Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/bibliographyonflOOmavr C l UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE •John T. Connor, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director Bibliography on Flame Spectroscopy Analytical Applications 1800-1966 Compiled by R. Mavrodineanu Philips Laboratories A Division of North American Philips Company, Inc. Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. Prepared as a contribution to the program of the National Standard Reference Data System for the Office of Standard Reference Data National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 281 Issued February 23, 1967 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price $2.00 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards x provides measurement and technical information services essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation's scientists and engineers. The Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. 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This program was established in 1963 by the President's Office of Science and Technology, acting upon the recommen- dation of the Federal Council for Science and Technology. The National Bureau of Standards has been assigned responsibility for administering the effort. The general objective of the System is to coordinate and inte- grate existing data evaluation and compilation activities into a systematic, comprehensive program, supplementing and expanding technical coverage when necessary, establishing and maintaining standards for the output of the participating groups, and providing mechanisms for the dissemination of the output as required. The NSRDS is conducted as a decentralized operation of nationwide scope with central coordination by NBS. It comprises a complex of data centers and other activities, carried on in government agencies, academic institutions, and nongovernmental laboratories. The independent opera- tional status of existing critical data projects is maintained and encour- aged. Data centers that are components of the NSRDS produce compilations of critically evaluated data, critical reviews of the state of quantitative knowledge in specialized areas, and computations of useful functions derived from standard reference data. The primary output of the NSRDS — compilations and critical reviews — is to be published in a new series, called the National Standard Refer- ence Data Series, within the NBS publications program. However, it has become apparent that bibliographies, especially annotated and indexed bibliographies which are essential elements of the compilation and eval- uation process, have a substantial value of their own to the technical public. Plans have therefore been made to publish a number of specialized bibliog- raphies. Some of these will appear in the present NBS Miscellaneous Publication series or as NBS Technical Notes; others will be published and distributed through channels connected with their authors or co- sponsors. A. V. Astin, Director in Preface This collection consists of 5,113 references to works on flame spec- troscopy, selected with emphasis toward analytical measurements, and covers the period from about 1800 to 1966. The references are arbitrarily classified according to the following scheme: 1. Emission 1.1. Early papers (1800 to 1928) (503 references) 1.2. Books on analytical flame spectroscopy (14 references) 1.3. Theses (60 references) 1.4. Reviews (80 references) 1.5. Bibliographies (20 references) 1.6. Chapters in books and related material (65 references) 1.7. Fundamental papers (1173 references) 1.8. Instrumentation (401 references) 1.9. Analytical procedures (1987 references) 1.10. Less familiar flames (92 references) 2. Atomic absorption spectroscopy 2.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (353 references) 2.2. Hollow cathodes (87 references) 3. Electrical discharges having the aspect of combustion flames 3.1. RF discharges (154 references) 3.2. Plasma arcs (98 references) 3.3. Arc-and-spark-in-flame (26 references). In collecting the references assembled in this bibliography the author has made use of original publications and of abstracting publications such as Chemical Abstracts, Science Abstracts Section A, Biological Abstracts, Analytical Abstracts, Technical Abstract Bulletin of the Defense Documen- tation Center, Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Nuclear Science Abstracts, Cur- rent Chemical Papers (The Chemical Society, London), Metallurgical Ab- stracts, Ceramic Abstracts. An appreciable number of references were initially obtained from books and reviews; when possible these were veri- fied against the original work. When the original was unavailable or written in an unfamiliar language, the reference was checked with one of the abstracting publications mentioned above. The following libraries were used for this collection: Chemists' Club, Engineering Society, New York Academy of Medicine, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Philips Laboratories, and New York Public Library. The references are arranged in each section in alphabetical order by authors followed by the title of the work, always translated into English, by the complete bibliographical information, and whenever possible by the corresponding Chemical Abstract number. When it was considered neces- sary, brief introductory comments and subject indexes were provided at the corresponding sections. It is the intention of the author to continue the collection of references to works on flame spectroscopy and to publish periodically supplements to the present bibliography. He will therefore appreciate receiving construc- tive criticism and suggestions as well as corrections of the unavoidable errors always encountered in this type of publication, and in particular he requests the authors of papers pertaining to the field covered in this bibli- ography to send reprints or complete references of their works. This work was initiated through the interest, encouragement, and support of the National Bureau of Standards, Office of Standard Reference Data. It was financed jointly by the National Bureau of Standards under Contract No. CST-1343, and Philips Laboratories, a Division of North American Philips Company, Inc. iv It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and encouragement of S. A. Rossmassler of the National Bureau of Standards, and that of J. A. Hippie and R. C. Hughes of Philips Laboratories during the course of the work. The capable assistance of Mrs. A. Long in assembling, organizing, and checking the references, and of Miss Mary Ruth Bateman in editing and typing the manuscript is greatly appreciated. March 1966 R. Mavrodineanu Contents Page Foreword iii Preface iv Introduction vii 1. Emission 1.1. Early works 1 1.2. Books 13 1.2. Theses 13 1.4. Reviews 15 1.5. Bibliographies 17 1.6. Chapters in books and related material 18 1.7. Fundamental works 20 1.8. Instrumentation 53 1.9. Analytical procedures 64 1.10. Less familiar flames 125 2. Atomic absorption spectroscopy 2.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy 129 2.2. Hollow cathode discharge tubes 140 3. Electrical discharges having the aspect of combustion flames 3.1. The radio-frequency discharge 145 3.2. Plasma arcs 150 3.3. Arc-and-spark-in-flame 154 VI Introduction A glance at the subject index of Section 1.9, Analytical procedures, of this bibliography will show the diverse applications of the flame photo- metric method. Included in this section are methods for the analysis of numerous industrial, agricultural, biological, and geochemical materials. One result of this diversity of applications is that the publications are dis- tributed over a large number of journals, books, theses, etc. Dr. Mavrodineanu had compiled two earlier bibliographies on flame photometry (refs. 5 and 6 in sec. 1.5), covering the period up to early 1959. The present bibliography, compiled only seven years later, contains three times as many references as the earlier collections. This striking growth of the literature of flame photometry demonstrates that it remains an active field of study. The rapid expansion of this literature is especially evident in certain areas. For example, of the 353 references on atomic absorption spectrometry included in section 2.1, less than 10 percent were published before 1959, the date of Dr. Mavrodineanu's last previous bibli- ography. As was true of Dr. Mavrodineanu's earlier bibliographies, it is ex- pected that this publication will be of considerable assistance to the many scientists actively engaged in research on, or applications of flame photom- etry. M. Margoshes Spectrochemical Analysis Section.. NBS Institute for Materials Research vn Bibliography on Flame Spectroscopy Analytical Applications 1800-1966 R. Mavrodineanu Flame spectroscopy, especially in its analytical applications, continues to be an active field of study. Its literature is growing steadily, and the use of flame photometry in many specialized applications calls for a comprehensive indexed bibliography. This collection consists of 5,113 references to works on flame spectroscopy, selected with emphasis toward analytical measurements. It covers the period from 1800 to 1966. Subject indexes, keyed by number to the references cited, precede most of the sections. Key words: Flame, spectroscopy, analytical, emission, atomic absorption, electrical discharge, bibliography, indexed 1. Emission 1. 1. Early Works The 503 references assembled in this section constitute an inventory of earlier works on flame spectroscopy, published from about 1800 to 1928, when the basic contributions of Lun- degardh on analytical flame spectrophotometry were printed. An appreciable number of these papers constitute a fundamental contribution to the field of flame spectroscopy, and the limited means and often crude instrumentation available during this early period did not pre- vent the scientist from discovering basic phe- nomena on the excitation processes occurring in combustion flames. Among the assembled works the reader will find a large amount of truly original and invaluable scientific informa- tion, particularly in the papers of Bunsen, Kirchhoff, Gouy, Mitscherlich, de Watteville, Hartley, Liveing and Dewar, de Gramont, Reis, Smithells and Ingle, Eder and Valenta, Bois- baudran, Salet, et al. A brief index is provided to assist in the consultation of this section. Subject Index Flame reaction, temperature, electrical conductivity, ionization 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 72, 74, 95, 96, 110, 113, 122, 127, 131, 137, 138, 142, 149, 156, 157, 161, 173, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 199, 202, 215, 216, 217, 218, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 256, 257, 258, 261, 263, 265, 275, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291, 293, 294, 295, 298, 307, 314, 316, 317, 323, 324, 327, 328, 329, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 343, 361, 362, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 377, 384, 391, 392, 393, 398, 409, 410, 412, 413, 414, 416, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 426, 427, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 450, 451, 453, 459, 461, 462, 469, 472, 477, 486, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 498, 499, 501, 502, 503 Instrumental 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 63, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 91, 97, 111, 114, 123, 129, 130, 133, 162, 165, 179, 192, 205, 216, 223, 225, 226, 248, 251, 257, 274, 278, 280, 290, 331, 332, 333, 356, 360, 374, 375, 386, 387, 397, 408, 437, 451, 452, 454, 456, 466, 487 Aluminum 104, 174, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 213, 245, 311, 342, 378 Antimony 67, 71, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 279, 311, 342, 348, 465 Arsenic 67, 194, 197, 213, 468 Barium 10, 31, 70, 71, 75, 86, 104, 105, 119, 126, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 178, 183, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 245, 249, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 311, 318, 320, 326, 341, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 365, 370, 378, 415, 424, 436, 465, 473 Beryllium 52, 197, 204, 211, 365 Bismuth 42, 67, 104, 170, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 311, 320, 342. 355, 378, 417, 464, 465, 473 Boron 10, 42, 44, 107, 119, 176, 211, 236, 249, 254, 341, 348, 355, 390, 405, 424, 436, 458, 465 Bromine 153, 355, 405 Cadmium 67, 116, 120, 168, 173, 197, 204, 208, 211, 213, 320, 329, 330, 342, 378, 473, 474 Calcium 10, 31, 70, 75, 86, 104, 105, 119, 124, 126, 128, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 192, 194, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 231, 232, 233, 236, 245, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 299, 310, 320, 326, 342, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 362, 365, 370, 378, 388, 415, 436, 446, 465, 468, 473 Carbon 1, 7, 8, 9, 43, 109, 115, 117, 121, 136, 141, 143, 160, 196, 197, 201, 202, 235, 301, 302, 303, 306, 308, 309, 338, 355, 370, 376, 384, 424, 430, 436, 438, 439, 445, 448, 475, 478, 480, 482, 483, 484, 485, 500 Cesium 10, 15, 31, 32, 64, 66, 70, 86, 147, 150, 173, 178, 194, 195, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 252, 253, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 277, 291, 292, 294, 334, 378, 379, 380, 415, 421, 432, 433, 455, 465 Chlorine 3, 104, 153, 155, 325, 355, 405 Chromium 67, 104, 166, 170, 175, 178, 194, 196, 197, 210, 211, 310, 311, 312, 320, 341, 355, 378, 456, 464, 473 Cobalt 3, 10, 67, 104, 168, 173, 178, 191, 194, 196, 197, 204, 211, 310, 311, 312, 320, 342, 378, 470 Copper 10, 33, 42, 67, 71, 73, 98, 104, 105, 124, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 168, 170, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 236, 249, 260, 310, 311, 312, 320, 341, 342, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 365, 370, 378, 406, 407, 424, 428, 436, 443, 456, 464, 465, 473 Cyanogen 42, 102, 103, 196, 235, 301, 302, 303, 309, 355, 370, 384, 430, 434, 448, 476 Fluorine 42, 355 Gallium 47, 48, 49, 50, 178, 203, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 378 Germanium 204 Gold 34, 45, 67, 104, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 209, 211, 213, 355, 378, 464 Indium 67, 73, 178, 204, 209, 210, 211, 213, 378, 381, 382, 465, 494, 495 Iodine 153, 355, 405 Iridium 67, 194, 204, 208, 211, 213, 378 Iron 3, 10, 67, 104, 105, 124, 155, 168, 173, 175, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212, 219, 220, 221, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 310, 311, 312, 320, 321, 322, 345, 348, 355, 378, 456, 470, 473 Lanthanum 10, 70, 204, 213 Lead 10, 45, 67, 80, 81, 82, 173, 178, 194, 197, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 286, 310, 311, 342, 348, 355, 370, 378, 464, 465, 473, 481 Lithium 10, 12, 31, 70, 71, 75, 86, 98, 99, 101, 119, 129, 134, 139, 140, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 167, 168, 173, 178, 183, 194, 195, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 248, 255, 259, 261, 262, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 277, 292, 294, 297, 299, 300, 310, 311, 312, 319, 320, 326, 341, 354, 355, 357, 362, 370, 378, 394, 415, 428, 432, 433, 436, 448, 449, 455, 456, 460, 465, 467, 468, 471, 473, 478, 479, 497 Magnesium 73, 104, 118, 180, 194, 196, 197, 204, 210, 211, 213, 245, 300, 305, 310, 311, 313, 320, 326, 329, 330, 342, 344, 355, 365, 378, 465, 473, 474 Manganese 10, 42, 67, 76, 98, 104, 105, 168, 173, 175, 178, 194, 196, 197, 198, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 311, 312, 320, 326, 345, 348, 355, 358, 365, 370, 378, 424, 456, 464, 465, 470, 479 Mercury 67, 213, 320, 329, 330, 355, 378, 395, 474 Molybdenum 67, 213, 244, 341, 424 Nickel 3, 10, 67, 104, 175, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 209, 210, 211, 310, 311, 312, 315, 320, 342, 378, 470 Niobium 104 Nitrogen 155, 309, 320, 383, 384, 385 OH 304, 384 Osmium 67, 146, 170, 173 Palladium 67, 104, 204, 208, 211, 213, 378 Phosphorus 67, 78, 79, 112, 182, 194, 197, 200, 326, 348, 355, 359, 369, 404, 405, 424, 496 Platinum 67, 168, 170, 173, 197, 348 Potassium 10, 30, 32, 70, 71, 75, 86, 99, 105, 119, 120, 134, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 163, 172, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 253, 255, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 277, 291, 292, 294, 310, 311, 312, 320, 326, 334, 337, 341, 353, 354, 355, 357, 365, 370, 378, 379, 380, 389, 415, 428, 432, 433, 455, 457, 465, 467, 468, 471, 473, 497 Radium 157, 158, 159, 396 Rare earths 2, 10, 51, 70, 197, 211, 245, 264, 320 Rhodium 67, 211, 378 Rubidium 10, 31, 32, 65, 70, 86, 128, 147, 150, 164, 172, 173, 178, 194, 195, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 269, 271, 272, 273, 277, 291, 292, 294, 334, 378, 379, 380, 415, 432, 433, 455, 465 Ruthenium 211, 378 Scandium 84, 85 Selenium 42, 67, 197, 211, 355, 359, 366, 402, 405, 411, 481 Silicon 67, 181, 200, 326, 404, 405 Silver 35, 67, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 311, 312, 320, 342, 365, 378, 473 Sodium 10, 30, 31, 32, 53, 54, 55, 70, 71, 75, 77, 86, 87, 99, 105, 111, 113, 119, 120, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 155, 167, 169, 172, 173, 178, 183, 193, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253, 259, 261, 266, 267, 270, 273, 278, 283, 284, 291, 292, 294, 296, 310, 311, 312, 317, 320, 326, 334, 341, 347, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 362, 365, 370, 378, 394, 425, 428, 432, 433, 436, 444, 446, 447, 455, 456, 465, 467, 468, 471, 473, 478, 479, 497, 499 Strontium 10, 31, 56, 57, 70, 71, 75, 86, 100, 101, 104, 113, 119, 126, 128, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 183, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 236, 245, 253, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 318, 320, 341, 346, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 357, 362, 365, 370, 378, 415, 448, 449, 465, 468, 473 Sulfur 4, 11, 17, 67, 106, 108, 125, 197, 211, 236, 240, 355, 359, 399, 400, 401, 405, 463 Tantalum 67 Tellurium 67, 194, 197, 211, 355, 366, 402, 424, 481 Thallium 10, 16, 45, 67, 70, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 113, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 168, 173, 178, 195, 197, 204, 208, 209, 211, 213, 259, 287, 288, 289, 311, 312, 320, 329, 330, 349, 350, 351, 357, 363, 364, 370, 378, 394, 415, 436, 465, 481 Thorium 10 Tin 17, 67, 104, 170, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 209, 211, 311, 355, 378, 403, 405, 418, 465, 470, 473 Titanium 67, 135, 244, 320 Tungsten 67, 244 Uranium 67, 104, 244 Vanadium 67 Zinc 67, 168, 173, 177, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 213, 311, 312, 315, 320, 329, 342, 348, 355, 378, 473, 474 Zirconium 10, 245 1. 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Herrmann, R., C. T. J. Alkemade. Flame Photom- etry, (in German) 394 pp. Springer, Ber- lin 1960. C.A.. 55, 2265 (1961). 6. Herrmann, R., C. T. J. Alkemade. Chemical Analysis by Flame Photometry, translated by P. T. Gilbert. 644 pp. Interscience, New York, 1963. 7. Lundegardh, H. The Quantitative Spectral Analysis of the Elements, (in German) 155 pp. Vol. 1, Jena, G. Fischer, 1929. C.A. 23, 3641 (1929). 