c oj.a^ : vt/l*3 N0V 1X1983 \ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERC| Patent and Trademark Offi< la/ts . : H 1 • [•^^, | F3 l*. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/designpatentsoffOOunit a 1983 publication from the - OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary Gerald J. Mossinghoff, Commissioner Patent and Trademark Office John F. Terapane, Director Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES Page iv SECTION I SECTION II SECTION III SECTION IV INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF DESIGN ACTIVITY ACTIVE DESIGN AREAS PROFILES OF DESIGN CLASSES 1 7 23 39 APPENDIX A - DATA TABLES AND EXPLANATORY NOTES APPENDIX B - PUBLICATIONS BY THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST APPENDIX C - CUSTOM PATENT REPORTS FROM THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST APPENDIX D - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 227 241 247 2b 1 ill LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Design Patent Classification System b 2-1 Projections of Design Patent Grants Based on Number 14 of Applications 2-2 Most Active Design Patent Classes for the Five Most 17 Active Foreign Countries, 1977-1982 2-3 Most Active Design Patent Classes for the Five Most 19 Active U.S. States, 1977-1982 2-4 Organizations Assigned 25 or More Design Patents, 20 1977-1982 2-5 Distribution of Organizationally Owned U.S Design 21 Patents, 1977-1982 3-1 Top 50 Design Subclasses Ranked by Actual Growth, 2b 1977-1982 3-2 Top 50 Design Subclasses Ranked by Percent Growth 30 3-3 Top 50 Design Subclasses Ranked by Percent Foreign 33 Origin 3-4 Top 50 Design Subclasses Ranked by Percent Individually 37 Owned 4-1 Profiles of Design Classes 43 A-l Design Applications and Grants, 1842-1982 230 A-2 U.S. Design Patents and Applications, U.S. and Foreign 231 Origin, 1959-1982 A-3 Design Patenting By Residents of the United States, 232 Puerto Rico, and Other Areas Under the American Flag, 1961-1982 A-4 Design Patenting By Residents of Selected Foreign 234 Countries, 1961-1982 A-5 Country Distribution of Design Patents by Original 236 Reference Class, 1977-1982 A-6 State Distribution of Design Patents by Original 238 Reference Class, 1977-1982 A-7 U.S. Design Patents By Ownership Category, 1977-1982 240 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page 1-1 Example of a Design Patent 4 2-1 U.S. Design Patent Activity, Applications and 8 Grants, 1880-1982 2-2 U.S. Design Patent Activity — Total, U.S. Origin 9 and Foreign Origin, 1965-1982 2-3 Percent Change Between 1973 and 1982 In Utility 10 and Design Applications and Patents 2-4 Ownership of U.S. Design Patents, 1977-1982 11 2-5 U.S. Corporate Design Patent Activity — Total, U.S. 12 Origin and Foreign Origin, 1977-1982 2-6 Current and Projected Design Patent Activity, 13 1977-1985 2-7 U.S. Design Patenting By Residents of Foreign 15 Countries, 1977-1982 2-8 U.S. Design Patenting By Japanese Residents, lb 1967-1982 2-9 U.S. Design Patenting By Residents of U.S. States, 18 1977-1982 3-1 Class Distribution of Top 50 Subclasses Ranked By 28 Actual Growth, 1977-1982 3-2 Class Distribution of Top 50 Subclasses Ranked By 35 Percent Foreign Share, 1980-1982 4-1 Example of Patent Activity Graphs 40 4-2 Example of Patent Activity Tables 41 A-l Example of a Design Patent Front Page 228 SECTION I INTRODUCTION The United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) has assembled one of the largest collections of technological literature in the world — the U.S. patent file, which contains over 25 million documents. Design pat- ents, an integral part of this collection, protect intellectual property which falls between purely artistic works and inventions which rely en- tirely on function. As such, design patents embody a separate and unique category of patent protection within the U.S. Patent and Trademark Sys- tem. In a continuing effort to provide useful information about every aspect of the U.S. patent file, the Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast (OTAF) gathered all available statistics about U.S. design patents grant- ed between 1842 and 1982, and compiled them in this publication. In ad- dition to a brief explanation of design patents, this publication ana- lyzes trends and identifies the origins and ownership of design patents. Using its recently expanded data base,* OTAF examines in detail design patents granted between 1977 and 1982, identifies design areas of highest activity and profiles major divisions within the design patent file. About This Publication Section I, in addition to introducing this publication, discusses the history of design patenting in the United States ,, describes the contents of a design patent, and shows the major divisions of subject matter with- in the Design Patent Classification System. Because this is OTAF's first in-depth report on design patents,** this section provides background material for readers unfamiliar with U.S. design patents. Section II presents the numbers of U.S. design patents granted and design applications filed each year, and examines changes over time. It shows the level of design patent activity by U.S. and foreign residents, and by corporate and unaffiliated design patent owners. It identifies foreign countries, U.S. states, and organizations which have received the most design patents in recent years. This section also contrasts design pat- enting activity with utility patenting activity, and projects future design activity based on recent patterns of grants and applications. *The OTAF data base now contains bibliographic information about reis- sues, plant patents, defensive publications and design patents granted since 1977. **The Seventh Report of the Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast, March 1977, shows yearly totals of U.S. design patents and applications. Section III surveys the smallest subject matter divisions of the Design Patent Classification System — subclasses — to find the 50 most active in four categories: highest actual growth, highest relative growth, most foreign activity, most independent inventor activity. This activity examination seeks to identify future design directions and areas of po- tential commercial and international interest. Section IV presents profiles of the major subject matter areas within the U.S. design patent file. For each area, the profiles show the yearly levels of design patenting from 1977 to 1982, and divide yearly totals according to country of origin and general category of ownership, e.g., corporate or individual. Each profile identifies the most active corpo- rate owners and includes front pages of selected design patents. This section tabulates design patent grant data in two ways: by year of pat- ent grant and by the year of application filing. This latter method of distributing patent grant data, referred to as "patented application data," more accurately reflects the time when the design was developed.* Appendix A contains data tables which support the analyses of this publi- cation and provides statistical information about U.S. design patents granted between 1842 and 1982. Background The design of an object consists of the ornamental characteristics which the object displays. The appearance of the ornamental design creates an impression upon the mind of the observer, and this appearance is the sub- ject of design patents. Prior to 1842, no statutory means existed for the protection of the orna- mental design of an article of manufacture. At that time, patent stat- utes related only to patents on inventions, or utility patents;** copy- right laws related to purely artistic works. Although ornamental designs clearly played an important, and perhaps essential role in the commercial success or failure of manufactured goods, the nature of an ornamental design was recognized as separate from articles which could be protected by existing patent or copyright laws. In 1841, the Commissioner of Patents addressed the 27th U.S. Congress, asking them to enact design patent legislation. The Congress agreed that the subject of an ornamental design was appropriate for separate legisla- tion, and expanded the existing patent statutes to include provisions for design patents. *Patented application data are further explained in Appendix A. **This is not to suggest that a patented design is not inventive or use- ful. The terms "patents on inventions" and "utility patents" are de- scriptors used to differentiate patents to products, processes or methods of use from patents to designs. Today, the United States Patent and Trademark. Office issues design pat- ents under the provisions of 35 U.S.G. 171. This statute provides that anyone who invents a new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture may obtain a design patent. As with utility patents, novelty and non-obviousness are necessary prerequisites to the grant of a design patent. However, the inventive novelty resides in the shape, con- figuration and ornamentation — the characteristics which determine the appearance or visual aspect of the object — and not in the structure of the object. The legal protection afforded the owner of a design patent is the same as that of a utility patent. The term of a design patent, initially set at 7 years, was changed in 1861 to be 3-1/2, 7 or 14 years, chosen at the discretion of the appli- cant, with fees varying according to term. Design patent provisions, as amended in October 1982, now fix the term at 14 years. Format of a Design Patent An example of a design patent is shown on the next page. This design patent has three pages. The front page contains the title, the claim, the description, a representative drawing and bibliographic information, such as the inventor, assignee, and references cited.* The remaining pages contain all of the figures referred to in the description. Specification The specification of a design patent comprises the title, the description and a claim. The title is of great importance in a design application since it identifies the nature of the article in which the design is em- bodied and which is shown in the drawing. The title should be specific and correspond to the name which the public generally uses. A brief de- scription of the drawing is generally all that is needed to describe the claimed design. More detailed descriptions of the construction of the design, typically found in utility patents, are not permitted. Only one claim is permissible in a design patent. The claim is written according to the following specific form: The ornamental design for the article (as specified in the title), as shown and described. Drawings The drawings or illustrations show the article to be protected, and nor- mally constitute substantially the whole disclosure of the design. With practically all articles — except flat, thin goods, such as fabrics — at least two views are necessary. This is of particular importance in the showing of three-dimensional articles where it is necessary to clear- ly delineate plane, concave, convex, raised and depressed surfaces of the article, and distinguish between open and closed areas. Inventors must *A detailed explanation of the elements of the front page appears in Appendix A. FIGURE 1-1 EXAMPLE OF A DESIGN PATENT Front page: United States Patent Flu De». 254.J7* .. Apr. 1, 1M0 Pages of drawings: |M] ""I*" Cincinnati. Ohio !••] Term 14 Von [22] Appl No Filed HdM Not. 23. I uta. vs. a. FteUof 5 D2/28 I'll eareh D2VM( 02/310 , 309, 310, 3 36/11 J. 32 R 1 J, 9 R 5«) Mhm and US PATENT DOCUMENTS oi.m 13/ 13.390 2/ 30.842 12/ 30.916 1/ 939 Mahna 979 Fian o. D n i Dl/292 D2/JM OTHER PUBLICATIONS Moot 4 Smx Xtconi*'. 10/64. p 1 16. Sacakcr ti center of bottom -TW Mm Srtiti. 10/2/37. p Primary Exsmimr— Neiton C Hollje il«oflM>. -4|*«i. or Firm— Oilben L Well* [3T] CLAIM The onumcntaj design for an open loe wedgie aneaker with croaaed vamp, aa lhown DESCRIPTION FIG 1 is ■ left aide elevational view or an open loe wedfte weaker with croaaed vamp ihowing my new in. 2 i FIG J. FIG 4i FIG 5 v FIG 6 n front elevation*! view thereof; top plan view thereof. rear elevational view thereof, left aide elcvabonaJ view thereof, i bottom plan view thereof U.S. Patent Apr i. i9«o sheet 2 of 2 Des. 254,578 FIG. 6 assure that the drawings are so well executed both as to clarity and com- pleteness that nothing regarding the shape, configuration and surface or- namentation of the article is left to conjecture. That is, the design which the inventor seeks to protect must be clear from the drawings. Categories of Design Subject Matter The range of ornamental appearances that have been patented during the 140-year history of design patents is quite large. Over 266,000 designs have received design patent protection since the first design was granted to George Bruce for "Printing Type" on November 9, 1842. Nearly 5,000 new designs are patented each year. These patents are ar- ranged systematically or "classified," into 37 divisions (called classes,) and over 3,800 subdivisions (called subclasses). Together the classes and subclasses form the structure of the Design Patent Classification System. The claim of the design patent determines its classification, i.e., the appropriate class and subclass into which the design patent is placed. This classification is designated as the "original classification" of the patent. Copies of a patent may be placed in other subclasses for the convenience of the examiner as an aid to searching during the examination process. Any additional copies are designated as "cross-references." The PTO changes the Design Patent Classification System as needed to pro- vide an appropriate area for each patented design. Areas which show great activity are expanded while other areas, used infrequently as ac- tivity fades, are compressed or combined into other subclasses. Table 1-1 lists the titles of the 37 classes of the Design Patent Classi- fication System. It shows the number of design patents granted in each class during the period 1977-1982, together with the percentage of the total 1977-1982 patents which that number represents. The subject matter of the classes varies greatly. Categories exist for articles as diverse as games and firearms, tools