NOAA TR EDS 10 
 
 A UNITED STATES 
 DEPARTMENT OF 
 COMMERCE 
 PUBLICATION 
 
 
 
 NOAA Technical Report EDS 10 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 
 Environmental Data Service 
 
 BOMEX Temporary Archive 
 Description of Available Data 
 
 TERRY DE LA MORINIERE 
 
 SILVER SPRING, MD. 
 January 1972 
 
NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS 
 Environmental Data Service Series 
 
 The Environmental Data Service (EDS) archives and disseminates a broad 
 spectrum of environmental data gathered by the various components of NOAA and 
 by the various cooperating agencies and activities throughout the world. EDS is a 
 "bank" of worldwide environmental data upon which the researcher may draw to study 
 and analyze environmental phenomena and their impact upon commerce, agriculture, 
 industry, aviation, and other activities of man. EDS also conducts studies to 
 put environmental phenomena and relations into proper historical and statistical 
 perspective and to provide a basis for assessing changes in the natural environ- 
 ment brought about by man's activities. 
 
 EDS series of NOAA Technical Reports is a continuation of the former series, 
 ESSA Technical Report, EDS. 
 
 Reports in the series are available from the National Technical Information 
 Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sills Bldg., 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, 
 Va. 22151. Price: $3.00 paper copy; $0.95 microfiche. Order by accession number 
 shown in parentheses at end of each entry. 
 
 ESSA Technical Reports 
 
 EDS 1 Upper Wind Statistics of the Northern Western Hemisphere. Harold L. 
 Crutcher and Don K. Halligan. April 1967. (PB-174 921) 
 
 EDS 2 Direct and Inverse Tables of the Gamma Distribution. H. C. S. Thorn, 
 April 1968. (PB-178 320) 
 
 EDS 3 Standard Deviation of Monthly Average Temperature. H. C. S. Thorn, 
 April 1968. (PB-178 309) 
 
 EDS 4 Prediction of Movement and Intensity of Tropical Storms Over the 
 
 Indian Seas During the October to December Season. P. Jagannathan 
 and H. L. Crutcher. May 1968. (PB-178 497) 
 
 EDS 5 An Application of the Gamma Distribution Function to Indian Rainfall. 
 D. A. Mooley and H. L. Crutcher. August 1968. (PB-180 056) 
 
 EDS 6 Quantiles of Monthly Precipitation for Selected Stations in the 
 
 Contiguous United States. H. C. S. Thorn and Ida B. Vestal. August 
 1968. (PB-180 057) 
 
 EDS 7 A Comparison of Radiosonde Temperatures at the 100- , 80-, 50-, and 
 30-mb Levels. H. L. Crutcher and F. T. Quinlan. August 1968. 
 (PB-180 058) 
 
 EDS 8 Characteristics and Probabilities of Precipitation in China. Augustine 
 Y. M. Yao. September 1969. (PB-188 420) 
 
 EDS 9 Markov Chain Models for Probabilities of Hot and Cool Days Sequences and 
 Hot Spells in Nevada. Clarence M. Sakamoto. March 1970. (PB-193 221) 
 
dpATMOSft^ 
 
 r ^ENT Of 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 Maurice H. Stans, Secretary 
 
 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 
 Robert M. White, Administrator 
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE 
 Thomas S. Austin, Director 
 
 NOAA Technical Report EDS 10 
 
 BOMEX Temporary Archive 
 Description of Available Data 
 
 TERRY DE LA MORINIERE 
 
 Office of the Associate Administrator for Science and Technology 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
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 1 
 
 SILVER SPRING, MD. 
 
 January 1972 
 
UDC 551.506.2:551.46.065(263.5) (083.8) M 1969.05/07 M BOMEX 
 
 551.46 Oceanography 
 
 .46.065 Ocean expedition data 
 
 551.5 Meteorology 
 
 .506.2 Complex expedition data 
 
 (083.8) Inventories 
 
 (263.5) Western Tropical Atlantic 
 
 "1969.05/07" May-July, 1969 
 
 BOMEX BOMEX 
 
 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration does not approve, 
 recommend, or endorse any product except for its own use, and naming of a 
 product or a manufacturer is solely for purposes of identification. The 
 evaluation and test results shall not be used in advertising, sales pro- 
 motion, or to indicate in any manner, either implicitly or explicitly, 
 endorsement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 
 
 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing 
 Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price $2.25. 
 
 11 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii 
 
 ABSTRACT 1 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 1.0.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP DATA ACQUISITION . 7 
 
 1.1.0 FIXED-SHIP RAWINSONDE DATA (INCLUDING RADIOMETERSONDE 
 
 DATA BOTH FROM THE SHIPS AND FROM ISLAND LOCATIONS) ... 17 
 
 1.1.1 Rawlnsonde and Radiometersonde Instrumentation 
 
 and Observation Procedures 17 
 
 1.1.2 Rawinsonde Data Processing 21 
 
 1.1.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization 21 
 
 1.1.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and 
 Procedures (Including Examples 
 
 of 35-mm Microfilm Output) 24 
 
 1.1.2.3 Computations Used in the "A " 
 
 Rawinsonde Data Processing 30 
 
 1.1. 2. A Manual Inputs and Preparation for Use 
 
 in "Aq" Rawinsonde Data Processing .... 45 
 
 1.1.2.5 Characteristics of the "A " Rawinsonde 
 Data To Be Considered Before Use in 
 Analysis 47 
 
 1.1.2.6 "Aq" Rawinsonde Data Archive 
 
 Magnetic Tape Format 50 
 
 1.1.3 Radiometersonde Data Processing and 
 
 Archive Magnetic Tape Format 51 
 
 1.1.3.1 Processing Procedures 51 
 
 1.1.3.2 Radiometersonde Data Archive 
 
 Magnetic Tape Format 52 
 
 1.2.0 BOOM SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 53 
 
 1.2.1 Instrumentation and Observation Procedure 53 
 
 1.2.2 Boom Data Processing 55 
 
 1.2.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization 55 
 
 1.2.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures . . 56 
 
 1.2.2.3 Characteristics of the "A " Boom 
 Surface Meteorological Measurements To 
 
 Be Considered Before Use in Analysis ... 57 
 
 1.2.2.4 "A " Boom Surface Meteorological Data 
 Archive Magnetic Tape Format 67 
 
 iii 
 
CONTENTS (continued) 
 
 Page 
 
 1.3.0 BOMEX MARINE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND 
 
 SURFACE-PRESSURE - MARINE MICROBAROGRAM DATA 68 
 
 1.3.1 Observation Procedures and Parameters Measured ... 68 
 
 1.3.2 Processing Procedure and Archive Magnetic 
 
 Tape Format 89 
 
 1.3.2.1 Processing Procedure 89 
 
 1.3.2.2 BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observa- 
 tions Archive Magnetic Tape Format .... 89 
 
 1.4.0 FIXED- SHIP OPERATIONS DATA 91 
 
 1.4.1 Parameters Recorded 91 
 
 1.4.2 Fixed-Ship On-Station and 
 
 Underway Operations . 93 
 
 1.4.2.1 USC&GSS Oceanographer 
 
 Ship Operations and Navigation 94 
 
 1.4.2.2 USC&GSS Mt. Mitchell 
 
 Ship Operations and Navigation 95 
 
 1.4.2.3 USC&GSS Rainier 
 
 Ship Operations and Navigation 96 
 
 1.4.2.4 USC&GSS Discoverer 
 
 Ship Operations and Navigation 96 
 
 1.4.2.5 USCGC Rockaway 
 
 Ship Operations and Navigation 97 
 
 1.4.3 Fixed-Ship Operations Data Processing 99 
 
 1.4.4 Fixed-Ship Operations Data 
 
 Archive Magnetic Tape Format 99 
 
 1.5.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP EVENT LOG 102 
 
 1.5.1 Contents of the Event Log 102 
 
 1.5.2 BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log Archive Format 102 
 
 1.6.0 DISCOVERER WEATHER RADAR PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADAR LOG .... 104 
 
 1.6.1 Radar Photographic Data 104 
 
 1.6.2 Discoverer Weather Radar Log 105 
 
 1.6.3 Discoverer Weather Radar Photograph 
 
 and Radar Log Archive Formats 105 
 
 IV 
 
CONTENTS (continued) 
 
 Page 
 
 1.7.0 STD (SALINITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH) SENSOR 
 
 DATA AND' SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATA 106 
 
 1.7.1 STD Observation Procedures 106 
 
 1.7.2 STD 8-sps Data Reduction and Processing 108 
 
 1.7.2.1 Digitization 109 
 
 1.7.2.2 Conversion and Processing 114 
 
 1.7.2.3 STD 8-sps Data Archive 
 
 Magnetic Tape Format 117 
 
 1.7.3 STD Support Data and Archive Format 121 
 
 1.7.4" Radio Transmission Log for STD 
 
 Observations and Archive Format 126 
 
 1.7.5 Naval Oceanographic Office "C" 
 
 Temperature Log and Archive Format 128 
 
 2.0.0 BOMEX AIRCRAFT-ACQUIRED DATA 129 
 
 2.1.0 RFF AIRCRAFT DATA 146 
 
 2.1.1 Original Data 146 
 
 2.1.2 CONVERT Tape and Original Tape Listing 147 
 
 2.1.3 NHRL Processing of RFF Data . . 151 
 
 2.1.3.1 AUTO Listing and NNV Data Cards 152 
 
 2.1.3.2 NNV BCD Tape Record 155 
 
 2.1.3.3 NNV Binary Tape Record 165 
 
 2.1.6 RFF Aircraft Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format . . . 169 
 
 2.1.7 RFF Photographic and Radar 
 
 Data and Archive Format 177 
 
 2.1.8 RFF Flight Folder 177 
 
 2.1.9 RFF Photographic Quality Review Log 179 
 
 2.2.0 NAVY AND AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT DATA 180 
 
 2.2.1 RECCO Data 180 
 
 2.2.1.1 RECCO Data Processing 191 
 
 2.2.1.2 Characteristics of Navy and 
 Air Force Data To Be Considered 
 
 Before Use in Analysis 192 
 
 2.2.1.3 Navy and Air Force RECCO Data 
 
 Archive Magnetic Tape Format 192 
 
CONTENTS (continued) 
 
 Page 
 
 2.2.2 Navy WC-121 Aircraft Radar 
 
 Photographs and Archive Format 193 
 
 2.2.3 Air Force WB-47 Aircraft Radar 
 
 Photographs and Archive Format 211 
 
 2.2.4 Air Force WC-130 Aircraft Dropsonde 
 
 Data and Archive Magnetic Tape Format 214 
 
 3.0.0 ISLAND DATA ACQUISITION 220 
 
 3.1.0 ISLAND RADAR DATA 220 
 
 3.2.0 ISLAND RAWINSONDE DATA 223 
 
 3.3.0 ATS-3 DATA 224 
 
 4.0.0 DATA ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS AND COSTS 225 
 
 TABLES 
 No. Page 
 
 1-0 Contents of the BOMEX Temporary Archive 3 
 
 1-1 Geographic positions of BOMEX fixed ships 8 
 
 1-2 Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 11 
 
 1-3 Fixed-ship basic observation system 15 
 
 1-4 BOMEX rawinsonde instrumentation 18 
 
 1-5 Calibration correction for rawinsonde temperature 35 
 
 1-6 Calibration corrections for rawinsonde relative humidity .... 38 
 
 1-7 Measurements from boom sensors 54 
 
 1-8 Transfer equations and constants for conversion 
 
 of measured voltage to scientific units 58 
 
 1-9 Ship's barometer and Rosemount heights above sea surface .... 66 
 
 1-10 Barometer change characteristics in the last 3 hours 71 
 
 Vi 
 
TABLES (continued) 
 No. Page 
 
 1-11 Dew-point temperature 72 
 
 1-12 Relative humidity 73 
 
 1-13 Wave or swell heights in half-meters 75 
 
 1-14 Code table for clouds of types Stratocumulus, 
 
 Stratus, Cumulus, and Cumulonimbus 76 
 
 1-15 Code table for low cloud height; height of 
 
 base of lowest cloud (Cl or C^) above sea 77 
 
 1-16 Code table for clouds of types Altocumulus, 
 
 Altostratus, and Nimbostratus 78 
 
 1-17 Code table for clouds of types Cirrus, 
 
 Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus 80 
 
 1-18 Code table for visibility 82 
 
 1-19 Code table for present weather 83 
 
 1-20 Code table for past weather 87 
 
 1-21 Code table for orientation of cloud band 
 
 axis with respect to true north 88 
 
 1-22 BOMEX STD sensor characteristics 107 
 
 1-23 Digitizing resolution 114 
 
 2-1 Call signs and other identifiers for BOMEX aircraft 130 
 
 2-2 Fixed reporting points used in BOMEX 131 
 
 2-3 BOMEX line integral aircraft missions 132 
 
 2-4 RFF airborne instrumentation systems supporting BOMEX 133 
 
 2-5 RFF airborne recording systems 138 
 
 2-6 Navy WC-121 aircraft basic observation system 139 
 
 2-7 Navy WC-121 aircraft meteorological instrumentation 140 
 
 2-8 Special synoptic aircraft missions 141 
 
 vii 
 
TABLES (continued) 
 No. Page 
 
 2-9 Air Weather Service WB-47 basic meteorological 
 
 instrumentation 144 
 
 2-10 Air Weather Service WC-130 basic meteorological 
 
 instrumentation 145 
 
 2-11 Air Weather Service RB-57 basic meteorological 
 
 instrumentation 145 
 
 2-12 RFF original tape calibration constants 149 
 
 2-13 Abbreviations of parameters used with AUT, SMT, 
 
 CQN, or REP cards for NNV Program 154 
 
 2-14 NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape Record format 166 
 
 2-15 Logical record of NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape 167 
 
 2-16 Variables in data record 171 
 
 2-17 RECCO data archive format 195 
 
 2-18 Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 198 
 
 2-19 Characteristics of APS-20 radar 210 
 
 2-20 Characteristics of AN/APN-59B radar 213 
 
 2-21 Code table for tenths and sign indicator 218 
 
 2-22 Code table for dew-point depression 219 
 
 3-1 Characteristics of AN/MPS-34 radar (long pulse) 221 
 
 4-1 Reference information to aid in preparation 
 
 of data request 229 
 
 4-2 Fixed-ship observed data availability 
 
 Ship: Oceanographer 235 
 
 4-3 Fixed-ship observed data availability 
 
 Ship: Rainier 238 
 
 4-4 Fixed-ship observed data availability 
 
 Ship: Mt. Mitchell 241 
 
 viii 
 
TABLES (continued) 
 No. Page 
 
 4-5 Fixed-ship observed data availability 
 
 Ship: Discoverer 244 
 
 4-6 Fixed-ship observed data availability 
 
 Ship: Rockaway 247 
 
 4-7 RFF aircraft observed data availability 250 
 
 4-8 Navy and Air Force aircraft observed 
 
 data availability 252 
 
 4-9 Island observed data availability 255 
 
 4-10 Support data inventory 258 
 
 4-11 Fixed-Ship Rawinsonde Data inventory 259 
 
 4-12 Radiometersonde Data inventory 261 
 
 4-13 Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements inventory 262 
 
 4-14 BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations and Surface 
 
 Pressure - Marine Microbarogram Data inventory 264 
 
 4-15 Fixed-Ship Salinity/Temperature/Depth and 
 
 Sea Surface Temperature Data inventory 265 
 
 4-16 RFF Meteorological and Renavigated Flight Track 
 
 Data inventory. 267 
 
 4-17 Island, Discoverer , Air Force WB-47, Navy WC-121, 
 RFF DC-6 39C, RFF DC-6 40C, and RFF DC-4 82E 
 Radar Data inventory 273 
 
 4-18 RFF Aircraft Cloud Photograh Data inventory 285 
 
 4-19 Navy and Air Force RECCO Data and 
 
 Air Force WC-130 Dropsonde Data inventory 291 
 
 4-20 Island Rawinsonde Data inventory 293 
 
 4-21 ATS-3 Data inventory 298 
 
 xx 
 
FIGURES 
 No. Page 
 
 1-1 Fixed-ship array during Periods I, II, and III 9 
 
 1-2 Fixed-ship array during Period IV • 10 
 
 1-3 Example of" 35-mm microfilm tabulation 
 
 of 5-sec rawinsonde data 27 
 
 1-4 Five-second temperature and humidity data versus pressure 
 
 1 - temperature; 2 - relative humidity 28 
 
 1-5 U and V components of measured wind versus pressure 
 
 1 - W/E; 2 - S/N; 3 - height 29 
 
 1-6 Diagram relating the terms used in wind computations 43 
 
 1-7 Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of 
 
 boom 30-sec data 62 
 
 1-8 Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of 
 
 boom 10-min averages 63 
 
 1-9 Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of 
 
 boom 30-min averages 65 
 
 1-10 Surface Observations Form 69 
 
 1-11 Ship Operations Form 92 
 
 1-12 BOMEX Event Log 103 
 
 1-13 Separation and signal conditioning of the 
 
 recorded signal prior to input for digitization 110 
 
 1-14 Flow counter hardware arrangement Ill 
 
 1-15 Input waveforms and system timing during a 
 
 typical counting operation 112 
 
 1-16 First record for STD cast 118 
 
 1-17 Format of STD first card image 120 
 
 1-18 STD data record , 122 
 
 1-19 STD Observation Form 123 
 
 1-20 Radio Transmission Log for Salinity, Temperature, 
 
 Depth, and Sound Velocity Data 127 
 
FIGURES (continued) 
 No. Page 
 
 2-1 NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record 157 
 
 2-2 Header information that precedes each RFF mission 170 
 
 2-3 RECCO Code form 181 
 
 2-4 Tables referred to on RECCO Code form 
 
 that were used in encoding 185 
 
 2-5 WB-47 aircraft flight track for radar photography 212 
 
 2-6 BOMEX Dropsonde Recording Form 215 
 
 4-1 Sample data request 228 
 
 xi 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 Establishment of the BOMEX Temporary Archive would not have been possible 
 without the invaluable help of the many organizations and individuals who 
 played an important role in the processing of BOMEX data and who continue to 
 take part in the still ongoing data reduction. 
 
 For overall support, the author is grateful to R.E. Hallgren, Associate 
 Administrator for Environmental Monitoring and Prediction, NOAA; Jackson Balch, 
 Director of NASA's Mississippi Test Facility; Thomas S. Austin, Director, 
 Environmental Data Service, NOAA; William H. Haggard, Director, National Cli- 
 matic Center, NOAA; R.V. Ochinero, Director, National Oceanographic Data Center, 
 NOAA; H. Stewart, Jr., Director, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological 
 Laboratories, NOAA; and R.C. Gentry, Director, National Hurricane Research 
 Laboratory, NOAA. Deeply appreciated is the management assistance and guidance 
 provided by Joshua Z. Holland, Director, and Arnold H. Glaser, of the BOMAP 
 Office (now Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis) , NOAA. 
 
 For major contributions to the description of the data contained in the 
 BOMEX Temporary Archive, the author's thanks go to the following: Lee Nybo, 
 C.R. Ramsey, Elwyn Graham, Kenneth Savistano, Raymond L. Joiner, Melvin H. 
 Craddock, Frank T. Quinlan, Mortimer Buckwald, John Sheldon, Warren Wisner, 
 Willard W. Shinners, Feodor Ostapoff, Orville E. Scribner, Scott Williams, 
 and Calvin E. Anderson, who played a major role in the reduction of the ship 
 data; Loran A. Weaver, Harry F. Hawkins, Billy M. Lewis, Eugene M. Page, 
 Howard A. Friedman, Marshall G. Hatch, Harlan W. Davis, Gerald Conrad, Robert 
 H. Sourbeer, and Richard Rutkowski, who made substantive contributions in 
 processing and quality control of the data collected by NOAA's Research Flight 
 Facility and who provided the documentation for these data; John McHugh and 
 Lt. Victor E. Delnore (NOAA Corps), who were responsible for the reduction and 
 archiving of STD data; Lt. Cdr. Charles Waldron (U.S. Navy), Eugene M. Rasmusson, 
 Robert W. Reeves, and Leslie D. Sanders, who provided descriptions and quality 
 control of the Navy and Air Force aircraft data, with Robert W. Reeves and 
 Leslie D. Sanders being responsible for the dropsonde data; Michael D. Hudlow 
 and Wolfgang Scherer, who processed the radar data; and Vance A. Myers, who 
 scrutinized the photographs taken by high-altitude aircraft and by satellites. 
 
 Acknowledgment is also due Frances Burkholder for tabulating the data 
 placed in the archive, May Laughrun for editing the text, and Patricia Mentzer 
 and James Knox for typing the manuscript. 
 
 XII 
 
BOMEX TEMPORARY ARCHIVE 
 DESCRIPTION OF AVAILABLE DATA 
 
 Terry C. de la Moriniere* 
 Office of the Associate Administrator 
 for Science and Technology 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 Rockville, Md . 20852 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 This report describes the data available from the BOMEX Temporary 
 Archive, a depository for data collected during the Barbados Oceano- 
 graphic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) during May, June, and 
 July 1969. Procedures used in processing these data, inventories 
 of the archived data, and ordering instructions and costs are given. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Effective February 1, 1971, a temporary archive was established to ser- 
 vice requests for processed data products resulting from the Barbados Oceano- 
 graphic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) , conducted in the summer of 
 1969. Not all BOMEX data have been assembled. The temporary archive repre- 
 sents data selected by the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Analysis 
 Project (BOMAP) Office** that were acquired from the fixed-ship, aircraft, 
 and island-based acquisition systems under the operational control of the 
 BOMEX Field Headquarters. Various BOMEX principal investigators (responsible 
 for experiments other than the BOMEX Core Experiment) acquired data during 
 BOMEX, but these data will not be placed in the temporary archive since most 
 are still in the possession of the investigators for processing and analysis. 
 
 The temporary archive is defined as such since it contains preliminary , 
 unvalidated data that are being made available at an early stage in the BOMAP 
 processing activity. It will be replaced by a permanent archive when the 
 data-processing cycle is finished (late 1972). Validated data are defined as 
 processed data for which the quality has been effectively demonstrated, and 
 limitations as to space resolution, time resolution, and accuracy have been 
 
 *Formerly a staff member in the BOMAP Office and now affiliated with the Office 
 of the Associate Administrator for Environmental Monitoring and Prediction, NOAA. 
 
 **Now Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) . 
 
clearly documented. Such conclusive information is not available at this 
 time because of continuing BOMAP efforts in data-processing software develop- 
 ment, scientific test computations, calibration studies, and intercomparison 
 studies of data obtained from the various types of BOMEX acquisition plat- 
 forms . Those requesting BOMEX data from the temporary archive should there- 
 fore be prepared to perform such quality and accuracy tests as may be required 
 prior to use for scientific research . The BOMAP Office staff stands ready 
 to assist in answering users' questions concerning the processing or quality 
 of the temporary archive data products (telephone (301) 496-8871) . 
 
 Table 1.0 lists the data products available through the temporary 
 archive. This table defines the acquisition platforms or locations where 
 the data were obtained, specifies the archive product as observed data or 
 support documents for use in evaluating the observed data, and the form in 
 which these data products can be obtained from the temporary archive. The 
 various archived data types are discussed in the text that follows in the 
 order in which they are listed in table 1-0. 
 
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1.0.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP DATA ACQUISITION 
 
 Five ships occupied fixed positions during the four BOMEX Observation 
 Periods (table 1-1). For the Core Experiment, which covered Period I (May 1 
 through 15), Period II (May 24 through June 10), and Period III (June 19 
 through July 2), the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey* ships Rainier , Oceano- 
 grapher , Mt. Mitchell , and Discoverer occupied positions ALFA, BRAVO, DELTA, 
 and ECHO, respectively, at the corners of the BOMEX square, and the U.S. 
 Coast Guard cutter Ro ckaway occupied position CHARLIE at the center of the 
 fixed-ship array (fig. 1-1). For the Tropical Convection Program during 
 Period IV (July 11 through 28), the five ships were stationed in a staggered 
 pattern of fixed positions (fig. 1-2). Because some of the ships departed 
 designated positions a day or two early and others occupied positions a day 
 or two late owing to operational problems, the dates given above do not coin- 
 cide exactly with the operations of each ship. A chronological listing of 
 operations is given in table 1-2. 
 
 During all four periods, the fixed ships made sea-surface and oceanogra- 
 phic measurements and surface and upper air observations. Special instrumen- 
 tation included: the signal conditioning and recording device (SCARD) ; rawin- 
 sondes to measure temperature, humidity, and pressure during their ascent and 
 to provide tracking targets for wind direction and speed; radiometersondes to 
 measure upward and downward radiation; a special boom extending from the bow 
 of each ship and carrying instruments to measure dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and 
 sea-surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and 
 radiometers to measure incident, reflected, and total radiation; salinity/ 
 temperature/depth (STD) sensors; the boundary layer instrument package (BLIP), 
 released from all ships except the Ro ckaway , suspended below a tethered 
 balloon or parafoil kite, and carrying sensors to measure temperature, 
 humidity, and horizontal and vertical wind speed. Basic observation systems 
 aboard each fixed ship are identified in table 1-3. 
 
 Each ship was equipped with a free-fall, deep-sea mooring system to 
 raaintain its position. However, the Rainier 's mooring system failed on May 1, 
 the Mt. Mitchell's on May 3, the Ro ckaway 's on May 25, and the Discoverer 's 
 and Oceanographer ' s on June 21. All wind speed and direction data acquired 
 after mooring failure — during periods of steaming and periods of drift — 
 must therefore be corrected for ship motion. 
 
 Observation systems were standardized for the fixed ships, with some 
 variation in special instrumentation for the program to be served. Data were 
 acquired in the form of analog magnetic-tape, strip-chart, punched paper-tape, 
 manually logged, and photographic or filmed records. 
 
 * 
 
 Now the National Ocean Survey. 
 
 -7- 
 
Table 1-1. Geographic positions of BOMEX fixed ships 
 
 Ship 
 
 Position 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Periods I, II, and III (square array) 
 
 Rainier 
 Oceanographer 
 Rockaway 
 Mt . Mitchell 
 Discoverer 
 
 ALFA (A) 
 BRAVO (B) 
 CHARLIE (C) 
 DELTA (D) 
 ECHO (E) 
 
 16°50 'N 
 17°36'N 
 15°00'N 
 12°23'N 
 13°08'N 
 
 59°12*W 
 54°34'W 
 56°30'W 
 58°23'W 
 53°51'W 
 
 Period IV (staggered array) 
 
 Rainier 
 Rockaway 
 Discoverer 
 Mt . Mitchell 
 Oceanographer 
 
 BRAVO (B) 
 CHARLIE (C) 
 ECHO (E) 
 LIMA (L) 
 GOLF (G) 
 
 17°30'N 
 15°00 'N 
 13°00'N 
 10°30'N 
 7°30'N 
 
 54°00»W 
 
 56°30'W 
 
 54°00'W 
 56°30'W 
 52°42'W 
 
Figure 1-1. Fixed-ship array during Periods I, II, and III. 
 
Figure 1-2. Fixed-ship array during Period IV. 
 
 10 
 
Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 
 
 Date 
 
 
 Ship 
 
 activity* 
 
 
 
 1969 
 
 Oceano- 
 
 Disco- 
 
 Mt. 
 
 
 
 
 grapher 
 
 verer 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Rock aw ay 
 
 April 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 In port at 
 
 In port at 
 
 In port at 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 En route to 
 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Station "A" 
 
 Station "C" 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 En route to 
 
 ii 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 Deep sea; 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 
 Station "B" 
 
 
 Station "D" 
 
 moor, failed 
 
 Station "C" 
 
 2 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 it 
 
 Moored on 
 
 On Station 
 
 Moored on 
 
 
 Station "B" 
 
 
 Station "D" 
 
 "A" 
 
 Station "C" 
 
 3 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "B" 
 
 ii 
 
 Deep sea; 
 moor, failed 
 
 n 
 
 ti 
 
 Arrived at 
 Station "E" 
 and moored 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "E" 
 
 Medical eva- 
 cuation to 
 Bridgetown 
 
 On Station 
 
 llT.ll 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "B"; 
 M&C Day 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "E"; 
 M&C Day 
 
 On Station 
 "D";M&C Day 
 
 On Station Moored on 
 "A"; M&C Day Station "C"; 
 M&C Day 
 
 9-14 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "B" 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "E" 
 
 On Station 
 "D" 
 
 On Station Moored on 
 "A" Station "C" 
 
 15 Departed Departed Departed Departed Departed 
 
 for Bridge- for Bridge- for Bridge- for Bridge- for Bridge- 
 town town town town town 
 
 -11- 
 
Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 
 
 Ship activity* 
 
 
 
 1969 
 
 Ocean o- 
 
 Disco- 
 
 Mt. 
 
 
 
 
 grapher 
 
 verer 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Rock aw ay 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Arrived in 
 
 Arrived in 
 
 Arrived in 
 
 Arrived in 
 
 Arrived in 
 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 17-21 
 
 In port at 
 
 In port at 
 
 In port at 
 
 In port at 
 
 In port at 
 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 22 
 
 In port at 
 
 Departed 
 
 In port at 
 
 Departed 
 
 Departed 
 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 for Sta- 
 tion "E" 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Bridgetown 
 for Sta- 
 tion "A" 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 23 
 
 Departed 
 
 Arrived and 
 
 Departed 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 Arrived and 
 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 moored on 
 Station "E" 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Station "A" 
 
 moored on 
 Station "C" 
 
 24 
 
 Arrived and 
 
 Medical eva- 
 
 Arrived on 
 
 On Station 
 
 Moored on 
 
 
 moored on 
 
 cuation to 
 
 Station "D" 
 
 "A" 
 
 Station "C" 
 
 
 Station "B" 
 
 Bridgetown 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 Moored on 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 On Station 
 
 ii 
 
 Deep sea; 
 
 
 Station "B" 
 
 Bridgetown; 
 departed 
 
 "D" 
 
 
 moor, failed 
 
 26 
 
 ii 
 
 En route to 
 Station "E" 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 On Station 
 "C" 
 
 27 
 
 it 
 
 Arrived and 
 moored on 
 Station "E" 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 it 
 
 28 
 
 ii 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "E" 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown; 
 returned to 
 Station "D" 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 Moored on 
 
 Moored on 
 
 On Station 
 
 On Station 
 
 On Station 
 
 to 
 
 Station "B"; 
 
 Station "E"; 
 
 "E"; 5/29 
 
 "A"; 5/29 
 
 "C" 5/29 
 
 June 
 
 5/29 M&C 
 
 5/29 M&C 
 
 M&C Day 
 
 M&C Day 
 
 M&C Day 
 
 9 
 
 Day 
 
 Day 
 
 
 
 
 -12- 
 
Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Ship activity* 
 
 Ocean o - 
 grapher 
 
 Disco - 
 verer 
 
 Mt. 
 Mitchell 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Rockaway 
 
 June 
 
 10 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 11 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 12-18 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 19 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 
 20 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "B" 
 
 Moored on 
 Station "E" 
 
 On Station 
 
 On Station 
 "A" 
 
 On Station 
 "C" 
 
 21 Deep sea; 
 
 moor, failed 
 
 Deep sea; 
 moor, failed 
 
 22-25 
 
 On Station 
 
 On Station 
 
 tlT?H 
 
 26 
 
 Departed "D" 
 to recover 
 buoy, then 
 returned 
 
 27 
 
 On Station 
 "B"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 "E"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 "D"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 "A"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 "C"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 28 
 
 On Station 
 
 ■ IT)!! 
 
 On Station 
 
 IIt-M 
 
 On Station 
 "D" 
 
 On Station 
 "A" 
 
 On Station 
 
 iir>M 
 
 29 
 
 Departed "D" 
 to recover 
 BLIP, then 
 returned 
 
 30 Departed "B" 
 for Bridge- 
 town 
 
 On Station 
 
 llr\ll 
 
 -13- 
 
 Departed "C" 
 for "B," ar- 
 rived at "B" 
 
Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 
 
 Ship activity* 
 
 
 
 1969 
 
 Oceano- 
 grapher 
 
 Disco- 
 verer 
 
 Mt. 
 Mitchell 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Rockaway 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 On Station 
 
 On Station 
 iijjii 
 
 On Station 
 "A" 
 
 On Station 
 
 tig.. 
 
 2 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 Arrived in 
 Bridgetown 
 
 4-8 
 
 ii 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 In port at 
 Bridgetown 
 
 9 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 for "G" 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 for "E" 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 for "D" 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 for "B" 
 
 Departed 
 Bridgetown 
 for "C" 
 
 10 
 
 En route to 
 Station "G" 
 
 Arrived at 
 Station "E" 
 
 Arrived at 
 Station "L" 
 
 En route to 
 Station "B" 
 
 Arrived at 
 Station "C" 
 
 11 
 
 M 
 
 On Station 
 "E" 
 
 Departed for 
 Bridgetown, 
 then returned 
 
 Arrived at 
 Station "B" 
 
 On Station 
 "C" 
 
 12 
 
 Arrived at 
 
 M 
 
 On Station 
 
 Mt II 
 
 On Station 
 
 llrjll 
 
 ii 
 
 13-15 
 
 On Station 
 H/-.U 
 
 16 
 
 On Station 
 "G"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 "E"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 M L"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 "B"; M&C 
 Day 
 
 On Station 
 
 M&C 
 
 Day 
 
 17-23 
 
 On Station 
 
 II /-ill 
 
 On Station 
 
 ll-pll 
 
 On Station 
 
 ll T II 
 
 On Station 
 „ B „ 
 
 On Station 
 M/-.II 
 
 -14- 
 
Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Oceano- 
 
 Ship activity 5 
 
 Disco- 
 
 grapher verer 
 
 Mt. 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Rockaway 
 
 July 
 24 
 
 25-27 
 
 On Station On Station 
 
 "G"; M&C "E"; M&C 
 
 Day Day 
 
 On Station On Station 
 
 "G" "E" 
 
 On Station On Station On Station 
 
 "L"; M&C "B"; M&C "C"; M&C 
 
 Day Day Day 
 
 On Station On Station On Station 
 
 IIt II llTJ II lip II 
 
 28 Departed for Departed for 
 Bridgetown Bridgetown 
 
 Departed for Departed for Departed for 
 Bridgetown Bridgetown Bridgetown 
 
 * M&C Day — Maintenance and calibration day. 
 
 Table 1-3. Fixed-ship basic observation system 
 
 Ship 
 
 SCARD Rawinsonde* Boom** STD BLIP SITS 
 
 Oceanographer x 
 
 Scanwell 
 WFSS 
 
 x 
 
 x 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Scanwell 
 WFSS 
 
 (x) 
 
 Mt. Mitchell x 
 
 Scanwell 
 WFSS 
 
 Discoverer 
 
 x 
 
 Selenia 
 radar 
 
 Rockaway 
 
 x 
 
 AN/SPS 29 
 radar 
 
 (x) 
 
 *Wind direction and speed acquired as slant range and azimuth. 
 **Parentheses indicate inclusion of instrumentation for radiation 
 
 -15- 
 
SCARP (Signal Conditioning and Recording Device) was the primary recording 
 unit aboard each of the fixed ships. Developed, operated, and maintained 
 in the field by NASA's Mississippi Test Facility, it recorded on analog mag- 
 netic tape the main body of data derived from the observations. Exceptions 
 were some manually recorded surface meteorological observations, punched 
 paper-tape records of the Selenia radar rawinsonde positions, photographs of 
 radar precipitation observations, STD strip charts, and analog strip-chart 
 records of rawinsonde data that served as quality control.. 
 
 -16- 
 
1.1.0 FIXED-SHIP RAWINSONDE DATA (INCLUDING RADIOMETERSONDE 
 DATA BOTH FROM THE SHIPS AND FROM ISLAND LOCATIONS) 
 
 1.1.1 Rawinsonde and Radiometersonde Instrumentation and Observation 
 Procedures 
 
 Instrumentation . Rawinsonde balloons carried two instrument pack- 
 ages aloft for each observation: a temperature sonde equipped with a thermis- 
 tor and a humidity sonde with a hygristor. All sondes and telemetry units 
 were of standard National Weather Service type with these exceptions: 
 
 (a) Temperature sondes were specially wired to yield only signals for 
 temperature, "low reference" (190 Hz), and a special midreference 
 value (95 Hz) which replaced every fifth "low reference" in the 
 sequence. This allowed more frequent reference signals and hence 
 more precise corrections for variations in sonde characteristics — 
 enhancing accuracy. Selected precalibrated thermistors were used. 
 
 (b) Pressure sensors for temperature sondes were specially selected and 
 precalibrated twice at the factory (once "up" and once "down," re- 
 jecting sensors that showed large differences) for better pressure 
 accuracies . 
 
 (c) Humidity sondes were modified to yield an almost continuous humidity 
 signal, interrupted only occasionally for a "low reference" signal. 
 Because the humidity data are much less sensitive to minor sonde/ 
 battery variation than the temperature data, there was no need for 
 frequent reference checks. A more sensitive uncalib rated pressure 
 commutator was substituted for the usual baroswitch, to further 
 shorten the time occupied by reference signals. All pressure data 
 were taken from the temperature sonde and time-correlated to the 
 humidity data. The net result was extraordinarily fine vertical 
 resolution in the humidity profile. 
 
 Table 1-4 summarizes the instrumentation and sonde frequency used by each 
 fixed ship during the four BOMEX periods. Temperature sonde and humidity 
 sonde signal output was acquired by separate receivers aboard ship and re- 
 corded by SCARD, and on strip charts for quality control. 
 
 Two types of balloon-tracking systems were used: Scanwell Wind Finding 
 at Sea System (WFSS) and radar wind finding system. 
 
 The Oceanographer , Mt . Mitchell , and Rainier carried the Scanwell WFSS. 
 By means of rotary potentiometers mounted within the Scanwell balloon track- 
 ing instrumentation, continuous slant range and azimuth values of balloon 
 position were acquired for the purpose of computing upper air wind directions 
 and speeds. These data were recorded on SCARD and also on strip charts for 
 quality control. 
 
 -17- 
 
The Discoverer was equipped with Selenia radar, METEOR 200-RMT-2S (3.2-cm 
 wavelength). Slant range and azimuth data, for computation of upper air winds, 
 were recorded on punched paper tape at 15-sec intervals, with a printed paper 
 tape for quality control. 
 
 Table 1-4. BOMEX rawinsonde instrumentation 
 
 Fixed ships 
 
 Period I 
 
 Period II Period III 
 
 Period IV 
 
 Oceanographer 
 Mt. Mitchell 
 Rainier* 
 
 Temperature Same as I 
 403/1680 MHz 
 
 Humidity 
 72.2 MHz 
 
 Same as I 
 
 Same as I 
 
 Discoverer* 
 
 Temperature 
 403 MHz 
 
 Humidity 
 
 403 MHz 
 low level** 
 FM sondes 
 high level*** 
 pulsed sondes 
 
 Same as I 
 
 S ame as I 
 
 Same as I 
 except all 
 pulsed 
 sondes used 
 
 Rockaway * 
 
 Temperature 
 403 MHz 
 
 Humidity 
 
 403 MHz 
 low level** 
 FM sondes 
 high level*** 
 pulsed sondes 
 
 Same as I 
 
 Same as I 
 except all 
 pulsed 
 sondes 
 used 
 
 Temperature 
 403 MHz 
 
 Humidity 
 72.2 MHz 
 
 *Suomi-Kuhn 403-MHz FM-FM (upward and downward IR) radiometersondes flown 
 at 0000 GMT daily. 
 
 **Planned termination at approximately 400 mb . 
 ***From surface to burst. 
 
 18 
 
The Rockavay used an AN/SPS-29 radar. Slant range and azimu 
 ments were obtained visually by the radar operator at 1-min inter 
 recorded manually for subsequent conversion to punched cards. 
 
 Radiometersonde observations were obtained at 0000 GMT each 
 the Discoverer , Rainier , and Rockaway during all four BOMEX perio 
 Suomi-Kuhn economical net radiometer to measure upward and downwa 
 radiation was attached to the rawinsonde. 
 
 Observation Procedures . The procedures for making rawinsond 
 tions were essentially the standard ones used by the National Wea 
 An exception was that the frequency of observations, i.e., observ 
 every 1 1/2 hours, required termination at 400 mb. The requireme 
 increased accuracy and nearly continuous resolution in humidity d 
 dictated the use during BOMEX of two sondes on the same balloon t 
 that measured temperature only, the other humidity only. 
 
 The temperature sonde was not baselined because individually 
 ted thermistors were used. Although there was no baseline check, 
 standard pref light check and inspection were performed. The sond 
 assembled in the normal fashion, except that no hygristor was ins 
 After external checks of the instrument had been completed, the t 
 sonde ground equipment was turned on and allowed to warm up and t 
 activated batteries were placed in the sonde for a 2- to 3-min wa 
 period. By alternate touching of the two test leads with a commo 
 the low reference and midscale reference respectively were transm 
 The low reference signal was maintained long enough to set the re 
 ordinate 95.0. After the reference had been tested and set on th 
 chart, the temperature singal was checked for proper or expected 
 The sonde transmitter was adjusted to the desired frequency; alte 
 flights were tuned to different frequencies to minimize possibili 
 abandoned flight interfering with preflight operations for the ne 
 tion. Under normal circumstances, the sonde transmitter was neve 
 the limits of the equipment frequency range, since some latitude 
 for post-release frequency drifts. With the external switching c 
 and the test leads clipped off, the temperature sonde baroswitch 
 to a position corresponding to the nearest 0.1 contact representi 
 ambient pressure read on the ship's precision aneroid barometer, 
 procedures used to set the baroswitch were those suggested in Fed 
 Meteorological Handbook 3. 
 
 The humidity sonde was inspected and reference-checked in th 
 way as the temperature sonde, and the transmitter was tuned to th 
 frequency. Following this, baseline measurements were made in th 
 baseline check box. The baseline wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatu 
 conditions were established to the nearest .1°C and the corespon 
 relative humidity was determined. With the humidity stabilized a 
 35 percent (normally around 33 percent) , the baseline conditions 
 recorded on a special Rawinsonde Observation Form (BOMEX Card #0) 
 in later data processing. The baseline measurements were conside 
 for only 30 min. If release did not occur within 30 min, a fresh 
 humidity element was installed and a new baseline check performed 
 
 -19- 
 
the baseline check, the baroswitch was set. The humidity sonde baroswitch 
 was set to either contact number 3 or 8, whichever was closest to the original 
 pen arm position. Since the humidity sonde baroswitch was not used for pres- 
 sure measurement, setting the baroswitch according to ambient station pressure 
 was not required. Only the temperature sonde baroswitch was used for pressure 
 measurements . Setting the pen arm as indicated ensured that relative humidity 
 data were transmitted at release and a low reference shortly thereafter. 
 
 A 300-gm balloon was used for flights to 400 mb at the 1 1/2-hour re- 
 lease frequency. For all 0000 GMT observations and flights released at the 
 6-hour release frequency, a 600-gm balloon was used. With two instrumenta- 
 tion packages, the ascent rate was nominally 200 m/min for the 300-gm balloon 
 and 300 m/min for the 600-gm balloon. During BOMEX Observation Period I (May 
 3 to May 15), the two sondes were strapped together (back to back), but 
 signal interference between the two instruments occurred occasionally and 
 such flights were not processed. Therefore, the sondes were separated on the 
 train by 1 1/2 to 2 m, with the temperature sonde nearest the balloon. For 
 flight, the arrangement was balloon, train regulator (15 to 20 m of line 
 included), sondes spaced 1 1/2 to 2 m apart, 3 1/2 m of line, and target 
 (for the Discoverer and Rockaway only) . 
 
 Just before release, all ground equipment was rechecked and the SCARD 
 operators were notified to prepare for release. Immediately before release, 
 the humidity sonde external "low reference" wire was grounded to the sonde 
 for at least 5 sec, and this connection was broken as the balloon was re- 
 leased. The resulting shift in signal frequency was used in later data 
 reduction as indication of "lift-off." 
 
 After release, the usual procedures for monitoring rawinsonde ground 
 equipment were followed, and the observation was terminated as scheduled or 
 as soon as sonde failure occurred in flight. 
 
 The same preflight check and procedure used for the rawinsondes was used 
 for radiometersonde observations. The radiometer was attached according to 
 instructions given by Dr. P.M. Kuhn, Environmental Research Laboratories, 
 N0AA, Boulder, Colorado 80302. Detailes concerning the radiometer, attach- 
 ment to the sonde, and preflight check can be obtained from Dr. Kuhn. 
 
 
 -20- 
 
1.1.2 Rawlnsonde Data Processing 
 
 The rawinsonde data were processed by the National Aeronautics and 
 Space Administration's Mississippi Test Facility (NASA/MTF) and the Slidell 
 Computer Complex. After early review of the digitized SCARD analog data, it 
 became evident to the BOMAP Office that, because of inconsistencies in obser- 
 vational techniques, operational difficulties, and other problems (such as 
 digital noise), a comprehansive set of rawinsonde processing software could 
 not be constructed without some intermediate processing step that would pro- 
 duce sufficiently complete output for review and for design of final rawin- 
 sonde processing software. The BOMEX Temporary Archive rawinsonde data are 
 the output of this intermediate processing step and are called "A Rawinsonde 
 Output." These data include the processed rawinsonde observations for all 
 four BOMEX Observation Periods. The processing technique developed at MTF 
 made it possible to retrieve a considerable amount of data that would have 
 been judged unusable if one were to examine only the usual strip-chart re- 
 cordings. Much of the noise that occasionally hides data on the strip charts 
 was filtered out by the techniques described below. 
 
 The archive products consist of magnetic tapes and 35-mm microfilm, each 
 containing all processed rawinsonde observations for one ship observation 
 period, i.e., all rawinsonde data for one fixed ship for one BOMEX Observa- 
 tion Period. In either form, the data represent a time series of 5-sec data 
 points (averaged over a 5-sec period) from launch to termination of process- 
 ing. For the inventory of available data and instructions for ordering, see 
 section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and Costs. 
 
 The "A " rawinsonde data processing is described in the sections that 
 follow: 1.1.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization ; 1.1.2.2 Data Reduction Programs 
 and Procedures (Including Examples of 35-mm Microfilm Output) ; 1.1.2.3 Com- 
 putations Used in the "Ap" Rawinsonde Data Processing ; 1.1.2.4 Manual Inputs 
 and Preparation for Use in "A n " Rawinsonde Data Processing ; 1.1.2.5 Charac- 
 teristics of the "An" Rawinsonde Data To Be Considered Before Use in Analysis ; 
 and 1.1.2.6 "A n " Rawinsonde Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format . 
 
 1.1.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization 
 
 Temperature- and humidity-sonde signals for all ships were recorded 
 as frequency-modulated signals on SCARD. Slant range and azimuth from the 
 Scanwell WFSS balloon- tracking equipment installed on the Oceanographer , Mt . 
 Mitchell , and Rainier were also recorded on SCARD, but as amplitude-modulated 
 signals. All these parameters were frequency-multiplexed on one of the seven 
 SCARD recording channels. The temperature- and humidity-sonde input signals 
 from ground-station receivers aboard the fixed ships were designed to vary 
 between 10 and 200 Hz, but in many cases exceeded 200 Hz. The slant range 
 and azimuth input voltages from the Scanwell WFSS varied between and 5 v D.C 
 The slant range was a ramped signal representing successive 2,000-m increments 
 of measured slant range. The azimuth input from Scanwell consisted of two 
 inputs, one voltage (0 - 5 v D.C. ramp) representing the range from to 360° 
 (called AZ360) , the other (0 - 5 v D.C. ramp) representing successive to 20° 
 ranges (called AZ20) . These two azimuth voltages, derived from precision 
 
 -21- 
 
potentiometers mounted within the Scanwell antenna servo-drive train, were 
 necessary to achieve the appropriate resolution in measured azimuth. On the 
 Discoverer , slant range and azimuth were acquired by a Selenia radar, Model 
 METEOR 200 RMT-2S, at 15-sec intervals and recorded digitally on punched 
 paper tape and on a hard-copy printout. On the Rockaway , slant range and 
 azimuth were acquired by an AN/SPS-29 radar and recorded manually at 1-min 
 intervals . 
 
 Digitization of the above signals required a two-pass operation: a 
 first pass that converted the analog FM/FM (frequency modulated) and FM/PAM 
 (pulse amplitude modulated) signals to digital form at 16 times real-time 
 recording speed, resulting in 10 samples per second (10 sps) digital values 
 of frequency and D.C. voltages; and a second pass that edited, formatted, 
 scaled, and reduced the 10-sps digitized SCARD data to 2 sps and produced 
 as output one reel of magnetic tape containing all measured frequency values 
 and D.C. voltages gathered in one 24-hour period (0000 GMT through 2400 GMT) 
 for one fixed ship. The first pass was made by an SDS 930 Automatic Tele- 
 metry Reduction System — a program-controlled system in which an AMPEX 
 FR-1400 analog tape unit, time-code-generator decoder, 18 discriminators, two 
 cycle counters, input/output tie-in crossbar units, five levels of a priority 
 interrupt system, three digital tape units, and other peripheral input/output 
 devices were used. The second pass was made by an IBM 7094 program that 
 created SDS 930-compatible 2-sps tape from a 10-sps tape. This equipment and 
 the programs were operated and managed by the NASA Slidell Computer Complex, 
 Slidell, La. 
 
 Conversion of the rawinsonde data through the first pass and second pass 
 is described below. 
 
 First pass digitization method used for temperature- and humidity-sonde data 
 
 For each element, the demodulated output was input to a zero detection 
 unit. At each positive-going crossover, the following took place: 
 
 (a) The appropriate counter was updated by one. 
 
 (b) The contents of a 312.5-kHz clock (recorded on SCARD as 3.125 kHz, 
 then multiplied for system control) was transferred to the appro- 
 priate storage register. At the expiration of each 1/10 sec, the 
 output for each element (temperature/temperature references or 
 humidity /humidity references) was computed by V = t/c, where 
 
 V = recorded value, t = the time (in units of 312.5-kHz clock), 
 and (c) = the integral number of positive crossover. Thus, a time 
 series of 10-sps values (one 10-sps series for the temperature sonde 
 and one for the humidity sonde) were formed as input to the second 
 pass . Each 10-sps time series contained measured temperature or 
 humidity values and their respective reference values in the se- 
 quence of normal occurrences during the observation. 
 
 -22- 
 
Second pass method used for temperature- and humidity-sonde data 
 
 The 10-sps samples were converted to Hz values for each 1/10 sec by 
 dividing the output (v above) of digitizing into 3,125,000. Following con- 
 version to Hz, a noise elimination averaging technique was applied to the 
 10-sps data within one 1/2-sec period (i.e., five 1/10-sec data points) to 
 form the 2-sps time series. Selective averaging was accomplished by compar- 
 ing the new arithmetic average of the input data set with the previously 
 averaged point for this variable. If the difference between these two values 
 exceeded the tolerance as specified on the noise tolerance manual input card 
 to the second pass program (+ .5 Hz for temperature-sonde data and + 1.0 Hz 
 for humidity-sonde data) , the point deviating most from the arithmetic mean 
 was discarded, and the previous average was replaced with a new arithmetic 
 mean of (n-1) 1/10-sec points. The process was then repeated until the cor- 
 rect tolerance was established or until only two points remained; the average 
 of these two points was then accepted as the average for one 2-sps data point. 
 Following averaging, the digitizing system calibrations were applied to the 
 2-sps data points. 
 
 First pass method used for slant range, azimuth 360, and azimuth 20 
 
 For each channel (one for slant range, one for azimuth 360, and one for 
 azimuth 20), the signals were demodulated through a discriminator giving a 
 D.C. voltage nominally in the range of + 7.5 v. At the beginning and end of 
 each SCARD tape, the calibration outputs were taken for each channel and re- 
 corded separately. Each 1/10 sec, the three discriminated voltage outputs 
 were multiplexed to an analog-to-digital converter at the rate of 50 ysec 
 per channel. The converter was capable of digitizing in the range of + 10 v 
 with significance to approximately 0.01 v. Thus, a slant range, azimuth 360, 
 and azimuth 20 10-sps time series was formed for each variable for input to 
 the second pass program. 
 
 Second pass method used for slant range, azimuth 360, and azimuth 20 
 
 The 1/10-sec values were scaled to 10,000 counts (where - 5 v = 
 - 10,000 counts) as follows: 
 
 Counts = 10,000 (A t - L c ) / (H c - L c ) , 
 
 where L c and H c are low reference calibration and high reference calibration, 
 respectively, as recorded on SCARD. The calibrations represented the average 
 of the beginning and ending calibrations on one SCARD tape, and A t is the 
 variable sample. The 10-sps values were then reduced to 2-sps values by the 
 noise elimination averaging used for rawinsonde temperature and humidity, with 
 the tolerances for slant range and azimuth 360 being 60 counts and for azimuth 
 20 being 250 counts. At this point, the 2-sps time series of slant range, 
 azimuth 360, and azimuth 20 were ready for the next stage of processing. 
 
 -23- 
 
1 . 1. 2 . 2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures (Including Examples of 35-mm 
 Microfilm Output) 
 
 The 2-sps digitized data base was used in processing and reduction 
 of rawinsonde observations from voltages and frequency 2-sps samples to 5-sec 
 averages of meteorological units. Only the steps involved in this processing 
 are described here; computational details and manual inputs are discussed in 
 sections 1.1.2.3 and 1.1.2.4, respectively. 
 
 The first step was to review the 2-sps tape for discrepancies in time 
 (time of day, GMT) caused by malfunctions in the time code generator input 
 recorded on SCARD analog tape or injected during the decoding and digitiza- 
 tion of the analog signal. Such errors normally represented read-write 
 errors as a shift of data within a record. This was done with a Tape Edit/ 
 Tape Copy procedure according to the following specifications, by which parity 
 errors were also edited: 
 
 (1) When there were no parity errors during a read operation and time 
 progressed by consistent time differences (deltas), the end product 
 was a copy of the original tape. 
 
 (2) When a parity error was found, the record was skipped, "parity error" 
 was printed out, and a total kept of how many there were on each 
 2-sps tape. 
 
 (3) When a sync error occurred, the record was skipped, "sync error" 
 was printed out, and a record kept of how many sync errors occurred 
 on the tape. A "sync error" was defined as follows: 
 
 (a) millisecond in real time work greater than 999, 
 
 (b) seconds greater than 86,399, and 
 
 (c) any bit greater than 11 in the flag word. 
 
 (4) When there was a gap in time (i.e., difference between successive 
 time samples being different from the expected delta of .5 sec) - 
 whether this gap was on the original 2-sps tape, was due to skipped 
 record because of parity or sync error, or was deleted by the Tape 
 Edit/Tape Copy procedure - the times before and after the gap and 
 the time difference (delta) were printed out. 
 
 (5) Forward jumps in time (i.e., increasing time with a delta of more 
 than .5 sec) with consistent time differences of .5 sec or more 
 after the jump forward were kept. When followed by a backup in time 
 so that the time sample going back in time when compared with the 
 jump forward established a consistent delta from the sample preced- 
 ing the forward jump, a forward jump was deleted. 
 
 (6) Time samples and the associated variable samples that progressed with 
 inconsistent deltas were deleted by defining the time sample as a 
 dead word. Each deleted time sample was printed out. 
 
 -24- 
 
(7) All time backups were deleted although time progressed by consis- 
 tent time differences from the sample that moved back in time. 
 
 Note ; In "A " outputs, TG ("time gap") in the tabulated data indi- 
 cates deletion of data by the Tape Edit/Tape Copy procedure. 
 