8. Lundegardh, H. The Quantitative Spectral Analysis of the Elements, (in German) 124 pp. Vol. 2, Jena, G. Fischer, 1934. C.A. 28, 3340 (1934). 9. Mavrodineanu, R., H. Boiteux. Quantitative Spectral Analysis by Flame, (in French) 247 pp. Masson, Paris, 1954. C.A. 48, 11252 (1954). 10. Mavrodineanu, R., H. Boiteux. Flame Spectros- copy. 721 pp. Wiley, New York, 1965. 11. Poluektov, N. S. Techniques in Flame Photo- metric Analysis. 219 pp. Consultants Bu- reau, New York, 1961. Original book pub- lished in Russian in 1959. C.A. 54, 1184 (1960); 55, 9164 (1961). 12. Pungor, E. Theoretical Foundation of Flame Photometry. 195 pp. Akademiai Kiado, 1962. C.A. 59, 9339 (1963). 13. Schuhknecht, W. Flame Spectral Analysis, (in German) 258 pp. Enke, Stuttgart, 1961. 14. Teloh, H. A. Clinical Flame Photometry. 103 pp. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1959. 1. 3. Theses This section contains 60 references of theses on various aspects of analytical flame spectros- copy, both doctoral and master's degree works being collected here. References 21, 26, 40, 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, and 60 are cited after reference 6 from the "Books" section, while 14, 37, and 45 are cited after reference 2 from the same section. Reference 25 is cited after reference 24 from the "Re- views" section. 1. Adkins, J. E. A flame spectrometric study of cobalt. Studies of the reaction zone of a fuel-rich oxygen-acetylene flame. 159 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. C.A. 61, 13856 (1964). Dissertation Abstr. 25, 57-58 (1964). 2. Alekseeva, V. G. Study of the flame as a means of obtaining spectra for spectral analysis. 81 pp. Thesis, Moscow State Univ., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1946. 3. Alkemade, C. T. J. A contribution to the develop- ment and understanding of flame photometry. 171 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1954. Publ. by Excelsior, The Hague. Sci. Abstr. A57, No. 9035 (1954). 4. Asuncion-Omarrementeria, M. C. Application of spectroanalytical techniques to the analysis of ferrous materials. Thesis, Univ. of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 1957. B 5. Beck, B. L. Studies in flame spectrophotometry. 162 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1957. C.A. 51, 16191 (1957). 6. Berneking, A. D. Factors influencing determina- tion of trace amounts of certain metallic ions by the flame photometric process. 81 pp. Thesis, Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays, Kans., 1955. C.A. 50, 1513 (1956). 7. Beverly, M. L. Studies in flame spectrophotom- etry. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1958. 8. Boon, S. D. Flame photometry. 112 pp. Thesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, N.V.D.B. Cen- ten's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, 1945. C.A. 40, 5668 (1946). 9. Boycks, E. C. Instrumental studies in flame 13 spectrophotometry. 250 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1955. Disserta- tion Abstr. 15, 2395. 10. Cain, C, Jr. Flame spectrophotometry determi- nation of copper, nickel, and manganese simultaneously in aluminum alloys. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1956. 11. Carries, W. J. Flame photometric studies. A. Studies of the extraction and flame emission of yttrium. B. Droplet size of aerosols in flame photometry. C. Studies of the reaction zone of an oxygen-acetylene flame. 147 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1961. C.A. 57, 3996 (1962). 12. Cottenie, A. The possibilities of spectral analyt- ical methods for determination of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in plant material. Thesis, Univ. of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, 1955. 13. Curry, R. H. Flame spectroscopy of the rare earth elements. 159 pp. Thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa, 1962. C.A. 58, 6174 (1963). D 14. Diebel, H. Researches on quantitative photoelec- tric spectral analysis. Thesis, Univ. of Gies- sen, Germany, 1955. 15. Dippel, W. A. Analytical flame photometry. 167 pp. Thesis, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J., 1954. C.A. 50, 7649 (1956). 16. Dobbins, J. T., Jr. The elimination of radiation interference errors in flame photometry by a method of standard addition. Ill pp. Thesis, Univ. of N. Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1958. C.A. 53, 5006 (1959). 17. Doiwa, A. Factors determining the precision of flame photometric analysis of alkali and al- kaline earth metals. Thesis, Univ. of Frank- furt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany, 1955. 18. Doiwa, A. The problem of "third partner" in flame spectrometry. Dissertation, Univ. of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany, 1956. 19. Doty, M. E. Suppression effects in emission flame photometry. 101 pp. Thesis, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, Kans. C.A. 60, 9876 (1964); Dissertation Abstr. 24, 1367 (1963). 20. Dubrovin, K. P., III. Revised procedure for de- termination of exchangeable potassium, so- dium, magnesium, and calcium in soils with the Beckman Model DU flame spectrophotom- eter. 170 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1956. C.A. 51, 9988 (1957). E 21. Ehrsam, H. Contributions to the flame photom- etry of alkali salts. Thesis, Univ. of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 1951. 22. Exley, D. The development of some ultramicro techniques for the analysis of biological fluids with special reference to the labyrinthine fluids of the inner ear. Thesis, Oxford Univ., Oxford, England, 1958. 23. Grossman, W. E. L. Some physico-chemical con- siderations in flame spectroscopy. 79 pp. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. C.A. 62, 4599 (1965). H 24. Hasler, A. Contribution to the knowledge of quantitative flame spectroscopy. Thesis, Univ. of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 1940. 25. Hegediis, A. J. (Title not available). Disserta- tion, Hung. Akad. Wiss. Abt. Chem. Wiss., Budapest, Hungary, 1958. 26. Honold, M. On the magnitude and error possibil- ities in the routine determination of Na, K, and Ca in urine by the flame photometer. Thesis, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 1953. 27. Horn, G. C. Some factors affecting the accuracy of the flame-spectrophotometric determination of magnesium in soils. 215 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla., 1956. C.A. 51, 9051 (1957). 28. Horstman, E. L. Distribution of lithium, rubid- ium and cesium in igneous and sedimentary rocks. 99 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., 1956. C.A. 50, 10625 (1956). 29. Jefferson, J. H. Flame spectrophotometry deter- mination of magnesium. 232 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1956. C.A. 50, 7654 (1956). 30. Johnson, R. W. Mechanism of the interaction of cations in flame photometry. 53 pp. Thesis, Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays, Kans. C.A. 60, 9875-9876 (1964) ; Dissertation Abstr. 24, 1367-1368 (1963). K 31. Knox, J. H. Studies of organic solvent enhance- ments in flame photometry. 101 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1960. C.A. 55, 9149 (1961). 32. Kuper, H. S. Investigations in flame spectrom- etry pertaining to the emission characteristics of lead. 116 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. C.A. 61, 13854 (1964) ; Dis- sertation Abstr. 25, 59 (1964). 33. Lady, J. H. Applications of solvent extraction to flame spectrophotometry. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1955. M 34. Mansfield, C. T. A quantitative investigation of the alkali metals in atomic emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy. 131 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. C.A. 61, 13857 (1964) ; Dissertation Abstr. 25, 60 (1964). 35. Montgareuil, P. Guerin de. Contribution to the study of chemical interactions in flames. 114 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Paris, Paris, France, 1954. 36. Mosher, R. C. Newer methods for the spectro- chemical analysis of biological solutions. 81 pp. Thesis, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mich. C.A. 47, 3103 (1953) ; Dissertation Abstr. 12, 815 (1952). 37. Miiller, G. On the methods for flame photometric analysis of serum, organ tissues and urine. Dissertation, Univ. of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany, 1952. N 38. Nell, J. P. The flame photometric determination of sodium, potassium and calcium in plant 14 material. Thesis, Pretoria Univ., Pretoria, S. Africa, 1953. 39. Norinder, E. Spectral analytical investigations on the cation content of blood serum, espe- cially in connection with pregnancy. 250 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, 1939. C.A. 34, 4784-85-86 (1940). See also Uppsala Lakareforen Forh. 45, 419-669 (1940). 50. Staab, K. Flame photometry as an analytical procedure. Thesis, Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1953. 51. Staab, R. A. Atomic fluorescence flame spectrom- etry as a means of chemical analysis. 95 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. C.A. 62, 12427 (1965) ; Dissertation Abstr. 25, 3236 (1964). 40. Pigor, E. Flame photometric determination of calcium, sodium, and potassium in blood serum. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 1954. 41. Pinta, M. Contribution to the study of flame spectra. 41 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Paris, Paris, France, 1952. 42. Puschel, R. On the attainable sodium atoms con- centration in turbulent H2-O2 flames. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 1962. 43. Pungor, E, Critical review on theoretical prob- lems in flame photometry. Dissertation, Mag- yar Tudomanyos Akad. Kem. Tudomanyok Osztalyanak, Kozlemenyei, Hungary, 1956. R 44. Rexach-M. De Lizarduy, M. L. Semi-quantitative and quantitative determination of impurities in chemicals and primary analytical stand- ards. Thesis, Univ. of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 1957. 45. Schiitz, W. Flame photometric research on cal- cium, sodium and potassium in blood-serum of domestic animals. Dissertation, Univ. of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 1954. 46. Schuffelen, A. C. Quantitative analysis using flame spectra. 158 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1940. 47. Shimp, N. F. Methods and results of spectro- chemical analysis of biological materials. Thesis, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J., 1956. 48. Siebert, H. On the enhancement of emission in flame photometry. Thesis, Humboldt Univ., Berlin, Germany, 1955. 49. Simon, L. Emission, absorption and temperature determination in the H2-O2 flame of the Beck- man burner. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Gies- sen, Germany, 1960. 52. Tremmel, C. G. Flame spectrometric determina- tion of lanthanum in rare earth mixtures. Thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa, 1958. w 53. Wagner, K. T. 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Acetylene, its Properties, Manufac- ture, and Uses. 800 pp. Academic Press, New York, 1965. 49. Mitchell, R. L. The Spectrographic Analysis of Soils, Plants and Related Materials. Tech- nical Communication No. 44, 183 pp. Common- wealth Bur. Soil Sci., Harpenden, England, 1948. N 50. Nachtrieb, N. H. Principles and Practice of Spec- trochemical Analysis. 324 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950. 51. Pinta, M. Detection and Determination of Trace Elements. 726 pp. (in French). Dunod, Paris, 1962. C.A. 56, 13549 (1962). R 52. Robinson, J. W. Flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy, pp. 224-256, in Crou- thamel, C. E., ed. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2. (Progress in nuclear energy, series IX). Pergamon Press, New York, 1961. C.A. 56, 9653 (1962). 53. Rodden, C. J., ed. Analysis of Essential Nuclear Reactor Materials. 1280 pp. Div. Techn. Inform., U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., 1964. 54. Sawyer, R. A. Experimental Spectroscopy. 323 pp. Chapman and Hall, London, 1945; Dover Publ., New York, 1963. 55. Scheibe, G. Chemical spectral analysis, in Bott- ger, W., ed. Physical Methods of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1. (in German). Akadem- ische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1933. 56. Secrest, P. J. Paint industry applications, pp. 364-365, in Clark, G. L., ed. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy. Reinhold, New York, 1960. 57. Seith, W., K. Ruthardt. Chemische Spektralana- lyse. 162 pp. (in German). Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Gottingen, 1958. 58. Snell, F. D., C. T. Snell, C. A. Snell. Colorimetric 19 Methods of Analysis. 793 pp. Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1959. 59. Thompson, H. W. A Course in Chemical Spec- troscopy. 86 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1949. 60. Thun, R., R. Herrmann, E. Knickmann. Handbook of Agriculture Research Methods, Vol. 1. 3d ed. (in German). Neumann, Berlin, 1955. 61. Tivin, F. Flame photometry. Sample flow effect on spectral excitation, pp. 371-373, in Clark, G. L., ed. The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy. Reinhold, New York, 1960. 62. Vallee, B. L. Flame photometry, pp. 229-254, in Yoe, J. H., H. J. Koch, Jr., eds. Trace Analy- sis. John Wiley & Son, New York, 1957. C.A. 52, 4381 (1958). 63. Voinovitch, I. A., J. Debras-Guedon, J. Louvrier. Silicate Analysis. 510 pp. (in French). Her- mann, Paris, 1962. C.A. 58, 3891 (1963). w 64. Willard, H. H., L. L. Merritt, Jr., J. A. Dean. Instrumental Methods of Analysis. 1st ed. Van Nostrand, New York, 1948. 2d ed. Van Nostrand, New York, 1951. 3d ed. 626 pp. Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1958. C.A. 52, 5213 (1958). 65. Yoe, J. H., H. J. Koch, Jr., eds. Trace Analysis. John Wiley & Son, New York, 1957. Sym- posium on Trace Analysis, N. Y. Acad. Med. 1955, 672 pp. (1957). C.A. 52, 4381 (1958). 1.7. Fundamental Works The references assembled in this section per- tain to basic contributions to the field of ana- lytical flame spectroscopy and to works on fundamental properties of combustion flame, such as flame structure and temperature, flame radiation, reactions, and ionization. Thus, the reader will find cited here the works of Lun- degardh together with a number of papers considered as substantial contributions to ana- lytical flame spectroscopy, more than 100 ref- erences from a total of 1173 being listed in this category. The remaining works constitute a source of valuable information for the ana- lytical flame spectroscopists interested in under- standing basic flame phenomena. Although this collection was not intended to be exhaustive, it should provide nonetheless a sufficient amount of material to fulfill this purpose. The references collected in this section are indexed under several headings to facilitate a preliminary selection. Subject Index Books 83, 87, 88, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 273, 284, 333, 347, 352, 361, 386, 459, 467, 515, 524, 600, 627, 641, 694, 718, 793, 881, 887, 888, 900, 920, 1008, 1054, 1098, 1130, 1164. Theses 77, 95, 227, 276, 308, 393, 439, 441, 462, 463, 468, 471, 489, 506, 605, 608, 688, 724, 725, 758, 786, 813, 872, 894, 904, 983, 998, 1122 Reviews 36, 48, 71, 99, 100, 101, 119, 275, 296, 297, 309, 324, 332, 345, 353, 354, 355, 357, 362, 364, 392, 403, 409, 414, 460, 522, 525, 612, 614, 616, 628, 643, 690, 691, 692, 693, 730, 744, 775, 803, 807, 808, 861, 862, 868, 901, 923, 946, 951, 962, 1012, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1042, 1043, 1074, 1124, 1150, 1153 Flame, analytical 6, 7, 8, 13, 31, 32, 96, 97, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 168, 180, 280, 281, 295, 306, 336, 394, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 487, 488, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 507, 508, 517, 586, 621, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 683, 684, 686, 702, 703, 704, 722, 745, 752, 789, 790, 791, 827, 829, 830, 831, 836, 849, 851, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 893, 931, 949, 1006, 1007, 1084, 1089, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1162, 1167, 1169 Flame temperature 12, 22, 34, 35, 42, 47, 62, 66, 75, 78, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 130, 144, 145, 148, 185, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 240, 246,255,259,260,261,270,282, 294, 299, 301, 302, 310, 313, 329, 335, 337, 358, 366, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 379, 383, 396, 411, 415, 417, 419, 420, 421, 442, 445, 452, 453, 482, 483, 490, 501, 512, 518, 519, 520, 526, 527, 530, 539, 541, 556, 562, 571, 574, 585, 593, 595, 597, 598, 601, 602, 630, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638, 639, 642, 649, 664, 680, 695, 700, 705, 707, 708, 713, 714, 721, 723, 726, 731, 732, 733, 734, 736, 740, 741, 742, 743, 755, 757, 785, 787, 794, 795, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 804, 805, 806, 810, 843, 845, 847, 871, 875, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 895, 896, 897, 898, 905, 914, 933, 940, 945, 946, 947, 952, 953, 954, 959, 963, 967, 968, 969, 970, 974, 975, 991, 992, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1013, 1020, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1056, 1057, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1092, 1097, 1116, 1118, 1127, 1142, 1152, 1155, 1172, 1173 Flame geometry 38, 39, 56, 57, 90, 98, 150, 152, 155, 184, 227, 228, 239, 247, 248, 249, 253, 262, 268, 269, 272, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 385, 391, 422, 424, 436, 446, 486, 525, 528, 542, 570, 584, 603, 604, 610, 611, 614, 634, 640, 645, 646, 647, 675, 689, 699, 709, 729, 772, 848, 859, 860, 878, 884, 885, 907, 916, 917, 924, 927, 928, 932, 936, 937, 942, 943, 944, 976, 986, 993, 994, 995, 996, 1040, 1093, 1125, 1126, 1128, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1150, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1160, 1161, 1163 Flame radiation 1, 3, 4, 11, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 61, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 94, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 151, 153, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188, 198, 199, 200, 204, 215, 223, 224, 225, 226, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 245, 256, 257, 258, 265, 266, 267, 272, 278, 290, 298, 301, 307, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 349, 350, 356, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385, 387, 388, 389, 408, 410, 416, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 432, 438, 442, 443, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454, 455, 456, 477, 478, 479, 480, 482. 