COM-74-10702-3 
 
 COMPUTER 
 
 OPERATOR'S 
 
 MANUAL 
 
 CITY GAMES 
 
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 National Technical Information Service 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
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 National Technical Information Service 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 P.O. Box 1551 
 Springfield, Va. 22151 
 
 Price of City Games 
 Computer Files Includes 
 Related Manuals 
 
COVER SHEET 
 
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 City IV 
 
 Computer Operator's Manual 
 
 written by John E. Moriarty 
 
 Technical Analysis Division 
 Institute for Applied Technology 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 Washington, D. C. 20234 
 
 September 1973 
 Final Report 
 
 Sponsored by 
 
 National Technical Information Service 
 
 5285 Port Royal Road 
 
 Springfield, Virginia 22151 
 
Acknowledgement 
 
 We wish to acknowledge the significant contributions made to this 
 Manual by L. Stephen Guiland of Johns Hopkins University. We also wish 
 to acknowledge the contributions made by the P.R.C. Systems Sciences 
 Company and the Environmetrics Corporation for their contributions to 
 City Game. 
 
 111 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/city4computerope00inst 
 
Acknowledgement 
 
 We wish to acknowledge the significant contributions made to this 
 Manual by L. Stephen Guiland of Johns Hopkins University. We also wish 
 to acknowledge the contributions made by the P.R.C. Systems Sciences 
 Company and the Environmetrics Corporation for their contributions to 
 City Game. 
 
 iii 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 Title Page 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 25 
 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 32 
 32 
 34 
 35 
 37 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 47 
 47 
 49 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION 
 
 II. THE 
 
 COMPUTER SYSTEM 
 
 A. 
 
 Computer Specifications 
 
 B. 
 
 City IV Model Installation 
 
 C. 
 
 ■The 
 
 Game Sequence 
 
 D. 
 
 Loading the Data Base 
 
 E. 
 
 Running the Model 
 
 F. 
 
 Running Multiple Game 
 
 G. 
 
 Problems With Hardware Reque: 
 
 III. Appendixes 
 
 A. 
 
 The 
 
 System JCL Library 
 
 B. 
 
 Data Set Description 
 
 
 1. 
 
 Data Sets 
 
 
 2. 
 
 EPA049. DATADECK LIBRARY 
 
 
 3. 
 
 EPA049 DATABASE SCRT 
 
 
 4. 
 
 EPA049. DATABASE 
 
 
 5. 
 
 EPA049. LODMOD 
 
 
 6. 
 
 EPA049. Source LIBRARY 
 
 
 7. 
 
 EPA049. LIBFL 
 
 C. 
 
 EDIT ERROR Messages 
 
 
 1. 
 
 General Error Messages 
 
 
 2. 
 
 $ASMNT 
 
 
 3. 
 
 $BUILD-$OUBLD 
 
 
 4. 
 
 $BYCT 
 
 
 5. 
 
 $CASH 
 
 
 6. 
 
 $CVPT 
 
 
 7. 
 
 $ENDS 
 
 
 8. 
 
 $FSA 
 
 
 9. 
 
 $ODDS 
 
 
 10. 
 
 $OTHER 
 
 
 11. 
 
 $PU 
 
 
 12. 
 
 $RAIL 
 
 
 13. 
 
 $REDIST 
 
 
 14. 
 
 $ROUT 
 
 
 15. 
 
 $TAXES 
 
 
 16. 
 
 $TIME 
 
 
 17. 
 
 $VALUE 
 
 
 18. 
 
 $WRBLD 
 
 
 19. 
 
 $WRPRC 
 
 IV 
 
I. INTRODUCTION 
 
 City IV is an operational simulation game in which participants make 
 economic, government and social decisions affecting a hypothetical metro- 
 politan area. Through the use of a computer, the simulated urban system 
 responds to the participants; decisions as any real city would. Each 
 player in City IV is assigned to a team which shares an economic and 
 governmental role. The interrelated decisions made by teams will guide 
 the way the simulated city changes in composition and size. 
 
 The simulation approach to cities offers the players an opportunity 
 not only to make decisions but to implement them as well. They receive a 
 feedback from their actions and see the effects from other forces that are 
 constantly at work altering the effectiveness of the players' decisions. 
 Players therefore have a learning experience in how to deal with a changing 
 environment. The round -by -round play gives the players the necessary ex- 
 perience in selecting the type of analysis to move them towards their ob- 
 jectives while the allocation of their time and Game resources is a critical 
 determinant of the success they hope to achieve. As the Game progresses, 
 players learn to increase their involvement in the management of the en- 
 vironment while at the same time learning more about the relationships 
 between business and society. 
 
 One of the primary purposes of the Game is to improve the players 
 understanding of urban problems in systemic terms. In other words, the 
 aim is to encourage players to view the activities of the City as being 
 closely related and interdependent (e.g., an unemployment problem will 
 exacerbate a health problem, the loss of industry and jobs in the private 
 sector will reduce the number and quality of services offered in the public 
 sector through reduced tax revenues, etc.). The Game also encourages players 
 to use an interdisciplinary perspective when dealing with urban problems; 
 that is, to look at the problem not only from the viewpoint of an economist, 
 but also from the perspective of a geographer, planner, political scientist, 
 etc.. For instance, if a player is dealing with a land use problem such 
 as zoning, he soon realizes that he cannot escape the broader concepts 
 of land-use planning. The problems of housing, unemployment, education, 
 health, highways, etc., are all related in a system of interconnected 
 activities and institutions to his original land- use problem of zoning. 
 Hence, many of the outputs of this particular gaming model (e.g., land use 
 maps, economic indicator tables, etc.) are designed in such a fashion that 
 the City can be viewed more easily as a single entity than as several 
 separate and disparate parts. 
 
 Although no two games are ever identical, most games have common 
 characteristics that are noteworthy. In a typical game, the economic 
 decision makers can best be described as rather conservative and cautious 
 players. This aversion to risk-taking is especially noticeable in the 
 early rounds when players are uncertain as to the outcome of particular 
 decisions. Economic decision makers generally do not have a game plan and 
 most decisions in the early rounds are not made in a systematic fashion or 
 
developed in a coordinated manner. In later rounds, many decisions are 
 made as the result of actions taken in earlier rounds. For example, an 
 economic decision maker might build some housing units for rental purposes 
 and then find that they are underutilized. The decision maker might then 
 consider building commercial or manufacturing establishments close by in 
 order to induce more people to live in the underutilized housing units and 
 build up a good supply of labor. Just as likely, the procedure would be 
 reversed, and the emphasis would be on building housing units near a pre- 
 viously built manufacturing plant in order to maintain an adequate supply 
 of labor close to the plant. 
 
 The economic decision makers usually make profits on their business 
 operations, although losses on particular investments are not uncommon. 
 It is characteristic of economic decision makers that profit maximization 
 is the primary motive for making decisions, subject, of course, to the twin 
 constraints of risk-taking and uncertainty. 
 
 The public decision makers attempt to make a concerted effort to improve 
 the welfare of the City, although the indicators used to measure economic 
 progress do not clearly reflect the intensity of this effort. During the 
 early rounds, a typical game plan is to obtain additional revenue to up- 
 grade the school system and municipal services, while at the same time 
 attempting to redistribute the tax burden to fall more heavily on the 
 business community and to a lesser extent on the work force. Lower 
 income residents generally receive a tax break through the reduction of 
 the sales tax on goods and services while the tax on auto owners is raised 
 in the hope that the use of public transportation will increase. 
 
 The social decision makers are the citizens who live and work in the 
 city. They are the voters and purchasers of goods and services needed to 
 complete a real city. The social decision makers serve as the equalizing 
 force to the government and economic systems. Their desire for leisure 
 directly controls the amount of extra work, adult education, politics and 
 recreation that they will participate in. Their voting power and environ- 
 mental expectations directly influence the course of government. Social 
 dissatisfaction can lead to boycotting businesses and industries as well 
 as schools and municipal services. Their demands influence the type of 
 housing and transportation they will accept which in turn effects all other 
 parts of the municipal system. If city conditions are acceptable to the 
 general population, inmigration occurs and the city grows. Otherwise, 
 outmigration can send the city into bankruptcy if it continues for any 
 duration of time. In short, commercial and government decisions ultimately 
 must satisfy the general population if any city is to survive in the long 
 run. 
 
 As in a real city, the public deficit looms as an obstacle in the -path 
 of all social reforms. So it is with the City game. The public administra- 
 tors must face the debt problem and solve it before money can be allocated 
 insignificant amounts to create the Utopian society we all dream about. 
 
These administrative processes that implement social reforms require the 
 integration of decision making through the various disciplines. As the 
 game progresses, the conflict between the objectives of the public and private 
 sectors becomes amplified. Both sectors begin to realize that they cannot per- 
 form their objectives independently and the learning process begins. As an 
 example of this learning process, begins. As an example of this learning 
 process, consider the micro-level analysis of shopping centers which are 
 simulated by the "personal goods" and "personal service" industries. To 
 perform this analysis, appraisals are required along with business and 
 property analysis. Investment portfolio analysis is required to manage a 
 variety of business enterprises and a portfolio of real estate resources. 
 The constraints on the entrepreneur come from the public sector in terms 
 of zoning restrictions, building permits, taxes, utilities, etc., which can 
 prove very formidable. Hence, the public and private interests become 
 interwoven and the Game provides a way of demonstrating decision-making in 
 a society where there is a community of interest between the public and 
 private sectors. The inefficiencies of independent decisions become ex- 
 pensive not only to the developers but to the community as a whole, so it 
 becomes evident that it pays to have an improved analysis of the problems 
 of managing the environment in order to achieve public objectives, what- 
 ever they may be. 
 
 The Director's manual is designed to be a reference manual and cannot 
 be read as a text book. This manual is one of a set comprised of a Director's 
 Manual, Player's Manual, and Computer Operator's Manual. It is assumed that 
 players will be given complete instructions in the rules for a particular 
 game play by the Game Director who is experienced in running this particular 
 game. Individual players will use only those portions of the manual that 
 are applicable to their game role. 
 
 In the playing of the actual game, participants assume various roles 
 in the public and private sectors as outlined in the players manual. A 
 Game Director who is familiar with the Game in detail begins the Game with 
 a class room type lecture devoted to the discussion of the major decision- 
 roles in the City Model as well as the many printouts and reports that 
 result from each role player's decision inputs. During this session, 
 players are assigned a particular role (i.e., economic decision maker, 
 mayor, school board member, etc.) and asked to read that portion of the 
 Player's Manual dealing with his role. Using the manual as a technical 
 guide, the players address themselves to the mechanics of coding forms 
 and interpreting the computer printouts. It is at this time that the 
 Director describes the preprogrammed city in the computer to the players. 
 The Director has the option of choosing initial parameters such as economic 
 growth rates, social conditions, production capacities, etc. to suit the 
 particular objects of the players and thereby making the Game more flexible 
 and susceptible to innovative approaches to urban problem solving. The 
 Director can structure the role assignments to be directed at individuals 
 
who concentrate on single objectives such as heavy industry to multi- 
 disciplinary task forces to consider urban problems within an inter- 
 disciplinary framework (e.g., a task force on transportation policy 
 might include a sociologist, political scientist, geographer, planner, 
 engineer and an economist) . 
 
 With initial roles established, the game beings. The Director 
 generally starts the game by discussion possible objectives with each 
 player or group of players along with the present or initial city 
 conditions. For example, if the Director chooses to use the planning - 
 programming -budgeting systems approach, each player or group of players 
 must: 
 
 1 . Define his general Goal which is Output Oriented . 
 
 2. Identify objectives which indicate conditions or levels 
 which must be obtained or maintained to successfully reach 
 the designated Goal . 
 
 3. Draft Programs which are designed to achieve the standards set 
 by the various objectives . 
 
 4 . Evaluate the Programs to determine their effectiveness (in 
 cost /benefit terms] as compared to alternative programs. 
 Consider a political role in the urban system that is 
 abstracted as follows: 
 
 Political Goal : School Department 
 Develop a school system comparable to the best in the 
 nation, which will provide high quality, accessible and 
 meaningful educational experience to the City's population. 
 