 From this point on in the processing of the "A " rawinsonde data, the 
 "time-edited" 2-sps data and manually derived "processing" start time and 
 stop time were used in data reduction, as follows: 
 
 (1) Five-second averages of the humidity- and temperature-sonde data 
 were computed by a reference detection and noise elimination averag- 
 ing technique similar to the one used in averaging 10-sps data to 
 
 2 sps (see sec. 1.1.2.1). 
 
 Note : No attempt was made to distinguish the radiometer signals in 
 the 0000 GMT observations on the Discoverer , Rainier , or 
 Rockaway . 
 
 (2) Thirty-second averages of slant range and 60-sec averages of azimuth 
 each 30 sec were computed. Azimuth bias corrections were made at 
 this point. 
 
 (3) A reference pattern check for data consistency was performed as 
 follows : 
 
 (a) When four low references occurred between two midreferences, a 
 normal pattern was defined. 
 
 (b) When three low references occurred between two midreferences, an 
 additional low reference was inserted at the midpoint of the 
 longest time period between successive midreferences. 
 
 (c) When eight low references occurred between two midreferences, a 
 midreference was inserted between the fourth and fifth low 
 references. 
 
 (d) Any other reference pattern resulted in termination of processing 
 of this particular sounding. 
 
 The above steps resulted in a working tape that served as input to the next 
 series of tasks by which the averaged data were adjusted or corrected: 
 
 (1) The 5-sec averaged raw frequencies for temperature were adjusted for 
 midreference and low reference drift and converted to resistences. 
 
 (2) The 5-sec averaged raw frequencies for humidity were adjusted for 
 low reference drift. 
 
 -25- 
 
(3) Continuous 5-sec samples of temperature and humidity frequencies 
 were obtained by linear interpolation over areas of data that were 
 missing because of time gaps or by loss during the "noise elimina- 
 tion" averaging routine or during times of midreferences or low 
 references . 
 
 At this point, the 5-sec temperature resistances (temperature in terms of 
 resistance), humidity frequencies, the 30-sec averages of slant range, and 
 two series of 60-sec azimuth averages were converted to scientific units of 
 temperature, humidity (relative and specific), pressure, height, and wind 
 components (U and V) at 5-sec intervals. Input calibration data required in 
 addition to the 5-sec, 30-sec, and 60-sec averages discussed above were: 
 
 (1) Baseline data for the humidity sonde, release pressure contact num- 
 ber, and balloon size (300 or 600 gm) taken from the BOMEX Rawinsonde 
 Observation Form (Card #0) . 
 
 (2) Surface temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind direction and speed 
 taken from the Surface Observation Form (Card #1) . The observation 
 selected for use as the surface condition was the observation closest 
 to 45 min after release. 
 
 (3) Latitude and longitude of the ship taken from the Ship Operations 
 Form (Card #4) . 
 
 (4) Pressure contact table taken from the temperature-sonde baroswitch 
 pressure-calibration chart. 
 
 (5) Azimuth and slant range data obtained by the Selenia radar on the 
 Discoverer (recorded on punch paper tape) and by the AN/SPS-29 
 radar on the Rockaway (recorded manually) . 
 
 Figure 1-3 is an example of the 35-km microfilm tabulation of the 5-sec 
 rawinsonde data. Figure 1-4 shows graphically the 5-sec temperature and 
 humidity data versus pressure, and figure 1-5 displays the U-component and 
 V-component of the measured wind versus pressure, including a pressure- 
 height curve. 
 
 -26- 
 
•HIP DAT ITS 
 
 »C«I At MO 1 0*7*0 • ALLOC* WT « 
 RECOROEO ELAMEO 
 
 TINC TINC TEMPERATURE 
 
 NNMM SCC3 OC* C 
 
 LAUNCH TINE S3 IS 
 
 23 IS 00 
 23 IS OS 
 23 IS 10 
 23 IS IS 
 23 IS 20 
 23 IS 2S 
 23 IS 30 
 23 IS 3S 
 23 IS 40 
 23 IS 4$ 
 23 IS SO 
 23 IS SS 
 23 I* 00 
 23 1* OS 
 23 1* 10 
 23 1* IS 
 23 1* 20 
 23 1* 2* 
 23 1* 30 
 23 1* 3S 
 23 1* 40 
 23 1* 4S 
 23 i* 90 
 23 1* SS 
 23 17 00 
 23 17 OS 
 23 17 10 
 23 17 19 
 23 17 20 
 23 17 29 
 23 17 30 
 23 17 39 
 23 17 40 
 23 17 43 
 23 17 90 
 23 17 99 
 23 10 00 
 23 1* OS 
 23 1* 10 
 23 It 19 
 23 1* 20 
 23 1* 29 
 23 1* 30 
 23 1* 39 
 23 1* 40 
 23 I* 4S 
 23 1* SO 
 23 10 SS 
 23 I* 00 
 23 1* OS 
 23 12 10 
 23 It'll 
 23 I* 20 
 23 It 2S 
 23 It SO 
 
 
 S 
 
 to 
 
 IS 
 20 
 2S 
 30 
 3S 
 40 
 45 
 SO 
 SS 
 
 to 
 
 •9 
 
 70 
 7S 
 
 to 
 
 09 
 
 to 
 
 09 
 
 too 
 
 109 
 110 
 119 
 120 
 129 
 130 
 139 
 140 
 149 
 190 
 199 
 
 too 
 
 1*9 
 
 170 
 179 
 
 too 
 
 109 
 
 ltO 
 109 
 200 
 209 
 210 
 21S 
 220 
 22S 
 230 
 23S 
 240 
 24S 
 2S0 
 2SS 
 2*0 
 2*S 
 270 
 
 27.30 
 
 27.71 
 
 27.4* 
 
 27.00 
 
 2*. 03 
 
 2*. St 
 
 2*. 34 
 
 2*. 10 
 
 23. tS 
 
 2S.73 
 
 2S.40 
 
 23.23 
 
 29.01 
 
 24.7* 
 
 24. «4 
 
 24.40 
 
 24.09 
 
 23.02 
 
 23.90 
 
 23. 9t 
 
 23.39 
 
 23.23 
 
 23.00 
 
 22.77 
 
 22.09 
 
 22.94 
 
 22.42 
 
 22.32 
 
 22.20 
 
 22.0t 
 
 21.27 
 
 21.74 
 
 21.74 
 
 21.91 
 
 21.40 
 
 21.20 
 
 21.17 
 
 21.03 
 
 20.03 
 
 20. *0 
 
 20.30 
 
 20.13 
 
 10.03 
 
 10.71 
 
 lt.M 
 
 1%.2T 
 
 10.0* 
 
 it.ts 
 
 10.73 
 lt.*2 
 It. SI 
 It. 41 
 It. 30 
 lt.lt 
 lt.Ot 
 
 RCLATIVC 
 MUNI 01 TV 
 PERCENT 
 
 •3.00 
 7S.lt 
 7S.37 
 7S.St 
 7*. 31 
 77.22 
 7t.lt 
 7t.lS 
 tO. 12 
 tl.St 
 t2.3t 
 03. *1 
 tS.10 
 tS.4t 
 
 tt.so 
 
 *7.37 
 00.12 
 tt.l* 
 tt.41 
 tt.t* 
 tt.39 
 tt.tt 
 M. 94 
 tl.ll 
 tl.04 
 tO. 00 
 tt.*7 
 tt.t* 
 tO. 45 
 tO. 01 
 
 tt.ss 
 tt.l* 
 tt.l* 
 
 tt.7t 
 tt.47 
 tt.93 
 tt. 03 
 00.20 
 tt.33 
 tt.4« 
 
 tt.to 
 
 tt.73 
 •0.01 
 00.4t 
 •0.5* 
 tl.17 
 M.t7 
 •1.2* 
 •1.31 
 •O.tt 
 tt.tt 
 t7.t4 
 t*.7« 
 t*.IO 
 •S.S7 
 
 PREMURE 
 
 MILLIBAR* 
 
 1010. 30 
 
 101*. 32 
 
 1014.34 
 
 1012.3* 
 
 1010.30 
 
 lOOt. 20 
 
 1005.53 
 
 1002.27 
 
 1000.20 
 
 M7.S3 
 
 tt4.t7 
 
 tt2.lt 
 
 ttt.3« 
 
 944.9* 
 
 0*3.7* 
 
 tto.t* 
 
 •7*. 32 
 
 07*. 03 
 •T3.T5 
 t7l .47 
 t4t.lt 
 ttt.tl 
 t*4.33 
 t«l.*l 
 
 tst.t* 
 
 •5*. 12 
 293.37 
 990. tO 
 t4t.3t 
 049. tt 
 •43.57 
 241.17 
 t3t.7S 
 •3*. 21 
 •33. «7 
 •31.13 
 •tt.St 
 •2*. 05 
 023.91 
 021.22 
 tit. 14 
 •17.00 
 •14.0* 
 tit. 71 
 210.39 
 007.00 
 •03. 04 
 •00.90 
 tt7.3t 
 t04.*0 
 ttl.tS 
 ttt.27 
 ttt.*0 
 
 tts.tt 
 
 Ml. 43 
 
 MEICMT 
 METER* 
 
 • .23 
 25.55 
 42. tt 
 
 •0.25 
 77. *3 
 t«.*4 
 
 120.31 
 143.24 
 1*7.40 
 191.02 
 214. *t 
 23t. 75 
 2*3.70 
 2tt.*t 
 313.75 
 330. t* 
 3*2.*1 
 3*3.13 
 403. *7 
 424.2* 
 444. tt 
 4*9.99 
 4tt.7t 
 513.75 
 S30.77 
 9*3.09 
 SM.tt 
 •12.(4 
 •34. Tt 
 «9«.tt 
 «7t.2t 
 701.91 
 723.2* 
 747. S7 
 771.23 
 704<04 
 •It. TO 
 •42.32 
 t*«.3t 
 M7.31 
 •07.52 
 •2T.T5 
 •40.02 
 94*. 32 
 tOO.TT 
 1021. T4 
 1092. TO 
 1003.03 
 1115.1* 
 1141.3* 
 11*7.10 
 1102.** 
 121*. Tt 
 1244.lt 
 12*t.O* 
 
 PROCE** OATE 072270 
 WIND 
 ttECiriC CONPONENT 
 
 HUNIOITV W-E *-N 
 
 «/** M/* N/* 
 
 1*.«0* 
 
 1T.2*« 
 
 17.107 
 
 1*.*10 
 
 1*.7S7 
 
 K.7SS 
 
 1*.7*3 
 
 l«.T«t 
 
 1*.772 
 
 17.005 
 
 1*.»*7 
 
 17.030 
 
 17.134 
 
 17.011 
 
 17.142 
 
 17.11* 
 
 1«.»S0 
 
 1«.TS« 
 
 1*.«03 
 
 19.T4* 
 
 1*.*20 
 
 1«.«S» 
 
 l«.37» 
 
 l*.4t* 
 
 U.413 
 
 l«. 15* 
 
 l*.02t 
 
 1«.021 
 
 1«.03« 
 
 IS. MS 
 
 1S.T32 
 
 IS. 4*4 
 
 15.524 
 
 13.223 
 
 15. 1*4 
 
 15.110 
 
 14.244 
 
 14.21T 
 
 14.773 
 
 14.*2« 
 
 14.314 
 
 14, 494 
 
 14.37* 
 
 14.2*7 
 
 14.23* 
 
 14.0*7 
 
 13. »U 
 
 13. *2* 
 
 13.7*3 
 
 13.*7* 
 
 13.330 
 
 13.117 
 
 12. tO* 
 
 12.7*3 
 
 12. *27 
 
 -7.10 
 -7.74 
 -*.3t 
 
 -t.02 
 -t.*7 
 
 -10.31 
 -10. tS 
 -10. tl 
 -10. t7 
 -10. *4 
 -10. *0 
 -10.7* 
 -10.73 
 -10.7* 
 -10. 44 
 -10. tt 
 -10. ts 
 -11.01 
 
 -u.o* 
 -11.1* 
 
 -11.25 
 -11.33 
 -11.44 
 -11.33 
 -Il.«3 
 -11. •« 
 -11.70 
 -11.74 
 -11.77 
 -11. tl 
 -It .04 
 -11. TT 
 -11. •• 
 -11. «2 
 -11.54 
 -11.4* 
 -11. St 
 -11.24 
 -11.10 
 -10. ts 
 -10. to 
 -10.** 
 •10. SI 
 -10. ST 
 -10.22 
 -10.0* 
 
 -*.ts 
 
 -t.Tt 
 -t.*4 
 -*.S2 
 -t.3t 
 -t.t* 
 •t.14 
 -t.Ol 
 •t.*t 
 
 -1.25 
 
 -LOT 
 
 -.** 
 
 -.TO 
 -.52 
 
 -.34 
 
 -.1* 
 -.10 
 -.05 
 .01 
 .0* 
 .11 
 .IT 
 .1* 
 
 • It 
 .19 
 .20 
 .21 
 .22 
 .23 
 .23 
 .2* 
 .2* 
 .29 
 .31 
 .33 
 .35 
 
 • ST 
 .40 
 .42 
 .44 
 .51 
 
 • ST 
 .*4 
 .TO 
 .TT 
 .•S 
 .tt 
 
 1.01 
 1.10 
 
 1.1* 
 
 1.2t 
 
 l.ST 
 1.4t 
 l.*l 
 1.T3 
 
 t.ts 
 
 l.tt 
 2.10 
 2.2T 
 2.44 
 2.*0 
 2.TT 
 2.24 
 3.11 
 
 Figure 1-3. Example of 35-mm microfilm tabulation of 5-sec rawinsonde data. 
 
 -27- 
 
»HIF- OCEANOCRAPHER 
 
 TE»T BATE- 1T2 
 
 LAUNCH TINC - JJIS- 
 
 300 
 
 SOO 
 
 •00 
 
 TOO 
 
 •00 
 
 •00 
 
 1000 
 
 occs c 
 
 20 
 
 •0 «0 
 
 PER CENT 
 
 100 
 
 Figure 1-4. Five-second temperature and humidity data versus pressure, 
 1 - temperature; 2 - relative humidity. 
 
 -28- 
 
SMIF- OCEAHOCRACHER 
 
 TE»T DATE- 172 
 
 LAUNCH TIME - 231 J' 
 
 JOO 
 
 IOOO 
 
 •000 5000 
 
 METERS 
 
 1000 
 
 Figure 1-5. U and V components of measured wind versus pressure. 
 1 - W/E; 2 - S/N; 3 - height. 
 
 -29- 
 
1.1.2.3 Computations Used in the "A n " Rawlnsonde Data Processing 
 
 The computations, signal detection techniques, and averaging tech- 
 niques are discussed here in the order in which they were mentioned in the 
 preceding section. The preparation of manual inputs will be discussed in 
 section 1.1.2.4. 
 
 "Noise elimination averaging" of temperature and humidity' 2-sps frequency 
 values to form 5-sec averages and detection technique for separating tempera- 
 ture or humidity frequencies from the associated low and midref erences 
 
 Inputs for this operation consisted of ten 2-sps samples of temperature- 
 or humidity-sonde values (containing both temperature or humidity frequencies 
 and reference frequencies) making up a 5-sec time period for the average and 
 the last available average for temperature or humidity, and the last average 
 reference (midref erence and low reference for temperature sonde; low reference 
 only for humidity sonde). The sequence followed is described below. 
 
 (1) Temperature or humidity frequencies were separated from the reference 
 values based on the following logic: 
 
 Let the absolute value of a 2-sps digital sample being considered 
 equal X; then 
 
 (a) the sample was placed in the low-reference array if X > 180.0, 
 
 (b) the sample was placed in the midref erence array if: * 
 
 during the first midref erence after launch 85.0 "^ X ^ 101.0, 
 
 during the second midref erence after launch (M^ - 4.0)^1 X ^. 
 (M X + 4.0), 
 
 during the third midref erence after launch (M2 - 2.0) ^- X <^ 
 (M 2 + 2.0), 
 
 during the fourth midref erence after launch (M3 - 1.0) <■ X ^- 
 (M 3 + 1.0), or 
 
 during the i tn midref erence after launch (M^_^ - 0.5)^ X^. 
 (M^_-^ + 0.5), where M = midref erence value, and i = 5, 6, 7, 
 . . . , n. 
 
 (c) If X met none of the above conditions, it was placed in temperair 
 ture or humidity array. 
 
 *This step was not used in processing the humidity 2-sps data since no mid- 
 reference occurred. 
 
 -30- 
 
(2) When either the low reference or midreference arrays contained four 
 or more detected 2-sps reference samples, the reference arrays were 
 averaged first, then the temperature arrays. This was also the se- 
 quence for humidity data. Once an array had been selected for 
 averaging, the arithmetic mean of the array was computed. 
 
 (3) The new average — the one computed in step (2) above — was intended 
 to be compared with the previous average. However, because of the 
 way in which entry was made to this subroutine, the new average was 
 compared with either zero or a very large number, which forced the 
 following logic to be applied: 
 
 (a) The 2-sps sample farthest from the new 5-sec average was elimi- 
 nated. If this changed the value of the 5-sec average by less 
 than 0.3 Hz for temperature or 1.0 Hz for humidity, the result- 
 ing average was accepted as the average for the 5-sec period. 
 Otherwise the step was repeated. 
 
 (b) When all except one element were eliminated, a "dead word" (no 
 data indicator) was reported as the average. This constituted 
 a missing data point that was filled by linear interpolation 
 between adjacent 5-sec samples for which an average other than 
 dead words were reported. 
 
 Azimuth averaging and azimuth bias elimination 
 
 Azimuth measurements from the Scanwell WFSS on the Oceanographer , Mt. 
 Mitchell , and Rainier were recorded from two potentiometers, one for the 
 full range, to 360°, and one for the 20° sector, constituting the coarse 
 and fine azimuths, respectively. These two ranges were used to achieve the 
 necessary resolution in azimuth for wind computations. The coarse azimuth 
 was used in determining for which 20° sector the fine azimuth was valid and 
 to estimate the azimuth bias error. The first step was to convert the azi- 
 muth 2-sps voltage values to degrees of azimuth, as follows: 
 
 CAZ = 0.36 V c , 
 
 FAZ = 0.002 V F , 
 where 
 
 CAZ = coarse azimuth (deg.), 
 
 FAZ = fine azimuth (deg.), 
 
 Vq = coarse azimuth voltage in voltage counts 
 (0 - 10,000 counts = - 5 v D.C.), and 
 
 Vp = fine azimuth voltage in voltage counts. 
 
 -31- 
 
If at some time, t, either a coarse azimuth or fine azimuth did not exist, 
 there was no conversion to scientific units. In such instances, the 2-sps 
 values were replaced by "dead words" (no data indicator) and not considered 
 or used in any subsequent averaging. After conversion of CAZ and FAZ to 
 degrees, the bias correction was applied. In practice, it was impossible 
 to zero the two potentiometers measuring azimuth (CAZ and FAZ; FAZ = or 
 20° when CAZ = or multiple of 20°). Therefore, an adjustment for relative 
 bias was necessary before combining the two azimuth readings into a measured 
 azimuth value. The maximum relative bias tolerated was 10° and included an 
 allowance for backlash in the antenna drive gears to which the CAZ and FAZ 
 potentiometers were attached. The azimuth bias routine was based on the 
 assumption that the fine azimuth was correct and that the error was less than 
 10°. The following Fortran routine was used to compute the measured azimuth 
 from CAZ and FAZ and to apply bias correction: 
 
 A = CAZ - FAZ 
 
 IA = A/ 20 
 
 A = A - 20 * IA 
 
 IF (A-10) 2, 2, 1 
 
 1 IA = IA + 1 
 
 2 A = FAZ + 20 * IA 
 IF (A-360) 4, 3, 3 
 
 3 A = A - 360 
 
 4 CONTINUE 
 
 As one can see, this method fails when the relative bias reaches 10°. This 
 happened occasionally and caused faulty azimuth values in the "A " wind com- 
 putations. 
 
 Following the above manipulation of the 2-sps azimuth values, the re- 
 sulting values were averaged to form two series of 60-sec averages of azimuth. 
 In one, 60-sec averages were centered on the minute, and the other on the 
 half-minute. These two series were used alternately in the wind computations. 
 
 Scanwell WFSS slant range processing technique 
 
 Slant range from the Scanwell WFSS on the Oceanographer , Rainier , and 
 Mt . Mitchell was recorded as a ramped voltage, where m = v D.C. and 
 2,000 m = 5 v D.C. Thus, during any one observation, slant range measurements 
 consisted of repeating voltages in the range of to 5 v D.C. every 2,000 m 
 of slant range. This field of digital voltages was first converted from 2-sps 
 Voltage "counts" to 2-sps slant range values in meters as follows: 
 
 S = 0.2 v , 
 -32- 
 
where 
 
 S = slant range, in meters, 
 modulo 2,000 m, and 
 
 v = voltage in counts. 
 
 Following conversion, 30-sec averages were calculated by the method described 
 below. 
 
 (1) Five-second averages were formed from the 2-sps data and 30-sec 
 averages were formed from the 5-sec averages. Displacement between 
 each 5-sec average and the preceding 30-sec average was checked, 
 with an acceleration of 20 to 25 m/sec/min allowed. 
 
 (2) After a 30-sec average had been obtained, the 5-sec averages con- 
 tained in it were checked again, as in (1) above, but against the 
 30-sec average for these 5-sec data points rather than the preceding 
 30-sec average. 
 
 (3) Values were linearly interpolated for any missing 30-sec averages. 
 If data for more than 3 min were missing, wind computations were 
 terminated. 
 
 Adjustment of raw temperature 2-sps values for low-reference and midreference 
 drift 
 
 Thermistor resistances at 30°C were individually measured by the manu- 
 facturer (Viz Mfg. Co.) and furnished to BOMEX, eliminating the need for a 
 temperature baseline check. In addition, all thermistors were required to 
 conform to a standard calibration curve with an RMS error of less than 0.1°. 
 The low reference correction (a correction for nonstandard battery voltages) 
 to temperature, humidity, and temperature-sonde midreference 5-sec average 
 frequencies was as follows: 
 
 190 
 
 where 
 
 : LR 
 
 f = corrected temperature, humidity, or temperature-sonde 
 midreference 5-sec average frequency, 
 
 f^ = uncorrected temperature, or humidity, 5-sec average 
 frequency, or temperature-sonde midreference 5-sec 
 average, 
 
 ^LR = l° w reference, linearly interpolated in time between 
 low-reference frequencies on either side of the f^, 
 and 
 
 * = multiplication. 
 
 -33- 
 
The internal resistances of the temperature sondes were computed from the 
 midreference frequency obtained by switching a precision 50,000-ohm resistor 
 into the circuit (every fifth reference contact being a midreference, the 
 other four low reference) . The internal resistance in ohms was calculated 
 from 
 
 f ms * 50,000 
 190 - f ms f ms> 
 
 where 
 
 B = internal resistance in ohms, 
 
 f ms = midreference (midscale) frequency corrected 
 for low-reference drift, as described above, 
 and 
 
 * = 
 
 multiplication. 
 
 With the above midreference correction, sensor frequency representing tempera- 
 ture in terms of resistance in ohms was calculated from 
 
 R = 19 ° * < B + f) - (B + f) , 
 
 where 
 
 R = sensor resistance in ohms representing 
 measured temperature, 
 
 B = internal resistance in ohms, 
 
 f = temperature frequency corrected for 
 low-reference drift, and 
 
 * = multiplication. 
 
 Calculations required to compute temperature (°C), humidity (relative and 
 specific), pressure, height, and wind computations (U and V) at 5-sec inter- 
 vals from temperature resistances (temperature in terms of resistance) , 
 humidity frequency, 60-sec azimuth values, and 30-sec slant range averages , 
 
 Conversion of thermistor resistance to temperature in degrees Celsius ; 
 
 The temperature and thermistor resistances are related by the equation 
 (furnished by Viz Mfg. Co.): 
 
 i _JL /o-7 ^m 16,949.6 _ ,„-,.„ 
 1Og 10 R 3Q = p-3710 + t+ ' 273 . 00 - 9.12742, 
 
 -34- 
 
where 
 
 R = thermistor resistance, 
 Roq = resistance of thermistor at 30°C, and 
 t = temperature in °C. 
 
 Solving for t, we have 
 
 t- 16 > 949 - 6 2 273.0 . 
 
 (9.12742 + log in —-) - 27.3710 
 ±u R 3Q 
 
 Following this solution for t, a calibration correction was applied as shown 
 in table 1-5. 
 
 Table 1-5 Calibration corrections for rawinsonde temperature 
 (the manufacturer supplied the corrections based on actual 
 tests with thermistor and hygristor used in the experiment) 
 
 Indicated temperature, t Correction, C 
 
 (°C) (°C) 
 
 30.00 +0.00 
 
 20.18 - .18 
 
 10.21 - .21 
 
 .18 - .18 
 
 - 19.92 - 0.08 (used as +0.08 
 
 "a "\ 
 
 for A Q ) 
 
 -40.14 +0.14 
 
 - 60.07 + 0.07 
 
 - 70.04 + 0.04 
 
 Note: t c = t + C, where t c = corrected temperature 5-sec average (°C) , 
 t = uncorrected temperature, and C = correction. For values of t 
 not shown in the table, a correction was linearly interpolated. 
 
 Conversion of humidity 5-sec average frequencies to 5-sec humidity 
 (relative and specific) : 
 
 The first step was to convert the corrected humidity 5-sec average fre- 
 quencies to humidity resistance values, as follows: 
 
 R = 190 * <g + f) - (B + f) , 
 
 -35- 
 
where 
 
 R = sensor resistance in ohms, 
 
 B = 47,680 ohms (nominal internal resistance of 
 the sonde) , 
 
 f = 5-sec average frequency corrected for low- 
 reference drift, and 
 
 * = 
 
 multiplication. 
 
 The resistance R as computed above is that of the hygristor and a 1.2 x 
 10°-ohm resistor in parallel. Therefore, the hygristor resistance was 
 calculated from 
 
 Ru = 
 
 1.2 x 10 6 * R 
 
 H "' 1.2 x 10 6 - R 
 where R^ = hygristor resistance. 
 
 The resistance at 33 percent relative humidity, R33, was determined by a 
 baseline check prior to launch of the sonde. In the baseline check box, H t 
 was measured independently of the sonde from the wet-bulb and dry-bulb tem- 
 peratures. If conditions were different from the standard 33 percent and 
 25°C, a correction was made by the equation (developed jointly by Viz Mfg. Co, 
 and the BOMAP staff) 
 
 C (H t -33) (t-25) 
 H 25 - H t 
 
 H t 
 
 where 
 
 H t = relative humidity determined from 
 dry- and wet-bulb readings , 
 
 H25 = H t corrected to 25°C, 
 
 t = dry-bulb temperature in baseline 
 box, °C, and 
 
 C = constant = 0.25 if H fc > 33 percent 
 and 0.03 if H fc < 33 percent. 
 
 If the correction term was less than 0.5 percent (the usual case) i ,H25 was 
 assumed equal to H t . Then H25 was substituted in the following equations 
 (developed by the BOMAP staff): 
 
 A = log 10 |2- = 4.733 - 2.500 log 10 (110 - H 25 ) , 
 R33 = R H /10 A , 
 
 -36- 
 
where 
 
 R„ = hygristor resistance, determined 
 as above from humidity-signal 
 baseline frequency, and 
 
 Roo = hygristor resistance at 33 per- 
 cent relative humidity. 
 
 Relative humidity for 5-sec average frequencies during the sounding was 
 computed by a three-step method ; 
 
 Step_l / 4.733 - log 10 - 
 
 where 
 
 H 25 = 110 " antilog 10 \ 27500~ 
 
 Ru = hygristor resistance at some tem- 
 perature t, computed as above, 
 
 R03 = hygristor resistance at 33 percent 
 (from baseline computation) , and 
 
 H 25 = relative humidity at 25°C. 
 
 Step 2 
 
 The relative humidity at temperature t was calculated from 
 
 c l (H25 " 33 > (t " 25) 
 
 where 
 
 H t " H 25 + " ~H^~ 
 
 C^ = 0.25 for H 2 5 33 percent, 
 
 C-l = 0.30 for H25 33 percent, and 
 
 H t = measured relative humidity at 
 ambient temperature t. 
 
 Step 3 
 
 Following this computation, a calibration correction was applied to H t to 
 obtain the corrected relative humidity. The calibration corrections are 
 shown in table 1-6. Note that these particular corrections apply only for 
 the computation of relative humidity as described above; they include both 
 calibration corrections proper and corrections for errors in these simplified 
 equations. The procedures described above are expected to give an RMS error 
 of less than 3 percent relative humidity (not including errors due to hygris- 
 tor exposure and thermal lag) . 
 
 -37- 
 
The procedure for computation of relative humidity was found to be un- 
 stable at low resistance values (i.e., low measured relative humidities). 
 Thus the solution was limited at H25 equal the larger of (a) H25 computed 
 as above or (b) 8.0-.lt, where t is the ambient temperature. Minimum values 
 of relative humidity obtained by this scheme ranged from 2.2 percent at 
 +20°C to 13.0 percent at -60°C. No insolation correction (due to radiation 
 effects on the hygristor) or lag correction was applied to the relative hu- 
 midity data. 
 
 Table 1-6. Calibration corrections for rawinsonde relative humidity 
 (to be used only with BOMEX hygristor and BOMEX humidity equations) 
 
 Indicated relative humidity, H t 
 (percent) 
 
 Correction, C 
 (percent) 
 
 - 
 
 4.5 
 
 - 
 
 4.5 
 
 - 
 
 1.0 
 
 + 
 
 1.2 
 
 + 
 
 2.5 
 
 + 
 
 3.9 
 
 + 
 
 3.6 
 
 + 
 
 1.7 
 
 - 
 
 0.3 
 
 + 
 
 0.3 
 
 + 
 
 2.5 
 
 + 
 
 0.0 
 
 14.5 
 24.5 
 27.0 
 31*8 
 37.5 
 46.1 
 56.4 
 68.3 
 80.3 
 89.7 
 95.0 
 100.0 
 
 Note : H = H t + C, where H = corrected humidity, H t = calculated humidity, 
 and C = correction from above for a given H£. (If H t differed from 
 the above, a correction was linearly interpolated.) 
 
 -38- 
 
Computation of specific humidity was accomplished by 
 VP - 6.11 fjL * !0 C 3 , 
 
 where 
 
 Then, 
 
 where 
 
 VP = vapor pressure 5-sec value, 
 RH = relative humidity 5-sec value, 
 
 r a * t 
 
 t = temperature 5-sec value, °C, 
 
 a = 7.5, 
 
 b = 237.3, and 
 
 * = multiplication. 
 
 q - .622 
 
 p - .378 * VP 
 
 q = 5-sec specific humidity, 
 
 VP = vapor pressure, and 
 
 p = ambient pressure at the 5-sec point 
 in question. (Pressure computation 
 is discussed below.) 
 
 Computation of ambient pressure from temperature-sonde reference pattern : 
 
 Location of pressure reading in time was specified by references through 
 the temperature-sonde baroswitch pressure-calibration table provided by the 
 manufacturer. During reference detection, the time of reference occurrence 
 was associated with the value of the reference. Baseline station pressure 
 was entered at time zero. 
 
 The selection of the initial pressure contact for relating the references 
 to the baroswitch pressure-calibration table was performed as follows. 
 
 (1) If the first reference encountered after launch was a midrefer- 
 ence, it was contact #5 on the pressure-calibration table. 
 
 (2) If the second reference was a midref erence, the first reference 
 was #4 . 
 
 (3) If the third reference was a low reference, the fourth a low 
 reference, and the fifth a midref erence, then the first contact 
 after launch was #6. 
 
 -39- 
 
No other conditions were tolerated, based on a review of all baroswitch cali- 
 brations and the range of surface pressure in the BOMEX observation area. 
 
 After the pressure equivalent of the first temperature-sonde reference 
 after launch had been identified, the following edit was made by comparing 
 the station pressure at launch with the pressure found at the first contact: 
 
 (1) If the station pressure was greater, the flight was computed 
 normally. 
 
 (2) If the station pressure was equal to or less than the first 
 reference pressure, then the flight was not processed when the 
 difference was more than 2 mb or the time of recognition of the 
 first reference was more than 15 sec after release. Otherwise, 
 a new pressure was computed for the first contact by subtracting 
 from the first contact pressure a factor that equaled twice the 
 difference between the station pressure and the first contact 
 pressure. Pressures at the 5-sec points were obtained by linear 
 interpolation in this time-reference pressure field. No other 
 changes or corrections were made to pressures from the baroswitch 
 pressure-calibration table. 
 
 Computation of layer thicknesses for altitude computations : 
 
 The virtual temperature was calculated first; then the layer thickness 
 was computed in geopotential meters as follows: 
 
 where 
 
 where 
 
 TV = T (1 + 0.61 q), 
 
 TV = 5-sec virtual temperature (°R) , 
 T = ambient 5-sec temperature (°K) , and 
 q = 5-sec specific humidity (gm/kg) ; 
 
 TV? + TVi Pi 
 DELH = 67.442 — -^ log 10 ~ ' 
 
 P-L, TV;l = pressure, virtual temperature 
 at one 5-sec point, and 
 
 ?2* TV 2 = pressure, virtual temperature 
 at the next 5-sec point; and 
 
 ALTp = ALTp + DELH 
 
 -40- 
 
where 
 
 ALTp„ = the altitude in geopotential 
 meters at P]^, TV2, and 
 
 ALTp. = the altitude at P]_, TV]_ in 
 geopotential meters. 
 
 Computation of upper air winds : 
 
 Inputs to rawinsonde wind computations were slant range (30-sec averages) , 
 azimuth angle (two series of 60-sec averages, one for averages centered on the 
 minute, one centered on the half-minute), altitude (from thickness computation 
 and converted to geometric units), and surface wind (from Surface Observation 
 Form, Card #1) . These input parameters for the Oceanographer , Mt . Mitchell , 
 and Rainier were processed to this point as described in the preceding para- 
 graphs of this section. 
 
 The Discoverer used the selenia radar Model METEOR 200 RMT-2S for bal- 
 loon tracking, with output consisting of printed and punched paper tape con- 
 taining slant range, azimuth angle, and elevation angle at 15-sec intervals. 
 The punched paper tape was converted to magnetic tape and a printout of the 
 results prepared, which was scanned and compared with the printed paper tape. 
 Observers' comments on the printed paper tape were used to edit the data. 
 For instance, such a comment as "balloon lost" was used to delete bad data. 
 After deletion from the magnetic tape of records proven to be bad, a computer 
 edit of alternate 15-sec data points was performed as follows: 
 
 (1) The time difference between alternate samples was first edited 
 for consistent changes (30-sec apart). "Dead words" or missing 
 data indicators were inserted for unrecognizable or inconsistent 
 times and the associated slant ranges and azimuths. 
 
 (2) For i = 30, 60, 90, , , n sec, successive second dif- 
 ferences were computed for slant range or azimuth from 
 M = S t .-2 (S t .,, ) + S t . + 2, where S t . = slant range or 
 azimuth at time t^. 
 
 (3) The following logic was used to edit the data: 
 
 (a) Until the first value of M less than 100, the value 
 of S t . was replaced with a "dead word." After M of 
 100 was found, the value of S t . remained unchanged. 
 
 (b) After the first value of M less than 100 and whenever 
 a value of M greater than 100 was detected, the value 
 of Sj-. + 2 was replaced with a "dead word." 
 
 (c) Whenever a "dead word" was encountered in S t -, S*.. , , , 
 or S t .,~, the value of M could not be computed 
 
 and was irrelevant. The dead word was left in the 
 table; condition 3(a) above was reverted to. 
 
 -41- 
 
The results of this edit were values of slant range and azimuth sampled 
 at 30-sec intervals and, depending on the edit, containing periods of time 
 when no values existed for one or more 30-sec periods. No wind computations 
 were made unless two or more consecutive 30-sec values of slant range and 
 azimuth were found. 
 
 The Rockaway used an AN/SPS-29 radar for balloon tracking. Slant range 
 and azimuth measurements were usually made at 1-min intervals and recorded 
 manually on a BOMEX form. These data were then punched on cards directly 
 from the form and transferred to magnetic tape. Since the measurements were 
 made at 1-min, rather than 30-sec, intervals, linear interpolation was used 
 to supply the intermediate 30-sec values of slant range and azimuth. 
 
 The slant range, azimuth angle, and altitude values described above for 
 all fixed ships were used to compute horizontal distance out to the balloon 
 and the S-N and W-E coordinates of that distance for each 30-sec point. At 
 each 30-sec point, t, the 1-min movement from point t - 30 sec to t + 30 sec 
 along each coordinate (divided by 60, giving units in meters per second) gave 
 the zonal and meridional components at time t. Linear interpolation was used 
 to derive components at 5-sec intervals. 
 
 The terms used in the computations are listed below and shown in figure 
 1-6 as related to wind computations. 
 
 HDO = horizontal distance out. 
 SLR = slant range. 
 
 GH = height of balloon. 
 H = height of ship's deck (release point). 
 
 CR = earth's radius = 6,375,000 m. 
 
 R = 6337838 ) . _ , . _. 
 
 factors for relating geometric 
 
 SR -■ 6327368 and 8 eo P otential height at 15°N. 
 
 AZ = azimuth angle. 
 WWE/ t \ = W-E wind component. 
 WSN/ t \ = S-N wind component. 
 
 -42- 
 
HDO 
 
 Xc = HDO sin AZ 
 Z c = HDO cos AZ 
 
 Figure 1-6. Diagram relating the terms used in wind computations. 
 
 -43- 
 
The following equations were then used: 
 
 CRH = CR + H, 
 YS = CR + GH, 
 
 FXX = 
 
 2 2 2 
 CRH + YS - SLR 
 
 2(CRH) (YS) 
 (Note: FXX = cos 2 e) 
 
 = tan 1/ FXX" 
 
 FXX) 
 
 (Note : Numerator = sin^9; fraction = tan^9) 
 HDO = YS (sin 0) , 
 X c = HDO (sin(AZ)) , 
 Z c = HDO (cos(AZ)) , 
 
 WWE 
 
 WSN 
 
 (t) 
 
 (t) 
 
 x C t+ 3Q- x C t -30 f 
 60 
 
 Z C - ■— -z 
 
 t+30 Ct-30 , 
 60 
 
 The following ship deck heights, H, were used 
 Oceanographer 
 Rainier 
 Mt. Mitchell 
 Discoverer 
 Ro ckaway 
 
 8.230 m 
 9.144 m 
 9.144 m 
 6.706 m 
 7.010 m 
 
 -44- 
 
1.1.2.4 Manual Inputs and Preparation for Use In "A n " Rawinsonde Data 
 Processing 
 
 Rawinsonde calibration data were entered manually on preprinted forms 
 by shipboard personnel. The following titles and card numbers identify the 
 types of data entered: 
 
 Rawinsonde Observation Form Card code 
 
 Surface Observation Form Card code 1 
 
 Ship Operations Form Card code 4 
 
 These data sheets were punched on cards for use in machine reduction of 
 rawinsonde observations. Before processing began, a procedure was devised 
 that helped to verify the accuracy and consistency of the data. As a first 
 step, data for each ship observation period were machine listed. Simple 
 scanning of the columns on the listing dosclosed most of the punching errors, 
 omlssons, and duplications. Corrections to the cards were made and the data 
 relisted. 
 
 An effort was then made to verify the accuracy of the card code entries . 
 A three-man team checked the data on the recorder strip charts, the card code 
 forms, and the card code machine listing for inconsistencies in the following 
 entries : 
 
 Date/ time of release. 
 
 Rawinsonde serial number (temperature sonde) . 
 
 Thermistor serial number (resistance in ohms) . 
 
 Precision aneroid pressure (station pressure) . 
 
 Humidity baseline data — dry bulb, computed 
 relative humidity, and humidity ordinate. 
 
 The actual baseline humidity traces on the recorder strip charts were examined 
 at this time to ensure that the correct value had been read. 
 
 For reconciliation of any inconsistency noted, all other available entries 
 were used. For example, when station pressure entries for an observation were 
 inconsistent, the corresponding sea-level pressure entry on the Surface Obser- 
 vation Form and the preceding and following observations were checked to help 
 establish the most reasonable value. Questionable rawinsonde serial numbers 
 were corrected by examining the appropriate pressure-contact calibration chart, 
 where both instrument number and release date/time were entered. 
 
 -45- 
 
Errors in humidity baseline entries were corrected by using the set of 
 values that resulted in the proper relationship between dry-bulb and wet-bulb 
 depression, and relative humidity. Discrepancies in thermistor resistance 
 entries were more difficult to correct as there was no other source to turn 
 to for corroborative evidence. Inconsistencies of about 100 ohms or less 
 were corrected by arbitrarily selecting the card code entry as the proper 
 value. Many larger inconsistencies were easily resolved since one of the 
 entries was an obviously impossible value, beyond the limits of the "Table 
 for Ordinate Setting on W/B Temperature Evaluator for Radiosonde." Some 
 inconsistencies, however, could not be resolved because both values were 
 reasonable. In these instances, the card code entry was used in the "A " 
 process but the observation was noted for future attention. 
 
 In order for computer operations to begin for the "A" and future proc- 
 essing, it was necessary to select, as accurately as possible the start time 
 of each rawinsonde observation. Based on plots and listings of two-samples- 
 per-second (2-sps) data, times were selected in hours, minutes, seconds, and 
 milliseconds of what appeared to be the moment of release. Normally, the 
 start time could easily be determined from the 2-sps data when a clearly de- 
 fined transition from low reference to humidity at release was made. For 
 some releases a zero-to-humidity or a low reference-to-temperature procedure 
 was used. These also resulted in easily determined time data once a consis- 
 tent pattern for a ship had been established. 
 
 Unfortunately, instances were noted where the above procedure was not 
 followed or where noise or interference at release resulted in the loss of 
 some definition. On these occasions the start time was classified as "indef- 
 inite." The best possible time estimate was made from records available in 
 addition to the 2-sps plots and listings, such as card entries of baroswitch 
 setting and release contact, appearance of traces on the rawinsonde strip 
 charts, time measurements of the interval between release contact and the 
 first reference, etc. Whenever possible, start times were selected for all 
 rawinsondes actually released regardless of whether usable data were recorded 
 aloft. 
 
 Temperature stop time, which signaled the actual end of the sounding, 
 was selected for each observation. Stop times were assigned only when there 
 was no possibility of recovering data for a given flight beyond that time. 
 Stop times for wind and/or humidity observations were assigned only if they 
 preceded the temperature stop time. 
 
 -46- 
 
1.1.2.5 Characteristics of the "Ap" Rawinsonde Data To Be Considered Before 
 Use in Analysis 
 
 The following is to be noted regarding the "A " rawinsonde data: 
 
 (1) No lag corrections have been applied to the recorded temperature and 
 humidity signals. 
 
 (2) Experiments have shown that, due to insolation and other effects, 
 daytime humidities are recorded too low. Efforts to determine appro- 
 priate corrections are underway. The characteristics of this error 
 are described in the following papers: Teweles, Sidney, "A Spurious 
 Diurnal Variation in Radiosonde Humidity Records," Bulletin of the 
 American Meteorological Society , September 1970; Morrissey, James F., 
 and Frederick T. Brousaides, "Temperature-Induced Errors in the 
 ML-476 Humidity Data," Journal of Applied Meteorology , October 1970; 
 and Harney, Patrick J., "Differing Moisture Profiles in Radiosondings 
 at Barbados," presented at the AGU/AMS meeting in Washington, D.C., 
 in April 1970. 
 
 (3) Wind data were computed by a method analogous to that used for manual 
 computations accomplished by Weather Bureau * observing personnel. 
 
 (4) Ship motion has not been added to wind data (see sec. 1.4.2). 
 
 (5) Interpolation over reference and data gaps in the record are linear. 
 
 (6) "A " programs could not detect radiometer data. When radiometers 
 were flown on either temperature sonde or humidity sonde, radiometer 
 signals were accepted as signals from the host sonde (0000 GMT sound- 
 ings , Rainier , Discoverer , and Rockaway ) . 
 
 - 
 
 (7) No completely satisfactory procedure for unambiguously identifying 
 all references was developed prior to the "A " processing. The great- 
 est difficulty occurred during that portion of each flight when the 
 temperature frequency curve passed through the point where a mid- 
 reference was expected — generally in the neighborhood of 400 mb . 
 While a majority of these cases were handled properly, the pressure, 
 and/or temperature continuity for some flights was adversely affected, 
 
 (8) A characteristic of the humidity equipment (72-Mc ground equipment) 
 was occasional "frequency doubling," for short periods of time, re- 
 sulting in humidities evaluated too low by a factor of exactly 2. 
 
 (9) On some occasions (mostly during Observation Periods I and II) inter- 
 ference between the temperature and humidity signals, or from some 
 other radio source, was observed, resulting in small shifts in one 
 
 or the other. 
 
 *Now National Weather Service. 
 
 -47- 
 
(10) The baroswitch on the humidity sonde was designed to transmit ref- 
 erence signals only each fifth contact, and to transmit humidity 
 signals at all other times. Occasionally small shifts in the re- 
 ceived humidity signal were noted between those portions normally 
 transmitting humidity and those normally transmitting the other 
 four references. 
 
 (11) The pressure-contact relationship tables furnished to the computer 
 during "Aq" processing were terminated at the 75th contact (approx- 
 imately 300 mb) . On a few occasions the entire table was recomputed 
 because of a discrepancy in the contact-pressure relationship at 
 release. In these cases, the "A " may have processed the flight to 
 normal termination. 
 
 (12) Manually recorded surface pressure, temperature, and humidity data 
 were used as the release data during the "A " process. The "surface 
 pressure" used was station pressure at humidity-baseline time. 
 
 (13) The "A " programs were not designed to output any data if humidity 
 signals (or humidity references) were missing. 
 
 (14) On some flights, the humidity reference signal was received below 
 the reference detection threshold and was accepted as recorded 
 humidity. 
 
 (15) On the Oceanographer during Periods I and II, portions of the 
 record are affected by a capacitor on the slant range input to 
 SCARD, resulting in nonlinear response. The slant range on the 
 Mt . Mitchell was also occasionally interrupted by slippage of the 
 gears, mostly during Period IV. 
 
 (16) The typical operator adjustment for reference drift to maintain the 
 pen at ordinate 95 (190 cycles) did not affect the recorded signal. 
 Occasionally, the true reference drifted above 200 cycles (ordinate 
 100), which was the cutoff for digitizing. These cases have been 
 redigitized, but not reprocessed to develop "A " output. 
 
 (17) During processing, the proper sequence of four low references and 
 one midreference was tested. If only one reference of a set was 
 missed, it was inserted, but more than one caused termination of 
 processing. In a few cases exactly five consecutive references 
 
 (or six, causing one insertion) were lost, in which case processing 
 continued but resulted in erroneous pressures and displacement of 
 temperature and humidity data. (In case six references were lost, 
 one was inserted, and the same procedure followed.) 
 
 -48- 
 
(18) Plotting of the Rainier Observation Periods III and IV upper air 
 wind data (U and V) has indicated a discrepancy of 30° to 40° when 
 compared with the other fixed ships on a synoptic grid and with air- 
 craft data. BOMAP is investigating the characteristics of this 
 discrepancy. 
 
 (19) The Rockaway upper air wind data suffered from several serious 
 deficiencies that compromised their resolution and accuracy. 
 
 (a) The balloon target could not be acquired before 6 to 10 min 
 after launch. 
 
 (b) There was a positive bias of approximately 5,000 yards in all 
 slant-range measurements. This was not discovered by BOMAP in 
 time to be included in the "A " data-processing program with- 
 out delaying.it. Also the bias apparently increased (5,000 
 yards plus) as the experiment progressed. 
 
 (c) An automatic tracking aid was used by the radar observers in 
 following the balloon radar target on the PPI. This had the 
 effect of making the computed wind change at a uniform rate 
 for periods of time up to several minutes; then the rate would 
 abruptly switch to a new value. This completely masks any 
 small wind shifts and displaces the location of apparent shear 
 zones, generally upward. There is no way to correct this in 
 processing the data. 
 
 (d) Slant range was recorded to the nearest 100 yards and azimuth 
 to the nearest degree to conform to limits of resolution of the 
 PPI display. This coarse resolution adds some random fluctua- 
 tions to the apparent wind, which, however, do not mask the 
 effect of the automatic tracking aid. 
 
 (e) A gross error in the radar synchroreceiver was detected on 
 June 2, 1969, which affected all azimuth measurements from the 
 radar. Failure date/time and degree of error is not known due 
 to the nature of the failure. 
 
 -49- 
 
1.1.2.6 "A n " Rawlnsonde Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 Data from one ship for one BOMEX Phase (or Period) are on one mag- 
 netic tape. The first file on each tape contains card image records describ- 
 ing the data. In this file, the first record is "BOMEX A-ZERO RAWINSONDE 
 DATA" (28 characters). The second record gives ship name, ship number, BOMEX 
 Phase, and inclusive dates of observations. Example: "OCEANOGRAPHER, SHIP 
 NUMBER 0, PHASE III, JUNE 20 - JULY 3, JULIAN DAYS 171-184." The ship number 
 is character 27; the Julian days are in characters 69-71 and 73-75. Additional 
 records give details on format of data files. 
 
 The second and successive files contain data for one sounding each. One 
 end-of-file mark separates adjacent files. There is a triple end-of-file 
 mark after the last data file on each tape. The first record in each data 
 file gives ship name and number, Julian day, nominal time of sounding in 
 hours and minutes, actual release time of sonde in hours, minutes, and seconds, 
 latitude in degrees and minutes, and longitude in degrees and minutes. The 
 format is: H20, 4110, 2F10.2. Exapp-le: OCEANOGRAPHER 172 1313 131015 
 . . . 17.36 . . . 54.34. 
 
 There are eight data words per scan and the format is: F10.0, F10.2, 
 6F10.1 (80 characters). Each record except the last contains 50 scans 
 (4,000 characters). The last record will normally contain less than 50 scans. 
 
 Data elements are: 
 
 Scan Word Data Format 
 
 1 elapsed time from launch, hours, minutes, seconds F10.0 
 
 2 temperature, degrees C F10.2 
 
 3 relative humidity, percent F10.1 
 
 4 pressure, millibars; pressure at time is station F10.1 
 pressure at baseline time 
 
 5 height, meters; height at time is barometer height F10.1 
 
 6 specific humidity, grams /kilogram F10 . 1 
 
 7 W-E wind component, meters per second F10.1 
 
 8 S-N wind component, meters per second F10.1 
 
 -9999. is used as a no-data indicator. 
 
 -50- 
 
1.1.3 Radiometersonde Data Processing and Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 Observations taken with Suomi-Kuhn 403-MHz, FM-FM, radiometers 
 attached to the rawinsondes at 0000 GMT daily aboard the Discoverer , Rainier , 
 and Rockaway were processed from strip-chart records by Dr. P. Kuhn, Environ- 
 mental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado. The user is encouraged 
 to contact Dr. Kuhn (telephone, FTS, 303-499-6208) concerning questions left 
 unanswered by the brief description presented here. 
 
 1.1.3.1 Processing Procedures 
 
 Standard procedures were used for processing the temperature and 
 humidity data from strip charts. The radiation values were used in two sets 
 of computations. The first set consisted of computations that were made di- 
 rectly from the values read from the strip-chart records without adjustments 
 and that included temperature readings from top and bottom plate sensors of 
 the radiometer as well as air temperature values from the rawinsonde thermis- 
 tor. The second set of computations consisted of a five-point polynomial fit 
 to the radiation and cooling values only. It included a warming profile for 
 the layer defined by the pressure preceding and following the cooling value, 
 which, in effect, was a warming value, negative denoting cooling and positive 
 denoting warming. Humidity values remained untouched since they were read 
 at one point. 
 
 The data included in the temporary archive are in the form of punched- 
 card images on magnetic tape and contain the following parameters: 
 
 Pressure, millibars. 
 
 Time from launch, minutes. 
 
 Ambient temperature, degrees C. 
 
 IR radiation upward, langleys/minute. 
 
 IR radiation downward, langleys/minute. 
 
 Net IR radiation, langleys/minute. 
 
 Warming, degrees C/day. 
 
 Mixing ratio, grams /kilogram. 
 
 Relative humidity, whole percent. 
 
 -51- 
 
1.1.3.2 Radlometersonde Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which 
 the fifth one constitutes the radiometersonde data. When the radiometersonde 
 data on magnetic tape are requested, all six files will be sent, not only the 
 radiometersonde data. The six files of information on this tape are separated 
 from each other by an end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. 
 All information is in binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits 
 per inch. The first file consists of 80-column card images, one card image 
 per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other five files 
 contain data that were either recorded manually or were read manually from 
 strip-chart recordings; the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000 
 characters) per record. 
 
 The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations (see 
 sec. 1.3.0); the third file contains Ship Operations Data (see sec. 1.4.0); 
 the fourth file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (see sec. 1.7.3); 
 the sixth file contains Dropsonde Data (see sec. 2.2.3). 
 
 The Radiometersonde Data, as noted above, constitute the fifth file. 
 Each sounding is preceded by a header card with 1 in column 1 indicating 
 beginning of the sounding. The header card gives ship's name and the date 
 of the sounding. The data cards, where column 1 is the left blank, follow 
 the header cards with data elements in the following order on each card: 
 
 Pressure, millibars. 
 
 Time from launch, minutes. 
 
 Temperature, degrees C. 
 
 IR radiation upward, langleys /minute. 
 
 IR radiation downward, langleys /minute. 
 
 Net IR radiation, langleys /minute. 
 
 Warming, degrees C/day. 
 
 Mixing ratio, grams /kilogram. 
 
 Relative humidity, whole percent. 
 
 The format is: 3F8.1, 3F8.4, F8.1, F8.3, 18. 
 
 -52- 
 
1.2.0 BOOM SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 
 
 Surface meteorological observations included standard marine meteorolo- 
 gical observations and measurements from instruments mounted on a boom fixed 
 to and extending 10 m beyond the bow of each fixed ship; weather surveil- 
 lance was provided by radar aboard the Discoverer . Also part of surface 
 data acquisition, but not pertaining to meteorological parameters, were ship 
 navigation data: true heading, speed relative to the water, and position. 
 Included under the title Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements are the 
 data from the instruments mounted on the boom, surface pressure from a capa- 
 citive-type barometer, and ship's heading from the gyro. 
 
 1.2.1 Instrumentation and Observation Procedure 
 
 Meteorological data obtained from the instruments mounted on the 
 boom approximately 10 m above the sea surface were automatically recorded on 
 SCARD at 30-sec intervals. Dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, 
 relative humidity, sea-surface temperature, wind speed, and wind direction 
 were measured aboard all ships. In addition, boom instrumentation on the 
 Discoverer , Rainier , and Rockaway included radiometers and pyranometers that 
 yielded data on incident, reflected, and net radiation. Table 1-7 lists all 
 parameters measured, identifies the sensors used for each measurement, and 
 gives the output range for each. 
 
 Barometric pressure was also recorded automatically on SCARD. For these 
 measurements, the Oceanographer , Rainier , Mt. Mitchell , and Rockaway used the 
 Rosemount Engineering Company's capacitive pressure sensing unit, Model 1101- 
 A33BADB (999.0 to 1,010 mb = to 5 v D.C.). The Discoverer carried the NCAR 
 DPD barometer, developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. 
 
 Ship's true heading was also recorded on SCARD from the output of a 
 precision potentiometer mounted to a repeater which was slaved to the master 
 gyro (0° to 360° =0to5vD.C.) on each of the fixed ships. 
 
