8 26.1 19.7 10.6 6.4 3.7 100.0 21.0 '13.6 27.8 19.3 9.1 6.2 2.8 10 to 17 years. ^ 18 and 19 years 2.8 20.8 37.7 21.2 14.2 2.8 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years , 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over.. Unknown 0.5 226 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OP GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where hase is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total 1 Labor- ers 100.0 9.9 13.2 26.8 26.3 10.7 5.9 4.8 2.2 0.3 Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CLOTHING INDUSTRIES— continued Shirt, collar, and cuff fac- tories : Male 100.0 8.2 8.8 18.1 23.3 18.5 12.9 7.2 2.7 0.3 100.0 100.0 8.2 9.7 20.7 24.6 15.4 11.2 7.0 2.7 0.5 100.0 0.5 2.9 11.1 25.7 26.1 19.2 9.7 4.4 0.4 100.0 10.2 9.8 19.0 22.1 18.3 12.1 6.0 2.2 0.3 100.0 9.3 12. 5 25.6 25.7 11.0 6.4 6.2 2.9 0.4 100 10 to 17 years 2.4 18 and 19 years 0.2 2.7 22.7 30.2 25.8 14.0 3.8 0.4 0.2 4.8 20 to 24 years 11.9 25 to 34 years 19.5 35 to 44 years 14.8 45 to 54 years - 12.4 55 to 64 years .. 21.4 65 to 74 years.. 11.0 75 years and over . 1.9 Unknown Female 100.0 17.2 13.7 21.2 18.3 14.0 9.5 4.5 1.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.8 2.3 6.4 17.2 29.8 24.3 13.2 4.4 0.5 0.1 100.0 8.7 9.5 18.6 22.6 20.7 12.4 5.6 1.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.1 5.7 12.1 23.1 27.1 17.7 7.8 2.2 0.2 1 0.) 100.0 9.1 18.1 37.1 23.2 8.0 3.4 0.9 0.1 100.0 1.4 4.9 13.4 23.5 28.5 19.1 7.7 1.5 100.0 17.6 13.5 20.6 18.1 14.1 9.6 4.7 1.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.6 4.7 11.2 20.5 27.6 19.4 9.2 2.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 11.1 10.2 19.2 22.8 19.8 11.1 4.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.6 5.1 12.5 23.8 27.3 17.4 8.1 2.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 26.2 18.2 21.1 14.2 9.5 6.9 2.9 1.0 100.0 26.6 18.5 21.4 14.2 9.3 6.4 •2.6 0.9 10 to 17 years . 18 and 19 years ^._ 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... 55 to 64 years ... 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown 0.1 100.0 0.3 1.1 4.4 16.0 31.0 26.3 14.8 5.2 0.6 0.1 100.0 2.3 5.6 13.1 21.9 25.8 17.9 9.7 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.2 2.1 8.5 25.1 31.5 21.1 8.9 2.3 0.2 Suit, coat, and overall fac- tories : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.4 11.2 20.1 20.9 14.4 10.5 6.1 2.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 9.1 18.5 35.3 24.1 8.9 3.2 0.9 0.1 100.0 8.3 8.6 20.9 28.8 15.9 8.5 5.9 2.7 0.4 0.1 100.0 13.0 15.0 23.0 20.1 16.1 9.2 2.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 9.8 12.3 18.5 21.1 15.0 11.7 7.9 3.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 8.9 9.4 22.0 29.6 15.4 7.6 4.6 2.1 0.4 100.0 13.2 15.2 23.4 20.3 15.8 8.6 2.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 12.9 14.9 19.2 18.6 13.3 11.0 6.6 3.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years 5.9 18 and 19 years 0.8 3.5 12.1 34.2 35.0 12.4 1.7 0.4 0.2 1.7 14.8 34.0 29.0 15.1 4.6 0.5 5.4 20 to 24 years 16.7 25 to 34 years 25.5 35 to 44 years... 17.6 45 to 54 years 11.9 55 to 64 years.. 10.8 65 to 74 years 5.1 75 years and over. 0.8 Unknown 0.2 Female 100.0 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 0.8 5.2 22.9 31.1 24.5 13.8 1.7 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 45 to 54 years 65to74y«ars 75 years and over Unknown Other clothing factories : Male . 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.4 15.0 22.4 21.7 13.7 9.1 4.7 1.7 0.3 100.0 10 to 17 years 3.5 18 and 19 years 1.5 5.4 20.5 33.3 27.5 9.1 2.6 0.2 0.2 2.6 21.7 38.8 25.2 9.1 2.1 0.3 0.1 7.0 20 to 24 years 17.1 25 to 34 vears 25.8 35 to 44 years.. 18.4 45 to 54 years 13.1 55 to 64 years. 10.3 65 to 74 years 4.1 75 years and over 0.6 Unknown INDUSTRY 227 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Worker* in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. CLOTHING INDUSTRIES— COD. Other clothing factories — Continued. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years.. . 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years .' 75 years and over ... Unknown FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Bakeries : Male.... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Butter, cheese, and con- densed milk factories : Male.. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years ... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown 100.0 9.4 10.4 20.4 23.2 18.4 11.4 5.2 1.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.2 6.0 16.6 27.5 22.5 14.2 6.7 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.3 13.5 23.5 21.7 15.8 10.4 4.4 1.2 0.1 100.0 2.0 4.1 15.9 31.7 23.4 13.7 6.6 2.3 0.2 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 5.3 12.0 30.0 27.1 15.7 7.2 2.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.5 18.3 34.0 27.2 12.5 3.6 0.6 0.2 100.0 1.4 12.9 32.1 30.1 15.8 6.2 1.0 0.5 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 1.6 13.2 41.5 25.4 12.6 4.6 0.9 0.2 100.0 0.9 5.9 20.8 33.8 25.2 10.9 2.1 0.1 0.3 100. Q 0.2 3.0 22.1 36.5 24.6 10.5 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.9 5.6 19.3 29.0 28.3 12.7 3.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.4 4.0 25.5 33.4 21.8 10.7 3.8 0.4 100.0 0.9 8.0 23.9 37.6 19.3 8.5 1.7 0.2 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 9.9 18.5 37.0 22.4 7.3 3.4 1.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.7 4.2 17.8 37.1 22.6 11.2 4.1 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.4 13.4 30.1 27.3 14.1 6.2 2.1 0.3 100.0 1.4 3.4 16.0 34.1 23.2 12.6 6.6 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.6 11.7 34.4 30.5 13.5 5.7 1.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.4 5.5 17.0 29.7 24.8 14.2 4.5 1.1 0.1 0.5 100.0 0.1 1.6 9.1 32.7 28.5 17:6 7.8 2.3 0.3 100 1 4 18 33 25 13 3 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.7 7.0 30.0 30.2 19.8 9.4 2.6 0.2 Semi- skilled work- ers 100 9.5 10.1 19.4 23.1 18.9 11.8 5.5 1.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.8 6.8 18.2 26.7 21.2 13.6 6.6 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 1L4 14.5 21.8 18.9 15.3 11.3 5.0 1.5 0.2 100.0 2.2 4.3 18.4" 35.6 21.8 11.1 4.8 1.6 0.2 100 9.0 13.6 27.6 23.5 15.5 7.6 2.6 0.4 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 18.8 16.8 23.3 18.1 13.3 6.4 2.7 0.7 100.0 11.1 10.6 17.8 20.4 15.7 12.6 7.9 3.3 0.3 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 13.0 15.7 22.7 19.0 16.1 8.1 4.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.7 7.3 21.0 27.6 18.6 12.2 6.7 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 11.0 15.2 25.1 21.6 16.1 7.9 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 19.3 17.0 23.3 18.0 13.3 5.9 2.5 0.6 100 12 11 18 19 14 11 7 2 100 14 17 24 19 13 Ser- vant classes 100.0 3.7 7.4 21.2 27.9 18.7 12.1 6.4 2.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 11.0 15.4 25.5 21.7 16.2 7.4 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 100 2 3 13 25 20 16 11 5 100.0 1.7 3.3 8.0 14.0 17.6 17.3 23.3 13.3 1.7 228 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. food and allied indus- tkies— continued Candy factories : Male.. 10 to 17 years—— 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years..... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown— .. Female..... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years... .. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Fish curing and packing : Male 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years... 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years - 75 years and over Unknown - ... Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Flour and grain mills ; Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years ... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 4.2 6.4 14.9 24.2 22.5 15.7 8.6 3.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 14.4 16.2 25.6 22.4 12.5 6.3 2.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.9 5.6 13.2 21.3 20.3 17.8 10.9 4.9 0.7 0.3 100.0 10.2 8.7 16.2 23.4 20.9 13.4 5.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.0 2.6 10.8 23.0 23.7 19.3 12.7 5.8 1.0 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons SQO.O 1.7 12.8 37.6 24.8 13.7 6.1 4.3 100.0 2.9 22.8 39.0 21.1 9.4 3.5 1.3 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.3 2.1 18.6 31.8 27.5 14.0 4.9 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.2 7.5 22.7 29.4 26.9 10.2 2.5 0.5 100.0 0.3 1.6 14.3 29.2 32.2 15.7 6.1 0.6 100.0 0.2 2.3 16.0 27.' 3 25.8 18.3 8.5 1.4 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 3.1 5.3 16.1 28.6 22.2 14.9 7.2 2.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 6.7 14.6 34.9 27.3 11.0 4.0 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.5 4.3 16.9 26.0 20.2 16.3 9.6 3.6 0.5 0.2 100.0 1.3 10.6 30.3 31.3 17.7 6.5 1.3 1.0 100.0 0.9 3.1 13.9 27.4 26.1 16.7 9.0 2.6 0.3 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.1 1.5 7.1 24.4 29.9 20.5 12.8 3.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.7 4.1 17.4 31.2 27.4 14.0 4.5 0.6 100.0 1.2 6.2 21.3 30.7 22.8 11.9 4.9 0.7 0.3 100.0 0.9 5.4 17.4 23.1 22.9 18.5 9.9 1.8 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 5.1 7.8 16.9 24.2 21.2 14.0 7.6 2.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 16.3 17.1 24.8 21.4 12.0 6.0 2.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.6 5.7 12.9 19.4 18.6 17.2 12.1 6.2 1.0 0.2 100.0 10.6 8.7 14.0 23.1 21.2 14.8 6.1 1.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.6 3.6 15.1 30.0 23.0 15.7 7.5 3.1 0.5 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 7.0 9.6 19.0 21.7 17.6 12.7 8.7 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 17.6 17.6 25.0 19.6 10.9 5.6 2.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.8 7.5 16.4 23.5 18.0 15.0 9.0 3.9 0.4 0.5 100.0 11.4 8.6 18.0 22.8 20.5 11.9 5.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.4 4.7 15.8 25.5 22.2 16.4 9.0 3.3 0.5 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 7.7 10.1 19.5 21.2 17.2 12.8 8.1 2.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 18.3 18.1 25.7 19.8 9.9 5.0 2.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.8 7.5 16.5 23.5 18.0 15.0 9.0 3.9 0.4 0.5 100.0 11.3 8.6 18.1 22.8 20.6 12.0 6.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.5 4.8 16.0 25.6 22.2 16.4 8.9 3.2 0.4 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.9 5.1 14.9 25.8 20.2 12.1 13.4 5.8 0.9 100. 1.0 1.6 7.9 19.4 22.4 19.1 17.8 9.2 1.6 INDUSTRY 529 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, bx Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930— Continued (Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. food and allied indus- tries— continued Flour and grain mills— Con. Female 10 to 17 years... .. 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Fruit and vegetable canning, etc.: Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over.. Unknown Female. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years ,. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years... 75 years and over Unknown Slaughter and packing houses : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 3.0 10.2 30.7 31.0 14.9 7.1 2.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.0 5.6 14.6 23.3 20.7 17.0 10.7 4.5 0.5 0.1 100.0 8:6 12.5 20.0 20.1 18.9 13.1 5.2 1.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.0 4.1 14.5 28.7 25.0 15.9 7.4 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 8.5 13.8 25.0 26.7 17.2 6.7 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 1.5 10.8 35.0 23.2 20.7 6.4 2.0 100.0 2.8 15.3 39.5 21.5 13.2 5.4 2.0 0.3 0.1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 100.0 2.3 19.1 29.5 27.0 15.5 5.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 100.0 3.7 17.4 22.9 30.3 20.2 5.5 100.0 0.1 2.6 21.2 34.3 25.9 12.2 3.3 0.3 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100 2 9 32 33 14 6 1 0.1 1.7 4.2 17.6 29.0 22.0 14.6 7.8 2.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.3 11.5 32.5 32.2 13.2 5.5 1.4 0.4 100.0 2.2 4.8 18.9 35.0 22.0 11.0 4.6 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.9 13.2 34.8 32.3 11.6 3.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.8 1.3 6.0 22.0 34.2 27.4 7.2 1.1 H)0.0 0.1 0.9 7.4 25.4 30.0 21.1 11. a 3.6 0.2 LOO. 1.5 5.6 14.3 31.6 25.5 14.3 5.6 1.5 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 8.3 15.3 29.3 21.0 14.0 6.8 4.1 1.3 100 4 7 17 23 18 13 10 4 100 9 13 19 18 19 13 4 1 2.0 4.0 14.4 28.7 24.7 15.8 7.6 2.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 11.4 14.6 20.7 23.5 19.0 8.2 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 8.2 14.0 22.2 23.4 14.6 9.4 7.0 0.6 0.6 100.0 4.4 7.9 18.0 21.8 17.3 15.3 10.1 4.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 9.0 12.3 18.5 18.3 18.5 13.9 6.9 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.6 5.3 15.3 26.1 24.6 16.3 7.2 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.7 13.6 19.7 24.4 21.9 7.9 2.3 0.3 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 8.9 15.2 24.1 24.1 14.6 7.0 5.7 0.6 100 4 7 18 21 17 15 9 4 100 9, 12 18 18 18 13 6 2 0. 100.0 2.7 5.4 15.6 26.4 24.7 16.2 6.8 2.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.8 13.7 19.8 24.3 21.8 7.9 2.2 0.3 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.3 3.5 3.0 15.7 17.4 21.7 23.0 13.0 1.3 100 1 1 6 17, 23 21 17, 9, 0, 230 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. FOOD AND ALLIED industries— continued Sugar factories and re- fineries : Male. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years... 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Other food factories : Male. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. . . Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over- Unknown Total Liquor and beverage in- dustries : Male.. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown 100.0 1.8 3.3 11.4 24.7 26.7 19.6 9.1 3.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 8.8 11.9 28.6 28.4 13.4 6.6 1.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 2.5 4.4 13.9 27.4 23.4 16.3 8.6 2.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 10.7 13.0 24.6 21.6 15.2 8.4 2.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.8 5.1 13.7 24.6 21.9 17.1 10.1 3.4 0.4 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 2.3 13.0 35.6 26.0 13.4 6.4 2.7 0.3 0.3 100.0 2.6 12.4 33.4 27.3 15.8 6.0 2.1 0.2 0.2 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.9 12.6 33.4 32.8 15.6 4.0 0.6 0.1 100.0 100.0 3.2 12.9 30.3 24.6 16.1 9.5 3.2 0.3 0.3 3.5 22.8 31.8 24.1 12.6 4. 1 0.8 0.1 100.0 0.7 3.9 21.4 29.8 27.6 11.3 4.2 1.0 100.0 0.2 2.9 21.0 31.2 24.8 14.6 4.6 0.6 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.2 3.6 14.0 26.0 24.7 17.0 9.1 3.1 0.2 0.2 100.0 3.3 7.7 33.0 38.5 11.5 4.8 1.1 0.1 100.0 2.3 4.1 15.8 30.7 22.7 14.1 7.5 2.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.2 12.5 32.2 30.5 13.1 5.7 1.5 0.2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.9 5.7 24.0 29.8 25.2 10.8 3.3 0.2 0. 