C/3./o-y97 § >.< "'?"<.. \ Mb'< NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 497 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Bureau of Standards Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/hydraulicresearcOOgure Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada, 1976 Edited by Pauline H. Gurewitz Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 ..< ".'<>■ *<'»eAu ot * > ■ I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary & Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary i Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director Issued April 1978 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-60019 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 497 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 497, 377 pages (Apr. 1978) CODEN. XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1978 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-003-01884-8 Price $5.50 (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing.) ABSTRACT Current and recently concluded research projects in hydraulics and hydrodynamics for the years 1975-1976 are summarized. Projects from more than 200 university, industrial, state and federal government laboratories in the United States and Canada are reported. Key words: Fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; hydraulic research; hydraulics; hydrodynamics; model studies; research summaries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The editor gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance of Dr. Gershon Kulin in the preparation of this document. PREFACE This publication first appeared in 1933 as "Hydraulic Research in the United States" in answer to a need to keep hydraulicians aware of pertinent current activity in research laboratories throughout the United States and Canada. With the exception of a few World War II years, it was published annually through 1966, after which publication became biennial. In 1972 the title was changed to "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada." The National Bureau of Standards appreciates the cooperation of the more than 200 organizations which have contributed to this issue their summaries of hydraulic and hydrologic research and of other fluid mechanics research of interest and usefulness to hydraulicians. These reporting organizations are listed beginning on page vii. Although efforts are made to solicit reports from all laboratories whose work comes to our attention, the National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend in the last analysis upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, and upon new laboratories engaged in pertinent research to bring their activities to our attention. Detailed information regarding the research projects reported here should be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title and address of the organization reporting the work. The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of publications, reports or other detailed information on research projects reported by other laboratories. It is of course understood that laboratories submitting reports on their work will be willing to supply additional information to properly qualified inquirers. Readers of "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada" can find related information in the "Water Resources Research Catalog," prepared by the Science Information Exchange of the Smithsonian Institution for the Office of Water Resources Research, U.S. Department of the Interior. Information on that publication can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. (See also Key to Projects on next page.) CONTENTS Page Abstract iii Preface iv List of Contributing Laboratories vii Project Reports from U. S. University, State and Industrial Laboratories 1 U. S. Government Laboratories 169 Canadian Laboratories 257 Subject Index 287 KEY TO PROJECTS The project summaries are grouped in three sections: (1) U. S. university, state and industrial laboratories, (2) U. S. Government laboratories, and (3) Canadian laborato- ries. Within each section the source laboratories are listed alphabetically (see List of Contributing Laboratories on page vii) and are numbered sequentially using the first three digits of the identification number. (a) Project number and title In the thirteen-digit identification number, e.g., 129-01111-000-00, preceding each title, the second (five-digit) group, e.g., 01111, is the project number. Once assigned, this number is repeated in each issue for identification purposes until the project is completed. In this issue the numbers 09776 and above are projects being reported for the first time. Numbers folowed by W, e.g. 0122W, identify projects which are included here by title only and are completely summarized in "Water Resources Research Catalog." See Preface. (b) Project conducted for Only out-of-house sponsors are listed here. Absence of an entry indicates in-house support . (c) Correspondent Where there is no entry here, refer to the correspondent cited directly following the title and address of the reporting laboratory. (d) Nature of Project Basic or applied; theoretical, experimental; thesis, etc. (e) Description of Project (f ) Present Status Absence of an entry here implies that the project was in an active status at time of submission. (g) Results In many continuing projects this section contains only results obtained since the previous issue of "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada." For completeness, readers are encouraged to consult earlier issues and/or publications listed under (h) . (h) Publications For the continuing projects, only publications since the last Issue are generally listed. Older publications are listed when there have been no new publications since the last issue or when a project is being reported for the first time. For completeness, readers are encouraged to consult earlier issues. VI LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES U. S. UNIVERSITY, STATE AND INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES . Page 001 AEROSPACE CORPORATION 1 AKRON, UNIVERSITY OF 002 Department of Civil Engineering 1 003 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1 ALASKA, UNIVERSITY OF 004 Institute of Water Resources 1 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY 005 Energy and Environmental Systems Division 2 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY 006 Department of Chemical and Bio Engineering 2 007 Department of Mechanical Engineering 3 ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF 008 Department of Soils, Water and Engineering 4 AUBURN UNIVERSITY 009 Department of Civil Engineering 4 BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE 010 Colijmbus Laboratories 4 Oil Pacific Northwest Laboratories 5 BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY 012 Department of Applied Science 7 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 013 Department of Chemical Engineering 8 014 Engineering Science Department 9 015 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 9 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON 016 Division of Engineering 9 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES 017 Department of- Civil Engineering 10 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO 018 Department of Civil Engineering 10 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT BERKELEY 019 Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering 10 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (see 067) 66 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT DAVIS 020 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, Water Science and Engineering Section 12 021 Division of Environmental Studies, Institute of Ecology 13 022 Department of Mechanical Engineering 13 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT LOS ANGELES 023 Engineering Systems Department 1^ CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT SAN DIEGO Scripps Institution of Oceanography (see 142) 123 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT SANTA BARBARA 024 Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering 1^ 025 CALSPAN CORPORATION- ' 15 026 CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY 15 CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF 027 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory 1^ CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 028 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 16 COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES 029 Basic Engineering Department 1^ Vll COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY ' ^^^^ 030 Engineering Research Center 18 COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF AT BOULDER 031 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) 21 032 Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering 21 COLORADO UNIVERSITY OF AT DENVER 033 Department of Civil and Urban Engineering 22 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (see 066) 66 CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 034 Marine Sciences Institute 22 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 035 Department of Environmental Engineering 22 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 036 Thayer School of Engineering 23 DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 037 College of Marine Studies 24 DETROIT, UNIVERSITY OF 038 Civil Engineering Department 24 FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 039 Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory 24 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION 040 Electric Boat Division 27 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY 041 Nuclear Energy Systems Division 27 042 Re-Entry and Environmental Systems Division 28 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 043 Department of Civil, Mechanical and Environmental Engineering 29 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 044 School of Engineering 31 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 045 Department of Engineering and Applied Mathematics 33 HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF 046 J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering 33 HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF AT MANOA 047 Department of Agricultural Engineering 37 HOUSTON, UNIVERSITY OF 048 Cullen College of Engineering 37 HOWARD UNIVERSITY 049 Department of Civil Engineering 40 051 HYDROCOMP 41 IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 052 College of Engineering 41 IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE 053 Engineering Research Division 43 054 ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY 43 ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF AT URBANA- CHAMPAIGN 055 Department of Agricultural Engineering 43 ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 056 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrosystems Laboratory 44 057 Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory 48 INDIANA UNIVERSITY 058 Department of Geology 51 059 INGERSOLL-RAND RESEARCH, INC. 51 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION 060 Thomas J. Watson Research Center 52 Page 061 IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 53 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 062 Department of Aerospace Engineering 63 063 Department of Agricultural Engineering 64 064 Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics 64 065 Department of Mechanical Engineering 65 IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research 63 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 9 066 LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 66 067 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 66 LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 068 Department of Civil Engineering, Fritz Engineering Laboratory 66 069 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 67 070 LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 67 LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE 071 Agricultural Engineering Department 68 072 School of Engineering 68 MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION 073 Martin Marietta Laboratories 69 MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF 074 Institute for Physical Science and Technology 70 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 075 Department of Civil Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics 70 MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF 076 School of Engineering 80 077 MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED ^ 82 MIAMI, UNIVERSITY OF 078 Department of Mechanical Engineering 82 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 079 Department of Civil Engineering 83 081 Department of Mechanical Engineering 83 MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 082 Department of Aerospace Engineering 84 083 Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science 84 084 Department of Chemical Engineering 84 085 Department of Civil Engineering 84 086 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory 85 087 Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 85 MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 088 Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics 86 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory (see 149) 128 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY 089 Department of Aerophysics and Aerospace Engineering 87 MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF - COLUMBIA 091 Department of Geology 89 092 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 90 MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF - ROLLA 093 Department of Chemical Engineering 90 094 Department of Civil Engineering 91 MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 095 Department of Agricultural Engineering 93 096 Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 93 NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF - LINCOLN 097 Department of Mechanical Engineering 94 Page NEW ORLEANS, UNIVERSITY OF 098 School of Engineering 94 099 NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY 94 100 NEW YORK OCEAN SCIENCE LABORATORY OF AFFILIATED COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES , INCORPORATED 95 NEW YORK, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 101 Aerodynamics Laboratories 95 102 Department of Civil Engineering 96 NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF AT BUFFALO 103 Department of Civil Engineering 97 104 Department of Engineering Science, Aerospace Engineering and Nuclear Engineering 97 105 Department of Mechanical Engineering 98 NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF AT STONY BROOK 106 Marine Sciences Research Center 98 NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY 107 Department of Geography, Earth Science and Conservation 99 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 108 The Technological Institute 99 NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 109 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 99 111 Department of Civil Eneineerine 101 112 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 102 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 113 Agricultural Engineering Department 104 114 Department of Agronomy 104 115 Department of Chemical Engineering 104 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 116 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 105 OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY 117 Institute of Oceanography 106 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY , : 118 School of Engineering 106 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 119 Department of Aerospace Engineering 107 121 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 108 122 Department of Mechanical Engineering ^109 123 Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources 109 124 Institute for Science and Engineering, Applied Research Laboratory 110 PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF 125 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering ^111 PITTSBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF 126 Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 112 127 Department of Civil Engineering ^112 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 128 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences ^112 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 129 Department of Agricultural Engineering 113 131 School of Chemical Engineering ^114 132 School of Mechanical Engineering ^115 133 School of Nuclear Engineering 115 RAND CORPORATION 134 Department of Physical Sciences 116 RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 135 Department of Mathematical Sciences ^117 136 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics, Jonsson Laboratory 118 Page ROCHESTER, UNIVERSITY OF 137 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences 119 ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 138 Rocketdyne Division 120 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY 139 Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering 120 SANDIA LABORATORIES 141 Fluid and Thermal Sciences Department 1260 122 142 SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 123 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 143 Department of Aerospace Engineering 124 SOUTHHAMPTON COLLEGE OF LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY 144 Department of Geology 125 SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY 145 Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department 126 146 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 126 STANFORD UNIVERSITY 147 Department of Applied Earth Sciences, School of Earth Sciences 127 148 Department of Civil Engineering 127 149 ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 128 STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 151 Davidson Laboratory 133 TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY 152 Department of Civil Engineering 136 153 Department of Oceanography 140 154 Texas Water Resources Institute 141 TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF AT AUSTIN 155 Center for Research in Water Resources 143 156 Department of Civil Engineering 144 UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY 157 Utah Water Research Laboratory and Utah Center for Water Resources Research 144 VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 158 Environmental and Water Resources Engineering 148 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE 15° Department of Estuarine Processes and Chemical Oceanoeraohv 149 161 Department of Physical Oceanography and Hydraulics 149 VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY 162 Department of Civil Engineering 153 163 Department of Mechanical Engineering 153 VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF 164 Chemical Engineering Department 154 165 VOUGHT CORPORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, INCORPORATED — 154 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 166 The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 155 WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 167 Department of Civil Engineering 156 168 Department of Mechanical Engineering 158 169 WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 159 WESTERN WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE 171 Department of Geography and Regional Planning 160 WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY 172 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 160 XI Page WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY OF AT MADISON 173 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 160 174 Department of Geology and Geophysics 161 175 Marine Studies Center 161 176 Department of Mathematics 162 177 Department of Meteorology 162 178 WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION 162 WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 179 Alden Research Laboratories 163 WYOMING, UNIVERSITY OF 181 Department of Mechanical Engineering 167 U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF Agricultural Research Service 300 North Central Region 169 301 Northeastern Region 171 302 Southern Region 172 303 Western Region • 182 Forest Service 304 Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 186 305 North Central Forest Experiment Station 189 306 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 191 307 Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 191 308 Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 193 309 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 196 310 Southern Forest Experiment Station 196 ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF THE 311 U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory 196 Corps of Engineers 312 Coastal Engineering Research Center 197 North Pacific Division 313 Division Hydraulic Laboratory 205 314 Waterways Experiment Station 213 COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF National Bureau of Standards Institute for Basic Standards Cryogenics Division 315 Cryogenic Fluid Dynamics Section 221 Mechanics Division 316 Fluid Mechanics Section 221 317 Fluid Meters Section 225 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 318 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory 227 319 Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 229 321 National Weather Service 230 INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE Bureau of Reclamation 322 Division of General Research 230 Geological Survey 323 Water Resources Division 235 XXI Page NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 324 Ames Research Center 238 325 Langley Research Center 239 326 Lewis Research Center 240 327 Wallops Flight Center 240 NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE U.S. Naval Academy 328 Division of Engineering and Weapons 241 Naval Construction Battalion Center 329 Civil Engineering Laboratory 241 330 Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity 242 331 Naval Ocean Systems Center 242 332 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 244 David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center 333 Annapolis Laboratory 246 334 Carderock Laboratory 247 335 Naval Surface Weapons Center 253 Naval Underwater Systems Center 336 New London Laboratory 253 337 Newport Laboratory 253 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 338 Data Services Branch 254 339 Water Resources Management Methods Staff ■ 254 341 Water Systems Development Branch 254 TRANSPORTATION, DEPARTMENT OF Federal Highway Administration 342 Office of Research 256 CANADIAN LABORATORIES 400 ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES LIMITED 257 401 ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL, TRANSPORTATION AND SURFACE WATER ENGINEERING DIVISION 260 ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 402 Department of Civil Engineering 262 403 Department of Mechanical Engineering 263 BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 404 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 264 CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS 405 Hydraulics Research Division 265 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY 406 Institute of Oceanography 268 ENVIRONMENT CANADA 407 Department of Fisheries and the Environment 269 408 LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, LIMITED 269 MCGILL UNIVERSITY 409 Department of Chemical Engineering 272 MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND 410 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 273 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 411 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulics Section 274 Page NEW BRUNSWICK, UNIVERSITY OF 412 Department of Civil Engineering 275 413 ONTARIO HYDRO 275 QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 414 Department of Civil Engineering 277 SASKATCHEWAN, UNIVERSITY OF 415 Department of Mechanical Engineering 279 TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF 416 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry 279 417 Department of Mechanical Engineering 280 TRENT UNIVERSITY 418 Department of Geography 282 WATERLOO, UNIVERSITY OF 419 Department of Civil Engineering 283 420 WESTERN CANADA HYDRAULIC LABORATORIES LIMITED 283 WESTERN ONTARIO, UNIVERSITY OF 421 Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science 285 WINDSOR, UNIVERSITY OF 422 Department of Mechanical Engineering 286 xiv PROJECT REPORTS FROM UNIVERSITY, STATE, AND INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES AEROSPACE CORPORATION, P.O. Box 92957, Los An geles, Calif. 90009. Dr. A. Mager, Vice President and General Manager, Engineering Science Operations. 001-07917-050-00 STUDIES OF SWIRLING FLOWS id) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Investigation of free and confined swirling flows with par- ticular emphasis on the breakdown phenomena. (h) Steady, Incompressible, Swirling Jets and Wakes, A. Mager, AIAA J. 12, 11, 1974. UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, Department of Civil En- gineering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. A. L. Simon, Depart- ment Head. 002-041 5W-81 0-00 DEVELOPMENT OF LINEARIZED SUBHYDROGRAPH METHOD OF URBAN RUNOFF DETERMINATION (c) Dr. S. Sarikelle, Associate Professor. (e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0032. 002-09953-360-47 LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS AT CULVERT OUTLETS (b) U.S. and Ohio Department of Transportation. (c) Dr. S. Sarikelle, Associate Professor. id) Experimental, theoretical and applied research. (e) Development of energy dissipator consisting of prefabricated modular units for culvert and storm drain outlets. Relationships between scour patterns and flow characteristics are investigated by laboratory tests. Proto- type performance is determined by field studies. (g) Prototype installation of the first version of the modular energy dissipator has been accomplished. (h) Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Dissipators, S. Sarikelle, A. L. Simon, Interim Report I, Hydraulics Lab., Univ. of Akron, Feb. 1975. Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Dissipators, S. Sarikelle, A. L. Simon, Interim Report II, Hydraulics Lab., Univ. of Akron, Feb. 1977. UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. Rudolph J. Scavuzzo, Department Head. 003-09776-010-14 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF INVISCID, SUBSONIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW, WITH APPLICATIONS TO BOUNDARY LAYER COUPLING AND INVERSE COMPU- TATIONS (6) U.S. Army Research Office, Durham. (c) Dr. P. M. Gerhart, Assoc. Professor; R. Chima. (d) Analytical, basic research for Ph.D. thesis. (e) Inviscid subsonic compressible flows are to be computed in primitive variable form via the finite element method. Coupling with existing turbulent boundary layer methods, and inverse (design) applications, will be investigated. 003-09777-140-00 TURBULENT AND LAMINAR INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER (c) Benjamin T. F. Chung, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical basic research for Ph.D. and M.S. theses. (e) Development of mathematical models for various complex transport processes. (/i) A Transient Surface Renewal and Penetration Model for Turbulent Forced Convection from a Plate, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, Proc. 5th Intl. Heal Transfer Conf. 2, 124 (1974). Unsteady Heat Transfer for Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow with Time Dependent Wall Temperature, L. C. Thomas, B. T. F. Chung, J. of Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME 96, 117 (1974). An Analysis of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Annular Flow, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, Proc. 1 0th Ann. Southeast- ern Sem. on Thermal Science ( 1974). Turbulent Heat Transfer for Pipe Flow With Prescribed Fluxes at Walls and Uniform Heat Sources in the Stream, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME 96, 430 (1974). A Surface Rejuvenation Model for Turbulent Convective Transport-An Exact Solution, L. C. Thomas, P. Gingo, B. T. F. Chung, Chem. Eng. Sci. 30, 1239 (1975). Heat Transfer for Turbulent Annular Flow of High Prandtl Number Fluids, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, Y. Pang, ASME Paper 75-HT-39. Transient Convective Heat Transfer for Laminar Boundary Layer Flow With Effects of Wall Capacitance and Re- sistance, C. C. Wang, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME, (in press). An Analysis of Transient Heat Transfer for Steady Turbu- lent Flow Over A Flat Plate, L. C. Thomas, V. Nagpal, B. T. F. Chung, Proc. 12th Ann. Southeastern Sem. on Ther- mal Sciences, (1976). UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA, Institute of Water Resources, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701. Dr. Robert F. Carlson, Director. 004-09952-300-54 HYDRAULIC MECHANISM OF AUFEIS GROWTH (b) National Science Foundation. {d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research. (e) A field study over three winters was carried out to mea- sure the variability of pressure beneath an ice cover. Theoretical analysis to correlate the observed pressure fluctuations with climatic variables was performed using Time Series techniques. (g) Large pressure fluctuations in the unfrozen water beneath the ice cover occur. These fluctuations appear to be re- lated to ambient temperatures; the pressures increase as the ambient temperatures increase, however, there is a lag of several days between the two series. (h) Analysis of Stream Aufeis Growth and Climatic Conditions, D. L. Kane, R. F. Carlson, 3rd Natl. Hydrotechnical Conf., Quebec, Canada, May 30-31, 1977. ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Energy and Environ- mental Systems Division, 9700 So. Cass Ave., Argonne, 111. 60439. Dr. John D. Ditmars, Manager, Water Resources Section. 005-09778-440-52 GREAT LAKES POLLUTANT TRANSPORT PROCESSES (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. Kim D. Saunders. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research. (e) The spatial and temporal variation in nearshore (< 10 km offshore) currents and the near-bottom currents in central Lake Michigan are investigated. Data from this program and others are employed in evaluating the ability of nu- merical lake circulation models to predict the circulations and to estimate residence times for pollutants in both the nearshore zone of southwestern Lake Michigan and in the southern basin of the lake. The near-bottom currents are measured in support of sediment resuspension studies. (g) Based on existing data, no numerical models tested have been able to predict the lake circulations with any degree of reliability. An empirical linear transfer function model has been able to account for about 80 percent of the vari- ance caused by local winds. Pollution residence times are being computed at present. (/i) Preliminary Verification of Numerical Circulation Models for Lake Michigan, J. H. Allender, M. J. Berger, K. D. Saunders, Proc. Symp. for Modeling of Transport Mech. in Oceans and Lakes, Scientific Rept., Environment Canada (1977). Nearshore Currents at Point Beach Wisconsin, 1974-1975, K. D. Saunders, L. Van Loon, C. Tome, W. Harrison, Ar- gonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-76-l, Mar. 1976. Nearshore Currents in Southern Lake Michigan (June- November, 1975), K. D. Saunders, L. S. Van Loon, Ar- gonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANLIWR-76-2, May 1976. Modification of Braincon 381 Current Meter for Identifica- tion of Start/Stop Frame of Film, Exposure 4, 4, pp. 6-9 (1976). Thermograph Records of Upwelling Events in Southwestern Lake Michigan, K. D. Saunders, L. S. Van Loon, Radiolog- ical and Environmental Research Div. Ann. Rept. -Ecology, January-December 1975, ANL-75-60, Part III (1976). Review and Appraisal of Numerical Circulation Models for Lake Michigan, J. H. Allender, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-76-6, Sept. 1976. 005-09779-870-36 FATE OF REFINERY WASTES/INDIANA HARBOR CANAL (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, and Illinois In- stitute for Environmental Quality. (c) Dr. Wyman Harrison. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) The transport and dispersion of oil-refinery wastes from the Indiana Harbor Canal into southwestern Lake Michigan are studied in the field using simulated waste and tracers. The wastes and subsurface waters are tagged with rare-earth tracers and dye, and the dispersing plumes are sampled for several days from a vessel. Summer condi- tions, when the canal outflow enters the lake at the sur- face, and winter conditions, when the canal outflow sinks below the lake surface, are both investigated. (g) Techniques for tracking and sampling both the floating and sinking plumes and for sample analysis by neutron ac- tivation have been developed. Field experiments have been carried out for one floating plume and one sinking plume. Certain wind and circulation conditions during winter ap- pear to direct the canal outflow northward in the lake in the direction of the water treatment plant intakes. (h) Transport and Dispersion of Oil-Refinery Wastes in the Coastal Waters of Southwestern Lake Michigan (Experimental Design-Sinking-plume Condition), D. L. Mc- Cown, W. Harrison, W. Orvosh, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANLIWR-76-4, July 1976. 005-09780-870-52 SUBMERGED DIFFUSER DISCHARGE ANALYSIS (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. John D. Ditmars. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research. (e) Submerged discharges of cooling waters from electric power generation into large bodies of water are in- vestigated. Models for the prediction of the temperature fields of the resulting thermal plumes are evaluated. Proto- type data are collected by Argonne at several sites on the Great Lakes using a towed thermistor cable, ranging system, and data acquisition system onboard a small boat. The three-dimensional temperature structure data gathered are employed for model evaluation. Ambient water tem- perature, circulation, and wind are monitored during plume mapping. (g) Thermal plumes for relatively shallow-submergence discharges for the Zion Nuclear Power Station and the D. C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan have been mapped and studied. Field investigations have been initiated at the multiport diffuser of the J. A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Ontario. Near-field dilutions at the Zion site have been compared with model predic- tions, and the effects of current on single and adjacent pairs of discharges at that site have been documented. (/}) Field Studies of the Thermal Plume from the D. C. Cook Submerged Discharge with Comparisons to Hydraulic Model Results, A. A. Frigo, R. A. Paddock, D. L. Mc- Cown, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-75-3, May 1975. Field Studies of Submerged-Diffuser Thermal Plumes with Comparisons to Predictive Model Results, A. A. Frigo, R. A. Paddock, J. D. Ditmars, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, July 1976 (in press). Thermal Plumes from Submerged Discharges at Zion Nuclear Power Station: Prototype Measurements and Com- parisons with Model Predictions, R. A. Paddock, A. A. Frigo, L. S. Van Loon, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANLjWR- 76-5, July 1976. ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical and Bio Engineering, Tempe, Ariz. 85281. Dr. Castle O. Reiser, Faculty Chairman. 006-08825-250-54 DRAG REDUCING ADDITIVES (b) NSF, ACS-PRF. (c) Dr. Neil S. Berman. {d) Experimental and theoretical basic and applied research. (e) Study of the relationship of flow timescales to high molecular weight polymer solution timescales. (g) Experiments have been conducted showing the effect of molecular weight distribution, time scale distribution and different irrotational and turbulent flow scales. (h) Drag Reduction Onset for a Random Coil Polymer, J. Yuen, M.S.E. Thesis, Chemical Engrg., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, Ariz., Dec. 1976. Drag Reduction and Turbulent Production Using Dilute DNA Solutions, S. Elihu, M.S.E. Thesis, Chemical Engrg., Arizona State University. ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tempe, Ariz. 85281. Dr. Darryl Metzger, Department Chairman. 007-07141-000-00 LAMINAR FLOW BETWEEN CO-ROTATING DISKS (c) Professor Warren Rice. (d) Analytical and experimental; applied research; Doctoral and MSE theses. (e) Development of solutions for flow useful in development and design of multiple-disk turbomachinery; experimental investigation of criteria for transition of laminar to turbu- lent flow, and experimental confirmation of analytical descriptions earlier obtained. (/) Complete. (g) Indicated by publications. (h) Calculated Design Data for the Multiple-Disk Turbine Using Incompressible Fluid, M. J. Lawn, Jr., W. Rice, J. Fluids Engrg., ASME Trans. 96, 1, 3, Sept. 1974. 007-08698-630-00 INVESTIGATION OF AN UNCONVENTIONAL HYDRAULIC GAS COMPRESSOR (TROMPE COMPRESSOR) (c) Professor Warren Rice. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied; Masters thesis. (e) The compressor involves gas bubbles being carried downward in a column of liquid. An analytical model of the compressor involving this type of two-phase flovy has been made and calculations of the expected performance have been made using a digital computer. The analytical model has been compared with data from an experimental model of the compressor with excellent agreement. (/) Complete. (g) Performance calculations have indicated that several possi- ble applications areas should be further investigated, in- cluding tidal and wave energy recovery and compression of air for power plant load peaking storage. (/i) Performance of Hydraulic Gas Compressor, W. Rice, J. Fluids Engrg., ASME Trans. 98, 1, 4, Dec. 1976. 007-09931-140-50 MULTIPLE JET ARRAY IMPINGEMENT HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS (b) NASA. (c) Professors L. W. Florschuetz and D. E. Metzger. (d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Study of flow dynamics and heat transfer on surfaces sub- jected to impingement from multiple jet arrays. (g) Incomplete. 007-09932-050-70 JET IMPINGEMENT ON ROTATING SURFACES (b) AiResearch Division of the Garrett Corporation. (c) Professor D. E. Metzger. (d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. theses. (e) Study of flow dynamics and heat transfer on rotating sur- faces cooled by single and multiple impinging jets. (g) Experiments have been conducted showing a flow regime transition phenomena which significantly affects the heat transfer rate between an impinging jet and a rotating disk. (/i) Heat Transfer Between an Impinging Jet and a Rotating Disk, D. E. Metzger, L. D. Grochowsky, ASME Paper No. 76-WAIHT-2, Dec. 1976. 007-09933-630-88 INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE-DISK TURBINES FOR USE WITH GEOTHERMAL STEAM (b) Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. (c) Professors Warren Rice and D. F. Jankowski. {d) Analytical, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Laminar flow of very wet steam through the rotor of mul- tiple-disk turbines is calculated using two-phase modeling and finite difference solution methods. (/) Completed. (g) Results indicate that multiple-disk turbines using laminar flow have little or no promise for use with goethermal fluids, but that laminar-flow multiple-disk turbines using steam of higher quality (for other applications) have in- teresting performance that can now be ptedicted. (h) Bulk-Parameter Analysis for Two-Phase Throughflow Between Parallel Corotating Disks, W. Rice, D. F. Jan- kowski, C. R. Truman, Proc. 25lli Heal Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, June 21-23, 1976, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif. Laminar Throughflow of a Fluid Containing Particles Between Corotating Disks, C. R. Truman, W. Rice, D. F. Jankowski, ASME Paper No. 76-WAIFE-38. Laminar Throughflow of Quality Steam Between Corotat- ing Disks, ASME Paper No. 76-WAIFE-41. 007-09934-630-00 HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESSOR FOR A TIDAL ENERGY RECOVERY (c) Professor Warren Rice. (d) Analytical; applied research; Masters thesis. (e) Existing calculated results, (performance maps) for the hydraulic air compressor are being used, together with performance data for air turbines and models of certain tidal basins, to calculate electrical output that could be ob- tained from tidal basins with such systems. Economic stu- dies are also to be attempted.' (g) For future comparison, performance models of tidal basins with conventional bulb turbines are now completed and implemented in computer programs. 007-09935-640-50 WAKES FROM BUILDINGS AND NATURAL OBSTACLES (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (c) Professor Earl Logan. (d) Experimental; applied; thesis. (e) Investigation of the response of atmospheric turbulent boundary layers to obstacles of simple geometry. (g) Incomplete. (h) Wakes from Buildings and Natural Obstacles (Progress Re- port), E. Logan, J. Chang, D. K. Melendrez, Mech. Engrg. Rept. No. ERC-R-77011, Apr. 1977. 007-09936-210-00 TURBULENT FLOW OVER ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS (c) Professor Earl Logan. (d) Experimental; basic; thesis. (e) Investigation of the response of turbulent pipe flow to ring-type roughness elements. (g) Measurements of profiles of mean velocity, turbulence and Reynolds shear stresses accompanying the transformation from fully-developed smooth to fully-developed rough pipe and channel flow. Same measurements downstream of sin- gle roughness elements. (/)) Channel Flow a Smooth-to-Rough Surface Discontinuity with Zero Pressure Gradient, O. Islam, E. Logan, J. Fluids Engr. 98, 4, pp. 626-634, Dec. 1976. Response of a Turbulent Pipe Flow to a Change in Roughness, W. D. Siuru, E. Logan, ASME Paper, Fluids Engrg. Conf., June 15-17, 1977. Response of a Turbulent Pipe Flow to a Change in Surface Roughness, Ph.D. Dissertation, Mech. Engr., Arizona State Univ., May 1975. Measurement and Prediction of Flow Past a Single Roughness Element in Turbulent Pipe Flow, M.S.E. Thesis, Mech. Engr., Arizona State Univ., Dec. 1976. 007-09937-000-00 TURBULENT FLOW BETWEEN COROTATING DISKS (c) Professors D. F. Jankowski and Warren Rice. (d) Analytical, applied research, Ph.D. thesis. 254-330 0-78-2 (e) Turbulent through flow of a compressible fluid between corotating disks is considered, with expectation of extend- ing solution to case of two phase flow, such as gas-with- particles and/or wet steam. UNiVERSITY OF ARIZONA, College of Agriculture, Depart- ment of Soils, Water and Engineering, Tucson, Ariz. 85721. Professor Delmar D. Fangmeier. 008-0266W-820-60 GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES (e) For summary', see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0033. 008-0267W-840-33 MODELING SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FOR TRICKLE IR- RIGATION (e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0035. 00S-0268W-820-07 MEASUREMENT, PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF SOIL WATER MOVEMENT IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID SOILS (e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0036. 008-0269W-840-07 SURFACE IRRIGATION FLOW ANALYSIS THROUGH MODEL STUDIES (e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.0011. AUBURN UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, 202 Ramsay Hall, Auburn, Ala. 36830. Dr. Rex. K. Rainer, Professor and Head of Department. 009-09781-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY FOR UNIT 2-FARLEY NUCLEAR PLANT, OPEN CHANNEL SYSTEM (b) Southern Company Services, Inc. (c) Dr. Carl E. Kurt, Asst. Professor. (d) Experimental, design. (e) Build, test and evaluate a 1 to 15 hydraulic model of the Unit 2 Open Channel System. Model flow rates up to 790 gpm are being tested. Flow profiles, characteristics, and velocities are being observed and recorded for various channel configurations. In particular, velocity profiles in the pump intake structure are being carefully evaluated. (g) Preliminary results are leading to a design with signifi- cantly improved flow characteristics. 009-09782-860-36 ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC WATER WELL CASINGS (fc) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Dr. Carl E. Kurt, Asst. Professor. (d) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Provide the engineering data necessary to develop a ra- tional criteria for design of thermoplastic water well cas- ings. This study will minimize the possibility of ground- water contamination caused by well casing failures. 009-09783-860-33 COLLAPSE PRESSURE PREDICTION FOR THER- MOPLASTIC WATER WELL CASINGS (b) USDl, Office of Water Research and Technology through Water Resources Research Institute of Auburn University. (c) Dr. Carl E, Kurt, Asst. Professor. id) Analytical, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Analytically predict the collapse pressure of thermoplastic water well casings. These hydraulic pressures are caused by groundwater, lateral soil pressure, and the grouting operation. 009-09784-820-30 SUBSURFACE HEAT STORAGE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (b) U.S. Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. Fred J. Molz, Alumni Associate Professor. (d) Applied experimental research related to the storage of thermal energy in confined aquifers. (e) A volume of heated water is injected into a confined aquifer by pumping. During the injection-storage-recovery cycle, hydraulic heads and water temperatures are recorded in an array of 14 observation wells. The data is used to determine the efficiency of energy recovery from aquifer storage and as a basis for testing several mathe- matical models describing the transport of water and heat in an aquifer system. (g) A preliminary experiment resulted in an energy recovery of 70 percent. Computer models operated by the U.S. Geological Survey were able to simulate the head and tem- perature distributions to a useful extent and predicted a recovery efficiency of 75 percent. BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201. John M. Batch, Director. 010-07969-630-27 HIGH-PERFORMANCE VANE PUMP FOR AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS (b) U.S. Air Force, Aero Propulsion Laboratory. (c) D. L. Thomas, Research Engineer. (d) Applied research and development. (e) Demonstrate a variable-displacement two-lobed pressure- compensated hydraulic vane pump capable of operating at 30,000 rpm, 4000 psi, 45 gpm with MIL-H-5606B hydrau- lic fluid with a design life of over 1000 hours. The pump incorporates two unique concepts: ( 1 ) a pivoting-tip vane which provides full hydrodynamic lubrication between the rotating vanes and the stationary cam ring, and (2) a deformable cam ring in which displacement change is achieved by elastically deflecting the member to alter the cam-surface profile. The purpose of the development was to achieve weight reduction for turbine-driven pumps through elimination of gearing and decreased pump size. (/) Completed. (g) The pump was satisfactorily operated at 30,000 rpm, and with various displacements for over 20 hours including 9 hours at 3000 psi. During this series of evaluations there was no significant degradation in flow rate or the condi- tion of parts. The pump was operated for a limited time in a variable-displacement mode controlled with the integral pressure compensator. The pump pressure compensator control system responded to pressure variations but addi- tional development is required to perfect the pressure con- trol. The operational pump was deliverd to the Air Force. (/i) A final report was issued in December, 1975, identified as High Performance Vane Pump for Aircraft Hydraulic Systems by Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Technical Rept. AFAPL-TR-75-94 for Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patter- son Air Force Base, Ohio 45433. Direct request for copies to AFAPL/POP (Attention Mr. K. W. Binns) or to AFAPL/DOE (STINFO). BAHELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, Pacific Northwest Labora- tories, Water and Land Resources Department, Richland, Wash. 99352. D. B. Cearlock, Department Manager. 011-08797-870-36 AN ASSESSMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR STORM AND COMBINED SEWER MANAGEMENT (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) A. Brandstetter, Sr. Development Engineer. (d) Theoretical investigation; applied research. (e) Twenty-five mathematical models for the nonsteady simu- lation of urban runoff were evaluated to determine their suitability for the engineering assessment, planning, design and control of storm and combined sewerage systems. The models were evaluated on the basis of information published by the model builders and model users. Seven models were also tested by computer runs using both hypothetical and real catchment data. Most of the models evaluated include the nonsteady simulation of the rainfall- runoff process and flow routing in sewers; a few include also the simulation of waste-water quality, options for dimensioning sewerage system components, and features for realtime control of overflows during rainstorms. (/) Completed. {g) The assessment summarizes the principal features, assump- tions and limitations of 25 models, compares numerical test results and computer running costs for several models, and presents the model equations of the tested models. Additional model features are recommended which would enhance or extend model simulation capabilities and use. (h) Assessment of Mathematical Models for Storm and Com- bined Sewer Management, A. Brandstetter, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency Rept. EPA-600l2-76-I75a and 175b. Aug. 1976, available as NTIS PB-259 597 1 AS (main report and appendices A to E, paper and microfiche copy available) and NTIS PB-258 644IAS (appendix F-selected computed printouts, only microfiche copy available). Evaluation of Mathematical Models for the Simulation of Time-Varying Runoff and Water Quality in Storm and Combined Sewerage Systems, A. Brandstetter, R. Field, H. C. Tomo, Battelle-Northwest Rept. BN-SA-486. Feb. 1976, and in Proc. EPA Conf. Environmental Modeling and Simu- lation, Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 20-22, 1976, Rept. EPA 600/9-76-016, pp. 548-552, July 1976. 011-08800-820-52 MOVEMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES THROUGH SOILS (b) Energy Research and Development Administration (Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company). (c) J. R. Eliason, Manager, Resources Systems Section. (d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research. (e) Develop accurate and applicable transport models for describing the movement of radionuclides (and other pol- lutants) in complex saturated groundwater systems. Both soil chemistry (not discussed here) and hydrology research are included in the program. The latter includes the for- mulation of algorithms and computer programs for numer- ical solution of system transmissibility distribution using groundwater potentials and pump test data, and numerical solution to transient behavior of a groundwater system in response to known stresses. The programs are to be capa- ble of analyzing both transient and steady state ground- water systems in significant detail. (g) Algorithms and computer routines were developed for a number of models and codes involving fluid flow in porous media and related transport of contaminants in such media. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine (TIR), was developed for calculating the hydraulic conductivity dis- tribution in heterogeneous aquifers where characterization by field measurement methods alone would be prohibitive in cost. The method is based on the numerical integration of the Boussinesq equation for the hydraulic conductivity along instantaneous streamtubes of flow. The Partially- Saturated Transient Flow Model (PST) was used to test the formulation for simulating isothermal, unsaturated. liquid flow in heterogeneous porous media. The model, when tested, was computationally slow and impractical as a management tool but did demonstrate that the equation could be solved for flow entering relatively dry soils. The Multicomponent Mass Transfer (MMT) Model was developed to predict the movement of radiocontaminants in the saturated and unsaturated sediments of the Hanford Reservation. This model was designed to use the water movement patterns produced by the Hanford unsaturated and saturated flow models coupled with dispersion and soil-waste reaction submodels to predict contaminant mo- tion. Sensitivity studies were made for the existing variable Thickness Transient Groundwater Flow Model, (/i) Partially-Saturated Transient Groundwater Flow Model Theory and Numerical Implementation, A. E. Reisenauer, D. B. Cearlock, C. A. Bryan, BNWL-I7I3, 1975. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine-Theory and Numeri- cal Implementation, D. B. Cearlock, K. L. Kipp, D. R. Friedrichs, BNWL-I706, 1975. Variable Thickness Transient Groundwater Flow Model-Theory and Numerical Implementation, K. L. Kipp, A. E. Reisenauer, C. R. Cole, C. A. Bryan, BNWL-1703, 1976 (updated). Multicomponent Mass Transport Model, S. W. Ahlstrom, H. P. Foote, C. R. Cole, R. J. Serne, R. C. Amett, BNWL- 2127, 1977 (in progress). 011-09999-860-87 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER QUALITY MODELS FOR MU- NICIPAL WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS (b) Engineering and Water Supply Department, .Adelaide, South Australia. (c) A. Brandstetter, Sr. Development Engineer. (d) Experimental investigation, applied research. (e) Two mathematical water quality models were developed to predict the water quality of water supply reservoirs as a result of changing water quality of the inflowing waters. A simple eutrophication model simulates monthly variations of total and soluble phosphorous in the epilimnion and hypolimnion, and estimates algae and water clarity from total phosphorus. A more complex limnological model simulates daily horizontal and vertical variations of the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, algae, salinity and suspended sediments. The eutrophication model was tested with 40 years of data from Lake Washington in Seattle, and the limnological model with two years of data from a water supply reservoir near Ade- laide, South Australia. (f) Completed. (g) Testing of the eutrophication and limnological models on Lake Washington, a South Australian reservoir, and other lakes and impoundments in the U.S. indicates that models can reliably predict water quality for a wide variety of lim- nological conditions. The eutrophication model can be ap- plied with a minimum of data and little cost to predict water quality changes in lakes and reservoirs over many years. The detailed limnological model can then be run to determine more detailed spatial and temporal variations in water quality in years with potentially critical water quality conditions. Used conjunctively, the models provide useful tools for both long-term planning and for short-term as- sessments of water quality changes resulting from alternate land use and lake management schemes. (/i) Water Quality Models for Municipal Supply Reservoirs, Part l-Summary, Part2-ModeI Fromulation, Calibration and Verification, Part 3-User's Manual, and Part 4-Mt. Bold Reservoir Data Acquisition and Evaluation, A. Brand- stetter, R. G. Baca, A. F. Gasperion, A. S. Myhres, Jan. 1977. Lumped and Distributed Parameter Limnological Models for Deep Lakes and Impoundments, A. Brandstetter, R. G. Baca, A. F. Gasperino, J. K. Shepherd, Battelle-Northwest Rept. BN-SA-690, Apr. 1977, and Proc. 8th Ann. Pitt- sburgh Conf. Modeling and Simulation, Apr. 21-22, 1977, Univ. of Pittsburgh (to be published). 011-10000-220-52 COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT/RADIONUCLIDE TRANS- PORT MODELING (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) D. W. Dragnich, Manager, Environmental Management Section. id) Theoretical, field investigation, applied research. (e) A continuing program has been underway to predict sedi- ment and associated transport in the Columbia River through the use of mathematical models. Calculations are made using finite element techniques for solving hydrodynamic and transport equations. Field data have also been collected to obtain additional information for model verification and theoretical developments. (g) Produced two sets of models useful for predicting move- ments of any pollutant attached to sediments. (h) Mathematical Simulation of Sediment and Radionuclide Transport in the Columbia River, Y. Onishi, BNWL-228, 1977 (in progress). 011-10001-220-55 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SEDIMENT AND RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN THE CLINCH RIVER, TENNESSEE (6) Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) D. W. Dragnich, Manager, Environmental Management Section. {d) Theoretical, field investigation, applied research. (e) The finite element model, SERATRA, has been modified and applied to the Clinch River to solve time-dependent, longitudinal and vertical distribution of sediment and radionuclides. The modeling procedure involves simulating the movements of sediment and the transport of dissolved radionuclides. These results are then input to a model of radionuclides attached to river sediment in order to ob- serve the interaction between sediment and radionuclide movements. Finally, changes in river bed conditions are recorded, including river bottom elevation change, ratio of sand, silt and clay sediment, and distribution of radionuclide concentration in the river bed. (g) Produced a calibrated, verified model for predicting sedi- ment and radionuclide transport in nontidal rivers. The model has been verified using limited radionuclide data. A more detailed field sampling program is underway. Results of this programm will be used for further calibration and verification. 011-10002-870-52 EVALUATION OF GEOHVDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS CONTROLLING TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS BELOW HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE STORAGE TANKS (b) Energy Research and Development Administration (Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company). (c) S. J. Phillips, Research Scientist. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Geohydrologic parameters controlling the flux of contami- nants through the partially saturated groundwater domain are being evaluated. Flux and porous media parameters are experimentally determined, and statistical predictions of flux are being made. (g) Characterization of flux controlling parameters and analyses of approximately eighty sediment samples have been accomplished. Preliminary statistical analyses have been used to predict hydraulic conductivity as a function of textural independent variables. An algorithm was developed to determine fluid flux from fluid retentivity and porosity data. 011-10003-870-52 CHARACTERIZATION OF 300 AREA BURIAL GROUNDS (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) S. J. Phillips, Research Scientist. (d) Experimental and field investigation, applied research. (e) Determine the extent and status of radionuclide migration in certain burial grounds in the ERDA Hanford Reserva- tion. Each burial ground is being systematically charac- terized by comprehensive geologic, geophysical, and biologic surveys. Detailed evaluations of potential mechanisms which may result in migration of the wastes are being conducted and modeled to provide analyses of risks associated with the alternatives of designating these sites for permanent storage and/or removal of the wastes. (g) Initial Site Characterization and Evaluation of Radionuclide Contaminated Solid Waste Burial Grounds, S. J. Phillips, A. E. Reisenauer, W. H. Rickard, G. A. Sandness, BNWL-2I84, 1977. 011-10004-870-52 MONITORING AND PHYSCIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF UNSATURATED ZONE TRANSPORT (i>) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) S. J. Phillips, Research Scientist. (d) Theoretical, experimental and field investigation, applied research. (e) Monitor the transport of radionuclides, liquid and vapor phase fluids, and associated waste materials within the un- saturated hydrologic domain. To accomplish this objective, available instrumentation and methods will be evaluated and optimal monitoring systems defined. This program will also develop new data collection and analysis systems ap- plicable to transport monitoring. 011-10005-870-55 EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ENVIRON- MENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION BASED ON MONITOR- ING DATA (b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) L. D. Kannberg, Sr. Research Engineer. (d) Field investigation, operation. (e) Study has involved evaluation of the ecologic and thermal monitoring data for several power plant monitoring pro- grams to determine what impacts were detected; what im- pacts were detectable; and what steps could be taken to improve monitoring programs. All of the plants considered had once-through or helper cooling systems. The monitor- ing results have been examined with respect to other monitoring programs and predicted impacts. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission supports this study to as- sess current monitoring programs, and define acceptable and unacceptable monitoring techniques. (g) The evaluation has determined that the monitoring pro- grams conducted were generally inadequate for detection of all but the larger, near discharge impacts. Recommen- dations were made for improvement of monitoring methodology. (h) Evaluation of Monticello Nuclear Power Plant Environmen- tal Impact Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. D. Kannberg, D. G. Watson, MNWL-2150, 1976. Evaluation of Haddam Neck (Connecticut Yankee) Nuclear Power Plant, Environmental Impact Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. D. Kannberg, J. A. Mahaffey, D. G. Watson, BNWL-2151, 1976. Evaluation of Millstone Nuclear Power Plant, Environmen- tal Impact Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. D. Kannberg, D. G. Watson, BNWL-2152, 1977. Evaluation of Nuclear Power Plant Environmental Impact Prediction, Based on Monitoring Programs, Summary and Recommendations, K. L. Gore, J. M. Thomas, L. K. Kann- berg, D. G. Watson, BNWL-2153, 1977. 011-10006-870-52 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NEAR FIELD TEMPERATURES IN MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER PLUMES (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) L. D. Kannberg, Sr. Research Engineer. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Simulation of cooling tower plumes is being performed in a hydraulic flume at a length scale of 250:1 in order to in- vestigate the effects of atmospheric and topographic con- ditions on plume dispersion and recirculation. The use of hydraulic flumes for this type of investigation is preferable to wind tunnels. Scaling advantages are gained by using water instead of air. The study will quantify the effects of various windspeeds, ambient stratification, tower operating conditions and local topographies on plume temperatures downwind of the tower and on recirculation to the tower for several towers in several siting configurations. The in- formation will be used in the analysis of local and regional effects of multiple heat dissipation facilities at nuclear energy centers. (g) Initial results for a single tower indicate that the thermal structure of the plumes strongly depends on local ambient flows. (/]) Mathematical and Experimental Investigations on Disper- sion and Recirculation of Plumes from Dry Cooling Towers at Wyodak Power Plant in Wyoming, Y. Onishi, D. S. Trent, BNWL-1982, 1976. Critical Review of Hydraulic Modeling on Atmospheric Heat Dissipation, Y. Onishi, S. M. Brown, BNWL-2166, 1977. 011-10007-870-73 DETERMINATION OF NEAR FIELD DILUTION OF COOL- ING SYSTEM EFFLUENTS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFOR- NIA EDISON COASTAL POWER PLANTS (b) Southern California Edison Company. (c) L. D. Kannberg, Sr. Research Engineer, Battelle- Northwest, or Harvey Chun, Engineer, Southern California Edison Company. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Available computer codes are being modified and em- ployed for examination of shallow, submerged, cooling system thermal discharges in Southern California coastal waters. Proposed mixing regulations require the determina- tion of the initial mixing of effluents from municipal and industrial discharges. The study will provide data for deter- mining the effects of such regulations on cooling system operation. 011-10008-870-52 HANFORD SITE GROUNDWATER MONITORING (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) J. R. Raymond, Project Manager. (d) Applied research, field investigation. (e) Surveillance of groundwater on the Hanford site is one facet of a comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Pro- gram designed to evaluate existing and potential pathways of radiation exposure from project operations. Objectives of the Groundwater Monitoring Program are to measure and report the concentration and distribution of radioac- tive and chemical constituents in the groundwater, deter- mine the movement and transport or contaminants with time, and determine the impact on the environs. (g) Results from the Groundwater Monitoring Program con- tinue to show no adverse offsite impact from Hanford operations. (/i) Environmental Monitoring Report on Radiological Status of the Groundwater Beneath the Hanford Site, January- December 1974, J. R. Raymond, et al., BNWL-1970, 1976. Environmental Monitoring Report on the Status of Ground- water Beneath the Hanford Site, January-December 1975, D. A. Myers, et al., BNWL-2034, 1976. Environmental Monitoring Report on the Status of Ground- water Beneath the Hanford Site, January-December 1976, D. A. Myers, et al., 1977 (in progress). 011-10009-820-75 DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL GROUNDWATER MODEL FOR CLARK COUNTY, WASHINGTON (b) Arvid Grant and Associates, Consulting Engineers. (c) C. R. Cole, Sr. Research Scientist. (d) Applied research, numerical modeling of hydrologic systems. (e) Develop a groundwater simulation model of the subject area to provide a tool for predictive assessment of water resource management policies. if) Completed. (g) The Variable Thickness (VTT) Groundwater Flow Model was used to simulate the Clark County groundwater system, (/i) Sponsor Completion Report, C. R. Cole, R. W. Wallace, 1977. 011-10010-820-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL GROUNDWATER MODEL OF THE AHTANUM-MOXEE SUB-BASINS, YAKIMA COUNTY, WASHINGTON (b) Washington State Department of Ecology. (c) J. R. Eliason, Manager, Resource Systems Section. (d) Applied research, numerical modeling of hydrologic systems. (e) Develop a groundwater simulation model of the subject area to provide a tool for predictive assessment of water resource management policies. (/) Completed. (g) A multiaquifer digital computer model which includes in- teraquifer transfer was developed for the groundwater system of the Moxee-Ahtanum sub-basins. It was initially planned to treat the groundwater system as an intercon- nected two-aquifer system. However, initial analysis of the data indicated that the problem would be better ap- proached as two independent, interconnected three-aquifer systems with a common sink, the Yakima River. The model was adatped and calibrated on each of the systems using available data. » (h) Mathematical Groundwater Model of the Ahtanum-Moxee Sub-Basins, Yakima County, Washington, D. B. Cearlock, C. R. Cole, H. P. Foote, R. W. Wallace, 1975 (Sponsor re- port). BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY, Department of Applied Science, Upton, NY. 11973. 012-10178-450-52 COASTAL TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION (b) ERDA. (c) Thomas Hopkins, Oceanographic Science Division. (d) Field research with theoretical background; basic research, partly applied and involves some development of research equipment. (e) A field and theoretical study of circulation and diffusion in the coastal boundary layer (nearshore region) south of Long Island. Four instrumented buoys include sixteen elec- tromagnetic current meters, sixteen conductivity sensors, and thirty -two thermistors. Data are continuously averaged in situ for hourly periods and telemetered to a coastal con- trol station in real time. (g) Eight months of data collection including testing and a current meter intercomparison provides some insight into the seasonal nature of nearshore shelf currents, and it has been hypothesized that a longshore pressure gradient produces a significant amount of the forcing of the well- known southwest drift of the currents in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. (/)) A Compilation of Mixed Layer Current Meter and Wind Observations from the Wind Observations from the 1975 SMILE experiment, F. Bruzoni, I. S. F. Jones, WHOl Technical Report 76-110, 1976. Barotropic Currents Over the Continental Shelf, G. T. Csanady, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4, pp. 352-371, 1974. Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulation Over the Con- tinental Shelves, G. T. Csanady, Proc. Conference on Ef- fects of Energy-Related Activities on the Atlantic Continen- tal Shelf, ed. B. Manowitz, held at Brookhaven National Lab., Nov. 1975, flA^L 50484. Mean Circulation in Shallow Seas, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 5389-5400, 1976. The Coastal Boundary Layer, G. T. Csanady, Proc. AAAS Symp. Estuaries, Boston, Mass., Feb. 1976. Edited by C. Offices. Arrested Topographic Waves, G. T. Csanady, J. Phys. Oceanogr. (in press), 1977. The Coastal Jet Conceptual Model in the Dynamics of Shal- low Seas, G. T. Csanady, The Sea 6, ed. J. J. O'Brien, 1977 (in press). John Wiley & Sons. Real-Time Acquisition of Oceanographic Data, D. G. Dim- mler, Proc. ERDA-Wide Conference on Computer Support of Environmental Science and Analysis, Albuquerque, 9-11 July 1975. A Controllable Real-Time Data Collection System for Coastal Oceanography, D. G. Dimmler, N. Greenlaw, S. Rankowitz, Oceans '76, Sept. 1976. (To be published in IEEE Journal). The Scaling of Velocity Fluctuations in the Surface Mixed Layer, I. S. F. Jones, B. C. Kenney, J. Geophys. ^es. 82 (in press), 1977. Nearshore Currents Off Long Island, J. T. Scott, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 5401-5409. 012-10179-660-55 THERMAL HYDRAULIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR LIGHT WATER REACTOR SAFETY RESEARCH (i>) Office of Water Reactor Safety Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) Dr. O. C. Jones, Jr., Department of Applied Science. (d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; applied research. (e) Develop improved models, with experimental verification, of the non-equilibrium vaporization rates under conditions of interest regarding water reactor safety (e.g., flashing flow, post-dryout condition, subcooled boiling). The pro- ject is also directed towards developing improved local two-phase flow instruments and developing improved calibration methods for two-phase global instruments. (h) Evaporation in Variable Pressure Fields, O. C. Jones, Jr., N. Zuber, Paper No. 76-CSMEICSChE-l2. Presented 16th Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., St. Louis, Aug. 1976. Liquid Deficient Cooling in Dispersed Flows: A Non- Equilibrium Relaxation Model, O C. Jones, Jr., N. Zuber. Accepted 1 7th National Heal Transfer Conf., Salt Lake City, Aug. 1977. BNL Light Water Reactor Thermohydraulic Development Program: Instrumentation Tasks, O. C. Jones, Jr., BNL- NUREG-22588, Mar. 1977. Reactor Safety Research Programs (Quarterly Progress Rept., Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1976), BNL-NUREG-50624, pp. 246-280, Feb. 1977. 012-10180-660-55 THERMOHYDRAULIC LIQUID METAL FAST BREEDER REACTOR SAFETY EXPERIMENTS (b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Division of Reactor Safety Research. (c) Dr. Owen C. Jones, Jr., Department of Applied Science. (d) Applied and basic, experimental (laboratory) and analyti- cal research. (e) Experimental and analytical research is conducted on ther- malhydraulic phenomena important in safety analyses of fast breeder reactors. The fluid dynamic and heat transfer characteristics of volume-heated boiling pools are studied. Steady state and transient two-phase, single- and multi- component void dynamics, flow regime transitions and heat • transfer to system boundaries are investigated. Transient flow and solidification of single- and two-phase liquid/vapor molten systems are studied. The effects on non-condensable gases on heat and mass transfer processes are investigated. Laboratory experiments in the areas described are carried out in simulant environments. Analytical work is directed towards predictive models and derivation of scaling parameters. (h) Heat Transfer from a Volume Heated Boiling Pool, J. C. Chen, W. R. Gustavson, M. S. Kazimi. Presented PAHR Information Exchange Mtg., Sandia Laboratories, Al- buquerque, Nov. 13-14, 1975. Post-Accident Downward Relocation of Molten Fuel, M. S. Kazimi, R. D. Gasser. Presented PAHR Information Exchange Mtg., Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, Nov. 13-14, 1975. Thermohydraulic LMFBR Safety Experiments Quarterly Rept., July-Sept. (1975), BNL 50477, Nov. 1975. Thermohydraulic LMFBR Safety Experiments; Quarterly Progress Rept., Oct.-Dec. 1975, BNL 50495, Feb. 1976. Heat Transfer from Boiling Heat-Generating Pools, J. C. Chen, W. R. Gustavson, M. S. Kazimi, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 23, 367, June 1976. On the Downward Propagation of a Molten Heat-Generat- ing Pool, M. S. Kazimi, J. C. Chen, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 23, 362, June 1976. Thermohydraulic LMFBR Safety Experiments; Quarterly Progress Rept., Jan.-Mar. 1976, M. S. Kazimi, BNL- NUREG 50526, Ju\y 1976. Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Characteristics of Inter- nally Heated Boiling Pools, W. R. Gustavson, J. C. Chen, M. S. Kazimi, BNL-NUREG-21856, Sept. 1976. Solidification Dynamics of Flowing Fluids-Preliminary Data Evaluation, M. H. Chun, M. S. Kazimi, T. Ginsberg, O. C. Jones, Jr., BNL-NUREG-22068, Nov. 1976. Role of Condensation on Dispersion of Closed Boiling UO^ Systems, T. Ginsberg, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, N.Y., June 1977. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pasadena, Calif. 91125. Dr. John H. Seinfeld, Professor and Executive Officer. 013-08702-120-54 THE MOTION OF BUBBLES, DROPS AND RIGID PARTI- CLES IN NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (b) Sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation. (c) Professor L. G. Leal. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Experimental and theoretical studies aimed at improved understanding of the motion of bubbles, drops or small particles in the slow flow regime for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (primarily polymeric solutions) fluids. (h) The Slow Motion of Slender Rod-Like Particles in a Second Order Fluid, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 69, 305 (1975). Dissolution of a Stationary Gas Bubble in a Viscoelastic Fluid, E. Zana, L. G. Leal, l&EC Fundamentals 14, 175 (1975). The Creeping Motion of Liquid Drops Through a Circular Tube of Comparable Diameter, B. P. Ho, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 71, 361 (1975). Migration of Rigid Spheres in a Two-Dimensional Unidirectional Shear Flow of a Second-Order Fluid, B. P. Ho, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 76, 783 (1976). A Note on the Creeping Motion of a Viscoelastic Fluid Past a Sphere, E. Zana, G. Tiefenbruck, L. G. Leal, Rheologica Acta 14, 891 (1975). The Dynamics and Dissolution of Gas Bubbles in a Viscoelastic Fluid, E. Zana, L. G. Leal, to appear Intl. J. Multiphase Flow. Sedimentation of Slender Rod-Like Particles in the Vicinity of a Plane Boundary, W. B. Russell, E. J. Hinch, G. Tiefenbruck, L. G. Leal, to appear J. Fluid Mech. A Note on the Motion of a Spherical Particle in a General Quadratic Flow of a Second-Order Fluid, P. C. H. Chan, L. G. Leal, to appear J. Fluid Mech. 013-08703-120-54 SUSPENSION MECHANICS AND RHEOLOGY (b) Sponsored, in part, by the National Science Foundation, Petroleum Research Fund, Research Corporation, Union Carbide Corporation. (c) Professor L. G. Leal. (d) Primarily theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses. (e) Theoretical studies aimed at predicting the Theological and bulk transport properties of suspensions. (h) Constitutive Equations in Suspension Mechanics, Part I. General Formulation, E. J. Hinch, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 71, 481 (1975). Constitutive Equations in Suspension Mechanics, Part II. Approximate Forms for a Suspension of Rigid Particles Af- fected by Brownian Couples, E. J. Hinch, L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 76, 187 (1976). The Effect of Deformation on the Effective Conductivity of a Dilute Suspension of Drops in the Limit of Low Particle Peclet Number, T. J. McMillen, L. G. Leal, Ini. J. Mul- tiphase Flow 2, 105 (1975). The Effect of Bulk Motion on the Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Suspensions, L. G. Leal, T. J. McMillen, Archives of Mechanics/ Archiwin Mechaniki Stoswanej 23, 483 ( 1976). The Effective Thermal Conductivity of a Dilute Suspension of Rigid Spheroids in Simple Shear Flow, T. J. McMillen, L. G. Leal, CIT Report. Macroscopic Transport Properties of a Sheared Suspension, L. G. Leal, to appear in J. Colloid and Interface Sci.; also reprinted in Colloid and Interface Science 1, Plenary and Invited Lectures, ed. Kerker, Zettlemoyer and Powell, Academic Press (1977). Approximate Constitutive Forms in Suspension Mechanics, L. G. Leal, Proc. VII Intl. Congress of Rheology, p. 392 (1976). 013-08704-060-54 GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS ; BUOYANCY DRIVEN FLOWS, TURBULENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT (b) Sponsored, in part, by the National Science Foundation. (c) Professor L. G. Leal. (e of community. Cell counts were found to be low, an observation verified by other researchers. Low biomass, low diversity, and dominance of only a few species at each Scunple station indicated a seri- ously degraded water quality situation. If the requirements of current NPDES permits are met for the 1976-1977 period, improvements can be expected in the water quality of the area. Further improvement in the reduction of pol- lutants in the 1977-1983 period is also exp>ected. (h) The Water Quality and Biota of the Ashtabula River and Harbour Area of Ashtabula, Ohio, Dr. P. M. Terlecky, J. G. Michalovic, S. L. Peck, Abstracts, 17th Conf. Great Lakes Research, pp. 191-192, Aug. 1974. CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY, Marine Research and Development, Route 59, Plainfleld, III. 60544. Mr. W. A. Tarn, Director. 026-0901 3-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED OBJECTS (c) Dr. S. K. Chakrabarti, Analytical Head. (d) TfieoreticEil, experimental, and encompasses both basic and applied research. (e) Development of mathematical model and computer pro- grams to predict the forces on basic components of offshore drilling platforms and storage tanks; data obtained experimentally to validate the theoretical models, deter- mine hydrodynamic coefficients and flow characteristics around submerged objects. Projects include developing potential flow theory for large objects, inertia and drag forces and lift forces on small tubular members in random orientation. (/i) Second-Order Wave Force on Large Vertical Cylinder, S. K. Chcikrabarti, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 101, Aug. 1975. Wave Forces on Vertical Circular Cylinder, S. K. Chakrabarti, A. L. Wolbert, W. A. Tam, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 102, May 1976. Total Forces on a Submerged Randomly Oriented Tube Due to Waves, S. K. Chakrabarti, W. A. Tam, A. L. Wol- bert, Proc. Offshore Tech. Conf, Houston, Tex., May 1976. 15 Wave Interaction with a Submerged Open-Bottom Struc- ture, S. K. Chakrabarti, R. A. Naftzger, Proc. Offshore Tech. Conf., Houston, Tex., May 1976. UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, Department of Civil and En- vironmental Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory, Cincin- nati, Ohio 45221. Dr. L. M. Laushey, Department Head; Dr. H. C. Preul, Directing Head, Hydraulic Laboratory. 027-06462-070-00 WATER HAMMER (c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey. (rf) Theoretical. Master's thesis. (e) Simplified equations for water hammer in pipe lines. (h) To be published by lAHR; meeting in Baden-Baden, Ger- many, Aug. 1977. 027-07229-870-36 URBAN RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS (b) Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical; field measurements; computer modeling. (e) Field data collected from large urban watershed for development and testing of storm water management models. (h) Interim Ist-year report, EPA Water Poll. Control Res. Se- ries, 11024 DQU 10/70, Oct. 1970. Assessment of Urban Runoff Quantity and Quality, H. C. Preul, Proc. Intl. Sem. Water Resources Instrumentation, Chicago, June 1974; available from Intl. Water Resources Assoc, P.O. Box 6, Falls Church, Va. 22046. Infiltration and Antecedent Precipitation, C. N. Papadakis, H. C. Preul, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, Oct. 1973. Testing of Methods for Determination of Urban Runoff, C. N. Papadakis, H. C. Preul, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 99, Oct. 1973. Development of Design Storm Hyetographs for Cincinnati, Ohio, H. C. Preul, C. N. Papadakis, Water Resources Bull., American Water Resources Assoc, Apr. 1973. University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model, C. N. Papadakis, H. C. Preul, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 98, Oct. 1972. Final Report, 1974. Urban Runoff Management, H. C. Preul, Proc. 2nd World Congress on Water Resources, New Dehli, India, Dec. 1975, available from IWRA, P.O. Box 6, Falls Church, Va. 22046. Selection of Critical Design Storm in Urban Runoff Model- ing, H. C. Preul, Proc. Intl. Symp. Water for Arid LMnds, Tehran, Iran, Dec. 1975, available from IWRA. P.O. Box 6, Falls Church, Va. 22046. 027-07934-870-41 TRAVEL OF POLLUTION THROUGH AN AQUIFER (b) U.S. Public Health Service. (c) Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical; laboratory and field. (e) Measurements for the development of practical methods for the analysis of the transport of pollutants in flow through an aquifer. (/?) Travel of Pollutants Through an Aquifer, Proc. Purdue In- dustrial Waste Conf ., May \91\. 027-07935-300-36 ESTIMATION OF STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS USING AIRPHOTOS (b) Partly supported by EPA. (c) E. A. Joering and Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical, laboratory and field. (e) Development of a procedure for estimating a flow duration curve and floods of selected frequency using airphotos. (/i) A Set of Regime Equations for Indirectly Estimating Stream Flow Characteristics, E. A. Joering, H. C. Preul, Proc. 1st Intl. Cong. Water Resources, Chicago, Sept. 1973; available from Intl. Water Resources Assoc, P.O. Box 5691, Milwaukee, Wis. 53211. 027-07936-250-00 VISCOELASTIC BOUNDARY HYDRAULICS (c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey. (d) Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. dissertation. (e) Waves are developed and measured on a layer of gelatin coating the bed of an open channel. The friction loss in the fluid and the dissipation within the gelatin are mea- sured. (/) Suspended. (h) Friction Loss Over Viscoelastic Coatings On Open Chan- nels, E. W. Lindeijer, Jr., L. M. Laushey, XVth Cong., Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Istanbul, Sept. 1973. 027-10082-310-00 FLOOD ROUTING (c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey. (d) Theoretical. Master's thesis. (e) An implicit method for routing flood waves. 027-10083-290-00 FILTRATION (c) Dr. Louis M. Laushey. (d) Theoretical. Master's thesis. (e) Optimization of filter runs with unsteady flow. CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Potsdam, N.Y. 13676. Dr. N. L. Ackermann, Department Chairman. 028-09973-300-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FLOOD PLAIN (c) Dr. N. L. Ackermann and Dr. H. T. Shen. (rf) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) A two-dimensional mathematical model of a river basin is developed where the interaction effects between the flow in the main channel and overbank portions are included. The model will be used to predict flow conditions in a laboratory flume containing a meandering river reach. 028-09974-130-00 MUD FLOWS (c) Dr. N. L. Ackermann and Dr. H. T. Shen. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) The equations of motion are developed for the flow of solid-fluid mixtures such as those which occur during snow avalanches, land slides and mud flows. The constitutive equations are developed using submodels which demon- strate the interactive effects of the solid and fluid portions of the moving mixture. Laboratory scale flow slides are to be produced and analyzed using the theoretical equations developed to the two-component system. 028-09975-860-00 LIMITING NUTRIENT AND TROPHIC LEVEL DETER- MINATION OF LAKE OZONIA BY ALGAL ASSAY PROCEDURE (c) Dr. J. V. DePinto. (d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) The algal assay procedure was used to determine the trophic status and limiting nutrient relationships of Lake Ozonia, an Adirondack Park lake. Assays were carried out using both Selenasirum Capricornuium and the natural 16 phytoplankton population. The lake was found to be mesotrophic with low to moderate productivity. Phosphorus was determined to be the primary limiting nutrient. The enriching effect that secondary sewage ef- fluent and septic tank leaching field groundwater would have on the algal standing crop in Lake Ozonia was shown. Phosphorus removal from secondary effluent by precipitation with lime was found to significantly reduce its stimulatory effect. The inverted microscope technique was used to evaluate changes in indigenous lake algal spe- cies caused by nutrient additions to batch cultures. (f) Completed. (/)) Limiting Nutrient and Trophic Level Determination of Lake Ozonia by Algal Assay Procedure, L. T. Lepak, M.S. Thes- is, Clarkson College of Technology, May 1976. 028-09976-860-00 A PHOSPHORUS BUDGET AND LAKE MODELS FOR LAKE OZONIA (c) Dr. J. K. Edzwald. (d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) This study involved collecting hydrologic and morphologic data for Lake Ozonia so that a phosphorus budget could be developed for the lake. The construction of the phosporus budget included determining and measuring phosphorus inputs to the lake, and measuring phosphorus in the lake and its outlet. Data derived from the phosphorus budget was then used in empirical models developed by Vollenweider, Sakamoto, and Dillon and Ri- gler to aid in the determination of Lake Ozonia's trophic status. (/) Completed. (/i) A Phosphorus Budget and Lake Models for Lake Ozonia, P. M. Cangialosi, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of Technology, May 1976. 