 Since these boom, gyro, and barometric pressure measurements were 
 recorded automatically on SCARD, no observing procedure was followed other 
 than routine maintenance and calibration, which was usually performed daily 
 for the boom sensors and during two of the four in-port periods for the ship's 
 gyro and Rosemount barometer. The NCAR barometer was calibrated before the 
 BOMEX field operations and after the barometer had been returned to NCAR. 
 The calibration data derived from these tests have not been incorporated in 
 the "Ap" processing of boom data . Calibration and intercomparison studies 
 to provide final corrections to the boom, gyro, and barometric pressure 
 measurements are underway at the BOMAP Office. 
 
 -53- 
 
Table 1-7. Measurements from boom sensors 
 
 Measurement 
 
 Sensor 
 
 Remarks 
 
 Air dry-bulb 
 temperature 
 
 Thermivolt thermometer, 
 Model #752-10, Yellow 
 Springs Instruments, Inc. 
 
 20°C to 35°C 
 
 Air wet-bulb 
 temperature 
 
 Thermivolt thermometer, 
 Model #752-10, Yellow 
 Springs Instruments, Inc, 
 
 20°C to 35°C 
 
 Sea-surface 
 temperature 
 
 Thermivolt thermometer, 
 Model #752-10, Yellow 
 Springs Instruments, Inc, 
 
 20°C to 35°C 
 
 Relative humidity 
 
 Wind speed rela- 
 tive to ship 
 
 Relative humidity transducer, 
 Model No. 15-7012, 
 Hydrodynamics, Inc. 
 
 Wind speed transmitter, 
 F420 series, U. S. 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 0.0% to 100% 
 
 mps to 30 mps 
 
 Incident solar 
 radiation 
 
 Pyranometer, Model 15, 
 Eppley Laboratory 
 
 Spectral range 
 up to 2.5 y 
 
 Incident terres- 
 trial radiation 
 
 Net total radiation 
 
 Pyranometer, Model 15, 
 Eppley Laboratory 
 
 Suomi-Fransilla-Izlitser 
 ventilated net radiometer 
 
 Spectral range 
 up to 2.5 y 
 
 Spectral range 
 0.5 to 40 y 
 
 Precipitation 
 
 Rain gage 
 
 Manually recorded 
 
 -54- 
 
1.2.2 Boom Data Processing 
 
 The boom, gyro, and barometer data were processed by NASA/MTF, the 
 products representing the output of an intermediate, "A ," processing step 
 (see discussion of rawinsonde data, sec. 1.1.2). These data, processed for 
 all four BOMEX Observation Periods, are included in the BOMEX Temporary Archive. 
 
 The archive products consist of magnetic tapes or 35-mm microfilms con- 
 taining daily tabulations of the boom parameters, ship's true heading, and 
 barometric pressure for one ship observation period (i.e., all processed data 
 for one fixed ship for one BOMEX Observation Period) . In either form, the 
 data represent 30-sec time series, 10-min averages, and 30-min averages 
 (10-min and 30-min averages on microfilm only) for each BOMEX observation day. 
 The inventory of available archive data products and instructions for ordering 
 are contained in section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and Costs. 
 
 The documentation for "A " boom, gyro, and barometer data processing will 
 be presented in the sections that follow: 1.2.2.1 SCARP Analog Digitization ; 
 1.2.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures (including examples of 35-mm 
 microfilm output); 1.2.2.3 Characteristics of the "A n " Boom Surface Meteoro- 
 logical Measurements To Be Considered Before Use in Analysis ; and 1.2.2.4 "Ap" 
 Boom Surface Meteorological Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format . 
 
 1.2.2.1 SCARP Analog Digitization 
 
 The boom measurements, gyro heading, and barometric pressure were re- 
 corded on SCARD as voltage-modulated frequencies. The boom and gyro measure- 
 ments were recorded as 30 commutated samples on one SCARD channel, i.e., each 
 of these measurements were sampled for approximately 1 sec every 30 sec. 
 Thus, two samples 750-800 msec in duration per minute were recorded on one of 
 the seven SCARD channels. During BOMEX Observation Period I, barometric 
 pressure was recorded the same way. After the first observation period, the 
 barometer output was assigned a separate SCARD channel and recorded continuously 
 because of multiplexer loading of the barometer. Digitization of the boom 
 surface data required a two-pass processing procedure. A general description 
 of the two-pass operation is given in section 1.1.2. The boom surface data 
 digitization is discussed in detail below. 
 
 First-pass digitization method used for boom, ship's gyro, and barometer data . 
 For each channel (one for all boom parameters, including gyro, and one for 
 barometer), the signals were demodulated through a discriminator giving a D.C. 
 voltage nominally in the range of ±7.5 v. At the beginning and end of each 
 SCARD analog tape, the recorder channel calibrations were recorded separately. 
 Each 1/10 sec, the two discriminated voltage outputs were multiplexed to an 
 analog-to-digital converter at a rate of 50 ysec per channel . The converter 
 was capable of digitizing in the range of ±10 v, with significance to approx- 
 imately 0.01 v. Thus, a time series of 10-sps digital values for the boom 
 parameters, gyro heading, and barometric pressure formed the input to the 
 second-pass program. 
 
 -55- 
 
Second-pass method used for boom parameters and gyro heading . Since the boom 
 parameters and gyro heading were serially recorded as approximately 1-sec 
 samples of each of the seven parameters (10 including radiation) , and the 
 sampling sequence was repeated every 30 sec, the first step was to separate 
 the 10-sps samples for each parameter. Each parameter was recognized by the 
 preassigned position of that parameter in relation to the reference pulse 
 that initiated the start of a 30-sec sampling sequence. The position was 
 defined as a change in voltage from a zero or base level,. The number of 
 changes in level defined a particular position. The sample time for each 
 parameter was defined as the time at which the reference pulse occurred. 
 Thus, individual parameters were actually acquired from 2 to 13 sec after 
 the reference pulse. 
 
 Following separation, the 1/10-sec samples were scaled to voltage 
 counts (where 0-5vD.C. = - 10,000 voltage counts) . After calibra- 
 tion had been applied as described in section 1.1.2, the four to seven 
 1/10-sec samples were averaged by the noise elimination averaging technique 
 discussed in section 1.1.2 in connection with rawinsonde temperature and 
 humidity. The noise tolerance limit was + .05 v. The result of the 1/10-sec 
 sample average was to form a time series of 30-sec readings for each 
 parameter. 
 
 Second-pass method for Rosemount and NCAR DPP barometer . From the 1/10-sec 
 time series, data were selected at 1/2-sec intervals to form a 2-sps time 
 series of 1/10-sec samples. The 2-sps time series was scaled to counts 
 as described above. Following this, sixty 1/2-sec values were averaged by 
 the noise elimination averaging technique cited above; a tolerance of +0.05 v 
 was used. 
 
 1.2.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures 
 
 Following the Time Edit/Tape Copy procedure discussed in section 
 1.1.2, the 30-sec time series for each parameter was converted to scientific 
 units. The transfer equations and constants used in converting measured 
 voltages to scientific units for each fixed ship and BOMEX Observation 
 Period are shown in table 1-8. At this stage, the wind direction was 
 converted from measured relative wind direction to true wind direction by 
 the inclusion of ship's heading. 
 
 For ship's gyro (true) heading, it was necessary to add a further 
 correction because of voltage reduction at the sensing potentiometer by the 
 SCARD recording electronics (a loading effect) . This correction was applied 
 to the gyro voltage before conversion to engineering units. The following 
 equation* was used for the correction: 
 
 v = v ± (1.00000 + 5.10204 x 10~ 10 [v ± (10,000 - v ± )]) t 
 
 Thxs equation is an approximation. Its derivation will be given in a later 
 publication. 
 
 ■56- 
 
where 
 
 v = corrected voltage in counts, and 
 
 v^ = recorded voltage in counts. 
 
 As the last step, 10-min and 30-min averages of the parameters were 
 computed. Note that all 30-sec samples were processed, regardless of the 
 operational status of the instrumentation, which means that data were 
 processed from instruments that failed. No restrictive edit was performed 
 on "Ao" boom data. 
 
 Figures 1-7, 1-8, and 1-9 show examples of the 35-mm microfilm listing 
 of the boom 30-sec data, 10-min averages, and 30-min averages, respectively. 
 In figures 1-8 and 1-9, the column entitled "Number 30-sec samples" shows 
 the number of 30-sec samples used to form the 10-min and 30-min averages. 
 All 10- and 30-min averages of wind direction and speed were formed as 
 vector averages of the 30-sec wind speeds and directions. 
 
 1.2.2.3 Characteristics of the "Ao" Boom Surface Meteorological Measuremen ts 
 To Be Considered Before Use in Analysis . 
 
 For the fixed ship Discoverer , the transfer equation for the NCAR 
 barometer used in "A " processing was wrong. The correct equation is as 
 follows : 
 
 V = 0.149 (P - 1000.5) , 
 or P = 6.72 V + 1000.5, 
 
 P = 2000.75 - 0.968 ^ , 
 
 where 
 
 V = NCAR barometer output in volts, 
 P = station pressure in millibars, and 
 P w = incorrectly calculated pressure for 
 processed "Aq" BOMEX NCAR DPD baro- 
 meter data. 
 
 Other aspects of the Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements to be noted 
 by the user are: 
 
 (1) All barometric pressures represent station pressures 
 calculated at the barometers' heights shown in table 1-9. 
 
 (2) As noted previously, the "A " processing included all data. 
 Periods of equipment failure and/or inoperative conditions 
 are not indicated. For instance, Rockaway 's Rosemount 
 barometer failed early in the first period and was not 
 repaired until Period II. 
 
 -57- 
 
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 ■58- 
 
Table 1-8. Transfer equations and constants for conversion of 
 measured voltage to scientific units (continued) 
 
 Ship 
 
 WS 
 
 k 1 (cts)/2000+k 2 
 
 WD = k 1 (cts)/2000+k 2 G = kj (cts)/2000+k2 
 
 PERIOD I 
 
 Oceanographer WS = . 002522 (cts)+l . 03m/s 
 
 Rainier WS = . 002510(cts)+l . 03m/s 
 
 Mt. Mitchell WS = . 002466(cts)+l . 03m/s 
 
 Discoverer WS = . 002476(cts)+l . 03m/s 
 
 Rockaway (did not work) 
 
 WD = -.036(cts)+167° G 
 
 WD = -.036(cts)+162° G 
 
 WD = -,036(cts)+162° G 
 
 WD = -.036(cts)+179° G 
 
 (did not work) G 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+280 ( 
 
 ,036(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 PERIOD II 
 
 Oceanographer WS = . 02522 (cts)+l . 03m/s WD 
 
 Rainier WS = . 002510(cts)+l . 03m/s WD 
 
 Mt. Mitchell WS = . 002466 (cts) + l . 03m/s WD 
 
 Discoverer WS = .002476(cts)+l .03m/s WD 
 
 Rockaway (did not work) WD 
 
 036(cts)+167° G = 
 
 036(cts)+167° G = 
 
 036(cts)+162° G = 
 
 036(cts)+179° G = 
 
 036(cts)+167° G = 
 
 .036(cts)+5° 
 
 .035(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+290° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 PERIOD III 
 
 Oceanographer WS = 
 
 Rainier WS = 
 
 Mt . Mitchell WS = 
 
 Discoverer WS = 
 
 Rockaway WS = 
 
 002522(cts)+1.03m/s WD 
 
 002510(cts)+1.03m/s WD 
 
 002466(cts)+1.03m/s WD 
 
 002476(cts)+1.03m/s WD 
 
 ,004375(cts)+2.00kts WD 
 
 ,036(cts)+167° G = 
 
 ,036(cts)+167° G = 
 
 ,036(cts)+162° G = 
 
 ,036(cts)+179° G = 
 
 ,036(cts)+167° G = 
 
 .036(cts)+5° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+290° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 .036(cts)+0° 
 
 PERIOD IV 
 
 All ships same as in Period III 
 
 59 
 
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 cc 
 
 
 ■61- 
 
13 
 43 
 13 
 
 SHIP Q 
 RECORDED 
 
 TIME 
 HH MM SS 
 23 00 43 
 23 01 
 23 01 
 23 02 
 23 02 43 
 23 03 13 
 23 03 43 
 23 04 13 
 23 04 43 
 23 OS 13 
 23 OS 43 
 23 06 13 
 23 06 43 
 23 07 13 
 23 07 43 
 23 08 13 
 ,23 06 43 
 23 09 13 
 23 09 43 
 23 10 13 
 23 10 43 
 23 11 13 
 23 11 43 
 23 12 13 
 23 12 43 
 23 13 13 
 23 13 43 
 23 14 13 
 23 14 43 
 23 IS 13 
 23 IS 43 
 23 16 13 
 23 16 43 
 23 17 13 
 23 17 43 
 23 16 13 
 23 16 43 
 23 19 13 
 23 19 43 
 23 20 13 
 23 20 43 
 23 21 
 23 21 
 23 22 
 23 22 43 
 23 23 13 
 23 23 43 
 23 24 13 
 23 24 43 
 23 2S 13 
 23 25 43 
 23 26 13 
 23 26 43 
 23 27 13 
 23 27 43 
 23 26 13 
 
 13 
 43 
 
 13 
 
 OAT 
 DRY 
 BULB 
 DEO C 
 27.03 
 27.02 
 27.04 
 27.03 
 27.06 
 27.02 
 26.67 
 26. 95 
 26.95 
 26.94 
 27.04 
 26.99 
 26.96 
 27.11 
 26.99 
 26.96 
 27.00 
 27.01 
 27.02 
 26.99 
 26.95 
 26.93 
 26.96 
 27.01 
 27.05 
 27.02 
 27.04 
 27.04 
 27.04 
 27.04 
 27.02 
 27.10 
 27.15 
 27.10 
 27.06 
 27.06 
 27.06 
 27.06 
 27.20 
 27.06 
 27.13 
 27.19 
 27.07 
 27.13 
 27.26 
 27.24 
 27.27 
 27.15 
 27.23 
 27.27 
 27.21 
 27.24 
 27.24 
 27.25 
 27.15 
 27.16 
 
 172 
 
 WET 
 
 BULB 
 
 DEC C 
 
 24.93 
 
 25.01 
 
 25.07 
 
 25.04 
 
 25.13 
 
 25.11 
 
 25.13 
 
 24.96 
 
 24.98 
 
 24.86 
 
 25.12 
 
 24.97 
 
 24.86 
 
 25.17 
 
 25.06 
 
 25.03 
 
 25.22 
 
 25.17 
 
 25.17 
 
 25.15 
 
 25.11 
 
 25.00 
 
 24.99 
 
 24.97 
 
 24.95 
 
 25.06 
 
 25.04 
 
 25.04 
 
 24.98 
 
 24.98 
 
 24.95 
 
 25.06 
 
 25.20 
 
 25.22 
 
 25.06 
 
 25.18 
 
 24.99 
 
 25.09 
 
 25.24 
 
 2S.10 
 
 25.09 
 
 25.27 
 
 25.06 
 
 24.94 
 
 25.10 
 
 25.16 
 
 25.14 
 
 25.07 
 
 25.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 25.10 
 
 25.07 
 
 23.20 
 
 25.23 
 
 25.23 
 
 25.07 
 
 BOOM 
 SEA 
 
 TEMF 
 
 DEC C 
 
 26.93 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.99 
 
 26.99 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.91 
 
 26.92 
 
 26.88 
 
 26.86 
 
 26.91 
 
 26.90 
 
 26.90 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.95 
 
 26.99 
 
 27.01 
 
 26.96 
 
 26.99 
 
 26.94 
 
 26.69 
 
 26.95 
 
 26.98 
 
 27.03 
 
 27.02 
 
 27.05 
 
 27.05 
 
 26.95 
 
 27.06 
 
 27.07 
 
 27.08, 
 
 27.10 
 
 27.04 
 
 26.96 
 
 27.06 
 
 27.04 
 
 27.05 
 
 27.10 
 
 27.06 
 
 27.09 
 
 27.20 
 
 27.10 
 
 27.06 
 
 27.14 
 
 27, 
 27. 
 
 16 
 18 
 
 27.11 
 27.13 
 27.23 
 27.20 
 27.17 
 27.21 
 27.22 
 27.17 
 27.14 
 
 30 -SECOND 
 WIND 
 SFD 
 M/S 
 7.73 
 7.55 
 7.64 
 7.01 
 6.99 
 7.43 
 8.54 
 7.78 
 8.78 
 8.22 
 8.39 
 8.17 
 7.95 
 7.20 
 8.04 
 7.67 
 8.54 
 8.32 
 7.69 
 7.43 
 7.54 
 6.16 
 7.97 
 8.23 
 9.05 
 7.44 
 8.53 
 8.46 
 6.87 
 8.69 
 6.89 
 7.89 
 6.94 
 6.54 
 8.69 
 7.86 
 8.24 
 7.91 
 6.86 
 8.17 
 7.95 
 7.99 
 7.71 
 8.88 
 7.89 
 8.71 
 7.94 
 9.34 
 9.32 
 6.96 
 9.71 
 7.85 
 8.S0 
 7.66 
 6.21 
 9.93 
 
 DATA 
 WIND 
 DIR 
 DEC 
 87.4 
 86.7 
 
 102.2 
 65.6 
 89.3 
 82.6 
 75.4 
 79.6 
 86.9 
 80. 5 
 76.2 
 71.2 
 74.4 
 74.0 
 73.3 
 80.7 
 83.4 
 79.2 
 76.8 
 76.0 
 71.4 
 82.3 
 83.4 
 77.9 
 76.5 
 70.0 
 71.8 
 71.6 
 70.8 
 73.2 
 76.0 
 72.1 
 
 101.9 
 78.5 
 75.9 
 88.9 
 91.6 
 65.2 
 65.3 
 81. 5 
 93.6 
 90.7 
 82.2 
 89.1 
 94.0 
 93.8 
 91.7 
 90.7 
 93.6 
 
 100.6 
 88.6 
 91.4 
 73.6 
 66.1 
 77.4 
 66.7 
 
 PROCESS DATE 071770 
 
 SHIP 
 
 CYR0 
 
 DEC 
 
 88.2 
 
 82.2 
 
 81.2 
 
 79.4 
 
 81.1 
 
 79. 
 
 74. 
 
 74. 
 
 75. 
 
 76, 
 
 81, 
 
 66. 
 
 96.9 
 
 104.6 
 
 105.2 
 
 104.5 
 
 99.1 
 
 93.3 
 
 91.9 
 
 91.2 
 
 94.3 
 
 97.1 
 
 100.6 
 
 103.6 
 
 105.1 
 
 106.8 
 
 110.1 
 
 110.8 
 
 109.9 
 
 107.2 
 
 104.0 
 
 98.7 
 
 93.7 
 
 83.9 
 
 61.2 
 
 78.4 
 
 80.5 
 
 79.8 
 
 77.6 
 
 73.5 
 
 72.2 
 
 69.4 
 
 66.5 
 
 67.4 
 
 65.4 
 
 63.6 
 
 66.1 
 
 70.3 
 
 78.0 
 
 85.7 
 
 67.4 
 
 63.8 
 
 78.5 
 
 71.7 
 
 64.1 
 
 56. 5 
 
 REL 
 HUM 
 FCT 
 81.5 
 81.7 
 81.8 
 81.7 
 82.7 
 82.2 
 82.4 
 81.5 
 81.6 
 81.5 
 82.0 
 81.4 
 60.9 
 82.2 
 82.4 
 82.2 
 82.5 
 82.7 
 82.8 
 83.3 
 83.3 
 81.9 
 81.4 
 81.7 
 81.8 
 62.5 
 81.9 
 81.4 
 81.4 
 81.5 
 81.2 
 61.8 
 82.7 
 82.4 
 82.2 
 81.8 
 81.3 
 81.5 
 82.6 
 
 81 
 81 
 62 
 61 
 
 eo 
 
 81 
 
 61 
 
 61.2 
 
 80.7 
 
 80.4 
 
 80.5 
 
 60.6 
 
 80.5 
 
 61.5 
 
 61.6 
 
 61.5 
 
 60.3 
 
 AMB 
 PRESS 
 MBARS 
 1018.07 
 1016.07 
 1016.07 
 1018.07 
 1018.07 
 1018.09 
 1018.09 
 1018.09 
 1018.09 
 1018.11 
 1018.11 
 1018.09 
 1018.07 
 1018.05 
 1018.07 
 1018.07 
 1016.07 
 1016.09 
 1018.09 
 1016.07 
 1016.07 
 1016.07 
 1016.05 
 1016.02 
 1016.02 
 1018.02 
 1018.00 
 1018.02 
 1018.05 
 1018.05 
 1018.09 
 1018.11 
 1018.16 
 1018.18 
 1018.16 
 1018.16 
 1016.16 
 1018.18 
 1018.16 
 1016.16 
 1018.16 
 1018.16 
 1018.16 
 1018.16 
 1018.18 
 1018.16 
 1018.20 
 1016.22 
 1016.22 
 1016.24 
 1016.27 
 1016.27 
 101*. 27 
 1016.24 
 1016.24 
 1016.18 
 
 Figure 1-7. Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of boom 30-sec data. 
 
 62 
 
SH1F 
 
 DAY 173 
 
 BOOM 
 
 10-MINUTE 
 
 AVERAGES 
 
 PROCESS DATE 
 
 071770 
 
 END INC 
 
 DRY 
 
 WET 
 
 SEA 
 
 WIND 
 
 WINO 
 
 SHIP 
 
 REL 
 
 A MB 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 TINE 
 
 BULB 
 
 BULB 
 
 TEMP 
 
 SFD 
 
 DIR 
 
 GYRO 
 
 HUM 
 
 PRESS 
 
 30-SEC 
 
 HH MM SS 
 
 DEO C 
 
 DEC C 
 
 DEC C 
 
 M/S 
 
 DEO 
 
 DEG 
 
 PCT 
 
 MBARS 
 
 SAMPLES 
 
 00 09 4 3 
 
 27.18 
 
 25.02 
 
 27.15 
 
 9.57 
 
 85.5 
 
 102.7 
 
 80.0 
 
 1018.26 
 
 20 
 
 00 19 43 
 
 26.96 
 
 24.84 
 
 26.90 
 
 9.84 
 
 92.6 
 
 73.6 
 
 80.1 
 
 1018.33 
 
 20 
 
 00 29 43 
 
 27.04 
 
 24.73 
 
 27.01 
 
 6.56 
 
 90.4 
 
 91.6 
 
 78.9 
 
 1018.37 
 
 20 
 
 00 39 43 
 
 27.05 
 
 24.90 
 
 27.02 
 
 9.12 
 
 94.0 
 
 92.2 
 
 79.7 
 
 1018.37 
 
 20 
 
 00 49 43 
 
 26.99 
 
 24.97 
 
 26.96 
 
 9.26 
 
 91.8 
 
 92.9 
 
 81.1 
 
 1018.46 
 
 20 
 
 00 59 4 3 
 
 26.96' 
 
 24.91 
 
 26.94 
 
 8.73 
 
 83.8 
 
 93.4 
 
 81.1 
 
 1018.45 
 
 20 
 
 01 09 43 
 
 26.92 
 
 24.77 
 
 27.54 
 
 8.92 
 
 88.5 
 
 92.5 
 
 80.0 
 
 1018.47 
 
 20 
 
 01 19 43 
 
 26.77 
 
 24.81 
 
 27.61 
 
 9.12 
 
 89.7 
 
 93.2 
 
 81.2 
 
 1016.51 
 
 20 
 
 01 29 43 
 
 26.73 
 
 25.03 
 
 27.58 
 
 8.27 
 
 84.4 
 
 89.8 
 
 84.4 
 
 1016.52 
 
 20 
 
 01 39 43 
 
 26.93 
 
 24.95 
 
 27.56 
 
 8.69 
 
 91.4 
 
 92.2 
 
 82.3 
 
 1018.55 
 
 20 
 
 01 49 43 
 
 27.13 
 
 24.91 
 
 27.56 
 
 9.80 
 
 84.5 
 
 92.4 
 
 79.9 
 
 1018.65 
 
 20 
 
 01 39 43 
 
 27.13 
 
 24.90 
 
 27.54 
 
 9.60 
 
 88.0 
 
 93.0 
 
 79.5 
 
 1018.69 
 
 20 
 
 *« «* «« 
 
 - TIME GAP - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 02 39 43 
 
 26.94 
 
 24.70 
 
 27.53 
 
 10.23 
 
 80.8 
 
 82.2 
 
 79.8 
 
 1018.44 
 
 5 
 
 02 49 43 
 
 26.95 
 
 24.61 
 
 27.50 
 
 10.18 
 
 85.6 
 
 78.7 
 
 78.4 
 
 1018.41 
 
 20 
 
 02 59 43 
 
 26.90 
 
 24.62 
 
 27.44 
 
 10.53 
 
 81.2 
 
 81.5 
 
 78.6 
 
 1018.30 
 
 20 
 
 03 09 43 
 
 26.94 
 
 24.72 
 
 27.46 
 
 9.88 
 
 83.0 
 
 85.4 
 
 79.5 
 
 1018.24 
 
 20 
 
 03 19 43 
 
 26.92 
 
 24.64 
 
 27.47 
 
 9.96 
 
 81.6 
 
 87.6 
 
 78.7 
 
 1018.24 
 
 20 
 
 03 29 43 
 
 26.92 
 
 24.73 
 
 27.49 
 
 9.81 
 
 79.1 
 
 87.2 
 
 79.6 
 
 1018.12 
 
 20 
 
 03 39 43 
 
 26.91 
 
 24.55 
 
 27.51 
 
 10.12 
 
 80.3 
 
 94.4 
 
 78.4 
 
 1017.93 
 
 2D 
 
 03 49 43 
 
 26.96 
 
 24.62 
 
 27.49 
 
 10.44 
 
 71.2 
 
 134.0 
 
 78^2 
 
 1017.66 
 
 20 
 
 03 59 43 
 
 26.96 
 
 24.52 
 
 27.43 
 
 10.03 
 
 84.5 
 
 87.3 
 
 77.6 
 
 1017.73 
 
 20 
 
 04 09 43 
 
 26.88 
 
 24.67 
 
 27.50 
 
 9.40 
 
 8i.l 
 
 69.0 
 
 79.2 
 
 1017.61 
 
 20 
 
 04 19 43 
 
 26.69 
 
 24.57 
 
 27.48 
 
 10.06 
 
 82.5 
 
 86.8 
 
 78.8 
 
 1017.49 
 
 20 
 
 04 29 43 
 
 26.88 
 
 24.59 
 
 27.47 
 
 9.73 
 
 77.1 
 
 95.1 
 
 78.7 
 
 1017.37 
 
 20 
 
 04 39 43 
 
 26.85 
 
 24.41 
 
 27.44 
 
 9.31 
 
 79.7 
 
 97.1 
 
 77.5 
 
 1017.26 
 
 20 
 
 04 49 43 
 
 26.83 
 
 24.57 
 
 27.48 
 
 8.84 
 
 82.3 
 
 87.9 
 
 78.7 
 
 1017.18 
 
 20 
 
 04 59 43 
 
 26.61 
 
 24.54 
 
 27.48 
 
 8.82 
 
 72.5 
 
 92.7 
 
 78.6 
 
 1017.10 
 
 20 
 
 05 09 43 
 
 26.76 
 
 24.45 
 
 27.47 
 
 9.24 
 
 73.2 
 
 89.7 
 
 78.3 
 
 1017.07 
 
 20 
 
 05 19 43 
 
 26.75 
 
 24.62 
 
 27.47 
 
 9.04 
 
 74.2 
 
 90.1 
 
 79.8 
 
 1016.97 
 
 20 
 
 OS 29 43 
 
 26.83 
 
 24.80 
 
 27.48 
 
 8.71 
 
 80.3 
 
 89.5 
 
 81.0 
 
 1016.88 
 
 20 
 
 05 39 43 
 
 26.88 
 
 24.75 
 
 27.45 
 
 9.25 
 
 80.4 
 
 87.6 
 
 80.3 
 
 1016.77 
 
 20 
 
 05 49 43 
 
 26.86 
 
 24.39 
 
 27.46 
 
 9.00 
 
 78 .€ 
 
 89.5 
 
 77.0 
 
 1016.69 
 
 20 
 
 05 59 43 
 
 26.82 
 
 24.63 
 
 27.48 
 
 8.40 
 
 72.3 
 
 91.3 
 
 79.4 
 
 1016.63 
 
 20 
 
 06 09 43 
 
 26.78 
 
 24.67 
 
 27.47 
 
 8.59 
 
 73.3 
 
 88.7 
 
 80.2 
 
 1016.64 
 
 20 
 
 06 19 43 
 
 26.77 
 
 24.59 
 
 27.46 
 
 8.83 
 
 71.3 
 
 86.9 
 
 79.7 
 
 1016.66 
 
 20 
 
 06 29 43 
 
 26.76 
 
 24.64 
 
 27.46 
 
 9.35 
 
 69.5 
 
 90.3 
 
 79.9 
 
 1016.65 
 
 20 
 
 06 39 43 
 
 26.76 
 
 24.60 
 
 27.45 
 
 9.33 
 
 76.3 
 
 91.7 
 
 79.8 
 
 1016.59 
 
 20 
 
 06 49 43 
 
 26.72 
 
 24.53 
 
 27.42 
 
 9.19 
 
 80.7 
 
 88.6 
 
 79.5 
 
 1016.53 
 
 20 
 
 06 59 43 
 
 26.68 
 
 24.57 
 
 27.46 
 
 8.89 
 
 73.2 
 
 90.5 
 
 80.2 
 
 1016.48 
 
 20 
 
 07 09 43 
 
 26.69 
 
 24.53 
 
 27.44 
 
 9.46 
 
 77.4 
 
 88.4 
 
 79.9 
 
 1016.41 
 
 20 
 
 07 19 43 
 
 26.73 
 
 24.57 
 
 27.41 
 
 9.81 
 
 84.1 
 
 88.6 
 
 79.8 
 
 1016.47 
 
 20 
 
 07 29 43 
 
 26.71 
 
 24.53 
 
 27.45 
 
 9.58 
 
 74.0 
 
 99.9 
 
 79.7 
 
 1016.43 
 
 20 
 
 07 39 43 
 
 26.74 
 
 24.60 
 
 27.42 
 
 10.02 
 
 67.5 
 
 102.6 
 
 79.9 
 
 1016.45 
 
 20 
 
 07 49 43 
 
 26.77 
 
 24.57 
 
 27.43 
 
 9.93 
 
 77.3 
 
 89.5 
 
 79.6 
 
 1016.62 
 
 20 
 
 07 59 4 3 
 
 26.84 
 
 24.57 
 
 27.39 
 
 10.08 
 
 83.7 
 
 88.8 
 
 78.7 
 
 1016.67 
 
 20 
 
 08 09 4 3 
 
 26.87 
 
 24.66 
 
 27.42 
 
 9.72 
 
 80.1 
 
 90.4 
 
 79.4 
 
 1016.66 
 
 20 
 
 08 19 43 
 
 26.80 
 
 24.75 
 
 27.40 
 
 9.72 
 
 73.9 
 
 90.1 
 
 80.6 
 
 1016.67 
 
 20 
 
 08 29 4 3 
 
 26.80 
 
 24.64 
 
 27.42 
 
 9.34 
 
 79.4 
 
 89.7 
 
 79.8 
 
 1016.72 
 
 20 
 
 08 39 43 
 
 26.85 
 
 24.56 
 
 27.40 
 
 9.15 
 
 84.1 
 
 86.2 
 
 78.8 
 
 1016.82 
 
 20 
 
 08 49 43 
 
 26.83 
 
 24.55 
 
 27.33 
 
 9.75 
 
 90.8 
 
 79.4 
 
 78.7 
 
 1016.83 
 
 20 
 
 06 39 43 
 
 26.83 
 
 24.61 
 
 27.43 
 
 9.52 
 
 85.3 
 
 92.7 
 
 79.2 
 
 1016.94 
 
 20 
 
 09 09 43 
 
 26.87 
 
 24.50 
 
 27.40 
 
 9.22 
 
 86.4 
 
 93.7 
 
 78.2 
 
 1016.97 
 
 20 
 
 09 19 43 
 
 26.87 
 
 24.31 
 
 27.40 
 
 9.80 
 
 83.3 
 
 111.5 
 
 76.5 
 
 1016.99 
 
 20 
 
 09 29 43 
 
 26.65 
 
 24.33 
 
 27.38 
 
 9.76 
 
 84.5 
 
 110.1 
 
 76.7 
 
 1017.17 
 
 20 
 
 09 39 43 
 
 26.66 
 
 24.28 
 
 27.30 
 
 9.69 
 
 81 .2 
 
 114.3 
 
 76.0 
 
 1017.27 
 
 20 
 
 Figure 1-8 
 
 Exan 
 
 iple of 
 
 35-mm 
 
 microfilm listing 
 
 of boom 
 
 10-min 
 
 average 
 
 -63- 
 
SHIF Q 
 
 CAY 172 
 
 
 BOOM 
 
 10-MINUTE 
 
 AVERAGES 
 
 PROCESS DATE 
 
 071770 
 
 END 1 NO 
 
 DRY 
 
 WET 
 
 SEA 
 
 WINC 
 
 WIND 
 
 SHIF 
 
 REL 
 
 AMB 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 TIME 
 
 BULB 
 
 BULB 
 
 TEMP 
 
 SPD 
 
 DIR 
 
 CYRO 
 
 HUM 
 
 PRESS 
 
 30- SEC 
 
 HH MM SS 
 
 DEC C 
 
 CEO C 
 
 DEC C 
 
 M/S 
 
 DEO 
 
 DEO 
 
 FCT 
 
 MBARS 
 
 SAMPLES 
 
 21 01 4 3 
 
 27.44 
 
 24.80 
 
 27.11 
 
 10.18 
 
 80.6 
 
 172.3 
 
 75.7 
 
 1016.77 
 
 20 
 
 21 11 43 
 
 27.46 
 
 24.68 
 
 27.36 
 
 9.95 
 
 01.2 
 
 175.6 
 
 74.9 
 
 1016.02 
 
 20 
 
 21 21 43 
 
 27.40 
 
 24.82 
 
 27.32 
 
 9.69 
 
 77.6 
 
 169.7 
 
 76.3 
 
 1016.09 
 
 18 
 
 21 31 43 
 
 27.35 
 
 24.83 
 
 27.22 
 
 8.30 
 
 09.7 
 
 90.2 
 
 76.6 
 
 1017.24 
 
 20 
 
 21 41 43 
 
 27.33 
 
 24.86 
 
 27.24 
 
 8.94 
 
 01.0 
 
 91.4 
 
 77.3 
 
 1017.30 
 
 20 
 
 21 51 43 
 
 27.16 
 
 24.81 
 
 26.99 
 
 9.37 
 
 76.5 
 
 105.3 
 
 77.6 
 
 1017.39 
 
 20 
 
 22 01 43 
 
 27.03 
 
 24.93 
 
 27.01 
 
 9.53 
 
 09.0 
 
 11.1 
 
 79.9 
 
 1017.64 
 
 20 
 
 22 11 43 
 
 27.11 
 
 24.99 
 
 27.01 
 
 9.92 
 
 09.5 
 
 34.1 
 
 79.7 
 
 1017.81 
 
 20 
 
 22 21" 43 
 
 26.65 
 
 24.67 
 
 26.60 
 
 8.37 
 
 70.3 
 
 139.2 
 
 01.4 
 
 1017.87 
 
 20 
 
 22 31 43 
 
 26.99 
 
 24.85 
 
 26.93 
 
 9.41 
 
 04.7 
 
 139.0 
 
 00.7 
 
 1017.81 
 
 20 
 
 22 41 43 
 
 27.01 
 
 24.89 
 
 26.93 
 
 9.26 
 
 03.4 
 
 111.0 
 
 00.1 
 
 1017.94 
 
 20 
 
 22 51 43 
 
 26.96 
 
 25.03 
 
 26.92 
 
 8.74 
 
 77.1 
 
 149.4 
 
 02.0 
 
 1017.87 
 
 20 
 
 23 01 43 
 
 26.90 
 
 24.97 
 
 26.93 
 
 8.25 
 
 70.4 
 
 103.9 
 
 01.6 
 
 1018.00 
 
 19 
 
 23 11 43 
 
 26.99 
 
 25.06 
 
 26.94 
 
 7.86 
 
 79.1 
 
 09.5 
 
 02.1 
 
 1010.00 
 
 20 
 
 23 21 43 
 
 27.08 
 
 25.08 
 
 27.06 
 
 8.06 
 
 00.4 
 
 90.9 
 
 01.0 
 
 1010.11 
 
 20 
 
 23 31 43 
 
 27.24 
 
 25.01 
 
 27.17 
 
 9.32 
 
 90.0 
 
 68.2 
 
 80.1 
 
 1018.20 
 
 20 
 
 23 41 43 
 
 27.34 
 
 25.03 
 
 27.31 
 
 9.12 
 
 04.1 
 
 107.6 
 
 70.7 
 
 1018.17 
 
 20 
 
 23 51 43 
 
 27.25 
 
 25.05 
 
 27.24 
 
 9.52 
 
 77.7 
 
 116. 5 
 
 79.7 
 
 1010.11 
 
 20 
 
 00 01 43 
 
 27.22 
 
 25.02 
 
 27.22 
 
 10.03 
 
 74.1 
 
 126.7 
 
 79.6 
 
 1010.03 
 
 17 
 
 Figure 1-8. Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of boom 10-min averages 
 
 (continued) 
 
 64 
 
SHIF 
 
 G 
 
 DAY 172 
 
 BOOM 
 
 30-MINUTE 
 
 AVERAGES 
 
 PROCESS DATE 
 
 071770 
 
 END INC 
 
 DRV 
 
 WET 
 
 SEA 
 
 WIND 
 
 WIND 
 
 SHIP 
 
 REL 
 
 AMB 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 TIME 
 
 BULB 
 
 BULB 
 
 TEMP 
 
 SPD 
 
 OIR 
 
 CTRO 
 
 HUM 
 
 FRESS 
 
 30-SEC 
 
 HH MM 
 
 ss 
 
 OEG C 
 
 DEC C 
 
 DEC C 
 
 M/S 
 
 0E6 
 
 DEC 
 
 PCT 
 
 MBARS 
 
 SAMFLES 
 
 23 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.08 
 
 25.05 
 
 27.67 
 
 7.67 
 
 90.5 
 
 128.8 
 
 79.6 
 
 1016.22 
 
 16 
 
 GO 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.13 
 
 24.95 
 
 27.67 
 
 7.56 
 
 98.8 
 
 92.2 
 
 78.1 
 
 1018.44 
 
 60 
 
 00 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.96 
 
 24.99 
 
 27.65 
 
 7.36 
 
 89.8 
 
 110.8 
 
 79.8 
 
 1018.63 
 
 60 
 
 01 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.93 
 
 25.08 
 
 27.66 
 
 7.64 
 
 90.5 
 
 10*. 2 
 
 61.8 
 
 1018.83 
 
 60 
 
 01 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.01 
 
 25.04 
 
 27.65 
 
 7.87 
 
 95.8 
 
 101.6 
 
 80.1 
 
 1019.01 
 
 59 
 
 02 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.93 
 
 25.06 
 
 27.64 
 
 8.44 
 
 100.6 
 
 109.8 
 
 81.2 
 
 1019.03 
 
 60 
 
 «* *« 
 
 ** 
 
 - TIME GAP - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.98 
 
 25.04 
 
 27.61 
 
 8.34 
 
 98.6 
 
 108.8 
 
 80.5 
 
 1018.52 
 
 42 
 
 03 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.98 
 
 25.04 
 
 27.60 
 
 8.41 
 
 97.4 
 
 116. 3 
 
 80.5 
 
 1016.32 
 
 60 
 
 04 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.95 
 
 25.06 
 
 27.60 
 
 8.35 
 
 95.3 
 
 117.3 
 
 81.1 
 
 1018.00 
 
 60 
 
 04 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.90 
 
 25.12 
 
 27.58 
 
 8.65 
 
 103.2 
 
 90.3 
 
 82.1 
 
 1017.62 
 
 60 
 
 03 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.87 
 
 25.13 
 
 27.57 
 
 8.72 
 
 102.5 
 
 95.9 
 
 82.3 
 
 1017.28 
 
 60 
 
 OS 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.62 
 
 25.17 
 
 27.58 
 
 7.85 
 
 101.4 
 
 113.0 
 
 83.6 
 
 1016.83 
 
 60 
 
 06 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.04 
 
 24.66 
 
 27.56 
 
 9.57 
 
 97.2 
 
 130.8 
 
 84.9 
 
 1016.47 
 
 60 
 
 oe so 
 
 00 
 
 24.76 
 
 24.31 
 
 27.53 
 
 11.07 
 
 114.7 
 
 90.1 
 
 93.8 
 
 1016.47 
 
 60 
 
 07 00 
 
 00 
 
 23.66 
 
 24.73 
 
 27.52 
 
 7.92 
 
 104.4 
 
 104.5 
 
 94.1 
 
 1016.53 
 
 60 
 
 07 30 
 
 00 
 
 25.04 
 
 24.46 
 
 27.51 
 
 9.13 
 
 101.7 
 
 90.3 
 
 93.2 
 
 1016.61 
 
 SO 
 
 OS 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.55 
 
 24.84 
 
 27.51 
 
 9.15 
 
 101 . 1 
 
 120.1 
 
 86.2 
 
 1016.42 
 
 60 
 
 06 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.06 
 
 24.97 
 
 27.51 
 
 9.94 
 
 101.5 
 
 110.0 
 
 81.6 
 
 1016.49 
 
 60 
 
 09 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.89 
 
 24.95 
 
 27.52 
 
 10.21 
 
 9f.4 
 
 115.4 
 
 82.4 
 
 1016.75 
 
 60 
 
 09 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.92 
 
 24.74 
 
 27.49 
 
 10.91 
 
 101.5 
 
 103.0 
 
 80.6 
 
 1017.42 
 
 60 
 
 10 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.17 
 
 24.69 
 
 27.49 
 
 10.67 
 
 106.8 
 
 109.3 
 
 77.2 
 
 1017.82 
 
 60 
 
 10 30*00 
 
 27.27 
 
 24.60 
 
 27.47 
 
 10.59 
 
 107.4 
 
 108.2 
 
 75.6 
 
 1018.01 
 
 59 
 
 11 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.36 
 
 24.65 
 
 27.51 
 
 10.36 
 
 1H6.6 
 
 118.0 
 
 74.7 
 
 1018.17 
 
 60 
 
 11 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.31 
 
 24.65 
 
 27.53 
 
 10.41 
 
 100.9 
 
 120.9 
 
 74.9 
 
 1018.52 
 
 60 
 
 12 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.20 
 
 24.77 
 
 27.52 
 
 9.63 
 
 96.9 
 
 115.9 
 
 76.9 
 
 1018.81 
 
 60 
 
 12 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.25 
 
 24.67 
 
 27.52 
 
 9.13 
 
 101.2 
 
 113.1 
 
 75.9 
 
 1018.99 
 
 58 
 
 13 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.36 
 
 24.59 
 
 27.51 
 
 8.99 
 
 102.9 
 
 115.8 
 
 74.2 
 
 1019.03 
 
 60 
 
 13 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.36 
 
 24.61 
 
 27.53 
 
 8.62 
 
 99.7 
 
 119.0 
 
 74.2 
 
 1019.15 
 
 60 
 
 14 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.39 
 
 24.67 
 
 27.53 
 
 8,74 
 
 91.9 
 
 124.9 
 
 74.5 
 
 1019.05 
 
 30 
 
 ** ** 
 
 ** 
 
 - TIME CAP - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.56 
 
 25.34 
 
 30.40 
 
 9.57 
 
 81.0 
 
 175.3 
 
 76.4 
 
 1017.54 
 
 4 
 
 16 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.63 
 
 25.19 
 
 30.40 
 
 10.28 
 
 81.7 
 
 177.8 
 
 75.3 
 
 1017.57 
 
 2 
 
 17 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.72 
 
 25.16 
 
 29.85 
 
 9.55 
 
 95.7 
 
 134.1 
 
 73.6 
 
 1017.70 
 
 15 
 
 17 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.84 
 
 25.12 
 
 30.20 
 
 8.96 
 
 99.5 
 
 125.0 
 
 72.3 
 
 1017.. 77 
 
 IS 
 
 16 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.61 
 
 25.16 
 
 29.64 
 
 9.31 
 
 82.6 
 
 139.0 
 
 78.9 
 
 1017.32 
 
 16 
 
 16 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.66 
 
 25.39 
 
 30.52 
 
 9.50 
 
 76.0 
 
 134.6 
 
 76.3 
 
 1017.23 
 
 42 
 
 19 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.26 
 
 25.64 
 
 28.59 
 
 10.52 
 
 81.4 
 
 75.6 
 
 78.5 
 
 1017.04 
 
 SO 
 
 19 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.62 
 
 25.77 
 
 30.00 
 
 9.39 
 
 82.1 
 
 138.7 
 
 76.7 
 
 1016.82 
 
 SO 
 
 20 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.93 
 
 25.35 
 
 27.74 
 
 9.66 
 
 79.7 
 
 122.9 
 
 77.4 
 
 1016.72 
 
 59 
 
 20 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.40 
 
 24*87 
 
 27.71 
 
 10.05 
 
 77.2 
 
 126.6 
 
 77.2 
 
 1016.63 
 
 60 
 
 21 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.42 
 
 24.78 
 
 27.54 
 
 10.20 
 
 81.1 
 
 152.0 
 
 76.1 
 
 1016.78 
 
 60 
 
 21 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.41 
 
 24.77 
 
 27.31 
 
 9.38 
 
 61.5 
 
 152.8 
 
 75.8 
 
 1016.94 
 
 58 
 
 22 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.19 
 
 24.67 
 
 27.09 
 
 9.10 
 
 82.1 
 
 73.5 
 
 78.2 
 
 1017.41 
 
 60 
 
 22 30 
 
 00 
 
 26.92 
 
 24.64 
 
 26.64 
 
 9.12 
 
 62.6 
 
 96.6 
 
 80.5 
 
 1017.83 
 
 60 
 
 23 00 
 
 00 
 
 26.99 
 
 24.95 
 
 26.93 
 
 8.92 
 
 79.8 
 
 125.2 
 
 81.1 
 
 1017.92 
 
 59 
 
 23 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.06 
 
 25.06 
 
 27.04 
 
 8.16 
 
 83.3 
 
 84.4 
 
 81.6 
 
 1016.12 
 
 60 
 
 00 00 
 
 00 
 
 27.26 
 
 25.02 
 
 27.25 
 
 9.57 
 
 79.9 
 
 112.5 
 
 79.2 
 
 1018.11 
 
 60 
 
 00 30 
 
 00 
 
 27.20 
 
 25.07 
 
 27.21 
 
 10.34 
 
 75.5 
 
 138.6 
 
 80.0 
 
 1018.02 
 
 1 
 
 Figure 1-9. Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of boom 30-min averages 
 
 65 
 
(3) The 10- and 30-min averages are arithmetic means; no attempt 
 was made to eliminate occasional discrepancies in the data. 
 The time assigned to these averages is the time at the end of 
 the average period. 
 
 (4) Time breaks - periods for which the time-code generator signal 
 could not be deciphered (see discussion of Time Edit/Time Copy 
 procedure in sec. 1.1.2) - of less than 10 min or 30 min will not 
 appear on the microfilm tabulations of the Boom Surface Meteor- 
 ological Data. The 30-sec samples during a time break were not 
 included in the averages. 
 
 (5) Boom wind speeds were not corrected for ship motion (see sec. 
 1.4.2). 
 
 (6) All processed Boom Surface Meteorological Data have not been 
 corrected for instrumental bias. 
 
 (7) The wet-bulb sensor was apparently affected by heating or drying 
 of the water reservoir. 
 
 (8) Periods during which the sea-surface temperature probe was re- 
 moved from the sea while the ship was underway are not indicated 
 
 . in the output. 
 
 (9) The wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperature circuits were adjusted 
 during the day (usually around 1400 to 1600 GMT) but calibra- 
 tion data of this type were not used for correction during "A " 
 processing. 
 
 Table 1-9. Ship's barometer and Rosemount heights above sea surface 
 
 Ship 
 
 Height above sea surface 
 
 Barometer 
 
 Qceanographer 
 
 27 
 30 
 
 ft 
 
 Rainier 
 
 ft 
 
 Mt. Mitchell 
 
 30 
 
 ft 
 
 Discoverer 
 
 22 
 
 ft 
 
 
 12 
 
 ft 
 
 Rock aw ay 
 
 23 
 
 ft 
 
 8.230 m Rosemount and aneroid 
 
 9.144 m Rosemount and aneroid 
 
 9.144 m Rosemount and aneroid 
 
 6.706 m Aneroid only 
 
 3.658 m NCAR barometer only 
 
 7.010 m Rosemount and aneroid 
 
 -66- 
 
(10) All net radiation values must be adjusted by a factor of (200/ 
 120). This is the first estimate for the correction. Additional 
 information about the nature of this correction can be obtained 
 from Dr. P. Kuhn, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, 
 Boulder, Colorado 80302. 
 
 (11) Rockaway wind directions during Observation Periods I and II 
 should be disregarded. These data are in error. 
 
 (12) From Mt . Mitchell 30-sec gyro values that exceed 360°, 360° 
 should be subtracted. 
 
 (13) Rockaway wind speeds are in knots, not meters per second. 
 
 1.2.2.4 "Ap" Boom Surface Meteorological Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 Data for one ship for one BOMEX Phase (or Period) are on one magnetic 
 tape. The first file on each tape contains card image records describing the 
 data. In this file, the first record is "BOMEX A-ZERO SURFACE DATA" (25 char- 
 acters) . The second record gives ship name, ship number, BOMEX phase, and 
 inclusive dates of observations. Example: "OCEANOGRAPHER, SHIP NUMBER 0, 
 PHASE III, JUNE 20 - JULY 3, JULIAN DAYS 171-184." The ship number is char- 
 acter 27; the Julian days are in characters 69-71 and 73-75. Additional 
 records give details on the format of the data files . 
 
 The second and successive files contain data for one day each. One end- 
 of-file mark separates adjacent files. There is a triple end-of-file mark 
 after the last data file on each tape. 
 
 There are 12 data words per scan and the format is: F10.0, 4F10.2, 3F10J3, 
 F10.1, 3F10.3. Each record, except the last, contains 33 scans (3,960 char- 
 acters). The last record will generally have less than 33 scans. Data ele- 
 ments are: 
 
 Scan Word Data Format 
 
 1 time, day, hours, minutes, and seconds 
 
 2 dry-bulb temperature, degrees C 
 
 3 wet-bulb temperature, degrees C 
 
 4 sea-surface temperature, degrees C 
 
 5 wind speed, meters per second 
 
 6 wind direction, degrees true 
 
 7 ship's heading (gyro), degrees true 
 
 8 relative humidity, percent (from boom sensor) 
 
 9 surface pressure, millibars 
 
 10 incident radiation, langleys /minute 
 
 11 reflected radiation, langleys /minute 
 
 12 net radiation, langleys /minute 
 
 -9999. is used as a no-data indicator. 
 
 -67- 
 
 F10. 
 
 
 
 F10 
 
 2 
 
 F10 
 
 2 
 
 F10 
 
 2 
 
 F10 
 
 .2 
 
 .F10 
 
 .0 
 
 F10 
 
 .0 
 
 F10 
 
 .0 
 
 F10 
 
 .1 
 
 F10 
 
 .3 
 
 F10 
 
 .3 
 
 F10 
 
 .3 
 
1.3.0 BOMEX MARINE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND 
 SURFACE-PRESSURE - MARINE MICROBAROGRAM DATA 
 
 In additon to the surface observations recorded automatically by the 
 boom instrumentation on the five fixed ships (see preceding section) , 
 conventional manual observations were made from the ships' decks and/or by 
 permanently installed shipboard instruments. These data should be used with 
 the same caution one would apply to routine marine observations, because 
 data were obtained by crewmen or technicians with varying degrees of skill 
 and dedication, the exposure of the sensors was usually not optimum, and 
 the observations were influenced by the usual perturbations caused by the 
 mass of the ship, while the boom arrangement discussed in the preceding 
 section was designed to minimize such deficiencies. These surface meteoro- 
 logical observations, which were not recorded automatically on SCARD, were 
 entered on the Surface Observations Form shown in figure 1-10. The parameters 
 involved and the method of entering the data on the form are discussed in the 
 section that follows; section 1.3.2 deals with the procedures for processing 
 the data and with the archive magnetic tape format. For the inventory of 
 the data products available in the archive and ordering instructions, see 
 section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instrutions and Costs. 
 
 1.3.1 Observation Procedures and Parameters Measured . 
 
 Each parameter is discussed here in the order in which it was 
 entered by the observer on the Surface Observations Form (see fig. 1-10) , 
 an 80-column punch ed-card format. 
 
 NOTE ; As the sample form in figure 1-10 shows, the columns were 
 misnumbered, i.e., column 46 is not indicated and two 
 columns are numbered 58. In recording, this deficiency 
 was taken into account, and the parameters were recorded 
 in the order in which they are described below. 
 
 Card Code - Column 1 . Code 1 was used on each form to identify it as being 
 a surface meteorological observation. 
 
 Card Code - Column 2 . The following codes identify the ship from which 
 observations were made: 0, Oceanographer ; 1, Rainier ; 2, Mt. Mitchell ; 
 3, Discoverer ; 4, Rockaway . 
 
 Date and Time - Columns 3 through 9. Julian day and time of observation in 
 GMT to the nearest minute, not exceeding 5 min before or after the beginning 
 or end of the surface observation sequence. 
 
 -68- 
 
1 
 
 « s 
 
 o . 
 or 
 
 US 
 
 >>, 
 
 ■S^» . " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .* 
 
 
 ~r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <">i 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x> 
 
 '« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ''*^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \°*» 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,y '/\. 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v/*«?* y 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y^s*. * 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \v\l 
 
 5 
 
 
 ~ — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sv^s 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vs 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 =N$Ns 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cNS"v 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~?x55s. 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^Sv 
 
 :- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^JS^*^ 
 
 , 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /V/^N^ 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %x 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S N^f > 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' N <w > 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '"<A 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V> 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V\ 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^\" 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '''J^s 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vfi* 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \. #/ ff 
 
 ?. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \" ' 
 
 .-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HX 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T^N. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '«Jn 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «. fJ >*]> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <>s> 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S/v. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^\v\ 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vn£ 
 
 =©"■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '''*, 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "'♦ 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ''«fc S> > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^*. 
 
 ■; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S N V *** 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X s 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^s&v 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^#v 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 2 i 
 
 J 
 
 ■ 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 | 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 * 
 
 = 
 
 s 
 
 si! 
 
 11= II s 8l s 
 
 sis 
 
 1= 11 = 
 
 sis - ^ = I 
 
 E 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 EL, 
 
 tfl 
 
 5 
 
 •H 
 
 «-) 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 rt 
 4n 
 
 u 
 ~ 
 
 o 
 i— i 
 
 i 
 
 GO 
 
 • H 
 
 69 
 
Sea-Level Atmospheric Pressure - Columns 10 through 17 . Pressure was deter- 
 mined from a precision aneroid barometer and read to the nearest 0.1 mb, 
 estimating for values between scale graduations and applying correction 
 recorded on the face of the instrument, and then entered in columns 10 
 through 14 to the nearest . 1 mb . Values less than 1,000.0 mb are preceded 
 by a zero, i.e., 998.2 mb is recorded as 09982. 
 