1 100.0 1.2 3.0 13.8 33.2 24.1 14.0 7.9 2.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.3 8.2 26.0 27.8 20.8 11.7 3.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 1.4 4.3 13.5 27.9 28.6 16.5 7.1 0.7 Semi- skilled work- ers unskilled 100.0 2.3 3.9 12.1 24.5 23.8 18.4 10.2 3.9 0.8 0.2 100.0 14.9 18.4 29.7 18.4 11.1 5.8 1.3 0.4 100.0 3.8 5. i: 30. 20. 12. 100.0 0.1 1.3 6.5 22.3 25.7 23.2 15.3 5.0 0.6 0.1 6.4 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 13.9 14.0 22.6 22.1 14.9 8.7 2.9 0.7 0.1 0.1 1G0.0 4.5 6.6 17.7 25.6 19.4 14.8 8.4 2.8 0.2 0.1 Total 100.0 2.5 4.5 13.8 25.1 26.6 17.5 7.4 2.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.5 7.2 15.2 25.8 23.5 12.5 3.8 2.3 Labor- ers Ser- vant classes 0.4 100.0 4.0 6.7 17.0 24.1 20.7 15.6 8.5 3.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 13.1 12.7 21.7 22.6 16.5 8.9 3.3 1.0 0.2 0. 1 100.0 9.4 9.4 17.6 19.5 15.6 15.0 9.3 3.7 0.3 0.1 I 100.0 •2.5 4.5 13.9 25.2 26.6 17.5 7.2 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.6 7.3 15.4 25.4 23.8 11.9 3.8 2.3 0.4 100.0 4.1 6.8 17.3 24.2 20.8 15 4 8.2 3.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 13.2 12.7 21.8 22.6 16.5 8.7 3.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 9.5 9.5 17.8 19.6 15.6 15.0 9.1 3.6 0.3 0.1 INDUSTRY 231 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — -Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. FOOD AND ALLIED industries— continued Liquor and beverage in- dustries— C on tinued . Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years - 75 years and over Unknown IRON AND STEEL, MACHIN- RRY, AND VEHICLE INDUS- TRIES Agricultural implement fac- tories : Male. 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 76 years and over. Unknown - Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Automobile factories : Male.. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to o4 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female...... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 85 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown.. Total 100.0 5.1 11.0 27.6 29.7 15.2 7.9 2.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.4 3.9 14.8 25.7 23.9 17.7 9.3 2.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.3 13.3 33.9 30.3 13.3 4.6 1.2 0.1 01 100.0 0.8 3.2 15.7 33.6 27.1 13.2 4.9 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.4 13.2 34.3 30.9 13.2 3.9 0.9 0.2 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 0.1 5.2 18.8 32.4 22.2 13.7 5.7 1.7 0.3 100.0 3.0 14.7 37.8 28.1 12.4 3.2 0.7 0.1 100.0 1.3 12.4 48.4 26.1 9.2 2.0 0.7 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.6 2.3 17.5 32.2 29.2 14.0 3.5 0.6 100.0 1.8 16.0 33.0 26.6 15.9 5.9 0.8 100.0 0.1 3.0 26.7 4Q.8 20.5 6.8 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.6 12.1 29.8 24.2 19.4 8.9 1.6 2.4 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.8 11.0 32.1 33.9 12.8 5.7 1.5 0.1 1 100.0 1.3 3.9 16.4 27.8 22.3 16.4 9.1 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.2 11.8 35.3 32.7 12.3 4.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.7 5.1 20.8 36 21 5 5 9.4 3.8 100.0 2.4 12.2 39.6 33,5 0.5 2.1 0.4 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 2.1 11.8 27.4 27.1 100.0 O.l 2.1 12.8 35.6 30.2 13.6 4.5 1.0 0.1 100.0 0.2 11.6 25.4 34.9 19.0 6.3 1.9 0.5 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 11.4 13.1 23.9 21.4 17.3 9.0 2.4 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.8 5.1 17.6 26.3 21.1 15.6 8.3 3.0 0.2 100.0 6.6 20.5 30.0 21.6 16.6 3.5 1.2 100.0 1.4 3.6 17.6 33.6 25.2 12.3 4.8 1.3 0.1 100.0 4.4 13.8 30.3 29.1 15.8 5.2 1.2 0.2 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 12.0 12.9 15.0 22.7 16.7 11.2 7.3 1.7 0.4 100.0 2.6 5.9 17.3 22.6 21.7 17.1 8.9 3.3 0.4 0.1 100.0 9.8 16.3 28.8 21.6 14.4 7.8 0.7 0.7 100.0 0.9 3.9 16.9 29.4 25.6 14.9 6.1 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.8 16.7 31.2 24.9 15.8 5.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 12.6 13.5 15.3 23.9 16.2 10.8 5.4 1.8 0.5 100.0 2.7 6.1 17.6 22.9 21.9 17.0 8.6 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 10.9 18.1 31.9 20.3 11.6 6.5 0.7 100.0 1.0 4.0 17.2 29.7 25.8 14.8 5.7 1.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.9 17.1 31.8 25.0 15.1 4.5 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100. 0.3 1.0 5.1 10.6 14:0 23.6 22.3 20.5 2.4 100.0 0.3 1.5 8.0 18.6 19.4 20.9 18.5 11.4 1.5 0.1 100.0 2.4 4.9 12.2 24.4 34.1 18.7 3.4 232 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. IRON AND STEEL, MACHIN- ERY, and vehicle indus- tries— continued Automobile repair shops : Male_- -...,_-. 1U to 17 years.,---. ..-. 18 and 19 years ... — 20 to 24 years.. — 25 to 34 years — 35 to 44 years — ... 45 to 54 years....__. .... 55 to 64 years .....--... 65 to 74years... 75 years and over.. Unknown Female. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years ..... 65 to 74 years. 75 years ando ver.... Unknown Blast furnaces and steel rolling mills : Male 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years... 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years... 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years , 55 to 64 years ^.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown ,.. Car and railroad shops : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years ... 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years ... 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over... Unknown ... Total 16 39 25 9 2 100 3 11 30 32 14 5 1 0. 0. 100.0 1.1 3.7 14.0 27.3 27.3 17.2 7.3 2.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.9 12.8 33.0 29.4 13.9 5.1 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.7 2.4 10.3 25.0 27.3 20.6 10.3 3.1 0.2 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 10*3 36.1 29,7 15.5 7.7 0.6 100.0 3.0 17.8 34.9 25.1 13:6 4.6 0.9 0.1 100.0 0.4 0.9 14.2 34.9 30.6 15.9 2.6 0.4 100.0 4.1 15.1 31.6 27.3 14.3 5.6 1.7 0.1 0.1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 5 35 36 15 5 1 100 100.0 0.1 1.6 15.5 34.4 29.6 14.3 3.8 0.6 100.0 3.0 8.0 28.0 25.0 23.0 9.0 4.0 100.0 0.2 1.4 10/6 27.3 31.7 23.1 5.1 0.5 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 3.7 7.3 25.3 33.4 17.5 7.2 4.2 1.3 0.2 100.0 3.2 12.3 32.4 32.9 14.0 4.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 2.4 6.0 19.7 30.5 22.1 11.9 5.5 1.7 0.2 100.0 2.6 11.8 35.1 31.9 13.3 4.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.4 5.2 17.2 30.8 21.0 12.7 7.8 2.7 0.2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 3.8 17.6 42.0 25.4 8.4 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.0 11.4 28.6 29.4 18.4 8.0 2.0 0.2 100.0 5.2 20.0 26.1 26.1 10.4 10.4 1.7 100.0 1.0 7.6 25.3 29.0 22.1 11.4 3.3 0.2 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 15.2 6.1 16.0 25.2 18.7 10.6 5.2 1.6 0.2 100.0 1.7 4.3 15.4 28.5 25.7 15.5 6.7 2.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.1 18.2 30.9 21.2 12.8 5.5 1.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.1 3. 1 11.1 24.5 27.2 20.3 9.7 2.8 0.2 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 6.6 10.3 26.4 30.4 14.9 7.1 2.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.3 4.2 14.3 25.5 27.5 17.8 7.3 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 6.0 14.3 22.4 21.9 18.5 10.3 4.7 1.4 0.3 0.2 100.0 1.3 4.0 14.3 24.6 24.2 18.3 9.3 3.5 0.4 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 6.7 10.5 26.7 30.3 14.8 7.1 2.8 1.0 0,1 100.0 1.3 4.2 14.3 25.6 27.6 17.8 7.2 1.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.6 15.4 24.0 22.5 17.5 9.0 3.2 1.2 0.3 0.2 100.0 1.3 4.0 14.4 24.7 24.3 18.3 9.1 3.4 0.3 0.1 INDUSTRY 233 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is Jess than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE work- ers and fore- men Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. IRON AND STEEL, MACHIN- ERY, and vehicle indus- tries— continued Car and railroad shops — Continued. Female 100 0. 3.7 8.7 24.5 31.6 18.3 9.1 3.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.5 3.4 11.3 24.2 25.2 19.4 10.8 3.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 3.3 9.9 29.3 34.7 14.3 5.1 2.5 0.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.4 3.3 9.0 18.3 20.3 19.5 15.8 9.2 2.2 0.1 100.0 7.1 12.9 27.4 26.4 15.6 8.0 2.0 0.5 0.2 100.0 3.0 9.5 30.1 36.0 14.6 5.3 1.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 5.3 8.1 17.3 25.6 23.1 12.6 6.0 1.5 0.4 100.0 5.3 7.4 13.5 20.9 25.2 18.4 7.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 100.0 2.9 6.0 16.1 25.4 22.9 16.0 7.5 2.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.1 8.5 14.2 21.5 24.7 16.2 6.9 0.8 0.4 0.8 100.0 2.9 6.1 16.2 25.6 23.0 15.9 7.3 2.5 0.4 0.1 10 to 17 years . -- 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years ........ 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 7^years 75 years and over .- Unknown - Ship and boat building : Male -- 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.4 5.1 14.5 26.9 21.7 16.0 9.4 2.7 0.2 100.0 3.0 10.2 31.2 36.8 12.8 4.1 1.4 0.3 0.2 100.0 100.0 2.6 4.2 12.4 24.8 24.7 17.6 9.7 3.4 0.5 0.1 100. G 10 to 17 years 1 8 23 26 21 12 4 1 8 5 2 5 9 8 5 6 1 18 and 19 years . 2.1 11.8 30.1 29.1 18.1 7.2 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.9 13.7 27.5 28.5 20.1 7.0 1.0 0.1 1.6 20 to 24 years 3.7 25 to 34 years 10.6 35 to 44 years _ 15.4 45 to 54 years. 26.6 55 to 64 years. 22.9 65 to 74 years 16.5 75 years and over 2.7 Unknown . Female 10 to 17 years ._ 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years , 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Unknown Wagon and carriage facto- ries: Male 100.0 100.0 2.6 5.1 17.2 27.4 21.8 14.2 9.3 2.6 100.0 2.1 12.7 33.3 31.6 11.8 6.3 1.7 100.0 0.2 1.2 5.1 15.3 23.9 22.6 17.5 11.1 2.9 0.2 100.0 3.8 3.8 10.2 19.2 18.6 17.2 15.8 9.1 2.2 100.0 13.9 14.7 22.3 24.9 15.4 6.6 1.5 0.7 100.0 3.9 6.6 13.2 21.2 18.0 18.1 11.5 6.7 0.7 0.2 100.0 3.9 6.7 13.3 21.2 18.2 18.2 11.4 6.3 0.7 0.2 10 to 17 years i8 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. ..__ r . 25 to 34 years 1.2 9.8 19.9- 27.0 24.5 13.0 4.3 0.4 35 to 44 years .. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years _. 35 to 44 years. ^. _._„__ 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over 0.4 Unknown 234 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical In dustries— C on . IRON AND STEEL, MACHIN- ERY, and vehicle indus- tries— continued Other iron and steel and machinery factories : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Not specified metal indus- tries : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown metal industries (ex cept iron and steel) Brass mills : Male... ... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 1.7 3.8 12.6 26.2 25.4 17.7 9.1 3.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.4 13.8 31.7 27.5 13.1 5.3 1.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.4 3.4 11.8 25.1 27.6 19.1 8.7 2.6 0.3 0.1 rOO.O 6.2 13.7 30.7 27.4 14.4 5.5 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.7 3.9 11.6 23.3 26.3 19.5 9.9 3.5 0.3 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 3.5 16.5 35.8 24.5 13.3 4.8 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.3 3.7 19.5 40.2 23.2 9.6 2.8 0.6 100.0 4.2 16.7 35.0 23.1 13.5 5.9 1.2 0.2 100.0 0.1 4.5 17.6 35.3 24.7 11.5 5.0 1.1 0.2 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.1 2.0 18.3 33.2 J26.4 14.0 5.2 0.8 0.1 100.0 0.9 9.3 21.9 29.1 24.3 10.5 3.5 0.5 100.0 0.2 1.9 16.0 33.5 27.3 15.5 4.8 0.7 100.0 0.1 2.1 15.1 31.3 29.9 15.1 5.5 0.9 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 3.0 5.3 16.8 29.6 22.3 13.7 6.8 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.6 13.1 35.9 30.8 11.3 3.9 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.1 6.1 19.3 28.9 20.9 12.3 6.8 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.4 12.6 36.5 30.9 11.5 3.9 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.6 6.1 18.7 30.5 19.8 11.7 6.6 2.7 0.2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 2.1 10.1 26.9 27.9 19.5 9.9 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.5 4.4 19.9 30.7 25.1 13.1 4.6 1.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.7 8.8 24.5 31.4 21.5 9.2 2.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.8 8.8 24.4 30.0 21.3 10.2 3.2 0.2 Semi- skilled work- ers 100. 4. 5. 16. 26. 22. 14.8 7.8 2.9 0.4 100.0 10.1 15.1 27.4 23.6 14.7 6.5 2.0 0.4 100.0 3.2 5.2 14.8 26.4 24.4 15.5 7.7 2.6 0.3 100.0 10.0 16.2 25.4 22.9 16.8 6.4 2.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.3 5.3 13.5 21.8 23.4 18.0 10.3 3.9 0.4 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 2.6 5.4 14.7 22.8 23.1 17.8 9.5 3.5 0.4 0.1 100.0 11.0 16.7 26.2 20.6 14.3 7.0 3.0 0.-7 0.2 0.2 100.0 1.7 4.1 12.8 24.9 26.2 19.1 8.4 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 8.0 12.4 24.4 23.6 17.8 9.2 3.6 0.7 0.3 100.0 2.0 4.7 11.8 21.2 26.3 20.3 9.8 3.5 0.3 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 2.7 5.5 15.0 23.1 23.3 17.8 9.2 3.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 11.4 17.3 27.0 20.6 13.9 6.4 2.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.7 4.1 12.9 25.0 26.2 19.1 8.3 2.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 8.2 12.8 24.7 23.2 18.0 8.9 3.2 0.5 0.3 100.0 2.0 4.8 12.0 21.5 26.5 20.3 9.5 3.2 0.3 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 0.8 1.3 4.9 11.2 14.8 19.5 25.5 18.4 3.5 100.0 1.6 2.1 7.4 21.3 25.5 22.9 12.8 3.7 2.1 0.5 100.0 1.0 1.5 3.4 11.8 15.3 20.2 23.9 20.2 2.7 100.0 0.3 0.7 3.1 0.9 18.1 20.8 24.2 20.1 2.7 INDUSTRY 235 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or wnere base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL)— COntd. Brass mills— Continued. Female 100.0 6.3 14.9 28.8 27.7 14.0 6.0 1.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.1 12.8 33.0 33.8 12.0 4.2 1.0 0.1 100.0 8.9 16.6 26.2 23.2 15.5 6.9 2.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.6 5.3 14.9 24.4 20.6 15.4 9.7 4.4 0.6 0.1 100.0 9.4 13.8 26.9 25.5 13.0 7.7 3.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.8 4.2 16.4 28.3 23.3 14.6 8.1 2.9 0.4 100.0 10.1 24.0 23.3 23.3 10.9 6.2 1.6 100.0 10.3 20.3 23.0 19.1 13.7 9.3 2.5 1.2 0.5 100.0 10.6 20.6 23.4 19.3 13.6 8.8 2.0 1.3 0.5 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. ... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. 75 years and over Unknown . Clock and watch factories : Male 100.0 4.4 5.0 13.9 24.1 21.2 15.8 10.5 4.5 0.6 0.1 100.0 9.2 14.5 28.3 25.4 12.3 7.0 2.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.1 3.2 13.3 27.2 26.1 17.7 8.5 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.9 16.8 29.6 31.7 11.3 4.6 0.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.7 7.8 18.6 24.8 17.2 9.9 7.4 2.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 5.9 14.5 33.2 27.9 11.0 5.1 1.8 0.3 0.1 1 100.0 3.7 6.1 19.5 28.6 19.7 12.3 7.8 2.0 0.4 100.0 0.1 2.8 9.7 25.4 24.9 18.8 12.8 5.0 0.5 100.0 1.9 5.6 21.3 S3. 