483, 484, 492, 498, 499, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 514, 516, 521, 523, 533, 535, 536, 537, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 563, 564, 567, 568, 569, 573, 583, 587, 588, 596, 599, 606, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 651, 652, 665, 666, 676, 677, 681, 682, 687, 697, 698, 701, 704, 711, 717, 719, 720, 728, 737, 738, 739, 747, 750, 751, 756, 759, 764, 771, 774, 778, 780, 781, 782, 783, 796, 805, 806, 808, 809, 811, 812, 814, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 834, 835, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 844, 853, 854, 856, 868, 869, 870, 20 873, 877, 899, 901, 902, 903, 909, 915, 918, 919, 920, 923, 925, 926, 948, 971, 972, 973, 977, 979, 980, 981, 982, 985, 1005, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1035, 1044, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1068, 1075, 1077, 1082, 1094, 1095, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1154, 1169 Flame reactions 2, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 49, 50, 51, 55, 59, 60, 79, 80, 82, 91, 92, 93, 99, 110, 113, 114, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142, 143, 147, 149, 153, 154, 173, 177, 180, 183, 186, 201, 202, 206, 215, 229, 250, 251, 252, 254, 263, 264, 271, 272, 277, 278, 279, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 300, 303, 304, 311, 312, 315, 323, 325, 331, 332, 334, 338, 341, 342, 350, 351, 357, 358, 363, 368, 376, 379, 382, 384, 390, 395, 404, 405, 406, 412, 417, 418, 419, 423, 426, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 457, 458, 464, 465, 466, 469, 470, 473, 474, 475, 476, 481, 485, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 509, 511, 513, 514, 523, 529, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 538, 540, 567, 568, 569, 572, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 599, 607, 609, 613, 615, 617, 618, 619, 626, 628, 629, 634, 635, 644, 648, 676, 678, 679, 685, 696, 697, 706, 711, 712, 727, 746, 753, 761, 763, 764, 766, 769, 770, 773, 776, 777, 779, 784, 788, 796, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 846, 855, 873, 874, 876, 877, 906, 908, 911, 913, 921, 922, 929, 930, 934, 935, 938, 939, 951, 955, 956, 957, 958, 960, 961, 962, 964, 965, 978, 990, 994, 995, 996, 1010, 1011, 1014, 1019, 1021, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1075, 1087, 1088, 1091, 1099, 1100, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1118, 1123, 1134, 1137, 1149, 1151, 1159, 1165, 1173 Flame ionization 5, 9, 14, 40, 58, 64, 65, 76, 133, 134, 146, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 231, 243, 244, 274, 303, 305, 407, 412, 413, 414, 440, 444, 461, 472, 503, 504, 505, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 565, 566, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 631, 632, 650, 667, 668, 674, 710, 715, 716, 735, 748, 749, 754, 760, 762, 765, 767, 768, 792, 832, 833, 850, 852, 857, 858, 910, 911, 912, 925, 926, 941, 950, 966, 984, 987, 988, 989, 1009, 1022, 1027, 1028, 1033, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1062, 1063, 1066, 1067, 1069, 1090, 1096, 1109, 1117, 1135, 1136, 1138, 1139, 1165, 1166, 1168, 1170, 1171 1. 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Spectros. Intern., 8th, Lucerne, Switz. 1959, 162-167 (1960). C.A. 60, 4967 (1964). 8. Alkemade, C. T. J. Excitation and related phe- nomena in flames. Proc. Colloq. Spectros. Intern., 10th, Univ. of Maryland, 1962, 143-170 (1963). C.A. 61, 10197 (1964). 9. Alkemade, C. T. J. Ionization of flames. Ned. Tijdschr. Natuurk. 29, 448-467 (1963). C.A. 60, 13955 (1964). 10. Alkemade, C. T. J., T. Hollander, P. J. Kalff. Alkaline earth oxide formation in flames. Combust. Flame 9, 101-103 (1965). C.A. 62, 15731 (1965). 11. Allen, H. C, Jr., L. R. Blaine, E. L.'Plyler. The emission spectrum of OH from 2.8 to 4.1/*. Spectrochim. Acta 9, 126-132 (1957). C.A. 51, 14419 (1957). 12. Andersen, J. W., R. S. Fein. Measurements of normal burning velocities and flame tem- peratures of Bunsen flames. J. Chem. Phys. 17, 1268-1273 (1949). C.A. 44, 4759 (1950). 13. Ando, A., R. Ishida. Mutual interaction of spec- tral lines of sodium and potassium on ex- citation in a flame. Bunko Kenkyu 12, 128- 135 (1964). C.A. 62, 12 (1965). 14. Andrew, E. R., D. W. E. Ax ford, T. M. Sugden. The measurement of ionisation in a trans- ient flame. Trans. Faraday Soc. 44, 427- 437 (1948). 15. Arrington, C. A., W. Brennen, G. P. Glass, J. V. Michael, H. Niki. Reactions of atomic oxygen with acetylene. I. Kinetics and mechanisms. J. Chem. Phys. 43, 525-532 (1965). 16. Arrington, C. A., W. Brennen, G. P. Glass, J. V. Michael, H. Niki. Reaction of atomic oxy- gen with acetylene. II. Chemi-ionization and chemiluminescence. J. Chem. Phvs. 43, 1489-1497 (1965). 17. Arthur, J. R., D. H. Bangham, R. H. Baulk, G. Whittingham. Reactions leading to the sodium D-line radiation in flames. Nature 166, 358-359 (1950). C.A. 45, 445 (1951). 18. Arthur, J. R„ B. T. Commins, J. A. S. Gilbert, A. J. Lindsey, D. H. Napier. Formation of polycyclic hydrocarbons in diffusion flames. Combust. Flame 2, 267-272 (1958). C.A. 53, 681 (1959). 19. Arthur, J. R., R. F. Littlejohn. 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Detection of atomic oxygen when 48. carbon disulphide is oxidized by molecular oxygen in a cold flame. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 158, 179-181 (1964). C.A. 62, 49. 152 (1965). B 31. Baker, M. R., K. Fuwa, R. E. Thiers, B. L. Val- 50. lee. Spectral excitation in high-tempera- ture flames as a function of sample flow. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 576 (1958). C.A. 53, 3873 (1959). 32. Baker, M. R., B. L. Vallee. Spectral excitation in flames as a function of sample flow. 51. Anal. Chem. 31, 2036-2039 (1959). C.A. 54, 6388 (1960). 33. Barrere, S. Spectrographic study of the de- flagration wave in a laminar system. 52. Recherche Aeronautique Paris 46, 15-24 (1955). C.A. 50, 6132-33 (1956). 34. Barret, P. The influence of spherical aberra- tions and the diffraction on temperature measurements by the line reversal method. 53. Compt. Rend. 226, 396-397 (1948). 35. Barret, P. Temperature and thermal equilib- rium in a diffusion flame. Pubis. Sci. et Tech. Ministere Air (France) No. 273, 114 pp. (1952). C.A. 47, 6743 (1953). 54. 36. Barrow, R. F. The spectroscopy of flames. Endeavour 6, 85-88 (1947). C.A. 42, 4066 (1948). 37. Barrow, R. F., D. V. Crawford. Electronic band system of BaCl. Nature 157, 339 rr (1946). C.A. 40, 3340 (1946). &t) - 38. Bartholome, E. Flame velocity in very hot flames. Z. Electrochem. 54, 169-173 (1950). CA 44, c fi 8207-08 (1950). 39. Bartholome, E., C. Hermann. Theory of flame velocities. Z. Elektrochem. 54, 165-169. 57 (1950). C.A. 44, 8207 (1950). 40. Bascombe, K. N., J. A. Green, T. M. Sugden. The ionization produced by addition of acetylene to a hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen 58. flame, pp. 66-86, Symposium on Mass Spec- trometry, Am. Soc. Testing Mater, and Institute of Petroleum, Oxford, 1961. Per- 59. gamon Press, Oxford, 1962. C.A. 59, 13367 (1963). 41. Bass, A. M., W. S. Benedict. A new infrared 60. band system of FeO. Astrophys. J. 116, 652-653 (1952). C.A. 47, 3694 (1953). 42. Bass, A. M., H. P. Broida. 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Instrumentation The 401 references on instrumentation used in analytical flame spectroscopy assembled in this section cover the field of general instru- mentation, atomization, burners, spectrographs and monochromators, optical filters, photoelec- tric photometry, multichannel instruments, and interference spectroscopy as seen from the in- dex. Among these, the reader will find exten- sive information on the process of pneumatic atomization in references 65, 67, 133, 207 to 209, 237, 258 to 263, 277, 357, and 390. The ultrasonic atomization is discussed in references 10, 31, 76, 77, 103, 193, 243, and 281, while electrical atomization is examined in references 20, 270, 348 to 353. An authoritative compara- tive discussion of the optical parameters of spectral instruments using prisms or grating as dispersive elements is to be found in refer- ences 166 and 167, while general information on applied optics is given in reference 182. A large number of references of more than 600 papers on photoelectric photometry is assem- bled in a bibliography (ref. 13) while the detailed discussion of various aspects of elec- tronics for spectroscopists is to be found in reference 50a. The relatively new and very promising field of interference spectroscopy is reviewed in ref- erences 38 and 256, and a detailed discussion of this subject is to be found in the basic works from references 157, 168, and 236. Subject Index General Instrumentation 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 27, 29, 33, 36, 37, 39, 44, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 73, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 109, 111, 114, 117, 120, 121, 128, 129, 134, 137, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 189, 194, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 215, 217, 218, 220, 227, 233, 235, 238, 239, 242, 245, 246, 252, 254, 257, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 282, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 303, 305, 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 318, 320, 322, 323, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342, 344, 347, 354, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 367, 369, 370, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 384, 385, 391, 394, 396, 398, 399, 400 Atomization 4, 10, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 42, 43, 48, 55, 58a, 64, 65, 67, 74, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 97, 98, 102, 103, 106, 107, 113, 115, 116, 124, 130, 133, 136, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 153, 165, 186, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 204,207,208,209,216,228,229,230,237, 240, 243, 244, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 268, 269, 270, 273, 277, 280, 281, 284, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 308, 309, 317, 324, 328, 334, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359, 368, 386, 387, 388, 390, 392, 393, 395, 401 Burners 1, 17, 21, 22, 28, 30, 32, 34, 43, 56, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 97, 105, 108, 112, 113, 118, 125, 145, 147, 158, 165, 176, 178, 179, 185, 190, 194, 197, 199, 210, 221, 222, 230, 234, 241, 243, 244, 250, 264, 265, 283, 292, 295, 298, 308, 309, 313, 316, 317, 328, 334, 335, 345, 346, 365, 366, 373, 386, 387, 388, 397 Spectrographs, Monochromators 2,, 3, 23, 138, 166, 167. 182, 212, 219, 287, 300, 326, 337, 356, 375, 380, 384 Optical filters 15, 35, 46, 50, 51, 86, 110, 122, 123, 131, 132, 135, 139, 140, 155, 170, 182, 187, 188, 191, 213, 214, 293, 302, 306, 312, 315, 319, 321, 325, 327, 333, 340, 343, 382, 389 Photoelectric photometry 13, 50a, 119, 211, 255, 394, 395a Multichannel instruments 33, 36, 40, 41, 63, 126, 127, 142, 152, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232, 286, 304, 371, 372 Interference spectroscopy 38, 157, 168, 236, 256 1. 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From this index, it can be seen that the largest use of the method is in the biological field, where flame spectrophotometry has become both an indispensable and reliable technique for the analysis of blood, serum, urine, tissue, bone, etc. A similar extensive use of this technique is to be found in the analysis of agricultural materials such as soils, plants, fertilizers, and in that of minerals, ores, and rocks. Further analytical applications will be found in the fields of metallurgy, petroleum, silicates, waters, and foods. Since the primary object of this collection is to provide the analytical chemist with as much information as possible, an effort was made to be exhaustive rather than selective. Thus this section contains an appreciable number of ref- erences varying largely in quality. While many of the works assembled here constitute genuine contributions to the field of analytical flame spectroscopy, some of the printed works present only a minor interest and belong more to the individual and limited use of laboratory "cook- book recipes" rather than to a publication. Since no critical attitude was taken in col- lecting the references which follow, the selec- tion and determination of the quality of a particular work is left solely to the apprecia- tion of the reader. Subject Index General considerations on analytical procedures 43, 55, 63, 83, 87, 109, 111, 112, 115, 154, 178, 217, 218, 223, 224, 228, 241, 243, 244, 249, 252, 275, 286, 305, 306, 322, 351, 356, 357, 435, 436, 437, 438, 450, 455, 468, 469, 474, 477, 499, 505, 511, 521, 555, 564, 568, 599, 601, 618, 619, 624, 639, 648, 663, 666, 673, 714, 718, 746, 748, 752, 757, 800, 808, 812, 826, 833, 871, 872, 881, 886, 887, 909, 933, 948, 965, 969, 998, 1045, 1046, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1068, 1091, 1092, 1135, 1156, 1170, 1177, 1192, 1193, 1201, 1204, 1207, 1211, 1213, 1217, 1227, 1255, 1288, 1289, 1296, 1304, 1313, 1334, 1337, 1338, 1340, 1349, 1350, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1362, 1364, 1366, 1367, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1383, 1405, 1406, 1408, 1409, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1427, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1439, 1441, 1442, 1447, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1475, 1477, 1484, 1492, 1494, 1496, 1506, 1509, 1517, 1521, 1546, 1550, 1554, 1561, 1564, 1595, 1602, 1615, 1619, 1622, 1624, 1627, 1628, 1635, 1640, 1651, 1653, 1657, 1659, 1667, 1681, 1701, 1702, 1709, 1711, 1714, 1720, 1721, 1723, 1724, 1740, 1776, 1788, 1794, 1798, 1799, 1804, 1805, 1817, 1884, 1889, 1890, 1891,1898, 1901, 1908, 1915, 1917, 1935, 1958, 1968, 1983, 1985, 1987 Materials Analyzed Air 264, 358, 480 Alcoholic beverages and vinegar 174, 311, 324, 500, 622, 897, 1171, 1172, 1318, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1748, 1942 Biological materials 15, 17, 18, 21, 25, 27, 40, 42, 45, 46, 49, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 77, 78, 86, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 110, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 146, 147, 157, 158, 160, 168, 171, 173, 181, 194, 195, 212, 213, 219, 225, 226, 231, 246, 247, 248, 252, 268, 272, 278, 280, 302, 303, 310, 312, 314, 317, 321, 331, 332, 333, 336, 346, 353, 359, 369, 371, 375, 376, 378, 4] 5, 424, 441, 442, 448, 461, 462, 464, 466, 467, 468, 471, 491, 501, 502, 505, 506, 507, 508, 511, 516, 537, 548, 549, 551, 555, 557, 561, 572, 576, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 602, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 621, 629, 630, 631, 632, 636, 652, 657, 678, 680, 705, 708, 709, 716, 723, 724, 737. 738, 740. 742, 748, 749. 750, 751, 752, 753, 792, 795, 796, 797, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 806, 807, 817, 818, 826, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 839, 885, 888, 889, 890, 893, 894, 903, 909, 912, 913, 917, 920, 922, 924, 926, 930, 937, 950, 951, 952, 953, 961, 965, 990, 992, 998, 999, 1001, 1013, 1014, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1027, 1033, 1035, 1038, 1042, 1048, 1049, 1055, 1062, 1065, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1085, 1092, 1106, 1114, 1115, 1130, 1131, 1159, 1167, 1178, 1194, 1195, 1200, 1203, 1209, 1210, 1214, 1215, 1219, 1221, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1235, 1243, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1257, 1258, 1262, 1263, 1266, 1268, 1270, 1272, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1285, 1286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1295, 1299, 1302, 1306, 1308, 1325, 1328, 1329, 1348, 1351, 1378, 1379, 1388, 1389, 1392, 1394, 1404, 1407, 1410, 1411, 1440, 1458, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1484, 1490, 1501, 1502, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1520, 1523, 1524, 1530, 1531, 1535, 1549, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1575, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1601, 1603, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1624, 1632, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1658, 1663, 1664, 1668, 1671, 1674, 1676, 1684, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1694, 1699, 1703, 1704, 1707, 1709, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1718, 1737, 1738, 1747, 1751, 1753, 1755, 1760, 1775, 1776, 1778, 1789, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1814, 1820, 1830, 1841, 1847, 1853, 1857, 1859, 1861, 1872, 1873, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1884, 1892, 1911, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1947, 1979 Catalysts 22, 23, 1274, 1301, 1347, 1965 Chemical compounds 1, 8, 10, 16, 21, 32, 37, 52, 56, 91, 179, 198, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 221, 227, 245, 261, 262, 276, 298, 335, 362, 363, 379, 449, 450, 472, 473, 476, 479, 488, 510, 546, 547, 567, 569, 603, 604, 613, 628, 642, 687, 690, 713, 719, 741, 805, 814, 815, 869, 900, 908, 916, 921, 932, 954. 960, 968, 975, 976, 979, 994, 1004, 1009, 1012, 1021, 1036, 1066, 1068, 1071, 1086, 1095, 1103, 1121, 1216, 1218, 1240, 1242, 1250, 1261, 1274, 1301, 1303, 1317, 1324, 1327, 1344, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1361, 1363, 1364, 1390, 1391, 1443, 1446, 1449, 1450, 1453, 1462, 1481, 1487, 1489, 1529, 1545, 1548, 1550, 1566, 1568, 1572, 1583, 1584, 1629, 1630, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1653, 1656, 1710, 1739, 1740, 1743, 1802, 1806, 1813, 1825, 1828, 1829, 1855, 1888, 1894, 1951, 1959, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978 Coals 41, 44, 54, 85, 113, 159, 430, 470, 492, 884, 927, 942, 1043, 1141, 1142, 1297, 1444, 1445, 1540, 1638, 1641, 1642 Dairy products 21, 25, 164, 167, 316, 754, 919, 920, 931, 1222, 1260, 1287, 1346, 1382, 1601, 1644, 1848, 1974 Electronic materials 5, 6, 533 Fertilizers 68, 155, 176, 200, 216, 223, 224, 251, 281, 360, 439, 567, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 643, 644, 645, 646, 649, 653, 658, 886, 887, 1031, 1050, 1119, 1173, 1304, 1344, 1593, 1678, 1788 Foods 152, 273, 277, 309, 310, 327, 328, 347, 348, 416, 417, 423, 446, 502, 514, 715, 862, 863, 910, 985, 1031, 1063, 1272, 1304, 1485, 1539, 1571, 1573, 1586, 1587, 1691, 1777, 1795, 1801, 1810, 1815, 1816, 1906, 1929, 1963, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974 Metals, alloys, and metallurgic products 3, 4, 14, 38, 79, 89, 90, 112, 148, 162, 220, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 64 258, 267, 294, 295, 320, 355, 368, 380, 381, 386, 389, 390, 517, 524, 527, 567, 595, 616, 625, 633, 669, 683, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 760, 763, 809, 813, 827, 828, 843, 844, 845. 