 Objective #1 
 
 Maintain the pupil/teacher ratio at less than 21/1. 
 
 Program #1 
 
 Using the population growth projections, determine future 
 student levels. Hire middle and high income teachers, at the 
 optimum mix, to meet this demand. 
 
 Program #2 
 
 Redistrict school boundaries to better utilize existing 
 
 City resources. 
 
 Program #3 
 
 Construct new schools or add to existing facilities as pro- 
 jected. (Specific round -by -round projections are used.) 
 
Objective #2 
 
 Keep unmet demand for adult education at less than 10% 
 
 of the total demand. 
 
 Program #1 
 
 Use the population growth projections, determine future 
 student levels. Hire middle and high income teachers, at the 
 optimum mix, to meet this demand. 
 
 It can be seen that the School Department has : 
 
 1. A definite goal (to be the best) 
 
 2. Identified meaningful standards of performance (student/teacher 
 ratio of 21/1 and unmet demand for adults at 101 or less) 
 
 3. Determined approaches to achieve these standards (population 
 projections, new construction, redistricting, etc.) 
 
 The previous example of the School Departments (see page 59*) 
 political goal could apply to most school systems in any City. We all 
 want low student/teacher ratios and the best possible teachers for our 
 children. New construction, better utilization of facilities and adult 
 education programs with the most competent teachers available is certainly 
 a laudable goal. The only obstacle to this Utopian dream is that other 
 government departments have their dreams and all departments compete for 
 the lion's share of limited tax dollars. Besides education, the government 
 sector (see page 48) must consider the problems of budgeting, taxation, 
 assessment and bonding (see page 48), highways (see page 75), fire and 
 police protection (see page 48), planning and zoning (see page 76), 
 utilities and bus and rail transportation (see page 91) . Departments 
 make decisions which include allocating capital and current funds, 
 changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting Federal/State aid, 
 changing district boundaries, constructing or demolishing public buildings 
 and changing levels of service. 
 
 In the game, all of the above roles are enacted by various players 
 who strive to optimize their goals just as in the example of the school 
 department. Collectively, the Government players work from a tax base that 
 is continually being attacked by the tax payers as excessive and yet their 
 very employment is insured by the elective process which, of course, is 
 determined by the same tax payers who are continually demanding more 
 services from the government. The source of government revenue is taxes 
 which are levied on the population just as in a real city. Other players 
 must assume roles in the city's economic sector to create employment for 
 the population. The activities of the businessmen must include the opera- 
 tion of the industrial, commercial, and residential establishments which 
 
 *" All page references in the Introduction refer to the pages in the 
 Player's Manual. 
 
in turn require land purchases and sales, salary changes, maintenance 
 level alterations, business goods and services, purchases for operation 
 exigencies, boycotts of commercial firms, acquisition of long and short 
 term loans, and constructing, improving and demolishing businesses. 
 
 The commercial activities (see page 9 ) are subdivided within the 
 game into Basic Industries, Construction Industries, Commercial Activities 
 and Residences, The Basic Industry includes heavy and light industries and 
 national services (including Standard SIC classes) which spend money for 
 business goods and business services, utilities, a labor force, transporta- 
 tion and above -all taxes. The Construction Industry (see page 22) builds 
 and/or demolishes other developments and firms from outside of the local 
 area may also perform construction work. Commercial activities spend money 
 on many of the same items as the basic industry in order to maintain a level 
 of service capacity. This service capacity is available to serve local 
 customers. Finally, the residences, (single -family, townhouse, and highrise) 
 spend money on goods and services, utilities, taxes and earn income based on 
 rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing in their housing 
 units (see page 29) . 
 
 The social sector (see page 36) is concerned with the income and 
 expenditures of the population (see page 36) , the dissatisfaction (see 
 page 38) of the population in terms of housing, personal situation in 
 the community, employment, and the amount of leisure time they can 
 afford. Migration (see page 39) considers the movements of population 
 in and out of the city. Finally the social sector members vote (see 
 page 40) , Boycotts (see page 41), allocates their time for work and 
 play (see page 41) and sets the dollar value on their time (see page 46) . 
 
 The City model selected for game play may be a typical city or it 
 may be the player's own city. The model employs a grid board (see page 2) 
 Player's Manual) geographical map that can be loaded with data from any 
 regional or metropolitan area. The map contains 625 parcels in which 
 each parcel represents one square mile of land. Many of these land parcels 
 are unowned at the beginning of play and those that are occupied are repre- 
 sented by a specific, representative land use. For instance if a square mile 
 consists mainly of middle income residences, this parcel would be designated 
 as such even though there could be a few commercial businesses within the 
 square mile. The only requirement to assigning parcels is that the assign- 
 ment typify the most representative land use. In a similar manner highways 
 and roads are represented along the boundaries of the parcels. If you 
 imagine a parcel as represented by a square, then a road is described as 
 one or more sides of the square. 
 
 Once the representations are made, there remains the task of assigning 
 numerical values and indexes to the many parts of the city's functions* 
 For example, when various types of businesses are identified, they must 
 be labeled with their dollar volume and prices for their products. Resi- 
 dences must be identified as to type and amount of rent paid. Voter 
 
registration and social dissatisfaction indexes must be established along 
 with zoning classifications, cash availabilities, government expenditures, 
 taxes road configurations and utilities and the election of city officials. 
 These inputs along with the parcel classifications describe the starting 
 city, llie files of this starting city are stored in the computer and can 
 be altered by the game director to suit the players needs (see Director's 
 Manual) . Changes in these files may affect the output of the computer but 
 will have no bearing on how the computer calculates the output. The 
 computer program directs the computer to act upon the data files in fixed 
 relationships using the various data stored in the city file. In this 
 way the computer can respond to updated file changes, act as an outside 
 system, perform routine functions or processes that would be time con- 
 suming for the players and finally act as a bookkeeper (see Computer 
 Operator's Manual). 
 
 At this point the game is ready to be played. Each player studies 
 his printout generated from the starting city to evaluate his status as 
 an individual and as a team member. Each team defines its specific problems, 
 establishes objectives and develops strategies. Various groups will then 
 gather for informal sessions for the purposes of bargaining, trade-offs and 
 consumating deals. Eventually each group arrives at final decisions for 
 actions to be taken in that particular round of the game. These decisions 
 are then entered into the computer by a special code and the model is 
 ready to run. The computer then prints out a new series of data representing 
 the changed city. 
 
 In a typical game play the players generally behave in a predictable 
 way with a minimum of player interaction early in the game. Players tend 
 to feel that most interrelations should be avoided for the sake of 
 secrecy. Most players use the guise of ignorance when talking to their 
 peers early in the game and their contacts are limited to attempts at 
 acquiring knowledge. As the player's command over the technical content 
 increases, so does his awareness of the necessity for a properly function- 
 ing system. The player realizes that his economic aspirations will not be 
 achieved unless his public counterpart can create a suitable "service -rich" 
 environment in which he can operate. Typically, one or two players generally 
 emerge quickly with an extensive grasp of the system and its technical con- 
 tent and assume the role of educator. In a fashion similar to the old ward 
 politicians, the educators disperse favors (the patronage in the form of 
 technical explanations), to gain the initial respect of his constituents. 
 Needless to say, it is then a simple matter for the educator to insure his 
 election to the mayoralty of the City. 
 
 As time passes, other players come to understand their role and the 
 role of others and begin to realize that the mayor, although helping the 
 city to function, often is insuring his own economic prominence at their 
 expense. At this point, the era of the ward politician is inevitably 
 (or generally) over and with this passing comes the emergence of the 
 
city-manager. The political cooperation that grows from the new regime 
 eventually leads to a full appreciation of the efforts of others and will 
 open up higher levels of discussion concerning city-wide urban problems. 
 Although the previous discussion concerns player behavior during game 
 play, the influence of the gaming process has created a learning exper- 
 ience is one of the fundamental purposes of City Games and these exper- 
 iences with the game can be transferred to the problems of the real city. 
 
 In most games, the Game Director's role diminishes as the play 
 progresses and players become more familiar with the technical content 
 of the game. Since bribes and boycotting are allowed along with collusion 
 and other forms of special interest groups, a new aspect of the game appears, 
 namely law and order. Players rapidly learn that disputes cannot be settled 
 by opposing interest groups and the enforcement of agreements and compromises 
 becomes almost impossible. Players demand legal systems and police depart- 
 ments and the local government is faced with new expenses to deal with. 
 If these demands are met, the City managers must generate more income to 
 meet these expenses and forego other spending plans. At this point, the 
 hypothetical city is becoming very real and very complicated to run. Even 
 though it is a hypothetical city, players become emotionally involved and 
 the intensity of their involvement permeates the playing area. Time is 
 a constant enemy for the players just as in real life. Everyone wants 
 everything at once and a typical game play allows the players about two 
 to three hours per round to make their decisions. One round of the game is 
 equivalent to one year of real time. If elections are required every two 
 years, only two rounds are played before new elections. If the newly 
 elected officials fail to honor prior commitments by their predecessors, 
 well , the best laid plans ! .' 
 
 It is within this framework that the City IV manuals are written. 
 There are three manuals for City IV; a Director's Manual, a Players' 
 Manual, and an Operator's Manual. The Director's Manual is designed to 
 explain the technical content of the computer program including term 
 definitions, programming change procedure and the numerous technical 
 details associated with the game. It is assumed that the Game Director 
 has been taught the gaming operations prior to assuming the Director's 
 role and will use the manual as his primary reference source rather than 
 a set of instructions for running the game. The manual further assumes 
 that a Director has had training in Fortran programming and understands 
 formatting and coding in addition to being knowledgeable about Urban 
 problems. The Director designs the initial city conditions for the start 
 of a game. The manual provides initial conditions for a typical city 
 and specific computer commands for altering these conditions. 
 
 The Players' Manual is also designed to be a reference manual and 
 not a text book. The complexity of the game requires extensive reading 
 on the players part prior to the start of a game or selective reference 
 material which is coordinated with the Director's introductory lectures 
 
 8 
 
and possibly monitors who are trained in the gaming procedures and will 
 coach the individual players when required. This latter approach has 
 proven to be the most effective method of training players. If past 
 games are indicative, individuals seem to learn their roles much faster 
 when coached by a monitor during actual playing conditions as opposed to 
 concentrated reading and memorizing prior to the start of a game. It is 
 not presumed that players have prior knowledge of this game or even 
 simulation in general. The game is designed so players do not need to 
 know computer programming or how to operate the computer. These functions 
 lie with the Director and the Computer operator. 
 
 The Operator's Manual is written for an IBM 360/370 and is distinguished 
 from the Director's Manual by design. This distinction lies in the reasoning 
 that the game director is responsible for the game room activity which 
 includes the coding of inputs for the computer whereas the operator is 
 responsible for all communication with the computer which is necessary to 
 give the Director proper computer output. 
 
 The Operator's Manual assumes the reader is familiar with IBM 360/370 
 Operating System and its Job Control Language or at a minimum be able to 
 obtain assistance from a local computer center. After processing one or 
 two rounds of the model, the operations required become routine and require 
 JCL and system knowledge only during system errors. 
 
 In general, the game should be played with at least 50 players utilizing 
 a large room where players can move freely about. Computer printouts are 
 usually taped on walls for easy access by all players. An optional display 
 would be a gaming board for visual display of the city. The board is 
 marked off in grids to conform to the City map and plastic playing pieces 
 are used to represent the various types of buildings. Colored tape is used 
 to mark off highways and boundaries. Colored tape is used to mark off 
 highways and boundaries. Human interest is added if one player agrees to be- 
 come the Big City News editor. The idea is to subtly report on the good and 
 bad features of the game play in a humorous way. The Game Director reports 
 the results of each round to the news editor who proceeds to write this 
 paper and distribute it before the players learn the results of the round. 
 The detailed computer outputs are then distributed to the players so that 
 they may learn how well their particular game plan went. In other words, 
 the paper presents the overview and the computer reports on the specifics. 
 This method allows the Game Director to concentrate his time on selected 
 areas rather than all areas at the end of each round. 
 