3 21.3 10.2 6.5 100.0 0.1 1.6 8.6 27.1 28.6 20.8 10.3 2.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 10.2 8.7 17.3 18.7 16.1 12.8 9.5 5.7 0.8 0.1 100.0 19.7 24.6 32.2 14.5 5.6 2.2 1.1 100.0 11.0 9.5 18.2 19.2 16.6 11.9 8.8 4.3 0.5 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 4.5 19.1 31.7 22.1 11.6 6.5 4.0 0.5 2.2 18.6 28.8 25.5 18.2 5.3 1.3 0.2 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Ur known Female 100.0 20.1 25.0 32.6 14.8 4.9 1.9 0.8 10 to 17 years - 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years- 75 years and over Unknown Copper factories : Male... 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.2 3.6 14.6 26.4 26.4 17.7 7.6 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.2 3.6 14.7 26.5 26.6 17.7 7.5 1.9 0.2 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years ,.. 2.1 13.8 39.6 24.8 14.2 4.3 1.1 0.3 1.5 16.3 32.5 26.5 17.3 4.5 1.3 20 to 24 years... 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years - 75 years and over Unknown Female 100.0 3.2 12.3 32.7 36.8 10.1 4.1 0.6 0.2 10 to 17 years - 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 vears 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years , 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years -. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 0.8 67555 0—38 16 236 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL)— COntd. Gold and silver factories : Male . 100.0 2.9 3.9 9.8 18.0 24.2 20.9 13.6 6.0 0.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.6 7.2 17.8 21.9 18.8 15.4 9.1 3.5 0.7 100.0 2.6 8.2 17.5 23.9 23.6 16.7 6.5 1.0 100.0 4.3 4.2 9.7 18.6 25.4 20.0 11.5 5.6 0.6 100.0 4.7 6.0 10.9 15.7 21.1 19.1 14.2 7.8 0.5 0.1 100.0 18.5 13.9 28.7 17.6 10.2 8.3 1.9 100.0 4.9 6.2 11.5 16.3 22.0 19.2 13.6 5.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 19.8 14.9 29.7 17.8 9.9 5.9 2.0 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 2.2 11.1 22.5 24.4 19.6 15.9 3.7 0.7 0.1 2.2 10.9 31.4 27.0 19.2 8.3 0.9 20 to 24 years , 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 vears 56 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Fe male 100.0 8.1 11.6 26.8 24.1 14.1 10.0 4.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 5.6 5.8 13.8 21.8 23.1 16.3 9.2 3.9 0.5 100.0 4.1 12.0 33.0 28.7 11.8 7.8 2.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 14.2 9.7 17.0 20.6 15.7 12.3 7.1 2.8 0.5 0.1 100.0 6.1 14.3 32.7 26.7 12.1 5.7 2.0 0.2 100.0 1.7 11.7 20.0 20.8 22.5 13.3 8.3 1.7 100.0 3.9 14.0 25.8 26.6 16.0 9.4 3.8 0.5 100.0 10.5 11.4 23.4 21.6 15.0 11.2 5.2 1.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 11.3 8.3 15.4 19.0 19.4 14.6 7.8 3.8 0.4 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years = 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over . . „. 0.9 Unknown Jewelry factories : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.1 6.2 12.3 14.9 18.2 17.7 16.1 7.3 1.2 100.0 8.1 8.1 13.9 17.1 19.2 17.6 11.5 3.5 1.2 100.0 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 3.0 11.9 27.1 21.8 24.3 9.1 1.7 1.1 0.1 2.1 17.0 31.9 28.0 14.5 5.6 0.8 0.7 20 to 24 years. 7.6 25 to 34 years 8.3 35 to 44 years 15.3 45 to 54 years 18. 1 55 to 64 years.. 29.9 65 to 74 years 18.7 75 years and over 1.4 Unknown Fe male 100.0 13.9 15.2 25.6 21.8 13.0 7.5 2.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.6 3.7 13.2 27.2 26.1 17.6 8.0 2.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.5 14.0 27.5 25.3 17.6 11.2 3.1 0.9 100.0 19.5 16.0 22.1 18.8 12.7 7.8 2.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.9 4.4 14.2 25.1 24.0 16.0 9.5 3.8 0A 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years „ 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown . 0.1 100.0 5.5 6.1 15.0 27.8 22.2 13.8 6.6 2.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.5 8.8 24.8 29.4 21.9 10.2 2.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.4 4.0 14.5 2S. 4 26.1 16.8 6.8 1.7 0.1 100.0 1.4 4.1 14.6 28.6 26.2 16.8 6.6 1.6 0.1 0.1 Lead and zinc factories : Male 100.0 100.0 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 3.7 17.3 38.5 23.4 12.6 3.1 1.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 14.9 29.3 28.5 17.4 7.6 0.8 0.2 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown INDUSTRY 237 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930— Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. METAL INDUSTRIES (EXCEPT iron and steel)— contd. Lead and zinc factories — Continued. Female 100.0 6.0 10.7 27.6 30.4 16.6 6.0 1.9 0.8 100.0 5.7 10.9 28.9 33.9 13.6 5.7 0.9 0.4 100.0 7.9 11.8 24.7 23.6 19.7 5.6 4.5 2.2 10 to 17 years... .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 vears 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories : Male 100.0 3.1 5.7 15.6 26.0 23.0 15.5 8.0 2.7 0.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.6 6.4 20.7 30.2 19.7 11.6 5.5 2.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.8 14.4 35.7 27.9 11.9 4.1 0.9 0.2 100.0 3.6 12.7 27.3 27.1 17.9 8.7 2.8 0.4 100.0 1.9 6.5 21.9 27.1 23.9 13.5 3.9 1.3 100.0 7.0 8.3 19.8 26.3 18.8 11.2 6.2 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 14.4 19.6 27.0 20.8 11.6 4.7 1.5 0.4 100.0 4.8 8.7 18.0 23.9* 19.5 14.1 7.7 2.9 0.3 100.0 4.8 8.8 18.3 24.2 19.7 14.0 7.3 2.7 0.2 100.0 10 to 17 vears 0.8 18 and 19 years 3.7 16.2 40.0 21.9 11.6 5.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.8 16.1 32.6 28.2 15.3 5.0 0.8 0.1 1.6 20 to 24 years 6.8 25 to 34 years 10.2 35 to 44 years 11.0 45 to 54 years 21.1 55 to 64 years 28.2 65 to 74 years 16.7 75 years and over 3.7 Unknown... Female 100.0 12.1 18.1 29.2 22.3 11.7 4.7 1.4 0.4 100.0 17.4 20.1 27.6 17.9 10.3 4.4 1.7 0.5 100.0 17.5 20.2 27.8 17.9 10.2 4.3 1.6 0.5 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years ., 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. 75 years and over Unknown . 0.1 100.0 2.9 6.0 16.5 27.9 22.9 14.7 6.7 2.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 9.4 18.8 34.2 23.3 9.5 3.5 1.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.3 7.9 21.6 31.8 17.8 10.0 4.8 1.5 0.1 100. 4.7 15.7 39.2 27.3 9.5 2.4 0.8 0.2 100.0 0.1 2.4 12.2 30.4 28.1 17.2 7.2 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.8 9.9 24.4 29.8 26.0 7.6 1.5 0.1 100.0 4.4 7.6 17.4 26.5 20.8 14.2 6.5 2.3 0.3 100.0 12.0 20.5 32.6 21.2 8.6 3.6 1.1 0.3 Other metal factories : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.4 7.4 19.3 26.5 21.2 13.2 6.5 2.3 0.2 0.2 100.0 12.4 23.1 28.9 19.6 10.2 3.8 1.6 0.4 100.0 3.4 7.4 19.5 26.8 21.4 13.1 6.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 12.9 23.4 29.9 19.5 9.7 3.4 1.1 100.0 10 to 17 years 0.6 18 and 19 years 3.1 21.1 40.0 21.2 9.8 3.7 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.7 21.3 34.2 26.1 12.3 2.7 0.3 0.1 4.1 20 to 24 years 9.9 25 to 34 years 12 9 35 to 44 years 8 2 45 to 54 years 18 1 55 to 64 years 23 4 65 to 74 years. 20 5 75 years and over 1 2 Unknown I 2 Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... , 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown 238 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. LEATHER INDUSTRIES Harness and saddle fac- tories : Male.. 10 to 17 years — 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years... 75 years and over. Unknown.. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories: Male.. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75-years and over... Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years ... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Shoe factories : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years . . . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years..... 35 to 44 years 45 to 5i years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100.0 1.0 1.4 4.0 9.5 15.1 22.3 24.9 17.7 4.1 0.1 100.0 8.1 11.7 24.9 23.3 16.4 9.4 4.5 1.3 0.2 0.2 100.0 4.5 5.5 12.6 22.8 23.4 17.5 9.5 3.7 0.4 100.0 13.0 15.8 29.7 22.0 11.7 5.4 1.8 0.6 0.1 100.0 5.9 7.3 15.3 23.4 22.1 14.6 8.1 2.9 0.4 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 0.6 12.5 35.2 28.3 14.8 7.4 0.6 0.6 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 2.9 10.1 35.3 25.5 17.4 7.1 1.7 100.0 1.0 5.5 14.5 26.7 27.2 19.1 6.0 100.0 0.2 2.2 19.3 33.1 25.9 13.2 5.2 1.0 100.0 0.1 2.4 18.9 33.0 24.7 15.0 4.9 1.0 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 1.8 3.9 8.5 19.4 21.1 20.8 17.3, 7.0 0.4 100.0 5.5 10.2 35.4 26.0 10.2 7.9 4.7 100.0 7.5 8.6 17.7 23.7 18.6 12.9 7.9 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 7.3 15.8 35.8 25.5 11.0 3.3 0.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 6.9 9.1 18.7 24.1 18.0 12.7 7.4 2.7 0.3 Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 0.7 5.0 15.8 23.8 26.8 19.1 8.1 0.7 100.0 0.1 1.8 8.2 23.5 25.7 21.5 14.1 4.4 0.6 0.1 100.0 2.7 10.2 18.4 25.2 19.7 18.4 5.4 100.0 0.1 1.7 7.6 22.5 29.3 22.6 12.2 3.6 0.5 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 0.9 1.1 3.2 8.5 14.2 22.1 26.1 19.3 4.5 0.1 100.0 8.3 13.4 19.6 23.2 19.2 9.8 4.3 2.2 100.0 4.9 5.9 13.7 23.6 22.6 16.6 8.7 3.5 0.3 100.0 14.9 15.9 28.5 20.9 11.6 '5.6 1.9 0.7 100.0 5.9 7.4 15.7 23.9 22.3 14.2 7.6 2.7 0.4 100. C 4.5 5.7 14.4 18.5 20.9 18.1 12.0 5.1 0.8 100.0 6.6 6.9 13.5 18.6 22.4 17.7 9.6 3.9 0.8 0.1 100.0 17.4 18.3 28.3 20.0 11.3 3.0 1.3 0.4 Labor- ers Ser- vant classes 100.0 4.6 5.9 14.5 18.3 21.6 18.3 11.1 5.0 0.6 100.0 6.8 6.8 13.6 18.6 23.0 17.6 9.1 3.9 0,6 0.1 100.0 17.5 18.3 27.9 20.1 11.4 3.1 1.3 0.4 100.0 11.4 11.7 19.7 20.3 14.5 10.4 7.6 3.9 0.5 0.1 100.0 12.2 12.5 20.7 20.9 14.3 9.7 6.4 3.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.5 2.6 8.7 13.8 15.9 19.0 20.9 13.8 2.5 0.2 INDUSTRY 239 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and, Me- chanical Industries— Con. LEATHER INDUSTRIES— COn. Shoe factories— Continued. Female 100.0 10.2 12.5 24.2 24.0 16.4 8.3 3.4 0.8 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.9 15.3 34.7 27.7 10.8 4.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.0 7.6 18.6 25.7 19.9 13.8 7.3 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.8 12.8 32.4 31.0 12.8 5.4 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.2 7.2 17.1 23.6 20.7 15.2 7.9 2.7 0.3 100.0 0.7 3.3 15.2 27.6 29.8 15.6 6.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 100.0 0.9 5.5 19.2 27.5 25.7 15.7 4.9 0.7 100.0 0.4 2.5 9.6 22.6 25.3 25.1 11.1 3.0 0.4 100.0 10.6 12.0 22.7 23.8 17.3 8.9 3.8 1.0 0.1 100.0 17.4 17.5 28.7 18.9 10.0 5.0 2.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 17.5 17.6 28.8 18.9 10.0 5.0 1.9 0.3 0.1 10 to 17 years . . 18 and 19 years 7.8 21.4 26.2 22.3 15.5 4.9 1.9 1.0 4.9 21.4 24.3 29.1 14.6 3.9 1.0 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... ... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Tanneries : Male -- 100.0 2.5 4.3 11.7 20.9 24.8 19.7 11.3 4.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 11.0 14.3 23.8 22.9 17.4 7.3 2.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.0 6.5 13.3 21.4 22.2 18.3 9.2 3.4 0.4 0.1 100.0 11.9 15.9 27.8 22.9 14.2 6.0 0.9 0.4 100.0 100. 100.0 2.7 4.0 10.9 20.0 25.4 20.1 11.7 4.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 13.6 15.0 20.6 20.0 19.4 7.9 2.7 0.6 0.1 0.2 100.0 5.2 7.0 14.3 20.8 22.1 18.0 8.8 3.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 14.0 17.8 24.9 21.2 14.1 6.8 0.8 0.5 100.0 2.8 5.5 14.0 22.0 23.2 18.0 9.8 4.0 0.4 0.2 100.0 17.2 16.2 20.2 17.2 16.6 7.8 3.2 1.3 0.2 100.0 2.9 5.5 14.1 22.2 23.3 18.0 9.7 3.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 17.5 16.6 20.3 17.3 16.4 7.8 2.7 1.4 100.0 10 to 17 years 0.5 18 and 19 years 2.5 15.4 33.2 27.9 11.0 8.2 1.3 0.6 2.1 17.0 31.4 27.0 15.4 5.8 1.2 0.1 3.8 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 2.7 6.0 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... 55 to 64 years. -_ . .. 65 to 74 years. _. 75 years and over. . Unknown..- ._ Female 14.8 18.1 24.7 24.7 3.3 1.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years... 25 to 34 years... 35 to 44 years .. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years ._ .. . 75 years and over Unknown Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories : Male 100.0 100.0 9.8 10.2 14.4 21.9 17.5 13.8 8.4 3.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 10.2 10.5 14.9 22.2 17.4 13.5 7.7 3.0 0.4 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 0.4 3.0 20.0 30.6 25.1 13.6 5.7 1.6 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. _ . . 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years ... _. 55 to 64 years _ 65 to 74 years 75 years and over.-. - Unknown. ._. . Female 100.0 6.5 11.4 35.7 28.4 13.5 3.5 1.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years.- _-. ... 45 to 54 years. .-. . 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. .. Unknown 240 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100J INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES Furniture factories : Male. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over.. Unknown ... Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Piano and organ factories : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years.. _ 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over.... Unknown... Female. 10 to 17 years. ■.... 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Saw and planing mills : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years... 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over .. Unknown Total 100. 3.1 4.9 13.8 23.0 20.9 17.3 11.3 5.0 0.7 100.0 5.8 12.2 27.4 25.4 15.4 8.6 3.7 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.7 2.6 8.5 17.5 24.2 21.8 15.6 7.2 1.0 100.0 5.8 11.8 29.4 28.0 14.6 6.8 3.0 0.6 100.0 3.6 5.4 16.5 25.4 21.0 16.2 8.6 2.9 0.3 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 3.2 18.1 31.3 22.3 14.8 7.9 1.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.0 11.8 35.3 23.5 10.8 11.8 2.0 2.9 100.0 1.7 13.2 26.9 25.0 18.0 11.0 3.4 0.8 0.1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.1 2.3 18.1 30.2 26.5 16.0 5.8 1.0 100.0 7.4 23.3 27.0 24.5 14.1 3.7 100.0 0,1 1.3 12.5 27.4 25,0 21.3 10.7 1.4 0.2 100.0 0.1 2.1 15.1 28.6 29.1 18.0 6.1 0.8 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.3 4.7 15.9 29.5 21.7 14.9 7.9 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.2 13.7 35.8 29.5 11.0 4.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.1 4.4 14.2 24.3 20.9 18.0 10.4 4.4 0.2 100.0 4.4 13.8 33.3 28.4 13.5 4.5 1.9 0.2 100.0 1.0 3.1 14.9 30.4 24.3 15.6 7.9 2.6 0.3 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.8 3.4 12.2 22.9 21.9 19.1 12,7 5.9 1.0 100.0 0.3 6.5 19.1 25.6 21. 