and building units, em- broidery and office equipment. Classes also differ in activity. For example, Class D64, Printing, received no patents during the 1977-1982 period, while Class D6, Furnishings, received 2,934 design patents. ***** In addition to the above noted differences in the subject matter and act- ivity of the design patent classes, other differences exist within the design patent file. Sections II, III and IV of this publication analyze these differences and present information about the trends, subject mat- ter, and users of the U.S. Design Patent System. TABLE 1-1 DESIGN PATENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM § PATENTS $ OF TOTAL CLASS 1977-1982 1977-1982 CLASS TITLE D1 50 0.2$ Foodstuffs D2 903 3.7$ Apparel & Haberdashery D3 618 2.5$ Travel Goods, Cases, Umbrellas & Personal Belongings D4 123 0.5$ Brushware D6 2,934 12.0$ Furn ishings D7 1,577 6.4$ Household Articles D8 1,428 5.8$ Tools & Hardware D9 1,358 5.5$ Packages & Containers for Goods D10 1,156 4.7$ Measuring, Testing or Signalling Instruments D11 842 3.4$ Jewelry, Symbolic Insignia & Ornaments D12 1,285 5.2$ Transportation D13 451 1.8$ Equipment for Production, Distribution or Transformation of Electric ity D14 1,415 5.8$ Recording, Communication or information Retrieval Equipment D15 681 2.8$ Machines, Not Elsewhere Specified D16 571 2.3$ Photographic, Cinematographic & Optical Equipment D17 163 0.7$ Musical Instruments D18 347 1.4$ Printing & Office Machinery & Equipment D19 540 2.2$ Stationery, Artists' & Teachers' Materials & Office Equipment D20 158 0.6$ Sales & Advertising Equipment & Signs D21 2,130 8.7$ Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods D22 447 1.8$ Arms, Pyrotechnic Articles, Articles For Hunting, Fishing & Pest Ki 1 ling D23 1,252 5.1$ Fluid Distribution Equipment, Sanitary, Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Equipment, and Solid Fuel D24 1,038 4.2$ Medical & Laboratory Equipment D25 708 2.9$ Building Units & Construction Elements D26 550 2.2$ Lighting D27 226 0.9$ Tobacco & Smokers' Supplies D28 424 1.7$ Pharmaceutical & Cosmetic Products, Toilet Articles & Apparatus D29 35 0.1$ Devices & Equipment Against Fire Hazards, for Accident Prevention & for Rescue D30 287 1.2$ Care & Handling of Animals D32 268 1.1$ Washing, Cleaning or Drying Machines D33 6 * Embroidery & Trimmings D34 299 1.2$ Material or Article Handling Equipment D47 37 0.2$ Knitting & Netting D59 20 * Paper Manufactures D64 0$ Printing D92 73 0.3$ Weaving, Sheet Material & Linoleum D99 148 0.6$ Mi seel laneous ========= ============ :=======«===: ====================»================================================= ===== TOTAL 24,548 100$** * Less than 0.1$ **Detail does not add to total because of rounding error. 3 • SECTION II ANALYSIS OF DESIGN ACTIVITY This section is an analysis of design patenting trends in the United States. It examines changes in patterns of design patenting, and it presents distributions over time and by subject area, ownership and geo- graphic origin. Dramatic differences are noted between design patent trends and utility patent trends. The statistical data supporting this analysis, some of which are publish- ed for the first time, appear in tabular form in Appendix A. These in- clude: * yearly grants, 1842-1982 yearly applications, 1880-1982 yearly applications and grants distributed by U.S. and foreign origin, 1965-1982 * yearly grants distributed by state and country of origin, 1961- 1982 * total 1977-1982 grants distributed by state and country of origin and by design class * yearly grants distributed by ownership category, 1977-1982 Filings and Grants Figure 2-1 shows the number of design patents and design applications for the years 1880-1982. While the two lines show similar trends, the gap between applications and patents has increased over the 102-year span. This is due in part to the higher rate of increase in the volume of applications than of grants. Major peaks in applications occur in 1921, 1938-1940 and 1946, with peaks in grants occurring in 1921, 1940-1941 and 1948-1951. The peak in design applications in 1946 reflects the increased patent activity which oc- curred after World War II. A corresponding peak occurs in utility pacenr applications. The most recent upward trend in design applications began in 1960 and continues through 1982, a near record year for filings. The total number of design applications in the 1973-1982 period increased Dy 28% over the filings during the 1963-1972 period. FIGURE 2-1 li-i 10- t- ^ •- | 7- CO I- 6- * 3- 8- 1- 0- U.S. DESIGN PATENT ACTIVITY APPLICATIONS AND GRANTS 1880-1982 APPU CATIONS GRANTS — i — 1800 — I — 1800 — I — 1810 — I — 1880 — I — 1860 I860 1880 1840 I860 1870 1860 Design application data have advantages over patent grant data in that they more accurately reflect the time when the design was developed. Unlike grant data, application data are, for the most part, immune from internal PT0 processing conditions, such as workload, budget and manpower levels, and printing schedules. For example, the PT0 issued substantial- ly fewer patents in 1979 than normal due to a lack of funds to print pat- ents, causing patent grant counts for that year to be artificially low. In spite of fluctuations in grant data, the trend in yearly design patent grants also indicates increased activity. The number of design patents increased by 33% in 1973-1982 over the previous decade. This increase is even more dramatic when compared to the activity of utility patents. Comparing the two decades, the increase in utility patents is less than 4%. Domestic vs. Foreign Patenting Figure 2-2 shows, for the years 1965-1982, the total number of U.S. de- sign patents granted and the number granted to U.S. and foreign resi- dents. e < a, 6000 4000 3000 8000- 1000- FIGURE 2-2 U.S. DESIGN PATENT ACTIVITY TOTAL, U.S. ORIGIN AND FOREIGN ORIGIN 1965-1982 TOTAL US. ORIGIN FOREIGN ORIGIN 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1960 1982 The number of foreign-origin patents tripled from 1965 through 1978, while U.S. -origin patenting in 1978 was slightly lower than the 19b5 level. The drop in total patenting in 1979 must be discounted, as it is the result of the internal PTO factors previously mentioned. In the 1980-1982 period, there is a notable difference between the U.S. and foreign-origin patenting. U.S. -origin design patenting increased only 12.4% and actually declined from 1981 to 1982. By comparison, foreign-origin design patenting increased by 69.5%, and accounted for 30.3% of all design patents granted in 1982. While the foreign share of design patents remains well below the 41.4% foreign share registered for utility patents in 1982, it appears that foreign residents are increas- ingly using design patents to protect their interests in the United States. This increase of foreign-resident involvement in design patenting is further emphasized in Figure 2-3 which contrasts the activity in design patenting to the activity of utility patents. Percent change between the years 1973 and 1982 is shown in four categories: 1) total patents, 2) total applications, 3) foreign-origin patents, and k) foreign-origin ap- plications. FIGURE 2-3 PERCENT CHANGE BETWEEN 1973 AND 1982 IN UTILITY AND DESIGN APPLICATIONS AND PATENTS TOTAL FOREIGN ORIGIN PATENTS APPLI CATIONS PATENTS APPLI CATIONS 58.4% □ UTILITY g§j DESIGNS 119.3% 50.7% 22.6% 5.3% 6.0% i i 24.7% -21.9% As shown in Figure 2-3, design patents increased by 22.6% between 1973 and 1982, and design applications increased by 50.7%. This compares to a 21.9% decrease in utility patents and only a 5.3% increase in utility applications. With respect to foreign-origin grants and applications, utility patents showed small increases compared to the 119.3% increase in design patents and the 158.4% increase in the number of design applica- tions. These data clearly reflect the upward trend in both total design patent- ing and in foreign-resident patenting. They also indicate the degree of change which has occurred in design patenting during the past 10-year period. Ownership Trends, 1977-1982 In terms of design patents issued, the six-year period from 1977-1982 was the second most productive in the history of the U.S. Patent and Trade- mark. Office.* During these six years, the PTO issued 24,548 design pat- ents. The ownership of this block of design patents is graphically il- lustrated in Figure 2-4. *The most productive six-year period for design patents issued was from 1936-1941, when the PTO issued 32,944 design patents. 10 FIGURE 2-4 OWNERSHIP OF U.S. DESIGN PATENTS 1977-1982 The "domestic share" represents design patents of U.S. origin — those where the first-named inventor resides in the United States. Similarly, the foreign share refers to design patents where the first-named inventor resides in a country other than the United States. Within the domestic share, individuals own half of the patents. Individ- ually owned patents reflect independent inventor activity as they are either unassigned and, therefore, owned by the inventor, or assigned to an individual. In either case, there is no record of affiliation between the inventor and a corporation or other organization. Within the foreign share of design patents, individuals own less than one-third. This corresponds to only 7% of total design patents granted during the 1977 to 1982 period. While the independent inventor activity is clearly higher within the U.S. share, the overall ( share of individual- ly owned design patents sets this category of patents apart from that of utility patents. From 1977 to 1982, 45% of design patents are attributed to independent inventors — compared to 22% for utility patents. 11 During the period 1977-1982, 55% of the design patents granted were as- signed to organizations. Since less than 0.2% of these were assigned to government agencies and universities, the numbers are, in effect, a meas- ure of corporate ownership. By comparison about 79% of utility patents are owned by corporations, government agencies and other organizations. Figure 2-5 shows, for 1977-1982, the pattern of corporate design patent- ing, and compares U.S. activity to foreign activity. Foreign corporate patenting has risen from 25% of the corporate design share in 1977 to 3b% in 1982. e < 3000 2800- 2000- 1000- 1000- 600- FIGURE 2-5 U.S. CORPORATE DESIGN PATENT ACTIVITY TOTAL, U.S. ORIGIN AND FOREIGN ORIGIN 1977-1982 TOTAL EH U.S. ORIGIN G5S FOREIGN ORIGIN 1548 1517 546 1264 550 404 553 1818 767 1026 M77 1979 The numerical increase in corporate patenting since 1977 has been accom- panied by a corresponding increase in the amount of independent inventor patenting. Individually owned design patents increased from 1,834 design patents in 1977 to 2,097 design patents in 1982. Figure 2-6 shows annual percentage shares of design patents from 1977 to 1982 for four categories of owners. Although corporate owned and indi- vidually owned design patents of U.S. origin increased in number over this period, they both declined as a percentage of the annual total. The foreign corporate share, in contrast, increased from 13% to 21% of the total. The foreign individual share remained about constant. 12 FIGURE 2-6 CURRENT AND PROJECTED DESIGN PATENT ACTIVITY 1977-1985 | % ACTUAL I % PROJECTED 40- 30- ^ 80- 10- --0 ■e a ■o -o /*H^» e 1 Q .© ^ ^--e^' ,»«»""^ -e-. -■7 ¥- -V ¥- — r - 77 78 79 — T" 60 81 YEAR 83 84 86 n=V& ORIGIN - CORPORATE OWNED 0=UJSL ORIGIN - INDIVIDUALLY OWNED 0= FOREIGN ORIGIN - CORPORATE OWNED V=FOREIGN ORIGIN - INDIVIDUALLY OWNED Activity Projections Figure 2-6 also projects yearly percentages for the years 1983-1965 using an exponential smoothing equation. The projections show U.S. corporate activity leveling off after increasing from 36% in 1982 to 38% in 1983. U.S. individual and foreign individual design patenting are projected to remain relatively stable at the 1982 levels of about 35% and 8%, respec- tively. Foreign corporate patenting, however, is projected to show a moderate upward trend from 18.6% to 19.9% after an initial drop from the 21% level of 1982. This method of projecting activity is based on the actual percentage val- ues shown for the years 1977 to 1982. Factors such as the timing and volume of design patent applications and pendency are not considered. It is also possible to project design patent grants (total, U.S. origin and foreign origin) for the years 1983 and 1984 by considering the volume of previously filed applications and adjusting the volume for average 13 application pendency and abandonment rate.* This projection method — the results of which are shown in Table 2-1 — assumes that all design applications filed between 1979 and 1982 have a pendency of two years.** That is, it is assumed that all design patents granted in 1981 were filed in 1979, and all design patents which will be granted in 1984 were filed in 1982. It also assumes fairly constant abandonment rates over the four-year period. Based on these assumptions, average abandonment rates are calculated using the difference between design applications filed in 1979 and 1980 and actual design patents granted in 1981 and 1982. The percentages of applications which never became patents, corresponding to the abandonment rate, are shown below: * All design patents — 36.9% e U.S. -origin design patents — 38.5% * Foreign-origin design patents — 32. b% These percentages are applied to applications filed in 1981 and 1982, to project the number of design patents granted in 1983 and 1984. The re- sults are shown in Table 2-1. TABLE 2-1 PROJECTIONS OF DESIGN PATENT GRANTS BASED ON NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS Year Total U.S. Foreign Origin Origin % Foreign Origin ACTUAL 1981 1982 4745 4944 3570 1175 3466 1498 24.8 30.3 PROJECTED 1983 1984 4654 5158 3269 1388 3651 1508 29.8 29.2 It is interesting to note that both of the above projection methods show the percentage of foreign-origin design patenting decreasing in 1983 ana staying below the 1982 percentage level in 1984. *A patent application which does not mature into a patent, either by ap- plicant's choice or as the result of rejection by the PTO, is said to be abandoned. **Actual average pendency for the four years was 26 months ranging from 22.2 months in 1979 to 27.6 months in 1982. 