tft./O; y%o-a^ 
 
 NBS Special 
 
 Publication 
 
 480-2 
 
 LEAA Police 
 Equipment 
 Survey of 1972, 
 Volume II 
 
 Equipment and 
 Supplies 
 
 Law Enforcement 
 
 Equipment 
 
 Technology 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF 
 COMMERCE 
 National Bureau of 
 Standards 
 
 ^<°:x 
 
 •%r ES o* •* 
 
nbs Special LEAA Police 
 
 Publication Equipment 
 
 480-2 
 
 td 
 
 Survey of 1972, 
 Volume II 
 
 Equipment and 
 Supplies 
 
 by 
 
 S. Mumford, P. Klaus, E. Bunten, R. Cunitz 
 Institute for Applied Technology 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 Washington, D. C. 20234 
 
 prepared by 
 
 Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory 
 Center for Consumer Product Technology 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 Washington, DC. 20234 
 
 prepared for 
 
 National Institute of Law 
 
 Enforcement and Criminal Justice 
 
 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 
 
 U.S. Department of Justice 
 
 Washington, D. C. 20531 
 
 
 
 u "*».„ ^ »* v 
 
 £sued June 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary 
 
 •3 Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary 
 
 (§• Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology 
 
 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director 
 
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 
 
 Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory. 
 
 LEA A police equipment survey of 1972. 
 
 (NBS special publication ; 480-1—480-7) 
 
 "CODEN: XNBSAV." 
 
 CONTENTS: v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for 
 standards, priorities for police equipment. — v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. 
 Communications equipment and supplies. — v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten, 
 E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.] 
 
 1. Police — Equipment and supplies — Collected works. I. National 
 Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. II. Title. III. 
 Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publica- 
 tion ; 480-1^80-7. 
 
 QC100.U57 no. 480-1—480-7 [HV7936.E7] 602'. Is [363.2'028] 
 74-28442 
 
 I 
 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 Special Publication 480-2 
 
 Nat Bur. Stand (U.S.), Spec Publ. 480-2 ,127pages 
 CODENXNBSAV 
 
 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 
 
 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402 
 
 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.10:480-2). Stock No. 003-003-01723-0 Price $2.75 
 
 (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing) 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 We are grateful to the 428 police departments throughout the United States who 
 contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to 
 the police departments whose officers and administrators helped the survey team 
 during the developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition, we thank 
 Marshall J. Treado, Communications Systems Program Manager, Jacob J. Diamond, 
 Chief of the NBS Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, and Lester Shubin, NILECJ 
 Standards Program Manager, for their support and assistance. 
 
 We thank the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided 
 support: William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection and for 
 helping design and program the interactive recordkeeping system; Jenny L. Eldreth and 
 P. Clare Peiser for maintaining the computerized recordkeeping system; June R. Cornog 
 for her advice, support, and help with initial interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many 
 typings of the various versions of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, 
 and Susan E. Bergsman for making follow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for 
 her administrative support; Karen Jackson for her help with questionnaire coding and 
 recordkeeping; Cassandra Hawkins for typing the report. Michael R. Vogt receives 
 special thanks for his help in carrying out the computerized edit and tabulation of the 
 data. Special thanks also go to Dwight F. Doxey for coding this questionnaire and 
 contributing to the preliminary data analysis. 
 
 ill 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/leaapoliceequipOOIawe 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Acknowledgments in 
 
 List of Tables v: 
 
 Foreword xi 
 
 Executive Summary Xlll 
 
 1. Introduction 1 
 
 1.1. Project Background 1 
 
 1.2. Sample Design 2 
 
 1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4 
 
 1.4. Development and Design of the Communications DQ 5 
 
 1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5 
 
 2. Question by Question Discussion 7 
 
 2.1. Advice to the Reader 7 
 
 2.2. Discussion 9 
 
 2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 9 
 
 2.2.2. Number of Officers and Characteristics of 
 
 Jurisdiction 10 
 
 2.2.3. Mobile Radios 12 
 
 2.2.3.1. Number of Mobile Radios 12 
 
 2.2.3.2. Spectrum Utilization: Mobile Radios 13 
 
 2.2.3.3. Characteristics of Mobile Radios 17 
 
 2.2.4. Portable Radios 21 
 
 2.2.4.1. Number of Portable Radios 22 
 
 2.2.4.2. Spectrum Utilization: Portable Radios 23 
 
 2.2.4.3. Characteristics of Portable Radios 26 
 
 2.2.5. Special Systems 33 
 
 2.2.5.1. Mobile Repeaters 33 
 
 2.2.5.2. Fixed Repeaters 35 
 
 2.2.5.3. Portamobile Radios with Voting Systems 37 
 
 2.2.5.4. Scrambler Systems 39 
 
 2.2.5.5. Communications Helmet 43 
 
 2.2.6. General Information 44 
 
 2.2.6.1. Need for Standards and Expected Gains from 
 Standards 44 
 
 2.2.6.2. Communications Needs 47 
 
 2.2.6.3. Problems with and Failures of 
 
 Communications Equipment 48 
 
 2.2.7. Comments 50 
 
 Appendix A. Communications Questionnaire 
 
 Appendix B. Raw Data Tables 
 
LIST OF TABLES 
 
 Table 1.2-1. 
 Table 1.2-2. 
 Table 1.2-3. 
 
 Table 1.3-1. 
 Table 1.5-1. 
 
 Table 1.5-2. 
 Table 1.5-3. 
 Table i. 
 
 Table ii. 
 
 Table iii. 
 
 Table 5A-1. 
 
 Table 5A-2. 
 
 Table 6. 
 
 Table 2A-1. 
 
 Table 2A-2. 
 
 Table 1A-1. 
 
 Table 1A-2. 
 
 Table 1A-3. 
 
 Table 1B-1. 
 
 Table ID 
 
 and E. 
 
 Table ID and 
 
 E and 5B. 
 
 Table 1C-1. 
 
 Table 1C-2. 
 
 Table 1C-3. 
 
 Table 3. 
 
 Page 
 
 Stratification categories 3 
 
 Number of police departments by region and type 3 
 
 Number in sample of departments selected to receive the 
 Detailed Questionnaire: Communications— by region and 
 
 department type 3 
 
 Number of sample of departments returning acceptable 
 
 Detailed Questionnaires: Communications 4 
 
 Activities handled by at least one-third of that department 
 by department type, and percent of total departments 
 
 having each activity 6 
 
 Descriptive data by department type (means) 6 
 
 Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 
 
 Rank of primary respondent for communications 
 
 questionnaire, by department type 9 
 
 Years of experience in law enforcement of primary 
 
 respondent 9 
 
 Average number of full-time officers, by department type 10 
 
 Average size of communications jurisdiction, by 
 
 department type 10 
 
 Comparison between average number of officers in department 
 
 and average size of jurisdiction 11 
 
 General character of jurisdiction, by LEAA region 11 
 
 Number of car radios, by department type 12 
 
 Estimated total population of police car radios in 
 
 U.S., by department type 13 
 
 Distribution of transmitting frequencies among bands, 
 
 by department type (406 departments responding) 14 
 
 Percent use of more than 1 frequency band for transmitting 
 
 by the 65 departments reporting concurrent usage 14 
 
 Mean number of transmitting frequencies per department, 
 
 by department type and band 15 
 
 Percent departments whose transmitting and receiving 
 
 frequencies were not all the same (n=130) 15 
 
 Comparison of channels authorized with channels in use for 
 mobile radios, by department type (department types listed 
 from largest to smallest based on mean number of 
 
 full-time officers) 16 
 
 Comparison of average number of channels authorized, in use, 
 
 and in area for mobile radios, by department type 17 
 
 Frequency count of reported output power for all 
 
 responding departments 18 
 
 Percentages of each department type which cited output power 
 
 of 90-110 watts 18 
 
 Average output power, by department type, arranged by 
 
 average size of jurisdiction 18 
 
 Cumulative percentages for period of time within which 
 
 428 departments bought most of their car radios, by 
 
 department type 19 
 
 VI 
 
Table 4. Cumulative percentages for cost of the car radios most Page 
 
 frequently used in a department (including base plate, 
 control head, microphone, and speaker), by department 
 
 type .' 20 
 
 Table 2B-1. Percentages of car radios in use in department made by 
 
 various manufacturers, by department type 20 
 
 Table 2B-2. Proportions of different manufacturers represented 
 
 within one department 21 
 
 Table 9. Use of portable radios, by department type 21 
 
 Table 11A-1. Number of portable radios, by department type 22 
 
 Table 11A-2. Comparison between mean number of officers per department 
 type, mean number of car radios, and mean number of 
 
 portable radios 22 
 
 Table 11A-3. Comparison of estimated number of police portable radios 
 
 and car radios in the United States, by department type 23 
 
 Table 10A-1. Comparison of percentages of total transmitting 
 
 frequencies, by band, for mobile and portable radios 
 
 for all departments 23 
 
 Table 10A-2. Percentages of total mobile and portable frequencies, by 
 
 band, for county and 50 largest city departments 24 
 
 Table 10A-3. Mean numbers of portable and mobile radio transmitting 
 
 frequencies, by department type (department types ordered 
 from largest to smallest by number of full-time officers) .... 24 
 
 Table 10B. Percentages of total portable radio frequencies used for 
 
 both transmitting and receiving, by department type 24 
 
 Table 10D Comparison of channels authorized and in use for 
 
 and E-l. portable radios, by department type 25 
 
 Table 10D Comparison of channels authorized and in use for portable 
 
 and E-2. and mobile radios, by all department types 25 
 
 Table IOC. Mean output power in watts for portable radios, by 
 
 department type— arranged from smallest to largest mean 
 
 size of jurisdiction 26 
 
 Table 22. Priorities assigned to standards for power supplies for 
 
 portable radios by 348 departments which used portable 
 radios as compared to average number of portables available, 
 
 by department type 27 
 
 Table 23. Comparison between batteries now in use and batteries 
 
 and 24. preferred, by the 348 departments using portable radios 27 
 
 Table 25. Use of batteries which must be recharged, by 348 departments 
 
 which used portable radios 28 
 
 Table 25A., B., Length of time to partially and completely recharge 
 C, and D. batteries: length of time batteries can be used before 
 
 needing recharging, and needing replacement, by departments 
 which use rechargeable batteries in their portable radios .... 29 
 
 Table 12. Weight of portable radios, by 348 departments using 
 
 and 13-1. portable radios 29 
 
 Table 12. Comparison between weight of most used portable radios and 
 
 and 13-2. respondents' feeling about that weight 30 
 
 Table 12A. When departments bought most of their "most often used" 
 
 brands of portable radios 31 
 
 Table 12B. Cumulative percentages for costs of "most commonly used" 
 
 portable radios in 348 departments 31 
 
 VII 
 
Table 11B. Percentage of portable radios in use in departments made by Page 
 
 various manufacturers, by department type 32 
 
 Table 12. Of the 348 departments using portable radios, percent listing 
 
 each of two "most used" models, by department type 33 
 
 Table 13-1. Percent departments which need repeaters within their 
 
 mobile systems, by department type, arranged according to 
 
 average size of jurisdiction 33 
 
 Table 13-2. If "yes," why do you need mobile repeaters? 34 
 
 Table 13-3. If "no," why don't you need mobile repeaters? 34 
 
 Table 7A-1. Use of fixed repeaters by department type, as compared 
 
 to average size of jurisdiction 35 
 
 Table 7B-1. Percentage of total repeaters in use, and mean number per 
 
 department of those being repeaters, by department type 36 
 
 Table 7B-2. Average number of fixed repeaters, by LEAA region, compared 
 
 to percentage of departments in region which use fixed 
 
 repeaters 36 
 
 Table 8A. Preference for F1F1 or F1F2 repeaters, by department type .... 37 
 
 Table 14-1. Of the 348 departments with portable radios, percentages of 
 
 responses about voting systems, by department type 38 
 
 Table 14-2. Reasons given for favoring a portamobile radio with a voting 
 
 system, by 98 departments which favored this system 38 
 
 Table 14-3. Reasons given for not favoring a portamobile radio with a 
 
 voting system, by 58 departments which do not favor this 
 
 system 39 
 
 Table 17-1. Availability of scramblers, by department type 39 
 
 Table 17-2. Perceived need for scrambler system by 388 departments which 
 
 currently do not have the system, by department type 40 
 
 Table 18. Purposes for which scramblers were (or would be) used, by all 
 
 departments currently using scramblers and all departments 
 
 saying scramblers were needed 41 
 
 Table 19. Use of scramblers with car radios, portable radios, and 
 
 special vehicles, by all departments currently using 
 
 scramblers and all departments saying scramblers were 
 
 needed 41 
 
 Table 20. Amounts the 265 departments which used or said they needed 
 
 scramblers would be willing to pay for a reliable scrambler 
 
 system, by department type 42 
 
 Table 21-1. Need for built-in communications in helmets, by department 
 
 type (all respondents, n=428) 43 
 
 Table 21-2. Reasons for needing built-in helmet communications, by 139 
 
 departments which said they needed this system 43 
 
 Table 21-3. Reasons for not needing built-in communications, by 286 
 
 departments which said they did not need this system 44 
 
 Table 15-1. Need for standards for communications equipment, by all 
 
 respondents 45 
 
 Table 15-2. Items said to need standards by 40 percent or more of the 
 
 departments within a department type. Ordered from highest 
 
 to lowest frequency of response by all 428 departments 45 
 
 Table 16-1. Expected gains from standardization of communications 
 
 equipment, by all respondents 46 
 
 Table 16-2. Expected gains from standardization of communications 
 
 equipment, by department type 47 
 
 VIII 
 
Page 
 
 Table 26-1. Most critical communications needs, by all departments 48 
 
 Table 26-2. Most critical communications needs indicated by 40 percent or 
 
 more of the departments within each department type 48 
 
 Table 27. Most serious problems with communications equipment, by 
 
 all respondents 49 
 
 Table 28. Most common equipment failures, by all respondents 49 
 
 Table 29. Additional comments/observations about communications 
 
 equipment, by department type 50 
 
 
 IX 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of 
 Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law 
 Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and 
 criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will 
 assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of 
 quality equipment. 
 
 LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation and 
 (2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents, 
 including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art 
 surveys and other reports. 
 
 This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under 
 the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being 
 issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications 
 equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids, 
 vehicles and clothing. 
 
 Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report 
 are invited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law 
 Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 
 20234. 
 
 Jacob J. Diamond, Chief 
 Law Enforcement Standards 
 Laboratory 
 
 XI 
 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
 
 I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY 
 
 A. Background 
 
 ° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the 
 sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD). 
 
 ° NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of 
 Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law 
 enforcement equipment. 
 
 ° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs 
 and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop 
 standards and guidelines. 
 
 ° In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police 
 agencies aware of LESL and ATD. 
 
 ° A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect 
 user information. 
 
 ° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires 
 (DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of 
 these seven questionnaires. 
 
 B. Design of Questionnaires 
 
 ° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and 
 cooperating police departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with 
 approximately 45 police departments. 
 
 3 The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards 
 for various types of equipment. 
 
 ° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers, 
 activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc. 
 
 ° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications 
 Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency 
 Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each 
 developed separately. 
 
 ° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with 
 existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to 
 the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires 
 were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment. 
 
 C. Sample 
 
 ° The population sampled was made up of all police departments listed in a 
 computerized file and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service. 
 
 ° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special police agencies, etc., were 
 excluded. 
 
 ° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by 
 department type (7 department types: state police; county police and sheriffs; city 
 departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments 
 with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by 
 population; and township departments). 
 
 XIII 
 
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population 
 were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2). 
 
 3 The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample department 
 (1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to all states, to all of the 50 largest cities, 
 and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments 
 received each DQ). 
 
 ' Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fill in all 7 questionnaires. 
 Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fill in the EPQ and 2 of the DQs. 
 
 3 The sample for the Communications DQ consisted of 528 departments (see table 
 1.2-3). 
 
 D. Questionnaire Administration 
 
 ° Stringent control of administration was required. 
 
 ° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation. 
 
 ° On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were mailed. 
 
 ° In July 1972, follow-up by self-return post card was begun. 
 
 ° In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not 
 returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in 
 the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the 
 sample departments were called at least once. 
 
 ° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure 
 consistency; it was then keypunched and tabulated. 
 
 ° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973. 
 
 E. Rates of Return 
 
 ° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs. 
 
 ° Eighty-one percent of the 528 departments returned usable Communications DQs. 
 
 ° Between 81 and 85 percent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable 
 questionnaires. 
 
 ° Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, and 
 cities with 50 or more officers. 
 
 ° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 75%). 
 
 F. Characteristics of Responding Departments 
 
 ° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents (to the EPQ) were 
 serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and 
 intradepartmental communications (87%). 
 
 ° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and 
 criminal investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all 
 responding departments. 
 
 ° Only 13 percent of all respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent 
 of the 50 largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories. 
 
 ° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing 
 emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more officers 
 to 67 percent of the counties. 
 
 ° Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent 
 of the total budgets reported. 
 
 ° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment 
 expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of 
 almost $2.7 million for the 50 largest cities. 
 
 ° One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 million. 
 
 XIV 
 
° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 full-time sworn officers. 
 However, 1 of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of all the full-time officers reported by 
 that department type and another had about 12 percent. 
 
 G. Presentation of Data 
 
 ° Data in this report are presented in two forms: text tables and full tables (app. B). 
 Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data. 
 
 All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form (i.e., numbers and 
 percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not 
 figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of police 
 departments in the U.S.). 
 
 ° The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional to the total 
 population of police departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of 
 population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See app. B, p. 
 B-l.) 
 