9 16.1 7.6 2.6 0.3 100.0 1.7 7.1 18.4 25.4 23.0 16.2 7.0 1.1 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.7 8.3 22.3 26.8 23.1 12.8 4.4 0.5 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 4.6 5.7 14.8 23.1 20.3 16.1 10.4 4.4 0.6 100.0 7.9 11.5 22.2 22.1 18.0 11.0 5.3 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.0 2.3 8.0 17.0 24.5 22.2 15.8 7.2 1.0 100.0 7.6 10.4 26.3 27.2 15.5 7.3 4,6 1.1 100.0 3.1 4.5 15.6 26.3 20.5 16.0 9.8 3.6 0.4 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 6.5 8.5 17.9 21.7 16.7 14.0 9.6 4.6 0.5 100.0 8.5 15.3 23.9 22:8 15.6 9.0 3.6 0.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.7 5.4 12.6 14.3 21.3 19.1 14.5 8.0 1.1 0.1 100.0 9.3 10.2 25.0 22.2 16.7 14.8 1.9 100.0 5.1 7.2 20.1 26.5 18. S 13.4 6.5 2.1 0.2 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 6.6 8.6 18.1 21.9 16.8 13.9 9.4 4.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 8.5 15.9 24.2 23.1 15.4 8.5 3.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.0 5.9 13.0 14.9 21.6 19.1 13.6 7.0 1.0 0.1 100.0 5.1 7.2 20.2 26.5 18.8 13.4 6.4 2.0 0.2 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 2.2 2.7 7.4 13.8 13.5 18.0 20.3 18.6 3.3 100.0 7.7 7.0 17.6 19.7 25.4 20.4 2.1 100.0 1.7 2.5 4.2 9.S 17.0 17/0 22.3 20.9 4.2 0.3 INDUSTRY 241 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. LUMBER. AND FURNITURE industries— continued Saw and planing mills— Oontinued. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years - 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years... ^ 75 years and over Unknown . Other woodworking fac- tories : Male _. 10 to 17 years... 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years- 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years ... 75 years and over Unknown PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., factories : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years ..-. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown „ Female.,... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown.... Total 100 8 11 27, 27, 15 7, 2. 100 4 5 14 22 20 17 10 4 0, 0. 100, 10, 13 25 23 14 7, 3 1 100.0 4.0 6.5 15.6 25.2 21.3 15.0 8.8 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 9.2 14.8 30.1 25.6 12.0 5.5 2.2 0.4 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 100, 0, 3 17, 26 24 17. 9 1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 2.0 5.9 15.-7 19.6 37.3 13.7 3.9 1.0, 1.0 100.0 0.1 2.1 15.5 28.4 27.0 18.1 7.6 1.2 0.1 100.0 0.2 2.1 19.1 33.4 26.0 13.6 4.7 0.7 0.2 100.0 1.0 4.8 28.8 30.8 22.1 9.6 1.0 1.9 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.4 10.1 32.9 33.7 14.4 4.8 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 100. 3.6 0. 4.4 2. 16.6 9. 27.9 21. 21.0 24. 14.9 21. 7.5 13. 3.5 6. 0.4 0. 0.1 0. 100.0 100. 4.4 0. 12.1 5. 32.2 27. 30.4 30. 14.0 16. 5.0 10. 1.4 6. 0.4 2. 0.1 100.0 4.5 6.8 17.8 28.1 19.0 13.2 7.4 2.9 0.3 100.0 5.7 13.3 35.6 29.4 9.9 4.2 1.4 0.2 0.2 Skilled work? ers and fore- men 100.0 1.0 3.8 21.0 29.5 18.1 18.1 7.6 1.0 100.0 0.7 4.1 14.2 28.0 25.8 15.9 8.5 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.7 8.4 19.6 28.8 25.9 10.5 3.5 0.7 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 11.8 12.4 24.8 23.3 16.1 7.5 3.2 0.6 0.3 100.0 4.8 5.7 13.9 21.7 19.3 16.6 11.5 5.4 1.0 0.1 100.0 11.7 14.3 24.3 21.0 13.8 8.4 4.4 1.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.3 8.5 17.6 25.3 18.1 12.7 8.1 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 10.8 15.8 28.9 24.3 11.8 5.5 2.3 0.4 UNSKILLED Total 100 13 12 23 22 15 9 2 0, 100 6 7, 18 24. 17 14 7 3 0, 100 12 13 24 23 14 7, 2 ). .1 100.0 6.3 9.7 18.8 20.9 16.0 13.7 9.4 4.4 0.7 0.1 100.0 11.5 16.5 29.3 21.8 11.0 6.2 2.3 1.3 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 13.4 12.8 23.4 *22.4 15.5 8.7 2.3 0.8 0.4 0.2 100.0 6.5 7.9 18.9 24.1 17.8 13.9 7.4 2.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 12.9 14.0 24.7 23.8 14.3 7.5 2.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.6 10.1 19.8 21.5 15.9 13.3 8.6 3.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 11.6 16.6 29.4 21.9 11.0 6.1 2.2 1.1 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.0 2.4 7.6 10.1 13.2 21.5 22.2 19.1 2.4 0.3 100.0 2.5 2.0 3.5 10.1 18.2 20.2 23.2 16.2 4.0 242 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES— COn. Paper ahd pulp mills: Male 100.0 1.7 4.6 15.1 26.9 23.0 16.5 8.9 3.0 0.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.9 5.6 17.6 30.6 20.7 13.5 6.3 2.5 0.3 100.0 3.3 11.6 34.7 32.4 12.0 4.5 1.0 0.3 100.0 0.1 1.3 7.7 25.0 28.2 21.9 11.9 3.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.4 5.3 19.4 27.2 25.0 14.9 5.1 1.4 0.3 100.0 0.3 3.1 13.6 28.5 27.4 16.9 8.0 2.1 0.2 100 1.8 4.9 16.6 29.1 21.8 14.6 8.0 2.8 0.3 100.0 8.3 12,7 23.8 23.5 16.9 9.7 4.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.6 8.5 18.7 26.0 19.8 12.0 6.0 2.3 0.3 100.0 2.3 6.0 17.5 24.9 i 21.3 15.9 8.8 3.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 10.3 15.2 28.7 21.9 13.0 6.9 2.7 1.0 0.1 0.2 100.0 7.5 9.7 19.1 21.9 17.0 13.0 8.2 3.2 0.5 100.0 2.3 6.1 17.7 25.1 21.4 15.8 8.5 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 10.5 15.4 29.1 22.0 12.8 6.6 2.4 0.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 7.7 10.0 19.5 22.3 17.0 13.0 7.5 2.7 0.3 100.0 10 to 17 vears 0.9 18 and 19 years.. 3.3 19.5 38.6 23.3 9.9 3.9 1.3 0.1 1.8 18.7 32.2 26.7 14.5 5.0 0.9 0.1 1.4 20 to 24 years 5.2 25 to 34 years 13.5 35 to 44 years 16.6 45 to 54 years 20.9 55 to 64 years . 23.9 65 to 74 years. 15.4 75 years and over 2.1 Unknown.. 0.1 Female.. 100 6.7 12.4 27.6 26.2 15.2 7.9 3.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.6 6.5 15.8 25.5 22.3 14.6 7.5 2.9 0.4 100.0 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 2.0 15.8 31.7 20.8 21.8 7.9 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years _ . 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 4.4 6.1 17.4 30.9 22.1 10.2 5.7 3.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.0 14.3 34.4 28.2 10.9 4.8 1.3 0.2 Paper box factories : Male.. 100.0 10 to 17 years.. , 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 years.. 2.3 18.8 32.0 27.6 13.0 5.4 0.9 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.-.. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . 75 years and over . Unknown Female 100.0 13.8 15.0 27.8 23.2 11.3 5.8 2.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.6 6.3 16.0 25.3 21.5 14.2 8.7 2.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.2 6.0 16.1 26.6 23.8 16.1 7.7 1.2 0.8 0.4 100.0 1.2 4.7 16.5 27.8 23.5 14.6 ■8.8 2.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 15.0 15.4 27.2 22.7 11.0 5.6 2.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 14.7 13.8 20.0 19.3 14.4 9.5 5.9 2.1 0.3 100.0 17.5 16.2 29.5 20.6 9.2 4.3 2.3 0.3 100.0 17.6 16.1 29.8 20.5 9.3 4.2 2.2 0.3 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years . - - . - 45 to 54 vears 55 to 64 years. -. . 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown Printing, publishing, and engraving : Male 100.0 0.7 5.7 19.2 31.7 22.4 11.8 6.3 1.8 0.2 0.2 100.0 0.7 4.8 20.4 29.1 23.6 15:2 5.3 0.9 0.1 100.0 9.4 7.9 16.9 25.7 17.7 11.6 7.3 3.1 0.5 0.1 100.0 8.2 10.4 17.6 18.7 15.3 14.3 10.0 4.7 0.7 0.1 100.0 10.7 13.3 20.9 19.3 13.7 11.7 7.0 3.0 0.4 100.0 10 to 17 vears 1.8 18 and 19 vears 3.0 20 to 24 years 9.2 25 to 34 years 17.3 35 to 44 years 19.6 45 to 54 years -- .. 21. 1 55 to 64 years 17.5 65 to 74 years 9.2 75 years and over 1.2 Unknown 0.1 INDUSTRY 243 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. PAPER, PRINTING, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES— COD. Printing, publishing, and engraving— Continued. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over . Unknown TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Carpet mills : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years . . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over- Unknown Cotton mills: Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown.. Total 100.0 5.4 11.7 27.6 27.8 15.5 7.9 3.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.9 5.7 13.3 22.2 23.1 16.2 10.3 4.6 0.7 100.0 7.4 10.1 21.6 21.6 17.2 10.4 7.1 3.5 1.0 0.1 100.0 7.8 6.9 16.0 240 19.7 14.8 7.9 2.6 0.3 100.0 14.6 11.6 22.1 24.3 16.6 7.8 2.4 0.5 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 0.4 8.0 26.7 27.9 22.9 10.7 3.1 0.4 100.0 5.3 15.7 25.5 23.2 14.7 11.4 3.3 0.8 100.0 12.2 36.6 27.4 15.9 4.9 1.2 1.2 0.6 100.0 2.2 16.0 35.1 19.2 14.8 9.1 3.4 0.2 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0. 7 8.1 23.8 28.9 24.0 11.1 2.6 0.3 0.4 100.0 0.1 3.0 19.9 28.3 25.7 15.8 6.4 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.1 2.2 16.3 29.5 29.3 15.8 5.7 1.0 0.1 100.0 100.0 0.6 4.5 4.2 10.6 13.9 33.8 28.5 31.7 29.1 13.4 18.8 4.7 4.2 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 4.5 12.5 31.2 28.6 13.3 6.5 2.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.2 9.6 19.5 27.4 17.7 11.2 7.6 2.6 0.3 100.0 6.6 15.8 36.8 26.4 9.9 3.2 1.2 0.1 too. 3.8 6.2 18.2 28.7 19.8 12.8 7.4 2.8 0.4 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 1.6 6.3 19.3 29.7 23.3 13.1 5.4 1.0 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.1 1.2 6.8 22.1 28.4 22.1 13.4 5.2 0.7 100.0 0.1 1.1 6.7 23.6 30.2 23.6 11.5 2.8 •0.4 100.0 0.8 5.1 13.5 32.5 25.6 14.0 7.4 1.0 0.3 Semi- skilled work- ers 100 9 12 23 25 16 8 3 100 4 6 14 22. 22 14 9 4 100.0 7.6 9.3 19.7 21.0 18.2 11.1 7.9 4.0 1.2 0.1 100.0 8.5 8.0 18.2 25.3 18.7 12.8 6.4 2.0 0.2 100.0 14.9 11.6 21.8 24.2 16.6 7.8 2.4 0.5 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 11.6 15.3 26.8 21.6 12.5 8.0 3.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 100.0 4.6 6.6 13.1 18.3 22.5 17.8 11.4 5.2 0.6 100.0 9.2 12.7 22.9 20.0 14.5 12.0 5.8 2.3 0.3 0.2 100.0 11.9 8.1 15.7 19.8 15.5 14.6 9.7 4.2 0.5 0.1 100.0 15.2 11.9 21.8 21.9 16.9 8.0 3.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 12.8 16.9 29.4 21.6 10.5 5.7 2.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 100.0 6. 18. 7 3 18.5 22.7 17.9 10.9 4.8 0.4 100.0 9.1 12.8 23. 1 20.3 14.9 12.0 5.1 2.2 0.3 0.2 100.0 12.2 8.2 15i9 20.1 15.6 14.4 9.2 3.8 0.5 0.1 100.0 15.5 12.0 22.0 21.8 16.7 7.9 3.1 0.9 0.1 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.8 2.4 4.8 21.2 29.1 26.7 9.7 3.0 1.2 100.0 3.6 7.2 11.4 16.3 15.1 24.7 16.9 4.8 100.0 3.7 3.9 8.3 10.1 12.6 19.0 24.6 15.7 2.1 100.0 4.2 7.7 16.2 25.0 23.8 12.7 8.1 2.3 244 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — 'Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLEE > INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES— COn. Hemp, jute, and linen mills : Male . 100.0 5.0 6.0 16.3 24.3 21.6 14.4 8.9 3.2 0.3 100.0 100.0 7.7 7.2 17.0 26.0 21.0 12.5 6.5 2.2 100.0 2.8 10.2 21.5 29.7 18.5 12.1 4.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.5 7.7 20.9 26.4 17.5 10.6 7.7 2.3 0.4 100.0 5.8 6.4 14.8 20.7 23.2 16.1 8.7 4.0 0.2 100.0 6.0 6.4 15.1 21.2 23.3 15.8 8.1 3.8 0.2 10 to 17 years . 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years .. 3.5 22.7 27.4 26.7 14.3 4.4 1.0 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown.. Female 100.0 11.9 12.4 22.0 23.3 17.5 8.4 3.4 1.0 0.1 100. 8.6 15.9 32.4 27.5 8.4 4.8 1.5 0.7 100.0 12.8 11.9 20.5 22.5 19.1 8.7 3.6 0.9 0.1 100.0 12.5 15.4 13.5 25.0 16.3 8.7 3.8 3.8 1.0 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years _ 55 to 64 years „ 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 0.2 100.0 6.3 9.2 21.2 27.2 16.4 11.1 6.1 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 6.9 14.9 35.3 27.0 10.2 4.1 1.2 0.4 Knitting mills : Male 100.0 8.7 10.6 23.2 26.2 15.3 8.9 4.9 1.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 14.6 15.2 27.2 22.7 11.7 5.7 2.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.4 4-. 8 10.4 21.1 24.9 18.7 9.7 3.5 0.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 2.9 13.3 33.6 25.6 14.7 7.1 2.2 0.4 100.0 1.5 4.9 16.6 32.2 24.7 14.6 4.6 0.8 100.0 11.0 13.0 27.6 25.8 12.0 5.9 3.1 1.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 15.3 15.3 26.9 22.2 11.6 5.6 2.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 7.0 5.5 11.6 22.2 23.4 17.5 9.0 3.4 0.4 100.0 11.4 11.0 18.0 18 8 13.1 12.5 9.6 4.8 0.8 0.1 100.0 17.9 17.2 25.2 19.9 10.4 6.0 2.7 0.7 100.0 11.9 11.4 18.8 19.5 13.1 12.2 8.4 4.0 0.6 100.0 18.1 17.4 25.5 20.1 10.2 M 2. 5 0.7 100.0 10 to 17 years 2.8 18 and 19 years 2.2 13.3 48.2 20.8 9.7 4.4 1.3 0.2 3.8 23.8 35.1 22.3 10.7 3.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 3.5 20 to 24 years 4.8 25 to 34 years S. 3 35 to 44 years 13. 1 45 to 54 years 17.9 55 to 64 years 29.0 65 to 74 years 17.4 75 years and over 2.8 Unknown 0.3 Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 1.0 15.5 31.1 33.2 12.4 4.7 1.6 0.5 20to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years... 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 16.2 11.5 22.7 20.0 12.9 8.3 6.3 2.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.0 4.2 20.7 25.4 26.8 15.1 5.6 1.2 0.1 100.0 14.3 13! 3 18.4 13.7 12.7 13.1 6.1 0.8 0.1 100.0 15.0 8.1 13.6 18.4 13.6 12.7 12.5 5.4 0.6 Lace and embroidery mills : Male 100.0 100.0 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 1.1 4.7 20.8 33.9 23.0 11.5 3.8 0.9 0.2 0.2 2.0 19.3 38.8 27.2 9.8 i 2.5 0.2 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 61 years.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown INDUSTRY 245 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total 100.0 12.5 12.9 24.0 25.0 14.0 7.7 2.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.6 5.7 13.5 22.2 21.3 17.0 11.6 4.5 0.5 0.1 100.0 10.6 12.8 23.8 23.3 17.5 8.4 2.9 0.6 Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES— COn. lace and embroidery mills- Continued. Female - 100.0 100.0 10.6 18.6 34. 1 23.6 8.4 3.7 0.8 0.1 100.0 1.9 3.8 15.6 34.1 25.1 15.2 3.8 0.5 100.0 13.2 12.8 23.6 24.7 14.0 7.6 3.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.4 6.6 15.6 21.9 19.4 15.1 11.1 4.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 12.6 13.6 23.0 21.3 17.4 8.4 2.9 0.7 100.0 26.0 16.5 20.5 17.3 10.2 7.1 1.6 0.8 100.0 26.4 16.8 20.8 17.6 10.4 6.4 0.8 0.8 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 3.5 19.6 37.8 19.6 11.9 5.6 2.1 20 to 24 years - 25 to 34 years... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Rope and cordage factories : Male 100.0 100.0 3.6 5.8 15.9 25.3 24.1 13.9 7.8 3.5 0.1 100.0 2.0 8.2 21.4 25.3 21.5 15.6 5.3 0.6 0.2 100.0 3.5 7.2 14.2 22.8 20.1 16.8 10.7 4.2 0.5 100.0 3.5 7.3 14.3 23.0 20.2 16.8 10.5 3.8 0.5 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 vears 20 to 24 years 1.5 15.1 28.9 27.2 18.0 7.9 1.5 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 100.0 3.2 8.6 30.9 34.3 14.7 6.0 2.4 100.0 9.5 13.6 21.8 19.7 22.4 8.5 2.7 1.4 100.0 9.7 13.8 22.1 19.7 21.8 8.7 2.4 1.4 10 to 17 vears 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 vears 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 2.2 4.1 12.0 23.1 22.5 18.4 11.8 5.0 0.9 0.1 100.0 3.3 5.3 14.0 24.0 25.4 18.9 7.2 1.