 Pressure tendency was determined from a marine microbarograph by 
 finding the net amount of pressure change over a 3-hour period through 
 determination to the nearest 0.1 mb of the difference in pressure 
 between the beginning and the end of the period. The appropriate code was 
 entered in column 15 on the form in accordance with the codes shown in 
 table 1-10. The amount of 3-hour change in pressure was entered in millibars 
 and tenths in columns 16 and 17. 
 
 Temperature - Columns 18 through 25 . Dry-bulb temperature as measured by an 
 ordinary thermometer exposed to the free air on the windward side of the 
 ship, under conditions that eliminated as completely as possible the effects 
 of extraneous sources of heat, was entered in columns 18, 19, and 20 in 
 degrees and tenths. Wet-bulb temperature, representing the lowest temperature 
 secured by evaporating water from a muslin-covered bulb of a thermometer 
 at a specified rate of ventilation, was entered in columns 21, 22, and 23 
 in degrees and tenths . When the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures were 
 known, the dew point was determined from table 1-11. By subtracting the 
 wet-bulb temperature from the dry bulb, the wet-bulb depression was obtained. 
 The nearest depression across the top of the table and the nearest wet-bulb 
 temperature along the side were then located, and the value at the inter- 
 section of the two was entered in columns 24 and 25 in whole °C. 
 
 Relative Humidity - Columns 26 and 27 . Relative humidity to the nearest 
 whole percent as determined from table 1-12, which was used in the same 
 manner as table 1-11. 
 
 True Wind - Columns 28 through 32 . Aboard the fixed ships, the true wind 
 could not be read directly from the anemometer: indicator. Since "north" 
 on the indicator represents the ship's bow or heading, a reading of 320° 
 would indicate an apparent wind of 040° off the port bow. The apparent 
 wind relative to the bow of the ship was converted to a true compass bearing 
 by adding the apparent wind direction to the ship's heading if the wind 
 was off the starboard bow and by subtracting the apparent wind direction if 
 the wind was off the port bow. Wind speed was read directly from the 
 anemometer indicator and entered in knots. 
 
 Aboard the roving ships, the computation of true wind direction and 
 speed was somewhat more complicated and was done by use of a shipboard wind 
 plotter. 
 
 -70- 
 
Table 1-10. Barometer change characteristics in the last 3 hours 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF CHARACTERISTIC 
 
 
 NOMINAL GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION 
 
 
 Code 
 Figure 
 
 PRIMARY 
 
 UNQUALIFIED 
 REQUIREMENT 
 
 ADDITIONAL 
 REQUIREMENTS 
 
 (For Coding Purposes) 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 HIGHER 
 
 Atmospheric pres- 
 sure now higher 
 than 3 hours ago. 
 
 Increasing, then 
 decreasing. 
 
 A 
 
 \£\ 
 
 r 
 
 r^ 
 
 Zi 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 J± 
 
 
 
 
 \J 
 
 
 Increasing, then 
 steady; or 
 
 increasing, then 
 increasing more 
 slowly. 
 
 r 
 
 /~ 
 
 /- 
 
 rst 
 
 /sA» 
 
 
 
 n. 
 
 1 
 
 zl 
 
 r 
 
 S 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Increas 
 
 Steadily 
 
 / 
 
 *L 
 
 j/ 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Uns 
 
 teadily 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 \S v 
 
 \1 
 
 \s 
 
 Decreasing or 
 steady, then in- 
 creasing, or _ 
 
 increasing, then 
 increasing more 
 rapidly. 
 
 V 
 
 _/ 
 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 jj 
 
 A ' 
 
 
 A A / 
 
 3 
 
 J__ 
 
 y 
 
 yJ 
 
 \r v 
 
 U 
 
 \f\fv 
 
 v \f 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE SAME 
 
 Atmospheric pres- 
 sure now same as 
 3 hours ago. 
 
 Increasing, then 
 decreasing. 
 
 A 
 
 z\ 
 
 iA 
 
 r^\ 
 
 
 
 
 JS 
 
 
 
 
 \/ 
 
 
 Steady or un- 
 steady 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Decreasing, then 
 increasing. 
 
 V 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 ^j 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 LOWER 
 
 Atmospheric pres- 
 sure now lower 
 than 3 hours ago. 
 
 Decreasing, then 
 increasing. 
 
 V 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 5 
 
 "\7 
 
 X 
 
 ^v 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 Decreasing, then 
 steady; or 
 
 decreasing, then 
 decreasing more 
 slowly. 
 
 \_ 
 
 
 /"\ 
 
 f\ 
 
 <-\ 
 
 _ . 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 v_ 
 
 V 
 
 W V 
 
 H/w 
 
 \yv\* 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 K 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 Decreat 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 *"\ 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Ste 
 ling 
 
 aany 
 
 
 Unsteadily 
 
 A, 
 
 "\ 
 
 V 
 
 w> 
 
 Steady or increas- 
 ing, then decreas- 
 ing; or 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 *\ O 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 *\ V\ 
 
 8 
 
 Z>. 
 
 S 
 
 u \ 
 
 A 
 
 \J \ 
 
 
 decreae 
 
 rapidly 
 
 "•6- 
 
 ing 
 
 more 
 
 "A 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 71 
 
Table 1-11. Dew-point temperature? 
 
 Wet- 
 
 
 
 
 Wet-bulb dep 
 
 >ression, ° C 
 
 
 
 
 bulb 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 temp. 
 °C 
 
 
 
 •"• 
 
 rt 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ^r 
 
 •<*< 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 CD 
 
 <r> 
 
 c- 
 
 r- 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 o> 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 06 
 
 06 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 04 
 
 04 
 
 03 
 
 02 
 
 02 
 
 01 
 
 00 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 06 
 
 06 
 
 05 
 
 04 
 
 04 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 02 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 06 
 
 06 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 04 
 
 04 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 06 
 
 06 
 
 05 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 09 
 
 09 
 
 08 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 15. 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 ,18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 '20 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 -25 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28- 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 29 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 32 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 33 1 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 34 |34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 I 
 
 35 
 
 L— . -. 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 -72- 
 
Table 1-12. Relative humidity 
 
 Dry- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bulb 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wet-bulb 
 
 depression, 
 
 >C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 temp. 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.2 
 
 3.4 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 10 
 
 98 
 
 95 
 
 93 
 
 90 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 
 11 
 
 98 
 
 95 
 
 93 
 
 91 
 
 89 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 
 12 
 
 98 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 91 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 
 13 
 
 98 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 91 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 
 85 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 63 
 
 
 14 
 
 98 
 
 96 
 
 94 
 
 92 
 
 90 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 
 15 
 
 98 
 
 96 
 
 94 
 
 92 
 
 90 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 7.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 8.5 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 16 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 85 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 71 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 86 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 95 
 
 91 
 
 86 
 
 82 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 41 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 95 
 
 91 
 
 87 
 
 82 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 46 
 
 4 5 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 96 
 
 91 
 
 87 
 
 83 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 41 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 96 
 
 91 
 
 87 
 
 83 
 
 79 
 
 75 
 
 71 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 59 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 22 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 87 
 
 33 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 88 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 88 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 69 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 4 3 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 88 
 
 84 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 88 
 
 85 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 71 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 27 
 
 96 
 
 92 
 
 89 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 71 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 41 
 
 38 
 
 28 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 89 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 29 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 89 
 
 86 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 30 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 89 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 31 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 90 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 32 
 
 96 
 
 93 
 
 90 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 71 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 33 
 
 97 
 
 93 
 
 90 
 
 87 
 
 83 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 71 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 34 
 
 97 
 
 93 
 
 90 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 47 
 
 36 
 
 97 
 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 48 
 
 37 
 
 97 
 
 94 
 
 91 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 55 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 38 
 
 97 
 
 94 
 
 91 
 
 88 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 71 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 39 
 
 97 
 
 94 
 
 91 
 
 88 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 71 
 
 69 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 97 
 
 94 
 
 91 
 
 88 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 -73- 
 
Waves - Columns 33 through 46 . The wave data, as entered on the Surface 
 Observations Form consist of the direction, height, and period of wind waves 
 and swells. Wind waves, or "sea," are those raised by the local wind blowing 
 at the time of observation; waves due either to winds blowing at a distance 
 or to winds that have ceased to blow are known as swells. 
 
 The direction from which the waves were coming was determined visually 
 or, more accurately, by sighting from a compass along the wave crests and 
 adding or subtracting 90°. Ship's heading was also used as a guide. The 
 averages of several observations were recorded to the nearest degree in col- 
 umns 33, 34, 35 for wind waves and in columns 40, 41, 42 for swells. When no 
 wind waves were present, three zeros were entered. If the waves were from 
 directly north, 360 was used, and if the sea was confused and direction could 
 not be determined, 9's were used. 
 
 Wave height as recorded on the form is an average of the estimated 
 heights of the larger well-formed waves. Estimates were made by an observer 
 from the best available point on the ship that permitted the height of the 
 waves to be compared with the height of the ship. Heights in feet were con- 
 verted to half-meter codes in accordance with table 1-13 and entered in 
 columns 26, 27, and 43, 44, respectively. 
 
 Wave period, the interval in seconds between passage of two successive 
 wave crests of well-formed waves past a fixed point, was determined through 
 observation of at least 15 well-formed waves, by (a) selecting a distinctive 
 patch of foam or a small floating object at some distance from the ship, (b) 
 noting the elapsed time to the nearest second between the moments when the 
 object was on the crest of the first and the last wave in the group and noting 
 also the number of crests that passed under the object during the interval, 
 and (c) adding the elapsed times of the various groups together and dividing 
 the total by the number of waves to obtain the average period. The wave 
 period thus obtained was entered in columns 38, 39, and 45, 46 to the nearest 
 second. A calm sea or the absence of either wind or swell is indicated by 00; 
 99 was used for confused sea. 
 
 Clouds - Columns 47 through 52 . Total cloud amount, or "sky cover," was 
 estimated in terms of eighths of sky covered by clouds. A few clouds or frag- 
 ments of clouds were entered as 1 in column 47; if the sky was completely 
 overcast, the amount entered is 8; 7 indicates a few patches of blue sky 
 visible; when blue sky or stars were seen through fog or analogous phenomena, 
 total cloud amount is reported as 0; and when clouds were observed through 
 fog or similar phenomena, their amount is reported as though these phenomena 
 had not been present; 9 indicates that the sky was obscured by fog, rain, or 
 other phenomena, not clouds. 
 
 Low cloud amount, recorded in eighths of sky in column 48 was estimated 
 in the same way as total cloud amount. 
 
 Low cloud type is indicated in column 49 by the appropriate code chosen 
 from table 1-14. When several types were present in equal amounts, the code 
 entered is that for the type whose base is at the greatest height above the 
 sea, except (a) when types coded 1 and 2 only were present, code 2 was entered, 
 
 -74- 
 
Table 1-13. Wave or swell heights in half-meters 
 
 Half- 
 
 
 Half- 
 
 
 Half- 
 
 
 Half- 
 
 
 meters 
 code 
 
 Feet 
 
 meters 
 code 
 
 Feet 
 
 meters 
 code 
 
 Feet 
 
 meters 
 code 
 
 Feet 
 
 figure 
 
 
 figure 
 
 
 f i gure 
 
 
 figure 
 
 
 01 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 67 
 
 61 
 
 100 
 
 02 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 69 
 
 62 
 
 102 
 
 03 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 71 
 
 63 
 
 103 
 
 04 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 105 
 
 05 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 74 
 
 65 
 
 107 
 
 06 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 76 
 
 66 
 
 108 
 
 07 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 77 
 
 67 
 
 110 
 
 08 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 79 
 
 68 
 
 112 
 
 09 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 80 
 
 69 
 
 113 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 82 
 
 70 
 
 115 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 84 
 
 71 
 
 117 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 85 
 
 72 
 
 118 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 87 
 
 73 
 
 120 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 89 
 
 74 
 
 121 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 90 
 
 75 
 
 123 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 36 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 92 
 
 76 
 
 125 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 
 94 
 
 77 
 
 126 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 95 
 
 78 
 
 128 
 
 19 
 
 31 
 
 39 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 97 
 
 79 
 
 130 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 98 
 
 80 
 
 131 
 
 regardless of amount, and (b) when types coded 3 or 9 were present, 3 or 9 
 was chosen, as appropriate, regardless of the amount of low cloud. 
 
 Height of the bases of the low clouds was determined relatively closely 
 by taking the elapsed time between release and disappearance of the rawinsonde 
 balloon times the ascent rate. The height thus obtained is indicated in col- 
 umn 50 by the appropriate code taken from table 1-15. 
 
 Type of middle cloud is indicated in column 51 by the appropriate code 
 from table 1-16, except (a) when altocumulus were present in a chaotic sky, 
 regardless of amount, code 9 was used; (b) when the sky was not chaotic but 
 tufted or turreted altocumulus were present, code 8 was used; (c) clouds 
 observed when the sky was visible through fog or analogous phenomena were 
 recorded as though these phenomena had not been present; and (d) when conden- 
 sation trails caused by high-flying aircraft persisted and/or cloud masses 
 that had obviously developed from such trails (but not rapidly dissipating 
 trails) were observed, they were reported as middle clouds when they resembled 
 such clouds. 
 
 Type of high cloud is indicated in column 52 by the appropriate code 
 taken from table 1-17 for the predominant type present. When several types 
 were present in equal amounts, the code for the type whose base was at the 
 
 75 
 
Table 1-14. Code table for clouds of types Stratocumulus, 
 Stratus, Cumulus, and Cumulonimbus 
 
 Code 
 
 fig- 
 ures 
 
 Technical language 
 specifications 
 
 Plain language 
 specifications 
 
 No C L clouds. 
 
 1 Cumulus humilis, or Cumulus 
 
 fractus other than of bad 
 weather, or both. 
 
 2 Cumulus mediocris or congestus, 
 
 with or without Cumulus of 
 species fractus or humilis, 
 or Stratocumulus; all having 
 their bases at the same level. 
 
 Cumulonimbus calvus , with or 
 without Cumulus, Stratocumulus 
 or Stratus. 
 
 Stratocumulus cumulogenitus, 
 
 5 Stratocumulus other than 
 
 Stratocumulus cumulogenitus. 
 
 6 Stratus nebulosis or Stratus 
 
 fractus other than of bad 
 weather, or both. 
 
 7 Stratus fractus or Cumulus 
 
 fractus of bad weather or 
 both (pannus) usually below 
 Altostratus or Nimbostratus. 
 
 8 Cumulus and Stratocumulus, 
 
 other than Stratocumulus 
 cumulogenitus, with bases at 
 different levels. 
 
 No Cumulus, Cumulonimbus, Strato- 
 cumulus or Stratus. 
 
 Cumulus with little vertical extent 
 and seemingly flattened, or ragged 
 Cumulus other than of bad weather, 
 or both. 
 
 Cumulus of moderate or strong vertical 
 extent generally with protuberances 
 in the form of domes or towers, 
 either accompanied or not by other 
 Cumulus or by Stratocumulus; all 
 having their bases at the same level. 
 
 Cumulonimbus the summits of which, at 
 least partially, lack sharp outlines, 
 but are neither clearly fibrous 
 (cirrif orm) , nor in the form of an 
 anvil; Cumulus, Stratocumulus or 
 Stratus may be present. 
 
 Stratocumulus formed by the spreading 
 out of Cumulus; Cumulus may also be 
 present. 
 
 Stratocumulus not resulting from the 
 spreading out of Cumulus. 
 
 Stratus in a more or less continuous 
 sheet or layer, or in ragged shreds 
 or both, but no Stratus fractus of 
 bad weather. 
 
 Stratus fractus of bad weather or 
 Cumulus fractus of bad weather or 
 both (pannus) usually below Alto- 
 stratus or Nimbostratus. 
 
 Cumulus and Stratocumulus, other than 
 those formed from the spreading out 
 of Cumulus ; the base of Cumulus is 
 at a different level than that of 
 the Stratocumulus. 
 
 -76- 
 
Table 1-14. Code table for clouds of types Stratocumulus, 
 Stratus, Cumulus, and Cumulonimbus (continued) 
 
 Code 
 
 fig- 
 ures 
 
 Technical language 
 specifications 
 
 Plain language 
 specifications 
 
 8 Cumulus and Stratocumulus, 
 
 other than Stratocumulus 
 cumulogenitus, with bases 
 at different levels. 
 
 9 Cumulonimbus capillatus 
 
 (often with an anvil) , with 
 or without Cumulonimbus 
 calvus, Cumulus, Strato- 
 cumulus, Stratus or p annus . 
 
 Clouds Ql not visible owing 
 to darkness, fog, blowing 
 dust or sand, or other 
 similar phenomena. 
 
 Cumulus and Stratocumulus, other than 
 those formed from the spreading out 
 of Cumulus ; the base of Cumulus is at 
 a different level than that of the 
 Stratocumulus . 
 
 Cumulonimbus, the upper part of which 
 is clearly fibrous (cirriform) often 
 in the form of an anvil; either 
 accompanied or not by Cumulonimbus 
 without anvil or fibrous upper part, 
 by Cumulus, Stratocumulus, Stratus, 
 or pannus . 
 
 No Cumulus, Cumulonimbus, Strato- 
 cumulus or Stratus visible owing to 
 darkness, fog, blowing dust or sand, 
 or other similar phenomena. 
 
 Note : "Bad Weather" denotes the conditions which generally exist during 
 precipitation and a short time before and after. 
 
 Table 1-15. Code table for low cloud height; height of 
 base of lowest cloud (Cl or C^) above sea 
 
 Code 
 
 fig- 
 ure 
 
 
 Height 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 feet 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 150 
 
 - 
 
 
 299 
 
 
 300 
 
 - 
 
 
 599 
 
 
 600 
 
 - 
 
 
 999 
 
 1 
 
 ,000 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 ,999 
 
 2 
 
 ,000 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 ,499 
 
 3 
 
 ,500 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 ,999 
 
 5 
 
 ,000 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 ,499 
 
 6 
 
 ,500 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 ,999 
 
 8 
 
 ,000 
 
 or higher 
 
 
 or no 
 
 clouds 
 
 Height 
 in meters 
 
 - 49 
 50 - 99 
 100 - 199 
 200 - 299 
 300 - 599 
 600 - 999 
 1,000 - 1,499 
 1,500 - 1,999 
 2,000 - 2,500 
 2,500 or higher 
 or no clouds 
 Height cannot be reported owing to darkness or other reason 
 
 -77- 
 
Table 1-16. Code table for clouds of types Altocumulus, 
 Altostratus, and Nimbostratus 
 
 Code 
 fig- 
 ures 
 
 Technical language 
 specifications 
 
 Plain language 
 specifications 
 
 No C,. clouds 
 
 M 
 
 No Altocumulus, Altostratus or 
 Nimbostratus . 
 
 Altostratus translucidus 
 
 Altostratus opacus or 
 Nimbostratus. 
 
 Altostratus, the greater part of 
 which is semi transparent; through 
 this part the sun or moon may be 
 weakly visible as through ground 
 glass . 
 
 Altostratus, the greater part of 
 which is sufficiently dense to 
 hide the sun (or moon) , or Nimbo- 
 stratus . 
 
 Altocumuls translucidus at 
 a single level. 
 
 Patches of Altocumulus 
 translucidus (often lenti- 
 cular) , continuously 
 changing and occurring at 
 one or more levels. 
 
 Altocumulus translucidus 
 in bands, or one or more 
 layers of Altocumulus 
 translucidus or opacus 
 progressively invading the 
 sky; these Altocumulus 
 clouds generally thicken 
 as a whole. 
 
 Altocumulus, the greater part of 
 which is semi transparent ; the 
 various elements of the cloud 
 change only slowly and are all 
 at a single level. 
 
 Patches (often in the form of 
 almonds or fishes) of Altocumulus, 
 the greater part of which is 
 semi transparent; the clouds occur 
 at one or more levels and the 
 elements are continually changing 
 in appearance. 
 
 Semi transparent Altocumulus in 
 bands or Altocumulus in one or 
 more fairly continuous layers 
 (semi transparent or opaque) 
 progressively invading the sky; 
 these Altocumulus clouds generally 
 thicken as a whole. 
 
 -78- 
 
Table 1-16. Code table for clouds of types Altocumulus 
 Altostratus, and Nimbostratus (continued) 
 
 Code 
 fig- 
 ures 
 
 Technical language 
 specifications 
 
 Plain language 
 specifications 
 
 Altocumulus cumulogenitus 
 (or cumulonimbogenitus) . 
 
 Altocumulus resulting from the 
 spreading out of Cumulus (or 
 Cumulonimbus) . 
 
 Altocumulus trans lucidus 
 in two or more layers, or 
 Altocumulus opacus in a 
 single layer, not progress- 
 ively invading the sky, or 
 Altocumulus with Altostratus 
 or Nimbostratus. 
 
 Altocumulus in two or more layers 
 usually opaque in places and not 
 progressively invading the sky; or 
 opaque layer of Altocumulus not 
 progressively invading the sky; or 
 Altocumulus together with Altostra- 
 tus or Nimbostratus. 
 
 Altocumulus castellanus or 
 f loccus . 
 
 Altocumulus with sproutings in the 
 form of small towers or battle- 
 ments, or Altocumulus having the 
 appearance of cumuliform tufts. 
 
 Altocumulus of a chaotic sky, 
 generally at several levels. 
 
 Altocumulus of a chaotic sky, 
 •generally at several levels. 
 
 Clouds C M not visible owing 
 to darkness, fog, blowing 
 dust or sand, or other 
 phenomena, or because of a 
 continuous layer of lower 
 clouds . 
 
 No Altocumulus, Altostratus or 
 or Nimbostratus visible owing to 
 darkness, fog, blowing dust or sand, 
 or other similar phenomena, or more 
 often because of the presence of a 
 continuous layer of lower clouds. 
 
 -79- 
 
Table 1-17. Code table for clouds of types Cirrus, 
 Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus 
 
 Code 
 
 fig- 
 
 ures 
 
 Technical language 
 specifications 
 
 Plain language 
 specifications 
 
 No Cfl clouds 
 
 No Cirrus, Cirrostratus, or 
 Cirrocumulus . 
 
 Cirrus fibratus, sometimes 
 uncinus, not progressively 
 invading the sky. 
 
 Cirrus spissatus, in patches 
 or entangled sheaves, which 
 usually do not increase and 
 sometimes seem .to be the 
 remains of the upper part 
 of a Cumulonimbus ; or Cirrus 
 castellanus or floccus. 
 
 Cirrus in the form of filiments, 
 strands or hooks, not progressively 
 invading the sky. 
 
 Dense Cirrus in patches or entangled 
 sheaves which usually do not 
 increase and sometimes seem to be 
 the remains of the upper parts 
 of Cumulonimbus; or Cirrus with 
 sproutings in the form of small 
 turrets or battlements or Cirrus 
 having the appearance of cumuli- 
 form tufts. 
 
 Cirrus spissatus cumulonim- 
 bogenitus . 
 
 Dense Cirrus often in the form of an 
 anvil, being the remains of the 
 upper parts of Cumulonimbus. 
 
 Cirrus uncinus, or fibratus, Cirrus in the form of hooks or 
 
 or both, progressively 
 invading the sky; they 
 generally thicken as a 
 whole. 
 
 filaments or both, progressively 
 invading the sky; they generally 
 become denser as a whole. 
 
 Cirrus, often in bands, and Cirrus, often in bands converging 
 and Cirrostratus, or Cirro- towards one point or two opposite 
 stratus alone, progressively points of the horizon and Cirro- 
 invading the sky; they stratus, or Cirrostratus alone; 
 generally thicken as a whole, in either case they are progressive- 
 but the continuous veil does ly invading the sky, and generally 
 not reach 45° above the growing denser as a whole, but the 
 horizon. continuous veil does not reach 45° 
 
 above the horizon. 
 
 -80- 
 
Table 1-17. .Code table for clouds of types Cirrus, 
 
 Cirrostratus , and Cirrocumulus (continued) 
 
 Code 
 fig- 
 ures 
 
 Technical language 
 specifications 
 
 Plain language 
 specifications 
 
 Cirrus, often in bands, and 
 Cirrostratus, or Cirrostra- 
 tus alone, progressively 
 invading the sky; they 
 generally thicken as a whole, 
 but the continuous veil 
 extends more than 45° above 
 the horizon, without the sky 
 being totally covered. 
 
 Cirrostratus covering the 
 whole sky . 
 
 Cirrus, often in bands converging 
 towards one point or two opposite 
 points of the horizon, and Cirro- 
 stratus, or Cirrostratus alone; in 
 , either case they are progressively 
 invading the sky, and generally 
 growing denser as a whole; the 
 continuous veil extends more than 
 45° above the horizon, without the 
 sky being completely covered. 
 
 Veil of Cirrostratus covering the 
 celestial dome. 
 
 Cirrostratus not progressive- Cirrostratus not progressively invad- 
 ly invading the sky, and not ing the sky, and not completely 
 entirely covering it. covering the celestial dome. 
 
 Cirrocumulus alone, or Cirro- Cirrocumulus alone, or Cirrocumulus 
 cumulus predominant among accompanied by Cirrus or Cirrostra- 
 the cirriform clouds. tus or both, but Cirrocumulus is 
 
 predominant. 
 
 Clouds Cu not visible owing to No Cirrus, Cirrostratus or Cirrocu- 
 
 'H 
 darkness, fog, blowing dust 
 
 or sand or other similar 
 
 phenomena, or because of a 
 
 continuous layer of lower 
 
 clouds . 
 
 mulus visible owing to darkness, fog, 
 blowing dust or sand, or other 
 similar phenomena, or more often 
 because of the presence of a continuous 
 layer of lower clouds. 
 
 -81- 
 
greatest height above the sea was used, except (a) clouds observed when the 
 sky was visible through fog or analogous phenomena were reported as though 
 these phenomena had not been present, and (b) persistent condensation trails 
 caused by high-flying aircraft and/or cloud masses obviously developed from 
 such trails were reported as high clouds when they resembled such clouds. 
 
 Visibility - Columns 53 and 54 . Visibility, or the greatest distance from an 
 observer that an object of known characteristics can be seen and identified 
 was determined, whenever possible, based upon objects whose distance from the 
 observer was known (the horizon or other ships). Appropriate codes from table 
 1-18 were entered in columns 53 and 54. When the visibility was not the same 
 in all directions, the highest value common to one-half or more of the horizon 
 circle was used; when the visibility was between two of the distances listed 
 in table 1-18, the code for the lesser distance was used. 
 
 Table 1-18. Code table for visibility 
 
 Code figures 
 
 Visibility range 
 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 
 Less than 50 yards (50 meters) 
 
 50 yards (50 meters) 
 
 200 yards (200 meters) 
 
 1/4 nautical mile (500 meters) 
 
 1/2 nautical mile (1,000 meters) 
 
 1 nautical mile (2,000 meters) 
 
 2 nautical miles (4,000 meters) 
 5 nautical miles (10 kilometers) 
 
 10 nautical miles (20 kilometers) 
 25 nautical miles (50 kilometers) 
 or more 
 
 ^ Present Weather - Columns 55 and 56. "Present weather" refers to the state 
 of weather at the time of, or within 1 hour before, the observation. The 
 appropriate codes listed in table 1-19 were entered in columns 55 and 56. 
 When more than one code appeared to be required, the highest was entered. 
 
 Past Weather - Column 57 . "Past weather" refers to the state of weather 
 since the last scheduled observation (either 1 1/2 hours or 3 hours before 
 observation time) . The appropriate codes from table 1-20 were used. When 
 two or more codes appeared to be required, the highest code was used. 
 
 -82- 
 
Table 1-19. Code table for present weather 
 
 00-49 No Precipitation at the Station at the Time of Observation, 
 
 00-19: No Precipitation, Fog, Ice Fog, Duststorm, Sandstorm, Drifting or 
 Blowing Snow at the Station (or Ship) at the Time of Observation, 
 Except for 09 and 17, or During the Preceding Hour. 
 
 00 
 01 
 
 02 
 03 
 04 
 
 05 
 06 
 
 T3 
 
 § -(07 
 
 0) r 
 & 
 o 
 6 
 in 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 08 
 
 09 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 Characteristic change of 
 the state of sky during 
 the past hour. 
 
 Cloud development not observed. 
 
 Clouds generally dissolving or becoming 
 less developed. 
 
 State of sky on the whole unchanged. 
 
 Clouds generally forming or developing. 
 
 Visibility reduced by smoke, e.g., from veldt or forest fires, indus- 
 trial smoke, or volcanic ashes. 
 
 Haze. 
 
 Widespread dust in suspension in the air, not raised by wind at or 
 near the station (or ship) at the time of observation. 
 
 Dust or sand raised by wind at or near the station (or ship) at the 
 time of observation, but no well developed dust whirl (s) or sand 
 whirl (s) and no duststorm or sandstorm seen. 
 
 Well developed dust whirl (s) or sand whirl (s) seen at or near the 
 station (or ship) within last hour, but no duststorm or sandstorm. 
 
 Duststorm or sandstorm within sight of station (or ship) or at sta- 
 tion (or ship) at time of observation or during the last hour. 
 
 Light fog, visibility 1,000 meters (1,100 yards) or more. 
 
 Patches of . 
 
 More or less 
 
 continuous 
 
 Shallow fog or ice fog at the station (or ship) not 
 deeper than about 2 meters (6 1/2 feet) on land or 
 10 meters (33 feet) at sea [visibility less than 
 ) 1,000 meters (1,100 yards)]. 
 Lightning visible, no thunder heard. 
 Precipitation within sight, but not reaching ground or surface of the 
 
 sea. 
 Precipitation within sight, reaching ground or surface of the sea, 
 but distant [i.e., estimated to be more than 5 kilometers (3 miles) 
 from station (or ship)]. 
 Precipitation within sight, reaching ground or surface of the sea, 
 
 near to but not at the station (or ship) . 
 Thunderstorm, but no precipitation at the time of observation. 
 Squall (s) ) within sight during 
 
 Funnel cloud (s)* (tornado or waterspout) J the past hour. 
 
 -83- 
 
Table 1-19. Code table for present weather (continued) 
 
 20-29: Precipitation, Fog or Ice Fog or Thunderstorm at the Station (or Ship) 
 During the Preceding Hour But Not at the Time of Observation. 
 
 not falling as showers. 
 
 20 Drizzle (not freezing) or snow grains 
 
 21 Rain (not freezing) 
 
 22 Snow 
 
 23 Rain and snow or ice pellets 
 
 24 Freezing drizzle or freezing rain 
 
 25 Shower (s) of rain 
 
 26 Shower(s) of snow, or of rain and snow. 
 
 27 Shower(s) of hail, or of hail and rain. 
 
 28 Fog or ice fog [visibility less than 1,000 meters (1,100 yards)]. 
 
 29 Thunderstorm (with or without precipitation). 
 
 30-39: Duststorm, Sandstorm or Drifting or Blowing Snow. 
 
 30 Slight or moderate duststorm } has decreased during the preceding 
 
 or sandstorm J hour. 
 
 31 Slight or moderate duststorm ] no appreciable change during the 
 
 or sandstorm / preceding hour. 
 
 32 Slight or moderate duststorm 1 has begun or increased during the 
 
 or sandstorm J preceding hour. 
 
 33 Severe duststorm I , . , . , 
 
 , r has decreased durxng the preceding hour, 
 
 or sandstorm J ore 
 
 34 Severe duststorm | .-,-,, , 
 
 , r no appreciable change during the preceding hour, 
 
 or sandstorm I rr e & r » 
 
 35 Severe duststorm ( , , . , , . . ,. , 
 
 V has begun or increased during the preceding hour, 
 or sandstorm J 
 
 36 Slight or moderate drifting snow. ) Drifting snow 10 meters (33 feet) 
 
 37 Heavy drifting snow. / or below at sea. 
 
 38 Slight or moderate blowing snow. ] Blowing snow above 10 meters 
 
 39 Heavy blowing snow. J (33 feet) at sea. 
 
 40-49: Fog or Ice Fog at the Time of Observation [visibility less than 1,000 
 meters (1,100 yards)]. 
 
 40 Fog or ice fog at a distance at the time of observation, but not at 
 
 the station (or ship) during the last hour, the fog extending to a 
 level above that of the observer. 
 
 41 Fog or ice fog in patches. 
 
 42 Fog or ice fog, sky discernible ] has become thinner during the 
 
 43 Fog or ice fog, sky not discernible J preceding hour. 
 
 44 Fog or ice fog, sky discernible j no appreciable change during 
 
 45 Fog or ice fog, sky not discernible J the preceding hour. 
 
 46 Fog or ice fog, sky discernible 1 has begun or has become thicker 
 
 47 Fog or ice fog, sky not discernible J during the preceding hour. 
 
 48 Fog, depositing rime, sky discernible. 
 
 49 Fog, depositing rime, sky not discernible. 
 
 -84- 
 
Table 1-19. Code table for present weather (continued) 
 
 50-99 Precipitation at the Station (or Ship) at the Time of Observation. 
 50-59: Drizzle at Time of Observation. 
 
 50 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent 
 
 51 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous 
 
 52 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent 
 
 53 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous 
 
 54 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent 
 
 55 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous 
 
 56 Drizzle, freezing, slight. 
 
 57 Drizzle, freezing, moderate or heavy (dense) 
 
 58 Drizzle and rain, slight. 
 
 59 Drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy. 
 
 slight at time of observation. 
 
 moderate at time of observation, 
 
 heavy (dense) at time of 
 observation. 
 
 60-69: Rain at Time of Observation, 
 
 60 Rain, not freezing, intermittent 
 
 61 Rain, not freezing, continuous 
 
 62 Rain, not freezing, intermittent 
 
 63 Rain, not freezing, continuous 
 
 64 Rain, not freezing, intermittent 
 
 65 Rain, not freezing, continuous 
 
 66 Rain, freezing, slight. 
 
 67 Rain, freezing, moderate or heavy. 
 
 68 Rain or drizzle and snow, slight. 
 
 69 Rain or drizzle and snow, moderate or heavy. 
 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 
 80-99: 
 
 slight at time of observation, 
 moderate at time of observation, 
 heavy at time of observation. 
 
 70-79: Solid Precipitation Not in Showers at Time of Observation. 
 
 slight at time of observation, 
 moderate at time of observation, 
 heavy at time of observation. 
 
 Intermittent fall of snowflakes 
 Continuous fall of snowflakes 
 Intermittent fall of snowflakes 
 Continuous fall of snowflakes 
 Intermittent fall of snowflakes 
 Continuous fall of snowflakes 
 Ice prisms (with or without fog). 
 Snow grains (with or without fog). 
 
 Isolated starlike snow crystals (with or without fog) . 
 Ice pellets (i.e., frozen raindrops or largely melted and refrozen 
 snowflakes) . 
 
 Showery Precipitation, or Precipitation With Current or Recent 
 Thunderstorm. 
 
 80 Rain shower (s), slight. 
 
 81 Rain shower(s), moderate or heavy. 
 
 82 Rain shower (s), violent. 
 
 83 Shower (s) of rain and snow, mixed, slight. 
 
 84 Shower (s) of rain and snow mixed, moderate or heavy 
 
 85 Snow shower(s), slight. 
 
 86 Snow shower (s), moderate or heavy. 
 
 -85- 
 
Table 1-19. Code table for present weather (continued) 
 
 87 Shower (s) of snow pellets or ice pellets* with or without 
 
 rain or rain and snow mixed 
 
 88 Shower(s) of snow pellets or ice pellets* with or without 
 
 rain or rain and snow mixed 
 
 89 Shower (s) of hail, with or without rain or rain and ' snow 
 
 mixed, not associated with thunder 
 
 90 Shower (s) of hail, with or without rain or rain and snow 
 
 mixed, not associated with thunder 
 
 91 Slight rain at time of observation 
 
 92 Moderate or heavy rain at time of observation 
 
 93 Slight snow or rain and snow mixed or hail* at 
 
 time of observation 
 
 94 Moderate or heavy snow, or rain and snow mixed 
 
 or hail* at time of observation 
 
 95 Thunderstorm, slight or moderate, without hail* 
 
 but with rain and/or snow at time of observation 
 
 96 Thunderstorm, slight or moderate, with hail* at 
 
 time of observation 
 
 97 Thunderstorm, heavy, without hail* but with rain 
 
 and/or snow at time of observation 
 **98 Thunderstorm combined with duststorm or sandstorm — 
 at time of observation. 
 99 Thunderstorm, heavy, with hail* at time of observation, j 
 
 slight. 
 
 moderate 
 
 or heavy. 
 
 slight. 
 
 moderate 
 or heavy. 
 
 thunderstorm during 
 the preceding hour 
 but not at time of 
 observation. 
 
 thunderstorm 
 at time of 
 observation. 
 
 Hail, ice pellets, i.e. 
 snow pellets. 
 
 pellets of snow encased in a thin layer of ice, 
 
 ** 
 
 In reporting code figure 98, the observer is allowed considerable latitude 
 in the presumption that precipitation is or is not occurring if it is not 
 actually visible. 
 
 -86- 
 
Precipitation - Columns 58 through 68 . The amount of precipitation was 
 recorded by a Weather Bureau shielded precipitation gage //D101 mounted on 
 the boom of each fixed ship and graduated in millimeters. With care taken 
 to allow for ship movement, the amount of precipitation during, or 1 1/2 or 
 3 hours before, the observation was read to the nearest millimeter and 
 entered in columns 58, 59, and 60. If precipitation fell, but was too small 
 to be measured, 001 was entered. If no precipitation was observed, 000 
 was used. 
 
 The times of beginning and ending of precipitation were recorded in GMT 
 to the nearest minute in columns 61 through 64 and 65 through 68, respective- 
 ly. If precipitation began or ended more than once during the observation 
 period, the time of the first beginning and last ending was entered, and 
 the appropriate codes for showery or intermittent activity were entered 
 in the present- and past-weather columns. 
 
 Table 1-20. Code table for past weather 
 
 Code figure Past weather 
 
 Clouds covering 1/2 or less of the sky 
 
 throughout period 
 
 1 Clouds covering more than 1/2 of the 
 
 sky during part of period, and 
 less than 1/2 during part of period 
 
 2 Clouds covering more than 1/2 of the sky 
 
 throughout period 
 
 3 Sandstorm, duststorm, or drifting or 
 
 blowing snow 
 
 4 Fog, or ice fog, or thick haze 
 
 5 Drizzle 
 
 6 Rain 
 
 7 Snow, rain and snow mixed, or ice 
 
 pellets 
 
 8 Shower(s) 
 
 9 Thunders torm(s) , with or without 
 
 precipitation 
 
 -87- 
 
Orientiatlon of Low Clouds - Columns 69 through 71 . When cumulus clouds 
 arranged in bands or several bands separated by clear spaces (streets) were 
 observed, their presence was recorded by entering code 1 in column 69 of 
 the form; was used if they were not present. The orientation of the cloud 
 street axis with respect to true north is indicated in columns 70 and 71 in 
 accordance with table 1-21. (This information was not reliably reported. 
 If columns 69 through 71 are blank, no observations of this type were made.) 
 
 Remarks - Columns 72 through 80 . These colums were left open for the 
 observer to record any information he considered pertinent to the observa- 
 tion not allowed for in the form, such as wind shifts, gusting wind, 
 waterspouts, hail, second swell group at least 30° different from the one 
 reported, reasons for missing data or unreliability of some data, and whether 
 the observation was transmitted to the Barbados Control Center, indicated 
 by TRANS. The GMT for all such entries in the remarks column is given. 
 The observer's initials appear in the last column of the Surface Observations 
 Form. 
 
 Table 1-21. Code table for orientation of cloud band 
 axis with respect to true north 
 
 Code figure 
 
 Orientation of band axis with 
 respect to true north along a line 
 
 00 
 01 
 02 
 03 
 04 
 05 
 06 
 07 
 08 
 09 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 From 
 
 0° 1 
 
 :o 180° 
 
 10° 
 
 ' 190° 
 
 20° 
 
 1 200° 
 
 30° 
 
 1 210° 
 
 40° 
 
 ' 220° 
 
 50° * 
 
 1 230° 
 
 60° 
 
 240° 
 
 70° 
 
 250° 
 
 80° 
 
 ' 260° 
 
 90° 
 
 270° 
 
 100° 
 
 1 280° 
 
 110° ' 
 
 ' 290° 
 
 120° ' 
 
 1 300° 
 
 130° 
 
 1 310° 
 
 140° 
 
 1 320° 
 
 150° ' 
 
 330° 
 
 160° 
 
 340° 
 
 170° • 
 
 350° 
 
 -88- 
 
1.3.2 Processing Procedure and Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 1.3.2.1 Processing Procedure 
 
 The data logged on the Surface Observations Form (fig. 1-10, sec. 
 1.3.1) were punched on cards and edited for punching errors. No corrections 
 to these data were attempted during the edit for punching errors nor when the 
 punched cards Were written onto magnetic tape for the archive. Time-series 
 plots of the thermodynamic parameters by the BOMAP Office have revealed the 
 usual inconsistencies expected in manually recorded observations and some 
 indications (though not conclusively proven) that heating effects of the ship 
 influenced temperature measurements. This suspected influence became evident 
 when the rawinsonde dry-bulb (150-m sample), boom dry-bulb, and surface ob- 
 servation dry-bulb temperatures were compared in a time-series format. 
 
 1.3.2.2 BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which 
 the second one constitutes the BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations. When 
 these data are requested, all six files will be sent, not the marine meteoro- 
 logical observations alone. The six files of information on this tape are 
 separated from each other by end-of-file mark and followed by a double end- 
 of-file. All information is in binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format, even pari- 
 ty, 800 bits per inch. The first file consists of 80-column card images, one 
 card image per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other 
 five files contain data that were either recorded manually or were read 
 manually from strip-chart recordings; the data are BCD card images, 50 cards 
 (4,000 characters) per record. 
 
 The third file contains Ship Operations Data (sec. 1.4.0); the fourth 
 file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (sec. 1.7.3); the fifth file 
 contains Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3.2); the sixth file contains Drop- 
 sonde Data (sec. 2.2.3). 
 
 As noted above, the second file contains the BOMEX Marine Meteorological 
 Observations. The format is as follows: 
 
 Character Element 
 
 1 Card code, should always be 1 
 
 2 Ship code 
 
 - Oceanographer 
 
 1 - Rainier 
 
 2 - Mt . Mitchell 
 
 3 - Discoverer 
 
 4 - Rockaway 
 
 3-5 Modified Julian day (day of year) 
 
 -89- 
 
6-7 Hour, GMT 
 
 8-9 Minute 
 
 10-14 Station pressure, millibars and tenths 
 
 15 Three-hour pressure tendency (see table 1-10, 
 sec. 1.3.1) 
 
 16-17 Three-hour pressure change, millibars and tenths 
 
 18-20 Dry-bulb temperature, degrees and tenths Celsius 
 
 21-23 Wet-bulb temperature, degrees and tenths Celsius 
 
 24-25 Dew-point temperature, degrees Celsius 
 
 26-27 Relative humidity, percent 
 
 28-30 Wind direction, degrees true 
 
 31-32 Wind speed, knots 
 
 33-35 Direction from which wind waves come, degrees 
 true 
 
 36-37 Wind-wave height, half-meters 
 
 38-39 Wind-wave period, seconds 
 
 40-42 Direction from which swell comes, degrees true 
 
 43-44 Swell height, half-meters 
 
 45-46 Swell period, seconds 
 
 47 Total cloud amount, eighths 
 
 48 Low cloud amount, eighths 
 
 49 Low cloud type (see table 1-14, sec. 1.3.1) 
 
 50 Low cloud height (see table 1-15, sec. 1.3.1) 
 
 51 Middle cloud type (see table 1-16, sec. 1.3.1) 
 
 52 High cloud type (see table 1-17, sec. 1.3.1) 
 53-54 Visibility (see table 1-18, sec. 1.3.1) 
 55-56 Present weather (see table 1-19, sec. 1.3.1) 
 
 57 Past weather (see table 1-20, sec. 1.3.1) 
 
 58-60 Precipitation amount, millimeters 
 
 61-62 Hour precipitation began, GMT 
 
 63-64 Minute precipitation began 
 
 65-66 Hour precipitation ended, GMT 
 
 67-68 Minute precipitation ended, 
 
 69-80 Remarks 
 
 -90- 
 
1.4.0 FIXED-SHIP OPERATIONS DATA 
 
 Ship operations and navigation data were recorded manually on the Ship 
 Operations Form shown in figure 1-11. The method of entering the data is 
 discussed in the section that follows; section 1.4.2 deals with ship opera- 
 tions, section 1.4.3 with data processing, and section 1.4.4 with the archive 
 magnetic tape format. For the inventory of data products available in the 
 temporary archive and instructions for ordering, see section 4.0.0, Data 
 Ordering Instructions and Costs. 
 
 1.4.1 Parameters Recorded 
 
 On the Ship Operations Form (fig. 1-11), observations were re- 
 corded as follows: 
 
 Card Code - Column 1 . Code 4 was used on each form to identify it as per- 
 taining to ship operations and navigation data. 
 
 Ship Code - Column 2 . The following codes were used to designate the ship 
 from which observations were made: 0, Oceanographer ; 1, Rainier ; 2, Mt . 
 Mitchell ; 3, Discoverer ; 4, Rock away . 
 
 Date and Time - Columns 3 through 9 . Julian day and time of observation in 
 GMT was entered to the nearest minute. 
 
 Latitude - Columns 10 through 14 . The actual latitude in degrees and minutes 
 for the ship's position at the time of observation was entered in columns 10 
 through 13. Code 1 for north and code 2 for south were used in column 14. 
 
 Longitude - Columns 15 through 20 . Actual longitude in degrees and minutes 
 for the ship's position at the time of observation was entered in columns 15 
 through 19. Code 3 was used for east and code 4 for west in column 20. 
 
 Means of Navigation - Column 21 . The method used for determining the ship's 
 latitude and longitude at the time of observation was indicated by choosing 
 the appropriate code from the following: 1, Dead reckoning (DR) ; 2, Astro; 
 3, Omega; 4, Loran A; 5, Loran C; 6, Satellite; 7, Radar; 8, Visual. 
 
 True Speed - Columns 22, 23, and 24 . As determined from the navigational 
 plot, the ship's true speed was recorded in knots and tenths. If the speed 
 had changed during the preceding hour, the speed at the time of observation 
 was used. 
 
 -91- 
 
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 -92- 
 
True Course - Columns 25 through 28 . The ship's heading was recorded to the 
 nearest degree and tenth of a degree. This was done at the actual time of 
 the observation. 
 
 Indicated Speed - Columns 29, 30, and 31 . The ship's speed as indicated by 
 the pit log or other device at the time of the observation was entered in 
 knots and tenths. 
 
 System Status - Columns 32 through 43 . These entries indicate the status of 
 the following ship observation systems: rawinsonde; Scanwell WFSS; radar 
 wind; meteorological boom instrumentation; surface observation system; BLIP; 
 STD; AEC air, rain, and water sampler; Niskin water sampler; Braincon current 
 meter; ship navigation system; and SCARD. For each of these, code was 
 entered if the system was operational, code 1 if it was partly operational, 
 code 2 if it was nonoperational but reparable, and code 3 if it was nonopera- 
 tional and nonreparable. 
 
 Columns 44 and 45 . Not used. 
 
 Ship's Gyro Correction - Columns 46 through 49 . The ship's gyro correction 
 was indicated in column 46 by a plus or a minus sign and recorded in columns 
 47, 48, and 49 in degrees and tenths. 
 
 Final two columns of the form. Observer's initials. 
 
 1.4.2 Fixed- Ship On-Station and Underway Operations 
 
 For a chronological listing of ship operations, refer to table 
 1-2, section 1.0.0. As mentioned in that section, each fixed ship was 
 equipped with a free-fall, deep-sea mooring system to maintain its position. 
 However, the Rainier 's mooring system failed on May 1, the Mt_. Mitchell 's on 
 May 3, the Rockaway's on May 25, and the Discoverer 's and Oceanographer ' s on 
 June 21. All wind speed and wind direction data acquired after mooring 
 failure — during "steam and drift" periods — must be corrected for ship 
 motion. Renavigation studies are underway, but no corrections for ship 
 motion have been applied to wind data acquired from the fixed ships after 
 mooring failure. A user who needs to develop such corrections should check 
 not only the Fixed-Ship Operations Data (latitude, longitude, and speed), 
 but also the ship's gyro heading from the Boom Surface Meteorological 
 Measurements described in section 1.2.0, and the BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log 
 described in section 1.5.0. 
 
 As expected, the Fixed-Ship Operations Data contain discrepancies attri- 
 butable to manually logged data and navigation errors normally associated 
 with the conventional navigation systems used. To aid the user in assessing 
 the quality of the navigation data and procedures used aboard the fixed ships, 
 summaries of each ship's operation follow. These summaries were extracted 
 from reports submitted by the commanding officers of the BOMEX fixed ships 
 at the end of the experiment . 
 
 -93- 
 
1.4.2.1 USC&GSS Oceanographer Ship Operations and Navigation 
 
 The Oceanographer occupied two BOMEX array positions — station BRAVO 
 for Observation Periods I through III and station GOLF during Period IV. The 
 ship arrived on station and deployed its mooring system on May 3. On June 21, 
 approximately 24 hours after the ship had moored upon arrival on station, the 
 anchor cable failed and the ship, still made fast to the buoy, started to 
 drift. Divers sent out to disconnect the mooring cable reported that the 
 cable had broken about 7 ft below the Miller swivel. Wind at the time of 
 failure was from the east and tension was 6,000 lbs. It is believed that 
 the failure was gradual from strain of previous moorings. 
 
 Navigation can be divided by two distinct methods — that required for 
 running track line to and from the stations (at the beginning and end of each 
 Observation Period) and that used for "drift and steam" operation after loss 
 of the mooring on June 21 and while the ship was on station GOLF, where no 
 mooring was available. 
 
 During the first three Observation Periods, when the ship occupied 
 station BRAVO, Omega navigational control was not only adequate, but was the 
 only control available except celestial. It is estimated that during periods 
 other than sunrise and sunset the accuracy was within 1/2 mi. At sunrise and 
 sunset the fixes would be off about 3 mi. At station GOLF, Omega was com- 
 pletely worthless and the ship relied on satellite fixes, which were accurate 
 within 1/2 mi or less at all times. The main limitations on satellite fixes 
 are having the pass angle of orbit within the prescribed limits and a minimum 
 number of Doppler returns. At least 80 percent of the fixes are usable and 
 the others close enough for general location. 
 
 During Periods I and II, the Oceanographer was tied to the anchored 
 mooring system, which minimized on-station movement, although there was move- 
 ment of as much as 4 mi during a day as the wind and current changed. The 
 effect of this movement on recording instruments was considered minimal. 
 After loss of the mooring on station BRAVO, and on station GOLF, the ship had 
 to go into a "steam and drift" mode of operation in order to remain within 
 the prescribed distance from the station. The best procedure was found to 
 be drifting for 1 hour and steaming for 1/2 hour. A fix was taken at the 
 beginning and end of the run period, producing control sufficiently accurate 
 to take out both the drift and steam components of recorded data. 
 
 On station GOLF it was somewhat difficult to take fixes at the preferred 
 times, particularly when the schedule required rawinsonde observations to 
 last 110 min every 3 hours. The satellite navigation system was available at 
 varying times and during some of these times the fixes were not accurate due 
 to low or high pass angles. The best solution was to try to hold within 4 mi 
 of the station by taking satellite fixes whenever possible and steaming back 
 to position between rawinsonde observations. Fortunately, winds on station 
 GOLF were of less force, which required far less steaming than found necessary 
 on BRAVO. Even though the fixes could not be taken at the beginning and end 
 of the steaming times it is believed that the increased accuracy of the 
 satellite fixes during drift periods minimized errors introduced by using 
 dead-reckoning positions. 
 
 -94- 
 
Navigation presented no problem during BOMEX except for the lack of 
 Omega control on GOLF, which was compensated for by the satellite equipment. 
 
 1.4.2.2 USC&GSS Mt. Mitchell Ship Operations and Navigation 
 
 The Mt. Mitchell occupied two BOMEX array positions during the four 
 Observation Periods — station DELTA (12°23'N, 58°23 ! W) during Periods I, II, 
 and III, and station LIMA (10°30'N, 56°30'W) during Period IV. The ship 
 arrived on station DELTA on May 1. The free-fall mooring system was deployed 
 that day but failed on May 3. The ship then began to operate in a mode con- 
 sisting of steaming at steerageway speeds and of drifting with engines 
 secured. This mode of operation was maintained not only at DELTA but was 
 also used at station LIMA. 
 
 On May 1, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Laurel established a current sta- 
 tion within a few yards of position DELTA, consisting of a "plank-on edge" 
 mooring buoy that was lighted and fitted with a radar reflector. A series 
 of several dozen celestial observations fixed the position of the buoy at 
 12°21'N and 58°23'W with a high level of confidence. During Periods I, II, 
 and III, with the buoy as a reference, the Mt_. Mitchell obtained visual 
 bearings and/or radar bearings and radar ranges to position the ship relative 
 to the buoy. The position of the buoy was checked daily by Omega fixes and 
 when possible by celestial observations. 
 
 During BOMEX Period IV, at station LIMA, 10°30'N and 56°30'W, no buoy 
 was planted and the ship had to rely on Omega for hourly positions with 
 celestial verification mornings and evenings. A general plan of drifting 
 3 to 4 hours and then returning to station was contemplated, but because of 
 the slow drift and the inaccuracy of Omega this drifting period was extended 
 in some cases and a celestial fix was taken before steaming toward the station, 
 
 At both stations the ship would bracket the station position either by 
 steaming very slowly "up current" or by securing the engines and drifting 
 "down current," the current being the result of both ocean current and wind 
 effects on the ship. The distance in this "steam and drift" mode of opera- 
 tion was held within 3 n mi when possible. 
 
 Omega rates A-D, A-C, and B-D picked on the basis of available Omega 
 tables for the BOMEX area were used and were found to have mediocre inter- 
 sections. This had the effect of increasing Omega error. The rate B-D 
 (Trinidad - New York) was inaccurate due to ground-wave mixing from Trinidad. 
 This problem was solved by generating on-the-spot sky-wave corrections. 
 These corrections, which are the heart of Omega navigation because they de- 
 termine position accuracy, were generated by the USC&GSS Rainier during each 
 in-port period between BOMEX Observation Periods for rates A-D and A-C. The 
 Mt . Mitchell generated its own corrections for B-D at station DELTA, but due 
 to the distance between station LIMA and Bridgetown these, corrections were 
 found to be below standard. The combination of unreliable sky-wave correc- 
 tions and weak intersection of the Omega rates increased unadjusted position 
 error from approximately 2 mi (minimum) to 6 mi (maximum) in some cases. 
 
 -95- 
 
1.4.2.3 USC&GSS Rainier Ship Operations and Navigation 
 
 The Rainier was operated in a "drift and steam" mode throughout the 
 four BOMEX Observation Periods. The ship occupied position ALFA (16°50'N, 
 59°12'W) during Observation Periods I through III and position BRAVO (17°30'N, 
 54°00'W) during Observation Period IV. 
 
