398 M, ^TES 0< *■ NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 398 Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes A. R. Cavaliere March 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies tor managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulars are technical publications of general interest intended to aid conservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series. Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management in- vestigations appear in the Circular series. NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circulars are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D82S, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Re- cent Circulars are: 365. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of ver- tical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972, iv + 17 p.. 8 figs.. 3 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington. D.C. 20402. 366. Kev to field identification of anadromous juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. By Robert J. MacConnell and George R. Snyder. January 1972. iv + 6 p.. 4 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration processes. By K. K. Almenas. L. C. Durilla. R. C. Ernst, J. W. Gentry, M. B. Hale, and J. M. Marchello. October 1972, iii + 175 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 368. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study, Florida: Phase I. area description. By J. Kneeland McNulty, William N. Lindall. Jr., and James E. Sykes. November 1972. vii + 126 p., 46 figs., 62 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 369. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidae) in the western Atlantic. By Henry A Feddern. November 1972, iii + 10 p., 17 figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington, D.C. 20402. 370. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the California Current region. By David Kramer, Mary J. Kalin, Elizabeth (i Stevens. James R. Thrailkill, and James R. Zweifel. November 1972, iv + 38 p., 38 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 371. Ocean fishery management: Discussion and research. By Adam A. Sokoloski (editor). (17 papers, 24 authors.) April 1973, vi + 173 p., 38 figs.. 32 tables, 7 app. tables. 372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By Thomas A. Manar. October 1972. iv + 24 p., 1 fcg. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.F. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. "i Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Annelida: Oligochaeta. By David G. Cook and Ralph O. Brinkhurst. May 1973. iii + 23 p.. 82 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, '.overnment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 375. New Polvchaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. By John H. Day. July 1973, xiii + 140 p., 18 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 376 Bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf, Nova Si Otis ir, N>w Jersey By John B. Colton. Jr. and Ruth R. Stoddard. June 1973, in + 55 p . 15 figs., 12 app tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Dorumentl U S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C, 20402. 377. Fishery publications, calendar year 1970: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. December 1972. iv + 34 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 378. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora. By Arthur C. Borror. September 1973, iii + 62 p., 5 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 379. Fishery publications, calendar year 1969: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. April 1973, iv + 31 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, LIS. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 380. Fishery publications, calendar year 1968: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. May 1973, iv + 24 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington, D.C. 20402. 381 . Fishery publications, calendar year 1967: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 22 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 382. Fishery publications, calendar year 1966: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. July 1973, iv + 19 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 38.3. Fishery publications, calendar year 1965: Lists and indexes. By Lee O. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 12 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 384. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Higher plants of the marine fringe. By Edwin T. Moul. September 1973, iii + 60 p., 109 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 385. Fishery publications, calendar year 1972: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. November 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington. D.C. 20402. 386. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Pyc- nogonida. By Lawrence R. McCloskey. September 1973, iii -t- 12 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 387. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. By Raymond B. Manning. February 1974, iii + 6 p.. 10 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402. t 'nntinued on inside back cover NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 398 .*P WMOSq^ r 44fMT Of Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes A. R. Cavaliere March 1977 co. a U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-020-001 26-2 FOREWORD This issue oi the "Circulars" is part of a subseries entitled "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States." This subseries will consist of original, illustrated, modern manuals on the identification, classification, and general biology of the estuarine and coastal marine plants and animals ^i the Northeastern United States. Manuals will be published at irregular intervals on as many taxa of the region as there are specialists available to collaborate in their preparation. The manuals are an outgrowth of the widely used "Keys to Marine Invertebrates of the Woods Hole Region," edited by R. I. Smith, published in 1964, and produced under the auspices of the Sys- tematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Instead of revising the "Woods Hole Keys," the staff of the Systematics-Ecology Program decided to expand the geographic coverage and bathymetric range and produce the keys in an entirely new set of expanded publications. The "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is being prepared in collabora- tion with systematic specialists in the United States and abroad. Each manual will be based primari- ly on recent and ongoing revisionary systematic research and a fresh examination of the plants and animals. Each major taxon, treated in a separate manual, will include an introduction, illustrated glossary, uniform originally illustrated keys, annotated check list with information when available on distribution, habitat, life history, and related biology, references to the major literature of the group, and a systematic index. These manuals are intended for use by biology students, biologists, biological oceanographers, in- formed laymen, and others wishing to identify coastal organisms for this region. In many instances the manuals will serve as a guide to additional information about the species or the group. Geographic coverage of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is planned to include organisms from the headwaters of estuaries seaward to approximately the 200 m depth on the continental shelf from Maine to Virginia, but may vary somewhat with each major taxon and the interests of collaborators. Whenever possible representative specimens dealt with in the manuals will be deposited in the reference collections of major museums. After a sufficient number of manuals of related taxonomic groups have been published, the manuals will be revised, grouped, and issued as special volumes. These volumes will thus consist of compilations of individual manuals within phyla such as the Coelenterata, Arthropoda, and Mollusca, or of groups of phyla. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Methods of harvesting and studying 1 Glossary 2 Figures of reproductive structures and spore shapes 4 Key to major groups of fungi occurring in the marine environment 8 Key to spore groups of Ascomycetes 11 Key to genera and species of Scolecosporae 12 Key to species of Lindra 14 Key to genera and species of Amerosporae 14 Key to species of Haloguignardia 15 Key to genera and species of Dictyosporae (Pleospora) 15 Key to genera and species of Didymosporae 16 Key to species of Ceriosporopsis 21 Key to species of Corollospora 22 Key to species of Didymosphaeria 23 Key to species of Halosphaeria 23 Key to genera and species of Phragmosporae 27 Key to species of Haligena 29 Key to species of Leptosphaeria 29 Key to species of Sphaerulina 31 Key to genera and species of Deuteromycetes 32 Key to species of Dendryphiella 38 Key to species of Zalerion 39 Annotated list of species 39 Ascomycetes 39 Deuteromycetes 44 Basidiomycetes 46 Selected bibliography 46 Index to genera and species of marine fungi 48 Acknowledgments 49 Coordinating Editor's comments 49 in Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/marineflorafaunaOOcava Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes A. R. CAVALIERE 1 ABSTRACT This manual provides an illustrated key and alphabetical listing, with brief descriptions, of common genera of higher marine fungi in the classes Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfec- ta, and a single member of the Basidiomycetes. A glossary and selected bibliography complement the key. Information on methods of harvesting, incubation, and studying these fungi is also included. INTRODUCTION This manual is a guide to the genera of higher marine fungi that inhabit the intertidal zone of the Atlantic waters extending from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. Keys, descriptions, and illustrations are included for genera of Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti), and a single member of the Basidiomycetes. Less conspicuous saline forms of zoosporic fungi, the so- called marine Phycomycetes, as well as parasitic fungi, amoeboid forms, and those inhabiting the intestinal tract of arthropods, are not included in this account. In addition, species of higher fungi are excluded which have been reported only once or are rare or inconspicuous in the