 II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 
 
 A. Car Radios 
 
 ° A total of 67,807 car radios were reported by the 428 respondents. 
 ° About nine-tenths of the car radios reported were in state and 50 largest city 
 departments. 
 
 ° About two-thirds of the car radios were bought within the last 5 years. 
 
 ° Three-fourths of the car radios reported cost less than $1,001. 
 
 ° Almost 6 out of every 10 car radios were made by 1 manufacturer. 
 
 B. Portable Radios 
 
 ° A total of 22,660 portable radios were reported by the 347 respondents which 
 were using portable radios. 
 
 ° Almost three-fourths of the portable radios reported were in the 50 largest cities. 
 
 ° More than four-fifths of these radios were bought within the last 5 years. 
 
 ° Slightly more than three-fourths of the portable radios cost less than $901. 
 
 ° About 7 out of every 10 were made by 1 manufacturer. 
 
 ° About seven-tenths of them weighed between 1-1/4 and 2-1/2 pounds. 
 
 ° Nickel-Cadmium batteries were used in about seven-tenths of them. 
 
 ° Ninety percent of the departments used rechargeable batteries in their portables. 
 
 C. Channels and Frequencies 
 
 An average of 3.5 channels per department was authorized to responding 
 departments. 
 
 ° An average of 3.2 channels per department was currently in use. 
 
 ° About one-half of the reported channels was being used by the 50 largest cities 
 and state police. 
 
 D. Fixed Repeaters 
 
 About one-third of the departments used fixed repeaters. 
 
 About nine-tenths of the departments with fixed repeaters were state or 50 largest 
 cities departments. 
 
 XV 
 
E. Scramblers 
 
 ° Scramblers were currently being used by only 9 percent (n=40) of the 
 respondents. 
 
 Of departments which did not have a scrambler system, almost 60 percent felt 
 they needed that system. 
 
 Departments most commonly used (or would use) scramblers for undercover 
 investigations and long term stakeouts. 
 
 ° More than four-fifths of the departments which had or said they needed 
 scramblers, said they would be willing to pay no more than $500 for a reliable 
 scrambler. 
 
 F. Need for Other Communications Equipment 
 
 ° About one-third of the departments expressed a need for helmets with built-in 
 communications. This need was most often expressed by state police and departments 
 in the 50 largest cities. 
 
 ° Slightly more than two-fifths of the respondents indicated a need for mobile 
 repeaters. 
 
 ° Twenty-eight percent of the departments favored the voting system; over half of 
 the departments were unfamiliar with this system. 
 
 G. Need for Standards for Communications Equipment 
 
 ° The three items most commonly chosen as needing standards were mobile radios, 
 portable radios, and batteries. 
 
 ° State police and larger city departments chose more items as needing standards 
 than did other department types. 
 
 ° Gains expected from standardization were more often expected to come from 
 interchangeability of equipment than from either savings in training costs or savings in 
 equipment costs. 
 
 H. Most Critical Communications Needs 
 
 ° The four most critical communications needs of the respondents were for new 
 equipment, more frequencies, personal transceivers for each officer, and standardization 
 of all equipment. 
 
 ° Personal transceivers for all officers was the most critical need of larger city 
 departments. 
 
 ° New equipment was the greatest need of small city departments and counties. 
 
 ° More channels was the greatest need of state police. 
 
 XVI 
 
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972 
 
 Volume II: Communications Equipment and Supplies 
 
 S. Mumford, P. Klaus, E. Bunten, and R. Cunitz 
 
 Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards , Washington , D.C. 20234 
 
 The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA 
 Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide 
 mail survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes 
 the answers of 428 police departments concerning their communications equipment and 
 supplies: Use of mobile radios and portable radios; power supplies for portable radios; 
 scramblers; portable/mobile radios; helmets with built-in communications; and needs for 
 standards and problems associated with communications equipment and supplies. The data are 
 presented by all responding departments and by seven department types. 
 
 Key words: Communications; mobile radio; police; police equipment; portable radio; standards. 
 
 1. INTRODUCTION 
 
 1.1. Project Background 
 
 During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have 
 become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties. 
 Much of their equipment had originally been designed for other uses and had to be 
 modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed against 
 which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods 
 or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of 
 equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance Adminis- 
 tration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program in 1971, 
 toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment. 
 
 As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of 
 Commerce established a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National 
 Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to prepare performance 
 standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of 
 equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test 
 methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be 
 evaluated by departments themselves. 
 
 In order to provide equipment user information for the program, in 1971 the 
 National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA asked 
 the Behavioral Science Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather 
 information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their specialized 
 equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of 
 representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and 
 manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide mail sample survey having 
 two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for 
 LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about 
 certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and 
 guidelines in these areas. 
 
 This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the associated survey 
 questionnaire (see app. A) will be referred to as the Communications Detailed 
 Questionnaire (DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the 
 reports of the other five DQs: Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Handguns 
 
 226-297 0-77-2 
 
and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights; Body Armor and 
 Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars. The first general objective (above) is 
 accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ). l 
 
 1.2. Sample Design 
 
 Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies, 
 this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single 
 group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was 
 made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or special police 
 agencies such as park police, harbor patrols, or university police. The computerized 
 directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's 
 Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was 
 taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the 
 selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.) 
 
 The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic 
 region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The 
 assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are 
 shown in table 1.2-1. 
 
 The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is exhibited 
 in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no townships in regions 4, 6, 7, 
 8, 9, 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city police, 43 percent having 1-9 
 full-time officers. County departments comprised about 24 percent of the population. By 
 region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4 percent of the police departments, 
 while region 5, the largest, had 22.5 percent. The variation in the number of 
 departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that 
 across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from to 1,470. 
 
 The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the sampling plan 
 discussed briefly below. All of the state departments and the 50 largest city departments 
 were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent 
 the entire package of 7 questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation in cell size 
 presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected 
 from the members of each cell, a constant sampling fraction small enough to make the 
 total sample manageable Would yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this 
 problem, a fixed sample of 30 police departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible, 
 resulting in a different sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30 
 departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This 
 plan resulted in sending the Communications DQ to 528 departments. 
 
 The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell 
 population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 
 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Communications DQ was mailed to 10 
 departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer 
 Communications DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Communications 
 DQ by region and department type. 
 
 Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit 
 identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire assignment. 
 
 LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, Vol I: The Need for Standards— Priorities for Police Equipment 
 
Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 
 
 Department types 
 
 LEAA geographic region 
 
 State police 
 
 County police and sheriffs 
 
 City with 1-9 officers 
 
 City with 10-49-officers 
 
 City with 50 or more officers 
 
 The 50 largest U.S. cities 2 
 
 Township departments 
 
 1 = Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt. 
 
 2 = N.J., N.Y. 
 
 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C. 
 
 4 = Ala., Ha., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn. 
 
 5 = 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn. 
 
 6 = Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. 
 
 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr. 
 
 8 = Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo. 
 
 9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii 
 10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash. 
 
 Does not include the 50 largest cities. 
 "By population, U.S. 1970 census. 
 
 Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LEAA 
 
 region 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Total 
 
 State 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 50' 
 
 County 
 
 66 
 
 84 
 
 257 
 
 764 
 
 536 
 
 506 
 
 413 
 
 288 
 
 103 
 
 120 
 
 3,137 
 
 City (1-9 officers) 
 
 27 
 
 348 
 
 713 
 
 979 
 
 1,470 
 
 703 
 
 611 
 
 283 
 
 135 
 
 217 
 
 5,486 
 
 City (10-49 officers) 
 
 40 
 
 237 
 
 166 
 
 344 
 
 508 
 
 230 
 
 142 
 
 71 
 
 168 
 
 79 
 
 1,985 
 
 City (50 or more 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 officers) 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 83 
 
 119 
 
 46 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 87 
 
 17 
 
 554 
 
 50 largest cities 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 Township 
 
 629 
 
 349 
 
 362 
 
 
 234 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,574 
 
 Total 
 
 829 
 
 1,088 
 
 1,544 
 
 2,186 
 
 2,883 
 
 1,498 
 
 1,196 
 
 668 
 
 505 
 
 439 
 
 12,836 
 
 Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without 
 reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies as described in vol. 
 I. app. B. p. B-2. 
 
 Table 1.2-3. Number in sample of departments selected to receive the detailed 
 questionnaire: Communications — by region and department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LEAA 
 
 geographic 
 
 region 
 
 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Total 
 
 State ' 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 County 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1(1 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 City 1-9 officers 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 City 10-49 officers 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 City 50+ officers 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 89 
 
 50 largest cities 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 Townships 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Total 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 66 
 
 53 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 52 
 
 41 
 
 528 
 
 'Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agenc 
 reference lo a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies. 
 Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5. 
 
 i without 
 
1.3. Questionnaire Administration 
 
 From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be 
 required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response. 
 Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample 
 department. In general, the following procedure was used: 
 
 (1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of 
 NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey 
 and requested cooperation. 
 
 (2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed. 
 
 (3) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified 
 by the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the 
 status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were 
 sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone 
 follow-up. 
 
 (4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been 
 made were called by telephone. 
 
 (5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded 
 for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve 
 ambiguities. 
 
 Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort 
 was rewarded with an 80 percent response for the Communications DQ, and between 80 
 percent and 85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey 
 more than 70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by 
 telephone. More than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team. 
 
 The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable 
 Communications DQs) is exhibited in table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response 
 were from the states and larger cities (89-94%), while counties and townships had the 
 poorest response rates (under 70%). 
 
 Table 1.3-1. Number of sample of departments returning acceptable 
 detailed questionnaires: Communications 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LEA^ 
 
 l geographic region 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 total 
 
 Department type 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Total 
 
 sample 
 
 State 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 47 
 
 94 
 
 County 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 City 1-9 officers 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 City 10-49 officers 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 City 50+ officers 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 79 
 
 89 
 
 50 largest cities 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 46 
 
 92 
 
 Townships 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 23 
 
 58 
 
 Total 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 34 
 
 428 
 
 80 
 
 Percent total sample 
 
 73 
 
 82 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 77 
 
 87 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 92 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 
 'Questionnaires were actually sent lo 56 state departments since there were 6 slate departments which listed 2 police agencies without refer- 
 ence to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies. 
 i 
 Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5. 
 
1 .4. Development and Design of the Communications DQ 
 
 The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved 
 over a 12-montb period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with 
 NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers. 
 In addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 police departments served as 
 consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires. 
 
 The Communications DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This DQ 
 asked respondents to provide data about car radios and portable radios in use in their 
 departments; to answer questions about the power supplies used in portable radios; to 
 provide information about other kinds of communications equipment such as 
 scramblers, helmets with built-in communications and portable/mobile radios; to indi- 
 cate the need for standards for various kinds of communications equipment and to 
 discuss problems with communications equipment. The questionnaire was limited to 
 general topics because: (1) It was not possible, considering the scope of the present 
 survey, to explore in a detailed manner all of the many facets of the various 
 communications systems in use in police departments throughout the United States, 
 and (2) it was felt that the general data gathered in the present effort would provide 
 important direction for research in the development of standards, the main objective of 
 the survey. 
 
 1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 
 
 The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each 
 department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served, type of 
 jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers, approximate total, equipment, and 
 personnel budgets during 1971, and activities handled by the department. 
 
 Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the responses to a 
 checklist of 30 typical police activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ 
 respondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Communications 
 DQ. See sec. 1.2.) The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) 
 Serve traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and 
 (3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent 
 level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 
 percent (cities with 50+ officers) to 67 percent (counties). 
 
 Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other 
 department types were handling certain of the 30 activities. For example, all of the 50 
 largest city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments 
 said that their departments provided police training for their own department. These 
 compare to 68 percent for all responding departments. All of the responding 50 largest 
 cities said that they handled criminal investigation in their own departments. This 
 compares to 86 percent of the total sample of departments. Although only 13 percent of 
 the departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55 
 percent of the states had them. 
 
 Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibilities 
 for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of those depart- 
 ments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of all 
 responding departments. 
 
 Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type 
 and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "Annual equipment 
 budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different 
 department types: from a mean of about $10,000 for cities (1-9) to almost $2.7 million for 
 the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent 
 of the annual total budgets. 
 
Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of the departments by department 
 type, and percent of total departments having each activity 
 
 Description of activity 
 
 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 50 
 
 Town- 
 
 
 ate 
 
 County 
 
 1-9 
 
 10-49 
 (in %) 
 
 50+ 
 
 largest 
 
 ship 
 
 Total 
 
 70 
 
 89 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 56 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 94 
 
 87 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 95 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 70 
 
 87 
 
 66 
 
 86 
 
 71 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 100 
 
 79 
 
 86 
 
 98 
 
 55 
 
 48 
 
 77 
 
 87 
 
 100 
 
 42 
 
 68 
 
 
 79 
 
 51 
 
 73 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 43 
 
 65 
 
 89 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 72 
 
 83 
 
 91 
 
 49 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 67 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 
 40 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 44 
 
 68 
 
 54 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 42 
 
 
 37 
 
 44 
 
 96 
 
 38 
 
 48 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 43 
 
 51 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 36 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 
 38 
 
 66 
 
 56 
 88 
 
 
 40 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 36 
 32 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 84 
 
 
 24 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 42 
 
 
 19 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 82 
 
 
 17 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 90 
 
 
 17 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 17 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 13 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 Serve traffic and criminal warrants 
 
 Traffic safety and traffic control 
 
 Communications for own department 
 
 Criminal investigation 
 
 Police training for own department 
 
 Custody/detention— less than 1 day 
 
 Breath-alcohol test 
 
 Emergency aid and rescue 
 
 Public building protection 
 
 Service function 
 
 Animal control (dogcatcher) 
 
 Highway patrol 
 
 Maintenance of police buildings 
 
 Custody/detention— 1 week or less 
 
 Communications for other agency 
 
 Serve civil process 
 
 Police training for other agency 
 
 Custody/detention— up to 1 year 
 
 Underwater recovery 
 
 Bomb disposal 
 
 Polygraph 
 
 Vehicle inspection 
 
 Crime laboratory 
 
 Narcotics laboratory analysis 
 
 Harbor patrol 
 
 Lab analysis for blood alcohol 
 
 Other 
 
 Coroner 
 
 Test for driver's license 
 
 Custody/detention— more than 1 year 
 
 Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Annual 
 
 Annual 
 
 Department type 
 
 Area 
 
 Population 
 
 full-time 
 
 part-time 
 
 Annual total 
 
 equipment 
 
 personnel 
 
 
 (mi 2 ) 
 
 
 officers 
 
 officers 
 
 budget 
 
 budget 
 
 budget 
 
 50 largest 
 
 187 
 
 851,342 
 
 2,491 
 
 1,115 
 
 $43,268,865 
 
 $2,669,9'>C 
 
 $34,712,818 
 
 State 
 
 62,580 
 
 3,936,410 
 
 889 
 
 18 
 
 16,377,358 
 
 2,304,339 
 
 :2,020,572 
 
 County 
 
 1,518 
 
 130,254 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 1,089,919 
 
 58,539 
 
 859,984 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 31 
 
 83,334 
 
 132 
 
 26 
 
 1,733,340 
 
 173,099 
 
 1,407,177 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 12 
 
 15,849 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 257,927 
 
 24,362 
 
 206,187 
 
 Township 
 
 28 
 
 13,228 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 175,654 
 
 20,854 
 
 141,675 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 9 
 
 5,038 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 82,381 
 
 9,764 
 
 60,061 
 
Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Annual 
 
 Annual 
 
 LEAA region 
 
 Area 
 
 Population 
 
 full-time 
 
 part-time 
 
 Annual total 
 
 equipment 
 
 personnel 
 
 
 (mi 2 ) 
 
 
 officers 
 
 officers 
 
 budget 
 
 budget 
 
 budget 
 
 1 
 
 750 
 
 158,112 
 
 96 
 
 18 
 
 $1,360,155 
 
 $135,130 
 
 $ 979,911 
 
 2 
 
 648 
 
 240,781 
 
 365 
 
 97 
 
 7,148,315 
 
 148,172 
 
 5,265,546 
 
 3 
 
 1,096 
 
 245,733 
 
 216 
 
 7 
 
 3,412,567 
 
 435,153 
 
 2,879,293 
 
 4 
 
 3,691 
 
 340,996 
 
 151 
 
 11 
 
 2,318,382 
 
 248,600 
 
 1,767,292 
 
 5 
 
 2,652 
 
 448,174 
 
 288 
 
 8 
 
 4,916,607 
 
 431,478 
 
 3,879,374 
 
 6 
 
 5,738 
 
 271,386 
 
 160 
 
 17 
 
 2,193,823 
 
 160,363 
 
 1,709,910 
 
 7 
 
 2,379 
 
 112,094 
 
 84 
 
 9 
 
 1,220,385 
 
 121,001 
 
 983,696 
 
 8 
 
 6,346 
 
 83,023 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 728,549 
 
 77,081 
 
 568,463 
 
 9 
 
 4,218 
 
 372,094 
 
 281 
 
 46 
 
 5,743,553 
 
 728,801 
 
 4,528,692 
 
 10 
 
 3,580 
 
 104,877 
 
 69 
 
 9 
 
 1,253,894 
 
 82,198 
 
 1,011,604 
 
 The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having 
 part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities, 
 only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had nearly 6,000. Thus, the mean 
 value of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that 
 the category part-time officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer, 
 reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, 
 posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the part-time officer 
 category since it has different meanings for different departments. 
 
 Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were 
 considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller 
 budgets than the others, primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities. 
 
 2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION 
 
 2.1. Advice to the Reader 
 
 In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind: 
 
 (1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the equipment described or 
 discussed within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified 
 random sample of police departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It 
 does not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau 
 of Standards. 
 