028-09977-300-60 EFFECT OF INCREMENTAL REMOVAL OF DAM ON DOWNSTREAM VELOCITY PATTERNS (b) New York State Department of Law. (c) Professor I. L. Maytin and Professor E. T. Misiaszek. (d) Experimental and field investigation. (e) Model testing of various breach configurations and their corresponding effect on downstream surface velocity pat- terns during flood conditions. (/) Completed. (g) Surface eddies adjacent to a retaining wall downstream of the dam were found to be very sensitive to the position and depth of breach. While current reversals and changes in size and location of eddies were evidenced for the dif- ferent models tested, only one type of breach caused eddy- ing to be replaced by a strong current close to the wall. 028-09978-300-00 ANALYSIS OF FLOOD PLAIN DISCHARGE MODEL (c) Professor I. L. Maytin. (d) Experimental, (laboratory) Master's thesis. (e) Testing and analysis of a flume model simulating a mean- dering river and flood plain system. Data generated from this physical model serves as the input to a simultaneous but separate research program to develop a mathematical model for flood flows in river basins. 028-09979-420-00 EFFECTS OF UNIFORM CURRENT ON WAVE FORCES (c) Dr. H. T. Shen. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) The effect of uniform current on wave forces is being stu- died. The force acting on coastal structures when both waves and currents are presented is being calculated. The body surface boundary condition and the free surface boundary condition will be satisfied exactly to the first- order in the infinitesimal- wave approximation. DifTraction theory and integral equation techniques are used in the analysis. 028-09980-020-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR TRANSIENT MIXING IN NATURAL CHANNELS (c) Dr. H. T. Shen (d) Applied research. (e) Analytical and numerical models for mixing of nonconser- vative dispersants in natural channels is being developed. Effects of channel irregularities are considered by using an orthogonal curvilinear (stream-tube) coordinate system. (/i) Line Source Dispersion with Application to Mixing in River Channels, H. T. Shen, to appear in Water Resources Bul- letin, 1977. 028-09981-020-00 THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL MIXING IN CHANNELS (c) Dr. H. T. Shen. (d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) A two-dimensional numerical solution is used to study the effect of ice cover on vertical mass transfer in channels based on available field data on flow distributions. 028-09982-070-00 DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIA FLOW () Computing Evapotranspiration by Geostrophic Drag Con- cept, J. A. Mawdsley, W. Brutsaert, J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 99, pp. 99-1 10, 1973. Evaporation from Water Surfaces, W. Brutsaert, in Interfa- cial Transfer Processes in Water Resources, Water Resour. and Envir. Engrg. Rept. No. 75-1, State Univ. NY., Buf- falo, PP.-99-114, Jan. 1975. A Theory for Local Evaporation (or Heat Transfer) from Rough and Smooth Surfaces at Ground Level, W. Brut- saert, Water Resour. Res. 11, 4, pp. 543-550, 1975. The Roughness Length for Water Vapor, Sensible Heat, and Other Scalars, W. Brutsaert, J. Atmosph. Sciences 32, 10, pp. 2028-2031, 1976. The Applicability of Planetary Boundary Layer Theory to Calculate Regional Evapotranspiration, W. Brutsaert, Water Resour. Res. 12, Oct. 1976. 035-08675-820-00 THE REDUCTION OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE BY SUB- SIDENCE (c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert. (d) Theoretical and applied research. (e) The classical elastic approach has often been inadequate in the case of subsiding aquifers. The present study deals with the applicability of alternative models on the basis of recent developments in soil rheology. The results are tested with field data from the San Joaquin Valley. (/)) Subsidence: The Influence of Man on Groundwater Storage, M. Y. Corapcioglu, M. Yavuz, W. Brutsaert, Proc. 3d Intl. Symp. Groundwater, Palermo, Italy, Nov. 1-5, 1975. Pumping of Aquifer with Viscoelastic Properties, W. Brut- saert, M. Y. Corapcioglu, J. Engrg. Mech. Div., Proc. ASCE, in press. 1976. 22 035-09938-800-33 INTERACTIVE MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING (b) OWRT, USDI. (c) Daniel P. Loucks. (d) Applied research. (e) Use of interactive computer graphics as a means of in- putting data and displaying the results of multipurpose, multiobjective water resources optimization and simulation models, and permitting planners and decision makers ways of interacting with such models in the search for the most suitable solution. 035-09939-860-33 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT MODELS (b) OWRT, USDI. (c) Daniel P. Loucks. (d) Applied research. (e) Adaptation of existing multiparameter aquatic water quali- ty simulation models to a form suitable for incorporation into optimization models that can simultaneously consider economic and environmental water quality management policy problems. 035-09940-440-54 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO THE POLLUTION ANAL- YSIS OF LAKES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) James A. Liggett and Richard H. Gallagher. () Brevard County and Department of Natural Resources, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) J. A. Purpura. (e) The beach south of Canaveral Harbor, Brevard County, was nourished with sand dredged from the Poseidon sub- marine base. A stretch of beach 2.2 miles long received 2.7 million cubic yards of selected sand. Artificial replenishment of eroded beaches by pumping sand is a method that is gaining more aceeptability and becoming a more viable and economically feasible method of protect- ing beaches in Florida. An understanding of the processes involved in sand movement is necessary and can be best achieved by closely monitoring restored beaches. The im- proved understanding will help not only in maintaining the restored beach, but also in planning for other restoration projects around the State of Florida. 039-09103-410-10 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE PER- FORMANCE OF PONCE DE LEON IMPROVEMENT PLAN, FLORIDA (fe) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) J. A. Purpura. (e) Investigate through field measurements and tracings, the performance of a system of jetties, a jetty-weir and an im- poundment basin recently constructed to stabilize the Ponce de Leon Tidal Inlet. The effect of this system on the adjacent coastline will be determined through careful monitoring. Baselines have been established. Field and aerial surveys revealed imptortant and rapid coeistline changes. 039-10442-410-60 COASTAL ENGINEERING FIELD STATIONS (b) Legislative Appropriation. (c) M. A. Latif, M. Smutz, A. R. Gondeck, S. L. Harrell, W. W. Howard and J. C. Lau. (e) The field stations program is a continuing operation of the Coastal Engineering Laboratory and is directed toward establishing a number of stations on the coastlines of Florida. The purpnise of the field stations is to measure the prevailing winds, waves and currents in the nearshore re- gion. In addition, changes in beaches and offshore topog- raphy are obtained by periodic surveys. Analysis of the data provides reliable information on the wave climate and the correlation between wave energy and sediment move- ment of the specific sites. Knowledge of these factors is es- sential in any undertaking in the coastal zones, be it beach nourishment, inlet stability or offshore development. Equally important is the supp)ort provided by the field sta- tions for projects that are funded from separate sources. The Marineland field station was the site last year of an extensive study involving 12 different national agencies conducting tests for the SEA-SAT ocean data satellite. 039-10443-410-60 COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDIES TO RECOMMEND COASTAL CONSTRUCTION SETBACK LINES FOR THE FLORIDA SHORELINES FRONTING ON THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS (b) Bureau of Beaches and Shores and Florida Department of Natural Resources. (c) J. A. Purpura and T. Y. Chiu. (e) To make the necessary technical investigations with the view of recommending construction setback lines for the various coEistal counties of Florida. Investigations will in- clude extensive field measurements and evaluation of historical data related to shoreline stability. Pertinent fac- tors to be considered are elevations, vegetation-bluff line, wave uprush and existing structures. 039-10444-410-44 HURRICANE ELOISE-COASTAL SHORELINE CHANGES DAMAGE AND (b) Sea Grant and Department of Natural Resources. (c) J. A. Purpura, T. Y. Chiu, and B. D. Spangler. (e) Hurricane Eloise, (September 1976) although a middle- range hurricane, was the worst storm to hit the Florida panhandle in 46 years. Due to accelerated haphazard development of Florida's coastline it was also the most physically destructive. The objective of the study is to record and analyze the effects of Eloise in regard to the following: Beach-dune offshore changes; destruction and damage to coastal structures and development and the recently established coastal construction setback line. 039-10445-410-13 LITTORAL DRIFT ESTIMATION BY IMPOUNDMENT USING SAND-BAG-GROIN AT PANAMA CITY, FLORIDA (b) U.S. Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama; Sea Grant and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Florida Department of Natural Resources. (c) Y. H. Wang and E. Partheniades. (e) Vital information for designing a beach nourishment pro- ject is the volume and rate of sand movement in the lit- toral zone. This information may be obtained by intercept- ing and blocking the sand movement along the beach using a sand-bag-groin. The change of bathymetry on both sides of the groin is then monitored with the wave-energy input to the region to quantify the volume of drifting sand and the rate of transport. 039-10446-410-10 BEACH EROSION STUDY BY SAND TRACING AT SANTA ROSA ISLAND, FLORIDA (fc) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) Y. H. Wang and T. H. Chang. (e) Glittering white sand beaches at Santa Rosa Sound are eroding at an average rate of 3-5 feet p>er year. The pur- pose of this study is to determine where the sand is going and why. A sample of the local sand has been coated with a colored fluorescent dye and placed back on the beach. The sand movement is being correlated with physical en- vironmental parameters such as wind and wave conditions. 039-10447-410-50 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TO COASTAL EN- GINEERING PROBLEMS (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (c) Y. H. Wang, A. J. Mehta, M. A. Latif and K. Brooks. 25 (e) This project is aimed at utiizing data collected by satellites and high-altitude airplanes in helping to solve coastal en- gineering problems. The coastal region of Clearwater Beach-Sand Key on the Gulf has been selected as the ini- tial study area, since surface measurements of changes in beaches and the nearshore region would be made there periodically under separate projects. It is expected that correlation between the aerial data and surface observa- tion will develop techniques for evaluating aerial data which will be applicable in other coastal regions also. At the study site itself, interpretation of the aerial data will provide a much more comprehensive understanding of the coastal processes, which would be used in solving the beach erosion-inlet stability problem at Clearwater. 039-10448-060-54 INTERFACIAL FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR TWO- LAYERED STRATIFIED FLOW WITH SMALL RATES OF ENTRAINMENT (b) National Science Foundation. (c) E. Partheniades. (e) A fundamental functional relationship between the interfa- cial friction coefficient and the pertinent gross-flow parameters in a two-layered stratified flow such as the one found in an estuary are investigated. Earlier experiments led to critical velocity as the controlling parameter for in- cipient entrainment and rates of entrainment. It seems, however, more likely that the interfacial shear stress should be a more representative flow parameter. The results will have direct and significant applicability to the evaluation of the salinity intrusion length in stratified and nearly stratified estuaries. 039-10449-410-00 THE HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATANZAS INLET AND VICINITY (b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station and Univer- sity of Florida. (c) D. M. Sheppard and A. J. Mehta. (e) Determining the hydrodynamics of the Matanzas Inlet- River-Intracoastal Waterway system. A specially designed data aquisition system is being developed for this purpose. The system which will be housed inside steel boxes suita- ble for installation in the field will operate in a continuous record mode or can be set to turn on periodically and record for a specified increment of time. The aquisition system will accept both digital or analog input signals from the transducers. Each unit will record four signals (such as magnitude and direction from two current meters). Cas- sette tapes will be used because of this availability and ease of handling in the field. These units will be used to measure tidal currents in the vicinity of Matanzas Inlet. The currents, together with data on tides and salinity variations will be used in the analysis of the hydrodynam- ics of the inlet system. 039-10450-410-10 MONITORING HYDROGRAPHIC PATTERNS AT MATAN- ZAS INLET AND VICINITY (b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) D. M. Sheppard, A. J. Mehta, E. J. Hayter, and D. R. Paul. (e) Matanzas Inlet, located about 14 miles south of St. Au- gustine, Florida, connects the Atlantic Ocean to Matanzas River. In 1964, hurricane Dora caused a breakthrough across the land barrier separating the river from the In- tracoastal Waterway. This breakthrough has steadily wor- sened the shoaling and navigation problem in the area. This project is concerned with monitoring the changes in the hydraulic regime which will result when the breakthrough is closed by the Corps of Engineers. Dynam- ic modeling of the flow system will allow prediction of the expected changes. 039-10451-730-00 A DYNAMIC MODEL OF AN OCEAN-INLET-BAY SYSTEM (c) A. J. Mehta. (e) This project involves the construction and calibration of a table-top plexiglass model of a tidal inlet for the purpose of demonstration to undergraduate students interested in Coastal Engineering. The model will enable students to un- derstand the dynamics of the flow through the inlet as a result of tidal variation in the ocean on one side and the bay on the other side of the inlet, as well as freshwater outflow. 039-10452-410-50 INLET STABILITY STUDY BY REMOTE SENSING AT CLEARWATER, FLORIDA (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (c) Y. H. Wang and M. L. Marco. (e) Inlets around Florida's shoreline are vital for navigation and for the flushing of the bays and the intra-coastal waterways. Through inlets, the tidal fluctuations nourish the biological productive marshland. In particular, the behavior and stability of the Clearwater pass are intimately related to the well-being of this water-oriented community. This project is to utilize the earth satellite and U-2 flight imageries, and other old and new aerial photographs to study historical inlet boundary changes and shifting sand bars. These remotely sensed data are calibrated by ground truth measurements. Finally, the derived information will be used for improving and stabilizing the Clearwater Pass. 039-10453-410-65 CLEARWATER INLET HYDROGRAPHIC STUDY (b) City of Clearwater. (c) M. A. Latif and Y. H. Wang. (e) Clearwater Inlet is located on the Gulf coast due west of Tampa, between Sand Key and Clearwater Beach. In order to stabilize the inlet, a 4000 ft-long rubble-mound jetty has recently been constructed on the south bank (Sand Key) of the inlet. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the jetty on sand movement, navigational con- ditions, and stability of the neighboring beaches. The study will provide data to determine the need of a second jetty on the north bank and information needed to op- timize a beach nourishment-channel dredging for the coastal region between Clearwater and Dunedin inlets. 039-10454-060-20 INSTABILITY OF INTERNAL WAVES (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) D. M. Sheppard and I. B. Chou. (e) Mass density stratification is quite common in both the ocean and the atmosphere. Internal gravity waves often occur at the interface between the different density layers. The instability of these waves and the resulting turbulence plays an important role in the dispersion of nutrients, pol- lutants, salt, etc., in bays, estuaries, and the oceans. The purpose of this research is to provide, through both analytical and experimental studies a better understanding of the instability mechanism. The experiments are being conducted in the internal wave stratified flow facility in the Coastal Engineering Laboratory. 039-10455-060-20 STABILITY OF STRATIFIED SHEAR FLOW (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) D. M. Sheppard and G. M. Powell. (e) Measurements in the ocean and the atmosphere have shown that the mass density stratification that occurs in these fluids is not gradually varying but rather is step-like in nature. The dispersion processes and even the shear flows themselves in these fluids is not well understood. This research is an attempt to shed light on this com- plicated flow problem through carefully performed experi- ments in a two-layer stratified shear flow. 26 039-10456-420-55 MEASUREMENT OF HURRICANE WAVES AND SURGE (b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) M. A. Latif and J. L. Hammack. (e) A comprehensive program to measure waves and storm surge heights due to hurricanes has been initiated. A rugged, selfcontained unit to measure these parameters has been developed. Three or more sites on the Atlantic coast and possibly one site on the Gulf coast will be instru- mented to obtain data on waves, surge and meteorological parameters. The data will aid in understanding the mechanism of storm surge and wave generation, and would also be used in verification of available theoretical models used for prediction of surge and waves. 039-10457-420-60 DIRECTIONAL WAVE ENERGY MEASUREMENT IN THE GULF OF MEXICO (b) Florida Sea Grant. (c) M. A. Latif and Y. H. Wang. (e) One of the most important parameters in coastal engineer- ing problems is the wave energy reaching the shore from various directions. The purpose of this project is to establish a directional wave gauge to measure this energy. The gauge consists of an array of pressure transducers, located just above the ocean floor in about 20 ft depth. Each pressure transducer senses the change in pressure due to passage of waves over it, and the directional energy is derived by correlating the measurements of the various transducers. The energy data can then be utilized to arrive at a more reliable value of littoral drift than that presently available. The gauge will be installed in the vicinity of the Clearwater Inlet, to aid in the solution of the beach and inlet stability problem at that site. 039-10458-430-20 FLOW FIELD NEAR AN OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CON- VERSION PLANT (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) D. M. Sheppard, G. M Powell and I. B. Chou. (e) Plants that utilize the difference in temperature between the upper and lower layers of the ocean to produce a more useful form of energy are presently being designed. Most all designs thus far include a large vertical pipe that extends from near the surface to a depth of 200 to 500 m. The thermally stratified flow field in the vicinity of these plants can be greatly affected by the presence of the pipe and the vast quantities of cold water being pumped from the lower depths and discharged in the upper layer. The purpose of the research is to determine the flow field near such a plant by studying a model in a stratified shear flow tank. Of primary concern is the wake region near the transition layer between the cold and warm layers. Salt stratification is used in the model to simulate the tempera- ture stratification in the prototype. 039-10459-730-44 COASTAL ENGINEERING ARCHIVES (b) Sea Grant and University of Florida. (c) L. Lehmann. (e) The Coastal Engineering Archives collects and organizes information about the physical processes (oceanography, geology, hurricanes, etc.) that affect the coast and beaches of Florida, with special emphasis on the causes and prevention of beach erosion. The materials acquired in- clude technical reports, conference proceedings, maps, charts, and aerial photos. Information can be retrieved by geographic area and by subject. Reference service is available to students and researchers at the University of Florida and also to any interested persons or agencies in- side the University. GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION, ELECTRIC BOAT DIVISION, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Conn. 06340. J. R. Hunter, Director of Engineering. 040-09846-210-00 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN SUB- MARINE PIPING SYSTEMS (c) Bernard S. Ryskiewich, Engineering Specialist, Systems Technology Department. id) Theoretical applied research. (e) Two computer programs, HYTRN and PNUTRN, are under development to calculate unsteady flow transients in complex submarine piping systems containing assorted pip- ing components. HYTRN applies to liquid systems while PNUTRN applies to gas systems and is presently coded for air and steam. The method of characteristics with fixed time steps is employed in each program. The programs are operational for systems containing systems components and boundary components presently available in their respective program libraries. (/) Completion of the programs and their documentation is expected by the 1977 year end. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NUCLEAR ENERGY SYSTEMS DIVISION, 175 Curtner Avenue, San Jose, Calif. 95125. Mark F. Lyons, Manager, Engineering Applica- tions. 041-07988-140-52 SLOWDOWN HEAT TRANSFER PROGRAM (b) General Electric Company, Electric Power Research In- stitute, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) G. W. Burnette, Mail Code 583. (d) Experimental and theoretical, applied research. (e) Program to provide data on transient heat transfer during conditions representative of a boiling water reactor un- dergoing hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident. Specific in- vestigations include time to boiling transition, lower plenum swell hydrodynamics and core thermal response, and post-boiling transition and lower plenum swell heat transfer. (/) Completed. ig) A number of inherent cooling mechanisms were observed for which no credit is taken in the current BWR LOCA evaluation method. These cooling mechanisms consisted of (1) a fluid inventory which resided in the bundle throughout the blowdown and cooled the lower zone of the bundle, (2) steam updraft cooling in the upper zone by steam generated from flashing due to depressurization and heat transfer to the fluid inventory in the lower zone, and (3) rod rewetting during the lower plenum flashing surge and fallback of the fluid (deposited in the upper plenum during the lower plenum flashing surge) from the upper plenum. These tests demonstrated the importance of various system design parameters as to their effect on the system thermal- hydraulic and bundle heat transfer response. For instance, variations in the break area and initial liquid mass in the annulus had a direct and significant effect on the system response and bundle heatup performance. Bundle power affected the bundle heatup response significantly, as ex- pected, but did not affect the overall system response. Large variations in other parameters such as bypass flow area, lower plenum geometry, pump coastdown rate, and inlet subcooling had little effect on the system and bundle heatup responses. The experimental results were further used to provide a basis for evaluating BDHT phenomena. Current BWR LOCA evaluation methods, when applied to the test ap- paratus, show a substantial margin in the prediction of peak cladding temperature. Observed thermal-hydraulic 27 and heat transfer phenomena were evaluated and com- pared with these methods. Specific phenomenologically based model improvements for break-flow and void dis- tribution were recommended. Such improved thermal- hydraulic models are expected to provide more accurate and realistic predictions of the BWR system thermal- hydraulic blowdown responses, (/i) All documents listed may be obtained through Technical Information Center, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. BWR Blowdowq Heat Transfer Program, Ninth Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-133 1 7-09, July 1-Sept. 30, 1974. Determination of Transient Heat Transfer Coefficients and the Resultant Surface Heat Flux from Internal Temperature Measurements, R. J. Muzzy, J. H. Avila, D. E. Root, GEAP-2073 1 , ian. 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Tenth Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-13317-lO, Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1974. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Eleventh Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-133 1 7-1 1 , Jan. 1-Mar. 31, 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Twelfth Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-13317-12, Apr. 1-June 30, 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Thirteenth Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-133 17-13, Julyl-Sept. 30, 1975. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer, Fourteenth Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-133 17-14, Oct. 1-Dec. 31, 1975. Blowdown Heat Transfer, W. A. Sutherland, Review of Recent Results, GEAP-20936, July 1975. Blowdown Heat Transfer Phenomena in the Scaled BWR Test System, G. L. Sozzi, R. J. Muzzy, G. W. Burnette, G£:/lP-2// 26, Jan. 1976. BWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Program, R. Muralidharan, et al.. Final Rept., GEAP-21214, Feb. 1976. Blowdown Heat Transfer Phenomena in the Scaled BWR Test System, G. L. Sozzi, R. J. Muzzy, G. W. Burnette, ASME Paper 76-HT-7, Aug. 1976. 041 •09984-660-73 BLOWDOWN/EMERGENCY CORE COOLING PROGRAM (b) General Electric Company, Electric Power Research In- stitute, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) G. W. Burnette, Project Manager, Mail Code 583. '; (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research. (e) Program will obtain and evaluate basic BWR blow- down/ECC injection thermal-hydraulic and heat transfer data from test system configurations which have per- formance characteristics similar to a BWR during a hypothetical Loss-of-Coolant-Accident (LOCA). The second principal objective is to determine the degree to which current LOCA models describe the observed phenomena, and as necessary, develop improved models. A scaled BWR reactor system simulator called the Two Loop Test Apparatus (TLTA) will be used to provide the LOCA test conditions representative of the environment characteristic of a contemporary BWR under postulated LOCA conditions. The scaling and design objectives for the TLTA are to provide a system test apparatus for in- vestigating, on a real time basis, the expected BWR fuel thermal-hydraulic response using an electrically heated, full size, full-power test bundle. In addition to establishing the reference performance, system parameters will be varied including break area and location, ECC and BWR configurations as they vary between BWR models, and bundle power variations. ECC parameters include flow rates, subcooling, injection location, injection mode, time of injection, and ECC system sequencing. (g) The Preliminary Program Plan has been developed which shows how the program objectives are to be met using a phased approach to testing. An analysis of electrically heated rods has been completed showing that such rods can be power programmed to simulate nuclear fuel rods during a LOCA. A test plan has been developed for the first phase of testing which is now underway and results of these tests indicate that peak clad temperatures in the 8 X8 rod bundle simulator (< 1100 °F) are several hundred degrees lower during the blowdown period than those measured in a 7X7 rod bundle. A transient thermal hydraulic method has been developed which can be used to calculate local thermal hydraulic conditions in rod bun- dles during BWR blowdown conditions. The method is based on a drift flux model. Conditions of cocurrent up- flow and counter current flow can be analyzed and counter-current flow limiting at the top of the bundle can also be accommodated. Heat conduction in the fuel or heater rods can be calculated or heat flux to the fluid can be specified as a boundary condition. (h) All documents listed may be obtained through Technical Information Center, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. BWR 8X8 Fuel Rod Simulation Using Electrical Heaters, J. P. Dougherty, R. J. Muzzy, GEAP-21207, Mar. 1976. BWR Blowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, First Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1304-1 , Jan. 1-Mar. 31, 1976. Preliminary BWR Blowdown/Emergency Core Cooling Pro- gram Plan, R. J. Muzzy, GEAP-21255, June 1976. BWR Blowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, Second Quar- terly Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1304-2, Apr. 1-June 30, 1976. 64-Rod Bundle BDHT Test Plan, J. P. Walker, GEAP- 21333, Sept. 1976. BWR Blowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, Third Quarterly Progress Rept., GEAP-2 1304-3, July 1-Sept. 30, 1976. BWR Blowdown/Emergency Core Cooling, Fourth Quar- terly Progress Rept., GEAP-21304-4, Jan. 1-Mar. 31, 1977. MAYU04-A Method to Evaluate Transient Thermal Hydraulic Conditions in Rod Bundles, W. C. Punches, GEAP-23517, (to be published). 041-09985-660-52 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION FOR LIGHT WATER REAC- TORS (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) J. F. Schardt, Project Manager, FIV for LWR Program, Mail Code 589. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and development. (e) Increase light water reactor availability through develop- ment of improved flow-induced vibration design criteria, analytical methods, and general scaling laws. Fundamental studies related to cross and parallel flow over tube banks, leakage flow mechanisms, and random vibration effects will be performed by General Electric's Research and Development Center and Argonne National Laboratory. In conjunction, studies on scale model and prototype boiling water reactor components will be performed by General Electric's Nuclear Energy Systems Division. Results from the fundamental and reactor component studies will be utilized as input for design methods, guides, and criteria development. Design methods will be verified through comparison with reactor field data. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, RE-ENTRY AND ENVIRON- MENTAL SYSTEMS DIVISION, P.O. Box 8518, Philadel- phia, Pa. 19101. Dr. Ralph R. Boericke, Manager, Ad- vanced Environmental Technology Laboratory. 042-08677-440-44 LAKE ONTARIO ICE MODELING (b) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (NOAA) as part of the International Field Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL). (c) J. F. Dilley, Research Engineer. (d) First year, experimental; second and third years, analytical; basic research. (e) Ice formation growth and decay on Lake Ontario was simulated on two scales; a small, local, near shore scale and a whole lake scale. Each surface heat transfer mode is 28 computed separately so that its importance can be quan- titatively evaluated. The whole lake ice compulations were performed to supply an input for latent heat of fusion into the energy budget being compiled by the IFYGL energy budget panel. (/) Completed. (g) It was found that the convective flux dominated the heat loss during freezing periods and that it was usually twice as large as the evaporation loss. The solar flux usually dominated during the melting periods. The near shore ice thicknesses compared very well with the closest available ice thickness data. The whole lake model generated realistic ice distributions when compared with ice charts and satellite images. The computed net heat loss for the winter was lower than the data indicated due to under-esti- mating the eddy diffusivities which are very high during the winter. (/]) Lake Ontario Ice Modeling-IFYGL Phase 3 Final Report, J. F. Dilley, GE/RESD Rept. No. 76SDR2209, June 1976 (available Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104). 042-08679-400-73 ESTUARINE HYDRAULICS AND THERMAL DISPERSION (b) Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. () National Sea Grant Program, NCAA. (c) R. A. Grace. (d) Experimental project in the ocean to examine the accura- cy of the predictions of the linear and stream function theories related to peak wave-induced water particle velocities and accelerations near the sea bed. (e) Kinematics measured by a ducted impeller meter 1.5 feet above the bottom in 37 feet of water. Wave conditions ob- tained from a spiral-wound, resistance gage. 33 (/) Completed. (g) Linear and stream function theories both accurate for velocities but considerably in error for accelerations. (h) Near-Bottom Water Motion Under Ocean Waves, R. A. Grace, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976. 046-09277-420-44 PIPELINE SURVIVAL UNDER OCEAN WAVE ATTACK (b) National Sea Grant Program, NOAA. (c) R. A. Grace. (d) Experimental study in the ocean to obtain wave force coefficients for a submarine pipe parallel to the wave fronts. (e) Test pipe made of steel, 16 inches in diameter and 17.5 feet long. Length of instrumented section-39.5 inches. Pipe mounted on base set on bottom in 37 feet of water. Kinematics measured with a ducted current meter and wave conditions with a resistance wire gage. (/) Data taking completed; final report in preparation. (g) Maximum force coefficients in horizontal and vertical directions independent of Reynolds number, pipe clearance, and roughness, but correlated with modified Keulegan-Carpenter period parameter. (h) Wave Force Coefficients from Pipeline Research in the Ocean, R. A. Grace, S. A. Nicinski, Proc. 8th Ann. Offshore Tech. Conf. 3, Houston, Tex., May 1976, pp. 681- 694. 046-09278-520-00 DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF MOORED SHIPS DUE TO WAVE ACTION (c) L. H. Seidl and T. T. Lee. (d) Experimental in the laboratory and numerical type studies as applied research and for use in Master's level papers (not thesis). (e) Predict the dynamic responses of tankers moored at sea berth subjected to wave excitations from various headings. Regular and group waves were generated in a seakeeping and wave basin (42 ft wide, 64 ft long, and 4 ft high) for both deep water and shallow water conditions so as to excite spread-moored ship model at 1:100 scale of a 39,200-ton tanker and another at 1;100 scale of a 313,000-ton tanker. Ship model motions in six degrees of freedom were measured and compared with those pre- dicted numerical for the prototypes. (/) Completed. (g) Agreement between numerical predictions and experimen- tal measurements is considered good although there is some scattering of data points perhaps due to model scale, and nonlinear effects. The numerical technique is applia- ble to ships moored in regular waves and group waves. It predicts the slow-drift oscillations which must be taken into consideration in the design of sea berths. The test results for both water depth to draft ratio of 1.20 and 1.56 are presented in unit amplitude responses of ship motions (sway, surge, heave, pitch, roll, yaw, and slow drift oscilla- tions) as a function of wave period. The effect of the bot- tom on the virtual mass and moment inertia is evident for the small water depth to draft ratio of 1.20. A Master of Science level research paper was completed covering laboratory study of a 1;100 scale model fo a 260,000-ton supertanker in a six point symmetric moor and subjected to head-on and beam-on regular and group waves for water depth to ship draft ratio of 1.2 and 1.5. Displace- ments in the six modes of motion were measured and steady state drift mooring forces were calculated from the measured displacements. From the data, a reflection coef- ficient, R, indicating the relative drift force was deter- mined and presented in graph form as a function of in- cident wave period. It is found that the drift force is am- plified in the vicinity of the natural period of heave, pitch and roll. Tank effects such as especially undesirable reflec- tions from tank boundaries must be reduced to a minimum for similar tests. (h) SEABERTH-A Program for Calculation of Motions and Mooring Forces, L. Sugin, L. H. Seidl. Reprints of Ocean Engrg. II Conf., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Del., June 9- 12, 1975. Physical and Mathematical Modeling on Dynamic Respon- ses of Supertankers Moored at Seaberth Subjected to Wave Action, T. T. Lee, Volume 1 (text, appendices A, B, C; 127 pp.) and Volume 2 (Appendix D; 299 pp.); un- published manuscripts. Drift Forces on Moored Vessels of Minimum Draft Clearance, A. J. James, Master of Science Paper, Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, May 4, 1976; 54 pages. 046-09279-520-88 DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF SEA BERTH-MOORED TAN- KERS DUE TO WAVE ACTION (b) Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan, and University of Hawaii. (c) T. T. Lee. (d) Experimental and applied research, and numerical techniques. (e) Provide a method to predict dynamic response of super- tankers moored at a sea-berth excited by water waves and related mooring forces and impact forces induced to berthing structures. The study involves an experimental study of a 200,000 DWT supertanker at 1 :40 model scale measuring impact forces, mooring forces and ship motions as excited by beam-on waves. (f) Completed. (g) Investigations covered experimental studies of 1:40 scale model of 313,000-ton tanker at University of Hawaii (refer to 046-09278-520-00). Impact forces, mooring forces, and ship motions were measured at Osaka while only ship mo- tions were measured at Hawaii. These experimental results were used to validate the mathematical model developed by L. H. Seidl at University of Hawaii. It was found that the numerical model is valid and the values are approxi- mately 15 percent higher than the results from the physi- cal models. Other major contributions include: effects of elastic characteristics of dolphin-fender systems on hydrodynamics; effects of elastic characteristics and initial tensions of mooring lines on impact forces, mooring forces, ship motions, and effects of wave characteristics on these forces and motions. The unit amplitude response operators obtained by either experiments or theory can be used to predict impact forces, mooring forces and slow- drift ship oscillation for engineering purposes. The infor- mation for the regular waves can be used to predict the responses for irregular waves at least for the frequency domain solutions. Time domain predictions will be applica- ble when coupling of motions is not significant. Experi- mental and numerical results agree reasonably well. Some of the discrepancies are due perhaps to: (a) the uncertain- ty of values for hydrodynamic mass and damping for use in the mathematical model; (b) the necessity of knowing whether or not the tanker is "breast-on" or "breast-off" the sea berth; thus the effective spring constant of dolphin- fender-mooring system should be used in calculations; (c) consideration of a change in free oscillation when certain mooring lines are broken; and, (d) scale effects of the type expected in the model studies. (h) Impact Forces, Mooring Forces and Motions of Supertan- kers at Offshore Terminal Subjected to Wave Actions, S. Nagai, K. Oda, T. T. Lee, Proc. XXIVth Intl. Navigation Congress, Leningrad, Sept. 6-14, 1977. Studies on Dynamic Responses of Supertankers Moored at Seaberth Subjected to Wave Action, T. T. Lee, Ph.D. Dis- sertation, Osaka City Univ., Japan, June 1976, 1 14 pages. Scale Effects on Physical/Mathematical Modeling, T. T. Lee, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques for Waterways, Har- bors, and Coastal Engrg., San Francisco, Calif., Sept. 3-5, 1975, 20 pages. 34 046-09280-420-52 OPERATIONAL SEA STATE AND DESIGN WAVE CRITERIA FOR OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVER- SION PROJECTS (b) Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). (c) Prof. Charles L. Bretschneider. (d) Office investigation, i.e., literature review and compilation: also numerical prediction. (e) Identify and evaluate sources of information on wind, wave and current pertinent to the design and operation of an OTEC power plant off coast of USA including Hawaii but not Alaska and in a 40 degree wide belt centered on the Equator; predict these excitations for few particular lo- cations. (g) About one-hundred-sixty sources of information have been identifled and published ranging from professional papers through periodicals, charts and atlases to books, especially "Ocean Wave Statistics," 1966 National Physical Lab in England and "Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Obser- vations," 1973-75 of U.S. Naval Weather Service. There is much better information in areas offshore USA-excluding Hawaii-and the Arabian-Midlndian-Bengal-South China Sea area than in Equator-to-south-20 degree area where deficiencies are notable. More hindcasts are recommended for most areas especially those where hurricanes or typhoons are likely and where a dominant current exists. Examples have been published of application of state-of- the-art for predicting deep ocean currents and winds and the waves that they generate including extremes. Hindcast- ing for particular areas has begun including off Hawaii, Key West, New Orleans and Puerto Rico. (h) Operational Sea State and Design Wave Criteria for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Projects; Literature Available and Prediction Techniques for, C. L. Bretschneider, Prin- cipal Investigator, and J. M. Cherry, T. K. Pyles, R. E. Rocheleau, B. B. Scott, E. E. Tayame, Graduate Students. TR-39, J. K. K. Look Lab., Univ. of Hawaii, Mar. 1977, 520 pages. Operational Sea State and Design Wave Criteria: State of the Available Data for USA Coast and Equatorial Latitude, C. L. Bretschneider, Proc. 4th Ocean Thermal Energy Con- version Conf., published by Energy Research and Develop- ment Administration, Washington, D.C., June 1977. 046-09282-340-54 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONSERVATION TYPE POWER PLANT OFF ISLAND OF HAWAII (b) National Science Foundation; Energy Research and Development Administration; and Department of Planning and Economic Development of State of Hawaii. (c) Karl H. Bathen. (d) Field investigation and numerical modeling; applied research; some of material to be used in Master's thesis. (e) Define physical characteristics of the area in the Pacific Ocean offshore Keahole Point (N 19-45 W 156-04) on leeward side of the Island of Hawaii as potential site for an OTEC type power plant (likely floating) of 100 to 240 mega-watt capacity. Purpose of the study is to define the oceanographic conditions, and impact on the environ- ment-physical, social and economic-of the OTEC Plant. It is concluded that the area is exceptionally seakindly with a large hot-cold water temperature differential relatively nearshore to a sympathetic population and hence a most promising one for OTEC Plant operation. The study off Keahole Point continues, e.g., thru 1978 it will include in situ observations at 2,000 ft depth of water temperature and salinity and current velocity for the Plant in general, and in particular tests off the Point of the bio-fouling of the heat-exchanger (under Prof. J. G. Fetkovich of Car- negie-Mellon U. and Prof. F. C. Munchmeyer of U. of Hawaii) and numerical prediction of sea and current state and criteria for operation and design of the Plant structure (under Prof C. L. Bretschneider of U. of Hawaii). (/i) Evaluation of Oceanographic Aspects and Environmental Impact of Nearshore Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants on Sub-Tropical Hawaiian Waters, published by Center for Engrg. Research; Univ. of Hawaii; K. H. Bathen, et al., NSF-RANN Grant AER-74-17421-A01, Apr. 1975, 130 pages.; K. H. Bathen; period June 75-Oct. 75. Final Report to Dept. Planning and Economic Develop- ment, State of Hawaii, Nov. 1975, 80 pages; K. H. Bathen, presented Fall 1975 Mig. Amer. Geophys. Union, San Francisco, Nov. 1975, 16 pages. Oceanographic and Socio-Economic Impact of a Nearshore Ocean Thermal Conversion Power Plant in Hawaii, K. H. Bathen, LOOK LABI HAWAII 5, 2, pp. 15-32, July 1975. 046-10050-420-44 WAVE ATTENUATION AND WAVE-INDUCED SETUP OVER SHALLOW REEF (b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Office of Sea Grant Program; Office of Marine Affairs Coordina- tor, State of Hawaii. (c) T. T. Lee and F. Gerritsen. (d) Field investigation; experimental and theoretical studies laboratory; applied research and Master's thesis. (e) Improve understanding of the characteristics of water waves from deep ocean which break on a reef and then travel shoreward to runup on and reflect from a beach. The plan during September 77-78 is to complete water level measurements at seven points on 1/4-mile long reef- to-beach course on south shore Oahu (N21-17 W 157-5 2) and in laboratory in 180'X4' wide tank; analyze measure- ments and refine mathematical model and compare output with that obtained by others; develop formula for predict- ing pertinent behavior together with graphical solution and predict for specific locations in Hawaii; publish final re- port. (f) Started September 1975; to be completed August 1978. (g) The typically offshore waves incident on the reef are swell with narrow banded spectrum. These tend to arrive in groups ("sets" in surfer jargon) which then are modulated at a beat frequency. As they shoal on the reef, typically secondary waves are formed indicating a very nonlinear wave process. The waves which reform inside the reef after breaking have multiple crests. Power spectra and cu- mulative energy spectra have been obtained for each of the seven water level measuring stations on the reef-to- beach ocean course along with percent of total energy isolines vs frequency and distance offshore in graphical form for each day of measurements in the ocean. Wave at- tenuation primarily is at the expense of the energy at the primary frequency. Nonlinear transfer of energy is evident, both to high frequencies as exhibited by the secondary harmonic, and to low frequencies, as exhibited by the surf beat. Such transfer is extremely important in a description of the dynamics of the waves within the reef-to-beach system. This phenomenon also has been observed in laboratory experiments at 1;12 scale mainly to determine the response functions for the different ocean measuring stations. Laboratory measurements are being analyzed to determine wave energy dissipation due to breaking and bottom friction using both spectral and zero up-crossing procedures in which secondary wave effects are con- sidered; friction coefficient and breaking factor using linear and/or solitary wave theories especially to determine energy losses and evaluate the scale effects in the labora- tory experiment (physical model). The formation of solitons will be modeled numerically using a controlled iteration technique to solve the Korteweg and de Vries equation which is inherently divergent and results com- pared with measurements. H,= 3.57 o- -1-0. 10 is the best fit between the height of the significant wave and a standard deviation (cr). Other parameters being evaluated include; wave height and set-up distribution versus distance offshore; wave height and wave period relationship effect of local wind on energy spectra; energy losses due to fric- tion and wave breaking; effect of scale on response func- tions obtained from field and laboratory measurements. 35 254-330 0-78-4 (/)) Wave Transformation Across the Coral Reef, E. B. Thorn- ton, T. T. Lee, K. P. Black. Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophys. Union, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 6-10, 1976. Preliminary Finding from Wave Attenuation and Wave In- duced Setup Over Shallow Reef Project, T. T. Lee, K. P. Black, Working Paper 77-1, J. K. K. Look Lab., Apr. 4, 1977. Spectral Analysis and Zero Up-Crossing Program-User's Guide, K. P. Black, Working Paper 77-2, J. K. K. Look Lab., Mar. 1977. Characteristics of Waves Reformed Shoreward After Breaking on a Reef; Ocean, Laboratory, and Mathematical Study Of, T. T. Lee, F. Gerritsen, K. P. Black, TR-40, J. K. K. Look Lab. (in preparation). 046-10051-490-88 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) SYSTEM (b) Hawaii Natural Energy institute. (c) T. T. Lee. (d) Experimental study in the laboratory and applied research. (e) Assist in the design of an OTEC power plant located per- haps offshore Hawaii. It is planned to investigate the effect of the OTEC system on ambient ocean physical charac- teristics and also the effects of changes in ambient ocean stratification on OTEC plant efficiency by measurements in a very large and deep circular tank (40 ft high and 30 ft in diameter) at J. K. K. Look Laboratory of the flow-tem- perature field around the water intake-outlet subsystem. Measurements will be compared with predictions made using a numerical model being developed by Ph.D. can- didate. if) Started September 1975 with August 1978 as estimated completion date. (g) A working model was constructed which demonstrates the principle of operation of an OTEC power plant (it is not suitable for use in the measurement program). Laboratory simulation facilities are under construction. Data acquisi- tion system is being designed. (h) Oceanographic Engineering Research on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion for Hawaii, T. T. Lee, K. H. Bathen. Proposal for Year 1977-78 to Univ. of Hawaii Sea Grant Program dated Feb. 1977. 046-10052-470-70 SITE SELECTION AND CONCEPTUAL PLANNING OF JET- FOIL TERMINAL FOR HAWAII KAI, MAUNALUA BAY, OAHU (b) Kentron Hawaii, Inc. of Honolulu, Hawaii. (c) T. T. Lee. (d) Engineering investigation in ocean and office and applied research. (e) Determine technical feasibility and rank-of-merit of each of five possible sites; provide conceptual design for Ter- minal at the best site including bill of materials. The State of Hawaii is considering jetfoil-commuter service between Hawaii Kai and downtown Honolulu about 15 sea-miles west. (/) Completed (June 23, 1975-August 3, 1975). (g) The study covers factors such as winds, waves, currents, tsunamis, storm surge, tides, seiche, littoral drift, and ship motions; also, dredging requirements, geological climate, and ship maneuverability at the Terminal site. A computer program was developed to predict the motions of the jet- foil (Boeing 929) excited by waves of different heading and frequency for particular water depth to jetfoil draft ratios. Unit amplitude response operators in surge, heave, and pitch are presented and used to predict onset of mo- tion sickness in humans as a parameter in the selection of the most appropriate berth orientation with minimum mo- tion of the jetfoil at zero speed. (h) Site Selection and Conceptual Design for Hawaii Kai Jetfoil Terminal in Maunalua Bay, Oahu, T. T. Lee, A. L. James, R. J. Merchant, Tech. Rept. 36, J. K. K. Look Lab., Aug. 1975, 136 pages. 046-10053-470-60 SHIP-GENERATED WAVES IN NAVY MARINA AT PEARL HARBOR (b) Harbors Division, Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii. (c) T. T. Lee. (d) Field investigation and office study and applied research. (e) Determine effect on small boats as berthed in the Marina of waves generated by ferry boats passing nearby. The State of Hawaii is considering a ferry boat commuter ser- vice between downtown Honolulu and the Aloha Sport Stadium on shores of Pearl Harbor about 15 sea-miles west with harbor terminal near to the Marina. (/) Completed in period January thru April 1976. (g) Ship waves were generated by ferry boats of 180 ton dis- placement sailing into and out of the proposed landing ter- minal and comprehensive, correlated measurements of these waves (excitations) and motions (responses) of small craft in the Marina were made. The time-history of the ship-waves from area of generation to the berths of the Marina was recorded on aerial photographs from a helicopter overhead. Two ferry boats under light load and full load conditions and cruising at two different routes at a variety of speeds from 6 to 14 knots were used off the Marina. Based on the data analyzed, it is concluded that the effect on the Marina and its floating craft and piers of ferry operation to and from Aloha Stadium following the "Design Route" would not be significant at cruising speed of 6 knots or less and would be tolerable at up to 8 knots. Thus, the wave energy dissipator (breakwater) is con- sidered unnecessary. The correlated measurements should be useful to marina designers generally. {h) Ship-Generated Waves in Navy Marina at Pearl Harbor, T. T. Lee, Tech. Rept. No. 38, J. K. K. Look Lab., Apr. 1976, 50 pages. Effect of Ship-Generated Wave on Marina Design, T. T. Lee, presented in Honolulu at the Hawaii Reconvene Ses- sion {Oct. 23-25, 1977) of the Natl. Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs. Convention, San Francisco, Calif, Oct. 17-21, 1977. 046-10054-420-00 WAVE-INDUCED INSTABILITY OF CONCRETE CUBES (c) R. A. Grace. id) Experimental investigation in the ocean of the wave-in- duced kinematical conditions necessary to initiate motion of concrete cubes of various sizes (I to 4 1/2 inches) and various specific gravities. (e) Site in 37 feet of water. Blocks set on a concrete slab. Kinematics obtained by a ducted current meter. Observer diver used to signal movement of cubes. (/) Completed. 046-10055-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED SPHERES (c) R. A. Grace. (d) Experimental, field project on wave-induced forces on a sphere. Maximum-force, drag, and inertia coefficients are derived. Master's paper project. (e) The sphere was 29 inches in diameter, attached to a 5- foot-long cantilever mounted vertically on a ballasted steel base. Strain gages on the cantilever permitted force-mea- suring. Water depth 37 feet. (/) Completed. (g) Excellent correlation of maximum-force coefficient with adapted Keulegan-Carpenter period parameter. (h) Inertia and Drag Coefficients for a Submerged Sphere, G. Zee, M.S. Plan "B" Paper, Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, 60 pages, Dec. 1976. 046-10056-420-60 PRESSURE VARIATIONS UNDER WAVES (b) State of Hawaii, Marine Affairs Coordinator's Office. (c) R. A. Grace. 36 (d) Experimental, field and laboratory investigation of the suc- cess of the linear and second-order cnoidal wave theories in predicting surface wave heights from pressure head variations near the bottom. (e) Field study in Hawaii in 37 feet of water. Laboratory study at Oregon State University with depths of 9.5 and 11.5 feet. (f) Data collection completed; report in preparation. UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA, College of Tropical Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, 3131 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Professdr I- Pai Wu. 047-09025-840-00 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR OPTIMAL IRRIGA- TION DESIGN AND OPERATION (e) Optimal design of conduit system with diverging branches, using dynamic program. (/]) Design of Conduit System With Diverging Branches, K-P. Yang, T. Liang, I-P. Wu, J. Hydraul. Div. ASCE 101, HYl, Proc. Paper 11080, pp. 167-188, Jan. 1975. 047-09026-840-00 TRICKLE IRRIGATION TO IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION AND WATER MANAGEMENT (e) Hydraulic analysis of lateral lines, submain and main lines of a drip irrigation system. (/i) Design of Drip Irrigation Line, IP. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, HAES Tech. Bull. 96, Univ. Hawaii, 29 pages, June 1974. Drip Irrigation Design Based on Uniformity, IP. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, ASAE Trans. 17, 3, pp. 429-432, 1974. Design Charts for Drip Irrigation Systems, IP. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, Proc. 2nd Intl. Drip Irrigation Congr., San Diego, Calif., pp. 305-310, July 1974. Energy Gradient Line for Drip Irrigation Laterals, IP. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 101, 1R4, pp. 323-326, Dec. 1975. Design of Drip Irrigation Main Lines, 1-P. Wu, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 101, IR4, pp. 265-278, Dec. 1975. Irrigation Efficiencies of Surface, Sprinkler and Drip Ir- rigation, I-P. Wu, H. M. Gitlin, Proc. 2nd World Congress, Intl. Water Resources Assoc. 1, New Delhi, India, pp. 191- 199, Dec. 1975. UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, Cullen College of Engineering, Houston, Tex. 77004. Dr. Philip G. Hoffman, University President; Dr. Abraham E. Dukler, Dean of Engineering. 048-10195-630-70 INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC PULSING IN A PITOT PUMP WITH CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR AND JET STIRRING VANE (b) Kobe, Inc., California. (c) Dr. Kurt M. Marshek, Department of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research and design- development; Master's and Doctor's theses. (e) The cause of exit flow hydraulic pulsing and its relation to the pump-filter geometr>' and flow variables will be deter- mined. Mathematical methods of describing the flow of solid particles and the fluid itself are being studied so that F the pump-fllter design can be optimized with regard to flow, pressure, noise and strength. 048-10196-050-50 ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS IN NORMAL JET IMPINGE- MENT (b) Theoretical Acoustics Branch, NASA, Langley Research Center. (c) Dr. Stanley J. Kleis, Department of Mechanical Engineer- ing. (d) Experimental, basic research. (c) Far field acoustics measurements of the noise produced by subsonic jets impinging normally on a large flat surface were made for small nozzle to plate spacings. Both a uniform and fully developed pipe flow velocity exit condi- tion were tested. The nozzle to plate spacing normalized by the jet exit diameter was varied from 0.75 to 7.0 for a Mach number of 0.28. The motivation for the study was to provide a data base for a relatively simple flow field for comparison with noise prediction techniques based on vor- ticity transport in the flow impingement region. The small dimensionless nozzle to plate spacings were chosen such that the potential core (for the uniform jet) extended into the impingement region on the surface. (g) All results are for an exit Mach number of 0.28 and a nominal exit diameter of 2.2 cm. Measurement of overall sound power level indicates a large (12 db) increase above a free jet as the dimensionless nozzle to plate spacing is reduced to a value near unity for the uniform jet. A similar increase (9 db) occurs for the fully developed pipe flow condition. Although the overall sound power level ex- hibits a smooth variation with nozzle to plate spacing, the directivity patterns change very rapidly. The directivity patterns are quite distinct (6-7 db from maximum to minimum) and complex. They have been found to be radi- ally independent. The radial independence indicates that the patterns are not caused by the cancellations and rein- forcements of narrow band noise or pure tones. (h) Acoustics Measurements in Normal Jet Impingement, First Semi-Annual Rept., NASA Research Center, contact cor- respondent. 048-10197-020-20 EFFECT OF AXISYMMETRIC CONTRACTION SHAPE AND RATIO ON THE INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOW (i>) Office of Naval Research. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) The effects of the axisymmetric contraction shape and contraction ratio both with and without upstream grid on the incompressible free-stream turbulence have been deter- mined experimentally. Primary motivation was nozzle design for jet study. (g) Turbulence modification in the contraction is not affected by the contraction shape; the exit boundary layer mean and turbulence characteristics, however, as well as the de- parture from equipartition within the nozzle, depend on the contraction shape. The exit longitudinal turbulence in- tensity does not decrease for contraction ratios c greater than aobut 45 while the lateral turbulence intensity con- tinues to decrease further. The data demonstrate the in- adequacy of the linear (Batchelor-Proudman-Ribner- Tucker) theory in predicting the effect of a contraction on the turbulence structure. {h) Effects of the Axisymmetric Contraction Shape on Incom- pressible Turbulent Flow, A. K. M. F. Hussain, V. Ramjee, J. Fludis Engr. 98, pp. 58-69, 1976. Influence of the Axisymmetric Contraction Ratio on Free- Stream Trubulence, V. Ramjee, A. K. M. F. Hussain, J. Fluids Engr. 98, pp. 506-515, 1976. 048-10198-030-20 VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CYLINDER IN PRESENCE OF FREE-STREAM PERTURBATIONS THE (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. 37 (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) The effects of free-stream turbulence and of sinusoidal free-stream pulsations of controlled frequencies and am- plitudes on the periodic wake of a circular cylinder were studied by employing hot-wire and visualization techniques. (g) The frequency-mean velocity (Berger's) relation is unaf- fected by the free-stream turbulence intensity. Sinusoidal pulsations up to 10 percent in amplitude of the free-stream velocity have no effect on the shedding frequency. At larger pulsations, shedding occurs at the pulsation frequen- cy. Free-stream turbulence or pulsation cannot explain the "Tritton jump." (/i) Vortex Shedding from a Circular Cylinder in the Presence of Free-Stream Disturbances, A. K. M. F. Hussain, V. Ramjee, Proc. 5th Canad. Congr. Appl. Mech., pp. 485-486, 1975. Periodic Wake Behind a Circular Cylinder at Low Reynolds Number, A. K. M. F. Hussain, V. Ramjee, Aero. Quart. 27, pp. 123-142, 1976. 048-10199-050-54 EFFECT OF THE INITIAL CONDITION ON THE TURBU- LENCE STRUCTURE IN A PLANE JET (b) National Science Foundation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) The effects of the characteristics of the initial (laminar and turbulent) boundary layers on the statistical measures of a plane free jet have been determined experimentally. (g) The mean and turbulent velocities, virtual origins, jet width, mass flux, entrainment rate, etc., depend systemati- cally on the initial condition. The momentum flux in- creases by up to 60 percent of the exit momentum flux, depending on the initial condition. This increase is at- tributed to the negative mean static pressure and has been confirmed by pressure measurements. (/]) Effects of the Initial Condition on the Development of a Plane Turbulent Jet, A. R. Clark, A. K. M. F. Hussain, Proc. Soc. Engr. Sc. 12. pp. 1149-1158, 1975. Upstream Influence on the Near Field of a Plane Turbulent Jet, A. K. M. F. Hussain, A. R. Clark, submitted for publi- cation. 048-10200-050-54 VORTICITY WAVE IN A PLANE TURBULENT JET (b) National Science Foudnation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The characteristics of the vorticity waves in the near field of a plane turbulent jet under controlled excitation have been investigated in the Reynolds number range 8,000- 32,000 and the Strouhal number range 0.15-0.60. (g) The wave fundamental amplitude attains its maximum value at the Strouhal number 0.18, at 4 slit-widths downstream from the exit. The wave amplitude and phase data in the near field free shear layer agree with the spa- tial stability theory of Michaike, The phase velocity data show that in the lower Strouhal number range the plane jet is nearly a nondispersive waveguide. (/>) Organized Motions in a Plane Turbulent Jet Under Con- trolled Excitation, A. K. M. F. Hussain, C. A. Thompson, Proc. Soc. Engr. Sc. 12, pp. 341-352, 1975. 048-10201-050-54 ORGANIZED STRUCTURE IN A PLANE JET {/>) National Science Foundation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Wavenumber dependent phase velocities of large scales are being determined from double-Fourier transformation of measured space-time correlation in a plane jet. 048-10202-050-54 CONDITIONALLY SAMPLED MEASUREMENTS IN A PLANE TURBULENT JET (b) National Science Foundation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) The conditionally measured turbulence structure in a plane jet is being determined for different initial condi- tions. 048-10203-050-50 ACOUSTICS-TURBULENCE INTERACTION IN A CIRCU- LAR JET UNDER CONTROLLED EXCITATION (b) NASA-Langley Research Center. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. ie) The effects of sinusoidal excitations of controlled am- plitudes and frequencies on the near field turbulence structures of circular jets have been investigated over a large range of unit Reynolds numbers, jet Reynolds num- bers, Strouhal numbers, excitation amplitudes and initial conditions. (g) Significant variations in the turbulence intensity, as well as integral measures, of the circular jet can be effected by small-amplitude excitations. Depending on excitation Strouhal numbers, the turbulence intensity in the jet can be increased or damped over the unpulsated jet. (h) Effect of Acoustic Excitation on the Turbulent Structure of a Circular Jet, A. K. M. F. Hussain, K. B. M. Q. Zaman, Proc. Interag. Symp. Univ. Res. Transp. Noise 3, pp. 314- 326, 1975. 048-10204-050-20 VORTEX PAIRING IN A CIRCULAR JET UNDER CON- TROLLED EXCITATION (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental, basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The effects of controlled periodic excitation on the vortex pairing mechanism in a circular jet under controlled ex- citation are being carried out by both flow-visualization and hot-wire techniques. (g) Vortex pairing in circular jets occurs in two modes, "the shear layer mode" and "the jet mode." Most intense or- ganized activity in a circular jet is associated with the pair- ing process. (h) Vortex Pairing and Organized Structures in Axisymmetric Jets under Controlled Excitation, K. B. M. Q. Zaman, A. K. M. F. Hussain, Turb. Shear Flow, Penn State U., pp. 11.23-31, 1977. 048-10205-000-54 EFFECT OF THE INITIAL CONDITION ON THE STRUC- TURE OF THE FREE SHEAR LAYER (b) National Science Foundation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. id) Experimental, basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The effects of initial momentum thickness Reynolds number and fluctual level on the evolution of an axisym- metric free shear layer have been investigated for initially laminar and turbulent boundary layers. (g) Most discrepancies in published data on the free mixing layer can be explained as consequences of systematic variations of the initial condition. (/i) Effects of the Initial Condition on the Axisymmetric Free Shear Layer, A. K. M. F. Hussain, M. F. Zedan, submitted. ^ 38 048-10206-160-20 THE FREE SHEAR LAYER TONE PHENOMENON (h) Office of Naval Research and National Science Founda- tion. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) The free shear layer tone mechanism induced by a hot- wire probe and a plane wedge has been studied for incom- pressible plane and axisymmetric free shear layers. (/) The free shear layer tone mechanism is quite different from the widely investigated slit-jet edgetone. Detailed in- tegral measures of the shear layer under edgetone, and the shear tone eigenvalues and eigenfunctions have been mea- sured and found to be in reasonable agreement with spa- tial stability theory. (/i) The Free Shear Layer Tone Phenomenon and Probe Inter- ference, A. K. M. F. Hussain, K. B. M. Q. Zaman, sub- mitted. 048-10207-050-50 NOISE RADIATED FROM A JET UNDER CONTROLLED PERTURBATION (b) NASA-Langley Research Center. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain and S. J. Kleis, Department of Mechanical Engineering. (d) Experimental; applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) The effect of controlled pulsation of the far-field noise of a high-speed subsonic jet is being studied. 048-10208-210-54 INSTABILITY OF TIME-DEPENDENT FLOWS IN STRAIGHT AND CURVED TUBES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) A. K. M. Fazle Hussain, Professor of Mechanical En- gineering. (d) Experimental; basic research; post-doctoral. (e) The instability characteristics of periodically pulsed flows in straight and curved tubes are being studied experimen- tally. 048-10209-420-54 NONLINEAR GRAVITY WAVE INTERACTION (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Asst. Prof. James D. A. van Hoften, Department of Civil Engineering. (d) The project is an experimental basic research study, which will produce one Masters thesis and one Doctoral disserta- tion. (e) Three phases of water wave interaction will be studied in a laboratory wave tank. The existence of a two-component wave will be investigated as its nonlinear effects increase to the point of micro breaking. Additionally the initiation of turbulence by wave action will be examined by a wave following hot-film anemometer. 048-10210-130-52 MODELING FLOW REGIMES IN TWO PHASE GAS LIQUID FLOW (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. (e) Criteria for transition between the various flow regimes observed in two phase flow are developed based on the forces causing each of these transitions to take place. Stu- dies are under way for vertical upward and horizontal study flow as well as during flow transients. (g) Models have been evolved based on the physical mechanisms which are operative. The results have been generalized to cover the effects of pipe size, flow rates and fluid properties for the two situations of horizontal and vertical upflow. ill) A Model for Predicting Flow Regime Transitions for Horizontal and Near Horizontal Tubes, Y. Taitel, A. E. Dukler, AlChE J 22, 47 ( 1976). Flow Regime Transitions for Vertical Upward Gas-Liquid Flow: An Approach Through Physical Modeling, Y. Taitel, A. E. Dukler, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm. Repl., NUREG-0162, 48 pages ( 1977). 048-10211-130-55 FLOW REVERSAL IN TWO PHASE, GAS LIQUID VERTI- CAL FILM FLOW (b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. (e) A study of the role of the interfacial wave structure in the process of flow reversal or flooding for liquid films falling down the inside wall of a vertical tube. (g) Interfacial shear created by countercurrent gas flow modi- fies the interfacial structure and flow reversal takes place without closure of the tube. (h) Statistical Characteristics of Thin Wavy Films: II. Studies of the Substrate and Its Wave Structure, K. J. Chu, A. E. Dukler, AlChEJ. 20, pp. 695-706 ( 1974). Statistical Characteristics of Thin Wavy Films: HI. Struc- ture of the Large Waves and Their Resistance to Gas Flow, K. J. Chu, A. E. Dukler, /l/C/j£ 7. 21, pp. 583-594 (1975). 048-10212-130-88 MECHANICS, HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN GAS- LIQUID SLUG FLOW (b) American Institute of Chemical Engineering Design In- stitute for Multiphase Processing. (c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment. (d) Experiment, theoretical, applied research. (e) Over a wide range of flow rate space, gas and liquid flow- ing simultaneously in horizontal tubes naturally distribute so that large slugs of liquid^ move rapidly down the pipe followed by a stratified liquid film superposed by a gas phase. Both the local flow rate and transport vary with time. The objective of the project is to model the unsteady flow (slug length, velocity, frequency, film height profile and velocity, gas velocity) and extend this work to heat and mass transfer. (g) Two models have been developed from which the hydrodynamic characteristics of the slug flow can be pre- dicted including the essential spacial features and frequen- cy. This has been verified with experiment. A mathemati- cal model has been developed to describe the unsteady state heat transfer process and validated experimentally. (/i) A Model for Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Tubes, M. G. Hubbard, A. E. Dukler, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 14, 337 (1975). Heat Transfer During Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal Tubes, T. Niu, A. E. Dukler, in press for Proc. of OECD/NEA Specialists Mtg. on Transient Two Phase Flow, Plenum Press (1977). A Model for Slug Frequency During Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Pipes, Y. Taitel, A. E. Dukler, in press for Int. J. Multiphase Flows, ( 1977). 048-10213-130-54 DEPOSITION OF DROPLETS INTO MOVING LIQUID FILMS (b) National Science Foundation; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. (e) A gas phase moving over a liquid film generates droplets which are dispersed in the gas phase. The process of tur- bulent diffusion results in some of these drops being redeposited on the film. The objective of this research is 39 to discern the deposition mechanism for these large (1000* micron) drops in the presence of a wavy Uquid film. (g) A stochastic model for deposition of small drops (< 100 fi.) has been developed. A measurement technique is now operative which uses a two color, two dimensional laser velocimeter which permits direct measurement of droplet velocities. (/i) Deposition of Liquid on Solid Dispersions from Turbulent Gas Streams, P. Hutchenson, G. Hewett, A. E. Dukler, Chem. Eng. Sci. 26,419 (1971). Lagrangian Simulation of Dispersion in Turbulent Shear Flow Using a Hybrid Computer, N. Lee, A. E. Dukler, AIChEJ. 22,449 (1976). 04S-10214-130-52 TWO PHASE FLOW IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) A. E. Dukler, Professor, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment. {d) Experimental, applied research. (e) The factor controlling the rate of production of a geother- mal well is the pressure gradient due to hydrostatic pres- sure. In this work the objective is to model the void frac- tion distribution for each flow pattern and to test these models experimentally. (g) Physical modeling completed. Test loop completed. Development of cross-sectional average void fraction in- strument in progress. 048-10215-120-00 WASHING INCOMPRESSIBLE FILTER CAKES WITH NON- NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS (b) R. W. Flumerfelt and F. M. Tiller, Professors of Chemical Engineering. (d) Theoretical and applied. (e) Displacement washing of liquids in incrompressible beds is being investigated. Two extremes of behavior are con- sidered. A non-Newtonian liquid is displaced by a New- tonian liquid and vice versa. Calculations have been made for both constant pressure and constant rate operation. Power low fluids form the basis for displacement calcula- tions. Non-Newtonian fluids displace Newtonian fluids with a flat velocity profile resulting in efficient plug-life washing. Conversely, Newtonian fluids produce a thin nee- dle-like penetration along the axis of flow when they dis- place high viscosity Newtonian liquids resulting in poor washing. 048-10216-120-00 DISPLACEMENT OF NEWTONIAN FLUIDS BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES AND IN CIRCULAR TUBES (c) R. W. Flumerfelt, Professor of Chemical Engineering. (d) Studies have been made of the displacement of one power- law fluid by another in both parallel plate and circular tube configuration. Methods were developed for prediction of pressure flow rate-time relationships. The effects of wide variation in viscosity ratios and power-law exponents were investigated. The work was done as a part of a large program aimed at determining displacement characteristics in complex porous media. (e) Completed. 048-10217-290-54 GROWTH OF CHAIN-LIKE PARTICLE DEPOSITS DURING AEROSOL FILTRATION IN FIBROUS MEDIA (b) National Science Foundation. (c) A. C. Payatakes, Assoc. Professor of Chemical Engineer- ing. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) In the initial stages of deposition of aerosols on fibers, par- ticles form chain-like dendrites rather than uniform ran- dom deposits. Mathematical models have been developed to describe the deposition. Experimental verification of the models is in progress. 048-10218-290-54 SEPARATION OF MINERAL RESIDUE AND UNCON- VERTED CARBON FROM LIQUIFIED COAL (b) National Science Foundation. (c) F. M. Tiller, Professor of Chemical Engineering. (d) Theoretical and applied; experimental; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Study is aimed at uncovering relationships involving flow through compressible filter cakes encountered in coal liquification, and developing basic information for a new approach to continuous, thin-cake, high-pressure, staged filtration. (h) Delayed Cake Filtration, F, M. Tiller, K. S. Cheng, Filtra- tion and Separation 14, pp. 13-18 (1977). Characteristics of Continuous Staged, Delayed Cake Filter, F. M. Tiller, Ibid, in press ( 1977). High-Pressure, Thin-Cake, Staged Filtration, A. Bagdasari- an, F. M. Tiller, J. Donovan, Ibid, in press (1977). 048-10219-870-00 RECOVERY OF VALUABLE MATERIALS OCCURRING IN DILUTE FORM (c) F. M. Tiller, Professor of Chemical Engineering. (d) Experimental and applied. (e) Recovery of valuable materials such as titanium dioxide which are discarded in wastewater is being investigated. A deep granular bed is used to remove the particulates. Con- centration of the dilute slurry is accomplished by minimiz- ing the quantity of back wash. Estimates indicate the pos- sibility of multiplying the initial concentration by a factor of 50 or more. Thus, 100 rpm could be changed into 5000 rpm which is then in the range of normal filtration. 048-10220-070-54 CREEPING NEWTONIAN FLOW IN PERIODICALLY CON- STRICTED UNIT CELLS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) A periodically constricted cell model was developed to represent realistically flow through porous media. The unit cells have random dimensions and orientation which can be determined by capillary suction measurements. A collo- cation solution of creeping Newtonian flow was used to produce velocity and pressure profiles. Analytical expres- sions were obtained for local variable and then were in- tegrated to give pressure drop. Predictions were found to be in agreement with experimental data. (h) A New Model for Granular Porous Media, Part I, A. C. Payatakes, C. Tien, R. M. Turian, AIChEJ. 19, 58 (1973); Part II, Ibid 19, 67 (1973). Application of Porous Media Models to the Study of Deep- Bed Filtration, A. C. Payatakes, R. Rajagopalan, C. Tien, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 52, 722 (1974). HOWARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20059. Dr. I. W. Jones, Chairman of Civil Engineering; Dr. C. L. Yen, In Charge of Hydrau- lics Laboratory. 049-10067-810-05 RECESSION FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIUM WITH IMPERVIOUS STRATUM (b) USDA-ARS Hydrograph Laboratory. (c) Professor C. L. Yen. (d) Experimental, analytical, basic research for Master's thesis. (e) Investigate the effects of physical factors, such as slope, length and thickness of porous media, resting on an imper- vious stratum, on the recession flow and its recession coef- ficient. (/) Completed. 40 049-10068-810-05 MACROPORE EFFECTS ON INFILTRATION (b) USDA-ARS Hydrograph Laboratory. (c) Professor C. L. Yen. (d) Analytical basic research for Master's thesis. (e) To simulate by digital computer the advancement of soil moisture front under various macropore conditions and to determine the rate of water infiltrating into the soil from these simulations. (/) Completed. 049-10069-310-54 FLOOD ROUTING IN FLOODPLAIN CHANNELS-FIELD TESTING (b) U.S. National Science Foundation (in cooperation with National Science Council of the Rep. of China). (c) Professor C. L. Yen. (d) See WRRC 11, 2.0132. 049-10070-830-36 EFFICIENCY OF OFF-STREAM DETENTION-RETENTION MEASURES FOR SEDIMENT CONTROL (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Professor C. L. Yen. id) See WRRC 11, 2.0363. HYDROCOMP, 1502 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304. 051-0379W-830-00 BASIN MODELING OF SOIL LOSS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT (e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0355. 051-0380W-870-00 REFINEMENT AND VERIFICATION OF THE PESTICIDE TRANSPORT AND RUNOFF MODEL WITH DEVELOP- MENT OF SUB-MODELS FOR TRANSPORT OF PLANT NUTRIENTS (e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.0250. 051 -0381 W-800-00 PLANNING AND MODELING RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR URBAN WATER (e) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 7.0003. 051-09912-810-36 COMPREHENSIVE PACKAGE FOR SIMULATION OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALI- TY-HSP FORTRAN (b) Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Pro- tection Agency, Athens, Ga. 30601. (c) Robert C. Johanson, Project Manager. (d) Develop a comprehensive package for simulating water quality and quantity processes involved in the land, chan- nel, and lake phases of the hydrologic cycle. Software package in FORTRAN incorporating all functions of Hydrocomp mathematical models: Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP), Agricultural Runoff Management (ARM), and Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loading (NPS) in a structured framework. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, College of Engineering, Moscow, Idaho 83843. Robert R. Furgason, Dean. 052-09848-880-33 INTERACTING EFFECTS OF MINIMUM FLOW AND FLUC- TUATING SHORELINES ON BENTHIC STREAM INSECTS (b) Office of Water Resources Research, Department of In- terior. (c) E. Woody Trihey, Assistant Director, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. (d) Field investigation operation. (e) Insect communities from both deep and shallow water areas will be investigated for the purpose of providing community analysis of the middle and lower mainstem of the Clearwater River. Numbers, composition and biomass will be determined and comparatively treated. Results will be analyzed in a manner that will attempt to generate a model that will depict quantitative, qualitative, and resilience characteristics of the insect community. Existing cross section and streamflow data will be used to develop site specific area-discharge relationships and verify a ver- sion of the HEC-2 model for the Clearwater. (g) Data are available on insect populations. 052-09849-830-33 NATURAL SEDIMENTATION RATES FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS (b) Office of Water Resources Research, Department of In- terior. (eration; M, the number of optimization iterations; N, the number of stages; and Q, and Pj, num- bers of feasible values that state variable i and decision variable j, respectively, can take in each iteration or in op- timization. Problems of operations of reservoir networks and design of storm sewer systems and aqueducts were used to verify the models. (h) Application of DDDP in Water Resources Planning, V. T. Chow, G. Cortes-Rivera, Water Resources Center, UILU- WRC-74-0078, Res. Rept. No. 78, Univ. III. at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, 111., 89 pages, Jan. 1974. Model for Farm Irrigation in Humid Areas, J. S. Windsor, V. T. Chow. Trans. ASCE 137, 1972, pp. 687-688. Computer Memory Requirements for DP and DDDP in Water Resources Systems Analysts, D. R. Maidment, V. T. Chow, G. W. Tauxe, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 55, 4, p. 249, Apr. 1974. Computer Time Requirements for DP and DDDP in Water Resources Systems Analysis, V. T. Chow, D. R. Maidment, G. W. Tauxe, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 55, 4, p. 249, Apr. 1974. Water Resources Systems Planning, V. T. Chow, Proc. Modem Engrg. and Technology Seminar 8, Water Resources Session, Chinese Institute of Engineers, 1974. Computer Time and Memory Requirements for DP and DDDP in Water Resources Systems Analysis, V. T. Chow, D. R. Maidment, G. W. Tauxe, Water Resources Research 11, 5, pp. 621-628, Oct. 1975. 056-08032-810-00 MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) A lumpted, deterministic, nonlinear mathematical model proposed for the simulation of hydrologic systems is develop>ed from expansion of a general storage function of input and output in Taylor's series about a steady state. The model recommended for practical application is bcised on the system model in the form of a third-order dif- ferential equation, the coefficients of which are considered as functions of the peak discharge of direct runoff. In the analysis of the model, watershed is taken as the hydrologic system. Nine watersheds with more than 70 major and minor storms were used in the analysis and verification of the recommended model. The results indicate a very satisfactory simulation of watershed hydrologic systems by . the model. (/]) Hydrologic Modeling-The Seventh John R. Freeman Memorial Lecture, Proc. Boston Soc. of Civil Engrg. 60, 5, Jan. 1972, pp. 1-27. Discussion on General Hydrologic System Model, V. T. Chow, V. C. Kulandaiswamy, J. Hydraul. Div., ASCE 98, HYIO, Oct. 1972, pp. 1873-1874. General Hydrologic System Model, V. T. Chow, V. C. Ku- landaiswamy, Trans. ASCE 137, 1972, p. 704. An Introduction to Systems Analysis of Hydrological Problems, V. T. Chow, Proc. 2nd. Intl. Sem. for Hydrology Professors, Aug. 2-14, 1970, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ. 1973, pp. 15-41. Systems Analysis for Hydrologic Input to Water Resources Management, Proc. Symp. System Analysis Applied to Water Resources Development, Mar del Plata, Argentina, Argen- tina Society of Water Resources System, Intl. Water Resources Assoc., Intl. Federation for Automatic Control, CONFAGUAIC-419, Mar. 1977, 14 pages. 056-08709-310-33 FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT EXPANSION MODELING (b) Office of Water Resources Research. id) Applied research. (e) A mathematical model is developed for a flood control project planning process which considers the combined use of structural and nonstructural Eiltematives for flood damage reduction. The model is solved by parametric linear programming and discrete differential dynamic pro- gramming. It is then applied to an actual project on the Embarras River, Illinois, proposed by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. 056-08710-810-36 METHODS FOR DETERMINING URBAN STORM RUNOFF (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen. (e) An investigation has been made to develop a method of depth-duration-frequency analysis for rainfall events hav- ing short return period; develop a new high-accuracy urban stormwater runoff determination method; and com- pare and evcduate the following eight selected urban storm runoff prediction methods: the rational method, unit hydrograph method, Chicago hydrograph method, British Transport and Road Research Laboratory method. Univer- sity of Cincinnati Urban Runoff method, Dorsch method, EPA Storm Water Memagement Model, and Illinois Storm Runoff method. The comparison and evaluation was done by using four recorded hyetographs for the Oakdale Avenue drainage basin in Chicago to produce the pre- dicted hydrographs by the methods; the results were com- pared with recorded hydrographs. (/>) Urban Stormwater Runoff: Determination of Volumes and Flowrates, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Municipal Environmen- tal Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Develop- ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/2- 76-1 16, Environmental Protection Technology Series, May 1976, 239 pages. Prediction Model for Urban Storm Runoff, A. O. Akan, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 57, 4, p. 247, Apr. 1976. 45 Prediction of Urban Storm Runoff, B. C. Yen, A. O. Akan, V. T. Chow, A. S. Sevuk, in Utility of Urban Runoff Modeling, ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Program, Tech. Memo. No. 31, pp. 108-1 17, July 1976. 