mycological flora. Fungi inhabiting the saline environment appear to be cosmopolitan in distribution with only a few species hav- ing been shown to be endemic to one particular region. Some members of the marine mycoflora which are tropical, however, tend to be associated only with mangrove communities or other phanerogams which are restricted to warmer waters. METHODS OF HARVESTING AND STUDYING Marine Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Fungi Imperfecti occur as saprophytes on driftwood, cordage, and other cellulosic material, or as weak parasites in- festing dying species of marine phanerogams or algae. Various plant parts, grass culms, driftwood, and algae are best collected along the shore at low tide and kept submerged in a container of seawater until studied. Fungi may also be induced to grow on substrates in- troduced into the seawater. A '/4-inch hole is drilled through the center of small, 4X6 inch panels of various 'Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg. PA 17325. kinds of wood. These are then attached, in linear fashion, to a knotted, polyethylene or nylon line and submerged at or below the low tide limit for a 2-4 mo period. When panels are harvested, they are scraped of all macroscopic fouling organisms and rinsed in seawater. They are then examined for fungal growth and/or incubated individual- ly for an additional period of one to several months in sterile, dry, air-tight aquaria or other glass containers. Several methods of harvesting and incubating lignicolous fungi are described in the literature. Ascocarps, dense mycelial growth as well as conidial clusters, are located with a dissecting scope utilizing a high intensity light source. Conidial heads may also be located by placing thin strips of substrate in a drop of seawater on a slide and observing the preparation direct- ly under a compound microscope. Semipermanent mounts are made by placing fruiting structures into a drop of lactophenol (20 g phenol crystals; 20 g lactic acid; 40 g glycerol; 20 g distilled water; 0.01 g cotton blue or acid fuchsin) or Hoyer's medium (made by soaking 30 g of flake gum arabic in 50 ml of distilled water for 24 h, dissolving 200 g of chloral hydrate into the mixture, and then stirring in 20 ml of glycerol. Allow the mixture to settle before using.) When examining ascocarps or pyc- nidial structures, it is best to crush the fruiting bodies to expose the centrum. This is best accomplished by lightly tapping the cover slip with the handle end of a dissecting needle or the eraser end of a pencil. Spores of several of the marine species have gelatinous appendages which are best observed in a seawater mount under reduced light intensity or by phase contrast microscopy. Gelatinous appendages are deliquescent in most cases, short-lived, and, unfortunately, not retained satisfactorily in any known mounting medium. Pure cultures of marine Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti are initiated by introducing spores or centrum cells from several ascocarps onto low nutrient level, seawater agar media and incubating at room temperature. Kirk (1969) offers the most useful account of the isolation and culture of lignicolous marine fungi (0.13 glucose; 0.01', yeast extract; 1.8% agar in aged seawater adjusted to approximately 20% ; 0.03%U.SJP. streptomycin sulfate). White birch applicator sticks, balsa strips, filter paper, or toweling paper added to the culture tubes serve as an additional cellulosic substrate. Methods of preparing specimens for embedding, serial sectioning, and differential staining are outlined elsewhere (Cavaliere 1966, 1973). Several additional works covering various aspects of the biology and taxonomy of marine Ascomycetes may be useful to the student (Barghoorn and Linder 1944; John- son and Sparrow 1961; Cavaliere and Johnson 1966; Ki'hlmever and Kohlmever 1971). GLOSSARY The use of mycological terminology has been reduced to a minimum. Several terms are defined as well as il- lustrated. More complete definitions are found in Snell and Dick (1957) and Ainsworth and Bisby (1971). Acuminate Gradually narrowing to a point. Amerospore One-celled spore; spore without partitions. Amorphous Without definite shape or structure. Anastomose To form a network of interconnecting hy- phae. Antepenultimate Refers to the third to the last cell in any row of cells. Apiculate Having one to many sharp points or denticles. Appendage A process of any kind; a structure which ad- heres. Ascocarp A fructification in Ascomycetes bearing asci and ascospores (see Figs. 1-3). Ascospore A spore, typical of the sexual stage or cycle in Ascomycetes, borne in an ascus. Ascus A reproductive cell in Ascomycetes; a structure, within which are produced, by meiosis, normally 4-8 haploid spores (see Figs. 6, 7). Attenuate Gradually narrowing or thinning. Au:l-shaped Gradually tapering from the base to a sharp, flexible or semirigid point. Bacilliform Refers to spores which are rod-shaped (see Fig. 24). Basidiocarp A fructification in Basidiomycetes produc- ing basidia and basidiospores. Basidiospore A sexual spore; produced by meiosis and borne on a basidium. Basidium A cell within which nuclei first undergo re- duction division then pass onto extensions externally forming basidiospores. Bitunicate Refers to asci having two walls; double- layered (see Fig. 7). Biturbinate Refers to 2-celled spores having both ends conical and slightly curved. Catenulate Attached in chains. Clavate Club-shaped or thickened at the apex (see Fig. 13). Cleistothecium A more or less spherical covering en- closing asci; a fruiting structure in the Ascomycetes (Plectomycetes) produced as a result of sexual repro- duction and opening at maturity by a rupture (see Fig. 1). Concolorous Refers to the pigmentation being the same color throughout. Conidiophore A specialized hypha or cell bearing coni- dia. Conidium Spores produced by the Deuteromycetes; a spore borne on or in a specialized hypha termed a coni- diophore; asexually produced spores. Deciduous Short-lived; falling away; not persistent. Deliquescent Dissolving or liquifying. Denticulate Having small teeth. Dictyospore A spore with many transverse and longi- tudinal septations; a muriform spore (see Fig. 23). Didymospore Two-celled spores; spores with a single partition. Echinulate With minute spines. Ellipsoidal Refers to spores having the shape of an el- lipse; generally rounded at both ends and having curved sides (see Fig. 19). Elongate Longer than broad, having parallel sides (see Fig. 18). Endogenous Borne or developing within. Epispore The outer layer of the spore wall. Erumpent Breaking through the surface of the sub- strate; refers to the position of the fruiting body with relationship to the substrate. Eucarpic Refers to a condition in which only part of the somatic thallus is converted in the formation of fructi- fications. Filiform Refers to spores which are slender and thread- like (see Fig. 22). Fuscous Drab, gray or smokey in color. Fusiform Spindle-shaped or tapering at both ends (see Fig. 12). Fusoid Somewhat fusiform. Globose Refers to spores which are spherical (see Fig. 8). Guttule Oily, spherical globule. Helicospore A spiral or helicoid spore (see Fig. 20). Holocarpic Refers to a condition in which the entire somatic thallus is converted into a fructification. Hyaline Transparent or translucent, colorless. Inequilateral Having unequal sides. Innate Occurring below the surface of the substrate. Refers to the position of the fruiting body with rela- tionship to the substrate. Intercalary Borne or developed between the base and apex of hyphae. Involuted Rolled or enrolled. Lenticular Refers to spores shaped like a double convex lens (see Fig. 11). Muriform Refers to spores having both transverse and longitudinal septations (see Fig. 23). Oblong Longer than broad with approximately parallel sides (see Fig. 15). Obpyriform Reverse pear-shaped (see Fig. 17). Obtuse Blunt or rounded, not pointed. Ovoid Egg-shaped (see Fig. 10). Pedicellate Borne on a pedicel or stalk. Penultimate Refers to the next to the last cell in any row of cells. Perithecium A more or less flask-shaped, papillate or beaked covering enclosing asci; a fruiting structure in the Ascomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) produced as a result of sexual reproduction (see Fig. 2). Peritrichous Having flagellumlike hairs surrounding the structure. Phialide Specialized conidiophore or cell within which conidia are produced and released (see Fig. 5). Phragmospore A spore having two or more transverse septations. Pleomorphic Having more than one form; polymorphic. Polymorphic Occurring in several forms. Pseudothecium A unilocular stroma. A cavity or locule formed by the dissolution of stromatic tissue (see Fig. 3). Pycnidium In Deuteromycetes, a more or less flask- shaped structure bearing conidia on conidiophores in- ternally (see Fig. 4). Pyriform Pear-shaped (see Fig. 16). Rhomboidal Refers to spores having oblique angles and equal or unequal adjacent sides; more or less diamond- shaped. Scolecospore A long, thread-shaped, filiform or vermic- ular spore (see Fig. 22). Septate Having crosswalls or partitions. Sessile Without a pedicel or stalk. Seta Slender, bristle-shaped structure. Sheath A covering or envelope. Staurospore A spore which is more or less star-shaped (see Fig. 21). Stroma A more or less tightly interwoven mass of hy- phae within or on which reproductive structures are formed. Subglobose Refers to spores or ascocarps which are nearly spherical; sides slightly flattened or compressed from the top (see Fig. 9). Truncate Ending abruptly, squared off at the apex. Undulant Wavy sheath or covering. Unitunicate Refers to asci having a single wall (see Fig. 6). Verrucose Covered with warts or marks. Verruculose Covered with minute warts. FIGURES OF REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES AND SPORE SHAPES 1. cleistothecium 2. perithecium 3. pseudothecium Figures 1-3. — Reproductive structures in Ascomycetes. 4. pycnidium 5. phialide 6. unitunicate asci 7. bitunicate asci Figures 4-7. — Reproductive structures in Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes. S. globose 9. subglobose 10. ovoid 11. lenticular 12. fusiform 13. clavate 14. cylindrical 15. oblong 16. pyriform 17. obpyriform Figures 8-17.— Spore shapes in fungi. 6 18. elongate 19. ellipsoidal 20. helicoid 21. staurospore 22. filiform 23. muriform 24. bacilliform Figures 18-24.