 (2) The report reflects only what police departments were willing and able to say 
 in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify 
 the accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent. 
 
 (3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in 
 the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face 
 type. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire sent 
 to sample departments (see app. A) and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact 
 questions asked. 
 
 (4) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables 
 that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been 
 collapsed from the full table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out 
 for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text 
 
tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., 
 the text tables for question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.) The tables in 
 appendix B are also numbered the same as question number, in the same manner. In 
 some cases, tables that appear in appendix B will not have been discussed at all in the 
 text. 
 
 (5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent 
 of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by 
 number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations imposed by the 
 sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning 
 importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based 
 on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10 
 percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular 
 department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported. 
 
 (6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied, if any, in the 
 questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated 
 and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific 
 "other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who might have marked 
 that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report 
 lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents 
 of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not 
 provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately 
 one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned. 
 
 (7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four 
 city department types: 
 
 City with 1-9 officers = city (1-9) 
 
 City with 10-49 officers = city (10-49) 
 
 City with 50 or more officers = city (50+) 2 
 
 The 50 largest cities = 50 largest 3 
 In table headings this same convention has been used except that the parentheses have 
 been removed. 
 
 (8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their 
 equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate 
 a manufacturer's product. 
 
 (9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the 
 questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not 
 follow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question quickly, 
 consult the Contents or the List of Tables. 
 
 (10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities 
 (1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample 
 strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all 
 departments" or "all responding departments," the reference is to all responding 
 departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional 
 to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the 
 data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total 
 population. (See app. B, p. B-l.) 
 
 Excluding the 50 largest U.S. cities. 
 By population, 1970 U.S. Census. 
 
2.2. Discussion 
 
 2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 
 
 a. Rank/Title of Respondents 
 
 All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were mailed to 
 the chief (or highest official) of the department with a request that the questionnaires be 
 directed to the person or persons within the department who were felt to be best 
 qualified to answer the questions. 
 
 The communications questionnaire was usually filled in by the chief/unit head in 
 smaller city departments and townships and by a communications specialist in states 
 and the 50 largest cities. (See table i.) 
 
 In cities (50+) about one-fourth (28%) of the primary respondents were 
 communications specialists and one-fifth (20%) were either chiefs or assistant chiefs. 
 Questionnaires from counties were most often filled in by the sheriff. 
 
 Table i. Rank of primary respondent for communications 
 questionnaire , by department type ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (in %) 
 
 
 
 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Rank/Title 
 
 
 1-9 
 
 10-49 
 
 50+ 
 
 largest 
 
 State 
 
 Township 
 
 Chief 
 
 
 73 
 
 42 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 Assistant chief 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Communications 
 
 specialist 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 67 
 
 77 
 
 4 
 
 Excluding counties. 
 
 b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondent 
 
 In general, the questionnaire was filled in by experienced officers. About three- 
 fourths of the respondents had more than 5 years of experience. Although a majority of 
 the respondents had more than 10 years of experience in law enforcement, there were 
 variations among department types. More than 70 percent of the respondents in the 
 states and 50 largest cities had this much experience, while less than half of the 
 respondents in counties, cities (1-9), and townships had more than 10 years in law 
 enforcement work. (See table ii.) 
 
 Table ii. Years of experience in law enforcement 
 of primary respondent 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 years 
 
 of law 
 
 enforcement 
 
 experience 
 
 
 
 
 (by % of di 
 
 apartment types) 
 
 
 Department 
 
 More than 
 
 More than 
 
 More than 
 
 More than 
 
 type 
 
 5 
 
 years 
 
 10 
 
 years 
 
 20 
 
 years 
 
 25 
 
 years 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 13 
 
 State 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 4 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 5 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 14 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 13 
 
 County 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 13 
 
 Township 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
2.2.2. Number of Officers and Characteristics Of Jurisdiction 
 
 The communications needs and requirements of police departments are usually 
 based on two prime considerations: (1) Number of officers in the department and (2) size 
 of jurisdiction. 
 
 Data about the average number of officers per department type are reproduced in 
 table iii. 
 
 The largest mean number of officers per department was in the 50 largest cities. 
 States averaged slightly less than one-third as many officers as the 50 largest cities. 
 counties averaged about five times as many officers as did cities (10-49). (See table 5A-1.) 
 
 Table iii. Average number of full-time officers, 
 by department type 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Department type 
 
 full-time 
 
 
 officers 
 
 50 largest 
 
 2,491 
 
 State 
 
 890 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 125 
 
 County 
 
 113 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 23 
 
 Township 
 
 16 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 9 
 
 Table 5A-1. Average size of communications 
 jurisdiction , by department type 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 ' (mi 2 ) 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 Overall mean 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 State 
 
 62,704 
 
 
 1,497 
 
 263,449 
 
 County 
 
 2,551 
 
 
 14 
 
 64,000 
 
 50 largest 
 
 237 
 
 
 24 
 
 841 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 68 
 
 
 1 
 
 2,000 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 67 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,200 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 34 
 
 
 2 
 
 310 
 
 Township 
 
 32 
 
 
 5 
 
 67 
 
 5A. What is the total area within your jurisdiction which must be 
 covered by a communications system? (In Square Miles) 
 
 Square Miles 
 
 The average sizes of communications jurisdictions which state and county police 
 had to cover were larger than those of all types of city departments and townships. The 
 larger cities, in terms of number of officers, were not necessarily larger in geographical 
 size. Cities (1-9) and cities (10-49) had geographically larger jurisdictions than cities (50+). 
 The relationship between number of officers and geographical size can be seen more clearly 
 in table 5A-2. 
 
 10 
 
Table 5A-2. Comparison between average number of 
 officers in department and average size of jurisdiction 
 
 Department type 
 
 full-time 
 
 
 officers 
 
 50 largest 
 
 2,491 
 
 State 
 
 890 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 125 
 
 County 
 
 113 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 23 
 
 Township 
 
 16 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 9 
 
 Number of officers and size of jurisdiction 
 Mean number of Mean size of 
 
 jurisdiction 
 (mi 2 ) 
 
 237 
 67,704 
 34 
 2,551 
 68 
 32 
 67 
 
 6. Which of the following best describes the general character of 
 your jurisdiction? (Mark X by More Than One, if Necessary) 
 
 Skyscrapers, many tall buildings 
 
 Some tall buildings 
 
 Almost no tall buildings 
 
 Primarily mountainous or very hilly 
 
 Valley area surrounded by mountains 
 
 Generally flat with some hills 
 
 Flat area, no hills 
 
 The departments which characterized their jurisdictions as being mountainous or 
 in a valley surrounded by mountains were most often located in LEAA regions 1 (New 
 England), 8 (Mountain States), 9 (Far West/Hawaii), and 10 (Northwest/Alaska). 
 Respondents who reported flat, with some or no hills, were most often in LEAA regions 
 6 (South/Southwest) and 7 (Midwest). There were few differences among the LEAA 
 regions in the percentages of departments which said they had almost no tall buildings. 
 Departments in region 5 (Great Lakes) gave the greatest percentage of responses for 
 skyscrapers, many tall buildings, or some tall buildings; this response was given least 
 often by departments in region 1 (New England). (See table 6.) 
 
 Table 6. General character of jurisdiction , by LEAA region 
 
 
 
 Charact 
 
 er (by % of region) 
 
 
 
 
 Valley surrounded by 
 
 Almost 
 
 Skyscrapers 
 
 LEAA region 
 
 Flat/some 
 
 mountains/or moun- 
 
 no tall 
 
 or some tall 
 
 
 or no hills 
 
 tainous, 
 
 very hilly 
 
 buildings 
 
 buildings 
 
 New England 
 
 31 
 
 
 81 
 
 32 
 
 12 
 
 New York/New Jersey 
 
 63 
 
 
 43 
 
 33 
 
 31 
 
 Middle Atlantic 
 
 33 
 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 South 
 
 79 
 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 Great Lakes 
 
 73 
 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 53 
 
 South/Southwest 
 
 91 
 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 Midwest 
 
 86 
 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 Mountain 
 
 45 
 
 
 81 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 Far West/Hawaii 
 
 46 
 
 
 80 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 Northwest/ Alaska 
 
 35 
 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
2.2.3. Mobile Radios 
 
 2.2.3.1. Number of Mobile Radios 
 
 2 A. How many car radios are there in your department? 
 Number 
 
 State departments accounted for slightly more than half (51%) of all the car radios 
 reported by the 428 responding departments. The 50 largest cities accounted for an 
 additional 40 percent of all radios reported. Thus, less than 10 percent of all radios 
 reported were found in the other five department types. (See table 2A-1.) 
 
 Within the seven department types, there were wide ranges of minimum and 
 maximum numbers of mobile radios reported. For example, some county departments 
 had as few as 1 car radio, while 1 county had 900. 
 
 Total numbers of car radios were compared with the numbers of patrol cars 
 reported in response to the patrol cars questionnaire. 4 A total of 67,807 car radios was 
 reported by the respondents to the communications questionnaire. A total of 46,462 
 patrol cars was reported by the respondents to the patrol cars questionnaire. Therefore, 
 about 46 percent more car radios than patrol cars were reported by these subsample 
 groups. 
 
 Calls were made to a few departments to determine possible reasons for the large 
 observed difference between the number of cars and the number of car radios. Several 
 reasons were given for this apparent discrepancy: (1) Many departments said that they 
 kept extra mobile radios available; some said that they kept a 10-20 percent backup 
 inventory. (2) Many departments are using communications channels on two different 
 frequency bands, and needed two radios in each patrol car in order to operate on both 
 bands. In some departments, one band was used for emergencies (and was sometimes 
 part of an area or statewide communications) and the other was used to handle local 
 jurisdiction communications. (3) In a smaller number of departments, it appeared that 
 errors in reporting the numbers of mobile radios may have occurred. For instance, some 
 of the county departments contacted said that they had included other mobile radios in 
 their jurisdictions which, although they were not used by the county police, were tied 
 
 4 * 
 
 These 2 questionnaires were sent to different but equivalent subsamples, except for state and the 50 largest cities always filled in both. 
 
 Table 2A-1. Number of car radios, by department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Percent 
 
 Mean 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Department 
 
 type 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 number 
 
 total 
 
 no. per 
 
 in any 
 
 in any 
 
 
 
 respondents 
 
 radios 
 
 radios 
 
 department 
 
 department 
 
 department 
 
 State 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 36,365 
 
 51 
 
 731 
 
 3,510 
 
 97 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 27,221 
 
 40 
 
 592 
 
 4,275 
 
 101 
 
 County 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 2,653 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 900 
 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 2,597 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 177 
 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 631 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 239 
 
 * 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 
 Township 
 
 ents 
 
 23 
 
 
 101 
 
 * 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 
 All departm 
 
 428 
 
 
 67,807 
 
 100 
 
 158 
 
 4,275 
 
 1 
 
 •Leas than 1 percent. 
 
 12 
 
into the central dispatch system operated by the county. It was also possible that a 
 small number of departments may have included portable radios in their statistics on car 
 radios, even though information about portable radios was specifically requested in 
 Question 11 A. In summary, while it appears that departments did, in fact, have 
 considerably more mobile radios in their departments than they had patrol cars, there is 
 reason to believe that the total of 67,807 car radios reported in the survey may have 
 been somewhat high. Nevertheless, the estimate of the total number of police mobile 
 radios in the country, shown in table 2A-2, is not likely to have been seriously affected. 
 
 Table 2A-2. Estimated total population of police 
 car radios in U.S., by department type 
 
 Mean number Number departments Estimated 
 Department type car radios that type: total number car 
 
 per department .population radios 
 
 County 
 
 38 
 
 3,137 
 
 119,206 
 
 State 
 
 731 
 
 50 
 
 36,550 
 
 50 largest 
 
 592 
 
 50 
 
 29,600 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 33 
 
 554 
 
 19,282 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 3 
 
 5,486 
 
 16,458 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 7 
 
 1,985 
 
 13,895 
 
 Township 
 
 4 
 
 1,574 
 
 6,296 
 
 Total 
 
 240,287 
 
 2.2.3.2. Spectrum Utilization: Mobile Radios 
 
 In this section, mobile communications are considered in terms of police 
 department spectrum utilization. The frequency bands used for transmitting and 
 receiving and the number of channels authorized and in use by the responding 
 departments are reported. 
 
 1. Give the following information about your car radios: 
 1A. List ALL transmitting frequencies (in kHz, MHz, etc.) 
 
 The reported frequencies were compiled in four categories: VHF low band (30-50 
 MHz), VHF high band (150-174 MHz), UHF band (450-470 MHz), and an "other" 
 category which included such answers as call letters, which could not be categorized by 
 band. 
 
 VHF high band and UHF frequencies can usually be received in buildings. VHF 
 high band has better penetration, while UHF frequencies are more likely to pass through 
 windows and other nonmetallic openings. One of the main attractions of the UHF band 
 is the availability of unused frequencies compared to VHF low and high bands, which 
 are relatively saturated. 
 
 Of all the transmitting frequencies reported by responding departments, almost 
 half (49%) were in the VHF high band (150-174 MHz). The VHF low band (30-50 MHz) 
 accounted for 29 percent of the reported frequencies and only 19 percent were in the 
 UHF band. 
 
 13 
 
Since VHF low band frequencies provide the greatest range and are least affected 
 by terrain and foliage, they are more suitable for those departments with the largest 
 jurisdictions, such as states and counties. In both of these department types, over half 
 of the reported transmitting frequencies were in the VHF low band. (See table 1A-1.) 
 
 The three largest city department types and townships reported the greatest 
 proportions of VHF high band transmitting frequencies. VHF high band, being more 
 line-of-sight, does not provide as much range as low band does, but does transmit 
 farther than UHF for the same transmitter output power. VHF frequencies have been 
 available for law enforcement use longer than the UHF frequencies. As shown by the 
 data, UHF frequencies were not generally being used, with the exception of the 2 largest 
 city department types (50+ and 50 largest). 
 
 Of the responding departments, 79 percent said all their transmitting frequencies 
 were in a single band. The remaining 21 percent used one of the combinations shown in 
 table 1A-2. Only five departments reported using transmitting frequencies in all three 
 bands. 
 
 The means shown in table 1A-3 were calculated by counting the total number of 
 transmitting frequencies reported within a particular band by departments within a 
 particular department type and dividing this total by the number of departments within 
 that department type who reported at least one transmitting frequency within the band 
 in question. Thus, for example, if 20 departments of a particular type reported using a 
 total of 30 transmitting frequencies in the VHF low band, the statistic entered in the 
 table would be "1.5." 
 
 Historically, the VHF low band has been available for police department use 
 longer than the other two bands. Increasing pressure for channel assignments and 
 technological improvements have permitted the opening of the VHF high band and, 
 
 Table 1A-1. Distribution of transmitting frequencies among bands, 
 by department type (406 departments responding ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (by % of frequencies 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 Frequency 
 
 All 
 
 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 50 
 
 
 band 
 
 depts. 
 
 State 
 
 County 
 
 1-9 
 
 10-49 
 
 50+ 
 
 largest 
 
 Township 
 
 30-50 MHz 
 
 29 
 
 59 
 
 51 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 150-174 MHz 
 
 49 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 53 
 
 61 
 
 450470 MHz 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 Other 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 (n=l,333) 
 
 (n=292) 
 
 (n=168) 
 
 (n=109) 
 
 (n=153) ( 
 
 n=181) 
 
 (n=393) 
 
 (n=37) 
 
 Table 1A-2. Percent use of more than one frequency 
 
 band for transmitting by the 65 departments reporting 
 
 concurrent usage 
 
 Band combination 
 
 Percent of all departments which 
 were using more than one band 
 
 (n=65) 
 
 30-50 and 150-174 MHz 
 30-50 and 450-470 MHz 
 150-174 and 450-470 MHz 
 
 60 
 10 
 30 
 
 14 
 
Table 1A-3. Mean number of transmitting frequencies per 
 department , by department type and band 
 
 Department type 
 Frequency All City City City 50 
 
 band departments State County 1-9 10-49 50+ largest Township 
 
 30-50 MHz 
 
 2.3 
 
 4.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 150-175 MHz 
 
 2.7 
 
 5.7 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 5.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 450470 MHz 
 
 4.4 
 
 5.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.6 
 
 6.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 All bands 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.2 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 8.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 most recently, the UHF band for law enforcement communications. With the exception 
 of counties, all department types, if they had made the switch to UHF at all, were using 
 more channels per department in the UHF band than in the lower two bands. This trend 
 was particularly noticeable in the 50 largest cities which reported 5.6 and 6.8 
 frequencies per department in the VHF high and UHF bands, respectively, vs. only 1.7 
 frequencies per department in the VHF low band. Increased spectrum space and the 
 absence of co-channel interference at the UHF frequencies should result in an increase 
 in the proportion of frequency assignments (now 19%, see table 1A-1) in this band. 
 
 IB. List ALL receiving frequencies; if different from Question 1A. 
 
 About two-thirds of the 50 largest city departments indicated that they were using 
 at least 1 receiving frequency which was different from their transmitting frequencies. 
 Their responses imply the use of some type of duplex system. 5 The majority of 
 departments in other department types appeared to be operating in the simplex mode. 
 Since the 50 largest cities were the primary users of different receiving frequencies, as 
 well as being the primary users of the UHF band, they heavily influenced this picture. 
 (See table 1B-1.) 
 
 Note, that if one wishes, it is possible to determine the number of departments using simplex and duplex systems by calculating the number of 
 different transmitting and receiving frequencies (from Question 1A and Question IB) and the number of channels (Question ID). 
 