056-08711-810-54 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF FLOOD FLOWS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen. {d) Experimental and analytical. (e) Develop an improved advanced mathematical simulation model for analyses of flood flows. The most appropriate forms of the St. Venant equations and their various levels of approximations for flood routing in streams as well as on watershed surfaces have been investigated. These par- tial differential equations have been solved numerically using a four-point implicit scheme. The model will be further tested and the results will be useful in many en- gineering and environmental problems related to flood flows. (/i) A Laboratory Watershed Experimentation System, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Ser. No. 27, Univ. III., Aug. 1974, 200 pages. The Evaluation of a Hydrodynamic Watershed Model (IHW Model IV), C. H. Hsie, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Series No. 28, Univ. III., Aug. 1974, 143 pages. Experimental Investigation of Watershed Surface Runoff, Y. Y. Shen, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Series No. 29, Univ. 111., Sept. 1974, 197 pages.. Time Concentration for a Watershed, Y. Y. Shen, V. T Chow, B. C. Yen, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 54, 11, p 1087, 1973. Laboratory Study of Effect of A real Distribution of Rain fall on Surface Runoff, V. T. Chow, Y. Y. Shen, B. C Yen, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 54, 11, p. 1083, 1973. Formulation of Mathematical Watershed-Flow Model, C. L Chen, V. T. Chow, Trans. ASCE 137, pp. 267-268, 1972. The Illinois Hydrodynamic Watershed Model III (IHW Model II), V. T. Chow, A Ben-Zvi, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Ser. No. 26, Univ. 111., Sept. 1973, 47 pages. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Two-Dimensional Watershed Flow, J. Hydraul. Div., ASCE 99, HYll, pp. 2023-2040, Nov. 1973. A Constant Discharge Siphon for Flow Measurement and Control, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Proc. Koblenz Symp. 1, W. Germany, UNESCO-WMO-IASH, pp. 444-452, 1973. Role of WES in the Development of Hydrodynamic Watershed Models, V. T. Chow, Intl. Assoc, of Hydrologi- cal Sciences, lAHS-AISH Publication No. 101, pp. 775- 783, 1974. 056-10092-810-47 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON RESEARCH OF LOCAL DESIGN STORMS (b) U.S. Federal Highway Administration. (c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) Investigate the feasibility of a comprehensive study on na- tion-wide determination of the local design rainstorm hyetographs for urban highway storm drainage facilities. Conditional probabilities will be used in the analyses. 056-10093-810-36 STORM RUNOFF IN STEEP URBAN AREAS (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) In the previous part of this project a new computer based urban storm runoff quantity and quality determination method was developed and this method was compared with seven other methods (rational, unit hydrograph, Chicago hydrograph, British TRRL, Univ. of Cincinnati, Dorsch Hydrograph Volume, and EPA Storm Water Management Model). In this part of the research efforts are concentrated on storm runoff in steep urban areas. Reasons for the failure or inaccuracy of the existing methods to predict storm runoff on steep slopes are in- vestigated and alternative method is suggested. 056-10094-810-33 DECISION ANALYSIS FOR THE DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS UNDER HYDROLOGIC UNCER- TAINTY (b) Office of Water Resources Research. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) This study deals with the analysis of the uncertainty in hydrologic time series which consist of model uncertainty and parameter uncertainty, and the development of a procedure which explicitly accounts for the parameter un- certainty in the decision analysis for the design of water resources systems. Various models proposed for stream- flow simulation are reviewed, including Markov models and the fractional Gaussian noise process for streamflow modeling. A new model, a second-order autoregressive model with a data-based transformation, is developed. Estimation of and inferences about the model parameters are made by employing both the maximum likelihood method and the Bayesian approach. A design example in- dicates that the decision procedure which ignores the parameter uncertainty could lead to suboptimal design. 056-10095-300-33 MONTHLY STREAMFLOW GENERATION WITH EMPHA- SIS ON PARAMETER UNCERTAINTIES (b) Office of Water Resources Technology. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) This study considers a realistic approach to generate streamflows that will recognize and account for the sam- pling errors inherent in the estimates of model parameters. Two verions of a linear model of generation are con- sidered. One is the conventional case in which errors are assumed to be uncorrelated; the other is a more general case in which errors are assumed to be generated by a sta- tionary Markov process. The two cases are compared through an application in order to access any significant changes in the generated streamflows. In the study, the al- gorithms for the two cases are developed for generation of monthly streamflow sequences. Such generated stream- flows are useful as input to the planning and design of water resources systems. 056-10096-810-00 HYDROLOGIC MODELING FOR URBAN DRAINAGE DESIGN (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) This study involves the development of a hydrologic model, which may be deterministic or stochastic, lumped or distributed, for practical use in urban drainage design. Various hydrologic models that are now available for such purposes have been reviwed. It was found that a state vari- able model coupled with stochastic input may be developed with great flexibility for the urban drainage situation. 056-10097-800-33 OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS (b) Office of Water Resources Technology. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) The physical dynamics of both the controllable and uncon- trollable parts of a water resource system are formulated using the state variable approach. The model so formu- lated can be used by itself for the simulation of the behavior of the system. As such, the state variable ap- 46 proach represents a generalized framework within which many different icinds of existing system models may be ex- pressed and combined. This model is then used within op- timizational procedures so that the optimal policy for the controllable part of the system may be found. A methodology is developed in which a stochastic state vari- able model of the system may be incorporated within a stochastic dynamic programming procedure to find the op- timal closed loop policy for the operation of the system. (A) A New Approach to Urban Water Resources Systems Op- timization, D. R. Maidment, V. T. Chow, in The Environ- ment of Human Settlements, Human Weil-Being in Cities I, Proc. Conf. held in Brussels, Belgium, Pergamon Press, pp. 249-259, Apr. 1976. 056-10098-310-61 FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT THROUGH OPTIMAL AL- LOCATION OF LAND USES (b) University of Illinois, Water Resources Center. (c) Professors L. D. Hopkins, E. D. Brill, Jr., J. C. Liebman, H. G. Wenzel. (e) Develop means for identifying and achieving more nearly optimal patterns of land use with respect to flooding. The immediate objective is to formulate a land allocation model involving economic theories of externalities and land-use. The Hickory Creek watershed in northeastern Il- linois will serve as a study area for the development of an initial model. A hydrologic simulation model will be developed for the purpose of assessing flood damages as a function of land use. This will be incorporated in a land- use optimization model based on dynamic programming. 056-10099-300-00 TRANSPORT OF EFFLUENTS IN RIVERS (c) Professor E. R. Holley. (e) Evaluation of potential effects of an effluent discharged into a river includes analyzing the effluent transport in the river. Similar analyses are needed for the effects of ac- cidental spills of hazardous substances. Depending on the type of effluent or spill, the necessary predictions can in- volve analysis of transverse and/or longitudinal mixing, both of which are being studied analytically. For trans- verse mixing, the diffusion equation will be solved taking into account both natural changes in width, depth, and transverse diffusion coefficient for the river and the distance between tributary streams. For longitudinal mix- ing, the natural stream geomtry, including the irregularities in boundary geometry, will be included in a reevaluation of the initial-convective period duration and the longitu- dinal dispersion coefficient. Results will be comapred with available data. (h) Stratified Flow in Great Salt Lake Culvert, E. R. Holley, Inst. Eng. Australia, Qld. Div. 6, 4, pp. 1-16, 1975. 056-10100-050-00 ENTRAINMENT OF TURBULENT JETS DISCHARGED INTO FLOWING AMBIENT FLUIDS (c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) Develop techniques for evaluation of entrainment coeffi- cients when there is a horizontal surface discharge of heated water from a rectangular open channel into a flow- ing river. Entrainment is assumed proportional to the vec- tor difference between the centerline jet velocity and the free-stream velocity. A set of first-order, nonlinear, ordina- ry differential equations is developed, together with a nu- merical scheme for solving these equations. Empirical coefficients are determined using available data. 056-10101-050-00 SUBMERGED JETS (c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell. id) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Sewage and thermal wastes are commonly disposed into rivers, lakes, and oceans. A single outfall submerged at some depth below the surface of the receiving water is a popular disposal technique. Prediction of the resulting dilutions and the extent of the affected area is of primary importance for design and operation of such disposal schemes. This purpose can be achieved by deriving a mathematical model based on the conservation of the jet mass and momentum fiuxes. In a stagnant homogeneous ambient fluid, the conservation considerations, when cou- pled with a suitable entrainment function, yield a system of six simultaneous differential equations. Such a system may be solved numerically for the range of prototype ini- tial and boundary conditions. The solutions are compared with the available experimental data to verify the model performance. 056-10102-290-00 BUBBLE SCREENS (c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Air bubbles have long been used as pneumatic break- waters, as ice deterrents in waterways, to control density currents and shoaling in estuaries, and to prevent stratifi- cation and promote mixing in lakes and reservoirs. Nevertheless, little is known about the design principles for these applications although field data are available for specific developments. A mathematical model is being developed to describe the flow field induced by a single nozzle discharging air into a stagnant body of water, taking into account bubble compressibility. Solutions are sought numerically to obtain the induced flow field for a practical range of submergences and air flows. 056-10103-870-00 DIFFUSER OUTLETS (c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Compare different numerical models for diff users and out- lets and their predictions of (he mixing of the effluent with the ambient fluid with available field and experimental data. Various techniques for increasing the mixing are being considered, together with methods of adapting the available mathematical models to incorporate these techniques. 056-10104-870-33 CONTROL OF MIXING AT HEATED WATER OUTLETS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. , (c) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) A shallow submerged horizontal water discharge deflects toward the free surface. For a heated discharge the flow pattern is complicated by buoyancy effects. Wing-walls limiting lateral entrainment result in a roller vortex over the discharge outlet. Its effect is so overwhelming as to mask any effect of density difference. By regulating flow over the wing-wall crests the flow pattern may be con- trolled. This investigation provides laboratory data includ- ing velocity and temperature traverses showing how flow over the wing-walls and variations in the length of the wing-walls affect the flow pattern. 056-10105-060-33 MECHANICS OF HEATED SURFACE DISCHARGES TO RIVERS-PHASE II (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Professors E. R. Holley and W. H. C. Maxwell. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Thermal power plants frequently discharge their waste heat to natural water bodies as heated water. In this con- nection, this research is conducting analytical and experi- mental studies of both surface and submerged heated discharge. For the surface discharges, a three-dimensional 47 analytical representation has been developed to account for strong ambient currents, jet curvature, unequal lateral entrainment on the sides of the jet, and asymmetry of the velocity and temperature profiles. Laboratory experiments are being conducted to check the analytical model. Also, the effects of a vertical cross-flow induced by an air bub- ble screen are being studied experimentally for a sub- merged discharge. A preliminary mathematical model has been developed and will be refined using data obtained on velocity and temperature profiles. (h) Study of Stratified Overflows and Underflows, W. H. C. Maxwell, E. R. Holley, C. Y. Lin, S. Tekeli, Res. Rept. No. 98, Univ. of 111. Water Resources Center, 1975. 056-10106-810-33 RISK-BASED HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC DESIGN (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Professors B. C. Hen and W. H. C. Tang. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) The major purpose of this research is to develop a new method for hydraulic and hydrologic design of engineering projects avoiding the conventionally used and arbitrarily chosen return period and safety factor. The new method is based on conditional probability theory considering vari- ous uncertainties in an engineering project, including un- certainties on rainfall, runoff, and other hydrologic aspects, on formula reliability, channel, or pipe roughness and other hydraulic factors, on structural variables, and on material and construction reliabilities. The method has been applied successfully to storm sewer design. (h) Risk-Based Design of Storm Sewers, B. C. Yen, Rept. Hydraulic Research Station, Wallingford, England, 1975. 056-10107-870-00 HYDRAULICS OF STORM SEWERS (c) Professor B. C. Yen. . (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) This research covers a broad scope consisting of many aspects of hydraulics related to design and operation of storm sewers. Reliabilities of various routing methods for the unsteady flow in a single sewer as well as sewer net- works are investigated, with particular emphasis on the ef- fect of the junctions. The influence of on-line retention, surcharge, and roughness factors are all considered. The results are particularly useful for improvement of sewer designs. (/i) Design of Sewer Networks, B. C. Yen, A. S. Sevuk, J. En- viron. Eng. Div., Proc. ASCE 101, EE4, pp. 535-553, Apr. 1975. 056-10108-870-33 ADVANCE METHODOLOGIES FOR DESIGN OF STORM SEWER SYSTEMS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Professors B. C. Yen, H G. Wenzel and W. H. C. Tang. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) Develop an improved methodology for design strategies and procedure for storm sewer systems on the basis of an integrated consideration of hydraulics, risk analysis, cost- damage-benefit relationships, optimization, and system analysis. The developed method provides a rational means for the determination of the size and slope of sewer pipes on the basis of minimum total cost for the entire sewer system. A discrete differential dynamic programming technique is used in the optimization. The model also has several simpler versions, each suitable for certain special conditions. (/i) Worth of Data for Optimal Design of Storm Sewers, L. W. Mays, B. C. Yen, W. H. Tang, Proc. 16th Congr. Intl. Assoc, for Hydraulic Res. 4, pp. 34-42, 1975. 056-10109-870-33 RISK-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR COST-EFFECTIVE DESIGN OF STORM SEWER SYSTEMS-PHASE II (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Professors H. G. Wenzel, B. C. Yen and W. H. C. Tang. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) The initial work of this project was concerned with the development of a storm sewer design computer model in which decisions on pipe sizes and elevation were made for a specific layout on the basis of minimum expected costs. This study extends this work in several areas. Current ef- forts are to incorporate a hydrologic model to determine inflow hydrographs. Also, refinements in the risk model, i.e., the procedure for including uncertainties, as well as an improved method of including damage costs in the design are being investigated. (h) Optimal Cost Design of Branched Sewer Systems, L. W. Mays, B. C. Yen, Water Resources Research 11, 1, pp. 37- 47, Jan. 1975. 056-10110-200-00 FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF THE FORMULATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW EQUATIONS (b) University of Illinois; University of Karlsruhe. (c) Professor B, C. Yen. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Equations of continuity, momentum, and energy for a point are integrated over a cross section to formulate the unified one-dimensional equations for spatially varied, un- steady, turbulent flow of homogeneous or nonhomogene- ous fluid in open channels of arbitrary cross-sectional shape and alignment. Both natural coordinate systems and gravity-oriented coordinate systems are considered. Sim- plified equations for special cases are derived, and assump- tions of commonly used open-channel flow equations are examined. (/i) Backwater Surface Profile Computer Program, A. K. Rostogi, W. Rodi, B. C. Yen, Sonderforschungesbereich 80, Publ. No. SFBI80IT/48, Univ. of Karlsruhe, W. Germany, 1975. Further Study on Open-Channel Flow Equations, B. C. Yen, Sonderforschungesbereich 80, Publ. No. SFB/80ITI49, Univ. of Karlsruhe, W. Germany, 1975. Open Channel Roughness-A Review of Manning's Roughness Factor, B. C. Yen, Sonderforschungesbereich 80, Publ. No. SFBI80/T/57, Univ. of Karlsruhe, W. Germany, 1975. Spiral Motion and Erosion in Meanders, B. C. Yen, Proc. 16th Congr. Intl. Assoc, for Hydraulic Res. 2, pp. 338-346, 1975. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Urbana, 111. 61801. Professor R. T. Shield, Department Head. Professor J. M. Robertson, Area Coordinator for Fluids. 057-04143-270-60 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF FLUID MECHANICS TO ANALYSES OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION (6) Illinois Department of Mental Health. (c) Professor M. E. Clark, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Computational, applied research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Project concerns fluid mechanic aspects of blood circula- tion in the brain and with factors which control this circu- lation in the brain and both for normal and diseased states. One-dimensional timewise development of flow and pres- sure are calculated on finite difference basis using im- proved dissipation terms and viscoelastic vessel wall. 057-05778-030-00 BODY FLOWS AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS (c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Basic analytical and experimental research. 48 (e) Except for flat plate, analytical flow and drag relations are available only in the creeping motion and boundary layer regimes. Experimental data is available only for a few other bodies in the intermediate (Navier-Stokes) range. Objective of study is to help fill this gap. (/) Suspended. 057-07351-010-00 TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW ON FLAT PLATE (c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Basic research; experimental and review of literature. (e) Refurbishing of theory for layer, _ assessment of transition occurrences in terms of leading edge, stream turbulence level and roughness or trips; a second phase concerns ef- fect of high stream turbulence level on a turbulent layer. Current work concerns leading edge study-effect of nose curvature on laminar transition vs separation occurrences and virtual origin of turbulent layer. 057-07352-120-00 FORCES ON BODIES IN NON -NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Basic research. (e) Nature of body-force relations (particularly drag) for bodies in relative motion with fluids such as Bingham plastics. Experiments have been carried out with clay- water mixtures (and on their viscometry) and are planned for other fluids. Analytical work on extending theoretical formulations. (/) Suspended. ig) Numerical solution for viscoplastic laminar boundary layer on flat plate gives drag results close to experimental ones. (h) Forces on Bodies in Bingham Fluids, H. Pazwash, J. M. Robertson, J. Hydraul. Res. 13, pp. 35-55, 1975. Couette Viscometry of Clay-Water Mixtures as Bingham Fluids, H. Pazwash, J. M. Robertson, Iranian J. Science and Technology 4, pp. 107-14, 1976. 057-07353-630-70 NOISE PRODUCTION IN FLUID-POWER SYSTEMS (fc) Sundstrand Aviation. (c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Basic research, analytical in nature with experiments planned. (e) The manner of noise generation by pressure transients in the cylinders of positive-displacement pumps is being stu- died via analysis and analog experiments (water table) of wave motions. (/) Discontinued. 057-07355-000-88 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINAR OSCILLATORY NA- VIER-STOKES FLOWS PAST TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND AXISYMMETRIC CONDUIT NON-UNIFORMITIES (,b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor M. E. Clark, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Theoretical and experimental research. (e) Fluid dynamic occurrences in simple conduits for flows through various types of geometric barriers are being theoretically and experimentally correlated for comparison with hemodynamic occurrences in similar physiological situations. This research attempts to develop the analysis by finite difference solution of the appropriate Navier- Stokes equations for pressure, shear and vorticity. A trans- form is being exploited to treat irregular fixed and moving walls. Bends, bifurcations and valves are being modeled two-dimensionally. (g) The simple transform has been found to be extremely use- ful and general in a myriad of applications. (h) Development and Demise of Secondary Flows in Unsteady Disturbed Flow, L. C. Chang, M. E. Clark, Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. on Eng. in Med. and Biol. 17, 275, 1975. Analytical Approximation of Pulsatile Flow in Wavy Con- duits, L. C. Cheng, M. E. Clark, Proc. Canadian Conf. on Appl. Mech., pp. 621-622, 1975. Effect of Channel Constriction on Oscillatory Flow in Plane Wavy Conduits, L. C. Cheng, M. E Clark, W. C Peng, Proc. ASME 1975 Biomech. Symp. AMD 10, pp. 31-34, 1975. Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Viscous Flow in Nonu- niform Channels, M. E. Clark, J. M. Robertson, L. C. Cheng, Proc. 29lh Ann. Conf. on Eng. in Med. and Biol. 18, 334, 1976. Viscous Flow Around a Cylinder in a Plane Conduit, L. C. Cheng, M. E. Clark, J. M. Robertson, Developments in Mechanics 8, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago Circle, pp. 215- 217, 1977. 057-08034-110-54 LIQUID-METAL CHANNEL FLOWS WITH STRONG MAG- NETIC FIELDS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor J. S. Walker, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Theoretical. (e) Project involves a large number of separate but closely re- lated studies of three-dimensional liquid-metal mag- netohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in the presence of strong applied magnetic fields. An extensive study of fiows through rectangular and circular expansions and contrac- tions has recently been completed. Currently active studies of liquid-metal MHD flows include periodic and solitary compressive waves, variable-depth open-channel flow, ef- fects of temperature-dependent physical properties, duct flows in non-uniform fields and analysis of low-frequency rectangular AC. induction pumps. {h) Uniform Open Channel Liquid Metal Flows with Trans- verse Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, Dev. in Meek, Proc. 14th Midwestern Mech. Conf 8, pp. 421-436, 1975. Entry Lengths for Circular and Rectangular Ducts in Strong Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, G. S. S. Ludford, Magnitnaya Cidrodinamika (in Russian) 1, pp. 75-78, 1975. MHD Flow in Circular Expansions with Thin Conducting Walls, J. S. Walker, G. S. Ludford, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 13, pp. 261-269, 1975. Open Channel MHD Flows, J. S. Walker, MHD Flows and Turbulence, ed. H. Branover. New York; Wiley, pp. 41-8. Compression Waves in MHD Duct Flows, J. S. Walker, MHD Flows and Turbulence, ed. H. Branover. New York: Wiley, pp. 33-9. On Establishing Fully Developed Duct Flow in Strong Mag- netic Fields, J. S. Walker, G. S. S. Ludford, MHD Flows and Turbulence, ed. H. Branover. New York: Wiley, pp. 7- 15. Periodic Fluid Transients in Rectangular Ducts witn Trans- verse Magnetic Fields, II, J. S. Walker, Zeitschrift for ange- wandte Matematik and Physik 27, pp. 71-82. Duct Flows in Strong Magnetic Fields, J. S. Walker, G. S. S. Ludford, Recent Advances in Engrg. Science 6, pp. 329- 35. 057-08035-130-00 FLUID CONVEYANCE OF PARTICLES IN VERTICAL PIPES (c) Professor J. M. Robertson, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Basic research; student project. (f) Discontinued. 057-09036-210-52 WATERHAMMER WAVES IN CURVED PIPES (b) Argonne National Laboratory. (c) Professor J. W. Phillips, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Theoretical and experimental. 49 (e) Study treats the effects of tube curvature on waterhammer waves propagating along helical tubes or through tube bends. The results will be applied to disaster predictions for liquid-metal fast breeder reactors. (g) Improvement on usual waterhammer approach has been developed. (h) Pulse Propagation in Fluid-Filled Tubes, J. S. Walker, J. W. Phillips, TAM Rept. No. 404, UIUC (1975). Perturbation Solutions for Steady One-Dimensional Water- hammer Waves, J. S. Walker, J. Fluids Engrg. 97, pp. 260- 262, 1975. 057-09037-110-00 FERROHYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYERS (c) Professor J. D. Buckmaster, Talbot Laboratory. (rf) Theoretical. (e) Study treats boundary layers on bodies moving through ferroliquids in the presence of magnetic fields. Ferroliquids promise to play a major role in fluidic control devices and in high-speed printers using jets of ferroliquid ink con- trolled by magnetic fields. A good understanding of boun- dary layers in ferroliquids will be needed to make design predictions for these devices. 057-09038-000-54 STEADY FLOW THROUGH ROTATING VARIABLE-AREA DUCTS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor J. S. Walker, Talbot Laboratory, (rf) Theoretical. (e) Study treats liquid flows in expansions and contractions rotating about axes perpendicular to their centerlines. The results will relate directly to flows inside the impellers of hydraulic turbines and centrifugal pumps and indirectly to the effects of bottom topology on ocean currents. (h) Steady Flow in Rapidly Rotating Variable-Area Rectangu- lar Ducts, J. Fluid Mech. 69, pp. 209-227, 1975. 057-09039-030-54 LARGE AMPLITUDE MOTION OF SELF-PROPELLING FILAMENTS (6) National Science Foundation, Ford Foundation. (c) Professor T. J. Lardner, Talbot Laboratory. (e) An analysis of the hydrodynamics of filaments moving with finite amplitude sinusoidal motions has been completed. Expressions for various important physical quantities, such as propulsive velocity, normal and tangential drag coeffi- cients, and power dissipation were obtained. The results can be used for a simplified analysis for filaments of non- zero thickness undergoing large amplitude motions. (h) Large Amplitude Motion of Self-Propelling Slender Fila- ments at Low Reynolds Numbers, T. J. Lardner, J. Shen, P. Tam, W. Shack, J. Biomech. 8, pp. 229-236, 1975. 057-09040-030-80 APPLICABILITY OF HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSES OF SPERMATOZOAN MOTION (b) Ford Foundation, National Science Foundation. (c) Professor T. J. Lardner, Talbot Laboratory. (e) An investigation of the applicability of a simplified hydrodynamic analysis to the quantitative description of the motion of both sea urchin and mammalian sperm has been completed. A comparison of experimentally mea- sured and theoretically predicted motions was made to check the validity of the analysis. The results for the sea urchin sperm showed good agreement, while the results for mammalian sperm showed poor agreement. (/)) A Long Wave Length Approximation to Spermatozoan Swimming in a Channel, T. J. Lardner, W. Shack, Bull. Math. Biology 36, pp. 435-442, 1974. The Swimming of Spermatozoa in An Active Channel, T. J. Lardner, R. Smelser, W. Shack, Bull. Math. Biology 7, pp. 349-355, 1974. 057-09041-020-54 STATISTICAL THEORY OF TURBULENCE (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Theoretical. (e) A model equation for the probability density of tempera- ture and velocity has been used in the investigation of various turbulent flows with buoyancy, including homogeneous stratified shear flows with arbitrary Richard- son number, inhomogeneous Rayleigh convection and in- homogeneous Richardson numbers. In the last case it is found that the empirical power laws for local free convec- tion are similarity solutions of the p.d.f. equation. 057-09042-020-54 TURBULENT FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian, Talbot Laboratory. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (e) Unsteady turbulent free convection over large horizontal surfaces is an important phenomenon in the planetary boundary layer that is being studied experimentally on the laboratory scale. Fluctuating velocities and temperatures are measured using a two component laser— Doppler velocimeter and very small temperature sensors which are scanned through the fluid to obtain the terms appearing in the balance equations for mean turbulent kinetic energy and heat flux and the application of conditional averaging techniques in order to better define quasi deterministic structures within the flow. Current higher order closure models are modified to include buoyancy effects for homogeneous and inhomogeneous boundary-layer type flows. (h) Turbulent Convection in Water Over Ice, R. J. Adrian, J. Fluid Mech. 69, pp. 753-781, 1975. 057-09043-700-54 EFFECTS OF SNR ON THE FREQUENCY DEMODULA- TIONS OF LDV SIGNALS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian, Talbot Laboratory, Professor J. H, Whitelaw, Imperial College, Mr. J. C. Humphrey, Im- perial College. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (e) The laser-Doppler velocimeter is becoming an increasingly more important tool in hydraulics research. In general, the measured frequency of a laser-Doppler velocimeter signal that contains noise is not equal to the frequency of the pure Doppler signal. The relationship between measured and true frequency is being investigated theoretically for the limiting cases of very small and very large scattering particle concentrations. (/i) Frequency Measurement Errors Due to Noise in LDV Signals, R. J, Adrian, J. A. C. Humphrey, J. H. Whitelaw, in The Accuracy of Flow Measurements by Laser Doppler Techniques, ed. Buchhave, Delhage, Durst, George, Ref- slund and Whitelaw. Copenhagen: Tech. Univ. Denmark, pp. 287-311, 1976. 057-09044-700-54 TWO-DIMENSIONAL VELOCIMETER BIPOLAR LASER DOPPLER (c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian. (d) Experimental. (e) A laser-Doppler velocimeter is being developed for the measurement of local, instantaneous fluid velocities in the range of 0.01 cm sec"'. The instrument utilizes an equi- lateral three-beam configuration in which two of the beams are frequency shifted by an acousto-optic modula- tor. This arrangement permits measurement of two orthogonal velocity components, and their signs in regions close to a flow boundary. In particular, measurements of the normal component in wall turbulence are possible. (/i) Two Component Laser-Doppler Velocimeter, R. J. Adrian, J. Phys. E. 8, pp. 723-726, 1975. 50 057-09045-700-54 ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING THEORY OF LASER- DOPPLER VELOCIMETERS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Ronald J. Adrian. (d) Theoretical. (e) In the measurement of both liquid and gas velocities, the performance of an LDV can be substantially up-graded by suitable choices of scattering particles and light receiving apertures. In this study the strength and quality of an LDV signal obtained from a single scattering particle depend strongly on the particle's scattering properties and on the size and shape of the light collecting aperture. Using the Mie scattering theory, an analysis of these effects is being performed which predicts the magnitude, phase and polarizing of the Doppler and pedestal components of an LDV signal in terms of the illuminating beam geometry, the particle properties, and the receiving aperture. Systems having either two or three illuminating beams with arbitra- ry polarization are considered. (h) Evaluation of LDV Performance Using Mie Scattering Theory, R. J. Adrian, W. E. Barley, Proc. Symp. Laser Anemometry, Minneapolis, Minn., pp. 426-54, 1976. 057-10275-020-00 TURBULENCE AVERAGES MODELING VIA CONDITIONAL (c) Professor R. J. Adrian. ; (d) Theoretical and experimental. (e) Conditional averages, as the expected values of the velocity at one point in a turbulent flow given the veloci- ties at other points, are the highest order unknowns in cer- tain theories of turbulence. Closure of the theories requires approximations for the conditional averages. The theories include the equation for the probability density of the velocity and optimal algorithms for integrating the tur- bulent Navier-Stokes equations. Optimal linear estimation is being studied experimentally and closures of the two- point probability-density function equation are being stu- died theoretically. 057-10276-030-00 FLOW PHENOMENA OF PRISMATIC BODIES (c) J. M. Robertson with colleagues at Colorado State Univer- sity. (d) Experimental. (e) Buildings in winds are subjected to steady and unsteady forces and pressures, the nature of which are intimately as- sociated with the flow field. A significant feature of the flow past prismatic shapes is the separation-reattachment phenomenon. For the square prism the reattachment lo- cale and steady/unsteady pressure field are studied in terms of orientation of the prism to the flow. (/i) Pressure Field at Reattachment of Separated Flows, J. M. Robertson, Proc. 2nd U.S. Nail. Conf. on Wind Engrg. Res. IV-26-I.3, 1975. A Reynolds Number Effect on Flow Past Prismatic Bodies, J. M. Robertson, Mechanics Research Comm. 2, pp. 279- 282, 1975. 057-10277-700-00 PITOT RODS FOR LARGE PIPELINES (c) J. M. Robertson. (d) Experimental. (e) Special Pitot-static heads at the ends of long rods are often used to determine the water flow rate in large pipelines. Velocity-indication uncertainties due to wall proximity, blockage, vibration and manometer-pulsation effects are being studied. 057-10278-210-54 NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF VISCOUS FLOWS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUITS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) M. E. Clark. {d) Computational. (e) The moderate-Reynolds number flow of an incompressible fluid through a short radius 90-degree bend in a pipe is being calculated via finite-difference techniques in the primitive variables. The appearance of appreciable secon- dary flows is a significant occurrence. Modes of simply evidencing such secondary flows are being reviewed. (g) Calculations of an asymmetric square hump in straight pipe at a Reynolds number of 25 has brought out the strong secondary currents developed, especially their change in sense as the hump is passed. INDIANA UNIVERSITY, Department of Geology, 1005 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Ind. 47401. Dr. Haydn H. Murray, Department Chairman. 058-10562-820-00 CHLOROFLUOROMETHANES IN GROUNDWATER (c) Professor John Hayes. 058-10563-860-00 HVDROLOGIC CIRCULATION, SEDIMENTATION, AND NUTRIENT INPUT AND UTILIZATION IN MONROE RESERVOIR NEAR BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA (c) Professor Robert Ruhe. 058-10564-870-00 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN URBAN HYDROLOGY (c) Professors Warren Meinschein and Robert Ruhe. 058-10565-870-00 EFFECTS OF HEATED DISCHARGE UPON AQUATIC RESOURCES OF WHITE RIVER AT PETERSBURG, INDI- ANA (c) Professor Robert Ruhe. INGERSOLL-RAND RESEARCH, INC., Fluid Mechanics and Thermo! Sciences Section, P.O. Box 301, Princeton, N. J. 08540. Dr. W. A. McGahan, Director of Research. 059-09030-630-70 COVER GAS SEAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (b) Breeder Reactor Dept., General Electric Co. (c) Dr. G. W. Pfannebecker, J. F. Gardner. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and develop- ment. (e) Technology development of a non-rubbing hydrostatic gas seal for the LMFBR Demonstration Plant main circulating pumps. (/) Discontinued. (g) Static mode testing demonstrated the design of the hydro- static non-rubbing seal to perform the cover gas sealing function with adequate gas film stiffness at acceptable leakage flow rates. (h) Design and test reports submitted to sponsoring agency. 059-10612-630-00 PUMP PERFORMANCE STUDY USING AIR TESTING (c) Dr. G. W. Pfannebacker, D. P. Sloteman. {d) Experimental, applied research and development. 51 254-330 0-78-5 (e) Develop air testing techniques for hydraulic design of pumps. Wind tunnel testing of pump components con- ducted and correlated with existing pump test data. (g) Currently awaiting hydraulic test data on redesigned pump components to assess validity of air testing techniques as design tool. (/i) Internal report. 059-1 06T 3-260-34 INJECTOR FOR CONTINUOUS INJECTION INTO A PIPELINE OF RUN OF THE MINE COAL FROM A CON- TINUOUS MINER-JET PUMP MODEL STUDY. (b) U.S. Bureau of Mines. (c) K. D. Paul, A. Saad, R. MalsbUry, J. L. Dussourd. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and develop- ment. (e) A study involving the design and development of a coal in- jector for coarse slurry transport. (g) An investigation during the first phase of this project con- cluded that a jet pump injector receiving coarse dry coal was the most promising concept for underground coal mining applications. An experimental subscale model study established the design parameters as well as operational problems. This study concluded the over-all performance and operability of the injector is very attractive. A study is underway to determine the best way to integrate the injec- tor in a complete haulage system. (h) Phase 1 and Phase II A Reports submitted to sponsor. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Post Office Box 218, Yorktown Heights, N. Y. 10598. R. E. Gomory, IBM Vice President and Director of Research. 060-07367-810-20 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-HYDROLOGY (c) J. R. Wallis. (d) Basic and applied research. (e) Stochastic hydrology. (h) Statistics of Data Transfer, N. C. Matalas, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, World Meteorological Organization Operational Hydrology Rept. No. 8, Hydrological Network Design and Information Transfer, Proc. Intl. Seminar, Univ. of Newcas- tle upon Tyne (U.K.) and World Meteorological Organiza- tion and the Intl. Assoc, of Hydrological Sciences, New- castle upon Tyne, pp. 103, 1974. Using CLS for Daily or Longer Period Rainfall-Runoff Modeling, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Surface Water Hydrology , Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Mianone, J. R. Wallis, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. CLS: Constrained Linear Systems, S. Martelli, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Surface Water Hydrolo- gy, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Mianone, J. R. Wallace, Johr Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. Comment Upon Multivariate Synthetic Hydrology, G. Finzi, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Water Resour. Res. 6, p. 844, Dec. 1975. SPUMA: Simulation Package Using Matalas Algorithm, G. Finzi, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Sur- face Water Hydrology, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Mianone, J. R. Wallis, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. MALSAK: Markov and Least Squares ARMA Kernels, G. Finzi, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Mathematical Models for Sur- face Water Hydrology, Ed. T. A. Ciriani, A. Miaone, J. R. Wallis, John Wiley & Sons, Apr. 1977. On the Value of Information to Flood Frequency Analysis, J. R. Slack, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, Water Resour. Res. 5, p. 629, Oct. 1975. Regional Skew in Search of a Parent, N. C. Matalas, J. R. Slack, J. R. Wallis, Water Resour. Res. 6, p. 815, Dec. 1975. Effect of Sequence Length on the Choice of Assumed Dis- tribution of Floods, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, JR. Slack, Water Resour. Res. 3, p. 457, June 1976. Distribution Functions for Statistics Derived from Bivariate Normal and Bivariate 2-Parameter Log-Normal Popula- tions, J. R. Slack, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, IBM Research Rept. RC5794, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown, N.Y., Jan. 1976. Apparent Regional Skew, J. R. Wallis, N. C. Matalas, J. R. Slack, Water Resour. Res. 1, p. 159, Feb. 1977. 060-09992-300-00 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-GEOMORPHOLOGY (c) J. S. Smart. (d) Basic research. (e) Fluvial geomorphology. (h) Channel Networks, J. S. Smart, Advances in Hydroscience VIII, Academic Press, N.Y., 1972. Quantitative Characterization of Channel Network Struc- ture, J. S. Smart, Water Resour. Res. 8, pp. 729-736, 1972. Some New Methods of Topologic Classification of Channel Networks, C. Werner, J. S. Smart, Geog. Analysis 5, pp. 271-295, 1973. The Random Model in Fluvial Geomorphology, J. S. Smart, Proc. Symp. on Fluvial Geomorphology, pp. 25-49, Suny, Binghamton, 1973. Joint Distribution Functions for Link Lengths and Drainage Areas, J. S. Smart, Random Processes in Geology, D. F. Merriam ed., Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg-Ber- lin, 1976. Applications of the Random Model of Drainage Basin Com- position, J. S. Smart, C. Werner, Earth Surface Processes 1, pp. 219-233, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1976. The Analysis of Drainage Network Composition, J. S. Smart, IBM Research Report RC63I6, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown, N.Y., Dec. 1976. (To be published in Earth Surface Processes.) 060-09993-800-00 OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPERATION OF A WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM (c) Kai-Ching Chu. (d) Applied research, operation. (e) Development of a computer program for the management of water resources: Modeling of a water resources system. The model concerns the water release and distribution problem of Karun River and its tributaries in Khuzestan, Iran. The system consists of three dams with three hydroelectric plants, 16 irrigation areas and 13 mu- nicipal/industrial demand locations. Water inflows fluctu- ate. A large nonlinear stochastic programming model was formulated to determine the optimal monthly water releas- ing rules from the dams for the whole year. Detailed water distributions to various sectors are treated as subproblems of linear programmings. (g) The project has resulted in an advance, general methodology for treating the optimal operation of such water resource systems. Uncertainties in water inflows and water demands have been considered in determining the optimum water releasing rules. (/)) Optimization of a Water Resources System by Stochastic Programming with Resource and Linear Rules, R. J. Peters, K. C. Chu, M. Jamshidi, 9th Intl. Symp. on Math. Programming, Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 1976. Modeling the Operation of Khuzestan Water Resources System by Stochastic Programming, R. J. Peters, K. C. Chu, M. Jamshidi, Intl. Conf. on Computer Applications in Developing Countries, Bankok, Thailand, Aug. 1977. 52 IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, The Universi- ty of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. Dr. John F. Ken- nedy, Director. 061-00066-810-05 HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED (b) Agricultural Research Service and U.S. Geological Survey. (c) Professors J. W. Howe and T. E. Croley II. (d) Field investigation, applied research, and M.S. theses. (e) Study continuously in progress since 1924 on the three square-mile north branch of Ralston Creek. An area of similar size on the south branch of Ralston Creek came under observation in 1967. The study involves discharge measurement by the U.S.G.S. and rainfall measurement at three automatic recording stations. Rainfall data are col- lected by the Agricultural Research Service and published by the Weather Bureau. A record of the urbanization of the area through aerial photos and numerous pictures taken at the same point year after year is being accumu- lated. Records on rainfall, runoff, groundwater levels, sedi- ment transportation, and land use are combined in an an- nual report. (g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic Research. (h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year record published as Bull. 16 of the Iowa Highway Research Board in 1961; available on loan from Iowa Highway Com- mission, Ames, Iowa. 061-00067-810-30 COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA (b) U.S. Geological Survey, Agric. Research Service, Natl. Weather Service, IIHR, Graduate College. (c) District Chief, Water Resources Div., U.S. Geol. Surv., Iowa City, Iowa. (d) Field investigation; collection of basic streamflow data. (e) Streamflow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continu- ous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U.S.G.S. (g) Records of streamflow and sediment discharge computed yearly. (/i) Records contained in open-file reports published annually, and in Water-Supply Papers published at five year inter- vals; available from U.S. Geological Survey. 061-02091-520-20 RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY (b) Office of Naval Research and Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) Dr. L. Landweber. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (e) Determine the laws governing the forces, moments, and motions of ships. Work is under way on development of procedure for computing potential flow about ship forms; higher-order gravity wave theory for ship forms; effect of tank size on ship-model resistance, resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of wake and surface-profile mea- surements; conformal mapping of ship sections; thick boundary layers about bodies of revolution. (h) On a Solution of the Lavrentiev Wake Model and Its Cascade, A. C. Lin, L. Landweber, J. Fluid Mechanics 79, 4, Mar. 1977. Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part 1: Flow Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 531-537, Sept. 1976. Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part 2: Iterative Solution for Flow Within and Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 538-549, Sept. 1976. Accurate Parametric Representation of Ship Sections by Conformal Mapping, L. Landweber, M. Macagno, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Oct. 1975. Further Development of a Procedure for Determination of Wave Resistance from Longitudinal-Cut Surface-Profile Measurements, C. E. Tsai, L. Landweber, J. Ship Research 19, 2, June 1975. Effect of Tank Walls on Ship-Model Resistance, L. Land- weber, A. Nakayama, Proc. 14th Intl. Towing Tank Conf. 3, Ottawa, Aug. 1975. Technique for Determining the Viscous Drag of a Ship Model, L. Landweber, Proc. 14th Intl. Towing Tank Conf., Aug. 1975. Prediction of the Viscous Resistance of Ships Using Equivalent Bodies of Revolution, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, Proc. 1 7th American Towing Tank Conf, Calif. Inst. Tech., Pasadena, June 1974. Effect of Wake on Wave Resistance of a Ship Model, L. Landweber, M. Moreno, L. Perez-Rojas, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 180, Aug. 1975. 061-07368-410-11 SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT AND SUSPENSION BY SHOAL- ING WAVES (b) Coastal Engrg. Res. Center, U.S. Army Corps of En- gineers. (c) J. R. Glover and J. F. Kennedy. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Experiments were conducted in oscillatory flow, "U-Tube" water tunnel, with the goal of determining the spatial and temporal distributions of suspended sediment concentra- tion and velocity in oscillatory flows over rippled beds. Both a rippled, sediment bed and a rigid bed with a limited supply of sediment on it were utilized. Suspended sediment concentrations were measured by means of the Iowa electro-optical system, while crossed, coated hot wires were used to measure velocities. The outputs of the concentration and velocity transducers were sampled by means of an on-line computer using a signal-averaging procedure. The distributions of the mean, periodic, and random components of the concentration and velocity dis- tributions were determined, as were the cross-correlations significant to the sediment continuity relation. (/) Completed. (g) The experiments indicate that the mean sediment concen- tration diminishes very rapidly with elevation above the bed. Within each wave period there are four concentration peaks; each of these traces its origin to the sediment en- trained from a ripple crest and swept past the probe. The peak magnitude of the periodic component of the concen- tration is comparable in magnitude and nearly linearly pro- portional to that of the mean concentration at a point. Considerable difficulty was encountered in measuring the velocities, due to the interaction between the sediment particles and the hot wire probes. The experimental data on the cross correlations interpreted in the light of the one-dimensional sediment continuity relation (the Schmidt equation) indicated that the longitudinal transport of sedi- ment is very important, i.e., a simple balance does not exist between the settling velocity and the upward sedi- ment diffusion velocity. The ripples were found to play a very dominant role in the sediment entrainment and suspension process. The large, captive eddy generated in the lee of each ripple during each half-period and the in- tense shear stress on the stoss side of each ripple throw the sediment into suspension and are largely responsible for maintenance of the suspended sediment field. The presence of sediment significantly alters the flow charac- teristics, amplifying both the mean and fluctuating com- ponents of the turbulent components of the velocity. (h) Sediment Entrainment by Oscillatory Flow, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. of I6th Con- gress of lAHR, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 1975. Characteristics of Iowa Sediment Concentration Measuring System, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Ken- 53 nedy, Proc. ISth Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976. Wave Entrainment of Sediment from Rippled Beds, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. ASCE, J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Div. 103, WWl, Feb. 1977. 061-07376-270-40 FLUID MECHANICS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE (b) National Institutes of Health. (c) Dr. E. O. Macagno. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research, graduate theses. (e) Determination of flow properties of chyme with U-tube, single-pulse, computer controlled, new apparatus. Analysis of flow induced by ring contractions with a longitudinal component; experiments on flow induced by conduit wall motions of circular and longitudinal types; experimental and theoretical study of mass transfer through walls. (g) An analytical study has been completed of creeping flow due to ring contractions. An analytical model has been developed for flow induced by local unbiased oscillations of the conduit wall. (h) Longitudinal Contractions in the Duodenum: Their Fluid- Mechanical Function, J. Melville, E. O. Macagno, J. Christensen, Amer. J. Physiology 228, 6, 1975. Phase Lock of Electrical Slow Waves and Spikes in Cat Duodenum, A. Sancholuz, T. Croley, J. Christensen, E. O. Macagno, J. Glover, Amer. J. Physiology 229, 3, 1975. Distribution of Spike Bursts in Cat Duodenum, A. Sancholuz, T. Croley, E. O. Macagno, J. Glover, J. Christensen, Amer. J. Physiology 229, 4, 1975. An Analytical Model of Flow Induced by Longitudinal Con- tractions in the Small Intestine, N. Denli, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1975. 061-08036-060-33 MIXING AND TRANSFER OF HEAT IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (fo) Office of Water Resources Research, Dept. of the Interior. (c) Dr. W. W. Sayre. (d) Experimental (laboratory) and theoretical; applied research, contributing toward M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Investigation of the processes by which effluent heated water mixes with flowing streamwater, and the excess heat is transferred to the surrounding environment, and how these processes combine to produce a particular tempera- ture distribution pattern in the stream. Influence of density gradient on vertical distribution of longitudinal velocity. (J) Completed. (g) Depth-averaged vertical mixing coefficients, e„/u,d, found to vary from about 0.005 for initial densimetric Froude number, IFqo, of 1 to an asymptotic value of 0.063 for IFoo & 10. In addition to suppressing vertical turbulent mixing, vertical density gradient suppresses corner-generated secondary circulation. Buoyancy-induced secondary circu- lation significantly increases initial rate of transverse spreading. For u, (Apgd/p)"^ buoyancy effects are espe- cially strong, and bimodal transverse temperature distribu- tions occur. Buoyancy effects can either increase or decrease the rate of longitudinal spreading by an amount which is not large. In a density-stratified flow, the velocity is increased slightly near the water surface and retarded slightly in the lower part of the flow. The effect is insignifi- cant for IFo„ > 1 .5. (/)) Vertical Temperature Profiles in Open-Channel Flow, E. J. Schiller, W. W. Sayre, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 101, HY6, Proc. Paper 11389, pp. 749-761, June 1975. Buoyancy Effects in Thermally-Stratified Open-Channel Flow, G. J. Hwang, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1975, Longitudinal Mixing of Heated Water in Open-Channel Flow, J. Grimm-Strele, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1975. 061-08828-340-73 MOVABLE-BED HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY FOR COOPER NUCLEAR STATION INTAKE SYSTEM (b) Nebraska Public Power District. (c) Dr. William W. Sayre. (d) Experimental (laboratory); applied research, design. (e) Model study to reduce amount of sediment taken into cir- culating- and service-water systems, and amount of sedi- ment deposited in the intake structure. (/) Completed. (g) Seven different schemes, designed to reduce the amount of sediment entering the intake structure and circulating- and service-water systems by modifying the approaching flow, were investigated in this study. The best results were ob- tained with a combination training wall-skimming weir placed parallel to the face of the intake structure. A number of variations of this scheme were tested before ar- riving at an optimum configuration which satisfied the channel-encroachment constraint of the Corps of En- gineers. The model results indicate that the configuration finally adopted should effect a 40 to 70 percent reduction in the amount of suspended sediment entering the circulat- ing- and service-water systems, for the river flow condi- tions which prevail most of the time. A very large reduc- tion in the amount of gravel entering the intake structure is also expected. (h) Undistorted Movable-Bed Model Study for a River and Power Plant Intake System, Y. Onishi, M. J. Hroncich, W. W. Sayre, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, ASCE, San Francisco, pp. 521-539, Sept. 1975. 061-08830-870-73 FIELD TESTING OF DIFFUSER PIPE SYSTEM FOR DISCHARGING CONDENSER COOLING WATER AT QUAD CITIES NUCLEAR POWER STATION (i>) Commonwealth Edison. (c) Dr. W. W. Sayre. (d) Field investigation; applied research, operation; contribut- ing toward Ph.D. thesis. (e) Periodic temperature and velocity distribution measure- ments in the Mississippi River upstream and downstream from the diffuser pipe discharge system to ensure that the plant discharge is meeting the thermal standards of the Il- linois Pollution Control Board and other concerned en- vironmental protection authorities. Comparison of proto- type performance with laboratory model predictions. (f) Completed. (g) The diffuser-pipe system was found to be in compliance with the applicable thermal standards by a comfortable margin during all of the river surveys. The results of the study indicate that satisfactory performance in the full open-cycle mode should be achievable for river discharges as low as about 18,000 cfs. The gross behavior of the jets in the initial mixing region was found to be in rough ac- cordance with the behavior of a momentum jet discharging into a quiescent, infinite body of water. The momentum- jet type behavior began to break down when the confining effects of the free-surface and bottom boundaries came into play. Buoyance effects only became evident farther downstream in cases where the momentum was largely dif- fused before complete mixing was achieved. For the most part, good agreement was obtained between prototype and model data. (/t) Prototype and Model Studies of the Diffuser-Pipe System for Discharging Condenser Cooling Water at the Quad Ci- ties Nuclear Power Station, A. D. Parr, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. 061-08831-870-75 INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-JET THERMAL OUTFALL FOR lATAN STEAM ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION (b) Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers. (c) Dr. William W. Sayre. (d) Computational; design, operational. 54 (e) Preliminary feasibility investigation of a surface-jet thermal outfall system for discharging the condenser cooling water from the proposed latan Steam Electric Generating Station into the Missouri River. (/) Completed. ig) Hydrographic measurements by the U.S. Geological Sur- vey show that the geometry of and distribution of flow in the river channel is favorable for a surface-jet scheme. Downstream temperature-rise distributions are predicted for surface jets discharging both at right angles and paral- lel to the ambient flow for selected river discharges. The prediction technique takes into account the properties of the ambient flow, including the mixing mechanisms, as well as those of the jet. The right-angle discharge is pre- dicted to be superior in almost every respect. For one-unit operation at full plant load and a river discharge of 10,000 cfs, it is predicted that the 5°F temperature-rise isotherm would cover a horizontal area of less than 0.5 acres and the zone-of-passage wherein the temperature rise is less than 5°F exceeds 85 percent of the river flow. (h) Investigation of Surface-Jet Thermal Outfall for latan Steam Electric Generating Station, W. W. Sayre, Iowa Insi. of Hydr. Res. Rept. No. /67, Apr. 1975. Transverse Flow Distribution in Natural Streams as In- fluenced by Cross-Sectional Shape, O. Sium, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1975. 061-08832-870-73 THERMAL OUTFALL SYSTEM FOR DRESDEN NUCLEAR STATION (b) Commonwealth Edison. (c) Dr. W. W. Sayre. (d) Laboratory model study, computational; applied research, design, operation; contributing to M.S. thesis. (e) Laboratory model study to guide design of slot-jet thermal outfall system for discharging circulating water from Unit 1 and blowdown discharge from Units 2 and 3 of Dresden Nuclear Station. Development of monitoring criteria based on laboratory and field measurements. Frequency analysis of river discharge and temperature data to determine limitations on plant operating conditions necessary to achieve compliance with thermal standards of Illinois Pol- lution Control Board for various background environmen- tal conditions. (/) Completed. (g) The results of hydraulic model studies and field tempera- ture surveys are used to relate the mixing performance of the outfall structure to plant discharge conditions and the Illinois River discharge. A probabilistic model for comput- ing the probability of violation for a given set of plant discharge conditions is then derived. In this model the discharge and temperature of the Illinois Rivel- and the temperature difference between the Illinois and Kankakee Rivers are represented as random variables. Finally, proba- bilities of violation are computed for different periods of the year and different plant operating conditions. In general, larger probabilities of violation were found for the summer months when combinations of low Q,tt and high T/tt are more apt to occur. Compliance -test procedures and criteria for computing reductions in plant load neces- sary to achieve compliance when violation is indicated are presented. (/]) Investigation and Evaluation of the Thermal Discharge Systems of Dresden Nuclear Station, J. C. Hwang, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. 061-08833-870-70 AQUATIC ECOLOGY AND MIXING CHARACTERISTICS OF BEAVER SLOUGH, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, NEAR CLIN- TON, IOWA (b) E. I. DuPont deNemours and Co. (c) W. W. Sayre. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Field investigation to collect hydrographic and chemical data for evaluating environmental impact of present and improved systems for treating chemical wastes discharged into Beaver Slough from the DuPont Film Processing Plant at Clinton. Data includes detailed measurements of sulfate concentrations, pH, temperature, transverse velocity dis- tribution, and bottom benthic samples in the region of the slough occupied by the plume, and background measure- ments upstream from the plant. if) Completed. (g) Mixing rates in the slough were found to be highly sensi- tive to a number of density-related phenomena and cannot be depended upon for any significant contribution to near- t'leld dilution. From a theoretical and laboratory study of the natural buffering mechanisms and chemical equilibri- um relationships for the slough, it was determined that a physical dilution of at least 60 to 1 is needed to meet the applicable mixing-zone standards at the critical low flow conditions. In addition to the physical dilution, sufficient vertical mixing and surface renewal to release excess car- bon dioxide to the atmosphere-a prerequisite to the attain- ment of an equilibrium pH level-is needed. To achieve the required dilution and release of CO2 to the atmosphere within the allowed mixing zone, an outfall structure con- sisting of a mulitple-port, submerged jet diffuser system was proposed. (h) Assessment of the Chemical Impact of Clinton Film Plant Wastewater on Beaver Slough Water Quality, K. D. Tracy, W. W. Sayre, D. B. McDonald, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 28, Mar. 1975. Investigation of Wastewater Outfall for Clinton Film Plant: Assessment of Chemical Impact and Analysis of Physical Mixing Characteristics of Beaver Slough, W. W. Sayre, K. D. Tracy, D. B. McDonald, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 183, Dec 1975. 061-08834-010-21 FURTHER STUDIES OF THE THICK AXISYMMETRIC TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER (b) Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) Dr. V. C. Patel. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) To make detailed measurements in the thick boundary layer and the near wake of a body of revolution and use the data to verify and improve methods for the prediction of the flow in the tail region of such bodies. (g) Mean flow and turbulence measurements have been made in the boundary layer and the wake of a low-drag body of revolution. Some aspects of the data are reported in the publications listed below. The data are being analyzed and used to guide the development of a differential method for the continuation of the boundary layer calculation into the wake. (h) Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part I: Flow Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 531-537, Sept. 1976. Flow Interaction Near the Tail of a Body of Revolution, Part II: Iterative Solution for Flow Within and Exterior to Boundary Layer and Wake, A. Nakayama, V. C. Patel, L. Landweber, ASME J. Fluids Engrg. 98, 3, pp. 538-549, Sept. 1976. Importance of the Near Wake in Drag Prediction of Bodies of Revolution, V. C. Patel, O. Guven, AIAA J. 14, pp. 1132-1133, 1976. Measurements in the Thick Axisym metric Turbulent Boun- dary Layer and the Near Wake of a Low-Drag Body of Revolution, V. C. Patel, Y. T. Lee, O. Guven, Proc. Penn- Stale Univ. Symp. Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 9.29-36, 1977. 061-10359-870-60 MIXING OF POWER-PLANT HEATED EFFLUENTS WITH THE MISSOURI RIVER (b) Iowa Energy Policy Council. (c) Dr. William W. Sayre. (d) Analytical; applied research; M.S. thesis. 55 (e) Thermal plume data obtained in the Missouri River downstream from the Fort Calhoun and Cooper Nuclear Stations, together with detailed information about the channel geometry needed to synthesize the transverse flow distribution are used to adapt and refine a mathematical model for steady-state transverse mixing in natural streams for the purpose of predicting thermal plumes in fast-flow- ing turbulent rivers. (J) Completed. (g) The model is found to provide a good basis for predicting thermal plumes in the Missouri River and similar streams. In addition to the transverse distribution of flow, applying the model requires the determination of two parameters, one relating to the initial near-field dilution resulting from the interaction of the thermal discharge with the ambient flow, and the other governing the far-field transverse mix- ing due to mechanisms associated with the ambient flow. The variation of the empirically determined initial-dilution and transverse diffusion parameters with different plant discharge, channel geometry, and ambient flow charac- teristics is examined with mixed results. (h) Mixing of Power-Plant Heated Effluents with the Missouri River, R. Caro-Cordero, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1977. Mixing of Power-Plant Heated Effluents with the Missouri River, R. Caro-Cordero, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 203, June 1977. 061-10360-220-30 TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND BED FORMS IN ICE- COVERED ALLUVIAL STREAMS (b) U.S. Geological Survey and Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. (c) Dr. William W. Sayre. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) A series of experiments with equivalent (same slope and discharge) free- and covered-surface flows was conducted in a sand-bed laboratory flume for the purpose of deter- mining the effect of an ice cover on sediment transport and bed forms. In the covered-surface experiments, an ice cover was simulated by a system of hinged plywood panels. In both the covered- and free-surface flows, detailed data were obtained on bed forms, velocity, suspended sediment distribution, and total sediment load. (g) Experiments completed, analysis in progress. 061-10361-750-00 EFFECTS OF VERTICAL DISTORTION ON THE HYDRAU- LIC MODELING OF SURFACE JETS IN RIVERS (b) Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. (c) Dr. William W. Sayre. (rf) Experimental; applied research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) A series of 36 experiments conducted in triplets, wherein experiments were repeated with two- and four-fold in- creases in depth but with constant jet densimetric Froude number, jet aspect ratio, and jet-to-ambient velocity and discharge ratios, was performed in a 12-foot wide rectan- gular flume. The purpose of the investigation is to evaluate the effect of vertical distortion on the following thermal plume properties: centerline temperature decay, jet trajec- tory, lateral spread, vertical thickness, areas enclosed by surface isotherms, and the cross-sectional area enclosed by the 5 °F excess temperature isotherm. (g) Experiments completed, analysis still in progress. 061-10362-300-15 MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS OF RIVER ICE JAMS (b) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire, and National Science Foundation. (c) J. C. Tatinclaux. (d) Experimental and analytical; basic research; Master's theses. (e) An experimental and analytical study of the initiation and development of ice jams in narrow rivers and of compres- sion strength of fragmented ice covers. (/) Completed. (g) The conditions of initiation of an ice jam by a simple sur- face obstruction in a channel, the equilibrium thickness of a jam in a narrow channel, and the compression strength of floating, fragmented ice covers were studied. The minimum concentration of ice floes in the opening of a simple obstruction at which a jam is initiated was found to be nearly independent of the ratio of width of constricted passage to channel width, and to be proportional to a negative power of the ratio of floe width to width of con- stricted passage. From energy analysis of floe submer- gence, a relationship between the equilibrium thickness of a narrow river jam and the approach floe characteristics was derived and verified experimentally. It was also found that the conditions of initiation of a jam and its equilibri- um thickness were strongly influenced by the wetting or nonwetting properties of the material used for model ice floes. The compressive strength of floating, fragmented ice covers was found to be inversely proportional to loading rate, proportional to cover thickness, and independent of cover length. (h) Ice Jam Initiation by Partial Surface Obstructions, C. L. Lee, M.S. Thesis, The Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. Thickness of Ice Jams Due to Accumulation and Submer- gence of Ice Floes, T. P. Wang, M.S. Thesis, The Univ. of Iowa, May 1976. A Laboratory Investigation of the Mechanics and Hydrau- lics of River Ice Jams, J. C. Tatinclaux, C. L. Lee, T. P. Wang, T. Nakato, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 186, Mar. 1976. Ice-Jam Mechanics, J. F. Kennedy, 3rd Intl. Symp. Ice Problems, Hanover, N.H., 1975. 061-10363-190-15 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF FRESHWATER AND SALINE ICE (b) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire. (c) J. C. Tatinclaux. (d) Experimental; basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Small ice beams of variable salt concentration were tested under pure bending and concentrated load to determine the bending strength and modulus of elasticity of fresh- water and saline ice. if) Completed. (g) Small freshwater ice beams with homogeneous tempera- ture distribution were tested under pure bending and con- centrated load applied either on the top or on the bottom surface of the specimens. The direction of loading showed significant influence on the measured strength and elastic modulus of the specimens. This difference was tentatively attributed to the variation in ice crystal size between the top and bottom surfaces of an ice sheet. Fresh water and saline ice specimens were also tested semi-submerged in a water bath, with the top surface exposed to air of variable temperature. Loading rate had no effect on the flexural strength; the elastic modulus increased only slightly with increasing loading rate. In the range of air temperature in- vestigated (0 °C to -15 °C), no significant variation of bending strength and elastic modulus was observed. On the other hand, bending strength and elastic modulus were found to be very rapidly decreasing functions of the square root of the brine volume. (/i) An Experimental Investigation of Flexural Strength of Ice, C. Y. Wu, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1976. Laboratory Study of Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus of Freshwater and Saline Ice, J. C. Tatinclaux, C. Y. Wu, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 190, June 1976. 061-10364-220-13 FIELD STUDY OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CHARAC- TERISTICS AT THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER NEAR FOX ISLAND (RM 355-6) AND BUZZARD ISLAND (RM 349-50) (b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, Rock Island, Illinois. (c) T. Nakato and J. F. Kennedy. 56 (d) Field investigation; basic research. (e) The field study was 'conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and processes responsible for the recurrent shoaling which has been experienced in the reaches of the Mississippi River in the vicinities of Fox Island (between RM 355 and 356) and Buzzard Island (between RM 349 and RM 350), in Pool 20 between Keokuk, Iowa, and Canton, Missouri. Detailed data on transverse and stream- wise distributions of flow velocity, suspended sediment discharge, bed-load discharge, bed-material properties, and flow depth were directly obtained in the field to describe the local unit sediment discharge of the stream and its de- pendence on the local flow properties and bed charac- teristics. From this information recommendations were developed for corrective measures which could be imple- mented to reduce the frequency and volume of dredging required to maintain the 9-foot navigation channel. Evaluation of the reliability of several existing sediment- discharge formulas also were made. (/) Completed. (g) The sediment responsible for the recurrent shoaling in the study reaches of the Mississippi River was found to originate from the Des Moines River. The relatively large quantity of sand transported by the Des Moines River as both bed load and suspended load tends to be deposited downstream from the confluence of the two rivers; the reduced sand transport capacity of the Mississippi River is in large measure a consequence of its relatively small ener- gy slope. The field data showed that the bed-load discharge varies approximately as the fourth power of the mean velocity or the water discharge, while the suspended- load discharge was found to vary as the square of the water discharge. In the Buzzard Island reach the Mississip- pi River flow was found to bifurcate, with more than 25 percent of the water discharge passing through the secon- dary side channel, resulting in a considerable reduction of the mean velocity in the main channel. Closure of this side channel would roughly double the river sediment-transport capacity according to the empirical sediment-discharge formulas. None of the sediment discharge predictors tested (Engelund-Hansen, Inglis-Lacey, Einstein-Brown, Colby, and Toffaleti) was found to yield reliable results. (/i) Field Study of Sediment Transport Characteristics of the Mississippi River Near Fox Island (RM 355-6) and Buzzard Island (RM 349-50), T. Nakato, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Insi. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 201, May 1977. 061-10365-350-75 MODEL STUDY OF THE LAKE CHICOT PUMPING PLANT (b) Stanley Consultants, Inc., Muscatine, Iowa. (c) T. Nakato and J. F. Kennedy. (,d) Experimental investigation; basic research; M.S. thesis. (e) A l:24-scale laboratory model was constructed of the ap- proach channel, forebay, pump sumps, pump bells, and gravity flow section of the Lake Chicot Pumping Plant which is to be constructed upstream from Lake Chicot in Chicot County, Arkansas, to pump flood waters into the Mississippi River. The pumps in the proposed plant will divert up to 6,500 cfs directly into the Mississippi River during high river stages, and up to 12,500 cfs will pass through the gravity-flow sections at low river stages. The plant will have twelve pumps consisting of ten identical pumps rated at 600 cfs each and two identical units rated at 250 cfs each. Each pumping bay will be 23-ft wide, and three gravity-flow bays, each 26-ft wide, will be located at the center of the plant structure. The principal purpose of the model investigation was to ascertain if the flows in the forebay and pump bays, and the flows to and through the gravity-flow sections of the structure display any objec- tionable features. The specific concern surrounding the forebay and pump bays was whether they provide ap- proach flows to the pumps which are sufficiently uniform to allow satisfactory performance of the pumps. (g) It was found that during pump operation, the forebay flows approaching the closed gravity bays located in the center of the pumping station were diverted laterally and entered the pump bays with a strong transverse component of velocity, leading to the production of separation, large captive eddies, and strong lateral nonuniformities in the pump-approach flows in the pump sumps. Modified trash- racks, with 12-in deep vertical bars on 6-in centers were found to serve as effective turning vanes and under most operating combinations, to produce pump-approach flows that are acceptably uniform. The possibility of scale effects affecting the performance of the modified model trash- racks was investigated in two idealized model sump bays with scales of 1:10 and 1;24, and it was found that no un- desirable scale effects were present in the l;24-scale model trash-racks. However, during the test with the 1:10- scale model, strong concentrated vortices were observed to occur within the model pump bell and to extend downward to the sump floor. Therefore, a four-vane vor- tometer was installed in the straight portion of the pipe line just above the suction bell to measure net flow circu- lation in the intake flow. Five pressure transducers also were installed on the sump floor immediately beneath the pump bell to record pressure fluctuations due to the con- centrated floor vortices. With the aid of these instruments the best sump configuration in reducing vortex activity around the pump bell was sought. (h) Model Study of the Lake Chicot Pumping Plant, T. Nakato, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 188, Aug. 1976. 061-10366-300-61 ICE SUPPRESSION BY THERMAL DISCHARGES (b) ISWRRI, OWRR and NSF. (c) J. F. Kennedy and E. O. Macagno. (d) Theoretical; experimental; field investigation. (e) A computer-based numerical model has been developed to predict the winter-time temperature distributions and lengths of ice-free reaches in rivers subjected to artificial thermal inputs. Simplified relations have been developed to calculate the surface heat transfer from water to the at- mosphere. Also, a closed-form relation has been derived to predict the water temperatures under stable meteorologi- cal conditions. The usefulness of the numerical solution is compared and verified with laboratory test results and field investigation data. The melting rate of ice covers due to warm water flow has also been investigated experimen- tally and theoretically and mathematical relations developed to calculate the melting rate under known flow and temperature conditions of water and overlying air. (/) Completed. (/i) Winter Regime Surface Heat Loss from Heated Streams, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 155, Mar. 1974. Winter-Regime Thermal Response of Heated Streams, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. ASCE, Hydr. Div. 100, Apr. 1974. Thermal Response of Heated Streams, Solution by the Im- plicit Method, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 165, May 1974. Winter-Regime Thermal Response of Heated Streams, P. P. Paily, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1974. Influence of Air and Water Conditions on the Melting Rate of Ice Covers, M. A. Roman, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1974. Numerical Prediction of the Thermal-Regime of Rivers, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, Proc. ASCE, Hydr. Div., Mar. 1976. Hydrologic Response of Ice-Covered Streams, P. P. Paily, E. O. Macagno, J. F. Kennedy, ISWRRI Report, Ames, June 1973. Rate of Recession of the Leading Edge of Ice Covers on Open Channel Flows, Ben Yao Hewlett, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1976. 57 061-10367-860-00 SUBJECT REVIEW FOR STATE-OF-THE-ART OF THE METHODS THAT CONSIDER RISK OR RELIABILITY IN THE DESIGN OR OPERATION OF RESERVOIR SYSTEM (b) Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Theoretical, applied research; graduate thesis. (e) This study is interested in the methods that consider risk or reliability in the design or operation of single or multi- ple reservoir systems. The relevant literature is reviewed and critical assessments of these methods and of the state- of-the-art of the development and application of these methods are made. There are several types of uncertainties that contribute to the risk in reservoir design or operation. The efforts of this study focus on the basic uncertainty in- herent in the natural stochastic processes involved in the design or operation of a reservoir system. (g) Up to now, about fifteen methods concerning the risk in reservoir design or operation have been reviwed, from the earlier Moran's storage theory to the recent operation research approaches. Most of these methods are illustrated with a practical example; however the applicability of them is limited by their assumptions. 061-10368-810-33 URBAN GROWTH, RUNOFF, EXTERNALITIES AND IN- COME DISTRIBUTION EFFECTS IN RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED (6) U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology, Iowa State Water Resources Research In- stitute. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley, Institute of Hydraulic Research and Dr. Jerald R. Barnard, Institute for Economic Research. (d) Applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Urbanization-induced flood hazard estimates are desired for Ralston Creek in Iowa City, Iowa. A deterministic watershed model and a stochastic precipitation model are used to circumvent the problem of nonstationarity induced in stream flow records by urbanization. By utilizing backwater analyses for the creek to estimate the probabili- ty of flooding for each residential property, the impact of flood hazard can be estimated using an econometric model of property values. ig) A very efficient hourly precipitation data generation model for Ralston Creek area was developed. Point flooding frequency and flooding magnitude for different urban con- ditions is estimated for recurrence intervals up to 1000 years by using the precipitation and watershed models. The analysis of the property market indicated that flood hazard has a negative impact on property value. (/i) Physical and Economic Aspects Associated with Runoff from Urban Growth: A Methodological Approach, J. R. Barnard, T. E. Croley II, Proc. Nail. Symp. Urban Rainfall and Runoff and Sediment Control, Univ. Kentucky, Lexing- ton, Ky, July 29-31, 1974. Scheduling of Non-Stationary Hourly Precipitation, R. N. Eli II, T. E. Croley II, Proc. Natl. Symp. Precipitation Anal- ysis for Hydrologic Modeling, Univ. California, Davis, Calif, June 26-28, 1975. Increased Runoff from Urban Growth and Its Impact on Property Values, J. R. Barnard, J. Economics Proc. of Mis- souri Valley Economics Assoc. 2, pp. 133-136, Feb. 1976. Ralston Creek Flooding Induced by South Branch Ur- banization, T. E. Croley, J. R. Barnard, Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban Rainfall and Runoff and Sediment Control, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., July 26-28, 1976. An Hourly Precipitation Model for Ralston Creek, R. N. Eli II, T. E. Croley II, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 192, Aug. 1976. Externalities from Urban Growth: The Case of Increased Runoff and Flooding, J. R. Barnard, Institute for Economic Research, Univ. of Iowa, Oct. 1976. Increased Runoff and Flooding from Urban Growth, J. R. Barnard, T. E. Croley II, Institute for Economic Research, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1976. Economic Costs Associated with Increased Flood Hazard from Urban Growth, J. R. Barnard, Institute for Economic Research, Univ. of Iowa, Mar. 1977. 061-10369-340-33 OPTIMUM COMBINATION OF COOLING ALTERNATIVES FOR WATER AND FUEL ECONOMIES OF ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Theoretical; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) It has been demonstrated that water and fuel consumption in electric power plants will increase at an alarming rate if the projected growth of the power industry is realized in the years to come. Although the water and fuel require- ments of a power plant are closely related to the type of cooling system used, present cooling system designs do not take adequate account of the operating costs which are primarily water and fuel consumption. Furthermore, com- binations of cooling systems now in use are based on ad hoc considerations of the recent environmental legislation rather than on detailed analysis of the water and fuel economies during operation. In the national interest, con- sideration of water and fuel economy as well as the ad- verse environmental aspects of open-cycle cooling will un- doubtedly lead to increased popularity of [ alternJative cooling system combinations. The research provides a basis for the proper selection of cooling systems and their combinations at the preliminary design stage. The ap- proach taken is to systematically evaluate the various cool- ing systems and their combinations and identify the most promising ones. Computer optimization models are con- structed for each alternative and for the various combina- tions utilizing standard thermodynamic models, capital costs, fuel and water costs, turbine characteristics, modes of operation and loading, meteorological conditions, size of power plant, and fogging and other environmental con- straints. (g) A comprehensive computer code has been developed for the assessment of the economics of various types of com- bination cooling systems for electric power plants. The model considers the basic thermodynamics of evaporative heat transfer, steam turbines, and condensers. The in- fluence of different power loading patterns and changing meteorological conditions, as well as the various economic parameters is studied. The computer models have been used to investigate the thermodynamic and economic per- formance of several wet cooling tower-cooling pond con- figurations. 061-10370-870-73 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER AND AS- SIMILATION CAPACITIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS IN THE MAPP GEOGRAPHICAL AREA (b) Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP), Minneapolis, Minn. (c) Dr. J. P. Kennedy. (d) Analytical investigation. (e) A computer-based numerical model has been developed to predict the thermal regimes of rivers under variable cli- matic conditions, thermal input rates, and flow conditions. The model can be applied to any practical river situation for temperature predictions. The model was applied to predict the seasonal thermal regimes of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers lying in and adjacent to the MAPP geo- graphical area. (f) Completed. (/i) A Computational Model for Predicting the Thermal Regimes of Rivers, P. P. Paily, J. P. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 169, Nov. 1974. The Thermal Regimes of the Upper Mississippi and Missou- ri Rivers, P. P. Paily, T. Y. Su, A. R. Giaquinta, J. P. Ken- nedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 182, Oct. 1976. 58 Selected Appendices to IIHR Report No. 182: The Thermal Regimes of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, P. P. Paily, T. Y. Su, A. R. Giaquinta, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 47, Oct. 1976. Thermal Regimes of Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and Hybrid Once-Through-Wet Tower Cooling Systems for Power Plants, T. Y. Su, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, May 1977. Cooling Water Resources of Upper Mississippi River for Power Generation, P. P. Paily, T. Y. Su, A. R. Giaquinta, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. Conf. on Waste Heat Management and Utilization, Miami Beach, Fla., May 9-1 1, 1977. 061-10371-870-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE, COMPUTER- BASED, NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE THERMAL REGIMES OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIVERS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior; Iowa State Water Resources Research In- stitute. (c) Dr. A. R. Giaquinta. (d) Theoretical, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) The steady-state Iowa Thermal Regime Model is used to compute the thermal regimes of the Mississippi River from Keokuk, Iowa, to the mouth and the Missouri River from the southern Iowa border to its confluence with the Missis- sippi River. This model, based on the steady one-dimen- sional heat equation, includes the effects of hydrological and meteorological variables on the heat transfer across the river surface. Temperature distributions downstream from each existing and proposed future power plant using once-through cooling are predicted for a range of meteorological and hydrological conditions. The most desirable sites for future once-through-cooled power plants are identified in terms of river heat assimilation capacity determined in light of existing thermal standards. 061-10372-700-11 AN IMPROVED MODEL OF THE IOWA SEDIMENT CON- CENTRATION ANALYZER (fc) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. (c) Dr. John R. Glover. (d) Experimental. (e) Redesign of the electronic circuits for both the light source and sensor was required to improve the frequency response characteristics of the system. With the prior in- strument, particle velocity was limited to a maximum of 1/3 m/s without error both in the mean measurements and estimates of the mean square fluctuations of sediment con- centration. (g) The improved frequency response was accomplished by in- creasing the light source frequency to 50 kHz, raising the cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter blocking the dc component of the light detected to 25 kHz, and changing the Butterworth filter in the detector to a Bessel filter with a cutoff frequency of 2.5 kHz. Simulated particle tests in- dicate that mean measurements' are unaffected by particle velocities as high as 8 m/s, and that fluctuations are cor- rectly reproduced for particles with velocities less than 3 m/s. (/]) Characteristics of Iowa Sediment Concentration Measuring System, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Ken- nedy, Proc. of I5th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolu- lu, Hawaii, July 1976. 061-10373-310-33 FLOOD CONTROL MANAGEMENT IN SEDIMENTING RESERVOIRS SUBJECT TO RECREATION DEMANDS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept, of the Interior; Iowa State Water Resources Research In- stitute. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Theoretical, applied research, operation, development; Doctoral thesis. (e) A present conflict exists on the Coralville reservoir near Iowa City, Iowa, between recreation users and the manag- ing agency of the reservoir. The research considered vari- ous operation management plans to determine operations whereby both the flood control and the recreation in- terests can be served with minimum conflict. Considera- tion was given to operation rules, recreation demands, flood occurrences, flood consequences, reservoir use, in- flows, outflows, evaporation, other relevant hydrological time series, and the dynamic reservoir characteristics. Computer models were constructed to detail the reservoir sedimentation, the reservoir profile changes, and the con- sequent routing characteristic changes. Stochastic models of all relevant input time series were used to construct probability statements for levels of attainment of various objectives. The study analyzed different operation plans so that a "best" operation plan was designed. The choice of an operation plan was based upon separate objective ful- fillments for a multipurpose reservoir without resorting to assignment of a common measure to all objectives (such as dollars), or reduction of some objectives to operation constraints. The models and the techniques for modeling and analysis were generally formulated allowing for their use in other multiple-objective applications. (/) Completed. (g) The stochastic trade-off methodology developed in this study enables the estimation of risks or probabilities as- sociated with achievement of various levels of a reservoir operation objective while maintaining minimum levels of another operation objective. Trade-offs are constructed by maximizing benefits with respect to one objective with the constraint that minimum levels of benefits also must be realized with respect to other objectives. By repeating the optimization for many constraint levels, the trade-off func- tion between objectives is constructed. The Coralville reservoir was originally designed and is currently being operated as a flood-control reservoir. At the present time there is conflict between recreation users and the operating agency. The former demand enhance- ment of recreation opportunities and consequent higher and consistent pool levels, and the latter maintain that the reservoir was originally designed for flood control and that any deviation from current operation plans will impair flood control benefits. This study evolves operation plans, based on selected objective trade-offs and risks between flood control and recreation objectives. The existing and the evolved operation rules are tested in a comprehensive reservoir model which adjusts the reser- voir profile for sediment distribution, deposition, and recompaction of all sediment layers biannually. The model reflects the influence of the reservoir profiles, sediment consistency, evaporation, inflows, and reservoir operations. The model is used to simulate the behavior of the reser- voir for the next ten years and calculations of reservoir sedimentation, flood control benefits, and recreation use are made. The evolved operation rules are shown to pro- vide more flood control and recreation benefits than the existing operation rule without increasing sedimentation rates. (h) Quantification of Recreational Use of the Coralville Reser- voir, T. E. Croley II, R. Chen, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 181, Aug. 1975. Iowa River Flood Damage Related to Coralville Reservoir Operations, T. E. Crolwy II, F. Karim, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 194, Oct. 1976. Reservoir Sedimentation Calculations Using Continuing Dis- tribution, Recompaction and Sediment Slump, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 198, 1977. Hydrologic Time Series Deseasonalization and Reconstruc- tion, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. / 99, 1977. Stochastic Trade-Offs for Reservoir Operation, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 197, Jan. 1977. 59 Adaptive River Basin Management witli Single or Multiple Objectives, T. E. Croley II, Proc. XVIth Congress, Intl. Assoc, for Hydr. Res., Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 27-Aug. 1, 1975. Multipurpose Reservoir Operation Using Stochastic Trade- off Analyses, T. E. Croley II, K. N. R. Rao, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. Stochastic Hydraulics, Lund, Sweden, Aug. 2-4, 1976. 061-10374-340-61 OPTIMUM MECHANICAL DRAFT WET COOLING TOWERS TO SUPPLEMENT ONCE-THROUGH COOLING AT SELECTED MISSOURI RIVER SITES (b) Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute; Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interi- or. (c) Dr. Thomas E. Croley II. (d) Analytical, applied and basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) To construct necessary computer-based, numerical models and methodology for determining the most economical size of mechanical draft wet cooling tower for use as a "helper" to once-through cooling for utilities on the Mis- souri River. (g) Thermodynamic and economic models of combined mechanical draft wet cooling towers and once-through cooling systems have been developed. The search for the most economical arrangement and operation mode of the combined cooling system was carried out with two con- figurations: open-cycle parallel arrangement and partially closed-cycle parallel arrangement. Each system was analyzed by incorporating it in a proposed future unit (rated capacity of 1150 MW) along the Missouri River at Fort Calhoun, Nebraska. Capital and operating costs of the two configurations were determined for condensers having flow rates of 900,000 gpm and 585,000 gprti. From the cases studied it is seen that the minimum unit cost of energy production results from a combined cooling system with an 1100 ft cooling tower operating in a partially closed-cycle mode with the smaller condenser. However, the economy of this mode of operation is partially offset by the disadvantage of greater water losses. 061-10375-870-73 COOLING WATER DISCHARGE THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODEL, ST. LUCIE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (b) Florida Power and Light Company, and Ebasco Services Inc., New York. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Experimental, applied and basic research. (e) Various thermal and hydraulic model tests were performed in connection with the design and performance of the offshore thermal outfalls for St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant. These tests included model investigations of (i) the multiple-port discharges of Unit II, (ii) the submerged Y- outlet discharge for unit I, (iii) hydraulic characteristics for Y-nozzle and discharge ports. (/) Completed. (g) On the basis of thermal-hydraulic model tests, it was found that a multiport diffuser with 58 discharge nozzles aimed offshore at >25° from the pipe axis would meet the ther- mal criterion. The momentum of the discharge produces an off-shore drift of the diluted warm-water plume. (h) Investigation of the Thermal Near-Field for an Alternating Multiport Diffuser Pipe, A. Nospal, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1974. Cooling Water Discharge Thermal-Hydraulic Charac- teristics Model of the St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant, S. C. Jain, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. / 76, July 1975. 061-10376-870-75 HYDRO-THERMAL MODEL STUDY OF THE KAHE POWER PLANT CONDENSER WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEM (b) Bechtel, Inc., San Francisco, California. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Experimental, applied and basic research. (e) Various model tests were performed in connection with the design of the outfall structure for the condenser cool- ing water discharge for the Kahe Power Plant. (/) Completed. (g) The recommended discharge structure consists of two 12- ft diameter pipes, each terminating with an 11-ft diameter nozzle discharging offshore at an angle of 20° above the horizontal. The nozzles will be located at water depth of 27 ft below MLLW. (h) Preliminary Report-Thermal-Hydraulic Model Study of Offshore Discharge System of Kahe Power Plant, S. C. Jain, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 38, Jan. 1976. Thermal-Hydraulic Model Study of Offshore Discharge System for Kahe Power Plant, Hawaii, S. C. Jain, M. Leonard, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 184, Jan. 1976. 061-10377-410-13 EVALUATION OF MOVABLE BED TIDAL INLET MODELS (i>) Coastal Engineering Research Center. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. {d) Theoretical, applied and basic research. (e) The results of movable bed tidal inlet hydraulic model stu- dies conducted by Waterways Experiment Station were compared with the observation made in the prototype to evaluate the effectiveness of such models. (g) Some quantitative indications, including correlation coeffi- cients and root-mean-square error are used to check the accuracy of model performance. (h) Evaluation of Movable Bed Tidal Inlet Models, S. C. Jain, J. F. Kennedy, Proc. 15th Coastal Engrg. Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, June 1976. 061-10378-870-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTING FOR LAKE ERIE GENERATING STATION (b) Envirosphere Company, a Division of Ebasco Services, New York, and Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Syracuse, New York. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Various thermal-hydraulic model tests were performed in connection with the blowdown discharge structure for the blowdown discharge of the cooling tower at the propsoed Lake Erie Generating Station. (/) Completed. (g) On the basis of thermal hydraulic model tests, a diffuser with alternative nozzles was recommended. (/]) Hydraulic-Thermal Model Study of the Blowdown Discharge of the Lake Erie Generating Station, S. C. Jain, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. United Dist. Rept. No. 41, June 1976. 061-10379-870-73 PREDICTION AND MODELING NEAR FIELD BEHAVIOR OF MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER PLUMES (b) Electric Power Research Institute. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and applied research. (e) This research program is to develop techniques for small scale model tests of cooling tower installations which will provide relatively complete data on near field charac- teristics of the plumes and their effects on cooling tower performance and to validate model testing as a reliable means of plume prediction for use in resolving questions and guiding decisions related to power plant siting and layout. 60 061-10380-870-73 THERMAL-HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE COOL- ING WATER DISCHARGE FROM NPPD'S GERALD GEN- TLEMEN STATION INTO SUTHERLAND RESERVOIR (b) Nebraska Public Power District, Columbus, Nebraska. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Near field mixing characteristics of the thermal discharge from the auxiliary cooling pond and Sutherland Reservoir were investigated. (g) Near field dilution was found to be not sensitive to jet densimetric Froude number for the discharge studies tested in the model. 061-10381-010-14 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFT ON BODIES OF REVOLUTION AT IN- CIDENCE (b) U.S. Army Research Office and Lockheed-Georgia Co. (c) Dr. V. C. Patel. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research; graduate theses. (e) The objective of this research is to make an experimental and theoretical study of the behavior of the boundary layer on bodies of revolution at incidence. The study has relevance to the design of aircraft fuselages, missiles, and underwater vehicles and is expected to yield information necessary for the prediction of forces on such shapes. (g) The study has been organized into two phases. The first of these, involves the development of a suitable three-dimen- sional boundary-layer calculation procedure. A computer program has been developed for calculating potential flow past an arbitrary inclined body of revolution. A finite-dif- ference program for the calculation of the three-dimen- sional boundary layer on the surface is under develop- ment. The second phase of the project involves an experi- mental study of the three-dimensional boundary layer. As a preliminary to detailed measurements, flow visualization studies over different bodies of revolution were carried out in a large water flume and later in a wind tunnel. Colored dyes were used to observe the surface flow patterns in the flume, while wool tufts glued on the body surface were used in the wind tunnel experiments. These flow visualiza- tion studies served to provide an understanding of some ol the basic features of three-dimensional flows such as separation, flow reversal, vortex roll-up, etc. These experi- ments also provided the necessary information for the design of a suitable body shape which will be used for detailed tests in the large wind tunnel of the Institute. A 4- ft long X 1-ft maximum diameter hemisphere-spheroid body, fully instrumented for boundary layer studies, is presently being fabricated for these wind tunnel tests. (h) Advances in Turbulent Boundary Layer Calculation Methodology, J. F. Nash, V. C. Patel, Proc. of Penn State Univ. Symp. Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 5.1-11, 1977. 061-10382-340-36 ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF BACKFITTING POWER PLANTS WITH CLOSED-CYCLE COOLING SYSTEM (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) T. E. Croley II and V. C. Patel. (d) Experimental, design. " (e) Investigation of the engineering and economic (including environmental) consequences of backfitting a steam-elec- tric power plant (both fossil and nuclear fueled) with four closed-cycle cooling systems: mechanical draft evaporative towers, natural draft evaporative towers, cooling ponds, and spray canals. (/) Completed. (g) Development of computational models for several closed- cycle cooling systems which allow economic consideration of sizing. Examples illustrating analysis of each type of cooling system are shown. (h) Economic Assessment of Backfitting Power Plants with Closed-Cycle Cooling Systems, A. R. Giaquinta, T. E. Croley II, V. C. Patel, J. G. Melville, M. S. Cheng, A. S. Uzuner, Rept. No. EPA-600-2-76-050, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., Mar. 1976. Available from NTIS. 061-10383-290-14 COMPRESSIBLE RECOIL MECHANISM (b) Army Research Office. (c) Dr. C. J. Chen. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic; graduate theses. (e) Study of unsteady laminar and turbulent flow in shock-ab- sorbing system. 061-10384-190-15 FRAZIL ICE FORMATION IN TURBULENT FLOW (b) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire. (c) Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Experimental, applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) The criteria for establishing design standards for structures that must pass super-cooled water and frazil ice (namely hydro-electric and municipal intakes and possibly nuclear cooling systems) are not firmly established. Frazil ice can form in water which is supercooled only to a few hun- dredths of a degree Celsius below zero. These frazil ice particles initially form as small discs, apparently throughout the fluid and collect on the water surface forming what appears to be snow slush. Heavy concentra- tions can block intake structures and even form ice jams in rivers due to its adhesive capabilities during the growth stage of the crystals. An experimental apparatus has been designed to study systematically the formation of frazil ice under controlled laboratory conditions. The development of reliable predictors for frazil ice formation based on the rate of water supercooling, degree of turbulence, the as- sociated heat transfer at the particle-fluid interface, and the presence of foreign impurities will be studied. (g) Preliminary results have shown that impurities such as silt or sand have no noticeable effect in the formation of frazil ice. The major ingredient necessary for frazil ice formation is the presence of ice crystals to trigger the nucleation process. In rivers these ice crystals will be present in the shore ice that forms first along the banks and in pools, and in the splash zone of high velocity rapid reaches provided that cold air temperatures are present. 061-10385-030-70 POTENTIAL FLOW AROUND CIRCULAR COOLING TOWERS (b) The Marley Company. (c) Dr. J. C. Tatinclaux and Dr. L. Landweber. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Development of a mathematical model for calculating air flow patterns for an array of round cooling towers. Viscous effects are neglected and the intake through the periphery of each tower is known. Each tower can then be represented by a distribution of singularities and the cor- responding flow potential determined. The corresponding flow field can be calculated. (f) Completed. (g) Two mathematical models for the flow around a round mechanical draft cooling tower, either isolated or part of an array of towers, in a uniform ambient wind have been derived. The first one takes into consideration the effect of exhaust flow through the tower stack and the influence of the ambient wind on the magnitude and distribution of an intake around the periphery of the tower which the second, simpler model neglects. Examples of application are presented. (/>) Mathematical Model of the Flow About a Circular Cooling Tower, J. C. Tatinclaux, B. Y. Ting, L. Landweber, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 40, Apr. 1976-revised Apr. 1977. 61 Flow Around Circular Cooling Towers-Effect on Plume Rise, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Limited Dist. Rept. No. 46, Mar. 1977. 061-10386-340-70 PLUME RECIRCULATION AND INTERFERENCE IN MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS (fc) The Marley Company. (c) Dr. S. C. Jain. (d) Experimental; Master's thesis. (e) Model studies are being conducted on small scale models of various types of mechcinical draft cooling towers to determine the trajectories of the plumes they produce and the interaction between the plumes and the tower from which it originates, as well as downwind towers. The ex- periments are being conducted in a specially designed flume which is 10 ft wide, 60 ft long, and 7.5 ft deep. Modeling is based on kinematical similarity and on equali- ty of the densimetric Froude number in model and proto- type. Buoyancy is achieved by heating or cooling the stack effluent. Ambient fluid is withdrawn into the intake faces of the tower. The recirculation ratio (the fraction of stack effluent in the tower's ingested fluid) and plume configura- tion are determined from temf)erature measurements made with thermistor banks interfaced with jin on-line computer. (g) Experiments have been conducted for densimetric Froude numbers (based on the stack effluent velocity and the stack diameter) from 2 to 7, and ratios of jet ambient velocity of 0.4 to 12. Rectangular, circular, and annular towers of different overall dimensions and with different stack heights and spacing have been investigated. Experi- ments have also been made for wet-dry towers. It was found that recirculation generally increases with decreas- ing Froude number for negative buoyancy plumes and with increasing Froude number for f)ositive buoyancy plumes. With increasing velocity ratio the recirculation ratio generally decreases for jxjsitive buoyancy plumes; for negative buoyancy plumes recirculation first decreases then increases with velocity ratio. Increasing stack height and spacing both reduce the recirculation. The plume con- figuration is slightly sensitive to the densimetric Froude number in the range investigated, and is strongly affected by the velocity ratio. Round towers have much lower recirculation ratios them rectangular ones. Tlie recircula- tion ratio for a two-tower system, with a second tower directly downwind from the first, is relatively insensitive to Froude number, but decreases markedly with increasing velocity ratio. For the case of a single rectangular tower, the recirculation ratio of the downwind face of a six-stack tower oriented at 90° to the ambient wind ranges from about 2 to 1 2 jjercent, while for a single circular tower the recirculation ratio is always less than about 2 percent. The recirculation ratio of the downwind tower of two 1 2-stack towers spaced half a tower length apart can be as great as 20 percent. Very large recirculation ratios frequently occur when the wind is nearly aligned with the tower axis; in this case the cross wind deflects the plume over the whole tower resulting in very large ingestion of stack ef- fluent. (h) Plume Recirculation and Interference in Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers, J. F. Kennedy, H. Fordyce, presented Symp. Cooling Tower Environment— 1974, Univ. of Mary- land, Mar. 4-6, 1974. Plume Recirculation and Interference in Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower, T.-L. Chan, S.-T. Hsu, J.-T. Lin, H.-H. Hsu, N.-S. Huang, S. C. Jain, C. E. Tsai, T. E. Croley II, H. Fordyce, J. F. Kennedy, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 160, Apr. 1974. 061-10387-220-05 SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF ALLUVLVL STREAMS CALCU- LATED FROM BED-FORM STATISTICS (b) Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service; and Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. (c) Dr. J. C. Willis and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Exp)erimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The total sand load of a stream is being treated £is the sum of two parts: that contributed by the downstream migra- tion of the bed forms as "dune load"; and that carried over the separation zones of the troughs and above the bed as suspended load. The overall objective of this study is to develop methods for calculating these sediment loads from concepts closely related to the physical transport processes involved. Other related objectives are to define the various functions used in the calculational procedure and to relate the parameters of the functions to measurea- ble flow variables. (g) The dune load has been derived as a sum of contributions by the Fourier frequency components of bed-elevation records. These sine or cosine waves are characterized by amplitudes proportional to their contribution to the stan- dard deviation of the bed surface and migration velocities calculated from cross-spectral phase angles between dual records of bed elevation. The contribution to the standard deviation is obtained by differentiating the variance con- tribution defined as the spectral density function of the bed surface. The distribution of the flux of sediment trans- port over the flow depth has been derived from published models of velocity and concentration distributions. The suspended load is calculated from the integral of the flux distribution for our reference concentrations based on the effective bed concentration. This effective bed concentra- tion is defined as the product of bulk density of the bed material emd the fraction of the time or distance during which the bed surface remains above the reference level. New data from a series of laboratory flume experiments with equilibrium flows and bed forms are being used to supplement existing data and to define the various func- tions and parameters entering the load calculations. These data include temporal and spatial elevation records for dif- ferent flow rates and water temperatures. Total load mea- surements provide a check of the load calculations emd aid in developing the empirical aspects of the calculational procedure. (h) Sediment Discharge of Alluvial Streams Calculated from Bed-Form Statistics, Ph.D. Thesis, Mechanics and Hydrau- lics Program, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1976. Sediment Transport in Stochastic Bed Forms, J. C. Willis, J. F. Kennedy, manuscript under preparation. 061-10388-200-00 FLOW IN ALLUVIAL CHANNEL BENDS (b) Institute of Hydraulic Research. (c) M. Falc6n and Dr. J. F. Kennedy. (d) Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. (e) An analytical model is being develojjed to describe the spatial distributions of water- and sediment-transjjort quan- tities of flows in irregular meandering channels. The analytical scheme is based on the balance of torque result- ing from channel curvature and vertical nonuniformity of the mean-velocity distribution; torsional inertia of the water mass; and boundary shear acting in radial plemes perpendicular to the channel axis. (g) An improved model has been develojjed to describe the cross-sectional distribution of radial velocities in channel- bend flows. It has been found that for flows in typical river bends the Coriolis force is small but still not negligible in evaluating the streamwise momentum balance. (h) Transverse Bed Slopes in Alluvial Streams, C. Zimmer- mann, J. F. Kennedy, submitted to ASCE, Mar. 1976. 061-10389-010-00 OSCILLATING BOUNDARY LAYER (b) Institute of Hydraulic Research. (c) Dr. B. R. Ramaprian. (d) Experimental, bcisic research. (e) The project involves an exjjerimental study of a transi- tional boundary layer in the presence of a sinusoidally oscillating free stream. The boundary-layer velocity mea- surements are made using laser-Doppler anemometry. This study forms the initial effort to understand the effect of flow unsteadiness on turbulent shear flows. The study has 62 important applications in the areas of helicopter and mis- sile aerodynamics. (g) Measurements made so far indicate the following impor- tant features: (i) the flow close to the wall leads the outer flow while the flow in the middle region of the boundary layer slightly lags behind the outer flow; (ii) significant amount of random motion exists near the wall in the neighborhood of the maximum velocity during the cycle. 061-10390-000-00 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PULSATILE FLOW IN A ROUND TUBE AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER (fc) University of Iowa. (c) Dr. B. R. Ramaprian. (d) Experimental, basic research; Master's thesis. (e) The project involves an experimental study of sinusoidally oscillating flow in a round tube at transitional Reynolds number. Laser-Doppler anemometry will be used to mea- sure the periodic and random components of the velocities in the pulsating flow. The study is of immediate relevance to biofluid flow problems such as arterial blood flow. How- ever, the exp>erimental data are exjjected to contribute to the basic understanding of the effect of flow unsteadiness on the structure of turbulent shear flows. 061-10391-010-70 MEAN FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN THE THREE-DIMEN- SIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION AT INCIDENCE (b) Lockheed Co., Marietta, Georgia. (c) Dr. B. R. Ramaprian. id) Experimental, basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) The project involves the measurement of the mean velocity and flow angles in the three-dimensional boundary layer over a body of revolution placed at an angle of in- cidence to the free stream. The measurements will be made using a three holed yaw-probe. Boundary-layer mea- surements will be made at several longitudinal and circum- ferential locations of the body. These measurements are expected to be useful in the development/cEilibration of calculation methods for three-dimensional boundary layers. 061-10392-030-54 AERODYNAMICS OF HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. C. Farell. (d) Ex()erimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; graduate theses. (e) The influence of distributed and rib-type roughnesses on the mean pressure distributions on circular cylinders and hyp)erbolic cooling tower models was investigated. The major aims of the study were to assess the beneficial ef- fects of surface roughness on wind loading, to identify criteria for the modeling of prototyp>e conditions in wrind- tunnel tests, and to develop a method for predicting the wind loads on prototype structures fitted vvrith different types and sizes of roughness. Empirical corrections for wind-tunnel blockage effects have been developed. The analytical results include a simple model for two-dimen- sional mean flow at very large Reynolds numbers around a circular cylinder with distributed roughness, and calcula- tions of boundary layer development over a ribbed cylinder. (/>) Wind Loading on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers, F. Maisch, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, July 1974. External Roughness Effects on the Mean Wind Pressure Distribution on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers, C. Farell, F. Maisch, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 164, Aug. 1974. Effect of Wind Tunnel Walls on the Flow About Circular Cylinders and Cooling Towers, S. Carrjisquel, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Sept. 1 974. Surface Roughness Effects on the Mean Flow Past Circular Cylinders, O. Giiven, V. C. Patel, C. Farell, Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res. Tech. Rept. No. 175, May 1975. Wind Loading on Hyperbolic Cooling Towers, C. Farell, O. Giiven, F. Maisch, V. C. Patel, Proc. 2nd U.S. Natl. Conf. on Wind Engrg. Research, Colorado State Univ., Fort Col- lins, Colo., June 1975. An Experimental and Analytical Study of Surface- Roughness Effects on the Mean Flow Past Circular Cylin- ders, O. Giiven, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Dec. 1975. Laboratory Simulation of Wind Loading on Rounded Struc- tures, C. Farell, O. Giiven, V. C. Patel, Proc., lASS World Congress on Space Enclosures, Montreal, July 1976. Mean Wind Loading on Rough-Walled Cooling Towers, C. Farell, O. Giiven, F. Maisch, J. Engrg. Mechanics Div., ASCE 102, EM6, pp. 1059-1081, Dec. 1976. Flow Around Ribbed Cylinders: Experimental and Analyti- cal Studies, C. Farell, V. C. Patel, O. Giiven, presented 2nd Ann. ASCE Engrg. Mechanics Div. Specialty Conf., Raleigh, N.C., May 1977. 061-10393-030-54 MEAN AND FLUCTUATING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS ON CIRCULAR CYLINDERS WITH LARGE ROUGHNESS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. C. Farell. (d) Experimental emd theoretical; basic and applied research; graduate theses. (e) The effect of distributed roughness on the mean and fluc- tuating pressure distributions on circular cylinders is being investigated, with the aims of extending the theoretical un- derstanding of the flow phenomena and obtaining quantifi- cation of results using up-to-date boundary-layer calcula- tion procedures, and developing an interaction model to couple the boundary-layer and wake behavior with the ex- ternal potential flow. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO- GY, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011. 062-09792-480-54 LABORATORY AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TOR- NADOES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor C. T. Hsu. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied; Master and Doctoral thesis. (e) A unique facility was designed for simulating the interac- tion of a main vortex (tornado cyclone) with a ground plane. Numerical analysis was also being carried out for analyzing the flow field resulting from the interaction of a main vortex with a plEme boundary. (g) It was found that the interaction of the main vortex with a ground plane is responsible for the formation of a tornado funnel. High sjjeed photography used to measure the in- stantaneous velocity components indicates that the radial distribution of tangential velocities at low levels is in good agreement with Hoecker's observation of the Dallas tor- nado. Pressure deficit measured at the vortex center ranges across the boundary layer from 1.5 to 4 times the values obtained from the conventional cyclostrophic rela- tion. A new turbulence model, which consists of one dif- ferential equation for the turbulence energy and three em- pirical equations for the turbulent diffusivity, the rate of diffusion of the turbulence energy and the rate of viscous dissipation of turbulence energy was developed to further analyze the flow field of vortex and b)Oundary interaction. Our preliminary result of the time dependent solutions in- dicates that a four-cell vortex may exist in the boundary layer. This result is in good qualitative agreement with ob- servations from natural tornadoes as well as from our laboratory simulations. 63 (h) Mechanism of Tornado Funnel Formation, C. T. Hsu, B. Fattahi, Physics of Fluids 19, 12, pp. 1853-57, Dec. 1976. Turbulent Modeling of a Vortex Boundary Layer Flow, C. T, Hsu, H. Tesfamariam. To be published in Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. Wind and Pressure Fields of a Tornado-Like Vortex, C. T. Hsu, B. Fattahi, Iowa State University, ERI Report 77246, 1977 (request from correspondent (c)). 062-09793-220-50 EOLIAN EROSION ON MARS (t>) NASA, Ames Research Center. (c) Professor J. D. Iversen. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. (e) Investigation of mechanism of solid particle entrainment due to strong winds, particularly at low atmospheric densi- ty, such as on Mars. (h) Windblown Dust on Earth, Mars, and Venus, J. D. Iversen, R. Greeley, J. B. Pollack, J. Atmospheric Sciences 33, pp. 2425-2429, 1976. The Effect of Vertical Distortion in the Modeling of Sedi- mentation Phenomena; Martian Crater Wake Streaks, J. D. Iversen, J. Geophysical Res. 81, pp. 4846-4856, 1976. Eolian Erosion of the Martian Surface; Part I: Erosion Rate Similitude, J. D. Iversen, R. Greeley, B. R. White, J. B. Pollack, Icarus 26, pp. 321-331, 1975. Saltation Threshold on Mars; The Effect of Interparticle Force, Surface Roughness, and Low Atmospheric Density, Icarus 29, pp. 381-393, 1976. 062-09794-540-50 AIRCRAFT TRAILING VORTICES (fc) NASA, Ames Research Center. (c) Professor J. D. Iversen. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research. (e) Wind tunnel measurements of interacting and merging co- rotating vortices. (h) Merging of Aircraft Trailing Vortices, S. A. Brandt, J. D. Iversen, AIAA Paper 77-8, 1977. Merging Distance Criteria for Co-Rotating Trailing Vor- tices, J. D. Iversen, S. A. Brandt, P. Raj, Proc. Aircraft Wake Vortices Conf, U.S. Dept. Transportation, Transpor- tation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass., 1977. In viscid to Turbulent Transition of Trailing Vortices, J. D. Iversen, AIAA Paper 75-883, 1975. Correlation of Turbulent Trailing Vortex Decay Data, J. of Aircraft 13, pp. 338-342, 1976. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO- GY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa 5001 1. Dr. H. P. Johnson, Professor. 063-001 7W-8 10-07 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 6.0339. 063-0264W-870-33 MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES AND NUTRIENTS WITH WATER AND SEDIMENT AS AFFECTED BY TILLAGE PRACTICES See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0658. 063-0265W-840-07 QUALITY OF TILE EFFLUENT See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0659. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO- GY, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Ames, Iowa 5001 1. Professor Donald F. Young. 064-07392-270-40 EFFECT OF STENOTIC OBSTRUCTIONS ON FLOW IN TUBES (b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Inst.; National Institutes of Health. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (e) Project is concerned with steady and unsteady flow of liquids through circular tubes which contain some type of constriction. Flow characteristics which may be of im- portance to blood flow through arteries containing stenoses are being studied. These include pressure distribu- tion, laminar separation phenomena, transition Reynolds numbers for the initiation of turbulence, and turbulence. Both in vitro and in vivo tests are under consideration. (/i) Pressure Drop Across Artificially Induced Stenoses in the Femoral Arteries of Dogs, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, A. C. Roth, Circulation Research 36, pp. 735-743, 1975. Wall Vibrations Induced by Flow Through Simulated Stenoses in Models and Arteries, R. L. Kirkeeide, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, Proc. 28th Ann. Conf. Engr. Med. and Biology, p. 408, 1975. Effect of Collateral and Peripheral Resistance on Blood Flow Through Arterial Stenoses, A. C. Roth, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, J. Biomechanics 9, pp. 367-375, 1976. Effect of Geometry on Pressure Losses Across Models of Arterial Stenoses, B. D. Seeley, D. F. Young, J. Biomechanics 9, pp. 439-448, 1976. Effect of Elevated Flow Rates on Pressure Losses Across Arterial Stenoses, D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, R. L. Kir- keeide, A. C. Roth, Proc. llth Intl. Conf. Med. and Biol. Engr., pp. 334-335, 1976. 064-09020-000-00 OSCILLATING INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A TORUS (b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Institute. (c) Dr. Bruce R. Munson. (d) Theoretical, experimental; basic research. (e) Investigation of the secondary flows within a coiled pipe or torus when the flow is driven by sinusoidal oscillations of the torus or by sinusoidal pressure gradient in a stationary torus. The qualitative and quantitative nature of the secon- dary flows generated are strongly dependent on the dimen- sionless frequency of oscillation. (g) Secondary flow in an oscillating torus is directed from the outside of the bend toward the inside even at low frequen- cies of oscillation. This phenomenon is opposite to the outward centrifuging secondary flows for steady flow in a curved pipe or for flow driven by a slowly oscillating pres- sure gradient in a torus. Experimental results verify the perturbation theory solutions. (h) Secondary Flow in a Slowly Oscillating Torus, B. R. Mun- son, Phys. Fluids 9, 11, pp. 1823-1825, 1976. Experimental Results for Oscillating Flow in a Curved Pipe, B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluid's 19, 12, pp. 1607-1609, 1975. 064-09021-000-00 FLOW IN A SPHERICAL ANNULUS (b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Inst.; National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. Bruce R. Munson. (d) Theoretical, experimental; basic research. (e) Investigation of the basic laminar flow within the spherical annulus between two spheres rotating about a common axis. Investigation of the stability properties of spherical annulus flow and the transition to turbulence. (g) Theoretical stability limits (critical Reynolds numbers) are obtained from linear hydrodynamic stability theory for the flow in a spherical annulus. Experimental and theoretical results show that the nature of transition from the basic 64 laminar flow is strongly dependent upon various parame- ters of the flow-radius ratio, angular velocity ratio, etc. Experimental torque measurements are obtained for a wide range of Reynolds numbers-from Stokes flow to boundary layer flow, (/i) Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Eccentric Coaxially Rotating Spheres, B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluids 17, 3, pp. 528-531, 1974. Experimental Results for Low Reynolds Number Flow Between Eccentric Rotating Spheres, M. Menguturk, B. R. Munson, Phys. Fluids 18, 2, pp. 128-130, 1975. Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Concentric Rotating Spheres. Part 3: Linear Stability and Experiment, B. R. Munson, M. Menguturk, J. Fluid Mech., in press. Flow in a Spherical Annulus, M. Menguturk, Ph.D. Disser- tation, Dept. of Mech. Engr., Duke Univ., July 1974. Experimental Investigation of Flow Between Rotating Spheres, A. M. Waked, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Engrg. Sci. and Mech., Jan. 1977. Stability Characteristics of Eccentric Spherical Annulus Flow, Developments in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 8, Proc. 8th SECTAM, 1976. 064-09022-000-00 SELF EXCITED FLOW OSCILLATIONS (b) Iowa State Univ. Engr. Research Institute. (c) Dr. David K. Holger. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (e) Project is concerned with steady flow geometries in which the interaction between a free shear layer and solid boun- dary causes a periodic oscillation of the flow. Special ap- plications of interest are pressure oscillations propagating into the surrounding fluid as sound and structural vibra- tions resulting from the flow solid boundary interaction. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO- GY, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ames, Iowa 5001 1. Professor Arthur E. Bergles, Chairman. 065-10784-630-26 MULTISTAGE AXIAL-FLOW TURBOMACHINE WAKE PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND INTERACTION (b) U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Iowa State University Engineering Research Institute. (c) Theodore H. Okiishi, Professor. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) An experimental study intended to lead to better un- derstanding of the three-dimensional and unsteady aspects of multistage axial-flow turbomachine wake production, transport and interaction and to determining how this knowledge might be used to improve the aerodynamic acoustic and/or aeromechanical performance of such devices. (g) Slow- and fast-response instrumentation has been em- ployed to obtain time-average and periodic-average flow- field measurements between blade rows in a low-speed, multistage, axial-flow research compressor. Data indicate that rotor and stator blade exit flow patterns can vary sig- nificantly with the relative circumferential positioning of the stationary blade rows and with the sampling positions of rotor blades. Differences in aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics resulting from changes in unsteady wake in- teraction patterns have been observed. (h) Multistage Axial-Flow Turbomachine Wake Production, Transport and Interaction, D. P. Schmidt, T. H. Okiishi, AIAA Journal IS, pp. 1138-1145, 1977. 065-10785-050-54 PREDICTION OF BUOYANT TURBULENT JETS AND PLUMES (b) National Science Foundation, Affiliate Research Program in Electrical Power. (c) R. H. Pletcher, Professor. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) A finite-difference approach in a curvilinear, orthogonal coordinate system is being used for the analysis of turbu- lent, axisymmetric, buoyant jets and plumes issuing at ar- bitrary angles to a flowing ambient. The turbulent shear stress and heat transfer terms in the governing equations are evaluated through turbulent viscosity and conductivity models which contain parameters related to buoyancy and streamline curvature. (g) Solutions have been obtained for the vertical buoyant jet discharging into a thermally stratified, quiescent ambient, the nonvertical buoyant jet discharging into a quiescent ambient, and the buoyant jet discharging at arbitrary an- gles into a cross-flow. (h) Prediction of Turbulent Jets in Coflowing and Quiescent Ambients, I. K. Madni, R. H. Pletcher, J. Fluids Engineer- ing 97, pp. 558-567, 1975. A Finite-Difference Analysis of Turbulent, Axisymmetric Buoyant Jets and Plumes, Tech. Rept. HTL-IO, ISU-ERI- Ames-76096, Iowa State University, 1975. Prediction of Turbulent Forced Plumes Issuing Vertically Into Stratified or Uniform Ambients, I. K. Madni, R. H. Pletcher, J. Heat Transfer 99, pp. 99-104, 1977. Buoyant Jets Discharging Nonvertically into a Uniform, Quiescent Ambient-A Finite-Difference Analysis and Tur- bulence Modeling, I. K. Madni, R. H. Pletcher, J. Heat Transfer 99, Nov. 1977. Prediction of Plumes from Power Plants, S. S. Hwang, R. H. Pletcher, Annual Rept. ISU-ERI-Ames-77338, Affiliate Research Program in Electric Power, Iowa State University, pp. 11.1-11.13, 1977. 065-10786-000-54 PREDICTION OF SEPARATED FLOWS (b) National Science Foundation; Army Research Office. (c) R. H. Pletcher, Professor. {d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) A finite-difference approach is being used for the predic- tion of incompressible laminar and turbulent separated flows, including regions of reversed fiow and accounting for viscous-inviscid interactions. (g) Studies indicate that current algebraic turbulence models perform poorly in the neighborhood of separation and in regions of recirculation. Predictions have been significantly improved by the use of a simplified transport equation for turbulence length scale. (h) \ Direct Method of Calculating Through Separated Regions in Boundary Layer Flow, R. H. Pletcher, C. L. Dancey, J. Fluids Engineering 97, pp. 568-572, 1976. 065-10787-020-54 PREDICTION OF ANNULAR TURBULENT FLOWS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) R. H. Pletcher, Professor. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) Finite-difference methods are being used to solve the governing of partial differential equations of mass, momen- tum, and energy for the prediction of turbulent flow and heat transfer with property variations in straight annular passages. (g) A turbulence model has been developed which utilizes a simplified transport equation for the characteristic mixing length scale in the central part of the fiow. The model cor- rectly predicts the center-line velocity overshoot in developing fiow between parallel plates. IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research listing). 65 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, see CALIFORNIA IN- STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY of Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. 10964. Dr. Manik Talwani, Director. 066-08827-450-52 TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER RATE IN THE WATERS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. Pierre E. Biscaye, Senior Research Associate. (d) Project incorporates experimental and theoretical aspects but it very importantly involves field investigations in the area of basic research. (e) To obtain detailed, quantitative knowledge of the rates of mixing within coastal waters (including the Hudson Estua- ry) and across the continental slope, and the exchange of water masses and species transported within them between shelf waters and adjacent ocean water masses; and, by im- proved, quantitative knowledge of the chemical, physical and biological processes which control the origin, dispersal and fate of particulate matter, to understand and ultimate- ly be able to model the impact of energy-related pollutants on the continental shelf. (f) Active through September 1977. (h) Suspended Particulate Concentrations and Compositions in the New York Bight, P. E. Biscaye, C. R. Olsen, Middle At- lantic Continental Shelf and the New York Bight, Limnology and Oceanograpy, Special Symposia 2, pp. 124-137, 1976. New York Bight Water Stratification-October 1974, A. L. Gordon, A. F. Amos, R. D. Gerard, Middle Atlantic Con- tinental Shelf and the New York Bight, Limnology and Oceanography, Special Symposia 2, pp. 45-57, 1976. LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Geosciences Group, Group Leader: P. A. Witherspoon. 067-09983-820-52 HOT WATER STORAGE IN AQUIFERS (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. Chin Fu Tsang. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Detailed studies of the complex three-dimensional fluid and thermal flow patterns of a given aquifer system during injection of hot water and during retrieval later. The pur- pose of these studies is to evaluate the efficiency of energy storage and recovery, and to determine the feasibility of using aquifers as storage of hot water produced either as a by-product of electric power plants or from solar energy collectors. (g) Surprisingly high storage-retrieval efficiencies are found. For seasonal storage with annual cycles, the percentage of energy recovered over energy stored is greater than 80 percent, and for daily storage, the figure is higher than 90 percent. (h) Numerical Modeling of Cyclic Storage of Hot Water in Aquifers, C. F. Tsang, M. J. Lippmann, C. B. Goranson, P. A. Witherspoon. Presented Symp. Cyclic Storage of Water in Aquifers, AGU Fall Ann. Mtg., San Francisco, Dec. 6- 10, 1977. Modeling Underground Storage in Aquifers of Hot Water from Solar Power Systems, C. F. Tsang, C. B. Goranson, M. J. Lippmann, P. A. Witherspoon. Presented Intl. Solar Energy Soc. (Amer. Sect.) Conf., Orlando, Fla., June 6-9, 1977. LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015. Dr. Robert L. Johnson, Director, Hydraulic and Environ- mental Engineering Division. 068-07403-370-60 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED DRAINAGE INLETS (b) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Highways. (c) Dr. Arthur W. Brune. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Highway drainage inlets currently in use are tested at a model: prototype ratio of 1 :2 to determine the capacity of each for the conditions in which it is used. This informa- tion will be used to develop more efficient drainage inlets. (/) Completed. (h) Hydraulic Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Inlets Installed in Grassed Channels, E. Appel, M.S. Thesis, Lehigh University Library, 1972. Hydraulic Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Inlets Installed in Paved Channels, A. W. Brune, P. P. Yee, W. H. Graf, 52nd Ann. Mtg. Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, 22 Jan. 1973. Hydraulic Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Inlets Installed in Grassed Channels, E. Appel, A. W. Brune, W. H. Graf, FLR 364.4, 1973. Hydraulic Performance of Highway Inlet Gratings, A. W. Brune, W. H. Graf, E. Appel, P. P. Yee, ASCE Natl. Con- vention, Preprint 2390, Kansas City, Mo., 21 Oct. 1974. Performance of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Inlets, A. W. Brune, W. H. Graf, E. Appel, P. P. Yee, ASCE HYI2, Paper 11801, pp. 1519-1536, Dec. 1975. 068-10566-370-60 OPTIMAL DIMENSIONS FOR INLET GRATINGS (b) Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. (c) Dr. Arthur W. Brune. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Half-scale models of inlet gratings are tested for hydraulic efficiency with varying length-width ratios, the width being held constant. (/]) Optimal Dimensions of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage In- lets in Paved Channels, A. D. Spear, M. S. Thesis, Lehigh University Library, 1976. Optimal Dimensions of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Gratings Installed in Grassed Channels, A. D. Spear, A. W. Brune, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 401.2, 1976. Optimal Dimensions of Pennsylvania Highway Drainage Gratings Installed in Paved Channels, A. D. Spear, A. W. Brune, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 401.3, 1976. 068-10567-810-88 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT (b) Urban Observatory, Allentown, Pennsylvania. (c) Dr. Robert L. Johnson. (d) Field investigation; design and operation. (e) Calibration and verification of computer model for pre- dicting storm water quantity and quality. Development of design criteria for storm water retention basins and collec- tion system evaluation. (/]) Storm Water Management for Little Lehigh and Cedar Creek Drainage Basins, R. L. Johnson, P. J. Usinowicz, R. D. Reardon, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 416.2, 1976. 068-10568-860-54 SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. W. A. Murray. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Development of analytical and numerical methods to pre- dict delta formation in reservoirs. Studies include in- vestigation of sediment sorting, suspended and bed load contributions to reservoir sedimentation. 66 (g) Computer program for prediction of delta formation has been extended to include sediment sorting and real river- reservoir systems An additional computer program has been developed to describe the gradually varied profile defining the interface between heavy turbid water of the underflow and the lighter sediment-free surface waters. (/)) Numerical Investigation of Variable Density Underflow Currents, J. J. Warwick, W. A. Murray, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 410.2, 1977. 068-10569-060-00 TURBIDITY PLUME FLOW STRATIFIED OCEAN WATER IN UNIFORM AND (c) Dr. W. A. Murray. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Physical and numerical modeling of steady discharge of fine-grain sediment slurry into ocean waters. (g) Experimental results indicate that the flow of turbidity plumes is adequately described by equations of flow for simple, steady, fully turbulent plumes with a coefficient of entrainment, a, at 0.12 which is significantly greater than the value used for simple plumes without suspended solids. (h) Turbidity Plume Flow in Uniform and Stratified Ocean Water and Implications for Sediment Disposal, C. R. Paola, W. A. Murray, Frilz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 410.1, 1976. 068-10570-220-54 ERODIBILITY OF SAND/CLAYEY SILT MIXTURES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. W. A. Murray. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Studies of the impact of varying fractions of clayey silt on the erodibility of coarse and/silt mixtures. (f) Completed. ig) Required bed shear stress to transport a given rate of sedi- ment increased as the percent of fine material increased. ih) Erodibility of Coarse Sand/Clayey Silt Mixtures, W. A. Murray, Fritz Engrg. Lab. Rept. No. 411.2, 1976. LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineer- ing and Mechanics, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015. Professor J. A. Owczarek. 069-10460-480-54 USE OF SPLINES IN NUMERICAL WEATHER MODELING (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. A. Macpherson. (/) Completed. 069-10462-210-54 UNSTEADY TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. F. T. Brown. 069-10463-650-73 FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION (b) PSEF and PP and L. (c) Drs. J. C. Chen and E. K. Levy. 069-10464-690-52 CENTRIFUGAL COMBUSTION OF COAL (b) ERDA. (c) Drs. E. K. Levy and J. C. Chen. 069-10465-480-73 SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY MEASUREMENTS (fc) PP and L. (c) Drs. R. Sarubbi and D. Leenov. LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY of The University of California, Group T-3, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, N. Mex. 87545. C. W. Hirt, Group Leader. 070-09014-640-54 WIND LOADS ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (i situ, and that individual species may divide at different times of day. Several hypotheses concerning the phasing mechanism and the adaptive sig- nificance of the phenomenon are being considered and tested. (h) Silicic Acid Incorporation in Marine Diatoms in Light/Dark Cycles: Use as an Assay for Phased Cell Division, S. W. Chisholm, F. Azam, R. W. Eppley, submitted Limnology and Oceanography. Phased Cell Division in Natural Populations of Marine Dinofiagellates from Shipboard Cultures, C. S. Wieler, S. W. Chisholm, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., in press. 075-09828-870-73 SHORT-TERM FORECASTING WATER TEMPERATURE OF SALEM HARBOR (b) New England Power Company. (c) Dr. S. F. Moore. (d) Applied research. (e) Development of system for predicting discharge water temperatures from Salem Harbor Power Plant on a 24- 79 hour basis with 1 °F, 90 percent of the time. The system combines a model of temperatures in Salem Harbor with on-line temperature measurements and meteorologic forecasts using estimation theory. The purpose is to reduce frequency of unscheduled outlays presently incurred by ex- ceeding discharge temperature standards. (/) Completed. ig) A working model and estimation scheme is developed. Ad- ditional work remains to identify model parameters and structure which yields results consistent with the ± 1 °F, 90 percent time criteria. (h) Hydrothermal Modeling for Optimum Temperature Con- trol: An Estimation-Theoretic Approach, B. P. Schrader, S. F. Moore, Tech. Rept. No. 214, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, July 1976. Once-Through Cooling at Salem Harbor Generating Sta- tion: Short-Term Temperature Forecasting and Policy Aspects of a Temperature Standard, B. P. Schrader, S.M. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., 1976. 075-09829-860-88 DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR RIVERS (b) CSIRO Fellowship. (c) Dr. S. F. Moore, (d) Theoretical and applied research. (e) Design of cost-effective water quality monitoring systems for rivers using estimation theory techniques. Abatement and prevention objectives are included. Account is taken or sources of uncertainty due to boundary conditions, in- puts and uncertain parameters. (f) Completed. (h) Design of Water Quality Sampling Systems for River Net- works, G. C. Dandy, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., M.I.T., 1976. 075-09830-880-00 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: SPECIAL PROBLEMS (fc) MIT. (c) Professor M. S. Baram. (d) Applied research. (e) On legal and regulatory processes, and the analytical methods (e.g., cost-benefit analysis, assessments, etc.) used by decision-makers in setting standards, issuing permits and evaluating agency regulations and judicial decisions. (h) Analysis of Regulation and Decision-Making on Radioactive Emissions from Nuclear Power Plants and Legal and Ethi- cal Issues in the Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Regulatory Decision-Making, M. S. Baram, two chapters of Rept. of Natl. Acad. Sciences Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (Fall 1976). Legal Aspects of EPA Manpower Decision Making, M. S. Baram, a chapter in Natl. Acad. Sciences Rept. on EPA (Winter 1976). Environmental Law and the Siting of Facilities: Issues in Land Use and Coastal Zone Management, M. S. Baram, Bollinger Press, Apr. 1976. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSEHS, School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass. 01002. Dr. Russel C. Jones, Dean. 076-043 1W-860-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCEDURE FOR FIELD MEA- SUREMENT OF RIVER REAERATION RATES See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.1357. 076-0432W-870-00 COST EFFECTIVE STREAM AND EFFLUENT MONITOR- ING See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 7.007. 076-06666-430-20 UTILIZATION OF MOBILE BREAKWATER DEVICES TO REDUCE SURFACE MOTIONS OF SUBMERSIBLE VEHI- CLES FOR DEEP OCEAN ENGINEERING PURPOSES (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engineering. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) The attenuation characteristics of a pneumatic and hydraulic breakwater used singly as well as in tandem have been investigated in the UMass Fluid Mechanics Laborato- ry Wind-Generated Wave Facility. Deep water wave spec- tra upstream and downstream of the breakwaters are mea- sured as well as the power input to both breakwaters. The reduction in mean wave height is used as a measure of wave attenuation. The wind speed is held constant and discharge rates of air and water to the breakwaters are varied. Both devices are submerged to a depth of two feet. The surface current velocities due to the air and water jet action are measured with a midget current meter. (/) Completed. (h) Attenuation of Wind -Generated Deep Water Waves by Ver- tical Jet Breakwaters, J. M. LaCouture, J. M. Colonell, C. E. Carver, Jr., Univ. of Mass. School of Engrg., Rept. No. UM-72-6, June 1972. Attenuation of Wind-Generated Waves by Pneumatic and Hydraulic Breakwaters, J. M. Colonell, J. M. Lacouture, C. E. Carver, Jr., Proc. Conf. on Floating Breakwaters, Newport, R.I., pp. 131-158, Apr. 23-25, 1974. 076-06682-540-14 A STUDY OF AIRBORNE TOWED VEHICLE DYNAMICS (b) U.S. Army Research Office, Durham. (c) Drs. C. R. Poll, D. E. Cromack, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. (,d) Basic and applied; theoretical and experimental; Masters and Ph.D. theses, (e) Stability of slung loads. (/) Completed. (/]) Dynamics of Slung Bodies Using a Single-Point Suspension System, C. Poli, D. Cromack, J. Aircraft 10, 2, Feb. 1973, pp. 80-86. Dynamics of Slung Bodies Utilizing a Rotating Wheel for Stability, E. Micale, C. Poli, J. Aircraft 10, 12, Dec. 1973, pp. 760-763. Dynamics of Slung Loads, L. Feaster, C. Poli, R. Kirchoff, J. Aricraft 14, 2, pp. 115-121, Feb. 1977. 076-08773-620-70 STUDY OF COATING (LUBRICATION) FLOWS (b) Kendall Corp., P. J. Schweitzer Company, Eastman Kodak. (c) Dr. Stanley Middleman, Dept. of Chem. Engineering. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and applied, Ph.D. and M.S. theses. (e) Theoretical and experimental studies of lubrication type flows, with special application to the dynamics of coating of thin liquid layers onto moving surfaces, is underway. Of particular interest is the role of viscoelasticity in these flows, and the developrnent of appropriate theoretical analyses for viscoelastic fluids. (g) To date an analytical method based on perturbation theory has been carried out, which indicates the direction of viscoelastic effects. (/i) Blade Coating of a Viscoelastic Fluid, Y. Greener, S. Mid- dleman, Polymer Engrg. and Sci. 14, pp. 791-796, 1974. 076-08774-120-00 MODELING OF POLYMER FLOW PROCESSES (c) Dr. Stanley Middleman, Dept. of Chem. Engineering. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Computational methods are being developed for analysis of flows of complex (non-Newtonian viscoelastic) fluids in complicated flow fields. Experiments are performed in support o* 'he theoretical work. 80 (h) Laminar Mixing of a Pair of Fluids in a Rectangular Cavi- ty, D. Bigg, S. Middleman, / and EC Fund. 13, pp. 66-71, 1974. Mixing in a Screw Extruder. A Model for Residence Time Distribution and Strain, / and EC Fund. 13, pp. 66-71, 1974. 076-08776-120-54 GROWTH AND COLLAPSE VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS OF BUBBLES IN (t>) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. Stanley Middleman, Dept. of Chem. Engineering. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research, Ph.D. (e) The dynamics and kinematics of bubble growth or collapse are being studied as a means of measuring the elongational viscosity of viscoelastic fluids. ig) Elongational viscosity in polymeric solutions is observed to decrease with increasing strain rate. (/]) Comments on a New Method for Determination of Surface Tension of Viscous Liquids, G. Pearson, S. Middleman, Chem. Engrg. Sci. 29, pp. 1051-1053, 1974. 076-10466-630-00 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF A SAVONIUS ROTOR AS A POWER GENERATING DEVICE (c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr. (d) Experimental. (e) Torque, power output and efficiency characteristics are determined for a Savonius rotor 3 feet high and 1.5 feet in diameter tested in a wind tunnel at speeds ranging from 15.6 to 21 feet per second. (/) Completed. (g) Maximum efficiency was found to be 33 percent occurring at a ratio of wind speed to rotor tip speed of about 0.88. (>i) Experimental Investigation of the Use of a Savonius Rotor as a Power Generating Device, C. E. Carver, Jr., R. B. MacPherson, Proc. Symp. Wind Energy: Achievements and Potential, University of Sherbrooke, pp. 137-156, May 29, 1974. 076-10467-030-70 VIRTUAL MASS OF A CYLINDER IMMERSED IN WATER (b) Combustion Engineering Inc., Windsor, Conn. 06095. (c) Dr. Gabriel Horvay. (d) Theoretical, basic and applied research. (/]) Beam Modes of Vibration of a Thin Cylindrical Shell Flex- ibly Supported and Immersed in Water Inside of a Coaxial Cylindrical Container of Slightly Larger Radius, G. Hor- vay, Nuclear Engrg. and Design 26, p. 291, 1974. Influence of Entrained Water Mass on the Vibration Modes of a Shell, G. Horvay, J. Fluids Engrg. 97, p. 21 1, 1975. Forced Vibrations of a Shell Inside a Narrow Water Annu- lus, G. Horvay, Nuclear Engrg. and Design 34, p. 221, 1975. 076-10468-000-70 LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER ENTRANCE FLOWS (b) Kenics Corporation, North Andover, Mass. (c) Dr. Robert L. Laurence. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Theoretical and experimental studies of the flow field developed in a stationary mixing device with spatially periodic elements are underway. The goal is to understand the mixing function. (g) A mathematical model has been developed and solved, yielding excellent pressure drop predictions. Residence time distributions have been used to check velocity field predictions with modest success. (/i) A Coordinate Frame for Helical Flows, T. T. Tung, R. L. Laurence, Polymer Engrg. and Science IS, p. 401, 1975. 076-10469-000-00 STABILITY OF PERIODIC FLOWS (c) Dr. Robert L. Laurence. (d) Theoretical, basic, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Stability of modulated circular couette flow to disturbances of arbitrary magnitude was studied. (g) Modulation is destabilizing and it enlarges the region open to subcritical instability. (h) Linear Stability of Modulated Circular Couette Flow, P. J. Riley, R. L. Laurence, J. Fluid Mechanics 75, p. 625, 1976. Energy Stability of Modulated Circular Couette Flow, P. J. Riley, R. L. Laurence, J. Fluid Mechanics 79, p. 535, 1977. 076-10470-870-60 NON POINT POLLUTION FROM URBAN RUNOFF (b) Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control. (c) Dr. Donald Dean Adrian. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Loading factors for the U.S. Environmental Protective Agency's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) are being measured for various land uses in Greenfield and Northampton, Mass, Both stormwater quantity and quality are monitored. The SWMM has been calibrated and verified for the study areas. (g) An improved calibration and verification procedure for the quantity and quality portions of SWMM has been developed. (h) Methodology for Predicting Urban Stormwater Pollutant Loadings, T. K. Jewell, T. J. Nunno, D. D. Adrian, presented 1977 Amer. Geophysical Union M/g., Washington, D.C., 25 pages. May 30-June 3, 1977. Available trom the authors. 076-10471-870-60 NON POINT POLLUTION FROM SANITARY LANDFILL LEACHATE (t>) Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control. (c) Dr. Donald Dean Adrian. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) The production of metal and organic-laden leachate from a sanitary landfill at Barre, Mass. is being monitored. Production rates are being related to hydrologic factors. (g) Leachate flowrates ceased during the winter freeze. The flowrate responds quickly to spring thaw and rainfall. (/i) Specific Conductance as a Measure of Treatability of Land- fill Leachate, P. Walker, D. D. Adrian, Proc. 32nd Ann. Purdue Industrial Wastes Conf., 15 pages. May 10-12, 1977, in press. 076-10472-860-36 SLUDGE THICKENING AND DEWATERING RATES (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Dr. Donald Dean Adrian. {d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) The research is to develop and verify a new model of sludge thickening and dewatering. The model involves visualizing the thickening process as flow through a deforming porous medium, rather than as a sedimentation process. (g) The proposed theoretical model fits experimental results very well and makes it easier to predict the effect of tem- perature change on flowrates. (h) Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering, P. Kos, D. D. Adrian, J. Env. Engrg. Div., ASCE 101, EE6, pp. 947-965, Dec. 1975. Gravity Thickening of Water Treatment Plant Sludges, J. Amer. Water Works Assn. 69, 5, pp. 272-282, May 1977. Fundamental Principles and Mechanisms of Gravity Sludge Thickening, P. Kos, D. D. Adrian, Boston Soc. of Civil Engrs. Sect, of ASCE, T. R. Camp Lecture Series on Waste- water Treatment and Disposal, pp. 94-129. 81 MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED, Research and Development Division, 968 Albany-Shaker Road, Latham, N.Y. 12110. C. Boyajian, General Manager, Research and Development Division. 077-10574-130-52 PARTICLE SEPARATION FROM GAS STREAM BY CEN- TRIFUGING (b) ERDA-Division of Fossil Energy Research. (c) J. T. McCabe, Project Manager. (.d) A theoretical study to determine the feasibility of particle separation from a gas by a concept called a Cyclocen- trifuge . (e) Determine the effectiveness and economic advantage of employing centrifuges for gas particulate clean-up in processes relating to coal conversion and utilization. A theoretical aerodynamic analysis was made covering the blading characteristics required to impart the necessary swirl to the air to separate out dust particles in a reasona- ble path length, achieving zero exit swirl velocity. (/) Phase I-Feasibility Study completed. Phase Il-Model Test- ing and demonstration not yet started. (g) Gas cleanup was determined to be an area in which the special characteristics of modified centrifuge offered technical and economic advantages over existing ap- 'proaches. A new concept, called a Cyclocentrifuge, was evolved during the study which combined the best gas cleanup features of cyclones and centrifuges in a compact design capable of separating fine particulate matter from hot gas at large flow rates. A design example showed the Cyclocentrifuge to be capable of achieving a purity of 1 ppm of solids with a nominal maximum particle diameter of one micron when processing low B.t|u fuel from a coal gasifier. (h) MTl Tech. Rept. MTI 77R34, available Tech. Info. Center, Special Asst. for Reproduction and Processing, U.S. ERDA, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. 077-10575-630-20 RESEARCH PROGRAM ON HELIUM FLOW IN CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINES (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) Thomas J. Ivsan, Project Engineer. (d) An experimental program to determine the factors affect- ing the performance of axial flow compressor stages using helium gas as contrasted to air. The study includes the performance of suitable helium gas lubricated bearings. (e) Project is concerned with two facets of component development for a closed-cycle gas turbine powerplant. One task is to experimentally evaluate a high-reaction axial compressor using helium gas to determine the effects of gas characteristics different from air. The second task is to analytically and experimentally evaluate support of the rotor on bearings lubricated by the helium. (/) Analysis and test facility preparation in progress. (g) The project will evaluate helium gas flow through both sin- gle and multistage axial compressors. The end objective is to determine axial compressor characteristics with helium gas and to supplement the compressor design procedure by test results. The gas bearing development will address those problems incurred in the design of gas film bearings for the gas turbine powerplant, i.e., shock and vibrations conditions under test evaluations which will extend steady state design theory by including dynamic effects. 077-10576-620-27 THIN FILM HYDRODYNAMICS (fc) Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Air Force Aero-Propul- sion Laboratory. (c) Jed A. Walowit, Manager. (d) Experimental and theoretical research. (e) A theoretical and experimental investigation of very thin lubricant films under conditions of high load, speed and shear rate simulating those occurring in concentrated con- tact elements such as ball and roller bearings, gears, cams and rolling contact drives. (f) Completed. (g) Traction characteristics were measured and characterized with semiempirical relationships. Comparisons were ob- tained between theoretical film thickness predictions and measurements obtained by both optical and capacitive techniques. Results of research showed that conventional viscometric measurements do not characterize adequately the lubricant properties and need to be supplemented by measuring effective viscosity under conditions of high pressure and shear rate. (h) Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, J. M. McGrew, A. Gu, H. S. Cheng, S. F. Murray, AFAPL-TR-70-27, 1 1/70. Research on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of High Speed Rolling-Sliding Contacts, R. L. Smith, J. A. Walowit, P. K. Gupta, J. M. McGrew, AFAPL-TR-71-54, 12/71. Research on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of High Speed Rolling-Sliding Contacts, R. L. Smith, J. A. Walowit, P. K. Gupta, J. M. McGrew, AFAPL-TR-72-56. Elastohydrodynamic Traction Characteristics of SP4E Polyphenyl Ether, R. L. Smith, J. A. Walowit, J. M. Mc- Grew, ASMEJ. Lub. Tech. 95, 3, pp. 353-362, 7/73. Traction Characteristics of a MIL-L-7808 Oil, J. A. Walowit, R. L. Smith, ASME J. Lub. Tech. 98, Ser. F, 4, pp. 607-612, 10/76. UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, School of Engineering and Environmental Design, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, Fla. 33129. 078-09023-870-50 REMOTE SENSING APPLIED TO NUMERICAL MODELING OF THERMAL POLLUTION (6) NASA-Kennedy Space Center. (c) Samuel S. Lee, Ph.D. and Subrata Sengupta, Ph.D. (rf) Theoretical, field experiments, applied numerical. (e) A generalized three-dimensional, predictive, numerical model package for analyzing thermal discharges from power plants is being developed. The model package can be applied to near-field thermal effects as well as basin wide effects. Remote sensors from aircraft and satellites are used to provide data for, boundary conditions, calibra- tion and verification. Ground truth and in-situ measure- ments provide the necessary temperature and velocity fields for this integrated approach to thermal pollution modeling. Sites in Biscayne Bay in south Florida and Hutchinson Island in central Florida have been modeled. The models simulate effects of wind, tide, discharges, meteorological parameters and bottom topography. (g) The rigid-lid model has been verified for near-field studies of thermal discharges. Far-field versions of the model have been verified for velocity and temperature fields in Biscayne Bay. The free-surface model has been verified in Biscayne Bay and Hutchinson Island. (/]) Three-Dimensional Thermal Pollution Models, S. Lee, S. Sengupta, NASA-CR-144858. Three-Dimensional Model Development for Thermal Pollu- tion Studies, Proc. Conf. Environmental Modeling and Simulation, Cmcmx\a.\\, 1976. 078-09832-870-50 APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL MODELING AND REMOTE SENSING FOR THERMAL DISCHARGE ANAL- YSIS IN LAKE BELEWS (h) NASA-Kennedy Space Center. (c) Samuel S. Lee, Ph.D. and Subrata Sengupta, Ph.D. (d) Applied numerical, field experiments. 82 (e) A generalized three-dimensional, rigid-lid model has been used to study the heat and mass transport in Belews Lake, N.C. Discharges from a power plant of Duke Power Com- pany has been modeled. Model calibration and verification efforts have used extensive remote sensed data from air- borne thermal scanners. Ground truth and in-situ measure- ments for velocity and temperature have provided the necessary three-dimensional data base. (g) Four field experiments covering the seasonal cycle have been completed,' calibration and verification of model is ongoing. (h) Three-Dimensional Modeling of Thermal Discharges into Lake Belews, S. S. Lee, S. Sengupta, Mid-Term Report. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich. 48824. Dr. William C. Taylor, Chairman. 079-041 6W-870-00 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AT A WASTEWATER SPRAY SITE (e) See WRRC 2, 2.0107. 079-08777-210-54 THE EFFECT OF RELEASED GASES ON HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) David C. Wiggert, Assoc. Professor. (d) Experimental and applied numerical research including Master's thesis. (e) Investigation of hydraulic transient response with gas released from liquid in a long pipeline. Includes experi- mental study with gaseous cavitation in a pipe loop, and numerical modeling of two-component transient flow. (/) Due for completion August 1977. ig) Experimental work completed. Significant gas release is encountered with initial dissolved gas contents ranging from 50 to 200 percent by volume. Numerical analysis based on the method of characteristics satisfactorily pre- dicts the transient phenomenon. (h) Pressure Wave Propagation in Two-Phase Bubbly Air- Water Mixtures, C. S. Martin, K. Padmanabhan, D. C. Wiggert, Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. on Pressure Surges, Sept. 1976. Some Observations Concerning Gas Release in Unsteady Flow, D. C. Wiggert, 3rd Intl. Conf. Water Column Separa- tion, May 1976. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, East Lansing, Mich. 48824. Dr. J. P. Foss. 081 •08990-020-22 THE INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR DIFFUSIVITY IN TUR- BULENT MIXING (b) Project SQUID. (c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experimental; basic; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Species concentration measurements for both diffusive and non-diffusive gases inside a closed mixing chamber will be made by light scattering techniques; the comparison of these results will reveal the influence of molecular dif- fusivity for uniform and non-uniform distributions of the fluid densities and turbulence field. Results obtained to date include measures of the non-diffusive mixing of air/air and Freon 12/Freon 12 at UM/i'= 10" and 6x 10" respec- tively. (Non-diffusive-, the lower gas volume was marked with submicron particulate matter.) (/) Suspended. ig) The present results suggest that the low viscosity Freon gas involves non-diffusive mixing (spatial striations) scales of a size smaller than the 0.2 diameter x 0.35 length cylindrical scattering volume. A comparison of width measures from the ensemble mean and instantaneous scans suggests that the mixed region is relatively narrow and is laterally trans- ported by the large scale convective action to achieve the observed mean values. 081-10609-010-50 EFFECT OF LAMINAR/TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER STATE ON DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR LAYER (b) NASA Langley. (c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experimental, basic. (e) For otherwise identical experimental conditions (U = 20 mps), the effects of a laminar and a turbulent boundary layer at the initiation of a shear layer were evaluated via G and u measurements. Pronounced differences in the development region were observed; the flow appeared to lose the influence of its origin conditions. (f) Completed. (h) The Effects of the Laminar/Turbulent Boundary Layer States on the Development of a Plane Mixing Layer, Sym- posium on Turbulent Shear Flows, pp. 1 1. 33, The Pennsyl- vania State University, Apr. 18-20, 1977. 081-10610-700-50 VORTICITY MEASUREMENTS (b) NASA Langley Research Center. (c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experiments (supporting analysis) basic. (e) Fabrication of probes and development of computing al- gorithms to utilize adjacent x and parallel hot-wire arrays to infer the transverse vorticity in a shear flow is in progress. The desired result is to obtain a high rate (50,000 samples/sec) time series for du/dy-d^ld^). Parallel electronics work is in progress to allow a real time calcula- tion with a special purpose digital processor. (g) Initial measurement achieved, second iteration to gain precise (3u79y) in progress. 081-10611-050-50 OBLIQUE JET IMPINGEMENT FLOW . (b) NASA Langley Research Center. (c) J. F. Foss. (d) Experimental; basic. (e) The far field acoustic noise from the impinging jet flow is considered as a function of the vorticity structure in the impact region of the flow. A digital electronics circuit to process four hot-wire signals from which two velocity com- ponents and the transverse vorticity can be extracted is under development. Mean flow measurements for 45 degree and more shallow impingement angles have been acquired. Results obtained to date include measures of the non-diffusive mixing of for air/air and Freon 12/Freon 12 at UM/V= 10" and 6X10" respectively. (Non-diffusive: the lower gas volume was marked with submicron particu- late matter.) (/) Suspended. (g) The present results suggest that the low viscosity Freon gas involves non-diffusive mixing (spatial striations) scales of a size smaller than the 0.2 diameter x 0.35 length cylindrical scattering volume. A comparison of width measures from the ensemble mean and instantaneous scans suggests that the mixed region is relatively narrow and is laterally trans- ported by the large scale convective action to achieve the observed mean values. 83 254-330 0-78-7 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Aerospace Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Professor R. M. Howe, Department Chairman. 082-07442-010-20 AN INVESTIGATION OF WALL PRESSURE FLUCTUA- TIONS AND STRUCTURE OF A TURBULENT BOUNDA- RY LAYER (b) Office of Naval Research and National Science Founda- tion. (c) Professor William W. Willmarth. (d) Experimental, basic research. Doctoral thesis. (e) Fluctuating velocity and pressure measurements in and beneath turbulent boundary layers on cylinders and plane surfaces. Purpose is basic research on turbulence. (g) Study of mean velocity profiles, wall shear stress and wall pressures beneath boundary layers on cylinders primarily aligned with the flow in order to reveal the effect of trans- verse curvature and slight cross flow velocities produced by yaw and free stream turbulence. Measurements of the small scale structure of turbulence are also being carried out using extremely small scale hot wires. (h) Structure of Turbulence in Boundary Layers, W. W. Will- marth, Advances in Applied Mechanics 15, ed. C. S. Yih, 159 pages, 1975. Axially Symmetric Turbulent Boundary Layers on Cylin- ders: Mean Velocity Profiles and Wall Pressure Fluctua- tions, W. W. Willmarth, R. E. Winkel, L. K. Sharma, T. J. Bogar, J. Fluid Mech. 76, I, p. 35, 1976. The Effect of Cross Flow and Isolated Roughness Elements on the Boundary Layer and Wall Pressure Fluctuations on Circular Cylinders, W. W. Willmarth, L. K. Sharma, S. In- glis, Rept. 014439-01, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Aerospace Engrg., Jan. 1977. stage, large oil droplets are formed from eruption of sur- face waves at the oil-water interface. In the second stage acoustic cavitation causes these large drops to break up into smaller drops. The criterion of instability for the initial stage of emulsifi- cation has been derived from a linearized stability analysis of the oil-water interface under acoustic excitation. The characteristic droplet diameter produced by the instability is related to the induced capillary wavelength at the inter- face. The theoretical threshold amplitude of vibration necessary for the instability of the interfacial waves and the ultrasonic transducer amplitude are virtually the same. In addition the size of the large droplets present in the suspension systems at short irradiation times agree closely with the predicted droplet diameters. It is known that intense cavitational Shockwaves can be generated in the water medium under the influence of an ultrasonic field. In conjunction with the liquid-liquid emul- sification phenomenon, a theoretical model for the defor- mation and break-up of an oil droplet was examined on the basis of the droplet being exposed to a cavitation shock. A relation from the model is expressed in terms of two dimensionless quantities, the Ohnesorge number and the critical Weber number ratio. These values, are then plotted and compared with the ones obtained from the stu- dies on the liquid droplet exposed to shock impact from a gas stream, and the remarkable agreement leads one to the conclusion that large oil droplets originally formed from the oil-water interface as a result of the instability were disintegrated into smaller ones by the cavitation force until a critical size, characteristic of the oil-water system is reached. {h) Ultrasonic Emulsification, M. Li, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Michigan, 1976. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partnrtent of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Professor W. P. Graebel, Act- ing Department Chairman. 083-08604-060-20 STRATIFIED FLOWS (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) Professor C.