14 Design Patenting by Foreign Residents Although 55 nations received design patents in the United States between 1977 and 1982, six nations dominate the foreign share. As shown in Fig- ure 2-7, these six nations — Japan, Canada, United Kingdom, West Germa- ny, Sweden and France — hold nearly 75% of U.S. design patents of for- eign origin. FIGURE 2-7 U.S. DESIGN PATENTING BY RESIDENTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES 1977-1982 JAPAN f783 PATENTS 30.3% OTHER COUNTRIES 1499 PATENTS 25.4% CANADA 665 PATENTS 1L3% UNITED KINGDOM 562 PATENTS 9.4% WEST GERMANY 511 PATENTS 8.7% SWEDEN 471 PATENTS ao% FRANCE 410 PATENTS 7.0% Japan clearly leads with 30.3% of the foreign share. While Japan's pat- enting represents only 7.3% of total design patents granted during the period, Japan's activity is increasing dramatically. As shown in Figure 2-8 on the next page, Japanese design patenting in the United States has doubled since 1977. Patenting during the 1977-1982 period increased by 200% over patenting in the 1967-1972 period. In 1982, Japanese-origin design patenting in the United States accounted for nearly 10% of U.S. design patents. Also, three of the top five design patenting corpora- tions are Japanese. (See Table 2-4, page 20.) Table 2-2 on page 17 shows, for each of the five top countries, the sub- ject matter areas which received the most patents during the 1977-1982 period. Areas are defined in terms of the classes of the Design Patent Classification System. While the subject matter is varied, there is a predominance of technology-related design classes — those dealing with the designs of computers, office equipment, cameras, watches and medical equipment. 15 FIGURE 2-8 U.S. DESIGN PATENTING BY JAPANESE RESIDENTS 1967-1982 55 w a 600 -i 400 300- aoo- 100- — I — 1872 1988 1970 1974 1978 1978 1980 1982 It is interesting to compare Japan's patenting in these design areas to its overall activity in design patenting. Given the relatively low per- centage of design patents to Japanese residents during the period (.7.3%), their activity in the classes shown is very impressive. In Class D14, Recording, Communication or Information Retrieval Systems, residents of Japan hold 26.4% of the design patents, in Class D18, Print- ing & Office Machinery & Equipment they hold 34.6% and in Class D16, Photographic, Cinematographic & Optical Equipment, they hold 19.3% of the design patents. Utility patent areas corresponding to these design classes also show high Japanese involvement. By comparison, in Class D6, Furnishings, the largest design class, Japan holds only 1.2% of the de- sign patents. These data may indicate that foreign countries, in partic- ular Japan, do not pursue design patents for all products, but seek, most of their design protection in high-technology areas. A complete listing of total 1977-1982 design patents issuing class to each country appears in Appendix A, Table A-5. in each 16 TABLE 2-2 MOST ACTIVE DESIGN PATENT CLASSES FOR THE FIVE MOST ACTIVE FOREIGN COUNTRIES 1977-1982 Japan: Most Active Classes D14 - Recording, Communication or Infor- mation Retrieval Equipment D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods D10 - Measuring, Testing or Signalling Instruments D18 - Printing & Office Machinery & Equipment D16 - Photographic, Cinematographic & Optical Equipment % of Class # Design Patents 26.4 373 13.6 289 10.5 121 34.6 120 19.3 110 Canada: Most Active Classes D6 - Furnishings D25 - Building Units & Construction Ele- ments D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods D7 - Household Articles D9 - Packages & Containers for Goods % of Class # Design Patents 3.4 99 12.9 91 2.3 3.3 3.0 50 52 41 United Kingdom: Most Active Classes D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods D12 - Transportation D23 - Fluid Distribution Equipment, Sani- tary, Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Equipment, and Solid Fuel D6 - Furnishings D14 - Recording, Communication or Informa- tion Retrieval Equipment % of Class # Design Patents 3.2 4.6 3.9 1.6 2.5 68 59 49 4« J 5 West Germany: Most Active Classes 5 D16 - Photographic, Cinematographic & Optical Equipment D6 - Furnishings D23 - Fluid Distribution Equipment, Sani- tary, Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Equipment, and Solid Fuel D14 - Recording, Communication, or Informa- tion Retrieval Equipment D7 - Household Articles of Class 10.9 1.7 3.3 2.4 # Design Patents b2 51 41 J4 2.2 34 Sweden: Most Active Classes > D8 - Tools and Hardware D24 - Medical & Laboratory Equipment D6 - Furnishings D23 - Fluid Distribution Equipment, Sani- tary, Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Equipment, and Solid Fuel D15 - Machines, Not Elsewhere Specified of Class # Design Patents 4.5 64 4.0 42 1.3 37 2.6 33 4.4 30 17 Design Patenting by United States Residents Domestic design patenting during the 1977-1982 period was concentrated in five states: California, New York, Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey. The level of patenting in these states was proportionally larger than their share of the U.S. population. These states include only about 30% of the nation's population, but account for nearly half of the domestic design patenting. See Figure 2-9. FIGURE 2-9 U.S. DESIGN PATENTING BY RESIDENTS OF U.S. STATES 1977-1982 ALL OTHERS 9704 PATENTS 02.0% CALIFORNIA 3479 PATENTS iae% NEW YORK 2070 PATENTS 1L1% ILLINOIS 1379 PATENTS 7.4% OHIO 1054 PATENTS 5.6% NEW JERSEY 971 PATENTS 5.2% Table 2-3 shows, for the five most active states, the design classes where residents received the most design patents. In general, the activ- ity patterns for these states follow the overall activity of the classes, with the most active design classes appearing frequently. Design Classes D6, Furnishings, and D21, Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods, the design classes which have received the most patents during the period, appear on each state listing. New York, Illinois and New Jersey residents are most active in the same five classes. A complete listing of the total 1977-1982 design patents issuing in each class to each state appears in Appendix A, Table A-6. Corporate Owners Nearly 4,500 organizations have received design patents during the years 1977-1982. Table 2-4 shows the corporations which received 25 or more 18 TABLE 2-3 MOST ACTIVE DESIGN PATENT CLASSES FOR THE FIVE MOST ACTIVE U.S. STATES 1977-1982 California: Most Active Classes % of Class D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods 18.9 D6 - Furnishings 13.4 D8 - Tools and Hardware 17.3 D24 - Medical & Laboratory Equipment 21.0 D12 - Transportation 16.9 # Design Patents 4U2 392 247 218 217 New York: Most Active Classes % of Class D6 - Furnishings 10.4 D7 - Household Articles 12.0 D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods 8.7 D9 - Packages & Containers for Goods 13.0 D14 - Recording, Communication or Informa- 8.6 tion Retrieval Equipment . Illinois: Most Active Classes % of Class D6 - Furnishings 6.1 D7 - Household Articles 8.9 D9 - Packages & Containers for Goods 9.5 D14 - Recording, Communication or Informa- 7.2 tion Retrieval Equipment D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods 4.4 # Design Patents 304 190 185 17b 121 # Design Patents 178 141 129 102 94 Ohio: Most Active Classes D9 - Packages & Containers for Goods D6 - Furnishings D7 - Household Articles D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods D25 - Building Units & Construction Ele- ments % of Class # Design Patents 10.4 141 3.0 87 5.3 84 3.7 78 9.5 67 X of Class # Design Patents 4.2 123 4.4 93 6.8 92 5.3 84 4.0 56 New Jersey: Most Active Classes D6 - Furnishings D21 - Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods D9 - Packages & Containers for Goods D7 - Household Articles D14 - Recording, Communication or Informa- tion Retrieval Equipment 19 c •H H ji . -J ex 3 l-l o co « CJ 4-1 o X 3 CJ ex 0) co S • bO M 0) CJ 3 DO 09 3 •H cu co • M • l-l rH ■H X CJ 3 cu H u a 3 4-1 H JO J CO • M CJ CO d) a cO X 4-> 4* •H V-i «K . 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CO 3 o cu •H X O MH O 4-J 3 3 3 •H CJ hJ o M CU 3 CU M rJ CJ w 3 O 3 rH *J rH X c rH CJ o M CO CO CO O x; ^i B r-l 00 C O 4-) CO CU cO • CO CJ M CO CU CO M CO fcrf 1 1-4 3 O a •H fa CJ cO *. a CU 3 CJ 4-> CJ u cu 4J r-J M M CJ •* CU H 3 1-4 CX CO CU l-l 'H •H cx o cu •H o •U »H X CU •H +J >^ 4-1 CU O •H 3 co •H 60 CO 4-1 cu r-i >. 3 M CU r-t p « i-l £> JO rH c^g o rH rH r-l 3 XI Zri bOX u © co kl X rH •u l-l 3 co a 0) CO 4-1 CU « 3 oa 9c 1 a B 3 M rH -H « -H O G, . O 2 «* ft 00 CO vO • H ON r^ m r-i O OO l*N. r» r-» ^o o vO m LO m in m m m <* •* CO CO CO CO CO CO o <3 i— 1 ■ — i -H i—l i— 1 z fa 20 design patents during that period. Although three Japanese organizations are among the top five design patenting corporations, U.S. organizations account for nearly 75% of the listing. Many of the organizations listed are also among the top utility patent owners. For example General Electric, IBM, Bell Labs and U.S. Philips are among the top ten organizations receiving utility patents over the time period 1969-1982.* However, some organizations which obtain many utility patents do not pur- sue design patents. The United States Navy, for example, is ranked third among assignees of utility patents, having received over 2,000 utility patents since 1977. For the same period, all U.S. government agencies combined received only six design patents. Other organizations active in utility patenting which do appear among the top design patenting organi- zations include Westinghouse, DuPont, General Motors and RCA. As shown in Table 2-5, the 68 corporations with 25 or more patents repre- sent only 1.5% of the patenting organizations yet they account for 24% of the corporate design patents granted during the period. With such a small number of corporations responsible for such a significant portion of the corporate design patenting, any changes in the propensity to pat- ent by just a few could affect total design patenting. At the other end of the spectrum, 2,737 organizations — 60.8% of the total — received only one design patent during the period. Their patent holdings repre- sent 20.2% of corporate design patenting, an indication of a broad base of use within the U.S. Design Patent System. TABLE 2-5 DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIZATIONALLY OWNED U.S. 1977-1982 DESIGN PATENTS Patents Per Organization Organizations Patents Number % of Total Number % of Total 25+ 15-24 5-14 2-4 1 68 79 396 1,218 2,737 1.5% 1.8% 8.8% 27.1% 60.8% 3,254 1,434 3,041 3,087 2,737 24.0% 10.6% 22.4% 22.8% 20 . 2% TOTAL 4,498 100% 13,553 100% *See Industrial Patent Activity in the United States, Part 1, Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast, April 1983. 21 SECTION III ACTIVE DESIGN AREAS This section identifies areas of the U.S. design patent file which have shown the most activity during the period 1977-1982. The areas are de- fined in terms of design subclasses, the smallest divisions within the Design Patent Classification System. To gain different perspectives on design patenting, activity is measured using four different parameters: actual file growth, percent growth, percent foreign origin, and percent individually owned.* For each parameter, the "top 50" subclasses are presented in ranked order. Such an activity review may prove to be a useful index for forecasting design directions and identifying areas of commercial interest, foreign competition and independent inventor activ- ity. This section begins with a brief explanation of the methodology used and the meaning and limitations of the results. The activity of design sub- class is then presented in each of the following categories: " MOST ACTIVE DESIGN AREAS (ranked by actual file growth) * FASTEST GROWING DESIGN AREAS (ranked by percent growth) * DESIGN AREAS WITH HIGHEST FOREIGN ACTIVITY (ranked by percent foreign origin) * DESIGN AREAS WITH HIGHEST INDEPENDENT INVENTOR ACTIVITY (ranked by percent individually owned) *Term Definitions ACTUAL FILE GROWTH — the number of design patents added to the file during the six-year period, 1977-1982. PERCENT GROWTH — a measure of relative growth computed by dividing act- ual file growth for the three-year period, 1980-1982, by actual file growth for the six-year period, 1977-1982, and multiplying by 100. The average for all design subclasses is 55.6%. PERCENT FOREIGN ORIGIN — the foreign inventor share calculated by di- viding the number of U.S. patents awarded to foreign-resident in- ventors during 1980-1982 by actual file growth for the same peri- od, and multiplying by 100. The average for all design subclasses is 26.1%. PERCENT INDIVIDUALLY OWNED — the individual ownership share, calculated by dividing the number of U.S. patents that have not been assigned to an organization during the period, 1980-1982, by actual growth for the same period, and multiplying by 100. The average for all design subclasses is 43.5%. 