— Spore shapes in fungi 7 KEY TO MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI OCCURRING IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT The preliminary key separates the nine major groups of fungi occurring in the marine environment: Labyrinthulae. Chytridiomycetes. Hyphochytridiomy- cetes. Plasmodiophoromycetes. Oomycetes. Trichomy- cetes. Deuteromycetes. Ascomycetes. and Basidiomy- cetes (Nia vibrissa, the only representative of the Basidiomycetes included in this treatment, is keyed out directly!. Both the classes Ascomycetes and Deuteromy- cetes are separated into genera utilizing the Saccardo sporological system. Morphology and color of the spores and conidia are the essential features employed in the Saccardo system. While the Deuteromycetes are keyed directly to genera or species, the Ascomycetes are divided into spore groups (Amerosporae, Dictyosporae, Didymosporae, Phragmosporae, Scolecosporae). Each spore group is then separated into the various genera. Genera of Ascomycetes are finally delimited into species based primarily on spore size and on the nature of spore appendages in those species possessing them. Vegetative phase or stage entirely amoe- boid Labyrinthulae 1 Vegetative phase or stage one- to many-celled, holocarpic or eucarpic 2 2 (I) Flagellated cells present 3 2 (/i Flagellated cells lacking 6 3 (2) Motile cells uniflagellate 4 3 (2) Motile cells biflagellate 5 4 (3) Flagellum of the whiplash type, posteriorly inserted . . Chytridiomycetes 4 (3) Flagellum of the tinsel type, anteriorly inserted Hyphochytridiomycetes 5 (3) Flagella heterokont, both of the whiplash type Plasmodiophoromycetes 5 (3) Flagella nearly isokont, one of the whiplash type, the other tinsel Oomycetes •"'/'"> 6 (2) Hyphae attached to the digestive tract or cuticle of arthropods Trichomycetes 6 (2) Hyphae saprobic or parasitic on algae, phanerogams or other cellulosic materials 7 (6) Sexually formed spores lacking; conidia usually formed in pyc- nidia (Fig. 4) or directly on vegetative hyphae . . . . Deuteromycetes (p. 32) (6) Sexually formed spores present (7) Sexual spores, usually 8 in number, produced endogenously within asci Ascomycetes (p. 11) 10 (7) Sexual spores, usually 2-4 in number, exogenously produced on basidia . . Basidiomycetes (Ma vibrissa p. 46) ' J *v.'Hffrr£' KEY TO SPORE GROUPS OF ASCOMYCETES Ascospores filiform or slender; more than 10 times as long as broad SCOLECOSPORAE (p. 12) 1 Ascospores not filiform or slender; never more than 10 times as long as broad 2 2 (7) Ascospores single-celled (nonseptate) AMEROSPORAE (p. 14) 2 (7) Ascospores two- or more-celled (septate) 3 11 3 [2) Ascospores with transverse septa only 4 3 (2) Ascospores with transverse and longitudinal septations; muriform . DICTYOSPORAE (p. 15) 4 [3) Ascospores 2-celled (one septation only) DIDYMOSPORAE (p. 16) 4 (3) Ascospores three- or more-celled (multiseptations) PHRAGMOSPORAE (p. 27) KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF SCOLECOSPORAE Ascospores single-celled (nonseptate) 2 Ascospores three- to many-celled (multiseptate) 3 2 (1) Ascospores 50-750 /j; provided with a conoid cell or appendage at each end Lulworthia medusa 12 2 (1) Ascospores usually shorter than 30^; without append- ages . . . (see also Amerosporae) Halonectria milfordensis 3 (1) Ascospores with a caplike, bulbous or threadlike appendage at each end 3 (1) Ascospores without appendages 5 4 (3) Appendages bulbous, subspherical Lindra (p. 14) 4 (3) Appendages caplike or threadlike ... (see also Phragmosporae) Ha ligena (p. 29) 5 (3) Ascospores to 100 /i long, 3- to 4-celled, tapering at one end Trailia asc 5 (3) Ascospores to 400 n long, filiform, cylindrical or tapering at both ends 13 Lindra (p. 14) Key to Species ofLindra 1 Ascospores 15- to 19-celled, tips slightly inflated L. thalassiae Ascospores 28- to 52-celled, tips provided with a globose appendage L. inflata ,°^r:-|.^:--.--l.-.:* v /J/-ni KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMEROSPORAE Ascospores with several rigid, awl-shaped appendages arising from several positions along the spore wall Amylocarpus encephaloides Ascospores not provided with appendages 2 2 (1) Ascospores many times longer than broad, fusiform or cylindrical, straight or curved . . . (see also Sco- lecosporae Halonectria milfordensis M 2 (7) Ascospores more or less ellipsoidal, not many times longer than broad Haloguignardia (p. 15) Key to Species of Haloguignardia Ascospores 30 n or shorter, ends rounded H. oceanica 1 Ascospores 30 /i or longer, ends tapered H. tumefaciens KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF DICTYOSPORAE (PLEOSPORA) Ascospores more than 35 yu long, 7-9 trans- verse septa Pleospora pelagica 1 Ascospores less than 35 /u long, 3-7 transverse septa Pleospora peluetiae lf» KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF DIDYMOSPORAE 1 Ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath and/or provided with appendages 11 1 Ascospores with neither a gelatinous sheath nor appendages of any kind 2 2 (7) Ascospores hyaline 3 2 (7) Ascospores yellow, yellow-brown, brown, or dark brown 6 3 (2) Ascocarp a pseudothecium containing bitunicate asci 4 3 (2) Ascocarp a perithecium containing unitunicate asci 5 4 (3) Ascospores ellipsoidal, inequilateral Didymella fucicola 4 (3) Ascospores fusiform to oblong, equilateral Mycosphaerella ascophylli 5 (3) Ascospores fusiform to ellipsoidal, never more than 10 fj. in diameter Lignincola laeuis 16 5 (3) Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal or ovoid; 10-15 n in dia- meter Aral's inornata 6 (2) Ascospores exclusively 2-celled 7 6 (2) Ascospores 2- to 4-celled ... (see also Phragmosporae) Leptosphaeria (p. 29) 7 (6) Ascospore wall verruculose Didymosphaeria (p. 23) 7 (6) Ascospore wall smooth 8 (7) Ascospores predominantly larger than 33 p 9 8 (7) Ascospores usually smaller than 33 ju 10 9 (8) Ascospore cells unequal in size and shape; lower half cylindrical; upper half pointed Didymosphaeria (p. 23) 9 (8) Ascospore cells equal in size and shape, straight or slightly curved Leptosphaeria (p. 29) 10 (8) Ascospore 2-celled, usually unequal in size, occasion- ally biturbinate Microthelia linderi 10 (8) Ascospore more than 2-celled, equal in size Leptosphaeria (p. 29) 17 (7) Ascospores surrounded by a thin or thick gelatinous sheath but without protruding appendages of any kind 12 11 (J) Ascospores may lack a gelatinous sheath but possessing apical and/or equatorial appendages 13 12 (77) Ascospores to 15 p long, pigmented, surrounded by a thin gelatinous sheath Massariella maritime 12 (77) Ascospores to 35 n long, hyaline, surrounded by an undu- lant. gelatinous sheath Didymosamarospora euryhalina 13 (77) Ascospores provided with appendages or processes in both apical and equatorial positions 23 13 (77) Ascospores provided with appendages or processes at either one or both apices but without such structures around the equator or midseptum 14 14 (7.3) Spore appendages usually at one end only 18 14 (13) Spore appendages always occurring at both ends 15 15 (14) Spores with a single appendage at each end 20 15 {14) Spores with 2-7 appendages at each end 16 16 (15) Ascospores with 2 (or a pair of) appendages at each end Halosphaeria{p.23) 16 (15) Ascospores with 3-7 appendages at each end 17 18 17 (16) Appendages usually 3 at each end (sometimes 4-7), terminal or subterminal, stiff, thin, taper- ing, sometimes curved, to 40 /u long Corollospora (p. 22) 17 (16) Appendages 4-6 at each end, bulbous at base, radiating, attenuate, semirigid, mostly to 30 n long Halosphaeria (p. 23) 18 (14) Appendages radiating, stiff or bristlelike Keissleriella blepharospora 18 (14) Appendages gelatinous, short, caplike, subspherical or long 19 19 (18) Spores cylindrical, to 70 ju long Halosphaeria (p. 23) 19 (18) Spores elipsoidal, thick-walled, to 35 /i long ... (see also Phragmosporae) Lentescospora submarina 20 (15) Ascospores with a short, gelatinous appendage at each end (see also Phragmosporae) Lentescospora submarina 20 (15) Ascospore appendages variously shaped 21 21 (20) Ascospores with a gelatinous sheath; appendages tapering or filiform Ceriosporopsis (p. 21) 21 (20) Ascospores without a gelatinous sheath; appendages subspherical or caplike, blunt or atten- uate, stiff or hamate 22 19 22 {21) Ascospores ellipsoidal, never elongate, under jAVlS? • v% " 30 p in length; with a caplike or globose, thick, polymorphic appendage at each end; ^-"0- : '?&."', JP ascocarp stromatic Phxcomclaina laminariac *r .-'<-V>'i£ :- ' / -£%&■, 22 (27) Ascospores ellipsoidal to elongate, to 70 /j in length; with a subspherical, tapering or blunt, straight or curved appendage at each end; ascocarp nonstromatic Halosphaeria (p. 23) 23 [13) Equatorial appendages setae or flagellalike, arising peritrichously Corollospora (p. 22) 23 (23) Equatorial appendages not flagellalike, not arising peritrichously 24 % I .•*$& V . -ffi '&. ...«««> 24 (23) Equatorial and apical appendages pro- >^ •td\$» : ;?*# ! ' vided with a small involuted cap or tip . / jVSss&sVS* Marinospora calyptrata ( . ( J/,>. # ^ / \ 24 (2?) Equatorial and apical appendages not provided with small involuted caps or tips 25 25 (24) Ascospores totally surrounded by a gelatinous sheath; apical appendages broad, cylindrical or hollow Ceriosporopsis (p. 21) 25 (24) Ascospores not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath; apical appendages thin, tapering, atten- uate or blunt and subspherical Halosphaeria (p. 23) i 20 Key to Species of Ceriosporopsis .<$** GV.V& Ascospores provided with both a tapering, gelatinous appendage at each end, and a thick, collarlike or several wedge-shaped pro- cesses around the septum C. tubulifera W^ w Ascospores provided with only a tapering, gelatinous appendage at each end 2 2 (i) Appendages broadly filiform, tapering, to 8 n thick at base C. halima ,.4&g&3 .sift..., . •:»•/• v t V.tW*'fr»?Sre r ' 2 (7) Appendages thin, filiform, tapering, deli- quescent, to 45 /j long C. cambrensis % ^ 21 Key to Species of Corollospora Ascospores 2-celled 2 Ascospores 4- to 6-celled 3 / 2 (7) Spores with 3 (sometimes more) terminal or subterminal appendages at each end C. trifurcata V •>*. %**. •••'*:-:i:-v.vtt: ^ j* '^frJiy '«••>«» .