PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY DOCUMENTS COLLECTION U.S. Depository Copy U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Institute of Standards and Technology UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY Raymond G. Kammer, Acting Director Voluntary Product Standard PS 73-89 Glass Bottles for Carbonated Soft Drinks Abstract This Voluntary Product Standard covers conventional refillable and nonrefillable glass bottles that are manufactured from soda-lime-silica glass, that have a nominal capacity of not more than 36 fluid ounces, and that are intended for use in the packaging of soft drinks carbonated to a maximum of five volumes. Manufacturing requirements for bottles are provided for temper number, dimensional tolerances for height and maximum outside diameter, tolerances for capacity and mass (weight), perpendicularity, bottom characteristics and bottle identification, abrasion resistance, simulated impact resistance, wall thickness, detection of visual defects, internal pressure strength, and thermal shock resistance. A model statement is included for use on manufacturing orders and invoices specifying the maximum carbonation volumes intended for the bottles. Terms are defined or described that include trade terms and methods for identifying bottles that conform to this standard. Key words: Carbonated soft drink bottles; manufacturing requirements for glass bottles; refillable and nonrefillable soft drink bottles, Voluntary Product Standard for bottles. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Prod. Stand. PS73-89, 13 pages (July 1989) CODEN: NPSDED For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARDS Voluntary Product Standards are developed under procedures published by the Depart- ment of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of these standards is to establish nationally recognized requirements for products and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the character- istics of the products. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards) administers the Voluntary Product Standards program on a reimbursable basis. Establishment of a VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD The role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the establishment of a Voluntary Product Standard is to (1) act as an unbiased coordinator in the development of the standard, (2) provide editorial assistance in the preparation of the standard, (3) supply such assistance and review as is required to assure the technical soundness of the standard, (4) seek satisfactory adjustment of valid points of disagreement, (5) deter- mine the compliance with the criteria of the Department's procedures, (6) provide secre- tarial functions for each committee appointed under the Department's procedures, and (7) publish the standard as a public document. Producers, distributors, users, consumers, and other interested groups contribute to the establishment of a Voluntary Product Standard by (1) initiating and participating in the development of the standard, (2) providing technical or other counsel relating to the standard as appropriate, (3) promoting the use of and support for the standard, and (4) assisting in keeping the standard current with respect to advancing technology and mar- keting practices. Use of a VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD The use of a Voluntary Product Standard is voluntary. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has no regulatory power in the enforcement of the provisions of the standard; however, since the standard represent a consensus of al! interested groups, its provisions are likely to become established as trade customs, in addition, when a stan- dard is made a part of a legal document, such as a sales contract or code, compliance with the standard is enforceable. The benefits derived from a Voluntary Product Standard are in direct proportion to its general recognition and actual use. Producers and distributors whose products meet the requirements of a Voluntary Product Standard may refer to the standard in advertising and on labels to promote greater public understanding of or confidence in their products. Purchasers may order products conforming to the requirements of the standard. For copies of the Voluntary Product Standards procedures or for more information con- cerning the development and use of these standards, one may write to the office of Associate Director for Industry and Standards, National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. CONTENTS page 1 . Purpose 1 2. Scope 1 2.1 General 1 2.2 Head space 1 2.3 Application 1 3. Terminology 1 4. Performance requirements and Inspection and testing procedures 4 4.1 General 4 4.2 Temper number 4 4.3 Dimension and mass (weight) 5 4.4 Bottle identification marks 7 4.5 Abrasion resistance 7 4.6 Simulated impact resistance 7 4.7 Wall thickness 7 4.8 Visual defects 8 4.9 Internal pressure strength 9 4.1 Thermal shock resistance 9 5. Intended use 10 6. Effective date and Identification 10 7. History 10 8. Standing committee 11 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/glassbottlesforcOOwise Voluntary Product Standard PS 73-89 Supersedes PS 73-77 Glass Bottles for Carbonated Soft Drinks Effective July 31, 1989 (See section 6.) (This Standard, initiated by the Glass Packaging Institute, Inc., has been developed under the Procedures for the Development of Voluntary Product Standards of the U.S. Department of Commerce as a replacement of Voluntary Product Standard PS 73-77 Carbonated Soft Drink Bottles.) 