 The initial plan for the fixed ships was to use deep-sea anchoring 
 systems to eliminate slow speed running to hold station* After failure of 
 its mooring, the Rainier adopted a slow speed steaming mode running generally 
 NE and SE, quartering the expected wind and currents. The intent to use just 
 enough power to remain stationary in one position did not always prove effec- 
 tive because of unexpected current velocities. This procedure was used for 
 Periods I and II; however, during Period III, the ship would shut down both 
 main engines and lay in the trough of the sea, a procedure that was largely 
 effective. Power was applied to the ship when necessary to change the ship's 
 heading for rawinsonde tracking or STD lowerings, or to return to station 
 ALFA. Before Period IV, a change in the Operations Plan established a "steam 
 and drift" mode for all ships, a procedure that was tried throughout Period 
 IV, when the Rainier was positioned at station BRAVO. Due to the requirement 
 to change ship's heading for rawinsonde tracking, the port main engine was 
 kept on the line throughout most of this period. 
 
 Omega receiving systems, Tracor Series 599, were furnished for all 
 fixed ships. The equipment functioned quite well during the entire BOMEX 
 project. Due to insufficient data on sky-wave corrections within the array, 
 serious jumps in position were experienced at sunrise and sunset. During 
 each in-port period, Omega stations A, B, C, and D were monitored and average 
 hourly corrections were provided to the other four ships. However, the 
 corrections did not prove usable over the entire 90,000 mi^ covered by the 
 BOMEX array. Because of fairly heavy cloud cover, celestial control was im- 
 possible to obtain. Some adjustment of Omega positions will be necessary 
 to smooth out spurious values obtained at sunrise and sunset. 
 
 1.4.2.4 USC&GSS Discoverer Ship Operations and Navigation 
 
 The Discoverer occupied position ECHO during all four BOMEX Observa- 
 tion Periods. The ship was moored from May 6 to June 20. On June 21, the 
 mooring failed, and the ship began a "steam and drift" mode of operation. 
 
 The mooring was established in approximately 2,800 fathoms of water. 
 It held the ship in winds to 25 kt during the first two Observation Periods. 
 During these periods, the wind and current were in different directions. 
 Tension in the anchor cable normally ran 2,500 lbs, 3,500-4,000 lbs, and 
 5,000-7,500 lbs with a wind speed of 15 kt , 20 kt, and 25 kt , respectively. 
 When the tension reached 7,000 lbs, the ship would steam ahead dead slow on 
 one engine to ease the strain down to 4,500 lbs. During this time the ship 
 lay at an angle of from 30° to 90° to the anchor cable. For one period of 
 approximately 20 hours it lay directly north of the buoy with less than 500 
 lbs of tension, despite an easterly wind of 15 kt, indicating a good current 
 setting to the east. 
 
 -96- 
 
During Period III, the wind and current were in the same direction, 
 indicated by the fact that the ship headed directly toward the anchor cable 
 and tension built up to 7,500 lbs with wind less than 20 kt . Despite steam- 
 ing on the wire, the cable parted after approximately 18 hours. It parted 
 about 1,500 to 1,800 fathoms down from the buoy, judging by the depth of the 
 buoy at first launch and before and after failure. The cause of failure is 
 unknown, but is believed to be that the current drag on the cable and the 
 ship's tension on the buoy were in the same direction, as opposed to Periods 
 I and II, when the current and direction of ship's tension were in two dif- 
 ferent directions. 
 
 When the mooring failed, an attempt was made at first to keep the ship 
 directly on station by steaming slowly (20 to 55 turns on one shaft) into 
 the wind. If accurate control had been available, this would probably have 
 been the most desirable procedure, since the wind, current, and ship's 
 steaming would nullify one another, and the ship would be stationary. How- 
 ever, the only control available other than celestial was Omega, which did 
 not furnish control to the necessary accuracy. Jumps of as much as 8 to 10 mi 
 occurred from hour to hour. The Omega readings would plot in two or three 
 different positions within a 20-mi area without definite lane identification, 
 which the Discoverer 's Omega did not have. Readings on different frequencies 
 did not resolve the ambiguity of position. 
 
 The direction and velocity of current on the station site were not 
 constant, adding to the difficulty of attempting to maintain station or 
 making good courses steered. 
 
 After 6 days, the ship abandoned the attempt to remain on station by 
 continuous steaming. A procedure was adopted of drifting for approximately 6 
 or 7 hours, and then steaming for 1 or 2 hours back to and past the station. 
 By this procedure enough time was allowed during drifting to obtain an approx- 
 imate drift rate and direction even with erratic fixes. The ship would then 
 proceed back at the maximum speed that would not disrupt the instrumented 
 boom extending from the ship's bow. Steaming times were selected that would 
 interfere least with the observations being made. By this procedure the ship 
 might have drifted as much as 15 mi off station, but relative movements could 
 be approximated by using the Omega readings only. Celestial fixes and lines 
 of position kept track of absolute position but could not be combined with 
 Omega for drift rates. 
 
 1.4.2.5 USCGC Rockaway Ship Operations and Navigation 
 
 The Rockaway occupied BOMEX array position CHARLIE throughout all 
 four BOMEX Observation Periods and was operated in two modes — one moored, 
 and the other steaming and drifting to maintain position on station. 
 
 The Rockaway 's deep-sea mooring system was deployed on May 2, 1969. The 
 launch position of the system was determined by Florida State University's 
 Triton buoy previously moored at position CHARLIE by the USCGC Laurel . Because 
 of a practical requirement for the Rockaway to be outside the radius of the 
 Triton's mooring, the ship's anchor was dropped 300 yards downwind from the 
 Triton. The ship was made fast to the buoy paying out a 350-ft catenary 
 
 97 
 
through the bullnose. The ship was 400 ft from the mooring buoy, since the 
 350-ft nylon mooring line was attached to a 50-ft pendant at the mooring buoy. 
 
 While the ship was moored, its position was always known with a very high 
 degree of confidence. Triton's position was confirmed each day by celestial 
 fix, and once every 30 min the Rockaway confirmed its position with reference 
 to the Triton by a radar range and bearing. By means of a Universal Plotting 
 Sheet (UP-OS) , with a scale change so that 1 inch equalled 1 n mi, the ship's 
 position was reported once every hour on the BOMEX Ship Operations Form (fig. 
 1-11, sec. 1.4.1). The ship rode comfortably — even though stopped it did 
 not lie in the trough — during high seas and wind conditions with 8-ft swells 
 and 25-kt winds, which were the worst encountered during Period I. The moor- 
 ing was used from May 2 to May 14. On May 25, after returning to station 
 CHARLIE from the in-port period between BOMEX Observation Periods I and II, 
 the mooring system was remade, and mooring was tried after the ship had been 
 on station for 35 hours, during which rough seas discouraged small-boat 
 operations necessary for mooring to the buoy. During the first 4 hours after 
 mooring, the ship's drift rate remained constant (tension remaining steady at 
 approximately 1,350 lbs) and the range between the Rockaway and the Triton 
 buoy opened up from 5,400 yards to 10,600 yards. At first the ship's navi- 
 gator thought that the excessive range between the Triton and the ship was 
 attributable to the fact that the Triton's drift about the scope of its moor- 
 ing was the result only of ocean currents, while the Rockaway 's drift was a 
 result of both ocean currents and wind effects. However, the range continued 
 to open up, and eventually the Triton was lost on radar. A celestial fix 14 
 hours after the attempt to moor was made indicates the ship was 13 mi off 
 station (as defined relative to the Triton). In the next 24 hours, the ship 
 had drifted to a total of 30 mi off station. The mooring buoy was then sunk 
 and the ship proceeded back to station. 
 
 After the mooring failure during Period II, and during the subsequent 
 BOMEX Observation Periods, a continuous plot of the ship's position and 
 movement, whether underway or adrift, was kept. Except as modified by small- 
 boat operations, the daily routine during Periods II, III, and IV was to 
 drift downwind each day from 0830 to 1930 GMT and from 2100 to 0700 GMT. 
 (During Period I small-boat operations occurred every day except one. During 
 Periods II, III, and IV, small-boat operations occurred once every 4 days.) 
 During the remaining two periods of 1 1/2 hours, the ship would be underway, 
 proceeding upwind. 
 
 A revised plotting grid provided an accurate chart with a scale of 1 inch 
 to the nautical mile. The Triton was always placed at the center and the 
 coordinates of the chart and the ship's position were plotted relative to the 
 Triton. A geographic plot was maintained on this chart and accurate ship's 
 positions were always available. The true velocity and direction of the 
 ship's movements, whether underway or adrift, were determined by the navigator 
 from these plots on a locally prepared form titled Ship Motion and Position 
 Data. The position data were taken from this form and entered as required 
 on the Ship Operations Form (fig. 1-11, sec. 1.4.1). 
 
 98 
 
The Omega navigation system did not serve a useful purpose. Celestial 
 fixes were usually available, and, when on station, the ship was either 
 moored or keeping station on the anchored Triton buoy. 
 
 During Period III, the ship relieved the Oceanographer on station BRAVO 
 for a few days (see table 1-2, sec. 1.0.0). The ship was not moored at BRAVO 
 and the Triton was left at station CHARLIE. Thus, Omega was the only source 
 of position data available for station keeping. The Omega lines for rates 
 A-D, B-C, A-C, and B-D were laid down on a locally prepared chart with a 
 scale of 1 inch equalling 1 n mi. Positions were plotted every 30 min. 
 While these positions, based on an updated lane count, were satisfactory for 
 off-shore trackline navigation, they proved useless for station keeping be- 
 cause of excessive variability in fix quality when compared with the suspected 
 dead-reckoning position. 
 
 1.4.3 Fixed-Ship Operations Data Processing 
 
 The Fixed-Ship Operations Data were manually logged on the Ship 
 Operations Form (see fig. 1-11, sec. 1.4.1). This form was converted to 
 punched cards, listed, and edited for punching errors. No other corrections 
 have been applied to the data. 
 
 1.4.4 Fixed-Ship Operations Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which 
 the third one constitutes the Ship Operations Data. When these data on mag- 
 netic tape are requested, all six files will be sent, not the Ship Operations 
 Data alone. The six files of information on this tape are separated from 
 each other by end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. All 
 information is in binary coded decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits 
 per inch. The first file consists of 80-column card images, one card image 
 per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other five files 
 contain data that were either recorded manually or were read manually from 
 strip-chart recordings; the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000 
 characters) per record. 
 
 The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations (sec. 
 1.3.0); the fourth file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (sec. 1.7.3); 
 the fifth file contains Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3.2); the sixth file 
 contains Dropsonde Data (sec. 2.2.3). 
 
 As noted above, the third file contains Ship Operations Data. The for- 
 mat is as follows: 
 
 99 
 
Character Element 
 
 1 Card code, should always be 4 
 
 2 Ship code 
 
 - Oceanographer 
 
 1 - Rainier 
 
 2 - Mt . Mitchell 
 
 3 - Discoverer 
 
 4 - Rockaway 
 
 3-5 Modified Julian day (day of year) 
 
 6-7 Hour, GMT 
 
 8-9 Minute 
 
 10-11 Latitude, degrees 
 
 12-13 Latitude, minutes 
 
 14 Should always be 1 for north 
 
 15-17 Longitude, degrees 
 
 18-19 Longitude, minutes 
 
 20 Should always be 4 for west 
 
 21 Means of navigation 
 
 1 DR 
 
 2 As t ro 
 
 3 Omega 
 
 4 Loran A 
 
 5 Loran C 
 
 6 Satellite 
 
 7 Radar 
 
 8 Visual 
 
 100 
 
22-24 True speed, knots to tenths 
 
 25-28 True heading, degrees true to tenths 
 
 29-31 Indicated speed, knots to tenths 
 
 32-45 System status for the last hour 
 
 - operational 
 
 1 - partly operational 
 
 2 - nonoperational, reparable 
 
 3 - nonoperational, nonreparable 
 
 32 
 
 Rawinsonde 
 
 33 
 
 Scanwell 
 
 34 
 
 Radar wind 
 
 35 
 
 Boom 
 
 36 
 
 Surface 
 
 37 
 
 BLIP 
 
 38 
 
 STD 
 
 39 
 
 AEC 
 
 40 
 
 Niskin 
 
 41 
 
 Braincon 
 
 42 
 
 Ship navigation system 
 
 43 
 
 SCARD 
 
 44-45 
 
 Not used 
 
 46 
 
 Sign of ship's gyro co 
 
 plus or minus 
 
 47-49 Ship's gyro correction, 
 degrees to tenths 
 
 101 
 
1.5.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP EVENT LOG 
 
 The BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log is a plain-language record kept by 
 the ships' personnel to document the chronology of a day's observational 
 and operational activity. For the inventory of the available data archive 
 products and instructions for ordering, see section 4.0.0, Data Ordering 
 Instructions and Costs. 
 
 1.5.1 Contents of the Event Log 
 
 The BOMEX Event Log was designed as an aid in verifying the 
 completeness of the data obtained, and all events, whether routine or 
 special, were recorded on it. A new Event Log sheet was begun with each 
 SCARD tape change, several sheets being required for one SCARD analog 
 tape recording period. As the sample in figure 1-12 shows, the Event Log 
 consists of the following: 
 
 Heading - Ship's name; day, month, year; and the SCARD magnetic tape number, 
 
 Time - Julian Day and hours and minutes in GMT. 
 
 Sequential No . - A sequential number assigned to each observation type, 
 starting with 1 and successive numbers thereafter until the end of the 
 BOMEX Observation Period. 
 
 Event - Hand-written description of event. 
 
 Summary - Checked (</) by person verifying that the event has been properly 
 entered. An X in this column means that a discrepancy has been found and 
 corrected; an indicates that the discrepancy cannot be corrected, and the 
 problem is then described in the Event column. 
 
 Initials - Initials of the observer. 
 
 1.5.2 BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log Archive Format 
 
 The Event Logs are contained in the archive on 35-mm microfilm, 
 arranged by BOMEX Observation Period, i.e., Period I first, followed by 
 Periods II, III, and IV. Within each Observation Period, all the Event 
 Logs for the Oceanographer come first, followed by those for the Rainier , 
 Mt . Mitchell , Discoverer , and Rockaway . 
 
 102 
 
DATE : 4l ffl^ y ^ 9 
 MAG. TAPE NO; /Z4o2-3^> 
 
 BOMEX EVENT LOG 
 
 b. TIME 
 
 c. 
 
 SEQ.NO. 
 
 LOG EACH EVENT AS IT OCCURS AND IS REPORTED 
 
 DAY 
 
 HOUR 
 
 MI^ 
 
 d. EVENT 
 
 e. 
 
 SUM: 
 
 I . 
 
 INIT: 
 
 /2$ 
 
 oz. 
 
 — 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 ~75<=:c/aj Scrfgp /s?/*^ 
 
 V" 
 
 y^ 
 
 /2A- 
 
 03 
 
 00 
 
 3-Z- 
 
 X /^ tsJ/A/ '/z'ct- &?s <s/> 
 
 X 
 
 -w 
 
 \/24- 
 
 03 
 
 3o 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 TB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Figure 1-12. BOMEX Event Log. 
 103 
 
1.6.0 DISCOVERER WEATHER RADAR PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADAR LOG 
 
 Weather radar data were obtained aboard the Discoverer from the 
 southeast corner of the BOMEX fixed-ship array by a Selenia radar, Model 
 METEOR 200 RMT-2S , whenever this radar was not being used for rawinsonde 
 balloon tracking. 
 
 During weather radar surveillance, 35-mm photographs were taken of 
 the PPI on a VD-2 repeater displaying maximum ranges of up to 200 n mi. The 
 photographs were taken every 12 sweeps for one-sweep exposures (12 sec) . In 
 addition, every 30 min, usually, an attenuation-elevation sequence was 
 taken, for which the camera mounted on the VD-2 repeater was set to take 
 one frame every other sweep (rotation of the radar antenna) . With the tilt 
 angle held at 0°, the receiver gain was attenuated in calibrated steps. The 
 first step was 15 dB ; the remaining steps were 6 dB . The antenna was tilted 
 in 1 or 2° steps at normal receiver gain until all echoes had disappeared. 
 At the conclusion of the altitude sequence the antenna was returned to 0°. 
 For the inventory of available data products and ordering instructions, see 
 section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and Costs. 
 
 1.6.1 Radar Photographic Data 
 
 On each roll of 35-mm film the following code is included: 
 
 "STC" means STC is on. 
 Gain attenuation: 
 
 dB 
 Light 
 
 3 
 3,4 
 
 6 
 1,2 
 
 9 
 1,2,3 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 1,3 
 
 1 
 
 1,4 
 
 2 
 
 2,3 
 
 3 
 
 2,4 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 If light #5 is on, add 33 dB . 
 
 The normal attenuation sequence begins with 15 dB and increases in 6-dB 
 steps until all echoes disappear. 
 
 Elevation: Lights 1,2,3,4 are on if elevation is not zero. The normal 
 elevation sequence consists of 1° steps from 0° until all echoes disappear. 
 Before 2230Z, 6/20/69 (Frame #9562), 2° elevation steps were used. 
 
 Range: Maximum up to 200 n mi. 
 
 On the average, one photograph of weather activity was taken every 144 sec 
 when, as noted earlier, the radar was not used for rawinsonde balloon 
 tracking. 
 
 104 
 
1.6.2 Discoverer Weather Radar Lor 
 
 This log describes the daily weather radar operations. Each 
 page is labeled with date, data ID code, and page number. A new page 
 was usually begun at the start of each GMT day. Each entry is prefaced 
 by GMT time, frame number, and film roll number. The entries are: 
 
 (1) Camera on or off with indication of photograph frequency 
 
 (2) Start to finish of attenuation-elevation sequence. 
 
 (3) Change of photograph frequency. 
 
 (4) Winding and setting of data chamber clock. 
 (5)" Calibration sequences. 
 
 (6) Magazine changes . 
 
 (7) Start or stop of precipitation on station. 
 
 (8) Hourly synopsis of activity observed. 
 
 (9) Error or changes in normal operations procedure. 
 
 (10) Any other item the operator felt was significant to the 
 project. 
 
 These logs are available in 35-mm microfilm form. 
 
 1.6.3 Discoverer Weather Radar Photograph and Radar Log Archive Formats 
 
 The radar photographs are archived as registered copies of the 
 original radar film, and the radar logs are archived as microfilm copies 
 of the original hand-written logs. One reel of 35-mm radar photograph 
 film contains approximately 2 days of Discoverer radar photographs . The 
 radar logs are arranged in chronological order for Observation Periods II, 
 III, and IV; there are no logs sheets for Period I. 
 
 All dates, beginning times, and ending times for each reel of 35-mm 
 radar film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, are as read from the film by the 
 BOMAP staff. In some instances, these entries may not appear correct, e.g., 
 the time period of radar data does not coincide with the ship operations 
 period. Such anomalies can usually be corrected by the remarks or notes 
 contained in the Discoverer Weather Radar Log, described in the preceding 
 section. 
 
 105 
 
1.7.0 STD (SALINITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH) SENSOR DATA 
 AND SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATA 
 
 Bissett-Berman salinity-temperature-depth (STD) sensors, Models 9006 
 and 9040, were used during BOMEX for measuring salinity and temperature 
 of sea water and depth of sensor. The instrument's underwater signals 
 were frequency-multiplexed so that salinity, temperature, and depth 
 measurements were transmitted through the lowering cable as a single 
 composite wave form, which was direct-frequency recorded on SCARD aboard 
 ship. The incoming signal was also separated into salinity, temperature, 
 and depth frequencies, which were strip-chart recorded as a quality control 
 measure and to control operation of the underwater unit. A summary of STD 
 equipment aboard each of the five fixed ships is given in table 1-22. 
 
 The observed data archive products consist of processed salinity- 
 temperature-depth data (8-sps STD) and the Radio Transmission Logs for 
 Salinity, Temperature, Depth, and Sound Velocity. (No sound velocity 
 measurements were made.) The STD Support Data contain surface and '1,000-m 
 salinity and temperature information for comparison with the 8-sps data. 
 Two-hourly sea-surface temperature (bucket temperatures) observations are 
 included in the archive. For the inventory of available data products and 
 ordering instructions, see section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and 
 Costs . 
 
 1.7.1 STD Observation Procedures 
 
 STD observation procedures during BOMEX on each of the five 
 fixed ships were developed to (a) support the data recording and computer 
 processing of STD data from magnetic tape, (b) insure that all STD data were 
 collected by the same method, and (c) insure that the results from one ship 
 would be consistent with and could be correlated with those from the other 
 ships. These procedures included a two-bottle Nans en cast, physically 
 attached to the STD cable, twice daily (at 0000 and 1200 GMT) for quality 
 control; and reducing and logging sea-surface temperature and STD information 
 for radio transmission to Barbados in support of the oceanographic forecast 
 program on the island (see sec. 1.7.3). 
 
 Two basic types of STD observations were made: "Rainy Day" observa- 
 tions for investigation of the influence of rain water on ocean surface 
 water (0 to 15 m) and STD casts to a depth of 1,000 m. 
 
 106 
 
Table 1-22. BOMEX STD sensor characteristics 
 
 Ship 
 
 STD model 
 number 
 
 Sensor 
 input 
 
 Range of mesurement 
 
 System 1 System 2 
 
 (primary) (backup) 
 
 Oceanographer 9006 
 
 Discoverer 
 
 9006 
 
 Rockaway 
 
 Rainier 
 
 Mt. Mitchell 
 
 9006 
 
 9040 
 
 9040 
 
 temperature 
 salinity 
 depth 1 
 depth 2 
 
 temperature 
 salinity 
 depth 1 
 depth 2 
 
 temperature 
 salinity 
 depth 2 
 
 temperature 
 salinity 
 depth 2 
 
 temperature 
 salinity 
 depth 2 
 
 -2 to +35°C 
 28 to 38°/oo 
 
 to 300 m 
 
 to 2,000 m 
 
 -2 to +35°C 
 28 to 38° /oo 
 
 to 300 m 
 
 to 4,000 m 
 
 -2 to +40°C 
 30 to 40°/oo 
 
 to 1,500 m 
 
 -2 to +39°C 
 30 to 40°/oo 
 
 to 3,000 m 
 
 -2 to +39°C 
 30 to 40°/oo 
 
 to 3,000 m 
 
 -2 to +35°C 
 30 to 40°/oo 
 
 to 300 m 
 
 to 2,000 m 
 
 -5 to +35°C 
 28 to 38°/oo 
 
 to 300 m 
 
 to 4,000 m 
 
 -2 to +39°C 
 
 30 to 40° /oo 
 
 to 3,000 m 
 
 -2 to +39°C 
 
 30 to 40° /oo 
 
 to 3,000 m 
 
 "Rainy Day" STD Observations . This routine began when confirmed precipita- 
 tion over an area greater than 2 n mi across approached the ship. "Rainy 
 Day" observations were interrupted for the scheduled 1,000-m casts and were 
 resumed after these casts had been completed. Time mark in Julian Day and 
 hours, minutes, and seconds in GMT for the start of the observation and 
 elapsed time since the time mark were recorded on a Rainfall/Salinity (R/S) 
 coding form. Salinity was recorded as an analog frequency on SCARD magnetic 
 tape. In summary, the "Rainy Day" routine consisted of the following 
 steps : 
 
 (1) Establishing a level below the surface from which the STD was to 
 be lowered to a depth of 15 m. 
 
 (2) Soaking at this starting level and recodinj surface salinity 
 on magnetic tape for 5 min. 
 
 (3) Taking bucket temperature and salinity, lowering the sensor 
 
 at a rate not exceeding 10 m/sec,and recording the elaps time to cover 
 15 m and wire angle during lowering. 
 
 107 
 
(4) Establishing a salinity signature for 5 min at 15 m. 
 
 (5) Retrieving sensor to starting level and establishing surface salinity 
 signature for 5 rain; taking bucket sample every 30 min. 
 
 (6) Repeating steps 4, 3, and 5 and recording the beginning and ending 
 time of each step on the R/S form. (The R/S forms have not been placed in 
 the temporary archive. Copies of the original handwritten forms can be 
 obtained from the BOMAP Office upon request.) 
 
 1,000-m STD Observations . Deep STD observations were made from the Discoverer , 
 Oceanographer , and Rockaway eight times per day (0100, 0300, 0600, 0900, 1200, 
 1500, 1300, and 2100 GMT) and from the Mt. Mitchell and Rainier four times per 
 day (0100, 0600, 1200, and 1800 GMT), within + 30 min of the scheduled times. 
 For calibration purposes, two Nansen bottles were attached to the STD cable 
 10 and 15 m from the sensor package during the 0100 and 1200 GMT casts; 
 during all other casts, surface temperature and salinity were determined from 
 a bucket sample. The upper Nansen bottle was tripped at approximately 
 1,000 m after soaking for 12 min. After it had been brought aboard, the 
 lower bottle was tripped, having soaked for 5 min. The bottle thermometers 
 were read to the nearest hundredths °C, and salinities were determined 
 within + 0.003°/oo on successive readings by a calibrated salinometer. In 
 summary, the operational sequence was as follows: 
 
 (1) Systems check (leaking sensor and sensor connections; proper winch 
 and STD operation; information logged in on STD Observation Form described 
 in section 1.7.3). 
 
 (2) Preparing analog strip-chart recorder and SCARD. 
 
 (3) Placing the STD in the water; obtaining surface bucket sample. 
 
 (4) After a 2- to 5-min soak and logging the appropriate information and 
 timing marks, lowering the STD package at a rate of 20 m/min for the first 
 100 m and at a higher rate down to 1,000 m; annotating during lowering the 
 scale changes on the analog recorder, along with the wire angle and timing 
 and event marks that would assist in documenting the STD observation program. 
 (These lowering rates were not always adhered to and were often higher than 
 specified. ) 
 
 (5) Terminating the cast at 1,000 m. When Nansen bottles were attached, 
 a messenger was sent down to trip the upper bottle. 
 
 (6) Retrieving the cast; tripping the lower Nansen bottle (if attached) 
 and bringing package aboard. 
 
 1.7.2 STD 8-sps Data Reduction and Processing 
 
 The STD output was recorded as mixed analog frequencies on one 
 channel of the seven-channel tape recorder contained in SCARD. The 
 
 108 
 
frequencies of che signals varied from 1.5 kHz for the low-range depth sig- 
 nals to slightly over 10 kHz for the high-range depth signals. In addition, 
 a reference signal of 3.125 kHz was recorded on another channel for tape 
 speed control during playback. 
 
 1.7.2.1 Digitization 
 
 The SCARD analog tapes were digitized at NASA's Mississippi Test 
 Facility (NASA/MTF) . The analog tapes were played back at the nominal re- 
 cording speed of 1 7/8 ips (inches per second) on one of the SCARD decommu- 
 tation tape transports. The composite STD signal, the 3.125-kHz reference 
 signal, and the AMRB1 (Atlantic Missile Range B-l Time Code) time signal were 
 filtered and then inputed to a Beckman Model 420 computer via the Beckman 
 Model 210 data acquisition system for digitization. The tape speed on play- 
 back was controlled by a velocity servo that provided for relatively low tape 
 speed accelerations. Exact correction for instantaneous tape speed changes 
 was provided computationally (see sec. 1.7.2.2). 
 
 Figure 1-13 shows the signal conditioning, separation, and shaping 
 which was used between the SCARD unit and the Beckman 210 data acquisition 
 system. The bandpass filters are identical to those used in the Bissett- 
 Berman Model 9040 or 9006 deck unit. These have been augmented with SKL 
 (Spencer Kenedy Laboratories, Inc.) Model 308A (24 dB/octave), and Model 302 
 (18 dB/octave) active filters operated in the high-pass mode with cutoff 
 frequencies as shown. The filter outputs were passed to the Tektronix 
 oscilliscope amplifiers that also provided a visual indication of signal 
 level and noise content. The trigger outputs of these amplifiers, overdriving 
 the Dana Model 2200 D.C. amplifiers, provided a heavily clipped signal of 
 about 2 v PP to drive the period counters. The 3.125-kHz reference frequency 
 was amplified and clipped before being counted. The AMRBl time code was 
 converted to a bipolar signal by the 5.4-kHz discriminator and introduced 
 into the computer, where it was decoded by an analog-to-digital converter 
 that is part of the Beckman system. 
 
 STD signals from the amplifier outputs were counted in the so-called 
 "flow counters" in the Beckman Model 210 data acquisition system. A separate 
 counter was used for each signal. Figure 1-14 shows the counter hardware 
 arrangement. Figure 1-15 shows system timing during a typical counting 
 operation. The Schmidt trigger has a dead band of about 2 v PP around zero 
 volts, which gives some noise immunity without noticeably affecting sensiti- 
 vity, since the signal at this point is usually ^20 v PP. The trigger output 
 is synchronized with the system's 250-kHz clock so that a pulse one clock- 
 period long is produced for every negative-going zero crossing in the input 
 signal. This reduces the resolution of the system to 4 ysec despite the fact 
 that a 1-ysec clock is subsequently counted. This was unavoidable because 
 major rework in the system logic would have been required to substitute a 
 1-MHz clock. 
 
 109 
 
5.4 kHz Discriminator 
 
 SCARD 
 PLAYBACK UNIT 
 (SPEED= I 7/8 IPS) 
 
 AMR B- 
 
 TO "REALTIME" 
 
 TO CYCLE COUNTERS FOR DIGITIZING 
 
 SKL 302 
 (2 SECTIONS USED) 
 
 CD 
 
 FILTERED AND £! 
 
 SHAPED DEPTH t 
 
 Q 
 
 or 
 o 
 
 FILTERED AND SHAPED Ll 
 
 TEMP ERATURE rr 
 
 UJ 
 
 ERED AND SHAPED o 
 SALINITY 
 
 UJ 
 
 _) 
 o 
 > 
 o 
 
 FILTERED AND 
 SHAPED DEPTH 
 
 DANA 
 
 MODEL 2200s 
 (over-driven by TEKTRONIX 555 amps) 
 
 o 
 h- 
 
 Figure 1-13. Separation and signal conditioning of the recorded 
 signal prior to input for digitization. 
 
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The pulses generated by the synchronizer served two purposes. They 
 were counted in the zero crossing counter, which keeps track of the total 
 number of cycles of the signal being measured. This counter was not reset 
 and was allowed to overflow to zero as necessary. The pulse generated by 
 the synchronizer were also used to reset the clock period accumulated so 
 that it always contained the number of clock pulses that had occurred since 
 the last zero-crossing pulse. Both counters were strobed into the data 
 acquisition system's output buffer whenever an output pulse occurred, in 
 which case it occurred synchronously with one of the 250-kHz clock pulses 
 but asynchronously with the zero crossings of the input signal. 
 
 Defining the terms 
 
 T = the time between output pulses in microseconds, 
 Zn-l) = count in zero-crossing register at output pulse i-1, 
 Z(±) - count in zero-crossing register at output pulse i, 
 
 C ei_i ) = count in clock period accumulator at output pulse i-1, 
 representing the time in microseconds since the last 
 zero-crossing pulse, and 
 
 C(i) = count in clock period accumulator at output pulse i, 
 
 we obtain for the measured frequency F^, in hertz, of the signal during the 
 interval between output pulses i-1 and i: 
 
 z i ~ z (i-l) . 
 
 Fi " (T s + (C^ - C ± ) x 1CT 6 
 
 Because of the synchronism, C-^ = O^ODULUS 4* 
 
 Because of design constraints of the Beckman data acquisition system, 
 it was not possible to have the counting periods for all signals start and 
 stop simultaneously. The system imposed a minimum of 100-ysec separation 
 between adjacent channels and the nature of the counter adds a random vari- 
 ation that may be as much as one cycle of the signal. In the worst case as 
 much as 1 percent of the counting period may not be common to any two sig- 
 nals. From an oceanographic standpoint, this is not important and the meas- 
 urements may be considered simultaneous. However, it may affect the tape 
 speed correction (see sec. 1.7.2.2). 
 
 The above computation for frequency was made in the Beckman 420 computer, 
 which uses an 18-bit word. Because of this, the term (T s +Ci-i-Ci) must be 
 less than 131071 (i.e., 2^'-l) . The fact that the unit of measure is micro- 
 seconds and the basic cycle of the acquisition program is 40 msec sets the 
 value of T s at a maximum of 120 msec. This value was chosen because it 
 yields maximum resolution. The computation was carried out so that the least 
 significant bit in the frequency represented .1 Hz. (Dictated by the word 
 size of the machine.) 
 
 113 
 
Table 1-23 shows the resolution of the system in terms of both 
 frequency and parameter at the maximum frequency for each measured STD 
 parameter, based on a change of 4 ysec in the quantity C^_j - C-^ (the 
 minimum detectable change). If AF is less than . 1 Hz , .1 Hz is used as the 
 effective resolution. 
 
 Table 1-23. Digitizing resolution 
 
 Measured STD 
 parameter 
 
 AF corresponding 
 Maximum frequency to a 4- ysec 
 (F) of measured change in C-j__]_ 
 
 parameter (Hz) 
 
 - C, at F 
 
 (Hz) 
 
 Resulting A 
 parameter in 
 scientific units 
 
 Salinity 
 
 
 7,901 
 
 0.26 
 
 
 0.0009 
 
 PPT 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 4,193 
 
 0.14 
 
 
 0.0025 
 
 °C 
 
 Depth 1 
 
 
 1,956 
 
 0.06 
 
 (0.1) 
 
 0.13 
 
 decibars 
 
 Depth 2 (1,500 
 
 m) 
 
 11,288 
 
 0.38 
 
 
 0.36 
 
 decibars 
 
 Depth 2 (2,000 
 
 m) 
 
 11,288 
 
 0.38 
 
 
 0.48 
 
 decibars 
 
 Depth 2 (3,000 
 
 m) 
 
 11,288 
 
 0.38 
 
 
 0.72 
 
 decibars 
 
 Depth 2 (4,000 
 
 m) 
 
 11,288 
 
 0.38 
 
 
 0.96 
 
 decibars 
 
 1.7.2.2 Conversion and Processing 
 
 The MTF digitized 8-sps magnetic tape data were sent to the BOMAP 
 Office for further processing. They total 134 tapes, containing frequencies 
 analogous to salinity, temperature, and pressure, and a time track and 
 tape-speed control track, with each tape covering 4 to 20 casts. These data 
 were processed through the following three-step data reduction sequence: 
 
 PASS 1 Program . At BOMAP, each MTF tape is read by the PASS 1 Program, a 
 Fortran program written for the CDC 6600 Computer, which does the following: 
 
 (1) reads and reproduces all header information; 
 
 (2) obtains sensor serial number and calibration data based on the 
 header information; 
 
 (3) unpacks the MTF records and converts the frequencies to salinity, 
 temperature, and pressure, compensating for tape-speed variations; 
 
 (4) identifies the beginning and end of each cast; 
 
 (5) filters the temperature and depth signals to remove the effects 
 of quantizing noise; 
 
 and 
 
 (6) inspects the data to flag unlikely rates of change in the parameters; 
 
 (7) provides an output tape for further processing. 
 
 114 
 
The basic philosophy in designing the PASS 1 Program was to avoid any 
 operations on the data that could not be justified in terms of either the 
 physics of the STD instrument or the characteristics of the recording and 
 digitizing system. As a result, the final data should represent the true 
 ocean environment, modified only by the transfer function of the STD. 
 
 Several processes were used to compensate for deficiencies in the re- 
 cording and digitizing system. The first of these processes compensates for 
 variations in tape speed during playback. As mentioned in section 1.7.2.1, 
 a 3.125-kHz tone was recorded on the SCARD tape and included as an output 
 quantity of the digitization. Had the playback speed been exactly the same 
 as the original recording speed, all measurements of this signal would have 
 been exactly 3125.0 Hz. The. ratio between output value and 3.125 gives the 
 deviation in tape speed for a given sample; thus for all parameters, 
 
 3125.0 
 — i 1 ^ 
 
 true "" ^measured v . n . „ . 
 
 r control track 
 
 If the measurement periods were exactly synchronous, the correction would be 
 perfect. However, since exactly synchronous counting periods were not pos- 
 sible, it was necessary, as noted in section 1.7.2.1, to minimize tape 
 accelerations by the use of the velocity servo on the playback and avoid the 
 use of capstan phase lock. 
 
 The second process was the application of a digital filter to the depth 
 and temperature signals. As noted above, the resolution of the digitization 
 of Depth 2 varies between 0.36 and 0.96 decibars. Inspection of the depth 
 signals after the control track correction had been applied showed a scatter 
 band of about 2 decibars. Since the STD will move only 0.12 decibars in one 
 sample interval (at 60 m/min) , this is unsatisfactory. A double-running 
 mean filter was chosen that passes periods of 4 sec or more with a response 
 of 98 percent of more while reducing the scatter by a factor of 35. The 
 cutoff is thought to be high enough to pass all significant package motions 
 induced by ship or wave motion without attenuation. Inspection of the tem- 
 perature trace in isothermal regions also showed evidence of noise on the 
 order of 0.005°C that appeared to be inconsistent with the time constant of 
 the temperature probe ( ^ 300 msec) and a three-point running mean filter 
 was applied to the temperature signal. The effect of this filter is practi- 
 cally unnoticeable in areas of high temperature gradient. 
 
 Cast detection was incorporated into the PASS 1 Program to identify the 
 start and end of a cast. A cast is considered to have started when the STD 
 is in the water and the temperature and salinity values are as would be ex- 
 pected for 5 sec or more. A cast is terminated approximately 10 sec after 
 the 1,000-decibar point is crossed or when end-of-file occurs on the MTF 
 tape. Records of the salinity, temperature, and pressure values at the sur- 
 face and at 1,000 decibars are produced automatically for comparison with 
 the Nansen and bucket values. 
 
 115 
 
The detection of noise in the data is one of the major functions of 
 the PASS 1 Program. To a large extent, it has proven possible to discrimin- 
 ate true noise (i.e., electrical interference, cable snaps, tape dropouts, 
 etc.) from ocean phenomena, such as sharp wave motion, step changes in 
 temperature, etc. The filter routine includes two checks for noise. For 
 each point filtered, Pp, a point is added to the filter series at a distance 
 ahead determined by the width of the filter. This point is tested against 
 the following criteria: 
 
 Pp_2 = the previous filtered point. 
 
 Pf = the point being tested. 
 
 a = the standard deviation of the unfiltered points in the 
 
 region of Pp (computed for the previous frame of 20 points 
 and used during this frame) , 
 
 n^ = the number of points between Pj?_i and P^, 
 
 n2 = the number of consecutive points that have been 
 rejected, and 
 
 AP = the maximum variation considered reasonable between 
 P F and P F+1 . 
 
 If 
 
 then, 
 
 P F-1 " P T 
 
 < 4a + (n-L + n 2 2 ) AP, 
 
 n 2 = 0; compute P-p using P™, 
 
 
 otherwise, 
 
 add 1 to n 2 ; 
 
 substitute Pt^-i for Prr.; and 
 
 plot frame containing error and surrounding frames . 
 
 The n 2 term prevents lockup in the event of a long series of unexpected- 
 ly large changes in P . AP values of 0.4 decibars (200 m/min) for pressure 
 and 0.15°C for temperature have been used with good results. All substituted 
 points cause a page printer plot of at least 20 points on either side of the 
 substitution for inspection by BOMAP. The values of the rejected and sub- 
 stituted points are printed along with a message. 
 
 After filtering, a test is made to see if |Pp - Pp+]J<-AP. If not, a 
 message is printed and a plot is created. The salinity and time signals, 
 which are not filtered, are tested similarly. AP for salinity is about 
 
 116 
 
0.15°/oo. These tests set a maximum limit for noise in the output that 
 will not be called to attention in the subsequent EDIT Process, discussed 
 below. Since electrical noise often affects all parameters, only one 
 parameter caught by the PASS 1 program leads to inspection of all parameters 
 during the EDIT Process. 
 
 EDIT Process . Plots and error messages produced by the PASS 1 Program 
 are inspected by editors who have the following options : 
 
 (1) delete the bad point or points from the cast: 
 
 (2) interpolate across the bad point or points; 
 
 (3) make a linear transformation on the entire cast; 
 
 (4) make a linear transformation on several points; or 
 
 (5) alter or add header information. 
 
 Steps (2) - (4) are applied to individual parameters. The usual procedure 
 is to delete only at the beginning or end of the cast. Interpolations are 
 visually restricted to one or two points, primarily pertaining to salinity, 
 since the corresponding points in temperature and pressure are substituted 
 by the filter routine in the PASS 1 Program. If there is strong evidence 
 of calibration shift, the calibrations may be altered. This is seldom 
 done except for pressure, which sometimes shows negative values during 
 the soak period at the beginning of a cast. When this occurs, the 
 pressure offset is adjusted to force the soak depth to approximately 2 m 
 and a comment is added to the header. Comments are also inserted to call 
 attention to inoperative or excessively noisy sensors or to any other 
 unusual feature noticed by the editor. 
 
 Further Processing . The output of the EDIT Process is considered a 
 final time-series tape, with all series noise removed and with headers 
 containing accurate time, position, and calibration information. No effort 
 has been made so far to compensate for salinity spikes or other sensor 
 transfer characteristics, although there are several programs at BOMAP that 
 will do this and produce either time or depth series. These routines will 
 be described in a separate publication. The EDIT output tapes are 
 reformated and converted to BCD to provide the 8-sps STD archive tapes. 
 
 1.7.2.3 STD 8-sps Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 Tapes are written in binary coded decimal (BCD) notation, even 
 parity, 1,600 characters per record. Each file contains records for one 
 STD cast. A double end-of-file mark follows the last file on a tape. Tape 
 density is 556 bits per inch (7 track) . 
 
 The first record (see fig. 1-16) for each cast contains one card image 
 (80 characters) of fixed-format information about the cast and 19 card 
 
 117 
 
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images of additional information. Some card images may be blank. The 
 format of the first card image is as follows (see fig. 1-17): 
 
 Position Data Format 
 
 1 Carriage control character II 
 
 2 "BOMEX STD" 10H 
 12 Ship name, left adjusted 14H 
 26 "YEAR" 4H 
 30 Year 15 
 35 "DAY" 4H 
 39 Modified Julian day, day of year (starting time) 14 
 43 "TIME" 5H 
 48 Hour of start of cast 13 
 
 51 IX 
 
 52 Minute of start of cast 12 
 54 "GMT" 4H 
 58 "LAT." 5H 
 63 Latitude, degees 12 
 
 65 IX 
 
 66 Latitude, minutes 12 
 
 68 Direction of latitude, always "N" 1H 
 
 69 "LON." 5H 
 74 Longitude, degrees 13 
 
 77 IX 
 
 78 Longitude, minutes 12 
 80 Longitude direction, always "W" 1H 
 
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Remaining card images in the header records (there may be more than 
 one item per card) contain the following: 
 
 Description of data records. 
 
 Instrument model number. 
 
 Instrument serial number. 
 
 Transfer equation for sensors. 
 
 Serial numbers for sensors. 
 
 Transfer constants for sensors. 
 
 Units output by the transfer equation with constants as given. 
 
 The data records (see fig. 1-18) contain data for 100 scans each. The 
 format is 100 (16,215). The elements are: pressure in millibars, salinity 
 in parts per million, and temperature in thousandths °C. Zero-fill is used 
 in the final record of each cast. 
 
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 and minute given in the first card image of the header record. Successive 
 scans are 0.120 sec apart. 
 
 1.7.3 STD Support Data and Archive Format 
 
 An STD Observation Form (see fig. 1-19) was used for logging the 
 information necessary for identifying and reducing the STD data recorded 
 on SCARD. 
 
 The entries on this form are as follows : 
 
 Card Code - Column 1 . Code 3. 
 
 Ship Code - Column 2. The following codes were entered to identify the ship 
 from which observations were made: Oceanographer - 0, Rainier - 1, Mt . 
 Mitchell - 2 , Discoverer - 3 , and Rock aw ay - 4 . 
 
 Descent Time - Columns 3 through 9 . Julian Day, followed by GMT hour and 
 minute of the beginning of an STD observation. 
 
 STD Sensor Identification - Columns .10 through 19 . 9006 (for Bisset-Berman 
 Model No. 9006) was entered in columns 10 through 13 if the platform used was 
 the Oceanographer or Discoverer ; 9040 (for Bissett-Berman Model No. 9040) was 
 used for the Rock away , Mt . Mitchell , and Rainier . Sensor serial number on 
 the body of the mounting frame for the sensors was indicated in columns 14 
 through 19. 
 
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Sensor Serial Numbers - Columns 20 through 49 . Serial numbers of tempera- 
 ture and salinity sensors were recorded in columns 20 through 25 and 26 
 through 31, respectively. Columns 32 through 37 indicate serial number of 
 sensor cast to Depth 1 (0 to 300 m from the Oceanographer and Discoverer ) 
 and Depth 2 (0 to 200 m from the Oceanographer , to 4,000 m from the 
 Discoverer , to 1,500 m from the Rockaway , and to 3,000 m from the Rainier 
 and Mt . Mitchell ) . 
 
 Sound Velocity - Columns 44 through 4 9. Not entered, since neither of the 
 STD models carried sound-velocity sensors. 
 
 Calibration Information - Columns 50 through 65. Temperature to a precision 
 of hundredths of °C was entered in colums 50 through 53; salinity in parts 
 per thousands to the hundredth part in columns 54 through 57; and depth in 
 meters and tenths in columns 58 through 62. To indicate the source of 
 sample (surface bucket sample, Nansen cast, or STD cast), 1 was entered in 
 the appropriate column (63, 64, or 65). 
 
 Observations Recorded on SCARP Magenetic Tape - Column 66 . If at the 
 conclusion of the STD observation, the SCARD team had confirmed successful 
 magnetic-tape recording, 1 was entered in column 66. 
 
 Observer's Initials - Columns 62 through 69 . The STD team leader's initials 
 after check of completeness of the observation. 
 
 The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which the 
 fourth one constitutes the STD Support Data. When these data on magnetic 
 tape are requested, all six files will be sent, not the STD Support Data 
 alone. The six files of information on this tape are separated from each 
 other by end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. All 
 information is in binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits 
 per inch. The first file consists of 80-colum card images, one card image 
 per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other five contain 
 data that were either recorded manually or were read manually from 
 strip-chart recordings; the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000 
 characters) per record. 
 
 The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations 
 (sec. 1.3.0); the third file contains Ship Operations Data (sec. 1.4.0); 
 the fifth file contains the Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3.2); the sixth 
 file contains Dropsonde Data (sec. 2.2.3). 
 
 As noted above, the hand-tabulated STD Support Data constitute the 
 fourth file. The format is as follows: 
 
 124 
 
Character 
 
 1 Card code, should always be 3 
 
 2 Ship code 
 
 - Oceanographer 
 
 1 - Rainier 
 
 2 - Mt . Mitchell 
 
 3 - Discoverer 
 
 4 - Rock aw ay 
 
 3-5 Modified Julian day (day of year) 
 
 6-7 Hour, GMT 
 
 8-9 Minute 
 
 10-13 STD model number 
 
 14-19 STD instrument package serial number 
 
 20-25 Temperature sensor serial number 
 
 26-31 Salinity sensor serial number 
 
 32-37 Depth 1 sensor serial number 
 
 38-43 Depth 2 sensor serial number 
 
 44-49 Sound velocity sensor serial number 
 
 50-53 Calibration temperature, degrees Celsius 
 
 to hundredths 
 
 54-57 Calibration salinity, parts per thousand 
 
 to hundredths 
 
 58-62 Calibration depth, meters to tenths 
 
 63-65 Indicators for type of calibration data 
 
 1 - used 
 
 - not used 
 
 63 Bucket sample 
 
 64 Nansen cast 
 
 65 STD cast 
 
 66 1 if observation recorded on magnetic tape 
 
 if observation not recorded on magnetic tape 
 
 125 
 
1.7.4 Radio Transmission Log for STD Observations and Archive Format 
 
 A Radio Transmission Log for Salinity-Temperature-Depth (STD) and 
 Sound Velocity Data was used for transmission of STD data to Barbados twice 
 daily to support up-to-date forecasts for use in the BOMEX area. After the 
 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 GMT observations had been logged and checked, the 
 data were transmitted to the island. 
 
 As the sample log in figure 1--20 shows, across the top the following was 
 entered: ship's name and code ( Oceanographer - 0, Rainier - 1, Mt. Mitchell -- 
 2, Discoverer - 3, Rockaway - 4); country (USA); institute (BOMEX); cruise 
 number (BOMEX Field Observation Period 1, 2, 3, or 4); station number (A - 
 ALFA, B - BRAVO, C - CHARLIE, D - DELTA, or E - ECHO); and sheet number 
 (sheet 1 representing the first STD observation and numbered sequentially 
 thereafter) . 
 
 Under Radio Message Information, the following is indicated: ship's 
 international radio call sign; a message indicator (in each case HISTD) ; day 
 represented by numerals 01-31; month represented by numerals 01-12; and year 
 represented by the last two digits (69 for 1969) ; the time at which observa- 
 tion began in GMT hour and minute; quadrant (7 for the BOMEX area); and 
 latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes. Depth to bottom was left 
 blank and no environmental information was carried. 
 
 Under Radio Message Data, the symbols 2, 3, 4, and 5 running vertically 
 were radio transmitted to identify each group. Sound velocity data were not 
 recorded. When observations were not made to the significant digit provided 
 for on the log, a zero was entered and transmitted. Depths were recorded at 
 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 m. 
 Surface temperature was recorded to a precision of hundredths of °C. Salin- 
 ity was entered in parts per thousands to the nearest hundredth part. 
 
 The log sheets are reproduced on 35-mm microfilm for distribution from 
 the archive. These data (one sheet per STD cast) for four casts per day 
 during all BOMEX Observation Periods are being supplied in lieu of the miss- 
 ing BOMAP 8-sps STD data. The procedure for selecting the data points from 
 strip charts or STD plots was in accordance with standard National Oceano- 
 graphic Data Center (NODC) instructions for this log. 
 
 The log sheets are organized by BOMEX Observation Period, i.e., Period I 
 first, followed by the sheets for Periods II, III, and IV. Within each 
 period, all the sheets for the Oceanographer come first, followed by those 
 for the Rainier , Mt . Mitchell , Discoverer , and Rockaway . 
 
 126 
 
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 127 
 
1.7.5 Naval Oceanographic Office "C" Temperature Log and Archive Format 
 
 A standard NAVOCEANO CTEM Sea-Surface Temperature Log designed 
 for radio transmission was used for manual recording of sea-surface tempera- 
 ture on a routine basis every 2 hours, based on bucket thermometer readings. 
 Two forms were required for the twice-daily radio transmissions, one for the 
 0100, 0300, 0500, 0700, 0900, and 1100 GMT observations, and the other for 
 the 1300, 1500, 1700, 1900, 2100, and 2300 GMT observations'. Code B was used 
 to indicate bucket thermometer reading, followed by date, quadrant (7 for the 
 BOMEX area), latitude and longitude, scheduled hour of observation (pre- 
 printed), and sea-surface temperature to the nearest tenth of °C. End of 
 each observation period was indicated by 19991. 
 
 The archive products consist of 35-mm microfilm reproductions of two 
 sheets of the original NAVOCEANO CTEM Log for each BOMEX observation day. 
 The sheets are organized by BOMEX Observation Period, i.e., all sheets for 
 Period I first, followed by those for Periods II, III, and IV. Within each 
 Observation Period, all sheets for the Oceanographer come first, followed by 
 those for the Rainier , Mt . Mitchell , Discoverer , and Rock aw ay . 
 
 128 
 
2.0.0 BOMEX AIRCRAFT-ACQUIRED DATA 
 
 Data from the following aircraft have been processed for the temporary 
 archive: DC-6 and DC-4 aircraft of the Research Flight Facility (RFF) , ESSA 
 (now NOAA) ; WC-121 weather reconnaissance aircraft operated by the Navy VW-4 
 Squadron; and WB-47, RB-57, and WC-130 aircraft operated by the Air Weather 
 Service, U. S. Air Force. Special call signs and designators for the 
 aircraft, used in BOMEX data logs and in the archived data, are identified 
 in table 2-1. Table 2-2 lists the fixed reporting points used to facilitate 
 mission briefing, operational control, and reporting of aircraft position. 
 
 In support of the Sea-Air Interaction Program, or BOMEX Core Experiment, 
 line integral missions were flown by the RFF DC-6 and DC-4 and Navy WC-121 
 aircraft around the periphery of the BOMEX volume, delineated by the 500- by 
 500-km array formed by the five ships occupying fixed positions at the 
 corners and in the center of the square (see sec. 1.0.0, fig. 1-1). These 
 missions were flown to obtain data for evaluating the budgets of mass, 
 momentum, water vapor, and total energy for the BOMEX volume. 
 
 The line integral patterns can be grouped as follows: 
 
 Day line integral patterns (LID A and LID B) 
 
 Night line integral patterns (LIN, LIN MOD 1, and LIN MOD 2) 
 
 Multiple- level day and night line integral patterns 
 (LID C, D, E, F, and G; LIN C, D, and E) 
 
 Table 2-3 identifies the days on which these missions were flown. The various 
 tracks are illustrated in BOMEX Field Observations and Basic Data Inventory 
 (in press), issued by the BOMAP Office. The basic observation system carried 
 aboard each of the RFF aircraft is described in table 2-4, and the recording 
 systems are listed in table 2-5. Tables 2-6 and 2-7 provide information on 
 the basic observation systems and meteorological instrumentation aboard the 
 Navy WC-121 aircraft. 
 
 Also in support of the BOMEX Core Experiment during Periods I, II, and 
 III, Air Force WB-47 and WC-130 aircraft of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance 
 Squadron, and RB-57 aircraft of the 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron flew 
 missions to obtain special synoptic data to describe conditions within the 
 BOMEX array. The flights are listed in table 2-8, and tables 2-9, 2-10, and 
 2-11 list the basic meteorological instrumentation carried aboard these 
 aircraft. The tracks flown are illustrated in BOMEX Field Observations and 
 Basic Data Inventory (in press) , issued by the BOMAP Office. 
 
 For the Tropical Convection Program during BOMEX Period IV, when the 
 fixed ships formed a staggered array at positions BRAVO, CHARLIE, ECHO, LIMA, 
 and GOLF (see sec. 1.0.0, fig. 1-2) , all aircraft were used to acquire data 
 on tropical disturbances, cloud bands, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone 
 (ITCZ) . The complex patterns flown during this period are illustrated in 
 BOMEX Field Observations and Basic Data Inventory , cited above. 
 
 129 
 
Table 2-1. Call signs and other identifiers for BOMEX aircraft 
 
 Unit name and 
 type of aircraft 
 
 Voice 
 call sign 
 
 Abbreviated 
 call 
 
 Additional 
 designators 
 
 ESS A Research Flight 
 Facility 
 
 Line Integral Aircraft 
 
 DC- 6 
 DC- 6 
 DC- 4 
 
 Research Six ALFA 
 Research Six BRAVO 
 Research Four 
 
 RFF-6A 
 RFF-6B 
 RFF-4 
 
 39C (CHARLIE) 
 40C (CHARLIE) 
 82E 
 
 U. S. Navy VW-4 Squadron 
 
 WC-121* 
 WC-121* 
 
 Navy Twenty-One ALFA 
 Navy Twenty-One BRAVO 
 
 N21A 
 N21B 
 
 VW-4 21A 
 VW-4 21B 
 
 Special Synoptic Aircraft 
 
 USAF Air Weather 
 Service 
 
 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 
 
 WB-47* 
 WB-47* 
 WC-130* 
 WC-130* 
 
 Air Force Four Seven ALFA AF 47A 
 
 Air Force Four Seven BRAVO AF 47B 
 
 Air Force Three Zero ALFA AF 30A 
 
 Air Force Three Zero BRAVO AF 30B 
 
 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 
 
 RB-57* 
 RB-57* 
 
 Air Force Five Seven ALFA AF 57A 
 Air Force Five Seven BRAVO AF 57B 
 
 *The tail number designation differed due to rotation of these aircraft 
 during BOMEX. 
 