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 854, 860, 861, 896, 901, 906, 928, 939, 958, 963, 964, 974, 997, 1000, 1008, 1066, 1098, 1111, 1132, 1153, 1157, 1158, 1182, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1223, 1231, 1234, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1247, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1335, 1349, 1355, 1384, 1385, 1397, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1455, 1472, 1514, 1515, 1519, 1558, 1559, 1574, 1626, 1730, 1731, 1750, 1754, 1758, 1761, 1772, 1787, 1829, 1852, 1883, 1907, 1910, 1914, 1955, 1966, 1976 Minerals, ores, rocks 2, 50, 73, 82, 121, 122, 141, 143, 144, 163, 182, 189, 196, 201, 204, 215, 235, 236, 239, 269, 299, 318, 319, 334, 349, 377, 406, 410, 414, 425, 426, 427, 429, 460, 487, 493, 497, 503, 518, 531, 532, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 560, 567, 605, 606, 626, 651, 674, 695, 704, 706, 717, 718, 727, 728, 731, 732, 743, 745, 824, 830, 840, 853, 864, 865, 867, 874, 878, 883, 898, 929, 937, 940, 941, 956, 962, 967, 978, 987, 988, 1003, 1007, 1011, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1022, 1025, 1026, 1045, 1046, 1064, 1072, 1073, 1105, 1112, 1133, 1150, 1180, 1181, 1189, 1208, 1232, 1248, 1279, 1292, 1320, 1336, 1345, 1359, 1360, 1364, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1377, 1381, 1386, 1387, 1405, 1447, 1483, 1511, 1513, 1516, 1543, 1547, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1560, 1562, 1563, 1565, 1622, 1642, 1662, 1670, 1677, 1685, 1690, 1730, 1731, 1734, 1735, 1746, 1749, 1758, 1782, 1785, 1819, 1823, 1839, 1864, 1875, 1896, 1897, 1922, 1924, 1967 Organic solvents and compounds in flame spectro- photometry 70, 161, 162, 163, 212, 227, 237, 240, 243, 244, 270, 282, 337, 338, 345, 365, 373, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 400, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 458, 465, 474, 477, 490, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 552, 553, 563, 667, 689, 694, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 707, 728, 766, 767, 773, 951, 953, 982, 983, 1087, 1095, 1107, 1108, 1121, 1126, 1129, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1176, 1183, 1239, 1323, 1324, 1333, 1335, 1408, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1460, 1461, 1464, 1520, 1527, 1537, 1590, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1623, 1648, 1676, 1680, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1692, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1737, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774, 1840, 1869, 1876, 1893, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1959, 1980 Paints and varnish 356, 1648 Petroleum products 33, 35, 39, 88, 156, 241, 242, 326, 345, 357, 366, 601, 662, 669, 703, 746, 747, 914, 915, 925, 1041, 1104, 1117, 1151, 1176, 1196, 1244, 1278, 1567, 1700, 1908 Pharmaceuticals 217, 218, 238, 447, 448, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 685, 710, 714, 722, 808, 957, 973, 1415, 1578, 1655, 1672, 1720, 1856, 1945 Plants 7, 31, 53, 64, 65, 67, 69, 74, 81, 93, 94, 95, 106, 126, 145, 166, 170, 172, 178, 181, 182, 199, 202, 208, 230, 232, 233, 234, 265, 266, 279, 283, 284, 286, 291, 293, 297, 310, 354, 364, 408, 409, 423, 431, 457, 489, 509, 511, 623, 635, 654, 655, 659, 660, 678, 681, 688, 711, 712, 715, 755, 756, 758, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 791, 831, 842, 879, 905, 907,910,920,934,935,936,938, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 972, 977, 1010, 1030, 1031, 1051, 1053, 1063, 1075, 1076, 1081, 1084, 1090, 1125, 1126, 1128, 1129, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1146, 1148, 1155, 1174, 1175, 1201, 1220, 1228, 1229, 1232, 1265, 1269, 1273, 1281, 1282, 1300, 1304, 1312, 1331, 1332, 1339, 1340, 1342, 1343, 1382, 1410, 1411, 1463, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1497, 1499, 1503, 1518, 1525, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1620, 1621, 1625, 1632, 1634, 1647, 1660, 1667, 1679, 1682, 1708, 1723, 1741, 1744, 1751, 1784, 1812, 1818, 1849, 1850, 1863, 1874, 1881, 1882, 1885, 1887, 1895, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1909, 1927, 1944, 1957, 1977 Silicates, glass, cement, refractory materials 9, 11, 12, 48, 72, 83, 98, 99, 107, 109, 118, 119, 120, 149, 150, 151, 165, 186, 229, 274, 305, 329, 330, 350, 351, 352, 367, 374, 383, 397, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 412, 413, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 432, 433, 504, 515, 534, 539, 559, 566, 567, 573, 577, 578, 579, 580, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 641, 661, 668, 669, 670, 671, 675, 676, 744, 757, 759, 761, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 790, 825, 841, 859, 867, 949, 959, 981, 984, 991, 995, 996, 1005, 1015, 1025, 1029, 1032, 1034, 1037, 1040, 1052, 1070, 1074, 1120, 1139, 1160, 1169, 1189, 1197, 1207, 1230, 1294, 1319, 1330, 1393, 1398, 1406, 1488, 1500, 1511, 1526, 1528, 1532, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1540, 1541, 1544, 1562, 1563, 1585, 1589, 1591, 1604, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1642, 1654, 1683, 1697, 1736, 1749, 1752, 1779, 1822, 1823, 1826, 1827, 1860, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1870, 1871, 1886, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1936, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1956, 1975, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 Soils 58, 65, 66, 75, 80, 92, 117, 154, 178, 181, 182, 203, 208, 232, 250, 251, 259, 260, 279, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 293, 304, 307, 308, 408, 409, 411, 463, 484, 485, 495, 511, 512, 525, 535, 550, 556, 557, 558, 623, 627, 650, 656, 658, 667, 672, 677, 679, 681, 702, 733, 736, 744, 783, 793, 794, 821, 838, 858, 875, 876, 878, 879, 904, 943, 946, 947, 948, 977, 980, 993, 1006, 1024, 1028, 1067, 1081, 1082, 1088, 1118, 1128, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1168, 1170, 1179, 1190, 1191, 1193, 1206, 1228, 1246, 1259, 1264, 1265, 1271, 1281, 1300, 1304, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1326, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1382, 1395, 1396, 1410, 1411, 1465, 1474, 1491, 1495, 1497, 1498, 1504, 1505, 1507, 1522, 1525, 1533, 1576, 1588, 1590, 1592, 1598, 1599, 1617, 1633, 1643, 1646, 1647, 1649, 1665, 1669, 1708, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1733, 1742, 1781, 1803, 1811, 1818, 1821, 1838, 1851, 1877, 1900, 1906, 1923, 1948, 1957, 1961, 1969, 1981 Steam and boiler deposits 20, 54, 153, 156, 169, 499, 971, 1089, 1645, 1962 Test solutions 19, 28, 29, 30, 47, 62, 70, 71, 76, 84, 128, 140, 142, 175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 197, 222, 228, 253, 263, 271, 275, 289, 292, 296,323,344,373,384,388,391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 398, 428, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 443, 458, 469, 475, 483, 494, 496, 498, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 536, 562, 564, 565, 570, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 634, 638, 639, 640, 648, 663, 664, 665, 666, 673, 720, 721, 735, 739, 798, 810, 812, 816, 820, 829, 856, 861, 870, 877, 882, 899, 955, 1039, 1047, 1069, 1087, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1102, 1109, 1113, 1154, 1162, 1163, 1165, 1192, 1233, 1249, 1267, 1307, 1311, 1365, 1561, 1673, 1693, 1694, 1705, 1712, 1717, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1786, 1790, 1912, 1935 1952 1953 Waters 'l3, 24, 26, 34, 36, 43, 51, 73, 87, 105, 125, 152, 177, 180, 181, 182, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193, 208, 261, 262, 300, 301, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 361, 370, 372, 440, 444, 445, 451, 481, 482, 502, 513, 554, 557, 571, 574, 575, 637, 669, 684, 702, 725, 726, 730, 734, 811, 819, 822, 823, 825, 873, 889, 891, 902, 903, 911, 912, 986, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1083, 1093, 1116, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1161, 1176, 1198, 1205, 1245, 1257, 1259, 1268, 1280, 1293, 1410, 1411, 1458, 1563, 1482, 1486, 1512, 1534, 1542, 1577, 1618, 1645, 1661, 1695, 1696, 1698, 1732, 1773, 1774, 1780, 1783, 1824, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1854, 1862, 1900, 1905, 1913, 1916, 1954, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 Elements Determined Aluminum 292, 293, 325, 395, 396, 403, 406, 407, 528, 667, 733, 766, 767, 773, 928, 939, 958, 982, 983, 1169, 1223, 1339, 1341, 1380, 1612, 1614, 1657, 1869 Antimony 325. 388 Arsenic 388, 520 Barium 4, 5, 6, 12, 139, 196, 197, 198, 325, 337, 340, 345, 362, 363, 365, 384, 385, 407, 426, 439, 459, 460, 483, 484, 485, 498, 519, 533, 536, 544, 545, 617, 640, 750, 762, 810, 813, 816, 856, 857, 882, 975, 979, 982, 1032, 1097, 1104, 1233, 1239, 1339, 1353, 1354, 1396, 1414, 1434, 1435, 1439, 1454, 1457, 1548, 1554, 1633, 1639, 1925, 1950, 1952 65 Beryllium 526, 1098 Bismuth 325, 388 Boron 98, 198, 200, 211, 222, 240, 270, 393, 394, 595, 647, 973, 982, 1053, 1054, 1075, 1076, 1087, 1418, 1426, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1893, 1959 Cadmium 665, 1109 Calcium 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 45, 46, 60, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114, 118, 123, 125, 127, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 147, 151, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 177, 182, 185, 3 86, 196, 197, 199, 202, 206, 207, 213, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 239, 253, 259, 260, 266, 268, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 297, 302, 303, 309, 310, 314, 315, 320, 323, 325, 345, 348, 354, 365, 367, 370, 372, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 411, 415, 418, 423, 424, 425, 431, 433, 439, 440, 450, 451, 452, 458, 460, 461, 462, 467, 471, 476, 481, 482, 489, 491, 492, 498, 501, 512, 519, 522, 523, 533, 536, 537, 545, 549, 557, 558, 559, 561, 562, 563, 567, 603, 604, 614, 617, 621, 630, 634, 640, 641, 642, 650, 651, 654, 655, 656, 657, 667, 674, 676, 677, 681, 682, 685, 688, 691, 693, 696, 704, 705, 707, 709, 711, 712, 715, 716, 719, 720, 722, 723, 738, 747, 750, 754, 755, 756, 758, 762, 763, 766, 783, 788, 789, 795, 796, 798, 802, 803, 804, 806, 807, 810, 813, 816, 821, 932, 935, 937, 942, 844, 846, 847, 851, 856, 857, 879, 880, 882, 885, 888, 891, 894, 904, 908, 910, 917, 918, 922, 923, 924, 931, 936, 937, 943, 945, 952, 953, 958, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 966, 967, 975, 977, 981, 982, 986, 987, 990, 993, 997, 1000, 1006, 1010, 1025, 1029, 1032, 1038, 1039, 1048, 1055, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1074, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1085, 1088, 1090, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1101, 1103, 1104, 1110, 1113, 1115, 1116, 1118, 1127, 1130, 1133, 1134, 1155, 1167, 1169, 1174, 1178, 1185, 1190, 1191, 1196, 1208, 1210, 1215, 1219, 1221, 1222, 1224, 1226, 1233, 1236, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1254, 1262, 1263, 1265, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1277, 1281, 1282, 1302, 1306, 1309, 1312, 1314, 1315, 1320, 1329, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1339, 1342, 1343, 1347, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1361, 1380, 1382, 1385, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1392, 1395, 1400, 1411, 1414, 1440, 1442, 1452, 1457, 1461, 1464, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1474, 1476, 1486, 1488, 1492, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1506, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1522, 1524, 1525, 1528, 1530, 1531, 1534, 1536, 1554, 1558, 1559, 1574, 1577, 1580, 1581, 1586, 1587, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1600, 1601, 1603, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1613, 1618, 1620, 1625, 1626, 1631, 1636, 1639, 1640, 1644, 1646, 1648, 1655, 1658, 1660, 1669, 1676, 1682, 1689, 1693, 1694, 1697, 1704, 1708, 1716, 1717, 1719, 1723, 1730, 1733, 1735, 1743, 1744, 1748, 1749, 1751, 1752, 1759, 1762, 1767, 1774, 1784, 1792, 1793, 1795, 1799, 1800, 1803, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1811, 1812, 1814, 1815, 1817, 1828, 1837, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1843, 1846, 1848, 1849, 1855, 1856, 1877, 1887, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1898, 1901, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1916, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1747, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980 Cesium 24, 71, 139, 141, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 214, 341, 343, 407, 475, 536, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 546, 552, 553, 557, 575, 615, 617, 637, 638, 640, 684, 721, 734, 772, 813, 824, 829, 855, 859, 861, 878, 882, 927, 940, 947, 982, 1022, 1026, 1141, 1142, 1294, 1339, 1364, 1368, 1387, 1403, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1441, 1468, 1493, 1514, 1516, 1527, 1544, 1553, 1565, 1584, 1670, 1675, 1745, 1833, 1836, 1839, 1889, 1914, 1924, 1944, 1967 Chromium 45, 142, 237, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 325, 369, 407, 490, 854, 921, 982, 1397, 1408, 1472, 1907 Cobalt 32, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 407, 626, 700, 982, 1397, 1423, 1427, 1456, 1468, 1472, 1623, 1648, 1765, 1770 Copper 126, 138, 161, 162, 310, 325, 380, 381, 386, 387, 390, 407, 626, 640, 650, 697, 698, 715, 716, 799, 875, 876, 896, 915, 982, 1107, 1129, 1153, 1211, 1239, 1253, 1397, 1417, 1425, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1623, 1629, 1630, 1763, 1768, 1849, 1850, 1888 Gallium 163, 212, 699, 1099, 1100, 1109, 1157, 1239, 1515, 1557, 1563, 1626, 1764, 1769 Halogens 264, 620, 819, 869, 1093, 1117, 1121, 1163, 1199 Indium 163, 212, 267, 335, 640, 664, 699, 982, 1099, 1100, 1109, 1158, 1234, 1323, 1447, 1472, 1515, 1555, 1557, 1560, 1562, 1564, 1764, 1769 Iron 126, 138, 310, 383, 387, 389, 406, 407, 490, 517, 526, 626, 633, 667, 695, 715, 716, 921, 958, 982, 1064, 1116, 1164, 1169, 1190, 1339, 1384, 1408, 1448, 1450, 1460, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1613, 1623, 1630, 1849, 1907 Lanthanum 319, 692, 867, 982, 1165, 1166, 1384, 1772, 1787 Lead 39, 242, 294, 295, 325, 326, 662, 914, 1041, 1151, 1278, 1567, 1648, 1700, 1888 Lithium 13, 24, 84, 85, 118, 119, 121, 122, 139, 144, 179, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 208, 229, 235, 236, 269, 299, 301, 337, 342, 345, 361, 372, 387, 397, 402, 404, 405, 407, 412, 432, 434, 472, 473, 477, 503, 510, 512, 536, 541, 543, 546, 560, 565, 566, 571, 573, 615, 617, 628, 635, 638, 640, 667, 684, 687, 717, 721, 734, 759, 772, 790, 813, 815, 816, 824, 830, 855, 859, 861, 877, 878, 882, 883, 889, 890, 891, 892, 899, 900, 902, 911, 918, 927, 929, 934, 935, 940, 941, 960, 982, 994, 996, 1000, 1012, 1014, 1025, 1032, 1040, 1070, 1071, 1103, 1123, 1139, 1189, 1190, 1217, 1218, 1240, 1256, 1303, 1320, 1324, 1335, 1339, 1345, 1349, 1359, 1360, 1368, 1387, 1401, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1443, 1466, 1472, 1482, 1486, 1512, 1516, 1519, 1532, 1547, 1551, 1554, 1555, 1558, 1566, 1626, 1637, 1642, 1659, 1705, 1706, 1750, 1756, 1759, 1782, 1804, 1818, 1829, 1831, 1834, 1835, 1839, 1842, 1858, 1860, 1868, 1870, 1871, 1876, 1911, 1912, 1924, 1939, 1944, 1950, 1954, 1967, 1975 Magnesium 3, 17, 18, 42, 52, 74, 105, 125, 137, 138, 139, 145, 146, 147, 186, 187, 199, 233, 234, 239, 250, 266, 277, 280, 284, 285, 297, 310, 329, 354, 355, 375, 406, 407, 408, 409, 415, 423, 426, 433, 467, 512, 536, 537, 548, 558, 559, 563, 579, 596, 622, 623, 642, 667, 674, 681, 685, 693, 694, 706, 711, 712, 716, 750, 756, 783, 797, 804, 813, 818, 844, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 870, 924, 936, 943, 949, 958, 972, 982, 1000, 1063, 1064, 1066, 1074, 1081, 1084, 1103. 1108, 1113, 1116, 1118, 1134, 1169, 1190, 1191, 1202, 1203, 1219, 1221, 1225, 1226, 1239, 1258, 1262, 1266, 1271, 1277, 1282, 1314, 1315, 1339, 1343, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1384, 1395, 1397, 1400, 1402. 1416, 1419, 1424, 1440, 1457, 1467, 1468, 1472, 1495, 1530, 1536, 1590, 1598, 1599, 1601, 1611, 1613, 1660, 1665, 1669, 1682, 1686, 1708, 1722, 1723, 1761, 1766, 1768, 1791, 1793, 1824, 1841, 1849, 1878, 1879, 1887, 1898, 1902, 1904, 1925, 1930, 1948, 1956 Manganese 126, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 266, 284, 310, 325, 337, 338, 386, 387, 406, 407, 420, 428, 490, 512, 526, 578, 579, 580, 640, 650, 667, 697, 698, 715, 716, 783, 852, 864, 865, 906, 943, 944, 958, 982, 1064, 1190, 1191, 1232, 1265, 1314, 1315, 1408, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1497, 1536, 1565, 1630, 1648, 1700, 1763, 1768, 1849, 1850, 1907, 1960 Mercury 1109 Molybdenum 1153 Nickel 32, 254, 255, 256, 325, 386, 407, 527, 595, 700, 982, 1397, 1423, 1467, 1468, 1472, 1623, 1765, 1770 Nitrogen 108, 820 Organo-halogens 486, 729, 1199 Oxygen 683, 1184, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1321, 1322, 1910 Palladium 529, 530, 1153, 1305, 1449 Phosphorus (phosphate) 128, 227, 373, 429, 1044, 1095, 1483, 1805 Potassium 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 16, 21, 22, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 90, 93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 66 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, 183 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 204 216, 219, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 234, 246 259, 260, 266, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291 299, 300, 310, 311, 312, 316, 317, 318, 320 325, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 339 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 359, 360 374, 378, 379, 397, 402, 404, 405, 407, 409 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 421, 432, 443, 444 447, 450, 451, 453, 454, 464, 471, 487, 488 495, 496, 500, 504, 506, 507, 508, 510, 512 518, 519, 524, 525, 534, 535, 536, 537, 541, 543, 546, 547, 556, 557, 558, 559, 569, 570, 572, 573, 574 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587 590, 597, 602, 605, 607, 608, 615, 617, 621 631, 632, 635, 636, 637, 638, 640, 642, 643 646, 649, 650, 652, 658, 659, 660, 661, 667 670, 671, 672, 675, 680, 684, 685, 686, 687 705, 707, 708, 712, 715, 716, 717, 719, 720 727, 730, 731, 732, 735, 736, 737, 738, 740 745, 747, 751, 753, 754, 755, 759, 760, 763 769, 770, 771, 776, 777, 778, 779, 783, 789 794, 795, 796, 798, 802, 804, 806, 807, 813 825, 829, 834, 836, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842 859, 860, 861, 866, 870, 874, 877, 882, 884 889, 890, 891, 894, 895, 897, 898, 899, 900 918, 919, 922, 923, 925, 927, 930, 931, 932 940, 941, 942, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 957 963, 964, 966, 967, 971, 976, 978, 980, 982 986, 991, 992, 996, 999, 1001, 1005 1011, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032 1042, 1043, 1049, 1050 1065, 1069, 1072, 1073 1105, 1106, 1110, 1113 1124, 1126, 1128, 1131 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146 1159, 1160, 1161, 1168 1175, 1178, 1179, 1180 1194, 1195, 1197, 1198 1218, 1220, 1221, 1222 1240, 1242, 1243, 1246 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286 1300, 1302, 1307, 1308 1318, 1319, 1320, 1325 1339, 1343, 1344, 1345 1370, 1378, 1379, 1381 168, 169, 184, 185, 205, 215, 247, 253, 278, 279, 297, 298, 321, 324, 344, 345, 367, 372, 410, 411, 445, 446, 493, 494, 515, 516, 1025 1036 1063 1088 1120 1138 1150 1173 1190 1216 1235 1257 1271 1281 1292 1316 1332 1350 1394 1415 1441 1472 1491 1514 1533 1546 1566 1582 1601 1621 1644 1660 1678 1697 1716 1748 1795 1810 1827 1851 1867 1886 1911 1928 1942 1028 1037 1064 1103 1122 1139 1154 1174 1191 1217 1239 1260 1272 1282 1299 1317 1336 1363 1395, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1404, 1428 1442 1474 1496 1516 1535 1547 1568 1584 1603 1626 1645 1661 1682 1699 1717 1753 1796 1811 1829 1853 1868 1887 1918 1929 1943 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446 1478, 1479, 1480, 1486 1497, 1500, 1504, 1505 1522, 1523, 1524, 1526 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539 1548, 1549, 1552, 1554 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574 1585, 1586, 1592, 1593 1604, 1609, 1610, 1613 1632, 1634, 1637, 1638 1646, 1649, 1650, 1652 1662, 1663, 1664, 1674 1684, 1687, 1688, 1689 1703, 1704, 1707, 1708 1723, 1733, 1736, 1739 1756, 1757, 1759, 1773 1797, 1799, 1801, 