23 Data Limitations The classified file of U.S. design patents is constantly expanding to accommodate patents for new designs. It must be kept in mind, however, that subclasses are created primarily to facilitate examination and not to measure activity. Subclasses may differ widely in terms of scope and content. Consequently, they are not often comparable in terms of size and growth, and care must be taken when drawing what may appear, at first blush, to be obvious conclusions. It is the purpose of this ranking presentation to seek indications of trends rather than absolutes. For such purposes, the design patent file offers unique capabilities. Some subclasses within the Design Patent Classification System are mis- cellaneous in nature and include patents disclosing a wide variety of subjects. For example, Class D6, subclass 85, Miscellaneous Support Structure, contains design patents for support structures for which there is no specific or narrowly defined subclass. Such miscellaneous subclas- ses often show a high rate of actual growth in terms of large numbers of patents issuing within a given period. However, because of the variety of subject matter in such subclasses, the activity may not be indicative of trends in a specific design area. By contrast, some subclasses are narrowly defined and include patents which disclose a specific range of subject matter, for example, Class D6, subclass 99, Towel Rack. Such narrowly defined subclasses often show a low rate of absolute growth when compared to a "miscellaneous" subclass of generic title and broad scope. Because raw numbers do not tell the full story in the search for meaning- ful patterns and trends, this section uses additional activity measures besides actual growth. Ranking design subclasses by percent growth pro- vides a relative measure of recent activity. Ranking design subclasses by percent foreign origin and percent individually owned identifies areas which receive large numbers of design patents from foreign residents and independent inventors, two important users of the U.S. Design Patent Sys- tem. Subclasses which had less than ten patents during the period 1980-1982 were omitted from the rankings in this report in order to focus attention on subclasses having a reasonable degree of activity over the period. This also avoids misleadingly high percentages which can result when pat- ents are added to subclasses which consist of few patents. Furthermore, since each design patent has but one claim and shows the ornamental ap- pearance of but one article of manufacture, only the original classifica- tion has been considered. Thus, only patents which specifically contrib- ute to the design knowledge in a particular subclass are used to deter- mine activity. 24 MOST ACTIVE DESIGN AREAS The most active design areas are selected by determining the design sub- classes which received the most patents during the 1977-1982 period. The top 50 subclasses, ranked by actual file growth, are listed in Table 3-1. These subclasses, which represent only 1.3% of total design subclasses, account for 13.0% of all design patents issued from 1977 to 1982. Active Design Subclasses Class D25, subclass 74, Architectural Stock Material Having Elongated Ex- truded Shape, leads this list with 143 patents issued during the study period. A large number of these patents are for designs for general pur- pose moldings. This subclass is miscellaneous in nature and contains molding designs for general use. Class D23, subclass 9, Free-Standing Fireplace, is second on the list with 135 patents issued. The high activity of this subclass may be at- tributed to increased efforts to conserve energy. In fact, many patents relate to wood-burning stoves, which recently became very popular because of the increased cost of oil and gas. Mobile telephones, telephones with clocks included in the design, and novelty telephones account for the growth of 121 patents in Class D14, subclass 53, Telephone. This area of design patenting is one of high in- dependent inventor activity. More than half of the patents in this sub- class, 56.2%, are individually owned. Class D18, subclass 7, Calculator with Keyboard, received 108 design pat- ents during the six-year period. Of these, almost 72% were granted to foreign-resident inventors, and only 1.6% were granted to individuals. Active Design Classes Figure 3-1 on page 28, is a graphic representation of the information in Table 3-1. Class D6, Furnishings, appears most often on the list, with nine subclasses. These subclasses contain 19.4% of the total pat- ents granted in the "top 50" subclasses. Seven of the subclasses in Class D6 contain patents which disclose support structures such as book- cases, cabinets and tables. The dominance of subclasses from Class Db is consistent with the growth of the class as a whole. During the six-year period of this study, Class D6 subject matter received more design pat- ents than any other design class, accounting for 12.0% of design patent- ing for the period. 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Q. i_ U1 u — l_ C O ■h- l_ ™ cn ja +- id 3 O — •— ID c O l_ JZ 3 3 (0 .— ID — ID -(- ID O. l_ ID ID O CD < 1- 1- U. h- X ~ CO O S CO CO o s: EC cn Q CO CD co X CD i- CD CO \ CO NO *£> CO « — * — CO < o in CM CM ■* fO in ■* « — vO IO ON '3- 3 • in CO 3 -— O CO _l o ^~ tr H"N <» — . — CO t— ^O CM ■* »— NO ON in 3 r— 3 NO m K1 NO ro I~ < o «* N» •v "V \ \ \ V -^ ~^. \ **■ N. \. \ »* \ m CO \ \ V. \ ro _) CD "V CM l*» f» NO CM CO ■ CM •— CM CM ■ — »— CM CM » — CM i — >£) NO * — CM < — ON CM fO NO CM ■ — . — • — ON CO Q Q Q a a Q a Q Q a a a a Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q o 27 FIGURE 3-1 CLASS DISTRIBUTION OF TOP 50 SUBCLASSES RANKED BY ACTUAL GROWTH 1977-1982 D6-FURNISHINGS D14-REC0RDING, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL EQUIPMENT DB4-MEDICAL AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT D12-TRANSP0RIATI0N 28 FASTEST GROWING DESIGN AREAS Having examined the subclasses which show the highest actual file growth over the past six years, this section presents an alternative method of measuring growth. Table 3-2 ranks subclasses in terms of recent activi- ty, relative to the actual file growth over the past six years. Percent growth is determined by dividing the actual growth for the three years, 1980-1982, by the actual growth for the six years, 1977-1982, and multiplying by 100 to give a percentage. In this way, a subclass could be ranked high based on its recent activity, even though it may be so narrowly defined as to prohibit high growth for the overall period. Ranking subclasses by percent growth gives results which differ from those when actual growth rate is used. In fact, most of the subclasses in Table 3-2 show six-year actual growth well below those ranked in Table 3-1. Only one subclass, Class D9, subclass 370, which contains design patents for containers with a detailed bottom surface, appears on both lists. This subclass ranks 50th by actual growth, but 41 of the 45 pat- ents issued in the subclass during the past six years were issued between 1980 and 1982. With a growth rate of 91.1%, this subclass ranks 12th by percent growth and shows impressive activity when its actual growth is considered together with percent growth. Fastest Growing Design Subclasses The top four subclasses in Table 3-2 each have a growth rate of 100%. That is, within the six-year period examined, these subclasses experi- enced all of their growth in the last three years. This high recent activity indicates new or renewed interest in these design areas. It is interesting to note the diversity of subject matter found in these sub- classes which include designs for containers, belts, heat sinks and fab- rics. Subclasses from Class D9, Packages and Containers for Goods, appear most frequently with six subclasses listed in the "top 50." These subclasses contain design patents for containers ~ such as boxes, bottles, jars or cans — which have distinctive shapes, ornaments or parts. They nave below-average foreign and independent inventor shares, an indication of high U.S. corporate activity in this area of design patenting. Class 09, as a whole shows a three-year corporate activity average of 76.6%, nearly equal to the average rate for all utility patents and 20 percentage points higher than the average for all design patents. Other design classes with subclasses appearing frequently on the "top 50" listing are: Class Dll, Jewelry, Symbolic Insignia & Ornaments, four entries, Class D21, Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods, and Class D23, Fluid Distribution Equipment, Sanitary, Heating, Ventilation & Air Con- ditioning Equipment, and Solid Fuel, which both appear five times. Al- though only one subclass from Class D17, Musical Instruments, appears on the list, the class as a whole shows a relative growth of 71.2%, higher than any other design class. 29 CM XI I O O 00 <* — — CM — 3 O rO ^O v£> * » « IO O O f 30 in PO vo CM moo CM 3 3 m m — — — cm •* — — — o vo o o o " iO o CO iO OO O r» o — o o o Oi CM CM in •— i~ — o oo CO — fO O O i"- in — m in m m o 3 cm oo — f\ >s\ *& m o o o o r» • ••it 88885 ■- Ol » 0\ IO • • • • • S CM CM CM CM C7i CTi CA Ol O •" Ol W W o\ m m ir> m o r*» r* * r» cm «- o © o © go r- r^ r- r-vovp^om C^ 0\ 0^ ON 0> C^ CO GO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Q S o 0_ co LU Q Q. CD c c — — c E ID ■O C ID O • id CD — « o — CD (0 c X o in c CD O Q. Q. O in O a- — f 3 L I ID — -4-1X5 1- — CD - UJ E : -I- 3 ) c c CD (0 -t- o 3 — ID Q. > a. ID -o — CD X > L. -O 3 CD u CD Q. CD ■o c CO O) — c c * id — O CD I- CD O l_ O) o c — JC — O — O — O 1_ L. 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O JZ «— ■— > © o JD o u 3 in 3 E c o JZ - i_ +- •(- — 3 i_ o — > ID u — — (/) CL u ? ° , _ 4- o * l_ — m © — ) L o l_ o +- +- -Q CT) w o o If) — u ■(- l- in >~ o © +■ i_ ID ■o 3 1-1. 1_ 3 O) c o © in O 3 * Q. — — ^ — o — -* — O © -t- l_ o c ID -1- ID o cn "O E — t- © •— •♦- 10 U — © T3 — © f — U '_ 10 •*- -* L. © 3 © ID ID © © Q. u +- — — — * 1_ +- >■ CD — Q. l_ ID CO O (0 c I_ J3 m cn ID N ID ID +- l_ l_ -t- 1_ o — m "O — (S3 ID c L ~ — ft — © c 3 cn ft id in +- i_ -— — © — +- — * u • — — — © 3 — ID CJ c >- 4- © o 1- © L © -t- © Irt 3 !_ © Q. — *— © O O +- — +- — ft E © O © > JZ o © O © — E © t. U •H ~ ~ in L. jC •^ c +- E X > W * O en V) © 1- > — ID * © in ■t- +- £ JO — m c (0 ID >~ o — J= — •— l_ •— © o — +- — c2 l_ © 3 ID — a to s: to (2 o Z Q. U) _j S. u. O _J cr O I- to 3 < > to X u. > to V. CO rn in *o ^~ CO < oo O in ^D r~ CM M-\ fO o> CM ■"3- O m rO 00 in in in CO _l <* CM r-~ •— o m cm o \D r» Ch CM <— CN! C?> a\ CTv •— o i£> CN 00 io CN — ^ \ V. V, ■v. ^ K1 C7> \ \ •^t \ ^v hO \ N, K> m CM •— V, V. ^v ^x V. CO m vD CM »— « — \ V. "* •— \ VD o \ CO CM \ O 3 CM « — •— on r^ CM 00 00 CM CM CNI l-O CM CM CO vO CN CM o CM CN a> CN CM m to a Q Q a Q Q S Q Q Q Q a Q Q Q Q Q Q a Q Q Q Q Q o 31 DESIGN AREAS WITH HIGHEST FOREIGN ACTIVITY The 50 design subclasses experiencing the highest percentage of foreign- origin patenting during the 1980-1982 period are shown in Table 3-3. For the purposes of this report, U.S. patents are considered to be of foreign origin if the first-named inventor resides in a country other than the United States. Foreign-origin design patents emanate from over 50 coun- tries and account for 26.1% of the design patents issued during the peri- od 1980-1982. While the foreign share of design patenting has been in- creasing since 1979, foreign involvement remains well below the 40% level observed in utility patents for the same time period. This difference may be attributed to the patenting patterns of foreign corporations and individuals. Many foreign corporations pursue design patents only for selected products. Also, while U. S. -resident , independent inventors re- ceive as many design patents as U.S. corporations, foreign individuals receive only about one-third as many design patents as foreign corpora- tions. Foreign Active Design Subclasses The "top 50" subclasses, ranked by percent foreign origin, received a total of 712 foreign-origin design patents during the 1980-1982 period. These 50 subclasses represent only 1.3% of the 3,828 design subclasses, but they contain 12.1% of the 5,891 foreign-origin patents issued during the period. The ranked subclasses have foreign-origin percentages ranging from 100% to 57.9%. Subclasses from four distinct design areas — curtain fabrics, tobacco lighters, wristwatches, and balancing toys — show 100% foreign activity for the three year period. Class D21, subclass 102, Balancing Toy, also shows high (93.8%) independent inventor activity for the period — unusual in light of the low rate of involvement by foreign individuals in total design patenting. Although ranked 25th on the "top 50" list with 71.9% foreign-origin pat- enting, Class D18, subclass 7, Calculator with Keyboard, had more for- eign-origin patents than any other design subclass for the three-year period. The 46 foreign-origin patents granted in this subclass are indi- cative of significant foreign activity in this design area. Foreign Active Design Classes Class D14, Recording, Communication, or Information Retrieval Equipment, dominates the "top 50" list with 12 subclasses. These active subclasses contain designs for radios, tape recorders, stereo equipment and tele- phone parts. Class D14 as a whole shows a foreign share of 45.2% for the three-year period, an impressive figure when compared to the all design average of 26.1%. As shown in Figure 3-2, the foreign-origin patents issued in Class D14 account for nearly 25% of all foreign-origin design patents issued in the "top 50" subclasses during the three-year period. 32 I •y> _l h (M < Z 00 3\ •^r rn O o CN fO in r» cn r^ i — in x> <*\ r- K) •vT • — B o o o m CO y- uj i IN m <3" (N m CN ■* N — CM ' — CN «» 1 — ■* •— lO CN K"l <* (N •* CN CN O O H- r- •— 1- < r» CL X iO CN O o r~ CN o m — in r^\ ^3- CO J\ K-\ lO O m o lO 1— 3 00 CN •XI o o CN i — o vO o\ & r~ tf\ 1 — • — Xi •— 00 X> "* o r^ (O o Cft W. 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I_ — — oi — c 10 © TJ (0 Ol C Ol — o l_ © tj © © _ (D — CN O O •* CN CN CN CN «* O m O O CN — •<*• O O tO oo m vo vo "» CN — O O m tt 00 rO IO ON O O OO CO I s in ift K ifl in L. 3 +- o a. i_ o m -o c 3 m O) c >- (0 -t- 4- © o +- © 10 cc co © — TJ +- (0 TJ o — (0 3 J3 © TJ O O) L_ r L O. — O © TJ 1_ ~ * — u © — ■ m (0 -C © JO +- C i_ 10 o TJ © L. O Cl Ol +- *l- © c (0 i_ TJ — Ol +- © • — TJ c C > m — © — o F © TJ •4- © CL u © — © in sz X 3 c O +- o O — •— l_ © o s, ^r ro oo m — CN — CN Q Q Q Q ro cn vo <* oo CN — <3\ IO CN \ \ s \ s CN — <* t VO CN CN — — CN Q Q Q Q Q vO o\ IO * O CN "- rO V. V. "V ro CN (N — «- Q Q Q tO vO — vO CO ^r 5 Q VO IO CM CO rO oo to O in N S CM to N. «* 00 ^v Ns CO — CN CN r~ Q Q Q Q Q cti in •— r~ — o\' ro "s. n» r> \ \ ^r t v 00 •<* — — vO Q Q Q Q Q 34 Subclasses from Class D18, Printing and Office Machinery and Equipment, account for 8.7% of the foreign-origin patents within the "top 50," and those from Class D10, Measuring, Testing or Signalling Instruments, ac- count for 8.3%. These classes both show a percent foreign share above the average for the 1980-1982 period. They include designs such as those for calculators and watches, subject areas which traditionally have shown high foreign involvement in both utility and design patenting. FIGURE 3-2 CLASS DISTRIBUTION OF TOP 50 SUBCLASSES RANKED BY PERCENT FOREIGN SHARE 1980-1982 D14-REC0RDING, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL EQUIPMENT (RADIOS, TAPE RECORDERS, TELEPHONES) D18-PRINTING AND OFFICE MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT (CALCULATORS, PRINTERS) D10-MEASURING, TESTING OR SIGNALLING INSTRUMENTS (WATCHES) D21-GAMES, TOYS, TENTS k. SPORTS GOODS 35 DESIGN AREAS WITH HIGHEST INDEPENDENT INVENTOR ACTIVITY For the years 1977-1982, nearly 45% of all- U.S. design patents granted were individually owned at time of the patent grant.