-S. Yih. (d) Basic research, mainly theoretical. (e) All aspects of stratified flows. (h) Vortices and Vortex Rings of Stratified Fluids, J. Applied Mathematics, SI AM 28, pp. 899-912, 1975. Comparison Theorems for Water Waves in Basins of Varia- ble Depth, Quar. Applied Math. 33, pp. 387-394, 1976. Internal Waves in Pipes, J. Hydraulic Research 13, 3, pp. 329-342, 1975. Internal Waves in Circular Channels (with W.-H. Yang), J. Fluid Mechanics 74, pp. 183-192, 1976. Instability of Surface and Internal Waves, Advances in Ap- plied Mechanics 16, pp. 369-419, 1976. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Chemical En- gineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Professor H. S. Fo- gler. 084-09818-130-00 ACOUSTIC EMULSIFICATION (I) (d) Theoretical and experimental. (e) A technique has been developed to study the phenomenon of acoustic emulsification in which oil is dispersed as a fine suspension into water at 20 kHz. The acoustic emul- sification process takes place in two stages. In the first UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Civil Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Dr. E. F. Brater, Professor of Hydraulic Engineering. 085-08850-410-60 A STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION PROCEDURES (fc) Michigan Department of Natural Resources and NOAA Sea Grant Program. (d) Laboratory and field investigation. (e) The effectiveness and durability of various shore protec- tion procedures are being investigated. (g) The effectiveness of various shore protection procedures have been compared with unprotected conditions. (h) Laboratory Investigation of Shore Erosion Process, presented 15th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., July 1977. 085-08851-070-54 NONLINEAR SATURATED SOIL MOTIONS RESULTING FROM EARTHQUAKES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professors V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Study of liquefaction of soils during seismic activity. (h) Characteristics Method for Liquefaction of Soils, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, VPI, Va., pp. 938-954, June 1976. A Numerical Method for Liquefaction in Sand Deposits, C. P. Liou, Ph.D. Thesis, submitted to the Univ. of Michigan, Apr. 1976. 085-08853-210-54 TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH OPEN AND CLOSED CON- DUITS (c) Professors V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie. 84 (e) Study of unsteady fluid flow in pipes and liquid flow in open channels. (/]) Waterhammer Analysis with Air Release, J. P. Tullis, V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie, 2nd Intl. Conf. on Pressure Surges, BHRA, Bedford, England, Sept. 1976. Fluid Transients, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1977. 085-08854-820-00 TRANSIENT FLOW IN AQUIFERS (c) Professor E. B. Wylie. (d) Development. (/) Complete. (h) Transient Aquifer Flows by Characteristics Method, E. B. Wylie, ASCE, J. Hyd. Div. 102, HY3, pp. 293-305, Mar. 1976. Numerical Predictions of Two-Dimensional Transient Groundwater Flow by Method of Characteristics, D. C. Wiggert, E. B. Wylie, Water Resources Research 12, 5, pp. 971-977, Oct. 1976. 085-09994-420-00 FORCES DUE TO WAVES AND CURRENTS ON RUBBLE COVERING PIPES BURIED IN OCEAN OR LAKE BOT- TOMS (b) University Research Funds. (c) Professor E. F. Brater. (d) For Doctoral thesis. (e) The development of design criteria for cover layers ex- posed to waves and currents. 085-09995-390-54 NONLINEAR SHEAR WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOILS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professors V. L. Streeter, E. B. Wylie. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Study of one-dimensional shear wave transmission in layered soils. (h) One-Dimensional Soil Transients by Characteristics, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, VPl, Va., June 1976. Influence of Dynamic Soil Properties on Response of Soil Masses, F. E. Richart, E. B. Wylie, Structural and Geotechnical Mechanics, pp. 141-162, Prentice Hall, N.J., 1977. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Frederick G. Hammitt, Professor-in-Charge (reports on all projects available by writing to laboratory). 086-06147-230-54 BUBBLE NUCLEATION, GROWTH AND COLLAPSE PHENOMENA (b) Office of Naval Research and Industry. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for various Ph.D. theses. (e) Study of the details of inception, growth and collapse of vapor and gas bubbles in liquids. This has included the development of methods for measuring entrained gas microbubble spectra in water and correlating with cavita- tion nucleation pressure thresholds. Effects of fast neutron irradiation and strong magnetic fields have been included along with variation of temperature, pressure, settling- time, total gas content, etc. Present work emphasizes acoustic bubble collapse measurements and correlation with measured erosion rates. 086-08123-230-70 CAVITATION EROSION TESTING (fc) CNR and Industry. (e) Measurement of chemical vs. mechanical effects in cavita- tion erosion as well as other details of erosion process. 086-08779-130-54 WET STEAM FLOWS (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Experimental and theoretical Ph.D. theses research. (e) Experimental and theoretical investigation of low pressure wet steam flows (pertinent to low pressure end of large steam turbines) across blading profiles. Includes measure- ment of liquid film thicknesses on profiles, and downstream droplet size, velocity and population distribu- tions, as well as theoretical studies of liquid film stability under high-velocity steam flows. Downstream liquid parti- cle size and velocity distributions can be used as input for our droplet impact erosion work described in the previous project description. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. T. Francis Ogilvie, Chairman. 087-09866-520-22 SHIP MOTIONS IN SHALLOW WATER (b) General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Ship Systems Command. (c) Armin Troesch, Robert Beck. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (c) Experiments were conducted on a model in shallow water and the results were compared with theory. Special atten- tion was paid to the problems of wave generation. (f) Completed. (g) Experiments and theory do not compare well, possibly because of non-linear effects. (h) Experiments on Ship Motions in Shallow Water, A. Troesch, R. F. Beck, Rept. 149, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Mar. 1974. 087-09867-520-22 ANALYSIS. OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL CAPTU'^IED AIR BUBBLE (b) General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Ship Systems Command. (c) Susan Atkins. (d) Experimental. (e) The prediction of the added mass and damping of a heav- ing two-dimensional, captured air bubble is verified, within limits. The results are applicable to the motions of an air cushion vehicle (ACV). (/) Completed. (g) Only the depth of the lip, relative to the width of the bub- ble, appears to exert a strong influence on the results. (/)) Experimental Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Captured Air Bubble, S. O. Atkins, Rept. 166, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Dec. 1974, $1.25. 087-09868-520-54 FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A SHIP MOVING IN A CANAL (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Robert F. Beck. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied to the problem of a ship moving with constant velocity in a channel of rectangular cross section. (f) Completed. (g) Numerical results show good agreement with experiments. 85 (h) Forces and Moments on a Ship Moving in a Canal, R. F. Beck, Rept. 179, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., $3.00. 087-09869-520-54 SHIP MANEUVERING IN SHALLOW WATERS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Nabil Daoud, T. Francis Ogilvie. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. (e) Both an experimental and analytical approach to the problem of ship operations in restricted waters is being un- dertaken. Shallow water effects on maneuverability are sig- nificant and the purpose of this research is to understand these problems more fully. (g) Experiments and theoretical calculations show the clearance between the ship's hull and the sea bottom is an important factor in the stability of the vessel. (h) Maneuverability in Restricted Waters: State of the Art, M. Fujino, Rept. 184, Dept. Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Aug. 1976, $5.00. UNtVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455. Professor P. R. Sethna, Department Head. 088-07488-000-54 HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY (fc) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Daniel D, Joseph. (d) Theoretical; basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Theoretical research on the stability of a broad class of fluid motions. (g) The implications of energy analysis for the stability of clas- sical motions (Couette and Poiseuille flows in annuli, pipes, channels, etc., and variations on the Benard problem) are emphasized. A global theory of stability is sought in which linear theory, energy theory and the theory of branching solutions of the Navier-Stokes equa- tions play unique and complementary roles. Also developed are aspects of near-linear perturbation theories. (/i) Nonlinear Diffusion Induced by Nonlinear Sources, D. D. Joseph, E. M. Sparrow, Quart. Appl. Math. XXVIII, pp. 327-342, Oct. 1970. Stability of Convection in Containers of Arbitrary Shape, D. D. Joseph, J. Fluid Mech. 47, pp. 257-282, 1971. Quasilinear Dirichlet Problems Driven by Positive Non- linear Sources, D. D. Joseph, T. S. Lundgren, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 46, pp. 241-269, 1973. Contributions to the Nonlinear Theory of Stability of Viscous Flow in Pipes and Between Rotating Cylinders, D. D. Joseph, W. Hung, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 44, pp. 1-22, 1971. Global Stability of Spiral Flow, Part II, D. D. Joseph, W. Hung, B. Munson, / Fluid Meek 51, pp. 593-612, 1972. Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Concentric Rotating Spheres: Part I, Basic Flow, D. D. Joseph, B. Munson, J. Fluid Mech. 49, pp. 289-303, 1971. Viscous Incompressible Flow Between Concentric Rotating Spheres: Part II, Hydrodynamic Stability, D. D. Joseph, B. Munson, J. Fluid Mech. 49, pp. 305-318, 1971. Heat Transport in a Porous Layer, F. H. Busse, D. D. Joseph, J. Fluid Mech. 54, 3, pp. 521-543, 1972. Bifurcating Time Periodic Solutions and Their Stability, D. D. Joseph, D. Sattinger, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 45, pp. 79- 109, 1972. Subcritical Bifurcation of Plane Poiseuille Flow, D. D. Joseph, T. S. Chen, J. Fluid Mech. 58, p. 337, Apr. 1973. Remarks About Bifurcation and Stability of Quasi-Periodic Solutions Which Bifurcate from Periodic Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations, in Nonlinear Problems in Physical Science and Engineering, Springer Lecture Notes in Mathe- matics (Ed. Stakgold, Joseph and Sattinger), 1973. Heat Transport in a Porous Layer, D. D. Joseph, V. Gupta, J. Fluid Mech. 57, p. 521, 1973. Energy Theory of Hydromagnetic Flow, D. D. Joseph, Proc. Conf. on Mathematical Topics in Stability Theory, Washington State Univ., 1972. Domain Perturbations: The Higher Order Theory of In- finitesimal Water Waves, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 51, p. 295, 1973. Friction Factors in the Theory of Bifurcating Poiseuille Flow Through Annular Ducts, D. D. Joseph, T. S. Chen, J. Fluid Mech. 65, p. 189., 1974. Response Curves for Plane Poiseuille Flow, D. D. Joseph, in Advances in Applied Mechanics XIV, (Ed.: C. S. Yih), Academic Press, New York, 1974. Repeated Supercritical Branching of Solutions Arising in the Variational Theory of Turbulence, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 53, p. 101, 1974. 088-07489-020-54 THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON TURBULENCE (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor T. S. Lundgren. (d) Theoretical basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Appropriate closure hypotheses are sought for hydrodynamic turbulence. if) Completed. (g) The work centered on the statistical mechanics of two dimensional vortices as a model for two-dimensional tur- bulence. A second area of interest was turbulent diffusion. (/)) Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Vortices, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, J. Stat. Phys. 17 (1977). Equation of State of a Vortex Fluid, Y. B. Pointin, T. S. Lundgren, Physical Review A 13, pp. 1274-1275 (1976). Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Vortices in a Bounded Container, Y. B. Pointin, T. S. Lundgren, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 1459-1470 (1976). Non-Gaussian Probability Distributions for a Vortex Fluid, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, Phys. Fluids 20, pp. 356- 363 (1977). Turbulent Self-Diffusion, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 355-358 (1976). 088-08859-120-14 STUDIES IN THE VISCOMETRY OF SLOW MOTIONS OF RHEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX LIQUIDS (b) U.S. Army Research Office. (c) Professors D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Experimental and mathematical studies of the mechanics of flow of rheologically complex liquids are being carried out. The immediate aim is to enrich the science and technology of viscometry by developing sets of standard experiments, founded on sound mathematical analysis, which will lead to reliable viscometric data characterizing the slow motion of rheologically complex fluids. There is also interest in certain mathematical studies of the mechanical foundations of rheology and in the evolution of new methods of analysis. (g) The following projects are active: (I) The rotating rod viscometer. (2) The Tilted Trough Viscometer. (3) Hele- Shaw flows. (4) Free surface viscometers driven by ther- mal convection. (5) Torsion flow viscometry. (h) The Free Surface on a Liquid Between Cylinders Rotating at Different Speeds-Part I, D. D. Joseph, R. Fosdick, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 49, pp. 321-380, 1973. The Free Surface on a Liquid Between Cylinders Rotating at Different Speeds-Part II, D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers, R. Fosdick, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 49, pp. 381-401, 1973. Tall Taylor Cells in Polyacrylamide Solutions, G. S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph, Physics of Fluids 19, p. 650, 1974. 86 Slow Motion and Viscometric Motion; Stability and Bifur- cation of the Rest State of a Simple Fluid, D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 56, 2, pp. 99-157, 1974. The Free Surface on a Liquid Filling a Trench Heated . From Its Side, D. D. Joseph, L. Sturges, J. Fluid Mech. 69, 3, pp. 565-589, 1975. The Rotating Rod Viscometer, G. S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph, J. of Fluid Mech. 69, 3, pp. 475-511, 1975. Slow Motion and Viscometeric Motion. Part V: The Free Surface on a Simple Fluid Flowing Down a Tilted Trough, L. Sturges, D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 59, 4, pp. 359-387, 1975. The Free Surface on a Simple Fluid Between Cylinders Un- dergoing Torsional Oscillations, D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 62, 4, pp. 323-352, 1976. Novel Weissenberg Effects, G. S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph, J. Fluid Mech. 81, 2, pp. 265-273, 1977. 088-08860-000-70 ROTATING FLOWS (6) Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division. (c) Professors A. S. Berman, T. S. Lundgren. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Study of spin up with and without density stratification and free surfaces. 088-10573-070-54 FLUID FLOW THROUGH DEFORMABLE POROUS MEDIA (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Gordon S. Beavers. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) The project aims to formulate and test mathematical models which will be capable of predicting the flow through deformable porous media, and which can be used for incompressible and compressible flows through many types of deformable media for geometries involving more than one principal flow direction. (g) A model, based on the Forchheimer extension of the Darcy Law for flows through incompressible media, has been developed to describe the one-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid through a deformable porous materi- al. Mass flow rate predictions of the model agree well with experimental observations. (h) Compressible Gas Flow Through a Porous Material, G. S. Beavers, E. M. Sparrow, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 14, 11, pp. 1855-1857, 1971. Experiments on the Resistance Law for Non-Darcy Com- pressible Gas Flows in Porous Media, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans ASME 96, Series I, 4, pp. 353-357, 1974. Flow Through a Deformable Porous Material, G. S. Beavers, T. A. Wilson, B. A. Masha, J. Appl. Mech. 42, Trans. ASME 97, Series E, pp. 598-602, 1975. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory (see ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORA- TORY listing). MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Aerophysics and Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi State, Miss. 39762. Professor C. B. Cliett, Department Head. 089-10135-530-20 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUA- TIONS FOR 2D HYDROFOILS (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) Dr. Joe F. Thompson, Professor. (d) Basic research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) A finite-difference solution of the full time-dependent, in- compressible Navier-Slokes equations with gravity forces included was developed ic- laminar fiow about a 2D hydrofoil of arbitrary shape below or in a free surface. (/) Completed. (g) The numerical solution uses boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system generated numerically from two cou- pled elliptic partial differential equations for the coor- dinates. This coordinate system maintains coordinate lines coincident with the deforming free surface and with the arbitrary hydrofoil contour while allowing all computations to be done on a fixed square mesh in the transformed field. The hydrofoil may be in pitching, plunging, or lon- gitudinal oscillation as well as translation. Results were ob- tained for Reynolds numbers up to 100, but the solution is thought to be extendable to higher Reynolds numbers. (h) Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for 2D Hydrofoils In or Below a Free Surface, S. P. Shanks, J. F. Thompson, Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Berkely, Calif., 1977. Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for 2D Hydrofoils, J. F. Thompson, S. P. Shanks, R. L. Walker, MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-5, Engrg. and Industrial Research Station, Mississippi State Univ., 1977. 089-10136-030-26 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE MEAN TURBULENT FLOW EQUATIONS (b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research. (c) Dr. Z. U. A. Warsi, Assoc. Professor. (d) Basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Solve the complete mean turbulent shear flow equations for incompressible flows past arbitrary two-dimensional bodies. A method of numerical coordinate transformation has been utilized to solve the model equations of momen- tum and energy along with the equation of continuity. (g) Model equations of Kolmogorov and Saffman have been transformed tensorially to a general coordinate system. This general coordinate system is made specific by numeri- cally generating a non-orthogonal coordinate system which depends on the body contour past which the flow takes place and an outer boundary which is assumed to be at in- finity. The problems of mean turbulent flow past a circular cylinder started impulsively from rest and of the steady flow past on NACA airfoil are under investigation. (/i) Numerical Solutions for Laminar and Turbulent-Viscous Flow over Single and Multi-Element Airfoils Using Body- Fitted Coordinate Systems, J. F. Thompson, Z. U. A. Warsi, B. B. Amlicke, Advances in Engineering Science, 13th Ann. Mtg. Engrg. Science, Hampton, Va., Nov. 1-3, 1976. Published in vol. 4 as NASA CP-2001. pp. 1397- 1408. Improve Algebraic Relation for the Calculation of Reynolds Stresses, Z. U. A. Warsi, B. B. Amlicke, AIAA J. 14, 12, pp. 1779-1781 (1976). Machine Solutions of Partial Differential Equations in the Numerically Generated Coordinate Systems, Z. U. A. Warsi, J. F. Thompson, MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-1 , Engrg. and Industrial Research Station, Mississippi State Univ., 1976. Structure of The Near-Wall Region In A Turbulent Flow, Z. U. A. Warsi, B. B. Amlicke, MSSU-ElRS-ASE-77-3, Engrg. and Industrial Research Station, Mississippi State Univ., 1976. 089-10137-000-26 DEVELOPMENT OF PARTIAL CHANNEL FLOW FOR AR- BITRARY INPUT VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS USING BOUNDARY-FITTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS {b) U.S. Army Research Office. (c) Leslie R. Heater, Assoc. Professor. (d) Basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Work consists of applying the technique of boundary-fitted coordinate systems to the solution of the Navier-Stokes 87 equations for partial channel flow. The boundary-fitted coordinate system provides a method whereby a rectangu- lar grid in a transformed plane can be obtained for any channel configuration in the physical plane. The Navier- Stokes equations are then solved on the rectangular grid in the transformed plane. This eliminates the need for inter- polation on the boundaries and the channel configuration the physical plane is merely an input into the program. An additional feature of this numerical procedure provides for a concentration of coordinate lines in the areas of flow where viscous effects are expected to dominate, (g) The work thus far has dealt with applying this numerical procedure to a partial channel configuration that consists of a main channel flow that splits into a two channel flow and various combinations of input and output ports located on either side of the main channel flow. The nu- merical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for two dimensional unsteady laminar flow has been obtained in the primitive variables of velocity and pressure. Com- parison with experimental work is also underway. 089-10138-000-54 INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) The technique of numerically-generated boundary-fitted coordinate systems was used with the integro-differential form of the Navier-Stokes to develop a finite-difference solution for time-dependent, incompressible laminar flow about arbitrary two-dimensional bodies. (/) Completed. (g) The integro-differential formulation allows all computation to be confined to the region of significant vorticity near the body and in the wake without losing the elliptic nature of the solution. The boundary-fitted coordinate system is generated numerically from two elliptic partial differential equations for the coordinates. This system maintains coor- dinate lines coincident with the arbitrary body contour and with the moving outer boundary of the expanding vorticity region while allowing all computation to be done on a fixed in the transformed field square mesh. Results were obtained at Reynolds numbers up to 10" for NACA air- foils. {h) Numerical Solution of Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equa- tion in the Integro-Differential Formulation Using Bounda- ry-Fitted Coordinate System, R. N. Reddy, J. P. Thomp- son, Proc. AIAA 3rd Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., Albuquerque, N. Mex., 1977. 089-10139-000-50 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUA- TIONS FOR ARBITRARY TWO-DIMENSIONAL MULTI- ELEMENT AIRFOILS (fc) NASA, Langley Research Center. (d) Applied research, Ph.D. theses. (e) Numerically-generated boundary coordinate systems are being used to develop a finite-difference solution of the time-dependent, incompressible or compressible, Navier- Stokes equations for laminar flow about arbitrary two- dimensional airfoils. (g) The boundary-fitted coordinate system is generated nu- merically by solving two coupled elliptic partial differential equations for the coordinates. This system allows all com- putation to be done on a square grid in the transformed plane regardless of the shape or number of bodies in the field. Results have been obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 10*. A potential flow solution has also been developed. (/)) Numerical Solutions for Viscous and Potential Flow about Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies Using Body-Fitted Coor- dinate Systems, F. C. Thames, J. F. Thompson, C. W. Mastin, R. L. Walker, accepted for publication in J. Com- putational Physics, ( 1977). TOMCAT-A Code for Numerical Generation of Boundary- Fitted Curvilinear Coordinate Systems on Fields Containing Any Number of Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies, J. F. Thompson, P. C. Thames, C. W. Mastin, accepted for publication in J. Computational Physics, 1977. Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Ar- bitrary Two-Dimensional Airfoils, P. C. Thames, J. P. Thompson, C. W. Mastin, Proc. NASA Conf. Aerodynamic Analyses Requiring Advanced Computers, NASA SP-347, Langley Research Center, 1975. Numerical Solutions of the Unsteady Navier-Stokes Equa- tions for Arbitrary Bodies Using Boundary-Fitted Cur- vilinear Coordinates, J. P. Thompson, P. C. Thames, R. L. Walker, S. P. Shanks, Proc. Arizonal AFOSR Symp. Un- steady Aerodynamics, Univ. of Arizona, 1975. Use of Numerically Generated Body-Fitted Coordinate Systems for Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations, J. P. Thompson, P. C. Thames, C. W. Mastin, S. P. Shanks, Proc. AIAA 2nd Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., Hartford, Conn., 1975. Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations in Various Flow Regimes on Fields Containing Any Number of Arbitrary Bodies Using Boundary-Fitted Coordinate Systems, J. P. Thompson, P. C. Thames, S. P. Shanks, R. N. Reddy, C. W. Mastin, Proc. V Intl. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Enshede, The Netherlands, Lecture Notes in Physics 59, Springer Verlag, 1976. Boundary-Fitted Curvilinear Coordinate System for Solu- tion of Partial Differential Equations on Fields Containing Any Number of Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Bodies, J. P. Thompson, P. C. Thames, C. W. Mastin, NASA CR-2729, 1977. Numerical Solution of Potential Flow About Arbitrary Two- Dimensional Multiple Bodies, J. P. Thompson, P. C. Thames, NASA CR, to be published 1977. 089-10140-720-44 FLOW IMPROVEMENT MODIFICATIONS AND FLOW QUALITY EVALUATION OF THE NOIC CURRENT METER CALIBRATION FACILITY (b) National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, NCAA, Department of Commerce. (c) Dr. George Bennett. (d) The project is experimental. It should be classified as ap- plied research. There was no thesis connected with the work. (e) Improve the quality of the flow in the NOIC 15 -inch diameter submerged jet current meter calibration facility. It had been determined that very large speed fluctuations (of order 10-30%) were present in the flow which was unacceptable for current meter calibration. The flow uniformity across the jet could not be determined due to the large fluctuations. (/) Completed. (g) Several modifications were made to the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility to reduce the large scale speed fluctuations and to improve the flow uniformity across the jet. The centerline speed fluctuations were reduced to ± 3 percent at 0.198 knots and near ±1 percent over the speed range 0.487 to 4.31 knots. At 1.89 knots a level of ±0.4 percent was achieved. Flow uniformity was to be well within the allowable 3 percent over the operating range except at 0.437 knots where a variation of 3.7 per- cent was found. The maximum jet speed achieved was 4.31 knots, 6 percent less than the specified 4.5 knots. (/)) Flow Improvement Modifications and Flow Quality Evalua- tion of the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility, G. Bennett, G. Wells, EIRS-ASE-75-2, College of Engrg., Miss. State Univ., Apr. 1975. 089-10141-720-44 TURBINE METER INSTALLATION AND FLOW VISUALIZATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE NOIC CUR- RENT METER CALIBRATION FACILITY (b) National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, NO A A, Department of Commerce. (c) Dr. George Bennett. 88 (d) The project is experimental. It should be classified as ap- plied research. There was no thesis connected with the work. (e) Further improve the utility of the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility through the installation of turbine flow meters for precise definition of jet flow speed and through the development of hydrogen bubble flow visualization equipment. (f) Completed. (g) The installation of the four turbine flow meters, flow straightening vanes, associated piping and jet speed indica- tors was accomplished. System calibration tests were con- ducted using an HP 9820 data acquisition system and a Delft reference current meter. It was found that the re- peatability of the turbine meters was better than the Delft meter. However, more refined calibration of the reference current meter will be required before final precision jet speed versus turbine meter output frequency charts can be established. Both the hydrogen bubble and dye filament flow visualization techniques worked very well, due to the low turbulence levels in the jet. The persistence of the hydrogen bubbles exceeded all expectations. A control box was constructed to permit continuous and periodic hydrogen bubble filaments to be generated. A 1 1 50 watt submersible slit light source was constructed to illuminate the hydrogen bubble and dye filaments. (/i) Turbine Meter Installation and Flow Visualization Develop- ment for the NOIC Current Meter Calibration Facility, G. Bennett, G. Wells, MSSU-EIRS-ASE-77-2, College of Engrg., Miss. State Univ., Sept. 1976. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, Department of Geology, Columbia, Miss. 65201. George W. Viele, Chairman. 091-10062-220-54 CONTINENTAL VOLCANICLASTICS, VOLCAN DE FUEGO, GUATEMALA (fc) National Science Foundation; Instituto Geografico Na- cional, Guatemala. (c) Professor David K. Davies. (d) Field investigation, basic research. (e) Investigation of debris flow and stream flow characteristics in an active volcanic region. The study seeks to determine length of time taken to erode the products of a single eruption; time taken for sediment being fluvially trans- ported from the cones to the sea; nature of fluvial flow from the headwaters to the river mouths; mechanics of sediment transpyort (including boulders) in the fluvial system; and effect of fluvial transport on the composition and texture of the sediment load. (g) Since the 1974 eruption of the volcano Fuego, Guatemala, some 25 million tons of sediment have been transported annually from the cone. Ejecta from this eruption will be completely eroded and fluvially transported from the vol- canic highlands within approximately 10 years assuming no substantial re vegetation. Individual flood surges on the Rio Guacalate have discharges up to 2200 m^/sec, velocities as high as 7.6 m/sec, and transport as much as 98 tons/sec of coarse grained bed load. Some 90 fjercent of the total sediment load is transported during the rainy season ( May- October). Flow is sup>ercritical from the cone to the river mouth. Plane bed and antidunes are the common bed forms. Fluvial dep>osits are dominantly planar laminated, with some small to large scours. Non-bedded con- glomeratic deposits also occur in the fluvial systems. 091-10063-300-00 CHANNEL INCISION CHRONOLOGY AND PALEOHYDRAULICS OF THE DEARBORN RIVER, MON- TANA (c) Asst. Professor Michael G. Foley. (d) Field investigation, basic and applied research. (e) The present lower course of the Dearborn River is deeply incised into bedrock, but was apparently established by glacial diversion in very late Pleistocene time. A relict braided outwash channel formerly occupied by the Dear- born River, and now occupied by Flat Creek, an underfit stream, appears to have been a sluiceway at the time of diversion. Thus, if the diversion chronology can be established by detailed mapping and dating procedures, and if paleoflow characteristics can be determined by hydraulic analysis of the abandoned channel, a quantita- tive rate of bedrock channel incision and adjustment can be determined. Also, the Dearborn River chronology can be used toward the end of establishing an along-river inci- sion chronology for the Missouri River. 091-10064-300-00 INCISION MECHANISM AND HYDRAULICS OF THE SALINE RIVER, ARKANSAS (c) Asst. Professor Michael G. Foley. (d) Field investigation, basic and applied research, Master's thesis. (e) The Saline River displays a bead-on-a-string pattern re- lated to its riffle-and-pool morphology. Reconnaissance in- dicates that some of the riffle-and-pool morphology is in- cised in bedrock, and therefore does not indicate direct control by alluvial sediment transport, as does riffle-and- pool morphology of an alluvial stream channel. Field mapping and hydraulic studies will be used to investigate the relation between bedrock channel geometry and alluvi- al transport processes. 091-10065-820-33 HYDROGEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL DELINEATION OF BURIED GLACIAL RIVER VALLEY AQUIFERS IN NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI (b) Office of Water Research and Technology (U.S.D.I.). (c) Asst. Professors John M. Sharp, Jr. and Russell F. Bur- mester. (d) Project combines field investigations and applied research. One Master's thesis will be involved. (e) Examine the hydrogeology of buried glacial river valley (or preglacial valley) aquifers; delineate these aquifers; determine their latersil and vertical extent; and to compare geoelectric, gravity, and seismic refraction geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in this particular hydrogeologic setting. We plan to quantitatively estimate: 1 ) aquifer hydraulic conductivity and storativity, 2 ) areas of groundwater recharge and discharge, 3) the hydrologic budget, and 4) groundwater salinities. We shall also deter- mine the direction and rates of groundwater flow and the existence of any hydrostratigraphic units. Long-range goals are to determine the aquifer's jxjtential water yield and to provide information for regional planning. A clearly sub- sidiary objective is to provide data to assist in the recon- struction of Missouri's Pleistocene (Ice-age) history. (g) Results are still inclusive with the exception that gravity profiling has proven an effective tool in reconnaissance of buried vjilley aquifers. 091-10066-300-33 HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MISSOU- RI RIVER VALLEY FLOOD PLAIN (b) Office of Water Research and Technology (U.S.D.I.). (c) Asst. Professor John M. Sharp, Jr. (d) Project combines field investigation and application of ap- propriate digital models. At least one Master's thesis is in- volved. (e) Examine quantitatively the hydrologic and geologic characteristics of the Missouri River flood plain in a selected area smd to determine their effects on ground- water movement, usage, and f)ollutability. A subsidiary ob- jective is to develop a generalized digital model for groundwater movement in the flood plain. The long-range goal is to employ the above information and model to the selection of utilization criteria for waste disp>osal and water supply in the Missouri River flood plain. 89 (/) Suspended. ig) Twenty observation wells were installed by a combination of boring and hydraulic jetting. Samples of soils were ob- tained at each site. These wells have been monitored for changes in water level since August 1975. Maps of the potentiometric surface and soil types were prepared. A series of finite difference computer models have been developed to simulate observed fluctuations in hydrogeologic conditions. Our conclusions are as follows: 1 ) The flood plain shows greater hydrogeologic variability than was previously assumed; 2) influence of local streams and springs can lead long-term perturbations in "normal" flood plain hydrogeology; 3 ) many of the assumptions commonly made in bank storage models are erroneous; 4) flood plain groundwater systems may be separated into local and regional systems; 5) hydraulic jetting of wells has proven to be an economical method for installation of piezometers; 6) the flood plain is a major untapped groundwater resource which will be increasingly developed for supplemental irrigation, industrial, and domestic use; and 7) hydrogeologic information is vital to the proper land use selection in flood plains. Sites most suitable for water supply and waste disposal have been evaluated and criteria established. (/i) -Hydrogeology of a Portion of the Missouri River Flood Plain, N. Grannemann, J. M. Sharp, Jr., Trans. Mo. Acad. Sci. 4, p. 11, 1976. Hydrogeology of Missouri River Flood Plain, J. M. Sharp, Jr., N. G. Granneman, Geol. Soc. America, Abs. with Pro- grams, (North-Central Sec.) 8, 4, p. 443, 1976. Application of Missouri River Flood-Plain Hydrogeology in Land Use Planning, J. Soil Water Conservation 31, 2, pp. 73-75, 1976. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, College of En- gineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace En- gineering, Columbia, Mo. 65201. Paul W. Braisted, De- partment Chairman. 092-09831-050-54 HETEROGENEOUS JET MIXING STUDY USING LASER ANEMOMETER (i>) National Science Foundation ENG-74- 10074. (c) Dr. John B. Miles, Professor. (d) Experimental; basic research; Master's and Doctoral theses. (e) Investigate both the overall and the detailed nature of the heterogeneous turbulent mixing region formed by the in- teraction of two parallel streams (one air, the other Freon) initially separated by a thin dividing plate. Instantaneous local velocities are measured (2 components) by a laser anemometer system. Local concentration is measured by an aspirating probe in conjunction with a hot wire anemometer. All data is recorded on an FM tape recorder for subsequent evaluation in terms of power spectrums, time averages, and various correlations. (g) Heterogeneous jet mixing data presently being evaluated. (h) Similarity Parameter for Two-Stream Turbulent Jet-Mixing Region, J. B. Miles, J. S. Shih, AlAA J. 6, 7, pp 1429- 1430, 1968. Two-Stream Heterogeneous Mixing Measurements Using Laser Doppler Velocimeter, J. B. Miles, D. A. Johnson, AlAA J. 10, 10, pp. 1353-1355, 1972. The Turbulent Heterogeneous Mixing Region, J. L. Brown, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, J. L. Brown, Ph.D. Dissertation (in preparation). UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI— ROLLA, School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rolla, Mo. 65401. Dr. J. L. Zakin, Professor. 093-06405-250-00 TURBULENCE INTENSITIES IN DRAG REDUCING OR- GANIC SOLUTIONS (c) Dr. J. L. Zakin or Dr. O. K. Patterson. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) Details of the turbulence structure of drag reducing and non-drag reducing solutions are being investigated. Turbu- lence intensities, frequency spectra, integral scales and other turbulence quantities are being compared for drag reducing and non-drag reducing solutions. (g) The results of turbulence measurements in solvents using wedge probes closely check the accepted values for mea- surements in air. A comparison of wedge, parabolic, cone and cylindrical hot-film probes showed the wedge and parabolic probes gave identical results while cone probes gave slightly low intensities. Cylindrical data were erratic because of eddy shedding. In viscoelastic solutions, high and low values of turbulence intensities are observed de- pending on the flow velocity. The frequency response of hot-film wedge probes was shown to be flat up to 100 cps so that frequency response of the probe cannot account for these discrepancies. Pressure probe intensity results were found to be inaccurate in viscoelastic fluids except at the center line of a tube. (h) Response of Hot-Film Wedge Probes in Viscoelastic Fluids, J. M. Rodriguez, G. K. Patterson, J. L. Zakin, Proc. Symp. on Turbulence Measurements in Liquids, Univ. of Missou- ri-Rolla Continuing Education Series, 1971. Measurement of Turbulence Intensities with Piezoelectric Probes in Viscoelastic Fluids, J. M. Rodriguez, G. K. Pat- terson, J. L. Zakin, J. Hydronautics 5, p. 101, 1971. Turbulence Structure in Drag-Reducing Polymer Solutions, accepted by Phys. Fluids. Split-Film Anemometry in a Drag Reducing Solution, J. Chosnek, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Missouri-RoUa, 1975. 093-06408-120-00 VISCOSITY OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS (c) Dr. K. G. Mayhan. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) The effects of polymer concentration, molecular weight, solvent-polymer interactions and polymer structure on viscosity are being investigated. (g) Viscosity-concentration data of a number of polymer solu- tions in "good" solvents fit a single curve when plotted as t),,,/C(t)) vs. /.'(t))C up to the region of incipient molecu- lar overlap. Data on "fair" solvent solutions also fit a sin- gle curve. Generalized curves over wider concentration ranges are obtained for tjr vs. C(t)) data. (h) Generalized Correlations for Molecular Weight and Con- centration Dependence of Zero-Shear Viscosity of High Polymer Solutions, J. Poly. Sci. {Poly. Phys. Ed.), 14, p. 299 (1976). 093-07501-130-84 SOLID SUSPENSION DRAG REDUCTION (b) Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society. (c) Dr. J. L. Zakin or Dr. G. K. Patterson. (d) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) An investigation of the particle, fluid and flow variables in- fluencing drag reduction in the flow of solid suspensions. (/) Complete. (g) Drag reduction in solid-liquid systems has been shown to be possible only with fibrous materials, contrary to previ- ous reports in the literature. Increased 4/d and fiber flexi- bility both enhance drag reduction. Concentration effects are complex. There is a similarity between fiber-liquid drag reduction and particle-gas drag reduction results ob- served by some authors. The latter may be due to charge 90 effects in the gas-solid systems and variations in charge ef- fects may account for the variations in pressure drop results from system to system. (/)) Drag Reduction in Solid-Liquid Suspensions in Pipe Flow, I. Radin, J. L. Zakin, G. K. Patterson, Nature Phys. Science 246, p. 11, 1973. Drag Reduction in Solid-Fluid Systems, I. Radin, J. L. Zakin, G. K. Patterson, /I /C/i£ 7. 21, p. 358 (1975). Solid Fluid Drag Reduction, I. Radin, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, 1974. 093-07502-120-00 MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX MODULUS IN DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS (c) Dr. Gary K. Patterson. (d) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) An instrument has been developed which is capable of measuring complex shear modulus at audio frequencies in dilute (below interaction) concentrations. Studies of effect of concentration and molecular weight dispersion on com- plex modulus are planned. The instrument has been modified to also accommodate soft solid materials so that shear modulus measurements may also be made on them. (g) The instrument has been used for measurements in dilute polymer solutions and greases and seems to perform well, giving data of a reproducible character and similar to ac- cepted literature data on solutions already measured. Preliminary results with soft solids show promise for this application as well. 093-07503-020-00 SEGREGATION INTENSITIES AND REACTION RATES IN A STIRRED-TANK REACTOR (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. Gary K. Patterson. (d) Theoretical, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Segregation intensity and reaction conversion distributions are being measured and modeled for stirred-tank flow reactors under various conditions. (g) Results of mixing and reaction conversion measurements are compared with the model calculations. Extension of the basic model to transient (unsteady) conditions has been made and a number of model computations for reac- tor upsets, batch operation, and semi-batch operation have been made. The model is being extended to include mixing effects on polymerization and fermentation reactions. (/)) Segregation Intensity Distribution in Tank Mixer With and Without Second-Order Reaction, G. K. Patterson, Proc. Chemeca 70, Butterworth's, Sydney, Australia, 1971. A Fundamental Dynamic Response Model for CSTR's, G. K. Patterson, L. L. Otte, presented at 1st ISA Joint Spring Conf., St. Louis, Mo., Apr. 25, 1973. Model With No Arbitrary Parameters for Mixing Effects on Second-Order Reaction With Unmixed Feed Reactants, G. K. Patterson, Proc. ASME Mixing Symp., Atlanta, Ga., June 22, 1973. Simulating Turbulent-Field Mixers and Reactors or Taking the Art Out of the Design, G. K. Patterson, presented at 77th Natl. AlChE Mtg., Pittsburgh, June 1973, a chapter of Application of Turbulence Theory to Mixing Operations, ed. by R. S. Brodkey, Acad. Press, N. Y., in press. Simulation and Scale-Up of Turbine and Propeller Agitated Vessels, G. K. Patterson, Proc. BHRA Symp. on Mixing and Separation, Cambridge, Sept. 1974. Modell zur Computer-Berechnung des Turbulenten Mischens mit Reaktionen 2. Ordnung, G. K. Patterson, Chemie-lngenieur-Technik 46, p. 999, 1974. Turbulence Level Significance of the Monte-Carlo Interac- tion Parameter, R. M. Canon, A. W. Smith, K. W. Wall, G. K. Patterson, submitted to Cheni. Eng. Sci. Average Molecular Weight Distributions in Stirred-Tank Reactors By a Random Coalescence-Dispersion Simulation, G. K. Patterson, presented at 78ih Natl. AlChE Mtg., Houston, Tex., Mar. 1975. 093-08861-050-15 COHERENCE OF HIGH PRESSURE JETS (b) U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Res. and Dev. Ctr., Fort Belvoir. (c) Dr. J. L. Zakin or Dr. D. A. Summers. (d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) The effects of pressure, nozzle size, fluid properties and traversing speed on the coherence length of high pressure turbulent liquid jets are being studied. Such jets are useful in cutting, mining, drilling and earth moving. (g) The influence of pressure and nozzle size on jet coherence varies depending on the jet Reynolds number range. The addition of small amounts of certain viscoelastic additives to the liquid greatly increases the coherent length of the jet. (/)) The Effect of Pressure, Jet Diameter and Viscoelastic Addi- tives on High Velocity Jet Structure and Cutting Ability, D. A. Summers, J. L. Zakin, presented to 67th Ann. AlChE Mtg., 1974. The Effect of Viscoelastic Additives on Jet Structures, J. L. Zakin, D. A. Summers, presented 3rd Jet Cutting Technolo- gy Symp., Chicago, 1976. 093-10075-370-54 TRANSPORT OF CRUDE OIL AS OIL-IN-WATER EMUL- SIONS (b) NSF. (c) Dr. J. L. Zakin. (d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) The use of concentrated oil-in- water emulsions as a technique for transporting high viscosity and/or high pour point curdes is being compared with conventional heating techniques. Experimental results for turbulent flow of con- centrated emulsions is being obtained and a feasibility study will be made. (g) The variables of oil concentration, oil viscosity, pumping temperature and tube diameter, were investigated. At- tempts to correlate turbulent pressure losses with the Dodge-Metzner correlation showed predicted pressure losses were generally high. (/i) Reduction of Drag in the Turbulent Transport of Solid and Liquid Suspensions in Water, J. L. Zakin, M. E. Borg- meyer, G. K. Patterson, presented Intl. Symp. on Freight Pipelines, Washington, 1976. Transport of Crude Oil as Oil-In-Water Emulsions, J. L. Zakin, R. Pinaire, M. E. Borgmeyer, presented ASME Fluids Engrg. Mtg., New Haven, 1977. The Rheology of Oil-In-Water Emulsions, M. E. Borg- meyer, M.S. Thesis, Univ. Missouri-Rolla, 1975. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA, Department of Civil Engineering, RoUa, Mo. 65401. Joseph H. Senne, De- partment Chairman. 094-06287-81 0-00 MODIFIED STATION -YEAR METHOD FOR FLOOD FREQUENCIES (c) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh. (d) Design. (e) Determination of flood peaks for small drainage areas in Missouri based on physiographic data. 094-07504-200-00 EFFECTS OF RAINDROP IMPACT ON OVERLAND FLOW (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Experimental. (e) Work is being performed in the laboratory to determine the effect of raindrop impact as a contributing factor in the resistance to flow for short overland flow conditions. (/i) Ph.D. Dissertation pending. 91 094-07505-350-88 TIME SEQUENCED DAM FAILURES {/)) National Defense Education Act. (c) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh. (d) Experimental. (e) Determination of the influence of a controlled breaking of a dam upon the ensuing downstream flood wave. (/i) Ph.D. Dissertation completed. 094-07506-220-33 EVALUATION OF A SINGLE LAYER OF GRADED GRAVEL AS A PROTECTIVE FILTER ON EMBANKMENT SLOPES (b) Office of Water Resources Research. (<:) C. D. Muir, Assoc. Professor. (d) Experimental. (e) Determine the effect of thickness and gradation on the ability of a single graded filter layer to prevent the migra- tion of finer particles through the layer. (/i) Master's Thesis completed. 094-07507-200-00 A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIALLY VARIED UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS (c) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh. (d) Theoretical. (e) Computer solutions of the spatially varied flow equations are being performed for various boundary, finite dif- ference, mesh sizes, and inputs to determine the sensitivity of the equations to a variety of parameters. (h) Ph.D. Dissertation (G. T. Stevens, Jr.) completed. 094-08862-220-13 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION VERSUS SEDIMENT IN THE MISSOURI RIVER (b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research. (e) An attempt was made to fit experimentally developed sedi- ment transport equations to the Missouri River. (f) Completed. 094-08863-300-13 THE MISSOURI RIVER COMPUTERIZED DATA BANK (b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research. (e) Collection and storage of all available velocity and sedi- ment data that is needed in the development of a typical Missouri River velocity and sediment concentration profile. These profiles then can be utilized in a sediment transport relationship for the Missouri River. (/) Completed. 094-08864-810-00 UNIT HYDROGRAPH FOR SOUTHWEST MISSOURI OZARK SECTION OF (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design. (e) Development of a synthetic unit hydrograph for the Ozark section of Missouri and Arkansas using readily available physiographic data. (h) Master's Thesis completed, Melvin Schaefer. 094-08865-310-00 A MULTIPLE-PLAN EVALUATION MODEL FOR SMALL UNGAGED WATERSHEDS (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design. (e) A computer model for simulation of the effect of alterna- tive measures for flood damage reduction. The goal is to optimize the value of an objective function which will maximize the amount of net benefits returned by the pro- ject. (/i) Completed Master's Thesis, J. R. Dexter. 094-08866-810-00 A COMPARISON OF THREE URBAN HYDROLOGY MODELS (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design, Master's thesis. (e) A comparison of three models used for the calculation of urban stormwater runoff is presented. Simulation results are based on the capability of these models to reproduce observed peak discharges, time to peak and the direct ru- noff volume. (/i) Completed Master's Thesis, R. F. Astrack. 094-08867-810-00 A STATISTICAL HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION MODEL (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research, design. (e) A simulation model for small watersheds using proba- bilistic models derived from short term rainfall-runoff records are developed. The model is used to generate a synthetic flood series which is compared to the observed flood series. (/i) Completed Master's Thesis, R. L. Wycoff. 094-08868-350-00 RESERVOIR DESIGN: SIMULATION TECHNIQUES (c) Dr. G. T. Stevens. (d) Design, applied research. (e) A computerized simulation model using hydrologic routing techniques is developed to aid in the analysis of small dams to reduce the possibility of inadequate spillway design. Simulation equation derived from the continuity equation to describe reservoir storage and outflow. New- ton's iteration technique is utilized to solve the simulation equations. The resulting model determines an optimum size auxiliary spillway having a minimum crest length for a range of spillway elevations. (It) Completed Master's Thesis, L. W. Mays. 094-08869-880-13 MISSOURI RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY (b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. P. R. Munger. (d) Field investigation. (e) Study was conducted to obtain baseline information which could be used in preparation of an operation and main- tenance environmental impact statement by the Corps. The investigation consisted of a literature review and selected field studies of the aquatic ecosystems and natural resources bordering the river. if) Completed. 094-08870-880-13 A BASE LINE STUDY OF THE MISSOURI RIVER (b) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. P. R. Munger. (d) Field investigation. (e) To increase the understanding of the interrelationships which exist between the activities conducted by the Corps of Engineers in, on, and in the vicinity of, the Missouri River and the environment of the region traversed. (/) Completed. 094-08871-870-00 ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF AREAS I, II, III, AND IV, ARKANSAS RIVER CHLORINE CONTROL PROJECT, OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS (c) Dr. Ju-Chang Huang. (d) Field investigation. 92 ■ (e) Collect background information of environmental resources, including geological feature, hydraulic and hydrological characteristics, water quality, socio-economi- cal conditions, aquatic and terrestrial biology, etc., of the four study areas associated with the Arkansas River Chloride Control Project. Assessments of potential en- vironment impacts which will be incurred as a result of the chloride control project implementation will be made in this investigation. 094- 100 11 -300- 13 LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (T-1) (b) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En- gineers. (c) Paul R. Munger. (d) Field investigation and applied research. (e) To compile available data on revetments and dikes, geolo- gy and hydrology, morphology, and levees, over a large reach of the Mississippi River. To indicate, where possible, relationships between the changes that have taken place in the river over time and the above factors. To inspect field information and to indicate insufficiencies and data gaps that presently exist. (/) Completed. 094-10012-300-13 LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (S-7) (6) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En- gineers. (c) Jerome A. Westphal. (d) Field investigation and applied research. (e) To document changes which occurred in the Middle Mis- sissippi River along with the associated human activity which influenced changes. River elements were examined for changes in top-bank width, cross sectional area at selected locations, invert profile, and river length along the thalweg. Human activities were examined in conjunction with changes in river channel elements. These included construction of dikes, levees, revetments, and bank clear- ing. All comparisons and anaysis reflected conditions from the earliest recorded description through 1 974. 094-10013-700-13 ST. LOUIS DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (S-3) (6) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En- gineers. (c) Glendon T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Field investigation and applied research. (e) Comparison of velocity measuring equipment and discharge calculating techniques; to determine if there is a difference between present day and those previously used techniques. MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricul- tural Engineering, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont. 59715. Professor William E. Larsen, Department Head. 095-08161-840-31 SURFACE IRRIGATION HYDRAULICS (b) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (c) Professor C. C. Bowman. (d) Research is based on theoretical and field investigations. The theoretical phase has been completed and it is now being applied to field conditions. (e) Theoretical equations were developed for computing the flows required to give efficient application of water by sur- face flow systems. Curves were developed for design and management tools. Complete automation is being studied with the development of a soil moisture monitoring system to activate full radio controls, (g) An electronic soil moisture monitor has been developed which warns of plant stress before it is visible to the opera- tor, thus allowing irrigation at the proper time for op- timum production. MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil En- gineering and Engineering Mechanics, College of En- gineering, Bozeman, Mont. 59715. Dr. William A. Hunt, Acting Department Head. 096-07513-260-06 PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF WOODCHIP AND WATER MIX- TURES (b) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. (c) Dr. W. A. Hunt. (d) Theoretical and experimental studies of applied research on 2000-ft test loop of 8-in. dia. pilot line. (e) Obtain head loss correlations for mixtures of woodchips and water in pipelines; development of mechanical injec- tion system for woodchips; preliminary analysis of corro- sion effects of mixtures of water and woodchips on steel pipes; operation of remote pump in by-pass line; compila- tion of data for design and operation of woodchip pipelines. (/) Studies and report completed. (g) A correlation for calculating the Weisbach friction factor, f, for mixtures of wood chips in water is presented. The correlation, based on concentration of wood chips, pipe diameter, size of wood chips, kinematic viscosity of water and gravitational acceleration, was determined from analy- sis of 922 data points observed in tests conducted on 3-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 12-inch-diameter pipelines. Preliminary stu- dies of corrosion studies were initiated; operational problems of pipelines are discussed with strip chart data of conditions prior to intentional line plugging shown. (/i) Final report due in July, 1977. 096-08162-800-61 OPERATIONS MODEL FOR MONTANA'S WATER RESOURCES (b) Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center. (c) Theodore T. Williams, Professor. (d) Theoretical study of an applied research project for a Ph.D. degree. (e) See WRRC 8,6.0823. (/) Completed. (/i) Sequential Optimization of Multiple Non-Monetary Objec- tives in the Operation of Reservoir Systems, G. V. V. Rao, Ph.D. Thesis, Montana State Univ., 1974. Final Report pending. 096-08872-820-61 IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON THE GROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF THE BOZEMAN, MONTANA AREA (b) Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center. (c) Dr. R. L. Brustkern. (d) Theoretical study of an applied research project for a M.S. degree. (e) Impact of land use changes in an area of rapid devlopment around Bozeman, Montana, are under study. A ground- water model using finite difference techniques is being developed to investigate the effects of projected land use changes on the groundwater flows. (/) Final report being written. 93 096-10615-870-36 A COOPERATIVE PROGRAM TO EVALUATE SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIAL STRIP MINE SITES (b) EPA-Mining Pollution Control Branch. (c) Professor Theodore T. Williams. (d) Field investigation of an applied research problem. {e) The impact of strip mining on the surface and ground- water systems is being investigated. Field sites in three states (Montana, Wyoming, and North Dakota) are being monitored. Models of the hydrologic systems are being developed. 096-10616-370-36 CONTAMINATION OF TRANSPORT WATER IN COAL- SLURRY PIPELINES (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Dr. Howard S. Peavy. (d) Experimental studies of applied research. (e) A slurry of 50 percent water, 50 percent coal (by weight) is to be pumped in an 8-inch 240-foot, closed-loop pipeline for an extended period of time. Primary purpose is to determine contamination of transport water by ele- ments in the coal and to determine possible treatment techniques at the pipeline discharge point. Hydraulic data will also be recorded. (/i) Final report due July 1978. 096-10617-870-36 THE EFFECTS OF SEPTIC TANK DRAINFIELD ON WATER QUALITY IN AREAS OF HIGH GROUNDWATER (b) U.S. EPA (through the local Areawide Planning Organiza- tion). (c) Dr. Howard S. Peavy. id) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Wells have been sunk around septic tank drainfields located in high groundwater. The movement of contami- nants from the drainfield through the groundwater flow is being monitored. (/i) Final report due Sept. 1, 1977. UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lincoln, Nebr. 68588. Alex- ander R. Peters, Chairman. 097-09833-010-00 TRANSIENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN CHANNELS WITH SUCTION-BLOWING (c) Professor Pau-Chang Lu. id) Theoretical; basic; M.S. thesis. (e) Analysis is made of a transient, fully developed, laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a porous, parallel-plate channel. The crossflow through the plates is uniform, but is allowed to vary with time. In addition to a pressure gradient due to pumping, the flow is also under the indu- cement of the motion of one of the plates. Numerical results are obtained through the (final or nonfinal) use of the finite Fourier sine transform. Asymptotic flow patterns showing transient boundary layers are investigated. Finally, the formation of the flow from the start is described in physical terms. (/) Completed. (/i) Transient Boundary Layers between Porous Plates, W. A. Fiveland, P.-C. Lu, JAM. 98, pp. 555-558, 1976. 097-09834-110-00 FLOW OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING LIQUIDS IN DUCTS (c) Professor Pau-Chang Lu. (d) Theoretical; basic; Ph.D. thesis. (e) It is demonstrated numerically that regions of backflow do exist in steady, fully-developed, laminar mag- netohydrodynamic flows inside straight, insulating ducts of circular sectorial cross sections when the applied field generated by a current through a wire (parallel to the flow and concentric with the two cylindrical walls) is strong enough. This phenomenon of backflow seems to be more prominent as the sectorial angle of the duct increases. When it does appear, it tends to be located near the walls, thus destroying the boundary layer structure usually as- sociated with magnetohydrodynamic duct flows at large Hartmann numbers. A physical explanation based on sketched configurations of the induced current is offered in support of the numerical results. (/) Completed. (/)) A Magnetohydrodynamic Problem with Backflow in Ducts of Sectorial Cross Sections, P.-C. Lu, H. S. Izawa, Dev. in Th. App. Mecli. 8, pp. 565-574, 1976. UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS, School of Engineering, New Orleans, La. 70122. Dr. E. P. Russo, Professor of Mechanical Engineering. 098-09996-330-10 FLOW OF POLLUTANTS THROUGH A LOCK (b) U.S. Corps of Engineers. (d) Field investigations; design. (c) The project studies the flow of pollutants through a lock in order to provide a basis for estimating their effects. (/) Inactive. (h) Flow of PolluUnts through a Lock, Proc. ASCE 102, WW2, May 1976. 098-09997-220-10 FLOW-SEDIMENTATION MODEL (b) U.S. Corps of Engineers. (d) Theoretical; design. (e) An easily applicable method of computing sediment trans- port, including determination of areas of scour and deposi- tion, is presented. (/>) Application of Flow-Sediment Model to Red River, ASCE J. Hydr. Div., pp. 11-18, Jan. 1977. NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY, Socorro, N.M. 87801. Dr. Vijay P. Singh. 099-09847-8 10-33 A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF WATERSHED RUNh OFF (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (d) Theoretical and applied. (e) Develop a systematic approach based on kinematic wave theory to investigate watershed runoff and compare it with existing approaches. (g) Kinematic wave models have been developed to study watershed surface runoff. A comparison of models has been made to develop objective criteria for their selection. To all watershed models precipitation forms input. An in- vestigation of this input was carried out. (/i) Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 1. Estimation of Mean Areal Rainfall, V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, WRRI Rept. 061, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 70 pages, 1975. Comparison of the Methods of Estimating Mean Areal Rainfall, V. P. Singh. Y. K. Birsoy, Nordic Hydrology 6, 4, pp. 222-241, 1975. A Rapid Method of Estimating Mean Areal Rainfall, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Bulletin 12, 2, pp. 307-315, 1976. Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 2. A Distributed Kinematic Wave Model of Watershed Surface Runoff, V. P. I 94 Singh, WRRI Rept. 065, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 154 pages, 1976. Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 3. Converging Over- land Flow, V. P. Singh, WRRI Rept. 073. N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 290 pages, 1976. Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 4. Estimation of Parameters of Two Mathematic Models of Surface Runoff, K. V. Shelburne. V. P. Singh, WRRI Rept. 076, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 96 pages, 1976. Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 5. A Uniformly Non- linear Hydrologic Cascade, V. P. Singh, WRRI Rept. 078, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 47 pages, 1976. Studies on Rainfall-Runoff: 6. A Statistical Analysis of Rainfall-Runoff Relationships, V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, WRRI Rept. 081, N. Mex. Water Resources Res. Inst., N. Mex. State Univ., Las Cruces, N. Mex., 47 pages, 1976. Derivation of Surface Water Lag Time for Converging Overland Flow, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Bulletin II, 6, pp. 1091-1102, 1975. Hybrid Formulation of Kinematic Wave Models of Watershed Runoff, V. P. Singh, J. Hydrology 27, pp 33- 50, 1975. A Distributed Approach to Kinematic Wave Modeling of Watershed Run-off, V. P. Singh, Proc. Natl. Symp. Urban Hydrology and Sediment Control, pp. 227-236, Lexington, Ky., 1975. Derivation of Time of Concentration, V. P. Singh, J. Hydrology 30, pp. 147-166, 1976. A Note on the Step Error of Some Finite Difference Schemes Used to Solve Kinematic Wave Equations, V. P. Singh, J. Hydrology 30, pp. 247-255, 1976. Comparison of Two Mathematical Models of Surface Ru- noff, V. P. Singh, lAHS Bulletin 21, 2, pp. 285-299, 1976. A Distributed Converging Overland Flow Model: 1. Mathe- matical Solutions, B. Sherman, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 889-896, 1976. A Distributed Converging Overland Flow Model: 2. Effect of Infiltration, B. Sherman, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 897-901, 1976. A Distributed Converging Overland Flow Model: 3. Appli- cation to Natural Watersheds, V. P. Singh, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 902-908, 1976. Mathematical Aspects of Surface Runoff, V. P. Singh, Proc. ASCE Synip. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Con- trol and Water Diversions, Fort Collins, Colo., pp.' 773-792, 1976. NEW YORK OCEAN SCIENCE LABORATORY of Affiliated Colleges and Universities, Incorporated, Box 867, Edgemere Road, Montauk, N.Y. 11954. John C. Baiar- di. President and Director. 100-1 0071 -4SO-00 NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT OF BLOCK ISLAND SOUND AND AD- JACENT WATERS (c) Dr. Rudolph Hollman. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) A two-dimensional time dependent mode] is being applied to Block Island Sound and parts of the Peconic Bay System using environmental data as inputs. (g) The model is currently being updated and applied to these waters. (It) Environmental Atlas of Block Island and Eastern Long Island Sound Waters, Vol. 1: Description of the Programs Associated with the Data Base and Listing on Micro-Fiche, NYOSL Tech. Rept. No. 0034, 32 pages. Vol. 2: Physical and Chemical Database at Observed and Standard Depths: 1970 through 1973, NYOSL Tech. Rept No. 0035, 419 pages, 875 Station Entries. Vol. 3: A Histogram Analysis of the Annual Variations of Physical and Chemical Parameters: 1970 through 1973, NYOSL Tech. Rept. No. 0036, 401 pages. POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK, Aerodynamics Laboratories, Route 110, Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735. Professor M. H. Bloom, Director. 101-09893-740-50 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS {b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Air Force Office of Scientific Research. (c) Professor Stanley G. Rubin. (d) Basic theoretical research; Masters theses. (e) In order to increase computational efficiency for viscous flow calculations, higher-order polynomial (spline) methods have been applied to laminar and turbulent boun- dary layer flows, as well as the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. The laminar flow in a rectangular inlet has been critically examined in order to accurately deter- mine the secondary motion and demonstrate a predicted Reynolds number independence principle. The strong ef- fect of turbulent stresses on the secondary motion near an axial corner flow has been examined in order to more clearly understand the nature of turbulent corner flow in- teractions. (/i) Numerical Methods Based on Polynomial Spline Interpola- tion, S. G. Rubin, P. K. Khosia, Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. Nu- merical Methods in Fluid Dynamics (Lecture Notes in Physics 59), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1976. Laminar Flow in Rectangular Channels. Part I-Entry Anal- ysis. Part II-Numerical Solution for a Square Channel, S. G. Rubin, P. K. Khosia, S. Saari, Proc. ASME Synip. Nu- merical/Laboratory Computer Methods in Fluid Mechanics, N.Y., Dec. 1976. Higher-Order Numerical Methods Derived From Three- Point Polynomial Interpolation, S. G. Rubin, P. K. Khosia, NASA CR-2735, Aug. 1976. The Turbulent Boundary Layer Near a Corner, M. Shafir, S. G. Rubin, J. Appl. Mech. 43, Series E, 4, Dec. 1976. 101-09894-630-52 VORTEX AUGMENTOR CONCEPT FOR WIND ENERGY CONVERSION (t>) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Professor P. M. Sforza. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation, applied research and design. (e) Research design, and development on aerodynamic devices which can concentrate and augment natural winds is being performed. The keystone element is the genera- tion and control of discrete vortices of high power density by the appropriate interaction of suitably designed aerodynamic surfaces with natural winds of low power density. Properly configured turbines are utilized to trans- form the energy in this compacted vortex field to useful shaft work. This idea is termed the Vortex Augmentor Concept (VAC, patent pending). (g) The concept has been reduced to practice in wind tunnel tests. Flow measurements in vortex fields and theoretical calculations indicate power augmentation factors of 2 to 9 over conventional turbines for a given rotor diameter An outdoor wind characteristics facility has been constructed in which field tests of large scale prototypes are carried out. Computer acquisition and processing of performance data are used. (/i) Vortex Augmentors for Wind Energy Conversion, P. M. Sforza, Proc. Intl. Symp. Wind Energy Systei}is, BHRA Fluid Engrg., Cambridge Univ., England, Sept. 7-9, 1976 (to be published Apr. 1977). 95 Flow Measurements in Leading Edge Vortices, P. M. Sfor- za, et al., AIAA Paper No. 77-11, 15th AlAA Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 1977. 101-09895-700-50 LASER DIAGNOSTICS (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation. (c) Professor S. Lederman. (d) Basic experimental research. Masters and Ph.D. theses. (e) The development of nonintrusive diagnostic techniques in flow fields is the aim of this work. The techniques in- vestigated are the spontaneous Raman diagnostics for con- centration and temperature measurements. Laser Doppler Anemometry for velocity and turbulence measurements, Brillouin scattering for flow field fluctuation measure- ments, and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for concentration and temperature measurements in situations where the spontaneous Raman may not be applicable. The aforementioned diagnostic techniques are applied to coaxi- al turbulent jets, flames and combustion, both high and low pressure. (h) Some Applications of Laser Diagnostics to Fluid Dynamics, S. Lederman, AIAA Paper 76-21, AIAA I4lh Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Washinton, DC, Jan. 1976. Modern Diagnostics of Combustion, S. Lederman, AIAA Paper 76-26, AIAA I4th Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Washing- ton, DC, Jan. 1976. Experimental Techniques Applicable to Turbulent Flows, S. Lederman, AIAA Paper 77-213, AIAA I5lh Aerospace Sciences Mtg., Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 1977. 101-09896-720-60 STRATIFIED FLOW AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL WIND-TUNNEL FACILITIES (b) New York State Science and Technology Foundation, Ad- vance Research Projects Agency, New York City Fire De- partment. (c) Professor. M. H. Bloom. (d) Experimental research of basic and applied nature. (e) Development and calibration of a thermally stratified wind-tunnel of 4 x 5 ft cross-section to provide simulation of atmospheric boundary layers and of the ocean ther- mocline. In the unstratified mode the wind-tunnel serves as a conventional low-speed facility. Research involved turbu- lent wake behavior in stratified ocean regions, flow around urban building systems relevant to internal fume control within high-rise buildings, and internal flows in high rise buildings for fire control. (/i) Wind Tunnel Experiments on Wakes in Stratified Flow In- cluding Criteria and Development of Experimental Equip- ment, G. H. Strom, POLY-AEIAM Rept. No. 76-11, June 1976. Fire Safety Design for Buildings, R. J. Cresci, Proc. 2nd Conf. Designing Buildings for Environmental Protection, Rutgers Univ., N.J., Apr. 1975. 101-09897-010-50 WING-BODY AERODYNAMICS (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Air Force Office of Scientific Research. (c) Professor S. G. Rubin or Professor A. R. Krenkel. (d) Basic and applied theoretical and experimental research; Masters thesis projects. (e) Boundary layer interactions and secondary motion due to wing-tail assemblies have been examined with a viscous slender body theory. Effects of different geometries and small incidence angles are considered in order to predict possible separation and vortex phenomena near edges and corners. Wing-body interference effects are evaluated by vortex lattice techniques. Large angles of attack are to.be considered by using a modified finite-step method. Span loadings are to be evaluated at subsonic speeds. The ef- fects of high lift devices, rotary motion, interference and multipanel wings are under investigation. (/)) Boundary Layer Induced Crossflow Due to Wing-Body In- terference, J. M. Lyons, Master's Thesis, June 1976. The Boundary Layer on a Finite Width Flat Plate, M. E. Mandel, Master's Thesis, June 1976. POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK, Department of Civil Engineering, 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. II 201. Henry F. Soehngen, Department Head. 102-08873-300-00 STREAMFLOW ROUTING UNDER LOW FLOW CONDI- TIONS (c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research; Doctoral thesis. {e) Develop a computational method to estimate flow charac- teristics such as stage, velocity and discharge at any stream section, given values of these variables at an upstream lo- cation. Low flow conditions are assumed with unsteady, spatially varied flow. Surface runoff from rainstorms and snowmelt are not operative, and groundwater distributions and local interflows are basic variables affecting stream- flow. (/) Doctoral thesis completed. May 1975. (g) One-dimensional, non-linear, partial differential equations of motion and continuity were derived for a channel with arbitrary cross-section and flows along the channel were solved by an implicit finite difference numerical technique. Starting with known initial flow conditions and an up- stream hydrograph, a Taylor's expansion was used to ap- proximate a trial value of flow depth downstream, and a hydrograph at a downstream point was derived. 102-09947-820-80 EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLIES FOR GROUNDWATER IN HUMID REGIONS (b) Partial support by Engineering Foundation. (c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. id) Theoretical, applied research; Doctoral thesis. Engineer's report and Project report. (e) Determination of feasibility and potential of a scheme for obtaining emergency water supplies from groundwater in humid regions such as northeastern United States. Water balance and hydraulic model approaches are used to define conditions during periods of pumping and periods when groundwater storage is replenished by natural or ar- tificial recharge. (g) Doctoral thesis completed January 1977 on the develop- ment and testing of mathematical model. Work is continu- ing on model testing and on other aspects related to feasi- bility of application. (/i) Copy of thesis will be available through University Microfilms. 102-09948-870-60 CORRELATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR WATER TEMPERATURE WITH AERIAL INFRARED WATER TEMPERATURE SURVEYS {b) New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. (c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. id) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Development of phenomenological and analytic hydrother- mal models to predict subsurface temperatures from sur- face isothermal maps obtained from infrared overflight scans, to extend the utility of remote sensing. (g) Phase I focusing on phenomenological model has been completed; for four lake discharges, the model predicted subsurface temperatures to a depth of 10 feet with an ac- curacy of 0.5 °C. Phase II work is continuing. (/i) Phase I report is available through P.I.N.Y. N.Y.S. ERDA. 96 102-09949-340-60 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF MULTIFARIOUS WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE (b) New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. (c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research and design. (e) Review of intake structure for thermal power plant, previ- ously developed conceptually to improve biological per- formance. Analysis and design for feasibility from opera- tional and other engineering standpoints. Recommenda- tions to be made to confirm design which may include physical model and/or prototype testing, in situ field stu- dies, and other investigations. 102-09950-810-00 PREDICTION OF FLOOD DISCHARGES FROM WETLANDS (c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. (rf) Theoretical, applied research; for Doctoral thesis. (e) Formulation and testing of a mathematical model using correlation techniques, to predict flood discharges from wetland areas, considering effects of future land develop- ment. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering, Buffalo, N.Y. 14214. Profes- sor Dale D. Meredith, Acting Department Chairman. 103-09966-410-44 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF STRAWBERRY ISLAND (b) Sea Grant Program, NCAA, Dept. of Commerce. (d) Field investigation, applied research. Masters thesis. (e) Determine if protective measures are necessary to preserve Strawberry Island from loss by erosive activity and to ex- amine various alternative protective devices as to their ef- fectiveness and cost. 103-09967-420-44 EFFECT OF AN OFFSHORE BARRIER UPON THE WAVE- HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN A HARBOR (b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce. (c) Dr. Volker W. Harms, Asst. Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research. Masters thesis. (e) The boundary value problem associated with the diffrac- tion of water waves will be solved by a technique based upon the method of Green Functions that is applicable to cylindrical structures of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry. 103-09968-860-33 OPTIMAL OPERATION RULES FOR MULTI-RESERVOIR WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS (b) Office Water Research and Technology, Dept. of the In- terior. (rf) Theoretical, applied research. (e) To formulate, refine, and demonstrate methodologies for determining optimal operation rules for multiple purpose, multireservoir systems with stochastic inflows. 103-09969-440-44 OPERATING RULES FOR REGULATION OF GREAT LAKES WATER LEVELS (b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Develop a methodology for determining optimal regulation rules for Lake Ontario. 103-09970-410-44 HYDRAULIC AND SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS OF SAL- MON RIVER INLET (b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce. (d) Theoretical with field investigation, applied research. (e) To ascertain the relative importance of river flows, waves, and longshore currents in determining the sediment budget and morphology of the spit, inlet and lower Salmon River channel. 103-09971-860-33 CHLORIDE MANAGEMENT IN LAKE ERIE BASIN (b) OWRT, Dept. of the Interior. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) The effects of selected salt management programs on fu- ture chloride levels in Lake Erie are examined. Also a simulation model for evaluating effects of deicing salt is developed and applied to a case study. (/) Completed. ig) The use of deicing salt is at least twice as much as can be economically justified. (/i) Runoff of Deicing Salt in Buffalo, New York, R. Rumer, R Apmann, C. Chien, 4tli Svnip. on Sail 1, The Northern Ohio Geological Soc, Cleveland, Ohio, pp. 407-41 1, 1973. Chloride Build-Up and Control in Lake Erie, C. C. Chien, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. N.Y. at Buf- falo, 1974. Chloride Build-Up and Control in Lake Erie, R. R. Rumer, D. D. Meredith, C. C. Chien, Proc. 17th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 520-534, 1974. Chlorides in Lake Erie Basin, D D. Meredith, R R. Rumer, C. C. Chien, R. P. Apmann, Water Resources and Environmental Engrg. Res. Rept. No. 74-1, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. N.Y. at Buffalo, 82 pages, 1974. Chloride Management in Lake Erie Basin, D. C. Meredith, R. R. Rumer, Water Resources and Environmental Engrg. Res. Rept. No. 76-2, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. NY. at Buffalo, 65 pages, 1976. 103-09972-440-13 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF LAKE ERIE (b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District. (c) Dr. Kenneth M. Kiser, Assoc. Professor. (d) Experimental and theoretical, applied research. (/) Completed. (g) A physical model of Lake Erie has been constructed with a horizontal scale ratio of 1:100,000 and a vertical scale ratio of 1;250. The model was operated according to Froude law similitude requirements and rotated to incor- porate the effect of the earth's rotation. The experimental testing program included studies of the circulation with and without a prevailing wind, studies of the flushing characteristics of the model lake and studies of the fate of selected tributaries including the Detroit River. Com- parison of experimentally observed circulation patterns has been made with computed currents using a numerical model adapted and applied specifically to the distorted geometry of the physical model basin. Reactor-type mixing models were formulated and calibrated for the western basin of the physical model. Frictional calibration of the model was accomplished through analysis of the decay of seiche motion. (/i) Hydraulic Model Study of Lake Erie, R. R. Rumer, K. M. Kiser, A. Wake, K-H. Yu, Water Resources and Environ- mental Engrg. Res. Rept. No. 76-1, Dept. Civil Engrg., State Univ. N.Y. at Buffalo, 117 pages, 1976. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Depart- ment of Engineering Science, Aerospace Engineering and 97 Nuclear Engineering, Buffalo, N. Y. 14214. Dr. Richard P. Shaw, Professor. 104-08171-470-00 HARBOR RESONANCE (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) Analytical/numerical studies of resonance of harbors and long waves. (g) Review Article. Numerical Study of Variable Depth Har- bors using Finite Element-Boundary Integral Equation Methods. (fi) Forced Long Period Harbor Oscillations, R. P. Shaw, Top- ics in Ocean Engineering III, Ed. C. Bretschneider, Gulf Publishing Co., 1976. FEBIE>-A Combined Finite Element-Boundary Integral Equation Approach, R. P. Shaw, W. Falby, Intl. Symp. In- novative Num. Analysis in Eng. Science, Paris, May 1977. 104-10023-420-00 WATER WAVES (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) Effects of variable topography on water wave scattering. (g) Several papers published on scattering by island; harbor resonance; scattering by continental slope. (h) Time Harmonic Scattering by Obstacles Surrounded by an Inhomogeneous Medium, R. P. Shaw (presented 87th Acoustical Soc. Amer. Mtg,, N.Y.C., Apr. 1974), J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 56, 5, pp. 1354-1360, Nov. 1974. An Outer Boundary Integral Equation Applied to Transient Wave Scattering in an Inhomogeneous Medium, R. P. Shaw (presented JSME/ASME Applied Mechanics Mtg., Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar. 1975), J. Appl. Mech. 42, 1, pp. 147-152, Mar. 1975. Boundary Integral Equation Methods Applied to Water Waves, R. P. Shaw, Boundary Integral Equation Method AMD-ll, ASME, N.Y.C., pp. 7-14, 1975. Tsunami Scattering by an Island Surrounded by Water of Variable Depth, R. P. Shaw (presented lUGG Tsunami Symp., Wellington, New Zealand, Jan. 1974), Proc. Intl. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Bull. 15, pp. 133-140, Royal Soc. N.Z., 1976. FEBIE^A Combined Finite Element-Boundary Integral Ek]uation Approach, R. P. Shaw, W. Falby. Long Waves Obliquely Incident on a Continental Slope and Shelf with a Partially Reflecting Coastline, R. P. Shaw, presented lUGG Tsunami Symp., Ensenada, Mex., Mar. 1977 (in press). STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Depart- ment of Mechanical Engineering, Buffalo, N.Y. 14214. Benjamin Gebhart, Department Chairman. 