# °* B! * m, M»M«W*Wh. ^ jr 2 tit Spores with one slender appendage at each end and several hairlike ones equatorially . . C. maritima 3 (1) Apical appendages single, cylindrical, horn- like, thick; equatorial ones hairlike C. lacera 3 (/) Apical and equatorial appendages hairlike 4 22 4 (3) Spores predominantly 4-celled C. cristata 4 (3) Spores predominantly 6-celled C. comata Key to Species of Didymosphaeria 1 Ascospores dark brown, verruculose D. enalia 1 Ascospores hyaline to light yellow, smooth D. danica Key to Species of Halosphaeria 1 Ascospores with appendages or processes in both apical and equatorial positions 2 1 Ascospores with appendages or processes in apical positions only 23 2 (1^ Apical appendages short, caplike or cup-shaped; equatorial ones 3 or 4 in number, crescent-shaped, and more or less riuid H. mediosetigera 2 (2) Apical appendages long, narrow, flexible; equatorial ones similar, or a collarlike annulus 3 3 (2) Equatorial appendages 3 or 4, narrow and flexible H. appendiculata 3 (2) Equatorial appendage a collarlike annulus . . . . H. torquata ****.'<« ,.^^»^ 4 (/) Ascospores with a single appendage at one or both apices; these caplike or subspherical, ter- minal or subterminal, blunt, tapering or scooplike 5 4 (1 ) Ascospores with two to several appendages at each apex; these fingerlike, stellate, mustache- shaped, hooked, or pleomorphic 24 5 (4) Appendage short, subspherical, usually only at one end; spores to 69 p long H. cucullata ife 5 (4) Appendages blunt, attenuate, hooked or tapering; spores to 35 n long 6 (5) Appendages blunt, scooplike, occasionally subspherical, to 10 /i wide H. trullifera (5) Appendages terminal or subterminal, hooked, curved or straight, may be subspherical at first, then becoming tapered H. hamata 7 (4) Ascospores rhomboidal or diamond-shaped; thick-walled H. pilleata *+':ikivJ?Art{$jit 7 (4) Ascospores more or less ellipsoidal; not thick-walled 25 8 (7) Appendages paired; these being either gelatinous or rigid 9 8 ( 7) Appendages 3-6 at each end; these being gelatinous or semirigid .10 9 st Appendages rigid, acuminate, directed parallel or at right angles to each other H. quadricornuta 9 (8) Appendages gelatinous, stout or tapered, mustache-shaped H. maritima ■■:•:•:* 10 (8) Spores provided with 3-5 terminal or subterminal, straight or curved, tapering, bulbous appendages to 20 pi long; these being individually attached . H. salina '<*-. '>,. ^;tt mm AV '••sw.-AWSRw 1 ** 10 <8) Spores provided with 4-6 terminal, attenuate, tapering, semirigid, radiating appendages to 35 pi long; these forming a common palmlike base at the spore apices 1 H. quadriremis ,1%. »,#/;;*£ Wm 2(\ KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHRAGMOSPORAE Ascospores provided with appendages 2 Ascospores without appendages; with or without a gelatinous sheath 6 2 (1) Ascospores provided with apical or equatorial appendages, but not both 3 2 (1) Ascospores provided with apical as well as equatorial appendages Corollospora (p. 22) 3 (2) Appendages positioned around the equatorial septum Chaetosphaeria chaetosa 3 (2) Appendages positioned at one or both spore apices 4 "^^ 4 •Rifey 1 4 (3) Ascospores provided with 3 or 4 slender, radiating append- ages at one end Torpedospora radiata 4 (3) Ascospores provided with a single appendage at one or both apices 27 "^ 5 (4) Appendages long, slender, attenuate, may be inflated at tips Haligena (p. 29) 5 (4) Appendages short, blunt, at one or both ends . . . (see also Didymosporae) Lentescospora submarina 6 (7) Spores 2- to 4-celled 7 6 (I) Spores 4- to 8-celled 9 (6) Ascospores provided with an amorphous, gelatinous sheath gener- ally surrounding the midportion of, and usually as thick as, the spore Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides (6) Ascospores either without a sheath, or if one is present, not amorphous, but thin and surround- ing the entire spore 8 (7) All cells hyaline and more or less equal in size Sphaerulina (p. 31) (7) All or some cells yellow to yellow-brown, or brown to dark brown; if all hyaline, penultimate cell largest Leptosphaeria (p. 29) 9 (6) Ascospores hyaline, end cells attenuate and curved Sphaerulina (p. 31) 9 (6) Ascospores hyaline or yellow-brown, end cells not attenuate and curved 28 Leptosphaeria (p. 29) Key to Species of Haligena Ascospores 4- or 5-celled H. elaterophora •••trf.*>.:.rjv:»» Ascospores 6- to 12-celled H. viscidula Key to Species of Leptosphaeria Ascospores 2- to 4-celled 2 Ascospores more than 4-celled 6 2 (7) Ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath L. halima .:'''•'•'■ ■> •.•.•A- --- *X* '•'.*•".'?"*' 2 (7) Ascospores without a gelatinous sheath 3 29 3 u' 1 Spores concolorous throughout 4 (2) Spares with hyaline end-cells and yellow-brown to brown midcells .L. discors 4 (3) Mature spores longer than 35 p L. marina 4 (.31 Mature spores shorter than 35 p 5 5 (4) Ascospores 2- to 4-celled, brown or dark brown L. oraemaris 5 (4) Ascospores 4-celled, hyaline, penultimate cell usually largest L. australiensis 6 (1) Spores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath 7 30 6 (2) Spores without a sheath L. albopunctata 7 (6) Ascospores 4- or 5-celled, hyaline, penultimate cell usually largest; sheath thick, to 11 /j. L. contecta 7 (6) Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, yellow to yellow-brown, midcells largest, sheath thin L. maritima Key to Species of Sphaerulina Ascospores 4-celled, to 36 n long, fusoid, both ends rounded S. oraemaris Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, to 54 jj long, elongate-pyriform, one end-cell rounded, the other attenuate and curved . . . S. pedicellata 31 KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEUTEROMYCETES 1 Conidia produced in pycnidia or directly from vegetative hyphae 2 1 Conidia not produced; vegetative hyphae only .Papulaspora halima 2 {1) Conidia produced in pycnidia 3 2 (1) Conidia produced directly from vegetative hyphae 7 3 (2) Conidia muriform, fuscous or yellow-brown Camarosporium metableticum 3 (2) Conidia 1- or 2-celled, hyaline to yellow-brown 4 (3) Conidia produced endogenously within bottle-shaped phialides Phialophorophoma litoralis 32 4 (3) Conidia produced exogenously on conidiophores 5 5 (4) Conidia 2-celled, rarely 3-celled Diplodia oraemaris /vS&r wj&t 5 (4) Conidia single-celled 6 6 (5) Conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform under 7.5 n Phoma (p. 46) 6 (5) Conidia ovate to elongate, over 15 /u long Macrophoma (p. 45) .-,■ ...,. §* 7 (2) Conidia 1- or 2-celled 8 7 (2) Conidia 2- to 12-celled, or muriform 15 8 (7) Conidia catenulate or clustered 9 8 (7) Conidia produced individually on conidiophores or in phialides 14 9 (8) Conidia clustered on common basal cells 10 9 (8) Conidia catenulate or clustered on individual conidiophores 12 33 10 (9) Conidia small, under 5 n Botryophialophora marina 10 (9) Conidia large. 9-23 jj long 11 '■■■' ' x '..,<- 11 1 10 1 Conidia hyaline, 2-celled, rarely single-celled, borne on peg- like teeth of conidiophores Arthrobotrys super ba ;• JtB^B &- 11 (/0) Conidia fuscous, single-celled, rarely 2-celled, borne on ba- /^S'^9s»^nvv * '■""*' 12 (9) Conidia clustered or in long chains, spherical 13 12 (.9/ Conidia in short chains, subglobose or ellipsoidal Cladosporium algarum ^J$$ 34 13 (12) Conidial cells all uniform in diameter; conidiophores long, distinct Periconia prolifica 13 (12) Conidial cells increasing in diameter from base to apex; conidiophores short, indistinct .... Cremasteria cymatilis 14 (8) Conidia staurosporous, single-celled, borne in phialides with collarlike rim Clavatospora stellatacula 14 (18) Conidia obpyriform, 1- or 2-celled, produced on conidiophores . . Humicola alopallonella 15 (7) Conidia staurosporous or muriform 16 15 (7) Conidia ellipsoidal, elongate, curved or helicoid 22 35 16 [15) Conidia staurosporous 17 16 (75) Conidia muriform 19 IT (16) Conidial cells hyaline throughout .... Varicosporina ramulosa IT (16) Conidial cells not hyaline throughout 18 18 (17) Basal conidial cell spherical, dark brown to black, 20 /j in diameter or larger . . . Orbimyces spectabilis 18 (17) Basal conidial cell ellipsoidal, light brown, 20 /i in dia- meter or smaller Clavariopsis bulbosa 36 19 (16) Conidia pyriform, apical cell often attenuate, to 80 /j long Alternaria maritima 19 (16) Conidia variously shaped, apical cell not attenuate, under 50 pi long 20 20 (19) Conidia globose to ellipsoidal, 19-32 /u long; conidiophores ab- sent or reduced to simple pedicels Stemphylium maritimum 20 (79) Conidia clavate, pyriform; conidiophores distinct 21 21 (20) Conidia fuscous or dark brown, cells more or less parallel arising from a single basal cell Dictyosporium pelagicum 21 (20) Conidia dark brown to black, cells irregular; 1 to 3 light basal cells may occur Monodictys pelagica 37 22 (15) Conidia curved, bent or straight 23 (15) Conidia coiled one to several times Zalerion (p. 39) 23 (22) Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, smooth or slightly echinulate: apical tip may be slightly thickened Dendryphiella (p. 38) 23 (22) Conidia clavate, curved or straight; cells increasing in size from base to apex 24 24 (23) Conidia 3- to 9- celled, curved Cirrenalia macrocephala 24 (2.3) Conidia 3- to 6-celled, straight Trichocladium achrasporum Key to Species of Dendryphiella Conidia 2- to4-celled, to 20/jlong D. arenaria :w 1 Conidia 2- to 12-celled, to 75 y long . D. salina Key to Species of Zalerion Conidial filament forming a more or less perfect 1- to 3-coiled spiral Z. maritimum Conidial filament forming a variable, irregular spiral in 3 planes Z. varium ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES The following list of descriptions is arranged alphabetically. The name of each species is followed by the authority and the journal in which the original de- scription or current valid name of the organism was first published. Lists of synonyms have been restricted to those which have come into existence since 1970. For a recent, thorough treatment of the systematics and tax- onomic positions of higher marine fungi see Kohlmeyer (1972) and Hughes (1975). Phylum EUMYCOPHYTA Class ASCOMYCETES Amylocarpus encephaloides Currey Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 9:119. 1857-1859. Ascospores hyaline, globose to subglobose, single-celled, guttulate, 8-16 n in diameter, with 10-15 rigid, awl- shaped appendages arising from various positions along the wall, 5-10 n long. Ascocarp a cleistothecium 160-500 X 200-670 n . In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides Schmidt Nat. Nat. Mecklenburg 7:9-10. 1969. Ascospores 4-celled, 25-40 X 16-20 p, broadly ellipsoidal; the two central cells large, dark brown; apical cells small, hyaline; constricted at septa; provided with a gelatinous, hyaline amorphous sheath. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Ceriosporopsis cambrensis Wilson Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 37:276. 1954. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, ends obtuse, 2-celled, one large guttule per cell, may or may not be constricted at the septum, 22-33 X 5-14.5 /j; provided at each end with a single, filiform, deliques- 39 cent appendage to 45 m in length; wholly or partially surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material. Ceriosporopsis halima Linder Farlowia 1:409. 1944. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, oblong-ellipsoidal or fusi- form. 2-celled, 1-2 guttules per cell, may be con- structed at septum, 17-40 X 6-14 ^; provided at each end with a single, broadly filiform, tapering appendage 5-8 n; in diameter, wholly or partially surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material. Ceriosporopsis tubulifera (Kohlm.) Kirk in Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1953. 1972. Syn. Halosphaeria tubulifera Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 2:312. 1960. Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, 2-celled, slightly con- stricted at septum, 1 or 2 guttules per cell, 14.5- 23 X 8.5-11 fu\ provided at each end with a broad, flared, tapering, tubular appendage, 9-15 X 5-8.5 fi long, in addition, with a 4.5-8.5 /u thick equatorial collar which eventually splits into several wedge- shaped fragments. In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material. Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 6:307-308. 1963. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform, or elongate to ellipsoidal, 4-celled, each cell guttulate, constricted at septa, 25.5- 36.5 X 7.5-11.5 ^; provided around the midseptum with numerous, stiff setae, 6-7.5 p long. Ascus provided with a disc-shaped, perforated apparatus. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Corollospora comata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962. Ascospores predominately 6-celled, fuscous to gray around midseptum, end cells hyaline, fusoid, multiguttulate, constricted at septa, 31-54 X 12-17 p; provided with a tuft of up to 15 hairs at each end and additionally with hairlike tufts at the midseptum; apical hairs to 15 p long, equatorial ones to 20 \x long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Corollospora cristata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962. Ascospores predominately 4-celled, ellipsoidal, fuscous to gray around midseptum, end cells hyaline, mul- tiguttulate, constricted at septa, 24-41 X 8.5-16.5 p; provided with a tuft of hairs at each end and ad- ditionally with hairlike tufts at the midseptum; apical hairs to 8jj long, equatorial ones to 9 /j long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Corollospora lacera (Linder) Kohlm. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962. Ascospores 4- to 6-celled (predominately 5-celled) fusoid or oblong-ellipsoidal, fuscous to brownish around mid- septum, end cells hyaline, constricted at septa, 1 large guttule per cell, 39-63 X 10-15 n; provided at each end with a slender, subcylindrical, slightly curved append- age, approximately hornlike in general shape, to 20 u long; in addition, the midseptum is provided with several flexible setae arising peritrichously. In driftwood, reeds, calcareous substrates associated with sandy beaches. Rare. Corollospora maritima Werdermann Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 8:248. 1922. Ascospores 2-celled, hyaline to pale yellow around sep- tum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, 1 or 2 guttules per cell, con- spicously constricted at septum, 20-53 X 6.5- 14 /j; each end provided with a slender, tapering, rigid or semirigid appendage to 20 ju long; in addition, the sep- tum is provided with several flexible setae arising peritrichously. In driftwood, cellulosic materials, and calcareous frag- ments. Corollospora trufurcata (Hohnk) Kohlm. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962. Ascospores 2-celled, 26-38.5 X 9-16.5 ju, hyaline, fusoid to ellipsoidal, constricted at septum, 1-4 guttules in each cell; provided at each end with 3 (sometimes 4-7) terminal or subterminal, tapering, curved, deciduous appendages to 39 u long. In driftwood, cellulosic materials, and calcareous frag- ments. Didymella fucicola (Suth.) Kohlm. Phytopathol. Z. 63:342. 1968. Ascospores 2-celled, 16-23 X 6-8 fi, hyaline, ovoid to el- lipsoidal, constricted at septum, one cell slightly larger than the other. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate, 55-115 X 10-15 (i. Reported only in Fucus. Didymosamarospora euryhalina Johnson & Gold J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 73:104. 1957. Ascospores 2-celled, 25-34 X 12-17 n, hyaline, broadly ovoid or broadly fusoid, ends rounded or slightly tapered, 1 guttule per cell, may be slightly constricted at septum, surrounded by a gelatinous, undulant sheath. In Juncus and other culms. Didymosphaeria danica (Berlese) Wilson & Knoyle Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 44:57. 1961. Ascospores 2-celled, 33-44 X 5-8 u, hyaline to slightly yellow, broadly ellipsoidal or fusiform-ellipsoidal, lower half of spore shorter and cylindrical, the upper half slightly larger and pointed. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate, 83-94 X 12- 14/i. Reported only in Chondrus. 40 Didymosphaena enalia Kohlm. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 79:28. 1966. Ascospores 2-celled, 15.5-23 X 6.5-11 y, dark brown, el- lipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, constricted at septum, verruculose. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate 117-135 X 12.5-15.5 ix. In driftwood. Uncommon in colder waters. Haligena elaterophora Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 3:87-88. 1961. Ascospores 4- or 5-celled, ellipsoidal to oblong, 24-54.5 X 10-19.5 n, hyaline, ends rounded; provided at each end with a single, long, curved, grooved, terminally in- flated appendage. In wood and other cellulosic material. Haligena viscidula J. & E. Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 9:92. 1965. Ascospores 6- to 12-celled, 37.5-89 X 4-6.5 n, hyaline, fusiform to fusiform -cylindrical, each cell with a single guttule, may be slightly constricted at septa; provided at each end with a short, caplike or threadlike append- age 6-10 p long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Haloguignardia oceanica (Ferd. & Winge) Kohlm. Mar. Bio. 8:344. 1971. Syn. Phyllachorella oceanica Ferd. & Winge Mycologia 12:102-103. 1920. Ascospores single-celled, 20-31.5 X 9-14 /j, hyaline, el- lipsoidal to fusiform, ends rounded; provided at each end with a small, gelatinous, deciduous appendage. Ascocarp a stromatic structure with unitunicate asci. In Sargassum. Haloguignardia tumefaciens (Cribb & Herbert) Cribb & Cribb Pap. Univ. Queensland Dep. Bot. 3:98. 1956. Ascospores single-celled, 30-59 X 10-21.5 p, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal or fusiform-ellipsoidal, ends tapered, may be densely granular around the equator; provided at each end with an acute, nipplelike ap- pendage surrounding the peglike apical tip of the spore. In Sargassum. Halonectria milfordensis Jones Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48:287. 1965. Ascospores single-celled, 16.5-29 X 2-3.5 p, hyaline, fusi- form to fusiform -cylindrical, straight or curved, equatorial area of spore sometimes broader than ends; multiguttulate. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Rare. Halosphaeria appendiculata Linder Farlowia 1:412. 1944. Ascospores 2-celled, 16-30 X 6-14 p, hyaline, ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal-cylindrical, each cell with one or more guttules, constricted at septum; provided at each end with a single, narrow, flexible, gelatinous, deliquescing appendage, and 3 or 4 similar ones equatorially, to 18p in length. In reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Halosphaeria cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1956. 1972. Syn. Remispora cucullata Kohlm. Mycologia 56:770. 1964. Ascospores 2-celled, 21-69 X 6-12 p, hyaline, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, one to several guttules per cell, may be slightly constricted at septum; provided with a gelatinous, caplike or subspherical, deciduous append- age 5-10 n in diameter at one end of the spore. In driftwood. Halosphaeria hamata (Hohnk) Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1956. 1972. Syn. Remispora hamata (Hohnk) Kohlm. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 74:305. 1961. Ascospores 2-celled, 16-31 X 6.5-11 p, hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusiform-ellipsoidal, 1 or 2 guttules per cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at each end with a ter- minal or subterminal, gelatinous, hooked, curved, or straight appendage; appendage may be caplike or rounded at first, later becoming tapered. In Typha, reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Halosphaeria maritima (Linder) Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1956. 1972. Syn. Remispora maritima Linder. Farlowia 1:410. 1944. Ascospores 2-celled, 16-35 X 8.5-15 n, hyaline, ovoid, el- lipsoidal or elongate, 1 large guttule per cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at each end with a mustache-shaped, or pair of stout, tapering, gelati- nous appendages. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Halosphaeria mediosetigera Cribb & Cribb Pap. Univ. Queensland Dep. Bot. 3:100. 1956. Ascospores 2-celled, 24-44.5 X 8-20 /U, hyaline, fusiform- ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal, ends rounded, may be slight- ly constricted at septum, one or more guttules per cell; provided at each end with a small cap-shaped or cup- shaped gelatinous appendage which may become free; in addition, with 3 or 4 crescent-shaped, rigid, equatorial appendages attached laterally along the septum. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Halosphaeria pilleata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1957. 1972. Syn. Remispora pilleata Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 6:319. 1963. Ascospores 2-celled, 24-36.5 X 12.5-19 p, hyaline, rhom- boidal or diamond-shaped, thick-walled, usually 1 gut- tule per cell; provided at each end with a gelatinous, pleomorphic, veillike or sheathlike appendage. In driftwood. 11 Halos i quadricornuta Cribb & Cribb Pan Univ. Queensland Dep. Bot. 3:99. 