1. PURPOSE The purpose of this Voluntary Product Standard is to improve and maintain safety performance of glass bottles designed as containers for carbonated soft drinks by establishing nationally recognized manufac- turing requirements. This Standard is intended to provide producers, distributors, users and other inter- ested groups a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of these products and to specify inspection and test procedures to establish confor- mance to this Standard. 2. SCOPE 2.1 General— This Voluntary Product Standard covers conventional refutable and nonrefillable glass bottles that are manufactured from soda-lime-silica glass, that have a nominal capacity of not more than 36 fluid ounces, 1 and that are intended for use in the packag- ing of soft drinks carbonated to a maximum of five volumes. Manufacturing requirements for bottles are provided for temper number, dimensional tolerances for height and maximum outside diameter, tolerances for capacity and mass (weight), perpendicularity, bot- tom characteristics and bottle identification, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, wall thickness, detec- tion of visual defects, internal pressure strength, and thermal shock resistance. A model statement is included for use on manufactur- ing orders and invoices specifying the maximum car- bonation volumes intended for the bottles. Terminology is presented that includes trade terms and methods for identifying bottles that conform to this Standard. 2.2 Head space— The bottles covered by this Stan- dard shall be designed for the smallest head space (as determined by the fill point) consistent with the anticipated needs of liquid expansion and taking into account the capacity tolerances specified by bottle manufacturers and the filling tolerances specified by bottlers of soft drinks. 2.3 Application— This Standard applies only to so- called conventional glass containers that are manu- factured according to requirements consistent with those described herein. It does not apply to other glass containers, such as those that are plastic- encapsulated, chemically tempered, or strengthened by other processes not currently used. 1 This range of bottle capacities includes those in metric units up to 1 liter (33.82 fluid ounces). 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Bearing surface— the portion of the bottle base that contacts the supporting surface when the bottle is in an upright position. The contact area is near the outer circumference of the container. (See fig. 1 .) 3.2 Bottles 3.2.1 Nonrefillable bottle— a bottle manufactured with mechanical-property characteristics that provide for its use as a single-service-trip container for car- bonated soft drinks. 3.2.2 Prelabeled nonrefillable bottle— a nonrefill- able bottle that has a label, applied during the manu- facturing process, to cover at least the bottle's sidewall in order to prevent glass sidewall contact; Thread Finish Shoulder Tangent Connecting Point Perpendicularity Finish Seal Diameter N.R. Crown Finish Connecting Point Knurling Section A-A Ellipticity— Max. - Min. Push-Up Bearing Surface Required Identification Marks (Must Appear on Base or Heel) Manufacturer's Symbol Item No. (Optional) Year of Manufacture Cavity No. Manufacturer's Plant No. Figure 1. Soft drink bottle that is, the sidewall area of the bottle shall be covered at least from the base tangent connecting points to the shoulder tangent connecting points. (See fig. 1 .) 3.2.3 Reflllable bottle— a bottle manufactured with mechanical characteristics that allow its use as a multiple-service-trip container for carbonated soft drinks. 3.3 Carbonatlon volume— the volume of carbon dioxide that is absorbed in the soft drink (or water) at a specific temperature and pressure and, thereby, has "carbonated" the soft drink. The following are for water: 3.3.1 One volume of carbon dioxide will be absorbed by an equivalent one volume of water at 60 T (15.6°C) and at one atmosphere or zero gage pres- sure. 3.3.2 Four volumes of carbon dioxide will be ab- sorbed by one volume of water at 60 T (15.6°C) and at four atmospheres (about 44 psi or 300 kPa gage pressure). 