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 100.0 3.9 9.6 23.0 24.9 18.6 11.2 5.5 2.9 0.4 0.3 100.0 3.8 9.9 23.6 25.4 18.3 11.4 4.9 2.5 0.1 Sail, awning, and tent fac- tories : Male 100.0 100.0 1.8 4.6 14.1 29.8 23.6 13.1 9.1 2.9 1.0 100.0 0.4 1.7 13.8 30.5 24.2 16.2 10.2 3.0 iOO.O 3.3 4.9 13.0 21.3 20.3 18.5 12.0 5.5 1.0 0.1 100.0 3.0 4.0 9.9 22.6 26.9 22.9 8.4 2.0 0.1 0.2 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 0.2 2.1 19.3 28.0 25. 8 16.5 6.7 1.2 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 vears 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 vears 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 100.0 5.4 10.7 29.9 31.3 16.9 4.5 1.0 0.2 10 to 17 vears . 18 and 19 years . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years... __ 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over . Unknown 246 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES— COD. Silk mills : Male 100.0 8.3 8.5 17.1 24.0 19.5 12.9 7.0 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 16.7 16.3 27.0 21.9 11.3 4.8 1.6 0.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.2 13.3 24.0 22.7 13.2 9.1 4.6 1.7 0.1 100.0 0.1 2.2 10.1 28.7 28.0 18.9 9.3 2.5 0.2 100.0 9.4 9.3 18.6 24.4 18.4 11.4 6.1 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 17.5 16.3 26.4 21. '5 11.4 4.8 1.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 4.2 6.3 15.4 23.0 20.4 16.2 10.1 3.9 0.5 100.0 12.1 10.6 16.3 17.5 I 13.2 13.1 9.0 4.3 0.6 100.0 24.2 20.2 25.9 15.6 7.7 4.2 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.8 6.2 14.6 20.5 20.5 17.1 11.1 4.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 17.8 16.2 22.7 20.2 13.4 7.2 2.5 100.0 12.6 11.1 16.9 18.0 18.4 12.7 8.2 3.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 24.6 20.6 26.0 15.6 7.4 3.9 1.3 0.3 0.1 1 0.1 100.0 4.9 6.3 14.8 20.8 20.7 17.2 10.7 4.2 0.4 0.1 100. 18.2 16.6 22.6 20.1 13.4 7.3 1.9 i 100.0 10 to 17 years 3.2 18 and 19 years 3.3 18.9 33.1 24.6 11.9 5.7 2.3 0.2 100.0 0.5 3.5 20.7 32.0 26.0 13.4 3.5 0.3 0.1 1.8 20 to 24 years 5.4 25 to 34 years 8.0 35 to 44 years .. ._ ... 45 to 54 years 10.8 22. 1 55 to 64 years.. 24.9 65 to 74 years 19.7 75 years and over . _ . . 4.0 Unknown Female.. 100.0 7.8 17.5 36.2 26.0 8.5 3.0 0.8 0.1 100.0 0.8 5.0 20.8 34.1 23.3 11.5 4.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.2 1.6 7.6 25.1 27.3 21.5 12.4 3.8 0.4 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 7.6 30.3 36.1 16.0 7.6 2.5 20 to 24 years..... 25 to 34 years .__. 35 to 44 years.. _ . 45 to 54 years. " --- 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. . _. 75 years and over.. . . Unknown _ 0.1 100.0 3.8 5.7 14.2 23.2 21.6 16.8 10.3 3.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.1 9.4 19.0 27.6 18.2 11.1 5.5 2.8 0.3 Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills : Male . 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 to 17 years 0.6 18 and 19 years 5.3 20.9 37.5 20.0 8.8 5.7 1.6 0.2 2.5 20.0 36.3 25.6 11.5 3.9 0.3 1.7 20 to 24 years... ... 6.2 6.2 35 to 44 years. _ . .... 13.6 45 to 54 vears ._ . 14.8 55 to 64 years 26. 1 65 to 74 years 25.0 75 vears and over.. . 5.7 Unknown Female 100.0 11.5 14.1 27.4 24.4 13.7 6.1 2.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.8 13.8 35. 1 28.0 10.8 4.2 1.1 0.1 100.0 0.7 7.5 23.8 31.3 24.5 8.8 3.4 100.0 13.4 14.4 25.1 22.9 14.3 6.7 2.5 0.6 0.1 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years ... 45 to 54 years. . . 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years .. 75 years and over . Unknown 0.1 100.0 4.2 6.3 15.4 25.3 21.2 15.3 8.6 3.1 0.5 0.1 Woolen and worsted mills : Male 100.0 3.9 4.7 10.9 20 8 22. 5 19.3 12.8 4.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 0.9 4.2 17.7 26.3 25.6 18.1 6.5 0.6 100.0 4.6 5.2 12.0 22.0 21.9 18.0 11.7 4.1 0.4 100.0 4.8 6.1 11.4 16.1 21.3 19.9 13.9 5.8 0.7 0.1 100.0 4.9 6.2 11.6 16.4 21.6 19.9 13.3 o.4 0.6 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years. 2.0 18 and 19 years . 2.0 9.6 34.7 23.6 17.7 9.7 2.7 0.1 2.7 16.9 28.4 25.8 18.4 6.5 1.1 0.2 1.2 20 to 24 years 3.2 25 to 34 vears.. _. 7.5 35 to 44 vears.. 10.9 45 to 54 vears .. . 18.9 55 to 64 years 32.6 65 to 74 vears _ 20.6 75 years and over 3.0 Unknown .. . . INDUSTRY 247 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES— COn. Woolen and worsted mills — Continued. 100.0 8.0 10.0 20.5 25.6 19.4 10.8 4.5 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.1 5.5 13.7 23.9 22.0 16.7 10.0 3.7 0.4 100.0 4.1 11.7 31.7 31.8 13.3 5.7 1.3 0.2 100.0 0.4 2.3 10.9 31.1 33.1 14.8 5.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 100.0 0.2 1.8 8.2 24.0 27.3 21.4 12.7 4.0 0.4 100.0 8.3 9.8 19.9 25.2 19.7 11.1 4.7 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 5.0 6.3 15.3 24.0 20.5 15.2 9.5 3.8 0.4 100.0 10.9 11.7 18.8 21.9 18.8 11.5 5.1 1.1 0.1 0.2 100.0 5.6 6.9 14.8 21.4 19.4 16.8 10.0 4.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 14.8 14.2 24.7 20.4 13.8 7.3 3.5 1.1 0.2 0.2 100.0 11.2 10.3 19.6 21.2 15.8 10.6 7.4 3.4 0.5 0.1 100.0 20.7 18.0 23.4 20.3 9.5 4.5 1.8 1.4 100.0 11.0 11.9 19.1 22.3 18.5 11.3 4.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 5.8 7.1 15.2 21.8 19.7 16.8 9.4 3.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 14.9 14.3 25.0 20.4 13.8 7.1 3.1 1.0 0.2 0.2 100.0 11.3 10.4 19.8 21.3 15.9 10.3 7.2 3.2 0.5 0.1 100.0 21.2 18.4 24.0 20.3 8.8 4.6 1.4 0.9 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years - 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown . Other and not specified tex- tile mills: Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.3 8.6 19.1 26.2 18.4 12.1 6.8 2.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 6.1 14.5 33.8 28.2 11.5 4.2 1.3 0.2 100.0 10 to 17 years 2.4 18 and 19 years 2.3 15.3 33.6 22.2 14.5 9.0 2.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.3 3.0 21.7 32.4 24.7 13.0 4.1 0.6 0.1 100.0 4.1 20 to 24 years 6.5 25 to 34 years.- 12.7 35 to 44 years . 12.1 45 to 54 years 19.0 55 to 64 years 24.8 65 to 74 years 16.2 75 years and over . 2.4 Unknown . Female 100.0 9.9 11.7 22.7 23.6 16.1 9.5 4.6 1.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.6 5.1 12.4 21.2 20.3 16.9 12.1 5.9 1.3 0.1 100.0 10.5 12.4 26.9 24.8 14.3 6.8 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.1 4.9 14.2 25.1 27.4 18.4 7.0 1.8 0.1 100.0 10.9 11.5 21.1 22.7 16.4 10.1 5.1 1.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.7 5.3 11.6 19.9 20.0 17.5 12.9 6.4 1.6 0.1 100.0 12.4 13.5 24.0 22.7 14.6 7.6 3.5 1.3 0.4 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 4.5 20.8 33.0 25.2 12.3 3.8 0.4 1.6 6.3 21.9 32.0 22.9 13.5 1.9 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAC- TURING INDUSTRIES Broom and brush factories : Male. 100.0 100.0 2.9 3.9 15.6 27.3 18.9 15.4 10.1 5.2 0.7 0.1 100.0 5.0 9.8 35.7 29.8 13.4 4.4 1.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.2 2.5 10.5 22.1 26.0 21.5 12.8 4.3 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 0.3 2.3 17.1 26.9 23.6 18.2 9.2 2.4 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 2ta to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years _. 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown.. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years... 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 1 — 0.5 0.5 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, 8EX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAC- TURING INDUSTRIES— COn. Button factories : Male. > : 100.0 5.3 5.6 11.7 22.4 24.0 17.0 9.8 3.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 14.6 12.9 24.3 22.6 15.8 6.6 2.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 100.0 15.5 8.5 17.5 17.7 18.5 12.5 5.2 4.0 0.2 0.4 100.0 6.7 10.8 34.9 27.5 13.1 5.0 2.1 100.0 2.6 7.6 22.2 27.2 22.2 13.8 4.1 0.2 100.0 5.3 6.3 12.6 23.4 24.1 15.7 8.8 3.2 0.5 0.1 100.0 15.6 13.4 23.1 21.9 16.0 6.7 2.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 7.8 6.4 13.0 23.2 19.3 15.6 10.0 4.3 0.5 100.0 8.0 6.6 12.8 23.6 19.5 15.4 9.7 4.1 0.4 10 to 17 years ..^ 0.4 1.6 15.2 32.7 27.6 16.8 4.9 0.7 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years £5 to 64 years 65 to 74 vears 75 years and over Unknown „ Female. 100.0 22.4 14.6 22.4 18.2 15.1 4.7 1.6 0.5 100.0 22.8 14.8 22.2 18.0 15.3 4.8 1.1 0.5 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years... 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over. Unknown 0.5 100.0 1.4 4.3 16.3 27.1 22.9 16.9 8.2 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.6 5.6 11.6 15.7 35.6 15.3 9.7 1.9 0.5 100.0 1.4 4.4 16.8 27.6 23.1 16.7 7.7 2.1 0.2 0.1 Electric light and power plants : Male.... 100.0 1.0 3.5 16.9 34.8 23.5 13.1 5.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.0 11.8 36.7 32.4 11.5 3.6 0.9 0.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.5 6.3 23.6 35.2 17.8 9.2 4.0 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.0 11.9 37.2 32.6 11.1 3.4 0.7 0.1 100.0 2.2 13.5 36.0 26.9 14.3 5.5 1.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.5 3.7 20.5 38.2 20.7 9.9 4.0 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years .. 0.6 18 and 19 years 1.4 14.8 41.3 24.8 12.4 4.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.2 26.9 35.9 22.6 8.7 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.6 20 to 24 years . 7.2 25 to 34 years 16.7 35 to 44 years 20.0 45 to 54 years 21.9 55 to 64 years . 20.0 65 to 74 years. 10.9 75 years and over 0.9 Unknown Female 100.0 10 to 17 years . 2.0 18 and 19 years.. 2.3 20.2 26.0 30.6 13.3 5.2 1.7 0.6 5.0 20 to 24 years.. 10.4 25 to 34 years 15.9 35 to 44 years 37. S 45 to 54 years 16.4 55 to 64 years 10.4 65 to 74 years 2.0 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 2.9 6.4 19.2 30.9 21.8 12.1 5.2 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.5 7.1 21.0 32.8 R). 4 9.9 4.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 Electrical machinery and supply factories : Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.1 3.6 16.1 34.0 25.6 13.8 5.4 1.2 0. 1 100.0 6.0 10.1 23. S 27.6 16.9 9.5 4.7 1.3 0.1 100.0 3.3 8.3 19.1 23. S 20.5 14.4 7.6 2.6 0.2" 0.1 100.0 3.4 8.6 19.7 24.3 20.7 14.1 6.9 2. 2 0'2 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years. 0.5 18 and 19 years 2.6 19.4 40.5 22.8 10.7 3.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 4.1 27.4 36.8 21.6 7.6 1.9 0.2 0.1 2.4 20 to 24 years 8.0 25 to 34 years 14.9 35 to 44 years 17.0 45 to 54 years 21.0 55 to 64 years 22.7 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. .. . 11.7 1.6 Unknown 0.1 INDUSTRY 249 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries — Con. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAC- TURING INDUSTRIES— COn. Electrical machinery and supply factories — Contd. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years ..... 75 years and over Unknown Independent hand trades : Male. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Rubber factories : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. .... 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100.0 9.6 18.8 33.7 24.5 9.3 3.1 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.9 1.5 4.8 15.3 24.8 23.8 17.1 9.5 2.3 0.1 100.0 1.3 2.0 6.9 16.8 25.2 23.8 16.1 6.9 0.9 0.1 100.0 1.7 4.1 15.7 31.7 25.5 13.3 5.9 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 7.0 13.0 29.2 30.0 13.7 4.9 1.7 0.3 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 5.1 22.3 40.5 19.3 7.7 4.4 0.4 0.4 100.0 2.1 15.8 40.1 27.7 10.3 3.4 0.4 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 2.3 16.4 31.5 29.2 13.8 6.0 0.7 100.0 0.2 3.7 24.1 37.9 21.3 9.6 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.9 14.6 25.2 25.2 19.4 10.7 1.9 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 5.7 16.3 37.1 28.7 8.9 2.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 2.7 5.3 19.3 33.5 23.1 10.1 4.4 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 2,9 12.7 37.5 33.6 9.3 2.9 0.8 0.2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 1.4 9.5 25.8 37.5 16.9 6.6 1.8 0.5 0.1 100 1 4 14 24 24 17 9 2 100 1 5 12 24 24 18 9 2 100.0 0.1 1.4 8.8 29.5 31.3 18.1 8.4 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.1 6.8 20.0 34.3 21.9 11.3 3.8 0.8 Semi- skilled work- ers 100 12 20 31 21 9 3 100.0 2.3 1.8 7.9 25.0 32.7 18.2 8.7 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 1'.3 2.0 6.9 16.8 25.2 23.8 16.1 6.9 0.9 0.1 100.0 1.9 4.4 17.3 34.1 24.3 11.6 4.9 1.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 9.0 13.4 26.2 28.2 15.0 5.6 2.1 0.4 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 12.0 22.2 31.0 18.8 10.3 4.1 1.4 0.3 100.0 2.2 5.4 16.2 27.3 23.9 15.2 7.1 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 7.7 12.9 26.1 30.1 16.6 4.9 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 12.5 23. 32. 18. 8. 3.. 1. 0. 100.0 2.3 5.6 16.6 27.8 24.1 14.9 6.4 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 7.8 13.1 26.5 30.3 16.1 4.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.2 3.6 6.5 20.7 40.8 16.6 8.9 1.8 100.0 0.3 1.3 6.5 15.4 21.4 21.9 21.8 10.5 0.8 250 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown" where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAC- TURING INDUSTRIES— COn. Straw factories : Male 100.0 5.0 5.8 13.9 17.9 23.6 18.6 10.7 3.7 0.7 0.1 100.0 8.4 8.1 14.8 18.8 20.9 13.8 10.9 3.9 0.3 100.0 5.5 6.0 14.3 17.9 23.1 18.2 10.2 4.2 0.5 100.0 4.5 ! 7.6 | 18.5 14.0 24.2 17.8 9.6 1.9 1.3 0.6 100.0 4.7 8.1 18.9 13.5 24.3 16.9 10.1 2.0 0.7 0.7 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years -, 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years .. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 75 years and over Female. 100.0 7.9 7.9 14.8 18.9 21.3 13.8 10v9 4.0 0.3 10 to 17 years 18 find 19 years .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . . 75 years and over.. Turpentine farms and dis- tilleries : Male 100.0 8.6 6.2 16.7 23.0 18.7 16.4 7.8 2.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 13.5 8.5 20.4 25.6 16.6 11.1 3.8 0.2 0.2 100.0 100. 1.8 3.6 17.3 31.3 21.2 14.3 8.1 2.4 100.0 0.3 1.7 10.2 21.3 26.4 25.7 12.0 1.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.6 3.1 15.3 27.6 20.5 17.1 10.9 2.8 0.2 100.0 9.6 6.7 17.4 23.0 17.8 15.6 7.2 2.1 0.4 0.2 100.0 17.8 9.1 15.2 23.0 18.8 11.7 3.9 0.3 0.3 100.0 9.6 6.7 17.4 23.0 17.8 15.6 7.2 2.1 0.4 0.2 100.0 17.9 9.1 15.3 23.1 18.9 11.1 3.9 0.3 0.3 10 to 17 years 0.2 3.9 16.1 30.0 29.8 16.8 2.9 0.3 20 to 24 years .. .- 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years .. . 45 to 54 years . . 55 to 64 years ._ 65 to 74 years . .. 75 years and over . Female .. 10 to 17 years ._ 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years .. 25 to 34 years -. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . Other miscellaneous manu- facturing industries : Male 100.0 3.1 4.7 13.8 26.4 23.6 16.4 8.6 2.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.1 2.5 15.0 35.1 25.8 13.8 5.9 1.5 0.2 100.0 0.2 2.9 20. 9 31.7 25. 2 13.8 4.6 0.7 0.1 100.0 5.6 7.0 17.7 28.5 19. 6 12. 3 6.7 2. 2 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.1 2.0 9.9 27.0 27.8 19.8 10.0 3. 