105-10117-140-54 CONVECTIVE CIRCULATIONS AND HEAT TRANSFER IN COLD PURE AND SALINE WATER (b) National Science Foundation. (c) B. Gebhart, Professor; J. C. Mollendorf, Asst. Professor. (d) Theoretical and exjjerimental; fundamental research; M.S. and Ph.D. thesis. (e) A new, simple and accurate equation-of-state has been developed for pure and saline water. Effects of density ex- trema on flow and transport are being investigated for several buoyancy-induced flows. (g) An equation has been developed for the density of pure and saline water. It contains only one term in tem|>erature, as an expansion around the tempterature at the density ex- tremum. The salinity and pressure effects apf)ear in the equation in an ordered way. The density variation is fitted in the temperature, salinity and pressure ranges to 20 °C, 40 7oo and 100 bars abs. The most accurate form is in agreement with the pure water correlation of Fine and Millero, (1973) Journal of Chemical Physics, 59, 5529- 5536, to an rms difference of 3.5 ppm. For saline water it agrees to 10.4 ppm with the data of Chen and Millero (1976), Deep-Sea Research, 23, 595-612. The overall rms difference, for both pure and saline water, is 9.0 ppm. In- ferences concerning the inherent accuracy of the data arise from the comparisons. Our results also suggest the pressure effect on the extremum temperature, for both pure and saline water. The equation is also separately fitted to the 1-atm correlation of Fofonoff and Bryden (1975), Journal of Marine Research, 33, 69-82, to 2.5 ppm, over the salinity range from 8 °/oo to 40 °/oo, and from to 20 °C. The effects of density extrema on buoyancy-induced flows in water are analyzed using a new density relation for pure and saline water. This new equation-of-state is accurate in the vicinity of maximum density for a wide range of tem- perature, salinity and pressure. Vertical boundary layer flows resulting from the simultaneous diffusion of momen- tum, thermal energy and salinity are considered. The sim- plicity of the temperature dependence of the density rela- tion permits a buoyancy force formulation which dispenses with previously encountered restrictions, and results in a minimum number of additional new parameters. Condi- tions for similarity are determined considering all impor- tant physical effects and a new Grashof number arises which correctly reflects the vigor and direction of the flow near density extrema. Extensive calculations are presented for a vertical isothermal surface for a wide range of Prandtl number and pressure levels, for flows without salinity gradients. Heat transfer and convective inversion predictions are in good agreement with recent previous measurements for a melting vertical ice slab in pure water. The possibility of multiple extrema in combined diffusion flows was investigated. STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, N. Y. 1 1794. F. G. Roberts, Associate Director. 106-09001-870-00 POLLUTION TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE EAST RIVER, NEW YORK (b) The Research Foundation of the State University of New York. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research. (e) Investigate the complex tidal, estuarine, and non-tidal transport mechanisms of the East River. These mechanisms are resp>onsible for the transport of large quantities of sewage effluents, originating in the New York Harbor and the East River itself, into Long Island Sound. Although the tidal characteristics of the East River, as a hydraulic tidal strait, are relatively well-documented, the historical data on the non-tidal fluxes are extremely con- fused. A large collection of tidal, current, meteorological and sewage data is held by various governmental and city agencies. These data are being analyzed using established hydrodynamical methods to understand and quantify these various mechanisms. These results will enable more accu- rate estimates to be made of sewage effluent flux from the East River into Long Island Sound. (f) Completed. (g) About 400 MGD of sewage effluent is transjwrted by the East River into western Long Island Sound. This represents ~ 32 percent directly into the entire Sound. This figure also represents ~ 70 f)ercent of effluents released from the four sewage plants in the Upper East River. The remaining 30 percent is transfxirted to New York Harbor. (h) The Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the East River Tidal Strait, New York, M. J. Bowman, Memoires Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, Tome X, pp. 165-174, 1976. 98 Tidal Locks Across the East River: An Engineering Solu- tion to the Rehabilitation of Western Long Island Sound, Esluarine Processes 1, pp. 28-44, 1976. The Tides of the East River, New York, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 9, pp. 1609-1616, 1976. The Physical Oceanography and Water Quality of New York Harbor and Western Long Island Sound, Tech. Repi. No. 23, Marine Sciences Research Center, 1975. 106-10058-870-10 FIELD INVESTIGATION OF THE NATURE, DEGREE AND EXTENT OF TURBIDITY GENERATED BY OPEN-WATER PIPELINE DISPOSAL OPERATIONS (b) Army Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. J. R. Schubel or H. H. Carter. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Studies at five selected dredging sites for a quantitative in- vestigation of turbidity generated by open-water pipeline disposal operations. The objective is to construct a simple mathematical model that can be used to predict the extent and character of turbid plumes without the need for exten- sive field studies. 106-10059-470-44 EFFECTS OF BATHYMETRIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SAND AND GRAVEL MINING ON CIRCULATION IN LOWER NEW YORK HARBOR (b) Sea Grant. (c) R. E. Wilson, Asst. Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Using a vertically integrated hydrodynamical-numerical model, determine changes in the tidal and residual circula- tion in the Lower Bay that would result from various sand and gravel mining strategies. Assess the environmental im- pact of the altered circulation patterns. 106-10060-220-36 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DATA FROM THE CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL (b) EPA. (c) J. R. Schubel, Director. (rf) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Reduction and interpretation of existing suspended sedi- ment samples to determine the suspended sediment disper- sal system of the Canal. 106-10061-100-54 THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SILICIC ACID IN SEA- WATER (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. Iver W. Duedall. (d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. (e) Determine experimentally the partial molar volume and partial molar compressibility of silicic acid in various ionic media at temperatures, pressures and concentrations en- countered in the ocean environment. NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Geography, Earth Science and Conservation, Marquette, Mi«h. 49855. Dr. John D. Hughes, Department Head. 107-06053-440-00 DRIFT BOTTLE STUDY OF THE SURFACE CURRENTS OF LAKE SUPERIOR (c) Dr. John D. Hughes, Professor. (d) Field investigation; basic research. (e) To determine the surface current pattern of Lake Superior as it exists during each of the four seasons of the year. (/) Suspended. (g) 617 returns from 4845 drifters released (Dec. 1969). One preliminary qualitative paper published in Michigan Academician, Winter 1970. (/i) Drift Bottle Study of the Surface Currents of Lake Superi- or, Miclugaii .Academician HI, 4, Spring 1971. Reprints available from above address. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. 60201. 108-08888-340-52 MODELING OF CLADDING AND FUEL MOTION IN A LOSS-OF-FLOW SITUATION FOR GAS COOLED FAST REACTOR SAFETY ANALYSIS (h) Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) Professor D. T. Eggen, Dept. of Engineering Sciences/Applied Mathematics. (d) Develop models for safety analysis of gas-cooled fast reac- tors; experimental and numerical. (e) Program includes both experiments and the development of analytical computer models of cladding and fuel motion under GCFR loss-of-flow conditions. Three series of scop- ing experiments of increasing complexity will be per- formed on the motion, freeze-out, and coolant channel plugging of molten cladding. Computer models of these and related phenomenon are to be developed. (/) Testing and modeling continues. (g) Several experiments have been completed using Pb/Sn simulated and stainless steel cladding to study freezing in lower blanket. Analytical and numerical models have been correlated with the experiments. Melting experiments with loss of flow have been initiated using Pb/Bi alloy. The ef- fects of gas flow and spacers are being studied and a nu- merical model of the melting and motion is under develop- ment. (h) Simulation of Cladding Melting and Resolidification in GCFR under LOF Using Pb/Sn Alloy, N Chu, T J Scale, D. T. Eggen, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc, 1976. Simulation of Transient Freezing of Cladding in GCFR Blanket Channels, N. Y. Chu, D. T Eggen, E Khan, Proc. Nalt. Mtg. Fast Reactor Safety and Related Physics, CONF 761001, p. 1993, Oct. 5-8, 1976. Behavior of Fission Gas in Oxide Fuels in a Transient Overpower, T. Wehner, D. T. Eggen, Proc. 4th SMiRT Conf., San Francisco, Aug. 1977, to be published. The Effects of Spacers on the Blockage of Coolant Channels in Clad Melting Accidents, D T Eggen, T. J. Scale, S. Hsieh, Proc. 4th SMiRT Conf., San Francisco, Aug. 1977, to be published. UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556. Professor K. T. Yang, Department Chairman. 109-08891-020-54 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor R. Betchov. (d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. (e) The process of fluid deformation and vorticity concentra- tion in turbulent flows is studied. It is found that the stretching of the vorticity is always associated with colli- sion between advancing fluid masses. This produces thin regions, where most of the energy dissipation occurs. Nu- merical models for three-dimensional time dependent flows give results which confirm data from hot-wire stu- dies, and provide insight on the rate of deformation tensor in turbulent flow. (f) Completed. (h) Numerical Simulation of Isotropic Turbulence, R. Betchov, Physics of Fluids 18, p. 1230, 1975. 99 254-330 0-78-8 Phase Relations in Isotropic Turbulence, C. Lorenzen, R. Betchov, Physics of Fluids 17, p. 1503, 1975. Non-Gaussian Events in Turbulent Flows, R. Betchov, Physics of Fluids 17, p. 1509, 1975. 109-08896-630-SO INFLUENCE OF BLADE LOADING ON THE ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF A CASCADE (b) NASA, Lewis Research Center. (c) Assoc. Professor. H. Atassi. {d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) The unsteady lift forces acting upon cascade blades in a nonuniform flow are investigated. The study accounts for the effects of the different -parameter of the cascade, namely, the aerodynamic load, angle of attack, camber and thickness of cascade blades, cascade solidity, stagger angle, and deviation angle. The results will be applied to calculating the dipole noise field as well as the quadruple originated noise. Optimization and sensitivity studies will equally be carried out so as to determine the optimal parameters of the cascade yielding minimum fluctuating lift for a given aerodynamic performance. (/)) Influence of Loading on the Unsteady Aerodynamics of Turbomachine Blades, H. Atassi, Unsteady Flows in Jet En- gines, Proc. Intl. Workshop, United Aircraft Research Lab., pp. 449-464, 1974. Influence of Loading on the Sound Field of Turbomachine Blades at Low and Moderate Mach Numbers, H. Atassi, Transportation Noise, Proc. 3rd Interagency Symp. Universi- ty Research, Univ. of Utah, pp. 352-360, Nov. 1975. Effect of Loading and Rotor Wake Characteristics on the Acoustic Response of Stator Blades, H Atassi, AIAA Paper 76-566, 1976. Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces Acting on Loaded Two- Dimensional Blades in Nonuniform Incompressible Flows, H. Atassi, lUTAM Symp. Aeroelasticity in Turbomachines, Paris, pp. 47-56, 1976. 109-08897-030-54 EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE AND SHEAR ON FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES (fc) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor A. A. Szewczyk. (d) Experimental, basic research. (e) Determine the effect of shear on the flow past finite bluff bodies. It is envisioned that the initial investigation will take place with a tailored linear velocity profile with low turbulence. In later studies the effect of turbulence su- perimposed on the shear fiow will be studied past the same bluff bodies used in the initial experiments. The following sets of experiments will be carried out; 1 ) investigation of shear fiow with low intensity turbulence, 2) investigation of a shear fiow with medium intensity turbulence, and 3) investigation of a shear fiow with high intensity turbulence. (/i) Flow Characteristics of a Bluff Body in a Low Turbulence, Shear Flow, A. A. Szewczyk, Proc. I2lh Biennial Fluid Dynamic Symp., Poland, 1975. 109-08901-870-70 PRESSURE DROP IN FABRIC FILTRATION (b) Dustex, Division of American Precision Industries. (c) Assoc. Professor T. Ariman. (d) Theoretical and experimental, applied research. {e} An analytical and experimental research program has been underway to develop a semi-empirical model for the deter- mination of the pressure drop during the filtration process of dust laden gases. Particle size and size distribution, par- ticle shape, gravity, dust cake thickness, gaseous proper- ties, such as viscosity and density, filtering velocity, rela- tive humidity, temperature, cleaning mechanism and fabric structure have been incorporated into the proposed pres- sure-drop model. An experimental program based on a bench scale filter system and a dust bag simulator has been underway for the correlation of the pressure drop formulation. (/i) Electrostatic Filtration and the Apitron-Design and Field Performance, D. J. Helfritch, T. Asiman, Workshop on Novel Concepts, Methods, and Advanced Technology in Par- ticulate-Gas Separation, Univ. of Notre Dame, Apr. 1977. 109-08902-270-54 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA RELATED TO PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE THROMBUS FORMATION AND ERYTHROCYTE DAMAGE (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor T. J. Mueller and Assoc. Professor J. R. Lloyd. {d) Experimental; applied and basic research. (e) The transport phenomena in the vicinity of prosthetic heart valves are studied numerically and experimentally. Extensive data have been obtained with hot wire/film techniques which provide insight into the shear and nor- mal stresses which the red blood cells experience as they fiow through the valve. Shear stresses sufficient to damage erythrocytes have been found. Mass transfer rates have been measured around disc and ball valve prosthesis, and numerical prediction for low Reynolds number flows have been performed as a basis for comparison of the results. (/i) In Vitro Measurements of Fluid Stresses in the Vicinity of a Disc-Type Prosthetic Heart Valve, R. S. Figliola, T. J. Mueller, Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. Engrg. in Medicine and Biology, Boston, Nov, 1976. Shear Induced Variations in Red Blood Cell Morphology, J. R. Lloyd, T. J. Mueller, P. C. Johnson, E. H. MacDonell, ASME 1976 Advances in Bioengineering, pp. 30-32, 1976. 109-08906-890-54 FIRE AND SMOKE SPREAD IN CORRIDORS (b) National Bureau of Standards. (c) Professors K. T. Yang, J. R. Lloyd, A. M. Kanury, S. T. McComas, V. W. Nee, A. A. Szewczyk. id) Theoretical and experimental, basic and applied research. (e) This study is directed toward a better understanding of fire and smoke spread, and is to be accomplished through the development of numerical analytical models which can be used for predictive as well as guidance purposes. Radiation effects will be fully accounted for in these models. Data gathered at NBS and the University of Notre Dame will be used for an assessment of the validity of the analytical ap- proach. The analysis will be applied to small-scale and full- scale fire spread problems such as the E-84 tunnel, model corridors, the full-scale corridor, to mention a few applica- tions. With the availability of such an analysis, the rela- tionship in terms of scaling between full-scale and small- scale tests can be examined. The analysis can be used for guidance on the usefulness of hazard tests as well as ex- plaining the behavior of full-scale tests. (/i) Numerical Modeling of Unsteady Buoyant Flows Generated by Fire in a Corridor, A. C. Ku, M. L. Doria, J. R. Lloyd, 16th Intl. Symp. on Combustion, Aug. 1976. 109-08907-140-54 HEAT TRANSFER IN NEAR SUPERCRITICAL TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor K. T. Yang. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) Develop a rational semi-empirical theory based on relevant physical mechanisms which are known to affect the heat transfer characteristics for turbulent pipe flow of near su- percritical fluids. Anomalies relative to pipe size, pipe orientation, and level of heat flux with existing data are examined in detail. 109-08908-140-54 RADIATION INTERACTION IN CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER (h) National Science Foundation. (c) Assoc. Professor J. R. Lloyd and Professor K. T. Yang. (d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. 100 • (e) An analytical and experimental investigation of the in- teraction of thermal radiation with convection. The in- vestigation will center on situations arising in combustion problems such as non-homogeneous gases and geometries that require finite-difference solutions. Although this proposal is centered on two specific problems, the basic knowledge gained from this research can be extended to other situations where the interaction of radiation with the other modes of heat transfer is important. The ability of being able to realistically predict the influence of radiation on heat transfer in furnaces, combustors, and unwanted fire spread as well as on pollutant formation, to cite a few examples, is extremely important, (/i) Local Nonsimilarity Applied to Free Convection Boundary Layers with Radiation Interaction, J. L. Novotny, J. R. Lloyd, J. D. Bankston, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics 39, p. 309, 1975. 109-10118-030-26 HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK SUPPORT INTERFERENCE (b) Air Force Office of Scientific Research. (c) Asst. Professor R. C. Nelson. (d) Experimental, basic research. (e) The influence of sting or strut support systems on the flow field around slender bodies of revolution at large angles of attack is studied experimentally. Data will include pressure distribution around the cylinder, pressure drag coefficient and wake characteristics over a Reynolds number of 10^ to 3X 10*. These data will be useful for designing improved support systems which minimize model-support inter- ference as well as providing a means of correcting existing high angle of attack aerodynamic measurements. 109-10119-630-50 CORRELATION OF SINGLE STAGE DATA TO OBTAIN IM- PROVED MODELS FOR LOSS IN AXIAL COMPRESSORS (b) NASA Lewis Research Center. (c) Asst. Professor W. B. Roberts. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) The available single stage data generated by the NASA research effort over the past decade are analyzed. The data provide a detailed examination of the flow entering and leaving the blade rows in multiple radial and circum- ferential locations and can be used to study loss effects around part span dampers, end wall-effects on blading per- formance, and to develop improved stall criteria. 109-10120-540-50 STUDY OF BURNING OF LIQUID POOLS IN REDUCED GRAVITY (b) NASA, Lewis Research Center. (c) Assoc. Professor A. Murty Kanury. (d) Theoretical, basic research. (e) The merits and demerits of conducting pool-burning research in space are assessed on the basis of a critical ex- amination of the existing theoretical and experimental work in the field. 109-10121-020-54 TURBULENCE MODELING (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor R. Betchov. (d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. (e) Three-dimensional turbulent flows are studied by numeri- cal methods. A code already developed and tested against experimental results is expanded so that it can handle flows limited by simple walls as well as flows around mov- ing walls, with sharp edges. The method is intended for flows at high Reynolds numbers. Laboratory experiments are conducted to compare results with that of the numeri- cal calculations. UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil En- gineering, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556. Dr. James I. Taylor, Department Chairman. 1 1 1 -08909-870-36 INTERDISCIPLINARY EVALUATION LAKE RESTORATION OF EUTROPHIC (b) Environmental Protection Agency. (c) T. L. Theis, Q. Ross, and R. Greene. (d) Theoretical, experimental and field investigation; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Demonstrate on a full-scale basis, a lake reclamation method, using a fly ash and lime treatment. The initial phases of the project have been devoted to research and development of the treatment methodology. The present project is devoted to the actual application of fly ash and lime to the east side of Lake Charles East which is a 20 acre over nutrified lake in Steuben County, Indiana. The emphasis of this project is the monitoring of the results of the treatment of the 7.2 acres of the east portion of the lake as compared to the control (west) side of the lake. Differences in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics between the treated and control sides will be noted with particular interest in the success of the treatment in retarding algal blooms and their related problems will be evaluated. In addition, the potential detri- mental effects of the treatment method on higher trophic levels will be monitored. Water quality will be monitored to determine the probability of trace metal release downstream from the treated portion of the lake. A second aspect of this project is to study some of the various aspects of lake eutrophication which are directly or indirectly related to reclamation methods by physical and chemical manipulation. Continued laboratory algal assay studies will be performed to determine algal regrowth in treated water, and the effect of cations on phosphorus uptake. Study is currently underway to deter- mine the rate and extent of nutrient regeneration from algal decomposition and the availability of these nutrients for further algal growth during a growing season. Con- tinued evaluation of trace metal releases from fly ash treatment will be conducted both in the laboratory and on a field basis in Lake Charles East as well as the uptake of these metals in the biological community. Another study will analyze the effect of fly ash on the growth, regrowth, and distribution of macrophytes in the lake. (g) Results thus far suggest that certain power plant fly ashes are effective in retarding the release of phosphorus from lake sediments. Full scale treatment plus nutrient diversion has brought about much lower phosphorus levels and a shift in algal successional patterns away from blue-green species. (/i) The Role of Sediments in Hypereutrophic Lakes: Factors Effecting Phosphorus Exchange, P. J. McCabe, Ph.D. Thes- is, \9n. Eutrophic Lake Restoration by Phosphorus Control, B P. J. Higgins, Ph.D. Thesis. 1977. Effects of Sodium and Potassium Ions on Transport of Phosphorus in Selanastrum Capricornutum and Microcystis Aeruginosa, S. C. Mohleji, Ph.D. Thesis, 1976. 111-09911-820-52 THE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER BY HEAVY METALS FROM THE LAND DISPOSAL OF FLY ASH (b) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) T. L. Theis, Asst. Professor. (d) Theoretical, experimental laboratory and field investiga- tions; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Characterize and monitor in the field trace metals as- sociated with power plant fly ash and fly ash disposal operations with special reference to groundwater and soil contamination. Studies include laboratory analysis of several kinds of fly ash utilizing selective chemical extrac- 101 tants in order to define the available fraction of trace metals. Intensive field investigations of disposal sites are being performed. A model of metal distribution patterns will be made. (g) Results thus far indicate that relatively conservative trace metals (such as nickel and zinc) migrate most readily in the disposal environment under study. Soil distribution of heavy metals is dependent largely on the site hydrologic characteristics. (/OSorbtive Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Fly Ash-Soil Environments, T. L. Theis, J. J. Marley, R. O. Richter, Proc. 3 1st Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., 1976. Field InvestigatioTis of Trace Metals in Groundwater from Fly Ash Disposal, T. L. Theis, J. D. Westrick, J. J. Marley, Proc. 32nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., Purdue Universi- ty, 1977. OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, P.O Box X, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. Dr. Herman Postma, Director. 112-09266-870-36 FILTRATION WITH CROSS FLOW (h) Environmental Protection Agency and ERDA. (c) James S. Johnson, Jr. (d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research. (e) Laboratory and field investigations of treatment of indus- trial and municipal waste streams by filtration carried out with cakes (dynamic membranes) appropriate to desired separations, from dissolved materials to particulates, the unifying aspect being circulation of the solution being fil- tered past the filter to control polarization and reduce fouling. Field tests have used a mobile low-pressure cross- fiow filtration unit for evaluation of solids-liquid separa- tions after addition of physical-chemical additives to pri- mary sewage effluent; a mobile intermediate and high pressure unit for ultrafiltration and hyperfiltration tests with municipal sewage and with textile wastes; and ultrafil- tration and hypert~iltration pilot units now operating in a kraft pulping installation. (/) Sewage studies completed, reported in EPA reports ORD 17030EOH01/70 (hyperfiltration) and EPA-600/2-76-025 (cross flow filtration). Textile work continued at Clemson University. Pulp mill ongoing. (g) Only preliminary from pilot plants at International Paper Co. installation in Moss Point, Miss. Ultrafiltration (dynamic hydrous Zr(lV )-Si(IV) oxide membrane) of bleach plant caustic extract was carried to over 12 percent solids, with excellent removal of color and organics, and flux about 65 gpd/ft-' at high water recovery. Hyperfiltra- tion (dynamic hydrous Zr(lV) oxide-polyacrylate mem- brane) of decker effluents gave good removals, but flux decline from fouling was severe. Breakage of supports, particularly with hyperfiltration, indicates need for further development of ceramic tubes or identification of alterna- tives. 112-10021-340-55 NOISE DIAGNOSTICS FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT (b) Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regu- latory Commission. (c) D. N. Fry, Instrumentation and Controls Division, BIdg. 3500, ORNL, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. (d) Experimental: measurement and diagnostics of the fluc- tuating component (noise) from neutron detectors in nuclear reactors. () Naval Sea Systems Command. (c) Mr. M. L. Billet. (d) Experimental. (e) A method is being developed to measure the size and dis- tribution of cavitation nuclei in a high-speed water tunnel. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa. 19174. E. B. Dussan V, Asst. Professor. 125-09951-100-54 MUTUAL DISPLACEMENT OF IMMISCIBLE VISCOUS FLUIDS (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research, for Ph.D. thesis. (e) The mutual displacement of immiscible viscous fluids: The aim is to perform a detailed fluid mechanical analysis of 111 the flow near the moving contact line, and to deduce the appropriate boundary conditions needed to analyze the wetting and spreading of fluids on a solid surface; the aim is also to be able to predict dynamic contact angles. (/i) Immiscible Liquid Displacement In A Capillary Tube: The Moving Contact Line, /l/C/i£ 7. 23, pp. 131-133, 1977. The Moving Contact Line: The Slip Boundary Condition, J. Fluid Mech. 77, pp. 665-681, 1976. On the Difference Between a Material Surface and a Boun- dary Surface, J. Fluid Mech. 75, pp. 609-623, 1976. Hydrodynamic Stability and Instability of Fluid Systems with Interfaces, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analy- sis 57, 4, pp. 363-379, 1975. On the Motion of a Fluid-Fluid Interface Along a Solid Sur- face, (with S. H. Davis), J. Fluid Mech. 65, pp. 71-95, 1974. UNIVERSITY OF PIHSBURGH, School of Engineering, De- partment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Pitts- burgh, Pa. 15261. Dr. George E. Klinzing, Associate Professor and Graduate Coordinator. 126-08934-290-00 EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED EFFECT OF ARTIFI- CIALLY ROUGHENED SURFACES ON HYDRAULIC LOSS COEFFICIENTS (d) Experimental, applied. (e) Experimental data obtained for flow of water between "smooth" and an artificially rougheiied plate for the pur- pose of determining the effect of artificially roughened surfaces of moderate to large relative roughness. Reduced data indicates significant increase in the hydraulic loss coefficient which results in decreased flow rates between two parallel plates. (f) Suspended. (/i) Experimentally Determined Effect of Artificially Roughened Surfaces of Hydraulic Loss Coefficients, lEC Process Design & Development, Apr. 1977. 126-09837-000-00 LAMINAR FLOW INSTABILITY ' (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) The stability of flow in single channels has been shown by analytical methods. Multiple channels present considerable difficulty in analysis and numerical techniques are em- ployed with overall correlation of the stability criteria with the parameters of the system. (/)) Temperature- Viscosity Induced Laminar Instabilities in a Gaseous Heated Channel, Nuclear Engrg. & Design 40, p. 225, 1977. 126-09838-130-00 PULSED FLUIDIZATION OF POWDERS (d) Experimental; applied. (e) The fluidization of powders of particles sizes 1-10 /xm is only possible by use of pulsed fiow. This pulsed technique is proposed as a method for characterizing powder proper- ties in flow situations. UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, Department of Civil En- gineering, Water and Environmental Engineering Pro- gram, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15261. Professor Chao-Lin Chiu, Program Chairman. 127-08240-810-54 STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. Rafael G. Quimpo. (d) Theoretical with field Investigation and data analysis. (e) Stochastic models of hydrologic systems are investigated with a view of unifying their formulation under a common framework with models of parametric hydrology. (/) Completed. (g) A second order model for a hydrologic system was developed. The second order kernel was expressed in terms of two parameters. A parameter estimation technique from input-output data was developed. (/i) Parameter Estimation in a Second Order Runoff Model, R. G. Ouimpo, Sun-Quan Yuan, presented 3rd Intl. Hydrology Synip., Fort Collins, Colorado, June 1977. 127-08935-300-54 SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NATURAL STREAMS AND RIVERS {b) National Science Foundation. (d) Analytical, with field data. (e) Develop a technique and procedure for computing secon- dary currents in natural streams and rivers, and use the technique to study the characteristics, development, and sensitivity of secondary currents to various factors affect- ing them. (g) A technique for computing secondary currents has been developed with which the three-dimensional structure of flow in streams and rivers can be computed, simulated, and analyzed. Such a result enables investigating many other transport processes in streams and rivers which are inherently three-dimensional. (h) Simulation of Hydraulic Processes in Open Channels, Chao- Lin Chiu, H. C. Lin, K. Mizumura, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 102, HY2, Feb. 1976. 1 27-09845-200-00 APPLICATIONS OF KALMAN FILTERING THEORY IN ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC PROCESSES (d) Analytical, experimental. (e) Modern estimation theory using Kalman filters is being tested for its effectiveness in estimation of parameters and variables of hydraulic systems, such as the open channel flow, stream temperature fluctuation, and sediment trans- port, etc. (g) Early results indicate that the use of Kalman filtering can reduce the estimate-error variance and, hence, increase the accuracy of estimation. (/)) Applications of Estimation Theory to Hydraulic Problems, Chao-Lin Chiu, N. C. Matalas, D. R. Dawdy, K. Mizumu- ra, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. Stochastic Hydraulics, Lund, Sweden, Aug. 2-4, 1976. Application of Kalman Filter in Modeling Daily Stream Temperature, Chao-Lin Chiu, E. Isu, Proc. XVII Cong. Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Baden Baden, Germany, Aug. 15-19, 1977. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, Moody Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Princeton, N.J. 08540. Professor Seymour M. Bog- donoff. Department Chairman. 128-10414-050-54 INCOMPRESSIBLE AXISYMMETRIC WAKES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. Francis R. Hama. (d) Primarily experimental basic research. (e) Characterization of unstable waves and clarification of tur- bulent breakdown mechanism in basically axisymmetric wakes behind various increasingly blunt bodies of revolu- tion. (/i) An Experimental Study of Instability and Transition in an Axisymmetric Wake, L. F. Peterson, Ph.D. Thesis, 1975. Axisymmetric Laminar Wake Behind a Slender Body of Revolution, F. R. Hama, L. F. Peterson, J. Fluid Mech. 76, pp. 1-15, 1976. 112 Instability and Transition in Axisymmetric Wakes, F. R. Hama, L. F. Peterson, S. C. de la Veaux, D. R. Williams, AGARD Laminar-Turhuleiu Transition Symp. Proc, 1977. 128-10415-010-20 BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) Dr. Francis R. Hama. (d) Experimental basic research in a newly constructed boun- dary layer channel. (e) Detailed mapping of instantaneous, three-dimensional, time-dependent flow fields in the process of laminar-turbu- lent transition of a flat-plate boundary layer. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural En- gineering, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Dr. G. W. Isaacs, Department Head. 129-03808-830-05 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND GROSS EROSION FROM FARM- LAND AND DISTURBED AREAS (also see Agri. Research Serv., North Central Region, Project 04275). (b) Agricultural Research Service, USDA; Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Purdue University. (c) Dr. G. R. Foster. (d) Experimental investigation; basic and applied research. (e) The relationships of rainfall, soil, topographic, land-use, and management parameters to runoff and soil erosion are evaluated from field-plot and laboratory data, and the mechanics of soil erosion by water are studied as a basis for mathematically simulating the soil erosion process. (g) Effects of slope concavity, runoff rate, entrained sediment, and particle size on the deposition of noncohesive particles by overland flow were investigated. One study with rills showed that a critical discharge exists below which little erosion occurs, the erosion rate varies linearly with discharge minus the critical discharge, a nonerodible layer decreases erosion but widens the rills, and, while tillage in- creases rill erosion, buried pieces of large crop residue greatly reduce rill erosion. A national erosion conference (proceedings available) was held at Purdue University in May 1976 to discuss the extent of erosion problems, appli- cation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and contribu- tion to water pollution by soil erosion. The USDA Agricul- tural Handbook No. 282 for estimating field soil loss is currently being revised. (/i) Hydraulics of Flow in a Rill, G. R. Foster, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ., 1975. New Developments in Estimating Water Erosion, W. H. Wischmeier, Proc. 29th Ann. Mig. Soil Cons. Soc. Amer., pp. 179-185, 1974. Effect of Flow Rate and Canopy on Rill Erosion, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, S. Miklov, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 18, 5, pp. 905-91 1, 1975. Erosion Modeling on a Watershed, C. A. Onstad, G. R. Foster, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 18, 2, pp. 288-292, 1975. Control of Water Pollution from Cropland, B. A. Stewart, D. A. Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J. H. Caro, M. H Frere, ARS-H-51, Agri. Research Serv., USDA, Vol. I and II, 1975. Use and Misuses of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, W. H. Wischmeier, J. Soil and Water Cons. 31, I, pp. 5-9, 1976. 129-07584-820-61 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES (b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Dr. E. J. Monke. (d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation, applied research. ie) Study the dynamics of water and pollutant movement in soil, to evaluate the effects of subsurface drainage on crop production, to evaluate erosion and related chemical trans- port from agricultural soils, and to simulate the effects of land use on sedimentation and related-pollution of streams and lakes. (g) The effect of land treatment on the movement of sediment and chemicals from a 4950 ha agricultural watershed is being studied. Best management practices for controlling the offsite effects of erosion are conservation tillage which provides protection of the soil surface over critical periods of the year and parallel, tile-outlet terraces or small deten- tion reservoirs which temporarily store runoff thus provid- ing time for sediment deposition to occur. Soils with im- proved tilth were shown to substantially reduce both sedi- ment and nutrient losses from land and to alter the com- position of the transported materials. A distributed watershed model was developed as an aid for quantifying sediment yield reductions from specific land use treat- ments. The model will also be useful as a planning tool for controlling nonpoint source pollution of water resources. (/)) Movement of Pollutant Phosphorus in Unsaturated Soil, E. J. Monke, E. D. Millette, L. F. Huggins, Tech. Rept. No. 46, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1974. Sediment Contributions to the Maumee River, E. J. Monke, D. B. Beasley, A. B. Bottcher, EPA-905 19-75-007, Proc. Non-Point Pollution Seminar, pp. 71-85, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1975. Land Use and Sediment Yields in the Black Creek Watershed, E. J. Monke, Proc. Workshop on Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution, pp. 70-80, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1976. Sediment Yield from an Agricultural Watershed into the Maumee River, E. J. Monke, EPA-905 19-76-005, Proc. Best Management Practices for NPS Pollution Control, pp. 131-140, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1976. Runoff, Erosion, and Nutrient Movement from Interrill Areas, E. J. Monke, H. J. Marelli, L. D. Meyer, J. F. De- Jong, Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs. 20, 1, pp. 58-61, 1977. 129-07585-810-33 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROLOGY OF SMALL WATERSHEDS (b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; Office of Water Research and Technology, USDI; U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. (c) Dr. L. F. Huggins. (d) Experimental, basic, applied, design. (e) Develop an analytical method to accurately describe the hydrologic response of natural watersheds to real or hypothetical storms independent of gaged records for a watershed. (g) Emphasis is being placed on the development of a dis- tributed parameter watershed model which is capable of simulating both the hydrology and nonpoint source pollu- tion process at all points throughout a complex area. The primary nonpoint pollution process receiving attention is soil erosion/transport and its associated chemicals. (/>) Simulation of the Hydrology of Ungaged Watersheds, L. F. Huggins, J. R. Burney, P. S. Kundu, E. J. Monke, Tech. Rept. No. 38, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1973. Computer Monitoring of Environmental Conditions in a Watershed, L. F. Huggins, EPA-90519-75-007, Proc. Non- Point Source Pollution Seminar, pp. 151-161, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1975. Hydrologic Simulation Using Distributed Parameters, L. F. Huggins, T. H. Podmore, C. F. Hood, Tech. Rept. No. 82, Water Resources Research Center, Purdue Univ., 1976. A Systematic Approach to Data Reduction Using GASP IV, G. A. Wong, S. J. Mahler, J. R. Barrett, L. F. Huggins, Proc. Winter Simulation Conf., pp. 403-410, 1976. 113 Environmental Data Acquisition and Real-Time Computers, L. F. Huggins, S. J. Mahler, EPA-905 19-76-005, Proc. Best Management Practices for NPS Pollution Control, pp. 164- 170, Reg. V, USEPA, Chicago, 1976. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Chemical Engineering, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Professor Lowell B. Koppel, Head. 131-07592-130-00 DRAG REDUCTION IN TWO-PHASE FLOW (c) Professor R. A. Greenkorn or Professor D. P. Kessler. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) To measure and correlate drag coefficients in tubes, fittings, pumps, etc., in the laminar, transitional, and tur- bulent regimes for the annular flow of two liquids plus a suspended solid phase. The outer liquid will be viscoelastic. Experiments will be run in flow slip at Reynolds number up to 100,000. Pressure drop measure- ments, velocity profiles, and visual observations will be used to postulate mechanisms for such flow and derive predicting equations. The data will be correlated according to these equations. (h) A Study of Liquid-Liquid Flow in Pipes, W. P. Garten, M.S. Thesis, available Purdue Univ. Library. A Study of Annular Two-Phase Oil-Water Flow in Con- duits, M. H. Stein, M.S. Thesis, available Purdue Univ. Library. 131-08242-020-00 STATISTICAL AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS OF TURBULENT ENERGY EQUATION (c) R. N. Houze, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical; basic. (e) Solutions of the turbulent energy equation are being ob- tained utilizing various statistical and phenomenological models for the turbulent stresses. Solutions are being com- pared with available published data. Methods are to be ex- tended to free surface flows, with aim of predicting turbu- lence characteristics pertinent to interphase transport processes. 131-08243-130-00 FREE BOUNDARY TURBULENCE (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor T. G. Theofanous; Assoc. Professor R. N. Houze. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M. S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) A two-dimensional fully developed, stratified, gas liquid flow system is being studied with special emphasis on the turbulent characteristics of the liquid phase in the im- mediate vicinity of the interface. (h) Horizontal, Stratified, Gas- Liquid Flow: The Interfacial Re- gion, T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze, D. M. Johns, I5th Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., San Francisco, Calif, Aug. 1976. Structure of Free Boundary Turbulence with Interphase Mass Transport, T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze, L. K. Brumfield, D. M. Johns, PCHE 76-1, Two-Phase Flow and Mass Transfer Lab., School of Chemical Engrg., Purdue University. 131-08244-130-00 TURBULENT TRANSPORT AT FREE INTERFACES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor T. G. Theofanous; Assoc. Professor R. N. Houze. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; Ph.D. theses. (e) Statistical and eddy turbulence models are being devised to elucidate the mechanism of the fluid mechanical in- teraction of bulk turbulence and a free interface and hence arrive to a quantitative description of the mass transfer characteristics of the interface, (/i) On the Prediction of Heat Transfer Across Turbulent Liquid Films, L. K. Brumfield, T. G. Theofanous, J. Heat Transfer 98, 3, Aug. 1976. Turbulent Mass Transfer at Free, Gas-Liquid Interfaces, with Applications to Open-Channel, Bubble and Jet Flows, T. G. Theofanous, R. N. Houze, L. K. Brumfield, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer 19, pp. 613-624, 1976. Turbulent Mass Transfer at Free, Gas-Liquid Interfaces with Applications to Film Flows, L. K. Brumfield, R. N. Houze, T. G. Theofanous, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer 18, pp. 1077-1081, 1975. Turbulent Mass Transfer in Jet Flow and Bubble Flow: A Reappraisal of Levich's Theory, L. K. Brumfield, T. G. Theafanous, AlChE J. 22, 3, May 1976. 131-09839-820-54 THE ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW OF TRACE METALS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor R. A. Greenkorn. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Specific objectives are to estimate the fiow properties of a groundwater reservoir; construct a resistance analog of the aquifer to study water movement; program necessary cal- culations to trace metals movement; design and construct an observation well system; sample aquifer sand and water at various depths to determine trace metals present; use the well system to confirm estimate of aquifer properties by analysis of the pumping characteristics of the well system; develop the hydrology for the aquifer; determine the movement of the trace metals using the calculations obtained to trace metals movement and the hydrology for the aquifer; monitor the system by measurements in the wells and by calculation of fluid movement. (/)) Exploratory Study of the Flow Characteristic and the Movement of Trace Metals in the East Chicago Cadmium Project Test Site, A. Mathews, M.S. Thesis (1975), availa- ble Purdue Univ. Library. 131-09840-820-00 THE EFFECT OF PORE STRUCTURE ON THE SATURA- TION OF FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA (b) Purdue Research Foundation. (c) Professors R. A. Greenkorn and D. P. Kessler. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) A study of the effect on nonuniformity on saturation of a fluid in a porous medium to determine more precisely the relationship between dimensionless capillary pressure and pore size distribution. In most recovery processes the necessary condition for moving oil by flooding is that a pressure drop be available to move oil. In the tertiary processes using surface active materials more of the pres- sure drop is available to move oil from the smaller pores and less is required to overcome interfacial tensions. A sufficiency condition to make this method applicable is that the oil be present, that is, we must have knowledge about the volume of small pores which contain oil follow- ing a conventional recovery operation. This implies that in order to understand and design recovery operations a more precise knowledge of capillary pressure-saturation behavior must be known. (/i) An Experimental Investigation of Capillary Pressure Behavior as a Function of Pore Size Distribution, M. F. Smith, M.S. Thesis, 1976, available Purdue Univ. Library. 114 PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering, West Lafayette, Ind., 47907. Professor R. Viskanta. 132-09841-440-33 LABORATORY SIMULATION OF MIXING IN THERMALLY STRATIFIED, HEATED LAKES, RESERVOIRS AND PONDS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (e) Internal mixing processes play a critical role in the convec- tive and dispersive transport of oxygen, material pollu- tants, nutrients and biota, in the dispersal of thermal ef- fluents, and in the internal energy transport for establish- ing the thermal structure (temperature distribution) in the water. The specific objective of the research program is to investigate the internal mixing and energy transport processes in thermally stratified, heated and/or cooled water by performing laboratory experiments under care- fully controlled environment simulating as closely as possi- ble the conditions existing in stagnant natural waters such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. The internal mixing and energy transport in water will be simulated in a tank filled with water. The water will be first stratified by irradiating it from "solar heaters" and then cooled from the free sur- face. The unsteady temperature distribution in the water will be measured with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The internal mixing and flow field in the water will be visualized and measured using tracer techniques. The ex- perimental data will be analyzed with the view of obtaining vertical mixing (turbulent eddy diffusion) coefficients and local (molecular and turbulent diffusive as well as convec- tive) energy fluxes. In the analytical phase of the investiga- tion, a mathematical model will be developed to predict internal free convective flow and energy transfer in a stratified layer of water resulting from cooling and/or heat- ing at the surface. (/i) Laboratory Study of Unsteady Energy Transfer in Surface Layers of Stratified Water, R Viskanta, J. R. Parkin, IVaier Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 1277-1285. 1976. A Study of Cooling Initially Uniform and Thermally Stratified Layers of Water, M. Behnia, M.S. Thesis, Purdue Univ., Dec. 1976; obtainable Purdue Univ. Library. (g) Prandtl's mixing length theory has been extended to ac- count for the damping of turbulence due to the presence of the magnetic field. The damping function is equal to exp (AM/Re'''^). The constant A depends on the geometry of the magnetic field (aligned or perpendicular). This function was used to predict the skin friction and u'v' data for two-dimensional channel Hartmann fiows with vertical field and found to be in agreement wiili experi- ments performed in our laboratory. A semi-empirical theory was also developed for the ratio of eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum transfer ac- counting for the magnetic field Heat transfer measure- ments in pipes with aligned fields were found to agree with theoretical predictions. The growth of the bubble in the presence of a magnetic field was investigated. The work reveals the existence of a new nondimensional number which physically represents the ratio of the ponderomotive forces over pressure forces computed on the basis of length-scale and time related to the coefficient of thermal diffusion. It was found that for a spherical magnetic field, growth of the bubble remains parabolic in time but the rate of growth is slower. Heat- transfer estimates indicate that heat transfer is reduced in the presence of magnetic fields. This reduction is more substantial for potassium than it is for mercury. The as- sumption of spherical symmetry for the field has been relaxed. (/i) Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer in Pipes with Aligned Magnetic Fields, P. S. Lykoudis, M. Andelman, Trans. Anier. Nuclear Soc. 1975 Ann. Mtg. 21, pp. 36-37, June 8-13, 1975. The Effect of Liquid Inertia on Bubble Growth in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, P. S. Lykoudis, L. Y. Wagner, Paper No. AIChE37, Proc. ASME. AlChE I6lh Natl. Heal Transfer Conf., St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 8-1 1, 1976. Bubble Growth in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, P. S. Lykoudis, Intl. J. Heal Mass Transfer 19, pp. 1357-1362, 1976. Short Description of Current Work in the MFM Laborato- ry of Purdue University, P. S. Lykoudis, from MHD-Flows and Turbulence, H. Branover, ed., Proc. Bal-Sheva Intl. Seminar, Beersheva, Israel, pp. 103-118, Mar. 17-20, 1975. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Nuclear Engineering, West La- fayette, Ind. 47907. Paul S. Lykoudis, Professor and Head. 133-10087-110-54 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SINGLE-PHASE AND TWO-PHASE LIQUID METAL FLOWS IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS (b) National Science Foundation. (t/) Theoretical and experimental; basic research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) The Magneto-Fluid-Mechanic Facility at Purdue University consists of isothermal and heat transfer loops in which the working medium is mercury. 300 gallons per minute of mercury are pumped through test sections simulating tur- bulent Hartmann channel fiow. An electromagnet with pole faces I'XSO' provides a magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla at a gap of 3 inches. Hot film anemometry is used to probe the flow. The range of Hartmann and Reynolds numbers is 1500 and 500,000, respectively. Nucleate boil- ing in liquid metals is being studied in an experimental ap- paratus consisting of a horizontal heated surface in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field. The boiler has a capability of 300 kw/m^ heat fiux. Platinum resistance thermometers are used for the bulk and surface tempera- ture measurements. At the present time water has been used in our nucleate boiling experiment for testing pur- poses. We are in the process of proceeding with our ex- periments with mercury and then potassium. The work is relevant for liquid metal MHD power generation and also proposed blankets of fusion reactors. 133-10088-130-55 TRANSIENT DEVELOPMENT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TWO-PHASE FLOW BOILING (b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) Professor T. G. Theofanous {d) Theoretical; applied, research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Certain accidental transients in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors may lead to liquid sodium boiling which is two- dimensional in character. The transient development of this coolant boiling is important in determining the result- ing neutronic feedback and resulting power transient. The work involves the numerical modeling of this process. The unique aspect of the work is in taking the view that the boiling flow process within a tight matrix of fuel rods can be modeled as one in a porous body. (g) Current results indicate that significant differences as far as reactor response is concerned may be attributed to the two-dimensional nature of actual boiling versus the previ- ously employed simplified treatment of one-dimensional boiling. (/i) A Numerical Simulation of the Two-Dimensional Boiling (Voiding) in LMFBR Subassemblies, C. Miao, T. G. Theofanous, Proc. Intl. Mtg. Fast Reactor Safety and Re- lated Physics, Chicago, 111., Oct. 1976. 133-10089-340-55 PROPAGATION OF THERMAL EXPLOSIONS (h) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (c) Professor T. G. Theofanous. id) Experimental, theoretical; basic; Ph.D. thesis. 115 254-330 0-78-9 (e) Development of hydrodynamic-in-origin mechanisms for rapid and extensive fragmentation of one liquid into another. Effects of shocic waves and collapse of vapor blankets are of particular interest. Such fragmentation is the crucial propagation step in vapor explosions and a better understanding will help determine the likelihood of such explosions for reactor accident conditions. 133-10090-340-55 STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLUMETRICALLY HEATED MULTICOMPONENT BOILING POOLS (b) Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (c) Professor T. G. Theofanous. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic; Ph.D. thesis. (e) This problem is relevant to the hypothetical occurrence of a core meltdown accident of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor. The stability characteristics of such fuel pools would determine the power transient and total energy deposition during the accident. The work involves model experiments (using a microwave facility) and theoretical studies. 133-10091-110-54 TURBULENT STRUCTURE IN NONISOTHERMAL LIQUID METAL (i)) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Alexander Sesonske. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) To measure the statistical turbulent behavior of the velocity and temperature fields in mercury pipe flow; to use turbulent structure parameters, including turbulent heat flux, to verify and develop heat transport predictive models; and to explore how the pipe fiow results might be extended to complex geometries. Turbulence measure- ments are being made, using hot-film anemometry, in a flexible heat transfer facility provided with various test section flow and temperature traversing arrangements. (g) Axial and radial turbulent heat fluxes, as well as other structure parameters, were derived from hot-film measure- ments using digital time-series analysis. These results pro- vide a basis for the analysis and development of transport predictive models. In addition, the eddy diffusivity concept appears to have a useful role when based on turbulence length scales. (/i) Turbulent Structure of Isothermal and Nonisothermal Liquid Metal Pipe Flow, L. E. Hochaeiter, A. Sesonske, Inll. J. Heal and Mass Transfer 17, p. 113, 1974. Non-Isothermal Mercury Pipe Flow Turbulent Charac- teristics, T. W. Flaherty, L. L. Eyler, A. Sesonske, Proc. 4th Biennial Symp. Turbulence in Liquids, Univ. of Mo., Rolla, Mo., 1975. A Predictive Technique for Temperature and Eddy Dif- fusivity Distributions in Liquid Metal Turbulent Pipe Flow, G. A. Klein, A. Sesonske, Proc. 1976 Nail. Heat Transfer Conf, 1976. Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Liquid-Metal Channel Flow-Models and Experiments, L. L. Eyler, A. Sesonske, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 24, p. 368, 1976. Space-Time Correlations of Temperature in Turbulent Mer- cury Pipe Flow, S. C. Caruso, M.S. Thesis, available Pur- due University. THE RAND CORPORATION, Department of Physical Sciences, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, Calif. 90406. Dr. E. C. Gritton, Department Head. (Publications may be purchased.) 134-08952-400-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR ESTUARIES AND COASTAL SEAS (h) Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Dr. J. J. Leendertse. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research and development. (e) Develop a finite difference model which can be used to compute the flow in estuaries with nonisotropic density. The model is intended to be used in engineering and scien- tific investigations of estuaries with complicated bathymetry and flow patterns. (/:) A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume I, Principles of Computation, J. J. Leendertse, R. C. Alexander, S.-K. Liu, R-1417-OWRR, Dec. 1973. A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume II, Aspects of Computation, The Rand Corpora- tion, R-1764-OWRT, June 1975. A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume III, The Interim Program, The Rarid Coporation, R-1884-OWRT, OcX. 1975. 134-09908-010-18 LAMINAR FLOW HYDRODYNAMICS (b) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. (c) Dr. E. C. Gritton. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied. (e) With the purpose of obtaining extended regions of laminar flow and accompanying low hydrodynamic drag, this is an investigation of the effects of pressure gradient, heat transfer, and other means of boundary-layer control on the development, stability, and transition of water boundary layers. (g) Analytical and numerical studies have been made of water boundary layers with combined pressure gradient and heat transfer. The results provide the basis for predicting the ef- fects of flow geometry and heat transfer on hydrodynamic performance. (/i) Controlling the Separation of Laminar Boundary Layers in Water: Heating and Suction, J. Aroesty, S. A. Berger, The Rand Corporation, R-I789-ARPA, Sept. 1975. On the Effects of Wall Temperature and Suction on Laminar Boundary-Layer Stability, W. S. King, The Rand Corporation, R-I863-ARPA, Apr. 1976. Buoyancy Cross-Flow Effects on the Boundary Layer of a Heated Horizontal Cylinder, L. S. Yao, I. Catton, The Rand CorporaUon, R-1907-ARPA, Apr. 1976; also J. Heat Trans., Trans. ASME 97, Series C, pp. 122-124, 1977. The Buoyancy and Variable Viscosity Effects on a Water Boundary Layer Along a Heated Longitudinal Horizontal Cylinder, S. A. Berger, J. Aroesty, The Rand Corporation, R-I966-ARPA, Feb. 1977. e": Stability Theory and Boundary-Layer Transition, J. Aroesty, The Rand Corporation, R-1898-ARPA, Feb. 1977. 1 34-09909-870-52 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF LARGE POWER-GENERAT- ING FACILITIES (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. L. Randall Koenig. (d) Theoretical: applied research. (e) Investigate the possibility that rejection to the atmosphere of large amounts of waste heat can induce the develop- ment of large-scale convective cloudiness and precipita- tion. Two approaches are used, the study of natural and industrial analogs, and development of hydrodynamical at- mospheric models. (g) Time lapse photography shows refineries to be good analogs. Satellite imagery is useful. A two-dimensional nu- merical cloud model simulates an observed refinery cloud well, pointing to its use for power facilities with larger heat rejection. (/i) Difference in Atmospheric Convection Caused by Waste Energy Rejected in the Forms of Sensible and Latent Heats, L. R. Koenig, F. W. Murray, P. M. Tag, submitted to At- mospheric Environment. 116 I Numerical Simulation of an Industrial Cumulus and Com- parison with Observations, F. W. Murray, L. R. Koenig, P. M. Tag, to be submitted to J. Applied Meteorology. 134-09910-270-40 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR STUDYING SICKLE CELL DISEASE (b) National Institutes of Health. (c) Dr. William S. King. (d) Theoretical. (e) Develop mathematical models and computer simulations to examine the interplay among the fluid mechanics of the microcirculatory system, blood chemistry, oxygen trans- port phenomena, and red cell sickling. Particular emphases are placed on modeling the blockage of capillaries by sickled red blood cells. The ultimate goal is to simulate mathematically a vascular occlusive crisis. (g) Analytical models have been developed to study the physicochemical aspect of the sickling process as well as the kinetics of sickling. These models are being incor- porated into our capillary flow models. RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Troy, N. Y. 12181. Dr. Richard C. DiPrima, Department Chairman. 135-06772-000-20 VISCOUS FLOW STABILITY (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) Professors R. C. DiPrima, D. A. Drew. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Stability and two-phase effects are studied in an effort to achieve basic understanding of fluid flows which have im- portance in applications. (g) Work in nonlinear hydrodynamic stability has centered on the calculation of Taylor-vortex flow between eccentric rotating cylinders so as to determine the torque and force on the inner cylinder which is of interest in lubrication theory; the calculation of torque and amplification rates for Taylor vortices between concentric cylinders; and the stability of spatially periodic secondary flows for slightly supercritical conditions. In lubrication theory, interest has centered on asymptotic analysis of the nonlinear Reynolds equation for slider gas bearings operating at very high bearing numbers when the film thickness has a discontinu- ous slope at a point. It is shown that the derivative of the pressure has a boundary layer at the point of discontinuity. Results are given for taper-flat and taper-taper slider bearings. Investigations in two-phase flows have followed two central themes. First, studies have been made to determine the appropriate form for the interphase force in a particle-fiuid mixture, and its effect on fundamental flows. They include studies of the effects of the pressure gradient and lift forces on the particulate phase and the mixture Reynolds stresses. Second, studies have been made of the effect of turbulence in two-phase flows. These include a calculation of the concentration and velocity profiles in sediment flow; a study of the role of dissipation by interfacial drag in a turbulent flow, and its relation to drag reduction. Also see 135-06773-000-14. (/i) The Nonlinear Calculation of Taylor- Vortex Flow Between Eccentric Rotating Cylinders, R. C. DiPrima, J. T. Stuart, J. Fluid Mechanics 67, pp. 85-1 II, 1975. Asymptotic Methods for an Infinite Slider Bearing with a Discontinuity in Film Slope, J. A. Schmitt, R. C. DiPrima, J. Lubrication Technology 98, pp. 446-452, 1976. Low Concentration Two-Phase Flow Near a Stagnation Point, D. A. Drew, Physics of Fluids 17, pp. 1688-1691, 1974. Lift-Generated Instability of the Plane Couette Flow of a Particle-Fluid Mixture, D. A. Drew, Physics of Fluids 18, pp. 935-938, 1975. Macroscopic Streamline Integral Relations for Two-Phase Flows, D. A. Drew, J. Applied Mechanics 42E, pp. 766- 770, 1975. Two-Phase Flows: Constitutive Equations for Lift and Brownian Motion and Some Basic Flows, D. A. Drew, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 62, pp. 149- 163, 1976. Production and Dissipation of Energy in the Turbulent Flow of a Particle- Fluid Mixture, with Some Results on Drag Reduction, D. A. Drew, J. Applied Mechanics 43E, pp. 543-547, 1976. Effect of the Lift Force on the Stability of Uniform Fluidization, D. A. Drew, Physics of Fluids 19, pp. 1716- 1720, 1976. 135-06773-000-14 ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS ib) U.S. Army Research Office. (c) Professors R. C. DiPrima, L. A. Segel. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Investigation of nonlinear mathematical problems arising in fluid mechanics (particularly stability problems), chemi- cally-oriented motions of organisms, and pattern forma- tion. (g) Work has centered on 1) the calculation of the Taylor- vortex flow between eccentric rotating cylinders so as to determine the torque and force on the inner cylinder which is of interest in lubrication theory; 2) the effect of finite amplitude on the decaying torsional oscillations of a sphere and a disk-a problem of interest in viscometry; and 3) extension of basic principles of continuum physics to permit mathematical investigation of biological phenomena such as spatio-temporal pattern formation. For 3) random dispersal in predator-prey problems is modeled by diffu- sion-like terms in both discrete and continuous situations. It is shown that under some circumstances uniform condi- tions will be succeeded by a new steady state wherein predator and prey are more concentrated in certain re- gions. (/i) The Nonlinear Calculation of Taylor- Vortex Flow between Eccentric Rotating Cylinders, R. C. DiPrima, J T. Stuart, J. Fluid Mechanics 67, pp. 85-1 1 1 , 1 975. A Nonlinear Model for Double-Diffusive Convection, W. L. Siegmann, L. A. Rubenfeld, SIAM J. Applied Mathematics 29, pp. 540-557, 1975. Hypothesis for Origin of Planktonic Patchiness, S. A. Levin, L. A. Segel, Nature 259, p. 659, 1976. On the Relation between the Local Interaction of Cells and Their Global Transformation, L. A. Segel, Theoretical Physics and Biology, Proc. 4th Intl. Conf.. Versailles 1973, Amsterdam: North Holland Press, 1976. Application of Nonlinear Stability Theory to the Study of the Effects of Diffusion on Predator-Prey Interactions, L. A. Segel, S. A. Levin, Topics in Statistical Mechanics and Biophysics, American Institute of Physics AlP Conf. Proc. 27, 1976. Incorporation of Receptor Kinetics into a Model for Bac- terial Chemotaxis, L. A. Segel, J. Theoretical Biology 57, pp. 23-42, 1976. Effect of Secondary Flow on the Decaying Torsional Oscil- lations of a Sphere and a Plane, R. C. DiPrima, N. Liron, Physics of Fluids 19, pp. 1450-1458, 1976. Relaxation Oscillations Governed by a Van der Pol Equa- tion with Periodic Forcing Term, J. Grasman, E. J. M. Vel- ing, G. M. Willems, SIAM J. Applied Mathematics 31, pp. 667-676, 1976. On Peristaltic Flow and Its Efficiency, N Liron, Bull. Mathematical Biology 38, pp. 573-596, 1976. 117 ^ihlSSiLAER POLYTECHNSC SNSTSTUTE, Department of Mechcnieal Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics, Jonsson Laboratory, Troy, NY, 12181. Henry A. Scarton, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineer- ing. 136-09653-270-00 BIOMECHANICS OF KOROTKOFF SOUND PRODUCTION, VALSALVA MANEUVER INDUCED VENA CAVA FLUTTER, URETER VALVE FLUTTER, AND OTHER RE- LATED PHENOMENA (e) A self-excited large deformation elastic snap-through streaming viscous fluid relaxation oscillation of the brachi- al artery, vena cava, and ureter have been experimentally shown to be produced as a result of a condition where the externa! pressure exceeds the internal static tube pressure. In the brachial artery, these oscillations are responsible for the production of Korotkoff sounds which are used in the auscultatory method of blood pressure determination, in the vena cava, these oscillations are an unwanted and dan- gerous source of viscous pressure drop; in the ureter, these oscillauons serve the useful purpose of inhibiting back- flow into the kidney from the bladder during bladder ex- pulsion. Similar phenomena also occur in the cochlea of the inner ear. In all of these applications it is desirable to know the precise parametric nature of the oscillation. To date basic analysis done at RPl are being extended in order to further predict oscillation characteristics experi- mentally measured in our laboratory. Further analytical and experimental work are now being carried out to characterize the effect of constriction induced vortex shedding and wail flutter effects. 1 36-096S4-270-00 BIOMECHANICS OF AORTIC ATHEROMA AND AORTIC COMMON ILIAC BIFURCATION (e) The spatial distribution of early atheroma has been shown experimentally to be coincident with those regions of the curved aortic wall where the velocity gradient, and hence wall shear and mass transport, is low; for the proximal ascending aorta, this region is the inside wall closest to the center of aortic curvature. Independent experiments have shown that the entry aortic fluid core velocity distal to the left ventricle behaves as if it were inviscid so that it varies as the reciprocal of the tube principal radius of curvature and hence is paradoxically lower near the outside than near the inside curved wall. The presence of a centrifu- gally induced secondary flow is then required in order to thin the outer wall viscous boundary layer and con- sequently steepen the radial velocity gradient to produce an increase in outer wall mass transfer. Both experimental flow visualization techniques and the analytical determina- tion of this three-dimensional boundary layer in the entry region of the proximal ascending aorta show the existence of two counterrotating trapped inner wall vortices which are coincident with regions of wall streaking and ulcera- tion. In addition to observing these lesions in the aortic arch in cadavers we have also observed similar lesions in the aorto-common iliac region. We attribute this latter phenomena to observed assymmetry of the cross-section leading to different radii of curvature for the right and left side of the bifurcation. This difference and the associated difference in centripetal acceleration is responsible for flow separation in the section of larger radius of curvature. Additional detailed studies are being performed in our full scale aortic test chamber. Attempts are being made to minimize the effect of reversed flow by variation of reversed flow through alteration of local anatomic geometry. 136-09655-030-00 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN NUCLEAR FUEL PLATE ASSEMBLIES (c) Henry A. Scarton. () Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. Frederick G. Blottner. (d) Development. (e) Development of numerical codes that are to be used in the design and evaluation of coal-combustion-operated MHD generators and diffusers. (g) A computer code has been developed for predicting the two-dimensional flow in channels where the slender chan- nel approximation is utilized. The technique solves the flow across the complete channel and allows the wall boundary layers to be either laminar or turbulent. The code includes a quasi-two-dimensional option which pro- vides an approximate technique for calculating three- dimensional duct flows. Flows with or without MHD forces can be calculated and the gas model assumes either a per- fect gas or chemical equilibrium. Comparison of the nu- merical results with several experiments corroborate the validity of the code and governing equations being used. 122 ■ (h) Numerical Solution of Slender Channel Laminar Flows, F. G. Blottner, Computer Methods in AppUed Mechanics and Engrg. 10, 3, 1977. Entry Flow in Straight and Curved Channels with the Slender Channel Approximation, F. G. Blottner, J. Fluids Engrg., to be published. (ASME Paper No. 77-FE-2). 141-10014-190-52 ISOTOPE ENRICHMENT (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. R L. Fox and Dr. R R. Eaton (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) The failure of the Navier-Stokes equations for calculating certain classes of problems such as flows involving trace elements and/or disparate mass gas mixtures requires the development of alternate methods. A set of equations are derived from the Boltzmann equations using an ordering system based on relative collision frequency and effective- ness of collisions between the individual constituents. The second method developed is a Monte Carlo type particle tracing method referred to as the tracer-field method. Trace molecules are followed dynamically. They collide with the time-dependent field molecule distribution func- tions. Several computational solutions are given comparing both methods. (g) Geometries for which the above method have been used to obtain solutions include colliding jets, curved nozzles, and - two-dimensional channels (h) Investigation of Nozzles, Jets, and Channels for the Separa- tion of Heavy Isotopes, R. L. Fox, R. R. Eaton, 10th Intl. Rarefied Gas Dynamics Symp. Proc, July 1976. Isotope Enrichment by Aerodynamic Means: Some Theoretical Considerations, R. R. Eaton, R. L. Fox, K. J. Touryan, AIAA J. of Energy, June 1977. Computational Methods for Flows Involving Trace Ele- ments and Disparate Masses, R. R. Eaton, R. L. Fox, Proc. 3d Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., June 1977. Flow Equations for Ternary Gases in Aerodynamic Separa- tion of Uranium Isotopes, R. L. Fox, R. R. Eaton, Research Rept. SAND 75-0176, Jan. 1977, request from author. Investigation of Nozzles, Jets, and Channels for Separation of Heavy Isotopes, R. L. Fox, R. R. Eaton, Research Rept. SAND 76-0598, Dec. 1976, request from author. Calculation of Multicomponent Flows in the Aerodynamic Separation of Uranium Isotopes, R. R. Eaton, R. L. Fox, Research Rept. 76-0004, Mar. 1976, request from author. SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093. William A. Nierenberg, Director; Professor Douglas L. Inman, Head, Hydraulics Laboratory, and John Powell, Resident Engineer. 142-10394-420-44 STEADY STREAMING AROUND CIRCULAR BODIES UNDER LINEAR SURFACE WAVES (b) NCAA, Sea Grant. (c) Dr. Douglas L. Inman or Scott Kenkins (graduate stu- dent). (.d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research with design considerations approached. (e) Measurements of the forces resulting from laboratory scale waves on submerged spheres and cylinders. Measurements of the drift currents produced around these bodies with unseparated flow. Theoretical descriptions for these steady currents are being developed through successive approxi- mations to the wave boundary layer equations. (g) The streaming gives rise to Kutta-Joukowski forces which reduce the resultant of the wave pressure. The streaming has been described approximately by boundary layer theory for a flow regime limited to unseparated motion. Long chain polymer surfaced bodies exhibit reduced streaming. ill) Forces on a Sphere Under Linear Progressive Waves, Jen- kins and Inman, Proc. 15th Intl. Conf on Coastal Engrg., ASCE 3, 1976. 142-10395-420-44 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON BLUFFED BODIES AT SHALLOW SUBMER- GENCE IN UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENTS ib) NCAA, Sea Grant. (c) Dr. Douglas L. Inman or Scott Jenkins (graduate student). id) Experimental and theoretical, basic research with design considerations approached. (e) Measurements of wave form drag on bluffed bodies mov- ing through still water at shallow submergence. Studies in reducing wave and form drag by means of pressure recovery using Stratford's criterion for separation of a tur- bulent boundary layer. (g) The form drag has been found to exceed the wave drag by an order of magnitude. The wave drag has been found to be comparable in size to that predicted in recent nonlinear potential flow solutions. 142-10396-130-44 DUCT FLOW FLUIDIZATION STUDY (b) NCAA, Sea Grant; Department of the Navy, Naval Facili- ties Engineering Command; U.S. Army Corps of En- gineers, Waterways Experiment Station. (c) Dr. Douglas L. Inman or James A. Bailard (graduate stu- dent). (d) Experimental and theoretical applied research. () National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center. (c) Dr. W. E. Baker, Institute Scientist, and Dr. R. A. Strehlow, University of Illinois. (d) Applied research; theoretical and experimental. (e) Assess damage potential of unconfined vapor explosions and other non-ideal explosions; determine energy released by back-calculations from measured pressure-time histo- ries. (g) A survey of damage mechanics and scaling relationships for non-ideal explosions has been completed. An analysis, using the method-of-characteristics, has been developed to determine the entire flow field and the energy flows result- ing from a non-ideal explosion, using experimental pres- sure-time histories at one location. Calculations of the energy release and flow fields of bursting glass spheres under high pressure are underway to evaluate equivalent TNT yields of non-ideal explosions. (h) The Characterization and Evaluation of Accidental Explo- sions, R. A. Strehlow, W. E. Baker (to be submitted). 146-09303-000-50 FLUID MECHANICS, THERMODYNAMICS, AND HEAT TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE (h) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer. (d) Basic research. (e) Determine meritorious experiments in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer that must be conducted in space but have results applicable tc earth-bound phenomena. (/) Completed. (g) An overstudy committee of nine members from university and research institute engineers and scientists was formed. Many experiments were identified and evaluated. The im- pact of a space laboratory environment on the conduct of the experiments was assessed. (h) Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, and Thermodynamics Ex- periments for a Space Laboratory, F. T. Dodge, H. N. Abramson, S. W. Angrist, 1. Catton, S. W. Churchill, R. J. Mannheimer, S. Ostrach, S. H. Schwarts, J. V. Sengers, NASA CR-134742, (submitted to Science). 146-09304-050-15 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-SPEED COMBUSTING JETS (b) U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory. (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Studies of combusting jets issuing from tanks of com- pressed LPG. (g) Using literature results and original analyses, predictions of the flow characteristics of highly-underexpanded two- phase jets of reacting LPG are being made. The heat transfer to insulated steel plates, placed at various distances from the jet orifice, are computed, with the eventual aim of reducing the "torching" hazard in LPG tank car derailments. (/i) SwRI Contractor Reports. 126 146-09305-740-00 FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS FOR FLUID MECHANICS (b) SwRI Internal Research Panel. (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer and Mr. R. E. Ricker, En- gineer. (d) Theoretical; basic research. (e) Use of finite-element methods to analyze various potential flows with a free surface and environmental flow problems and to extend the usefulness of the method. 146-09306-640-00 FLUID-SHOCK PHYSICS (b) SwRI Internal Research Panel. (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Explore various techniques of predicting shock or blast- wave interactions with structures or other flow fields. 146-09310-550-22 WATERWHEEL TEST FACILITY FOR SURFACE EFFECT SHIPS SEAL FINGER PERFORMANCE STUDIES (fc) Surface Effect Ships Project Office, Department of the Navy. (c) Dr. R. L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems. (d) Exf>erimental applied research and test facility design. (e) Design of a large-scale waterwheel to provide high-speed hydrodynamic free surface testing. (g) Hydrodynamic problems of propulsion, stability, and sea- keeping on surface effect ships employing flexible bow and stem seals are secondary compared to seal service life shortcomings. Seal service life is adversely affected by wear and fatigue incurred in normal SES ojjeration, and the relatively short service life of the seals is a major limit- ing factor in SES design and operation. To gain additional information for improving seal life, large scale test facili- ties are needed to monitor seal life in realistic environmen- tal and operating conditions. A paper study was performed to determine the feasibility of utilizing a large-scale waterwheel as a test facility for measuring SES seal failure modes and fatigue service life. The operational and design requirements of such a facility have been established and the design of a waterwheel test rig for determining lower seal wear is currently underway. (h) SwRI Contractor Reports. 146-10354-130-70 SCALE MODELING STUDIES OF BWR BLOWDOWN FLUID PHYSICS (b) General Electric Nuclear Energy Systems Division. (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer. (d) Expyerimental and analytical; applied research. (e) Formulate sccde-modeling laws and interpret results of tests of massive air/steam injection into water p)ools. 146-10355-050-50 LIQUID JET IMPINGEMENT ON CLOSELY-WOVEN SCREENS (b) NASA-Lewis Research Center. (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer. (d) Analytical; applied research. (e) Develop math model of through-put of incompressible jet impinging on a screen. (g) Good correlation with test data has been achieved; final report is in preparation. 146-10356-650-70 SLOSH DYNAMICS OF OIL PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT (b) AMOCO. (c) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer. (d) Analytical; applied research. (e) Determine susceptibility of conventional 3 -phase separa- tors, glycol de-gassers, etc., to performance degradation by slosh effects encountered on flexible off-shore platforms. 146-10357-540-50 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF BELLOWS (b) NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center. (c) Mr. J. E. Johnson, Engineer. (d) Analytical; applied research. (e) Extend previous research to cover bellow sizes used in the Space Shuttle. 146-10358-520-45 BULK CARRIER SAFETY ENHANCEMENT (b) Maritime Administration. (c) Dr. R. L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems. (d) Analytical and experimental; applied research. (e) Analyses and scale-model tests of ventilating and gas-free- ing large supertanker tanks. (g) Phase 1 Final RepKjrt issued June 1976. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Applied Earth Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Stanford, Calif. 94305. Professor Irwin Remson. 147-08979-810-54 HYDROLOGIC MODELS FOR LAND-USE MANAGEMENT (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Cooperative project with Department of Geology. (d) Theoretical research with field applications; applied research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Development of deterministic and optimization computer models of subsurface hydrology for use in studying and managing watershed hydrology. (g) List of papers available on request. 147-10473-820-54 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF IN- FLUENT STREAMS AND RECHARGE OF UNDERLYING AQUIFERS (See also Stanford Civil Engineering Department, 148-1049) (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professors Joseph B. Franzini and Irwin Remson (cooi>erative project with Department of Civil Engineer- ing). (d) Theoretical research with labyoratory and field applications; applied research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Use of theoretical models and laboratory and field data to study the behavior of influent streams. (g) Only preliminary results. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif. 94305. Professor R. L. Street, Depart- ment Chairman. 148-10406-420-14 THE GROWTH OF OCEAN WAVES UNDER THE ACTION OF THE WIND (b) U.S. Army Research Office, Durham, N.C. (c) Professor E. Y. Hsu. (d) Experimental; bjisic research for Doctoral theses. (e) To study the effect of turbulence in the energy transfer process from wind to water waves. The projxised experi- ments include studies of the detailed flow structure by measuring the instantaneous wind profiles over the air- water interface. (h) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondent. 127 148-10407-010-54 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF TUR- BULENT BOUNDARY LAYER GROWING ON A DEFORMABLE AIR-WATER INTERFACE (b) Engineering Division, National Science Foundation. (c) Professor E. V. Hsu. (d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses. (e) The proposed research is devoted to the more precise establishment of the similarities and differences in the structure of turbulence in boundary layers over rigid and deformable (wave-perturbed) surfaces. (/j) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondent. 148-10408-420-20 WIND-GENERATED WATER WAVES (b) Professors E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street. (d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses. (e) The program is devoted to measurement of wave-induced turbulent Reynolds stresses and their contribution to the momentum transfer from the wind to the surface wave field at the air-water interface. (h) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondents. 148-10409-820-54 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF IN- FLUENT STREAMS AND RECHARGE OF UNDERLYING AQUIFERS (b) Engineering Division, National Science Foundation. (c) Professor Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil Engineering, and Professor Irwin Remson, Dept. of Applied Earth Science. id) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses. (e) Initially the kinematic wave equation for flow in a very wide channel on a constant slope will be linked numeri- cally to the one-dimensional Richard's equation for un- steady, unsaturated flow in soils. In later work the in- vestigation will be extended to include variation in channel slope, width and depth, variation of the characteristics of the underlying strata, and the effect of lateral spreading of the seepage water. 148-10410-860-36 RECLAIMED WATER IN PALO ALTO (b) Environmental Protection Agency. (c) Professors Perry L. McCarty (Principal Investigator) and Paul V. Roberts (Project Manager). (d) Basic and applied research; development of theoretical models followed by calibration and verification in the laboratory and in the field; Doctoral theses. (e) The effects of injecting treated wastewater into an aquifer are being investigated with special emphasis on the trans- formations and fates of trace contaminants and changes in the hydrogeologic and mineralogic characteristics of the aquifer. A coupled model describing flow and water quali- ty characteristics is being developed. ( /i ) Preproject Water quality Evaluation for the Palo Alto Water Reclamation Facility, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Tech. Rept. No. 206, Apr. 1976. 