3.3.3 Five volumes of carbon dioxide will be absorbed by one volume of water at 60 °F (15.6°C) and at five atmospheres (about 59 psi or 400 kPa gage pressure). 3.4 Capacity (nominal)— the designed liquid content of a bottle as can be verified by filling the bottle to its designed fill point with water at 68 °F (20 °C). 3.5 Cavity number— the code that identifies each in- dividual mold used in the production of bottles. (See fig. 1 .) 3.6 Defects (visual)— the significant discontinuities or irregularities in the glass container that can be de- tected by visual inspection. 3.7 Head space (vacuity)— the volume of "empty" (gaseous) space for a bottle filled to its nominal ca- pacity and is contained from the meniscus (or de- signed fill point) to the top of the bottle. 3.8 Heel -the lower section of the exterior bottle wall that begins at the lower tangent curve and ends at the base (bottom) of the bottle. 3.9 Fill point— the designed location of the meniscus (center) of the liquid product as measured from the top sealing surface, or from the base, of the bottle. 3.10 Finish 3.10.1 Standard crown finish -the upper portion of a bottle designed to accept a fluted crown closure. The skirt of the closure is crimped under the exterior glass locking ring of the bottle. (See fig. 1 .) 3.10.2 Thread finish— the upper portion of a bottle designed to accept a closure over external threads. (See fig. 1 .) 3.11 Inspection 3.1 1 .1 Automatic Inspection — a procedure by which bottles being produced are subjected to scanning by mechanical, optical, or electronic means or stress loading, in order to detect and then reject bottles with defects. 3.11.2 Visual Inspection— a procedure used by man- ufacturers to detect and discard bottles with observ- able defects by utilizing properly trained personnel. 3.11.3 Qualified Inspection and testing agency— an organization that has the following attributes: (a) facilities and trained technical personnel to per- form reliable testing; (b) standard procedures that are followed by its per- sonnel in evaluating bottle performance; and (c) independent financially from any single company manufacturing the product, equipment, or any portion thereof being tested. 3.12 Knurling— a pattern of small projections on the bottom surface of the bottle. (See fig. 1 , bearing sur- face.) 3.13 Lehr— the oven used for annealing the glass bottles. 3.14 Perpendicularity— the total horizontal displace- ment from the perpendicular of the top of the bottle when resting firmly on its base and then rotated 360° about the vertical axis. (See fig. 1 .) 3.15 Reject— a bottle that is discarded after produc- tion. 3.16 "Round" of bottles— a group of bottles com- prising one container from each cavity of the forming machine being used in production. 3.17 Soft drink— a carbonated, nonalcoholic, non- thermally processed beverage. 3.18 Minimum specification value— a value that for the purpose of process control defines the lower limit below which a re-sampling procedure shall be ini- tiated. 3.19 Temper number— the designation of the rela- tive annealing strain (residual stress) in a glass con- tainer that may be determined either by comparison with reference standards using a polariscope or by a method of measurement with a polarimeter for which the larger the number, the greater the associated strain. A real temper number is defined in terms of the apparent temper number, which is the measured value, and the bottom thickness of the container. dard disks in accordance with the ASTM C 148-77 Standard Methods for Polarlscoplc Examination of Glass Containers . 3 4. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND INSPECTSON AND TESTING PROCEDURES 4.1 General— This section sets forth general and specific performance requirements for soft drink bot- tles. It specifies for each important bottle characteris- tic both inspection and testing procedures that shall be used to determine the conformance of a bottle to this Standard. A producer that represents a product as conforming to this Standard shall keep for at least one year all records necessary to document the claim that the performance and inspection requirements of the Standard have been met. More detailed guidelines for carrying out these responsibilities may be provided for producers in the procedures recommended in ANSI standards Z34.1-1987 Third Party Certification Pro- gram and Z34.2-1987 Self-Certification by Producers or Suppliers . 