 Table 1B-1. Percent departments whose transmitting and 
 receiving frequencies were not all the same (n=130) 
 
 
 Different transmitting and 
 
 Department types 
 
 receiving frequencies 
 
 Township 
 
 14 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 20 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 24 
 
 County 
 
 25 
 
 State 
 
 36 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 40 
 
 50 largest 
 
 67 
 
 15 
 
ID. Number of Channels Authorized 
 IE. Number of Channels in Use 
 
 Although the data for this question (and for Question 5B to follow) are reported, 
 the reader is cautioned to interpret them carefully. Discussions with departments and 
 the FCC after the survey was conducted, revealed that the term "channel" was defined 
 differently by different people. The major area of confusion was concerned with the 
 meaning of simplex and duplex channel assignments. 
 
 In terms of all responding departments, 1,452 authorized channels were reported 
 and 1,332 channels were reported in use. At the time of this survey, of the channels 
 authorized but not in use (120 channels), state departments and the 50 largest cities 
 accounted for just over half (68). (See table ID and E.) 
 
 In general, the more officers in the department, the greater was the number of 
 channels authorized for its communications, and departments were using almost all 
 (92%) of the channels authorized to them. The overall average number of authorized 
 channels per department was 3.5 and the average number in use was 3.2. 
 
 Table ID and E. Comparison of channels authorized with channels 
 in use for mobile radios , by department type (department types listed 
 from largest to smallest based on mean number of full-time officers) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent of 
 
 Department 
 
 type 
 
 No. channels 
 
 No. channels 
 
 authorized 
 
 
 
 authorized 
 
 in use 
 
 in use 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 411 
 
 378 
 
 92 
 
 State 
 
 
 309 
 
 274 
 
 89 
 
 County 
 
 
 195 
 
 186 
 
 95 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 184 
 
 174 
 
 95 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 169 
 
 158 
 
 94 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 144 
 
 124 
 
 86 
 
 Township 
 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 95 
 
 All departments 
 
 1,452 
 
 1,332 
 
 92 
 
 5B. If possible, please tell us how many different law enforcement 
 channels serve this area. This figure would include not only those 
 channels used by your department, but also those used by other 
 law enforcement agencies operating in the same geographical area 
 (e.g., state and local police). 
 
 Channels 
 Don' t Know 
 
 Responding departments reported an average of 11.6 law enforcement 
 communications channels in use in their areas. This is slightly over three times the 
 average number reported for their own use. However, of the 428 departments which 
 returned Communications Questionnaires, 132 departments (31%) did not answer or did 
 not know the number of different law enforcement channels serving their areas. (See 
 table ID and E and 5B.) 
 
 Although state departments who answered this question (18 departments) reported 
 the greatest number of channels in their areas, they also had by far the largest areas. 
 The 50 largest cities had slightly less than half as many authorized channels in their 
 areas as state departments, but these channels were concentrated in much smaller 
 jurisdictions. 
 
 16 
 
Table ID and E and 5B. Comparison of average number of channels 
 authorized , in use, and in area for mobile radios, by department type' 
 
 
 
 Channel 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 Authorized 
 
 In use 
 
 In area 
 
 
 (n=417) 
 
 (n=418) 
 
 (n=296) 
 
 50 largest 
 
 9.1 
 
 8. 
 
 32.6 
 
 State 
 
 6.6 
 
 5.8 
 
 71.7 
 
 County 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.8 
 
 5.7 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.9 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 4.0 
 
 Township 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.6 
 
 5.1 
 
 "No Answers" were excluded from the calculation of averages. 
 
 5C. Do you have one common frequency for routine and 
 emergency traffic? 
 Yes 
 
 No (If " No" ) Do you think you need a common frequency? 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 This question was originally intended to obtain information on interdepartmental 
 sharing of frequencies. That is: Did the different departments in one district or region have 
 a common frequency for communicating with each other on both a routine and emergency 
 basis? It was subsequently discovered that it had sometimes been interpreted to refer to 
 intradepartmental capability. Consequently, the data received in answer to this question 
 are not presented here. 
 
 2.2.3.3. Characteristics of Mobile Radios 
 
 1. Give the following information about your car radios: 
 1C. Output power (in watts) 
 
 This was a difficult question for some departments to answer and 39 of the 
 respondents did not answer it. Four departments gave output powers under 10 watts 
 (they were using repeaters) and 36 departments gave output powers above 110 watts 
 (probably their base station output power since the maximum power available from 
 commercial mobile radios is 110 watts). (See table 1C-1.) 
 
 The frequency count shows that the most frequently cited output power was in the 
 90-110 watt range. State departments, as expected by the size of their jurisdictions, 
 showed the greatest use (81%) of high (90-110 watts) output power. Only in the 50 
 largest cities did the highest proportion of departments cite one of the lower ranges of 
 output power (i.e., 33% of the 50 largest cities reported output in the 30-49 watt range 
 while 26% reported output powers of 90-110 watts). (See table 1C-2.) 
 
 The overall average (mean) output power reported by police departments in this 
 survey was 70.9 watts, the median was 75 watts, and the most often cited (mode) output 
 power was 100 watts. The average output power per department type arranged 
 according to average size of jurisdiction is shown in table 1C-3. County and state 
 departments had the highest average output power and also were larger in physical size 
 than other department types. 
 
 17 
 
 226-297 0-77-3 
 
Table 1C-1. Frequency count of reported output 
 power , for all responding departments 
 
 All department types 
 Output power in watts Number Percent 
 
 Less than 10 
 
 10-29 
 
 3049 
 
 50-69 
 
 70-89 
 
 90-110 
 
 More than 110 
 
 No answer 
 
 Total 428 100 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 65 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 159 
 
 37 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 Table 1C-2. Percentages of each department type which 
 cited output power of 90-110 watts 
 
 Percent of department type 
 Department type citing 90-110 watts 
 
 State 81 
 
 County 52 
 
 Township 35 
 
 City (50+) 34 
 
 50 largest 26 
 
 City (10-49) 24 
 
 City (1-9) 22 
 
 Table 1C-3. Average output power, by department 
 type, arranged by average size of jurisdiction 
 
 
 
 Output power 
 
 Department type 
 
 mean 
 
 number watts 
 
 (smallest) 
 
 Township 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 County 
 
 
 84 
 
 (largest) 
 
 State 
 
 
 91 
 
 18 
 
3. How recently were most of the car radios bought by your 
 department? (Mark X by Your Best Estimate) 
 
 Within the last calendar year 
 
 1-3 years ago 
 
 4r5 years ago 
 
 More than 5 years ago 
 
 Almost half (47%) of the responding departments (evenly across department types) 
 had purchased the bulk of their car radios within the last 3 years and about two-thirds of 
 the departments (65%) had bought most of their car radios within the last 5 years. The 
 other one-third (34%) bought them more than 5 years ago. 6 
 
 Of the 65 percent which had bought most of their radios within the last 5 years, 
 about half had bought them 1 to 3 years ago, about one-fourth had bought them 4 to 5 
 years ago and the remaining one-fourth had bought them within the last year. (See table 
 3.) 
 
 There were no major differences among department types, although townships 
 were slightly more likely than the others to have bought their car radios within the last 5 
 years. 
 
 Table 3. Cumulative percentages for period of time 
 
 within which 428 departments bought most of their car 
 
 radios , by department type 
 
 
 
 
 Time period 
 
 
 
 With 
 
 in the 
 
 3 years ago 
 
 5 years ago 
 
 Department type 
 
 last 
 
 year 
 
 or less 
 
 or less 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 2S 
 
 42 
 
 62 
 
 Township 
 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 79 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 19 
 
 56 
 
 65 
 
 County 
 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 63 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 10 
 
 48 
 
 61 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 7 
 
 48 
 
 68 
 
 State 
 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 67 
 
 All departments 
 
 
 15 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 
 4. About how much did each of the car radios cost that are most 
 frequently used in your department (including base plate, control 
 head, microphone, and speaker)? For example, if most of the 
 radios now in use are Motorolas, please give us the cost of one set. 
 (Mark X by Your Best Estimate Below) 
 
 Less than $ 700 
 
 $701$ 800 
 
 $801-900 
 
 $901-1,000 
 
 $1,001-1,500 
 
 Over $1,500 
 
 More than half (56%) of the responding departments paid $900 or less for their 
 most frequently used car radios. Very few departments (4% overall) paid more than 
 $1,500 per unit; state departments paid significantly less per unit; and counties and 
 townships paid significantly more per unit. It might have been expected that states and 
 
 Data about purchase of equipment was provided as of summer 1972. The term "most" in the question was used to solicit responses concerning 
 the most recent major purchase(s) of mobile radios. 
 
 19 
 
counties would pay more per unit because of a need for higher output power and 
 increased channel capacity to serve their larger jurisdictions. However, this hypothesis 
 held true only for the counties, suggesting, perhaps, that a further examination of the 
 purchasing practices of these two department types would be needed to explain the 
 survey results. (See table 4.) 
 
 Table 4. Cumulative percentages for cost of the ear radios most 
 
 frequently used in a department (including base plate, control head, 
 
 microphone , and speaker), by department type 
 
 Department type 
 Cumulative percentages of departments 
 All City 50 City City 
 
 Cost departments State 1-9 largest 10-49 County 50+ Township 
 
 $700 or less 
 
 22 
 
 51 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 $800 or less 
 
 40 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 44 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 $900 or less 
 
 56 
 
 83 
 
 70 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 32 
 
 53 
 
 31 
 
 $1000 or less 
 
 73 
 
 87 
 
 79 
 
 61 
 
 81 
 
 54 
 
 75 
 
 57 
 
 $1500 or less 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 97 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 87 
 
 2B. (How many car radios are there in your department? ) Of those 
 car radios, about how many were made by each of the following 
 manufacturers? 
 
 Number Manufacturer 
 
 Motorola 
 RCA 
 GE 
 Other 
 
 Ninety-nine percent of all the car radios reported were manufactured by only three 
 companies, and over half (57%) were produced by just one manufacturer. The three 
 largest city department types seemed to favor manufacturer C for roughly two-thirds of 
 their car radio purchases. State departments distributed their buying equally between 
 manufacturers B and C. Manufacturer A captured only 8 percent of the reported 
 market. Other manufacturers combined represented 1 percent of the respondents' 
 police mobile radio purchases. (See table 2B-1.) 
 
 Table 2B-1. Percentages of car radios in use in department 
 made by various manufacturers , by department type 
 
 
 
 Manufacturer 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 Other 
 
 50 largest 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 69 
 
 2 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 County 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 52 
 
 5 
 
 Township 
 
 3 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 State 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 All departments 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
Thirty-nine percent of the responding departments had a mixture of brands of 
 mobile radios within their departments. Radios produced by different manufacturers are 
 not always compatible, that is, control heads, microphone jacks, etc. may not mate, and 
 interchangeability of equipment is difficult. This problem was mentioned by many 
 departments (see sec. 2.2.6). On the other hand, these data may only be a reflection of 
 the fact that many departments (see sec. 2.2.3.2) operated communications equipment 
 on more than one band and consequently may have purchased the radios for use on one 
 band from one manufacturer and those for use on the other band from another 
 manufacturer (see sec. 2.2.3.1). (See table 2B-2.) 
 
 Table 2B-2. Proportions of different 
 manufacturers represented within one department 
 
 Radios made by 
 
 Percent all 
 departments 
 
 One manufacturer 
 
 60 
 
 Two manufacturers 
 
 30 
 
 Three manufacturers 
 
 8 
 
 Four manufacturers 
 
 1 
 
 No answer 
 
 1 
 
 2.2.4. Portable Radios 
 
 9. Do you 
 department? 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 now use portable (hand-held) radios in your 
 
 Most of the responding departments (81%) used portable radios, with the greatest 
 proportions of users in the larger departments. All of the responding state and 50 largest 
 city departments reported using them. (See table 9.) 
 
 Table 9. Use of portable radios, by department type 
 
 
 
 Departments using 
 
 Department 
 
 type 
 
 portable radios 
 (% dept. type) 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 100 
 
 State 
 
 
 100 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 99 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 90 
 
 Township 
 
 
 70 
 
 County 
 
 
 62 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 53 
 
 21 
 
2.2.4.1. Number of Portable Radios 
 
 11 A. How many portable radios do you now have in your department? 
 Number 
 
 Almost three-fourths (72%) of the portable radios reported were used in the 50 
 largest cities. Although departments in the 50 largest cities averaged about 356 portable 
 radios per department, use of these radios varied greatly among particular cities. For 
 example, the numbers of portable radios available in any single police department, 
 within the 50 largest cities group, ranged from a maximum of 4,500 radios in 1 of these 
 departments to a minimum of only 15 radios in another. (See table 11A-1.) 
 
 As the mean number of officers per department type increased, the mean number 
 of portable radios per department type increased. As was discussed in section 2.2.3.1 
 (and is repeated in table 11A-2, below), state departments averaged many more mobile 
 radios per department than did the 50 largest cities, even though they averaged fewer 
 officers per department. This anomaly did not occur with respect to portable radios. 
 (See table 11A-3.) 
 
 Table 11A-1. Number of portable radios by department type 
 
 Total no. Percent Mean no. Maximum Minimum 
 
 Department type No. of portable total per in any in any 
 
 respondents radios radios department department department 
 
 50 largest 
 
 46 
 
 16,363 
 
 72 
 
 355.7 
 
 4,500 
 
 15 
 
 State 
 
 47 
 
 3,621 
 
 16 
 
 77.0 
 
 419 
 
 5 
 
 City 
 
 78 
 
 1,682 
 
 7 
 
 21.6 
 
 108 
 
 2 
 
 County 
 
 42 
 
 464 
 
 2 
 
 11.1 
 
 125 
 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 77 
 
 366 
 
 2 
 
 4.8 
 
 21 
 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 41 
 
 109 
 
 * 
 
 2.7 
 
 11 
 
 
 Township 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 * 
 
 3.4 
 
 17 
 
 
 All departments 
 
 347 
 
 22,660 
 
 100 
 
 65.3 
 
 4,500 
 
 
 *Less than 1 percent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 11A-2. Comparison between mean number of officers 
 
 per department type , mean number of car radios and mean 
 
 number of portable radios 
 
 
 
 
 Mean no. 
 
 Department type 
 
 Mean no. 
 
 Mean no. 
 
 portable 
 
 
 officers 
 
 car radios 
 
 radios 
 
 50 largest 
 
 2491 
 
 591.8 
 
 355.7 
 
 State 
 
 890 
 
 731.2 
 
 77.0 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 125 
 
 32.9 
 
 32.6 
 
 County 
 
 113 
 
 38.5 
 
 11.1 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 23 
 
 7.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 Township 
 
 16 
 
 4.4 
 
 3.4 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 9 
 
 3.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 22 
 
Table 11A-3. Comparison of estimated number of 
 
 police portable radios and car radios in the 
 
 United States , by department type 
 
 
 Estimated no. 
 
 Estimated no. 
 
 Department type 
 
 portable radios 
 
 car radios 
 
 50 largest 
 
 17,785 
 
 29,600 
 
 State 
 
 3,850 
 
 36,550 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 11,966 
 
 18,282 
 
 County 
 
 34,820 
 
 119,206 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 9,528 
 
 13,895 
 
 Township 
 
 5,352 
 
 6,296 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 14,812 
 
 16,458 
 
 Total 
 
 98,113 
 
 240,287 
 
 2.2.4.2. Spectrum Utilization: Portable Radios 
 
 10. Give the following information about your portable radios. 
 A. List all transmitting frequencies (in kHz, MHz, etc.) 
 
 Five percent of the 348 departments using portable radios did not report their 
 transmitting frequencies. Of the remaining 329 departments, the most used transmitting 
 band for portable radios was the VHF high band (150-174 MHz), with approximately the 
 same proportion of total frequencies as was found for mobile radios. (See table 10A-1.) 
 
 Within department types, in all but two cases (counties and 50 largest cities), the 
 band in which the highest percentage of total mobile transmitting frequencies were 
 used was also the band in which the highest percentage of portable transmitting 
 frequencies existed. In contrast, over half of the portable radio transmitting frequencies 
 reported by counties were in the VHF high band, while the majority of their mobile 
 transmitting frequencies were VHF low band. The 50 largest cities, which tended to use 
 a greater proportion of UHF frequencies for their mobile radios, tended to use a greater 
 proportion of VHF high band frequencies for their portable radios. (See table 10A-2.) 
 
 Within the seven department types, the numbers of transmitting frequencies per 
 department for mobile and portable radios were very similar, except for state 
 departments. It is probable that the higher mean number of mobile radio transmitting 
 frequencies reported by states was a reflection of their relative emphasis on highway 
 patrol activities. (See table 10A-3.) 
 
 
 Table 10A-1. Comparison of percentages of total 
 
 transmitting frequencies , by band , for mobile and 
 
 portable radios for all departments 
 
 Percent of frequencies in: 
 Radio VHF low band VHF high band UHF band 
 
 Mobile 29 49 19 
 
 Portable 22 51 24 
 
 23 
 
Table 10A-2. Percentages of total mobile and portable 
 frequencies , by band , for county and 50 largest city departments 
 
 
 
 Department 
 
 type 
 
 
 
 County 
 
 50 
 
 largest 
 
 Frequency band 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 mobile 
 
 portable 
 
 mobile 
 
 portable 
 
 30-50 MHz 
 
 51 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 150-174 MHz 
 
 42 
 
 59 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 450-470 MHz 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 Table 10A-3. Mean 1 numbers of portable and mobile radio 
 transmitting frequencies , by department type (department types 
 ordered from largest to smallest by number of full-time officers) 
 
 
 Portable radios 
 
 Mobile radios 
 
 Department type 
 
 Mean no. 
 