1 0.3 0.1 100.0 4.2 5.9 15.4 27.0 21.8 L4.S 7.9 2. 9 0.4 100.0 4.0 6.0 17.0 26. 21.4 15.2 7.4 o 7 0.4 0. 1 100.0 4.0 6.0 17.2 26. 3 21.5 '?:! 2.4 0. 3 0.1 100.0 10 to 17 years 2.4 18 and 19 vears 3.2 20 to 24 years :.$ 25 to 34 vears 13.4 35 to 44 years . .. 16. 9 45 to 54 vears . 20. 3 IS. 5 65 to 74 vears 14.5 75 years and over 3.0 INDUSTRY 251 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued Gainful Workers in Industry or Service [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Manufacturing and Me- chanical Industries— Con. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAC- TURING INDUSTRIES— COn. Other miscellaneous manu- facturing industries— Con, Female _ 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years..... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . 75 years and over....... Unknown.. Other not specified manu- facturing industries : Male 10 to 17 years... 18 and 19 years.. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female ...» 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Transportation and Com- munication Air transportation : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown.. Female. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100 9 13 27. 24, 13 7 3 100.0 3.2 5.3 14.7 24.8 22.5 16.2 9.1 3.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 10.5 14.1 26.9 23.8 13.9 7.0 2.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.5 4.9 23.5 41.2 19.5 6.0 2.5 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.4 10.5 36.5 36.1 10.2 3.3 0.7 0.3 Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 0.2 100.0 100.0 0.3 3.4 16.8 31.3 28.2 12.8 6.0 1.0 0.3 100.0 0.9 18.1 46.0 25.7 7.2 1.8 0.2 0.2 100.0 100.0 0.1 2.6 19.8 31.0 26.0 14.2 5.3 1.0 0.1 100.0 1.4 9.5 22.9 30. 21. 10. 3. 0. 0. 100.0 0.5 8.6 45.3 32.4 8.9 3.2 0.9 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100 5 14 34, 28, 10 4 I 0.1 100.0 5.3 7.6 19.9 27.4 19.1 11.8 6.5 2.2 0.3 0.1 100. 5. 13. 34. 29. 11. 4. 1. 0. 0.1 100.0 2.8 5.2 24.1 39.7 17,8 6.8 2.6 0.9 0.2 100.0 2.2 11.1 38.1 36.3 9.2 2.4 0.4 0.2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100 2, 10 26 26 18 10, 1.2 0.2 100.0 4.4 26.2 45; 1 18.7 3.9 1.2 0.3 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100 12, 13 23 21 14 8 1 100. 6 6, 16 24, 19, 14 8, 4 100 12 14 24 22 14 7, 3 100.0 12.1 9.9 20.5 23.9 15.3 9.3 6.5 2.Q 0.4 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 12.2 15.6 25.9 20.9 13.5 7.5 3.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.9 6.6 16.5 23.1 21.3 15.9 8.8 3.5 0.4 0.1 100.0 13.9 16.2 25.6 20.3 13.5 6.9 2.6 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.3 8.4 19.4 27.1 18.6 13.7 7.2 2.0 0.2 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 12.4 15.9 26.4 20.9 13.2 7.2 2.8 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.1 6.8 16.9 23.4 21.4 15.7 8.3 3.0 0.3 0.1 100.0 14.2 16.5 26.1 20. 13. 4 2 6.5 2.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.5 8.9 20.2 27.3 18.4 13.4 6.5 1.8 0.2 Ser- vant classes 100.0 3.6 6.2 8.0 21.4 25.0 19.6 13.4 2.7 100.0 1.3 2.6 8.3 18.1 17.8 19.6 18.3 12.3 1.5 0.1 100.0 2.2 5.0 6.3 18.6 27.4 22.4 12.3 4.7 0.6 0.3 100.0 0.8 1.6 9.8 24.4 22.0 17.9 17.1 5.7 ""0.~8 67555 0—38- -17 252 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35.— -Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Sebvice Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Transportation and Com- munication—Continued Construction and mainte- nance of roads, streets, sewers, and bridges : Male 10 to 17 years. _„-.„. .. 18 and 19 years,... 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years 85 to 74 years 75 years and over.. Unknown.. Female..... 30 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . 75 years and over. Unknown.. Express companies : Male... 10 to 17 years....... 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years .. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years . 75 years and over_. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. „. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 66 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total Garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries : Male. 10 to 17 years... — 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years .. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 56 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown.. 100. 1.7 3.9 14.9 26.0 21.9 18.8 10.2 4.0 0.5 0.1 100.0 1.4 5.9 29.5 32.8 17.0 10.2 2.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 100. 0. 2. 10. 33. 26. 15. 7. 1. 0. 0. 100.0 2.2 7.4 21.5 41.1 18.6 7.1 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.4 4.7 17.4 38.3 23.7 9.1 3.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 21.0 30.6 27.4 14.5 4.0 2.4 100.0 0.1 2.1 17.2 31.2 27.7 16.0 5.2 0.5 100.0 0.1 2.7 20.7 28.6 25.6 17.3 4.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.3 4.1 32.6 36.0 17.6 7.1 1.9 0.2 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 1.5 4.5 20.4 31.1 18.9 13.0 7.1 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.2 6.8 33.8 33.9 15.6 6.9 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.5 2.0 8.1 30.6 29.0 18/2 9.3 2.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.2 7.3 21.6 41.2 18.6 6.9 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.7 5.5 22.3 36.2 19.1 9.0 4.4 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 0,1 0.9 7.9 26.6 27.1 21.3 11.9 3.9 0.4 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 0.3 4.2 25.9 32.8 23.2 11.1 2.2 0.1 100.0 4.4 19.0 43.4 23.7 7.3 1.8 0.4 100.0 1.5 4.7 22.6 35.3 18.3 9.6 5.1 2.4 0.3 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 0.7 2.7 16.0 43.1 23,7 9.3 3.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.1 4.7 15.6 24.4 20.9 16.7 10.6 4.3 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.9 3.7 19.9 30.3 20.7 18.3 4.2 1.1 Labor- ers 0.1 100.0 22.2 6.9 17.1 24.5 13.4 7.6 5.0 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.8 3.4 12.9 31.8 24.3 15.4 7.8 2.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.1 4.7 15.6 24.4 20.9 16.7 10.5 4.3 0.6 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 7.0 9.5 24.0 31.9 15.6 7.1 3.2 1.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.8 3.5 13.2 32.1 24.3 15.2 7.6 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 7.3 9.9 24.4 31.7 15.4 6.9 3.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.8 2.4 9.7 21.1 19.8 25.1 16.1 4.3 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.5 3.1 20.2 30.7 20.5 18.6 4.2 1.2 100.0 0.8 1.2 6.3 25.9 25.5 21.3 13.8 4.8 0.4 100.0 2.0 3.8 17.3 35.1 19.6 10.6 6.6 4.2 0.8 0.1 INDUSTRY 253 Table 35.— Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Transportation and Com* munication— Continued Oarages, greasing stations, automobile laundries — Continued. Female . 100.0 2.4 11.2 32.2 32.0 15.0 5.5 1.4 0.3 100.0 100.0 2.4 11.5 33.3 32.3 14.5 4.7 1.0 0.2 100.0 4.0 13.4 20.9 32.8 14.9 9.5 3.5 1.0 100.0 4.5 14.0 23.6 33.1 12.7 9.6 2.5 10 to 17 years .._-_ 18 and 19 years . 20 to 24 years 3.3 21.6 33.2 26.5 11.4 3.1 0.9 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown 0.1 100.0 2.6 3.0 8.2 14.8 18.6 22.5 18.8 9.4 1.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.7 2.1 10.3 21.2 19.9 17.8 19.2 8.2 0.7 Livery stables : Male 100.0 100.0 0.2 1.7 12.8 18.2 27.9 24.7 12.4 2.2 100.0 0.4 3.0 4.5 7.1 9.4 24.8 30.5 16.2 4.1 100.0 3.5 3.9 10.3 16.4 18.6 21.1 16.9 7.6 1.4 0.2 100.0 3.6 4.0 10.4 16.5 18.6 21.0 16.9 7.5 1.4 0.2 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 0.1 1.4 9.0 19.9 26.7 23.6 15.7 3.6 0.1 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years -. 75 years and over . Unknown Pipe lines : Male 10 to 17 years ». 100.0 1.1 3.7 18.2 32.3 23.8 14.1 5.6 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.2 7.7 33.9 35.5 12.6 6.6 1.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.1 3.5 15.5 36.3 25.2 12.9 4.8 0.6 0.2 100 2.4 8.4 35.3 34.7 12.6 4.8 1.8 100.0 0.1 0.8 8.3 31.3 32.2 19.0 7.2 1.2 0.1 100.0 0.8 2.7 19.5 38.4 23.2 10.8 3.6 0.9 0.1 100.0 1.6 5.3 22.6 31.4 20.2 12.5 5.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.6 5.3 22.7 31.4 20.2 12.5 5.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 18 and 19 years 0.4 18.7 40.5 23.8 13.9 2.8 2.1 19.2 35.1 26.0 14.8 2.3 0.1 0.3 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female . . 10 to 17 years „„ 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years ... 65 to 74 years 75 years and over - Unknown 254 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Transportation and Com- munication — Continued Postal service: Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years.—— 65 to 74 years 75 years and oyer. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown. „ Radio broadcasting transmitting : Male 10 to 17 years Wand 19 years^ 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to.54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over.. — Unknown and Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years €5 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Steam railroads : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100.0 0.5 1.1 7.2 27.3 '28.5 20.2 11.8 2.9 0.4 0.1 100.0 0.9 3.2 11.3 25.7 25.9 20.2 10.0 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.4 5.1 32.0 41.7 14.0 4.0 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.5 11.3 37.8 30.7 12.9 3.4 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.7 2.1 9.9 24.9 27.5 20.6 10.8 3.2 0.2 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 27.8 54.7 13.9 3.0 0.4 0.2 100.0 0.5 12.0 31.6 27.5 19.3 6.9 2.0 0.2 0.1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.2 1.7 11.9 24.5 27.2 23.4 9.7 1.4 0.1 100.0 20.8 28.2 24.7 13.8 4.0 0.5 0.1 100.0 2.2 22.5 41.0 23.9 7.9 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 20.0 40.0 30.6 7.2 2.2 100.0 1.0 11.3 32.2 32.5 18.2 4.5 0.2 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 0.6 1.2 7.8 29.3 28.9 19.2 10.4 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.7 5.0 15.7 30.5 23.8 15.6 6.4 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.0 6.3 35.9 41.6 10.7 2.4 0.8 0.2 0.1 100. 3. 14. 44. 27. 7.9 1.9 0.5 0.2 100.0 1.3 3.4 13.4 29.6 24.1 15.9 9.1 2.8 0.2 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.3 2.1 13.7 33.1 30.7 16.7 3.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.3 5.8 30.5 40.5 14.3 6.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 100.0 0.5 4.8 22.3 31.1 24.7 12.9 3.4 0.2 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 1.2 2.3 12.0 34.8 25.5 12.3 8.0 3.3 0.5 0.1 100.0 7.4 12.3 23.8 20.5 18.0 8.2 4.9 3.3 1.6 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 0.5 1.2 6.6 22.5 27.0 23.3 13.8 4.2 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.4 5.1 13.2 27.6 35.9 15.1 2.2 0.4 100.0 2.4 7.3 22.6 24.2 21.0 9.7 8.1 3.2 1.6 100.0 0.4 1.5 8.4 26.9 29.4 19.0 10.0 4.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.2 3.8 15.4 26.6 24.0 17.6 8.6 2.5 0.2 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 0.5 1.6 9.1 28.4 28.7 19.6 9.4 2.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.3 4.1 16.1 26.4 23.4 17.3 8.6 2.5 0.2 0.1 INDUSTRY 255 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUStRY, SEX, AND AGE Transportation and Com- munication — Continued Steam railroads — Contd. Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Street railroads: Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years..... 75 years and over- Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 2(5 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown _ Telegraph and telephone : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over... Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to44#ears 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown.- Total 100.0 1.3 5.1 21.2 38.9 20.8 8.9 3.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.3 1.0 7.7 26.8 28.1 21.2 11.3 3.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.6 6.4 22.5 30.8 2£.2 12.7 4.7 0.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 5.7 5. 19. 30. 20. 12. 5. 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.5 15.6 34.2 28.6 10.5 3.3 1.0 0.2 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 0.8 5.8 36.7 34.2 14.2 6.7 0.8 0.8 100.0 1.0 10.7 32.8 26.0 18.3 8.0 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.2 21.5 42.0 21.2 10.4 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.8 23.6 39.9 19.5 10.1 2.5 0.6 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 1.3 12.3 31.9 31.2 17.7 5.0 0.7 100.0 0.5 8.0 28.5 28.5 22.2 9.6 2.5 0.3 0.1 100.0 20.0 38.8 23.7 11.4 4.8 1.0 0.2 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 1.2 5.3 22.6 41.2 19.7 7; 4 2.1 0.3 0.1 100. 1.5 4.2 15.6 27.0 21.4 15.6 10.1 4.0 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.7 6.6 23.9 31.4 19.6 11.7 4.3 0.7 0.1 100.0 12.4 7.0 16.3 24.5 19.8 12.2 6.2 1.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 6.6 15.9 34.5 28.5 10.3 3.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100,0 0.5 7.2 28.5 29.4 20.6 10.5 3.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.8 14.7 33.0 26.8 16.5 5.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.1 4.2 31.1 45.0 15.7 3.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 2.4 2.4 9.6 17.4 22.2 25.8 15.6 4.1 0.5 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.5 6.1 26.8 28.7 22.4 11.9 3.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.3 8.3 14.7 26.9 21.2 18.6 5.1 3.8 100.0 0.9 5.7 27.0 36.4 17.8 8.8 2.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 6.3 12.0 15.1 16.7 21.1 19.0 8.6 1.2 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 2.2 3.4 10.8 23.4 30.3 18.9 8.4 2.0 0.5 0.1 100.0 0.7 2.3 10.4 24.2 26.0 20.6 11. a 4.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.4 3.0 6.4 23.3 28.8 23.5 10.5 2.8 0.3 100.0 2.0 6.1 22.0 27.4 19.6 14.0 6.7 1.9 0.1 0.1 L00.O 1.8 4.8 12.1 23.6 32.8 15.6 7.8 1.4 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 2.7 3.7 11.6 23.7 30.0 18.6 7.3 1.9 0.6 100.0 0.7 2.4 10.4 24.2 26.1 20.7 11.3 3.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.8 2.9 7.3 24.9 28. 9, 21.2 10.3 2.6 100.0 2.2 7.1 25.2 28.2 18.3 12.4 5.3 1.2 0.1 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.4 3.0 9.4 22.9 31.0 19.5 10.2 2.2 0.4 0.2 100.0 0.5 1.5 10.0 23.6 24.7 18.7 11.6 7.9 1.4 0.1 100.0 1.4 2.7 10.3 24.3 24.4 20.2 12.0 4.2 0.4 0.2 100.0 1.6 4.6 11.6 23.4 33.4 16.1 7.8 1.5 0.1 256 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Transportation and Com- munication—Continued Truck, transfer, companies : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown ... and cab Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years..... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Water transportation : Male.. 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years .... 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Other and not specified transportation and com- munication : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 1.5 3.4 16.6 36.2 22.4 12.0 5.6 1.