 130 
 
Table 2-2. Fixed reporting points used in BOMEX 
 
 Designation 
 of point 
 
 Periods I, II, and III 
 May 1 to July 10 
 
 Period IV 
 July 11 to 28 
 
 ALFA 
 
 BRAVO 
 
 CHARLIE 
 
 DELTA 
 
 ECHO 
 
 FOXTROT 
 
 GOLF 
 
 HOTEL 
 
 INDIA 
 
 JULIET T 
 
 KILO 
 
 LIMA 
 
 MIKE 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 
 OSCAR 
 
 PAPA 
 
 XRAY 
 
 YANKEE 
 
 16°50*N 
 
 17°36'N 
 
 15°00'N 
 
 12°23'N 
 
 13°08'N 
 
 07°57*N 
 
 08°42'N 
 
 14°37'N 
 
 17°13'N 
 
 15°22'N 
 
 12°46'N 
 
 Not 
 
 Not 
 
 Not 
 
 Not 
 
 Not 
 
 16°29'N 
 
 14°15'N 
 
 59°12'W 
 54°34'W 
 56°30'W 
 58°23'W 
 53°51'W 
 57°36'W 
 53°03'W 
 
 58°48'W 
 56°53'W 
 54°12'W 
 56°07*W 
 
 used 
 
 used 
 
 used 
 
 used 
 
 used 
 54°23'W 
 54°01'W 
 
 17°30'N 
 17°30'N 
 15°00'N 
 13°00'N 
 13°00'N 
 09°00'N 
 07°30'N 
 15°15'N 
 17°30'N 
 15°15'N 
 13°00'N 
 10°30'N 
 09°00'N 
 09°20'N 
 11°00'N 
 11°00'N 
 Not 
 Not 
 
 59°00'W 
 54°00'W 
 56°30'W 
 59°00'W 
 54°00'W 
 59°00'W 
 52°42'W 
 59°00'W 
 56°30'W 
 54°00'W 
 56°30'W 
 56°30'W 
 57°00'W 
 54°00'W 
 59°00'W 
 54°00'W 
 
 used 
 
 used 
 
 131 
 
Table 2-3. BOMEX line integral aircraft missions 
 
 Date 
 
 
 Aircraft and 
 
 flight patterns 
 
 
 
 Navy 
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 WC-121 B 
 
 RFF 
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 May 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
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 4 
 
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 9 
 
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 Comparison 
 
 - 
 
 Comparison 
 
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 10 
 
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 25 
 
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 26 
 
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 27 
 
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 31 
 
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 3 
 
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 7 
 
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 9 
 
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 22 
 
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 23 
 
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 25 
 
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 138 
 
Table 2-6. Navy WC-121 aircraft basic observation system 
 
 Parameter measured 
 
 Sensor or method of recording 
 
 Temperature (total) 
 Temperature (ambient) 
 Dew point 
 
 Wind direction at 
 flight level 
 
 Wind speed at 
 flight level 
 
 Radar altitude 
 
 Ambient pressure 
 
 Cloud cover 
 
 Sea state 
 
 Sea-surface 
 temperature 
 
 Subsurface seawater 
 temperature 
 
 Radar precipitation 
 areas (horizontal) 
 
 Radar precipitation 
 areas (vertical) 
 
 Weather 
 
 Icing 
 
 Date 
 
 Time 
 
 Octant of globe 
 
 Lattidue and longitude 
 
 True airspeed 
 True heading 
 Ground speed 
 
 Drift angle 
 Compass 
 
 AMR-42 potentiometer 
 
 DY2861A 
 
 Cambridge systems 
 137-C3 dew pointer 
 
 APN-153 Doppler, 
 ASR-41 adapter 
 
 APN-153 Doppler, 
 ASR-41 adpter 
 
 APN-159 potentiometer 
 
 Rosemount transducer 
 
 Manually recorded 
 
 Manually recorded 
 
 Barnes PRT-4A 
 
 SSQ-36 bathythermograph 
 
 APS-20 CR-1A camera 
 
 APS -45 CR-1A camera 
 
 Manually recorded 
 
 Manually recorded 
 
 Manually recorded 
 
 Clock 
 
 ASN-41 adapter 
 
 ASN-41 adapter 
 
 AX-606 TAS computer 
 ASN-41 adapter 
 APN-153 Doppler 
 
 APN-153 Doppler 
 CGRS 
 
 139 
 
Table 2-7. Navy WC-121 aircraft meteorological instrumentation 
 
 System 
 
 Description 
 
 Data acquisition logging 
 system (DALS) 
 
 Baththermograph system 
 
 Radiosonde system 
 
 Airborne radiation thermometer 
 system 
 
 SSQ-36 BT probe (0.5°F) 
 
 ARR-58 receivers (+ 1°F ) 
 
 XN-1&3 Rustrack recorder (+0.275°C) 
 
 AMT-6 radiosonde (+ 0.2 mb) 
 AMR-3 radiosonde deceptor 
 MA-1 radiosonde dispenser 
 MH-1 radiosonde adapter sleeve 
 
 PRT-4A radiation thermometer (+0.2°C) 
 680 Mosely strip-chart recorder 
 (+0.55°C) 
 
 AMQ-17 aerograph set 
 
 AMA-2 indicator recorder 
 Pressure transducer (+ 0.2°C) 
 Temperature humidity probe 
 (+0.5°C, +3%) 
 
 Instruments dials at or near 
 Metro panel 
 
 Absolute altitude indicators 
 
 MA-1 Kollsman pressure altimeter 
 
 AMQ vortex thermometer 
 
 C-3 Cambridge dew pointer (+ 1°C) 
 
 True heading indicator 
 
 Ground speed indicator 
 
 True airspeed indicator 
 
 True wind speed indicator 
 
 Drift angle indicator 
 
 FA-112 barometer (+0.5 mb) 
 
 Clock 
 
 SCR-718 radio altimeter (+ 50 ft) 
 APN-159 radar altimeter (+ 10 ft) 
 
 Navigation aids 
 
 APN-70 Loran 
 
 APN-153 Doppler 
 
 ARN-21 TACAN 
 
 ARN-14 OMNI 
 
 ASN-41 navigation computer 
 
 Sextant 
 
 BDHI 
 
 140 
 
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 143 
 
Table 2-9. Air Weather Service WB-47 basic meteorological instrumentation 
 
 Measurement 
 
 Instrument 
 
 Precipitation areas 
 Altitude 
 
 Wind speed and direc- 
 tion at flight level 
 
 Temperature (total) 
 
 D-value 
 
 Particulate air sampling 
 
 Cloud cover 
 
 Present weather 
 
 Past weather 
 
 Turbulence 
 
 Icing 
 
 AN/APS-64 search radar 
 
 AN/APN-42A radar altimeter 
 MA-1 pressure altimeter 
 
 AN/APN-102 Doppler 
 
 Rosemount probe 
 AN/APN-42, MA-1 altimeter 
 
 U-l foil 
 
 Visual observation 
 Visual observation 
 Visual observation 
 Subjectively manual 
 Visual observation 
 
 144 
 
Table 2-10. Air Weather Service WC-130 basic meteorological instrumentation 
 
 Measurement 
 
 Sensor 
 
 Temperature (total) 
 Wind direction 
 Wind speed 
 Altitude 
 
 Radar precipitation 
 
 Dropsonde 
 
 temperature 
 
 pressure 
 
 humidity 
 
 Particulate air sampling 
 
 Rosemount probe 
 
 AN/APN-147 (V) Doppler 
 
 AN/APN-147 (V) Doppler 
 
 AN/APN-133A or SCR-718 radio altimeter 
 MA-1 STD AC aneroid 
 
 AN/APN-59 radar system 
 
 AN/AMT-6 system 
 
 ML-419/AMT-4 rod thermistor 
 aneroid cell 
 ML-476/AMT carbon strip 
 
 U-l foil 
 
 Table 2-11. Air Weather Service RB-57 basic meteorological instrumentation 
 
 Measurement 
 
 Sensor 
 
 Color photographs of cloud cover 
 
 Particulate air sampling 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Wind direction and speed at flight 
 level 
 
 Altitude 
 
 F-415P Fairchild camera system 
 U-l foil 
 Rosemount probe 
 Doppler, APN-102 
 
 MA-1 pressure altimeter 
 
 145 
 
2.1.0 RFF AIRCRAFT DATA 
 
 Because of the importance for the user to fully understand the processing 
 of the data, a detailed description is given here of step-by-step procedures 
 followed in data reduction, from original recording to final archive product. 
 
 The original data obtained by the RFF aircraft were recorded at 200 bits 
 per inch (BPI) on magnetic tape in binary coded decimal (BCD) format at the 
 rate of one complete record per second, including all parameters. These BCD 
 records were edited by RFF for long, short, and noise records and for parity 
 and/or illegal characters. The tape was then rewritten minus the unreliable 
 records onto a higher density (556 BPI) IBM-compatible CONVERT Tape. 
 
 There are a number of optional programs designed by RFF and the National 
 Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) , NOAA, Miami, Fla. , which are tailored 
 to perform specific functions, i.e., analysis of calibration patterns for 
 true airspeed and drift angle correction and the application of computed cor- 
 rections to the original wind data. These optional programs were used by NHRL 
 in processing the CONVERT Tape to generate the NNV Tape, which was revised by 
 the BOMAP Office for the BOMEX Temporary Archive. 
 
 Before any attempt is made to use the NNV data, it is recommended that 
 the Flight Folder described in section 2.1.8 be reviewed thoroughly for an 
 understanding of the nature of the mission, or proposed patterns and deviations 
 from them and of the in-flight status of the equipment. Remarks in the Flight 
 Folder pertaining to instruments used in recording data of particular interest 
 to the user may be significant . A convenient published abstract of the Flight 
 Folder information, including a description of RFF participation in BOMEX, 
 instrumentation, types of missions, and abbreviated logs with route maps of 
 each aircraft flight, is contained in "The NOAA Research Flight Facility's 
 Airborne Data Collection Program in Support of the Barbados Oceanographic and 
 Meteorological Experiment," NOAA Technical Report ERL 198-RFF 4, October 1970. 
 A few refinements to the information contained in that report have been incor- 
 porated into the BOMEX Temporary Archive. 
 
 The BOMAP Office (now Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis, 
 NOAA, Rockville, Md. 20852; tel: 301-496-8871) is willing to assist in resolv- 
 ing any difficulties encountered by users of the NNV data. 
 
 Sections 2.1.1 through 2.1.5 should also be reviewed carefully for an 
 understanding of the methods used in collecting the data and the process through 
 which the NNV product was filtered into final form. 
 
 2.1.1 Original Data 
 
 The data collected by the RFF aircraft were assigned a flight 
 identification (ID) number for every mission flown. This number is made up 
 of the year, month, and day, and a letter designating a particular aircraft. 
 
 146 
 
The letter "A" was used for the DC-6 39C; "B" for the DC-6 40C; and "E" for 
 the DC-4 82E. An extra digit at the end of the flight ID number indicates 
 the number of missions flown in one day, e.g., flight number 690526B1 means 
 that the DC-6 40C was flown on May 2.6, 1969. 
 
 Of primary interest to the user of BOMEX data are the RFF original flight 
 data recorded on magnetic tape, because it is essentially from these that the 
 data tapes in the BOMEX Temporary Archive were derived. These original data 
 were recorded aboard the aircraft at the rate of one record every second. 
 Each record consists of 150 characters (seven-track BCD) written on magnetic 
 tape at 200 BPI. There are approximately 10 to 12 hours of data, i.e., 36,000 
 to 44,000 records, per flight. No record counts are available, but each 
 observation is distinguished by time in hours, minutes, and seconds. Most of 
 the parameters contained in each record must be calibrated, based on constants 
 provided by RFF to convert counts to engineering units. 
 
 The DC-6 "A" and "B" aircraft use the APN-82 Doppler radar navigation 
 system as the primary source for basic navigational parameters. During BOMEX, 
 an APN-153 Doppler radar navigation system was included and used for the first 
 time on RFF aircraft because of its better response at altitudes below 1,000 
 ft. Normally, the "A" and "B" aircraft tape records are identical. When the 
 APN-153 was used, the PITCH and ROLL in the tape record were replaced by 
 GS-153 and DA-153. (See table 2-4, sec. 2.0.0, for parameter abbreviations.) 
 
 The DC-6 "A" aircraft operated with the APN-153 on all flights, but the 
 "B" aircraft did not use it until late in May 1969. The "E" aircraft used 
 the APN-153 only; it did not use its APN-82 to record data on tape. The "E" 
 tape record did not contain TAS , DDD, FFF, LONG, LAT , and MVAR; all these 
 elements were derived during subsequent data processing (see sec. 2.1.3). 
 PITCH, ROLL, LWC, TR, and TD were also missing and could not be derived. 
 Another parameter unavailable on the DC-4 "E" aircraft data tape is the memory 
 on/off indicator. On the DC-6 aircraft, the APN-82 system goes into a memory 
 mode when the return radar signal is too weak to compute a ground speed or 
 drift angle (usually the result of hitting very smooth sea surfaces or the 
 aircraft being in a tight turn). In such cases, the last reliable DDD and FFF 
 are stored in the memory and are combined with the TAS and MHDG + MVAR for 
 computation of GS and DA. When the memory is on, a switch on the DC-6 "A" and 
 "B" records indicates this. Because the "E" aircraft record has no memory 
 switch, the user must interpret a memory-on situation when GS-153 and DA-153 
 do not change over a short period of time. 
 
 2.1.2 CONVERT Tape and Original Tape Listing 
 
 As noted in section 2.1.0, RFF provides a parity error-free copy, 
 called the CONVERT Tape, of the original data tape. On the CONVERT Tape, all 
 records with parity errors, short lengths (records less than 150 characters), 
 or long lengths (records exceeding 150 characters) have been deleted. The 
 CONVERT Tape has the same format as the original tape, except for the inclu- 
 sion of two new parameters: the actual record count and the original record 
 count. These two counts are used to show when records have been deleted. An 
 error summary sheet is also provided to enable the user to decide for himself 
 
 147 
 
the relative merit of each flight. A CONVERT Tape record is expanded to 162 
 characters on seven-track BCD at 556 BPI. 
 
 The RFF Original Tape Listing is an every 10-sec record printout in 
 engineering units from the CONVERT Tape. It is a valuable asset in pre- 
 processing the data and gives the user a first look at instances where data 
 are erroneous. It also indicates whether the APN is on memory or not. 
 
 The parameters recorded on the original magnetic tape aboard the RFF 
 aircraft are in "count" units; for their mnemonics, see table 2-4 in section 
 2.0.0. RFF provided the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) with 
 the conversion constants listed in table 2-12, which were used in the NHRL 
 data processing program (see sec. 2.1.3) to convert the count units to 
 meteorological and engineering units, with the exception of the infrared 
 hygrometer (IRH) and liquid water count values. 
 
 For IRH and liquid water, RFF furnished NHRL with calibration curves 
 for the DC-4 aircraft. NHRL obtained equations by the method of least squares 
 to relate the IRH count values to absolute humidity at 1,015 mb for each of 
 the DC-6 aircraft. The equations are listed below. 
 
 DC-6 "A" aircraft 
 
 H = counts 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .119 x 10 » + H * (-.443 x 10 -2 + H 
 
 * (.374 x 10" 4 + H * (-.749 x 10~ 7 + H 
 
 * (.792 x 10~ 10 + H * (-.390 x 10~ 14 + H 
 
 * .739))))) 
 
 DC-6 "B" aircraft 
 
 H = counts 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .89 + H * (-.535 x 10~ 2 + H * (.336 x 10~ 4 
 
 + H * (-.401 x 10 7 + H * (.230 x 10" 10 + H 
 
 * -.448 x 10" 14 )))) 
 
 148 
 
Table 2-12. RFF original tape calibration constants 
 
 Parameter 
 mnemonics 
 (name) 
 
 Aircraft 
 "A" "B" "E" 
 
 Range 
 
 of 
 count 
 
 Conversion 
 
 Units 
 
 LAT (latitude) X X 
 
 LONG (longitude) X X 
 
 GS-153 (ground speed) XXX 
 
 DA-82 (drift angle) X X 
 
 DA-153 (drift angle) XXX 
 
 DDD (wind direction X X 
 
 FFF (wind speed) X X 
 DTC (distance travelled count) X X 
 
 PITCH (pitch) X X 
 
 ROLL (roll) X X 
 
 MHDG (magnetic heading) XXX 
 
 MVAR (magnetic variation) XXX 
 
 APRESS (ambient pressure) XXX 
 DPRESS (differential pressure) X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 TAS (true airspeed) 
 RA (radar altitude) 
 TEMP (vortex temperature) 
 
 TD (CS1 dew point tempt) X 
 
 TR (Rosemount temperature) X X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 (COUNT-100000) *0.001 
 COUNT *0.001 
 COUNT *0.27 78 
 (COUNT-500) *0.1 
 (COUNT- 500) *0.1 
 COUNT *0.1 
 COUNT *027778 
 COUNT *0.001 
 
 (COUNT-500) *0.1 
 (COUNT-500) *0.1 
 COUNT *0.1 
 
 < 1000 -( COUNT) *0. 18 
 
 > 1000 (2000-COUNT) *0.18 
 
 (COUNT+1000) *0.05 
 
 COUNT *0. 01381 
 COUNT *0. 01379 
 COUNT *0.1376 
 
 COUNT *0.4 
 
 COUNT 
 
 (COUNT-1200) *0.05 
 (800-COUNT) *0.05 
 
 < 1005 (COUNT-1005) *0 . 05443 
 
 > 1005 (COUNT-1005) *0.0504 
 
 < 1010 (COUNT- 1010) *0.055 
 
 > 1010 (COUNT- 10 10) *0.05 
 
 ( CO UNT*0 .05071-60 . 14) 
 0.0001319*TAS 
 
 deg 
 deg 
 
 kt 
 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 
 kt 
 
 n mi 
 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 deg 
 
 mb 
 
 mb 
 mb 
 mb 
 
 kt 
 
 ft 
 
 deg 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 deg 
 deg 
 deg 
 
 deg 
 
 X = available • = unavailable 
 
 * = 
 
 multiply 
 
 blank = ignore 
 
 149 
 
DC-4 "E" aircraft 
 
 The "E" aircraft conversion of IRH counts to absolute humidity at 
 1,015 mb was approximated by means of a series of straight line curves: 
 
 H = counts 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0070*H - .70 (100 1 H< 450) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0084*H -1.33 (450 < H< 700) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb - .010*H -2.52 (700 1 H< 1050) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0128*H -5.34 (1050 ± H < 1350) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0166*H -10.46 (1350 <_ H < 1600) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0280*H -28.70 (1600 <_ H < 1800) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0360*H -43.10 (1800 <H< 1950) 
 
 IRH for 1015 mb = .0500*H -70.40 (1950 <H< 2000) 
 
 The absolute humidity was then obtained from the expression 
 
 AHUM gm/m 3 = IRH (ptM) * (pT2o) * (^) ' 
 
 where P is ambient pressure and T is ambient air temperature in degrees 
 absolute . 
 
 liquid water counts from the DC-6 "A" and "B" aircraft data record 
 (the DC-4 "E" aircraft has none) were converted into liquid water measured 
 in gm/m3 by use of the latest set of RFF liquid water conversion graphs. 
 Each graph has two curves, one for a 0-2 range and the other for a 0-6 range, 
 The ranges are determined by the state of the two switches operated 
 aboard the DC-6 aircraft and recorded into the tape record. The curves 
 are essentially straight lines, and the linear equations that yield 
 liquid water are 
 
 "A" aircraft 
 
 (0-2) range LIQW = - .0120*(LIQcounts-120) + 1.025 
 (0-6) range LIQW = -,04411(LIQcounts-180) + .75 
 
 150 
 
"B" aircraft 
 
 (0-2) range LIQW = -.0105 * (LlQcounts-164) + .5 
 (0-6) range LIQW = - 0.01429 * (LlQcounts-200) * 3 
 
 2.1.3 NHRL Processing of RFF Data 
 
 The National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) was assigned the 
 task of processing the RFF BOMEX data for the BOMAP Office. For this task, 
 NHRL modified its NNV computer program (NHRL Aircraft Data Processing Program) 
 - which is normally used in processing data obtained on RFF flights into hurri- 
 canes during the summer and fall of each year - to print out and record mean- 
 ingful data collected in the region of the BOMEX array. The program was 
 entered from a CDC User 200 Terminal in Miami into a CDC 6600 computer in 
 Suitland, Md., via a 201-B data set telephone line. 
 
 The CONVERT Tape was used as input to the NNV Program and had to be 
 calibrated as described in section 2.1.2. 
 
 The original clock time as recorded on the CONVERT Tape was generally 
 reliable for most flights and was accepted by the NNV Program as the most 
 nearly correct time available. For some flights, the original time was 
 corrected, with the original record count or the distance traveled count 
 (DTC) used as a guide in reconstructing the time. Jumps in time were in most 
 cases the result' of deletion of observations by the CONVERT Program, as 
 discussed in section 2.1.2, or of time loss when tape reels were changed in 
 flight. (This usually applies to the DC-4 "E" aircraft data because this 
 aircraft had only one tape drive aboard.) When the original time was corrected, 
 the ground speed (GS) was changed accordingly. 
 
 A bad original tape always poses a problem in terms of the proper 
 method to correct it, especially if it happens to contain navigational para- 
 meters, i.e., GS-82, GS-153, DA-82, DA-153, MHDG, APRESS, DP, or TEMP (see 
 table 2-12, sec. 2.1.2). Data cards were used in the NNV Program to inter- 
 polate, replace, smooth, delete, or add a correction to any parameter as 
 required. For every flight, the APRESS, MHDG, DA-82, DA-153, GS-82, GS-153, 
 TEMP, DPRESS, and IRH were automatically interpolated up to 11 observations 
 for missing data. Data values were interpolated when the absolute first 
 difference between one parameter and the immediately preceding noninterpolated 
 parameter exceeded a predetermined value derived from the NNV Program data 
 card. The MHDG, DA-82, DA-153, GS-82, GS-153, and calculated TAS values were 
 smoothed over 11 observations. Missing data, usually in the form of a series 
 of 9's, that could not be interpolated were not included in the smoothing 
 process. Corrections were applied to TEMP, IRH, pressure altitude, calculated 
 TAS, DA- 8 2j and DA-153. Usually these corrections were constant for the entire 
 flight, but in some cases different corrections were applied intermittently 
 throughout the flight. 
 
 151 
 
The original MVAR, DDD, FFF, LAT, LONG, and TAS data were not used 
 since the aircraft positions were renavigated, and a calculated TAS (CTAS) 
 was derived from the corrected TEMP, DPRESS, and APRESS for the renavigated 
 flight track and wind computations. The pressure altitude (PA) was derived 
 from the corrected APRESS. A PA correction was applied when required, and 
 a new APRESS was then derived. For the DC-6 "A" and "B" aircraft, GS was 
 derived from DTC and the corrected time; for the DC-4 "E" aircraft, GS-153 
 was taken directly from the CONVERT Tape, since no DTC was available. 
 
 GS-153 and DA-153 were used from the "A" and "B" aircraft tape records 
 if, and only if, the APN-82 system was on memory (see sec. 2.1.1). Selec- 
 tion of the APN-82 system in an off-memory condition is based on the relia- 
 bility of the APN-82 Doppler navigation system, which has been in use for 
 many years. The" APN-153 was installed primarily for BOMEX. In processing 
 the data from the DC-4 "E" aircraft, the APN-82 information was not record- 
 ed on the original tape, and the GS-153 and DA-153 were used exclusively. 
 For one flight, the NNV Program forced the acceptance of APN-153 information 
 because the APN-82 was malfunctioning. Whether the APN-82 or the APN-153 
 was accepted for the renavigated flight track data is clearly indicated on 
 the NNV Tape (see fig. 2-1, sec. 2.1.3.2) 
 
 Geographical position on the NNV Tape for all BOMEX RFF flights was 
 derived from the fixed point 15°00'N, 56°30 f W - position CHARLIE at the 
 center of the BOMEX array. In most cases, radar film and photopanel backup 
 information was not used, because land shown in the photographs was insuf- 
 ficient as a base for navigation correction. 
 
 The NNV Program had to be run twice to obtain reliable data on renavi- 
 gated flight tracks and positions of the aircraft. The first pass was 
 used in processing renavigated latitude and longitude from the corrected 
 original tape parameters. The second pass was necessary in order to apply 
 linear corrections to the processed renavigated latitude and longitude 
 increments to place the aircraft over known positions at times determined 
 from the navigator's log. 
 
 2.1.3.1 AUTO Listing and NNV Data Cards 
 
 The first part of the flight listing is a printout called the AUTO 
 Listing, which includes all the NNV Data Cards in time-sequence order, inter- 
 spersed with occasional printed messages from the programs, and a parameter 
 difference printout. When a card shows no time for start of observation, the 
 time indicated is that of the start of the flight. The "manufactured" time is 
 defined as the best corrected time, computed from the data on the CONVERT Tape 
 (Field 25A - 25C in the BCD Tape Record; see sec. 2.1.3.2) and from time 
 correction cards, described below. When the second difference of the manu- 
 factured time or the original time obtained from the CONVERT Tape is other 
 than zero, an asterisk is printed with the first difference on the AUTO Listing. 
 Checks are also made for the first difference ORGCOUNT, DPRESS, APRESS, PA, 
 RA, adjusted D-value (RA-PA adjusted to a standard reference level), MHDG, DA, 
 TEMP, and GS in engineering units and IRH count units when the absolute dif- 
 ference is greater than a predetermined value, which is usually entered by 
 
 152 
 
an XXAUT card. The "XX" is the prefix for the variables shown in table 2-13. 
 COMPARE, TIME, and NOTIME cards are used to correct data times when unreliable 
 original times from the CONVERT Tape are encountered. 
 
 The FLIGHT card is the beginning NNV data card and contains the flight 
 ID number, the date of the input tape, the number of input tape reels, the 
 beginning time for constructing the manufactured time, the name of the input 
 reels, the name of the output reels, and the last name of the person process- 
 ing the data. The printed message INPUT TAPE LABEL is the first part of the 
 NNV "output" table label, and is constructed from data obtained from the 
 CONVERT Tape. 
 
 The BOMAP card instructs the NNV Program to produce a BOMAP data list 
 with the specified time rate punched on the card. 
 
 The LINK card indicates NHRL data list printout; there are three differ- 
 ent rates punched on the card for three combinations of this printout. 
 
 The AUT and SMT cards tell the NNV Program which elements (see table 
 2-13) are to be automatically interpolated or smoothed; the range; and the 
 number of observations to be included. If the absolute difference between 
 one parameter and the immediately preceding noninterpolated parameter exceeds 
 the range specified on the AUT card, the element is interpolated up the num- 
 ber of observations indicated on the AUT card. 
 
 HUMCAL and LIQCAL cards inform the NNV Program to calibrate the LQW and 
 IRH counts based on the latest RFF calibration information (see sec. 2.1.2). 
 
 WTASQ and/or WTAS53 cards are corrections to the TAS and DA-82 or DA-153. 
 
 A DELETE card is used for deleting observations on the CONVERT Tape from 
 the beginning of the flight up to the manufactured time specified on the card. 
 
 The START card enters an initial latitude and longitude location into the 
 NNV Program that is used to begin the process of renavigating the flight track 
 data. 
 
 DBAR cards supply the 90-sec average D-value (RA-PA) curve information 
 for correcting RA when a D-value falls outside a specified area above or below 
 this curve. 
 
 The INTERN card corrections are derived from the first-run renavigated 
 latitude and longitude, and the latitudes and longitudes obtained from the 
 navigator's log. The difference between the known position, which is usually 
 taken from the navigator's log, and the renavigated latitude and longitude at 
 specified times is punched into the INTERN card. A later time with the lati- 
 tude and longitude corrections is also punched into this card, a time correc- 
 tion adjustment linear curve is derived, and subsequent corrections computed 
 from this curve are applied to the renavigated position to give corrected 
 latitude and longitude (see sec. 2.1.3.2). 
 
 153 
 
Table 2-13. Abbreviations of parameters used with AUT , SMT , CQN, or REP 
 
 cards for NNV Program 
 
 Abbreviation Element NNV Tape field No, 
 
 PR Pressure 27 
 
 PA Pressure altitude 28 
 
 RA Radar altitude 29 
 
 AS Calculated true airspeed 30 
 
 MH Magnetic heading 31 
 
 GS Ground speed 32 
 
 DR Drift 33 
 
 WD Wind direction 34 
 
 WS Wind speed 35 
 
 WU Wind U component 36 
 
 WV Wind V component 37 
 
 LA Processed (renavigated) latitude 38 
 
 LO Processed (renavigated) longitude 39 
 
 TU Track U component 40 
 
 TV Track V component 41 
 
 VT Vortex temperature 42 
 
 HY Infrared hygrometer 43 
 
 DP Differential pressure 44 
 
 PI Pitch 45 
 
 RO Roll 46 
 
 LW Liquid water 47 
 
 MV Magnetic variation 48 
 
 PT Rosemount temperatue 49 
 
 DA Adjusted D-value 77 
 
 G5 APN-153 ground speed 45 
 
 D5 APN-153 drift 46 
 
 154 
 
Printed REFERENCE LEVEL messages indicate when the aircraft changes from 
 one National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) standard altitude to 
 another NACA standard altitude. 
 
 CQN cards are used to add TEMP, PA, and IRH corrections specifically 
 supplied by RFF for the BOMEX data as corrections to the parameters listed in 
 table 2-13. 
 
 REP cards indicate replacement of values for the parameters listed in 
 table 2-13. For example, 
 
 Tl GSREP 18399999 
 
 T2 GSREP 183 1 
 
 means replacing the GS values with 183 knots from time Tl until and including 
 time T2. 
 
 Time correction cards OCQN and MCQN are used in reconstructing the manu- 
 factured time that appears on all printed and tape output. 
 
 MISG cards call for suppression of the AUTO Listing for the parameter 
 indicated, i.e., the data in question are known not to exist. The combination 
 of cards 
 
 Tl 
 
 GSREP 
 
 MISG99999 
 
 Tl 
 
 GSMISG 
 
 1 
 
 T2 
 
 GSREP 
 
 MISG 1 
 
 T2 
 
 GSMISG 
 
 
 
 informs the NNV Program to set GS to a value of all 9's for printed and tape 
 output, and to suppress the AUTO Listing printout for GS until time T2. 
 
 A combination of cards, usually for the DC-4 "E" flights, consisting of 
 
 DRREP MISG99999 
 
 GSREP MISG99999 
 
 sets DA and GS from the APN-82 to missing and forces the NNV Program to accept 
 APN-153, DA-153, and GS-153 in processing this flight. 
 
 2.1.3.2 NNV BCD Tape Record 
 
 NHRL produced two types of NNV output tapes modified for BOMAP . The 
 first is a BCD Tape Record, the second a Binary Tape Record (see sec. 2.1.3.3) 
 
 155 
 
The BCD Tape Record is generally divided into four distinct areas: (1) 
 the original data converted to engineering units with no corrections, (2) the 
 processed or corrected data, (3) the renavigation data, and (4) the corrected 
 navigation data and derived parameter data. An example of this record is shown 
 in figure 2-1. 
 
 On the NNV BCD Tape Record, fields 1 to 24 comprise the original data 
 from the CONVERT Tape, calibrated by means of the RFF calibration constants 
 (see sec. 2.1.2). The distance traveled is calibrated to show the distance 
 since the preceding observation. Otherwise, the data in these fields are as 
 follows : 
 
 FIELD 25A - 25C, manufactured time. Original time (FIELD 1), or time 
 from time correction cards, or comparison of DTC (FIELD 9), original count 
 (FIELD 2), and original rate (FIELD 4). 
 
 FIELD 26, manufactured time rate. Present time minus past time. 
 
 FIELD 27, pressure. Original pressure (FIELD 5), and/or pressure or 
 pressure altitude data cards, or pressure altitude (FIELD 28). 
 
 FIELD 28, pressure altitude. Original pressure (FIELD 5), and/or data 
 replace or correction cards. 
 
 FIELD 29, radar altitude. Original radar altitude (FIELD 6), and/or 
 data cards (in most cases DBAR cards). 
 
 FIELD 30, calculated true airspeed. Calculated from the expression 
 FIELD 30 = (((FIELD 42 (VT + 273.16) * 76.5878 ((FIELD 44 (DP)/ FIELD 27 (PR) 
 +1). 285714-1) 1/2) f or from the original TAS (FIELD 7). VT, DP, or PR have, 
 of course, been corrected before the above computation is performed. 
 
 FIELD 31, magnetic heading. Original heading (FIELD 8) and/or data cards. 
 
 FIELD 32, ground speed. DTC (FIELD 9) and manufactured time (FIELD 25A - 
 25C) for DC-6 "A" and "B" flights and GS-153 original data for DC-4 "E" flight, 
 and/or data cards, or calculated based on previous reliable parameter. 
 
 Mull 
 
 FIELD 33, drift angle. Drift angle 153 (FIELD 10) if DC-6 "A" or "B 
 and/or data cards. Drift angle 82 from FIELD 10 if DC-4 "E". 
 
 FIELD 42, vortex temperature. Original vortex temperature (FIELD 15) 
 and/or data cards. 
 
 FIELD 43, infrared hygrometer. Original hygrometer counts (FIELD 16) 
 and RFF calibration curves as explained in section 2.1.2, and/or data cards. 
 
 FIELD 44, differential pressure. Original differential pressure (FIELD 
 17), and/or data cards. 
 
 FIELD 45, pitch or GS-153. GS-153 from original tape record if the 
 APN-153 was operating; otherwise derived from pitch (FIELD 18) and/or data 
 cards. 
 
 156 
 
***************************************************** 
 
 ** *** N H R L NNV TAPE *** * 
 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 (AS OF 11/20/70, USED ON THE CDC 6600, IN SUITLAND, MD. , WITH BOMAP MODS) 
 
 TAPE MODE = BCD 
 
 TAPE DENSITY = 556 BPI 
 
 TRACKS = 7 CHANNEL 
 
 RECORD SIZE = 480 CHARACTERS (LOGICAL RECORD SIZE) * 
 
 BLOCK SIZE = 2400 CHARACTERS OR (480X5) BLOCK (PHYSICAL RECORD SIZE) * 
 
 REELS - MULTI OR SINGLE REEL TAPES * 
 
 ALL TAPES HAVE A 480 CHARACTER BEGINNING TAPE LABEL, RECORDS, AN EOF MARK, * 
 
 THEN A SINGLE 480 CHARACTER RECORD END OF REEL OR EOF FENCE, FOLLOWED * 
 
 BY A FINAL EOF MARK. * 
 
 * 
 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 * *** nnv TAPE LABEL FORMAT *** * 
 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 1ST RECORD OF TAPE REEL , 480 CHARACTERS 
 
 LABLE IDENTIFIER, ^BTL^ 
 
 REEL NUMBER OF THIS REEL ... 
 
 FLIGHT NUMBER, YYMMDDAN 
 
 RUN DATE OF PROCESS ING,YYMMDD 
 
 TIME OF RUN DATE.HHMM 
 
 PGM MODIFICATION NO 
 
 UNUSED 
 
 FLIGHT CARD 
 
 UNUSED 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 ( 1- 3) 
 
 A3 LITERAL 
 
 ( 4- 4) 
 
 F1.0 1 OR 2 
 
 ( 5- 12) 
 
 A8 LITERAL 
 
 ( 13- 18) 
 
 F6.0 YEAR, MONTH, DAY 
 
 ( 19- 22) 
 
 F4.0 HOUR, MINUTES 
 
 ( 23- 28) 
 
 A6 LITERAL 
 
 ( 29- 30) 
 
 2X 
 
 ( 31-110) 
 
 8A10 BEG DATA CARD 
 
 (111-480) 
 
 37A10 BLANKS 
 
 Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record. 
 157 
 
;************************************************************************************ 
 
 *i NNV TAPE OBSERVATIONAL DATA RECORD FORMAT * 
 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 * * 
 
 FLD 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3A 
 
 3B 
 
 3C 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 TYPE ELEMENT 
 
 PRC EDITED RECORD COUNT ... 
 
 ORG RECORD COUNT . . 
 
 ORG TIME 
 
 ORG TIME 
 
 ORG TIME 
 
 ORG TIME RATE, FROM SWITCHES 
 
 ORG PRESSURE 
 
 ORG RADAR ALTITUDE 
 
 ORG TRUE AIR SPEED 
 
 ORG MAGNETIC HEADING 
 
 ORG DISTANCE INCREMENT .... 
 
 ORG DRIFT ANGLE 
 
 ORG WIND DIRECTION 
 
 ORG WIND SPEED 
 
 ORG LATITUDES IF NORTH) .. 
 ORG LONGITUDE(+ IF EAST) .. 
 ORG VORTEX TEMPERATURE .... 
 ORG INFRARED HYGROMETER ... 
 ORG DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE . 
 ORG PITCH OR GS(APN-153) .. 
 ORG ROLL OR DRIFT(APN-1 53) 
 
 ORG LIQUID WATER 
 
 ORG MAGNETIC VARIATION .... 
 ORG INDICATORS, 3 PER CHAR . 
 
 CHARACTERS SIGN FMT 
 F5.0 
 F5.0 
 F2.0 
 F2.0 
 
 ( 1- 
 
 5) 
 
 ( 6- 
 
 10) 
 
 ( n- 
 
 12) 
 
 ( 13- 
 
 14) 
 
 ( 15- 
 
 17) 
 
 ( 18- 
 
 20) 
 
 ( 21- 
 
 26) 
 
 ( 27- 
 
 31) 
 
 ( 32- 
 
 35) 
 
 ( 36- 
 
 39) 
 
 ( 40- 
 
 44) 
 
 ( 45- 
 
 48) 
 
 ( 49- 
 
 52) 
 
 ( 53- 
 
 56) 
 
 ( 57- 
 
 62) 
 
 ( 63- 
 
 69) 
 
 ( 70- 
 
 74) 
 
 ( 75- 
 
 78) 
 
 ( 79- 
 
 83) 
 
 ( 84- 
 
 87) 
 
 ( 88- 
 
 91) 
 
 ( 92- 
 
 95) 
 
 ( 96- 
 
 100) 
 
 (101- 
 
 106) 
 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 +•■ 
 +,■ 
 
 +,- 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 +,■ 
 
 + ,■ 
 
 + 
 + 
 
 F3.1 
 F3.1 
 F6.2 
 F5.0 
 F4.1 
 F4.1 
 F5.4 
 F4.1 
 F4.1 
 F4.1 
 F6.3 
 F7.3 
 F5.2 
 F4.0 
 F5.2 
 F4.1 
 F4.1 
 F4.0 
 F5.1 
 6F1.0 
 
 UNITS 
 COUNT 
 COUNT 
 HOURS 
 MINUTES 
 SECS 
 SECS 
 MBS 
 FEET 
 KNOTS 
 DEGS 
 NMS 
 DEGS 
 DEGS 
 KNOTS 
 DEGS 
 DEGS 
 DEGS C. 
 COUNTS 
 MBS 
 
 DGS/KTS 153 
 DEGS 
 COUNTS 
 DEGS 
 BIN CODE 
 
 APN MISSING 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 
 153 
 
 999 
 
 
 
 
 
 9999 
 
 9999 
 
 99999 
 
 999 
 
 9999 
 
 9999 
 
 99999 
 
 999999 
 
 9999 
 
 9999 
 
 
 
 999 
 
 999 
 
 9999 
 
 9999 
 
 ******************************************************* 
 *CHAR 
 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 
 106 
 ***** 
 
 ADD 1 IF TRUE 
 FLIGHT EVENT 1 
 FLIGHT EVENT 4 
 NAVIG EVENT 1 
 VISITOR EVENT 1 
 APN-82 RUN 
 HYGROMETER RANGE 
 
 ADD 2 IF TRUE 
 FLIGHT EVENT 2 
 FLIGHT EVENT 5 
 NAVIG EVENT 2 
 VISITOR EVENT 2 
 APN-82 MEMORY 
 NUCLEI COUNTER 
 
 ADD 4 IF TRUE 
 FLIGHT EVENT 3 
 FLIGHT EVENT 6 
 RADAR EVENT 1 
 DIGITAL EVENT 1 
 ICE INDICATOR 
 HOT WIRE RANGE 
 
 ****************************************************************** 
 
 23A ORG CSI DEW POINT (107-110) + 
 
 23B ORG APN-153 MEMORY(0=ON MEM) (111-111) + 
 
 23C UNUSED (112-115) 
 
 24 ORG ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE (116-120) +,- F5.2 DEGS C 
 
 F4.0 COUNTS 
 F1.0 COUNT 
 BLANKS 
 
 153 
 
 4X 
 
 9999 
 
 9999 
 
 *** NOTES ABOUT THE DATA *** * 
 
 * 
 
 ALL DATA IS IN UNSCALED FORM AND SHOULD BE SCALED ACCORDING TO * 
 
 THE FORTRAN FORMAT USAGE LISTED UNDER COLUMN FMT, I.E. THERE ARE NO * 
 
 IMBEDDED DECIMAL POINTS IN THE TAPE RECORD DATA. EXAMPLES * 
 
 (B=BLANK) * 
 
 FIELD 27 (PRESSURE) =B98763 ON TAPE, MEANS 987.63 MBS USING FORTRAN * 
 
 SCALE FACTOR F6.2. * 
 
 * 
 
 THE DATA CONTAINED ON THIS TAPE IS CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS- * 
 
 * 
 
 ORG = ORIGINAL, PRC ■ PROCESSED, NAV = NAVIGATED, COR = WITH CORRECTIONS * 
 
 FIELD NUMBERS AGREE WITH THE NHRL FINAL TAPE FORMAT SHEET. * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued) 
 
 158 
 
25A PRC MANUFACTURED TIME 
 
 25B PRC MANUFACTURED TIME 
 
 25C PRC MANUFACTURED TIME 
 
 26 PRC MANUFACTURED TIME RATE 
 
 27 PRC PRESSURE 
 
 28 PRC PRESSURE ALTITUDE 
 
 29 PRC RADAR ALTITUDE 
 
 30 PRC CALCULATED TRUE AIR SPEED . . 
 
 31 PRC MAGNETIC HEADING 
 
 32 PRC GROUND SPEED .. . .... 
 
 33 PRC DRIFT ANGLE 
 
 34 NAV WIND DIRECTION .. 
 
 35 NAV WIND SPEED 
 
 36 NAV WIND U-COMPONENT 
 
 37 NAV WIND V-COMPONENT 
 
 38 NAV LATITUDES IF NORTH) ....... 
 
 39 NAV LONGITUDE(+ IF EAST) ....... 
 
 40 NAV TRACK U-COMPONENT 
 
 41 NAV TRACK V-COMPONENT .. .... 
 
 42 PRC VORTEX TEMPERATURE 
 
 43 PRC INFRARED HYGROMETER 
 
 44 PRC DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE 
 
 45 PRC PITCH OR GS(APN-153) ....... 
 
 46 PRC ROLL OR DRIFT(APN-153) 
 
 47 PRC LIQUID WATER 
 
 48 PRC MAGNETIC VARIATION 
 
 49 PRC ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE 
 
 50 NAV INDICATORS, IF 153 WNDS USED 
 51-53 UNUSED 
 
 54 PRC TRUE HEADING 
 
 55 PRC TRACK ANGLE 
 
 56 WND CMP PAR TO TRK(+WITH TRK) . . 
 
 57 WND CMP PRP TO TRK(+L TO R) .... 
 
 58 COR CSI SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 
 
 59 COR SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 
 
 60-61 UNUSED 
 
 * 62 CSI MIXING RATIO 
 
 * 63-67 UNUSED 
 
 * 68 WND CMP PAR TO TRK(+WITH TRK) .. 
 
 * 69 WND CMP PRP TO TRK(+L TO R) .... 
 
 * 70 REFERENCE LEVEL HEIGHT 
 
 * 71 REFERENCE LEVEL TEMPERATURE .... 
 
 * 72 LAPSE RATE (PER 1000 FT) 
 
 * 73 ADJUSTED VORTEX TEMPERATURE .... 
 
 * 74 ADJUSTED ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE . 
 
 * 75 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE 
 
 * 76 D-VALUE 
 
 * 77 ADJUSTED D-VALUE 
 
 -*_ 78 D£W POINT TEMPERATURE 
 
 * 79 MIXING RATIO 
 
 * 80 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 
 
 * 81 EQUIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE 
 
 * 82 ADJUSTED DEW POINT(CONST MIX RAT; 
 
 * 83 COR LATITUDES IF NORTH) 
 
 * 84 COR L0N6ITUDE(+ IF EAST) 
 
 * 85 COR WIND DIRECTION 
 
 * 86 COR WIND SPEED ., 
 
 * 87 COR WIND U-COMPONENT 
 
 * 88 COR WIND V-COMPONENT , 
 
 * 89 UNUSED ... , ,...,.,., 
 
 121-122 
 123-124 
 125-127 
 128-130 
 131-136 
 137-141 
 142-146 
 147-150 
 151-154 
 155-158 
 159-162 
 163-166 
 167-170 
 171-175 
 176-180 
 181-186 
 187-193 
 194-198 
 199-203 
 204-208 
 209-212 
 213-217 
 218-221 
 222-225 
 226-229 
 230-234 
 235-239 
 240-240 
 241-257 
 258-261 
 262-265 
 266-271 
 272-278 
 279-282 
 283-286 
 287-296 
 297-301 
 302-324 
 325-329 
 330-334 
 335-339 
 340-344 
 345-350 
 351-355 
 356-360 
 361-365 
 366-371 
 372-377 
 378-382 
 383-386 
 387-390 
 391-395 
 396-400 
 401-406 
 407-413 
 414-417 
 418-421 
 422-426 
 427-431 
 432-432 
 
 + 
 
 F2.0 
 
 HOURS 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F2.0 
 
 WINS 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F3.1 
 
 SECS 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F3.1 
 
 SECS 
 
 999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F6.2 
 
 MBS 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F5.0 
 
 FEET 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F5.0 
 
 FEET 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 9999 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 -k 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 -k 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 •k 
 
 +,- 
 
 F6.3 
 
 DEGS 
 
 99999 
 
 * 
 
 + ,- 
 
 F7.3 
 
 DEGS 
 
 999999 
 
 * 
 
 +.- 
 
 F5,l 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 CNTS/GM/M3 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F5.2 
 
 MBS 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 + ,- 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEG OR KNTS 
 
 999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 CNTS/GM/M3 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F1.0 
 
 COUNT 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 17X 
 
 GARBAGE 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F6.1 
 
 KNOTS 153 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F7.1 
 
 KNOTS 1 53 
 
 9999 
 
 X 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 GMS/KG 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 GMS/KG 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 
 10X 
 
 GARBAGE 
 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F5.2 GM/KG 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 
 23X 
 
 GARBAGE 
 
 
 * 
 
 + ,- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 82 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + ,- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 82 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F5.0 
 
 FEET 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 - 
 
 F6.4 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 999999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 ir 
 
 + ,- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS A. 
 
 99999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F6.0 
 
 FEET 
 
 99999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F6.0 
 
 FEET 
 
 99999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.2 
 
 GM/KG 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 PER CENT 
 
 9999 
 
 -V 
 
 + 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS A. 
 
 99999 
 
 * 
 
 +.- 
 
 F5.2 
 
 DEGS C. 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +.- 
 
 F6.3 
 
 DEGS 
 
 99999 
 
 * 
 
 +,- 
 
 F7.3 
 
 DEGS 
 
 999999 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 DEGS 
 
 9999 
 
 •,'r 
 
 + 
 
 F4.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +•- 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 * 
 
 +r 
 
 F5.1 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 9999 
 
 -v 
 
 
 IX 
 
 BLANK 
 
 
 • 
 
 Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued) 
 
 159 
 
********************************************************************** 
 
 *EACH CHARACTER FROM FLD(90-1 07) ARE LETTER CODE FLAGS WHICH INDICATE* 
 *THAT WHICH HAS BEEN DONE TO 18 OF THE BASIC PROCESSED ELEMENTS. * 
 *DESCRIPTION OF THE CODE . * 
 
 MEANING * 
 
 A REPLACED VALUE. * 
 
 AN INTERPOLATED OR A SMOOTHED VALUE. 
 
 A SMOOTHED, REPLACED VALUE. 
 
 A SMOOTHED, INTERPOLATED VALUE. 
 
 AN ELEMENT EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD VALUE. 
 
 A MISSING ELEMENT. 
 
 A SMOOTHED ELEMENT WHICH EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD VALUE * 
 
 BEFORE THE ELEMENT WAS SMOOTHED. * 
 
 AN ELEMENT THAT HAS EXCEEDED THE STRING COUNT BUT WILL * 
 
 BE CARRIED ON TAPE AS EXCEEDING THE THRESHOLD VALUE. * 
 ********************************************************************** 
 
 LETTER 
 
 R -- 
 
 I = 
 
 A ■ 
 
 S = 
 
 E •- 
 
 M = 
 
 90 FLAG 1-PRC PRESSURE (433-433 
 
 91 FLAG 2-PRC RADAR ALTITUDE (434-434 
 
 92 FLAG 3-PRC CALC. TRUE AIR SPEED (435-435 
 
 93 FLAG 4-PRC MAGNETIC HEADING ...(436-436 
 
 94 FLAG 5-PRC GROUND SPEED (437-437 
 
 95 FLAG 6-PRC DRIFT ANGLE (438-438 
 
 96 FLAG 7-NAV WIND DIRECTION (439-439 
 
 97 FLAG 8-NAV WIND SPEED (440-440 
 
 98 FLAG 9-NAV LATITUDE (441-441 
 
 99 FLAG 10-NAV LONGITUDE - (442-442 
 
 100 FLAG 1 1-PRC VORTEX TEMPERATURE .(443-443 
 
 101 FLAG 1 2-PRC HUMIDITY (444-444 
 
 102 FLAG 1 3-PRC DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE(445-445 
 
 103 FLAG 1 4-PRC PITCH (446-446 
 
 104 FLAG 1 5-PRC ROLL (447-447 
 
 105 FLAG 1 6-PRC LIQUID WATER (448-448 
 
 106 FLAG 17-PRC ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE(449-449 
 
 107 FLAG 18-D-VALUE (450-450 
 
 108 PRC CSI(CALIB) (451-455 
 
 109 ORG OMEGA (456-460 
 
 110 UNUSED (461-463 
 
 111 PRC WIND DIRECTI0N(APN-153) ....(464-467 
 
 112 PRC WIND SPEED(APN-153) (468-471 
 
 113 UNUSED (472-480 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 Al 
 
 F5.2 
 
 F5.0 
 
 3X 
 
 F4.1 
 
 F4.1 
 
 9X 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 LETTER 
 
 CALIB 
 
 COUNTS 
 
 GARBAGE 
 
 DEGS 
 
 KNOTS 
 
 BLANKS 
 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 CODE 
 
 153 9999 
 153 9999 
 
 ******************************************************************************** 
 
 Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued) 
 
 160 
 
******************************************************** 
 
 * *** END 0F FILE 0R REEL record *** * 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 * * 
 
 * A SINGLE 480 CHARACTER RECORD WITH A LITERAL EOF OR EOR TO DETERMINE THE * 
 
 * ACTUAL END OF A SINGLE OR MULTI-REEL FILE * 
 
 * * 
 
 * IF END OF REEL WITH ANOTHER REEL TO FOLLOW. * 
 
 * 1 LITERAL = EOR (1-3) A3 EOR * 
 
 * 2 UNUSED ( 4-480) 477X BLANKS * 
 
 * IF END OF FILE WITH NO REELS TO FOLLOW. * 
 
 * 1 LITERAL = EOF (1-3) A3 EOF * 
 
 * 2 UNUSED ( 4-480) 477X BLANKS * 
 
 ************************************************************************************ 
 
 Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued) 
 
 161 
 
FIELD 46, roll or DA-153. DA-153 from original tape record if the 
 APN-153 was operating; otherwise derived from roll (FIELD 19), and/or data 
 cards. 
 
 FIELD 47, liquid water. Original liquid water counts (FIELD 20) and 
 RFF calibration information (see sec. 2.1.2), and/or data cards. 
 
 FIELD 48, magnetic variation. Derived from the NNV Program after 
 processing of latitude and longitude. 
 
 FIELD 49, Rosemount temperature. Original Rosemount temperature (FIELD 
 24), and/or data cards. 
 
 FIELD 54, true heading. FIELD 31 (MHDG) + FIELD 48 (MVAR) . 
 
 FIELD 55, track angle. FIELD 54 (THDG) + ((FIELD 33 (DA) or FIELD 46 
 (DA-153)). 
 
 Renavigated data consist of the following : 
 
 FIELD 34, wind direction. 270 - arctan (FIELD 37 (WV) /FIELD 36 (WU)). 
 
 FIELD 35, wind speed. (FIELD 36 (WU) 2 + (FIELD (WV) 2 ) 1 / 2 . 
 
 FIELD 36, wind U-component. FIELD 40 (TU) - sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)), or 
 data cards. 
 
 FIELD 37, wind V-component. FIELD 41 (TV) - cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)), or 
 data cards. 
 
 FIELD 38, processed latitude. Present FIELD 38 = past FIELD 38 + 
 (FIELD 41 (TV) * FIELD 26 (RATE) )/ 36000. 
 
 FIELD 39, processed longitude. Present FIELD 39 = past FIELD 39 - 
 (FIELD 40 (TU) * FIELD 26 (RATE) ) /36000 * cos (FIELD 38 (PLAT)/34377. 5) . 
 
 FIELD 40, track U-component. 
 
 (a) When APN-82 is used, 
 
 FIELD 32 (GS) * (sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 33 
 (DA)) + cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 33 (DA)). 
 
 (b) When APN-153 is used, 
 
 FIELD 45 (GS-153) * (sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 46 
 (DA-153)) + cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 46 (DA-153)). 
 
 (c) When a wind direction and wind speed are entered by data 
 card or the WU component (FIELD 26) is held constant for 
 a short time, TU is derived from sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) + 
 FIELD 36 (WU) . 
 
 162 
 
FIELD 41, track V-component . 
 
 (a) When APN-82 Is used, 
 
 FIELD 32 (GS) * (cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 33 
 (DA)) - sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 33 (DA))). 
 
 (b) When APN-153 is used, 
 
 FIELD 45 (GS-153) * (cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 46 
 (DA-153)) - sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 46 (DA-153))). 
 
 (c) When a wind direction and wind speed are entered by data 
 card or the WV component (FIELD 37) is held constant for 
 
 a short time, TV is derived from cos (CTAS) + FIELD 37 (WV) . 
 
 Corrected parameters are derived as follows : 
 
 FIELD 83, corrected latitude. FIELD 38 (PLAT) + correction from INTERN 
 card correction curve. 
 
 FIELD 84, corrected longitude. FIELD 39 (PLONG) + correction from INTERN 
 card correction curve. 
 
 FIELD 85, corrected wind direction. Modular 360 (270 - arctan (FIELD 88 
 (CWV) /FIELD 87 (CWU)). 
 
 FIELD 86, corrected wind speed. (FIELD 87 (CWU) 2 + FIELD 88 (CWV) 2 ) 1/2 . 
 
 FIELD 87, corrected wind U-component. Same as FIELD 36 (WU) , unless 
 corrections are applied. 
 
 FIELD 88, corrected wind V-component. Same as FIELD 37 (WV) , unless 
 corrections are applied. 
 
 Some final derived parameters are : 
 
 FIELD 56, parallel component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-153). From 
 sin (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WU component for APN-153 winds + cos (FIELD 55 (TRK)) 
 
 * WV component for APN-153 winds. 
 
 FIELD 57, perpendicular component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-153). 
 From cos (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WV component for APN-153 winds - sin (FIELD 55 
 (TRK)) * WU component for APN-153 winds. 
 
 FIELD 68, parallel component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-82). From 
 sin (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WU component for APN-82 winds + cos (FIELD 55 (TRK)) 
 
 * WV component for APN-82 winds. 
 
 FIELD 69, perpendicular component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-82). From 
 cos (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WV component for APN-82 winds - sin (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * 
 WU component for APN-82 winds. 
 
 163 
 
FIELD 58, corrected CSI specific humidity. FIELD 62 (CSI, MIXRATIO)/ 
 (1000 + FIELD 62) * 100. 
 
 FIELD 59, corrected specific humidity. FIELD 79 (MIXRATIO)/ (1000 + 
 FIELD 79) * 100. 
 
 The following mixing ratio parameters were computed based on the 
 article "An Approximation Formula to Compute Relative Humidity From Dry 
 Bulb and Dew Point Temperature," by Julius F. Bosen, Monthly Weather 
 Review , December 1968. 
 
 If we let 
 
 TEMP = FIELD 42 (VT) , 
 
 ABVT = FIELD 42 (VT) + 273.16°, 
 
 OCSI = FIELD 23A (CSI counts), 
 
 PRESS = FIELD 27 (pressure in mb) , and 
 
 HYGR = FIELD 43 (absolute humidity in gm/m) , 
 
 then we can derive dew point (FIELD 78), relative humidity (FIELD 80), and 
 mixing ratio (FIELD 79) from 
 
 E = 461.5 x 10" 6 * HYGR * ABVT, and 
 ES = 10 (22.5518 - (2937.4/ABVT) - 4.9283 * Alog (ABVT)), 
 
 giving 
 
 FIELD 78, dew point = (E/ES) , 
 
 FIELD 80, relative humidity = 100 * E/ES, and 
 
 FIELD 79, mixing ratio = (62200 * E)/((0.1 * PRESS) - E) . 
 
 FIELD 62, CSI mixing ratio, is derived from 
 
 ESI = ((OCSI + 112.111 - .1 * TEMP)/ (112. Ill + 9 * 
 * TEMP)^ 1 / 125 ) * ES, 
 
 from which 
 
 FIELD 62 = (62200 * ESl)/((.l * PRESS) - ESI) is obtained. 
 FIELD 70, reference level height. Determined by RA (FIELD 29). 
 FIELD 71, reference level temperature. Determined by RA (FIELD 29). 
 FIELD 72, lapse rate. Minus 1.7°C/1,000 ft for all flights. 
 
 164 
 
FIELD 73, adjusted vortex temperature. FIELD 42 (VT) - FIELD 72 (lapse) 
 
 * (FIELD 28 (PA) - FIELD 70 (RHT) ) . 
 
 FIELD 74, adjusted Rosemount temperature. FIELD 49 (ROSE) + ((FIELD 42 
 (VT) - FIELD 73 (AVT)). 
 
 FIELD 75, potential temperature. (FIELD 42 (VT) + 273.16 * (1/FIELD 29 
 (PRESS) )-28674 # 
 
 FIELD 76, D-value. FIELD 29 (RA) - FIELD 28 (PA). 
 
 FIELD 77, adjusted D-value. If we let 
 
 RA = FIELD 29, 
 
 PA = FIELD 28, 
 
 RH = FIELD 70, 
 
 VT - FIELD 42, 
 
 AVT = VT + 273.16, 
 
 RT = FIELD 71, and 
 
 LAPSE = FIELD 72, 
 
 then the adjusted D-value = RA - PA - (PA - RH) * ((VT + ( (RH - PA)/2) 
 
 * LAPSE) - RT)/PA. 
 
 FIELD 82, adjusted dew point. FIELD 78 (DEWP) + (FIELD 73 (AVT) - 
 FIELD 42 (VT)). 
 
 2.1.3.3 NNV Binary Tape Record 
 
 As stated in the preceding section, the second tape produced by NHRL 
 and modified for BOMAP is the NNV Binary Tape Record. Most of the elements 
 on this tape come directly from the NNV BCD Tape discussed in the preceding 
 section, with feet converted to meters and knots converted to meters per 
 second. The format for the NNV Binary Tape is given in table 2-14; the 
 logical record is described in table 2-15. 
 
 NOTE; A conversion error was made on the NNV Binary Tape. Multiply 
 RA, PA, and D-value by 0.9232. 
 
 The following parameters produced by the NNV Program not recorded 
 on the NNV BCD Tape Record were derived for and written on the NNV-BOMAP 
 Binary Tape: 
 
 For WORDS 34-37, the U and V wind components were generally derived in 
 the same way as FIELDS 36 and 37 on the BCD record (see preceding section). 
 When the APN-82 is used, the U and V components are derived from GS and DA. 
 When the APN-153 is used, these components are derived from GS-153 and 
 DA-153. 
 
 165 
 
It A II tlTJ tl II,-, tl 
 
 WORD 40 by the letters "A," "B, 
 
 and "D," or a blank, indicates 
 
 the "corridor" in which the aircraft was flying. These corridors consisted 
 of paths 60 n mi long along each of the four sides of the BOMEX array. The 
 southern corridor was designated "A," the eastern "B," the northern "C," and 
 the western "D." When the aircraft was flying in one of these corridors, 
 the TRACK ANGLE (FIELD 55) on the NNV BCD Tape (see preceding section) is 
 the angle formed between any two adjacent corners of the BOMEX array with 
 reference to north. This constant TRACK ANGLE is used in deriving the in- 
 formation in WORDS 26-29. A blank for WORD 40 indicates that the aircraft 
 was not flying in a corridor. 
 
 WORDS 41-42 are the corrections applied to CTAS and DA-153 based on 
 the WTASQ card described in section 2.1.3.1. 
 
 WORDS 43-44 are the corrections applied to CTAS and DA-153 based on 
 the WTAS53 card, also described in section 2.1.3.1. 
 
 Table 2-14. NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape Record format 
 
 Characteristic 
 
 Description 
 
 Tape mode 
 
 Tape density 
 
 Tracks 
 
 Record size (logical) 
 
 Block size (physical) 
 
 Word size 
 
 Reels 
 
 Binary, floating point, written 
 by a 60-bit register from the 
 CDC 6600 
 
 800 BPI 
 
 Seven 
 
 440 characters (44 x 10) 
 
 14,400 characters (440 x 60) 
 
 10 characters 
 
 Always single 
 
 NOTE: The first record of the tape is a tape label with the following infor- 
 mation in the first 10 words: 
 
 WORD (1,1) = 'BOMAP 
 WORD (2,1) = BCD date 
 
 'literal 
 
 WORD (3,1) - WORD (10,1) = FLIGHT card information 
 
 (see sec. 2.1.3.1) 
 
 In the last record, WORD (1,1) = -1. is followed by an end-of-file mark. 
 
 166 
 
Table 2-15. Logical record of NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape 
 
 Word 
 
 Contents 
 
 1 Manufactured time 
 
 2 Aircraft corrected latitude 
 
 3 Aircraft corrected longitude 
 
 4 True heading 
 
 5 Radar altitude 
 
 6 Pressure altitude 
 
 7 D-value 
 
 8 Pressure 
 
 9 Vortex temperature 
 
 10 Primary (Rosemount) temperature 
 
 11 Potential temperature 
 
 12 Specific humidity 
 
 13 Dew point 
 
 14 Relative humidity 
 
 15 Liquid water 
 
 16 Calculated true airspeed 
 
 17 Ground speed (APN-82) 
 
 18 Drift (APN-82) 
 
 19 APN-82 memory switch indicator 
 
 (l=off memory, 3=on memory) 
 
 20 Ground speed (APN-153) 
 
 21 Drift (APN-153) 
 
 22 APN-153 memory switch indicator 
 
 (0=on memory, l=off memory) 
 
 23 WU component of APN winds (APN-82 or APN-153) 
 
 
 Field No 
 
 
 from NNV 
 
 Units 
 
 BCD Tape 
 
 sec 
 
 25A-25C 
 
 deg 
 
 83 
 
 deg 
 
 84 
 
 deg 
 
 54 
 
 m 
 
 29 
 
 m 
 
 28 
 
 m 
 
 29,28 
 
 mb 
 
 27 
 
 °C 
 
 42 
 
 °C 
 
 49 
 
 °K 
 
 75 
 
 gm/kg 
 
 59 
 
 °C 
 
 58 
 
 % 
 
 80 
 
 gm/m 3 
 
 47 
 
 mps 
 
 30 
 
 mps 
 
 32 
 
 deg 
 
 33 
 
 count 
 
 22 
 
 mps 
 
 45 
 
 deg 
 
 33 
 
 count 
 
 23B 
 
 mps 
 
 87 
 
 167 
 
Table 2-15. Logical record of NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Word 
 
 Contents 
 
 Field No. 
 from NNV 
 Units BCD Tape 
 
 24 WV component of APN winds (APN-82 or APN-153) mps 
 
 25 Indicator of winds used for renavigation 
 
 (0=APN~-82) (1=APN-153) 
 
 26 APN-82 parrallel component to BOMEX array 
 
 27 APN-82 perpendicular component to BOMEX array 
 
 28 APN-153 parallel component to BOMEX array 
 
 29 APN-153 perpendicular component to BOMEX array 
 
 30 Corrected wind direction APN-82 
 
 31 Corrected wind speed APN-82 
 
 32 Corrected wind direction APN-153 
 
 33 Corrected wind speed APN-153 
 
 34 WU component for APN-82 winds 
 
 35 WV component for APN-82 winds 
 
 36 WU component for APN-153 winds 
 
 37 WV component for APN-153 winds 
 
 38 Absolute humidity 
 
 39 CSI original data 
 
 40 Letter indicator for the BOMEX array corridors 
 
 ("A", "B", "C", or "D") 
 
 41 True airspeed correction for APN-82 
 
 42 Drfit correction for APN-82 
 
 43 True airspeed correction for APN-153 
 
 44 Drift correction for APN-153 
 
 88 
 
 count 
 
 — 
 
 m 
 
 68 
 
 m 
 
 69 
 
 m 
 
 56 
 
 m 
 
 57 
 
 deg 
 
 85 
 
 mps 
 
 86 
 
 deg 
 
 111 
 
 mps 
 
 112 
 
 mps 
 
 — 
 
 mps 
 
 — 
 
 mps 
 
 — 
 
 mps 
 
 — 
 
 gm/nW 
 
 43 
 
 count 
 
 23A 
 
 iteral 
 
 — 
 
 mps 
 
 — 
 
 deg 
 
 — 
 
 mps 
 
 — 
 
 deg 
 
 — 
 
 168 
 
2.1.6 RFF Aircraft Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 The RFF tapes are written in binary coded decimal (BCD) format at 
 800 bits per inch. Most tapes contain data for two flights, one flight per 
 file. The two files are separated by four physical end-of-file marks and 
 another four follow the second file. A few tapes contain data for only one 
 flight. 
 
 The first record in each file is a header record (see fig. 2-2) of 
 1,440 alpha numeric characters that describe the data records. The second 
 and subsequent records are data records, each of which contains data for 20 
 observations taken at 1-sec intervals. Each observation consists of 43 ele- 
 ments in the format shown in table 2-16. Missing data may be recorded as 99, 
 999, 9999, 99999, *9, *99, *999, or *9999. 
 
 Note that the header record format specifications, as comparison between 
 figure 2-2 and table 2-16 shows, are incorrect for several elements. Note also 
 that because the archived tapes were prepared from data on the NNV Binary 
 Tape, there is an error in elements 5 and 6 (radar altitude and pressure 
 altitude). As indicated in section 2.1.3.3, to correct this error, multiply 
 the value on the tape by 0.9232. 
 
 Characteristics of the RFF Aircraft Data To Be Considered Before Use in 
 Analysis . 
 
 The following notes were made by personnel of the National Hurricane Re- 
 search Laboratory (NHRL) while reviewing the processed RFF renavigated flight 
 track data. Note that when either the APN-153 or APN-82 Doppler navigation 
 system was on memory, the equipment was operating improperly due to either 
 altitude limits of the Doppler, flight characteristics of the aircraft, or 
 state of the sea surface. The winds derived from such data are therefore 
 suspect. The reference below to navigation error is defined as the error in 
 a manually derived correction to the Doppler navigated track from independent 
 navigation fixes reported by the RFF flight crew. (Sources of these fixes 
 were Omega, fixed-ship positions on station, known position from radar targets, 
 etc.). These errors were found. on recomputation of the navigation correction 
 by NHRL personnel. These notes and others are listed below in chronological 
 order and are by no means complete for any one mission, nor do they cover all 
 missions. The comments should be interpreted as typical characteristics to 
 be expected in the data and should be evaluated by the user before analysis. 
 
 690504B . A few winds from the APN-153 at 114230 GMT (hrs, min, sec) appear 
 suspect. A navigation error of 10 n mi at longitude 59°39 , W while 
 all other corrections are within 1.8 n mi. 
 
 690504E . Navigation is good. WNW wind of over 5 mps found from 1708 to 1758 
 and 1952 to 2050. A 1-sec observation missing from tape every 20 
 to 30 sec. 
 
 690505A1 . Navigation error within +2 n mi. APN-153 and APN-82 on memory 
 most of the time. 
 
 169 
 
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 o <c 
 
 O I— 
 
 r-^ O 
 
 o 1— 
 
 CO «=C 
 
 1— o_ 
 
 o o 
 
 <C 1— U_ Ll_ 
 
 I— 
 
 <=E _n Q 
 
 Q I— Q. 
 
 •— I O- CO 
 
 _i 3 LU — *^.^- 
 
 <=C •> I— CC CM CM CM 
 
 C_) CO .— - < wOOCOCO -—> -—»«"—. 
 1— < o_ 1— 1 3<z22nnn 
 
 COLUCO Q.D.D.LOLOLO — - 
 >- I— O •LUcaTcC'CCi — 1 — 1 — CM 
 _C CJ> ' -O * 'LO 
 
 Q-ea; _ct— ■ o_ co < 3 co «=t 3 — ' 
 Q-00__ll— CD Q CO CD O CO Q 
 • <C 1 1 I ■ I 1 1 I I 1 I 
 
 co_ncMco-d-LO(_Drv.coo^Oi— cm 
 
 Ll_Oi— <— i— 1— 1— 1— 1— 1— CMCMCM 
 
 o 
 
 LUOi — 1—1 — 1 — 1—1 — r— 1 — 1 — 1—1 — 
 
 00 
 
 *3" 1 — LO^LOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOCO 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 CO 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 CM 
 CO 
 
 LOi — LOLnLOLO<^*t^^-LO 1 — 
 
 Lj_L!_Li_Li_L!_L_.L_.Li_Li_U_I__ O 
 
 CM 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 O 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 (JD 
 
 < 
 O 
 CO 
 
 <o 
 o 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 Q <XL 
 
 o_ o_ o_ 
 
 CO _J _l LU I— J— I— CM 
 
 ♦>__: cu <C <C o_ - — ^co 
 
 — -o __: _o x _c 
 
 • o >— 1 o_ co co lu 2: o_ 
 
 Q-LULU CD Q "=a: CO CO I— LU I— 1 
 
 <tos:H-:<QLU_jc_toi — — o_ 
 in h<oli<_;_:ooo co 
 uxi-_i-)ic_-.L_>c_L-aLO 
 
 CJ> I I I I I I I I I I I o 
 
 <=Ci — CMCO-3-LOVOr^COCr>Or— CM 
 O LU 1— 1— CO 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 QJ 
 (0 
 
 a> 
 
 -a 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 •H 
 •U 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 M-l 
 •H 
 
 aj 
 
 13 
 tfl 
 a) 
 
 PC 
 
 CN 
 CN 
 
 a) 
 u 
 
 60 
 'H 
 
 170 
 
Table 2-16. Variables in data record 
 
 No. Variable Format Field positions 
 
 1 Time into the day from 
 
 00 GMT, sec 
 
 2 Corrected latitude 
 
 3 Corrected longitude 
 
 4 Heading, degrees true 
 
 5 Radar altitude, whole meters 
 
 6 Pressure altitude, whole meters 
 
 7 Pressure altitude, mb and tenths 
 
 8 Vortex temperature, °C 
 
 9 Rosemount temperature, °C 
 
 10 Potential temperature, °K 
 
 11 Specific humidity (IRH) , gm/kg 
 
 12 Specific humdiity (CSI) , gm/kg 
 
 13 Relative humidity, % 
 
 14 Liquid water, counts 
 
 15 True airspeed, m/sec 
 
 16 Ground speed (APN-82) , m/sec 
 
 17 Drift angle (APN-82) , deg 
 
 18 Memory switch (APN-82) , 
 
 1 - operating 
 
 - on memory 
 
 19 Ground speed (APN-153) , mps F4.1 77-80 
 
 20 Drift angle (APN-153), deg F4.1 81-84 
 
 21 Memory switch (APN-153), II 85 
 
 1 - operating 
 - on memory 
 
 171 
 
 F5.0 
 
 1-5 
 
 F4.2 
 
 6-9 
 
 F5.2 
 
 10 - 14 
 
 F5.2 
 
 15 - 19 
 
 F5.0 
 
 20 - 24 
 
 F5.0 
 
 25 - 29 
 
 F5.1 
 
 30 - 34 
 
 F5.1 
 
 35 - 39 
 
 F5.2 
 
 40 - 44 
 
 F5.2 
 
 45 - 49 
 
 F3.1 
 
 50 - 52 
 
 F3.1 
 
 53 - 55 
 
 F4.1 
 
 56 - 59 
 
 F4.1 
 
 60 - 63 
 
 F4.1 
 
 64 - 67 
 
 F4.1 
 
 68 - 71 
 
 F4.1 
 
 72 - 75 
 
 11 
 
 76 
 
Table 2-16. Variables in data record (continued) 
 
 No. Variable 
 
 Format 
 
 Field 
 
 posit] 
 
 F5.1 
 
 86 
 
 - 90 
 
 F5.1 
 
 91 
 
 - 95 
 
 11 
 
 96 
 
 
 F5.1 
 
 97 
 
 - 101 
 
 F5.1 
 
 102 
 
 - 106 
 
 F5.1 
 
 107 
 
 - Ill 
 
 F5.1 
 
 112 
 
 - 116 
 
 F4.1 
 
 117 
 
 - 120 
 
 F4.1 
 
 121 
 
 - 124 
 
 F4.1 
 
 125 
 
 - 128 
 
 F4.1 
 
 129 
 
 - 132 
 
 F5.1 
 
 133 
 
 - 137 
 
 F5.1 
 
 138 
 
 - 142 
 
 F5.1 
 
 143 
 
 - 147 
 
 F5.1 
 
 148 
 
 - 152 
 
 F4.2 
 
 153 
 
 - 156 
 
 F5.2 
 
 157 
 
 - 161 
 
 A3 
 
 162 
 
 - 164 
 
 F4.1 
 
 165 
 
 - 168 
 
 F4.1 
 
 169 
 
 - 172 
 
 F4.1 
 
 173 
 
 - 176 
 
 F4.1 
 
 177 
 
 - 180 
 
 22 U wind component 
 (APN-82 or APN-153) , mps 
 
 23 V wind component 
 (APN-82 or APN-153), mps 
 
 24 Indicator for U and V components 
 (0 = APN-82, 1 = APN-153), mps 
 
 25 Wind parallel (APN-82) , mps 
 
 26 Wind perpendicular (APN-82) mps 
 
 27 Wind parallel (APN-153) , mps 
 
 28 Wind perpendicular (APN-153), mps 
 
 29 Wind direction (APN-82), deg 
 
 30 Wind speed (APN-82), mps 
 
 31 Wind direction (APN-153), deg 
 
 32 Wind speed (APN-153), mps 
 
 33 U wind component (APN-82), mps 
 
 34 V wind component (APN-82), mps 
 
 35 U wind component (APN-153), mps 
 
 36 V wind component (APN-153), mps 
 
 37 Absolute humidity (IRH) 
 
 38 Dew point (CSI) 
 
 39 Corridor indicator 
 
 40 True airspeed correction (APN-82) 
 
 41 Drift angle correction (APN-82) 
 
 42 True airspeed correction (APN-153) 
 
 43 Drift angle correction (APN-153) 
 
 172 
 
690509B1 . Navigation error within + 0.1 n mi. APN-82 short period on memory 
 around 1800. 
 
 690509E1 . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Short period on memory between 
 1530 and 1533 and at end of flight. Occasional bad radar altitude 
 and D-values . 
 
 690510A1 . Navigation error within + 3.2 n mi. Considerable APN-82 memory con- 
 ditions and occasional APN-153 memory conditions. 
 
 690511A . Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1161 to 
 1945 and APN-153 on memory short periods of time. 
 
 690511B . Eight navigation errors within + 2.0 to + 4.0 n mi, with maximum 
 
 differences of 5.6 n mi. Period of Doppler memory between 1234 and 
 1332. 
 
 690511E . Navigation errors within + 1 n mi. Data missing from 1319 to 1335. 
 Last navigation fix before missing data at 1236. 
 
 690512A . Navigation error of + 9.6 n mi at 171030. APN-82 on memory during 
 short periods of time during flight. APN-153 on memory near the 
 end of the flight. 
 
 690512B . Navigation error of + 6.2 n mi in latitude and +8.6 n mi in longi- 
 tude at 184340. Short periods of memory throughout the flight. 
 
 690514A. Navigation error of + 12.8 n mi in longitude at 140820. APN-82 on 
 memory from 1247 to 1320, 1501 to 1533, 1629 to 1645, and 1725 to 
 1742. 
 
 690517A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi except for longitude error of 
 
 +2.7 n mi at 172254. APN-82 on memory from 1631 to 1654 and 1740 
 to 1803. 
 
 690522A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 2236 to 
 2248. 
 
 690524A . Navigation error within + 1.6 n mi. Data on tape ends at 012330, 
 but navigation log indicates flight over at 014707. APN-82 on 
 memory from 1942 to 2105, 2159 to 2246, and 2346 to 0059, in addi- 
 tion to other short periods during flight. APN-153 on memory from 
 2007 to 2014, 2038 to 2046, and 2048 to 2056. 
 
 690526B . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi except for + 6.2-n-mi difference 
 at 121834. APN-153 on memory short periods of time during flight. 
 APN-153 no good until 140340. 
 
 690526E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Occasional memory conditions 
 
 on Dopplers. Pressure altitude shows erroneous values occasionally. 
 
 173 
 
690527A . Navigation good. APN-82 on memory from 1341 to 1430, 1515 to 1533, 
 1600 to 1628, 1726, to 1804, 2019 to 2101, and 2127 to 2131. 
 
 690527B . Navigation within + 1.0 n mi except for an error of + 2.0 n mi at 
 201515. APN-82 on memory for short periods of time. 
 
 690527E . All navigation errors within + 1.5 n mi. No APN-153 winds after 
 1752. 
 
 690529A . Pressure malfunctioned throughout flight. Pressure shows a constant 
 value of 908.5 mb throughout flight. 
 
 690601A1 . Navigation error within + 1.5 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1338 to 
 1500 and APN-153 from 1444 to 1452 and other shorter periods. 
 
 690601A2 . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1805 to 
 1905, 2001 to 2106, and other short periods. APN-153 on memory 
 from 1827 to 1833, 1852 to 1904, 2023 to 2034, and 2057 to 2104. 
 
 690601B . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1506 to 
 1510, 1618 to 1630, 1638 to 1648, 1813 to 1824, and 1850 to 1855. 
 APN-153 shows no memory. 
 
 690601E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Occasional instances of Doppler 
 memory. 
 
 690602E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Occasional Doppler memory 
 periods . 
 
 690603A . Navigation error within + 1.8 n mi. APN-153 shows few memory condi- 
 tions, but APN-82 on memory from 1340 to 1356, 1411 to 1430, 1503 
 to 1520, 1555 to 1619, 1635 to 1652, 1720 to 1818, and 1845 to 1902. 
 
 690603E . Navigation error within + 1.6 n mi. Occasional Doppler memory 
 condition. 
 
 690607A . Navigation error within + 10.0 n mi. Sporadic Doppler memory con- 
 ditions throughout flight. 
 
 690607B . Navigation error within + 1.5 n mi, except at 194610, with a lati- 
 tude error of + 18.2 n mi and a longitude error of + 41.0 n mi. 
 APN-82 on memory for short periods of time; APN-153 on memory from 
 1124 to 1134, 1317 to 1337, 1346 to 1415, and 1429 to 1437. A 
 W to NW wind at beginning of flight. 
 
 690609A . No winds or navigation after 1400. Flight began at 1007 and ended 
 at 2153. Pressure maintained a constant value throughout flight. 
 
 690609B . Navigation error within + 2 n mi except for a + 10.6-n-mi longitude 
 error at 203730. Few short periods of Doppler memory. 
 
 174 
 
69Q609E . Navigation error within + 1 n mi except for + 9.8-n-mi longitude 
 error on last position of flight. 
 
 690621A . Navigation error within + 1 n mi. APN-153 on memory only occasion- 
 ally; APN-82 on memory from 1904 to 2004 and 2012 to 2106. 
 
 690622A . Navigation error less than + 1 n mi except for + 9.8-n-mi error at 
 1412. APN-153 on memory only occasionally, but APN-82 on memory 
 from 1142 to 1223, 1409 to 1428, and 2025 to 2116. 
 
 690622B . Navigation error within + 2.2 n mi, with an error of + 5.2 n mi at 
 183850. Few Doppler memory conditions. 
 
 690622E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Very few Doppler memory condi- 
 tions . 
 
 690623A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-153 on memory very few times, 
 but APN-82 on memory from 2324 to 0010. 
 
 690623E . Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi with + 3.8-n-mi error at 002246. 
 
 690625B . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Very few Doppler memory condi- 
 tions. 
 
 690625E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. From 2353 to 0001, winds appear 
 to be above average velocity from the north. Few Doppler memory 
 conditions. 
 
 690628A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 winds appear bad from 
 1529 to 1825, but Doppler not on memory. 
 
 690628E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Data on tape end at 201330, 
 
 while flight ended at 2026. Time jump from 180820 to 183431 due to 
 in-flight tape change. 
 
 690629A . APN-82 and APN-153 equipment malfunctioned throughout flight. No 
 navigation data or winds available. Pressure at constant value 
 throughout flight. 
 
 690629B . Last longitude in error by + 4.0 n mi. Time 1330 should read 1230. 
 
 690629E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi except for longitude error of 
 + 9.6 n mi at 1650. No periods of Doppler memory. 
 
 690630A . Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi except for + 9.4-n-mi error in 
 latitude and + 10.0-n-mi error in longitude at 2140. APN-82 on 
 memory from 1457 to 1508, 2058 to 2133, and other short periods. 
 
 690630B . Navigation error within + 1.6 n mi. A few short periods of Doppler 
 memory conditions. 
 
 175 
 
690702A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi with a + 3.2-n-mi error in longi- 
 tude at 200930. APN-82 Doppler memory conditions from 1504 to 1623, 
 1639 to 1643, 1651 to 1721, and other shorter periods. 
 
 690713A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 memory conditions from 
 
 1541 to 1619, 1712 to 1726, and 1802 to 1811. APN-153 memory condi- 
 tions from 1700 to 1711, 1742 to 1754, 1854 to 1805, and 1938 to 
 2011. Bad winds from APN-82 from 2042 to 2114. ■ 
 
 690713B . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1338 to 
 1437, 1508 to 1512, 1525 to 1532, 1652 to 1646, and 1659 to 1710. 
 APN-153 on memory from 1659 to 1713, 1744 to 1818, 1854 to 1906, 
 1930 to 2011, and other shorter periods. 
 
 690713E . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. All equipment shut down at 1551. 
 
 690714A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. 
 
 690714B . Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi. APN-153 on memory from 1439 to 
 1448, 1510 to 1525, and 1851 to 1900. APN-82 winds bad last few 
 minutes of flight. 
 
 690720A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Few Doppler memory conditions. 
 Flight data on tape begin at 154652. 
 
 690720B . Navigation error within + 1.2 n mi. APN-153 on memory from 1556 to 
 1613, 1707 to 1716, 1749 to 1804, 1941 to 1949, and 1958 to 2002. 
 
 690721E . Navigation error within + 0.6 n mi. Very few Doppler memory condi- 
 tions . 
 
 690723A . Navigation error within + 0.6 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1451 to 
 1554, 1702 to 1831, and 2040 to 2150. APN-153 on memory from 1733 
 to 1746. 
 
 690726A . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1336 to 
 1339, 1344 to 1350, and 1501 to 1509. 
 
 690726B . Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-153 on memory from beginn- 
 ing of flight to 1200, from 1228 to 1352, 1427 to 1445, and 1447 to 
 the end of the flight. APN-82 on memory from 1411 to 1423. 
 
 176 
 
2.1.7 RFF Photographic and Radar Data and Archive Format 
 
 Radar scope photographs taken by RFF aircraft are available for 
 selected days in 35-mm black and white positive film with synchronized time 
 reference appearing on each frame. Data from the following radar scopes are 
 available: 
 
 APS-20E 10-cm radar PPI scope (RRR DC-6 39C and 40C only). 
 WP-101 5.6-cm radar PPI scope (RFF DC-6 39C and 40C only). 
 RDR-ID 3.2-cm radar RHI presentation (RFF DC-6 39C and 40C only). 
 APS-42A 3.2-cm radar PPI scope (RFF DC-4 82E only). 
 
 Cloud photographs of cloud systems along the flight tracks of the DC-6 
 39C and 40C were. taken by: 
 
 (a) One 16-mm forward-viewing camera time-lapsed to expose 1 frame 
 every 2 sec with time synchronized data chamber appearing on each 
 frame. Record is in Ektochrome color. 
 
 (b) Two 35-mm side-viewing time-lapsed cameras recording 90° each side 
 of the heading of the aircraft with wide-angle lenses exposing 1 
 frame every 5 sec. Record is in 35-mm black and white positive 
 film. Synchronized clocks appear on each frame. 
 
 The archived radar photographs are registered copies of the original 
 film. The original cloud photographs (forward and side-viewing) are stored 
 at the BOMAP Office. Registered copies of the originals will be made upon 
 request. 
 
 The date, beginning time, and ending time of each reel of 35-mm radar 
 film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, was read from the film by the BOMAP staff. 
 In some instances, these entries may not appear correct. For example, the 
 time period of the radar data does not coincide with the actual flight time 
 of the aircraft. Such anomalies can be corrected by the user through review 
 of the preceding sections, describing the procedures followed in processing 
 the RFF data, and of the RFF Flight Folder (sec. 2.1.8) and the RFF Photo- 
 graphic Quality Review Log (sec. 2.1.9). 
 
 2.1.8 RFF Flight Folder 
 
 A folder was prepared for each RFF flight, containing a complete 
 history of the day's operation. The following is included in the folder: 
 
 Detailed Flight Program - RFF-1 Work Form . Lists date and takeoff and landing 
 times; proposed flight patterns and actual flight patterns; takeoff data from 
 aircraft for comparison with meteorological ground observation; and remarks 
 pertinent to the mission. 
 
 Flight Information - RFF-2 Work Form . Contains navigation information and 
 Event Light assignments; and crew list. 
 
 177 
 
Flight Data - RFF-3 Work Form . Equipment log for meteorological and photo- 
 graphic equipment; recorder operations log; and dropsonde data. 
 
 Digital Station Log - RFF-4 Work Form . Contains camera operation log; digi- 
 tal operation; inventory of data outputs; and remarks on interruptions, power 
 outages, etc. 
 
 Radar Station Log - RFF-5 Work Form . Log of the operation of all radar 
 equipment and operation, with pertinent remarks. 
 
 RFF Time Check Form . Log of data chamber and clock times from radar and 
 cloud cameras versus digital time from digital recorder with corrections for 
 synchronization with total data package. 
 
 Electronic Status and Meteorological Systems In-Flight Data Log . Lists 
 electronic outages and malfunctions at beginning, during, and at end of 
 flight. 
 
 Event Log . A chronological log kept by the flight meteorologist, reporting 
 mission progress and the time of significant events. (Useful in locating 
 specific information on the NNV tape for programming or special interest.) 
 
 Navigation Log . A record of the aircraft position with a Doppler correction 
 record for updating the Doppler to true position. (The corrections have 
 been incorporated into the NNV tape.) 
 
 The RFF Flight Folders are archived on 35-mm microfilm. It is important 
 for any user to review these folders when evaluating data from a mission. 
 Each sheet has a flight (mission) ID number somewhere near the top of the 
 page, as shown in the following example: 
 
 where 
 
 90502A, 
 
 9 - CY 1969 
 
 05 = May (06 for June; 07 for July) 
 
 02 = Day of month (May 2) 
 
 A = DC-6 39C (B for DC-6 40C; E for DC-4 82E) 
 
 178 
 
2.1.9 RFF Photographic Quality Review Log 
 
 Following the field phase of BOMEX, RFF personnel reviewed all 
 cloud, photopanel, and radar film acquired aboard the RFF aircraft. These 
 log sheets indicate the quality of the processed film, any discrepancies 
 found, and corrections of discrepancies for each mission flown during May 
 and June. 
 
 The log sheets are archived on 35-mm microfilm and should be used in 
 conjunction with the appropriate RFF Flight Folder (see sec. 2.1.8). The 
 Quality Review Log sheets are arranged in chronological order. Each mis- 
 sion is identified in accordance with the following example: 
 
 where 
 
 90504APP, 
 
 9 = CY 1969 
 
 05 = May (06 for June; 07 for July) 
 
 04 = Day of month (May 4) 
 
 A = DC-6 39C (B for DC-6 40C; E for DC-4 82E) 
 
 PP = Photo panel (F for nose camera; R for right- 
 side camera; L for left-side camera). 
 
 179 
 
2.2.0 NAVY AND AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT DATA 
 
 Weather reconnaissance data obtained by the Navy WC-121 and the Air Force 
 WB-47, RB-57, and WC-130 were recorded on the BOMEX RECCO Code (Aerial Meteor- 
 ological Reconnaissance Reporting Code) Form. Radar scope photographs were 
 taken by the Navy WC-121 aircraft and the Air Force WB-47 aircraft, and drop- 
 sonde data were obtained by the Air Force WC-130. 
 
 2.2.1 RECCO Data 
 
 The RECCO Code form, shown in figure 2-3, was hand-tabulated by 
 the flight crews aboard all the Navy and Air Force aircraft. These forms 
 were forwarded to the BOMAP Office, where they were transcribed on regular 
 coding forms, on which the original 71 columns from RECCO were preserved in- 
 tact, and only columns 72 through 80 were redesignated, as follows: 
 
 Columns 72, 73, and 74 . Sea surface temperature (degrees, tenths of °C) . 
 
 Column 75 . Pressure indicator. If columns 34 through 36 on RECCO showed 
 pressure in millibars, code 1 was entered in column 75 on the 
 transcription form. 
 
 Column 76 . Altitude indicator. Group 9xxx9 at the top of the page indicated 
 the number to be entered. For example, 97779 was coded as 7 in 
 column 76 of the transcription form. 
 
 Column 77 . Aircraft identifier: Code 3 for Navy A/C 141323; 6 for Navy A/C 
 137896; 8 for Navy A/C 143198; 1 for earlier or only Air Force 
 flight for that day; and 2 for second Air Force flight for that 
 day. 
 
 Columns 78, 79, and 80 . Date, e.g., 522 for May 22. 
 
 The notes referred to by number at the bottom of the form, which served 
 as guides in encoding tha data are listed below. The tables referred to 
 just below the column head on the form, which were also used in the encoding, 
 are shown in figure 2-4. 
 
 Notes 
 
 9. GGgg and Y - The time the aircraft is on the vertical axis of the obser- 
 vation cylinder is reported for "GGgg." All elements are observed, inso- 
 far as practicable, when the aircraft is at the point of observation or 
 in proximity thereto. The actual time of observation is the time at 
 which the observing of all elements is completed. All times (GGgg) and 
 the day of the week (Y) are given in Greenwich Mean Time. The day report- 
 ed for Y is the day on which the observation is taken and NOT the day on 
 which it is transmitted. 
 
 180 
 

 
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 181 
 
10. L a L a L a and L L L - The latitude and longitude of the point, at which 
 the flight level observation is made, are reported for "L a L a L a " and 
 "L L L ," respectively. Tenths of a degree are obtained by dividing 
 the number of minutes by 6, disregarding the remainder. The hundreds 
 digit is omitted from longitudes 100° to 180°, inclusive. 
 
 12. f ' - The average flight condition existing during the time required to 
 make the flight level observation is reported for "f^." 
 
 13. hhh - The true altitude of the aircraft at the time of the flight level 
 observation is reported to the nearest 100-ft or 30-m level (e.g., when 
 the aircraft is 50 ft or more above a 100-ft level, the next higher level 
 is reported for "hhh") . 
 
 14. dt - When code figure 9 is reported, the distance over which the wind is 
 averaged is added at the end of the message in plain language. 
 
 15. d a and ddfff - When code figure 8 is reported for "d a ," five solidi 
 (i.e., /////) are reported for the "ddfff" group. The complete specifi- 
 cations for d (see table 8, fig. 2-4) are: 
 
 a. 
 
 90% to 100% reliable. Multiple drift with closed wind star, 
 or small open star when winds are 50 kt or greater. Short 
 radar wind runs. 
 
 75% to 100% reliable. Multiple drift with small open star or 
 double drift or single drift with average ground speed by 
 timing. Short radar run. 
 
 80% to 100% reliable. Fix-to-fix winds using the following 
 pin-point visual fixes, radar fixes or accurate Loran fixes 
 using good ground waves. 
 
 75% to 90% reliable. Fix-to-fix winds using two or three lines 
 of positions (LOPs), either Loran, celestial, radio or sight 
 bearings, or any combination of the above three when all lines 
 of position are considered reliable. 
 
 60% to 80% reliable. Winds obtained using single drift and 
 single LOP (speed line), air plot, etc. 
 
 50% to 75% reliable. Fix-to-fix winds using two or three lines 
 of position, either Loran, celestial, radio or sight bearings, 
 or any combination of the above three when one of the lines is 
 not considered reliable. 
 
 Less than 50% reliable. Winds obtained by any of the above 
 methods which the navigator believes to be inaccurate or of 
 questionable accuracy.. 
 
 
 182 
 
7 No reliability. Assumed or estimated winds. 
 
 8 No wind. Navigator unable to determine a wind. 
 
 9 Not used. 
 
 16. TT - Free-air temperature (corrected for calibration, installation, and 
 dynamic heating effects) at flight level (hhh) at the time of observa- 
 tion is reported for "TT" to the nearest whole degree Celsius. 
 
 When the temperature is below zero, 50 is added to the absolute value of 
 the temperature and the sum is reported for "TT." The hundreds figure, 
 if any, resulting from this addition is disregarded. 
 
 17. T^T^ - When the wet-bulb temperature is below -35°C, "//" is reported 
 for "TdTd." Dew point is used to indicate the moisture content of the 
 air in United States RECCO reports (see note 16) . 
 
 18. w - The specification most descriptive of the weather existing at the 
 time of observation is reported for "w." Code figure 2 is reported when 
 the total amount of cloud above or below the aircraft is 7/8 or more. 
 
 19. m - The information which best amplifies the present weather reported 
 for "w" is reported for "m." 
 
 20. lk n NxN2N3 - If data on more than three layers of cloud are reported, 
 a second lk n N]^N2N3 group plus the required number of ChhHH groups are 
 inserted in the message following the last of the first three ChhHH 
 groups. The additional number of layers (i.e., exclusive of the first 
 three layers) being reported is given for "k n " in the second lk n N^N2N3 
 group. The coverage of the additional cloud layers is reported for 
 
 N]_, N2, and N3 in the second group, as required. When no clouds exist, 
 the lk n NiN2N3 and ChhHH groups are omitted from the message. 
 
 21. k n - When clouds are present in indefinite layers (chaotic sky), code 
 figure 9 is reported for "k^." If it is impossible to determine that 
 clouds exist (due to darkness or for other reasons) a "/" is reported 
 for "k n ." When a cloud layer is present but data on the type, the ex- 
 tent of coverage, and altitude can not be observed, "/'s" are reported 
 for N, C, hh, and HH, as appropriate; however, the layer will be in- 
 cluded in the number of layers reported for "k n " (see note 22) . 
 
 22. N]_, N2, N3 - The amount of cloud reported for N]_, N2, etc., is the 
 amount in the individual layer as though no other clouds were present; 
 i.e., the summation concept is not used. The cloud layers are reported 
 in the message in ascending order according to altitude of the base. 
 When code figure 9 is reported for "k n ," the value reported for "N^" is 
 the total amount of cloud coverage present and "//" is reported for 
 "N2N3." When a "/" is reported for '%," "999" is reported for "N^N^" 
 (see note 21) . 
 
 183 
 
23. ChhHH - This group is included in the message for each layer of clouds 
 reported by "k^ 1 and described by N]_, N2, etc. 
 
 24. C - The type of cloud predominating in the layer is reported as "C." 
 
 25. hh and HHH - The average altitude of both the base and top of the cloud 
 layer reported for "C" is reported for "hh" and "HH," respectively. 
 
 26. 4ddff and 5DFSD^ - Surface data are reported in this group. Surface 
 wind data are included in each low-level report. Either or both of the 
 groups may be included in the message if required. 
 
 27. dd - The estimated direction (true) from which the surface wind is 
 blowing is reported for "dd" (see note 28) . 
 
 28. ff - The estimated speed of the surface wind is reported for "ff." In 
 the range of 100-199 kt, inclusive, the hundreds figure is omitted and 
 the tens and the units values are reported for "ff" and 50 is added to 
 the value normally reported for "dd." For speeds in excess of 199 kt, 
 "//" is reported for "ff" and the actual speed is reported in plain 
 language at the end of the message. 
 
 29. D - The estimated direction (true) from which the surface wind is 
 blowing is reported for "D." 
 
 30. F - The estimated force of the surface wind is reported. When the speed 
 exceeds Force 9, code figure 9 is reported for "F" and a plain-language 
 remark is added at the end of the flight level portion of the message 
 giving the actual Beaufort Force as "GALE TEN," "STORM ELEVEN," or 
 "HURRICANE TWELVE." 
 
 31. Djr - The true direction FROM which the swell is moving is reported for 
 "Dk-" Code figure is reported for "no swell" and code figure 9 is 
 reported to indicate "confused" swell. When the waves are from several 
 directions, the direction from which the wave of longest period is trav- 
 traveling is reported. 
 
 32. 6W S S S W C D W - Two 6-groups may be included in the message to report two 
 significant weather changes, and/or two weather phenomena off course, or 
 two combinations thereof. 
 
 33. W s - Significant weather changes which have occurred since the last 
 observation, or in the preceding hour (whichever period is shorter) 
 along the track of the aircraft are reported for "W s ." 
 
 34. S s - The distance from the present position back to the location of the 
 
 significant weather change (W g ) is reported for "S s ." 
 
 35. W_ - Any off-course weather condition of importance which is not included 
 or implied in the specification reported for present weather, will be 
 reported for "W c ." The information reported for "W c " supplements the 
 present weather (w) (see notes 2, 18, 54, and 55). 
 
 184 
 
Table 2 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 °C, No humidity report 
 
 1 
 
 °C, Relative humidity 
 
 2 
 
 °C. , Diff. between dry bulb and wet bulb temp. 
 
 3 
 
 °C. , Diff. between dry bulb and dew point temp. 
 
 4 
 
 °C. , Dew point 
 
 Table 3 
 
 1 
 
 Sunday 
 
 2 
 
 Monday ! 
 
 3 
 
 Tuesday 
 
 4 
 
 Wednesday 
 
 5 
 
 Thursday 
 
 6 
 
 Friday 
 
 7 
 
 Saturday 
 
 Table 4 
 
 
 
 0° - 
 
 90°W~> 
 
 
 1 
 
 90° - 
 
 180°W / 
 
 North 
 
 2 
 
 180° - 
 
 90°E j 
 
 Lati- 
 
 3 
 
 90° - 
 
 0°E J 
 
 tude 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 0° - 
 
 90°W> 
 
 | 
 
 6 
 
 90° - 
 
 180°W / 
 
 South 
 
 7 
 
 180° - 
 
 90°E 
 
 Lati- 
 
 8 
 
 90° - 
 
 0°E J 
 
 tude 
 
 Table 6 
 
 f 
 
 c 
 
 Total amount of cloud less than 1/8 
 
 1 Total cloud amount at least 1/8, with either 1/8 - 4/8 
 
 above or 1/8 - 4/8 below, or combinations thereof 
 
 2 Cloud amount more than 4/8 above and 0-4/8 below 
 
 3 Cloud amount - 4/8 above and more than 4/8 below 
 
 4 Cloud amount more than 4/8 above and more than 4/8 below 
 
 5 Chaotic sky - many undefined layers 
 
 6 In and out of clouds, on instruments 25% of time 
 
 7 In and out of clouds, on instruments 50% of time 
 
 8 In and out of clouds, on instruments 75% of time 
 
 9 In clouds all of the time, continuous instrument flight 
 / Impossible to determine due to darkness 
 
 Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding. 
 
 185 
 
Table 7 
 
 Spot wind 
 
 1 Winds averaged 
 
 2 Winds averaged 
 
 3 Winds averaged 
 
 4 Winds averaged 
 
 5 Winds averaged 
 
 6 Winds averaged 
 
 7 Winds averaged 
 
 8 Winds averaged 
 
 9 Winds averaged 
 
 over 
 
 100 
 
 naut . 
 
 over 
 
 200 
 
 naut . 
 
 over 
 
 300 
 
 naut. 
 
 over 
 
 400 
 
 naut. 
 
 over 
 
 100 
 
 naut . 
 
 over 
 
 200 
 
 naut. 
 
 over 
 
 300 
 
 naut . 
 
 over 
 
 400 
 
 naut. 
 
 over 
 
 more than 
 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 miles preceding last 
 400 nautical miles 
 
 fix > 
 
 Last fix 
 
 
 fix ( 
 
 25 naut. 
 
 miles 
 
 fix | 
 
 prior to 
 
 this 
 
 fix J 
 
 position 
 
 
 fix"^ 
 
 Last fix 
 
 
 fix ( 
 
 75 naut. 
 
 miles 
 
 fix f 
 
 prior to 
 
 this 
 
 fixj 
 
 position 
 
 
 Table 8: d 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 90% 
 
 to 
 
 100% reliable 
 
 1 
 
 75% 
 
 to 
 
 100% reliable 
 
 2 
 
 80% 
 
 to 
 
 100% reliable 
 
 3 
 
 75% 
 
 to 
 
 90% reliable 
 
 4 
 
 60% 
 
 to 
 
 80% reliable 
 
 5 
 
 50% 
 
 to 
 
 75% reliable 
 
 6 
 
 Less than 50% reliable 
 
 7 
 
 No reld 
 
 .ability 
 
 8 
 
 No wind 
 
 9 
 
 Not 
 
 use 
 
 :d 
 
 
 (see 
 
 note 15) 
 
 Table 9 
 
 Clear (no cloud at any level) 
 
 1 Partly cloudy (scattered or broken) 
 
 2 Continuous layer(s) of cloud(s) 
 
 3 Sandstorm, duststorm, or storm of 
 
 drifting snow 
 
 4 Fog, thick dust, or haze 
 
 5 Drizzle 
 
 6 Rain 
 
 7 Snow or rain and snow mixed 
 
 8 Shower(s) 
 
 9 Thunderstorm (s) 
 
 
 Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding 
 
 (continued) . 
 
 186 
 
 
Table 10 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 No remarks 
 
 1 
 
 Light intermittent 
 
 2 
 
 Light continuous 
 
 3 
 
 Moderate intermittent 
 
 4 
 
 Moderate continuous 
 
 5 
 
 Heavy intermittent 
 
 6 
 
 Heavy continuous 
 
 7 
 
 With rain 
 
 8 
 
 With snow 
 
 9 
 
 With hail 
 
 Table 11 
 
 
 
 Surface pressure in whole millibars, 
 
 6 
 
 Altitude of 200 mb surface in 
 
 
 thousands figure omitted 
 
 
 
 decametres or tens of feet 
 
 1 
 
 Altitude 
 
 of 1,000 mb surface : 
 
 Ln deca- 
 
 7 
 
 Altitude of 100 mb surface in 
 
 
 metres 
 
 or tens of feet; if nega- 
 
 
 decametres or tens of feet 
 
 
 tive add 500 
 
 
 8 
 
 True altitude (radio altimeter or 
 
 2 
 
 Altitude 
 
 of 850 mb surface in 
 
 deca- 
 
 
 other method) minus pressure 
 
 
 metres 
 
 or tens of feet; if nega- 
 
 
 altitude (set at 1,013 mb) in 
 
 
 tive add 500 
 
 
 
 tens of feet; if negative add 
 
 3 
 
 Altitude 
 
 of 700 mb surface in 
 
 deca- 
 
 
 500 to absolute value (e.g. -- 
 
 
 metres 
 
 or tens of feet 
 
 
 
 (minus) 100 is reported as 600) 
 
 4 
 
 Altitude 
 
 of 500 mb surface in 
 
 deca- 
 
 9 
 
 Altimeter sub-scale reading in 
 
 
 metres 
 
 or tens of feet 
 
 
 
 whole millibars, thousands 
 
 5 
 
 Altitude 
 metres 
 
 of 300 mb surface in 
 or tens of feet 
 
 deca- 
 
 
 figure omitted 
 
 Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on KECCO Code form that were used in encoding 
 
 (continued) . 
 
 187 
 
Table 12: N, , 
 
 N 9 , N. 
 
 Table 13: C 
 
 
 
 Zero 
 
 Zero 
 
 1 
 
 1/10 or less, 
 but not zero 
 
 1 
 
 Okta or less, 
 but not zero 
 
 2 
 
 2/10 and 3/10 
 
 2 
 
 Oktas 
 
 3 
 
 4/10 
 
 3 
 
 Oktas 
 
 4 
 
 5/10 
 
 4 
 
 Oktas 
 
 5 
 
 6/10 
 
 5 
 
 Oktas 
 
 6 
 
 7/10 and 8/10 
 
 6 
 
 Oktas 
 
 7 
 
 9/10 or more, 
 but not 10/10 
 
 7 
 
 Oktas or more, 
 but not 8 Oktas 
 
 8 
 
 10/10 
 
 8 
 
 Oktas 
 
 9 
 
 Sky obscured, or cloud amount 
 •oannot be estimated 
 
 Cirrus (Ci) 
 
 1 Cirrocumulus (Cc) 
 
 2 Cirrostratus (Cs) 
 
 3 Altocumulus (Ac) 
 
 4 Altostratus (As) 
 
 5 Nimbostratus (Ns) 
 
 6 Stratocumulus (Sc) 
 
 7 Stratus (St) or Fractostratus (Fs) 
 
 8 Cumulus (Cu) or Fractocumulus (Fc) 
 
 9 Cumulonimbus (Cb) 
 
 / Cloud not visible owing to 
 darkness, fog, duststorm, 
 sandstorm, or other analogous 
 phenomena 
 
 Table 14: hh, HH, h^, H^ 
 
 00 
 
 Less than 100 ft 
 
 : (30 m) 
 
 57 
 
 7,000 i 
 
 Et 
 
 (2,100 m) 
 
 01 
 
 100 ft (30 m) 
 
 
 etc 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 200 ft (60 m) 
 
 
 78 
 
 28,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (8.400 m) 
 
 03 
 
 300 ft (90 m) 
 
 
 79 
 
 29,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (8.700 m) 
 
 04 
 
 400 ft (120 m) 
 
 
 80 
 
 30,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (9,000 m) 
 
 05 
 
 500 ft (150 m) 
 
 
 81 
 
 35,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (10,500 m) 
 
 etc 
 
 • 
 
 
 82 
 
 40,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (12,000 m) 
 
 49 
 
 4,900 ft (1,470 
 
 m) 
 
 etc 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 5,000 ft (1,500 
 
 m) 
 
 87 
 
 65,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (19,500 m) 
 
 51 
 
 Not specified 
 
 
 88 
 
 70,000 
 
 ft 
 
 (21,000 m) 
 
 etc 
 
 • 
 
 
 89 
 
 Above 
 
 70,000 ft 1 
 
 55 
 
 Not specified 
 
 
 
 (21,000 
 
 m) 
 
 56 
 
 6,000 ft (1,800 
 
 m) 
 
 // 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding 
 
 (continued) . 
 
 188 
 
Table 15: D, D„, D 
 
 r- K. W 
 
 Table 16 
 
 
 
 Calm or stationary (or 
 
 
 at the station) 
 
 1 
 
 NE 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 SE 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 SW 
 
 6 
 
 W 
 
 7 
 
 NW 
 
 8 
 
 N 
 
 9 
 
 All directions, no definite 
 
 
 direction, or unknown, or 
 
 
 no report 
 
 — — — — — 
 
 
 Calm 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 knots 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 knots 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 knots 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 knots 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 - 
 
 21 
 
 knots 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 - 
 
 27 
 
 knots 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 - 
 
 33 
 
 knots 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 - 
 
 40 
 
 knots 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 - 
 
 47 
 
 knots 
 
 
 
 or over* 
 
 *S 
 
 ee No1 
 
 :e 30 
 
 Table 17 
 
 Table 18: W 
 
 
 
 Calm (glassy) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Calm (rippled) 
 
 ( o - 
 
 1 ft ) 
 
 2 
 
 Smooth (wavelets 
 
 0(1- 
 
 2 ft ) 
 
 3 
 
 Slight 
 
 ( 2 - 
 
 4 ft ) 
 
 4 
 
 Moderate 
 
 ( 4 - 
 
 8 ft ) 
 
 5 
 
 Rough 
 
 ( 8 - 
 
 13 -ft ) 
 
 6 
 
 Very rough 
 
 (13 - 
 
 20 ft ) 
 
 7 
 
 High 
 
 (20 - 
 
 30 ft ) 
 
 8 
 
 Very high 
 
 (30 - 
 
 45 ft ) 
 
 9 
 
 Phenomenal* 
 
 (Over 
 
 45 ft ) 
 
 
 *As might exist 
 
 at the 
 
 center 
 
 
 of a hurricane 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 No change 
 
 1 
 
 Marked wind shift 
 
 2 
 
 Marked turbulence begins 
 
 
 or ends 
 
 3 
 
 Marked temperature change 
 
 
 (not with altitude) 
 
 4 
 
 Precipitation begins or ends 
 
 5 
 
 Change in cloud forms 
 
 6 
 
 Fog bank begins or ends 
 
 7 
 
 Warm front 
 
 8 
 
 Cold front 
 
 9 
 
 Front, type not specified 
 
 Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding 
 
 (continued) . 
 
 189 
 

 Table 19: S , S, , S 
 s b e 
 
 
 
 No report 
 
 1 
 
 Reported at previous position 
 
 2 
 
 Occurring at present position 
 
 3 
 
 20 nautical miles 
 
 4 
 
 40 nautical miles 
 
 5 
 
 60 nautical miles 
 
 6 
 
 80 nautical miles 
 
 7 
 
 100 nautical miles 
 
 8 
 
 150 nautical miles 
 
 9 
 
 More than 150 nautical miles 
 
 Table 20 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 No report 
 
 1 
 
 Signs of hurricane 
 
 2 
 
 Ugly, threatening sky 
 
 3 
 
 Duststorm or sandstorm 
 
 4 
 
 Fog or ice fog 
 
 5 
 
 Waterspout 
 
 6 
 
 Cs cloud shield or bank 
 
 7 
 
 As or Ac cloud shield 
 
 
 or bank 
 
 8 
 
 Line of heavy cumulus 
 
 9 
 
 Cb heads or thunderstorms 
 
 Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding 
 
 (continued) 
 
 190 
 
36. Dw - Code figure 9 indicates "in all directions." 
 
 44. 8d r d r S r e 8w e a e c e i e - When radar data are observed, both the 8-groups 
 
 shall be included in the report. The 8-groups may be repeated as often 
 as necessary to report essential data. 
 
 54. Plain-language remarks may be added at the end of the message to supple- 
 ment the coded data or to supply additional information of importance 
 not provided for in the code. For example: Time of occurrence of sig- 
 nificant weather (W ), past weather, etc. 
 
 55. If information on past weather is added as a plain-language remark, the 
 most significant weather encountered since the last report, or in the 
 last hour, whichever period of time is shorter, shall be described by 
 the remark. 
 
 2.2.1.1 RECCO Data Processing 
 
 After the transcription sheets had been completed, cards were punched 
 and verified. The data were then checked for the following gross errors: 
 
 1. Missing time or date; time ± 2369 and date >^ 501, <_ 731. 
 
 2. Latitude must be between 0.0° and 20.0°, longitude between 45.0° 
 and 68.0°. 
 
 3. Flight condition must be from through 9. 
 
 4. Wind directions between 00 through 36 and wind directions of 99 are 
 good; wind speed j< 100 kt. 
 
 5. Temperature and dew point were checked for positive values between 
 00.0 through 30.0 and for negative values >_ 50.0. Sea temperature 
 was checked for values between 20.0 through 35.0. 
 
 6. Altitude indicator must be 1, 2, 6, or 7; with an altitude indicator 
 = 2 or 7, the value of altitude must be 2 and 999 decameters, respec- 
 tively. With altitude indicator = 1 or 6 and aircraft indicator = 1 
 or 2, altitude must be between to 60,000 ft; with an altitude indi- 
 cator = 1 or 6 and aircraft = 3, 5, 6, or 8, altitude must be between 
 to 10,500 ft. 
 
 7. Humidity indicator must be between through 4. 
 
 8. Day of the week must be between 1 through 7. 
 
 9. Octant must equal only. 
 
 10. Pressure field checked for the first 32 files on tape. If pressure 
 indicator = 1, pressure field must lie between >^ 700 and _< 999. If 
 pressure indicator = 2, pressure field is pressure altitude >^ 350. 
 
 191 
 
11. Clouds were checked for continuity. Layers should ascend, i.e., 
 no third layer unless second layer present, and no second layer 
 unless a first layer present. Height of the top of cloud should 
 be greater than height of bottom. 
 
 12. Surf ace- wind direction and force were checked against sea state 
 and direction of swell for inconsistencies. 
 
 > 
 
 Approximately 150 to 200 observations were corrected. When an error was 
 found, the original recording form was checked for error or data transposition 
 between columns. A correction was made only if the inserted data could be 
 proven correct by the BOMAP staff. If the correction could not be proven, 
 the standard "no report" or "missing data" descriptors were used. 
 
 2.2.1.2 Characteristics of Navy and Air Force Data To Be Considered Before 
 Use in Analysis 
 
 Although the RECCO data were checked for gross errors, as described 
 in the preceding section, many errors of various types may have been over- 
 looked. The user must be prepared to test the data quality thoroughly before 
 use in scientific analysis . 
 
 The user should also note the following: 
 
 1. The date (characters 78-90) on Navy WC-121-896 RECCO flight 
 from 1615 to 0030 GMT on 7/22/69 does not change to 7/23/69 
 at 0000 GMT. 
 
 2. The observations between 1452 and 1534 on Air Force WC-130- 
 495 RECCO flight from 1400 to 2230 on 7/17/69 were written 
 out of order. 
 
 3. The nominal frequencies of RECCO observations reported by 
 the Navy and Air Force flight crews were: 
 
 Navy WC-121 - Observations vary from one every 5 to 10 min 
 
 in flight. 
 
 Air Force WC-130 - Observations vary from one every 10 to 20 
 
 min in flight. 
 
 Air Force WB-47 - Observations vary from one every 10 to 25 
 
 min in flight. 
 
 Air Force RB-57 - Observations vary from one every 15 to 45 
 
 min in flight. 
 
 2.2.1.3 Navy and Air Force RECCO Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format 
 
 Approximately 6,000 RECCO data card images were written on the mag- 
 netic tape. The tape begins with a BCD (alpha numeric) tape identification, 
 "ORIGINAL Hand-Tabulated BOMEX RECCO Data, Phases 1-4," followed by a physical 
 end-of-file mark. Immediately following the end-of-file mark are 119 RECCO 
 data files. One or more RECCO missions by one aircraft type (WC-121, WC-130, 
 
 192 
 
WB-47, or RB-57) can be found within one data fiie. Missions flown by dif- 
 ferent aircraft types are never mixed within one file. All Navy RECCO data 
 in chronological order by flight are first, followed by the Air Force WC-130, 
 WB-47, and RB-57, in that order. The files are separated by an end-of-file 
 mark, with two end-of-file marks following the last data file on tape. Con- 
 tained within one data file are a variable number of records. Each record 
 consists of 20 observations of 25 words per observation, with a 9999 written 
 in the time word for the last record of a file and 9998 written in the time 
 word for the last record in the last file on tape. Short records are filled 
 with blanks (-0) . Table 2-17 is an example of the archive format for one 
 observation. The tables referred to in the "Code reference" column are the 
 tables shown in figure 2-4, section 2.2.1. Table 2-18 describes the contents 
 of the archive magnetic tape. 
 
 2.2.2 Navy WC-121 Aircraft Radar Photographs and Archive Format 
 
 Radar photographs were taken from the NAVY WC-121 aircraft by an 
 APS-20 radar (frequency, 2,800 MHz) having the characteristics shown in table 
 2-19 . 
 
 Calibration readings at the beginning of each flight were: mean peak 
 power, 59.94 dB; sensitivity, 110.34 dBm. The scope had no range rings and 
 no azimuth scale. A variable ring existed, however, which was maintained at 
 50 n mi, except where otherwise stated. The black line on the tube face 
 pointed true north, while the electronic heading marker showed the bearing of 
 the aircraft and could be used as a variable azimuth marker by switching the 
 scope to "CURSOR" operation. 
 
 A radar camera with a magazine containing Plus X negative film was used. 
 The camera rate was every four scans throughout most of the flights, except 
 during "range series," explained below, which were taken at a rate of one 
 photograph every two scans. After 1710 local time, the rate was switched to 
 one every 12 scans, since little activity remained. The camera shutter opened 
 only for 1/500 of a second, which would make the photograph dependent on scope 
 persistence only. 
 
 In order to verify the scale of the presentation, a series of photographs 
 were taken periodically, in which the range ring was moved out progressively 
 from 25 n mi, at 25-n-mi intervals, to the maximum range of 200 n mi, at which 
 the marker should not appear on the photograph at all, because it was barely 
 visible at the edge of the scope. These "range series" were taken at the 
 following local times: 1255; 1335; 1410 (first on 100-n-mi range, then on 
 200-n-mi range; several frames taken between the two with the marker at 
 100 n mi); 1453; 1550; 1620 (after an irregular series at 50-n-mi range with 
 ring at 25, 35, 10, 20, 40, and again at 25 n mi); and 1900 (starting at 
 50 n mi because of sea clutter).* 
 
 *To convert local time to GMT, add 3 hours and 55 min. 
 
 193 
 
To illustrate the manner in which the crew made observations for 
 taking radar photographs, the following single written description of one 
 mission (July 21, 1969) is cited. 
 
 "A band of small, disorganized echoes, about 100 n mi wide, extending 
 through radar scope S of Barbados, with an orientation of about 290° - 70°. 
 The aircraft crossed it southward after takeoff and flew along its southern 
 edge until about 1330. 
 
 "At 1241 a line of larger and more organized echoes was observed, at 
 150 to 200 n mi, SW, oriented 310° - 130° (over the coast of Venezuela). 
 
 "Towards 1300 a line of strong and large echoes is in view, located 
 between 11.0°N, 55.8°W, and 9.5°N, 55.4°W. Oriented 345° - 165°. 
 
 "Another echo area has an edge extending from 10°N, 56.5°W, to 6°N, 
 52.8°W. It consists mostly of small echoes, but contains a few 20-n-mi 
 echoes. Although some showers are visible through the window both from this 
 and the previous (more intense) line, none of them seems to contain large 
 visible clouds. Isolated echoes appear N of this line. 
 
 "After 1500, it is observed that the echo formations curve towards the 
 E. A line of moderately strong echoes is observed at 1526, centered at 
 6.5°N and 51.5°W, about 80 n mi long and oriented E-W. 
 
 "Another echo line, again oriented NW-SE, extends from 9.0°N, 52.0°W 
 southeastward, through 7.2°N, 48.8°W. It contains only small echoes and is 
 about 50 n mi wide. Aircraft crosses it between about 1620 and 1635. 
 
 "Widely scattered and small echoes still appear here and there, but or- 
 ganized activity no longer visible, until aircraft turns W towards Barbados. 
 
 "At about 1850, it is possible to define an edge, oriented N-S, lying at 
 53.3°W across our path, to an area of small echoes, which apparently extends 
 from about 12°N to about 15°N. As we fly home along 13°N, they seem to pre- 
 vail N of us, and are visible in all directions until arrival in Barbados." 
 
 The archived WC-121 aircraft radar photographs are registered copies 
 of the original film. All dates', beginning times, and ending times for 
 each reel of 35-mm film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, are as read from the 
 film by the BOMAP staff. In some instances, these entries may not appear 
 correct, e.g., the time period of radar data does not coincide with the in- 
 flight period of the aircraft. These anomalies can usually be corrected by 
 constraining the radar data to fit the appropriate flight period in the Navy 
 WC-121 RECCO data, described in section 2.2.0, and correlating with the 
 meteorological conditions encountered and reported in the RECCO data. 
 
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 C 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 cO 
 
 
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 Cu 
 
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 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 4-1 
 
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 3 
 
 a -m 
 
 4-> 
 
 r4 
 
 
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 a 
 
 OJ 
 
 H H 
 
 O 
 
 60 to 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
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 4-1 
 
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 o 
 
 co O 
 
 D£ 
 
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 a 
 
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 9 
 
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 197 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 Date 
 
 Aircraft 
 
 1969 
 
 tail No. 
 
 May 
 
 
 3-4 
 
 WC-121-896 
 
 4-5 
 
 " -323 
 
 9 
 
 " -198 
 
 9 
 
 " -896 
 
 10 - 11 
 
 " -198 
 
 11 - 12 
 
 " -896 
 
 12 - 13 
 
 " -198 
 
 26 
 
 " -896 
 
 26 - 27 
 
 " -896 
 
 27 - 28 
 
 " -896 
 
 31 - 6/1 
 
 " -896 
 
 June 
 
 
 1-2 
 
 " -896 
 
 3 
 
 " -896 
 
 3-4 
 
 " -896 
 
 7 
 
 " -896 
 
 7 
 
 " -198 
 
 9 
 
 " -896 
 
 9 
 
 " -198 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 2240 
 
 - 
 
 0710 
 
 1 
 
 
 2247 
 
 - 
 
 0853 
 
 2 
 
 
 1420 
 
 - 
 
 1935 
 
 3 
 
 
 1520 
 
 - 
 
 1925 
 
 4 
 
 
 2313 
 
 - 
 
 0811 
 
 5 
 
 
 2245 
 
 - 
 
 0914 
 
 6 
 
 
 2240 
 
 - 
 
 0758 
 
 7 
 
 
 0207 
 
 - 
 
 0835 
 
 8 
 
 
 2353 
 
 - 
 
 0846 
 
 9 
 
 
 2300 
 
 - 
 
 0708 
 
 10 
 
 
 2324 
 
 _ 
 
 0820 
 
 11 
 
 
 2359 - 
 
 0831 
 
 0001 - 
 
 0856 
 
 2350 - 
 
 0806 
 
 1215 - 
 
 1910 
 
 1055 - 
 
 2045 
 
 1035 - 
 
 2030 
 
 1035 - 
 
 2025 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 
 198 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 
 Aircraft 
 
 1969 
 
 tail No. 
 
 June 
 
 
 22 
 
 WC-121-323 
 
 22 
 
 " -198 
 
 23 - 24 
 
 " -198 
 
 25 - 26 
 
 " -323 
 
 29 
 
 " -323 
 
 29 
 
 " -198 
 
 30 
 
 " -198 
 
 30 
 
 " -323 
 
 July 
 
 
 14 
 
 " -323 
 
 17 
 
 11 -323 
 
 19 - 20 
 
 " -896 
 
 21 
 
 " -896 
 
 22 - 23 
 
 » -896 
 
 26 
 
 " -896 
 
 May 
 
 
 1 
 
 WC-130-496 
 
 3 
 
 " -492 
 
 3 
 
 " -496 
 
 4 
 
 " -493 
 
 4 
 
 M -496 
 
 Nominal 
 
 beginning 
 
 and end 
 
 times of 
 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 1055 
 
 - 2155 
 
 1056 
 
 - 2200 
 
 2250 
 
 - 0945 
 
 2237 
 
 - 0940 
 
 1032 
 
 - 2045 
 
 1040 
 
 - 2040 
 
 1145 
 
 - 2140 
 
 1145 
 
 - 2146 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 1400 - 
 
 - 2300 
 
 1345 - 
 
 - 2300 
 
 1345 - 
 
 - 0000 
 
 1340 - 
 
 - 17 58 
 
 1615 - 
 
 - 0030 
 
 1015 ■ 
 
 - 2025 
 
 1242 - 
 
 - 1410 
 
 1139 - 
 
 - 1827 
 
 0131 - 
 
 - 0544 
 
 1210 - 
 
 - 1917 
 
 0136 ■ 
 
 - 0552 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 
 199 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 May 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 WC-130-495 
 -496 
 -494 
 -495 
 -496 
 -495 
 -494 
 -493 
 -495 
 
 -493 
 -494 
 -496 
 -493 
 -494 
 
 1245 
 0122 
 1138 
 1137 
 1217 
 1225 
 1136 
 0120 
 1131 
 0130 
 1139 
 0234 
 1134 
 1200 
 1211 
 1422 
 0122 
 1319 
 0119 
 1319 
 0118 
 
 1943 
 0542 
 1826 
 1530 
 1840 
 1833 
 1833 
 0528 
 1826 
 0539 
 1832 
 0638 
 1842 
 1530 
 1830 
 1820 
 0524 
 1721 
 0525 
 1714 
 0523 
 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 
 200 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 May 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 June 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 
 WC-130 
 
 -496 
 
 -493 
 
 -492 
 -494 
 -495 
 -493 
 -495 
 -495 
 
 1200 - 1530 
 1328 - 1719 
 1325 - 1720 
 
 0133 
 1318 
 0116 
 1317 
 0122 
 1321 
 0115 
 1317 
 1315 
 0119 
 1327 
 0122 
 1313 
 
 0541 
 1723 
 0522 
 1724 
 0529 
 1725 
 0518 
 1640 
 1718 
 0525 
 1748 
 0530 
 1717 
 
 35 
 35 
 36 
 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 36 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 
 201 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 0117 
 
 - 
 
 0526 
 
 1233 
 
 - 
 
 1853 
 
 0115 
 
 - 
 
 0521 
 
 1123 
 
 - 
 
 1826 
 
 0114 
 
 - 
 
 0600 
 
 1126 
 
 - 
 
 1215 
 
 0115 
 
 - 
 
 0551 
 
 1128 
 
 - 
 
 1825 
 
 0120 
 
 - 
 
 0555 
 
 1130 
 
 - 
 
 1824 
 
 0057 
 
 - 
 
 0555 
 
 1201 
 
 - 
 
 1530 
 
 1141 
 
 - 
 
 1223 
 
 1140 
 
 - 
 
 1858 
 
 0157 
 
 - 
 
 0643 
 
 1200 
 
 - 
 
 1904 
 
 0116 
 
 - 
 
 0557 
 
 1052 
 
 _ 
 
 1828 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 June 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 July 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 WC-130-494 
 -492 
 -493 
 -496 
 
 -496 
 -492 
 -496 
 -495 
 -494 
 -496 
 -495 
 -493 
 -496 
 -493 
 -496 
 -493 
 -496 
 
 -494 
 
 -493 
 -496 
 
 0144 - 0634 
 
 1125 - 1827 
 1921 - 2319 
 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 41 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 41 
 
 
 202 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 July 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 WC- 
 
 130-495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 " -495 
 
 1415 
 1415 
 1400 
 1345 
 1400 
 1400 
 1145 
 1430 
 1500 
 
 2100 
 2100 
 2230 
 2300 
 2015 
 2015 
 1715 
 2015 
 1550 
 
 42 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 45 
 
 May 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 9 
 
 WB 
 
 -47-412 
 -021 
 -412 
 
 -058 
 -412 
 
 -021 
 -412 
 -218 
 -058 
 -412 
 
 1402 - 
 
 1726 
 
 1400 - 
 
 1654 
 
 1256 - 
 
 1619 
 
 1349 - 
 
 1647 
 
 1247 - 
 
 1608 
 
 1347 - 
 
 1650 
 
 1414 - 
 
 1741 
 
 1407 - 
 
 1656 
 
 1255 - 
 
 1628 
 
 1256 - 
 
 1631 
 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 203 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 May 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 June 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 WB- 
 
 47- 
 
 1341 - 
 
 1638 
 
 -058 
 
 1347 - 
 
 1641 
 
 -021 
 
 1253 - 
 
 1629 
 
 -412 
 
 1347 - 
 
 1644 
 
 -218 
 
 1254 - 
 
 1616 
 
 -021 
 
 1347 - 
 
 1647 
 
 -058 
 
 1255 - 
 
 1627 
 
 -021 
 
 1257 - 
 
 1626 
 
 -046 
 
 1259 - 
 
 1623 
 
 -412 
 
 1345 - 
 
 1638 
 
 -021 
 
 1243 - 
 
 1557 
 
 -058 
 
 1247 - 
 
 1612 
 
 -058 
 
 1303 - 
 
 1626 
 
 -046 
 
 1257 - 
 
 1626 
 
 -412 
 
 1249 - 
 
 1621 
 
 ' -058 
 
 1300 - 
 
 1624 
 
 -412 
 
 1254 - 
 
 1626 
 
 -412 
 
 1253 - 
 
 1618 
 
 -412 
 
 1254 - 
 
 1626 
 
 ' -021 
 
 1254 - 
 
 1620 
 
 47 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 51 
 51 
 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 52 
 
 204 
 
Table 2-18. Contents, of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end time of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 June 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 WB-47-412 
 -058 
 
 -058 
 -021 
 -058 
 
 -046 
 -417 
 -417 
 -058 
 -427 
 
 -417 
 -412 
 -427 
 
 -046 
 -046 
 -412 
 
 1258 
 1305 
 1305 
 1307 
 1259 
 1300 
 1340 
 1247 
 1347 
 1407 
 1358 
 1255 
 1415 
 1257 
 1333 
 1256 
 1344 
 1304 
 1349 
 1259 
 1411 
 
 1648 
 1618 
 1520 
 1624 
 1623 
 1628 
 1630 
 1602 
 1638 
 1716 
 1640 
 1623 
 1717 
 1628 
 1617 
 1619 
 1646 
 1627 
 1645 
 1630 
 1648 
 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 56 
 
 205 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 June 
 30 
 
 30 
 July 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 May 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 WB-47-417 
 -427 
 
 -427 
 -427 
 
 -427 
 
 -417 
 
 -417 
 
 -427 
 
 -427 
 -412 
 
 -417 
 -417 
 -412 
 
 -412 
 
 RB-57-288 
 " -288 
 " -298 
 
 1247 
 1338 
 
 1257 
 1347 
 
 1248 
 
 1348 
 
 1351 
 
 1430 
 
 1428 
 
 1644 
 
 1531 
 
 1123 
 
 1525 
 
 1430 
 
 1538 
 
 1437 
 
 1305 
 
 1612 
 1630 
 
 1625 
 1645 
 
 1557 
 
 1637 
 
 1710 
 
 1708 
 
 1758 
 
 1856 
 
 1755 
 
 1455 
 
 1834 
 
 1656 
 
 1747 
 
 1755 
 
 1516 
 
 1425 - 1715 
 1423 - 1700 
 1310 - 1748 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 57 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 58 
 58 
 59 
 59 
 59 
 60 
 60 
 61 
 61 
 61 
 
 62 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 206 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 . . _. Nominal beginning _, . . , t 
 
 Date Aircraft , , _° ° Physical data 
 
 w<lue , , „ and end times of / jCJ1 „ 
 
 1969 tail No. . . . /rniPP v file No. 
 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 May 
 
 6 RB-57-298 1429 - 1659 65 
 
 7 " -288 1413 - 1655 66 
 
 8 " -293 1416 - 1657 67 
 
 9 " -298 1421 - 1756 68 
 
 10 " -288 1418 - 1651 69 
 
 11 " -293 1420 - 1655 70 
 
 12 " -298 1423 - 1657 71 
 
 13 " -298 1421 - 1656 72 
 
 14 " -298 1428 - 1652 73 
 
 15 " -293 1419 - 1700 74 
 
 24 " -296 1414 - 1600 75 
 
 24 " -299 1442 - 1737 76 
 
 25 " -296 1415 - 1605 77 
 
 26 " -296 1424 - 1612 78 
 
 27 " -299 1428 - 1600 79 
 
 28 " -299 1447 - 1623 80 
 
 30 " -296 1442 - 1626 81 
 
 31 " -299 1454 - 1628 82 
 31 " -296 1439 - 1613 83 
 
 June 
 
 1429 - 
 
 1659 
 
 1413 - 
 
 1655 
 
 1416 - 
 
 1657 
 
 1421 - 
 
 1756 
 
 1418 - 
 
 1651 
 
 1420 - 
 
 1655 
 
 1423 - 
 
 1657 
 
 1421 - 
 
 1656 
 
 1428 - 
 
 1652 
 
 1419 - 
 
 1700 
 
 1414 - 
 
 1600 
 
 1442 - 
 
 1737 
 
 1415 - 
 
 1605 
 
 1424 - 
 
 1612 
 
 1428 - 
 
 1600 
 
 1447 - 
 
 1623 
 
 1442 - 
 
 1626 
 
 1454 - 
 
 1628 
 
 1439 - 
 
 1613 
 
 ■296 1454 - 1628 84 
 
 207 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 June 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 July 
 21* 
 22* 
 26* 
 27* 
 28* 
 
 June 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 RB-57-299 
 
 " -299 
 
 11 -299 
 
 " -296 
 
 " -296 
 
 " -296 
 
 « -294 
 
 " -294 
 
 " -294 
 
 " -294 
 
 " -294 
 
 " -296 
 
 " -299 
 
 " _299 
 
 " -294 
 
 1440 
 1449 
 1442 
 1439 
 1446 
 1453 
 
 1615 
 1623 
 1612 
 1610 
 1725 
 1627 
 
 1350 - 
 
 1615 
 
 1723 - 
 
 1929 
 
 1505 - 
 
 1715 
 
 1525 - 
 
 1621 
 
 1422 - 
 
 1721 
 
 -298 
 
 1443 
 1447 
 1408 
 1412 
 1424 
 1425 
 1516 
 1424 
 
 1622 
 1620 
 1604 
 1643 
 1654 
 1702 
 1750 
 1702 
 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 208 
 
Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 
 
 (continued) 
 
 Date 
 1969 
 
 Aircraft 
 tail No. 
 
 Nominal beginning 
 and end times of 
 observation (GMT) 
 
 Physical data 
 file No. 
 
 June 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 July 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 RB-57 
 
 -294 
 
 -298 
 -298 
 -298 
 
 -298 
 -294 
 -298 
 -294 
 -294 
 -294 
 -294 
 -294 
 -294 
 -294 
 
 1421 
 1427 
 1411 
 1413 
 1410 
 1415 
 
 1424 
 1424 
 1423 
 1305 
 1428 
 1447 
 1324 
 1426 
 1430 
 1703 
 
 1643 
 1658 
 1645 
 1650 
 1637 
 1651 
 
 1655 
 1653 
 1657 
 1815 
 1630 
 1715 
 1750 
 1710 
 1615 
 1938 
 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 
 Should have been at the end but appear on the tape in this order. 
 
 209 
 
Table 2-19. Characteristics of APS-20 radar 
 
 Characteristic 
 
 Value 
 
 Transmitted power (peak) 
 
 Wavelength 
 
 Antenna shape 
 
 Horizontal beam width 
 
 Vertical beam width 
 
 Antenna gain 
 
 Antenna rotation rate 
 
 Minimum detectable signal 
 
 Linear RxR (IAGC nonlinear) 
 
 Dynamic range (RxR) 
 
 Linear RxR (IAGC nonlinear) 
 
 Pulse repetition rate frequency 
 
 Pulse width 
 
 Sensitivity time control (STC) 
 
 Range units 
 
 2 MW 
 
 10 cm 
 
 Truncated paraboloid 
 
 1.5° 
 
 6° 
 
 -30 dBm 
 
 6 rpm 
 
 -107 dBm 
 
 -80 dBm 
 
 300 pulses /sec 
 
 2 u sec 
 
 Varied (0 - 40%) 
 
 Nautical miles 
 
 210 
 
2.2.3 Air Force WB-47 Aircraft Radar Photographs and Archive Format 
 
 During BOMEX, an Air Force WB-47 aircraft flying at an altitude 
 of approximately 30,000 ft collected radar photographs along the flight track 
 shown in figure 2-5. Stationed at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, the 
 aircraft normally passed over the island of Barbados en route to the BOMEX 
 area. On some photographs, the island is visible as a ground pattern. 
 
 The WB-47 carried an AN/APN-59B radar, a small, light-weight, X-band 
 airborne system designed to operate as a navigational and search radar, a 
 weather radar, or a racon (beacon) interrogator-receiver. The indicator 
 presentation is a 5-inch PPI display. Five range displays are available: 
 3 to 30 mi, with 1- and 5-mi range marks; 50 mi, with 10-mi range marks; 
 100 mi, with 20-mi range marks; and 240 mi, with 30-mi range marks. The start 
 of the 3- to 30-mi range display may be delayed any distance between 15 and 
 210 mi in order to expand any desired portion of the longer range presenta- 
 tion. Iso-echo circuits are provided, but were not used during BOMEX, in 
 order to locate the most intense portions of weather echoes. A sensitivity- 
 time-constant (STC) function reduces the receiver gain at short ranges and 
 increases the receiver gain as the range increases. The radar signal may be 
 radiated as either a fan or a pencil beam. Manufactured by the Sperry Gyro- 
 scope Company, the AN/APN-59B radar has the characteristics listed in table 
 2-20. 
 
 The following three guidelines were specified for collection of radar 
 photographs by the WB-47 aircraft during BOMEX: 
 
 1. One exposure every 12 scans when precipitation echoes were detected. 
 
 2. Adjusting the antenna tilt angle for maximum echo return. 
 
 3. Using 50-n-mi total range for scope setting. 
 
 A 50-n-mi display was not always used. On most frames two digits are visible 
 just outside the boundary of the cathode ray tube (CRT) and toward the top of 
 the CRT. These digits represent the interval of the range markers. For ex- 
 ample, 10 would represent a range marker interval of 10 n mi. Usually either 
 20-n-mi (with two or three markers visible) or 10-n-mi markers (with five 
 markers visible) are displayed. However, maximum ranges other than approxi- 
 mately 50 n mi and range marker intervals other than 10 or 20 n mi were used 
 occasionally. If the range settings are uncertain for a reel of film, they 
 can be verified in some instances from ground patterns, e.g., the island of 
 Barbados. 
 
 The camera clock displays Greenwich time (GMT) . The bearing marker ap- 
 pearing on the radar scope indicates the aircraft heading with respect to 
 true north, under the assumption that proper synchronization and calibration 
 were maintained. 
 
 The archived WB-47 aircraft radar photographs are registered copies 
 of the original film. All dates, beginning times, and ending times for 
 each reel of 35-mm film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, are as read from 
 the film by the BOMAP staff. In some instances, these entries may not appear 
 correct, e.g., the time period of radar data does not coincide with the in- 
 flight period of the aircraft. Such anomalies can usually be corrected by 
 
 211 
 

 
 „«.---* 1 
 
 K * * * 
 
 \— - 
 
 A< 
 
 4 L 0NG^° 30 
 
 BARBADOS T 
 U.S. ARMY \ 
 
 RADAR » 
 
 ,_ "\ 
 
 < 
 
 * * 
 
 *k -t- 
 
 DISCOVERER 
 
 50 100 150 
 
 SCALE (MILES) 
 
 
 Figure 2-5. WB-47 aircraft flight track for radar photography, 
 
 212 
 
Table 2-20. Characteristics of AN/APN-59B radar 
 
 Characteristic 
 
 Value 
 
 Peak power 
 
 Wavelength 
 
 Beam width 
 Vertical 
 Horizontal 
 
 Beam tilt 
 
 Pulse length 
 
 Pulse repetition frequency 
 
 Slant range 
 
 Scan 
 
 Left scan 
 
 Right scan 
 
 PPI scan 
 
 Sector scan for 
 antenna AS-653A 
 
 Sector scan for 
 antenna AS-1199 
 
 Antenna reflector stabilization 
 Pitch 
 
 Roll 
 
 Azimuth reference 
 Aircraft heading 
 Aircraft compass 
 
 Indicator azimuth accuracy 
 
 Indicator range mark accuracy 
 Range 
 Azimuth 
 
 50 kW 
 
 
 3 cm 
 
 
 Pencil 
 
 fan 
 
 5° 
 
 40° 
 
 3.5° 
 
 5° 
 
 From +10° (up) to -15° (down) 
 
 100 m or 1,350 m 
 
 180 pps (long pulse) 
 1,025 pps (short pulse) 
 
 From 80 yards to 240 n mi 
 
 360° counterclockwise rotation 
 
 at 11 to 16 rpm 
 360° clockwise rotation at 
 
 11 to 16 rpm 
 360° clockwise rotation at 11 
 
 to 16 or 49 + 7 rpm; speed 
 
 automatically determined by 
 
 range and function 
 
 81° + 10° , sector dead of air- 
 craft at 11- to 16-rpm rate 
 
 Continuously variable from 30° 
 to 180° in width, at 11 to 16 
 rpm; center of sector 
 selectable over any bearing 
 
 From 12° (nose down) to 15' 
 
 (nose up) 
 ±30° 
 
 Relative 
 Stabilized 
 
 Indicator corresponds to antenna 
 position within +2° 
 
 + 0.5% (la ) 
 + 0.3% (la) 
 
 213 
 
constraining the radar data to fit the appropriate flight period in the 
 WB-47 RECCO data, described in section 2.2.0, and correlating with the meteor- 
 ological conditions encountered and reported in the RECCO data. 
 
 2.2.4 Air Force WC-130 Aircraft Dropsonde Data and Archive Magnetic Tape 
 Format 
 
 During each mission, the Air Force WC-130 aircraft released eight 
 dropsondes that had been baseline checked for temperature and humidity before 
 flight takeoff. During dropsonde descent, temperature and humidity variations 
 and pressure contacts were recorded on a strip chart. A pressure calibration 
 chart was provided so that actual pressure at the contact could be determined. 
 The strip chart was examined for significant levels, and the temperature and 
 humidity traces were converted by calculator to meteorological units. The 
 values, and the pressure contact, were entered on the data block of adiabatic 
 chart WBAN-31. The data were plotted from the data block to the adiabatic 
 chart, and thicknesses were determined so that heights of mandatory pressure 
 could be obtained. A coded message for transmission was entered on the chart 
 and on the BOMEX Dropsonde Recording Form, shown in figure 2-6. These forms, 
 which were designed for 1:1 correspondence with 80-column punched cards were 
 judged sufficiently legible for immediate key punch operation, and they pro- 
 vide the data set for the original processing. 
 
 Dropsonde data currently available from the BOMEX Temporary Archive 
 consist of unverified data evaluated in accordance with standard Air 
 Force tolerance and instructions (AWS Manual AWSM 105-1). As a result, these 
 data contain some uncorrected human, instrumental, and computational errors, 
 and may not represent the precision of evaluation desired for specific re- 
 search applications. Occasional errors of the types listed below have been 
 detected in the process of checking sample soundings. No reliable estimate 
 regarding error frequency is available. 
 
 Extraction of Data From Recorder Records : 
 
 (1) Incorrect determination of pressure contacts and/or evaluation of pressure 
 at significant levels . 
 
 (2) Incorrect temperature or humidity ordinate readings. 
 
 (3) Errors in evaluation of temperature and relative humidity, including 
 use of incorrect baseline settings on CP-22B/UM evaluator, and reading 
 error. 
 
 (4) In selection of significant levels, some changes in lapse rate were 
 ignored when departure from linearity was less than or equal to 1°C, 
 eliminating some minor isothermals or inversions. 
 
 214 
 
^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 00 
 
 c 
 
 ■H 
 
 T) 
 
 O 
 CJ 
 
 & 
 
 <u 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 PQ 
 
 I 
 
 CN 
 
 a» 
 u 
 
 3 
 •H 
 
 215 
 
Baseline Calibration* and Baroswitch Setting : 
 
 (1) Occasional transposition of digits in baseline temperature and error in 
 baseline relative humidity computations. 
 
 (2) Suspected incorrect baroswitch setting, or failure to set baroswitch, 
 necessitating large contact corrections for evaluation of pressure from 
 the calibration chart. 
 
 Coding and Card-Punching Errors : 
 
 (1) Errors in coding algebraic sign of temperature and other incorrect 
 transcription, punching, and formating of coded data. 
 
 Apparent Instrumental Errors : 
 
 (1) Apparent anomalous behavior of the thermistor occasionally noted when 
 the dropsonde is falling through cloud or precipitation, with typical 
 examples displaying apparent cooling of thermistor below probable ambient 
 temperature while in cloud or precipitation, and abrupt recovery to 
 ambient temperature after emergence beneath cloud; result seen as a 
 decreased lapse rate in cloud, and a thin layer of superadiabatic lapse 
 rate beneath cloud. 
 
 (2) Discrepancies between the pressure corresponding to the splash contact 
 number and the sea-level pressure frequently 10 mb or greater and occa- 
 sionally as large as 30 mb, which casts some doubt on the validity of 
 response of the baroswitch assembly, since the baroswitch setting was 
 made near sea level. If a contact correction to offset the sea-level 
 pressure discrepancy is not applied to the sounding, the procedures used 
 in computing sea-level pressure for the sounding result in expansion or 
 contraction of the 1000 mb to sea-level pressure layer by the amount of 
 the discrepancy, with a corresponding alteration of the lapse rate. 
 
 (3) Occasional unrealistic lapse rates for the top layer as a result of use 
 of aircraft measurements of temperature and pressure at flight level as 
 the top level of the sounding, which suggests the possibility of 
 occasional errors in these measurements, or of flight 'altitude. 
 
 (4) The radio-altimeter reading at flight level used as the height of the 
 top level of the sounding is a geometric height measurement that is not 
 converted to geopotential, resulting in an error of +17 to +18 gpm at 
 the dropsonde release altitude (approximately 6500 m) at the latitude of 
 the BOMEX array; this error carried downward in the height computations 
 will cause a +2 mb error in computed sea-level pressure. 
 
 * 
 
 Comparative soundings made over the Mt. Mitchell in some cases show apparent 
 temperature bias (+ or -) that is relatively consistent for all soundings 
 from a given flight. This suggests a consistent error in temperature base- 
 lining of the dropsonde instruments for that flight. In the extreme case, a 
 bias of about +3°C of dropsonde relative to radiosonde temperature was found. 
 
 216 
 
The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which the 
 sixth one constitutes the dropsonde data. When these data are requested on 
 magnetic tape, all six files will be sent, not only the dropsonde data. The 
 six files of information on this tape are separated from each other by end- 
 of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. All information is in 
 binary coded decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits per inch. The first 
 file consists of 80-column card images, one card image per record, describing 
 the formats of the data files. The other five files contain data that were 
 either recorded manually or were read manually from strip-chart recordings; 
 the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000 characters) per record. 
 
 The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations (sec. 
 1.3.0); the third file contains Ship Operations Data (sec. 1.4.0); the fourth 
 file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (sec. 1.7.3); the fifth file 
 contains Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3). The dropsonde data, as noted 
 above, constitute the sixth file on the magnetic tape. Data for one sounding 
 are on one or more cards in the following format: 
 
 Character Information 
 
 1-22 General information, present on first card only, blank on 
 
 others 
 
 1 Should always be 8 
 
 2-6 Aircraft ID number 
 
 7-9 Modified Julian day (day of year) 
 
 10-11 Hour, GMT 
 
 12-13 Minute 
 
 14 Latitude indicator, should always be 1 for north 
 
 15-17 Latitude, degrees and tenths 
 
 18 Longitude indicator, should always be 4 for west 
 
 19-22 Longitude, degrees and tenths 
 
 23-31 Surface data on the first card; 1st, 8th, etc., significant 
 
 level for other cards 
 
 23-26 Pressure, millibars and tenths, thousands digit omitted 
 
 27-28 Temperature, whole degrees Celsius 
 
 29 Tenths and sign indicator for temperature (see table 2-21) 
 
 30-31 Dew-point depression code (see table 2-22) 
 
 32-67 Blank on first card, significant level data on other cards 
 
 68-76 Significant level 1 on first card; 7th, 13th, etc., signif- 
 
 icant level on other cards 
 
 77-78 Blank 
 
 79-80 Card sequence number within the sounding 
 
 The format is: II, 15, 13, 212, II, F3.1, II, F4.1, 6(F4.1, 12, II, 12), 2X, 12, 
 
 217 
 
Table 2-21. Code table for tenths and sign indicator 
 
 Symbol T^ = Approximate tenths value and 
 
 sign of the air temperature at 
 the standard isobaric surfaces 
 and significant levels . 
 
 Symbol T ao = Approximate tenths value and 
 
 sign of the air temperature at 
 the surface. 
 
 Symbol T at = Approximate tenths value and 
 
 sign of the air temperature at 
 the level of the tropopause. 
 
 Code figure 
 
 Si 
 
 temp 
 
 gn of 
 erature* 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 0.0° 
 
 and 
 
 0.1° 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 0.0° 
 
 and 
 
 0.1° 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 0.2° 
 
 and 
 
 0.3° 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 0.2° 
 
 and 
 
 0.3° 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 0.4° 
 
 and 
 
 0.5° 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 0.4° 
 
 and 
 
 0.5° 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 0.6° 
 
 and 
 
 0.7° 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 0.6° 
 
 and 
 
 0.7° 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 0.8° 
 
 and 
 
 0.9° 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 0.8° 
 
 and 
 
 0.9° 
 
 
 * 
 
 + means above zero. 
 - means below zero. 
 
 218 
 
Table 2-22. Code 
 
 table for dew- 
 
 point 
 
 depression 
 
 
 Symbol DD = Depression of 
 
 the 
 
 dew 
 
 point 
 
 temp 
 
 erature 
 
 at th 
 
 a specified 
 
 pressure leve 
 
 L. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Symbol D D = Depression of 
 
 the 
 
 dew 
 
 point 
 
 temperature 
 
 at th 
 
 e surface 
 
 release point 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Symbol D D = Depression of 
 
 the 
 
 dew 
 
 point 
 
 at the tropopause 
 
 • 
 
 Depression < 
 
 3f the 
 
 
 
 
 Depression of the 
 
 Code figure dew point : 
 
 Ln °C 
 
 
 Code fi 
 
 gure 
 
 dew 
 
 point in °C 
 
 00 0.0 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 01 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 3.9 
 
 02 0.2 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 4.0 
 
 03 0.3 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 04 0.4 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 4.2 
 
 05 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 4.3 
 
 06 0.6 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 4.4 
 
 07 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 4.5 
 
 08 0.8 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 4.6 
 
 09 0.9 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 4.7 
 
 10 1.0 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 11 1.1 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 4.9 
 
 12 1.2 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 13 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 51 ' 
 
 
 
 
 14 1.4 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 15 1.5 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 'Not used 
 
 
 16 1.6 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 17 1.7 
 
 
 
 
 55 j 
 
 
 
 
 18 1.8 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 19 1.9 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 20 2.0 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 21 2.1 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 22 2.2 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 23 2.3 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 24 2.4 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 25 2.5 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 26 2.6 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 27 2.7 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 28 2.9 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 29 2.9 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 30 3.0 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 31 3.1 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 32 3.2 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 33 3.3 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 34 3.4 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 35 3.5 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 36 3.6 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 37 3.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 219 
 
3.0.0 ISLAND DATA ACQUISITION 
 
 Data included in the BOMEX Temporary Archive from observations made at 
 various locations on the island of Barbados consist of radar data, rawin- 
 sonde data, and ATS-3 satellite data. For availability of island-acquired 
 data products and ordering instructions, see section 4.0.0, Data Ordering 
 Instructions and Costs. 
 
 3.1.0 ISLAND RADAR DATA 
 
 The U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL) , Electronics 
 Command (EC0M) , Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, as directed by the Army Materiel 
 Command, provided a weather radar team on Barbados to obtain quantitative 
 estimates of precipitation and storm characteristics for mission planning 
 and time-lapse photography of the off-center scope to study the origin, 
 development, movement, size, and intensity of tropical weather disturbances 
 within the range of the radar. An AN/MPS-34 van-mounted weather radar, 
 two U.S. Army power generators, Model 4070, and auxiliary equipment were 
 used, located on Hackleton's Cliff near the east coast of the island 
 approximately 65 mi from the perimeter of the BOMEX square and 96 mi from 
 the Mt. Mitchell , which was positioned at the southwest corner of the 
 BOMEX fixed-ship array during Observation Periods I, II, and III. The 
 antenna elevation at approximately 950 ft above mean sea level extended the 
 radar horizon. With the antenna elevation angle at approximately zero 
 degrees, it was possible to detect many targets at ranges up to 200 n mi 
 or greater. 
 
 Characteristics of the AN/MPS-34 radar are listed in table 3-1. Only 
 long-pulse operation was used. 
 
 Fifty-eight 100-ft rolls of 35-mm film containing photographs of the 
 radar plan-position indicator (PPI) scope were obtained. A gain-step 
 system to reduce receiver gain was used to acquire quantitative information 
 about storm intensities. This system provided for five gain steps, cali- 
 brated to yield increments of 18 dB for step 1, 8 dB for step 2, step 3, 
 and step 4, and 6 dB for step 5. Gain-step increments were checked for 
 each new roll of 35-mm film and were recalibrated if any step had drifted 
 by more than 2 dB, and the observed gain settings were recorded in an equip- 
 ment log book. The procedure for calibrating both gain step and film pro- 
 vided a photographic record of minimum detectable signal on the film for 
 the gain settings. 
 
 The radar film is documented in "Weather Radar Investigations on the 
 BOMEX," a report by Dr. Michael D. Hudlow, who served as Project Scientist 
 for the weather radar team. The report contains a quality review of each 
 reel, describes operational and calibration procedures, and results of 
 gain-step and film calibration, automatic camera settings for each mode of 
 
 220 
 
Table 3-1. Characteristics of AN/MPS-34 radar (long pulse) 
 
 Characteristic 
 
 Probable value 
 
 Transmitted power (peak) 
 Wavelength 
 Antenna shape 
 Horizontal beam width 
 Vertical beam width 
 Antenna gain 
 
 Antenna rotation rate 
 
 Minimum detectable signal 
 Linear receiver 
 
 Dynamic range (receiver) 
 Linear receiver 
 
 Pulse repetition frequency 
 
 Pulse width 
 
 Sensitivity time control 
 
 Range units 
 
 180 kW 
 
 3.2 cm 
 
 Parabolic 
 
 1° 
 
 1° 
 
 26,300 
 (dimensionless) 
 
 5 rev/min 
 
 -105 dBm 
 
 17 to 20 dB 
 186 pulses/sec 
 5 x 10~ 6 sec 
 Not used 
 Statute miles 
 
 221 
 
operation, and provides other significant information for film interpretation, 
 Listed as Research and Development Technical Report ECOM-3329, "Weather Radar 
 Investigations on the BOMEX," the document should be ordered by users from 
 Federal agencies from: 
 
 Defense Documentation Center 
 ATTN : UNC-TCA 
 Cameron Station (Bldg. 5) 
 Alexandria, Virginia 22314, 
 
 and by users from non-Government groups from: 
 
 National Technical Information Service 
 Springfield, Virginia 22151. 
 
 222 
 
3.2.0 ISLAND RAWINSONDE DATA 
 
 The U.S. Air Force Air Weather Service 6th Mobile Weather Squadron ob- 
 tained upper air soundings daily from May 14 to June 4 and from July 8 to 
 July 28 near BOMEX Field Headquarters using GMD-1A tracking and recording 
 equipment. Standard Air Weather Service procedures were used for the rawin- 
 sonde observations, which supplemented soundings made at Seawell Airport by 
 the Barbados Meteorological Service. 
 
 Acquired data included temperature and humidity strip charts, printouts 
 from the GMD-1A wind-finding equipment, winds-aloft computations, and 
 weather plotting charts. These data were evaluated and are available from 
 the temporary archive in the form of adiabatic charts and winds-aloft com- 
 putation sheets (WBAN-20) . 
 
 NOTE: To obtain correct azimuth from the winds-aloft compu- 
 tation sheets, subtract 18° from the values shown. 
 
 223 
 
3.3.0 ATS-3 DATA 
 
 For BOMEX Observation Period IV, July 11 to 28, the Hughes Aircraft Com- 
 pany, Aerospace Group, Space Systems Division, moved the ATS satellite ground 
 station from Mojave, California, to Barbados for reception of ATS-3 satellite 
 pictures to support the investigation of tropical convective systems. The 
 Hughes Terminal, located near BOMEX Field Headquarters at Paragon House, pro- 
 vided continuous high-resolution satellite photographs on a real-time basis 
 for daily planning of aircraft missions. 
 
 Located above the equator at 73°W in May, the satellite was moved pro- 
 gressively eastward and retained its position at 46° to 47°W during the month 
 of July. Taken at intervals of approximately 20 min, the ATS-3 full-earth 
 disc photographs for BOMEX Observation Period IV are available in positive 
 transparency or print form from the temporary archive (see sec. 4.0.0). 
 
 A summary of the characteristics of the ATS-3 satellite and its two 
 camera systems is given in The User's Guide to ATS-III Meteorological Data , 
 published by Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771. 
 
 224 
 
4.0.0 DATA ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS AND COSTS 
 
 As noted in the Introduction, the BOMEX Temporary Archive has one pur- 
 pose only: to distribute selected BOMEX data upon request in the form(s) in 
 which the data now exist. If the procedures outlined below are followed, 
 the material required to satisfy a data request will usually be shipped within 
 2 weeks after receipt of the order . 
 
 Various tables of information have been compiled to standardize requests 
 for BOMEX data. These tables also provide the user with information concern- 
 ing the approximate quantity of data available for each BOMEX Observation Day, 
 the contents of the archive products, and cost of duplication to be borne by 
 the user. A description of the tables and their use in preparing a data 
 reques t f ol lows . 
 
 Table 4-1. Reference Information to Aid in Preparation of a Data Request . 
 The BOMEX Temporary Archive consists of two types of data: Observed Data 
 and the Support Data required to interpret or evaluate a particular observed- 
 data product. Table 4-1 was compiled to insure that the user is aware of all 
 support data for an observed-data type. The user should keep in mind that 
 most of the temporary archive products are the results of initial processing 
 steps that are being used by BOMAP to produce the final data-processing 
 system design. Also shown in table 4-1 are the minimum quantities of an 
 observed-data type and the corresponding support data that can be supplied 
 by the archive. For each observed-data type and support-data type, the 
 appropriate columns in table 4-1 refer to the other tables to be used by 
 the requester in selecting desired observation periods or dates, and to 
 specify the desired archive product (s) and the appropriate support data on 
 the data request. 
 
 Tables 4-2 through 4-9 . These tables provide information on the availability 
 of each observed-data type by BOMEX Observation Day. The tables are organized 
 by acquisition platform or location. The information shown is a summary of 
 the approximate observation frequency or quantity available. The tables are 
 the source from which the user will define the observation period or dates 
 for the data desired. 
 
 Tables 4-10 through 4-21 . These tables provide the ordering specifications, 
 inventory of each available archive product, and duplication cost. 
 
 225 
 
All costs shown in tables 4-10 through 4-21 for magnetic tapes, i.e., 
 $60.00 per reel, are for a one-to-one duplication in the archive format. Any 
 other desired format must first be cost-estimated before ordering data. 
 Having reviewed the archive documentation and possibly consulted the BOMAP 
 Office with regard to particular questions the user whould proceed as follows: 
 
 (a) Using table 4-1, note the support data required for an 
 observed-data type and the minimum quantity of the 
 desired observed-data product (s) that can be supplied. 
 
 (b) Define the desired observation periods or dates for 
 which data are required for the research need at hand. 
 This can be done for each acquisition platform or 
 location from tables 4-2 through 4-9. 
 
 Having defined the desired data product (s) and time period from tables 
 4-2 through 4-9, specify from tables 4-10 through 4-21 the order number or 
 order designation found in the far left column of each table or in the foot- 
 notes to the appropriate table, along with the description of contents for 
 the data product (s) desired. To eliminate any possibly confusion in proces- 
 sing of a data request, the list of requested items should be organized in 
 the same order as they are found in tables 4-10 through 4-21, i.e., the data 
 products selected from table 4-10 should be listed first, then items selected 
 from table 4-11, and so forth. In some cases, a user may find that more data 
 must be ordered than is necessary. Do not specify less than the stated 
 minimum quantity (see table 4-1) since the retrieval cost and duplication 
 cost will be that of the minimum quantity. 
 
 Tables 4-10 through 4-21 include the duplication cost of one copy for 
 each selected data product. The cost to the user is the sum of the individual 
 costs for one copy of each of the data products selected. For multiple copies 
 of any data product, multiply the duplication cost for one copy by the number 
 Of desired copies. 
 
 Advance payment is required for all work done for non-Federal institu- 
 tions or agencies, private firms, universities, or individuals. All work done 
 for Federal agencies will be on a reimbursable basis. Requests from other 
 countries should be accompanied by a check drawn on a United States bank, if 
 practicable, or a United States branch of a foreign bank, and payable in United 
 States currency. 
 
 The minimum charge per order is $3.00. Prices include shipping cost by 
 usual "best way." Special shipping can be arranged upon request, at cost. 
 
 A few radar and microfilm reels contain less than 100 ft of film. This 
 has been considered in establishing the overall cost of the copies and the 
 full price is charged for each reel, regardless of its length. 
 
 226 
 
Although the meteorological data are stored in the National Climatic 
 Center (NCC) , Environmental Data Service (EDS) , and the oceanographic data 
 in the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) , EDS, a procedure has been 
 developed within EDS that requires only a single request in response to 
 which the user will receive information or data from both archives , if 
 required. 
 
 Data requests or requests for information regarding data should be 
 directed to Mr. Arthur I. Cooperman, Chief, Data Information Group, Environ- 
 mental Data Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, Md. 20910 . Make checks payable 
 to ''Department of Commerce, NOAA." 
 
 A sample data request is shown in figure 4—1. 
 
 227 
 
Mr. Arthur I. Cooperman 
 Chief , Data Information Group 
 Environmental Data Service, NOAA 
 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 
 
 Dear Mr. Cooperman: 
 
 Please send me the following from the BOMEX Temporary Archive: 
 
 1. Reels B0752, B0753, BO760, and B0754 of Boom Surface Meteorological 
 Measurements for the Discoverer for the period May 7 through July 28, 
 on magnetic tape, 7-channel, BCD, 800 BPI, and D0C.-1, containing 
 
 the following support data: BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log and tabulation 
 of all fixed-ship operations data. 
 
 2. Magnetic tape B3405, containing all RECCO Observations by the Navy 
 and Air Force aircraft during the four BOMEX Observation Periods, and 
 Listing of Dropsonde File from tape B9622 (computer printout) for 
 Air Force WC-130. 
 
 3. Reels 1 through 5, non-registered copy, of AN/MPS-34 Island Radar Data 
 on microfilm for the period May 3 - May 15. (Per your instructions, 
 will order the support data, "Weather Radar Investigations on the BOMEX," 
 from the National Technical Information Service.) 
 
 Enclosed please find my check for $369.00 made out to "Department of Commerce, 
 NOAA.) 
 
 Thank you for your kind attention. 
 Sincerely, 
 
 Figure 4-1. Sample data request 
 
 228 
 
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 cNin-*invCNcocT\OHNcn^-invor^coa\OHcscnvcfLn\C(voocTiOH 
 
 rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHCNINCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNfOrn 
 
 255 
 

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 3 
 
 257 
 
Table 4-10. Support data inventory 
 
 Order by 
 designation 
 tion in 
 this col- 
 umn 
 
 Contents 
 
 Dupli- 
 cation 
 cost 
 
 Availabi- 
 lity date 
 for dis- 
 tribution 
 
 D0C.-1* 
 
 BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log 
 
 Tabulation of all Fixed-Ship 
 Operations Data 
 
 $ 9.00 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 DOC. -2 
 
 RFF Photographic Quality 
 Review Log 
 
 RFF Flight Folders 
 
 $ 9.00 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 DOC. -3** 
 
 Discoverer Weather Radar Log 
 
 $ 9.00 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 STD Support All STD Support Data for all 
 
 Data in STD casts from all five fixed 
 
 punched- ships (one punched card per 
 
 card form cast) 
 
 $15.00 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 Listing 
 of STD 
 Support 
 Data 
 
 Computer tabulation of the STD 
 Support Data from the punched 
 cards of all STD casts from all 
 five fixed ships 
 
 $ 5.00 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 *Fixed-Ship Operations Data are also available on magnetic tape B9622 as one 
 of five data files on this tape. Specify tape B9622, and one of the 
 following: (a) 7 Channel; BCD; 200, 556, or 800 BPI; or (b) 9 Channel; 
 ERDIC; 800 BPI. Cost is $60.00 (includes cost of magnetic tape). 
 
 **This reel also includes the Surface Pressure - Marine Microbarograms and 
 the CTEM Logs (see tables 4-14 and 4-15) . 
 
 258 
 
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Table 4-12. Radiometersonde Data inventory 
 
 Order by 
 designation 
 in this 
 column 
 
 Contents 
 
 Dupli- 
 cation 
 cost 
 
 Availabi- 
 lity date 
 for dis- 
 tribution 
 
 B9622 * 
 
 Magnetic tape containing 
 all observations from 
 fixed ships Pis cove rer , 
 Rainier , and Rock away , 
 and observations near 
 Paragon House, Barbados 
 
 $60.00 
 (includes 
 cost of 
 tape) 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 Printout 
 of Radio- 
 metersonde 
 File from 
 tape B9622 
 
 Listing of entire Radio- 
 metersonde File from tape 
 B9622 
 
 $15.00 
 
 2/1/71 
 
 Radiometersonde Data is only one of five files on this tape. When ordering 
 magnetic tape, specify (A) 7 channel; BCD; 200, 556, or 800 BPI; or (B) 9 
 channel; EBCDIC; 800 BPI. 
 
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PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
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