2 4.2 Temper number 4.2.1 Requirement— The bottles shall, after anneal- ing, show no greater than real temper number 4 when examined under polarized light and compared to stan- rVofe: The following relationship provides the real temper number of a bottle in terms of its mea- sured apparent temper number and its bottom thickness: T T 0.160 ... . . . T R = T A — j — (t in inches) or T R = T, 4.06 t (t in millimeters) Where T R = real temper number T A = apparent temper number t = bottom thickness (in inches or millimeters) 4.2.2 Inspection and testing procedures— At least one bottle shall be taken from each side and the cen- ter of an annealing lehr at least once every 2 hours during the manufacturing process and tested for tem- per number. If a bottle from a particular row does not meet the requirement of 4.2.1 for real temper number, then bottles from the adjacent row, or rows, shall be examined to identify and to bracket the rows of non- conforming bottles. The row, or rows, containing non- conforming bottles produced after a test failure shall be either re-annealed to conform to the requirement of 4.2.1 or rejected until the condition causing the fail- ure has been corrected. Correction will be indicated when two bottles selected consecutively from the re- jected row, or rows, shall meet the requirements specified in 4.2.1 . If re-annealed, the same accept/re- ject criteria apply. When a failure is detected for an annealing lehr, all pallets loaded with bottles produced from that anneal- ing lehr since the last satisfactory test shall be de- tained. The bottles on the pallets in the identified nonconforming row, or rows, shall either be rejected or shall be qualified for acceptance by testing accord- ing to the requirement of 4.2.1 . Two bottles selected in reverse order of production beginning with those last produced shall be tested until both bottles of the test pair indicate conformance. 2 Copies of these publications are obtainable from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. 3 Later issues of this publication may be used providing the require- ments are applicable and consistent with the issue designated. Copies of this publication are obtainable from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. The detained pallets of bottles shall be released after the bottles in the identified nonconforming row, or rows, have been re-annealed to conform to the re- quirement of 4.2.1 ; otherwise, they shall be rejected. 4.3 Dimensions and mass (weight) 4.3.1 Requirements— The bottles shall be designed to have an essentially round, cross-section. The pro- ducer and user of bottles shall agree upon the nomi- nal height, maximum outside diameter, capacity, and mass (weight) of the bottle; however, the bottle shall be manufactured to meet the following applicable tol- erance requirements: (a) Height— The tolerance shall be within the limits specified in table 1. The bottle height shall be measured from the plane of the bottom to the plane of the top opening to the nearest 0.016 inch or 0.4 mm. (b) Maximum outside diameter— The tolerance shall be within the limits specified in table 2. The maximum diameter of the bottle shall be mea- sured to the nearest 0.016 inch or 0.4 mm. The ellipticity or "out of roundness" shall not exceed the values shown in table 2. (See ellipticity in fig.1.) Table 1. Height tolerance Nominal height Tolerance Nominal height Tolerance Inches Refill- able Nonre- fillable Millimeters Refill- able Nonre- fillable Less than 8 8 to <10 10 to <12 12and > ±0.030 ±0.045 ±0.080 ±0.095 ±0.030 ±0.045 ±0.080 ±0.095 Less than 205 205 to <255 255 to <305 305 and > ±0.8 ±1.2 ±2.0 ±2.4 ±0.8 ±1.2 ±2.0 ±2.4 Table 2. Maximum outside diameter tolerance Diameter range Tolerance Ellipticity Diameter range Tolerance Ellipticity limit limit Inches millimeters Less than 2.375 + 0.06 -0.03 0.060 Less than 60 + 1.5 -1.0 1.5 2.375 to <2.750 +0.08 -0.06 0.080 60 < 70 + 2.0 -1.5 2.1 2.750 to <3.625 ±0.08 0.095 70 < 90 ±2.0 2.4 3.625 to <4.125 ±0.08 0.105 90 <105 ±2.0 2.7 4.125 and > ±0.08 0.115 105 and > ±2.0 3.0 (c) Capacity (nominal)— The tolerance for capacity for both a refillable and nonrefillable bottle shall be within the limits specified in table 3 and shall be verifiable by filling the bottle to its designed fill point with water at 68 T (20 °C). Capacity shall be measured to the nearest 0.03 fluid ounce or 1 ml_. Note: The nominal capacity does not include the space above the specified fill point which is referred to as "head space" (vacuity). The fill point and, hence, head space shall be agreed upon by the bottle producer and user; however, the head space should not be greater than 4% of the nominal capacity of any bottle designed after the effective date of this Standard. Upon request, the manufacturer shall make available to any in- terested party particular design specifica- tions, including designed fill point and head space. (d) Mass (weight)— The tolerance shall be within the limits specified in table 4. The mass shall be determined to within 0.016 ounce or 0.45 g. (e) Perpendicularity— The perpendicularity of a bottle with a standard crown finish shall be less than 0.25 inch (6.4 mm). For a thread finish and threaded crown finish bottle, the perpendicularity shall be less than 0.19 inch (4.8 mm). The mea- surement shall be taken with respect to the ex- ternal horizontal surface of the finish seal diameter. (See 3.14 and fig. 1 .) (f) Bottom characteristics Push-up —The dimension of the bottom push-up of nonrefillable bottles shall be at least 0.06 inch (1 .5 mm). For refillable bottles, the push-up shall be sufficient to insure that the bottle rests on the bearing surface only. (See fig. 1 .) Knurling — Knurling of the bearing surface shall be permitted on both refillable and nonrefillable bottles. Table 3. Capacity tolerance* Capacity" Tolerance Capacity 55 Tolerance fluid ounces liters 6-7 ±0.16 0.18 - 0.20 ±0.005 8-11 ±0.16 0.24 - 0.32 ±0.005 12 - 15 ±0.20 0.36 - 0.44 ±0.006 16 - 20 ±0.28 0.48 - 0.59 ±0.010 24 - 28 ±0.32 0.71 - 0.83 ±0.010 32 - 36 ±0.36 0.94 - 1.06 ±0.011 "The bottle size ranges include the metric capacities of .3 liter (10 fl. oz.), 0.5 liter (17 fl. oz.), and 1 liter (33.82 fl. oz.). b The range of capacity indicated means from the lower value up to and including the larger value, Table 4. Mass (weight) tolerance for refillable and nonrefillable bottles Normal mass range Tolerance Norma mass range Tolerance avoirdupois ounces grams Less than 6 ±0.26 Less than 170 ± 7 6 to < 9 ±0.32 170 to <260 ± 9 9 to <12 ±0.38 260 to <340 ±11 12 to <17 ±0.50 -0.38 340 to <480 + 14 -11 17 to <22 + 0.64 -0.44 480 to <620 + 18 -12 22 to <28 + 0.76 -0.50 620 to <790 + 21 -14 28 and > + 1.00 -0.64 790 and > + 28 -18 4.3.2 Inspection and test procedure— Each pro- ducer that represents products as conforming to the requirements of 4.3 shall utilize statistically-based sampling plans that are appropriate for these manu- facturing processes. More sampling and testing re- quirements of bottles may be agreed upon between buyer and seller than those specified in this section. 4.4 Bottle Identification marks— All bottles shall be marked legibly and permanently on the base or heel with the manufacturer's identification symbol, plant identification, cavity number, and year of manufacture. (See fig. 1 .) 4.5 Abrasion resistance 4.5.1 Requirement (applicable only to non refill- able bottles)— There shall be no seizing or audible grinding when surfaces of two wet bottles are rubbed together at an angle of approximately 45° under a 15-pound (67 N) load at a rate not to exceed 3 inches per minute (76 mm/min). 4.5.2 Inspection and testing procedures— A pair of bottles shall be taken from each side and the center of the annealing lehr at least once every 2 hours dur- ing production and tested for abrasion resistance. The bottles shall be immersed in water, two at a time, re- moved, and immediately tested. If there is seizing or an audible grinding during this test, all nonconforming bottles produced after the test either may be rejected or shall be re-coated until the condition has been cor- rected. Correction in production procedure will be indi- cated when bottles of a retest pair pass the abrasion resistance test. After an initial failure has been verified, all pallets con- taining bottles produced from the annealing lehr since the last satisfactory test shall be detained. The de- tained bottles from the annealing lehr in question ei- ther may be rejected or shall be qualified for acceptance by testing, in sets of two, in reverse order of the production beginning with those last produced. The test procedures described shall be followed until a pair indicate conformance. All nonconforming bot- tles so tested will be either re-coated to conform to this requirement or rejected after which the conform- ing pallets shall be released. 4.5.3 Alternative method— A manufacturer may use surface-coating gaging devices that provide an equiv- alent level of process control as the abrasion resis- tance inspection and testing procedure of 4.5.2. 4.6 Simulated Impact resistance 4.6.1 Requirements— Bottles shall withstand at least a 50-pound (220 N) force per vertical inch of bottle sidewall loaded when applied to the exterior of a bot- tle, including its full circumference. 4.6.2 Inspection and testing procedures— All bot- tles shall undergo a simulated impact by the applica- tion of at least a 50-pound (220 N) force per vertical inch of sidewall loaded. The bottles shall be subjected to this impact-resistance test around the full circum- ference in a suitable automatic device such as the squeeze-roll tester. Bottles that fail this test shatter and are thus removed from production. 4.7 Wall thickness 4.7.1 Requirements— The wall thickness of the bottles shall meet the minimum specification values given in table 5. 4.7.2 Inspection and testing procedures -A round of bottles shall be taken from the annealing lehr at least once every hour during production. The wall thickness of this round of bottles shall be measured to determine the thinnest section of the bottles. A suit- able measuring device, such as an extension leg micrometer, shall be used for determining wall thick- ness; however, any automatic wall thickness gaging device may be used that provides the same level of process control. If any bottle in the round fails to meet the minimum specification value for wall thickness, then four addi- tional bottles produced from the represented cavity, or cavities, shall be tested. If a failure occurs among these four bottles tested, all bottles produced from the nonconforming cavity, or cavities, shall be rejected un- til the condition causing the failure has been cor- rected. Correction in the production procedure shall be accepted when the sidewall thickness of all four bottles of a tested lot exceeds the minimum specifica- tion value for wall thickness. After an initial failure has been verified, all pallets loaded with bottles produced from the nonconforming cavity, or cavities, since the last satisfactory test shall be detained. These detained bottles shall be either rejected or qualified for acceptance by testing the bot- tles in groups of four in reverse order of production beginning with those bottles last produced until all four bottles of a test lot indicate conformance. Bottles that fail when tested shall be rejected; those that pass the test may be released. Table 5. Minimum wall thickness specification Outside Minimum Outside Minimum diameter specification diameter specification range value range value Refillatrie bottles (Inches) Refillable bottles (millimeters) Less than 2.41 0.060 Less than 61 1.5 2.41 to <2.76 0.070 61 to < 71 1.8 2.76 to <3.16 0.075 71 to < 81 1.9 3.16 to <3.76 0.080 81 to < 96 2.0 3.76 to <4.36 0.085 96 to <111 2.2 Nonrefillable bottles (Inches) Nonrefillable bottles (millimeters) Less than 2.69 0.045 Less than 69 1.1 2.69 to <3.01 0.055 69 to < 77 1.4 3.01 to <3.26 0.060 77 to < 84 1.5 3.26 to <3.64 0.065 84 to < 93 1.7 3.64 to <4.14 0.070 93 to <106 1.8 Prelabeled nonrefillable bottles (Inches) Prelabeled nonrefillable bottles (millimeters) Less than 2.69 0.030 Less than 69 0.8 2.69 to <3.01 0.035 69 to < 77 0.9 3.01 to <3.26 0.040 77 to < 84 1.0 3.26 to <3.64 0.045 84 to < 93 1.1 3.64 to <4.14 0.050 93 to <106 1.3 4.8 Visual defects 4.8.1 Requirements— Bottles shall be free of the fol- lowing visual defects: (a) check finish— appearance of shallow fractures confined to one surface of the glass container. (b) choked neck— an imperfection consisting of an insufficient opening in the finish and neck of a bottle. (c) split finish— a crack from surface to surface ex- tending from top of the finish downward. (d) blrdswlngs— a string or strand of glass extend- ing across the inside of the bottle. (e) blisters— bubbles or gaseous inclusions of 0.125 inch (3.2 mm) or larger in size. (f) butterfly bruise -a surface crack caused by a severe blow in which the fracture is usually curved in shape extending into the glass from the outside surface. (g) chipped finish— an imperfection due to loss of a small fragment of glass out of an otherwise regu- lar surface. (h) cracks— fractures extending into or completely through the glass from either surface. (i) crlzzle finish— a multitude of fine surface frac- tures causing a frosty appearance on the sealing surface which could prevent an adequate seal. (j) down finish— a sagging or irregular surface which could prevent an adequate seal. (k) off-set seams finish— a sealing surface or finish threads misaligned to such an extent that proper seal or removal torque cannot be maintained. (I) overpress finish— a glass fin projecting upward from the inside surface such that it may be bro- ken or chipped in normal use. (m) stones— unmelted batch or foreign matter em- bedded in the glass having a diameter of 0.062 inch (1 .6 mm) or larger. (n) stuck glass— extraneous glass fragments adher- ing to any surface of the bottle. 4.8.2 Inspection and testing procedures— The pro- ducer of soft drink bottles shall use only automatic inspection devices on a continuous basis to detect visual defects (a) through (c) listed in 4.8.1 . For the other defects listed, continuous visual inspections shall be carried out using either automatic devices or trained personnel. 4.9 Internal pressure strength 4.9.1 Requirements— Refillable bottles shall with- stand a minimum internal pressure of 225 psi (1550 kPa). Nonrefillable bottles including prelabeled bottles shall withstand a minimum internal pressure of 200 psi (1380 kPa). 4.9.2 Inspection and testing procedures— A round of bottles shall be taken at least once every 2 hours from the annealing lehr during manufacture and tested for internal pressure strength using one of the follow- ing methods: (a) The 1-mlnute sustained pressure test— At each level, pressure is sustained within the bot- tles for 1 minute starting at 150 psi (1030 kPa) up to and including 200 psi (1 380 kPa) in increments of 12.5 psi (85 kPa) and at higher pressure levels in increments of 25 psi (1 70 kPa) in accordance with Method A of ASTM C 147-86, Internal Pres- sure Test on Glass Containers .* (b) The Increment pressure test— At each level, pressure is applied for 3 seconds starting at 150 psi (1 030 kPa) over the same range as specified in 4.9.2(a) in accordance with Method A of ASTM C 147-86, Internal Pressure Test on Glass.* Be- cause of the pressure gage response, the actual applied pressure will be 1.23 times the levels specified in the 1 -minute sustained pressure test in 4.9.2(a). For example, at the levels of 225 and 200 psi (1550 and 1380 kPa), the actual applied pressures in the bottles would be 278 and 247 psi (1920 and 1700 kPa), respectively. (c) The continuously Increasing test (the ramp test)— The applied pressure is increased at a constant rate of 60 psi (410 kPa) per second starting at zero pressure and ending at a 1 -minute equivalent pressure level that satisfies the requirements of 4.9.1 or as specified in Method B of ASTM C 147-86, Internal Pressure Test on Glass Containers .* The actual pressure level in the bottle is given by the following equa- tion: P R = 1 .38 Peo + 25.9 4 See footnote 3. where P R is the actual pressure level in the bottle, and Peo is the 1 -minute equivalent pressure level as indicated by the ramp pressure testing machine. Note : Both the increment pressure tester and the ramp tester may provide a readout in 1 -minute equivalent pressure values. If any bottle in the round of bottles fails to meet the internal pressure test, then four additional bottles pro- duced from the represented cavity, or cavities, shall be tested. If a failure occurs among these four bottles tested, all bottles being produced from the noncon- forming cavity, or cavities, shall be rejected until the condition causing the failure has been corrected. Cor- rection in the production procedure shall be accepted when all four bottles of a succeeding tested lot pass the minimum internal pressure requirements. After an initial failure has been verified, all pallets loaded with bottles produced from the nonconforming cavity, or cavities, since the last satisfactory test shall be detained. The bottles from the nonconforming cav- ity, or cavities, either may be rejected or shall be qual- ified for acceptance by testing in groups of four in reverse order of production beginning with those last produced. Then the test procedure previously de- scribed shall be followed until all four bottles of the test lot indicate conformance. All bottles from any test lot that did not indicate conformance when so tested shall be rejected. After the nonconforming bottles have been removed, the detained pallets shall then be released. 4.9.3 Alternative testing— A producer may use an automatic off-line pressure testing procedure that sat- isfies the requirements of 4.9.1 and that provides re- sults equivalent to those specified in 4.9.2(c) as certified by a qualified inspection and testing agency. 4.10 Thermal shock resistance 4.10.1 Requirement— Refillable bottles shall with- stand a hot to cold thermal shock having a tempera- ture difference of 75 °F (42 °C). This requirement may be achieved by transferring bottles from a hot water bath of 145 ±2 T (63 ± 1 °C) into a cold water bath of 70±2°F (21 ±1 °C) within 15 seconds (±1 second) in accordance with ASTM C 149-86 Standard Method of Thermal Shock Test on Glass Containers . 5 4.10.2 Inspection and testing procedures— A round of bottles shall be taken from the annealing lehr at least once every 4 hours during production and tested for thermal shock resistance. 6 See footnote 3. If any bottle in the round of bottles fails the thermal shock test, then four additional bottles produced from the represented cavity, or cavities, shall be tested. If a failure occurs among these four bottles tested, all bot- tles being produced from the nonconforming cavity, or cavities, shall be rejected until the condition causing the failure has been corrected. Correction in the pro- duction procedure shall be accepted when all four bottles of a tested lot pass the thermal shock test. After an initial failure has been verified, all pallets loaded with bottles produced from the nonconforming cavity, or cavities, since the last satisfactory test shall be detained. The detained bottles from the noncon- forming cavity, or cavities, either may be rejected or shall be qualified for acceptance by testing in groups of four in reverse order of production beginning with those last produced. Then the test procedure de- scribed above shall be followed until all four bottles of the test lot indicate conformance. All bottles from any test lot that did not indicate con- formance when so tested shall be rejected. After the nonconforming bottles have been removed, the de- tained pallet shall be released. 5. INTENDED USE Intended use statement— Each manufacturing order and invoice for bottles shall contain a statement that specifies the intended use of the bottles in each ship- ment. The following statement is an example that may be used: "Bottles with a capacity of up to and including 36 fluid ounces, which also applies to bottles with met- ric capacity of 1 liter, are intended for use in the packaging of soft drinks carbonated to a maximum of 5 volumes." The following suggested statements may be used in representing products as conforming to the require- ments of this Standard: This conforms to all requirements established in Voluntary Product Stan- dard PS 73-89, Glass Bottles for Carbonated Soft Drinks, developed and published in accordance with the U.S. Department of Commerce Procedures for the Development of Voluntary Product Stan- dards . Full responsibility for the conformance of this product to the Standard is assumed by (name and address of producer and/or distributor)." "Conforms to PS 73-89, (name and address of pro- ducer and/or distributor)." 7. HISTORY This publication is intended to supersede Voluntary Product Standard PS 73-77 Carbonated Soft Drink Bottles. In 1976 Voluntary Product Standard PS 73-77 Carbon- ated Soft Drink Bottles was approved for publication by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The Standard was developed and published in response to requests received by NIST in January 1972 from the Glass Packaging Institute (GPI) and the National Soft Drink Association (NSDA) to develop a Voluntary Product Standard for bottles used by the carbonated soft drink industry. The Standard re- mained in effect until the current Standard PS 73-89 replaced it. Current Edition 6. EFFECTIVE DATE AND IDENTIFICATION The effective date of this Standard is July 31, 1989. As of that date, reference to this Standard may be made in contracts, codes, advertising, invoices, product labels, and the like; however, a product shall not be advertised or represented in any manner that would in any way imply approval or endorsement of that product by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and/or the Department of Commerce. On August 23, 1983 the Standing Committee for PS 73-77 passed a motion to revise PS 73-77 to incorpo- rate those major glass packaging items that were be- ing used as soft drink containers (such as "plastishield" bottles which were being used at that time). The motion was adopted by a vote of 5-1 . It was agreed that the GPI, the sponsor for PS 73-77, and the NSDA, representing bottlers of soft drinks, would jointly support the development of a draft. 10 The subsequent draft, designated TS233 and dated May 1984, did not meet with approval for numerous reasons. At the Standing Committee meeting in June 1 984, recommendations were made that more exten- sive changes and additions should be developed to include the requirements for prelabeled refillable bot- tles and head space, Other drafts that were completed in June 1984 and April 1985 did not receive the approval of the Standing Committee. In February 1987 NIST established an Ad Hoc Task Group to discuss the major unresolved is- sue of head space. That Task Group had representa- tives of the GPI and NSDA, consumers, bottlers, and manufacturers of bottles. The Task Group met in March 1987 and made a recommendation on that subject which was subsequently reviewed and ap- proved by the Standing Committee by correspon- dence. The text of the Standard covering head space reflects that recommendation. Later, extensive edito- rial revisions of the draft standard were made by the secretariat at the NIST. The proposed standard was approved by the Standing Committee in May 1 988. The proposed Voluntary Product Standard TS233 dated August 1988 was distributed for public accep- tance in September 1988. Responses indicated con- sensus among producers, distributors, and consumers in accordance with the published procedures. The Standard was approved for publication by the National Institute of Standards and Technology as Voluntary Product Standard PS 73-89, "Glass Bottles for Car- bonated Soft Drinks," to be effective July 31 , 1989. 8. STANDING COMMITTEE A Standing Committee has been appointed to assist in keeping this Standard up to date. The names of the members of the Committee are available from the Office of Standards Management, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, which serves as the secretariat for the Committee. tfr U . S . GOVE RNMENT PRINTING F F I C E i S 9 8 9 - 2 4 2 -2 / 3 3 11 NIST Technical Publications Periodical Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology — Reports NIST research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Institute is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic technology underlying standardization. Also included from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the Institute's technical and scientific programs. Issued six times a year. Nonperiodicals Monographs — Major contributions to the technical literature on various subjects related to the Institute's scientific and technical activities. 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