1803 1812, 1815, 1816, 1817 1831, 1838, 1839, 1841 1854, 1856, 1857, 1859 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873 1894, 1895, 1896, 1898 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922 1932, 1934, 1936, 1937 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949 », 1006 1007, , 1022, 1023, !, 1033 1034, , 1051, 1052, , 1081 1082, , 1114 1118, , 1134 1136, !, 1147 1148, , 1169 1171, ), 1181 1183, >, 1200 1209, , 1228, 1229, , 1249 1251, [, 1265 1269, , 1277 1279, , 1287 1290, ., 1309 1314, i, 1326 1328, >, 1346 1347, , 1385, 1386, 1404, 1407, , 1436 1437, !, 1466 1467, 1, 1487 1488, i, 1506 1511, >, 1528 , 1529, ), 1540 , 1541, , 1559 1561, -, 1576 1577, '», 1596 1597, », 1616 1617, 1, 1641 1642, !, 1654 , 1656, i, 1675 , 1676, , 1690 1691, !, 1713 1714, >, 1740 1744, !, 1779 1783, !, 1804 1806, ', 1818 1821, , 1845 1848, >, 1860 1863, », 1874 1875, , 1901 1905, !, 1924 1925, ', 1938 1939, , 1950 1957, 577, 578, 588, 589, 627, 629, 644, 645, 668, 669, 702, 704, 721, 724, 742, 744, 766, 768, 791, 793, 814, 821, 855, 858, 885, 888, 907, 917, 936, 938, 959, 960, 984, 985, 1010, 1024, 1035, 1062, 1086, 1119, 1137, 1149, 1172, 1185, 1214, 1230, 1252, 1270, 1280, 1291, 1315, 1330, 1348, 1393, 1410, 1438, 1470, 1490, 1513, 1532, 1542, 1565, 1579, 1600, 1618, 1643, 1659, 1677, 1694, 1715, 1747, 1789, 1807, 1822, 1849, 1865, 1885, 1909, 1926, 1941, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987 Rare earths 319, 465, 478, 970, 1002, 1162, 1298, 1311, 1337, 1365, 1367, 1371, 1451, 1459, 1545, 1550, 1680, 1692, 1785 Rhodium 529, 530, 921 Rubidium 16, 71, 139, 144, 180, 181, 182, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 315, 341, 343, 407, 410, 466, 475, 493, 497, 532, 536, 539, 541, 543, 546, 610, 617, 638, 640, 667, 672, 678, 684, 713, 721, 734, 743, 772, 787, 813, 824, 829, 855, 859, 861, 877, 878, 882, 927, 940, 947, 982, 1003, 1008, 1013, 1021, 1022, 1025, 1142, 1220, 1339, 1363, 1364, 1387, 1403, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1441, 1465, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1493, 1514, 1516, 1527, 1543, 1544, 1547, 1548, 1553, 1565, 1584, 1670, 1673, 1675, 1685, 1734, 1740, 1741, 1831, 1833, 1836, 1839, 1850, 1864, 1875, 1889, 1924, 1944, 1967 Scandium 1311, 1692 Silver 325, 392, 613, 625, 640, 896, 1153, 1234, 1239, 1420, 1425, 1455, 1468, 1470, 1481, 1515 Sodium 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 158, 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 203, 205, 209, 210, 215, 220, 225, 226, 231, 232, 234, 238, 245, 246, 253, 259, 260, 266, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 280, 283, 285, 289, 297, 298, 299, 300, 310, 316, 317, 320, 321, 325, 327, 328, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, 344, 346, 350, 351, 352, 354, 359, 365, 366, 367, 368, 371, 138 156 182 194 229 269 288 324 347 372 411 444 470 508 541 573 607 631 669 710 740 761 776 795 821 855 884 899 927 960 984 374, 377, 378, 379, 387, 397, 402, 404,405,406, 407, 412, 413, 414, 415, 421, 422, 432, 440, 441, 442, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 453, 454, 459, 464, 471, 479, 480, 487, 491, 493, 494, 504, 506, 507, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 519, 524, 534, 536, 537, 543, 546, 547, 550, 551, 554, 558, 559, 566, 572, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 590, 597, 602, 605, 608, 609, 611, 612, 616, 617, 619, 621, 627, 629, 632, 635, 636, 637, 640, 642, 653, 661, 667, 668, 670, 671, 672, 675, 684, 685, 702, 704, 707, 708, 716, 717, 719, 720, 721, 724, 727, 730, 735, 738, 741, 742, 744, 745, 747, 751, 753, 754, 755, 759, 763, 764, 765, 766, 768, 769, 770, 771, 774, 775, 777, 778, 779, 780, 783, 784, 785, 786, 789, 791, 796, 798, 801, 802, 804< 805, 806, 807, 813, 817, 825, 827, 828, 829, 834, 836, 839, 842, 843, 845, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 866, 873, 874, 877, 882, 885, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 895, 897, 898, 900, 905, 913, 916, 917, 919, 922, 923, 925, 926, 931, 932, 940, 941, 942, 951, 952, 953, 955, 959, 963, 964, 966, 967, 968, 971, 974, 976, 978, 982, 985, 986, 988, 991, 992, 996, 999, 1000, 1001, 1004, 1005, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1015, 1017, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1042, 1043, 1049, 1052, 1064, 1065, 1089, 1093, 1103, 1105, 1110, 1111, 1112 1113, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1120, 1122, 1132, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1143, 1144, 1150, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1169, 1171, 1172, 1178, 1182, 1183, 1185, 1190, 1191. 1194, 1195, 1197, 1198, 1200, 1209, 1214,1216,1218,1221,1222,1228,1230,1235,1237,1238, 1240, 1244, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1257, 1259, 1260, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1290, 1292, 1295, 1297, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1307, 1308, 1310, 1314, 1315, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1327, 1330, 1332, 1339, 1343, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1363, 1370, 1381, 1385, 1386, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1938, 1399, 1400, 1404, 1405, 1407, 1410, 1415, 1427, 1428, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1442, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1472, 1474, 1478, 1479, 1485, 1486, 1488, 1489, 1497, 1499, 1500, 1506, 1511, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1524, 1526, 1528, 1529, 1532, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1552, 1554, 1555, 1558, 1559, 1561, 1566, 1568, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 07 1575, 1577, 1579, 1585, 1586, 1588, 1589, 1596, 1601, 1603, 1604, 1609, 1610, 1618, 1626, 1632, 1634, 1637, 1638, 1641, 1642, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1650, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1675, 1676, 1679, 1684, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1694, 1697, 1699, 1703, 1704, 1707, 1708, 1714, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1723, 1732, 1736, 1738, 1744, 1748, 1753, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1760, 1773, 1777, 1779, 1783, 1789, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1799, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1806, 1807, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1822, 1825, 1827, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1839, 1841, 1843, 1844, 1847, 1848, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1865, 1867, 1868, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1886, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1900, 1905, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1987 Strontium 4, 5, 6, 12, 19, 25, 26, 27, 46, 73, 107, 125, 139, 144, 196, 197, 201, 202, 310, 313, 325, 337, 372, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 419, 427, 459, 460, 497, 498, 502, 512, 531, 532, 533, 536, 545, 557, 591, 592, 593, 640, 651, 667, 674, 690, 719, 728, 749, 750, 762, 810, 813, 816, 822, 823, 853, 856, 857, 903, 912, 918, 920, 941, 946, 956, 975, 982, 995, 996, 1025, 1032, 1047, 1083, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1101, 1102, 1113, 1118, 1190, 1191, 1205, 1233, 1239, 1268, 1293, 1312, 1314, 1315, 1339, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1369, 1390, 1391, 1401, 1414, 1421, 1422, 1439, 1457, 1458, 1462, 1463, 1467, 1486, 1548, 1554, 1558, 1559, 1594, 1607, 1608, 1639, 1695, 1696, 1698, 1735, 1746, 1774, 1780, 1790, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1823, 1826, 1837, 1839, 1843, 1880, 1892, 1940, 1952 Sulfur (sulfate) 31, 261, 262, 263, 358, 362, 363, 364, 792, 1267, 1520, 1666, 1668, 1755, 1898 Tellurium 391 Thallium 163, 212, 594, 640, 699, 982, 1099, 1100, 1109, 1377, 1453, 1515, 1554, 1555, 1557, 1560, 1712, 1737, 1764, 1769, 1931 Tin 325, 1786 Titanium 295, 296 Vanadium 255, 701, 982, 1212, 1623, 1731, 1771 Yttrium 282, 319, 1298, 1311, 1583 Zinc 325, 1109 1. 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Keram. Ges. 33, 39-46 (1956). 1986. Zolotovitskaya, E. S. Analysis of scintillating and optical materials and of single crystals. Metody Analiza Veshchestv, Osoboi Chistoty i Monokristallov, Gos. Kom. Sov. Min. SSSR po Khim. 1962, No. 1, 73-75. C.A. 58, 9625 (1963). 1987. Zwetsch, A. Use of the flame photometer. Sprechsaal 85, 91-93 (1952). C.A. 46, 5481 (1952). 124 1. 10. Less Familiar Flames The 92 references assembled in this section pertain to works on various combustion flames, some of which have already been considered as possible excitation sources in analytical flame spectroscopy, while others have not yet been studied for this purpose. Among these last flames the carbon subnitride, the nitrogen tri- fluoride, and perhaps the metal powder flames might well prove of practical interest. The reader will find a description of the properties of these flames in the works indexed under the cor- responding fuel or oxidant gas. Subject Index General papers 40, 57 Carbon subnitride 1, 3, 21, 42, 50 Chlorine 7, 74 Chlorine trifluoride 73 Converter flames (Thomas, Bessemer, etc.) 13, 35, 36, 37 47 48 88 89 Cyanogen' 5,' 14', 15, 17, 20, 22, 32, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 56, 63, 64, 66, 70, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 Fluorine 2, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 23, 28, 29, 43, 49, 53, 61, 62, 74, 76, 90, 91, Metal powder flames 27, 30, 41 Ozone 16, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 81 Perchloric acid 24 Perchloryl fluoride 8, 31, 52, 59, 60, 71, 72 Nitrogen oxide 4, 9, 12, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 92 Nitrogen trifluoride 65, 75 1. Altman, D. Chemical processes as methods of achieving high temperatures. Proc. Sympo- sium High Temp., Berkeley, Calif., 1956, 47- 52. C.A. 52, 8696 (1958). 2. Altman, D., M. Farber. Hydrogen-fluorine flame temperatures. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1118 (1953). C.A. 47, 9158 (1953). 3. Armstrong, G. T., S. Marantz. The heat of com- bustion of dicyano-acetylene. J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1776-1778 (1960). C.A. 55, 15101 (1961). 4. Ausloos, P., A. van Tiggelen. Quantitative spec- tral study of flames. I. Flames emitting the OH, NO, NH, and NH 2 spectra. Bull. Soc. Chim. Beiges 61, 569-594 (1952). C.A. 47, 4194 (1953). B 5. Baker, M. R., B. L. Vallee. Cyanogen-oxygen flame as spectrochemical source. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45, 773 (1955). Sci. Abstr. 58A, No. 8586 (1955). 6. Ball, J. J., D. E. Mann, B. A. Thrush, G. T. Armstrong, C. F. Coyle, L. A. Krieger. Methane-oxygen-fluorine flames : spectro- scopic and calorimetric studies. 69 pp. PB- 151505 (1960). C.A. 54, 11659 (1960). 7. Barthel, C. Temperatures of hydrogen-chlorine flames. Genie Chim. 77, 34-36 (1957). C.A. 51, 8517 (1957). 8. Barth-W ehrenalp, G. A new method for produc- ing perchloryl fluoride (C10 3 F). J. Inorg. and Nucl. Chem. 2, 266 (1956). C.A. 50, 9918 (1956). 9. Behrens, H. Spectra of nitrous oxide flames and reaction kinetics. Z. Elektrochem. 54, 535- 538 (1950). C.A. 45, 5020 (1951). 10. Benedict, W. S., B. W. Bullock, S. Silverman, A. Grosse. Infrared emission of the hydrogen- fluorine flame. Phys. Rev. 87, 213-214 (1952). 11. Benedict, W. S., B. W. Bullock, S. Silverman, A. Grosse. Infrared emission of the hydrogen- fluorine flame. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 1106-1113 (1953). C.A. 48, 1146 (1954). 12. Blyumberg, E. A., A. N. Pomanskii, N. M. Eman- uel. The concentration limits for propaga- tion of a flame in mixtures of hydrogen with the nitrogen oxides. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Div. Chem. Sci. 1956, 779-785. C.A. 51, 8517 (1957). 13. Breckpot, R., B. Juchniewicz. Spectrographic study of the flame of a Thomas converter. Congr. Groupement Avance. Method. Anal. Spectrograph, Produits Met. 12, 137-139 (1949). C.A. 45, 3779 (1951). 14. Brokaw, R. S., R. N. Pease. The effect of water on the burning velocities of cyanogen-oxygen argon mixtures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 1454- 1457 (1953). C.A. 47, 10972 (1953). 15. Brotherton, T. K., J. W. Lynn. The synthesis and chemistry of cyanogen. Chem. Rev. 59, 841- 883 (1959). C.A. 54, 1145 (1960). 16. Campbell, E. S. A theoretical analysis of chem- ical and physical processes in an ozone flame. Chem. Eng. Sci. 20, 311-329 (1965). C.A. 63, 1217 (1965). 17. Clark, R. P. Cyanogen, pp. 336-337, in Clark, G. L., ed. The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy. Reinhold, New York, 1960. 18. Collier, H. E., Jr. The mechanism of spectral excitation of metallic ions by a new high- temperature source. 87 pp. Thesis, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa., 1955. C.A. 50, 1460 (1956). 19. Collier, H. E., Jr., E. J. Serf ass. Flame spectra of solutions of metallic ions as excited by the hydrogen-fluorine system. Am. Chem. Soc, 1st Delaware Valley Regional Meeting, Phila- delphia, Pa., Feb. 1956. 20. Conway, J. B., A. V. Grosse. , The cyanogen-oxy- gen flame under pressure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 2972-2976 (1958). C.A. 52, 16016 (1958). 21. Conway, J. B., W. F. R. Smith, W. J. Liddell, A. V. Grosse. The production of flame temperature of 5000°K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2026-2027 (1955). C.A. 49, 11383-84 (1955). 22. Conway, J. B., R. H. Wilson, Jr., A. V. Grosse. The temperature of the cyanogen-oxygen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 499 (1953). C.A. 47, 4706 (1953). 23. Cueilleron, J. The hydrogen-fluorine torch, pp. 1303-1304, in Lebeau, P., F. Trombe, eds. The High Temperatures and Their Use in Chem- istry vol. II. (in French), Masson et C 1 ", Paris, 1950. 24. Cummings, G. A. McD., G. S. Pearson. Perchloric acid decomposition flame. Combust. Flame 8, 199-202 (1964). C.A. 62, 1127 (1965). D 25. Destriau, M. Explosion limits of various combus- tible gases using nitrous oxide as the oxidizer. Combust. Flame 6, 347-350 (1962). C.A. 58, 8844 (1963). 26. Dixon, H. B., W. F. Higgins. The burning of gases in nitrous oxide. Fuel in Sci. and Prac- tice 6, 232-235 (1927). C.A. 21, 3445 (1927). 27. Doyle, W. L., J. B. Conway, A. V. Grosse. Com- bustion of zirconium in oxygen. J. Inorg. and 125 Nucl. Chem. 6, 138-144 (1958). C.A. 52, 12523 (1958). 28. Durie, R. A. The spectra of flames supported by fluorine. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 63A, 1292-1294 (1950). C.A. 45, 4556 (1951). 29. Durie, R. A. The spectra of flames supported by fluorine. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 211A, 110- 121 (1952). C.A. 46, 10897 (1952). E 30. Edse, R., K. Narahari Rao, W. A. Strauss, M. E. Mickelson. Emission spectra excited in metal powder-oxygen flames. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 436-438 (1963). C.A. 59, 1192 (1963). 31. Engelbrecht, A., H. Atzwanger. Perchloryl fluo- ride, C10 3 F, preparation and some physical and chemical properties. J. Inorg. and Nucl. Chem. 2, 348-357 (1956). C.A. 50, 13639 (1956). 32. Fishburne, E. S., J. M. Weinberg, R. Edse, K. N. Rao. C 2 Nir-N 2 flame as a spectroscopic source. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 54, 1288 (1964). 33. Fogarty, B. B., H. G. Wolf hard. Spectra of flames burning as oxides of nitrogen. Nature 168, 1122 (1951). C.A. 46, 8518 (1952). 34. Fowler, A., J. S. Badami. The spectrum of the hydrogen-nitrous oxide flame. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 133A, 325-332 (1931). C.A. 25, 5845 (1931). 35. Garger, K. S., G. D. Krivulya, F. S. Ortenberg. The flame spectrum during the exhaustion of cast iron with a steam-oxygen mixture in a converter. Inzh.-Fiz. Zh. Akad. Nauk Belo- russk. SSR 3, 72-75 (1960). C.A. 55, 1352 (1961). 36. Garger, K. S., G. D. Krivulya, F. S. Ortenberg, V. I. Trofimova. Investigation of converter- flame spectra under different methods of blasting. Zavodsk. Lab. 25, 573-576 (1959). C.A. 55, 22014 (1961). 37. Garger, K. S., V. D. Umnov, G. D. Krivulya. In- vestigation of the radiation of the Bessemer flame. Sb. Tr. Dneprodzerzhinsk. Vecher Met. Inst. 1, 54-63 (1955). C.A. 52, 5239-5240 (1958). 38. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. A study in oxy-cyanogen flame photometry. Pittsburgh Conf. Anal. Chem. and Appl. Spectroscopy, Mar. 1958. 39. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. Oxycyanogen flame photometry. Mimeo. manuscript, 51 pp., 1958; Oxycyano- gen flame photometry. Mimeo. manuscript, 13 pp., 1962. Beckman Instruments, Inc. 2500 Fullerton Road, Fullerton, Calif. 40. Grosse, A. V. High-temperature research. Sci- ence 140, 781-789 (1963). C.A. 59, 3338 (1963). 41. Grosse, A. V., J. B. Conway. Combustion of met- als in oxygen. Ind. Eng. Chem. 50, 663-672 (1958). C.A. 52, 12523 (1958). 42. Grosse, A. V., A. D. Kirshenbaum. The combus- tion of carbon subnitride, C4N2, and a chemical method for the production of continuous tem- peratures in the range of 5000-6000° Kelvin or 9000-11000° Rankine. AD 84 316. AFOSR- TN-56-13. 37 pp. (1955). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 2020 (1956). 43. Grosse, A. V., A. D. Kirschenbaum. The pre- mixed hydrogen-fluorine flame and its burning velocity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5012-5013 (1955). C.A. 50, 1425 (1956). H 44. Hard, R. A., J. B. Pennington. Temperature and composition of a plasma obtained by seeding a cyanogen-oxygen flame with cesium. NASA-TN-D-380, 18 pp. (1960). C.A. 54, 17010 (1960). 45. Janin, J., A. Bouvier. Temperature of the cyano- gen-oxygen flame. Spectrochim. Acta 20, 1787-1798 (1964). C.A. 62, 1104-1105 (1965). 46. Janin, J., A. Bouvier, H. Mathais. Spectroscopic research on cyanogen-oxygen and methane- ammonia-oxygen flames. Colloq. Spectros. Intern. 9th, Lyons, 1962 2, 272-295 (1962). C.A. 59, 126 (1963). 47. Jazwinski, S. T. The control of Tropenas-con- verter blowing by a direct-vision spectroscope. J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), Advance copy, June 1945, 4 pp. Blast Furnace Steel Plant 33, 1113-1115 (1945). C.A. 39, 3767 (1945). 48. Jazwinski, S. T. Spectrographic control of the converter blow. Iron Age 159, 50-57 (1947). C.A. 41, 4422 (1947). K 49. Kaye, S. Flat flame burner for burning undiluted premixed hydrogen and fluorine. Rev. Sci. Instr. 32, 965-966 (1961). C.A. 56, 13987 (1962). 50. Kirshenbaum, A. D., A. V. Grosse. The combus- tion of carbon subnitride, C4N2, and a chemical method for the production of continuous tem- peratures in the range of 5000-6000°K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2020 (1956). C.A. 50, 9849 (1956). 51. Kozachenko, L. S., G. I. Skachkov. Flame propa- gation in two and three-component gas blends containing H 2 , CH 4 , N 2 , and N 2 0. Zh. Prikl. Mekh. i Tekh. Fiz. 1960, 93-99. C.A. 55, 27846-27847 (1961). 52. Lodwig, R. M., J. L. Margrave. Studies of per- chloryl fluoride flames. Combust. Flame 3, 147-156 (1959). C.A. 53, 14462-14463 (1960). M 53. Mann, D. E., B. A. Thrush, D. R. hide, Jr., J. J. Ball, N. Acquista. Spectroscopy of fluorine flames. I. Hydrogen-fluorine flame and the vibration-rotation emission spectrum of HF. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 420-431 (1961). C.A. 55, 23043 (1961). o 54. d'Olieslager, J., A. van Tiggelen. Kinetic study of a hydrocarbon-nitrous oxide flame. Bull. Soc. Chim. Beiges 73, 135-153 (1964). C.A. 61, 1700 (1964). 55. Pannetier, G., A. Sicard. Regions of flammability of binary mixtures of hydrocarbons with nit- rous oxide: action of nitrous oxide as oxidant. 5th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1954, 620-628 (1955). C.A. 49, 15395 (1955). 56. Pannetier, G., A. Sicard. Flammability limits of mixtures of nitrous oxide and cyanogen under pressures equal to or less than atmospheric 126 pressure. Compt. Rend. 240, 1345-1347 (1955). C.A. 49, 12092 (1955). 57. Parker, W. G. Review of some unusual stationary flame reactions. Combust. Flame 2, 69-82 (1958). C.A. 52, 8502 (1958). 58. Parker, W. G., H. G. Wolfhard. Some character- istics of flames supported by NO and NO*. 4th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Cambridge, Mass. 1952, 420-428 (Publ. 1953). C.A. 49, 9253 (1955). 59. Pennsalt Chemicals Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. Per- chloryl fluoride. Booklet DC/1819, 1957. 60. Pennsalt Chemicals Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. Per- chloryl fluoride flame photometry. Bulletin dsE-1819, 1958. 61. Priest, H. F., A. V. Grosse. Hydrogen-fluorine torch. Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 431-433 (1947). C.A. 41, 3328 (1947). R 62. Rapp, D., H. S. Johnston. Nitric oxide-fluorine dilute diffusion flame. J. Chem. Phys. 33, 695-699 (1960). C.A. 55, 6110 (1961). 63. Robinson, J. W. Flame photometry using oxycy- anogen flame. Anal. Chem. 33, 1226-1230 (1961). C.A. 56, 4 (1962). 64. Robinson, J. W. Correction: Flame photometry using oxycyanogen flame. Anal. Chem. 34, 907 (1962). C.A. 57, 5281 (1962). 65. Rogers, H. H. The hydrogen-nitrogen trifluoride torch. Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 309-310 (1959). C.A. 53 11897 (1959). 66. Rutne'r, E., ' K. Scheller, W. H. McLain, Jr. Ki- netics of combustion of cyanogen and the burning velocities of cyanogen-oxygen-nitro- gen mixtures. J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1891-1896 (1960). C.A. 55, 17168 (1961). 67. Sandri, R. On flame propagation in explosive mixtures of gases. II. On the decomposition flame of ozone. Can. J. Chem. 34, 324-330 (1956). C.A. 50, 12482 (1956). 68. Sandri, R. On flame propagation in explosive mixtures of gases. IV. On the decomposition flame of ozone in mixtures rich in ozone. Can. J. Chem. 35, 474-476 (1957). C.A. 52, 731 (1958). 69. Sandri, R. On the decomposition flame of ozone at high pressure. Can. J. Chem. 36, 1210- 1211 (1958). C.A. 53, 828 (1959). 70. Scheller, K., W. E. McKnight. Kinetics of cyano- gen flames. 7th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., London and Oxford 1958, 369-376 (1959). C.A. 55, 5091 (1961). 71. Schmauch, G. E., E. J. Serfass. Use of perchloryl fluoride in flame photometry. Anal. Chem. 30, 1160-1161 (1958). C.A. 52, 14409 (1958). 72. Schmauch, G. E., E. J. Serfass. The use of per- chloryl fluoride in flame photometry. Appl. Spectry. 12, 98-102 (1958). C.A. 53, 3991 (1959) . 73. Skirrow, G., H. G. Wolfhard. Studies of chlorine tri-fluoride flames. Proc. Roy Soc. (London) 232A, 78-87 (1955). C.A. 50, 4596 (1956). 74. Slootmaekers, P. J., A. van Tiggelen. Fluorine and chlorine flames. Bull. Soc. Chim. Beiges 67, 135-146 (1958). C.A. 53, 827 (1959). 75. Stokes, C. S. The hydrogen-nitrogen trifluoride torch. Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 1494 (1959). C.A. 54, 5179 (1960). 76. Stokes, C. S., A- V. Grosse, Jr. Hydrogen cya- nide-fluorine-oxygen flame. Ind. Eng. Chem. 49, 1311-1314 (1957). C.A. 51, 15224 (1957). 77. Stokes, C. S., R. P. M. Werner, W. F. R. Smith, J. A. Cahill. Combustion of cyanogen with endothermic oxides of nitrogen. Ind. Eng. Chem. 52, 75-78 (1960). C.A. 54, 9456 (1960). 78. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The pure ozone-to- oxygen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 1517- 1518 (1957). C.A. 51, 9270 (1957). 79. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The premixed ozone- hydrogen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3296- 3297 (1957). C.A. 51, 14386 (1957). 80. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The premixed ozone- cyanogen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 5583 (1957). C.A. 52, 1583 (1958). 81. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The ozone to oxygen flame. 6th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Yale Univ. 1956, 264-273 (1957). C.A. 52, 5787 (1958). 82. Thomas, N., A. G. Gaydon, L. Brewer. Cyanogen flames and the dissociation energy of nitrogen. J. Chem. Phys. 20, 369-374 (1952). C.A. 46, 7434 (1952). 83. Vallee, B. L. The cyanogen flame as a spectro- chemical source (summary). Proc. Colloq- uium Spectroscopicum Internationale VI, 1956. Spectrochim. Acta 11, 49 (1957). 84. Vallee, B. L., M. R. Baker. 02-C 2 N 2 flame as a spectrographs source. Pittsburgh Conf. on Anal. Chem. and Appl. Spectry., Mar. 1955. Abstr. Anal. Chem. 27, 320 (1955). 85. Vallee, B. L., A. F. Bartholomay. Cyanogen-oxy- gen flame. New source of quantitative deter- mination of microgram amounts of metals. Anal. Chem. 28, 1753-1755 (1956). C.A. 51, 2455 (1957). 86. Vallee, B. L., R. E. Thiers, K. Fuwa. Cyanogen- oxygen flame spectrometry. Am. Chem. Soc, Abstr. of Papers 135th Meeting, 29B (1959). w 87. Welcher, R. P., D. J. Berets, L. E. Sentz. Stability of cyanogen. Ind. Eng. Chem. 49, 1755-1758 (1957). C.A. 52, 7631 (1958). 88. Wever, F., W. Koch, H. Hofermann, H. Kniippel, K. E. Mayer, G. Wiethoff. Spectrographic examination of the converter flame in the basic Bessemer process. Stahl u. Eisen 76, 1032- 1040 (1956). C.A. 51, 11954 (1957). 89. Wever, F., W. Koch, H. Hofermann, B. A. Stein- kopf, H. Kniippel, K. E. Meyer, G. Wiethoff. Control of the basic converter process by utili- zation of the thermal radiation of the bath and the spectrum of the converter flame. Stahl u. Eisen 75, 549-559 (1955). C.A. 49, 13048 (1955). 90. Wilson, R. H., Jr., J. B. Conway, A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse. The temperature of the hydro- gen-fluorine flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 5514 (1951). C.A. 46, 9363 (1952). 91. Wilson, R. H., Jr., J. B. Conway, A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse. Temperature of the hydrogen- fluorine flame. Natl. Bur. Std. (U. S.) Circ. 523, 111-118 (1954). C.A. 48, 7956 (1954). 92. Wolfhard, H. G., W. G. Parker. Spectra and com- bustion mechanism of flames supported by the oxides of nitrogen. 5th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1954, 718-728 (1955). C.A. 49, 16387 (1955). 127 2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 2. 1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy The 353 references of works on atomic ab- sorption spectroscopy assembled in this section are indexed under various headings; the reader will find thus several early contributions of his- torical interest in the "Earlier Works" group. This is followed by "Books and Periodical Pub- lications," and to the works mentioned there one should add a book by J. W. Robinson, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, published in the spring of 1966 by Marcel Dekker, New York. The fundamental contributions of Walsh and associates are indexed under "Theoretical and General Papers," where the reader will also find the works of Alkemade and associates to- gether with a number of papers in which the basic properties of the atomic absorption prin- ciple are discussed. The numerous contributions to analytical ap- plications of the atomic absorption method are indexed under "Materials Analyzed" and "Ele- ments Determined," and as can be seen, the method seems to find thus far the widest use in the analysis of biological materials (48 pa- pers) and of metals and alloys (47 papers), the elements determined more often being, in decreasing order, Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca, Hg, Na, Pb, Fe, Ag, Mn, Ni, K, Au, Co, Cr, Cd, etc. Note Added to the Page Proof. A further contri- bution to the field of atomic absorption in the form of a book, "Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy" by J. Ramirez- Munoz, is expected to be available in 1967; this work will be published by the Elsevier Publishing Company, New York. Subject Index Earlier papers 15, 92, 113, 134, 189, 201, 205, 239, 260, 333, 341, Books and periodical publications 16, 17, 80, 141, 220 Theses 49, 116, 120, 157, 202, 275, 299 Reviews and articles in books 42, 66, 67, 74, 89, 91, 101, 104, 105, 106, 115, 122, 124, 142, 144, 166, 171, 174, 182, 185, 186, 188, 195, 218, 224, 225, 230, 234, 242, 245, 247, 248, 249, 256, 263, 264, 267, 268, 270, 283, 291, 316, 328, 329, 331, 352 Theoretical and general papers 2, 3, 5, 11, 12, 19, 26, 53, 62, 65, 69, 81, 95, 96, 97, 117, 125, 146, 147, 163, 170, 176, 177, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 203, 208, 209, 214, 215, 222, 223, 233, 236, 241, 250, 251, 252, 255, 257, 259, 265, 266, 271, 277, 282, 285, 294, 297, 300, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 337, 338, 339, 340, 348 Instrumental 2, 3, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 44, 46, 52, 56, 76, 78, 86, 99, 109, 111, 127, 128, 131, 136, 137, 139, 145, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 170, 175, 180, 183, 184, 190, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, 209, 226, 240, 257, 259, 261, 269, 272, 277, 288, 289, 295, 296, 305, 313, 314, 332, 337, 341, 342, 343 Organic solvents in atomic absorption spectroscopy 9, 173, 232, 233, 244 Materials Analyzed Beer, wine 93, 349 Biological materials 28, 29, 30, 47, 50, 64, 69, 70, 71, 94, 100, 119, 121, 123, 126, 129, 132, 133, 136, 143, 154, 155, 169, 187, 200, 210, 219, 231, 253, 267, 273, 276, 279, 301, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 331, 353 Butter 330 Cement and related materials 167, 254, 292 Chemical reagents 1, 35, 138, 140, 197, 221, 228, 295, 317 Coal 23, 75, 216 Fertilizers 8, 10, 100, 178, 268, 295 Gasoline 55, 246, 295 Isotope analysis 110, 112, 217, 345, 346, 347 Lubricating oils 41, 118 Metals and alloys 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 24, 36, 46, 77, 79, 81, 89, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 108, 114, 135, 139, 150, 151, 152, 168, 179, 199, 211, 212, 213, 215, 227, 234, 262, 274, 278, 283, 286, 287, 290, 295, 302, 303, 304, 334, 335, 336 Ores and rocks 13, 27, 54, 90, 107, 156, 227, 235, 237, 238, 258, 280, 295, 298 Plants 8, 10, 38, 39, 57, 58, 59, 130, 131, 143, 235, 268, 284, 344 Soils 8, 10, 58, 60, 64, 100, 131, 268, 284, 298 Test solutions 4, 6, 7, 25, 48, 61, 63, 68, 72, 73, 82, 83, 85, 88, 122, 127, 148, 158, 161, 172, 173, 175, 184, 196, 229, 243, 271, 281, 293, 346, 347, 350, 351 Water 45, 315 Waters: marine 32, 84, 181 Waters: industrial 31 Elements Determined Aluminum 13, 48, 73, 92, 175, 212, 213, 271 Antimony 154 Barium 32, 96, 175, 271 Beryllium 271 Bismuth 154, 327 Cadmium 31, 77, 154, 196, 215, 227, 295, 327, 351 Calcium 32, 45, 47, 58, 59, 60, 71, 75, 77, 93, 130, 131, 155, 158. 187, 210, 216, 219, 292, 293, 295, 319, 321, 322, 325, 353 Cesium 175, 232 Chromium 41, 87, 152, 175, 295, 315, 317, 318 Cobalt 7, 32, 77, 117, 124, 179, 274, 295, 315 Copper 8, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 45, 58, 84, 93, 98, 122, 124, 126, 127, 138, 149, 151, 155, 158, 161, 178, 181, 231, 253, 262, 274, 278, 280, 295, 304, 315, 317, 330, 336, 349, 351 Gallium 92 Gold 107, 108, 114, 149, 155, 172, 281, 295, 350, 351 Indium 92, 175 Iron 6, 18, 21, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 45, 58, 75, 84, 93, 161, 178, 197, 215, 216, 262, 278, 315 Lead 30, 31, 35, 36, 41, 55, 77, 79, 124, 146, 154, 155, 175, 215, 246, 262, 279, 295, 326, 327, 349, 351 Lithium 32, 112, 175, 346, 347 Magnesium 4, 14, 22, 32, 45, 47, 50, 53, 57, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71, 75, 77, 90, 119, 122, 123, 124, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, 140, 143, 154, 155, 165, 167, 168, 173, 178, 187, 199, 215, 216, 274, 276, 286, 290, 292, 295, 301, 303, 319, 320, 323, 325, 336, 344 Manganese 6, 24, 32, 35, 36, 38, 84, 124, 154, 155, 175, 178, 215, 231, 274, 287, 292, 295, 315 Mercury 20, 51, 86, 113, 134, 154, 155, 156, 169, 200, 201, 204, 205, 217, 228, 229, 239, 258, 298, 327, 333, 341, 342, 343 129 Molybdenum 61, 63 Nickel 7, 31, 32, 35, 36, 84, 150, 154, 215, 244, 273, 274, 295, 315, 327, 351 Niobium 85 Palladium 83, 107, 108, 172, 278, 281, 350 Platinum 107, 108, 172, 281, 295, 350 Potassium 45, 58, 60, 75, 93, 121, 122, 175, 184, 216, 231, 232, 292, 293, 324 Rare earths 203, 266, 348 Rhenium 85 Rhodium 107, 108, 172, 281, 295, 350 Rubidium 32, 215, 232, 284 Scandium 85 Selenium 235 Silver 25, 26, 41, 54, 77, 98, 107, 108, 114, 148, 172, 237, 238, 262, 278, 295, 334, 335, 336, 351 Sodium 32, 36, 39, 45, 58, 60, 72, 75, 77, 93, 121, 122, 184, 216, 221, 232, 233, 243, 254, 292, 300, 324, 333 Strontium 23, 32, 61, 64, 68, 154, 175 Thallium 92, 154, 175 Tin 1 Titanium 85, 175, 271 Thorium 155 Uranium 110, 135, 290 Vanadium 85, 271 Yttrium 85 Zinc 10, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 57, 58, 77, 82, 84, 88, 94, 100, 102. 103, 129, 132, 154, 155, 178, 211, 212, 214, 231, 253, 262, 295, 302, 317, 327, 336, 349 1. 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Zettner, A., D. Seligson. Application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the deter- mination of calcium in serum. Clin. Chem. 10, 869-890 (1964). C.A. 62, 1960 (1965). 2. 2. Hollow Cathode Discharge Tubes The emission sources producing narrow lines which can be used in the atomic absorption pro- cedure are in general of the low pressure dis- charge type, such as hollow cathode lamps or metal vapor discharge tubes. Since discharge lamps constitute an indispensable element of the atomic absorption procedure discussed foregoing, it was considered desirable to pro- vide the interested worker with some informa- tion on those lamps. The 87 references covering the subject are assembled in this sec- tion and are indexed under various headings. The general properties of electrical discharges in gases are lucidly discussed by Penning in a brief monograph (ref. 57), and this work will constitute an excellent introduction for the un- derstanding of the phenomena occurring in hollow cathode discharges. A detailed discus- sion of hollow cathode geometry will be found in references 84 and 87, and in this last refer- ence the characteristics of a nearly spherical hollow cathode of original design are examined. The description of various types of hollow cathode tubes is given in the 34 papers indexed in "Instrumental," while specific discharge tubes used in conjunction with the atomic ab- sorption instrumentation are described in ref- erences 13, 31, 47, 66, 78, and 81. A certain number of papers on analytical ap- plications of hollow cathode tubes are also in- dexed in this section, although the discharge tubes have not been used in conjunction with an atomic absorption procedure. These refer- ences are included here since they should con- stitute a source of useful information on the general properties and handling procedures of discharge tubes. Subject Index Discharge parameters and mechanism 25, 44, 50, 53, 56, 57, 60, 66, 67, 76, 77, 83, 84, 87 Instrumental 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19, 24, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 51, 54, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 85 Discharge tubes for atomic absorption 13, 31, 47, 66, 78. 81 Analytical applications 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 85, 86 1. Ahmad, C. N. Note on glow discharge techniques for selenium, arsenic and other vapours. J. Sci. Instr. 41, 778 (1964). C.A. 62, 37 (1965). 2. Artaud, J., M. Chaput, S. Gerstenkorn. Isotopic analysis of plutonium by optical spectro- scopy. 9 pp. CEA Rept. No. 1909 (1961). C.A. 56, 4332 (1962). 3. 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Distribution of current density in a hollow cathode. Fiz. Sbornik Lvovsk. Univ. 4, 80-83 (1958) H 27. Harris, C. I., G. P. Mitchell. Literature survey on the use of the hollow cathode discharge in analytical chemistry. 8 pp. Report No. MR 960, Eindhoven contract No. 122/0084. Sept. 9, 1963. I 28. Ivanov, N. P. Analytical possibilities of a gas discharge tube with a double hollow cathode. Zh. Analit. Khim. 17, 126-128 (1962). C.A. 57, 3998 (1962). 29. Ivanov, N. P., E. N. Andrikanis. On the analyt- ical use of a gas discharge tube having a double hollow cathode. Zavodsk. Lab. 29, 1002-1005 (1963). C.A. 60, 2312 (1964). 30. Ivanov, N. P., Z. N. Andrikanis. Determination of contaminants in titanium and its com- pounds. Metody Analiza Khim. Reaktivov i Preparatov, Gos. Kom. Sov. Min. SSSR po Khim. No. 7, 73-76 (1963). C.A. 61, 2460 (1964). 31. Jones, W. G., A. Walsh. Hollow-cathode dis- charges — the construction and characteristics of sealed-off tubes for use as spectroscopic light sources. Spectrochim. Acta 16, 249-254 (1960). C.A. 54, 16943 (1960). K 32. Kashtan, M. S., E. V. Sobotovich, T. N. Khlopina. Enhancement of sensitivity in the spectral isotope analysis of lead. Opt. Spectry. (USSR) (English Transl.) 8, 11-13 (I960). C.A. 54, 17146 (1960). 33. Konovalov, V. A., S. E. Frish. Illumination of the mixture of argon and nitrogen. J. Tech. Phys. (USSR) 4, 523-533 (1934). C.A. 29, 7861 (1935). 34. Korostyleva, L. A., G. A. Striganova. Isotope shift in the uranium spectrum. Opt. Spectry. (USSR) (English Transl.) 7, 89-90 (1959). C.A. 54, 8275 (1960). 35. Korovin, Yu. I. Increasing the sensitivity of de- terminations by means of discharge in a hol- low cathode. Zh. Anal. Khim. 16, 494-495 (1961). C.A. 56, 5382 (1962). 36. Korovin, Yu. I. Spectral determination of chlo- rine and fluorine in metallic beryllium using discharge in a hollow cathode. Zavodsk. Lab. 31, 45-49 (1965). 37. Korovin, Yu. I, L. V. Lipis. The use of a dis- charge in a hollow cathode to determine im- purities in zirconium oxide. Opt. i Spektro- skopiya 5, 334-337 (1958). C.A. 53, 11096-97 (1959). 38. Krasil'shchik, V. A. Device for working with a hollow cathode. Zavodsk. Lab. 31, 251 (1965). 39. Lee, T., S. Katz, S. A. Maclntyre. The spectro- graph^ determination of uranium-235. V. Routine application of a multiple hollow cathode source assembly and a direct-reading, Littrow grating spectrograph. Appl. Spectry. 16, 92-96 (1962). C.A. 57, 8147 (1962). 40. Lee, T., O. P. Killeen, S. A. Maclntyre. Spectro- graph^ determination of uranium-235. IV. Using a direct reading, Littrow grating spec- trograph, and a hollow cathode. Appl. Spec- try. 15, 106-109 (1961). C.A. 56, 6658 (1962). 41. Lee, T., S. A. Maclntyre. Uranium-235 uranium- 238 assay on the direct-reading optical spec- trograph. TID-7531, 30-35 (1957). C.A. 52, 4392 (1958). 42. Lee, T., S. A. Maclntyre. The spectrographic determination of uranium-235. Part 3. Use of a multiple hollow cathode assembly and a 22 foot direct reading Eagle spectrograph. Appl. Spectry. 15, 34-39 (1961). C.A. 55, 18446 (1961). 43. Lee, T., L. H. Rogers. The spectrographic deter- mination of uranium-235. Part 2. Using a direct reading attachment and a hollow cath- ode source. Appl. Spectry. 15, 3-6 (1961). C.A. 55, 16282 (1961). 44. Little, P. F., A. v. Engel. The hollow-cathode ef- fect and the theory of glow discharges. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 224A, 209-227 (1954). C.A. 49, 50 (1955). M 45. MacNally, J. R., G. R. Harrison, E. Rowe. A hol- low cathode source applicable to spectro- graphic analysis. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 93-98 (1947). C.A. 41, 2349 (1947). 46. Massman, H. Detection limits in spectrochemical analysis of volatilizable substances in the hol- low cathode. Colloq. Spectros. Intern., 9th, Lyons, 1961, 2, 170-182 (1962). C.A. 59, 4-5 (1963). 47. Massman, H. Hollow cathodes for constant in- tensity ratios of spectra of different elements. Z. Instrumentenk. 71, 225-229 (1963). C.A. 60, 1243 (1964). 48. Melamed, J. Spectrographic determination of 141 trace amounts of halides. 52 pp. CEA-1999, (1961). C.A. 56, 12313 (1962). 49. Milazzo, G. Spectrochemical analysis of non- metals in the vacuum ultraviolet by means of a hollow cathode light source. 48 pp. AD431,- 066 (1963). C.A. 61, 12612 (1964). 50. Mitchell, K. B. Spectroscopic studies of ioniza- tion in a hollow cathode discharge. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 846-853 (1961). C.A. 56, 2073 (1962). 51. Monfils, A., I. Ottelet, B. Rosen. The hollow cathode in spectroanalysis. Ind. Chim. Beige 16, 675-676 (1951). C.A. 46, 4913-14 (1952). 52. Monfils, A., B. Rosen. Spectroscopic determina- tion of traces of nitrogen in argon. Rev. Universelle Mines 6, 79-81 (1950). C.A. 44, 5264-65 (1950). 53. Morse, D. L. Plasma rotation in a hollow cathode discharge, 6 pp. Rept. Res. Lab. of Electron., Mass. Inst. Technol., Cambridge, Mass. Con- tract DA-36039-AMC-03200(E) ; Grant NSF- G24073 (1965); see also Physics of Fluids 8, 517-521 (1965). N 54. Newbound, K. B., F. H. Fish. Spectroscopic study of small samples in a hollow cathode dis- charge. Can. J. Phys. 29, 357-361 (1951). C.A. 46, 8958 (1952). 55. Novoselov, V. A., T. K. Aidarov. Spectrographic determination of the trace elements Ag, Cu, Pb, Bi, Cd, and Al in solutions by using a hollow cathode source. Tr. po Khim. i Khim Technol. 1964, 108-109. C.A. 62, 7108 (1965). 56. Paschen, F. Bohr's helium lines. Ann. der Physik 50, 901-940 (1916). 57. Penning, F. M. Electrical discharges in gases. 78 pp. Philips Technical Library, Eindhoven, 1957. 58. Pevtsov, G. A., V. Z. Krasil'shchik. Spectral de- termination of the constituents of chemical concentrates pretreated on carbon powder as collector. Metody Analiza Khim. Reaktivov i Preparatov, Gos. Kom. Sov. Min. SSSR po Khim. No. 7, 69-72 (1963). C.A. 61, 2459 (1964). 59. Pevtsov, G. A., V. Z. Krasil'shchik. The determi- nation of impurities in beryllium oxide by a spectrophotographic method by using a hollow cathode. Zh. Analit. Khim. 19, 1106-1109 (1964). C.A. 61, 15331 (1964). 60. Popov, L. V. Influence of metastable atoms of Hg on the luminescence of Ca in a discharge tube with hollow cathode. J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys. (USSR) 13, 85-92 (1943). C.A. 38, 3195 (1944). R 61. Rasmussen, E. The spectra of silver. 32 pp. Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab, Mat.-Fys. Medd. 18, (1940). C.A. 35, 7285 (1941). 62. Rhodes, D. R. Hollow cathode discharge tubes, analytical applications, pp. 200-201, in Clark, G. L., ed. The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy. Reinhold Publ., New York, 1960. 63. Rosen, B. New development in the application of a hollow cathode discharge tube designed for the quantitative determination of oxygen in metals. Bull. Soc. Appl. Spectry. 5, 26-27 (1951). 64. Rosen, B. Spectroscopic determination of oxygen in steels. Rev. Universelle Mines 9, 445-454 (1953). C.A. 47, 10405-06 (1953). 65. Rosen, B., I. Ottelet. Use of the hollow cathode and the vacuum furnace in spectro-analysis. Colloque Inter. Spectrographie Strasbourg, Oct., 1950, 155-167. C.A. 46, 6029 (1952). 66. Russell, B. J., A. Walsh. Resonance radiation from a hollow cathode. Spectrochim. Acta 15, 883-885 (1959). C.A. 54, 5296 (1960). 67. Schiller, H. On the potential drop of an electrode in a gas discharge tube. Z. Physik 22, 264- 268 (1921). 68. Schiller, H. A new light source and its applicabil- ity. Z. Physik 35, 323-337 (1926). C.A. 20, 2121 (1926). 69. Schiiler, H. The excitation of spectra for the investigation of hyperfine structures. Z. Physik 59, 149-153 (1929). C.A. 24, 1287 (1930). 70. Schiller, H. Emission spectroscopy of organic substances with the aid of electron-impact excitation in the glow discharge. I. Spectro- chim. Acta 4, 85-92 (1950). C.A. 44, 10505 (1950). 71. Schiller, H. 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C.A. 41, 4384 (1947). 142 V gen in steel. Anal. Chim. Acta 33, 138-144 R1 „ _ .. _ _ , _ „, „ , (1965). C.A. 63, 10673-74 (1965). 84. Van Voorhis, C.C., A G. Shenstone Some char- g6 Werner G . K D . D> Sm -^ s> jr. OwnsWne, O. B. acteristics of hollow-cathode discharge tubes. t> j i u r r> \* \i h. r w -Ii. • Rev. Sci. Instr. 12, 257-261 (1941). Rudolph, J. R.MacNally.Jr Further mves- tigations in the spectro-isotopic assay tech- tit nique for lithium. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45, 202- w 205 (1955). C.A. 49, 6025 (1955). 85. Webb, M. S. W., R. J. Webb. Automatic spectro- 87. White, A. D. New hollow cathode glow discharge. graphic method for the determination of oxy- J. Appl. Phys. 30, 711-719 (1959). 143 3. Electrical Discharges Having the Aspect of Combustion Flames 3. 1. The Radio-Frequency Discharge The references collected in this section per- tain to works on radio-frequency (RF) dis- charges which can be used as excitation sources in analytical spectroscopy. Although these sources draw the energy from an electrical field rather than from a combustion reaction, they are assembled here since the aspect of the dis- charge is quite similar to that of a combustion flame. Furthermore the methods used in sup- plying a combustion flame with the analytical sample solution can also be used to supply the RF discharge. The RF discharge can be pro- duced in closed vessels at various pressures or in the open at atmospheric pressures and in a variety of gases. Excitation of the spectral emission of gases under low pressure by the action of radio-fre- quency fields has a long history, dating approxi- mately from the invention of the Tesla coil. One of the earliest published studies concerning the RF excitation of gases was made by J. J. Thompson (130). The use of this discharge to produce spectral excitation of various solid or gaseous chemical species followed later through the works of Dunoyer (39-41), Bloch and Bloch (12), Vaudet (140), and Winans (148). Excitation by the Tesla coil was adapted to practical spectrochemical analysis by Gerlach and Schweitzer in 1931 (55). Further exten- sions of the technique were made in 1933 by Potapenko (103) and Goroncy and Urban (57), employing tube-driven, undamped oscillators. In 1941 Fenner (45) used an electrodeless dis- charge tube for the quantitative determination of traces of Cd in Se and of Hg in various gases. The sample in the evacuated tube was excited by a high-frequency generator pro- ducing a wavelength of 6 m. The application of RF excitation to gases at low pressure, and to relatively volatile solids, was given further impetus by the work of Meg- gers (82) on monochromatic emissions as an ultimate standard of length. Further contribu- tions have been made by Gatterer (50-53), who succeeded in exciting and determining the halo- gens, S, and Se in various samples containing as little as 0.001 percent. He used for this purpose a generator producing a discharge of 40 to 100 MHz with an output at the sample tube of 600 W. A similar discharge has been used by Tomkins and Fred (132) for the de- termination of D 2 in heavy water. The method continues to be refined, adapted, and applied, as evidenced by the work of Zelik- ofF et al. (150) on the excitation of the vapors of Pb, In, Ga, Sb, Bi, Hg, Cd, Tl, Zn, Ca, and Ba. Keller and Smith (67) used a 40-MHz discharge to excite and determine CI, Br, and I at the level of 0.001 percent. A similar dis- charge was employed by Broida and Morgan (18) to analyze hydrogen-deuterium mixtures in the presence of air by exciting the gaseous sample contained in an electrodeless tube with a 150-MHz oscillator. Corliss et al. (27) have succeeded in exciting the volatile halides of relatively involatile metals such as Be, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, U; and Tomkins and Fred (133) produced the spectra of rare earths and some heavy metals present as vapors of the halides. The need in optical pumping experiments for intense spectral lines free of self-reversal occasions continued inter- est in electrodeless RF discharge tubes with alkali metal fillings (10, 54). Electrodeless discharges for the analysis of gases have been extensively explored and exploited by Gatterer and Frodl (53), White (146), White and Love- lace (147), Ishida (63), Frisch and Schreider (48),andStolov (125). More recently, Chakrabarti et al. (23, 24) have studied the emission spectra of N 2 , H 2 , NH 3 , and that of mixtures of A-C0 2 excited in RF fields. An excellent review paper on RF discharges in gases has been published by Morgan (99), and covers this field up to 1953 with 70 references. Radio-frequency discharges of flamelike ap- pearance occurring at atmospheric pressure can also be produced by using a suitable portion of an RF circuit (60). Asami and Hori have described the spectrum produced by the dis- charge in air (2). A description of the excita- tion of samples in solution by an RF discharge was made in 1954 (79). Fundamental contri- butions to the field of RF discharges were made by Grigorovici and Cristescu who investigated the conditions for the production of the dis- charge, its temperature, and various electrical parameters, in several publications (28 to 35, 58, 59). Further experimental developments of the method have been made by Badarau et al. (7), who introduced the sample solution, as an aspirated aerosol, into the discharge in air and excited lines of the elements: Al, Ba, Be, B, Ce, Cs, Fe, Pb, K, Sn, V, and Zn. Korolev and Zheenbaev (70-72) have investigated the sensitivity of excitation of the elements Na, K, and Li. Using excitation sources similar to the one described by Scholz (121), Yamamoto and Murayama have examined the excitation of Ca 145 and Mg (149), and Dunnken et al. (37, 38) that of Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, and Cr. In both cases nitrogen and air were used as carrier gases. Zheenbaev (151-153) has demonstrated an im- proved sensitivity, obtained by hydrodynamic compression of the discharge, in the detection of a number of elements. Apparatus designed specifically for the pro- duction of the RF brush discharge, for which the designation "Electronic Torch" has been generally applied, was developed by Cobine and Wilbur (25, 26); this source is magnetron- powered. A similar magnetron-driven appa- ratus has been described by Schmidt (120). Scholz (121) has described a "Hochfrequenz- Plasma-Flamme," powered by a triode oscillator tube, and employing a tubular-shaped "burner" through which a gas stream is passed for lo- calizing and stabilizing the discharge. The 154 references are distributed in the in- dex under "Discharges in Closed Vessels at Various Pressures" and "Discharges at Atmos- pheric Pressure." Subject Index Discharges in closed vessels at various pressures 1, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 27, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 99, 108, 110, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150, 154 Discharges at atmospheric pressure 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 44, 47, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 129, 131, 135, 141, 144, 145, 149, 151, 152, 153 ment of electronic Verneuil furnace. 105 pp. AFCRL 799, AD269.709. (1961). 9. Baum, W ., S. Eckhard. Non-dispersive spectral analysis of the gases from hot extraction. Z. Anal. Chem. 209, 188-197 (1965). CA. 62, 15409 (1965). 10. Bell, W. E., A. L. Bloom, J. Lynch. Alkali metal vapor spectral lamp. Rev. Sci. Instr. 32, 688-692 (1961). CA. 56, 8179 (1962). 11. Biondi, M. A. Microwave gas discharges. Elec. Eng. 69, 806-809 (1950). 12. Block, L., E. Block. Spark spectra of chlorine. Ann. Phys. (Paris) 8, 397-423 (1927). CA. 22, 914 (1928). 13. Bogros, A., F. Esclangon. Excitation of atomic jets by a high-frequency electromagnetic discharge. Compt. Rend. 195, 368-370 (1932). CA. 26, 5494 (1932). 14. Bokatiel, T. On the high frequency torch dis- charge in argon at pressures below one at- mosphere. Compt. Rend. 260, 4954-4956 (1965). 15. Bovey, L. A tuneable microwave cavity for ex- citation at 2425 Mc/s of an optical spectro- scopic source. Spectrochim. Acta 10, 432- 433 (1958). 16. Brady, J. J., A. R. Tynes, M. F. Anderson. Light emission characteristics during early stages of microwave plasma formation. Electronics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Mass. Contract AF 19 (604) -5962, Project 5634. Task 56340 (1962). 17. Broida, H. P., W. R. Kane. Rotational intensity distributions of OH and OD in an electrode- less discharge through water vapor. Phys. Rev. 89, 1053-1059 (1953). CA. 47, 8511 (1953). 18. Broida, H. P., G. H. Morgan. Optical spectro- photometric analysis of hydrogen-deuterium mixtures in presence of air. Anal. Chem. 24, 799-804 (1952). CA. 47, 6307 (1953). 19. Broida, H. P., J. W. Moyer. Spectroscopic analy- sis of deuterium in hydrogen-deuterium mix- tures. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 42, 37-41 (1952). CA. 46, 3902 (1952). 1. Anderson, R., D. Sckricker, J. Patterson. RF- excitation of a Hg-Tl mixture. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1904-1905 (1962). 2. Asami, Y., T. Hori. Spectrum of the torch dis- charge. Nature 144, 981-982 (1939). CA. 34, 1252 (1940). 3. Atkinson, R. J., G. D. Chapman, L. Krause. Light sources for the excitation of atomic resonance fluorescence in potassium and rubidium. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1269-1274 (1965). CA. 63, 12529 (1965). B 4. Babat, G. I. Electrodeless discharges and some allied problems. J. Inst. Elec. Engrs., (Lon- don) Pt. Ill, 94, 27-37 (1947). Sci. Abstr. 50, 879 (1947). 5. Backe, C. A., D. J. Lisk. Determination of organophosphorus insecticide residues using the emission spectrometric detector. Anal. Chem. 37, 1477-1480 (1965). 6. Badarau, E. New Spectral sources. Rev. Chim. Acad. Rep. Populaire Roumaine 7, No. 1, 45- 49 (1962). CA. 59, 1059 (1963). 7. Badarau, E., M. Giurgea, Gk. Giurgea, A. T. H. Truiia. High-frequency torch discharge as spectral source. Spectrochim. Acta, Suppl. 1957, 441-447. CA. 54, 151 (1960). 8. Bauer, W. H„ C. V. Longo, K. Malek. Develop- 20. van Calker, J. Spectral excitation in high-fre- quency plasma flames. Colloq. Spectros. In- tern., "9th, Lyons, 1961, 2, 48-59 (1962). 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Concentration sensitivity of some elements in high-frequency discharge with hydrodynamic compression. Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii, Fiz. 1960, No. 3, 103-106. C.A. 54, 23798 (1960). 154. Zonov, Yu. A. High-frequency discharge for the isotopic analysis of oxygen in organic com- pounds. Zh. Analit. Khim. 17, 502-505 (1962). C.A. 57, 14437 (1962). 3. 2. Plasma Arcs Another excitation source which takes its energy from an electrical discharge and has a shape similar to that of a combustion flame is the plasma arc. This source is produced when an electric arc is forced to pass through a nar- row hole made in an appropriate material cooled with water. An inert gas is used in the process, and the same gas can be employed in conjunction with a pneumatic atomizer to in- troduce into the plasma arc the analytical sam- ple solution. Although this type of discharge was known since 1922 (19, 20) , and some of its spectroscopic properties were investigated earlier (19, 46), its use as an excitation source in analytical spectroscopy was studied only dur- ing the last years, major contributions to this field originating from the Spectrochemical Sec- tion of the National Bureau of Standards (48 to 51, 74). A discussion of the characteristics of the plasma jet spectroscopic source was given in 1958 (49) and published in 1959 (50). A similar study was published in USSR (34 to 36 and 84 to 86) in 1959. The reader will find in this section, in addi- 150 tion to works on plasma arcs, several works on the atomic hydrogen flame (6, 7, 12, 17, 26, 38, 39, 75) together with laser excitation (13, 14, 32) sources, since these sources are also plasma generators. Subject Index Characteristics of the discharge 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 54, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 75, 77, 82, 83, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94 Instrumental 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 38, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98 Analytical applications 1, 10, 16, 19, 24, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 98 D 13. Debras-Guedon, J., N. Liodec. The use of a ruby laser as an excitation source in emission spec- troscopy. Compt. Rend. 257, 3336-3339 (1963). C.A. 60, 7600 (1964). 14. Debras-Guedon, J., N. Liodec. Extending the pos- sibilities of spectral analysis of small point areas by use of a laser. Bull. Soc. Franc. Ceram. 61, 61-68 (1963). C.A. 61, 3664 (1964). 15. Dickson, L. D. Survey of diagnostic techniques used to determine temperature and density in plasmas. AD275/762, 82 pp. (1962). C.A. 59, 4625 (1963). 16. Drutskaya, L. V. Zh. V. Shtipel'man. Analytical application of the plasmatron. Zh. Prikl. Spektroskopii, Akad. Nauk Belorussk. SSSR 2, 267-269 (1965). C.A. 63, 7639 (1965). 1. Abdellatif, A., J. Vilnat, J. Debras-Guedon. Exci- tation of atomic emission spectra of halogens in the continuous arc in a helium atmosphere. Compt. Rend. 257, 3582-3584 (1963); Bull. Soc. Franc. Ceram. 61, 69-71 (1963). C.A. 61, 3664 (1964). 2. Anonymous. Plasma source gives controlled tem- perature. Chem. Eng. News 45, 85 (1964). 3. Attar d, M. C. Electron temperatures in flame plasmas. Conf-640701-71 7 pp. Nuc. Sci. Abstr. 19, 10440 (1965). B 4. Bariaud, A., M. Korman, P. Lecoustey, J. Lelegard, H. Luc, J. Tachon. A study of a transmission of a plasma jet through a magnetic barrier. J. Nucl. Energy Pt. C 4, 243-252 (1962). C.A. 59, 5998 (1963). 5. Beguin, C. P., A. S. Kanaan, J. L. Margrave. Plasma (high-temperature) chemistry. En- deavour 23, 55-60 (1964). C.A. 61, 5046 (1964). 6. van den Bold, H. J. The flame of atomic hydrogen and its application to the determination of transition probabilities. 96 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Utrecht. N. V. JN oord-Hollandscne Uitgev- ers Maatschappij, Amsterdam, 1945 C.A. 41, 1924 (1947). 7. van den Bold, H. J., J. A. Smit. Optical investiga- tions of an atomic hydrogen flame. Physica 12, 475-490 (1946). C.A. 41, 2947 (1947). 8. Cabannes, F., J. Chapelle, S. Alassane. Contin- uous emission spectrum of an argon plasma torch jet in the far infrared and visible. Compt. Rend. 260, 3320-3322 (1965). C.A. 63, 6477 (1965). 9. Calker, J. van, J. Lensing. Spectroscopic investi- gations of the thermodynamic equilibrium in the excitation in plasmas of short duration impulse discharges. Z. Physik 184, 130-142 (1965). 10. Collins, A. G., C. A. Pearson. Emission spectro- metry determination of beryllium in oil field waters using plasma arc. Anal. Chem. 36, 787-789 (1964). C.A. 60, 14252 (1964). 11. Collongues, R. Production of high temperatures in flame-plasma burners and plasma furnaces. Silicates Ind. 28, 533-540 (1963). C.A. 60, 7773 (1964). 12. Cueilleron, J. Contributions to the study of boron. Ann. Chim. 19, 459-486 (1944). C.A. 40, 3991-3993 (1946). 17. Fox, R. L. Spectrophotometric observations of hydrogen arc-jets, pp. 231-242 in Proc. Mid- America Spectroscopy Symp., Chicago, 111., 1963. Developments in Applied Spectroscopy 3, Plenum Press, New York, 1964. C.A. 61, 9058 (1964). 18. Fuhs, A. E. Spectral radiance and emissivity of plasma and temperature determination. AD 273,590, 12 pp. (1962). C.A. 59, 9422 (1963). 19. Gerdien, H., A. Lotz. A very high intensity arc discharge (suitable for nitrogen fixation). Wiss. Veroffentl. Siemens-Konzern 2, 489-496 (1922). C.A. 17, 2537 (1923). 20. Gerdien, H., A. Lotz. A light source of very high surface brightness. Z. Tech. Physik 4, 157 (1923). 21. Giannini, G. The plasma jet. Sci. Am. 197, 80- 84, 86, 88 (1957). 22. Giannini Plasmadyne Corp., 3830 S. Main St., Santa Ana, Calif., "Plasmatron" (brochure) (1958). 23. Grechikhin, L. I., V. D. Shimanovich. Investiga- tion of the jet of a plasma generator. Opt. Spectry. (USSR) (English Transl.) 13, 358- 389 (1962). C.A. 58, 4033 (1963). 24. Greenfield, S., I. Li Jones, C. T. Berry. High- pressure plasmas as spectroscopic emission sources. Analyst 89, 713-720 (1964). C.A. 62, 6026-27 (1965). 25. Grosse, A. V., H. W. Leutner, C. S. Strokes. Plasma jet chemistry. AD 273,799. 34 pp. (1961). H 26. Hackspill, L., J. Cueilleron. The atomic hydrogen torch, pp. 198-224, in Lebeau, P., F. Trom.be, eds. The High Temperatures and Their Use in Chemistry, vol. 1, (in French), Masson et C"\, Paris, 1950. 27. Hellund, E. J. The Plasma State. 197 pp. Reinhold, New York, 1961. C.A. 55, 15145 (1961). 28. Hill, R. A., E. H. Beckner. A rapid scan spectro- graph for plasma spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 3, 929-933 (1964). C.A. 61, 11490 (1964). I 29. Ishida, R. Plasma jet applied spectroscopic source for alkaline earth analysis. Sci. Light (Tokyo) 12, 16-27 (1963). C.A. 61, 1248 (1964). 151 30. Jahn, R. E. Spectroscopic measurements of the temperature of plasma jets. Proc. Intern. Conf. Ionization Phenomena Gases, 5th, Munich, 1961, 1, 955-966 (1962). C.A. 59, 4625 (1963). K 31. Kantian, A. S. Studies at high temperatures. 369 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1963. C.A. 59, 8225 (1963). 32. Karyakin, A. V., M. V. Akhmanova, V. A. Kaigor- odov. The use of optic generators in spec- trographic analysis. Zh. Analit. Khim. 20, 145-152 (1965). C.A. 63, 4919 (1965). 33. Katz, S., E. J. Latos, E. Raisen. The plasma jet in high-temperature research. Ind. Eng. Chem. 32, 289-290 (1960). C.A. 54, 16936 (1960). 34. Korolev, F. A., I. K. Kvaratskheli. The plas- matron (plasma jet) as a light source for spectroscopy. Opt. Spectry. (USSR) (Eng- lish Transl.) 10, 200-202 (1961). C.A. 55, 15121 (1961). 35. Korolev, F. A., Yu. K. Kvaratskheli. Application of the plasmatron in spectroscopy. Fiz. Prohl. Spektroskopii, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ma- terialy 13-go Soveshch., Leningrad, 1960, 1, 109-111 (1962). C.A. 60, 4971 (1964). 36. Korolev, V. V., E. E. Valnshtein. Plasma gen- erator as excitation source in spectroscopic analysis. Zh. Analit. Khim. 14, 658-662 (1959) ; Zh. Analit. Khim. 15, 686 (1960) ; see also Proc. 9th Coll. Spectroscopicum In- tern., 1961, 1, 105-177 (1963). G.A.M.S., Paris. C.A 54, 11593 (1960). 37. Kvaratskheli, Y. K. A plasma source for spec- troscopic analysis of slags. Zavodskaya Lab. 26, 557-559 (1960). C.A. 56, 1980 (1962). 38. Langmuir, I. Flames of atomic hydrogen. Sci- ence 62, 463-464 (1925). C.A. 20, 319 (1926). 39. Langmuir, I. Flames of atomic hydrogen. J. Western Soc. Eng. 31, 373-387 (1926). C.A. 21, 1036-37 (1927). 40. Lanz, S., W. Lochte-Holtgreven, G. Traving. Spec- troscopic investigation of a torch discharge burning in helium at atmospheric pressure. Z. Physik 176, 1-15 (1963). C.A. 60, 12793 (1964). 41. Lapp, M., J. A. Rich. Electrical conductivities of seeded flame plasmas in strong fields. Phys. Fluids 6, 806-816 (1963). C.A. 59, 1108 (1963). 42. Lerner, R. Some observations with a plasma jet solution analyzer. Spectrochim. Acta 20, 1619-1625 (1964). C.A. 63, 5110 (1965). 43. Lochte-Holtgreven, W. Ionization measurements at high temperatures., pp. 413-427 in Wolfe, H. C, ed., Temperature — Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, vol. II, Reinhold, New York, 1955. C.A. 50, 5390 (1956). M 44. McGinn, J. H. A new type of arc for producing high temperature, high purity plasma jets. Proc. Intern. Conf. Ionization Phenomena Gases, 5th, Munich, 1961, 1, 967-975 (1962). C.A. 59, 7050 (1963). 45. McGregor, W. K., J. J. Ehrlich, M. T. Dooley. Performance of a d-c arc-excited plasma gen- erator. AEDC-TN-60-112. AD-240740. 51 pp. (1960); Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 15, 4661 (1961). 46. Maecker, H. An arc discharge with high loading. Z. Physik 129, 108-122 (1951). C.A. 45, 6060 (1951). 47. Mandel'shtam, S. L., M. A. Mazing. Spectral line broadening in the plasma. Colloq. Spectrosc. Intern. 8th Lucerne, Switzerland, 1959, 184- 187 (1960). C.A. 60, 8793 (1960). 48. Margoshes, M. Some properties of new or modi- fied excitation sources. Am. Soc. Testing Ma- terials Spec. Tech. Publ. 259, 46-62 (1960). 49. Margoshes, M., B. F. Scribner. Characteristics of the plasma jet spectroscopic source. Op- tical Soc. of America, Detroit, Mich., Oct. 9- 11, 1958. Abstr. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 865 (1959). 50. Margoshes, M., B. F. Scribner. The plasma jet as a spectroscopic source. Spectrochim. Acta 15, 138-145 (1959); C.A. 53, 14676 (1959). See also: Proc. 9th Coll. Spectroscopicum In- tern., 1961, 2, 309-324 (1963), G.A.M.S. Paris. 51. Margoshes, M., B. F. Scribner. A study of the gas-stabilized arc as an emission source for the measurement of oscillator strengths. De- termination of some relative gf-values for Fe I. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Std. 67A, 561-568 (1963). C.A. 60, 4970 (1964). 52. Muntz, J. H. A plasma arc technique for the spec- trochemical determination of titanium and zirconium in molybdenum. ML-TDR-64-36. 12 pp. (1964). C.A. 62, 2237 (1965). 53. Muntz, J. H. A plasma arc technique for the spec- trochemical determination of titanium and zirconium in molybdenum. Develop. Appl. Spectry. 4, 461-467 (1965). N 54. Nagler, R. G. Application of spectroscopic tem- perature measuring methods to definition of a plasma arc flame, pp. 643-649, in Herzfeld, C. M., ed., Temperature — Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, vol 3, pt. 1, Reinhold, New York, 1962. C.A. 58, 8662 (1963). JPL-TR-32-66., AD 251,105. 11 pp. (1961). Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 15, 24412 (1961). 55. National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Div. Eng. Ind. Res. Report on the Development and Possible Applications of Plasma and Related High-Temperature Gen- erating Devices, 226 pp. AD 242,334, (1960). 56. Neeb, K. H., W. Gebauhr. Use of a "plasma- burner" as spectrochemical excitation source. Z. Anal. Chem. 190, 92-97 (1962). C.A. 58, 5019 (1963). o 57. Ogurtsova, N. N., I. V. Podmoshenskii, V. M. Shelemina. Characteristics of the plasma jet of a powerful capillary discharge. Opt. i Spektroskopiya 15, 743-746 (1963). C.A. 60, 4911 (1964). 58. Owen, L. E. Plasma-jet excitation of uranium hexafluoride. TID-7606, 259-267 (1960). C.A. 55, 23097 (1961). 59. Owen, L. E. Stable plasma jet for excitation of solutions. Appl. Spectry. 15, 150-152 (1961). C.A. 56, 13987 (1962). 60. Owen, L. E. Spectral excitation with stabilized plasma jets. Develop. Appl. Spectry. 1, 143- 154 (1962). C.A. 59, 14757 (1963). 61. Pannetier, G., P. Goudmand, J. Elston, J. Bareau, C. Urban. Spectroscopic observations of a molecular nitrogen jet at the exit of a plasma generator. Chim. Hautes Temp., Paris 1962, 93-104 (1963). C.A. 61, 7846 (1964). 152 62. Papp, C. A. Plasma technology in chemical proc- essing. Chem. Eng. Progr. 59, 51-53 (1963). C.A. 59, 4625 (1963). 63. Pearce, W. J. Plasma jet temperature study. WADD-TR-59-346 (1960). 64. Pearce, W. J. Plasma- jet temperature measure- ment. Opt. Spectrometric Measurements High Temp. Chicago 1960, 125-169. C.A. 55, 13035 (1961). 65. Peters, Th. Temperature and radiation measure- ments on the water-stabilized high-pressure arc. Z. Physik 135, 573-592 (1953). C.A. 48, 1136 (1954). 66. Peters, Th. Plasma rays of supersonic velocity. Naturwissenschaften 41, 571-572 (1954). C.A. 49, 12113 (1955). 67. Phillips, J. Measuring plasma temperatures: a report on some spectroscopic methods for measuring high temperatures. Chim. Hautes Temp., Paris 1962, 207-240 (1963). C.A. 61, 8988 (1964). 68. Plasma spectroscopy, annotated bibliography. AD 414,327, AID B63-93. 40 pp. (1963). R 69. Raisen, E., R. A. Carrigan. V. Raziunas, W. A. Loseke, E. L. Grove. Identification of chem- ical species in a plasma by emission spectros- copy. Develop. Appl. Spectry. 3, 250-264 (Publ. 1964). C.A. 61, 8882 (1964). 70. Raisen, E., R. A. Carrigan, V. Raziunas, W. A. Loseke, E. L. Grove. Identification of chem- ical species in a plasma by emission spectros- copy. Appl. Spectry. 19, 41-48 (1965). C.A. 63, 160 (1965). 71. Report on the development and possible applica- tions of plasma and related high temperature generating devices. AD 242334, 226 pp. (1960). 72. Rusanov, A. K., N. T. Batova. Characteristics of processes affecting the results of spectro- graphic analysis when powders are injected into the arc plasma. Zh. Analit. Khim. 20, 415-420 (1965). C.A. 63, 7627 (1965). 73. Scheindlin, A. E., E. I. Asinovskii, V. A. Baturin, V. M. Batenin. Equipment for producing and studying the properties of plasma. Soviet Phys. Tech. Phys. 8, 875-877 (1964). 74. Scribner, B. F., M. Margoshes. Excitation of solutions in gas-stabilized arc sources. Col- loq. Spectros. Intern., 9th, Lyons 2, 309-324 (1961). C.A. 59, 13323 (1963). 75. Seferian, D. The atomic hydrogen flame. Inves- tigations on the dissociation of gases in the arc. Chaleur et Ind. 19, 76-83 (1938). C.A. 32, 5301-02 (1938). 76. Serin, P. A., K. H. Ashton. Spectrochemical anal- ysis of aqueous solutions by the plasma jet. Appl. Spectry. 18, 166-170 (1964). C.A. 62, 4598-99 (1965). 77. Shumaker, J. B., Jr. Arc sources for high tem- perature gas studies. Rev. Sci. Instr. 32, 65- 67 (1961). C.A. 55, 20626 (1961). 78. Sirois, E. H. Plasma arc solution spectrochem- istry. Evaluation and optimization of oper- ating parameters. Anal. Chem. 36, 2389- 2394 (1964). C.A. 62, 4599 (1965). 79. Sirois, E. H. Element calibrations by plasma jet spectrochemistry. Anal. Chem. 36, 2394- 2397 (1964). C.A. 62, 4599 (1965). 80. Stone, I. The plasma jet. Aviation Week, Oct. 13, 1958. 81. Thorpe, M. L. The plasma jet and its use. Res. and Develop. 11, 5-9, 11, 12, 15 (1960). 82. Tourin, R. H., P. M. Henry, E. T. Liang. Infra- red spectra of nitrogen, argon and helium plasma jets. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 800-801 (1961). C.A. 55, 19475 (1961). 83. Turner, R. D. The properties and uses of an arc plasma jet generator. AD 236,253, 66 pp. (1960). 84. Vainshtein, E. E. Procedures for investigating processes occurring in the plasma of spectrum sources and research intended to discover means of improving methods for the spectral analysis of substances. Colloq. Spectros. In- tern. 9th, Lyons, 1961, 1, 105-177 (1962). C.A. 59, 6973 (1963). 85. Vainshtein, E. E. Plasma generator, a new ex- citation source for spectral analysis. Izv. Sibjrsk. Otd. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, No. 4, 28-40 (1962). C.A. 58, 1892 (1963). 86. Vainshtein, E. E., V. V. Korolev, E. N. Savinova. Excitation conditions of the spectra of ele- ments in a plasma generator and the ap- plication of the latter for the spectrographs analysis of titanium alloys. J. Anal. Chem. USSR 16, 532-537 (1961). 87. Vigler, M. S., J. K. Failoni. Use of stabilized plasma arc excitation in determining the element boron in gasoline. Appl. Spectry. 19, 57-58 (1965). C.A. 63, 404 (1965). 88. Vilnat, J. Comparison of emission spectra ob- tained by the continuous arc in a controlled atmosphere and by the plasma torch. Rev. Hautes Temp. Refractaires 1, 309-320 (1964). C.A. 62, 15409 (1965). 89. Voinovitch, I. A., N. Liodec, J. Debras-Guedon, J. Vilnat. New method for spectrographic anal- ysis by injection of solutions with compressed gases. Colloq. Spectros. Intern., 8th, Lucerne, Switzerland, 1959, 155-159 (1960). C.A. 60, 7441 (1964). w 90. Wachman, H. Y., M. J. Linevsky, J. H. McGinn. The effects of electrode contamination on the properties of air-arc plasmas. R59SD427. PB 144,133. 24 pp. (1959). C.A. 55, 16152 (1961). 91. Watson, M. D., H. I. S. Ferguson, R. W. Nicholls, Electrical and optical studies of the argon plasma jet. Can. J. Phys. 41, 1405-1419 (1963). C.A. 59, 8135 (1963). 92. Webb, M. S. W., P. C. Wildy. Determination of calcium in biological materials by means of the plasma-jet. Nature 198, 1218-1219 (1963). C.A. 59, 6709 (1963). 93. Weiss, R. An investigation of the emergence of a plasma stream from a high-power arc. Z. Physik 138, 170-182 (1954). 94. Wiese, W. L., D. R. Paquette, J. E. Solarski. Profiles of Stark-broadened Balmer lines in a hydrogen plasma. Phys. Rev. 129, 1225-1232 (1963). C.A. 58, 5150 (1963). 95. Yamamoto, M. Stable plasma jet spectroscopic source. Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 1, 235-236 (1962). C.A. 59, 9421 (1963). 96. Yamamoto, M. Arc jet excitation source. Bunko Kenkyu 12, 84-93 (1963). C.A. 60, 13859 (1964). 97. Yamamoto, M. Plasma jet spectroscopic source stabilized by electromagnetic force. Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 2, 62 (1963). 153 98. Zheenbaev, Z., A. I. Polovikov. The plasma jet as a source of excitation in spectroscopy. Izv. Akad. Nauk Kirg. SSSR, Ser. Estestv. i. Tekhn. Nauk 6, 39-42 (1964). C.A. 63, 6492 (1965). 3. 3. Arc-and-Spark-in-Flame The capabilities of a combustion flame to pro- duce radiations from chemical species which are difficult to excite can be increased by the super- position of an electrical discharge such as an arc or a spark. Early spectroscopic observations with a spark-in-flame source were described in 1922 by Greinacher (ref. 4) while Roche (ref. 20) examined the possibilities of using the spark-in-flame as an excitation source in ana- lytical spectroscopy, and investigated its appli- cation to the determination of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn. An arc-in-flame was used by Southgate in an attempt to increase the tem- perature of a combustion flame (ref. 24). Further use of spark-in-flame arrangements as excitation sources in analytical spectroscopy was described also by Hultgren (ref. 5), and a detailed discussion of the instrumentation and results which can be obtained with such a source was given by Straub in his doctoral thesis (ref. 25). More recently, Lawton and associates have described an interesting arc-in-flame source (ref. 11) which has not yet been used as a spec- tral analytical excitation source (see also refs. 9, 10, and 13). Further information on the properties of spark-in-flame sources will be found in the 26 references assembled in this sec- tion. 1. Carricaburu, P. Investigations on electric dis- charges in flames and their application to spectral analysis. Bull. Mem. Ecole Prep. Med. Pharm. Dakar 3, 262 (1955). 2. Carricaburu, P. Ultraviolet emission of some elements excited by the arc-in-flame method. Bull. Mem. Ecole Natl. Med. Pharm. Dakar 7, 245-247 (1959). C.A. 55, 21959 (1961). 3. Greenhouse, L. Spectrochemical analysis in the production of hard alloys. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Phys. 4, 200-202 (1940). C.A. 35, 4332 (1941). 4. Greinacher, H. Luminosity, in a spark, of the ions from a flame. Physik. Z. 23, 65-69 (1922). C.A. 16, 3589 (1922). H 5. Hultgren, R. The spark-in-flame method of spec- trographic analysis and a study of the mutual effects of elements on one another's emission. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54, 2320-2328 (1932). C.A. 26, 3990 (1932). I 6. Ivanov, D. N. Improvement of the sensitivity of determination of elements in flame test. Zavodskaya Lab. 14, 1136-1138 (1949). C.A. 43, 4595 (1949) . 7. Jimeno-Martin, L., E. Sanchez-Serrano. Auxil- iary ionization in spectrochemistry. III. Anales Real. Soc. Espah. Fis. y. Quim. 47B, 175-176 (1951). C.A. 45, 10050 (1951). K 8. Karlowitz, B. U.S.A. patent application 663065, June 3, 1957 and Continuation part applica- tion 34590, June 7, 1960. 9. Karlowitz, B. Augmented flames. Intern. Sci. Tech. No. 6, 36-41 (June 1962). 10. Karlowitz, B. Flames augmented by electric power. Pure Appl. Chem. 5, 557-564 (1962). C.A. 58, 5275 (1963). 11. Lawton, J., K. G. Payne, F. J. Weinberg. Flame- arc combination. Nature 193, 736-738 (1962). C.A. 57, 67 (1962). 12. Lebedev, V. I., E. E. Vainshtein. Increasing the sensitivity of determination of elements in the flame. Zh. Analit. Khim. 16, 124-128 (1961). C.A. 57, 2822 (1962). 13. Little, Arthur D., Inc. Investigation of the thermodynamic properties of the Combex-Adl natural gas burner. 57 pp. Report No. C-63206, June 15, 1961. American Gas As- sociation, Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. 14. Lundegardh, H. Quantitative spectrum analysis of metals by means of flame and spark. Metallwirtschaft. 17, 1222-1226 (1938). C.A. 33, 937 (1939). 15. Lundegardh, H., T. Philipson. The spark-in-flame method for spectral analysis. Lantbruks-H6g- skol. Ann. 5, 249-260 (1938). C.A. 32, 6576 (1938). N 16. Norinder, E. Determination of cations in whole blood using flame and spark-in-flame spectral methods. Biochem. Z. 312, 188-198 (1942). C.A. 37, 2757 (1943). 17. Pierucci, M. Sparks between electrode flames. Atti Soc. Mat. Nat. Modena 65, 139-141 (1934). 18. Pierucci, M. Sparks between electrode flames. Nuovo Cimento 12, 240-242 (1935). C.A. 29, 6140 (1935). 19. Plantinga, O. S., C. J. Rodden. Detection of lanthanum, yttrium and ytterbium in flame spectra. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 8, 232 (1936). C.A. 30, 4117 (1936). R 20. Roche, B. de la. A method of producing simplified spectra. Bull. Soc. Chim. France 45, 706-707 (1929). C.A. 24, 1252 (1930). 21. Rodden, C. J., O. S. Plantinga. Flame and spark- in-flame spectra of rare earths. Phys. Rev. 45, 280-281 (1934). C.A. 28, 2616 (1934). 154 22. Sanchez Serrano, E. Auxiliary ionization in spec- trochemical analysis. Congr. Groupement Avance. Method. Anal. Spectrograph. Pro- duits Met. 12, 141-148 (1949). Eev. Geofis. (Inst. Nacl. Geofis.) (Madrid) 8, 388-403 (1949). C.A. 45, 3750 (1951). 23. Sanchez Serrano, E., L. Jimeno-Martin. Auxil- iary ionization in spectrochemistry. II. By flame. Anales Real Soc. Espan. Fis. y Quim 46B, 617-626 (1950). C.A. 45, 6049 (1951). 24. Southgate, G. T. Boosting flame temperatures with the electric arc. Chem. Met. Eng. 31, 16- 19 (1924). C.A. 18, 2775 (1924). 25. Straub, W. A. Spark-in-fiame spectrocopy. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y., 1958. 113 pp. Dissertation Abstr. 19, 31-32 (1958). C.A. 52, 16116 (1958). 26. Straub, W. A., S. H. Bauer, W. D. Cooke. Spark- in-flame spectroscopy. Pittsburgh Conf. Anal. Chem. and Appl. Spectroscopy, Mar. 1958. Abstr. in Spectrochim. Acta 12, 377 (1958). i? U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1967 230-678 155