148-10411-530-21 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMEN- SIONAL FLOW ABOUT FULLY CAVITATING HYDROFOILS (b) Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) Professor R. L. Street. (d) Theoretical, numerical computation, basic research for Doctoral theses. {e) Develop a numerical finite element computational method for the solution of three-dimensional, irrotational, steady and fully-cavitating flow past arbitrary hydrofoils or other bodies. A fully nonlinear computation method, as is being developed, will have application in the design of hydrofoils and propellors. (g) Numerical Methods Applied to Fully Cavitating Flows, with Emphasis on the Finite Element Method, R. L. Street, P. Y. Ko, Symp. on Hydrodynamics of Ship and Offshore Propul- sion Systems. Det Norske Veritas, Oslo, Norway, 1977. 148-10412-440-33 SIMULATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC FLOWS THERMALLY-INFLUENCED (b) Office of Water-Resources Research, Department of the Interior. (c) Professor R. L. Street. (d) Theoretical, numerical computation, basic research for Doctoral theses. (e) Under the project we developed a time-dependent, three- dimensional numerical model which simulates the hydrodynamics and thermal regime of lakes and reservoirs; and a two-dimensional (horizontal-vertical) hydrostatic nu- merical model for simulation of hydrodynamics and ther- mal regimes (e.g., thermocline development) in long and narrow reservoirs and lakes. if) Completed. (g) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondent. 148-10413-140-54 HEAT TRANSFER AT A MOBILE BOUNDARY (b) Engineering Division (Heat Transfer Program), National Science Foundation. (c) Professor R. L. Street. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research for Doctoral theses. (e) The work is focused on the transport processes occurring at a gas-liquid interface under the action of a turbulent gas flow. We seek experimental determination of, and theoretical bases for, the heat transfer in the liquid layer and the partitioning of the sensible and latent heat and mass transfers across the interface under various condi- tions. (g) Publications from related previous work available from correspondent. ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSI- TY OF MINNESOTA, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 55414. Dr. Roger E. A. Arndt, Director. Inquiries concerning Projects 001 II, 01168, 07677, and 10592 which are conducted by the Agricultural Research Service (see also project reports from U.S. Government laboratories; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; North Central Region Project No. 01723) should be addressed to Fred W. Blaisdell, Research Leader, Hydraulics of Structures Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, at the above address. Inquiries concerning Project 00194 should be addressed to John V. Skinner, Engineer in Charge, Federal Inter-Agen- cy Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory at the above address. Inquiries concerning all other projects should be addressed to Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, at the above address. 1 49-0281 W-060-36 MIXING AND DISPERSION AT A WARM WATER OUTLET For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog II, 5.0349. 128 149-0285W-800-33 COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND SIMULATION MODELS IN WATER RESOURCES: SCOPE AND AVAILABILITY For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0623. 149-0437W-870-00 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF ADDITIONS TO MAYFIELD HYDROPOWER PROJECT For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 8.0098. 149-0438W-870-00 STOCHASTIC MODEL OF WATER TEMPERATURES IN STREAMS AND LAKES For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 1.0027. ■ 149-0439W-870-00 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO SEPARATE SEDI- MENTS FROM STORM WATER ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0378. 149-00111-350-05 CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY (i>) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expt. Sta. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research for develop- ment and design. (e) Recent work has been a model test of a closed tall two- way drop inlet with a crest section twice as long as the drop inlet and a structural transverse wall at the drop inlet midlength. The effect of these deviations from current design standards was determined and modifications sug- gested. Flow-induced vibrations were also investigated. (g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has been developed, verified, and published. Results of tests on many forms of the closed conduit spillway entrance have been published. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes may flow completely full even though the outlet discharges freely. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting of the results have been developed. The use of air as the model fluid has been verified by comparing test results with those obtained using water as the model fluid. The two-way drop inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex device causes the spillway to act as a self-regulating siphon when the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation. The height of the anti-vortex plate above the drop inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For one form of the inlet, tests have been made to determine the crest loss coefficient, the barrel entrance loss coefficient, the pressures on the plate and the drop inlet, the general performance of the inlet, minimum and maximum permissible plate heights, and the head- discharge relationship for plate control. Variables have been the length of the drop inlet, the barrel slope, the height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate, and the sidewall thickness. Tests of low-stage orifices in the two- way drop inlet have shown that improper location and im- proper proportioning of the orifices can prevent priming of the spillway. The proper location and size of the orifices have been determined. To supplement the experiments, potential fiow methods have been used to determine the theoretical coefficient of energy loss at the crest of the two-way drop inlet. Six shapes of elbow between the two- way drop inlet and the transition were tested. The elbows were evaluated on the basis of high minimum relative pres- sures and the presence of adverse pressure gradients. The theoretical free streamline elbow had small areas of ad- verse pressure gradient. The best elbow is an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes of 2D and ID. (D is the barrel diameter.) An elbow made up to two 45-degree cir- cular segments of radii D/2 and 3D/2 also has generally satisfactory hydraulic characteristics Seven transitions between the half-square crown, half-circular invert cross section at the elbow exit and the circular barrel were tested. The best transition is warped and ID long. (See 1968 issue for details,-ed.) The entrance loss coefficients are low and identical within the limits of experimental precision for all elbow-transition combinations. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown that the hood barrel en- trance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined. Undesirable per- formance of an operating spillway was traced to air-en- training hydraulic jumps in the barrel, inadequate size and debris-plugged air vents, and delayed venting from under the cover plate skirts that extended below the spillway crest. Adequate venting corrected the undesirable per- formance. This was achieved by removing a manhole cover in the cover plate. The manhole opening required an antivortex device and a trashrack. The point of termina- tion of the transverse wall near the base of the drop inlet affects the flow in the two drop inlet shafts. Initial designs of the transverse wall resulted in unequal water levels in the two drop inlet shafts prior to priming, and caused sub- mergence of the upstream and downstream crests at dif- ferent respective stages. To eliminate this effect, the trans- verse wall should terminate ID above the beginning of the elbow curvature, or the bottom of the transverse wall should be curved downstream, (/i) The following reports and papers are in various stages of completion: Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways-Part XVI. Elbows and Transition for the Two-Way Drop Inlet; Part XVII. The Two-Way Drop Inlet With a Semicylindrical Bottom. Hydraulic Model Investigation of a Two-Way Drop Inlet for Floodwater Retarding Structure No. 3, Banklick Creek Watershed, Boone and Kenton Counties, Kentucky. Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XIII: The Hood Drop Inlet, K. Yalamanchili, F. W. Blaisdell, Agric. Res. Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-NC-23, 78 pages, Aug. 1974.' Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XIV: Antivor- tex Walls for Drop Inlets; Part XV: Low-Stage Inlet for the Two-Way Drop Inlet, C. A. Donnelly, F. W Blaisdell, Agric. Res. Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-NC-33, 'il pages. Mar. 1976. Copies of these two publications may be obtained from the Agric. Res. Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraul. Lab., at the above address. The Two-Way Drop Inlet Self-Regulating Siphon Spillway, F. W. Blaisdell, C. A. Donnelly, K. Yalamanchili, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp., British Hydromechanics Research Assoc. Paper C4, pp. C4-3I to C4-53, 1975. The Hood Drop Inlet Self -Regulating Siphon Spillway, F. W. Blaisdell, K. Yalamanchili, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp., British Hydromechanics Research Assoc, Paper C-6, pp. C6-69 to C6-88, 1975. Theory of Flow in Long Siphons, F. W. Blaisdell, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Synip., British Hydromechanics Research Assoc, Paper C7. pp. C7-89 toC7-98, 1975. The Hood Inlet Self- Regulating Siphon Spillway, F W. Blaisdell, C. A. Donnelly, Proc. Design & Operation of Siphons & Siphon Spillways Symp., British Hydromechanics Research Assoc, Paper CI I, pp. CI 1-137 to CI 1-154, 1975. 129 149-00194-700-10 A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS (Inter- Agency Sedimentation Project in cooperation with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory) (h) Committee on Sedimentation, Water Resources Council; personnel of the U.S. Army Corps of Engrs. and the U.S. Geological Survey are actively engaged on the project. (d) Experimental; applied research and development. {e) Develop equipment and procedures to facilitate both the collection and analysis of sediment transported by natural streams. The project develops sampling equipment to meet special requirements then, as a service to all governmental organizations and to educational institutions, stocks, calibrates, and repairs sampling and analyzing equipment. Major equipment items stocked for resale include a single stage sampler, 4-, 22-, and 62-pound depth integrating samplers, 100-, 200-, and 300-pound electrically operated point-integrating samplers, and an intermittent pumping- type sampler. For the collection of bed material the pro- ject stocks piston-type hand operated samplers, 30-, and 100-pound scoop-type samplers. For particle size analysis the project can supply bottom-withdrawal tubes and visual- accumulation sedimentation tubes complete with recor- ders. The project's long-range objective is to develop an instrument to automatically record the concentration of suspended sediment transported by natural streams. Test- ing of bed-load samplers is scheduled to begin in 1978. (g) To facilitate field sampling, the project is continuing to design light-weight suspended-sediment samplers that col- lect large-volume samples for sediment and chemical anal- ysis. For automatic pump-samplers, reliable solid-state clocks have been designed to replace older mechanical clocks. A light-weight capacitive-discharge power supply for point-integrating samplers is now being produced. For basic research of large rivers, the project designed an in- strumented body that contained a fathometer, a current meter, and an auxiliary compression-chamber to extend the depth range of point-integrating samplers. To facilitate particle-size analysis, an automated pipette withdrawal system was designed and tested. In cooperation with the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory staff, the project is preparing a facility for full scale tests of bed-load sam- plers. (/)) A Study of Methods Used in Measurement and Analysis of Sediment Loads in Streams, Report U, An Investigation of a Device for Measuring the Bulk Density of Water-Sediment Mixtures, J. P. Beverage, J. V. Skinner, 35 pages, Aug. 1974. A catalog and numerous progress and letter reports are available upon request. Contact the District Engineer, St. Paul District, Corps of Engrs., 1135 U.S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul, Minn. 55101. 149-01168-350-05 A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS {b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric. in cooperation with Minnesota Agric. Expt. Sta. and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design. (e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently can- tilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts are being made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various field conditions. Rectangular cantilever outlets with a defiector at the exit to throw the water away from the structure and move the scour hole further downstream are also scheduled for in- vestigation. (g) In earlier tests, material scoured from the hole deposited in the downstream channel and was left in place. These tests have been repeated with the scoured material con- tinuously removed during the test, thus eliminating the deposit. Analysis of the data will begin soon. 149-07677-220-05 SCOUR AND PROTECTION AGAINST SCOUR AT STRUC- TURES (h) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Sta. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (d) Experimental; generalized applied research for develop- ment and design. (e) Laboratory studies to determine for the box inlet drop spillway, the straight drop spillway, and the SAF stilling basin, the size and shape of the scour in sand beds and the size and placement of riprap to protect against scour. (/) Suspended. 149-08993-300-05 HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS-CHANNEL STA- BILITY AS RELATED TO CHANNELIZATION (b) Agricultural Research Service in cooperation with the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (rf) Experimental and theoretical. (e) The factors which lead to instability in river channels are being studied Particular attention is being given to the processes of meandering and braiding, and to the hydrau- lic conditions necessary for the establishment of a channel of stable width. Experimental work is being conducted in initially straight model sand rivers, which are freely al- lowed to erode their banks and develop meandering or braided channels. The problem is also being investigated theoretically using, for example, stability analysis. The processes being studied in the laboratory are relevant in estimating the stability of channelized streams. (/) Completed. (g) The data obtained from these experiments are being com- bined with other laboratory and field data in order to test some theoretical developments. Preliminary results include new criteria for dividing river morphology into straight, meandering, and braided regimes, a critique of various methods for estimating meander length and an extension of tractive force theory to the case where stable banks coexist with sediment load. (/i) The Flow and Stability Characteristics of Alluvial River Channels, A. G. Anderson, G. Parker, A. Wood, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthonx Falls Hydraulic Lab. Proj. Rept. 161, Sept. 1975. 149-08994-300-54 INVESTIGATION OF MEANDER SYSTEMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DISCHARGE SPECTRUM (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Experimental and theoretical, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Study was a continuation of a previous investigation con- ducted to ascertain the influence of the significant varia- bles on the development of meander systems. Detailed measurements were made of the time development of meanders, to follow the development of the meander system in time. (/) Completed. (g) Meandering and braiding of alluvial rivers are complex phenomena. All variables appear to be interdependent and a river appears to be always in transition. Nevertheless, there must be a basic mechanism and certain primary fac- tors governing the process. The development of a vertical fiber-optic probe initiated under a previous grant was completed under this grant. This probe is capable of auto- matically measuring the bed profile and greatly facilitating experimental procedure Both experimental and analytical work with a specific emphasis on determining the in- fluence of the hydrograph on the meandering process were carried out. The experiments essentially confirmed the analytical postulate that meandering is determined by the bankful flow and is independent of lower fiows. Other analytical results concerning the stability criteria and the meander wave length were also confirmed by the experiments. 130 .(/i) On the Cause and Characteristic Scales of Meandering and Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, J. Fluid Mechanics 76, 3, pp. 457-480, 1976. Modeling of Meandering and Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, A. G. Anderson, presented 2nd Ann. Symp. Modeling Techniques for Walerways, Harbors, and Coastal Engrg., San Francisco, Sept. 3-5, 1975. To be published in a Proceedings. 149-08995-870-73 STUDY OF COOLING WATER DISCHARGE EFFECTS ON WINTER CONDITIONS IN MINNESOTA For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 2.0221. 149-08996-210-54 THE MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN STEADY HELI- CAL PIPE FLOW (b) National Science Foundation. (d) Experimental, basic, Ph.D. thesis. (e) An experimental study of the basic mechanics of turbu- lence and turbulent shear stress distribution in flow in heli- cally corrugated pipes was undertaken. Measurements were taken to relate velocity profiles and friction factors to turbulence characteristics and to study the properties of three-dimensional boundary layers. The experimental work was conducted in a 12-inch diameter helical pipe using air as the fluid and hot-film anemometer equipment was used to measure turbulent fluctuations, energy spectra and shear stress in the flow. (/) Suspended (data taking completed). (g) An analysis of the measurements of pressure distribution across the rotational flow in a helical pipe shows that the influence of turbulence is practicably negligible. (/i) Discussion based on above result will appear in ASME, J. Fluids Engrg., June 1977. 149-08997-480-44 STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN THE UPPER MIDWEST (b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (d) Applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Provide a stochastic analysis or model of meteorological and hydrological data during the spring flood period in the Upper Midwest for use with digital simulation models. (/) Completed. (g) During the first quarter a statistical analysis of temperature and precipitation data at St. Cloud, Minnesota was un- dertaken. The following resulted; 1 ) the temperature data were stabilized, 2) it was concluded that temperature and precipitation could be treated as independent variables, 3) the deterministic component of temperature was com- puted, 4) auto-correlation, partial auto-covariance and spectra of the stochastic component of temperature were computed, 5) parameters of the Markov chain were esti- mated for each period for precipitation, and 6) the parameters of gamma distribution were estimated. (h) Stochastic Analysis of Spring Meteorological Data in the Upper Midwest, K. Kim, C. E. Bowers, Si. Anlhony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Proj. Rept. 156, June 1975. 149-08998-220-47 FILM INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE BIG SIOUX BRIDGE (fc) Federal Highway Administration. (d) Field and laboratory investigation. (e) A training film was prepared for use by the Federal Highway Administration. It includes footage of an in- vestigation of the causes of failure of the river crossing conducted in the laboratory and field films taken by the Federal Highway Administration after the failure and dur- ing a subsequent flood to delineate the flow pattern through the structure. The film incorporates additional scenes showing the nature of scour around piers, a discus- sion of the parameters influencing the scour, and illustrate the hydraulic factors that influenced the failure. (/) Completed. (h) Investigation of the Causes of Failure of the Big Sioux Bridge, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Film No. 92, 1975. 149-08999-350-75 STABILITY TESTS OF DAM SEALING MATERIAL For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 8.0251. 149-09000-430-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THAMES RIVER, CON- NECTICUT PIER For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 10, 8.0031. 149-10592-350-05 FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN TWO-WAY DROP IN- LETS {b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Sta. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (d) Experimental; basic and generalized applied research for development and design. (e) Determine if fluctuating hydrodynamic forces generated by flows in two-way drop inlets are sufficiently intense to cause destructive structural vibration or if they merely produce acoustical noise. Develop a generalized analytical model and computer program for qualitatively and quan- titatively predicting the vibration of models or prototypes. Develop means of minimizing or eliminating objectionable pulsating forces and/or flow-generated noise in these struc- tures. 149-10593-390-70 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF GENESEE RIVER IN- TERCEPTOR, S.E. DROPSHAFT STRUCTURES (b) Chas H. Sells Construction Engineers. (d) Laboratory investigations to develop optimum dropshaft design. (e) Examine the hydraulic characteristics of a vertical dropshaft model. Particular attention being focused on air entrainment in the vertical dropshaft, air release, and ener- gy dissipation in a sump at the bottom of the shaft, air venting back to the ground surface, and flow conditions in the exit conduit to the storage tunnels. (/) Suspended. 149-10594-540-75 TESTS OF SOUND SUPPRESSION WATER SYSTEMS (b) Reynolds, Smith & Hills Architects-Engrs-Planners (NASA subcontract). (d) Theoretical and experimental applied research. (e) For noise suppression, NASA space shuttle launchings will require delivery of 200,000 gals of water in 20 seconds from an elevated storage tank to a spray nozzle system surrounding the rocket engines. A 1 to 10 model of the flow system was studied and larger models of the nozzles were tested (/) Completed. (g) The studies clarified and improved the system and procedures to eliminate critical water hammer and cavita- tion problems. Nozzle spray patterns were evaluated. (/i) Hydraulic Flow Studies For the Elevated Water Tank of a Sound Suppression Water System, J. F. Ripken, J. M. Wet- zel, W. Q. Dahlin, J. E. Ferguson, C. S. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Memo. No. 138, Oct. 1976. Hydraulic Transient Flow Studies for a Sound Suppression Water System, J. M. Wetzel, C. S. S. Song, J. F. Ripken, J. 131 254-330 O - 78 - 10 E. Ferguson, W. Q. Dahlin, St. Anilwnv Falls Hydraulic Lab. Memor. No. 139, Dec. 1976. Hydraulic Model Studies of the Spray Nozzles for a Sound Suppression Water System, J. M. Wetzel, J. F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Memor. No. 143, Mar. 1977. 149-10595-710-70 DYE DILUTION EVALUATION (b) FMC Corporation. (d) Experimental applied research. (e) A validation of the precision of flow measurement by fluorescent dye-dilution techniques was undertaken at the Laboratory by comparing volumetrically measured flows over the range of 50,000 to 80,000 GPM. Subsequently, the method was applied in a field acceptance test of a large variable speed vertical turbine pump handling ef- fluent from a wastewater treatment plant. (/) Completed. (g) Results of the validation tests were demonstrated to be within 3 percent of volumetrically determined flows and the field application of the dye-dilution method for deter- mining hydraulic performance was shown to be within 1.5 percent of the predicated head-capacity pump curve. (/i) Validation of Use of Dye-Dilution Method for Flow Mea- surement in Large Open and Closed Channel Flows, W. Morgan, D. Kempf, R. E. Phillips, Proc. NBS Flow Mea- surement Symposium, Gaithersburg, Md., SP-484, Feb. 23- 25, 1977. 149-10596-720-13 PREPARATION OF DESIGNS AND DRAWINGS FOR A BEDLOAD SEDIMENT CALIBRATION FLUME AT ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (b) St. Paul District Corps of Engineers. (d) Experimental and design. (e) Design a flume in the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Labora- tory for the purpose of testing bedload samplers. (/) Completed. (g) A design has been completed which would permit the calibration of full scale bedload samplers with coarse bed materials. The existing 9 ft wide main laboratory channel would be fitted with sediment traps, a system for continu- ously measuring the rate of bedload transport and a sedi- ment recirculating system. The facility would be capable of handling sediment material with D50 of up to 64 mm and transport rates of up to 5 Ib/ft-sec. Funds for con- struction and maintenance of the facility have been pro- vided by the U.S. Geological Survey. 149-10597-220-13 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE BED REGIME OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS AS INFLUENCED BY SUBMERGED GROINS (b) St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Experimental studies were conducted to determine the dynamic equilibrium depth of scour associated with sub- merged constrictions or groins. Tests were carried out with various groin geometries in both rigid- and movable-bed models. Velocity traverses were made over the groins and in the constricted region to establish the relationship between the ratio of discharge through the constriction to the total discharge and the relative groin submergence and geometry. (/) Completed. (g) Measurements of the eroded b^d profile in the constricted region indicated that the equilibrium relative depth of scour was related primarily to the discharge ratio and the constriction ratio. All groin geometries tested demon- strated the capability of providing relatively large scour depths at low stages, and less scour depths at high stages for which a larger portion of the total discharge passed over the groins. Reasonable agreement with predicted rela- tive scour depth was noted for the relatively large sedi- ment transport rates used in the study. (h) Model Studies of the Bed Regime of Alluvial Channels as Influenced by Submerged Groins, S. Dhamotharan, W. Q. Dahlin, J. M. Wetzel, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 159, Mar. 1976. 149-10598-720-70 HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN OF LABORATORY WAVE FACILITIES (b) MTS Systems Corporation. (d) Experimental; hydrodynamic design. (e) Experimental investigations were carried out to determine the wave making characteristic of a two-hinged, flap type random wave generator to be used at the U.S. Naval Academy. A design for a wave absorber with low reflec- tion coefficients over a wide range of wave conditions was also developed. (/) Completed. (g) The proposed wave generator design proved to meet the design specifications. The final design of the wave ab- sorber consisted of an impermeable plate of discontinuous slope, overlain with a permeable layer of square bars providing a porosity of about 70 percent. Reflection coef- ficients of less than ten percent were measured over the design wave spectrum. 149-10599-870-60 DIFFUSER FOR STORM SEWER OUTLET (b) Minnesota Department of Transportation. id) Experimental; design. (e) A 1 2 f t diameter tunnel will carry a stream plus storm water runoff from an interstate highway into the Mississip- pi River just below St. Anthony Falls where regulated river depth is about 10 ft to the sandstone bed. River traffic en- route to a lock entrance passes close to the bank where the outlet will be located. The outlet must be designed to not interfere with barge traffic, especially during maximum flood discharges when the tunnel velocity is as much as 15 fps. if) Completed. (g) A diffuser in the horizontal plane consisting essentially of four 7-1/2° channels with baffle blocks at the channel en- trances fulfilled the requirements. (/i) Hydraulic Study for Storm Sewer Outlet, E. Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 166, Mar. 1977. 149-10600-210-70 FRICTION FACTORS FOR HELICAL ALUMINUM PIPES WITH RE-CORRUGATED ANNULAR END RINGS (b) Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Sales Company. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Evaluate effect of joint connectors on friction factors for flow in helically corrugated pipes. (/) Completed. (g) Connectors cause a small additional loss in head per pipe length, of the order of 5 percent. The major problem is leakage at the connectors. If enough care is taken to prevent leakage, the same effort can also reduce frictional loss at the connectors. (/)) Further Studies of Friction Factors for Helical Corrugated Aluminum Pipes with Re-Corrugated Annular Rings on Each End, W. Q. Dahlin, E. Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 160, Apr. 1976. 149-10601-350-75 GURI PROJECT FINAL PHASE: HYDRAULIC MODEL FABRICATION (b) Harza Engineering Company. (d) Design and construction. (e) Provide expertise in the form of assistance and supervision of local personnel in the construction of the Guri model (Venezuela) involving machine ship work; steel fabrica- tions and piping work; carpentry work; and concrete and masonry work. 132 149-10602-870-75 RECIRCULATING CONDENSER WATER FOR A COOLING TOWER (b) Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates. (d) Experimental; design. (e) The collecting basin beneath a circular plan form, natural draft cooling tower will also be used as a storage basin for cooling water. An investigation was made of the relation- ship between water depth in the basin and in the pump bay as influenced .by connecting channel design for given tower support pedestals (some of which must stand in the basin outlet) and pumping rates. (/) In progress at end of 1976. (g) Channel configuration and pedestal streamlining are being designed to meet storage and pumping criteria. (/)) Hydraulic Model Studies For A Cooling Tower Circulating Water System, Callaway Plant Unit-Union Electric Com- pany, E. Silberman, W. Q. Dahlin, Si. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 167, Apr. 1977. 149-10603-390-75 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS STUDIES (b) Lozier Engineers. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Construct a mathematical model of the Culver-Goodman and Cross-lrondequoit Tunnels, Rochester, N.Y., flow system and run it for various operating conditions. (g) The transient two-phase flow model developed for the Culver-Goodman Tunnel is being expanded and applied to a larger system including Cross-lrondequoit Tunnel. The model is being used for the purpose of optimum design and control of the system. (h) Hydraulic Transient Analysis for the Culver-Goodman Tun- nel, Rochester, New York, C. S. Song, T. M. Ring, A. C. H. Young, K. S. G. Leung, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. No. 157, Dec. 1975. Two-Phase Flow Hydraulic Transient Model for Storm Sewer Systems, C. S. Song, 2nd Intl. Conf. Pressure Surges, London, Sept. 1976. Interfacial Boundary Condition in Transient Flows, C. C. S. Song, Advances in Civil Engrg. Through Engrg. Mechanics, 2nd Ann. Conf., Engrg. Mech. Div., ASCE, May 1977. 149-10604-860-36 WATER TEMPERATURE STUDIES AT THE MONTICELLO FIELD STATION (i>) Environmental Protection Agency. (d) Project involves field measurements, theoretical analysis, and development of a numerical model for temperature prediction in a narrow channel. (e) Study conducted to provide information on the tempera- ture characteristics encountered in the Monticello Field Channels. The channels are used for ecological experi- ments. (g) A numerical model for water temperature distribution in the MPS channels has been developed. Convective and evaporative heat transfer through the water surface, as well as longitudinal dispersion were studied. A wind speed function and a longitudinal dispersion value were derived by analysis of weather and water temperature and weather data. (/i) In preparation. 149-10605-350-75 CALUMET PUMPING STATION HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY (b) DeLeuw, Gather and Company. {d) Experimental; applied. (e) A hydraulic model study was conducted for the un- derground storm water pumping station to be built in Chicago. Air entrainment, entrainment of fuel from oil spills, grit transport, and head losses were investigated. (/) Completed June 1977. (g) The design of the structure was modified in two places. It then performed satisfactorily with respect to the above four elements. (It) Calumet Pumping Station Hydraulic Model Study, H. Stefan, A. Wood, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. No. 164, May 1977. 149-10606-870-73 HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES AT BLACK DOG LAKE (b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minn. (d) Analytical, numerical and field investigation; applied research. (e) Study relates to the operation and possible redesign of a cooling pond for an electric power generation plant. The effectiveness of the pond, which has been in operation for many years, was evaluated by numerical modeling and analysis of field data. (/) Completed. (g) The cooling pond was found to dissipate in the average 60 percent of the plant's waste heat. Flow conditions through the pond could be improved to increase waste heat dis- sipation. Predicted effluent temperatures were found to agree very well with measured ones for the summer months. Density stratification was found to develop in the winter. (/)) Waste Heat Dissipation and Effluent Water Temperatures from Black Dog Lake, H. Stefan, C. V. Nguyen, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 162, July 1976. 149-10607-440-73 STURGEON LAKE STUDY (b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minn. (d) Analytical and numerical: applied research with some basic elements. {e) The exchange of water between the Mississippi River mainstem and Sturgeon Lake near Red Wing, Minnesota was investigated. The Prairie Island Nuclear Power Generating Plant is located in the vicinity of Sturgeon Lake. Flow rates past the cooling water intake and past the cooling water outlet were determined from a numeri- cal model. (/) Completed. (g) The flow past the power plant through a series of backwater channels was found to depend on river flow rates and weather. The predictive model developed will be used in plant operation and monitoring. (/)) Analysis of Flow Through Sturgeon Lake and Backwater Channels of Mississippi River Pool No. 3 Near Red Wing, Minnesota, H. Stefan, K. Anderson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. 165, Apr. 1977. STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laborato- ry, Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030. Dr. John P. Breslin, Director. 151-08980-520-21 ANALYSIS OF THE PNEUMATIC-HYDRODYNAMIC EF- FECTS ATTENDING OSCILLATORY HEAVING OF SUR- FACE-EFFECT SHIPS (b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) C. H. Kim, S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) Ascertain the relationship between plenum pressure and heave amplitude at any Froude number. In this study the presence of the vehicle is simulated by a pressure patch of oscillatory nature of constant amplitude moving uniformly at the free surface of a three-dimensional fiow field. Anal- ysis has been developed to evaluate the waves generated by a uniformly moving oscillatory surface-effect ship. (/i) Waves Generated by Uniformly Moving Oscillatory Surface Effect Ship, Davidson Laboratory Letter Report 1874. 133 151-08981-520-21 ANALYSIS OF THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE CHAMBER OF A WATERBORNE AIR CUSHION CRAFT (b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) Two mathematical models simulating air-cushion sup- ported vehicles have been studied analytically. The models have the form of an inverted box equipped with a system of fans for continuous supply of air to the chamber and with openings of variable area near the interface for the outflow. Velocity potential functions for the perturbed flow field have been determined analytically and a com- puter program adapted to a high-speed digital computer has been developed, furnishing information on the mean and first harmonic of the pressure in the chamber and on the resulting forces and moments. if) Completed. (g) Systematic calculations indicate a spatial variation of the pressure in the plenum such as detected in the tests when the vehicle is moving in head seas and is free to heave and pitch. Reasonable agreement has been exhibited between theoretical predictions of pressures and heaving motion and experimental values. (h) Plenum Pressure of an Air-Cushion Supported Vehicle, Davidson Laboratory Report 1902. 151-08983-550-21 COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS IN A SPATIALLY VARYING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD: LOAD- ING AND THICKNESS EFFECTS (i>) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) The linearized usteady lifting surface theory has been ap- plied to the evaluation of blade loadings and hydrodynam- ic forces and moments of counterrotating propeller systems with equal and unequal number of blades operat- ing in uniform and nonuniform inflow fields, both units rotating with the same RPM. The mathematical model takes into account as realistically as possible the geometry of the propulsive device, the mutual interaction of both units and the three-dimensional spatially varying inflow field. The thickness effects have been taken into account by utilizing the "thin body" approach. A computer pro- gram has been developed adaptable to high-speed digital computers (CDC6600-7600) for counterrotating propul- sive systems of equal and unequal blade number in uniform inflow due to the loading and thickness effects. (/) Completed. (/i) Steady and Unsteady Loadings and Hydrodynamic Forces on Counterrotating Propellers, Davidson Lab. Rept. 1899, presented lltli Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, London, Apr. 1976. 151-08984-550-21 PROPELLER BLADE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DUE TO LOADING AND THICKNESS EFFECTS (6) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) A theoretical approach is developed and computational procedure adaptable to a high speed digital computer is established for the evaluation of the blade pressure dis- tribution of a marine propeller due to loading and thickness when operating in a nonuniform inflow field. The analysis treats both design and off-design conditions in steady-state and unsteady flows with the proper selection of chordwise modes. (/) Completed. ig) The numerical solution yields the blade loading and result- ing hydrodynamic forces, moments, blade bending mo- ments and the blade pressure distribution on both faces (suction and pressure sides). Predicted results compare well with those of experiments. (/i) Davidson Laboratory Report 1869. 151-08985-520-54 LATERAL STABILITY DERIVATIVES OF A SHIP IN SHAL- LOW WATER (b) National Science Foundation, Engineering Division, (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, C. H. Kim, H. Eda and W. R. Jacobs. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) The theoretical part treats the solution of an integro-dif- ferential equation, which determines the local lateral speed along the hull provided the hull geometry, water depth and Froude number (depending on water depth) are all specified. An analytical method for the evaluation of the "blockage" parameter is established and a program adapted to CDC6600 or 7600 high speed digital computer has been developed, furnishing: a) blockage parameters, b) local lateral speed, c) significant hydrodynamic coeffi- cients of the equations of motion in the lateral and rota- tional modes. A systematic set of experiments were con- ducted for the Series 60 with Cu = 0.60 and a full tanker of 250,000 DWT. Results of these experiments, as well as those of Fujino's and Norrbin's, and some of a proprietary nature, have been compared with theoretical predictions. The comparisons show varying degrees of agreement from poor to satisfactory, depending on the nature of the hydrodynamic coefficients and very much on the depth- draft ratio. (J) Completed. (g) The comparisons of theoretical results with experimental information show varying degrees of agreement from poor to satisfactory, depending on the nature of hydrodynamic coefficients and very much on the depth-draft ratio. (h) Davidson Laboratory Report 1905. 151-08988-520-22 STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL POLYNOMIAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL TO ADDED RE- SISTANCE IN WAVES (b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics Research Program. (c) J. F. Dalzell. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) Attempt synthesis in the time domain of the long period fluctuations of added resistance. (/) Completed. (g) Demonstrate by means of analyses of experimental data that a functional polynomial model for added resistance in waves is an adequate engineering approximation. The results obtained indicate that this is so. It was demon- strated that it is possible to identify the quadratic frequen- cy response function for added resistance from experi- ments in both irregular and periodic waves; and that, given the frequency domain response, it is possible to synthesize at least the nonlinear low frequency resistance components in the time domain. (/i) Application of the Functional Polynomial Model to the Ship Added Resistance Problem, J. F. Dalzell, llth Symp. on Ship Hydrodynamics, University College, London, Apr. 1976. 151-10035-550-20 INTERMITTENT CAVITATION ON HYDROFOILS IN TRAVELING GUSTS (b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics Branch. (c) T. R. Goodman, Senior Staff Scientist and J. P. Breslin, Director. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Ship propellers develop intermittent cavitation on each blade as they pass through the region of reduced velocity 134 in the region of 12 o'clocic abaft the hull. To determine the blade sectional behaviors, a theory for two-dimensional partially cavitating hydrofoils is being developed to deter- mine cavity geometry, lift and drag. This solution will ulti- mately be used as the inner solution to be matched to an outer, three-dimensional theory for the cavitating propeller blade. Coupled integral equations have been reduced to equations which must be solved numerically by use of a computer. 151-10036-550-21 MODIFICATION OF THEORY FOR PROPELLER LN- STEADY LOADING AND FORCES TO ACCOUNT FOR SHIP MEAN WAKE AND MEAN PROPELLER INDUC- TION (b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division and W. R. Jacobs. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) Modify the existing analysis and corresponding program for the evaluation of propeller unsteady loading and forces to account for the ship mean wake and mean propeller in- duction, also to perform systematic calculations and com- pare these with the results of the presently available method and with experimental measurements. 151-10037-630-21 A THEORY AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR VIBRATO- RY FORCES OF PUMP-JETS (b) David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division, W. R. Jacobs and M. R. Ali. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) To develop a theory and corresponding program for the evaluation of the unsteady loading distribution on all lift- ing surfaces of a pump-jet propulsive unit and the resulting vibratory forces and moments exerted on the system. 151-10038-520-45 PROPELLER-GENERATED VIBRATORY HULL FORCES AND MOMENTS (b) Office of Maritime Technology-Maritime Administration. (c) S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics Division and J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Laboratory. (d) Theoretical; applied. (e) Develop a theoretical approach and corresponding com- puter program to evaluate the propeller-induced vibratory forces on a hull. The Hess-Smith program will be utilized in conjunction with the propeller-induced velocity field program to evaluate the source strengths representing the hull in the presence of the propeller. Then by application of the extended Lagally theorem, the hydrodynamic forces and moments are determined. In addition, the forces and moments due to the propeller pressure field in which the hull is immersed, is also evaluated and thus the total hydrodynamic forces and moments are determined. 151-10039-420-54 WAVE REFRACTION CAUSED BY HORIZONTAL SHEAR FLOWS (b) National Science Foundation-Engineering Division. (c) C. H. Kim, S. Tsakonas and H. T. Chen. {d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) A theory will be established for the refraction of a wave train caused by the presence of a horizontal shear flow by using the Green's function techniques in conjunction with the "small parameter" expansion method. The theory will be evaluated for a series of shear flow modes. 151-10040-520-22 ESTIMATION OF THE SPECTRUM ON NON-LINEAR SHIP ROLLING (h) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics Research Program. (c) J. F. Dalzell. (d) Analytical, applied research. (e) Apply functional polynomial input-output model to the nonlinear single degree of motion ship rolling equation (/) Completed. (g) In the equation of the nonlinear model to the conventional ship rolling equation analytic coefficients are required. A mixed linear plus cubic approximation was found reasona- ble as a replacement for the usual quadratic damping representation, and there were indications that the model may be more generally valid than had been thought. Ex- pressions for the roll spectrum through terms of fifth degree nonlinearity were developed and partially evalu- ated. Comparisons with previously simulated results in- dicated that the functional polynomial model approach might be practical with some further developments, (/i) A Note on the Form of Ship Roll Damping, J. F. Dalzell. SIT-DL-76-1887, Davidson Lab. Stevens Inst. Tech.. May 1976. Estimation of the Spectrum of Non-Linear Ship Rolling: The Functional Series Approach, SIT-DL-76-1984, David- son Lab., Stevens Inst. Tech., May 1976. 151-10041-590-22 FEASIBILITY OF WAVE PULSE TECHNIQUES FOR EX- PERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ADDED RE- SISTANCE (b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics Research Program. (c) J. F. Dalzell. (d) Analytical and computational, applied research. (e) Investigate the possibility that, by exploiting the properties of the functional polynomial model for added resistance, a practical wave pulse experimental technique can be developed. (/) Completed. (g) Attention was concentrated upon possible techniques in- volving only one wave pulse run. No promising technique was found. It appears that there is not enough information in a single resistance transient to enable the identification of any part of the quadratic frequency response function from a single transient experiment. (/i) A Study of the Feasibility of Wave Pulse Techniques for Experimental Determination of Added Resistance, J. F. Dal- zell, SIT-DL-76-1928, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst. Tech., Dec. 1976. 151-10042-590-22 ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE QUADRATIC FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR ADDED RESISTANCE (b) Naval Sea Systems Command, General Hydromechanics Research Program. (c) J. F. Dalzell and C. H. Kim. (d) Analytical, applied research. {e) Develop and verify method for computation of the quadratic frequency response function for added re- sistance. (/) Completed. (g) Analytical and experimental estimates of the quadratic frequency response function were found to be in good qualitative agreement and fair quantitative agreement. Many of the existing experimental estimates of the func- tion are thought to be of low accuracy so that there seems reasonable evidence that it is feasible to make hydrodynamic estimates of the quadratic frequency response function required for the prediction of nonlinear fluctuations of resistance in random seas. (/i) Analytical Investigation of the Quadratic Frequency Response for Added Resistance, J. F. Dalzell, C. H. Kim, 135 SIT-DL-76-1878, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst. Tech., Aug. 1976. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineer- ing, College Station, Tex. 77843. Dr. John B. Herbich, Professor and Head, Coastal, Hydraulic and Ocean En- gineering Group. 152-07708-410-44 SCOUR OF GULF COAST SAND BEACHES DUE TO WAVE ACTION IN FRONT OF SEA WALLS AND DUNE BAR- RIERS {b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Project. (c) Professor R. E. Schiller, Jr. (d) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis and Ph.D. dissertation. (e) A series of transient beach scour tests are being carried out on a laboratory wave tank using beach slopes of 1;40, 1:50 and 1:70 to arrive at beach scour profiles under vari- ous wave conditions. A computer program is being used in an attempt to measure shallow water wave reflection coef- ficients. if) Completed. ill) Scour of Gulf Coast Beaches Due to Wave Action, C. B. Chesnutt, R. E. Schiller, Jr., Offshore Technology Conf., Paper No. 1352, \91\. Experimental Studies of Beach Scour Due to Wave Action, W. O. Song, C.O.E. Rept. 166, TAMU-SG-73-2 1 1 , Texas A&M Univ., 1973. Experimental Studies of Beach Scour, W. O. Song, R. E. Schiller, ASCE Hydraulics Specialty Conf., Aug. 1977. 152-08311-870-48 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CURRENTS AND WAVES ON A FLOATING OIL SLICK RETAINED BY A BARRIER (b) United States Coast Guard. (c) Dr. L. A. Hale, Dept of Mech. Engrg., Dr D. R Basco, Dept. of Civil Engineering. (d) Experimental, basic and applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Investigate the individual and combined effects of surface gravity waves and currents on the behavior of an oil slick. (/) Completed. (g) Empirical equations developed to estimate set-up of oil slick by waves only and to predict oil entrainment in cur- rents as a function of oil properties and flow field. (h) The Effects of Currents and Waves on an Oil Slick Retained by a Barrier, L. A. Hale, D. J. Norton, C. A. Rodenberger, USCG, DOT-CG-23327A, Dec. 1974. An Investigation of the Effects of Progressive Waves on an Oil Slick Retained by an Absorber Beach, Y.-M. Huang, M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M, Aug. 1973. 152-09047-420-13 EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVES (b) Texas A&M University and U.S. Army Engineers Water- ways Experiment Station. (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Dr. L. Z. Hales. (d) Experimental and analytical research. (e) Changes occur in the characteristics of surface waves propagated in a region of streaming water. The velocity field of the wave motion interacts with t,he velocity dis- tribution of the current pattern. The effect of the nonu- niform current on the rate of energy propagation through the inlet was investigated by combining the results of the experiments with previously developed theoretical work. It was found that under certain specific conditions both flood and ebb currents enabled the waves to propagate more energy through the inlet than in the absence of a current as a result of the interaction of the two velocity fields. (/) Completed. (/i) Effects of a Steady Nonuniform Current on the Charac- teristics of Surface Gravity Waves, L. Z. Hales, J. B. Her- bich, Misc. Paper H-74-11, U.S. Army Engr. Waterways Exp. Station, Dec. 1974. The Influence of Tidal Inlet Currents on the Propagation of Wave-Energy into Estuaries-Physical Model Indications, L. Z. Hales, J. B. Herbich, Intl. Symp. River Mechanics, Intl. Assoc, for Hydraulic Research, pp. C15-I-12, Bangkok, Thailand, 1973. Tidal Inlet Current-Ocean Wave Interaction, L. Z. Hales, J. B. Herbich, Proc. 13th Coastal Engrg. Conf, Chapter 36, pp. 669-688, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1972. 1 52-09048-590-22 THREE-DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF DEEP WATER LINES IN STEADY STATE FLOWS (b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command. (c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Dept. of Civil Engineering. id) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) A systematic study of cable parameters in relation to deep water mooring applications under three-dimensional steady state loading conditions has been made. Included in this study are both negatively and neutrally buoyant cables in water depths from 5 to 25 thousand feet. A finite element model cable was used to predict three-dimensional con- figuration, cable reactions and internal stress distribution in the cable under directional hydrodynamic loading con- ditions. if) Completed. (g) A systematic study of various hydrodynamic cable loading models indicated that the choice of loading criteria is rather arbitrary. Results are presented which permit direct evaluation of three-dimensional cable configurations and reactions for cables of arbitrary geometry, diameter and weight in currents up to one knot. ( h ) Three-Dimensional Response of Deep Water Mooring Lines in Steady State Flows, R. F. Dominguez, G. E. Owens, Texas A&M Univ. Rept. COE-157, Dec. 1972. 1 52-09049-590-00 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON CABLES SUBJECT TO FREQUENCY VARIED MOTION (c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (e) The dependency of hydrodynamic forces under unsteady, oscillatory conditions is studied with respect to the behavior of a highly flexible cable subjected to forced mo- tion in a fluid. Experimental investigation is supplemented with the use of a finite element model of a cable structure. (g) Results to date show that significant errors are possible by using classical descriptions based on the steady state derived added mass and drag coefficients for part of the cyclic loading history. (/]) Hydrodynamic Forces on Cables Subject to Frequency Varied Motion, R. W. Haas, R. F. Dominguez. Presented I6th Cong. Intl. Assoc. Hvdraul. Res., San Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 1975. 1 52-09050-220-44 SCOUR AROUND OFFSHORE PIPELINES (,b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (d) Master's theses. (e) Determine through physical modeling, the effect of storm waves on buried pipelines approaching and crossing the shoreline. Scour depth and scour patterns have been eval- uated in a two-dimensional wave tank and future tests will be conducted in a wave basin to evaluate three-dimen- sional effects. Analysis of two-dimensional data indicates relationships between scour depth and wave height; scour length and wave length; and wave height and wave length/water depth for a range of wave steepness values. Estimates of burial depth have been made and are being 136 verified experimentally. Rock cover is also considered in an effort to reduce burial depth. Forces on partially buried pipelines are measured in a laboratory wave channel. (h) Factors Influencing Equilibrium of a Model Sand Beach, D. C. Smith IV, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SCi-77-203 . Texas A&M Univ., 1976. Scour Around Model Pipelines Due to Wave Action, J. B. Herbich, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1976. Wave-Induced Scour Around Offshore Pipelines, J. B. Her- bich, Off-shore Technolog\ Conf., OTC 2968, Houston, Tex., 1977. 152-09051-420-44 WAVE INDUCED PRESSURE FIELDS AROUND A BURIED PIPELINE (4>) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Program. (c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) Numerical computer models using both the finite dif- ference and finite element technique were developed to simulate the interaction of a two-dimensional wave system with a submerged pipeline and its surrounding soil media. Both computer models were validated by comparison with existing analytical and experimental results defining the pressure distribution in the soil media without a pipeline. Models are being used to study possible liquification failure phenomena and to establish rational criteria for designing offshore pipelines. (/i) Numerical Solutions for Determining Wave-Induced Pres- sure Distributions Around Buried Pipelines, N. W. Lai, R. F. Dominguez, Texas A&M Univ., Sea Gram Repl. TAMU- SG-75-204, Dec. 1974. 152-09052-490-44 DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER MODELS OF HYDRAULIC PIPELINE DREDGE (b) Center for Dredging Studies, Sea Grant (NCAA). (c) Dr. David R. Basco, Associate Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) A computer based model of a hydraulic pipeline dredge and system has been developed to study the relative im- portance of many variables involved (pump design, sedi- ment size, etc.) on the solids output for various pumping distances (horsepower limitation) and digging depths (cavitation limitation). The model can be used to predict optimum solids production for any given hydraulic-pipeline dredging operation. In addition, problems associated with field studies of hydraulic dredges have been identified and a field research program proposed to obtain field data to validate the results of the computer model. (g) Preliminary comparisons between model-results and limited field data show good agreement. Pump design can be one of the most important variables in output of similar dredges. (/i) Systems Engineering and Dredging-The Feedback Problem, D. R. Basco, Sea Grant Puhlicalion TAMU-SG-74-204. Parameter Study of Variables Affecting the Performance of a Hydraulic Pipeline Dredge Model, D. R. Basco, Proc. 7th Dredging Seminar, CDS Rept. 181, Sea Grant Rept. TAMU- SG-75, 1975. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Flow Field Surrounding a Suction Pipe Inlet, W. J. Apgar, D. R. Basco, Sea Grant Puhlicalion TAMU-SG-74-203; Texas A&M Thesis by W. J. Apgar. Analytical Model of Hydraulic Pipeline Dredge, D. R. Basco, J. Waterways, ASCE 101, WW 1 , Feb. 1975. Feedback from Field Studies of Hydraulic Dredges, D. R. Basco, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 101, WW3, Aug. 1975. 152-09053-490-00 METHODS FOR OFFSHORE DREDGING (h) Center for Dredging Studies, Texas A&M University. (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich, Dr Y K. Lou, Ocean Engineering Pro- gram (d) Conceptual design. (e) Conventional, river cutterhead dredges are not designed for operation in open waters under wave conditions. There is a need for development of seaworthy pipeline dredges capable of operating in waves up to 6 feet in height. Several different catamaran twin-hulls are evaluated for possible use to provide a stable platform for offshore dredging. (/i) Methods for Offshore Dredging, J B Herbich, Proc. 6th World Dredging Conf., Taipei, Taiwan, 1974 Stable Catamaran Hulls for Cutterhead Dredges, J. B. Her- bich, Y. K. Lou, Offshore Technology Conf, OTC 2290, 1975. Catamarans for Offshore Dredging, J. B. Herbich, Y. K. Lou, The Work Boat, 1975. 152-09054-370-47 PAVEMENT AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MINIMIZING HIGHWAY HYDROPLANING (b) Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development. (c) Professor B. M. Gallaway, D. D. L. Ivey, Dr. W. D. Led- better. Dr. H. E Ross, Jr., Dr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Dr. Don Woods. id) Study of literature and reanalysis of previous Texas A&M University data on water films, hydroplaning, skid re- sistance. Use of computer program HVOSM to study vehi- cle control. Investigation of surface drainage criteria of the various State Highway Departments. (e) A study involving required texture for portland cement concrete pavement surfaces to minimize hydroplaning; partial and full dynamic hydroplaning of vehicle tires; required texture and cross-slope combinations for asphalt concrete surfaces; the relationship of pavement cross slope to vehicle control; the hydraulic fiow phenomena of thin films of water on pavement surfaces and under tires; and deficiencies in existing surface drainage design methodolo- gy for sag vertical curves. (/) Phase I part of study to be completed in April 1975. Phase 11 to start Spring 1975. (g) Phase 1, draft submitted to project sponsor. Revised final report. Phase I to be submitted April 1975. (/i) Pavement and Geomatrice Design Criteria for Minimizing Highway Hydroplaning, Phase I, Final Report, Federal Highway Admin. Rept. No. FHWA-RD-74, Office of Res. and Dev., Washington, D. C. 20590, about July 1975. 152-09055-220-44 INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SPREAD AND EROSION OF UN- CONFINED DREDGE SPOIL MOUNDS (b) NOAA, Sea Grant Program; Corps of Engineers, Office of Dredged Material Research. (c) Dr. David R. Basco, Assoc. Professor. (d) Field and analytical, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) A field investigation was conducted to determine the rale and extent of spread of unconfined, maintenance (silt) material in Galveston Bay, Texas, adjacent to the Gulf In- tracoastal Waterway (GIWW). A review of previous dredging histories (quantities, locations, times, etc.) is also in progress together with a study of the local environment in an attempt to identify the sources of sediment con- tributing to shoaling problems in the waterway. It is desired to develop the capability to predict the rate at which dredged material, placed adjacent to dredged chan- nels, will return to the channel due to gravity spreading, local currents and wind and wave erosion of the material. This information is desired to assess spoil disposal alterna- tives on a sound economic basis. Additional field studies 137 and hydraulic model, sediment transport investigations are planned to correlate time scales for spoil island erosion between field and hydraulic model results. (g) In the completed field study in Galveston Bay, immediate- ly following deposition, over 40 percent of the spoil left the designated spoil area and spread out over the bay floor primarily as a mud-density current. Eventually spoil covered an area three-times larger than the original spoil area. Return of the spoil to the newly dredged channel was not significant during the study period primarily because of the presence of a submerged dike along the channel and the tidal direction. (/i) Field Study of an Unconfined Spoil Disposal Area of the GIWW in Galveston Bay, Texas, D E Bassi, D. R. Basco, Sea Gram Repl. TAMU-SG-74-208; Texas A&M M.S. Thes- is, D. E. Bassi. Assessment of the Factors Controlling the Long-Term Fate of Subaqueous Spoil Banks, D. R. Basco, A. H. Bouma, W. A. Dunlap, Army Corps of Engrs, Contract. No. C-0129, Jan. 1975. 1 52-09056-030-00 THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON THE DYNAMICS OF A SUBMERGED SPHERICAL SHELL (c) Dr. Jack Y. K. Lou, Dept. of Civil Engineering. (d) Theoretical; basic. (e) The axisymmetric vibrations of a spherical shell immersed in a compressible, viscous fluid are studied. The dynamic response of the shell is determined by the classical normal mode method while a boundary layer approximation is em- ployed for the fluid medium. {g) It is found that for free oscillation, fluid viscosity may produce noticeable effects on the damping components of the complex natural frequencies and is particularly impor- tant for the non-radiating modes. For forced vibrations, the present study reveals that the contribution of viscous effect is of small order, except in the vicinity of peak shell responses. (/i) The Effect of Viscosity on the Dynamics of a Submerged Spherical Shell, T.-C. Su, Y. K. Lou, presented Vibrations Co»!/.,/lSM£, Sept. 17-19, 1975. 152-09058-420-00 FORCES DUE TO WAVES ON SUBMERGED STORAGE TANKS (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich. (rf) Experimental and analytical research. (e) The existing theories describing wave forces on large sub- merged structures have been reviewed. Inertial forces are predominant on submerged structures which have the prin- cipal dimension equal to or larger than the vertical dimen- sion. Wave forces on model submerged structures were determined experimentally and results for geometrically simple structures were obtained. (/i) Forces Due to Waves on Submerged Structures, G. E. Shank, J. B. Herbich, NOAA, Sea Gram, TAMU-SG-70- 212, Texas A&M Univ., 1970. Wave Forces on Models of Submerged Offshore Structures, P. E. Versowsky, J. B. Herbich, NOAA, Sea Grant, TAMU-SG-72-215, Texas A&M Univ., 1975. Wave Forces on Underwater Storage Tanks, J. B. Herbich, Tech. Bull. No. 74-4, Texas Engrg. Experiment Station, Texas A&M Univ., 1974. 152-10577-470-70 SURGE ATTENUATION AT BARGE SLIP HARBOR AT HARBOR ISLAND FABRICATION YARD (h) Brown & Root, Inc., Houston, Tex. (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Dr. Y. K. Lou, Ocean Engineering Program. (d) Experimental, field and laboratory. (e) An experimental investigation on the wave and surge mo- tions in a barge slip harbor along the Corpus Christi ship channel. Field measurements indicated surges as high as four feet with a period from 2-4 minutes. Laboratory ex- periments were conducted to evaluate various wave and surge attentuation devices for different slip entrance con- figurations. Three alternatives were suggested including timing of barge loading operations, complete temporary blockage of slip entrance and bottom pontoon support for the barge. (/) Completed. (/)) Surge Attenuation at Barge Slip Harbor at Harbor Island Fabrication Yard, J. B. Herbich, Y. K Lou, Rept. No. COE-190, Ocean Engrg. Program, Texas A&M Research Foundation, 1976. 152-10578-330-82 ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE GULF INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY IN TEXAS (b) Texas Ports Association, Texas Coastal and Marine Coun- cil, NOAA Sea Grant Program. (c) J. Miloy, et al. (d) The Gulf Intracoastal, an integral artery in the water trans- portation system of Texas, extends 426 miles along the coast. A continuing problem of the Corps of Engineers is disposal of dredged materials. Both upland disposal sites and deep ocean dumping are considered too costly; and securing diked dredged material disposal sites in the ad- jacent coastal area may even be more expensive due to ownership and environmental considerations. The study comprises six tasks: environmental implications, engineer- ing aspects, sociological characteristics, economic impact, funding alternatives, legal aspects. (/) Completed. (/)) Summary Report: Analysis of the Role of the Gulf In- tracoastal Waterway in Texas, TAMU-SG-75-203, Texas A&M Univ., 1975. Analysis of the Role of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Texas, TAMU-SG-75-202, Texas A&M Univ., 1975. Engineering Aspects of Maintenance of the Gulf In- tracoastal Waterway in Texas, J. B. Herbich, Proc. 7th World Dredging Conf., WODCON VII, San Francisco, 1976. 152-10579-330-10 PREDICTION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF DEEP-DRAFT VES- SELS IN RESTRICTED WATERWAYS (b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich. (d) Applied research. (e) Deep-draft navigation channel analysis, design and review is based on empirically-derived ratios of the design vessel's dimensions. Because of the radical changes in vessel operational purposes and characteristics, these ratios can no longer be safely or economically applied. The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model which will provide the engineer with a comprehensive tool in the design and review of deep-draft navigation channels. The model will estimate values of squat, bank suction forces and moments, equilibrium drift and rudder angles and heights of ship-generated waves for varied channel con- figurations, ship positions and ship velocities. 152-10580-330-00 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT INDUCED BY SHIPS IN RESTRICTED WATERWAYS (c) Dr J. B. Herbich. (d) Applied research. (e) A numerical model utilizing the momentum theory of the propeller and Shields' diagram is being developed to study sediment movement induced by a ship's propeller in a restricted waterway. The velocity distribution downstream of the propeller is simulated by the Gaussian normal dis- tribution function and the shear velocity and shear stress were obtained using Sternberg's formulas. (/)) Sediment Movement Induced by Ships in Restricted Water- ways, Y. C. Lou, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-76-209. Texas A&M Univ., 1976. 138 152-10581-230-00 INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRAMOLECULAR MARINE EN- VIRONMENT ON PITTING CORROSION (c) Dr. D. B. Harris, B. M. Callaway and Dr J B Herbich (d) Theoretical research. (e) Process of corrosion pit nucleation in the marine environ- ment is being investigated. (/) Completed. {g) Rupture of the passive film is described in terms of its sen- sitivity to attack by negatively hydrated ions. A corollary is suggested which describes the inhibiting effect of various positively hydrated ions. The role of marine microorgan- isms is being evaluated as it relates to those environmental modifications that may contribute to pit nucleation. (/)) Influence of the Supramolecular Marine Environment on Pitting Corrosion, D. B. Harris, B. M. Gallaway, J. B. Her- bich, TAMU-SG-76-21 1, Texas A&M Univ., 1976. 152-10582-490-44 OFFSHORE MINING TECHNOLOGY (b) Marine Board, Assembly of Engineering, National Research Council and NCAA. (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich, Ocean Engineering Program. (d) Applied research, planning. (e) The study was to identify, assess and evaluate the technological needs for mining of hard minerals in both territorial and international waters. Of particular interest in this part of the study was the evaluation of sand, gravel and shell mining. (g) Present methods of recovering sand, gravel and shell have been reviewed and recommendations will be made to im- prove efficiency and lessen the environmental impact. (/i) Recovery of Sand, Gravel and Shell From the Ocean, a brief summary of Technology Development Projects Spon- sored by NOAA, CDS Rept. No. 191. Center for Dredging Studies, Texas A&M Univ., Mar. 1976. 152-10583-330-44 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE OPERA- TION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE TEXAS GULF IN- TRACOASTAL WATERWAY (h) Sea Grant. (c) Dr. Wesley P. James, Civil Engineering Department. id) Applied research. (e) Study provides baseline environmental information from literature reviews and a field sampling program. It gives a basic understanding of the environmental aspects of in- tracoastal waterway transportation system including evaluation of activities directly associated with waterway and the potential of the waterway to transport pollutants from one area of the coast to another. (/) Project completed January 1977. (g) Poor water quality in the channel was generally associated with fresh water inflows. A model was developed to evalu- ate the flow between Galveston Bay and Sabine Lake. Satellite imagery of the Lower Laguna Madre was used to evaluate flow patterns in bays. High shoaling rates were located where the prevailing flow patterns crossed the channel. (/i) Final report. 152-10584-810-33 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIG- NITE RESERVES ON WATER RESOURCES OF EAST TEXAS (b) Office of Water Resources Research. (c) Dr. Wesley P. James. (d) Applied research. (e) Project was concerned with identifying potential adverse effects of lignite strip mining and lignite utilization on the hydrology and water quality of the area. Both field and desk studies were conducted to evaluate the potential im- pact of lignite development on water resources of the area. Field studies included ( I ) monthly water sampling for a one-year period of streams, lakes and wells near the strip- mined areas at Fairfield and Rockdale and at control sta- tions located away from the lignite development; (2) leaching studies of the lignite and overburden at Fairfield and Rockdale; (3) precipitation samples collected under the airborne waste plume from the lignite-fueled electric generating plant at Fairfield; and (4) a limited trace ele- ment enrichment study in the soils around the plant at Fairfield. (/) Project completed August 1976. (g) Strip mining can change the hydrologic characteristics of the area and full development of the near-surface lignite reserves in east and east central Texas could have a signifi- cant impact on the groundwater resources of the region. (/i) Final report. 152-10585-800-33 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Dr. Wesley P. James. (d) Applied research. (e) The environmental effects of channelization and surface impoundments are discussed for twelve physiographic re- gions of Texas as delineated on black and white satellite (LANDSAT-I ) mosaic of band 7. With the aid of LAND- SAT- 1 imagery, representative or typical transects were chosen within each region. Profiles of each site were con- structed from topographic maps and environmental data were accumulated for each site and related to low altitude aerial photography and enlarged LANDSAT-1 false color composites. (/) Project completed July 1976. (g) Each diagrammatic transect, with accompanying data and photographs, provides significant information for input of environmental amenities on a local and regional scale into preliminary water resources development studies. The utilization of the transects provides a visual display of available information, aids in the identification and inven- tory of resources, assists in the identification of data gaps and provides a planning tool for additional data acquisi- tion. (It) Final report. 152-10586-330-44 SHOALING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GULF IN- TRACOASTAL WATERWAY IN TEXAS (b) Sea Grant. (c) Dr. Wesley P. James, Civil Engineering Department. (d) Applied research. (e) Maintenance dredging records were used to compute average shoaling rates in 5000-foot reaches for the entire Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. Environmental data pertinent to the waterway were gathered from published and unpublished sources. Computed shoaling rates and selected environmental features were plotted on Com- posite Factors Maps. Similar reaches were grouped and ex- amined using analysis of variance techniques to determine the effect of selected environmental factors on shoaling rates. A model was also developed to predict shoaling rate in a reach with known environmental factors. (/) Project completed May 1976. (g) The average shoaling rate over the entire waterway was found to be 10.5 inches per year. Shoaling in open bay areas was found to be an average of 3 inches per year greater than in land-cut areas. The combination of dredged material mounds, or fetch greater than 5 miles, with water depths less than 6 feet (surrounding bay depth) increased average shoaling rates 5 inches per year. The placement of dredged material in mounds on the windward side of the waterway increased the average shoaling rate of open bay areas by 7 inches per year. In bay areas with long fetches and depths less than three feet, it was found that windward placement of dredged material was actually advantageous. Hurricanes did not appear to have a drastic impact on shoaling rates; however, localized effects were noted in several areas. 139 ill) Final report. 152-10587-870-43 ENVIRONMENTAL DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BRINE (b) Federal Energy Administration. (c) Dr. Wesley P. James. (d) Applied research. (e) Pursuant to the requirements of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, the Federal Energy Administra- tion proposes to implement the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. One hundred fifty million barrels of oil are to be stored by December 22, 1978, in the Early Storage Reserve, and at least 500 MMB are to be stored by December 22, 1982, under the full program. Among the storage options studied, the most attractive from an economic and environmental standpoint is storage in solu- tion-mined salt cavities near existing petroleum distribu- tion facilities along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Water quali- ty is one of the most critical among the sensitive environ- mental issues and large quantities of raw water will be required and large quantities of brine will be produced in the construction and operation modes of solution-mined caverns. Disposal of brine into the sea is an alternative being considered for seven of the sites. (/) Project will be completed September 1, 1977. (g) Strategic Petroleum Reserve Workshop was held on the Environmental Considerations of Brine Disposal near Freeport, Texas. Site specific reports are being prepared by several sites along the Gulf. (/i) Workshop proceedings. 152-10588-330-00 MAJOR PORT IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE TEXAS COAST (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich, J. W. Berriman, Ocean Engineering Pro- gram. (d) Applied research. {e) With the advent in recent years of very large commercial craft (VLCC) and ultra large commercial craft (ULCC), the U.S. ports have fallen behind many other maritime countries in providing suitable docking facilities. (g) Ship channel design criteria have been reviewed in terms of minimum width and depth requirements for various size vessels. Improved channel designs are considered for the ports of Port Arthur, Galveston, Freeport and Corpus Christi, Texas. (/)) Major Port Improvement Alternatives for the Texas Coast, J. W. Berriman, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-77-205, 1977. 152-10589-430-00 BENEFICIAL USES OF DREDGED MATERIALS ib) Center for Dredging Studies. (c) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Mr. B. S. Hubbard, Ocean Engineer- ing Program. (d) Applied research, documentation. (e) A review of an international list of publications was made to gather examples of locations where dredged material was put to a productive use. Mail questionnaires revealed about 143 sites where dredged material, as a by-product of maintenance of capital dredging, was put to productive use. The classifications were commercial, industrial, recreational, wildlife habitats, agricultural, hydraulic con- trol, transportation, future and research, and miscellane- ous. (g) Analysis of results to-date indicate the commercial and in- dustrial uses to be the most prevalent. Maintenance dredging generated the material for most of the sites. Sound planning for the disposal of material generated from each dredging project has become a necessary considera- tion. ( /i ) Productive Land Use of Dredged Material Containment Areas: International Literature Review, B. S. Hubbard, J. B. Herbich, CDS Report No. 199, Center for Dredging Stu- dies, TEES, Texas A&M Univ., 1977. 152-10590-590-00 APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO TOWED CABLE DYNAMICS (c) Dr. Y. K. Lou, J. Ketchman. (d) Basic, theoretical. (e) Project deals with towing an object through a fluid by means of a cable. For a slender, neutrally buoyant tow- body, the planar configuration of the towed system is determined for steady motion and for time-dependent maneuvers of the towing vehicle. A formulation of the finite element method that applies to towed cable dynam- ics is presented including bending deformation and stretch of the elements, and nodal forces caused by acceleration, distributed weight, and hydrodynamic loading. Although based on established forms for fluid drag, the treatment and expressions for nodal hydrodytiamic loading forces are new. The resultant system of equations for the unknown nodal displacements is solved by step-by-step integration in time using a scheme that eliminates troublesome longitu- dinal oscillations. Lumped and distributed systems are compared with respect to the treatment of mass and hydrodynamic loading and the effects of bending stiffness are illustrated. if) Completed. (/i) Application of the Finite Element Method to Towed Cable Dynamics, J. Ketchman, Y. K. Lou, Proc. Ocean 1975 Coiif., pp. 98-107, Sept. 1975. 152-10591-350-75 MODEL TESTS OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, COLETO CREEK DAM, NEAR VICTORIA, TEXAS (i>) Forrest and Cotton, Dallas, Tex. (c) Dr. John B. Herbich and Dr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Professors of Civil and Ocean Engineering. (d) Experimental. (e) The testing program involved testing of a two-dimensional model (three bays of a total of seven) on a 1/50-scale of the spillway, tainter gates and low Froude number stilling basin to establish the design of piers, length of stilling basin and placement of blocks in the stilling basin. A three-dimensional model ( l/100-scale) was then tested at flow rates up to a prototype value of 306,000 cfs to establish proper design of the approaches to the spillway. The three-dimensional model (except the spillway and stilling basin) was constructed of fiberglas over hardware cloth. (/) Experimental work completed. Preparation of report in progress. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, College of Geosciences, Dept. of Oceanography, College Station, Tex. 77843. Dr. Worth D. Nowlin, Jr., Professor and Department Head. 153-09914-420-54 APPLICABILITY OF QUASI-LONG WAVE EQUATIONS TO NUMERICAL MODELING OF DISPERSIVE WAVES IN TWO DIMENSIONS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) R. O. Reid and A. C. Vastano. (d) Theoretical applied research. (e) A numerical algorithm based on the Korteweg-DeVries type equations in one and two horizontal coordinates and time are errvployed to investigate both dispersive and non- dispersive gravity wave phenomena including tsunamis and modification of solitary waves over variable topography and reflection from vertical walls for oblique angles of in- cidence. (g) A study has been completed of the spectral response around the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands to a broad band wave input from the Aleutian source region for frequen- cies in the tsunami range. Studies are underway of the ef- fect of an irregular "bumpy" bottom on the modification 140 of tsunamic waves. Also studies are in progress on the nu- merical simulation of Mach stem phenomena produced by reflection of a solitary wave from a vertical wall of oblique angles of incident and of refraction and reflection of soli- tary waves moving obliquely over an inclined sea bed and over a step, (/i) Numerical Computation of Tsunami Response for Island Systems, E. N. Bernard, A. C. Vastano, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1977 (in press). 153-09915-420-44 INVESTIGATION OF TSUNAMI RESPONSE SPECTRA IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS (b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion/Environmental Research Laboratories. (c) A. C. Vastano. {d) Applied research. (e) The numerical model employed in the study by Bernard and Vastano referenced above (see 09914) will be em- ployed to determine the spectral response for a set of many directions of incident tsunami waves for the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands. (g) Refinements are in progress of the radiation condition to be employed in the numerical model before extensive runs are carried out. (/i) None. Project started in March 1977. 153-09916-450-44 DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPTH-VARYING CURRENT PRE- DICTION MODEL FOR THE GULF COAST (b) Sea Grant. (c) J. C. H. Mungall, R. E. Whitaker (d) Applied research. (e) Program and compare results of three long wave Hydrodynamic Numerical Models that provide three- dimensional current information. The methods are based on those of J. J. Leendertse, N. S. Heaps, C. P. Jelesnian- ski. (g) The three finite-difference schemes have been tested in simple applications and are currently being prepared for application to more general cases. (/i) Reports describing use of the three programs will be available from Texas A&M Sea Grant Office, Sept. 1977. 153-09917-420-11 STORM SURGE SIMULATION IN TRANSFORMED COOR- DINATES (b) Coastal Engineering Research Center. (c) R. O. Reid, A. C. Vastano, and R. E Whitaker. (d) Theoretical applied research. (e) Develop a two-dimensional time dependent numerical storm surge model employing orthogonal curvilinear coor- dinates. The coordinate system is based on a conformal mapping of the interior region bounded by the coast, 180 m depth contour, and two parallel lateral boundaries. (f) Completed. (g) Three regions of the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mex- ico and two regions of the eastern seaboard of the United States have been mapped. The model is used to simulate the surge inducted by Hurricanes Carla (1961), Camille (1969), and Gracie (1959). Computed and observed water levels are compared. (/i) Storm Surge Simulation in Transformed Coordinates, Vol. I. Theory and Application, J. J. Wanstrath, R. E. Whitaker, R. O. Reid, A. C. Vastano, Coastal Engrg. Res. Center, Dept. of the Army, Ref. 76-3, Nov. 1976. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station Tex. 77843. Dr. J. R. Runkles, Institute Director. 154-0383W-820-33 ATTITUDES AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ON THE HIGH PLAINS TOWARD GROUNDWATER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS (h) OWRT. (c) Dr. Frank Baird, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. (e) See WRRC 10,4.0057. 1 54-0385W-800-33 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN WEST TEXAS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Otis Templer, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. (e) See WRRC 10, 3.0101. 154-0386W-820-33 SIMULATION OF POLLUTANT MOVEMENT IN GROUND- WATER AQUIFERS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Donald Reddell. (e) See WRRC 10,4.0056. 154-0387W-870-33 TREATMENT OF WOOD PRESERVING WASTEWATER (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Tom Reynolds. (e) See WRRC 10, 5.0668. 154-0388W-820-33 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE DUE TO EX- CESSIVE GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL IN THE TEXAS GULF COAST AREA (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Lonnie Jones. (e) See WRRC 10, 6.0090. 1 54-0389W-840-33 THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING INPUT AND PRODUCT PRICES ON THE DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION WATER IN TEXAS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Ronald Lacewell. 1 54-0390W-840-33 ESTIMATION OF THE ECONOMIC DEMAND FOR IRRIGA- TION ON THE HIGH PLAINS AND RIO GRANDE PLAIN REGIONS OF TEXAS {b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Bruce Beattie. 1 54-0391 W-870-33 DESIGN AND DEMONSTRATION OF A NON-CONVEN- TIONAL DENITRIFICATION SYSTEM (b) OWRT (c) Dr. Robert Sweazy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. 154-0392W-800-33 LEGAL ASPECTS OF LAND USE REGULATION OF LAKE SHORELANDS BY STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF LAKES (b) OWRT. 141 (c) Dr. Corwin Johnson, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712, 1 54-0393W-840-33 THE IMPACT OF ENERGY SHORTAGE ON IRRIGATION IN THE HIGH PLAINS AND TRANS PECOS REGIONS OF TEXAS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Ronald Lacewell. 1 54-0394W-800-33 OPTIMAL USE OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER TO REDUCE LAND SUBSIDENCE (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Donald Reddell. 1 54-0395W-820-33 HEAT TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Donald Reddell. 