* This body of de- sign patents reflects "independent inventor" activity, since there is no record of an affiliation with a corporation or other organization. This pattern differs from that of utility patents, where individuals account for only about 20% of the activity. One reason for the difference may be that the development of many design patents does not require extensive technical skills, great expense, or complicated research equipment. In utility patenting, product and/or process development may require a thorough knowledge of scientific disci- plines such as chemistry, electronics and engineering, large sums of money, and complex equipment. Since the subjects of design patents do not present the barriers found in many utility patent areas, independent inventors are able to obtain a relatively greater share of design grants. Another reason for the difference in independent inventor activity may be that the cost of obtaining a design patent is less than the cost of obtaining a utility patent. Design filing fees have historically been lower, and remain so under the fee schedules which began October 1, 1982.** Table 3-4 presents the 50 design subclasses which have the highest inde- pendent inventor activity. These subclasses, 1.3% of design subclasses, contain 12% of all individually owned design patents granted between 1980 and 1982. The top three subclasses on the list are from Class Dll, Jewelry, Sym- bolic Insignia & Ornaments. Each shows 100% individual ownership for the 1980-1982 period. Of the six subclasses from Class Dll which appear in the "top 50" listing, three deal with jewelry, two with table or wall ornaments, and one with flags. Ten subclasses from Class D21, Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods, appear in the "top 50" list. Two of these have 100% independent inventor activ- ity for the 1980-1982 period and a third appears within the top ten. These three subclasses contain design patents dealing with tents, golf equipment and balancing toys. Other design classes with subclasses appearing frequently on the list are D7, Household Articles, listed four times, and D22, Arms, Pyrotechnic Articles, Articles for Hunting, Fishing and Pest Killing, and D8, Tools and Hardware, which are both listed five times. *0TAF data reflect ownership at time of patent grant. Subsequent changes in assignment are not recorded in the data base. **At the present time, the standard fee for filing a design application is $125 while the fee for a utility filing is $300. For small business, nonprofit organizations and unaffiliated individuals, design and utility filing fees are $62.50 and $150, respectively. 36 > a 5 a CO J (- N < Z t) in O CM 30 r» m m — CO O O CO a\ r~- *— CT> CO m m in ' — m '— m rO 1— UJ 1 CM CN CM *~ CM <* t^> r^ CM CM CM ^~ t •— CM ^~ m CM •— •— ••■ CM -r cm m O 1- r» K < r~ Q_ z o o — o N*l K1 CD o ON •<* O r~ 'S- o •* CM CM •* H-l o o O o r~- f~ o *«. Ul o cd O >* 00 m o rO O o i~- m m >o CO OO CD <* o o o o CD *o o K •— CM o •— ^~ r^ •— ' — •— CM *— CM O ^~ IX. X \- o o xO ao <* oo ON r— l~- o o CM CD r- T CD CM o r— r^ CD o vO O r~- 3: w. 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CM ** •\ \ •— 1^ O 3 CM *— . — CM m \D * — CM r~ cm ^~ » — f-l CM r- CM 00 CM r^ CM tn CM 00 CM ^ to Q Q Q Q a a Q Q a a Q Q Q a Q Q Q a Q Q Q O Q Q Q 38 SECTION IV PROFILES OF DESIGN CLASSES This section profiles the patent activity of all design classes* for the years 1977-1982. The contents of each profile are discussed below. Each profile begins with an explanation of the contents of the class, in- cluding the definition of the class and specific examples of design pat- ents found in the class. Next, "Activity Indices" are presented, showing activity averages for the years 1980-1982 in the five categories defined below. Activity Indices provide a relative measure of the activity of each subject matter area, enabling comparisons to other subject areas and to the averages for all design patents. ACTIVITY INDICES (1980-1982) % Growth: The number of design patents granted in the period 1980- 1982, divided by the total design patents granted in the period 1 977— 1982, multiplied by 100. The average for all design patents is 55.6$. % Foreign Share: The number of design patents granted to residents of foreign countries in the years 1980-1982, divided by the total number of design patents granted in the years 1980-1982, multiplied by 100. The average for all design patents is 26. 1$. % Corporate Owned: The number of 1980-1982 design patents assigned at time of grant to U.S. or foreign nongovernment organizations -- mainly corporations — divided by the total number of design patents granted in the years 1980-1982, multiplied by 100. The average for all design patents is 56.5$. % Government Owned: The number of 1980-1982 design patents assigned at the time of grant to the U.S. Government or a foreign government, di- vided by the total number of design patents granted in the years 1980- 1982, multiplied by 100. The average for all design patents is 0.04$. % U.S. Owned of Foreign: The number of 1980-1982 design patents with a foreign resident inventor assigned at the time of grant to a U.S. orga- nization, divided by the total number of design patents granted in the years 1980-1982, multiplied by 100. The average for all design patents is 8.7$. *Twenty-eight of the design classes are profiled individually, and nine are profiled collectively. These nine classes together represent only 2% of the design patents granted during the period examined. 39 Patent Activity Graphs Patent activity graphs (see Figure 4-1) show, for each design subject area, changes in total design patents, in patents to U.S. residents, and in patents to foreign residents. This activity is illustrated by date of patent grant for the years 1977 to 1982. Counts of patent grants are then redistributed to the year when the application was filed to illus- trate patent activity by the date of patent application. FIGURE 4-1 EXAMPLE OF PATENT ACTIVITY GRAPHS APPAREL AND BABERDASHERY DESIGN CLASS D2 Patents In this class disclose designs for apparel and haberdashery items. These include body garments, gowns and undergarments, head wear, footwear and haberdashery or clothing accessory items such as belts, buckles and but- tons. BY DATE OF PATENT GRANT Q TOTAL C3 U.S. ORICIN IB FOREIGN ORICIN ACTIVITY INDICES (1980 - 1982) GROWTH 60.8% FOREIGN SHARE 23. 2% CORPORATE OWNED 52.4% GOVERNMENT OWNED 0.0% U.S. OWNED OF FOREIGN 8.7% PATENT ACTIVITY BY DATE OF PATENT APPLICATION a TOTHL n u.s. ORieiN H F0REI8N ORICIN This latter method of data distribution often results in a more useful measurement tool since application filing dates are closer in time to the actual development of the design and are independent of variations in PTO production schedules and budget restraints.* However, because of changes in pendency (i.e., the time between application filing and patent grant), the distribution of six years of patent grant data provides essentially complete patented application data only for the four years, 1976-1979.** *For example, the 1979 grant data are low, not because of a falloff in activity, but rather due to the fact that the Patent and Trademark Office issued substantially fewer patents in 1979 due to a lack of funds to print patents. **Patented application data are further explained in Appendix A. 40 Patent Activity Tables Patent Activity Tables (see Figure 4-2) show, for each design area, patenting by country of origin and by general ownership category. The total number of design patents granted in each category for the time period 1977-1982 is shown. This total is distributed first by the year of patent grant and then by the year when the patent application was filed. General ownership categories are shown in Patent Activity Tables for U.S. -origin and foreign-origin patents and include: 9 CORPORATE OWNED - owned by a nongovernment organization. INDIVIDUALLY OWNED - unassigned and owned by the inventor or assigned to an individual. * FOREIGN OWNED-U.S. ORIGIN - owned by a foreign organiza- tion but having a U.S. resident inventor. * D.S. OWNED-FOREIGN ORIGIN - owned by a U.S. organization but having a foreign resident inventor. FIGURE 4-2 EXAMPLE OF PATENT ACTIVITY TABLES PATENT ACTIVITY ( 1/77- 1 2/82) APPAREL AND HABERDASHER Y NUMBER OF PAT ENTS NUMBER OF PATENTEO APPLIC/ TIONS BY DATE OF P* TENT GRANT BY DATE OF PATENT IPPLICA ION TOTAL 1977 1978 1979 980 198 1 1982 PRE 76 1976 1977 978 1979 1980 1981 1982 TOTAL 903 130 122 1'.'-' 202 178 169 1 19 143 155 186 176 122 2 US ORIGIN 687 94 88 83 161 148 113 84 107 129 135 139 91 2 FOREIGN ORIGIN 216 36 34 19 41 30 56 35 36 26 51 37 31 JAPAN 41 6 10 1 12 2 10 6 10 3 12 3 7 FRANCE 39 7 2 3 3 7 17 7 2 7 9 13 CANADA 31 6 5 3 6 6 5 8 6 2 SWEDEN 24 2 2 1 7 4 8 2 3 H 10 ITALY 23 4 5 2 S 5 2 5 4 5 7 2 UNITED K1NGOOM 5 2 3 WEST GERMANY 8 2 3 2 2 2 AUSTRALIA 7 2 2 o o NEW ZEALAND 4 1 3 i 3 SWITZERLAND 1 F INLAND 4 2 1 2 ARGENTINA 2 '■ 2 o AUSTRIA 2 1 1 SPAIN 2 CH1NAI TAIWAN) 2 NORWAY 2 2 2 BELGIUM 1 BRAZIL o O DENMARK 1 o ISRAEL NETHERLANDS 1 o US ORIGIN 687 94 88 83 161 148 1 13 84 107 129 135 139 91 2 U S CORP OWNED 307 29 39 40 75 82 42 30 56 63 72 43 U S GOVT OWNED o U S INOIV OWNEO 379 65 48 43 88 66 71 54 64 73 72 67 48 o FOREIGN OWNED 1 1 FOREIGN ORIGIN 216 36 34 19 41 30 56 35 )6 26 51 37 31 o U S C-'fiEO 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 2 3 o o FORE IGN OWNEO 196 33 ' ' if 38 26 52 32 33 21 47 35 •>fl FOREIGN CORF 107 13 11 6 23 14 40 13 12 B 29 22 23 o FORE IGN GOVT O o o FOREIGN INDIV AS 20 20 10 15 12 12' 19 21 13 18 13 S 41 Assignee Rankings The Assignee Rankings list the organizations, mostly corporations, which were assigned the rights to the design patents at time of patent issue. For design patents granted between 1977 and 1982, the lists show the to- tal patents each assignee received in the subject area during that time period. Each list is limited by designation of a cut-off number (e.g., assignee with two or more design patents). These assignee rankings are useful in identifying the organizations most active in each design area. Front Pages of Selected Patents Each profile presents the front pages of six or ten representative design patents in the class. The front page of a design patent contains all bibliographic information relating to the design patent. It also sets forth the claim, title, description and a representative drawing.* The design patent classification, i.e., the class and subclass, also appears on the front page of the design patent. However, this designation re- flects the classification at time of patent grant. Because of reclassi- fication within the design patent file, a few classifications shown may differ from the current classifications. Table 4-1 on the next page lists the 29 design areas which are profiled in this section. The table indicates the design class and title and the page on which each profile begins. A * -k A *For those unfamiliar with patents, an explanation of the front page for- mat and data items appears in Appendix A. 42 TABLE 4-1 PROFILES OF DESIGN CLASSES CI. CLASS TITLE PAGE D2 Apparel & Haberdashery 44 D3 Travel Goods, Cases, Umbrellas & Personal Belongings 50 D6 Furn ish ings 56 D7 Household Articles 64 D8 Tools & Hardware 72 D9 Packages & Containers for Goods 80 D10 Measuring, Testing or Signalling Instruments 86 D11 Jewelry, Symbolic Insignia & Ornaments 92 D12 Transportation 98 D13 Equipment for Production, Distribution or Transformation of Electricity 104 D14 Recording, Communication or Information Retrieval Equipment 110 D15 Machines, Not Elsewhere Specified 116 D16 Photographic, Cinematographic & Optical Equipment 122 D17 Musical Instruments 128 D18 Printing & Office Machinery & Equipment 134 D19 Stationery, Artists' & Teachers' Materials & Office Equipment 140 D20 Sales & Advertising Equipment & Signs 146 D21 Games, Toys, Tents & Sports Goods 152 D22 Arms, Pyrotechnic Articles, Articles For Hunting, Fishing & Pest Killing 160 D23 Fluid Distribution Equipment, Sanitary, Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Equipment, and Solid Fuel 166 D24 Medical & Laboratory Equipment 172 D25 Building Units & Construction Elements 178 D26 Lighting 184 D27 Tobacco & Smokers' Supplies 190 D28 Pharmaceutical & Cosmetic Products, Toilet Articles & Apparatus 196 D30 Care & Handling of Animals 202 D32 Washing, Cleaning or Drying Machines 208 D34 Material or Article Handling Equipment 214 * All Others *(D1, D4, D29, D33, D47, D59, D64, D92, D99) 220 43 CM O CO CJ z o H CO W o CN CO o co o^ CO w u H o EH H N N N N ^ 0ON% bO CO ^ o a> - CJ CO jj CO ™ c •H TJ a, to -2 cd co 2 M CO •*= ■H >, » S* 42 CD 0) 3 C ^ -H •H cd W in a ,H 4-> CO C <1) CO 4-1 >-( CD fl O X fa 14-1 H -a r*, i ti U 4-1 O 3 CO ,0 CO rO CO en bo H d 4*5 CO 4-1 0) o S H CJ cC .2 K CJ 4= ^ 0) CU • E e 43 S-i CO CO CO bO T3 qj at C co 3 4= fa o z 1 cs z»-< << MQC Q CBO t— i H errz PO DCS _] !-• cr .u MtOQS o .o t-zzu. cc en H 5 fa SIN31Ud c^ z •— 1 fa cs o z»- i— iti: H cso i 0£Z OC3 _3 i-t B cr >lj f-HCnCK o «o i-«:DLi_ SIN3IUd 44 ooo ooooooooooooooooooooo ooooo ooo ooo cmcmO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO oj — o^o ooo ooo o cc CD cn ••- — r-mcMOcM^OOcoOOO^OOO^OOOO -nomO -- co co nOin cm CD co ^ CD cm ep CD r- C00")co00^r0--0co--0000000000 CD cm O (^ O r^ cm m cm O ro i^ co co »- co r- co co co cm -- o Z ►h O co in ^ cMt^cocor--OcM^--^0'-00--cMOOOOO mnono ^ ^r r-- m Off) co n in -- co co r- m n cm -- (J < i-' CJ _i >- a a < a in CD ix> n'-j)'iDwnw0O'-'-OOOO0O''O'- en co O ro O co in ^ coon LO CM CM [NK) h IN IN i- < < a a co r~ co otNinf^rv^OOOO'-cv-OOOO'-O soiO'f <£> CO CO cm o ■jOh »■ 1 U> co co *- or (- LU < LU CD O a £ a 3 >- Z CD # > * + CM CO CD CD ^J in lOf-uiiNini^'-OOwOOOOOO'-OOO TOO^O in n oi n O 0) --con co ro in co co — — -*-**-*-#*-** + *+■■*■■* + + * + -** + + * + -► + + ■* + *■**-**■** + *■ + # en ro cc OMPtooinO'-n^f-oOOOO'-OOOO n in o-- O tp-^rM O O cm cx> ■*- in *- *- -- -g- r~- in in ^r -- cocoO cMr--C0'q-mcM--CMOOOO'-OOcMOOOOO co cm O co O O "^ CD t O cm t^rrn >» co to co cm »- *- o CO cr cm---- cMnr^-r~-iT)OcMO--OOcMOO'-000- , -00 — in O in O "- CO co room O CD -* -~ I5h to ■» o in - cm -- -- cm ro en --n-^- — CM--C0--OO--OO--OOOOOO-- ro o O ro O 0) n ip CD O O Oco-- co t t -- -- -- 1- < < a a ll Lu O o LU a H UJ < CO D £ D > Z CQ csco'a- OoiincMininO'-OOOO'-'-'-OOOO'-O co cd o co -- t co i- --OO cm co co -- ton ^ n n ^ oi Of IP u>r-iX)CM^^-cMCMOOcMOOOOOO--000 i 0) O in O conn co O O DO) D CD CM CD CO CO -- CM ro t^- cd --CD'-Tnincot^^-^r'rrcMCMCMCMCM Oco-- t n n cn im -- CD CD CM r~ r- O CD -- co O r- icn co + + + ■*■*** cc O cp r~ O CD ■»- CM CD O CO CM i- t- *- a I LU r- X r- CO \ < 1- O w or LU > co h- < > ►H D I- Z CJ < < _J I- LU z o: LU < i- a. < a a < o z -i m or o o a z o o < oo or i- ■ D O 3 ll LU < Z Z (J D LU > < Z < O -J 0. < Z LU < < or < 3 O >-N D > Z O Z D Q < Z < Z Z 3 M S < < < < hH y: or i-i _i _i z < lu-j;j_jo;_j lu q:nn<2Q:2<:_j-i Q Q O LU LU LU z z z ■ • > 3 3 3 D. 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" o c " O r- I- QO _ QQ ■?< ^ O oo On -^ u z +-> 1/3 s z a. « Ph Q is u w w 4) I •<-» 93 09 -•-* OS OO -a > a> < -4^ OS •F* H e « P 3 l/N ■ Q Q 2 5 2 | || | || -< -t \D ^ c ^ *o j£ r^ r-^ I — I — r^ r— ■ t/) \ \ \ \ *N \ D ^ ^ f^ Ci M W •O T O "1 *£> NO — * 0O IT? CT<" — Tf" r"i "1 ^ ^ ^ (*) ■ ■ • f^T c*! 1 m Q Q Q < o -a u .a i I 33 5 Z -b E S < > ■* P JJ'S 2 oc 4 x § s l £ 00^ ■° = M 2 IS § a" Ki P E £ >, > £ ■ W c > U . bO > "^ > .s u 5 ■- > > u o E OJ c y b * >2 G J; qj ' 60 — — ' £ C -C C _oj 'g oo o ■ _ -a o iioooo| E "5 E E E ll "E. < es. 262,111 [45] «, Dec. 1, 1981 [54] PORTABLE RADIO [75] Inventors: Iwao Nakajima, Ikoma; Sadayoshi Azuma, Hirakata, Kunio Hoshioo, Katano; Benito Mishiro, Sakai, all of [73] Assignee: Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Kadoma, Japan [*•] Term: 14 Years [21] Appl. No: 158,090 [22] Filed Jun. 10, 1980 [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Dec. 20, 1979 [JP] Japan 54-53697 [51] Iat. Q D14— 03 [52] U.S. a D14/70 |58] Field of Search D14/1, 5, 6, 68, 70-76 [56] References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS D. 247,780 4/1978 Kawano D14/70 D 251,493 4/1979 Hamada D14/70 D 252.992 9/1979 Hamada el al DI4/70 D. 256,359 8/1980 Taguchi et al D14/70 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Best Products 1979 Buyer's book #122-C, ©1978. p 325, items "G & H ", Panasonic Radios RF567 & RF597 Primary Examiner — Jane E. Corrigan Attorney. Agent, or Firm — Sughrue, Mion. Zinn, Macpeak and Seas [57] CLAIM The ornamental design for a portable radio, as shown DESCRIPTION FIG 1 is a front, top and right side perspective view of a portable radio showing our new design; FIG 2 is a rear, bottom and left side perspective view thereof; FIG 3 is a front elevational view thereof, FIG 4 is a top plan view thereof; FIG 5 is a rear elevational view thereof; and FIG 6 is a right side elevational view thereof. A B — H ■J K Key : A - Design Patent Number. B - Issue or Grant Date. The term of the patent (F), the length of time of patent protection, begins on the issue date. 228 C - Last Name of the Inventor. If there is more than one inventor, the inventor named first is listed here. D - Title. The title must accurately describe the nature of the design. E - Inventor(s). The full name, city, and state or country of each in- ventor are given. If the patent is unassigned, the full address of each inventor is given. E - Assignee. The assignee is the company, organization, or individual to whom the inventor's rights to the patent are assigned. The city and state or country of the assignee are given. F - Term. The term of the patent indicates the number of years for which patent protection is afforded. While the term of all design patents is now 14 years, prior to October 1, 1982, terms of 3-1/2, 7 or 14 years could be designated. F - Application Number and Date. Each design application is assigned an application or serial number and a filing date which indicates the date the application was received in the PTO. F - Foreign Application Priority Data. Applicants who file in the United States may be entitled to the benefit of the filing date of a prior application in a foreign country. If requirements for benefit have been met, the foreign country, application date and application num- ber will appear on the front page of the design patent. G - Classification and Search Information. "Int. CI." indicates the International Patent Classification; "U.S. CI." indicates the U.S. Classification, i.e., the class/subclasses which contain copies of the patent. The "Field of Search" indicates the classes and sub- classes within the Design Patent Classification System where the De- sign Patent Examiner searched to compare the claimed design to de- signs shown in previous patents or publications. H - References Cited. The front page lists references which were cited by the Design Patent Examiner or the applicant to show the state-of- the-art or to indicate the prior art most closely related to the orn- amental design which is claimed in the application. The front page also includes the name of the Design Patent Examiner and attorney for the applicant. I - Claim. A single claim drawn to the ornamental design for the arti- cle, as shown and described, is set forth. J - Description. The patent contains a brief written description of each drawing or view. Since the ornamental design which is claimed is normally completely shown in the drawings, detailed descriptions are neither necessary nor permitted. K - Drawing. A representative drawing is shown on the front page. 229 TABLE A-l DESIGN APPLICATIONS AND GRANTS 1842-1982 DESIGNS Year Applications Grants 1842 (1) 1 1843 14 1844 12 1845 17 1846 59 1847 60 1848 46 1849 49 1850 83 1851 90 1852 109 1953 86 1854 57 1855 70 1856 107 1857 113 1858 102 1859 108 1860 183 1861 142 1862 195 1863 176 1864 139 1865 221 1866 294 1867 325 1868 446 1869 506 1870 737 1871 905 1872 884 1873 747 1874 886 1875 915 1876 802 1877 699 1878 590 1879 592 1880 634 515 1881 678 565 1882 948 861 1883 1238 1020 1884 1230 1150 1885 862 773 1886 645 595 1887 1041 949 1888 917 835 1889 857 723 DESIGNS Year Applications Grants 1890 1046 886 1891 1025 836 1892 1130 817 1893 1060 902 1894 1357 928 1895 1463 1115 1896 1828 1445 1897 2150 1631 1898 1843 1803 1899 2400 2139 1900 2225 1758 1901 2361 1734 1902 1170 640 1903 770 536 1904 818 557 1905 781 486 1906 806 625 1907 896 589 1908 1131 757 1909 1234 687 1910 1155 639 1911 1534 1010 1912 1850 1342 1913 2060 1683 1914 2454 1715 1915 2734 1545 1916 2684 1759 1917 2545 1512 1918 2234 1207 1919 3627 1523 1920 4660 2485 1921 5596 3277 1922 4763 1627 1923 3550 1927 1924 3635 2671 1925 4082 2824 1926 4343 2602 1927 4473 2387 1928 4761 3188 1929 4520 2907 1930 4182 2712 1931 4190 2937 1932 4345 2944 1933 3600 2411 1934 4399 2921 1935 5728 3866 1936 6478 4556 1937 7207 5137 1938 8084 5027 1939 7137 5593 DESIGNS Year Applications Grants 1940 8530 6145 1941 7203 6486 1942 4218 3728 1943 2986 2229 1944 5063 2916 1945 8066 3524 1946 10698 2779 1947 7644 2102 1948 7048 3968 1949 6998 4451 1950 6739 4718 1951 4279 4164 1952 4993 2959 1953 5450 2714 1954 5465 2536 1955 5764 2713 1956 4824 2977 1957 4714 2362 1958 4923 2375 1959 4879 2768 1960 4525 2543 1961 4714 2487 1962 4897 2300 1963 4968 2965 1964 5259 2686 1965 5413 3424 1966 4853 3188 1967 4744 3165 1968 5171 3352 1969 5496 3335 1970 5996 3214 1971 6211 3156 1972 5867 2901 1973 5425 4033 1974 5318 4304 1975 6292 4282 1976 7061 4564 1977 7258 3929 1978 7538 3862 1979 7519 3119 1980 7830 3949 1981 7375 4745 1982 8174 4944 1-No data available on applications for design patents for 1842-1879. 230 o w w pq X) CM ■ — i 3 in r^ — i r^ CM CM "M ON ■ ON ON ON ON CO m sO r^ r^ 6* o — 1 CM CM CM CM CO S-S Z o h-l H a 3 o 2 on x en ON m m X X H 7D o —1 1 i 1 I 1 x 3 CM in CM X -j- X in r~- lO ■ — i CM X CM r^ — i en CO • h-l ^s 1 i 1 1 1 3 m n x> vO CM i — i ON n cM 3 r>» CO r-» ^> r^ m On 63 3 d U~! ^4 i — < ON X n en ■ — 1 en r^ r~- O 00 tO r-^ X ON CM ■ O X ON 3 CM — i 3 CM a n 00 E-l H H 00 00 in o ON CM en On •tf ^r 3 vO ON O en <3- i — l ON i — i 00 m oo r-N - — 1 3 3 oo en lTN CM ON m 3 x> H en o en o X r>* -d- CO • h-l vO 3 LH X CO CM oo NO SO sO v£> vO vO sO p*» r»» (^ r> i** p>. h» h. r»N P^ CO 00 00 ON ON ON ON ON ON On ON ON On ON ON ON On CJN ON On ON On ON ON ON ON ON X ON ON n ON o '4-1 X CO ed > CO 4J O C cu u CO c •H DO •H M O Jn x ed 4-1 CO T3 d o •H •u CS CJ CX a cd c bC ■H co a) Q 231 TABLE A- 3 DESIGN PATENTING BY RESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, PUERTO RICO, AND OTHER AREAS UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG 1961-1982 State 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Alabama 10 5 5 7 5 9 6 7 6 11 21 Alaska - - - - - - - - - 1 - Arizona 5 12 15 4 16 16 17 12 12 19 12 Arkansas 2 4 3 4 1 2 8 4 5 7 1 California 297 335 428 366 516 467 461 480 480 459 424 Colorado 26 30 32 15 27 47 47 25 32 42 37 Connecticut 79 75 116 85 106 116 112 100 109 94 99 Delaware 8 3 3 2 9 10 6 10 11 8 4 Dist. of Col. 4 5 9 6 9 23 9 8 6 5 5 Florida 52 34 45 49 40 61 48 40 58 51 57 Georgia 13 23 9 8 22 22 24 32 17 22 14 Hawaii 1 1 1 12 1 - 1 - 1 4 1 Idaho 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 6 5 22 Illinois 304 247 323 281 333 334 301 285 282 273 246 Indiana 48 41 50 38 70 55 50 84 35 48 70 Iowa 17 19 13 32 31 27 25 23 21 24 28 Kansas 14 13 21 27 20 37 31 27 28 33 20 Kentucky 16 16 13 23 22 11 20 17 13 16 38 Louisiana 4 2 4 4 11 7 11 10 3 10 12 Maine 6 2 1 5 3 3 - 1 1 3 3 Maryland 26 35 34 37 34 30 26 32 26 34 25 Massachusetts 63 67 96 98 94 88 61 80 97 79 89 Michigan 177 167 184 142 198 176 141 150 156 142 127 Minnesota 50 39 75 54 80 72 94 84 84 89 74 Mississippi 4 2 3 3 1 5 3 1 4 3 5 Missouri 51 43 50 46 67 57 55 46 56 42 36 Montana - 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 - 7 2 Nebraska 5 3 6 ., 4 6 7 5 3 8 11 9 Nevada 2 2 3 2 2 3 7 5 10 7 1 New Hampshire 5 2 2 6 4 7 3 3 3 12 3 New Jersey 147 119 119 135 197 132 185 180 151 153 157 New Mexico 4 1 5 1 3 5 11 2 18 6 4 New York 380 329 444 401 503 444 378 499 459 374 342 North Carolina .16 20 45 35 33 30 36 39 45 62 32 North Dakota 2 - 1 4 2 2 2 - 5 - - Ohio 159 135 193 198 243 211 235 209 242 174 193 Oklahoma 9 9 11 14 34 12 12 23 34 24 18 Oregon 20 9 10 10 7 15 25 24 26 17 12 Pennsylvania 107 118 157 114 168 160 150 140 128 114 109 Rhode Island 32 19 29 39 33 34 26 37 36 26 34 South Carolina 4 2 4 6 6 4 10 10 17 10 6 South Dakota - - 2 2 5 3 2 1 - 10 - Tennessee 8 13 8 22 9 23 17 15 20 12 21 Texas 42 46 50 51 63 46 68 58 74 45 81 Utah 1 2 3 1 1 1 5 17 9 17 13 Vermont - 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 Virginia 10 24 20 19 28 40 27 23 25 19 24 Washington 16 18 20 10 26 17 10 29 13 30 49 West Virginia 3 4 1 4 4 5 6 12 7 7 5 Wisconsin 77 62 74 72 83 79 57 61 52 43 56 Wyoming - 4 1 1 2 5 4 3 - 2 - Puerto Rico - 2 - - - 4 - 1 1 - 1 Other* 3 - - — _ — - 1 — — 2 *0ther includes Virgin Islands, Canal Zone, Guam, American Samoa, and U.S. Army. 232 TABLE A- 3 (Cont.) DESIGN PATENTING BY RESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, PUERTO RICO, AND OTHER AREAS UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG 1961-1982 State 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Alabama 12 8 5 20 14 20 16 12 22 14 38 Alaska 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 - 1 - - Arizona 14 20 41 51 36 29 33 36 48 50 61 Arkansas 8 9 12 5 9 10 7 12 13 10 11 California 367 520 571 513 681 575 531 455 554 748 616 Colorado 25 46 54 54 70 66 46 38 56 77 59 Connecticut 87 109 100 161 165 97 104 101 115 91 86 Delaware - 4 3 8 10 8 3 - 7 5 3 Dist. of Col. 2 7 12 5 5 5 6 14 3 2 2 Florida 49 72 91 77 119 110 104 78 110 111 130 Georgia 25 23 21 32 29 23 29 36 33 47 38 Hawaii 1 2 3 2 3 4 2 4 2 8 2 Idaho 8 14 11 9 7 1 4 10 7 4 6 Illinois 247 354 292 267 312 247 224 180 247 241 240 Indiana 59 69 80 65 67 57 66 48 69 59 68 Iowa 20 31 39 38 29 27 40 27 23 41 28 Kansas 22 38 42 50 39 25 19 13 20 43 22 Kentucky 41 21 16 23 16 14 27 24 14 12 21 Louisiana 10 20 21 16 25 18 10 9 24 17 13 Maine - 4 2 2 5 - 7 4 6 9 7 Maryland 36 64 48 32 61 56 66 34 51 31 65 Massachusetts 78 114 95 93 135 95 93 87 127 108 110 Michigan 127 168 134 169 138 131 99 82 132 143 132 Minnesota 47 97 111 93 69 70 140 62 102 80 100 Mississippi 2 1 5 1 4 3 4 17 13 9 2 Missouri 41 51 44 61 59 46 64 36 66 48 47 Montana 2 2 5 3 - 1 1 1 3 6 5 Nebraska 16 12 15 11 9 23 15 8 14 17 17 Nevada 1 10 4 8 8 12 9 13 3 14 17 New Hampshire 3 8 14 12 8 5 10 13 8 10 10 New Jersey 132 169 202 184 187 123 147 121 149 207 224 New Mexico 1 2 6 3 12 6 2 2 5 2 4 New York 426 463 476 440 418 345 350 276 311 419 369 North Carolina 27 50 56 43 74 39 53 47 68 93 93 North Dakota 4 2 9 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 7 Ohio 118 199 251 229 204 188 182 124 167 202 191 Oklahoma 30 26 37 39 49 35 14 17 26 37 30 Oregon 15 38 28 26 17 31 32 17 39 27 56 Pennsylvania 85 149 114 122 165 112 82 116 78 121 112 Rhode Island 19 48 41 40 57 33 41 25 30 35 31 South Carolina 4 11 10 7 11 13 13 10 12 15 19 South Dakota 2 2 3 4 8 2 3 - 4 6 3 Tennesse 10 23 45 29 26 32 32 42 33 37 28 Texas 43 92 102 147 126 122 117 105 99 134 125 Utah 14 20 19 30 5 13 16 14 16 15 27 Vermont - 3 1 4 2 3 6 4 9 19 8 Virginia 32 43 50 51 31 50 41 21 36 47 38 Washington 44 31 48 40 43 45 48 26 32 36 36 West Virginia 4 5 3 1 1 10 4 4 4 3 3 Wisconsin 46 74 96 95 67 63 76 38 45 53 81 Wyomi ng - - 2 5 7 5 3 4 5 1 3 Puerto Rico 1 - 8 2 1 2 7 1 1 2 2 Other* 2 - 1 4 5 - - - 1 - - )ther includes Virgin Islands, Canal Zone, Guam, American Samoa, and U.S. Army. 233 TABLE A-4 DESIGN PATENTING BY RESIDENTS OF SELECTED FOREIGN COUNTRIES* 1961-1982 COUNTRY 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Argentina - - 1 - 2 1 - - - - 4 Australia 1 2 8 1 9 7 4 2 2 9 6 Austria 3 5 5 1 4 1 2 7 5 3 1 Belgium 2 1 3 - 6 2 - 2 5 1 4 Bolivia — - - - - - - 1 - - 1 Brazil - 1 - - - 1 3 2 1 3 1 British W. Indies - - - - - - 1 2 - - Canada 21 22 32 40 38 31 30 60 77 85 86 Chile - - - - 1 - - - 1 - China (Taiwan) - - - - - - - - - 1 1 Colombia - - - - 1 - 1 - - - _ Congo - - - - - - - - - 1 - Czechoslovakia - 1 - - - - - - 4 - Denmark 6 4 6 2 5 6 12 3 7 5 10 East Germany - - - - - - - - - - - Ecuador - - - - - - - - 1 - _ Finland 1 2 2 3 2 5 France 11 4 9 19 13 22 23 24 27 34 36 Greece - - 1 - - - - - - - - Hong Kong - - 2 3 2 1 4 4 7 9 14 Hungary - - - - - - - - - - - Iceland - - - - - - - - - - 1 Indonesia - - - - - - - - - - - Ireland - - - - 2 - - - 2 - - Israel - - - - 1 2 - - 2 - - Italy 6 3 5 4 15 14 23 38 17 24 25 Japan 22 7 45 19 25 20 81 72 72 94 120 Lebanon - - - - - - - - - 1 - Liechtenstein 1 1 1 1 Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - - Mexico - 3 1 - - - 5 2 2 1 1 Monaco - - - - - - - - - - 1 Morocco 1 Netherlands 2 3 3 - 6 5 8 18 14 10 18 New Zealand - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 2 1 Norway - - 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 Peru - - - 1 2 - - - 2 Philippines - - 1 2 - - 1 2 - - 2 Portugal - - 1 - - 1 - - 3 1 - Singapore - - - - - - 1 - - - - South Africa 1 - 1 2 2 1 1 6 3 - 1 South Korea - - - - ' - - - - - - 1 Spain - - - 2 5 1 3 3 1 4 8 Sweden 4 3 11 3 10 5 9 8 8 23 6 Switzerland 13 14 16 12 24 16 8 14 20 12 10 Thailand - - - - - - - - 2 3 - USSR - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 United Kingdom 26 29 42 45 48 43 65 73 82 Ill 76 Uruguay - - - 1 - - - - - - - Venezuela — — 3 - — — — — — — — West Germany 35 28 18 22 20 32 36 46 32 61 62 Yugoslavia — — "" ™ ~ 1 ~ — — — * *Table A-4 does not include countries where residents received less than 3 U.S. Design patents during the years 1961-1982. 234 TABLE A- 4 (Cont.) DESIGN PATENTING BY RESIDENTS OF SELECTED FOREIGN COUNTRIES* 1961-1982 COUNTRY 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Argentina 1 2 - 1 - 1 1 - 2 - - Australia 9 12 17 11 16 23 38 29 33 46 74 Austria 2 1 6 2 4 29 9 2 1 3 8 Belgium 1 4 11 8 14 15 11 3 17 14 9 Bolivia - - - 1 2 - - - - - - Brazil - - 1 3 1 1 1 - - - 4 British W. Indies Canada 77 103 88 76 86 106 82 74 107 134 162 Chile - - - - - 1 1 - - - - China (Taiwan) - - - 2 2 - 3 1 6 6 11 Colombia - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - Congo - - - - 8 - - - - - - Czechoslovakia 1 1 Denmark 7 10 16 19 17 10 20 11 11 8 12 East Germany - - - - - - 1 - - - 3 Ecuador - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - Finland 2 7 6 10 15 4 11 4 13 15 25 France 35 46 43 66 97 69 42 61 58 86 94 Greece 3 2 Hong Kong 9 7 11 11 25 20 8 17 22 34 50 Hungary - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 Iceland 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - Indonesia - - - - - - - - - - 3 Ireland 1 2 2 2 3 1 - - 4 1 1 Israel 1 1 2 5 2 - 2 2 3 1 2 Italy 27 31 61 51 37 38 27 26 40 45 45 Japan 147 218 227 235 237 243 257 195 265 341 482 Lebanon - - - 2 - - - - - - - Liechtenstein - - - - - - - - - 1 - Luxembourg - - - 2 1 - - - 3 8 - Mexico 1 - 7 5 9 1 7 2 2 3 8 Monaco - 1 1 - - - - - - - - Morocco - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - Netherlands 12 16 18 16 21 14 13 5 19 18 24 New Zealand - - - 1 3 1 3 4 6 7 10 Norway 3 14 8 5 8 8 4 1 7 4 8 Peru 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - Philippines 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - Portugal - - - - - - - - 1 - 6 Singapore - - - - 1 2 - - - - - South Africa 2 3 6 4 1 5 3 2 4 4 - South Korea 1 1 1 1 3 Spain 5 2 8 4 7 5 4 8 6 1 7 Sweden 8 31 60 85 110 71 62 62 71 88 117 Switzerland 21 25 31 28 29 45 21 25 23 40 50 Thailand - - - - - - - - 1 - - USSR - 1 1 3 3 2 - 6 3 9 2 United Kingdom 60 77 104 90 83 88 96 59 73 109 127 Uruguay - - - - - - - - - 19 22 Venezuela - - 1 - - 1 1 1 - - 2 West Germany 56 65 63 95 66 65 80 47 77 122 120 Yugoslavia - 1 2 - - - - - 1 1 1 *Table A-4 does not include countries where residents received less than 3 U.S. Design patents during the years 1961-1982. 235 0*ioOinOnonOOiSOcoO"J(»nOOOOtNOO"JO)0000'»OOniliOOOO'»nO'-0'-OnOoiOOOOOO »- cn -- to — coin cn m OOOO-OOOOOOOOnOOCNOJOOOOOOOOmOOOOO-OOnOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOco LO OidO'-OO'-OmOOOOuOO'J'JO^OOOOOiIUlOOOOOitO^OOOOOOnO'-OO'-ltOOOOOOOO cm co co -- T OOOOOOO — CMOO^Oii)OO^rr~-OOOOOOOnOOOO^OlDOOOOOOOO^O^OOO^OOOOiX)OOr- -- CN y- *t OOOOOOOOOOOOO-OOOrJOOOOOOO^-OOOOO-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO *- CD OfflMO^OONnOO'-OfflOOtNOOOOOOOnOOOOO'-^OOOOOOO'-O'-OOOOO'OOOOOO'- CN CO "— I- OO)OOO'--^'-OOOr)OLnOmojr-OOOOOCM-^'-CMOOOOCN^-OO-^OOOOOC0O- r -OOOC*)OO'-O'^OO^ ■r- cn sr f- m i- co CD T Ooi'O'-O'-OoiOOnOinOOiSiOOOOOOOffinOOOOtli'OOOOOOOconOOOOOnOOOO^OOin T- cn co -- co r~- cm co cn »- on Q CQ y) ■.0 h- C z □ LU h- -1 T a O Q Z u CD CO O LU Q D U CN D o D Z C r— o D D Dj OccnOOOiOOtOO-O'-On'-OlO'OOOOOiIl'-OO'OoiOO'-OOOOOnoiOOOOOOOO'-OltOOLP t- CN ^Jf t- CM CM '-CN 111 ^CJ)nOt~-OOOtN'-Ot---Oc\iOCNir)Ol'-0'-OOCN^OCNi'-000'*'-'-rncNO'-OOcO'-O^OOOLnOOOOOOOco t- com i- co rr *- -r- LD co OlBOOOO-OnOO'-OWOinoHDOOOOOOO^OOOOOninO'fOOOOtlOO'-OO^OOOOOOOOS) »- co -- cm co co cs c\ ^r Or^-^OnOnO'-OOr^OcO'-cNCD^-OOOOO'-Oco^OO^OOcNO'-OOOOOr-'-O'-OOO'-O'-'-O'-OOr^ -- co cm -- -- co co t- --in cn-- r- in '-(SMOlsO'-O'-OOOlOcoOiniB'OOOOOOOWtOOlIiO'JOlOPUCClOOOr-OOOO'-OiBOOO'-O'-Of co ■s- co in r^ co cn con co CD CN OCNCNOOO^OOOOOO^rOOcDCNOOOOOOO--r^OOOO^CC)0^00000 T -CNOOOOOOOO^OOOOr) CM OlDOCnO'-OlO^NOooOO^fflOOOOOOO^roOO'-OnriO"OO^OCMiDOMO'-OOOOOOPIOOffl CO oiMNO'-'-nOOOO'-OiliO'rOlcoOOOOOO'-n'-OOOO'-'-O^nOOOOt'JOOOOOiNOOOOOO'-n --CD CN T CO CM O CT> OOOOOOOOOOOOO'-OO'-OOOOOOOOO^OOOOOCNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO in ^-v o Z z > Q > ►— ' < z '.:■ Z LU 3 < Z < 1- < < s o t— * £ LU 00 z « < a z < ^ or or z H-i _l < £ K LU O <-, y or Q LU > Q O D LU H < "-> < 13 _J~ C5 y cn or O a z UJ o lu or z a z — i K Z or or £ " M < UJ £ < H Li j D < CJ U < < < < < LU >- Z X LU f- h < (3 N z 1- o -J 3 £ CL h- < _l ZHLu(3JmOJ< _i < o O oo i/i I _l < l-H oo Z »— < -J Z >- KH D Z < ooluZluoZluot < CL LU ttDD < mai < o X O LU CD z o ^-H a LuOTDOZi-'Oroo H < I-* < < < CD CD OQ u LU I o u a UJ 3 LU u. u. 3C3I«»Wn« " "0 -1 00 Q 00 < 13 a Z uj lu or z < z or Z) < -J w -I O o o _i < a < y oiood;q.i3 Z < LU < < < < i-H < or u JQU _l > u< i-Hooyoror Z lu < or < 1J — 1 l/> LU [jjljcjlx2IQhH>ooEi-ioocj3 < H O 1- > cc H Z 3 00 LU o _) o _1 13 c 1- D CD Z Z < < UJ _l* 1- • Z -I < X LU < t- H- LU t- v> lu or o ZUH ■* 236 < t ir> ie cm in r~- in r- ■*- »- ■"-cMco-'-cMoitccoro r^ o "- t co cm ■* i— cm *- in ^f in CM f- (£> "^ CM IT) o *- i h- CM OlOOOOOOOOOOOOO'-O-'-niOOOOOOOOnOOi^O^lCOO'-OOOO'd-'-O-^OOOOOO^OOOOoo 05 t O •>- CMOOOOOOOOOOOOOcDOO-CNOOOOOOO-^OOOOOOO'-OOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOn 05 *- r- D OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO LD CM D r-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO-JOOOOOOOOOOOOOr- ^r co co D fOlBOOOO'-OOOO'-OnOiNiNifiOOO'-OOONUOOOOOtOOOOOOO^OO'-OOOOOOOOOOOffl CO *- t- 05 Q CM nOOOOOOOOOOOOO-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOifl co Q tMOtOOOOOOnOOOOTOOOnOOOOOOOCMOOOOO — OIOoJOOOOOt^^-OOOOOOOOOOOOOCD CO CM UJ O CM E UJ o L^ u LU *■* or 10 1 _i < < Z LU Cr < O i- OOCNOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOCNOOOOOaiOO-OOOOmOOOOOOOOOOOO-Ot- co ■>- co Q CJ OlOOOOOOOOOOO'-O^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOLT cm ' co D ooO-^OOOOOOr-OO^OcMOO'-OOOOOO'^OtNOlOOOOr-M-OOOOOOOlflCMOOOOOOOOOOOOO^r cm *~ t- cm ■>- i- OJ a t r^OOCMOOOOOOOO^OinOOcocMOOOOOOO-a-coOO-^OOcMOOOOOOOroinOOOOOOOO-^OOOOir CM CO CM CM Q CM ItO'-OOOOOOWOOOOnOlfflraOOOOOOOffllliOO'-OtNOlOOOOOOOn'-OOOOOOOOOOOOOO cm n *- i- n *- in a in iDOO)OOnOOOOOOnOinOOnnOOOOOOOO^OO'-0"O r OO»00(I1^0'0'OOOOOOOOOai cm i- -r- en cm O Q r- ■-i Dhh CJ Q o Q CJ z t— I o; d Q O Z UJ LU Q < CJ a h < _J z > i-i 3 2 < OZOhd: DDL. 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Data for other years are incomplete, as further explained on page 227. 240 APPENDIX B PUBLICATIONS BY THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST Copies of the publications listed below are available from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 5285 Port Royal Rd. Springfield, Virginia 22161 (703) 487-4650 When ordering from NTIS, please give the publication title and its "COM" or "PB" number. Most reports are also available on microfiche at a cost of $4.50 per report - domestic, $9.00 per report - foreign. Please note that prices are subject to change without notice. * DESIGN PATENTS , 1983* PB 83-224063; Cost: Domestic - $15.50; Foreign - $31.00 Compiles all available statistics on design patents granted in the United States. Analyzes trends, and identifies the origins and owner- ship of U.S. design patents. Profiles major divisions within the de- sign patent file, and identifies most active design areas. Includes selected patent front pages from each class in the Design Classifica- tion System. * Industrial Robots: A Survey of Foreign and Domestic U.S. Patents , August 1982 PB 82-169269; Cost: Domestic - $95.00; Foreign - $190.00 Analyzes 212 U.S. patents disclosing industrial robot technology, in- cluding control and positioning, programming and motion systems, sen- sors, and grippers. Includes patent front pages and the first pages of the specification, arranged by technology. Discusses countries and companies most active in U.S. patenting of robotics. Includes micro- fiche containing the full text of 212 robot patents. * Industrial Patent Activity in the United States, Parts 1 and 2 , April 1983 PB 83-213413; Cost: Domestic - $40.50; Foreign - $81.00 This two-part publication gives information about the activity, owner- ship and national origin of patents granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark. Office. It identifies those U.S. and foreign organizations, e.g., corporations, government agencies and universities, which have been most active in the U.S. Patent System during the years 1969- 1982. Yearly updates of this publication are expected. Each part, described on the next page, may be purchased separately. *Also available from GPO. See page 245. 241 Industrial Patent Activity in the United States, Part 1 - Time Series Profile by Company and Country of Origin, 1969-1982, April 1983 PB 83-169094; Cost: Domestic - $25.50; Foreign - $51.00 Part 1 shows the relative levels of patenting by all nations active in the U.S. Patent System and gives yearly counts of patents attributed to corporate, government and unaffiliated, e.g., "independent" inven- tors. It identifies companies having 10 or more patents in the 1969- 1982 period, and ranks them in terms of total 14-year patent re- ceipts. Patent activity for each year is profiled by both patent grant date and patented application filing date. Industrial Patent Activity in the United States, Part 2 - Alphabetical Listing by Company, 1969-1982, April 1983 PB 83-169102; Cost: Domestic - $19.50; Foreign - $39.00 Part 2 is an alphabetical list of more than 20,000 U.S. and foreign organizations receiving at least three patents during the period 1969- 1982. Included for each organization is the total patent count for the 14-year period. PATENT PROFILES These publications survey the U.S. patent activity in specific areas of selected, high-interest technologies. Each profile: * identifies the technology area examined * illustrates its U.S. patent activity in graphic and tabular form * lists the owners of patents granted in the technology from January 1969, giving the patent numbers and titles * ranks owners holding the most patents in the area * identifies independent inventors of patents granted since January 1975, giving patent numbers, titles and addresses * PATENT PROFILES - Biotechnology: 1982 Update ,* September 1983 PB 83-240937; Cost: Domestic - $15.50; Foreign - $31.00 Profiles the patent activity in six areas of biotechnology involving enzymes and microorganisms, their use in the synthesis of certain products, and their preparation or modification. Includes an analysis of legal decisions which have affected the patenting of biotechnology processes and products. Lists recent foreign patent documents which disclose genetic engineering. Includes front pages of recent patents and selected patents of interest. This publication includes a section which updates through 1982 the six biotechnology areas profiled in PATENT PROFILES -Biotechnology (PB-82-250820) . *Also available from GPO. See page 245. 242 * PATENT PROFILES - Microelectronics - II , January 1983* PB 83-1326613; Cost: Domestic - $15.50; Foreign - $21.50 The second in the series of profiles on microelectronics, this publi- cation covers two additional areas of the technology — Digital Logic Circuits and Semiconductor Memories. A third section — Speech Anal- ysis and Synthesis — examines an area dealing with a practical appli- cation of microelectronics technology. Includes front pages of 30 patents and briefly describes their particular significance in the art. Provides an analysis of organizational patenting patterns. * PATENT PROFILES - Microelectronics-I , February 1981* PB 81-179582, Cost: Domestic - $8.50 Foreign - $17.00 Profiles the patenting activity in two representative segments of microelectronics technology relating to integrated circuit structure and information processing devices, e.g., "CPU's." For patents issu- ing from January to October 1980, includes front pages, showing bibli- ographic information, an abstract of the disclosure, and a representa- tive drawing. Includes information about references cited during the examination period. * PATENT PROFILES-Solar Energy , January 1980* PB 80-190010, Cost: Domestic - $6.50 Foreign - $13.00 Profiles the patenting activity in five areas of technology using energy provided by the sun and in three areas using energy derived from other natural sources, such as wind, tide, wave, and geothermal. A cumulative profile of the five solar areas illustrates the dramatic growth in this field. * PATENT PROFILES-Synthetic Fuels , December 1979* PB 80-128572, Cost: Domestic - $6.50 Foreign - $13.00 Profiles the patent activity in ten areas of synthetic fuel technology dealing with the conversion of solid carbonaceous material to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. Starting materials include coal, oil shale, bituminous sands, wood and organic wastes. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST REPORTS * Tenth Report , November 1981* PB 82-215658; Cost: Domestic - $16.50; Foreign - $33.00 Updates the "Top 50" introduced in the Ninth Report. Reviews the U.S. patent activity of some of the largest European and Japanese foreign multinational corporations, over time, across technology and relative to one another. Provides an extensive review of the changing standards for computer software patentability, including the 1981 Supreme Court decision, and examines the impacts of such changes on a representative technology — seismic data processing. Demonstrates, using aerospace technology patenting as an example, how the patent file can be used as a source for historical, technical or bibliograph- ic data. *Also available from GPO. See page 245. 243 * Ninth Report , March 1979* PB 293380; Cost: Domestic - $16. 5U; Foreign - $33. 00 Presents "Top 50" most active technologies in three categories — Most Active, Fastest Growing, and Most Foreign-Active — for each of three broad groupings of technology — Chemical, Electrical and Mechanical. Examines trends in domestic patenting and independent inventor patent- ing. Includes an extensive review of patenting in "Ferrous Metal" technologies. Concludes with a discussion of two experiments in the transfer of "appropriate technology" to small businesses and develop- ing countries. * Eighth Report , December 1977* PB 276375; Cost: Domestic - $13.50; Foreign - $27.00 Reviews U.S. patenting in the context of domestic vs. international patenting and analyzes the balance of patenting between the United States and other countries. Presents a study demonstrating the use of patents and the patent file as a unique technological resource. Con- cludes with an in-depth analysis of patent activity in geophysical exploration for hydrocarbons. * Seventh Report , March 1977* PB 265792; Cost: Domestic - $18.00; Foreign - $3b.0O Reviews historical patenting and trademark registration trends, and includes the most extensive collection of historical U.S. patent data ever presented in a single publication. Uses data relating to patents granted by foreign nations for a study of invention sources. Uses pending patent application data for forecasting. Presents brief re- views of 16 technologies experiencing high overall or foreign patent activity. Concludes with the series' most comprehensive assessment of activity in a given technology, specifically in computer memories. * Sixth Report , June 1976 PB 254188; Cost: Domestic - $16.50; Foreign - $33.00 Reviews 15 technologies with unusually high foreign activity and 22 technologies with high overall activity. Updates the 1973 reports on patent activity in solar energy, and adds reports on the use of waste material or wind for energy generation. Presents comparisons of pat- enting to R&D expenditures and R&D manpower allocations in six select- ed industries. The report concludes with a review of the six most often cited patents in 1975, five U.S. and one foreign patent. * Fifth Report , August 1975 COM 75-11142; Cost: Domestic - $15.00; Foreign - $30.00 Reviews 60 technological areas, not previously reported on, experienc- ing a high level of overall activity or of foreign activity. Presents patent activity data in categories corresponding to 3b Product Fields of the Standard Industrial Classification System. *Also available from GPO. See page 245. 244 Fourth Report: A Review of Patent Ownership , January 1975 COM 75-10050; Cost: Domestic - $13.50; Foreign - $27.00 Identifies the 73 corporations and government agencies which received 500 or more patents during the five year period 19b9-1973, and reviews and compares their patent activity across the spectrum of technology. Also reviews in terms of patent ownership, the patent activity during the same period in nuclear energy technology and oil shale and coal gasification technology. Third Report , June 1974 COM 74-11383; Cost: Domestic - $16.50; Foreign - $33.00 Presents an overview of the technological activity, across all tech- nologies, of a group of selected foreign countries and a group of se- lected U.S. states. Extends energy area treatments to include oil shale and coal gasification technologies. Reviews additional technol- ogical areas having a high level of overall activity. Early Warning Report , December 1973 COM 74-10150; Cost: Domestic - $22.50; Foreign - $45.00 Spotlights those technological areas experiencing a high level of overall activity or of foreign activity. Reviews patent activity in a number of energy areas, including nuclear, solar, geothermal, and tide, wind and wave energy. Initial Publication , May 1973 COM 73-10767; Cost: Domestic - $12.00; Foreign - $24.00 Describes OTAF program and gives sample reports on 24 wide-ranging areas of technology in varying levels of detail. *N0TE: The following publications may also be obtained from: The Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Their identification numbers and costs are: Seventh Report , 003-004-00542-4; Cost: $4.25 Eighth Report , 003-004-00550-5; Cost: $3.75 Ninth Report , 003-004-00559-9; Cost: $4.00 Tenth Report , 003-004-00580-7; Cost: $7.00 PATENT PROFILES-Synthetic Fuels , 003-004-00566-1; Cost: $5.50 PATENT PROFILES-Solar Energy , 003-004-00568-8; Cost: $5.50 PATENT PROFILES-Microelectronics - I , 003-004-00574-2; Cost: $7.00 PATENT PROFILES-Biotechnology: 1982 Update (Order number and cost not available at time of printing) PATENT PROFILES-Microelectronics - II , 003-004-00595-5; Cost: $6.50 DESIGN PATENTS , (Order number and cost not available at time of print- ing) 245 APPENDIX C CUSTOM PATENT REPORTS FROM THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST OTAF's computerized base of data relating to the U.S. patent file in- cludes, at present: * all subclasses of the U.S. Patent Classification (USPC) System, and the classification within this System of all U.S. patents, including utility and design patents * the relationship of all utility subclasses in the U.S. Patent Classification System to 55 Product Fields and combinations of Product Fields in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System * the category of ownership at time of issue, e.g., U.S. Government, foreign government, U.S. corporation, foreign corporation, U.S. individual, foreign individual (for utility patents issued since 1963 and for design patents issued since 1977) * the country or state of residence of the inventor (for utility patents issued since 1963 and for design patents issued since 1977) * the date the application for patent was filed in the United States (for utility patents issued since 1967 and for design patents issued since 1977) the specific (i.e., named) ownership of all patents which, at time of issue, were owned by an organization (for utility patents issued since 1969 and for design patents issued since 1977) the patent title (for utility patents issued since 1969 and for design patents issued since 1977) the name and address of inventors of unassigned patents (for util- ity patents issued since 1975 and for design patents issued since 1977) the field of search and references cited in the examination lead- ing to the patent grant (for utility patents issued since 1975 and for design patents issued since 1977) Custom Patent Reports Data can be retrieved on the basis of any one or any combination of the factors listed above, manipulated on most any given basis and presented in a number of formats, e.g., lists, tables, graphs, and charts. This flexibility is illustrated in OTAF publications, such as Technology Assessment and Forecast Reports and PATENT PROFILES, and by the following excerpts from custom reports. Samples of standard format custom reports are available from OTAF. 247 Technology Profile Report This standard format multipart report uses most of the elements in OTAF's data base to provide a detailed patent profile of a specific technology or subject area. Information provided includes rate of patenting, origin of patenting, type of assignment, specific assignment, patent numbers and their titles, and names and addresses of "independent" inventors. There are four parts (parts A, B, C, & D) which comprise a complete report. Part A includes patenting activity percentages, and time-series distribu- tion by general assignment category and origin of patents, Part B is a ranked listing of organizations which shows counts of patents granted by both year of application filing and grant date, Part C lists organiza- tions alphabetically with patent numbers and titles, Part D gives the name and address of the inventors of patents assigned to individuals or unassigned at time of issue, and includes patent numbers and titles. This report can be tailored to specific needs. Excerpts from a Technol- ogy Profile Report on "Pacemakers" begin on page 250. Organizational Profile Report Pages 256 and 257 show excerpts from another of OTAF's standard format custom reports, the Organizational Profile. This report profiles patent activity across all of the classes and subclasses of the USPC System, and gives specific patent numbers and titles. The reports may be limited to specific classifications. Pages from a report on Atlantic Research Corporation are given as an example. This type of report can be prepared on the patents of any organization or grouping of organizations, or on the patents granted to the residents of any state or country or grouping of states or countries. Multi-Corporate Patent Activity Profile Like the above described Organizational Profile, this report also pro- files patent activity across the classes and subclasses of the USPC Sys- tem. Multi-Corporate Profiles may be limited to specific classifica- tions. In this report, the activity of up to eight organizations is pro- filed simultaneously, facilitating comparisons between organizations. Unlike the Organizational Profile, no patent numbers or patent titles are given. A sample page from a report on AT&T, Bell Labs, Teletype and Western Electric is shown on page 258. Enterprise Patenting Report Page 259 shows an excerpt from a standard format Enterprise Patenting Report on AT&T. Here, the number of patents per year per class is given for a parent company and its patenting subsidiaries. An optional part of this report lists all of the organizations considered under the enter- prise name and indicates the total number of patents held by each of them. 248 SIC Product Field Reports On page 260 is a listing of Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Product Fields for which a concordance exists with utility subclasses of the USPC System. Custom patent reports, such as the Technology Profile Report, can be prepared for any of these Product Fields. Other Standard Format Reports OTAF has developed the flexibility to prepare other standard format reports designed to meet the needs of a large number of users. These in- clude: * Corporate Patenting Report where patents of the designated organi- zation are given in numerical order, * Search and Citation Report which includes, for a designated classification or group of classifications, the number and origin of the references cited during the examination period leading to the grant of the patent, the U.S. references most frequently cited and the owner (assignee) of patents most frequently cited, and * Mailing Labels for inventors of unassigned patents. How to Obtain OTAF Custom Reports Contact OTAF to discuss the type of information you need. OTAF will assist you in determining the report content and format that best suits your needs, and provide you with a free estimate of its cost. If the terms are acceptable to you, the report will be prepared and forwarded to you, usually within seven working days. Costs All Custom Reports are provided on a cost reimbursable basis and billed through the National Technical Information Service to which payment is made by check, or charged to an NTIS deposit account or major credit card. These costs may vary widely — from as low as $75.00 for some forms of our standard format reports, to several thousand dollars for complex or large-scale treatments. The preparation of specially tailored reports, requiring extensive professional time, programming and/or computer time, is subject to the availability of OTAF resources. Whom to Contact Inquiries concerning OTAF publications/services are invited and should be directed to: Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Washington, D.C. 20231 Phone: (703) 557-2982 249 I UJ •h cu a) u u x c a) i— i w 3 O 4-> X co X 3 y n) « u n -H 4-) O (p jj TJ u o « K M H • x: h n ti O 4J tO 3 T3 O 4-1 X to d O CO B CO C I M > O O B o ■H x 4-1 y a " o CU 4-1 M •— I CO o CO -, J -H C y c > .2 • H 2 *! 5 ^ -H >j 4-1 4-1 4-. to y y co cu ft M CO .. g IH y B o X CO B 4-1 00 co i-» ftON -C M CD C 3 -H CD •4-1 O O >nO CD JJ •** O W 3 QJ O 3 H x 5 3 CO o 4-1 J3 CO CO X S ° CO -C CD X 1 3 CD CO CD CO U 1-4 O M u 3 XI >^ 4J •H CD y ■H 14-1 '-H O y CO CO 4-1 c CD 4-1 CO p, > O 4-) ■H J>i O c 4J M O ■H O CO " H 03 6 O^ a. 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Special thanks are extended to Patent and Trademark Office pro- fessional and technical personnel whose continuing input to the Technol- ogy Assessment and Forecast program is indispensable. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST STAFF John F. Terapane, PhD., Director Jane S. Myers, Program Director Mary Ellen Mogee , PhD., Senior Analyst James A. Peterson, Systems Analyst Susan B. Rifkin, Senior Analyst James Jeffrey Franklin, Analyst Margaret M. Gilbert, Data Control Technician Deneise S. Boyd, Secretary Judy Dickie, Secretary PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS FOR THIS PUBLICATION Charles A. Rademaker, Primary Examiner, Group 290 Jane S. Myers, Program Director, OTAF SPECIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY Larry Wheeler, Customer Services Division Conrad A. Bousquet, Classifier Joy Sobel, Clerk-Typist Carolyn Arrington, Program Analyst, Office of Patent Program & Documentation Control 261 ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1983 - 415-66!+ H o & 9 ~l A D D D 2 E t> S fl D D 1 WES C WERT BOOKBINDING Grantville, Pa. MAR, -APR. 1995 ': .'.. . :,