1956. Ascospores 2-celled. 20-36 X 6-11.5 /u. hyaline, ellipsoi- dal, fusiform -ellipsoidal or elongate, one to several gut- tules per cell, may be constricted at septum, oc- casionally covered by a gelatinous sheath; provided at each end with a pair of acuminate, rigid, occasionally subterminal appendages directed either parallel or at right angles to each other, to 37 ju long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Uncommon in colder waters. Halosphacria quadriremis (Hohnk) Kohlm. Can. -I. Bot. 50:1957. 1972. Syn. Remispora quadri-remis (Hohnk) Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 2:332. 1960. Ascospores 2-celled. 18-34 X 8-15.5 ai, hyaline, ellipsoidal to ovoid, ends rounded. 1 or 2 large guttules per cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at each end with 4-6 gelatinous, attenuate, semirigid, tapering appendages, to 35 n long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Halosphaeria salina (Meyers) Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1957. 1972. Syn. Remispora salina (Meyers) Kohlm. Mycologia 60:262. 1968. Ascospores 2-celled, 19-28 X 8-13.5 n, hyaline, ellipsoidal to oblong-ellipsoidal, ends rounded, may be slightly constricted at septum, usually 1 large guttule per cell; provided at each end with 3 or 4 (occasionally 5), ter- minal or subterminal, radiating, curved or straight, tapering, more or less bulbous appendages to 20 n long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Less common in colder waters. Halosphaeria torquata Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 2:311. 1960. • pores 2-celled. 20-30.5 X 10-16//, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal. 1 large guttule per cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at each end with a gelatinous, tapering, semirigid appendage to 15 /j long; in addi- tion, with an equatorial cylindrical annulus around the septum. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Hnhisphaeria trullifera (Kohlm.) Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 50:1957. 1972. Syn. Remispora trullifera Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 6:321. 1963. -pores 2-celled, 23-35 X 14-20 n, hyaline, ellipsoidal to oblong-ellipsoidal, ends rounded, 1 large guttule per cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at each end with a gelatinous slightly tapering or blunt, scoop- like or caplike appendage, to 10 p wide. In driftwood. Ascospores 2-celled, 12-21 X 6-S u, hyaline, ellipsoidal, ends rounded, one to several guttules per cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at one end with 4-7 terminal, radiating, stiff or bristlelike appendages to 13 p long. Known only from bark of Rhizophora. Collected on drift floating northward. Lentescospora submarina Linder Farlowia 1:411. 1944. Ascospores 2-celled (may become 3-celled prior to ger- mination), thick-walled, 15.5-35 X 6-15 n, hyaline, ellipsoidal or elongate-ellipsoidal, occasionally each cell with a large guttule, may be slightly constricted at septum; provided at each end, only rarely at a single end, with a short, gelatinous appendage, to 7 n in dia- meter. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Leptosphaeria albopunctata (West.) Sacc. Sylloge Fungorum 2:72. 1883. Ascospores 6- to 8-celled, antepenultimate cell largest, 26-55 X 10-15 /u, light yellow to yellow-brown, fusiform, to broadly fusiform, ends rounded, slightly constricted at septa, curved or straight. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In Juncus, Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellu- losic material. Leptosphaeria australiensis (Cribb & Cribb) Hughes Syesis 2:132. 1968. Ascospores 4-celled, penultimate cell usually largest, 19- 27 X 5.5-9 /j, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 1 guttule per cell, constricted at septa. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In floating drift of Rhizophora, Avicennia, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Less common in colder waters. Leptosphaeria contecta Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 6:314. 1963. Ascospores 4- to 5-celled, penultimate cell usually largest, 32.5-44 X 8.5-11.5 n, hyaline, fusiform to fusiform- ellipsoidal, straight or curved, cells guttulate, con- stricted at septa, covered by a gelatinous, hyaline sheath 9-11 /u thick. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material. Leptosphaeria discors Saccardo & Ellis in Saccardo Michelia 2:567. 1882. Ascospores 4-celled, 28-36 X 8-14 n, broadly fusoid or broadly ellipsoidal, straight or curved, end cells round- ed and hyaline, midcells yellow-brown or brown and each containing a large guttule, constricted at septa. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In Juncus, Spartina, floating culms, reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Keissleriella blepharospora J. & E. Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 9:97. 1965. Leptosphaeria halima Johnson Mycologia 48:502. 1956. 42 Ascospores 4-celled, penultimate cell largest, 12-18 X 5- 8 u, yellow-brown, straight or curved, fusiform or cylin- drical, constricted at septa, enclosed in a hyaline, gelatinous sheath 11-17 n thick. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic mater- ial. Leptosphaeria marina Ellis & Ever. J. Mycol. 1:43. 1885. Ascospores 2- to 4-celled, 48-72 X 10-14 n, yellow to yel- low-brown, fusiform or elongate-ellipsoidal, ends rounded, straight or curved, constricted at septa. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In Juncus, Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellu- losic material. Lulworthia medusa (Ell. & Ever.) Cribb & Cribb emend. Cavaliere & Johnson Nova Hedwigia 10:434-435. 1966. Ascospores single-celled, 60-760 yt, hyaline, filiform, ta- pering, curved, s-shaped, u-shaped or cy -shaped; provided at each end with a hyaline, tapering, conoid end chamber or appendage of variable length. Lulworthia medusa — small spore variety "fucieola-type" 60-150 ii. Lulworthia medusa — medium spore variety "medusa- type" 230-500 n, Lulworthia medusa — large spore variety "grandispora- type" 500-760 /j. In Spartina, Typha, Zostera, Fucus, stems of various phanerogams, driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material. Leptosphaeria maritima (Cooke & Plow.) Sacc. Sylloge Fungorum 2:73. 1883. Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, 30-45 X 6-14 m, yellow to yel- low-brown, fusiform or ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, constricted at septa, conspicuously at mid- septum; midcells of unequal size; covered by a thin gelatinous sheath. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In Juncus, Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellu- losic material. Leptosphaeria oraemaris Linder Farlowia 1:413. 1944. Ascospores 2- to 4-celled, 17-32 X 4-8 /u, brown or dark brown, fusoid or ellipsoidal, straight or curved, con- stricted at septa. Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate. In Spartina, reeds, floating culms, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Lignincola laevis Hohnk Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven 3:216. 1955. Ascospores 2-celled, 14-24 X 5.5-9 /j, hyaline, fusiform or ellipsoidal-oblong, straight or slightly curved, 1 large guttule per cell, constricted at septum. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Lindra inflata Wilson Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39:411. 1956. Ascospores multiseptate, 28- to 52-celled, septa nar- . rowly spaced, 210-415 X 4-6 fx, filiform, hyaline, diameter uniform throughout, multiguttulate; provid- ed at each end with a short, clavate or subglobose, hyaline, gelatinous appendage. In reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Lindra thalassiae Orpurt, Meyers, Boral, & Sims Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 14:406. 1964. Ascospores multiseptate, 15- to 19-celled, 230-390 X 3- 6 n, filiform, curved, s-shaped or u-shaped, hyaline, attenuate, tips slightly inflated. In Thalassia and Sargassum. Marinospora calyptrata (Kohlm.) Cavaliere Nova Hedwigia 11:548. 1966. Ascospores 2-celled, 22-35 X 9-11 /u, hyaline, ellipsoidal, ends rounded, 1 large guttule per cell, constricted at septum; provided with an appendage at each end, and 3 or 4 of them around the septum, each up to 30 jlx in length, hyaline, gelatinous, straight or curved, and ter- minated with a small involuted cap or tip. Ascocarp a stromatic structure with unitunicate asci. In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material. Massariella maritima Johnson Mycologia 48:846. 1956. Ascospores 2-celled, 10-15 X 5-10 n, yellow-brown, ellip- soidal or oblong-ellipsoidal, 1 large guttule per cell, constricted at septum, surrounded by a relatively thin gelatinous sheath. In driftwood. Rare. Microthelia linderi Kohlm. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57:483-484. 1971. Syn. Microthelia maritima (Linder) Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 2:322. 1960. Ascospores 2-celled, 13.5-21 X 5-7.5 n, brown or light brown, ellipsoidal, clavate or fusiform-ellipsoidal, oc- casionally curved, one cell usually larger than the other, cells may be minutely guttulate, constricted at septum. Ascocarp a pseudothecium with bitunicate asci. In driftwood, culms, and other cellulosic material. Mycosphaerella ascophylli Cotton Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 3:96. 1908. Ascospores 2-celled, 15-25 X 4-6.5 n, hyaline, fusiform to oblong, ends tapering, guttulate, may be slightly con- stricted at septum. Ascocarp a pseudothecium with bitunicate asci. In Ascophyllum. Nais inornata Kohlm. Nova Hedwigia 4:409. 1962. Ascospores 2-celled, 22-30 X 11.5-15.5 n, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal or broadly oval, ends rounded, one large 43 and several small guttules per cell, may be slightly constricted at septum. In driftwood. Phycomelaina laminariae (Rost.) Kohlm. Phytopathol. Z. 63:350-356. 1968. Ascospores 2-celled. 17.5-27.5 X 5.5-8 n, hyaline, fusi- form-ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal-cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, usually 1 large guttule per cell, con- stricted at septum; provided at each end with a cap- like or globose, elongate or attenuate, gelatinous, more or less polymorphic appendage to 30 /j long. Ascocarp a stromatic structure with unitunicate asci. In Laminaria. Pleospora pelagica Johnson Mycologia 48:504. 