 Mean no. 
 
 
 frequencies 
 
 freqi 
 
 jencies 
 
 50 largest 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 8.7 
 
 State 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 6.2 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 County 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 Township 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 Means calculated only for those departments reporting any mobile transmitting 
 frequencies or any portable transmitting frequencies. 
 
 10B. List ALL receiving frequencies, if different from 10A. 
 
 Most departments were using the same set of frequencies for receiving as for trans- 
 mitting to their portable radios. Only 62 departments reported receiving frequencies that 
 were different from their transmitting frequencies, and the majority of these were depart- 
 ments in the 50 largest cities. (See table 10B.) 
 
 Table 10B. Percentages of total portable radio 
 
 frequencies used for both transmitting and 
 
 receiving , by department type 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Department type 
 
 same 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 97 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 93 
 
 State 
 
 91 
 
 Township 
 
 87 
 
 County 
 
 82 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 77 
 
 50 largest 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
10. Give the following information about your portable radios. 
 10D. Number of Channels Authorized 
 10E. Number of Channels in Use 
 
 The three largest department types (by average number of officers) accounted for 
 71 percent of all the authorized portable radio channels reported by responding 
 departments and 72 percent of those actually in use. These department types also 
 accounted for almost two-thirds (64%) of the authorized but not yet used channels. A 
 total of 162 channels (14% of all authorized channels) was reported to be authorized but 
 not used. (See table 10D and E-l.) 
 
 The number of channels used for mobile communications exceeded that for 
 portable radios. (See table 10D and E-2.) 
 
 Table 10D and E-l. Comparison of channels authorized 
 and in use for portable radios , by department type 
 
 
 
 Channels 
 
 
 
 Authorized 
 
 In 
 
 use 
 
 Department type 
 
 No. 
 
 Percent 
 
 No. 
 
 Percent 
 
 50 largest 
 
 431 
 
 37 
 
 374 
 
 37 
 
 State 
 
 228 
 
 19 
 
 205 
 
 20 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 171 
 
 15 
 
 148 
 111 
 
 15 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 126 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 County 
 
 96 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 8 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 95 
 
 8 
 
 65 
 
 6 
 
 Township 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 All departments 
 
 1,774 
 
 100 
 
 1,015 
 
 100 
 
 Table 10D and E-2. Comparison of channels authorized and in 
 use for portable and mobile radios , by all department types 
 
 Channels 
 
 Portable 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Use category Total no. Average 
 
 Total no. Average 
 
 Authorized 
 
 1,174 
 
 
 
 3.4 
 
 1,452 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 In use 
 
 1,012 
 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 1,332 
 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 
 (n- 
 
 =247) 
 
 
 
 (n 
 
 =417) 
 
 25 
 
2.2.4.3. Characteristics of Portable Radios 
 
 10. Give the following information about your portable radios: 
 IOC. Output Power in Watts 
 
 As was expected, due to the nature of the power supplies employed, the average 
 output power for portable radios was far lower than the output power for mobile radios. 
 The mean output power, for all departments, for portable radios was 3.9 watts, while 
 the mean output power for mobile radios was 70.9 watts. (Most portable radios currently 
 on the market transmit with an RF output of five watts or less.) 
 
 In general, the larger the average size of department type jurisdiction, the greater 
 the mean reported output power for portable radios. There was only one exception to 
 this general trend: The 50 largest cities, which had the third largest mean size of 
 jurisdiction, reported the lowest mean output power for their portable radios. (See table 
 IOC.) 
 
 A few departments reported very high portable radio output powers, but the 
 problem was not as great, either in frequency or degree, as for mobile radios. Follow-up 
 telephone calls to some of these departments revealed that they had estimated the 
 output power of their portable equipment rather than actually checking the 
 specifications. 
 
 Table IOC. Mean output power in watts for 
 
 portable radios, by department type— arranged from 
 
 smallest to largest mean size of jurisdiction 
 
 
 Mean output power 
 
 Department type 
 
 in watts 
 
 Township 
 
 3.4 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 3.4 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 3.6 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 4.2 
 
 50 largest 
 
 2.8 
 
 County 
 
 4.6 
 
 State 
 
 5.1 
 
 22. Should standards for power supplies such as charging 
 equipment, and batteries for portable radios be given 
 
 High Priority 
 
 Medium Priority 
 
 Low Priority 
 
 Standards are not needed for these items 
 
 About three-fourths of departments which used portable radios felt that either high 
 or medium priority should be assigned to developing standards for power supplies for 
 portable radios. These departments were evenly divided between those which assigned 
 high vs. medium priorities. About 25 percent of all departments using portables either 
 said that no standards for power supplies were needed or that such standards should 
 have low priority. The 50 largest cities, which were the biggest users of portable radios, 
 were most likely to assign high priority to standards for power supplies for portable 
 radios. (See table 22.) 
 
 26 
 
 
Table 22. Priorities assigned to standards for power supplies for portable 
 
 radios by 348 departments which used portable radios as compared to average 
 
 number of portables available , by department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 Don't 
 
 Average no. 
 
 Department type 
 
 High 
 
 Medium 
 
 Low 
 
 need 
 
 of portable 
 
 
 priority 
 
 priority 
 
 priority 
 
 standards 
 
 radios 
 
 
 
 (in 
 
 % of depart 
 
 ment types) 
 
 
 50 largest 
 
 61 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 355.7 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 21.6 
 
 State 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 77.0 
 
 County 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 11.1 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 30 
 
 44 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 4.8 
 
 Township 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 3.4 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 2.7 
 
 23. What types of batteries do you now use for your portable 
 radios? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies) 
 
 24. What types of batteries do you prefer to use for your portable 
 radios? (Mark X by One of the Following) 
 
 Alkaline-Manganese 
 
 Carbon-Zinc 
 
 Mercury 
 
 NiCad (Nickel-Cadmium) 
 
 Silver Oxide 
 
 Other 
 
 More than 80 percent of the 348 departments which were using portable radios 
 said that they were using Nickel-Cadmium batteries for those radios. A similar 
 percentage also said that Nickel-Cadmium was the battery they would prefer to use with 
 their portable radios. Although 25 percent of the portable radio users said they were 
 currently using at least some Alkaline-Manganese or some Mercury batteries, less than 
 half of those who used these two types of batteries said that they would prefer to use 
 them. (See table 23 and 24.) 
 
 Table 23 and 24. Comparison between batteries now in use and 
 batteries preferred, by the 348 departments using portable radios 
 
 
 All departments using portable radios 
 
 
 (in %) 
 
 
 
 (Question 23) 
 
 (Question 24; 
 
 Battery type 
 
 Now using 
 
 Would prefer 
 to use 
 
 Alkaline-Manganese 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 Carbon-Zinc 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Mercury 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Nickel-Cadmium 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 Silver Oxide 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 No answer 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent since departments 
 could give more than one answer to Question 23. 
 
 27 
 
25. Do you use batteries for your portable radios which must be 
 recharged: 
 Yes No 
 
 Nine out of every 10 departments which had portable radios used batteries which 
 had to be recharged. There were no major differences among department types, 
 although percentages of departments using batteries which must be recharged were 
 slightly smaller for state, county and small city (1-9) departments than for larger city 
 types. These differences may not be statistically significant. (See table 25.) 
 
 Table 25. Use of batteries which must be recharged , 
 by 348 departments which used portable radios 
 
 
 Batteries must be recharged 
 
 Department type 
 
 Percent of department type 
 
 50 largest 
 
 98 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 94 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 94 
 
 Township 
 
 94 
 
 County 
 
 84 
 
 State 
 
 83 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 80 
 
 All departments 
 
 90 
 
 (Do you use batteries for your portable radio which must be 
 
 recharged? ) YES 
 
 2 5 A. How long can you use the battery before it must be 
 
 recharged? 
 
 Hours 
 25B. How long does it usually take to recharge the battery to a 
 point where it can be used again? 
 
 Hours 
 
 25C. How long does it usually take to fully recharge the battery? 
 Hours 
 
 25D. How long can you usually use these batteries before they 
 must be replaced? 
 Months 
 
 Responses from the departments using rechargeable batteries showed that they 
 averaged 8 hours of battery use before recharging was required. This was also the most 
 commonly reported figure by all department types (modal response). 
 
 On the average, departments reported that a portable radio could be recharged 
 enough to be usable in a little more than half the time it took for a full charge: Mean 
 time to fully recharge was 9.2 hours; mean time to recharge to usable point was 5.6 
 hours. There was, however, considerable variability to their answers. Some departments 
 said that it took a minimum of 24 hours to recharge portable radio batteries to a usable 
 point while others said it required only 1 hour. Similarly, for full recharging, some 
 departments said 1 hour was sufficient, several said 24 hours were required, and at least 
 one county department said full recharging took 48 hours. This wide range of responses 
 probably was a reflection of the use of "quickcharge" and "slow-charge" systems, the 
 
 28 
 
ages of the charging systems in use, and the design parameters of many different 
 portable radio/battery systems in use. (See table 25A and B and C and D.) 
 
 Departments replaced their rechargeable batteries, on the average, every 16.7 
 months. Excluding those departments (8%) who had never needed to replace their 
 batteries (no data is available on how long these batteries had been in use), battery life 
 ranged from as little as 3 months to as long as 5 years. 
 
 The larger departments— states, 50 largest, cities (50+), and cities (10-49)— reported 
 average battery lives between 1-1/2 and 2 years. On the other hand, counties and cities 
 (1-9) were only able to use their batteries for 6 or 7 months before replacement. Follow- 
 up phone calls revealed that few departments kept actual battery use and life records; 
 these data, therefore, are probably based, in large measure, on estimates. (See table 12 
 and 13-1.) 
 
 TaBLE 25A. and B. and C. and D. Length of time to partially and 
 
 completely recharge batteries : Length of time batteries can be used 
 
 before needing recharging , and needing replacement , by departments 
 
 which use rechargeable batteries in their portable radios 
 
 Question 
 
 Departments recharging batteries 
 
 Mean Maximum Minimum 
 
 no. hours no. hours no. hours 
 
 No. of hours battery can be 
 used before needing re- 
 charging (261 responses) 
 
 No. of hours required to 
 recharge battery to point 
 where it can be used again 
 (260 responses) 
 
 No. of hours required to 
 fully recharge battery 
 (259 responses) 
 
 8.0 
 
 5.6 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 9.2 48 1 
 
 Months Months Months 
 
 No. of months battery can 
 be used before being re- 
 placed (206 responses) 
 
 No. of departments never 
 needing to replace 
 batteries: 26 (8%) 
 
 16.7 
 
 60 
 
 TaBLE 12 and 13-1. Weight of portable radios, by 348 
 departments using portable radios 
 
 Weight 
 
 Percent of departments 
 using portables 
 
 Less than 20 oz 
 20 oz to 26 oz 
 27 oz to 32 oz 
 33 oz to 38 oz 
 More than 38 oz 
 No answer 
 
 5 
 26 
 25 
 20 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
12. About how much does one of these "most used" portable 
 radios weigh? 
 
 Less than 20 oz 
 20 oz to 26 oz 
 27 oz to 32 oz 
 33 oz to 38 oz 
 More than 38 oz 
 
 13. How do you feel about the weight of the "most used" portable 
 radios? 
 
 The weight is about right 
 The unit is somewhat heavy 
 The unit is entirely too heavy 
 
 About 7 out of every 10 departments reported that their portable radios weighed 
 between 20 and 38 oz (.567 to 1.077 kg). About one-fifth of the departments had radios 
 weighing more than 1.077 kg. (See table 12 and 13-2.) 
 
 Departments with units weighing over 1.077 kg (38 oz) more frequently reported 
 that the radios were entirely too heavy than those which had lighter weight sets. 
 
 Table 12 and 13-2. Comparison between weight of most used 
 portable radios and respondents ' feeling about that weight 
 
 Reported weight of portable radios 
 (in % of departments) 
 
 How 
 
 respondents 
 feel about 
 weight 
 
 Less 
 
 than 
 
 20 oz 
 
 20 oz 27 oz 33 oz 
 —26 oz —32 oz —38 oz 
 
 More 
 
 than No 
 
 38 oz answer 
 
 Weight is right 
 Somewhat heavy 
 Entirely too heavy 
 
 38 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 28 
 
 17 
 36 
 18 
 
 9 
 23 
 60 
 
 12 A. When did you buy most of these "most used" portable 
 radios? 
 
 Within the last calendar year 
 
 1-2 years ago 
 
 4-5 years ago 
 
 More than 5 years ago 
 
 Half of the departments in the sample had bought the portable radios most 
 commonly used in their department 1 to 3 years ago. 7 About one-fourth had bought them 
 4 to 5 years ago. Seventeen percent had purchased their radios within the previous year 
 and the remaining 10 percent had radios which were not more than 5 years old. All 
 seven department types reflected roughly these same proportions. 
 
 It appears that departments had made major purchases of portable radios more 
 recently than they had made major purchases of mobile radios (90% of the departments 
 had purchased portables and 65% had purchased mobile radios in quanitity within the 
 last 5 years). This finding may have resulted in part because of improved portable radio 
 technology, the recent availability of federal purchase funds, and/or the relatively 
 shorter life of portable radios. 
 
 Data about purchase of equipment was provided as of summer 1972. 
 
 30 
 
Table 12A. When departments bought most of their 
 "most often used " brands of portable radios 
 
 
 Percent of departments 
 
 When purchased 
 
 using portables 
 
 
 (n=348) 
 
 Within last year 
 
 17 
 
 3 years ago or less 
 
 67 
 
 5 years ago or less 
 
 90 
 
 No answer 
 
 1 
 
 12B. About how much did you pay for one of these "most used" 
 portable radios (including antenna, carrying case, and spare 
 batteries)? 
 
 Less than $ 500 
 
 $501$ 700 
 
 $701-$ 900 
 
 $901$ 1,100 
 
 $1,101$ 1,500 
 
 Over $1,500 
 
 Forty-four percent of the departments paid between $700 and $900 apiece for their 
 portable radios and 77 percent of them paid $900 or less. About one-fourth of cities (1-9) 
 had bought their portables for less than $500. These small cities along with the 50 
 largest cities paid a wide range of prices. Two percent of cities (1-9) paid more than 
 $1,101 as did 13 percent of the 50 largest cities. Counties, in general, paid higher prices 
 for their portable radios and states paid lower prices. (See table 12B.) 
 
 Table 12B. Cumulative percentages for costs of "most 
 commonly used " portable radios in 348 departments 
 
 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cumul 
 
 ative percentages 
 
 
 
 
 City 
 
 
 
 City 
 
 
 50 
 
 City 
 
 
 (1-9) 
 
 Township 
 
 County 
 
 (10-49) 
 
 State 
 
 largest 
 
 (50+) 
 
 Less than $500 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 $700 or less 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 $900 or less 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 66 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 52 
 
 69 
 
 $1100 or less 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 78 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 85 
 
 96 
 
 No answer 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 31 
 
11B. (How many portable radios do you now have in your 
 department? ) Of those portable radios, about how many were 
 made by the following manufacturers? 
 
 Number Manufacturer 
 
 Manufacturer A made roughly 7 out of every 10 portable radios used by the 
 respondents. There were no major differences among department types, except that a 
 smaller percentage of portables in states and cities (1-9) was made by this company than 
 in the larger city department types. Manufacturer B made slightly more than 1 out of 
 every 10 portable radios and manufacturers C and D each made only 1 out of every 20 
 radios reported. Only in cities (1-9) did a manufacturer other than manufacturer A 
 capture a significant proportion of the reported market (35%, manufacturer B). (See 
 table 11B.) 
 
 Table 11B. Percentage of portable radios in use in 
 departments made by various manufacturers , by department type 
 
 
 
 Manufacturer 
 
 
 
 
 (by % of radios) 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 Other 
 
 50 largest 
 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 76 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Township 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 City (5Q+) 
 
 72 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 County 
 
 67 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 54 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 State 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 12. What model of portable radio do you have more of in your 
 department than any other? 
 
 Manufacturer 
 
 Model or Model No. 
 
 Although only 1 percent of the portable radio users failed to answer this question 
 at all, 14 percent gave a manufacturer but not model, and 6 percent gave insufficient 
 information to identify a particular model. A total of 26 different portable radio models 
 were mentioned by the respondents, but half of those 348 respondents listed 1 of 2 
 models: 27 percent for 1 model and 23 percent for another. Both of these models are 
 produced by the same manufacturer. (See table 12.) 
 
 32 
 
Table 12. Of the 348 departments using portable radios , percent 
 listing each of two "most used" models , by department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 Model 
 
 
 
 
 (<% 
 
 of de; 
 
 jartment type) 
 
 
 
 
 
 No 
 
 answer, 
 
 Department type 
 
 
 
 
 manufacturer only, 
 
 
 Model X 
 
 M 
 
 Ddel Y 
 
 mode 
 
 uncertain 
 
 State 
 
 36 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 15 
 
 50 largest 
 
 36 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 6 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 31 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 20 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 27 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 18 
 
 County 
 
 23 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 33 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 17 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 29 
 
 Township 
 
 12 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 37 
 
 2.2.5. Special Systems 
 
 2.2.5.1. Mobile Repeaters 
 
 13. A portable radio can be used with a repeater by a patrolman 
 when he is out of his car. The portable radio transmits to the car 
 radio which then relays the signals to the base radio. Do you need 
 repeaters like this in your communications system? 
 Yes No Why? 
 
 (See table 13-1.) 
 
 Almost half of the respondents (43%) indicated a need for a mobile repeater 
 system (i.e., a system in which a mobile car radio is used to relay transmissions from a 
 low powered portable radio to a base station location). Generally, the larger the average 
 size of the department type jurisdiction, the higher the percentage of departments 
 saying they needed mobile repeater systems. In exception to this pattern, only 26 
 percent of the 50 largest cities indicated a need for mobile repeater systems. (See table 
 13-2.) 
 