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.6 9.5 25.8 30.4 19.5 8.7 2.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.0 3.1 12.5 27.5 25.8 18.0 8.6 2.8 0.4 0.3 100.0 2.2 7.2 26. 4 32.9 17.2 10.0 3.2 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.0 3.3 12.1 29.8 25.4 16.0 8.2 2.5 0.5 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 0.8 8.9 42.3 30.1 10.6 3.3 4.1 100.0 0.1 10.7 26.7 26.2 21.1 11.6. 2.5 1.0 0.1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.5 9.9 40.7 21.4 17.0 7.7 2.7 100.0 0.3 4.2 27.1 32.1 21.8 10.6 3.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.8 16.5 39.1 54.1 12.0 4.7 0.5 0.3 100.0 0.5 4.6 20.8 27.8 24.4 15.4 5.7 0.7 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.4 4.6 18.4 33.5 20.7 11.7 6.5 2.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.1 11.3 30.2 31.3 15.8 6.5 1.6 0.2 100.0 0.1 3.6 24.7 34.2 21.5 11.7 3.3 0.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.6 4.3 15.1 28.0 23.0 15.2 8.3 2.9 0.3 0,1 100.0 2.6 8.9 32.6 36.8 13.0 4.6 1.1 0.3 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 3.7 5.1 15.5 30.7 21.9 13.3 7.1 2.2 0.4 0.7 100.0 1.5 10.8 39.9* 28.5 12.8 4.9 1.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.8 6.7 26.9 29.6 21.0 11.1 3.4 0.4 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 1.0 3.3 19.2 41.0 21.6 9.3 3.5 0.9 0.1 0.1 100. 1. 4. 12. 32. 30.8 14.0 4.3 0.4 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 1.5 5.5 18.6 100.0 0.1 1.3 9.3 30.2 29.8 18.1 8.8 2.2 0.3 0.1 30. 20. 13. 6. 2. 0. 0. 100.0 0.1 0.8 4.8 17.2 31.0 30.3 11.8 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.7 4.9 16.1 36.6 18.1 13.6 6.1 2.0 0.8 0.2 100.0 3.9 5.1 12.8 22.5 20.8 17.8 11.3 5.0 0.8 0.1 100.0 2.6 6.0 20.7 31.9 !23.3 9.5 6.0 100.0 0.9 2.5 11.1 27.2 28.8 19.7 7.6 1.8 0.2 0.2 100.0 1.9 3.4 11.3 25.8 27.8 21.5 7.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 100.0 1.8 3.2 12.4 25.6 27.9 17.5 8.2 3.1 0.2 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 3.9 5.1 12.8 22.4 20.8 17.9 11.3 5.0 0.8 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 0.8 2.2 10.0 26.4 29.9 20.7 7.9 1.8 0.2 0.2 100.0 1.8 3.0 12.5 25.9 28.7 17.1 8.0 2.8 0.2 0.1 INDUSTRY 257 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Transportation and Com- munication — Continued Other and not specified transportation and com- munication—Continued. Female. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years..— .. 25 to 34 years - 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years , 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years — 75 years and over ... Unknown.. Trade Advertising agencies: Male..- 10 to 17 years ..... 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years... 65 to 74 years — 75 years and over..... Unknown... Female..... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown. Banking and brokerage : Male 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years .... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years, .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years..... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown _. Total 100. 2.3 9.5 26.5 35.9 15.5 6.5 3.1 0.5 1 100.0 1.9 2.9 12.1 30.8 27.0 15.6 7.3 2.1 0.3 0.1 100. 3.5 10.5 31.7 33.6 13.6- 5.1 1.5 0,3 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 2.4 5.5 16.8 27.0 20.7 14.4 8.8 3.6 0.7 0.1 100.0 2.3 9.9 33.1 34.5 13.3 5.0 1.5 0.3 100 2 14 28 28 15 8 2 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 5.2 29.4 34.4 20.4 8.4 L9 0.2 0.1 100.0 100.0 0.1 12.2 38.3 30.3 13.3 4.6 1.2 Skilled -work- ers and fore- men 0.1 100 2 3 13 31 20 14 6 2 100 3 11 33 33 12 4 1 Semi- skilled work- ers •UNSKILLED Total 100 1 4 17 32 25 11 5 I 0.1 100.0 0.3 5.2 25.3 29.3 21.5 12.5 4.9 1.0 0.1 100.0 13.2 33.3 28.4 16.9 6.4 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.9 11.1 29.7 30.3 12.5 6.4 3.5 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.8 4.9 15.0 27.8 20.9 15.1 8.3 2.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 11.7 13.9 23.7 24.2 14.4 6.4 3.7 1.5 0.5 Labor- ers Ser- vant classes 100.0 4.3 5.9 17.4 27.3 18.4 14.5 8.1 3.8 0.2 0.1 100 5 15 21 25 21 8 100.0 100.0 2.5 2.7 10.7 4.8 34.8 14.4 34.9 20.3 12.0 19.5 3.9 19.5 1.0 15.8 0.1 2.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.7 1.4 5.4 13.4 15.8 21.8 24.6 14.8 2.1 0.1 100.0 4.6 6.2 18.6 28.2 18.6 14.4 6.5 2.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.2 2.3 6.7 15.7 19.6 22.6 18.6 11.0 2.2 0.1 100,0 1.3 3.1 8.5 17.6 31.8 23.0 11.0 3.2 0.5 0.1 100.0 2.4 5.2 12.4 20.6 22.0 20.1 11.8 4.8 0.5 0.1 100.0 1.1 1.9 5.9 15.0 19.3 22.9 19.5 11.9 2.4 0.2 100.0 1.2 3.0 8.5 17.5 31.9 23.0 11.1 3.2 0.5 0.1 258 SOCIALhECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less thap 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UN8KILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Trade— Continued Grain elevators : 100.0 0.5 L8 8.3 21.7 26.6 23.0 13.2 4.4 0.4 0.1 100.0 3.5 9.0 24.7 28.4 18.9 9.6 4.0 1.5 0.1 0.3 100.0 1.1 2.2 9.8 28.6 26.6 17.2 9.8 3.8 0.7 0.1 100.0 4.2 14.3 35.3 27.1 11.3 5.5 1.9 0.4 100.0 100.0 0.5 2.4 10.1 23.8 25.6 21.0 12.0 4.1 0.4 0.1 100.0 1.5 9.3 28.8 32.4 19.0 6.8 1.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 100.0 1.2 2.5 10.6 28.9 25.9 16.7 9.6 3.8 0.7 0.1 100.0 4.3 14.5 35.7 27.0 11.0 5.3 1.8 0.4 100.0 1.0 6.3 21.7 31.1 23.0 13.1 4.4 0.4 100.0 1.1 3.5 12.1 25.6 22.8 17.8 11.0 5.5 0.5 100.0 0.9 3.0 12.8 24.5 24.2 20.4 10.6 3.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.9 3.0 12.9 24.6 24.1 20.3 10.5 3.3 0.3 0.1 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years , 0.2 2.4 16.6 29.4 28.3 17.1 6.5 0.8 0.1 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years . 35 to 44 years...... 45 to 54 years... 65 to 64 years .. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown. _...__ ,__. Female ..... 100.0 0.4 3.2 10.6 27.3 27.1 17.8 10.2 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 9.8 «.8 10.8 15.4 19.3 17.8 11.0 6.4 0.5 0.2 100.0 1.5 2.7 10.1 26.7 21.3 16..9 14.1 5.8 0.8 0.1 100.0 2.0 11.2 17.8 23.0 17.1 15.8 11.2 2.0 10 to 17 years..... 18 and 19 years ..... 20 to 24 years... ...„ 25 to 34 years ... 35 to 44 years.. . 45 to 54 years.... 55 to 64 years . ...... 65 to 74 years .. 75 years and over..., ... Unknown... ..... Insurance : Male..... ... looro 100.0 100.0 0.9 1.1 7.6 21.5 24.9 22.2 15.1 6.1 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.0 0.6 6.1 20.1 41.4 19.7 9.6 1.6 100.0 1.9 1.9 13.8 23.4 26.0 18.6 11.2 2.9 0.3 100.0 10 to 17 years 0.6 18 and 19 years ....... 0.6 7.0 36.0 29.1 16.9 8.2 1.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.9 24.3 34.4 23.1 12.0 3.6 0.6 0.1 100.0 0.8 20 to 24 years. ....... 5.9 25 to 34 years , 20.9 35 to 44 years.... .... 24.6 45 to 54 years...... . 23.2 55 to 64 years .. 16.2 85 to 74 years 7.0 75 years and over „ 0.7 Unknown Female.... __.... 100.0 10 to 17 years _. 0.6 18 and 19 years „*_ 1.5 12.7 38.5 32.0 12.5 2.6 0.2 11.1 30.8 29.7 18.8 7.4 1.5 0.2* 0.4 100.0 06 20 to 24 years... . 58 25 to 34 years . .. 20.3 35 to 44 years ... 41.5 45 to 54 years 19.9 55 to 64 years .. 9.6 65 to 74 years „ 1.6 75 years and over . Unknown .... ....... 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.5 3.3 15.7 25.1 26.3 19.0 8.2 1.4 0.1 100.0 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.5 3.3 15.6 25.0 26.4 19.1 8.3 1.5 0.1 Real estate : Male. 100.0 0.4 5.0 22.9 26.1 25.3 14.8 4.8 0.7 100.0 0.9 4.6 15.1 27.9 17.9 12.7 12.2 7.4 1.1 0.2 100.0 1.4 1.7 7.6 19.7 22.5 22.0 15.7 7.4 2.0 100.0 10-to 17 years 1.4 18 and 19 years . 0.7 8.4 27.4 25.4 20.7 11.6 5.1 0.7 0.1 2.1 17.3 28.5 26.7 17.0 7.0 1.2 1.8 20 to 24 years 7.3 25 to 34 years.. 20.2 35 to/44 years 22.5 45 to 54 years 22.1 55 to 64 years 15.6 65 to 74 years 7.1 75 years and over.. ._.. 2.2 INDUSTRY 259 Table 35.- — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Total Pro- fession- al per- sons Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials Clerks and kin- dred work- ers Skilled work- ers and fore- men Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Total Labor- ers Ser- vant classes Trade—Continued leal estate—Continued. Female. .. 100.0 2,0 6.4 17.5 22.1 21.0 17.4 9.8 3.1 0.6 0.1 100.0 1.8 3.1 11.0 23.3 26.3 19.3 10.8 3.9 0.5 0.1 100.0 4.4 10.5 29.8 33.3 15.8 4.2 1.3 0.6 100.0 100.0 2.0 6.5 17.7 22.1 20.9 17.4 9.8 3.1 0.5 0.1 100.0 1.9 2,6 9.8 24.0 26.5 18.3 11.9 4.3 0.7 0.1 100. 4.6 10.9 30.1 34.3 14.5 4.0 1.1 0.6 10 to 17 years.,.. 18 and 19 years „.„ ........ 7.3 19,0 29.6 26.1 14.2 2.5 0.6 0.6 100.0 20 to 24 years....— —„.... 25 to 34 years .„„ 35 to 44 years ___......_ 55 to 64 years.. _._..— 65 to 74 years . ....... 75 years and over .-.. 100.0 0.8 7.0 19.3 25.0 25.0 16.5 6.0 0.5 0.1 100.0 2.0 4.7 11.7 20.4 22.5 17.3 13.3 7.3 0.9 100.0 2.0 3.8 12.7 24.3 26.5 18.9 8.8 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.0 3.8 12.8 24.4 26.6 18.8 8.6 2.6 0.3 0.1 Unknown.. —._.._. Stockyards : Male......... 100. & 3 6 15 20 23 18 10 ft island 19 years .......... -------- 0.6 1.4 13.1 32.1 27.6 15.7 8.8 0.5 0.2 ft 20 to 24 years........ ..—_ 25 to 34 years......... ... 3 35 to 44 years.. - 8 56 to 64 years..... 3 9, 65 to 74 years ..... 7 75 years and over ..... fl Unknown...... . Female . . ... 10 to 17 years... 18 and 19 years...... 20 to 24 years , 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years. ... 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years .. 75 years and over ....... Unknown............ .. c fl Warehouses and cold stor- age plants : 10 to 17 years....—.. 100.0 1.5 3.2 12.7 26.2 23.6 17.9 10.5 3.7 0.5 0.1 100.0 7.2 12,0 26.5 25.6 16.2 8.0 3.4 0.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 100.0 100. 2.1 5.2 18.2 30.2 20.9 13.2 7.4 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.9 12.6 33.5 31.0 13.1 4.4 1.3 0.1 100. 0.6 6.9 28.2 28.1 22.8 11.9 3.2 0.4 100.0 1.6 2.9 13.0 25.9 20.7 16.2 12.3 6.3 1.0 0.1 100.0 13.5 12.2 17.5 16.4 19.9 12.8' 5.5 1.8 0.1 0.2 100.0 2.1 4.2 14.6 25.7 22.7 17.9 9.4 3.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 9.9 9.1 13.1 19.2 23.7 13.1 9.1 2.3 0.4 0.2 100.0 2.2 4.4 15.0 26.0 22.8 17.6 8.9 2.7 0.3 0.2 100.0 10.3 9.3 13.4 18.2 23.9 13.2 8.9 2.2 0.4 0.2 100 18 and 19 years „ 0.7 7 2 27.0 30.9 22.2 9.4 2.2 0.4 0.2 4.0 21.9 29.8 23.3 15.3 4.8 0.7 0.1 1.6 20 to 24 years...... 7.7 25 to 34 years...... .. 19.7 35 to 44 years 20.5 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years.. 22.6 17.1 65 to 74 years , 8.6 75 years and over 1.4 Unknown 0.1 Female .... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years........ 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 76 years and over Unknown 0.1 260 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35.— Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] Gainful Workers in Industry or Service INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Tra de— C ontinued WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE Automobile agencies, stores, and filling stations : Male. 10 to 17 years _ 18 and 19 years, 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Wholesale and retail trade (except automobile) : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years , 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown . j Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Other and not specified trade : Male.. 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to $4 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 1.8 3.8 15.3 33.9 25.6 12.5 5.3 1.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.5 10.2 32.2 32.8 14.3 5.8 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.6 4.1 12.5 25.2 23.3 17.0 9.8 3.8 0.6 0.1 100.0 5.5 10.7 23.9 25.2 18.5 10.9 4.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.3 2.5 12.2 29.9 25.1 15.9 9.1 3.5 0.6 0.1 Pro- fession* al per- sons 100.0 11.6 40.5 30.6 14.0 2.5 0.8 100.0 0.1 2.3 15.0 34.3 24.3 14.1 7.1 2.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.4 2.6 17.1 34.2 24.4 16.0 4.7 0.6 0.1 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.1 0.6 8.6 32.0 24.4 20.6 9.3 3.7 0.6 100.0 1.0 8.0 30.4 31.2 17.7 8.7 2.6 0.3 0.1 100.0 1.0 7.0 24.1 31.9 23.7 9.9 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.2 0.7 5.0 20.6 28.3 23.8 14.6 5.8 1.0 0.1 100.0 0.1 0.7 4.7 18.6 30.3 26.0 14.2 4.6 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.1 3.5 23.4 30.9 22.6 13.9 4.7 0.9 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.0 4.3 17.4 36.2 24.4 10.6 3.8 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 2.7 11.0 34.5 33.7 12.7 4.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 5.5 5.9 16.8 28.0 20.6 13.1 7.0 2.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 5.9 11.8 26.0 26.0 17.3 9.3 3.1 0.6 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.6 3.2 14.8 32.3 23.4 13.6 7.5 3.0 0.5 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.1 4.7 19.2 42.7 22.8 7.8 2.1 0.5 0.1 100.0 0.1 3.1 15.4 30.5 23.8 15.5 8.4 2.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.1 5.9 21.1 28.7 23.5 14.5 5.1 1.0 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 3.3 7.1 21.8 34.1 17.6 8.6 4.9 2.3 0.3 100.0 7.3 9.6 25.3 24.7 18.5 9.0 4.5 0.6 0.1 100.0 2.4 11.1 29.1 26.0 19.6 8.1 3.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 100.0 7.3 7.4 19.7 31.1 18.5 9.5 4.6 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 11.6 12.3 22.5 22.0 16.1 10.1 4.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.8 4.4 18.7 27.7 20.9 11.7 8.3 3.8 0.3 0.3 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 8.3 11.9 28.3 27.1 11.9 6.8 3.8 1.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 6.6 6.9 5.4 2.7 9.3 5.6 9.1 3.6 0.5 0.1 100.0 7.7 9.9 18.2 22.7 20.9 12.9 5.8 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.3 5.2 17.7 23.8 18.6 16.0 10.0 3.9 0.4 0.1 Labor- ers 100.0 8.5 12.1 28.9 27.3 11.7 6.4 3.4 1,4 0.2 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 6.8 7.1 15.7 23.2 19.5 15.4 8.6 3.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 9.5 9.6 16.2 22.1 21.9 13.2 5.8 1.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.7 5.8 19.4 24.8 18.7 14.4 8.9 3.2 0.2 100.0 2.1 3.0 8.5 20.8 20.3 18.4 16.4 9.2 1.2 0.1 100.0 3.4 4.7 10.6 16.2 17.1 18.9 16.8 10.3 1.9 0.1 100.0 4.3 10.4 21.8 23.8 18.9 12.4 5.8 2.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.1 1.5 6.7 17.4 18.5 26.2 16.4 8.7 2.1 0.5 INDUSTRY 261 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than C.l or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Trade— Continued Other and not specified trade— Continued. Female 10 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years... 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years... 65 to 74 years 75 years and over... Unknown Public service (not else- where classified) : Male 10 to 17 years. 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years .... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years.. 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. ._..-. 45 to 54 years.... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Professional Service Professional service (except recreation and amuse- ment) : Male.. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years _.. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years _ 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years „ 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown.. Female.. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years... 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 3.6 12.2 32.0 29.3 13.6 6.3 2.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.6 2.6 11.4 26.5 23.8 17.8 11.6 4.9 0.8 0.1 100.0 0.7 3.9 18.9 31.3 22.8 14.5 6.2 1.4 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.6 1.4 8.7 25.7 23.0 19.4 13.7 6.0 1.3 0.1 100.0 0.8 5.5 28.2 30.7 17.4 10.7 5.1 1.3 0.2 0.2 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 6.0 26.5 31.8 22.4 10.5 1.9 0.5 0.3 100.0 0.2 10.1 27.5 24.1 18.6 12.1 5.9 1.4 0.1 100.0 0.3 10.1 33.4 32.1 17.4 5.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 100.0 0.1 0.6 8.1 27.8 24.3 19.6 13.0 5.2 1.2 0.1 100.0 0.3 4.7 28.6 31.5 17.6 10.7 5.0 1.3 0.2 0.2 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 3.2 18.5 26.0 23.7 18.6 8.4 1.4 0.1 100.0 10.1 25.8 29.1 22.7 9.7 2.3 0.2 0.2 100.0 1.8 12.7 24.3 28.-7 22.6 8.5 1.4 0.1 100.0 3.9 15.9 25.1 28.9 19.4 5.8 0.8 0.3 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 3.5 12.6 33.0 29.4 13.1 5.8 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 100.0 0.8 2.7 11.7 25.4 23.6 17.8 12.4 5.0 0.7 0.1 100.0 0.8 4. '8 22.0 33.8 21.2 11.7 4.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 100.0 4.7 7.7 15.1 23.3 19.2 13.9 9.6 4.9 1.5 0.1 100.0 3.0 10.4 31.7 30.8 14.5 6.6 2.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.2 3.9 30.8 30.5 20.0 10.8 3.4 0.4 0.1 100.0 0,3 5.1 21.0 31.0 26.0 12.9 3.1 0.2 0.3 100.0 0.1 1.0 4.4 16.8 24.2 25.4 19.7 7.6 0.7 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 19.6 11.1 21.1 24.3 12.6 6.7 3.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 100.0 1.2 7.8 26.9 30.7 15.8 9.5 5.4 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.4 ft- 7 3.8 11.8 22.9 30.7 22.3 6.6 0.6 0.2 100.0 3.1 4.5 17.7 25.0 17.7 15.0 11.1 5.1 0.8 0.1 100.0 2.8 5.6 14.7 19.0 19.1 20.4 13.7 4.1 0.5 0.1 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 1.1 2.3 9.4 20.9 21.9 20.2 15.3 7.5 1.1 0.1 100.0 1.7 3.1 7.1 15.6 25.1 27.3 15.0 4.3 0.6 0,2 100.0 1.5 2.4 7.2 14.0 17.6 21.6 20.5 12,6 2.3 0.1 100.0 3.3 5.2 11.6 17.3 23.5 22.2 12.8 3.6 0.4 0.2 Labor- ers 100.0 1.2 2.4 9.5 21.0 22.2 20.3 15.1 7.2 1.0 0.1 100.0 5.0 5.1 11.4 18.6 22.2 21.4 11.5 4.0 0.8 0.2 100.0 2.7 4.1 12.1 19.6 19.7 19.2 14.6 6,7 1.1 0.2 100.0 6.6 9.4 14.9 16.8 18.7 17.4 10.9 3.7 0.9 0.6 Ser- vant classes 100.0 0.6 1.6 8.2 20.1 19.9 19.2 17.4 10.6 2.2: 0.1 100.0 0.8 2.5 5.9 14.8 25.9 28.9 15.9 4.4 0.5 0.2 100.0 1.2 1.9 5.8 12.4 17.0 22.3 22.3 14.3 2.7 0.1 100.0 3.2 5.1 11.4 17.3 23.7 22.4 12.9 3.6 0.4 0.1 262 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Professional Service — Con. Recreation and amusement : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Female..... 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown..... , Domestic and Personal Service Hotels, restaurants, hoard* ing houses, etc. : Male. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years „ 75 years and over Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years , 75 years and over Unknown Domestic and personal serv- ice (not elsewhere classi- fied) : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Unknown Total 100.0 4.7 5.3 15.6 26.5 21.9 14.5 7.9 3.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.8 6.6 19.9 27.9 21.4 12.8 6.2 2.0 0.3 0.2 100.0 2.4 3.9 12.4 25.0 25.5 17.7 9.1 3.3 0.5 0.2 100.0 3.5 6.0 14.9 23.4 22.2 17.3 9.2 3.0 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.6 30 10.5 24.8 24.7 18.1 10.5 4.7 0.9 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 1.4 4.1 19.0 32.2 22.1 12.4 6.1 2.2 0.3 0.2 100.0 1.9 5.1 18.5 28.4 22.9 13.7 6.8 2.2 0.3 0.2 100.0 0.3 7.5 30.4 25.0 20.5 10.8 4.8 0.3 0.3 100.0 1.0 3.9 18.6 28.4 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 1.0 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 "To" 6.9 23.3 30.2 22.3 11.8 3.9 0.5 0.1 100.0 7.3 21.2 30.0 24.0 11.9 4.5 0.8 0.3 100.0 0.3 3.3 19.0 32.8 25.9 13.5 4.5 0.6 0.1 100.0 0.4 3.3 17.2 31.6 28.9 14.4 3.6 0.4 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 4.5 6.8 17.8 28.6 20.4 12.2 6.8 2.4 0.4 0.1 100.0 4.7 12.9 31.6 31.1 12.9 5.1 1.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.4 4.6 17.2 25.4 18.3 15.0 11.0 5.2 0.8 0.2 100.0 2.9 7.8 23.0 31.8 20.7 10.1 3.2 0.5 0.2 100.0 3.2 2.0 5.1 15.9 24.0 25.1 16.6 6.7 1.6 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 1.5 9.0 28.2 31.8 18.9 8.0 2.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.2 7.4 23.0 26.1 22.2 14.5 4.8 0.5 0.2 100.0 0.6 4.4 19.0 25.5 25.2 17.3 7.1 0.6 0.1 Semi- skilled work- ers UNSKILLED 100.0 25.2 15.1 16.7 14.6 10.8 8.0 6.0 3.0 0.5 0.1 100.0 12.7 15.0 18.4 17.5 14.7 12.2 6.7 2.0 0.4 0.2 100.0 0.2 0.9 4.7 13.5 20.8 24.8 20.6 11.7 2.7 0.2 100.0 0.5 3.0 13.0 23.9 28 20 8 1 100.0 1.0 2.3 10.6 28.3 27.6 17.7 8.9 3.1 0.5 0.1 Total 100.0 4.4 6.4 15.6 22.1 19.0 16.3 10.6 4.7 0.7 0.1 100.0 2.2 3.4 9.1 20.6 29.4 21.9 10.6 2.4 0.3 0.2 100.0 3.5 5.5 15.9 28.0 23.9 14.3 6.4 2.1 0.3 0.2 100.0 5.2 8.5 20.1 27.2 20.5 12.3 4.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.7 4.0 10.7 20.9 21.3 18.2 12.1 6.5 1.5 0.2 Labor- ers 100.0 4.7 6.7 15.9 21.6 18.6 16.2 10.9 4.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 5.7 8.4 15.2 21.8 23.1 15.2 7.9 2.0 0.3 0.3 100.0 4.6 6.2 15.7 21.6 19.4 16.0 10.6 4.9 0.7 0.3 100.0 6.3 7.7 15.3 18.8 22.3 17.9 9.1 2.1 0.1 0.3 100.0 3.9 3.7 9.8 17.7 19.2 19.5 15.0 8.8 2.2 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 3.7 5.5 14.7 23.6 20.3 16.5 9.9 4.9 0.8 0.1 100.0 1.3 2.0 7.3 20.3 31.1 23.8 11.4 2.5 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.4 5.5 15.9 2S.3 24.1 14.2 6.2 2.0 0.3 0.2 100.0 5.2 8.5 20.1 27.2 20.5 12.3 4.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 4.9 4.1 10.9 21.5 21.7 17.9 11.5 6.0 1.3 0.2 INDUSTRY 263 Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, op the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Domestic and Personal Service— Continued Domestic and personal serv- ice (not elsewhere classi fied)— Continued. Female -. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years » 75 years and over Unknown.. Laundries : Male .. 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Cleaning, dyeing and press- ing shops : Male 10 to 17 years 18 and ly years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years _ 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years 75 years and over... Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years. .. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Total 100.0 5.7 6.5 15.3 22.6 20.1 15.8 9.4 3.8 0.6 0.2 100.0 3.0 4.5 14.0 29.7 23.8 15.3 7.2 2.2 0.3 0.1 100.0 6.2 8.9 18.6 25.6 21.8 12.7 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.0 5.5 18.4 31.3 23.4 12.3 4.6 1.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.1 7.9 19.2 27.8 24.1 12.1 4.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 1.9 13.0 29.9 26.6 14.9 9.7 3.9 100.0 14.7 34.9 29.4 14.7 4.6 1.8 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.3 3.6 22.1 30.8 25.9 13.3 3.5 0.4 0.1 100.0 5.2 16.9 33.1 28.5 13.1 2.9 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.7 6.5 29.6 34.3 19.9 7.1 1.7 0.1 0.1 100.0 9.2 25.0 35.0 21.0 8.2 1.2 0.3 0.1 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 2.7 8.0 21.2 27.0 19.2 12.4 7.1 1.9 0.3 0.1 100.0 2.5 3.9 14.4 35.7 24.0 13.2 4.8 1.4 0.2 100.0 4.4 12.5 29.5 28.3 15.7 7.3 1.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 4.8 5.8 21.5 34.0 19.2 9.4 3.9 1.2 0.2 100.0 4.8 12.6 29.8 28.5 16.4 6.2 1.3 0.4 0.1 Skilled work- ers and fore- men* 100.0 1.2 7.1 26.2 27.8 22.6 11.7 3.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 2.6 10.1 25.2 33.7 19.4 7.4 1.4 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.1 1.5 9.6 28.2 27.7 18.7 10.2 3.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 3.4 6.6 26.4 30.4 23.5 8.0 1.7 Semi- skilled work- ers 100 3 12 20 20 19 15 6 1 TJNSKILLa 100.0 3.8 5.7 17.1 32.0 22.0 12.1 5.3 1.7 0.2 0.1 100.0 6.4 8.8 18.0 25.5 22.0 13.0 4.9 1.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 3.7 7.1 22.6 32.2 19.9 9.6 3.5 1.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 4.3 6.7 15.5 27.7 26.4 13.6 4.7 0.9 0.1 0.1 Total 100.0 7.0 7.2 16.2 23.0 20.1 14/9 7.9 3.0 0.5 0.2 100.0 6.1 7.7 17.0 25.8 19.3 13.5 7.3 2.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 7.9 10.3 19.1 24.8 20.7 11.5 4.6 1.0 0.1 100.0 7.4 10.2 24.5 26.8 15.6 8.7 4.5 1.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.1 8.6 18.4 28.1 21.9 11.4 3.*) 1.4 0.2 0.2 Labor- ers 100.0 5.3 4.9 11.0 19.7 22.7 19.3 10.5 5.2 1.0 0.3 100.0 6.4 7.9 17.3 26.2 19.4 13.1 6.9 2.4 0.3 0.1 100.0 8.0 10.3 19.2 24.9 20.5 11.4 4.5 1.0 0.1 Ser- vant classes 100.0 7.1 10.2 24.9 27.1 15.7 8.5 4.2 1.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 6.3 8.9 18.3 28.3 21.6 11.3 3.8 1.3 0.2 0.2 100.0 7.0 7.2 16.2 23.0 20.1 14.9 7.9 3.0 0.5 0.2 100.0 3.1 5.7 12.7 21.6 18.0 17.6 12.2 8.1 1.0 100.0 10.4 9.9 20.1 24.1 14.6 9.9 6.6 3.5 0.9 264 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS Table 35. — Percent Distribution, by Age, of the Gainful Workers in Each Social-Economic Group, by Sex, in Each Industry or Service Group, for the United States: 1930 — Continued [Percent not shown where less than 0.1 or where base is less than 100] INDUSTRY, SEX, AND AGE Domestic and Personal Service— Continued Not specified industries and services : Male__ 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Unknown Female 10 to 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. 75 years and over Unknown „ Total 100.0 3.7 6.0 15 22.0 18.5 15.8 11.3 5.8 1.1 0.4 100.0 6.5 14.5 32.2 25.8 11.7 5.7 2.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 Pro- fession- al per- sons 100.0 2.0 15.8 36.6 23.3 14.3 5.5 2.0 0.3 0.2 100.0 1.9 19.9 33.6 23.8 12.3 6.9 0.9 0.7 Pro- prie- tors, man- agers, and of- ficials 100.0 0.3 4.0 23.7 32.1 23.7 12.0 3.4 0.6 0.2 100.0 1.2 8.1 27.4 28.5 19.0 10.2 3.5 1.7 0.5 Clerks and kin- dred work- ers 100.0 7.0 9.7 22.7 27.0 15.8 9.6 5.5 2.2 0.4 0.2 100.0 6.0 15.6 35.6 27.0 10.3 3.9 1.2 0.2 0.2 Skilled work- ers and fore- men 100.0 0.1 1.4 8.6 24.9 26.3 20.7 12.4 4.7 0.7 0.2 100.0 1.4 4.3 14.9 28.1 25.2 16.8 6.7 2.4 0.2 Semi- skilled work- ers 100.0 4.0 7.3 19.9 26.5 17.0 11.3 7.8 4.0 0.9 1.2 100.0 9.9 12.3 20.7 20.4 15.2 11.1 6.2 2.4 0.6 1.2 UNSKILLED Total 100.0 3.5 5.6 13.8 19.5 18.4 17.6 13.2 6.9 1.3 0.2 100.0 5.7 6.8 14.0 20.2 20.9 17.1 10.0 4.2 0.9 0.2 Labor- ers 100.0 3.5 5.6 13.8 1.3 0.2 100.0 6.4 6.4 12.9 19.0 21.0 17.9 10.4 4.7 1.0 0.2 Ser- vant classes 100.0 1.8 4.5 12.8 20.2 20.5 16.7 13.5 8.0 1.7 0.2 100.0 2.8 8.0 18.2 24.6 20.6 14.2 8.5 2.6 0.4 0.2 APPENDIX Data for native white , foreign-born white, and Negro workers by sex and social -economic groups, supplementing Table 30, in which are presented corresponding data for all classes combined. 265 APPENDIX 267 GAINFUL WORKERS, BY SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPS, BY SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES OF 500,000 OR MORE: 1930 (Percent not shown where less than 0.1 nor where base is less than 100) Sex and Group Native white Number Per- cent Foreign-born white Number Per- cent Negro Number Per- cent BALTIMORE Total 1. Professional persons 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) , , 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers ., 2-c. Other props., mgrs. , and off. . 3. Clerks and kindred workers . 4. Skilled workers and foreman 5. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers . 6. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers . . . 6-b. Factory and bldg. 6-c. Other laborers .. 6-d. Servant classes . const, labrs. Male 1. Professional persons 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) .. 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers .. 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off. . Clerks and kindred workers . Skilled workers and foremen 5. Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers ,, 6. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, labrs. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes Female 1. Professional persons 2. Proprietors, managers, and officials 2-a. Farmers (owners and tenants) , 2-b. Wholesale and retail dealers . 2-c. Other props., mgrs., and off. 3. Clerks and kindred workers , 4. Skilled workers and foremen Semiskilled workers 5-a. Semiskilled workers in mfg. 5-b. Other semiskilled workers ., 6. Unskilled workers 6-a. Farm laborers 6-b. Factory and bldg. const, labrs. 6-c. Other laborers 6-d. Servant classes 842,391 100.0 40,355 100.0 78,886 18,506 22,740 185 10,347 12,208 72,034 46,771 59,207 38,294 20,913 23,133 652 10,933 5,407 6,141 177,257 9,848 21 , 368 172 9,548 11,648 44,400 45,480 37,709 21,003 16,706 18,452 641 10 , 447 5,283 2,081 65,134 7.6 9.4 0.1 4.3 5.0 29.7 19.3 24.4 15.8 8.6 9.5 0.3 4.5 2.2 2.5 100.0 8,658 1,372 13 799 560 27,634 1,291 21,498 17,291 4,207 4,681 11 486 124 4,060 5.6 12.1 0.1 5.4 6.6 25.0 25.7 21.3 11'. 8 9.4 10.4 0.4 5.9 3.0 1.2 100.0 1,866 7,296 36 5,237 2,023 4,550 10,931 8,717 5,743 2,974 6,995 141 2,999 1,883 1,972 34,302 13.3 2.1 1.2 0.9 42.4 2.0 33.0 26.5 6.5 7.2 0.7 0.2 6.2 1,289 6,791 34 4,798 1,959 3,314 10,525 6,633 4,147 2,486 5,750 140 2,949 1,849 812 6,053 4.6 18.1 0.1 13.0 5.0 11.3 27.1 21.6 14.2 7.4 17.3 0.3 .7.4 4.7 4.9 100.0 1,916 1,312 19 782 511 1,628 2,276 12,481 4,842 7.639 59,273 353 17,596 9,652 31,672 48,952 3.8 19.8 0.1 14.0 5.7 9.7 30.7 19.3 12.1 7.2 16.8 0.4 8.6 5.4 2.4 100.0 577 505 2 439 64 1,236 406 2,084 1,596 488 1,245 1 50 34 1,160 9.5 8.3 7.3 1.1 20.4 6.7 34.4 26.4 8.1 20.6 0.8 0.6 19.2 936 1,130 17 697 416 1,335 2,251 8,401 2,845 5,556 34,899 343 17,321 9,479 7,756 29,934 980 182 2 85 95 293 25 4,080 1,997 2,083 24,374 10 275 173 23,916 100.0 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.6 2.1 2.9 15.8 6.1 9.7 75.1 0.4 22.3 12.2 40.1 100.0 1.9 2.3 1.4 0.8 2.7 4.6 17.2 5.8 11.3 71.3 0.7 35.4 19.4 15.8 100.0 3.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.1 13.6 6.7 7.0 81.4 0.9 0.6 79.9 67555 O— 38- -18 268 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUPING OF GAINFUL WORKERS GAINFUL WORKERS, BY SOCIAL -ECONOMIC GROUPS, BY SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES OF 500,000 OR MORE: 1930 - Continued (Percent not shown where less than 0.1 nor where base is less than 100) Sex and Group Native white Number Per- cent Foreign-bom white Number Per- cent