1956. Ascospores muriform, 7-9 transverse septa, 0-8 longi- tudinal septa. 35-52 X 9-15 n, yellow-brown, fusiform, ellipsoidal or clavate-ellipsoidal, usually inequilateral, ends broadly rounded, constricted at midseptum as well as at most others. Ascocarp a pseudothecium with bitunicate asci. In Spartina, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Pleospora pelvetiae Sutherland New Phytol. 14:41. 1915. Ascospores muriform, 3-7 (predominantly 7) transverse septations, several longitudinal ones, 20-35 X 7-12 fi, yellow-brown, ellipsoidal or elongate, ends rounded, constricted at septa. In various floating culms, reeds, and algae. Uncommon. Sphaerulina oraemaris Linder Farlowia 1:413. 1944. Ascospores 4-celled, 26-36 X 5-7 /j, hyaline, fusoid, ends broadly rounded, may be slightly constricted at septa. In Spartina, various culms, driftwood, and other cellu- losic material. Sphaerulina pedicellata Johnson Mycologia 48:846. 1956. Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, 36-54 X 6-15 /u, hyaline, elon- gate-ovoid to elongate-pyriform, one end cell attenuate and curved; may be slightly constricted at septa, usually densely guttulate. In Spartina, various culms, driftwood, and other cellu- losic material. Torpedospora radiata Meyers Mycologia 49:496. 1957. Ascospores 4- or 5-celled, 30-52 X 4-9 fi, hyaline, oblong or elongate-clavate or cylindrical, usually 2 guttules per cell, slightly constricted at septa; provided at one end with 3 or 4 slender, acuminate, semirigid, radiating appendages to 40 p long. In driftwood. Trailia ascophylli Sutherland Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5:149-151. 191.",. Ascospores long, filamentous and tapering, 90-100 X 4 at the widest diameter, to 1/i at the narrowest por- tion, 2- to 4-celled; septations restricted to broad area of spore, narrow area nonseptate, long and attenuate, occasionally bent or coiled. In Ascophyllum and Fucus. Phylum EUMYCOPHYTA Class DEUTEROMYCETES Alternaria maritima Sutherland New Phytol. 15:46. 1916. Conidia muriform, pyriform; apical cell often attenuate, 14-80 X 8-18 p, dark brown except for hyaline or pale, attenuate apical cell, constricted at septa, catenulate or simple, smooth or verrucose Conidiophores simple, erect, short. In Laminaria, Juncus, Spartina, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. Arthrobotrys superba Corda Pracht-Flora Euro. Schimmel. p. 43. 1839. Conidia 2-celled, broadly ellipsoidal, ovoid, or slightly pyriform, upper cell usually larger than lower one, 16- 23 X 7-9.5 n; hyaline, slightly constricted at septum. Conidiophores scattered, bearing 4-10 conidia on slightly expanded tips or short, peglike teeth or denticles. In driftwood. Asteromyces cruciatus F. and Mme. Moreau ex Henne- bert Can. J. Bot. 40:1213. 1962. Conidia single-celled, rarely 2-celled, ellipsoidal, ovoid or broadly pyriform, 9-20 X 4-9 n fuscous. Conidiophores basidialike, hyphae radiate from a bul- bous base, bearing 1-13 conidia. Spores collected in foam. Botryophialophora marina Linder Farlowia 1:404. 1944. Conidia single-celled, globose or subglobose, 2-3 p in dia- meter, hyaline or light, in dense, cottonlike clusters. Conidiophores (phialides) arising from a subglobose, basal cell, 3-20 in number, 3.5-8.5 X 1.5-2.5 //.simple or vase-shaped. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Camarosporium metableticum Trail Scott. Nat. 8:267. 1886. Conidia muriform, broadly ellipsoidal, ends tapering or round, 27-40 X 11-16 /u, fuscous or yellow-brown, 3-9 transverse septa, constricted at septa, apical cells lighter; provided at each end with a gelatinous, cap- like or subglobose appendage. Conidiophores cylindrical, simple, 5-10 n long, bearing single conidia. Pycnidia 150-216 X 210-330 u, subglobose, solitary, black, innate. In Ammophila. 44 Cirrenalia macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers & Moore Am. J. Bot. 47:346. 1960. Conidia 3- to 9-celled, recurved, bent, rarely straight, 10- 41 X 18-28 /u; basal cells smaller and hyaline or light, terminal cells larger and fuscous to brown; con- spicuously constricted at septa; terminal cell largest, 5-15 n in diameter. Conidiophores simple, short, to 3 septate, hyaline or pale yellow, bearing single conidia. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Cladosporium algarum Sutherland New Phytol. 15:37. 1916. Conidia 1- or 2-celled, subglobose, oblong or slightly el- lipsoidal, smooth, 5-15 X 5-10 n, pale olive to brown, constricted at septum. Conidiophores erect, branched, ends truncate or rounded, septate, olive to brown. In Laminaria, driftwood, and other cellulosic mater- ial. Clavariopsis bulbosa Anastasiou Mycologia 53:11. 1961. Conidia staurosporous, irregular, 3- or 4-armed, septate, 20-70 X 6-8.5 n; basal cell brownish; ellipsoidal or ovoid; central cell slightly branched, arms divergent, cylindrical. Conidiophores long, cylindrical, hyaline, septate, simple or branched. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Clavatospora stellatacula Kirk Mycologia 61:178-181. 1969. Conidia single-celled, staurosporous, triangular, 5-7 X 6-7 ju; 4 or 5 subapical projections to 2.5 m long; hyaline. Conidiophores simple, may be slightly branched; phia- lides with a collarlike rim. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Cremasteria cymatilis Meyers & Moore Am. J. Bot. 47:348. 1960. Conidia single-celled, subglobose to ellipsoidal, 7.5-27 X 7.5-16 (i, rusty brown to light brown, forming chains (catenulate) 2-20 conidia in length; chain strongly con- stricted at each cell; cells increasing in diameter from base to apex. Conidiophores short, lateral, single or branched. In driftwood and other cellulosic materials. Dendryphiella arenaria Nicot Rev. Mycol. 23:93. 1958. Conidia 2- to 4-celled, ovoid to ellipsoidal, oblong, or slightly cylindrical, 9-20 X 3.5-6 p, brown, smooth or slightly echinulate, may be slightly constricted at sep- ta; conidial epispore thickened and forms a con- spicuous annulus or knot at its point of attachment to the conidiophore. Conidiophores simple or branched, septate, apical cell slightly inflated, light brown to subhyaline, 15-90 n long. In Sargassum, floating Thalassia, Ammophila, drift- wood, and other cellulosic material. Dendryphiella salina (Suth.) Pugh & Nicot Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47:226. 1944. Conidia 2- to 12-celled (predominantly 4- to 6-celled), elongate, cylindrical or fusiform-ellipsoidal, straight or curved, ends rounded or tapered, 14.5-75 X 5.5-10.5 n, light brown or olive, may be slightly constricted at sep- ta; solitary or catenulate; epispore of conidia thicken- ed at point of attachment to the conidiophore. Conidiophores simple or branched, septate, apical cell slightly inflated, light brown to yellowish. In Chondrus, Laminaria, Spartina. Dictyosporium pelagicum (Linder) G. C. Hughes ex Johnson & Sparrow Fungi in Oceans and Estuaries, p. 391-392. 1961. Conidia muriform; form variable, ovoid, clavate, branched (boxing-glovelike), irregular; several branches may arise from a single basal cell; 12- 66 X 10-35 n, dark brown, occasionally black; con- spicuously constricted at septa. Conidiophores simple, pale brown or dark brown, septate, 15-35 X 1-2.5 //• In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Diplodia oraemaris Linder Farlowia 1:403. 1944. Conidia 2-celled (rarely single-celled), ovoid or ellipsoi- dal 6-11 X 3.5-7.5 /u, yellow-brown, may be slightly constricted at septum. Conidiophores simple, single-celled, hyaline. Pycnidia 135-365 X 140-470 n, flattened, black above, cream to hyaline below. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Humieola alopallonella Meyers & Moore. Am. J. Bot. 47:346. 1960. Conidia 1- or 2-celled (occasionally 3-celled), obpyriform to clavate, 8-17.5 X 15-37.5 n apical cell largest and brownish, basal cell small and yellow to hyaline, con- stricted at septum. Conidiophores one to several celled, simple, hyaline to light fuscous. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Macrophoma (Saccardo) Berlese & Voglio Sylloge Fungorum 1-4:306. 1886. Conidia single-celled, ovate to elongate, over 15 p long, hyaline or subhyaline. Conidiophores simple, short, filiform. Pycnidia innate, erumpent, lenticular or subglobose. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Monodictys pelagica (Johnson) Jones Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:138. 1963. Conidia muriform, ovoid or spherical, more commonly obpyriform, symmetrical or asymmetrical, 15- 44 X 12.5-37 n; 1-3 brown or yellowish basal cells, 45 brownish or blackish terminal cells, or concolorous black throughout; may be conspicuously constricted at septa. Conidiophores dark fuscous, septate. 1- to 3- celled. simple. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Orbimyces spectabilis Linder Farlowia 1:404. 1944. Conidia staurosporous, multicellular: basal cell globose to subglobose. shining black, 22-42 ^ in diameter; provided with one or two sets of radiating, fingerlike, septate filaments to 6 ju wide and to 50 ju long; each set of radiating filaments join a common dark basal cell: radiating cells may lighten in color from base to apex. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Papulospora halima Anastasiou Nova Hedwigia 6:266. 1963. Hyphae septate, hyaline or brown, anastomosing, to 4.8 p in diameter, with hyphal thickenings, chainlike; large masses of hyphae or bulbils formed, subglobose, com- pact, to 870 n in diameter, dark brown or black. No spores formed. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Periconia prolifica Anastasiou Nova Hedwigia 6:260. 1963. Conidia single-celled, globose to subglobose, 6-20 /i in diameter, light brown to brown, light red to rust, thick- walled, smooth, catenulate. Conidiophores hyaline, septate, simple or branched, to 200 v long. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Phialophorophoma litoralis Linder Farlowia 1:403. 1944. Conidia single-celled, hyaline, ellipsoidal or pyriform, 2.5-4.5 X 1.5-2 h, endogenous. Conidiophores (phialides) simple or branched, nonseptate, hyaline, bottle-shaped, with a collarlike, flaring neck. Pycnidia innate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, 110-175 y.. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Phoma Saccardo Michelia 2:4. 1880. Conidia single-celled, ellopsoidal or bacilliform, hya- line, 1.5-7.5 n. Pycnidia innate, ellipsoidal or subglobose. In Laminaria, Spartina, Juncus, various reeds, drift- wood, and other cellulosic material. Stemphylium marltimum Johnson Mycologia 48:844. 