 Since there is a relationship between jurisdiction size and frequency of need for 
 mobile repeaters (except for the 50 largest cities), it was not surprising that the most 
 frequently given reason for needing this system was to overcome distance (range) 
 problems. The other four most commonly given reasons for choosing this system were 
 
 Table 13-1. Percent departments w hich need repeaters 
 
 within their mobile systems , by department type , arranged 
 
 according to average size of jurisdiction 
 
 
 Percent of all departments 
 
 Department type 
 
 saying yes 
 
 Township 
 
 31 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 35 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 44 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 40 
 
 50 largest 
 
 26 
 
 County 
 
 58 
 
 State 
 
 68 
 
 226-297 0-77-4 
 
 33 
 
Table 13-2. // "yes ," why do you need mobile repeaters? 
 
 Percent of all 
 Reasons departments saying yes 
 
 (n=150) 
 
 1. To overcome distance (range) 
 
 problems 23 
 
 2. To improve or strengthen 
 
 portables 21 
 
 3. Constant communication necessary 18 
 
 4. To overcome terrain-caused 
 
 problems 16 
 
 5. Mobility of officers improved 11 
 
 6. Good for special assignments 9 
 
 Other 7 
 
 No answer 11 
 
 Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent because the respondents 
 could give more than one reason. 
 
 Table 13-3. // "no," why don't you need mobile repeaters? 
 
 
 
 
 Percent of all 
 
 
 Reasons 
 
 dep 
 
 ailments saying no 
 
 (n=194) 
 
 1. 
 
 Not needed— current equipment 
 
 
 
 
 adequate 
 
 
 21 
 
 2. 
 
 Use or prefer other system 
 
 
 19 
 
 3. 
 
 Not needed— area not large 
 
 
 
 
 enough to warrant use 
 
 
 18 
 
 4. 
 
 Have no hand and/or car radios 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Other 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 No answer 
 
 
 38 
 
 Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent because respondents 
 could have given more than one reason. 
 
 all somewhat related to the problems of covering large areas of territory (to strengthen 
 the portable system, to remain in constant communication, to overcome terrain-caused 
 problems, and to increase officer mobility). (See table 13-3.) 
 
 Departments usually indicated that they did not need a mobile repeater system 
 when their current equipment was adequate, when their area was not large enough to 
 warrant use, or when they used or preferred other systems for handling problems of 
 distance, such as fixed repeaters and/or voting systems. 
 
 Half of the 32 departments in the 50 largest cities which did not need mobile 
 repeater systems said that they use or prefer other systems. This probably accounted for 
 the atypical response of the 50 largest cities which often indicated that they did not 
 need a mobile repeater system even though they had larger average jurisdictions to 
 cover than townships and other city departments. 
 
 34 
 
2.2.5.2. Fixed Repeaters 
 
 7A. Do you use fixed repeaters in your area (to cover dead spots 
 in communication which otherwise would exist)? 
 Yes No 
 
 Fixed repeaters can be used to overcome obstacles, either natural or manmade, 
 which would otherwise create dead spots in communications and to increase the range 
 of system coverage. They are also used to cut mobile transmitter costs because, in 
 general, less powerful transmitters are needed when repeater systems are employed. 
 
 About one-third of the 428 responding departments used repeaters. State police 
 and police in the 50 largest cities were the 2 most frequent users of this equipment. 
 
 It might be hypothesized that there could be a relationship between the size of the 
 jurisdiction to be covered and the use of fixed repeaters. It can be seen that state police 
 departments, which were the most frequent users of fixed repeaters, did have the 
 largest jurisdictions to cover. However, less than one-third of county police, who had 
 the second largest average size of jurisdiction, used repeaters. Within city department 
 types, the frequency of use of repeaters increased with the size of the department type 
 in terms of number of officers, rather than in terms of average size of jurisdiction. (See 
 table 7A-1.) 
 
 Table 7A-1. Use of fixed repeaters by department 
 type, as compared to average size of jurisdiction 
 
 
 Use of repeaters 
 
 and jurisdiction size 
 
 
 
 Mean size of 
 
 Department type 
 
 Percent use of 
 
 jurisdiction 
 
 
 repeaters 
 
 (mi 2 ) 
 
 State 
 
 77 
 
 64,704 
 
 50 largest 
 
 65 
 
 237 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 County 
 
 30 
 
 2,551 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 13 
 
 67 
 
 Township 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 7B. (If " Yes" to Question 7A) How many fixed repeaters does your 
 department have? 
 Fixed Repeaters 
 
 Most of the fixed repeaters were found in state police departments or in the 50 
 largest cities. About three out of every five repeaters cited were used by state police 
 departments. A little more than one-fourth of all repeaters were operated by the 50 
 largest cities. Thus, almost 90 percent of fixed repeaters were employed by these two 
 groups. Of the departments reporting fixed repeater operations, state police departments 
 each operated 21 repeater units and the 50 largest cities each operated 11 repeater units 
 (means). Between 20 percent and 37 percent of other larger department types (at least 
 10 officers or more) and county police, reported using fixed repeaters (Question 7 A) but 
 these department types generally had an average (mean) of only 1 or 2 repeaters in each 
 department. (See table 7B-1.) 
 
 The largest mean numbers of repeaters were found in departments along the East 
 Coast (in the Middle Atlantic and New York/New Jersey areas) and along the West 
 
 35 
 
Table 7B-1. Percentage of total repeaters in use, and mean 
 number per department of those using repeaters , by department type 
 
 
 Percent total 
 
 Mean no 
 
 repeaters per 
 
 
 reported 
 
 department of those 
 
 Department type 
 
 repeaters 
 
 using any repeaters 
 
 
 (n= 1,197) 
 
 
 
 State 
 
 62 
 
 
 20.6 
 
 50 largest 
 
 27 
 
 
 10.9 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 5 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 County 
 
 4 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 2 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 1 
 
 
 ** 
 
 Township 
 
 * 
 
 
 ** 
 
 All departments 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 •Less than 1 percent. 
 
 **Mean probably not valid; number of respondents too small. 
 
 Table 7B-2. Average number of fixed repeaters, by LEAA region, 
 compared to percentage of departments in regions which use fixed repeaters 
 
 
 
 Number and 
 
 use of repeaters 
 
 
 
 Percent of 
 
 
 
 
 departments 
 
 
 
 Mean no. 
 
 which use 
 
 
 LEAA region 
 
 repeaters 
 
 fixed 
 
 
 
 in region 
 
 repeaters 
 
 9 
 
 (Far West/Hawaii) 
 
 15.7 
 
 48 
 
 3 
 
 (Middle Atlantic) 
 
 15.6 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 (New York/New Jersey) 
 
 13.6 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 (Midwest) 
 
 9.4 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 (Great Lakes) 
 
 6.8 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 (South) 
 
 6.4 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 (South/Southwest) 
 
 6.2 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 (Mountain) 
 
 6.1 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 (New England) 
 
 5.1 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 (North west/ Alaska) 
 
 4.0 
 
 68 
 
 Coast (in the region which includes California, Nevada, Arizona, and also Hawaii). 
 Although more than two-thirds of departments in region 10 (which includes the 
 northwestern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska) reported using fixed 
 repeaters, this region had the smallest average number of repeaters per department. 
 (See table 7B-2.) 
 
 36 
 
8. If you use, or will be using fixed repeaters, which of the 
 following types do you prefer? 
 
 Will not use fixed repeaters 
 
 F1F1 repeater (same frequency in and out) 
 
 F1F2 repeater (two different frequencies) 
 
 No preference 
 
 The F1F1 system, in which communications are transmitted and received on the 
 same frequency, is not generally being marketed because it has not yet been perfected. 
 Thus, state departments and large city departments (50 largest and 50+) preferred the 
 F1F2 (in which communications are transmitted and received on different frequencies). 
 Smaller department types also selected this system if they indicated a preference at all. 
 (See table 8A.) 
 
 TaBLE 8A. Preference for F1F1 or F1F2 repeaters, by department type 
 
 
 Favoring 
 
 Favoring 
 
 
 Indicating 
 
 Department type 
 
 F1F2 
 
 F1F1 
 
 Having no 
 
 will not use 
 
 
 repeaters 
 
 repeaters 
 
 preference 
 
 or no answer 
 
 State 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 50 largest 
 
 76 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 County 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 50 
 
 Township 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 56 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 52 
 
 AH departments 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 2.2.5.3. Portamobile Radios with Voting Systems 
 
 14. Some law enforcement agencies use portamobile radios with 
 several receivers and a voting system. Do you favor such a system? 
 
 Yes 
 
 No If " Yes" or " No," why? 
 Unfamiliar with voting system 
 
 More than half of the respondents who used portable radios (N=348) were 
 unfamiliar with voting systems, an arrangement which provides more reliable 
 communications by employing 1 or more satellite receivers for each channel. These 
 receivers are situated at scattered locations throughout the coverage area. The audio 
 output signals of the satellite receivers are transmitted to a selector or comparator at 
 the base station by radio or land lines. The comparator performs the voting process by 
 selecting the strongest of the several possible signals received from the portable or 
 mobile radio via the satellite receivers. State police and police in the 50 largest cities 
 were the only department types in which most respondents had knowledge of voting 
 systems. About three-fourths (74%) of the respondents in the 50 largest cities and about 
 half (53%) in the state departments favored the system. 
 
 Data from this question further explained why, in Question 13, only 26 percent of 
 the 50 largest cities said they needed mobile repeaters and most often gave as a reason 
 their preference for other systems. About three-fourths of the 50 largest cities favored 
 
 37 
 
the voting system. Twenty-eight of the 45 respondents (65%) familiar with the concept 
 favored the use of such a system. (See table 14-1.) 
 
 The 3 reasons most often given for favoring the voting system (by all respondents, 
 and also by the 50 largest cities) were: (1) That the system improves 
 transmitting/receiving coverage and extends range, (2) that the department already uses 
 the system and likes it and (3) that the system increases the flexibility and usefulness of 
 the portable radios. (See table 14-2.) 
 
 Departments which did not favor the voting system most commonly gave as 
 reasons that they had no need or practical use for the system or that they considered 
 the voting system inadequate. (See table 14-3.) 
 
 Table 14-1. Of the 348 departments with portable radios, 
 percentages of responses about voting systems , by department type 
 
 
 Do you 
 
 favor a 
 
 voting system? 
 
 
 
 (by %) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unfamiliar 
 
 Department type 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 
 with system 
 
 Township 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 
 78 
 
 County 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 
 72 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 
 71 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 
 55 
 
 State 
 
 53 
 
 32 
 
 
 15 
 
 50 largest 
 
 74 
 
 13 
 
 
 13 
 
 All departments 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 
 55 
 
 Table 14-2. Reasons given for favoring a portamobile radio 
 with a voting system , by 98 departments which favored this system 
 
 Reasons 
 
 Percent of departments 
 favoring voting system 
 (n=98) 
 
 1. Improves transmitting/receiving 
 
 coverage and extends range 
 
 2. Already use and/or think it's a 
 
 good system 
 
 3. Increases portable usefulness and 
 
 flexibility 
 
 4. Voter relays best signal 
 
 5. For extra backup 
 
 6. Miscellaneous 
 
 No answer 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 10 
 4 
 11 
 11 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since departments allowed multiple answers. 
 
 38 
 
Table 14.3. Reasons given for not favoring a portamobile radio with 
 a voting system, by 58 departments which do not favor this system 
 
 
 
 Percent of departments 
 
 
 
 not favoring 
 
 
 Reasons 
 
 voting system 
 (n=58) 
 
 1. 
 
 No need or practical use 
 
 21 
 
 2. 
 
 Consider voting system inadequate 
 
 17 
 
 3. 
 
 Current system adequate 
 
 10 
 
 4. 
 
 Area too small to warrant use 
 
 10 
 
 5. 
 
 Too expensive 
 
 7 
 
 6. 
 
 Important calls voted out 
 
 3 
 
 7. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 10 
 
 
 No answer 
 
 31 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since departments allowed multiple answers. 
 
 This answer cannot really be considered a valid reason for not favoring a voting system. It is probably 
 
 better interpreted as an indication of lack of knowledge about this system. 
 
 2.2.5.4. Scrambler Systems 
 
 17. In some areas, police use voice privacy systems which 
 scramble messages so that they cannot be received by people 
 other than police. Do you HAVE a system of this type? 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 (If "No") Do you NEED a scrambler system of this type? 
 
 Yes 
 
 No (If " No," skip to Question 21) 
 
 Scramblers were in use in less than 10 percent of the 428 responding departments. 
 Cities (50+), states, and the 50 largest cities tended to have greater percentages of 
 departments using scramblers. Counties and the two smallest city department types 
 tended to have lower percentages of users. (See table 17-1.) 
 
 Table 17-1. Availability of scramblers , 
 by department type 
 
 
 
 Have scramblers 
 
 Department 
 
 type 
 
 percent of 
 department type 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 18 
 
 State 
 
 
 13 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 11 
 
 Township 
 
 
 9 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 8 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 5 
 
 County 
 
 
 3 
 
 39 
 
Almost three-fifths of departments which did not have scramblers felt that they 
 needed this system. Medium-sized cities (10-49) were much more likely than state police 
 to perceive a need for these systems. There were no major differences between the 50 
 largest cities and smaller departments such as townships, counties and cities (1-9) in 
 their responses to this question. These data represent the departments' assessments of 
 their need for scramblers and did not distinguish between various degrees of need such 
 as "essential to the functioning of the department" and "desirable but not essential." 
 (See table 17-2.) 
 
 Table 17-2. Perceived need for scrambler system by 
 
 388 departments which currently do not have the system . 
 
 by department type 
 
 
 
 Need scrambler 
 
 Department 
 
 type 
 
 system No answer 
 (% of department type) 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 
 71 4 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 
 65 5 
 
 County 
 
 
 61 3 
 
 Township 
 
 
 57 
 
 50 largest 
 
 
 54 10 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 
 46 3 
 
 State 
 
 
 44 5 
 
 18. (If "Yes" to Question 17) For which of the following purposes 
 do you need, or would you like, a scrambler system? (Mark X by 
 Each Item That Applies) 
 
 General communications 
 
 During robberies 
 
 Long term stakeout 
 
 Demonstrations or protests 
 
 Undercover investigations 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 Departments which had scramblers (n=40, 9%) and departments which said they 
 needed scramblers (n=225, 53%) were asked to answer this question. For three of the 
 choices (undercover investigations, robberies, and long term stakeout) the percentages 
 of votes from the "have" and the "need" groups were fairly comparable. However, 
 departments which did not currently have scramblers were much more likely to say they 
 would use them for general communications (49%) than were those departments which 
 already had them (15%). In contrast, those departments which were already using 
 scramblers were more likely to say they would use them during demonstrations or 
 protests (60%) than were those departments which said they needed but did not yet have 
 scramblers (45%). (See table 18.) 
 
 Nineteen percent of departments which had, or needed, scramblers indicated 
 other uses for scramblers. Some of the more commonly mentioned other uses were: For 
 fires and accidents, for administrative operations, for crimes in progress (in addition to 
 robberies), and for use in command units (communications vans). 
 
 40 
 
Table 18. Purposes for which scramblers were (or would be) 
 
 used, by all departments currently using scramblers and all 
 
 departments saying scramblers were needed 
 
 
 Percent of d 
 
 epartments 
 
 
 Using 
 
 Needing 
 
 Use for scrambler 
 
 scramblers 
 
 scramblers 
 
 
 (n=40) 
 
 (n=225) 
 
 Undercover investigations 
 
 82 
 
 78 
 
 Demonstrations 
 
 60 
 
 45 
 
 Robberies 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 
 Long term stakeouts 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 General communications 
 
 15 
 
 49 
 
 Other 
 
 37 
 
 16 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since 
 
 multiple answers were 
 
 allowed. 
 
 19. (If "Yes" to Question 17) How do you (would you) use your 
 scramblers? (Mark X by One of the Following) 
 
 With car radios 
 
 With portable radios 
 
 With both car radios and portable radios 
 
 Only in special vehicles (Specify) 
 
 The perceptions of the 225 departments which did not have, but said they needed 
 scramblers were very different from the answers of the 40 departments which were 
 currently using scramblers. More than half (58%) of the users of scramblers said they 
 were using them with car radios only. An additional 35 percent of the current users said 
 they were using their scramblers with both car radios and portable radios. 
 
 In contrast, three-quarters (75%) of the departments which said they needed 
 scramblers said they would use them with both car radios and portable radios. Only 15 
 percent said they would use them with car radios only. (See table 19.) 
 
 Table 19. Use of scramblers with car radios , portable 
 radios , and special vehicles , by all departments currently using 
 scramblers and all departments saying scramblers were needed 
 
 Percent of departments 
 
 vith 
 
 Using 
 
 Needing 
 
 scramblers 
 
 scramblers 
 
 (Question 17)' 
 
 (Question 17) ' 
 
 (n=40) 
 
 (n=227) 
 
 58 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 76 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 Car radios only 
 
 Portable radios only 
 
 Both car and portable radios 
 
 Special vehicles 
 
 'The categories were meant to be mutually exclusive. However, a number of departments marked more than 
 one of the available choices. The first three categories were made mutually exclusive in the tabulations. Dou- 
 ble responses using the special vehicles category were permitted and therefore the total percentages add to 
 more than 100 percent. 
 
 41 
 
 226-297 O - 77 - 5 
 
20. (If "Yes" to Question 17) How much do you think your 
 department would pay for a good, reliable -scrambler system? 
 (Mark X by your best estimate below) 
 
 Less than $ 250 per unit 
 $251-$ 500 per unit 
 $ 501-$ 750 per unit 
 $751-$ 1,000 per unit 
 More than $ 1,000 per unit 
 
 These data were useful as an indication of the accuracy of the respondents' 
 perceptions of the costs of voice privacy systems. The simplest scramblers now on the 
 market are inverters. They cost between $200 and $400 each, provide good 
 intelligibility but offer only a low degree of privacy (an electronic hobbyist can easily 
 build a low cost unscrambler). Eighty-three percent of the respondents which had (or 
 needed) scramblers said that they were willing to pay $500 or less for a "good, reliable 
 scrambler system." These departments would only be able to buy a "low privacy" 
 inverter system. 
 
 Scramblers using cryptographic techniques provide many different key settings, a 
 substantial degree of privacy, and cost $800-$2,000. Only 2 percent of the respondents 
 with an interest in scramblers said they would be willing to pay more than $750— enough 
 to buy a cryptographic type system. More of the 50 largest cities (30%) than of any other 
 department type said they would be willing to pay more than $500 for a reliable 
 scrambler system. (See table 20.) 
 
 Table 20. Amounts the 265 departments which used or 
 
 said they needed scramblers would be willing to pay for a 
 
 reliable scrambler system , by department type 
 
 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (by %) 
 
 
 
 
 Less 
 
 
 
 More 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 than 
 
 $251 
 
 $501 
 
 than 
 
 No 
 
 
 $250 
 
 $500 
 
 -$750 
 
 $750 
 
 answer 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 52 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 County 
 
 49 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 State 
 
 42 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 50 largest 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Township 
 
 21 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 
2.2.5.5. Communications Helmet 
 
 21. Helmets with built-in communications have been developed 
 and are now on the market. Is there a need for such helmets in 
 your department? 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Why? or Why Not? 
 
 Although only about one-third of all 428 respondents to the communications 
 questionnaire said they needed helmets with built-in communications, almost three- 
 quarters of the state and 50 largest city departments said they needed them. (See table 
 21-1.) 
 
 Half of the 139 departments which expressed need for helmet communications 
 gave as their reason the usefulness of this system in crowd control or riots. About one- 
 third of those departments said it would be useful for motorcycle duty. These two 
 reasons were also most often chosen by the states and 50 largest cities. For state police, 
 motorcycle duty was most often chosen while crowd control was second; the reverse was 
 true of departments in the 50 largest cities. (See table 21-2.) 
 
 Table 21-1. Need for built-in communications in 
 helmets, by department type (all respondents , n=428) 
 
 
 Need built-in 
 
 Department type 
 
 communications 
 
 
 (% department type) 
 
 50 largest 
 
 72 
 
 State 
 
 72 
 
 City (50+) 
 
 34 
 
 County 
 
 22 
 
 City (10-49) 
 
 19 
 
 City (1-9) 
 
 15 
 
 Township 
 
 9 
 
 Table 21-2. Reasons for needing built-in helmet communications , 
 by 139 departments which said they needed this system 
 
 Percent of all departments 
 Reason needing helmets with 
 
 built-in communications' 
 (n=139) 
 
 For crowd control/riots 
 
 For motorcycle duty 
 
 Frees hands 
 
 Improves operations/more efficient 
 
 Useful when away from base or 
 
 mobile unit 
 Counteracts noise (other than crowds) 
 No answer 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. 
 
 43 
 
The majority of respondents (67%, n=286) said that their departments did not need 
 built-in helmet communications. Many of the reasons for saying "No" to Question 21 
 were simply that the respondents saw no need for that type of communications system 
 in their departments: Use not warranted based on department or area (22%), 
 impractical/don't need (16%), no helmets used by department (13%). The reason given 
 with greatest frequency (expense not warranted, 66%) might also be said to be in the 
 general "no need" category. Only 4 percent of those saying built-in helmet 
 communications were not needed mentioned a perceived negative aspect of this system 
 as their reason. (See table 21-3.) 
 
 Table 21-3. Reasons for not needing built-in communications , 
 by 286 departments which said they did not need this system 
 
 Percent of departments 
 not needing helmet 
 Reasons communications' 
 
 (n=286) 
 
 Expense not warranted 66 
 Use not warranted based on 
 
 department or area 22 
 
 Impractical/don't need 16 
 
 No helmets used by department 13 
 Have or prefer other equipment 
 
 for same job 6 
 
 Too cumbersome/dangerous 3 
 
 Low priority 2 
 
 Not enough power 1 
 
 Other 2 
 
 No answer 32 
 
 i 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. 
 
 2.2.6. General Information 
 
 2.2.6.1. Need for Standards and Expected Gains from Standards 
 
 15. Many policemen have indicated the need for standardization 
 of communications equipment. Which of the following equipment 
 and components would you like to see standardized? (Mark X by 
 Each Item That Applies) 
 
 Portable radios 
 
 Mobile radios 
 
 Batteries for portable radios 
 
 Control heads 
 
 Microphones 
 
 Switches on control heads 
 
 Mounting brackets 
 
 Cable between microphone and control head 
 
 Other (specify) 
 
 About two-thirds of the respondents said standards were needed for mobile radios 
 (70%) and portable radios (66%). More than half of the departments said batteries for 
 
 44 
 
portable radios needed standards (56%). No item was selected by less than one-third of 
 the respondents. This interest in standards for communications equipment further 
 supports the findings of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire of this survey in which 
 communications equipment was either the first or second most important category of 
 equipment for every department type in terms of need for standards. (See table 15-1.) 
 
 States and 50 largest cities tended to say that more of the items in the list needed 
 standards than did the other department types. In 5 of the department types (cities 1-9, 
 cities 10-49, cities 50+, counties, and townships) portable radios, mobile radios, and 
 batteries for portable radios always received 1 of the 3 highest percentages of votes. 
 States chose mobile radios and batteries for portable radios among the top three, but not 
 portable radios. The 50 largest cities chose portable radios and batteries for portable 
 radios among the top 3, but not mobile radios. (See table 15-2.) 
 
 Items not listed in the questionnaire which were sometimes mentioned as needing 
 standards included chargers, antennas, crystals, connectors, other controls, and other 
 cables. 
 
 TaBLE 15-1. Need for standards for communications 
 equipment , by all respondents 
 
 Percent of departments 
 
 Equipment item indicating standards 
 
 are needed 
 
 Mobile radios 70 
 
 Portable radios 66 
 
 Batteries 56 
 
 Control heads 42 
 
 Mounting brackets 37 
 
 Microphones 36 
 
 Switches on control heads 36 
 Cable between microphone and 
 
 control head 33 
 
 Other 12 
 
 No answer 
 
 Table 15-2. Items said to need standards by 40 percent or more 
 
 of the departments within a department type. Ordered from highest 
 
 to lowest frequency of response by all 428 departments 
 
 
 
 
 Department type 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (by %) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Cities 
 
 Cities 
 
 
 
 Cities 
 
 Equipment item 
 
 State 
 
 largest 
 
 50+ 
 
 10-49 
 
 County 
 
 Township 
 
 1-9 
 
 Mobile radios 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 83 
 
 79 
 
 Portable radios 
 
 49 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 Batteries for portables 
 
 66 
 
 78 
 
 67 
 
 55 
 
 49 
 
 61 
 
 
 Control heads 
 
 68 
 
 63 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 Mounting brackets 
 
 49 
 
 - 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 Microphones 
 
 57 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Switches on con head 
 
 49 
 
 43 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 Cable btw mike and con head 
 
 51 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
16. What will your department gain by the standardization 
 discussed above? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies) 
 
 10% lower cost of equipment 
 
 25% lower cost of equipment 
 
 50% lower cost of equipment 
 
 Interchangeability of radios 
 
 Interchangeability of components 
 
 Savings in training of technicians 
 
 Savings in training of patrolmen 
 
 Interchangeability with other communications systems 
 
 Other (specify) 
 
 According to all 428 respondents as a group, and according to each 
 department type, the biggest gain that would be realized by police departments if 
 standards were set for communications equipment would be an improvement in the 
 interchangeability of equipment; about half or more of all respondents chose each 
 interchangeability item. About a quarter of the respondents chose each of the 
 savings in training items. (See table 16-1.) 
 
 Among the seven department types, the same general proportions of the 
 responses were found. The states and the 50 largest cities tended to have higher 
 percentages of departments expecting to see better interchangeability of radios and 
 components result from standardization. These two department types also had 
 higher percentages of departments expecting savings in training of technicians. 
 States and townships had higher percentages expecting savings in training of 
 patrolmen. Cities (1-9) appeared to feel they had the least to gain overall from the 
 standardization of communications equipment. 
 
 In terms of expected cost benefits from standardization, departments most 
 often said they expected to see costs lowered by 25 percent or less. Only about 
 one-third of the respondents said that they expected any cost benefit from 
 standardization of communications equipment. (See table 16-2.) 
 
 Table 16-1. Expected gains from standardization of 
 communications equipment , by all respondents 
 
 Expected gain Percent all departments 
 
 (n=428) 
 
 Interchangeability. . . 
 
 of radios 62 
 
 of components 52 
 
 with other communications systems 47 
 
 Savings in training... 
 
 of mechanics 28 
 
 of patrolmen 23 
 
 Lower cost of equipment... 
 
 10 percent lower cost 16 
 
 25 percent lower cost 13 
 
 50 percent lower cost 3 
 
 Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed. The 
 reader should be particularly careful in interpretations of tables 16-1 and 16-2 because of the 
 multiple responses. It is much more likely, for example, that a respondent would have selected 
 only one of the three lower cost of equipment choices than it is that he would have selected only 
 one of the two or three choices in the other two general categories. 
 
 46 
 
Table 16-2. Expected gains from standardization of 
 communications equipment , by department type 
 
 
 
 
 Department type (in % 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 City 
 
 City 
 
 
 City 
 
 
 Expected gain 
 
 largest 
 
 State 
 
 50+ 
 
 10-49 
 
 County 
 
 1-9 
 
 Township 
 
 Interchangeability . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of radios 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 43 
 
 of components 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 59 
 
 53 
 
 42 
 
 28 
 
 48 
 
 with other systems 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 46 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 37 
 
 57 
 
 Savings in training... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of patrolmen 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 43 
 
 of technicians 
 
 57 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 Lower cost of equipment... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 percent lower cost 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 L5 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 25 percent lower cost 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 50 percent lower cost 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. 
 
 2.2.6.2. Communications Needs 
 
 26. What are your most critical communications needs? (Mark X 
 by Each Item That Applies) 
 
 More frequencies and channels 
 
 New equipment 
 
 More reliable equipment 
 
 Personal transceivers for each officer 
 
 Portamobile voting system 
 
 Scramblers 
 
 Standardization of all equipment 
 
 Other (specify) 
 
 Five of the eight choices in the questionnaire were cited as "critical 
 communications needs" by one-third or more of the respondents. Nearly half of the 
 departments said new equipment, more frequencies/channels, and personal transceivers 
 for each officer were critical communications needs. (See table 26-1.) 
 
 Personal transceivers for each officer seemed to be the most critical 
 communications need for all city department types with more than 10 officers and 
 townships. Cities (1-9) and counties most often said they needed new equipment. Almost 
 three-quarters of the states said that more frequencies and channels was a critical 
 communications need. The fact that 45 percent of the cities (10-49) said the same thing 
 is not surprising in view of their answers to Question 17: 71 percent of the cities (10-49) 
 which did not currently have scramblers said that this equipment was needed in their 
 departments. (See table 26-2.) 
 
 47 
 
Table 26-1. Most critical communications 
 needs , by all departments 
 
 
 Percent of 
 
 Communications need 
 
 all departments 
 
 New equipment 
 
 45 
 
 More frequencies/channels 
 
 44 
 
 Personal transceivers 
 
 43 
 
 Standardize all equipment 
 
 38 
 
 Scramblers 
 
 34 
 
 More reliable equipment 
 
 21 
 
 Portamobile voting system 
 
 8 
 
 Other 
 
 11 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 percent since 
 multiple answers were allowed. 
 
 Table 26-2. Most critical communications needs indicated by 40 percent 
 or more of the departments within each department type ' 
 
 Communications need 
 
 State 
 
 Department type (by %) 
 
 50 City City City 
 
 largest 50+ 10-49 1-9 County Township 
 
 New equipment 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 More frequencies/channels 
 
 57 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 Personal transceivers 
 
 
 74 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 Standardize all equipment 
 
 51 
 
 43 
 
 
 42 
 
 Scramblers 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 More reliable equipment 
 Portamobile voting system 
 Other 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 41 
 
 52 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple an 
 
 were allowed 
 
 2.2.6.3. Problems with and Failures of Communications Equipment 
 
 27. What are your most serious problems with communications 
 equipment? 
 
 Question 27 was "open-ended" allowing respondents to write in their problems 
 with communications equipment and categories, for these narrative responses were 
 developed after the questionnaires were returned. Many of the responses to this 
 question were related to the "critical communications needs" discussed in the previous 
 question. Some of the most commonly indicated problems were: Overcrowding and 
 congestion of channels, problems with old equipment, and problems having to do with 
 repairs, maintenance and lack of reliability of equipment. Since there were many 
 different answers to this question, none of the categories of problems in table 27 was 
 mentioned by as many as one-quarter of the respondents. Perhaps the most important 
 aspect of this question is the fact that more than 75 percent of the departments listed 
 some communications problem that they considered to be serious (11% gave no answer 
 and 13% said "no problems"). 
 
 48 
 
Table 27. Most serious problems with communications 
 equipment , by all respondents 
 
 Percent of 
 all 
 Problem departments 
 
 (n=428) 
 
 Overcrowding/congestion 
 
 Old equipment/need new or more 
 
 Malfunctions, breakdowns, failures 
 
 Repair, maintenance, service 
 
 Inadequacy of equipment (range, power) 
 
 Electrical/mechanical interference (skip) 
 
 Reliability/lack of quality control 
 
 Character of area/terrain causing dead spots 
 
 Unauthorized monitoring 
 
 Standardization, interchangeability needs 
 
 Expense/high cost 
 
 Other 
 
 No problems 
 
 No answer 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 14 
 II 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 6 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 Percentages add lo more than 100 since multiple i 
 
 28. What are your most common equipment failures, whether 
 entire units or specific components? 
 
 As in Question 27, response categories were developed from the narrative answers 
 supplied to this question. Eighty-two percent of the respondents listed at least one 
 common equipment failure (15% no answer and 12% "no problem"). Three failure 
 categories stood out: Tubes, transistors, capacitors (25%); specific components, normal 
 wear and tear (18%); mike cables, connectors, wiring (15%). (See table 28.) 
 
 Table 28. Most common equipment failures , by all respondents 
 
 Failure category 
 
 Percent of 
 
 all 
 departments 
 (n=428) 
 
 Tubes, transistors, capacitors 
 
 Specific components, normal wear and tear 
 
 Mike cables, connections, wiring 
 
 Antennas, relays, cables 
 
 Switches/fuses (circuit breakers) 
 
 Crystals, trimmers, frequency problems 
 
 Transmitter problems/failures 
 
 Portable/mobile radios and accessories 
 
 Power supplies, vibrators, inverters, reeds 
 
 Other 
 
 No failures 
 
 No answer 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed. 
 
 49 
 
2.2.7. Comments 
 
 29. Do you have any other general comments or observations 
 about communications equipment that might be helpful to the 
 people who will be studying and testing this equipment for police 
 
 use 
 
 ? 
 
 No attempt was made to actually code the comments received to this question. 
 They have been retained verbatim, and can be made available for research purposes 
 (without identification of specific respondents). 
 
 When a "comments" section is provided at the end of a lengthy questionnaire 
 such as this one, the response rate is usually expected to be low. However, in the case 
 of the communications questionnaire, over one-fourth of the 428 respondents provided 
 an additional comment or statement. (See table 29.). 
 
 Table 29. Additional comments /observations about 
 communications equipment , by department type 
 
 Percent of 
 Department type all 
 
 respondents 
 
 State 45 
 
 City (10-49) 38 
 
 50 largest 36 
 
 Township 33 
 
 City (50+) 26 
 
 County 18 
 
 City (1-9) 17 
 
 All respondents 29 
 
 The comments appeared to be well thought out and expressed the high degree of 
 concern the respondents felt about their communications equipment. Several areas of 
 particular concern were identified: High expense of communications equipment, 
 maintenance for the equipment, the need for scramblers, overcrowding of frequency 
 bands, and need for improvement in portable radios and power sources. Examples of the 
 expression of these concerns follows. 
 
 The High Expense of Communications Equipment 
 
 Communications equipment and systems are expensive. It appears each 
 manufacturer adds new features one at a time so obsolescence comes at 
 shorter intervals. An advanced technology by one manufacturer may not be 
 available by another causing a problem in developing an open specification. 
 Or the technology may be similar yet different enough to create not only 
 bidding difficulties but maintenance differences requiring different 
 techniques and test equipment. 
 
 Cost of equipment— many P.D.s operate on small limited budgets; therefore, 
 cannot afford to purchase proper amount of equipment for proper security. 
 
 Require LEAA expenditures be made only for equipment that meets the 
 same performance standards for best make tested. Money spent for inferior 
 equipment is money wasted. 
 
 50 
 
Some replacement components are priced too high. More standard 
 components are needed. 
 
 Would like to see standardized equipment at lower cost so departments with 
 limited budgets can get more equipment. 
 
 Small departments are unable to purchase much needed equipment because 
 of budgets and city leaders who think in the past. 
 
 Keep the price down. 
 
 The Need for Scrambers 
 
 The biggest problem that my department has is the monitoring of the 
 frequency that we are assigned. A call can be transmitted and the person we 
 are looking for can be gone upon the arrival of officers, since he or she has 
 heard our transmissions. This will occur daily. Or someone will call by public 
 service wanting to know why their name or their neighbor's name was 
 mentioned or why we are looking for them. To ensure or secure efficient 
 police work we must cut down on outside monitors. 
 
 In our department what is needed is a scrambler system which can be used 
 with the base station, mobile radios, and handheld radios, which is priced 
 within reach of the average department. 
 
 A well built and high quality scrambler device at a moderate price range is 
 one of the greatest needs of law enforcement today. Studying and testing 
 scramble devices should have a high priority. 
 
 For purposes of security, we would like to see an absolutely foolproof 
 scrambler system. 
 
 We also need good scramblers at a reasonable cost. 
 
 The Problem of Maintenance 
 
 There should be a survey on maintenance, new methods of servicing 
 electronic equipment, standards for electronic technicians and some means 
 of providing good in-service training regarding all electronic equipment the 
 men service. 
 
 Manufacturers, due to feedback from users, are informed of common 
 equipment failure but they do not pass information on to local repair shops. 
 
 Any study of police communications should also consider estimated life of 
 hardware, general maintenance, installation and other long term 
 requirements for reliability and performance. There should be no "down 
 time" on police communication facilities, which are often used 15 years or 
 more. Especially true of base facilities. 
 
 Current communications maintenance programs are inadequate. Equipment 
 receives no attention until it fails. Often no "backup" hardware is available, 
 pressuring technicians into "hurry-up" jobs and inadequate service. 
 
 The Problem of Overcrowded Frequency Bands 
 
 The use of power allocations and frequency allocations should be checked 
 more closely. Crowded conditions and non-essential chatter is causing a great 
 deal of problems in emergency situations. 
 
 51 
 
We are on a frequency with at least 15 other towns. We are constantly 
 drowned out by others who must be overmodulated. 
 
 Frequency coordination has always been a problem. At the present time, we 
 have cities operating on our channel which are less than 40 miles away. 
 
 We would like to see, in this area, a frequency with a channel of our own 
 with no outsiders. 
 
 The Need for Improvements in Portable Radios and Power Sources 
 
 Our portables are useless. They almost never work right. 
 
 This department purchased two hand portable units. We've had them about 
 18 months and they have been returned to factories several times for repairs. 
 
 Portable radios with capacity for long distance receiving and transmitting. 
 
 Consideration should be given to designing a radio for a police officer that 
 would be durable and waterproof under the most extreme condition a police 
 officer may be called upon to perform service. 
 
 Hand held radio lighter in weight but retain and improve the present power 
 output levels. 
 
 One of the biggest problems is the weight and size of the portable radios. 
 The output power is low, but the weight of the unit makes it cumbersome. 
 
 I believe there is a great need for reasonably priced integrated-circuit 
 designed radios to be carried or worn by all officers for constant 
 communication availability. Might eventually eliminate need for radios in 
 cars. 
 
 Battery size and weight reduction should receive high priority. 
 
 We feel that batteries used in portable and hand-carried equipment are too 
 large and too heavy— that the power source development have not been kept 
 with circuitry sophistication. We would like to see a 5-watt hand-carried 
 portable transceiver with very small dimensions. 
 
 One suggestion is that manufacturers of power source batteries be given the 
 necessary incentive to "catch up" with the communications industry by 
 making compatible batteries that are smaller in size, weigh less, have a 
 longer life and increase the power output. 
 
 52 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 NBS-885 
 May 1972 
 
 OMB 41-F72030 
 Approval Expires June 30, 1^ 
 
 U.S. Department of Commerce 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 
 DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE: COMMUNICATIONS 
 
 POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY 
 
 Sponsored By: 
 
 National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice 
 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 
 U. S. Department of Justice 
 
 Directed and Conducted By: 
 
 Benavioral Sciences Group 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 We aington, D.C. 20234 
 Phcne: 301-921-3558 
 
 NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no 
 intended use. 
 
 A-l 
 
INTRODUCTION : Maintaining good communi cations "under very poor conditions 
 is important to good police action. Many departments have lost 
 communication when they needed it most. System parts often cannot be 
 interchanged, batteries are unreliable and some equipment is too ex- 
 pensive for many departments to buy. In order to make it easier for 
 law enforcement departments to be able to buy communications equipment 
 that meets their needs , the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will be 
 writing performance standards for this equipment. These standards will 
 be available to any department that wishes to use them. 
 
 PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE: The purpose of this "detailed" question- 
 naire is to get answers from YOU, the user, about. the communications 
 equipment you are now using, and the problems you find in using it. 
 Your answers will be used to determine what kinds of testing need to 
 be done, and what sorts of problems must be solved. We must find out 
 what YOUR needs are. 
 
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 
 
 1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all 
 the information you need "at your fingertips" , please make your 
 best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE. 
 
 2. Answer all questions FOR YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to 
 supply information that might exist in some other department. 
 
 3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer. It 
 is very important that you follow directions and answer every 
 question in the boxes and spaces provided, 
 
 4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this 
 survey; the results will be published only in table form. 
 
 5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after 
 some questions. Follow the directions given. 
 
 6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY. 
 
 7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it, 
 with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the 
 stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to: 
 
 Technology Building, A-110 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 Washington, D.C. 20234 
 
 8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call collect: 
 
 E. Bun ten, or P. Klaus 
 Phone: 301-921-3558 
 
 9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR DEPARTMENT'S answers to 
 these questions that it will be possible to begin really working on 
 problems that police have with communications equipment and supplies. 
 
 A-2 
 
PART I; CAR RADIOS 
 
 1. Give the following information about your car radios: 
 
 l.A. List ALL transmitting frequencies (in KHz, MHz, etc.) 
 (Attach an additional sheet if necessary.) 
 
 (10-17)*** 
 
 (18-25) 
 
 l.B. List ALL receiving frequencies; if different from Question l.A. 
 
 (26-28) l.C. Output power (in watts) 
 
 (29-30) l.D. Number of Channels Authorized 
 (31-32) I.E. Number of Channels in Use 
 
 2. A. How many car radios are there in your department? 
 
 (33-36) Number 
 
 2.B. Of those car radios, about how many were made by each of the 
 following manufacturers? 
 
 NUMBER MANUFACTURER 
 
 (37-40) Motorola 
 
 (41-44) RCA 
 
 (45-48) GE 
 
 (49-52) Other (Specify) 
 
 3. How recently were most of the car radios bought by your department? 
 (Mark X by your best estimate) 
 
 (53-56) Within the last calendar year 
 
 1 - 3 years ago 
 
 4 - 5 years ago 
 
 More than 5 years ago 
 
 ***Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only, 
 
 A-3 
 
About how much did each of the car radios cost that are most 
 frequently used in your department (including base plate, 
 control head, microphone, and speaker)? For example, if most 
 of the radios now in use are Motorolas, please give us the 
 cost of one set. (MARK X BY YOUR BEST ESTIMATE BELOW) 
 
 (57-62) Less than $700 
 
 $701-$800 
 
 $801-$900 
 
 $901-$1000 
 
 $1001-$1500 
 
 Over $1500 
 
 5. A. What is the total area within your jurisdiction which must be 
 covered by a communication system? (IN SQUARE MILES) 
 
 (63-68) Square Miles 
 
 5.B. If possible, please tell us how many different law enforcement 
 channels serve this area. This figure would include not only 
 those channels used by your department, but also those used by 
 other law enforcement agencies operating in the same geographical 
 area (e.g., state and local police). 
 
 (69-70) Channels 
 
 (71) Don't Know 
 
 5.C. Do you have one common frequency for routine and emergency 
 traffic? 
 
 (72) Yes 
 
 No (IF "NO") Do you think you need a common frequency? 
 
 Yes 
 
 (73) 
 
 No 
 
 A-4 
 
6. Which of the following best describes the general character of your 
 jurisdiction? (MARK X BY MORE THAN ONE, IF NECESSARY) 
 
 (74-80) Skyscrapers, many tall buildings 
 
 Some tall buildings 
 
 Almost no tall buildings 
 
 Primarily mountainous or very hilly 
 
 Valley area surrounded by mountains 
 
 Generally flat with some hills 
 
 Flat area, no hills 
 
 7. A. Do you use fixed repeaters in your area (to cover dead spots in 
 communication which otherwise would exist) ? 
 
 (10) Yes 
 
 No 
 
 7.B. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 7. A.) How many fixed repeaters does your 
 department have? 
 
 (11-12) Fixed Repeaters 
 
 8. If you use, or will be using fixed repeaters, which of the 
 following types do you prefer? 
 
 (13-16) Will not use fixed repeaters 
 
 F1F1 repeater (same frequency in and out) 
 
 F1F2 repeater (two different frequencies) 
 
 No preference 
 
 A-5 
 
 226-297 0-77-6 
 
PART II; PORTABLE (HAND-HELD) RADIOS 
 
 9. Do you now use portable (hand-held) radios in your department? 
 
 (17) Yes 
 
 No (IF "NOV SKIP TO PART III, QUESTION 15) 
 
 ( IF "YES" TO QUESTION 9, ANSWER QUESTIONS 10-14 ) 
 
 10. Give the following information about your portable radios: 
 
 10. A. List ALL transmitting frequencies (in KHz, MHz, etc.) 
 (Attach an additional sheet if necessary.) 
 
 (18-25) 
 
 (26-33) 
 
 10. B. List ALL receiving frequencies; if different from Question l.A. 
 
 (34-35) 
 
 10. C 
 
 (36-37) 
 
 10. D 
 
 (38-39) 
 
 10. E 
 
 
 11. A 
 
 Output power (in watts) 
 
 Number of Channels Authorized 
 Number of Channels in Use 
 
 How many portable radios do you now have in your department? 
 
 (40-44) Number 
 
 11. B. Of those portable radios, about how many were made by the 
 following manufacturers? 
 
 NUMBER MANUFACTURER 
 
 (45-49) Motorola 
 
 (50-54) RCA 
 
 (55-59) General Electric 
 
 (60-64) Halicrafters 
 
 (65-69) Other (Specify) 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 A-6 
 
12. What model of portable radio do you have more of in your department 
 than any other? 
 
 MANUFACTURER 
 
 MODEL OR MODEL NUMBER 
 
 12. A. When did you buy most of these "most used" portable radios? 
 
 Within the last calendar year 
 
 1-3 years ago 
 
 4-5 years ago 
 
 More than 5 years ago 
 
 12. B. About how much did you pay for one of these "most used" 
 portable radios (including antenna, carrying case, and 
 spare batteries)? 
 
 Less than $500 
 
 $501-$700 
 
 $701-$900 
 
 $901-$1100 
 
 $1101-$1500 
 
 Over $1500 
 
 12. C. About how much does one of these "most used" portable 
 radios weigh? 
 
 Less than 20 oz. 
 
 20 oz. to 26 oz. 
 
 27 oz. to 32 oz. 
 
 33 oz. to 38 oz. 
 
 More than 38 oz. 
 
 12. D. How do you feel about the weight of the "most used" portable 
 radios? 
 
 The weight is about right 
 
 The unit is somewhat heavy 
 
 The unit is entirely too heavy 
 
 A-7 
 
13. A portable radio can be used with a repeater by a patrolman when ho 
 is out of his car. The portable radio transmits to the car radio 
 which then relays the signals to the base radio. Do you need 
 repeaters like this in your communications system? 
 
 (28) Yes 
 
 No 
 
 Why? 
 
 14. Some law enforcement agencies use portamobile radios with several 
 receivers and a voting system. Do you favor such a system? 
 
 (29) Unfamiliar with "voting system" 
 
 Yes 
 
 No 
 
 (IF "YES" OR "NO", WHY? 
 
 A-8 
 
ITJIT III: NEED FOR STANDARDS 
 
 15. Many policemen have indicated the need for standardization of 
 
 communi cations equipment. Which of the following equipment and 
 components would you like to see standardized? (MARK X BY EACH 
 ITEM THAT APPLIES) 
 
 Portable radios 
 
 Mobile radios 
 
 Batteries for portable radios 
 
 Control heads 
 
 Microphones 
 
 Switches on control heads 
 
 Mounting brackets 
 
 Cable between microphone and control head 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 What will your department gain by the standardization discussed 
 above? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES) 
 
 10% lower cost of equipment 
 
 25% lower cost of equipment 
 
 50% lower cost of equipment 
 
 Interchangeability of radios 
 
 Interchangeability of components 
 
 Savings in training of technicians 
 
 Savings in training of patrolmen 
 
 Interchangeability with other communications systems 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 A-9 
 
PART IV: SCRAMBLERS 
 
 17. In some areas, police use "voice privacy" systems which scramble 
 messages so that they cannot be received by people other than police, 
 Do you HAVE a scrambler system of this type? 
 
 (48) Yes 
 
 No (IF "NO" ) Do you NEED a scrambler system of this type? 
 
 (49) Yes 
 
 No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 21) 
 
 18. For which of the following purposes do you need, or would you use, 
 a scrambler system? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES) 
 
 (50-55) General communications 
 
 During robberies 
 
 Long-term stake out 
 
 Demonstrations or protests 
 
 Undercover investigations 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 19. How do you (would you) use your scramblers? (MARK X BY ONE OF THE 
 FOLLOWING) 
 
 (56-59) With car radios 
 
 With portable radios 
 
 With both car radios and portable radios 
 
 Only in special vehicles (Specify) 
 
 20. How much do you think your department would pay for a good, reliable 
 scrambler system? (MARK X BY YOUR BEST ESTIMATE BELOW.) 
 
 (60_64) Less than $250 per unit $751-$1000 per unit 
 
 $251-$500 per unit More than $1000 per 
 
 unit 
 $501-$750 per unit 
 
 A-10 
 
(65) 
 
 PART V: HELMET COMMUNICATIONS 
 
 21. Helmets with built-in communications have been developed and are 
 now on the market. Is there a need for such helmets in your 
 department? 
 
 Yes 
 
 — — — — 
 
 No 
 
 Why? or Why not? 
 
 PART VI; POWER SUPPLIES 
 
 22. Should standards for power supplies such as charging equipment, and 
 batteries for portable radios be given? (CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING) 
 
 (66-69) High priority 
 
 Medium priority 
 
 Low priority 
 
 Standards are not needed for these items 
 
 23. What types of batteries do you now use for your portable radios? 
 (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES) 
 
 (70-75) Alkaline-Manganese 
 
 Carbon- Zinc 
 
 Mercury 
 
 NiCad (Nickel-cadmium) 
 
 Silver Oxide 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 
 A-ll 
 
24. What type of batteries do you prefer to use for your portable radios'; 
 (MARK X BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING) 
 
 (10-15) Alkaline-Manganese 
 
 Carbon-Zinc 
 
 Mercury 
 
 NiCad (Nickel-cadmium) 
 
 Silver Oxide 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 25. Do you use batteries for your portable radios which must be recharged? 
 
 (16) Yes 
 
 No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 26, PART VII) 
 
 25. A. (IF "YES" TO Q. 25) How long can you use the battery 
 before it must be recharged? 
 
 (17-19) Hours 
 
 25. B. (IF "YES" TO Q. 25) How long does it usually take to 
 
 recharge the battery to a point where it can be used again? 
 
 (20-21) Hours 
 
 25. C. (IF " YES" TO Q. 25) How long does it usually take to 
 fully recharge the battery? 
 
 (22-23) Hours 
 
 25.D. (IF "YES" TO Q. 25) How long can you usually use these 
 batteries before they must be replaced? 
 
 (24-25) Months 
 
 A-12 
 
PART VII: GENERAL COMMENTS 
 
 26. What are your most critical communications needs? (MARK X BY EACH 
 ITEM THAT APPLIES) 
 
 (26-31) More frequencies and channels 
 
 New equipment 
 
 More reliable equipment 
 
 Personal transceivers for each officer 
 
 Portamobile voting system 
 
 Scramblers 
 
 Standardization of all equipment 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 Other (Specify) 
 
 27. What are your most serious problems with communications equipment? 
 (32-33) 
 
 28. What are your most common equipment failures, whether entire units 
 or specific components? 
 
 (3/»-35) 
 
 A-13 
 
29. Do you have any other general comments or observations about 
 
 communications equipment that might be helpful to the people who 
 will be studying and testing this equipment for police use? 
 
 A-14 
 

 IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept 
 
 confidential) 
 
 Name of Department: 
 
 Address : 
 
 Name of person who answered this questionnaire: 
 
 Name 
 Title: Rank: 
 
 No. of years experience in law enforcement: 
 
 Telephone Number : 
 
 Others who helped: 1. 
 
 Name 
 Title: Rank: 
 
 No. of years experience in law enforcement: 
 
 Telephone Number: 
 
 2. 
 
 Name 
 Title: Rank: 
 
 No. of years experience in law enforcement: 
 Telephone Number: 
 
 A-15 
 
APPENDIX B 
 Data Tables 
 
 B.l. Advice to the Reader 
 
 (a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a 
 stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific 
 set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of 
 any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to 
 become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact 
 questions asked. 
 
 (b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for 
 Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usually presented by 
 number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical 
 limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be 
 wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when 
 percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10 
 percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular 
 department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported. 
 
 (c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific 
 sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total 
 population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these 
 tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. 
 
 (d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data 
 presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type, 
 multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the 
 answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of 
 that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1.2); add those seven 
 subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of police departments in the 
 population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the 
 percentage of all U.S. police departments that would choose the answer of interest. 
 
 B.2. Data Tables 
 
 B-l 
 
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 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1977 U4-M) 
 
ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON 
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 Government Printing OH ice, 
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