 In addition to the normal problems of the City, the Gaming Model 
 can be used for more sophisticated analysis. The Economic Base can be 
 investigated to determine the causes of a changing growth rate along 
 with identifying the components of the economic base. Business cycles 
 can be explored since they are dependent upon sales of goods and services 
 outside the local economy and must be supplemented by an analysis of the 
 condition of the National economy. This provides a useful yardstick for 
 
measuring economic performance. By charting the prices for basic industry 
 output, the return on investments and the interest rate on loans and bonds, 
 the players can determine which phase of the business cycle they are in, 
 which in turn would partially explain capital investment attitudes. 
 
 Other basic studies important to public and private decision makers 
 concern the tracing of population growth and projecting future levels. 
 Trends in employment (total) t employment distribution by industry, un- 
 employment rates and income distribution are available and in a usable 
 form in the City's output. Here again a PPBS format would guide the 
 player in assembling the pertinent facts and disregard peripheral 
 information. 
 
 Housing market analysis becomes important in any geographic area 
 where dwelling units are in competition with one another as alternatives 
 for the users of housing. This problem incorporates many of the previously 
 mentioned types of analysis: economic base, employment trends, income 
 distribution and population analysis along with the additional component 
 of housing stock or inventory. The magnitude of the total housing stock 
 in terms of dwelling units, reflecting changes over time, is one of the 
 most significant indicators of city growth coupled with a changing 
 distribution of the inventory by structural type. Equipped with this 
 knowledge plus an awareness of vacancy rates, rents, property values and 
 financial market conditions, the private developer could make a rational 
 decision as to the advisability of a housing investment. 
 
 Appraisal theory can be utilized to aid prospective purchasers and 
 sellers as to the market value of particular parcels of land. The data 
 needed to apply to the cost, income and marketing approaches to appraisal 
 theory is available on the various output sheets supplied by the game. 
 
 The problems of social reform can be explored in terms of social 
 dissatisfaction and leisure time demands. Social players determine the 
 amount of money they will pay for transportation and variety of ex- 
 periments in public transportation can be tried. Since the social 
 players are the voters, political boundaries and voter redistricting 
 are viable possibilities within the gaming framework. The problems of 
 slum clearance and urban renewal in general are an integral part of 
 game play and many ideas can be tested utilizing the game. 
 
 The above are only examples ot types of game play because each time 
 a game is played, it is structured to meet the needs of the particular 
 group of players. Players can be richly rewarded with a learning experi- 
 ence that can be applied to real city problems. The variety and combina- 
 tions of gaming situations are endless just as in a real city. The players 
 themselves insure that no two games are identical because individual * 
 player's are not identical. In this sense, City IV is a teaching game 
 that portrays the abilities of the particular players to manage a city. 
 
 10 
 
II. THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 
 A. Computer Specifications 
 
 The hardware requirements are: 
 
 1 nine track 800 B.P.I, tape drive 
 
 1 132 print position line printer with overprint capabilities 
 
 1 80 column card reader 
 
 1 2314 disk drive 
 
 1 2319 disk pack and at least 190k of available to a user's program 
 storage, running under O.S. 
 
 Most IBM 360/50 and 370/155 and larger IBM 360/370 computing systems 
 have their basic hardware facilities available to users. However, it is 
 possible to have difficulty with a request for a 2319 disk pack. Frequently 
 it is necessary to show justification for the acquisition of a whole 
 disk pack. The following is the justification from the system programmer's 
 view. 
 
 a. The model uses a minimum of 90 cylinders of the total capacity 
 of 200 cylinders of 2319 pack. 
 
 b. The disk could be used to save the data base of previous rounds 
 of the urban region's growth. Since each round on the average 
 requires ten cylinders of disk space, a ten year history of the 
 region would require 100 cylinders. Hence, the minimum require- 
 ments plus space for a ten year history would occupy almost a 
 total disk. 
 
 c. It is sometimes possible to store the executable "Load Modules" 
 of a system of programs in the system library of the computer 
 center. However, the City IV "Load Modules" occupy 300 tracks 
 which are undesirable for storage on the system libraries. 
 
 d. It is necessary for program operation that the game file which 
 occupies 200 tracks, be totally resident on one disk. 
 
 The disk would be a private volume which would be removed from the 
 system configuration as long as the City IV programs are not in execution. 
 
 11 
 
In addition to the hardware demands, it is necessary that the standard 
 utility programs of an IBM 360/0. S. system be available. Those that are 
 immediately necessary are: 
 
 a) IEHDASDR 
 
 b) IEHLIST 
 
 c) IEHPROGM 
 
 d) IEBPTPCH 
 
 B. City IV Model Installation 
 
 Assuming that all hardware and software demands are met, installation 
 can be done with the execution of two simple job steps. Job RBMINSTL 
 consists of two steps -- RBMDISK and RBMVTC. 
 
 a. RBMDISK is the step which restores the disk from the tape 
 provided with this manual, e.g., RBM001 
 
 b. RBMVTC produces the volume table of contents for the disk and 
 its partition data sets of all files are listed. The private 
 disk pack provided by the computer center and with serial number 
 name, e.g., D12345 is restored with the City IV system. The nine 
 track tape provided with this manual contains the system of 
 programs and data to be restored to the disk. The disk would 
 
 be initialized with some serial numebr name D12345 by the center 
 before the execution of the RBMDISK step. Thus, the DD statement 
 which references the disk in this step must be changed to reflect 
 the serial number of the disk obtained. As a result a change from 
 say a serial number D00001 on the DD statement VOL = parameter to 
 D12345 or whatever is the disk serial number provided is needed. 
 This should be the only change of the JCL required, since this 
 step, RBMDISK, changes the serial number for all future steps to 
 D00160. Be sure to inform the computer center operators to 
 change the label ID of the disk at the end of the job to D00160, 
 so that they could fetch it from the disk library in the future by 
 its correct name. Note that it is sometimes necessary to make 
 the same type of JCL change for the tape reference DD statement. 
 
 RBMVTC produces the VTOC so that a programmer can tell the allocation 
 of space on the disk. Since this is a random access device it is possible 
 that some files would occupy tracks which are not sequential. It tells 
 the number of extents the particular data set has. RBMVTC could be executed 
 after a couple of rounds of play so that the operator can tell the present 
 number of extents of the DATABASE file. All files are described in Appendix B, 
 
 12 
 
C. The Game Sequence 
 
 Each round of the City IV game represents the year in the life of 
 the urban region, and it takes about two hours of participants time in 
 the game room. When the players have completed their decisions are coded 
 for computer input and punched on cards. After the input is put into the 
 computer, the computer operates on the new data, relating it to the previous 
 urban conditions and produces output containing detailed information about 
 the new status of the city. The outputs are indeed yearly reports of the 
 region. These outputs are returned to the gaming room to be studied by 
 the players who after about two and sometimes three hours of decision- 
 making and analysis submit more inputs to the computer. 
 
 A weekly schedule of one two hour meeting and one additional hour for 
 smaller group planning, about a day before works well in an educational 
 environment. For example, two hours of gaming on Wednesday afternoon. 
 The director codes and punches data for input. The operator submits first 
 trial edits on Wednesday night, and the director checks the edits and submits 
 a final input to the operator for Thursday. The operator submits it on 
 Thursday night and has until Monday to make sure that computer down- time 
 and other computer center probelms don't affect the City IV turn- around 
 time. On Monday participants could pick up their output and have a small 
 group meeting for one hour. Then, on Wednesday the full game room operation 
 continues . 
 
 D. Loading the Data Base 
 
 The urban region that the game director chooses to use must be loaded 
 into the DATABASE file. This loading is done in a two step process of the 
 job RBMLOAD. The first step CTYLDMN of RBMLOAD uses FT01F001 as the input 
 DD name for an input file which is either in a PDS (partition data set) 
 of RBM Library names EPA049. DATADECK LIBRARY (member name) or is an 
 input data stream on the principal card reader. This capability of 
 having the input for this step come from a PDS allows the storage of 
 different urban regions in the datadeck library. At the same time 
 experienced directors can create their own initial load data decks for 
 either a hypothetical or real city and input them directly before previous 
 storage in a PDS. CTYLDMN uses this data to produce the data base for round 
 zero which it creates in the game file, GM, referenced through DD name 
 FT04F001 with DSN = EPA049.GM. This step produces a printer output of 
 a listing of the load data deck, which describes the region, and a few 
 maps of the region at round zero. 
 
 The second step of this job, step DUMP executes the program CTYFLDP, 
 which is a city file dumping routine to copy the GM file to the DATABASE file 
 and vise versa. The sequential data set GM which was produced in the first 
 step LOAD is now copied by CTYFLDP to the DATABASE file referenced through 
 DD name FT08F001 and DSN = EPA04 9. DATABASE. The principal purpose of the 
 DATABASE file is to save the data base of the previous rounds of the urban 
 
 13 
 
region by extending the data set after each execution of the step RBMCITY, 
 which produces a new round in the GM file. Hence, this step simply saves 
 a copy of the round zero data base in the DATABASE file. The printed 
 output obtained in the first step could be used by the game director to 
 decide on alterations and other minor changes, he would like to effect 
 before he presents round one to the game participants. These changes 
 are explained fully in the Director's Manual. 
 
 E. Running the Model 
 
 At this point it is good to look back for a moment. The first phase, 
 installation is usually done only once at the center unless by accident the 
 disk files were damaged. The second phase is done each time the Game 
 Director wishes to use a different urban region from round zero. The 
 third phase of running the model is done for each round of the game. As 
 far as the operator is concerned, running a round of the model consists of 
 the execution of at least two jobs. The overall objective is to produce 
 round number n + 1 from an existing round number on which is previously 
 saved in both the GM and DATABASE files. As recalled from the previous 
 phase the round zero data base is in both the first of the DATABASE files 
 and in the GM file. 
 
 The first type of job, RBMEDIT, which could be repeated until the 
 director is satisfied with the output is a trial editing run. The inputs 
 generated either by the director or in the game room is the input to this 
 single step job. The output is a trial edit sheet describing the success 
 or failure of the inputted decisions. In the case of syntax or sequence 
 errors on the part of the director, corrections are made. Thus, in short, 
 the error messages produced help the director to make the corrections. The 
 adjusted input stream is resubmitted and the job is repeated until the 
 director is satisfied with the edits. The program which is executed in 
 this single stage job is EDTMAIN which slightly alters the data base in 
 the GM file in addition to producing the printed edits. 
 
 The second type of job, RBMCITY, is run only once for each round 
 and it is the job that changes the rounds from n to n +1. This job is 
 made up of four steps. Since the only true copy of round n data base is 
 in the DATABASE file at this point, the first step resets the now altered 
 GM file to the original data base for round n. This step, DUMP uses a 
 control card in its input stream following the DD name FT01F001 DD *JCL. 
 The format of the control card is L in column 1 and an integer m in column 
 10. For m = 1 on the control card, the program CYTFLDP would copy the 
 first file in the DATABASE files into the GM file. In general, m is an 
 integer equal to the units digit of the round number of the data base to be 
 altered plus one. For example, suppose as is the case with the firsts execu- 
 tion of this job that round zero is the data base to be altered, then n = 0, 
 the unit digit of n is and thus m = + 1 = 1 (with n = 25 m = 6) , This 
 procedure is adopted because the DATABASE file is created with enough space 
 for only ten rounds of data base storage so that after the round number of 9, 
 the round number 10 data base overlays the original round number data base. 
 
 14 
 
The second step, EDIT, is exactly like the single step of the previous 
 job RBMEDIT, however this time it produces a final edit sheet which is posted 
 in the game room with the rest of the output of this job. 
 
 CITY3 —'is the third step in which the program CITY3 generates the new 
 round which is in the GM file at the end of this program. A permanent copy 
 is obtained with the execution of the fourth step. 
 
 The final DUMP step executes CTYFLDP to copy GM file to the new 
 extention of the DATABASE file. This DUMP execution of CTYFLDP does not 
 require a control card unless the new data base created is one in which the 
 space required for storage in DATABASE would cause an extention beyond the 
 available space. For example, when n + 1 is generated with a change in the 
 tenths digit of the number, i.e., if n = 9 and n + 1 = 10 then round 
 ten must be saved in the first file location of DATABASE. Hence, this 
 occurs at n + 1 = 10, 20, 30, etc. In this case the control card follows 
 the DD* statement and simply contains F in column one. 
 
 The final phase of the process is the printing of the maps which could 
 either be a separate job or an additional step to job, RBMCITY. The step 
 MAPS executes MAPA which produces from the GM file a series of maps of the 
 data base that is stored there. 
 
 It is always useful to obtain at least two copies of the printed output. 
 This could be indicated to O.S. through the JOB card information on accounting, 
 which varies at each computer center. The operator should request the necessary 
 information and include the two copies parameter on the JOB card for this 
 RBMCITY job. 
 
 The execution time of this job RBMCITY varies with the characteristics 
 of the IBM 360/370 facility from 17 minutes to 40 minutes CPU time for the 
 TWOCITY data base, on the model 50 and the model 155 does the same thing 
 in 9 to 12 minutes. The number of lines printed for each copy is fifteen 
 thousand for TWOCITY and 22,000 for RAYWID. 
 
 F. Running Multiple Games 
 
 At some institutions the running of more than one gaming seminar could 
 be accomplished with the use of one disk by having multiple data base files, 
 DATABAS1, DATABAS2, etc. up to DATABAS9, one for each gaming seminar. Since 
 the amount of space on the disk is still the same, an expansion to multiple 
 data base files reduces the number of rounds of history of the urban region, 
 that could be saved. For example, with the job RBMULTY, the data set DATABASE 
 with its capacity for 10 rounds of history could be deleted and replaced with 
 two data sets DATABAS1 and DATABAS2 each with a capacity for 5 rounds of 
 
 1/ 
 
 "CITY3 is an internal program name unique to the game CITYIV and should not 
 
 be confused with the Game known as CITY III. 
 
 15 
 
history. As could be noted from the study of the original VTOC, the disk 
 is originally configured as having only one data base file. The decision 
 to have multiple data base files should be done at the beginning of the 
 gaming seminars because the job RBMULTY would delete the existing 
 history, on DATABASE. THE JCL references must be changed for each phase 
 of the loading and running operation of the system. 
 
 G. Problems with Hardware Requests 
 
 Some computing centers do not allow users to have disk names which 
 do not conform to their type of ID format. If this restriction is enforced 
 when using CITYTV, a change in the serial number identification scheme 
 will result in numerous changes and problems with the running of CITYIV. 
 If this change is required, it will be necessary to change each reference in 
 all the JCL portions of the program. Further, the control parameters in the 
 installation phase step REMDISK of jobs RBMINSTL, CPYVOLID = YES and 
 PURGE = YES must be deleted. 
 
 16 
 
III. APPENDICES 
 
 Appendix A: THE SYSTEM JCL LIBRARY 
 
//* 
 
 //***#************** RBM-SYSTEM JCL LIBRARY *********************************** 
 //* 
 
 //* NAME 
 
 //* RBMINSTL 
 
 //* 
 
 //* FUNCTION 
 
 //* RBMINSTL IS USED TO RESTORE A 2319 OR 2316 CISK PACK WHICH 
 
 //* IS PRIVATE WITH THE CITYIV SUBSET OF RIVER BASIN MODEL (RBM) 
 
 //* SYSTEM FROM ITS TAPE COPY. NOTE THAT THE DISK MUST BE 
 
 //* SPECIFIED WITH ITS SERIAL NUMBER IN DISKNUM =012345 
 
 //* AND THE DISK WILL BE RENAMED TO D0O160 AFTER THE FIRST STEP. 
 
 //* THE TAPE IS SPECIFIED WITH THE NUMBER IN TAPENUM = RBMJHU 
 
 //* MOUNTED ON A 9 TRACK BOO BPI DRIVE. 
 
 //* 
 
 / / * * ********************* ********************************** ********************* 
 //* 
 
 //* REMEMBER TO CHANGE THE DISK TO THE NUMBER YOU ARE PROVIDED 
 
 //* AT BOTH REFERENCES. - THE MESSAGE AND VOLUME PARAMETERS 
 
 //* THE NEXT CARD DEFINES THE DISK TO THE OPERATOR. 
 
 /♦MESSAGE MOUNT DISK D12345 
 
 //* DISK D12345 IS THE DISK PROVIDED BY THE COMPUTING CENTER 
 
 //* REMEMBER TO CHANGE THE TAPE TO THE NUMBER OF THE TAPE YOU 
 
 //* RECEIVED WITH THIS MODEL AT BOTH REFERENCES. 
 
 //* THE NEXT CARD DEFINES THE TAPE TO THE OPERATOR. 
 
 /♦MESSAGE MOUNT TAPE RBMJHU, W 
 
 //* TAPE RBMJHU IS THE TAPE PROVIDED WITH THE RBM SYSTEM AND 
 
 //* LABELLED RBMJHU. 
 
 //* 
 
 //RBMDISK EXEC PGM=I EHDASDR 
 
 //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //THEUISK DD UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0LUME=(PRIVATE,,SER=(D12 345)), 
 
 // DISP=OLD 
 
 //* 
 
 //TAPE DD UNIT=(2400) , 
 
 // VOLUME =( PRIVATE, , SER= ( RBM JHU ) ) , 
 
 // DISP=OLD, 
 
 // DSNAME=TAPE 
 
 //* 
 
 //SYSIN DD * 
 
 RESTORE TODD=THEDISK,FROMDD=TAPE,CPYVOLID=YES,PURGE=YES 
 //* 
 
 //* 
 
 18 
 
//* 
 
 //****************** RBM-SYSTEM JCL LIBRARY *********************************** 
 
 //* 
 
 //* NAME 
 
 //* RBMLOAD 
 
 //* FUNCTION 
 
 //* RBMLOAD LOADS THE DATABASE DEFINED BY DDNAME FT01FO0L INTO BOTH 
 
 //* THE ' 'DATABASE' • AND ''GM'' FILES. THIS PRODUCES ROUNDO OF THE 
 
 //* GAME OUTPUT. 
 
 //* 
 
 //****************************************************************************** 
 
 /*MESSAGE MOUNT DISK D00160 
 //* 
 
 DO DSN=EPA049.L0DM0D, 
 
 UNIT=2314, 
 
 V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 DISP=(0LD,PASS) 
 
 EXEC PGM=CTYLDMN,REGI0N=190K 
 
 //JOBLIB 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 //* 
 
 //LOAD 
 
 //* 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT03F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 //* 
 
 //FT04F001 DD DSN=EP A049 . GM , 
 
 // 
 // 
 // 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F001 DD DSN=SCRT, 
 
 UNIT=2314, 
 
 VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 UNIT=2314, 
 
 VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN»SER=D00160) , 
 DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 // 
 // 
 // 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT15F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //* DDNAME FTOlFOOl CHANGES TO DD * WHEN DATA IS IN JOB STREAM. 
 
 //* 
 
 //FTOlFOOl DD DSN = EPA049.DATADECK.LIBRARY(TW0CITY) , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER = D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //DUMP EXEC PGM=CTYFLDP,REGI0N=190K 
 
 //* 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FTO3FO01 DD SYSOUT=A \ 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT04F001 DD DSN=EPA049.GM, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F001 DD DSN=SCRT, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 19 
 
//A RBMLOAD continued 
 
 //FT08F001 DD DSN=EPA049. DATABASE , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLO, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FTlbFOOl DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT01F001 DD * 
 
 F 
 
 //* 
 
 20 
 
//* 
 
 //#*$*#**#*$*#**#*** RBM-SYSTEM JCL LIBRARY *********************************** 
 //* 
 
 //* NAME 
 
 //* RBMEDIT 
 
 //* FUNCTION 
 
 //* RBMEDIT READS THE ROUND INPUT (INPUT FROM A ROUND OF 
 
 //* GAMING) AND ALTERS THE CURRENT DATABASE OF THE MODEL WITH 
 
 //* THE CHANGES MADE BY CORRECT INPUTS. INCORRECT INPUTS ARE 
 
 //* INDICATED WITH SPECIFIC ERROR MESSAGES, AND THEY DO NOT 
 
 //* AFFECT THE CURRENT DATABASE. 
 
 //* 
 
 /♦MESSAGE MOUNT DISK DU0160 
 
 //J08LIB DD 0SN=EPA049.L0DM0D, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=IOLD,PASS) 
 
 //* 
 
 //EDIT EXEC PGM=EDTMAIN,REGI0N=190K 
 
 //* 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT03F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT04F001 DD DSN = EPA0't9.GM, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F001 DU OSN=SCRT, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER = D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT08F001 DD DSN=EPA049 . DAT ABASE , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=( PRIVATE, RETAIN, SER=D00160 ) , 
 
 // DISPMOLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT15F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //* DDNAME FTOlFOOl CHANGES TO DD * WHEN DATA IS IN JOB STkEAM. 
 
 //FT01F001 DD DSN=EPA049.DATADECK.LIBRARY(TW0TEST) , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE, RETAIN, SER=D001 60), 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 21 
 
//* 
 
 //***#************** RBM-SYSTEM JCL LIBRARY *********************************** 
 
 //* NAME 
 
 //* RBMCITY 
 
 //* FUNCTION 
 
 //* RBMCITY GENERATES A NEW ROUND OF OUTPUT FROM THE CURRENT 
 
 //* DATABASE WHICH IS SAVED. THE NEW DATABASE IS ALSO SAVED 
 
 //* IN THE NEXT AVAILABLE LOCATION OF THE THE DATA BASE FILE.. 
 //*******************************************#********************************#* 
 
 //* 
 
 /♦MESSAGE MOUNT DISK D00160 
 
 //J06LIB DD DSN=EPA049.L0DM0D, 
 
 // UNIT=231^, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD,PASS) 
 
 //* 
 
 //DUMP EXEC PGM=CTYFLDP,REGI0N=190K 
 
 //* / 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT03F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FTOAFOOl DD DSN=EPA049 . GM , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F001 DD DSN=SCRT, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER = D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT08F001 DD DSN = EPA049 . DAT ABASE , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT15F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FTOLFOOl DD * 
 
 L 1 
 
 //* 
 
 //CITY3 EXEC PGM=CITY3,REGI0N=190K 
 
 //* 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT03F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FTOAFOOl DD DSN=EPA049. GM , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160), 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F00L DD DSN=SCRT, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE, RETAIN, SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 22 
 
RBMCITY continued 
 //FT08F001 DD DSN=EPA049. DATABASE t 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 7/ OISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT15FOOL DD SYSOUT=A 
 //* 
 
 //DUMP EXEC PGM=CTYFLDP,REGI0N=190K 
 //* 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 //* 
 
 //FT03FOO1 DD SYSOUT=A 
 //* 
 
 //FT04F001 DD DSN=EPA049 . GM , 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOl=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F001 DD DSN=SCRT, 
 // UNIF=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 //* 
 
 //FT08F001 DD DSN = EPA049 . DATABASE , 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160), 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT15F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 //* 
 
 //FTOlFOOl DD * 
 //* 
 
 //* NAME 
 //* RBMMAPS 
 //* FUNCTION 
 
 //* RBMMAPS PRODUCES ONE COPY OF EACH OF THE RBM MAPS FROM THE 
 //* CURRENT DATABASE IN THE GM FILE. 
 //* 
 
 //* 
 
 //MAPS EXEC PGM=MAPA,REGI0N=190K 
 
 //* 
 
 //SYSABEND DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT03F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT04F001 DD DSN=EPA049. GM , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // V0L=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER = D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT05F001 DD DSN=SCRT, 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=(OLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT06F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT08F001 DD DSN = EPA049. DATABASE , 
 
 // UNIT=2314, 
 
 23 
 
RBMCITY continued 
 
 // VOL=(PRIVATE,RETAIN,SER=D00160) , 
 
 // DISP=lOLD, KEEP, KEEP) 
 
 //* 
 
 //FT15F001 DD SYSOUT=A 
 
 //* 
 
 24 
 
Appendix B: DATA SET DESCRIPTION 
 
Appendix B: Data Set Description 
 
 1. Data Sets 
 
 The data sets are described in the order of their listing in the 
 Volume Table of Contents of the disk volume D00160. Since these programs 
 were originally written for the Environmental Protection Agency, data 
 sets have the qualifier name EPA049 which is further qualified with a 
 generic name EPA049.GM. The first data set which is sequential, EPA049.GM, 
 is the game file. It contains the current status of the urban region as 
 described by a particular data base. The file is composed of approximately 
 3800 records, each 260 bytes long. Each record consists of two parts -- 
 a directory and a data segment. The directory contains information which 
 describes the size, type, and location of the various records which comprise 
 the game file. 
 
 The data segment of the game file consists of data of varying types, 
 one byte logical, two byte integer, four byte integer and four byte real. 
 There are various kinds of data like arrays and vectors, and their contents 
 describe various things which might be population data, economic data or 
 simple pointers packed into 256 bytes of each record. The other four 
 bytes are used by the directory segment, two are used to identify the 
 disk location of a record and the other two are used as linkage to 
 similar data in another record, should the data continue out of the 
 present record. 
 
 2. EPA049. DATADECK. Library 
 
 As the generic name LIBRARY indicates, this is a PDS (Partition Data 
 Set) in which the members are the contents of a library and each member 
 describes the initial data deck of a hypothetical or real urban region. 
 Some of the initial urban configurations are RAYWID and TWOCITY which are 
 described in the Director's Manual for RBM. The CITY MODEL type starting 
 configurations are BIG CITY, BLUECITY, TRICITY, AND WASHGTON. In addition, 
 there are two edit testing data input decks in the library, BLUETEST and 
 TWCTEST. BIGCITY, TRICITY AND BLUECITY are described as METROPOLITAN, 
 TRI-CITY and DUNBEATH in the CITYMODEL Director's guide. 
 
 It is important to note at this point that not all these initial data 
 decks have been completely debugged and although they have all been used 
 in gaming sessions, it is possible that a special sequence of rounds of 
 play might divulge new oversights with any one of these urban configurations 
 It is hoped that the user would share the new information with the other 
 users of this manual. 
 
 26 
 
3. EPA049. DATABASE SCRT 
 
 This is a general purpose scratch file used by all the model's programs 
 for temporary storage of data. It is the programs working storage. 
 
 4. EPA049. DATABASE 
 
 This is the data set which contains up to ten rounds of the history 
 of the region. If the users wish to save rounds zero through nine, it 
 would be saved on the fourteen extents of this data set in sequential 
 order from extent zero to fourteen. However, should the users want to 
 save rounds two through twelve and the process prescribed in Section II 
 of this Manual, under Running the Model is used, the most recent rounds 
 i.e., ten through twelve are stored in the extents zero through two and 
 the rounds three through nine are stored in the remaining extents. With 
 these data bases saved, the user could rerun any round of the game by 
 loading the particular data base into Qvl. Should he wish to save the 
 new data base produced, he has no choice but to save it after the most 
 recently stored data base or in the very first extents of the data set, 
 i.e., Extent Zero . 
 
 Care and efficient recording of all data bases stored must be 
 taken so as not to confuse the understanding of the contents of this 
 data base. However, should this recording become confused, it would be 
 necessary to develop a job which would be made of two steps, DUMP and 
 EDIT. The dump routine, CTYFLDP, would copy the unknown data base file 
 into EPA049.GM and EDTMAIN with no inputs would print the name and round 
 number of the data base. This procedure could be repeated for each of 
 the data base files that were saved. To get a specific data base file, 
 the control card on the input stream of the DUMP step must have L in 
 column one and the number one through ten right-justified in column ten. 
 
 5. EPA049.LODMOD 
 
 The name symnolic of executable "Load Modules" of the system of 
 programs, indicates that these are the mainline programs which have been 
 previously linked and edited with all the relevant subprograms and are 
 ready for execution. There are six members of this partition data set, 
 CTYFLDP, EDTMAIN, CTYLDMN, CITY3, MAPA, VOTES and CTYWAT. Since each 
 of these except VOTES and CTYWAT have been described previously during 
 the process of running the model (See section II of this Manual) it will 
 only be necessary to define each partition in this Section, users can 
 refer directly to them in the appropriate section of this Manual. 
 
 a. CTYFLDP is used at least once by all the jobs involved in the 
 running of the model. It is used to copy the contents of EPA049.GM into 
 EPA049. DATABASE and vise versa (See pages 19, 22 and 23). 
 
 27 
 
b. CTYLEMN is used to load a specific urban configuration from 
 either EPA04 9. DATADECK. LIBRARY or from a user generated configuration 
 which must be included in the job stream as a deck of cards, into 
 EPA049.GM. 
 
 c. EDTMAIN is the editing program that alters EPA049.GM with 
 
 the successful input decisions of the current round of the urban region. 
 It is used repeatedly during the production of the trial edits which 
 indicates to the user the reasons for the failures of particular 
 decisions. A description and explanation of each of the edit messages is 
 given in Appendix C. 
 
 d. CITY3 is the main program which performs all the functions 
 in the simulation process 
 
 e. MAPA produces all of the city maps, from the current data in 
 EPA049.GM. A user who wishes to obtain a copy of a previous round must 
 first use CTYFLDP to copy the particular data base file from EPA049 . DHTABASE 
 to EPA049.GM and then execute MAPA. 
 
 f . VOTES, the only program that is not used every round, it is used 
 to input ^the ballots of the social decisions during an election. Since 
 elections are not held every round it was not necessary to include these 
 input decisions with the routine ones controlled by the EDTMAIN program. 
 
 g. CTYWAT is not used in the CITYIV version of the model but 
 it provides for the inputting of water management decisions. 
 
 The five data sets described above are necessary for the running of 
 the model. The other data sets listed in the VTOC are necessary for 
 user modification of the system of programs. All modifications would 
 need the source listings of the programs and documentation of the overall 
 system. 
 
 6. EPA049 . SOURCE . LIBRARY 
 
 This is a PDS in which each member is a program or subprogram in its 
 FORTRAN IV source language of the system of programs. 
 
 7. EPA049.LIBFL 
 
 In this PDS, its members are the subprograms and programs in their 
 object module format. This means that each subprogram has been already 
 FORTRAN compiled and so they could be included into an executable module 
 by the Linkage Editor. 
 
 All other files are usually user generated for a specific debugging 
 task or modification. 
 
 28 
 
Appendix C: EDIT ERROR MESSAGES 
 
Appendix C: Edit Error Messages 
 
 The EDIT program processes decisions one at a time in the order in 
 which they are submitted to it by the director. The program checks the 
 data submitted to it for two kinds of errors : coding (incorrect format 
 for a decision or key-punch error) and legality (violation of a rule of 
 the model, such as construction without utilities or sale of land 
 belonging to another decision-maker) . When an error message is printed, 
 the decision to which it applies has been rejected, with a few exceptions 
 which are noted in the explanation of the error messages. In all cases, 
 if a decision does not receive an error message, the program has accepted 
 and processed the decision. 
 
 This appendix contains a description of all error messages associated 
 with CITY IV. Since the "water module" may be added to CITY IV directly, 
 the error messages for this module are also included. It should be noted 
 that when this module is added to CITY IV, the customary name of the game 
 is then, "River Basin Model", rather than CITY IV. 
 
 1. General Error Messages 
 
 For all general errors, an indicator (A) points to the approximate 
 location of the error. 
 
 a. INVALID $ ENTRY. Incorrect general decision code. All sub- 
 sequent decisions using this $ entry will be invalidated. 
 
 b. INVALID TEAM ENTRY. There is a mistake in the team identifica- 
 tion in the decision-maker location of the input card. Might be caused 
 by omitting second slash or mispunching "=". 
 
 c. NO CURRENT VALID $ ENTRY. No valid general decision code has 
 been entered or the last one entered is in error. This usually occurs 
 after a #1 error. 
 
 d. NO CURRENT VALID TEAM ENTRY. No valid team identification has been 
 entered in the decision-maker location of the input card or the last one 
 entered is in error. 
 
 e. NO RIGHT PARENTHESIS. The right hand parenthesis for an input 
 requiring one has been omitted. All lists, and only lists, must be enclosed 
 in parentheses. 
 
 f . NO LEFT PARENTHESIS. The left hand parenthesis for an input 
 requiring one has been omitted. 
 
 30 
 
 
g. INVALID LOCATIONS LIST. A list contained a mixture of parcel 
 (even-even) , intersection (odd-odd) and road locations (even-odd or 
 odd- even) . 
 
 h. INCORRECT PUNCTUATION. The indicator points to the incorrect 
 punctuation. Examples: comma (,), clash (/) , etc. 
 
 i. INVALID LAND USE. A wrong two-letter abbreviation for a land 
 use was used. 
 
 j. INVALID TEAM. A team identification (in a position other than 
 where decision -maker is specified) is not a valid team name. 
 
 k. MORE THAN 15 CHARACTERS. More than 15 digits fall between two 
 successive commas. This might result if commas were omitted from the 
 input card. 
 
 1. NUMBER TOO HIGH. Too large of a number has been input. Check 
 the input explanation form to see if scaling has been observed. 
 
 m. NUMBER TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW. The entered number is not within 
 the prescribed limits of this particular entry. 
 
 n. INVALID CHARACTER IN NUMBER. Ar. extraneous character has been 
 added to a number. This could be a dollar sign for a land bid or price. 
 Note that all figures are coded without commas. 
 
 o. LIST NOT PERMITTED. Parentheses have been used to include 
 several entries where only one entry is allowed. 
 
 p. INCORRECT LOCATION ENTRY. The decision contains something 
 other than a location on the board in a position which should contain 
 a location. 
 
 q. BLOCK ENTRY NOT PERMITTED. Opposite corners have been used to 
 specify a zone when a zone is not permitted. Another way to put it is 
 that in this list the character ">" is invalid. 
 
 r. INVALID ROAD COORDINATES. The program accepts only even-odd or 
 odd- even combinations that are on the board. 
 
 s. MORE THAN 65 LOCATIONS IN LIST. When block input is used, a 
 maximum of 65 parcels can be specified between the parentheses. 
 
 31 
 
?. $ASMNT 
 
 a. SOMEONE ON TEAM Cteam name) IS TRYING TO ENTER ASSESSMENT INPUT. 
 A decision-maker other than AS has input a decision using this code. 
 
 b. LOCATION ERROR. A road or intersection was specified. Assess- 
 ment locations must be parcels. 
 
 c. NO PARCEL LIST FOR ASSESSMENT. A location has not been specified 
 n column "C" for a type of assessment decision which requires a location 
 \D, AL, SL, SD). 
 
 d. (location) IS IN ( jurisdiction) . The decision-maker has attempted 
 co assess a parcel which is in another jurisdiction. 
 
 e. UNNECESSARY PARCEL LIST FOR ASSESSMENT. A location has been 
 specified in column "C" for a jurisdiction-wide decision setting the 
 assessment ratio of a land use. 
 
 f . (code) IS NOT A RECOGNIZABLE CONTROL WORD. An incorrect letter 
 code has been used. 
 
 g. (location) IS NOT A FARM PARCEL. A farm assessment has been input for 
 a parcel which is not a farm. 
 
 3. $BUILD - $OUBLD 
 
 a. ( team) CAN'T BUILD ( land use) A decision-maker has attempted 
 to build a type of land use not allowed him. 
 
 b. OU PRICE NON-NEGOTIABLE. A price has been entered in a $OUBLD 
 input . 
 
 c. ( number) IS NOT A JURISDICTION. The jurisdiction number input 
 by a government department is not valid. 
 
 d. (location) UNASSIGNED. The indicated parcel is not assigned 
 to a utility district. This message prints if there is a construction on 
 a parcel which was loaded with utilities but not assigned to a utility 
 district. 
 
 e. (team) OWNS ( location) . The decision-maker specified on the 
 decision input as owning a location does not actually own that parcel. 
 
 f . (location) IS UNDEVELOPED. A non-zero old level has been input 
 for a parcel which is undeveloped. 
 
 32 
 
g. (location) IS A FARM OWNED BY (team) . The input specified a 
 construction on a farm parcel. 
 
 h. (location) IS NOT A (land use) , IT IS A ( land use) . A land 
 use has been input with a previous level , but the parcel is not developed 
 in that land use. 
 
 i. THERE'S NO (land use) AT (location) . The input specifies an 
 existing land use on a parcel but the parcel does not contain that land use. 
 
 j . (land use) AT (location) IS LEVEL ( Ian d^ use ) . The old level of 
 development input does not equal land use's actual level. 
 
 k. ( number) % IS REQUIRED ON (location) - ONLY (numbe r) % IS AVAILABLE. 
 The team does not own sufficient land on the parcel for the intended 
 construction. 
 
 1. JURISDICTION (number ) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR (location). A road or 
 terminal construction decision has been input by a jurisdiction which 
 does not control that location. 
 
 m. (location) IS IN (jurisdiction number) . The parcel is not in 
 the jurisdiction of the decision-maker . 
 
 n. LEVEL ERROR. Old and new levels are identical. 
 
 o. QI ERROR. The quality index input is less than 40 or greater 
 than 100. 
 
 p. ONLY RA'S CAN HAVE PRIVATE UTILITIES. A land use other than 
 RA has attempted to be constructed using private utilities. 
 
 q. LOCATION ERROR. The land use specified cannot be at the 
 designated location. Such would be the case if a road were specified for 
 a parcel or if an economic activity were specified on a road or intersection. 
 
 r. COST TO ( team) FOR BUILD ON ( location) IS $ ( price) ONLY HAS 
 $ ( capital balance) . The team constructing does not have enough money 
 to pay for the attempted construction. 
 
 s. REQUIRES LEVEL ( number) UTILITY SERVICE - ONLY HAS LEVEL ( number) . 
 The level of utility service installed on the parcel does not provide as 
 many utility units as are required by the new level of development. 
 
 t. EXCEEDS UTILITY PLANT CAPACITY. The number of utility units 
 which the proposed construction requires plus the number of utility 
 units already served by the utility plant which serves the parcel on which 
 the construction is located exceeds the plant's capacity (2400 times the 
 plant's level) . 
 
 33 
 
u. REALLOCATION OF SERVICE MUST PRECEDE DEMOLITION. There has been 
 an attempt to demolish a utility plant without first assigning all of the 
 parcels served by that plant to another utility plant. 
 
 v. UNITS CONSUMED MUST BE DECREASED TO ( number) BEFORE DEMOLITION. 
 There has been an attempt to decrease the level of a utility plant when 
 the plant already serves more than 2400 times its new level. 
 
 w. QJT or CI) CAN ONLY BUILD OUTSIDE. There has been an attempt to 
 build a utility plant or a construction industry with the $BUILD input 
 code. 
 
 x. JOB EXCEEDS (CI location) r S CAPACITY ( number of equipment units 
 required for the construction) / (number of equipment unless remaining in 
 CI T s capacity) . The CI does not have enough remaining capacity to 
 perform the construction . 
 
 y. (team) HAS AN OUTSTANDING CONTRACT TO BUILD A ( land use) AT 
 (location) . ^Ttearn (contractee) has input a construction contract for a 
 land use and location for which it already has a contract. 
 
 z . ( location) IS ZONED (zoning code) WHICH PROHIBITS ( land use) . 
 The attempted construction violates zoning. 
 
 4. $BYCT 
 
 a. E OR S. A letter other than E or S was in column "a". 
 
 b. ( department) DOES NOT BOYCOTT. A government department appears 
 as the decision-maker. Departments do not boycott. 
 
 c. U S OR W. A letter other than U, S, or W appeared in column "c", 
 
 d. WORK BOYCOTTS ARE SOCIAL BOYCOTTS. An economic decision-maker 
 tried to input a decision to boycott work. Economic decision-makers can 
 only input shopping boycotts. 
 
 e. ( location) IS NOT A ( LNDUSE or CLASS) . A social boycott has 
 been input with a letter in column "b" which is not a class or a land use 
 in column "d" which is not an acceptable land use code. 
 
 f. U IS FOR SYSTEM-WIDE BOYCOTT OF BUS OR RAIL BY SOCIAL CLASS. 
 A location has been input for a use boycott. 
 
 g. ENTER S OR B FOR STOP OR BBGIN. A letter other than S or B 
 was used in column "e". 
 
 34 
 
h. (team) CANNOT BOYCOTT (department) . A shopping boycott has been 
 input against a department. 
 
 i. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED. The location boycotted (column "d") 
 is undeveloped. 
 
 j. (location) IS A RESIDENCE. The location boycotted (column "d") 
 is a residence, 
 
 k. (location) IS A (land use) . A shopping boycott has been input 
 at a location which is not commercially developed. 
 
 1. (team)'S (class or land use) 'S ARE NOT BOYCOTTING (SHOP, WORK , 
 or USE) - (location or department) . fti S in column "e" has indicated that an 
 existing boycott is to be stopped but the boycott does not exist. 
 
 m. (team)'S (class or land use) 'S ARE ALREADY BOYCOTTING ( SHOP, WORK , 
 or USE) - (location or department) . "An attempt was made to begin a boycott 
 which already exists. 
 
 n. (department) DOES NOT HIRE. An attempt was made to boycott work 
 at a department that does not hire population units. 
 
 5. $CASH 
 
 a. ( code input) IS NOT A VALID CODE. The letter code in column 
 "a" is not a valid letter code. 
 
 b. AS HAS NO CASH. The Assessment Department has been designated 
 as a giver or receiver of cash. AS does not have an account. 
 
 c. ( FOURTH or FIFTH) ENTRY MUST BE CAP OR CUR. A cash transfer 
 involving a government department must specify the department's capital 
 or current account. If CAP or CUR is used to designate an economic team's 
 account, the designation is ignored and is assumed by the program to be 
 PVT. 
 
 d. ( team: PZ or CH) HAS ONLY A ( CAPITAL or CURRENT) ACCOUNT. Either 
 Chairman or Planning and Zoning has been designated as having an account 
 which it does not in fact have. 
 
 e . ONLY CHAIR MAY USE (code input) . A team other than the Chairman 
 has used a code other than C in column "a". 
 
 f. ( team) DOES NOT RECEIVE APPROPRIATIONS. Chairman has attempted 
 to grant an appropriation using CP or CR to an economic team, UT, RAIL 
 
 or CH. 
 
 35 
 
g. NOT AN APPROPRIATION - DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS, Chairman has 
 attempted to grant an appropriation using CP or CR to a department in 
 another jurisdiction, or BUS or RAIL. 
 
 h. WRONG SUBSIDY. The Chairman has either used SB in column M a M 
 to subsize UT, BUS, or RAIL or used CURS or CAPS in column "a" to subsize 
 an economic team. CURS and CAPS are used for departments ; SB is used for 
 economic teams. 
 
 i. (team) DOES NOT RECEIVE SUBSIDIES. Only UT, BUS, and RAIL can 
 receive subsidies through CURS or CAPS. 
 
 j . LOCATION ENTRY REQUIRED FOR (social team) ? S ( class) . A cash 
 transfer involving a social decision-maker has omitted the residence 
 location of the Pi's. 
 
 k. THERE ARE NO (class) Pi's ON ( location) . A cash transfer involving 
 a social decision-maker has specified a parcel on which no Pi's of the desig- 
 nated class live. 
 
 1 . (social decision -maker) DOES NOT CONTROL ( class) ON ( location) . 
 The social decision-maker designated as controlling a class on a parcel 
 does not in fact control those Pi's. 
 
 m. ( social team) 'S class ON ( location) ONLY HAVE $ (savings) . The 
 social decision-maker attempted to transfer an amount greater than the 
 number of Pi's times the sum of the savings per PI and the miscellaneous 
 income per PI. Note that miscellaneous income is negative if the class 
 has transferred more money than it has received. 
 
 n. THERE IS NO ( department and jurisdiction) . The jurisdiction 
 number input for a department exceeds the number of jurisdictions being 
 used in the model. 
 
 o. NULL TRANSACTION. A decision-maker has attempted to transfer 
 money from an account to the same account. For economic, the giver and 
 receiver would match and both accounts would be capital or current; for 
 social, the giver and receiver would match, the class giving and receiving 
 would match, and the locations would match. 
 
 p. ( team) ONLY HAS $ ( amount) . A team has less money in its capital 
 account (total capital revenue less capital expenditures) than it is 
 attempting to transfer. Note that there is no check on a transfer from 
 a current account. 
 
 36 
 
6. $CVPT 
 
 a - (code Input) IS NOT A VALID CODE. A code other than one allowed 
 by $CVPT or $ OTHER has been input in column "a", 
 
 b. THERE IS NO UTILITY PLANT ON ( location) . The utility plant location 
 specified in column "c M does not contain a utility plant on a decision to 
 change utility service. 
 
 c. THE PLANT AT (location) IS UNDEVELOPED, The Utility Department 
 has only undeveloped land at the location specified in column M e M on a 
 decision to change utility service. 
 
 d. (location) IS IN JURISDICTION (number) . The location designated 
 in column "c" is in a different jurisdiction from the one of the Utility 
 Department which input a decision to change utility service. 
 
 e. ( number) IS NOT A VALID UTILITY LEVEL. The new level of service 
 specified on a decision to change utility service is not a number between 
 and 9. 
 
 f . LOCATION ERROR. A location other than a parcel has been specified 
 in column "b". The location should be a parcel. 
 
 g. (UTILITY or INTAKE or OUTFLOW) PLANT AT ( location) CAN'T CHANGE. 
 An attempt has been made to change the utility district in which a parcel 
 containing a utility, inflow, or outflow plant is located. The utility 
 district to which such a parcel is assigned cannot be changed until the 
 appropriate plant (s) has been demolished. 
 
 h. ( location) USES MORE THAN ( number) . The private development on 
 the parcel for which there was an attempt to change the level of utility 
 service requires more utilities than the new level of service would 
 provide. 
 
 i INSTALLATION AT (location) COSTS $ (amount) (department) ONLY 
 HAS $ (amount) . The Utility Department has insufficient funds in its 
 capital balance to perform the installation of utility services. 
 
 j. NON-CONNECTABLE - ( location) ( location) etc. Each listed parcel 
 is not contiguous to a parcel having utilities and served by the designated 
 utility plant. Contiguous parcels are the eight parcels surrounding a 
 parcel. 
 
 37 
 
k. TEAM (team name) DOES NOT (input code) . A decision-maker has 
 input a decision type in column "a" which he is not allowed to make. 
 
 1. [zoning code input) IS NOT A VALID ZONING CODE. The two-digit 
 zoning code input in column "c" on a decision to change zoning is not one 
 of the zoning codes allowed in the model. 
 
 m. (input code) IS TOO (HI GH or LOW) . The value given to a rent (R) , 
 salary (S) , maintenance level (MJ, price (P) , number of employees (E) , 
 public institutional land (PI or RPI) , BG-BS contract percent of purchases 
 (C) , or preempted land (PLND or RPLND) exceeds the maximum or minimum 
 amount allowed that value. 
 
 Function 
 
 Input Minimum 
 
 Input Maximum 
 
 Rent (R) 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 Salary (S) 
 
 PL 12 
 
 50 
 
 
 PM 25 
 
 100 
 
 
 PH 50 
 
 200 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 
 
 Level (M) 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 Price (Utility) 
 
 
 
 1600 
 
 Price (BC - BS) 
 
 500 
 
 1500 
 
 Price (PC- PS) 
 
 50 
 
 150 
 
 Employees (E) 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 All others 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 Note: All of these limits are overridden if there is a "1" in column "£". 
 
 n. (PI, RPI, PLND or RPLN) REQUIRES SPECIFICATION OF PERCENT OF 
 PARCEL. Column "c" did not contain a specification of what percent of the 
 parcel was to be changed. 
 
 °- ( PI or RPI) COSTS $ (amount) - PZ ( jurisdiction) ONLY HAS 
 $ (amount) IN CAPITAT FUNDS. The Planning and Zoning Department does not 
 have sufficient funds to carry out the transaction involving public 
 institutional land. 
 
 p. (location) MAINTENANCE SET TO MAXIMUM -- ( maintenance level) . 
 There was an attempt to increase the maintenance level of a residence to 
 more than 20 points above the lowest quality index which the residence 
 ever reached. The program changes the desired maintenance level to 
 the maximum allowed and then accepts the decision. This is one of the 
 few error messages that do not indicate total rejection of a decision. 
 
 38- 
 
q. ONLY (number)* OF (location) IS (PI or PLND) . There was an attempt 
 to take more land out of public institutional or preempt use than was 
 actually in that use. 
 
 r. (team) ' s (BG or BS) AT (location) HAS NO CONTRACT WITH ( department) , 
 There was an attempt to cancel a BG or BS contract, but the contract did 
 not exist. 
 
 s . USE $0THER FOR (input code) . The $CVPT code was used when $0THER 
 should have been used. 
 
 t. (team) OWNS (location). The economic decision-maker specified on 
 the decision input as owning a location does not actually own that location. 
 
 u. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED. An economic decision-maker has 
 attempted to change something on a parcel which is undeveloped. 
 
 v. (location) IS A ( land use) AND DOES NOT ( SET PRICES, EMPLOY , 
 SET, RENTS ? or CONTRACT) . An economic decision-maker has attempted to 
 make a decision which is not allowed for the economic activity type 
 located on that parcel. 
 
 w. THERE'S NO ( MS, SC or PI) AT (location). A MS or SC department 
 tried to change a maintenance level or employee request at a parcel on which 
 the department has no constructed facility, or PZ tried to remove public 
 institutional use of parkland from a parcel on which none exists. 
 
 x. (number) % IS REQUIRED ON ( location) - ONLY (numb er )g IS AVAILABLE. 
 PZ does not have enough parkland at the location to develop or remove the 
 amount of public institutional land (PI or RPI) , or there is not enough 
 privately- owned and undeveloped land on the parcel for the director to 
 create or remove preempted land (PLND or RPLND) . 
 
 y. (location) IS IN ( jurisdiction) . The parcel is not in the juris- 
 diction of the decision-maker. 
 
 z. ( location) IS A FARM OWNED BY ( team) . An economic decision-maker 
 specified not a business or residence parcel but a parcel which is part of 
 a farm. Decisions regarding farms use $)DDS or $PU. 
 
 7. $ENDS 
 
 a. ( code input) IS INVALID CODE. A code other than L, R, W, or P 
 has been input in column "a". 
 
 b. ( land use) AT ( location) DOES NOT RECYCLE. The land use at that 
 location is not a basic industry, so it cannot recycle water. 
 
 39 
 
c. OPERATING LEVEL (number) AT ( location) IS TOO HIGH, An economic 
 decision-maker has attempted to raise the operating level at a business 
 above its constructed level. The operating level cannot be above the 
 constructed level. 
 
 d. ( location) IS NOT A LAKE PARCEL. The director attempted to 
 specify water quality on a parcel which does not contain a lake. 
 
 e. (number) IS INVALID WATER QUALITY. The specified water quality 
 is not an integer between 1 and 9. 
 
 f . NO WATER ON (location) , The director attempted to specify a 
 miscellaneous pollution input on a parcel which has no water. 
 
 g. (location) IS UNDEVELOPED. There was an attempt to set an 
 operating level at a parcel which is undeveloped. 
 
 h. (location) IS RESIDENTIAL. There was an attempt to set an 
 operating level at a parcel which is developed res identi ally. 
 
 i. NO VOLUME OF POLLUTION INPUT FOR ( location) . The director 
 specified miscellaneous pollutants to be dumped on a parcel but did not 
 specify a volume of effluent. 
 
 j . ( location) IS A FARM OWNED BY ( team) . The location is not a 
 business which can recycle or set an operating level; it is a farm. 
 
 k. ( team) OWNS ( location) . The economic decision-maker specified 
 on the input as owning a location does not actually own that parcel. 
 
 1. TOO MANY POLLUTANTS ENTERED FOR ( location ) . The director 
 specified miscellaneous pollutants to be dumped on a parcel but listed 
 more than seven pollutant types and one water volume. 
 
 8. $FSA 
 
 a. ( team) CANNOT REQUEST FEDERAL- STATE AID. The decision-maker 
 is a department other than SC or HY, which are the only departments which 
 can request Federal -State aid. 
 
 b. SC MUST INPUT PARCEL COORDINATES TO FSA. A School Department 
 did not specify the parcel location for which aid was requested. 
 
 40 
 
c. HY MUST INPUT ROAD COORDINATES TO FSA, A Highway Department did 
 not specify the road location for which aid was requested. 
 
 d. PARCEL AT (location) IS NOT IN JURISDICTION OF (department) . A 
 
 School Department has requested aid to build on a parcel which is not in its 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 e. ROAD AT (location) NOT IN JURISDICTION OF (department) . A 
 Highway Department has requested aid to build at a location which is not 
 in its jurisdiction. 
 
 f . ( HY or SC) AT (location) IS LEVEL ( number) . Aid has been requested 
 for a level of construction that is less than or equal to the existing 
 
 level of development at the location. 
 
 g. LEVEL (number) AID IS AVAILABLE FOR ( HY or SC) AT (location) . Aid 
 has already been granted for a development at the location for a level 
 greater than or equal to the requested level. 
 
 h. ( department) HAS ENTERED (number) REQUESTS. The School or 
 Highway Department has already made the maximum number of FSA requests 
 allowed it in a round. Schools can make 3 requests; Highways can make 
 five requests. 
 
 i . AID REQUEST OF ( department) FOR ( location) ( GRANTED or DENIED) . 
 This message states whether or not the department's aid request was 
 granted. 
 
 9. $ODDS 
 
 a. ( number) IS INVALID RIVER BASIN. The code number of the river 
 basin input on a decision to set dam priorities does not match the code 
 number of any river basin on the board. 
 
 b. INVALID FLOOD LEVEL IN RIVER BASIN ( number) . The director has 
 input a flood level which does not fall between 1 and 100. 
 
 c. INVALID FARM CODE NUMBER, ( farm code input) . A decision to set a 
 fertilizer level specified a farm code number that does not match that of 
 any farm on the board. 
 
 d. INVALID FERTILIZER FACTOR, (number). The fertilizer level 
 specified is not between and 3. 
 
 e. ( team) OWNS FARM (number) . The decision-maker does not own the 
 farm having the code number which he specified. 
 
 f . ( code input) IS INVALID CODE. A letter code other than A, B, 
 C, F, or R appeared in column "a". 
 
 41 
 
10. $OTHER 
 
 a. (code input) IS NOT A VALID CODE. A code other than one 
 allowed by $OTHER or $CVPT has been input in column "a". 
 
 b. TEAM (team name) DOES NOT (input code) . A decision-maker has 
 input a decision type in column "a" which he is not allowed to make. 
 
 c. $ (amount) NEEDED - $ (amount) AVAILABLE. The Bus or Rail Company 
 has attempted to purchase rolling stock costing more than its available 
 capital funds. 
 
 d. (BUS or PAIL) ONLY HAS (number) UNITS. The Bus or Rail Company 
 has attempted to sell more rolling stock than it owns. 
 
 e . USE $CVPT FOR (input code) . The $OTHER code was used when 
 $CVPT should have been usecL 
 
 f . (team) DOES NOT SET WELFARE. A decision-maker other than a 
 Chairman has input a decision with "W" in column "a". W is for setting 
 welfare payments only. 
 
 g. PAYMENT IS TOO HIGH. The Chairman attempted to set the welfare 
 payment higher than the maximum of $10,000 per unemployed worker. The 
 coded input for the payment should be 100 or less. 
 
 h. EA IS AN INVALID CODE. A department other than Schools has used 
 the code "EA" in column "a". 
 
 i. ( PZ or CH) CANNOT FLOAT (2 or 25) YEAR BpNDS. Planning and 
 Zoning has attempted to float a 2 -year (current) bond or Chairman has 
 attempted to float a 2 5 -year (capital) bond. PZ has only a capital 
 account; Chairman has only a current account. 
 
 j. INTEREST RATE IS ( number) % . This message merely shows the 
 interest rate set for a bond or loan from the Outside. The transaction 
 is complete; this is not an error message. 
 
 k. SCALE BOND IN 10, 000' S. If a bond for $900 million or more is 
 input, the program assumes that the dollar amount was incorrectly scaled. 
 The decision is rejected. 
 
 1. ONLY 2 OR 25 FOR TERM. A bond or loan was input with a term 
 other than 2 or 25. 
 
 m. ILLEGAL DEPARTMENT. A department has attempted to make a decision 
 which is not allowed it. 
 
 42 
 
n. ILLEGAL ROAD TYPE. The road type specified is not 1, 2, or 3, 
 
 o . (team) ONLY HAS (amount) . A team has attempted to lend more 
 money than it has available. 
 
 p. USE BONDING ROUTINE. Either a department used "LO" in column 
 "a" or an economic team used LO but did not specify a borrower or an 
 interest rate. Bonds and loans from the Outside use "BO" in column "a". 
 
 q. SCALE LOAN IN 10,000 ? S. If a loan for $900 million or more is 
 input, the program assumes that the dollar amount was incorrectly scaled. 
 The decision is rejected. 
 
 r. INVEST COSTS $ (amount) - (team) ONLY HAS $ (amount) IN CAPITAL 
 FUNDS. An economic team has attempted to invest more money in stocks than 
 it has in available cash. 
 
 s. (team) ONLY HAS $ (amount) IN ( SPECULATIVE or CONSERVATIVE) 
 INVESTMENTS. "M economic team has attempted to sell more investments 
 than it has. 
 
 t . THERE IS A CI AT (location) . The director has attempted to 
 specify NOCI, but there is still at least one CI on the board. All CI's 
 must be demolished before NOCI is accepted by the program. 
 
 u. ( amount) LOAN EXCEEDS LIMIT OF ( amount that can still be 
 borrowed) . TOTAL DEBT LIMIT IS ( amount) PRESENT DEBT IS ( amount) . The 
 economic team has attempted to borrow more money from the Outside 
 than its debt limit allows. There is no limit on the amount which a 
 team can borrow from another team. 
 
 11. $PU 
 
 a. OUTSIDE DOES NOT BUY LAND. "OU" was input on the decision-maker 
 purchasing a parcel of land. The Outside cannot purchase land. 
 
 b. ( department) CAN'T OWN LAND. CH, AS, or BUS was input as the 
 decision-maker purchasing a parcel of land. Those departments cannot own 
 land. 
 
 c. DIFFERENT AREAS. Departments in different jurisdictions attempted 
 to transfer land. 
 
 d. ONLY DEPT'S SELL PART TO PVT. A private team attempted to purchase 
 part of a parcel from a private team by specifying a number other than "0" 
 
 in column "d". 
 
 43 
 
e. ( location) COSTS $ (amount) - (team) ONLY HAS $ (amount) . The 
 buyer does not have enough funds to make the land purchase. 
 
 £. (team) OWNS (location) , The private owner of a parcel specified 
 in column "c" is not the parcel's actual private owner. 
 
 g. (location) IS IN (jurisdiction) . The parcel is not in the jurisdiction 
 specified on the input. 
 
 h. (team) CAN ONLY SELL (amount) ON ( location) . A team has attempted 
 to sell more land on a parcel than it has undeveloped there. 
 
 i. (team) (amount) BID ON (location) ( ACCEPTED or REJECTED 
 ( probability) / ( random number) . If the probability is less than the random 
 number, the bid has been accepted. This is not an error message; it 
 reports the outcome of an unsolicited bid on Outside-Owned land. 
 
 12. $RAIL 
 
 a. TEAM (team name) CANNOT ENTER RAIL INPUT. A team other than 
 RAIL has used the $RAIL code. 
 
 b. LIST MUST BE OF PARCELS. The list of parcels over which the 
 track being constructed is on the surface contains a location which is 
 not a parcel. 
 
 c. SAME INTERSECTION PAIR TO BUILD RR ( location) . On a decision to 
 build a track segment the same intersection was given for the beginning and 
 end points. If a station is to be constructed, only one intersection is 
 specified. If a track is to be constructed, two different intersections 
 are specified. 
 
 d. RAIL SEGMENT FROM ( intersection location) TO (intersection location) 
 NOT BUILT. There is already a track between the designated intersections, 
 
 so a new one was not put there by the program. There can be only one track 
 directly between two intersections. 
 
 e. *** NO RAILROAD LAND ON PARCEL ( location) . The Rail Company does 
 not own any land on a parcel where it has specified that track will be on 
 the surface. 
 
 f . *** PARCEL (location) WAS NOT SPECIFIED. A parcel on which a 
 surface track segment must be located in order to connect the designated 
 intersections was not specified on the input as being a parcel over which 
 
 a surface track would go. A track segment directly connecting two stations 
 must be either entirely on the surface or entirely underground. 
 
 44 
 
g. NOT A VALID INTERSECTION OR INTERSECTIONS ARE EQUAL ( location) 
 ( location) . At least one of the locations is not an intersection location 
 or the intersections are identical. 
 
 h. RAIL ONLY HAS $ (capital balance) - NO STATION BUILT AT ( location) . 
 The Rail Company does not have sufficient funds to construct the designated 
 station. 
 
 i. STATION ALREADY EXISTS AT ( location) . There is already a rail 
 station at the location where a station was to be constructed by the decision 
 input. 
 
 13. $REDIST 
 
 a. LOCATION ERROR. A road or intersection was specified in column 
 "b" where a list of parcels should appear. 
 
 b. NO PARCEL LIST INCLUDED FOR REDISTRICTING. Column "b" was blank. 
 A list of parcels to be added to the district should appear there. 
 
 c. TEAM ( name ) CANNOT REDISTRI CT. A team other than MS or SC 
 tried to use the $ RED I ST input code. 
 
 d. ( location) HAS NO ( MS or SC) . The location specified in 
 column "a" does not have a school or MS on it. 
 
 e. (location) IS IN JURISDICTION ( number) . A school or MS location 
 which is not in the jurisdiction of the decision-maker has been specified 
 in column "a". 
 
 f . PARCEL AT ( location) IS NOT IN JURISDICTION OF TEAM (name) . 
 
 A parcel which is not in the jurisdiction of the decision-maker has been 
 specified in column M b M . 
 
 After all decisions have been processed, the program checks that districts 
 consist of contiguous parcels. One of two error messages indicates that 
 redistricting has failed: 
 
 1. PROPOSED REDISTRICTING RESULTS IN DISTRICT FOR ( SC or MS) AT 
 (location) BEING DISCONTINUOUS. The district which was to have been 
 served by the school or MS does not consist of contiguous parcels. 
 
 2. THERE IS NO LONGER A (SC or MS) AT ( location) . A redistricting 
 decision would have added parcels to a district in which the school or MS 
 was demolished. 
 
 In either case, the error message is followed by: ( SC or MS) REDISTRICTING 
 FOR JURISDICTION ( number) REJECTED. 
 
 45 
 
14. $ROUT 
 
 a. *** BUS OR RAIL NOT SPECIFIED. A decision-maker other than 
 BUS or RAIL used the $ROUT input code. 
 
 b. *** ROUTE NOT FOUND. There was an attempt to eliminate a route 
 by specifying a new level of in column "c", but there is no route with 
 the code number specified in column "a". 
 
 c. *** NO INTERSECTIONS SPECIFIED. A list of intersections where 
 a route is to go (column "d") included either one or no intersections . 
 
 d. *** BUS ROUTES MUST FOLLOW ROADS. Two successive intersections 
 do not lie along the same row or the same column, i.e., the part of the 
 bus route specified attempts to cross parcels diagonally. Bus routes 
 must follow roads, i.e., the segments must be horizontal or vertical. 
 
 e. NO ROAD ( EAST, WEST, NORTH, or SOUTH) FROM ( intersection) . A bus 
 route has been specified as travelling along a roadbed. Bus routes must 
 
 be along roads . 
 
 f . *** NO TRACK FRCM ( intersection) TO (intersection) . A rail 
 route has been specified between two intersections which are not 
 directly connected by a track segment. 
 
 g. *** NO STATION ON ( intersection) . There is no station at a 
 location which has been designated as a rail stop. 
 
 15. $TAXES 
 
 a. ( number) EXCEEDS TAX MAXIMUM OF 99. The maximum tax rate of 
 9.9% has been exceeded by the decision. The maximum limitation is waived 
 if there is a "1" in column "c". 
 
 b. ONLY CHI, CH2, or CH3 CAN ENTER TAXES. A decision-maker other 
 than a Chairman has used the $TAXES code. 
 
 c. L, D, RI, EI, RA, EZ, G, or S. A code other than one listed 
 above was used in column "a". 
 
 16. $TIME 
 
 a. ONLY PVT ALLOCATES. Only a social decision-maker can input a 
 time allocation decision. 
 
 b. ONLY LI, L2, L3, Ml, M2, M3, HI, H2, OR Hr. These population 
 unit codes by jurisdiction are the only ones allowed (column "a") . 
 
 46 
 
c. HIGH CAN'T ALLOCATE FREE SCHOOL. Time for PH has been allocated 
 to free education [column "b") . 
 
 d. TIME ADDS TO (total of units if over 100) . An allocation of more 
 than 100 time units was attempted. 
 
 e. LOCATION ERROR. If intersection or road segment is input as a 
 location for Pi's. 
 
 f. (team) DOES NOT CONTROL ( H, M, or L) ON ( location) . A team has 
 attempted to make time allocation decisions for a class on a parcel over 
 which it does not have control. 
 
 g. THERE ARE NO( H, M, L) 'S ON ( location) . Time has been allocated 
 for a class of Pi's on a parcel where no members of that class reside. 
 
 h. (location) IS IN ( jurisdiction number) . If the specified location 
 is not in the jurisdiction indicated by the number after H, M, or L 
 (column "a") . 
 
 i. LOW CAN'T ALLOCATE PAY SCHOOL. Time for PL has been allocated 
 to pay education. 
 
 j. ( team) DOES NOT CONTROL POPULATION. The social decision-maker 
 input on the decision is not a valid social decision-maker as specified 
 when the original data base was loaded. 
 
 17. $VALUE 
 
 a. ( team) DOES NOT SET TIME VALUE. A team other than a social 
 decision-maker has attempted to use the $VALUE code. 
 
 b. L, M, or H. Column "a" contains a character other than L, M, 
 or H. 
 
 18. $WREED 
 
 a. ( location input) IS NOT LEGIT LOCATION. The location input in 
 column "b" is not a parcel location on the board. 
 
 b. ( code input) IS INVALID CODE. The program did not recognize 
 the letter code input in column "a". 
 
 c. ( location) IS INVALID DISTRICT PLANT LOCATION. The parcel 
 specified as having a utility plant does not in fact have a utility plant 
 on it. 
 
 47 
 
d. ( code input) IS INVALID TREATMENT TYPE. The type of effluent 
 treatment plant input is not CL, PT, ST, or TT. 
 
 e. (code input) IS INVALID 1-0 CODE. The code input is not "IN" 
 or "OUT". 
 
 f . (location) HAS NO TREATMENT PLANT, A Utility Department tried 
 
 to build a treatment plant in a district which already has a treatment plant 
 of that type (type being intake or outflow) . The other treatment plant must 
 be demolished before a plant at a different location in the same same utility 
 department can be constructed. 
 
 g. NOT ENOUGH LAND AT (location). The Utility Department does not 
 have enough land for the desired treatment plant construction. 
 
 h. ( location) IS INVALID (A, P, or M) SAMPLING STATION LOCATION. 
 The type of sampling station input cannot function at the location input. 
 For A, the location must have surface water; for P, the location must 
 have an economic activity; for M, the location must have a municipal 
 outflow point. 
 
 i. ( team) OWNS ( location) . The economic decision-maker input as 
 owning a parcel does not actually own that parcel. 
 
 j. BI TREATS OUTFLOW ONLY. There was a decision to build an intake 
 treatment plant at a business. A basic industry can build an outflow 
 plant only. 
 
 k. ( land use) DOESN'T TREAT EFFLUENT. The economic activity on 
 the parcel is not a basic industry, so it cannot treat its effluent. 
 
 1. OLD LEVEL IS NOT ( level input) . The old level of treatment 
 plant specified on the decision input does not match the plant's actual 
 level. 
 
 m. COST TO ( team) FOR WRBLD ON ( location) IS $ (amount) , HAS ONLY 
 $ (amount) . The team does not have enough money to perform the construction. 
 
 n. TEAM MUST BE UTILITY. A team other than the Utility Department 
 input a decision to locate an intake point, an outflow point, or a sampling 
 station. 
 
 o . NO WATER ON ( location) . There was an attempt to locate an intake 
 or outflow point on a parcel which is not a lake or does not contain surface 
 water. 
 
 48 
 
19. $WRPRC 
 
 a. TEAM MUST BE UTILITY. A team other than a Utility Department 
 used the $WRPRC code. 
 
 b. (land use) DOES NOT USE MUNICIPAL WATER. The land use for which 
 the department attempted to set a price is a surface water user, a 
 government department, or nothing. Prices can be set only for municipal 
 water users. 
 
 ■&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974-543-048/36 
 
 49 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 
 SHEET 
 
 1. Report No. 
 
 3. Recipient's Accession No. 
 
 COM- 74- 10702 -3 
 
 4. Title and Suht.it, 
 
 fcife GAMES - 
 
 CITY IV 
 
 Computer Operator's Manual 
 
 5- Report Date 
 
 July 1973 
 
 7. Author(s) 
 
 Mr. John E. Moriarty 
 
 8. Performing Organization Rept. 
 No. 
 
 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 
 
 National Bureau of Standards 
 Department of Commerce 
 Washington, D. C. 20234 
 
 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 
 
 11. Contract/Grant No. 
 
 956.2106 
 
 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 
 
 National Technical Information Service 
 5285 Port Royal Road 
 Springfield, Virginia 22151 
 
 13. Type of Report & Period 
 Covered 
 
 Final 
 
 14. 
 
 15. Supplementary Notes 
 
 16. Abstracts 
 
 This manual is written for an IBM 360/70 computer. It describes 
 the necessary Fortran § JCL commands required for Computer operation 
 of the CITY IV game. Test commands and sequences are presented along 
 with complete computer operating instructions for the Game. It is 
 expected that this manual, along with a Game Director's manual will 
 provide complete instructions for the operation of CITY IV. 
 
 17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors 
 
 City IV; computer; Fortran; gaming; IBM 360/70; JCL; simulation. 
 
 17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms 
 
 17c. COSATI Field/Group 
 
 18. Availability Statement This manual is available only with 
 the lease of the CITY, k Games system on magnetic 
 
 tape, COM-7U-10706. 
 
 19. Security Class (This 
 Report) 
 
 UNCLASSIFIED 
 
 20. Security Class (This 
 Page 
 
 UNCLASSIFIED 
 
 21. No. of Pages 
 
 56 
 
 22. Price 
 
 FORM NTIS-35 (REV. 3-72) 
 
 USCOMM-DC 14952-P72 
 
■ 
 
 PE N N STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
 AQD007D' 
 
 M34 
 
 05