1956. Conidia muriform, ellipsoidal, globose, pyrimidal, or ir- regular, 19-32 X 17-29 n, dark brown, smooth or verrucose, constricted at septa. Conidiophores simple, apiculate. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers & Moore) Dixon Mycologia 63:237. 1971. Syn. Culcitalna achraspora Meyers & Moore Am. J. Bot. 47:349. 1960. Conidia 3- to 6-celled, clavate, ovate, or broadly obpyri- form, 15-45 X 8-24 /j; cells increase in size and darken from base to apex, terminal cells dark brown; dark cells guttulate; constricted at septa. Conidiophores simple, short or long, septate, hyaline, pale yellor or brownish, straight or curved. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Varicosporina ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm. Can. J. Bot. 43:916. 1965. Conidia staurosporous, cylindrical, multiseptate, several radiating arms usually at right angles to each other, hyaline; most commonly seen as 3 radiating, multicel- lular, cylindrical hyphal strands to 45 n long. In Sargassum, Thalassia, and Typha. Absent in colder waters north of New Jersey. Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou Can. J. Bot. 41:1136. 1963. Conidia helicosporous, 1-3 times coiled, multiseptate, all cells approximately similar in size, to 14 cells long, oc- casionally longer, deeply constricted at septa, to 12 n in diameter, fuscous to black. Conidiophores simple or once-branched, hyaline, yellow, or pale fuscous, septate. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Zalerion varium Anastasiou Can. J. Bot. 41:1136. 1963. Conidia helicosporous, coiled in 3 planes, single or branched; cells 5.5-13 X 4.5-10.5 n, dark brown to black; clusters to 65 fx in diameter, occasionally grape- like clusters. Conidia simple, fuscous to black. In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Phylum EUMYCOPHYTA Class BASIDIOMYCETES Ma vibrissa Moore & Meyers Mycologia 51:874. 1959. Basidiospores single-celled, ovoid to ellipsoidal, or broadly ellipsoidal, 7.5-15 X 6.5-15 iu, hyaline; provid- ed at one end with a single, gelatinous, filiform append- age to 50 (i long, and 3-5 additional ones similar in shape but slightly shorter at the opposite end. Basidiocarp orange to orange-brown. In Spartina, driftwood, and other cellulosic material. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AINSWORTH, G. C. 1971. Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi. 6th ed. monw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, Surrey, Engl., 663 p. Com- 16 BARGHOORN, E. S., and D. H. UNDER. 1944. Marine fungi: Their taxonomy and biology. Farlowia 1:395-467. CAVALIERE, A. R. 1966. Marine Ascomycetes: Ascocarp morphology and its applica- tion to taxonomy. I. Nova Hedwigia 10:387-398. 1973. Ascomycetes. In Peter Gray (editor), Encyclopedia of mi- croscopy and microtechnique, 638 p. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. CAVALIERE, A. R., and T. W. JOHNSON, JR. 1966. Marine Ascomycetes: Ascocarp morphology and its applica- tion to taxonomy. II- V. Nova Hedwigia 10:399-461. HUGHES, G. C. 1975. Studies of fungi in oceans and estuaries since 1961. I. Lig- nicolous, caulicolous and foliicolous species. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 13:69-180. JOHNSON, T. W., JR., and F. K. SPARROW, JR. 1961. Fungi in oceans and estuaries. J. Cramer Weinheim, 668 P- KIRK, P. W., Jr. 1969. Isolation and culture of lignicolous marine fungi. Mycolo- gia 61:174-177. KOHLMEYER, J. 1972. A revision of Halosphaeriacaea. Can. J. Bot. 50:1951- 1963. KOHLMEYER, J., and E. KOHLMEYER. 1971. Synoptic plates of higher marine fungi. 3rd ed. Lehre Cramer, 87 p. SNELL, W. H., and E. A. DICK. 1957. A glossary of mycology. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 171 p. 47 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES OF MARINE FUNGI Alternaria maritime Amylocarpus encephaloides Arthrobotiys superba Asteromyces cruciatus Botr\ophialophora marina Camarosporium metableticum Carbospaerella leptosphaerioides Ceriosporopsis 19, cambrensis halima tubulifera Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Cirrenalia macrocephala Cladosporium algarum Clavariopsis bulbosa Clavatospora stellatacula Corollospora 19, 20, comata cristata lacera maritima trifurcata Cremasteria cymatilis Culcitalna Dendryphiella arenaria salina Dictyosporium pelagicum Didymella fucicola Didymosamarospora euryhalina Didxmosphaeria danica enalia Diplodia oraemaris Haligena 13, elaterophora viscidula Haloguignardia oceanica tumefaciens Halonectria milfordensis 13, Halosphaeria 18, 19, appendiculata cucullata hamata maritima mediosetigera pilleata quadricornuta quadriremis 37, 44 14, 39 34, 44 34, 44 34, 44 32, 44 28, 39 20, 21 21, 39 21, 40 21, 40 27, 40 38, 45 34, 45 36, 45 35, 45 22, 27 23, 40 23, 40 22, 40 22, 40 22, 40 35, 45 . .46 . . 38 45 45 45 40 40 23 40 41 45 L>9 41 41 15 41 41 41 23 41 II 41 41 11 41 42 41 salina 26, 42 torquata 24, 42 trullifera 25, 42 Humicola alopallonella 35, 45 Keissleriella blepharospora 42 Lentescospora submarina 19, 28, 42 Leptosphaeria 17, 28, 29 albopunctata 31, 42 australiensis 30, 42 contecta 31, 42 discors 30, 42 halima 29, 42 marina 30, 43 maritima 31, 43 oraemaris 30, 43 Lignincola laevis 16, 43 Lindra 13, 14 inflata 14, 43 thalassiae 14, 43 Lulworthia medusa 12, 43 Macrophoma 33, 45 Marinospora calyptrata 20, 43 Massariella maritima 18, 43 Microthelia linderi 17, 43 Monodictys pelagica 37, 45 Mycosphaerella ascophylli 16, 43 Nais inornata 17, 43 Ma uibrissa 11, 46 Orbimyces spectabilis 36, 46 Papulospora halima 32, 46 Periconia prolifica 35, 46 Phialophorophoma litoralis 32, 46 Phoma 33, 46 Phycomelaina laminariae 20, 44 Phyllachorella 41 Pleospora 15 pelagica 15, 44 pelvetiae 15, 44 Remispora 41, 42 Sphaerulina 28, 31 oraemaris 31, 44 pedicellata 31, 44 Stemphylium maritimum 37, 46 Torpedospora radiata 27, 44 Trailia ascophylli 13, 44 Trichocladium achrasporum 38, 46 Varicosporina ramulosa 36, 46 Zalerion 38, 39 maritimum 39, 46 varium 39, 46 18 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparation of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the North- eastern United States" is being coordinated by the following Board: Coordinating Editor: Melbourne R. Carriker, College of Marine Studies, Marine Studies Center, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958. Editorial Advisers: Marie B. Abbott, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Arthur G. Humes, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Wesley N. Tiffney, Department of Biology, Boston Univer- sity, Boston, Mass. Ruth D. Turner, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- vard University, Cambridge, Mass. Roland L. Wigley, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fishery Center, Woods Hole, Mass. Robert T. Wilce, Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. The Board, established the format for the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States," invites systematists to collaborate in the preparation of manuals, reviews manuscripts, and advises the Scientific Editor of the National Marine Fisheries Service. Acknowledgment is made to Gettysburg College for generous- ly awarding two Faculty Fellowship Grants in support of this study. In addition, I express appreciation to the staff of the Biological Marine Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., and es- pecially the Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, N.C., where most of this work was accomplished. I am grateful to Jan Kohlmeyer, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, for critically reviewing the manuscript. Acknowledgment is made to my students who spend numerous hours modifying the keys and locating the conspicuous rough spots so common in works of this kind. Finally, I am indebted to my wife, Shirlee, for her many suggestions, her help in or- ganizing several parts of the work, and for typing the manuscript. Preparation of this manual was supported in part by a gr*>.nt from the Environmental Protection Agency to the Editorial Board of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States." Work on the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" by the Coordinating Editor is sup- ported by the College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware. COORDINATING EDITOR'S COMMENTS Publication of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the North- eastern United States" is most timely in view of the growing un- iversal emphasis on environmental work and the urgent need for more precise and complete identification of coastal organisms than has been available. It is mandatory, wherever possible, that organisms be identified accurately to species. Accurate scientific names unlock the great quantities of biological infor- mation stored in libraries, obviate duplication of research al- ready done, and make possible prediction of attributes of organisms that have been inadequately studied. A. R. Cavaliere began his studies on the taxonomy and mor- phology of marine Ascomycetes in 1961 as a graduate student at Duke University. Since that time his work has expanded to in- clude the occurrence and systematics of marine fungi along selected areas of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the United States, as well as Nova Scotia and Iceland. Manuals are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The manuals so far published on the series are listed below. COOK, DAVID G., and RALPH O. BRINKHURST. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Annelida: Oligochaeta. BORROR, ARTHUR C. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora. MOUL, EDWIN T. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Higher plants of the marine fringe. McCLOSKEY, LAWRENCE R. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Pycnogonida. MANNING, RAYMOND B. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. WILLIAMS, AUSTIN B. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Crustacea: Decapoda. POLLOCK, LELAND W. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Tardigrada. LARSON, RONALD J. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Cnidaria: Scyphozoa. CAVALIERE, A. R. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomvcetes. 49 CI 5CIEN PUB - . s ROOM 450 N ! 4STH ST A » *8105 OF1 C *. BUSINESS PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES A000Q72DlflflD4 fUblAOt AND FEES PAID US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM 210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE