MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAM REPORT No. 1 Reconnaissance Sediments on the Inner and Central New Jersey Shelf (MESA Data Report) noaa NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION / Environmental Research Laboratories Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/reconnaissanceofOOstub MESA Report No. 1 RECONNAISSANCE OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS ON THE INNER AND CENTRAL NEW JERSEY SHELF (MESA Data Report) William L. Stubblefield Michael Dicken Donald J. P. Swift MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAM Boulder, Colorado July 1974 CO > • r ? j UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick 6. Dent, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M White. Administrator Environmental Research Laboratories Wilmot N Hess. Director * r M(N\ 0< For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 DISCLAIMER The NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve , recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories , or to this publication furnished by the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories publication . 11 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 5 Field Methods 5 Laboratory Techniques 5 TABULAR RESULTS 9 SUMMARY 14 REFERENCES 15 in RECONNAISSANCE OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS ON THE INNER AND CENTRAL NEW JERSEY SHELF (MESA DATA REPORT) William L. Stubblefield 1 Michael Dicken 2 Donald J. P. Swift 1 ABSTRACT The petrography of samples from two areas on the New Jersey Shelf was analyzed to resolve the relation between sur- ficial grain-size distribution, hydraulic regime, and bathy- metry. Determination of this relation is essential to our understanding of the sediment flux in these areas and is a critical parameter for environmental impact problems. The sample localities are presently undergoing, or are being considered for, a variety of conflicting usages, including food resources (fishing), mineral resources (beach borrow), and waste disposal (dredge spoil and sewage). All of the collected samples were examined for grain- size distribution in quarter-phi intervals and for related statistical parameters which include mean grain size, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. A mean grain- size distribution map for each area suggests a relation between bathymetry and grain-size distribution which, in turn, defines certain features of a hydraulic regime. Selected samples were further examined for relative per- cent of detritus , clay pebbles , fauna content , and heavy mineral concentrations. The individual petrographical parameters are presented in tabular form. INTRODUCTION During the period 1972-73, the bottom sediments of two study areas (areas 1A and IB) on the New Jersey Shelf were sampled 1 MESA, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, Miami, Fla. 33149. 2 Dept. of Earth Sciences, Queens College, Flushing, N. Y. 11367. and analyzed in support of the NOAA MESA (Marine Ecosystems Analysis) program (fig. 1). The study areas were selected as: (1) areas critical to the natural system of cohesionless sediment (sand) flux; and (2) areas presently or potentially experiencing environmental impact problems. Both areas (fig. 2) lie on the Great Egg Shoal Retreat Massif, the retreat path formed during the Holocene sea level rise of a littoral- drift convergence zone associated with the Ancestral Great Egg River mouth (Swift and Sears, 1974, in. press). During the near-stabiliza- tion of sea level rise in the late Holocene, a prominent inner shelf ridge field ( fig . 2 ) developed in the Atlantic City , N . J . , study area (Duane et al. , 1972). The Atlantic City area is presently experiencing environmental management problems relating to beach erosion, sewage disposal, and fishing. The first offshore nuclear powerplant, off Beach Haven Inlet (fig. 2), is scheduled to be built within the Atlantic City study area. In the Central New Jersey Shelf study area (IB), a ridge-and-swale topography has been impressed on the Great Egg Shoal Retreat Massif subsequent to the retreat of the shoreline (Swift et al. , 1973). This ridged central shelf sector is believed to be representative of many areas that are potential sites for offshore waste disposal. Bottom sediment samples from the study areas are described in this report. For a more detailed and interpretative report on some of these data, see Stubblefield et al. (1974, in press). < 73< Figure 1. Sample localities for NOAA Marine Ecosystems Analysis Program (MESA I 39° 00' N\ j_ *?• - < / 38° 45' N\ ***£: — 7V 74°00'W — 7~ 73°45'W "V : FIRST ORDER HIGHS ~~-~~ CRESTLINES, SECOND ORDER HIGHS • PROSPECTIVE SITE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Figure 2. Sample areas 1A and IB. METHODS Field Methods The grab samples collected from the nearshore area of the New Jersey Shelf are denoted by prefix "1A" and bounded by latitudes 39°17'N and 39°30'N; longitudes 74°09'W and 74°21'W. The area, 40 km off the New Jersey shore, is denoted by prefix "IB" and bounded by latitudes 39°00'N and 39°10'N; longitudes 73°45'W and 74°00'W (fig. 2). Navigation was provided by dual, automatic-tracking Loran A receivers for all of 1A samples and the bulk of IB samples. Samples from 375 through 407 and from 449 through 492 were collected, using Raydist electronic control which affords much improved navigational accuracy over Loran A. The expected navigational error in the respective systems ranges from ± 600 m using Loran A to t 10 m utilizing Raydist. Shipek grab samples were collected every 800 m on the cruise which used Loran A coverage and every 400 m when Raydist was utilized. In each area, the sample transects were both normal and parallel to the major bathymetric features (fig. 3 and 4). In the western sector of area IB, where a maximum ridge slope is found, a more dense sample net normal to the bathymetry was effected. The latitude and longitude coordinates for each sample station are presented in table 1. Laboratory Techniques Shipek grab samples were split from 1-kg to approximately 60 g by using either a sampler splitter or the random scoop method suggested 74°15' Fiaure 3. Sample net for area 1A superimposed on bathymetry. The solid dots denote a sample station. Bathymetry is in 1-fm. contours. 39°15' 39°10' 39°05' 39°00'N 74°00'W 73°55' 73°50' 73°45' Figure 4. Bathymetry of area IB. The Shipek grab samples are shown as dots and vibracores as squares. The sample numbers appear beside the position. (From Stubble field et_ al_. 3 1974.) by Shepard and Young (1961). The 60-g sample split was dry-sieved, using a 3-in. (76-mm) U.S. Standard Sieve to separate the material that was coarser than 2 mm. The sand-and-silt fraction was weighed on a top-loader balance and placed in an ultrasonic bath to dis- aggregate the finer particles. The samples were then wet-sieved, using a 230-mesh screen to separate the material finer than 0.0625 mm and then oven-dried. After drying, the samples were weighed to determine the weight percent of silt/clay relative to the sand fraction (table 1). The sand fraction was reduced by additional splitting to 10-g samples and analyzed in respect to grain-size distribution by a Rapid Sediment Analyzer (RSA). This apparatus uses the fall velocity of the sediment through a 1.33-m water column. The fall velocity "W" is calculated using Stokes Law, 2 PI - P2 o W = V9 g y r z , where p-^ is the density of the sediment, p~ is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration of gravity, u is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid, and r is the radius of the sand particle. The fall times in seconds used for this study were values determined by Schlee (1966) and are contingent on the assumption that the sand consisted of quartz with a density of 2.65. The RSA was calibrated against sieves (Nelsen, 1974) and fall times were corrected accordingly. The RSA was electronically coupled with a Hewlett-Packard 9810 calculator to derive the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis from the grain-size distribution for each sample (table 1). 8 These values were developed from moment calculations , suggested by Krumbein and Petti John (1938), based on a sand fraction normalized to 100 percent. The silt/ clay and coarse fractions were not included in the moment calculations to maintain a hydrodynamically similar sample. The grain-size distribution in quarter-phi units (negative log to the base two of the grain size in millimeters) and the corresponding metric equivalent are listed in table 2 . Median diameter maps have been prepared for each area from the grain-size analysis distributions (fig. 5 and 6). Ninety of the grab samples from area IB were coarse-sieved (> 2 mm) before the original splitting. The coarse fraction from the 1-kg sample was examined for content of detritus , clay pebbles , and fauna. The fauna was separated into respective classes of pelecypod, gastropod, or echinoid, with further separation to whole or fragmented specimens and to size of each. A relative-number percentage for each category appears as table 3. Heavy mineral analyses were run on 18 of the area IB samples. Because the heavier minerals are generally finer than 0.42 mm, the sand was first sieved to this size to increase the relative-weight percent- age of heavy minerals per sample (table 4). TABULAR RESULTS The bulk of this report consists of reduced data derived from the RSA in the form of grain-size distribution (tables 1 and 2), composition of the coarse fraction (table 3) , and the relative percentage of heavy BATHYMETRY IN FATHOMS SP^O 1 39°20' 74°30' 74°20' 74°10' Figure 5. Isopleth map of mean grain size of area 1A in relation to the 5- and 10- fm. contours. 10 39°10'N 73°55'W 39°0O'N 73°45'W Figure 6. Isopleth map of mean grain size of area IB. The 20-fm. contour is shown. (From Stubblefield et al. 3 1974.) 11 minerals (table 4). Tables 1 and 2 are labeled in respect to areas 1A or IB, but tables 3 and 4 are confined to samples from area IB. In table 1 , the columns reflect the following parameters of each sample. Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Parameter Sample number Latitude (North) Longitude (West) Water depth (in fathoms, 900 denotes a missed depth) Weight percent of coarse fraction ( > 2.0 mm) Weight percent of sand fraction Weight percent of fine fraction (< 0.0625 mm) Mean grain size Standard deviation Sum of squares Skewness Kurtosis Table 2 consists entirely of .grain-size distribution. Column Phi size Millimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 sample number -0.99 through -0.75 -0.74 through -0.50 -0.49 through -0.25 -0.24 through 0.00 0.01 through 0.25 0.26 through 0.50 0.51 through 0.75 0.76 through 1.00 1.01 through 1.25 1.26 through 1.50 1.51 through 1.75 1.76 through 2.00 2.01 through 2.25 2.26 through 2.50 2.51 through 2.75 2.76 through 3.00 3.01 through 3.25 3.26 through 3.50 3.51 through 3.75 3.76 through 4.00 1.999 1.679 1.409 1.189 0.999 0.839 0.709 0.589 0.499 0.419 0.349 0.299 0.249 0.209 0.176 0.148 0.124 0.104 0.087 0.073 through through through through through through through through through through through through through through through through through through through through 1.680 1.410 1.190 1.000 0.840 0.710 0.590 0.500 0.420 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.210 0.177 0.149 0.125 0.105 0.088 0.074 0.0625 12 Table 3 is a list of the 90 IB samples examined for coarse fraction ( > 2.00 mm) content. Each column reflects a point-count percentage rather than a weight percentage. Column Parameter (% ) 1 Sample number 2 Detritus > 0.5 cm 3 Detritus < 0.5 cm 4 Clay pebbles > 0.5 cm 5 Clay pebbles < 0.5 cm 6 Echinoderms, whole, > 1 cm 7 Echinoderms, whole, < 1 cm 8 Echinoderms, fragmented, > 1 cm 9 Echinoderms , fragmented , < 1 cm 10 Pelecypods, whole, > 1 cm 11 Pelecypods, whole, < 1 cm 12 Pelecypods, fragmented, > 1 cm 13 Pelecypods, fragmented, < 1 cm 14 Gastropods, whole, > 1 cm 15 Gastropods, whole, < 1 cm 16 Gastropods, fragmented, > 1 cm 17 Gastropods, fragmented, < 1 cm Table 4 is the heavy mineral fractionation of the 19 samples from area IB. Column 1 is the sample number, and column 2 is the weight percentage of the heavies in the sand fraction, ranging from 0.42 to 0.0625 mm. The tabulated data are available to the reader on either digitized data cards or magnetic tape from the NOAA National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, 3300 Whitehaven Street, N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20235. The request should be referenced by: Project - MESA, Ship - Venture , Year - 1972, for the data collected through the utilization of Loran; and by: Project - MESA, Ship - Peirce , Year - 1973. for those samples collected using Raydist navigational control. 13 SUMMARY Two areas on the New Jersey Shelf were extensively bottom- sampled. The petrography of the collected samples is presented in the form of mean-grain diameter maps (fig. 5 and 6) and in tables 1 through 4. The tables include: geographic position of each sample; water depth; relative-weight percentage of coarse, sand, and fine fraction; four statistical moments plus sum of squares; grain-size distribution in quarter-phi intervals; detritus, clay pebbles, and fauna within the coarse fraction; and heavy mineral analysis of selected samples. 14 REFERENCES Duane, D.B., M.E. Field, E.P. Meisburger, D.J. P. Swift, and S.J. Williams (1972): Linear shoals on the Atlantic intercontinental shelf, Florida to Long Island, pp. 447-498; in: Swift, D.J. P. , D.B. Duane, and O.H. Pilkey, eds. , Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern ; Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pa. , 656 pp. Krumbein, W.C., and F.J. Pettijohn (1938): Manual of Sedimentary Petrology 3 D. Appleton-Century Co., New York, N.Y. , 549 pp. Nelsen, T.A. (1974): An automated rapid sediment analyzer (ARSA) , NOAA Tech. Memo., EEL AOML 21, 26 pp. Schlee, J. (1966): A modified Woods Hole Rapid Sediment Analyzer, Jour. Sedimentary Petrology 3 36(2) : 403-413. Shepard, F.P. , and R. Young (1961): Distinguishing between beach and dune sands, Jour. Sedimentary Petrology 3 31:196-214. Stubblefield, W.L. , J.W. Lavelle, T.F. McKinney, and D.J. P. Swift (1974) Sediment response to the present hydraulic regime on the Central New Jersey Shelf, Jour. Sedimentary Petrology (in press). Swift, D.J. P., D.B. Duane, and T.F. McKinney (1973): Ridge and swale topography of the Middle Atlantic Bight, North America: Secular response to the Holocene hydraulic regime, Mar. Geology 3 15:227-247. Swift, D.J. P. , and P. Sears (1974): Estuarine and littoral patterns in the surficial sand sheet central and southern Atlantic Shelf of North America, in: Mien, G., ed. , Shelf and Estuarine Sedimen- tation: A Symposium^ Univ. of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (in press) . 15 CN J *£ i. J ;J r- c o c i 3 M J 3 ft C i f\. 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