154-0396W-8 10-33 EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF TEXAS LIGNITE DEVELOPMENT ON TEXAS WATER RESOURCES (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. C. C. Mathewson. 1 54-0397W-840-33 NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR MAXIMIZING IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY AND INCREASING RAIN- FALL UTILIZATION (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. William Lyle. 1 54-0398W-880-33 PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO WATER IN TEXAS LAKES AND STREAMS: AN ANALYSIS (b) OWRT (c) Dr. Otis Templer, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. 154-0399W-8 10-33 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING EFFECTS OF UR- BANIZATION ON WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS ib) OWRT. (c) Dr. Larry Mays, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712. 1 54-0400W-800-33 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS TO DEVELOP A COMPREHEN- SIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR THE SOUTHERN PLAINS RIVER BASIN REGION (h) OWRT. (c) Dr. J. R. Runkles. 1 54-0401 W-840-33 INFLUENCE OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION ON THE QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW (b) OWRT (c) Dr Kirk Brow/n. (e) See WRRC 9, 5.1561. 1 54-0402W-820-33 ADJUSTMENTS DUE TO A DECLINING GROUNDWATER SUPPLY: HIGH PLAINS OF NORTHERN TEXAS AND WESTERN OKLAHOMA (b) OWRT (c) Dr. Ronald Lacewell. 1 S4-0404W-820-33 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT TO HALT LAND SUB- SIDENCE (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Lonnie Jones. 154-0405W-410-33 IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON COASTAL EROSION, BRAZOS RIVER, TEXAS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. C. C. Mathewson. 1 54-0406W-800-33 ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY WATER RESOURCES FOR THE SOUTHERN PLAINS REGION (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. J. R. Runkles. 1 54-0409W-820-33 UTILITY ANALYSIS FOR THE URBAN GROWTH INSIDE THE RECHARGE ZONES OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN SAN ANTONIO AREA (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. C. S. Shih, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex. 78285. (e) See WRRC 10,6.0019. 1 54-04 10W-8 10-33 WATERSHED IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL DEVELOP- MENT IN THE GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Ernest Fish, Dr. Marvin Dvoracek, Texas Tech Univer- sity, Lubbock, Tex. 79409. 1 54-041 lW-860-33 RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION: FACTORS GOVERNING PRIMARY PRODUCTION (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Owen Lind, Baylor University, Waco, Tex. 76703. 1 54-041 2W-880-33 STREAM BOTTOM ORGANISMS AS INDICATORS OF ECOLOGICAL CHANGE OF PHASE II (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Richard Harrel, Lamar University, Beaumont, Tex. 77710. 154-041 3 W-860-33 EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY ON RECREATIONAL USE OF WATER IN EAST TEXAS Beaumont, Tex. (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. David Gates, Lamar University, 77710. (e) See WRRC 10, 5.0429. 1 54-041 4W-800-33 REGIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT WITH FULL CON- SUMPTIVE USE (b) OWRT. (c) Dr. Bruce Beattie. 142 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, Center for Research in Water Resources, Balcones Research Center, Austin, Tex. 78758. Leo R. Beard, Director. 155-09918-870-33 DESIGN OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DOWNSTREAM FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT FOR (b) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and Technology, (d) Theoretical; applied research; for thesis. (f) Investigators developed procedures for the hydrologic design of drainage and storage facilities in urban areas to prevent increased downstream flooding and/or regulate storm runoff for treatment purposes. Such facilities could also provide adequate storm drainage in coordination with flood plain management and insurance measures for areas within and downstream of urban developments. (/) Completed. (g) General guides for design of storage facilities were developed, and a computer model for evaluation of the system operation under various expected storm conditions was formulated and documented. These studies will enable planners to formulate and evaluate a variety of develop- ment plans in a reasonable amount of time and at a reasonable cost. 155-09919-350-07 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OUTLET WORKS FOR RUNNING WATER DRAW SITE NO. 3 (b) U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service. (c) Walter L. Moore, Professor of Civil Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engrg., ECJ 8.6, The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. 78705. (d) Applied research, design. Masters thesis. (e) Study evaluated the hydraulic performance of spillway out- let works for Running Water Draw Site Number 3, which is proposed for construction in West Texas by the Soil Conservation Service. The proposed facility will serve to help prevent erosion from water flowing through the area. Investigators sought to identify any potential difficulties with the facility and to develop changes that may be necessary to eliminate any problems encountered. (/) Completed. 155-09920-310-33 OPTIMAL FLOOD ROUTING USING STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING (6) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Charles S. Beightler, Professor of Mechanical Engrg., Taylor Hall 147, Univ. Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. 78705. (d) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Research focuses on the development of fiood control pol- icy decisions using an objective function that expresses the economic consequences of flood flows. Flood flows at a particular location were analyzed for conditional probabili- ties between flows in successive time periods. Using these conditional probabilities, investigators derived optimal flood control policies by use of stochastic dynamic pro- gramming. These optimal policies are expressed as matrices which relate operating decisions to future flows and associated probabilities. (/) Completed. (g) The optimal policies developed can be used for real time flood control as well as in planning studies and can also be used for evaluating benefits of flood forecasts. The proposed method is limited to a peak-flow related objec- tive function and therefore allows more rational flood management by use of realistic economic functions where damage is also related to factors such as duration of inun- dation. 155-09921-800-33 WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT FOR IN- CREASED POWER PRODUCTION {b) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and Technology. {d) Theoretical, applied research. Masters thesis. Doctoral dis- sertation. (e) Develop technology for determining the optimum integra- tion of a large hydroelectric power system into a predomi- nantly thermal power system, thus producing maximum usable energy and peaking capability. Consideration is given to the seasonal variation of trade-offs with other water resource system functions such as fiood control, water supply, recreation, and low-flow regulation. The par- ticular objective is to develop, in coordination with the Corps of Engineers, the Southwestern Power Administra- tion, and the Federal Power Commission, specific opera- tion criteria for 13 major reservoirs and 11 hydropower plants in the Arkansas, Red, White, and Osage River Basins that would maximize the generation of power con- sistent with other system functions and environmental con- siderations. 155-09922-810-07 WATER YIELD, FLOOD CONTROL AND SEDIMENTATION EFFECTS OF TRINITY RIVER BASIN SCS STRUCTURE (b) U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service. (d) Applied research, thesis. (e) Investigators are developing procedures for evaluating the various effects of fiood water retarding structures at key locations throughout the Trinity River Basin, emphasizing the effects on the operation of Corps of Eng^ieers reser- voirs. Specific objectives are to; review literature and past work relative to such determinations; to develop, test, and apply a computer model for evaluating the combined ef- fects of seepage, evaporation, and transpiration at retard- ing structures on monthly streamfiows at any downstream point, including points downstream of Corps of Engineers reservoirs under various modes of operation of those reser- voirs; to develop, test, and apply a computer model for evaluating the effects of seepage at retarding structures and in downstream channels on aquifers; to develop, test. and apply a computer model for evaluating the effects of retarding structures on scour and sediment deposition in downstream channels and reservoirs. 155-09923-430-00 THE OFFSET REFLECTING SURFACE CONCEPT, AP- PLIED TO FLOATING BREAKWATERS AND FLOTA- TION SYSTEMS FOR WORK BARGES IN THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT (i>) Hydraulic Engineering Program. (c) Walter L. Moore, Dept. Civil Engrg.. College of Engrg., Univ. Texas, Austin, Tex. 78705. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) The offset reflecting surfaces concept is a new principle applied to the design of floating wave protection structures and flotation systems for stable platforms. It provides a basis for a rational design of a floating breakwater to meet known wave conditions and shows promise of being adaptable to a barge flotation system that will restrict barge motion and also provide a sheltered lee for docking of supply vessels. Additional work is to be done on modified configurations both for wave protection and barge fiotation. Model studies are underway to evaluate the motion response of a 500 ft by 250 ft work barge with an offset surfaces flotation system. A breakwater installed at Marshal Ford Marina on Lake Travis has been in use for a year and a half and another at a boat launching ramp in Galveston Bay for a year. Improved structural and con- struction systems are being explored and other installations contemplated. Additional model studies on anchoring forces are underway at the Center for Research in Water Resources. 143 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, College of Engineer- ing, Department of Civil Engineering, Austin, Tex. 78712. Dr. Walter L. Moore. 156-02162-810-30 HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED (h) Cooperative with U.S. Geological Survey. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a 4-square mile and a 2-square mile portion of the Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating runoff from small urban watersheds in the Southwest area. Two stream flow stations and a rain gage net are in opera- tion. Studies of the correlation between runoff, rainfall, and the characteristics of the drainage basin are being made by various proposed methods to serve as a base comparison with the data as it is collected. (g) Data has been collected since 1956 by the U S.G.S. and for later years is available in special reports listed below. Data has been used in a number of hydrologic studies and its use will continue. (h) Compilation of Hydrologic Data, Waller and Wilbarger Creeks, Colorado River Basin, Texas 1966, Geological Sur- vey, Water Resources Division, Austin, Tex. 156-05456-810-15 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RELATING RUNOFF TO RAINFALL (d) Master's and Doctoral research based on computer analy- sis and field data. (e) Starting with the Stanford Watershed Model a revised procedure for numerical simulation of watershed hydrolo- gy was developed with emphasis on providing a more realistic simulation of infiltration and soil moisture move- ment. Most recently the simulation program is being used to investigate the effect of lawn watering on runoff on the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, where both rainfall and artificial watering support lawn growth. The program is being used to see if the higher level of soil moisture maintained by lawn watering affects the amount of runoff from natural rainfall and thereby compensates to some extent for water used for lawn irrigation. Also some comparisons are made between a few measured soil moisture measurements and simulated values of the soil moisture. (g) Current results show some increase in simulated runoff when lawn irrigation is included, indicating a compensat- ing effect. (/i) Evaluation of Urban Runoff by Watershed Simulation, W. E. Skipwiih, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex., May 1976. 156-08314-430-00 FLOATING BREAKWATER DESIGN (c) Dr. Walter L. Moore. (d) Experimental; applied research; Master's or Doctoral thes- is. (e) Active investigation was started in 1970 of a new concept for a floating breakwater. The breakwater minimizes the required anchoring forces and the amplitude of the trans- mitted wave by causing the wave forces on different parts of the structure to balance one another. Two sets of reflecting surfaces are arranged so the offset between them is approximately one-half the wave length of the largest waves anticipated at the site. Tests in wind generated waves indicated effective wave attenuation for the full range of waves from 1 .2 times the design wave down to the smallest wave lengths. A patent on the invention was granted in 1974. (/i) The WAVEGUARD'" Offset Surface Floating Barge, R J Taylor, D. B. Jones, TM M-42-76-16, Civil Engrg. Lab., Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, Calif 93043, Sept. 1976. Corps of Engineers Technical Letter, Engrg. & Design-Floating Breakwater, Engrg. Tech. Letter 1 1 10-2- 202, Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Mar. 1975. A Stable Offshore Work Barge Using the Offset Reflecting Surfaces Principle, W. L. Moore, J. E. Dailey, J. M. Nash, D. P. Tuterea, Proc. 3rd Intl. Ocean Development Conf., Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 1975. 156-09065-870-00 PREDICTION OF COOLING POND RESPONSE TO WASTE- WATER INFLOWS (b) Bureau of Engineering Research. (c) James. E. Daily, Asst. Professor of Ocean Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engineering. (e) In water-short areas such as South Texas, an attractive possibility for improving stream quality and/or supplying anticipated cooling water requirements of electric power plants is direct flow of wastewater effluents to cooling ponds. Feasibility of direct inflows depends on algae buil- dup with subsequent condenser fouling and the quality of water discharged from ponds to natural streams. Objective of the research is to develop a predictive ecological model of cooling pond response to wastewater inflows. Quantita- tive prediction of algae buildup and discharge water quali- ty by this model will enable accurate assessment of waste- water inflow feasibility. 1 56-09066-470-60 LOW COST BUOY BARRIERS FOR BOAT RAMP PROTEC- TION (b) State of Texas, Parks and Wildlife Department. (c) James E. Dailey, Asst. Professor of Ocean Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engineering. (e) At state boat ramp facilities, waves created by passing ships or sudden storms occasionally create uncontrollable situations for boatmen launching or recovering their boats. To reduce the risk of personal injury and property damage, the feasibility of using commercially available plastic shapes to erect a barrier which will dissipate the energy of wave action is being studied. A comparatively low-cost barrier is sought which can be installed easily in the field, using minimum manpower and equipment. 156-09067-410-54 ESTABLISHMENT OF OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR TEXAS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (b) National Science Foundation, Research Applied to Na- tional Needs Program, Office of the Governor, State of Texas, Division of Planning Coordination. (c) James E. Dailey, Asst. Professor of Ocean Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engineering, or E. G. Fruh. (g) See WRRC 9, 6.0941. UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Utah Water Research Laborato- ry and Utah Center for Water Resources Research, Logan, Utah 84322. Dr. L. Douglas James, Director. 1 57-04 18W-8 10-00 SORPTIVITY: A FEASIBLE CONCEPT FOR INFILTRATION ESTIMATION ON SMALL RANGE AND WATERSHEDS? For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0294. 1 57-041 9W-840-00 IMPACT OF WATER AND SOILS WITH HIGH SOURCE- SINK POTENTIALS ON IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0418. 144 1 57-0421 W-440-00 A MATHEMATICAL HYDRODYNAMIC CIRCULATION MODEL OF GREAT SALT LAKE FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.004 1 . 157-0422W-820-00 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR UTAH For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0099. 157-0423W-840-00 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES TO IDENTIFY AND PREDICT THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT PRAC- TICES ON THE SALINITY OF AGRICULTURAL RETURN FLOWS For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.1436. \57-0424W-800-00 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS AND THE IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES AND SALINITY For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0048. 1S7-0425W-800-00 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR HYDROPOWER AND GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0124. 157-0426W-800-00 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE PLANNING METHODOLOGY FOR DISPLAYING EFFECTS AND ESTABLISHING PUBLIC PREFERENCE AMONG MULTI- OBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCE PLANS For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0125. 1 57-0427W-870-00 A STUDY OF THE OVERALL ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0126. 1 57-0428W-860-00 INNOVATIONS IN DESIGN OF RURAL DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0127. 1 57-0429W-860-00 ^ THE IMPACT OF ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON UTAH WATER ALLOCATIONS For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0179. 1S7-0430W-870-00 IMPACTS OF WATER QUALITY DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAMS ON WATER RIGHTS ADMINISTRATION For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0219. 157-09076-890-33 FEASIBILITY OF STATE WATER-USE FEES FOR FINANC- ING WATER DEVELOPMENT AND COST SHARING (h) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Dr. Daniel H. Hoggan. (d) Theoretical and field investigation, applied research. (e) As a result of decreasing appropriations of federal funds for water projects in recent years, state and local govern- ments are feeling the pressure to finance a larger share of the costs. One innovative approach to obtaining state funds for water development which appears to have promise is the application of state water-use fees to many or all of the major uses of water. This research project will analyze various use-fee arrangements to determine fund generating potential and feasibility. 157-09078-860-33 OPTIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION THROUGH CONTROL OF WATER AND SALINITY LEVELS IN THE SOIL (6) U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Water Resources and Technology. (c) Dr. J. Paul Riley, Professor (project coordinator) (d) Theoretical and experimental, applied research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. ie) Field studies are being conducted to examine the response of crops (in terms of dry matter and grain yield) to root stresses applied at different stages of crop growth. Root stresses are induced through both salinity concentrations in the soil moisture solutions and by soil moisture deficien- cies. A model will be developed for general application of the results. 157-10142-870-60 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF DETRIMENTAL EF- FECTS OF ALUMINUM ADDITION TO FRESHWATER LAKES IN NORTHERN UTAH (b) State of Utah. (c) Dennis B. George. (d) Field investigation, data collection. (e) Determine aluminum concentrations in freshwater, which are typical of those found in Utah, which may be detri- mental to fish growth and survival. (/) Completed. 157-10143-860-33 NITROGEN CYCLING AS A WATER QUALITY FACTOR IN GREAT SALT LAKE (h) Office of Water Research and Technology, USDI. (f ) Frederick J. Post. (d) Field investigation, basic research. (e) Nitrogen is considered to be the limiting factor in the Great Salt Lake. Certain nitrogen processes were studied; namely, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and uptake and mineralization. (/) Completed. (g) The nitrogen cycle was studied using weekly lake samples and sediment-water microcosms. Results from the lake in- dicated a high level of organic nitrogen as well as unde- tectable amounts of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen fixation. Ammonia was the only detectable inorganic nitrogen form and occurred in the lake only at times of low algal activity or high excretion rates by the invertebrates or high bac- terial activity. Microcosm studies demonstrated that am- monia, nitrate, and urea did not stimulate the bacteria directly but did so only indirectly through increased algal activity. Glutamic acid, an organic form of nitrogen, stimu- lated the bacteria directly. No nitrification was observed in the microcosms although nitrite was observed when the microcosms were fed nitrate (denitrification). (/i) Nitrogen Cycling in Microcosms and Application to the Biology of the Northern Arm of the Great Salt Lake, PRJ- SBA-0I6-I, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah Slate Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 145 157-10144-860-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A HYDROQUALITY MANAGEMENT MODEL OF GREAT SALT LAKE (6) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) J. Paul Riley. (d) Theoretical, development. (e) To formulate a hierarchical-multilevel management model. (/) Completed. (g) The development of a model capable of predicting the long term (seasonal) distribution of water quality con- stituents within Great Salt Lake was undertaken as a por- tion of the ongoing Great Salt Lake project at USU. This study provides a model capable of monitoring the long term distribution of quality constituents within the lake. This capability is a necessary component of the modeling framework since it will allow the investigation of the ef- fects which alternative water quality management plans will have on the distribution of water quality constituents within the lake. (/i) Development of a Water Quality Simulation Model Applica- ble to Great Salt Lake, Utah, PRJEW-026-l, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 157-10145-800-33 IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL LAND USE, INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT RESULTING FROM WATER TRANSFERS TO FACILITATE OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT (h) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) B. Delworth Gardner. (d) Theoretical, development. (e) Review and evaluate the hypothesized water needs of an oil shale industry of various sizes and will investigate the alternative options of meeting these requirements. Impacts on agricultural land use, income and employment will be analyzed as the primary thrust of the study. Programs and policies to facilitate resource adjustments will receive at- tention, with focus upon alternative arrangements for transferring water. (/) Completed. (g) Historical development of the appropriation doctrine of water allocation was outlined and Utah water policy was examined. These factors are analyzed in light of the proto- type oil shale development in the Uintah Basin and poten- tial impact on the area's agricultural sector. Oil shale water estimates are compared with Uintah Basin water availability and examined with regard to population pro- jections and municipal water use. (/i) The Effects of Agriculture in Utah of Water Transfers to Oil Shale Development, PRJAE-027-l, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 157-10146-800-33 WATER AS A FACTOR IN ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOP- MENT (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) A. Bruce Bishop. (d) Theoretical, development. (e) Determine the amount of water available in Utah for development of coal and oil shale and the amount of water used for strip mining and energy conversion processes which are proposed for the region. Also, the trade-offs will be examined for locating the energy activities on alterna- tive sites. (/) Completed. (g) For the initial application of the model, optimal solutions were obtained for both energy maximization and water minimization which illustrate composite system effects and potential conflicts that could arise from various combina- tions of water allocation to energy resources develop- ments. (/i) Water as a Factor in Energy Resources Development, PRJER-028-l, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84322. 157-10147-440-^3 A STUDY OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE (b) Office of Water Research and Technology and the State of Utah. (c) Anching Lin. (d) Field investigation, basic research. (e) Establish, through the understanding of the transport processes of the water in the lake, inter-relationship between the various elements of resources development in the lake and thus provide scientific bases for sound policy- making in the planning and management of the lake. (/) Completed. (g) Of some interest to limnologists is the meromixis (sustained two-layer stratification) in the south basin. The conspicuous two-layer lake was made possible by the presence of the railroad causeway. It is found that the rate of entrainment of the chemocline obeys the general rules applicable to other large two-layer basins. (/i) A Survey of the Physical Limnology of Great Salt Lake, Utah Div. of Water Resources-Comprehensive Water Planning Program, 435 State Capitol Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah 84114. 157-10148-870-33 INTERMITTENT SAND FILTER SCRAPINGS-DEPOSITION, UTILIZATION, AND SAND RECOVERY (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) James H. Reynolds. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Intermittent sand filtration of wastewater stabilization pond effluent is an extremely effective means of removing algae from wastewater. However, an algae laden crust frequently forms on the filter surface, and the filter must be scraped to be fully rejuvenated. Scraping is a time and money consuming process especially if fresh sand must be applied to municipal scale filters. This research tested and evaluated methods by which sand scrapings could be util- ized. (/) Completed. (g) Results indicated that three disposal alternative methods were viable recourses for sewage sand filter, sand deposi- tion, and utilization. Cost analyses indicated that an irriga- tion technique may be less expensive. (h) Disposal Alternatives for Intermittent Sand Filter Scrapings Utilization and Sand Recovery, PRJER-033-l, Utah Water Research Lab., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utan 84322. 157-10149-870-73 USE OF WARM AND/OR SALINE EFFLUENT WATERS FROM ELECTRICAL GENERATING POWER PLANTS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION (b) Utah Power & Light Company. (c) Jay M. Bagley. (d) Field investigation, operation. (e) Explore management techniques for solving some of the problems of power generation and food production simul- taneously or in combination. 157-10150-810-60 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS (h) State of Utah. (c) E. Joe Middlebrooks. (d) Field investigation, development. (e) Describe and define the impact of recreational develop- ment on mountain watersheds in a quantitative sense. 157-10151-210-70 TESTING A MCNALLY 24" BUTTERFLY VALVE (b) McNally Pittsburg Mfg. Corporation. (c) Calvin G. Clyde. {d) Experiment, operation. 146 (e) Test of a large butterfly valve will verify its performance prior to its acceptance by the buyer. 157-10152-890-06 STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL IN PHOSPHATE MINES IN RELATIONSHIP TO OP- TIMUM DESIGN OF SPOIL DUMPS {b) U.S. Forest Service. (c) Roland W. Jeppson. (d) Experimental, design. (e) Engineering and nutrient properties will be determined from each separately identifiable geologic formation con- stituting the overburden material of the phosphate mines in Southeast Idaho by laboratory tests. 157-10153-480-60 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CLOUD SEEDING POTENTIAL IN WINTER OROGRAPHIC STORMS (b) State of Utah. (c) Geoffrey E. Hill. (d) Field investigation, operation. (e) Cloud seeding material is injected into winter clouds by aircraft upwind of a target area, wherein an instrumented aircraft detects resulting changes. 157-10154-480-60 CLIMATOLOGY OF HAILSTORMS IN UTAH-THE HAIL SUPPRESSION POTENTIAL BY CLOUD SEEDING (b) State of Utah/Division of Water Resources. (c) Kenneth G. Hubbard (d) Experimental, development. (e) Identify and analyze the climatology of Utah hailstorms as a means of determining the potential for hail suppression through the use of cloud seeding. 157-10155-480-06 COOPERATIVE DATA SYSTEM (i>) USDA/Wasatch National Forest Service. (c) Duane G. Chadwick. (d) Field investigation, data collection. (e) Gather data on wind energy and related parameters. 157-10156-860-60 EVALUATION OF CONSTRAINING ELEMENTS IN MAK- ING WATER USE CHANGES (b) State of Utah/Division of Water Rights. (c) Jay M. Bagley. (d) Theoretical, development. (e) A guide, based on a systematic consideration of the factors involved in any change from one water use to another, will be developed for administrators who make decisions about water change use applications. 157-10157-870-36 SEPARATION OF ALGAE CELLS FROM WASTEWATER LAGOON EFFLUENTS (b) Environmental Protection Agency. (c) E. J. Middlebrooks. (rf) Experimental, development. (e) Develop a practical, reliable, cost-effective method for the removal and disposal of algae cells from waste stabilization lagoon effluents. 157-10158-860-60 THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SPECIFIC ORGANIC COM- POUNDS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS PRODUCED BY OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT (b) State of Utah. (c) V. Dean Adams. id) Experimental, operation. (e) Evaluate the biological role of specific organic compounds and the effects of salinity on the stream biota in the Colorado River Basin. 157-10159-860-60 HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF CON- SERVATION MEASURES ON UTAH RIVER BASINS (b) State of Utah. (c) Eugene K. Israelsen. (.d) Experimental, operation (e) Estimate the distribution of water quantity and quality in time and space resulting from implemented conservation measures in Utah river basins. 157-10160-820-60 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR UTAH: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (b) State of Utah. (c) John E. Keith. (d) Theoretical, development. (e) Economic analysis of the current groundwater use restric- tion and of various legal-institutional controls. 157-10161-870-60 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE RUNOFF CONTROL IN UTAH (h) State of Utah. (c) James H. Reynolds. (d) Experimental, operation. () Office of Water Research and Technology/State of Utah. (c) L. Douglas James. {d) Experimental, design. (e) A technique for establishing the frequency distribution of terminal lake stages at different time horizones will be developed. 157-10177-860-33 IDENTIFICATION OF PRESUMPTIVE CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS RELEASED TO WATER SUPPLIES BY OIL SHALE (b) Office of Water Research and Technology /State of Utah. (f) V. Dean Adams. (d) Field investigation, operation. (e) Determine the potential mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards posed by the development of oil shale in Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado. (h) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Rex S. Spendlove. (d) Experimental, development. VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Nashville, Tenn. 37235. Dr. R. H. 148 French, Asst. Professor, Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering. 1 58-09900-060-33 INTERFACIAL STABILITY OF A TWO LAYER FLOW WITHOUT SHEAR IN THE PRESENCE OF BOUNDARY GENERATED TURBULENCE: FIELD VERIFICATION (b) U.S. Department of Interior, University of Tennessee Water Resources Center. (d) Field Investigatioti; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Field verification of a model to determine whether super- posed layers of fluid are stable or unstable; i.e., is there substantial mixing across the interface or not. (h) Interfacial Instability in Stratified Flow, R. H. French, ISili Intl. Coastal Eiigrg. Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976. Interfacial Stability of a Two Layer Flow Without Shear in the Presence of Boundary Generated Turbulence: Field Verification, S. McCutcheon, M.S. Thesis, Vanderbilt University, 1977. Interfacial Instability in Stratified Flow, S. McCucheon, R. French, ASCE Hydraulics Div. Specialty Conf., College Sta- tion, Tex., Aug. 1977. 158-09901-200-00 THE EFFECT OF STABLE DENSITY STRATIFICATION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW,ON THE VERTICAL VELOCITY PROFILE AND THE CHEZY ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT (rf) Theoretical; basic research. (e) A theoretical investigation of how density stratification ef- fects the shape of the vertical velocity profile in open channel flow and hence the Che zy roughness coefficient. (/i) Stratification and the Chezy Coefficient, R. H. French, ASCE Hydraulics Div. Specialty Conference, College Sta- tion, Tex., Aug. 1977. VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, CO^AMON- WEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Department of Estuarine Processes and Chemical Oceanography, Gloucester Point, Va. 23062. Dr. B. J. Neilson, Department Head. 159-09889-390-41 ENGINEERING DESIGN OF OYSTER DEPURATION PLANTS (t>) U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (d) Design, applied research. (e) Develop guidelines for the design and operation of an oyster depuration plant. Of special importance were the design characteristics of the tank in which the oysters are held during the several day depuration period. Full scale experiments were made varying water flow, quantity of oyster per tank and the hydraulic characteristics of th6 tanks. Final recommendations are based on analysis of the findings of these studies plus review of procedures at exist- ing shellfish depuration plants in New England. (/) Completed. (h) A Mathematical Approach to Depuration, B. J. Neilson, 1975 Proc. Natl. Shellfisheries Association. Practical Considerations for the Bacterial Depuration of Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay Region, B. J. Neilson, D. S. Haven, F. O. Perkins, Contract Report to Food and Drug Administration, Jan. 1977. 159-09890-870-36 STORMWATER SAMPLING (fc) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Twenty-five sites within the Peninsula and Southeastern Virginia Planning Districts were sampled twice each to determine the runoff quantity and quality. These sites in- cluded a broad range of soil types, topographies, and land uses. In general, each site was sampled once in the spring and once in the fall of 1976, with a light rainfall on one occasion and a heavy rainfall on the other sampling. Water quality measures which were monitored are: fecal conforms, nutrients, 30-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand and suspended solids. The" data generated by this field sampling program will be used to calibrate stormwater models of the river basins in the Hampton Roads area, in order to predict future non-point source pollution loads. (/) Completed. (g) Runoff characteristics for the Coastal Plains are different from those for other geological provinces. Sandy, highly permeable soils and very gentle stream gradients result in lower runoff rates and, therefore, less pollutant transfer. (/i) Stormwater Sampling in the Hampton Roads Area, B. J. Neilson, Contract Report to Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency, Feb. 1977. 159-09891-400-36 WATER QUALITY AND MODELING STUDIES OF THE SMALL COASTAL BASINS (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Intensive field surveys and slack water monitoring surveys were made of four small coastal basins on the Chesapeake Bay: Back River, Poquoson River, Little Creek Harbor, and the Lynnhaven Bay System. The data from these sur- veys have been used to evaluate present water quality con- ditions and to calibrate mathematical models. The Back and Poquoson rivers are being simulated by one-dimen- sional, time varying models developed under the Coopera- tive State Agencies program by VIMS. For Little Creek and Lynnhaven, Ketchum's tidal prism model has been modified to suit local conditions. Water quality measures that have been modeled are: dissolved oxygen. Biochemi- cal Qxygen Demand, chlorophyll "a", nutrients, and fecal coliforms. These models will be used to assess the relative impacts of point and non-point sources of pollution. Waste load allocation schemes will be developed to assure satisfactory water quality conditions in the future. (h) A Model of Tidal Flushing for Small Coastal Basins, A. Y. Kuo, Proc. Conf. Environmental 'Modeling and Simulation, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. EPA, Apr. 1976. Water Quality in the Small Coastal Basins, B. Neilson, Re- port to Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency, Aug. 1976. 159-09892-400-36 WATER QUALITY AND MODELING STUDIES OF THE LOWER JAMES AND YORK ESTUARIES (b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Intensive field surveys and slack water monitoring surveys were made of several tributaries of Chesapeake Bay: the York River and the James River including the Elizabeth River, Nansemond River and Pagan River. Data from these surveys will be used to evaluate present water quality conditions and to calibrate mathematical models. All models are time-varying and include the following water quality measures: fecal coliforms, dissolved oxygen. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, chlorophyll "a", and nutrients. These models will be used to assess the relative impacts of point and non-point sources of pollution. Where necessary, waste load allocation schemes will be developed to bring ambient water quality up to the ap- propriate stream standards. VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, COMMON- WEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Department of Physical Oceanog- 149 raphy and Hydraulics, Gloucester Point, Va. 23062. Dr. C. S. Fang, Department Head. 161-08332-870-52 FATE OF WASTE HEAT DISCHARGED INTO THE JAMES RIVER ESTUARY BY THE SURRY NUCLEAR POWER STATION AT HOG POINT, SURRY COUNTY, VIRGINIA (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. id) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Temperature profiles in the vicinity of the mixing zone of the heated water discharge plume were determined. Deduced thermal patterns were compared with those ob- tained from previous model studies under similar wind and flow conditions to evaluate the relevance of model studies for these purposes. The importance of winds on the move- ment of the thermal effluent were under particular con- sideration. (g) Data collected indicated that there were any extreme tem- peratures outside the near field region of the outfall that would cause biological damage. Continued monitoring of the area was necessary to identify yearly variation of parameters and to monitor under higher plant output con- ditions. Data 1973 indicated that the thermal plume is not as extensive as predicted by the James River Hydraulic Model. The model is best suited for far field analysis of the thermal plume. (h) The Design of tlie Monitoring System for the Thermal Ef- fects Study of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, R. L. Bolus, S. N. Chia, C. S. Fang, VIMS SRAM- SOE 16, Oct. 1971. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part II. Results of Monitoring Physi- cal Parameters of the Environment Prior to Plant Opera- tion, S. N. Chia, C. S. Fang, R. L Bolus, W. J. Hargis, Jr., VIMS SRAMSOE 21, Feb. 1972. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part HI. Results of Monitoring Physical Parameters of the Environment Prior to Plant Operation, E. A. Shearls, S. N. Chia, W. J. Hargis, Jr., C. S. Fang, R. N. Lobecker, VIMS SRAMSOE 33, Feb. 1973. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part IV. Results of Monitoring Physical Parameters During the First Year of Plant Opera- tion, VIMS SRAMSOE 51, Feb. 1974. An Estuarine Thermal Monitoring Program, C. S. Fang, G. C. Parker, E. A. Shearls, W. J. Hargis, Thermal Pollution Analysis Conf., VPl and SU, Blacksburg, Va., May 1974. Hydrothermal Monitoring: Surry Nuclear Power Plant, C. S. Fang, G. Parker, W. Harrison, 14th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1974. The Design of a Thermal Monitoring System, R. L. Bolus, C. S. Fang, S. N. Chia, Marine Tech. Soc. J. 7, 7, 1973. Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part V. Results of Monitoring Physi- cal Parameters During the First Two Years of Plant Opera- tion, G C Parker, C S. Fang,VlMS SRAMSOE 92, 1975 Thermal Effects of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant on the James River, Virginia, Part VI. Results of Monitoring Physical Parameters of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant, C. S. Fang, G. C Parker, VIMS SRAMSOE 109, Feb. 1976. Thermal Discharges; Prototype Versus Hydraulic Model, G. C. Parker, C. S. Fang, A. Y. Kuo, I5th Conf. Intl. Coastal Engrg., May 1976. 161-09151-450-00 A TWO-DIMENSIONAL TIME-DEPENDENT NUMERICAL MODEL INVESTIGATION OF THE COASTAL SEA CIR- CULATION AROUND THE CHESAPEAKE BAY EN- TRANCE (c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Ph.D. dissertation. (e) A numerical study was made of the flow field arising from the discharge of a tidal estuary onto the continental shelf. The approach was to: 1 ) vertically integrate the continuity, momentum, and mass balance equations assuming incom- pressible flow and using hydrostatic assumption and Boussinesq approximation; 2) numericably integrate the vertically integrated equations; 3) apply the equations to a simplified coastal geometry and determine the effect of different physical factors on the flow field. (/) Completed. (g) The conclusions from the study show that the outflow from an estuary can be divided into three types; dispersive, entraining, and a mixture of the two. The study also shows the existence of a northern flow above the Chesapeake, Bay entrance and a weak residual eddy motion above and below the Bay mouth. (/i) A Two-Dimensional Time-Dependent Numerical Model In- vestigation of the Coastal Sea Circulation Around the Ches- apeake Bay Entrance, E. M. Stanley, Ph.D. Dissertation, College of William and Mary, 1976. 161-09152-450-50 WIND GENERATED INERTIAL CURRENTS (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wallops Island Station; Virginia Institute of Marine Science. (c) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Thesis research, W. Saunders (College of William and Mary). (e) A study of the effects of wind generation on inertial cur- rents in the Atlantic Ocean. Data from current meters and anemometers are being used in addition to a mathematical model used to predict inertial currents. This model in- cludes the effects of wind field over the array. 161-09163-860-88 THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: A STUDY OF PRESENT AND FU- TURE WATER QUALITY AND ITS ECOLOGICAL EF- FECTS (i>) National Commission on Water Quality. (c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist, Vol. 1, Morris H. Roberts, Jr., Assoc. Marine Scientist, Vol. 2. (d) Applied research. (e) Prepare descriptions of present Chesapeake Bay water quantity and quality, projections of future water quality and assessing the biological, ecological and environmental impacts. (/) Completed. (g) The result of this project was two volumes describing the analysis of present water quality and quantity and ecologi- cal conditions in the area and projections for the future water quality and ecological effects. (/i) The Chesapeake Bay: A Study of Present and Future Water Quality and Its Ecological Effects. Vol. 1: Analysis and Pro- jection of Water Quality, A. Y. Kuo, A. Rosenbaum, J. P. Jacobson, C. S. Fang. Vol. 2: Analysis and Projection of Ecological Conditions, M. H. Roberts, Jr., D F. Boesch, M, E. Bender. Submitted to National Commission on Water Quality, June 1975. 161-09165-400-60 COOPERATIVE STATE AGENCIES (CSA) ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MODELING PROGRAM (b) Virginia State Water Control Board, Richmond, Virginia. (c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, including field investigation and numerical modeling; applied research. (e) A sequence of water quality models is being developed for Virginia estuaries for use by planning agencies as a management aid. The James, York, Rappahannock, and several smaller estuaries are included. The project com- menced with one-dimensional salinity intrusion and dis- solved oxygen models of the major estuaries but has ex- panded to encompass dynamic modeling, modeling of nitrogenous BOD and two-dimensional and two-layer modeling. Also planned are ecosystem models including the nutrient cycle and the growth of phytoplankton. 150 (g) Field studies indicate that low oxygen conditions and high algal populations occur on a localized and seasonal basis, indicating the need for modeling to assess the impact of development on critical conditions. Estuarine stratification and water quality are clearly influenced by the annual hydrologic cycle. (/)) Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries, Part IV. Mathmatical Model Studies of Water Quality in the James Estuary, C. S. Fang, et al.. Spec. Repi. No. 41. Va. Inst, of Marine Science, Sept. 1973. Mathematical Modeling of Virginia Estuaries for Manage- ment, C. S. Fang, A. Y. Kuo, P. V. Hyer, presented Vir- ginia Academy of Science, Norfolk, Va., May 1974. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. VI. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Rap- pahannock Estuary, A. Y. Kuo, A. Rosenbaum, P. V. Hyer, C. S. Fang, W. J. Hargis, Jr., VIMS Sramsoe 102, 1975. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. VIII. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the York River System, P. V. Hyer, A Y. Kuo, C. S. Fang, W. J. Hargis, ]x., VIMS Sramsoe 104, 1975. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. VII. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Pagan Estuary, A. Y. Kuo, J. K. Lewis, C. S. Fang, K/MS Sramsoe 107, Jan. 1976. A Model of Tidal Flushing for a Small Coastal Basin. En- vironmental Modeling and Simulation, A. Y. Kuo, U.S. En- vironmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/9-76-061 . 161-09874-400-60 A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL FOR THE LOWER JAMES RIVER (b) Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency, Virginia State Water Control Board. (c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (e) A two-dimensional (in horizontal plane) model is being developed for the James Estuary from the confluence of the Chickahominy to its mouth. The model includes two sub-models; the hydrodynamic sub-model simulates the in- teraction of tidal wave and freshwater runoff; the water quality model simulates the distribution of salinity, dis- solved oxygen, various forms of nutrients and phytoplank- ton. After calibration and verification, the model will be used to study the circulation and the transport of pollu- tants in the Lower James Estuary and Hampton Roads. (h) Ph.D. Dissertation, G. M. Sisson, College of William and Mary. 161-09875-720-50 EOLE BUOY DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION (b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Langley Research Center). (c) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, field investigation, applied research. (e) Examine data from drifting buoys which were released near Chesapeake Light and other locations on the Virginia continental shelf and tracked by the French EOLE satel- lite. The relations between the buoy tracker, weather con- ditions, and hydrographic structure are being examined. (/i) The Use of the EOLE Satellite Systems to Observe Con- tinental Shelf Circulation, E. P. Ruzecki, et. al. Offshore Tech. Conf, May 1977. Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)-NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) EOLE BUOY Program, C. S. Welch, AIAA Tech. Comm. Marine Systems and Technolo- gies Symp. Free Drifting Buoys, 1974. 161-09876-450-00 ON THE IMPORTANCE OF NORFOLK CANYON AND CON- TINENTAL SHELF WATER CIRCULATIONS (c) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (e) This study is intended to determine the importance of sub- marine canyons as an avenue of exchange for waters between the continental shelf and continental slope areas. (h) Ph.D. Dissertation, Evon P. Ruzecki. University of Vir- ginia. 161-09877-450-34 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF BENCHMARK STU- DIES-PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (b) U.S. Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Manage- ment). (c) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and micronutrients (nitrites, nitrates, and phosphates) at approximately 50 stations will be used to identify water masses in the study area. Data will be presented as cross- shelf sections of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and density (sigma-t) and also as T-S plots for each station or group of stations. 161-09878-870-68 FINE SCALE CIRCULATION NEAR "FOXTROT" IN HAMP- TON ROADS, VIRGINIA (b) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission; National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (c) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research, design. (e) A definitive surface circulation study was performed to ex- amine tidal circulation from a definite proposed outfall site for a sewage treatment plant. The study was performed using the remote sensing-dye buoy technique and recom- mendations were made based on the results to the Hamp- ton Roads Sanitation District Commission. (f) Completed, January 1976. (/i) Fine Scale Circulation Ne^r "Foxtrot" in Hampton Roads, Virginia, C. S. Welch, B. J. Neilson, Addendum to Oceano- graphic Water Quality and Modeling Studies for the Outfall from a Proposed Nansemond Waste Water Treatment Plant, report submitted to McGaughy, Marshall & MacMil- lan-Hazen & Sawyer; A Joint Venture, 1976. 161-09879-720-00 OMEGA BUOY PROJECT (c) Chris Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, design, development. (e) A remote navigation system utilizing the Omega Naviga- tion net is being developed at VIMS. This system is suita- ble for the automatic and continuous tracking of at least five drogued buoys in the major estuaries of Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay, and the continental shelf waters. It fea- tures automatic operation, unattended during weekends and holidays, low operating cost, continuous availability, and moderate accuracy. A prototype field test has been run of the entire system loop for the navigation system. (/)) A Prototype Langrangian Current Buoy Using the Carrier Plus Sideband CSB Retransmission of Omega Navigation Signals, D. Baker, C. S. Welch, presented 1st Ann. Mtg. Intl. Omega Assoc., Arlington, Va., July 27-29, 1976. 161-09880-400-60 A TIDAL PRISM MODEL (b) Virginia State Water Control Board. (c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (e) An empirical theory was developed to calculate the equilibrium distribution of pollutants introduced into an estuarine system. The theory was adapted from Ketchum's modified tidal prism method for predicting Hushing time in an estuary. The application of this method requires that there be complete mixing at high tide within each seg- ment. The model, which was applied to the Pagan River, was derived from the principle of mass balance. (/) Completed. 151 (g) The model was used to calculate high water salinity con- centration throughout the estuary so that the predicted results could be compared with actual field data. Having verified the model in this way, other conservative pollu- tants can be used as input so that a high tide concentra- tion of these substances can be calculated. (/i) Development of a Tidal Prism Model and Its Applications to the Pagan River, Virginia, A. D'Amico, Master's Thesis, College of William and Mary, 1976. 161-09881-400-60 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEAR-FIELD MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION IN ESTUARIES (b) Virginia State Water Control Board; McGaughy, Mashall & McMillan-Hazen and Sawyer. (c) A. Y. Kuo, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, theoretical, applied research. (e) A method was developed for predicting the distribution of sewage constituents which would result from a proposed sewage outfall in estuaries or coastal seas. The method is based on the mathematical relationship between the solu- tions of the mass balance equations with and without a decay term and on the assumption that both the dispersion and decaying processes are linear, acting independently. The application of the method requires dye dispersion ex- periments and a numerical model employing the results of the experiments. This approach makes it possible to pre- dict the concentration field of sewage constituents with differing decay rates by using a tracer release experiment employing a conservative tracer. (/) Completed. (g) The method has been applied to assess the environmental impact of a proposed sewage outfall in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Two dye dispersion experiments were performed. The results were used to predict the concentration fields of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, coliform bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen deficit and chlorine residuals, which would result from the proposed sewage outfall. ( /i ) Prediction of Pollutant Distribution in Estuaries, A. Y. Kuo, J. P. Jacobson, Proc. IStli Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., 1976. 161-09882-400-60 CHINCOTEAGUE BAY SYSTEM HYDROGRAPHICAL AND WATER QUALITY SURVEY STUDY (b) Maryland Department of Natural Resources; Virginia State Water Control Board. (c) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) A joint project involving the states of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware was carried out to quantify the existing water quality of and the non-point pollution sources into the Chincoteague-Sinepuxent-lsle of Wight- Assawoman Bay complex. VIMS reviewed and analyzed existing physi- cal, biological, and chemical data which was used to design a detailed sampling program of the coastal basin. VIMS plans to supervise, and coordinate all field surveys as outlined in the sampling program. The data collected will be used for calibrating and verifying a water quality computer model of the Bay system for use in prevention, control, and abatement of pollution and for wasteload allo- cation. (/>) Index of Existing Data Sources for Chincoteague, Sinepux- enl, Assawoman and Little Assawoman Bays, P. V. Hyer. J. P. Jacobson, C. S. Fang, Report to the Maryland Depart- ment of Natural Resources, Nov. 1975. 161-09883-490-52 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SALINITY GRADIENT AND OCEAN WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION (b) Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist. id) Theoretical, applied research. (e) Project dealt with wave and salinity gradient energy con- version. A resulting report was concerned with the en- vironmental effects such power projects might have on the coastal zone. if) Completed. (/i) Environmental Effects Arising from Salinity Gradient and Ocean Wave Power Generating Plants, J. M. Zeigler, P. V. Hyer, M. L. Wass, presented ERDA Wave and Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion Workshop, Newark, Del., May 24-26, 1976. 161-09884-400-00 A MODEL OF CHINCOTEAGUE BAY WITH APPLICA- TIONS (c) C. S. Fang, Department Head and Senior Marine Scientist. (e) A two-dimensional vertically averaged hydrodynamic model was applied to Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. The model yielded current velocities in the horizontal plane and water elevations due to tidal input. This was coupled to a water quality model for conservative and nonconser- vative properties. (/) Completed. ( /) ) Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries, X. A Mathematical Model of Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, J. Jacobson, J. Vaccaro, Vims Sramsoe 121, Sept. 1976. Master's Thesis, John Vaccaro, College of William and Mary. 161-09885-400-73 BATHYMETRIC STUDY OF LOWER YORK RIVER AD- JACENT TO VEPCO YORKTOWN POWER STATION (6) Virginia Electric and Power Company. (c) C. S. Fang, Department Head and Senior Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation. (e) VIMS performed three comprehensive nearshore bathymetric surveys of the York River adjacent to the Yorktown Power Station. These surveys were carried out just prior to installation of a new discharge pipe-diffuser system, just after completion of the pipe-diffuser and two years after the system had been in place. (/) Completed. (/i) Three survey reports supplied to VEPCO and the Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District. 161-09886-870-68 YORK RIVER STP RECIRCULATION DYE STUDY (b) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission. (c) C. S. Fang, Department Head and Senior Marine Scientist. {d) Field investigation. (e) The use of the VEPCO outfall on the York River by the Hampton Roads Sanitation District to discharge treated waste water was under consideration. During part of the tidal cycle, a portion of effluent plume is entrained into the intake. Recirculation of the STP (sewage treatment plant) effluent could pose a problem although none was anticipated for the thermal discharges. The purpose of the project was to determine what percentage of the water is recirculated by introducing dye into the effluent and mea- suring the concentration in the intake. (/) Completed. 161-09887-870-68 DAM NECK CURRENT ANALYSIS (b) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Commission through Malcolm Pirnie Engineers. (c) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) An analysis of current meter data gathered by EG&G dur- ing summer and fall 1973 offshore from Virginia Beach, Va., is being performed. The object of the analysis is the determination of current parameters of interest in design and construction of a sewage treatment plant outfall dif- fuser. Those discussed include mean current, tidal ellipses 152 for the Mj tide, currents during winter storms, definition of the winter storm season and currents during hurricanes, (/i) Dam Neck Current Analysis Study (draft), C. Welch, sub- mitted January 1977. 161-09888-450-34 ANALYSIS OF THE GULF STREAM INTERACTION IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT (b) Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), Environmental Research Technology, Inc. (ERT). (c) Chris Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Theoretical, applied research, data interpretation. (e) The strength of interaction between the Gulf Stream and the continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and Cape Canaveral is being investigated. The technique of in- vestigation involves remote sensing data and analysis of hydrographic data. A report containing the estimates will be submitted to BLM via ERT. VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSI- TY, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineer- ing, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Dr. R. D. Walker, Depart- ment Head. 162-09170-860-33 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF STREAMFLOW AND WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE CHOWAN RIVER (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical; applied research; Master's thesis. ie) Two computer programs have been developed. The first is an implicit flow-routing model for the Chowan River system. This program can take into account lunar and wind tides. The second is a program which solves for the concentration of the following water quality parameters; BOD, COD, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and four nitrogen parameters (organic, ammonia, nitrite-nitrate, algal). The four nitrogen parameters are solved for simul- taneously. The results from the computer program have been compared with measured field data and reasonable agreement was obtained. ig) The results of the computer simulation show that algal concentrations can become very high in the summer months when the temperatures are high and the flows are low. The relative contribution of each major source of nutrients to the algal concentration has also been ob- tained. (It) Optimal River Crossections for Flood Routing, V. Seetharama Rao, D. N. Contractor, C. Tiyamani, Proc. Rivers 76, Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, Fort Collins, Colo., Aug. 76, I, pp. 421-433. Optimization of Parameters used in Routing Flood Flows in Rivers, V. Seetharama Rao, D. N. Contractor, C. Tiyamani, Proc. 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conf., Washington, DC, pp. 249-254, July 1976. 162-09905-870-00 OXYGEN DEPLETION AND SULFATE PRODUCTION IN STRIP MINE SPOIL DAMS (c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor or C. S. Desay, Profes- sor. (d) Theoretical and numerical analysis; Ph.D. degree. (e) This study investigates the production of sulfates and the depletion of dissolved oxygen when water seeps through a dam constructed of strip mine spoil materials. The method of solution is a three-part finite element analysis. Part one deals with the steady state seepage problem involving the solution of the Laplacian of the piezometric head. Using this output, parts two and three solve the diffusion-convec- tion equation, including a chemical reaction term, for the sulfate and dissolved oxygen concentrations. (/) Completed. (g) No field data was available to check the results of the computer program. Results are presented in the form of nodal concentrations of sulfate for specific reaction rates and diffusion coefficients. Summary curves are also presented giving the sulfate and oxygen concentrations of the effluent leaving the dam as a function of pyrilic reac- tion rates and soil permeabilities. (/i) Oxygen Depletion and Sulfate Production in Strip Mine Spoil Dams, J. H. Amend, D. N. Contractor, C. S. Desai, Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, 2nd Intl. Conf. VPI & SU, Blacksburg, Va., pp. 1155-1167, June 1976. Proceedings published by ASCE. 162-09906-200-00 DETERMINATION OF MANNING'S COEFFICIENT FOR OVERLAND FLOW USING A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL (c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor. id) Theoretical; applied research; Ph.D. thesis. {e) Manning's coefficient "n" for open channel flows with vegetative growth are available in the technical literature. However, when routing rainfall excess over a watershed area, the appropriate "n" values to be used as a function of land use are not available. This study is directed at ob- taining these values using an optimization technique together with a finite element model of overland flow. The South River watershed near Waynesboro, Va., is used as a test area. For a given rainfall, the program first calculates the rainfall excess and then routes the excess over the land and then in the stream. Comparisons are made between the computed and measured streamfiows at Waynesboro. The error between these two curves is systematically reduced by the optimization technique. The optimized "n" values will be tested for validity using other storms. 162-09907-870-00 SIMPLE-INTEGRATED-MODULAR WATERSHED PLANNING MODEL (c) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical study; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) The model attempts to develop a series of linked, modular programs which provide indicators of environmental quali- ty and the ramifications associated with a broad range of land use development, environmental quality and budgeta- ry objectives. The case study is one for the South River Watershed in Augusta County, Virginia. ig) The simple, integrated, modular framework permits the modules of the model to evolve in response to the chang- ing nature of the problems of the watershed when the model is being applied. Key objectives of the modeling strategy are to develop a model which can be employed by local and regional planning agencies and to limit data base requirements to those which can be maintained through existing sources of data. The four modules are; 1 ) Module I, Runoff and Routing; 2) Module II, Water Quality, as measured by DO, BOD, P; 3) Module 111, TOPAZ (Sewer and Water Submodel), the infrastructure requirements in dollars associated with the land use plans and levels of water quality; and 4) Module IV, Goal Programming, a technique similar to linear programming which links the environmental quality objectives, priorities and costs to the broader public budgeting process. Tradeoffs associated with multiple watershed development objectives are made explicit thereby being more easily integrated into the deci- sion process. VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSI- TY, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Dr. J. B. Jones, Department Head. 163-08363-030-00 THE INTERACTION OF THE WAKE OF A CYLINDER AND A FLAT-PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER (d) Experimental; basic research partly for Doctoral thesis. 153 (e) A basic study has been made of the incompressible flow field 80 and more diameters downstream from a circular cylinder which is located with its axis normal to a flat plate on which a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer is developing. The cylinder diameter is less than the bounda- ry layer thickness, and the cylinder is essentially infinite in length. (/) Completed. (g) Secondary flows initiated by the stagnation pressure gradient on the upstream face of the cylinder affect the velocity distribution in the wake-boundary layer interac- tion region within approximately 100 cylinder diameters downstream of the cylinder. The interaction region as far as 200 diameters downstream has characteristics which are those of wakes and boundary layers in approximately equal proportions. 163-08367-550-20 INVESTIGATION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AND STALLING CHARACTERISTICS ON ROTATING AXIAL- FLOW COMPRESSOR BLADES (b) Office of Naval Research-Project SQUID. (c) Dr. W. F. O'Brien, Assoc. Professor; Dr. H. L. Moses, Professor. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research for Master's and Doctoral theses. (e) Radio-telemetry techniques have been developed for the transmission of flow data from the rotating blades of an axial-flow compressor. Of special interest are the blade surface pressures under off-design and stall conditions. The analytical approach includes the inviscid flow and boundary layer interaction. (g) A six-channel telemetry system has been developed for the simultaneous transmission of six pressure signals from transducers embedded in the rotor blade. Chord-wise pres- sure distributions (both mean and fluctuating) have been measured at different radial positions for various flow rates, including stall. Current experiments are conducted on a relatively low-speed compressor. A new high-speed research facility has been constructed which will provide for similar experiments on state-of-the-art compressor ro- tors. (/i) The V. P. I. Gas Turbine and Turbomachinery Research Laboratory, W. F. O'Brien, H. L. Moses, R. R. Jones, J. F. Sparks, ASME Paper No. 77-GT-73, 1977. 163-09184-550-70 TRANSONIC NOZZLE FLOW METHODS (i>) Douglas Aircraft Co., McDonnell Douglas Corporation. (c) Dr. E. F. Brown, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical; applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Develop a fast and accurate computational method for predicting the performance of aircraft propulsion nozzles using the method of type-dependent relaxation. (g) For a convergent-divergent nozzle of hyperbolic geometry the calculated lines of constant Mach number were in ex- cellent agreement with a previously published series ex- pansion solution. These results were obtained in approxi- mately one-tenth of the time which would be required for a solution by time dependent methods. Runs have also been made with a wide range of aircraft propulsion nozzle geometries. (/>) A Survey of Methods for Exhaust-Nozzle Flow Analysis, E. F. Brown, G. L. Hamilton, J. Aircraft 13, 1, pp. 4-11, Jan. 1976. A Relaxation Method for the Solution of Rotational Transonic Nozzle Flow, T. Brecht, Masters Thesis, Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Aug. 1975. A Relaxation Solution of Transonic Nozzle Flows Including Rotational Flow Effects, AIAA Paper No. 76-674. July 1976. 163-09185-000-54 NEAR-WALL SIMILARITY FLOWS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL {h) National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. F. J. Pierce. id) Experimental. (e) Direct measurements of local wall shear stress with velocity field data emphasizing near-wall measurements and pressure field data will be studied to determine the ex- istence and limits on hypothesized near wall similarity in three-dimensional turbulent flows. 163-09187-600-12 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICAL CHANGES DUE TO CONTAMINATION ON FLUIDIC COMPONENT PERFORMANCE (b) Harry Diamond Laboratories. (c) Dr. H. L. Moses, Professor. (d) Experimental; applied research for Master's thesis. (e) Experiments were conducted on a fluid amplifier in which there were known amounts of contaminant deposits at dif- ferent points. An effort is being made to correlate changes in performance with these geometrical changes. (/) Completed. (h) The Effect of Geometric Changes Due to Contamination on Fluid Amplifier Performance, H. L. Moses, E. Sancaktar, Harry Diamond Laboratories, HDL-CR-75-I92-I , Final Rept., Contract No. DAAG 39-74-C-0192, Nov. 1975. UNIVERSTIY OF VIRGINIA, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment, Charlottesville, Va. 22901. Dr. J. L. Hudson, Chairman. 164-10015-120-00 VISCOELASTIC FLUID BEHAVIOR (c) Dr. L. U. Lilleleht, Assoc. Professor. (d) Experimental and theoretical for Doctoral theses. (e) Investigation of the kinematics and the stress fields near the stagnation point with polyisobutylene solutions flowing in T-shaped and in expanding/contracting channels. (/) Temporarily suspended. (g) Velocity field was determined by Laser-Doppler- Anemometry and the normal stress differences by flow birefringence. These data were used to evaluate a number of constitutive equations. A "stagnant" zone of finite thickness was detected near the stagnation point. (/i) The Behavior of Viscoelastic Fluids in Stagnation Flow, P. J. Leider, Ph.D. Dissertation, U. Va. Library, May 1972. Viscoelastic Behavior in Stagnation Flow, P. J. Leider, L. U. Lilleleht, Trans. Soc. Rheology 17:3, 501-524, 1973. Kinematics of Plane Stagnation Flow, A. Berker, Ph.D. Dis- sertation, V. Va. Library, Nov. 1975. Wiggle Flow of a Viscoelastic Fluid, Mahir Arikol, Ph.D. Dissertation, U. Va. Library, May 1976. VOUGHT CORPORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, INC., P.O. Box 6144, Dallas, Tex. 75222. Dr. F. W. Fenter, President and Chairman of the Board. 165-09925-250-20 COMPLIANT WALL DRAG REDUCTION ib) Office of Naval Research. (c) Dr. C. H. Haight, Mgr. -Aerodynamics and Propulsion. (d) Experimental; basic research. {e) Evaluate systematically the effects of compliant mem- brane/substrate properties on turbulent skin friction. This is directed towards the achievement of a practical means for reducing drag on hydrodynamic vehicles. 154 (g) Rotating disk tests of compliant surfaces completed and documented. Water tunnel tests of compliant flat plates in progress. (/t) Hydrodynamic Drag of Disks with Compliant Mem- brane/Substrate Faces, T. D. Reed, Advanced Technology Center, Inc. Rept. No. B-94300/7CR-I , Jan. 1977. WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering, Pullman, Wash. 99164. Professor John A. Roberson, Laboratory Head. 166-08375-210-54 FLOW IN ROUGH CONDUITS (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. theses. (e) Previous basic research has developed the method for pre- dicting the resistance to flow in artificially roughened con- duits and in rock bedded streams. This research is primari- ly focused on developing the method to analytically pre- dict the resistance in commercially rough conduits. (g) Initial developments indicate that the method has promise for commercially rough pipes, (/i) A Statistical Roughness Model for Computation of Large Bed-Element Stream Resistance, R. Calhoun, Ph.D. Thesis. Washington State University, 1975. 166-09189-280-60 AIR ENTRAINMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PLUNGING WATER JETS (b) Washington State Department of Ecology. (c) Alan F. Babb, Assoc. Hydraulic Engineer; Walter C. Mih, Assoc. Hydraulic Engineer. (d) Experimental; basic research; M.S. thesis. (e) Study of the fluid mechanics of the air entrainment of plunging water jets. Experiments have been made on two- dimensional jets and methods have been developed to measure air concentration using the principles of gamma ray attenuation and hot film anemometry. (.h) Air Entrainment Characteristics of Plunging Water Jets and their Relationship with Nitrogen Supersaturation in Rivers-Instrument Development, A. F. Babb, W. C. Mih, H. C. Aus, submitted to the Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Wash., 31 pages, Dec. 31, 1974. Available Albrook Hydraulics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164. 166-09196-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF ROCK TRAPS-HELMS PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT (6) Pacific Gas and Electric Company. (c) Claud C. Lomax, Hydraulic Engineer. {d) Experimental; applied research. (e) Alternate bids on the tunnel construction resulted in a tun- nel shape not previously tested. The project has been ex- tended to study the surge tank orifice coefficients for two surge tank orifices and to study the effectiveness of the rock trap in the tunnel selected for construction. 166-09197-800-33 INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A REGIONAL STUDY OF INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY, METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) John F. Orsborn, Chairman and Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. (d) Assessment of the legal, political, biological, and engineer- ing aspects. (e) To address the work which has been done and is planned, on the problem of reserving fiows in streams for such needs as fisheries, recreation, and aesthetics. The analysis of this regional problem includes a collection, collation, assessment of legal, political and methodological com- ponents of the total problem. Workshops for practitioners have been held and an information dissemination system for this user group is being developed. kJ) Completed. (g) Numerous operational problems have been identified through the workshops, questionnaires and personal inter- views. A few of these include lack of communication and coordination between regional program participants in state and federal agencies, as well as within agencies and within states; the need for incremental flow methodology to evaluate tradeoffs for competing uses of the stream; new laws without funds to enforce, and short time frames within which to preserve flows; and a lack of quantifica- tion of flow diversions out-of-stream. (/i) Report on workshops held in Sept. and Oct., 1974, for dis- tribution to participants, Jan. 1975. Project Report to OWRT, Apr. 15, 1975. Reports will be available from State of Washington Water Research Center, Wash. State Univ., Pullman, Wash. 99163. 166-09198-860-60 HYDRAULIC AND WATER QUALITY RESEARCH STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF CAPITOL LAKE SEDIMENT AND RESTORATION PROBLEMS, OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON (b) Washington State Department of General Administration. (c) John F. Orsborn, Chairman and Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. (d) Field; laboratory; hydraulic model and computer model analysis. (e) The first phase of the study has dealt with an analysis of the sediment entering Capitol Lake from the Deschutes River. Hydraulic model studies have been conducted to determine how to dredge the Upper Lake to trap sediment and keep it out of the Middle and Lower Lakes. Hydrolog- ic analyses, coupled with hydraulic model dye dispersion and detention studies will provide water quantity informa- tion for the water quality prediction model. Field tests of bottom muds and water quality conditions have been con- ducted by the Environmental Research Section. (/) Completed. (g) Design geometry for dredging the Upper Lake to trap sedi- ment has been determined through field and hydraulic model studies. Also, method of estimating future sediment load based on precipitation for accounting procedures of maintenance dredging have been determined. Dredging of the rest of the lake will be done to depths needed to remove nutrient-rich bottom muds, to minimize weed growth, and optimize boating safety and usability. (/i) Preliminary Report on a Sediment Removal and Main- tenance System for the Upper Basin of Capitol Lake, Olym- pia, Washington, Aug. 15, 1974., Supplement No. I, Sept. 6, 1974, Supplement No. 2, Sept. 13, 1974, W. C Mih, J. F. Orsborn; Summary Report, Dec. 20, 1974, J. F. Or- sborn. 166-09199-800-88 WATER RESOURCES OF THE COEUR D'ALENE INDIAN RESERVATION (b) Coeur d'Alene Indian Tribal Council. (c) John F. Orsborn, Chairman and Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. (d) Field, laboratory, and analytical investigation. (e) The various phases of the project include the determina- tion areal precipitation distribution; gaged and ungaged stream flows in subbasins; floods, average and low flows; geologic investigations; Well testing; analysis of ground- water level records; summary of existing water rights; and potential water resources available. (/) Completed. (g) Field data acquisition is complete and analytical work is underway, (/i) Final project report due June 30, 1975. 155 166-09200-030-54 EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE ON DRAG AND VIBRATION OF ANGULAR BODIES (b) National Science Foundation. (c) John A. Roberson, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer. (d) Experimental basic research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Investigate the effect of free-stream turbulence on the pressure distribution, drag and vibration of angular bodies. (g) The most recent research has focused on the effects of turbulence on bodies of finite length whereas earlier research was concentrated on two-dimensional bodies. (/i) Aeroelastic Response of Square and H-Sections in Turbu- lent Flows, J. Tai, C. T. Crowe, J. A. Roberson. Con- tributed by the Fluids Engrg. Div. of the ASME for presen- tation at the Winter Ann. Mtg., N. Y., Dec. 5, 1976, 76- WA/FE-19, 4 pages, Aug. 11, 1976. Copies available until Sept. 1, 1977 through ASCE, United Engrg. Center, 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., N.Y. 10017. $3.00 per copy, $1.50 to ASME members. 166-10131-390-60 LITERATURE SEARCH ON THE RESTORATION OF STREAM GRAVEL FOR SPAWNING & REARING OF SALMON SPECIES (h) Washington State Department of Fisheries. (c) Walter C. Mih, Assoc. Professor and Hydraulic Engineer. (d) Applied research. (e) This was the initial phase of a study to develop new and practical methods for restoration of salmon spawning and rearing beds in natural streams. When large amounts of fine material are present in the intragravel spaces, the growth of eggs and alevins will be severely limited due to lack of oxygen and nutrition. This study is to search the literature and communicate with people who have been active in spawning bed maintenance. Particular attention will be focused on the cleaning of stream by hydraulic jet action. (/) Completed. (g) The second phase, laboratory testings to determine a suita- ble jet-suction system, will be carried out in 1977. 166-10132-300-34 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE YAKIMA RIVER FOR ANADROMOUS FISHERIES (b) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program. (c) Howard D. Copp, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer. id) Field investigation, applied research, development. (e) Determine stream flowrates that are conducive to spawning and rearing by Pacific Salmon species in the Yakima River, Washington. Systematic measurement of velocities and depths at various fiowrates have been made over a period of 18 months. Comparing these with known spawning and rearing habitat of the species, preferred spawning and rearing discharges have been identified at eight locations along the 200 mile river. (g) Existing flow regimes are conducive to spawning and rear- ing in most locations studied. In some instances, regulated low flows may have to be increased. Riverbed erosion and deposition would hinder egg survival in certain locations. (/i) In preparation, available about July 1, 1977. 166-10133-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF CABINET GORGE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT PERFORMANCE (b) Washington Water Power Company. (c) Howard D. Copp, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer. (d) Experimental, applied research, operations. (e) Spillway operation on the Clark Fork River, Idaho, has caused considerable erosion of concrete in the plunge pool at the base of the concrete arch dam. Experiments were made to learn about the mechanics of falling jets into the deep pool and the dissipation of energy in the pool as it related to erosion of concrete. Remedial measures were sought also. (/) Completed. (g) Erosion causes were determined. The plunging jet created two vertical eddies; one was located immediately above the riverbed below the plunge pool which entrained stones and small boulders. These were forced into the plunge pool where the other eddy rolled them continously along concrete surfaces. Elimination of future erosion requires costly construction or, in some cases, tight control on spill- way and power unit operation. (/i) Hydraulic Model Studies of the Cabinet Gorge Plunge Pool Basin, H. D. Copp, Research Rept. I3J-3815-I376, College of Engrg., Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash., 69 pp., 1976. 166-10134-300-88 LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION OF THE UMATILLA RIVER FOR ANADROMOUS FISH SPECIES {b) Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. (c) Howard D. Copp, Professor & Hydraulic Engineer. {d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research. (e) Hydrologic water balances are being developed for several watersheds comprising the Umatilla basin above Pendleton, Oregon. Existing runoff patterns are being developed and will be compared with those required for spawning and rearing by anadromous fish. Water availa- bility for augmentating low summer flows and streamflow regulation possibilities are being studied. 166-10440-350-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE BOARDMAN RESER- VOIR SPILLWAY (6) Bechtel Incorporated, San Francisco, California. (c) Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer. id) Experimental, applied research; development. (e) The head-discharge relationship for a labyrinth weir was developed in a model to provide water surface control for a thermal powerplant cooling reservoir. Fluctuating pres- sures, chute training wall requirements and erosion charac- teristics downstream from a dissipator structure were also studied. (/) Completed. (/)) Hydraulic Model Study of the Boardman Reservoir Spill- way, Project Report, A. F. Babb. Available Albrook Hydraulics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pull- man, Wash. 99164. 166-10441-350-73 MORRIS DAM AND SPILLWAY FLOOD PASSING CAPA- BILITY (b) Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. (c) Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer. (d) Experimental, applied research; development. (e) Investigation of methods to permit overtopping of a concrete dam to pass flood flows. (/) Completed. (/)) Morris Dam and Spillway Flood Passing Capability, Project Report, A. F. Babb. Available Albrook Hydraulics Labora- tory, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil En- gineering, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Professor R. O. Syl- vester, Department Chairman. 167-09204-470-60 RELATIONSHIP OF FLUSHING AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL-BOAT MARINAS (b) State of Washington Water Research Center (1973-74); State of Washington Department of Ecology ( 1974-75). (c) Professor R. E. Nece, or Professor E. B. Welch. (d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research. (e) Determine to what extent tidal flushing characteristics of enclosed small-boat marinas can be related to water quali- 156 I ty within the marinas, and more specifically, to determine how well the marina flushing characteristics as determined from small-scale hydraulic models serve as predictors for relative alterations in significant water quality parameters. Existing marinas in Puget Sound are to be studied through laboratory models to obtain hydraulic performance and by routine field sampling of the quality parameters. (/) Completed. (/i) Flushing Criteria for Salt Water Marinas, R. E. Nece, E. B. Welch, J. R. Reed, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lab Tech. Repi. 42, June 1975. Application of Physical Tidal Models in Harbor and Marina Design, R. E. Nece, E. P. Richey, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, ASCE, San Francisco, Calif., pp. 783-799, Sept. 1975. 167-09205-430-44 FLOATING BREAKWATER RESEARCH (b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Program. (c) Professor E. P. Richey, or Professor B. H. Adee, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. (d) Experimental and theoretical; both basic and applied research. if) Completed. (e) Studies include design of instrument package for acquisi- tion of field data on performance characteristics of float- ing breakwaters, data acquisition, and development of a two-dimensional mathematical model for predicting break- water performance characteristics using the basic theoreti- cal approach. (g) Reported in (h). (/i) Theoretical Analysis of Floating Breakwater Performance, B. H. Adee, W. Martin, 1974 Floating Breakwaters Conf. Papers, pp. 21-41, 1974. Prototype Performance Characteristics of a Floating Break- water, D. Christensen, E. P. Richey, 1974 Floating Break- waters Conf. Papers, pp. 159-181, 1974. 167-09206-430-11 FLOATING BREAKWATER FIELD ASSESSMENT PRO- GRAMjFRIDAY HARBOR, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. (c) Professor E. P. Richey, or Professor B. H. Adee, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. {d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research. (e) An extension of the basic steps in part (e) of 175-09205- 430-44 to a particular site with extensions of theory to ex- amine non-linear aspects and with an initial step in generalizing floating breakwater performance charac- teristics and design criteria. (/) Completed. (g) Reported in (h). (/i) Floating Breakwater Field Assessment Program, Friday Harbor, Washington, B. H. Adee, E. P. Richey, D. R. Christensen, U.S. Army Corps of Engrs. Coastal Engrg. Res. Center, Tech. Paper No. 76-17, Oct. 1976, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060. 167-10182-410-00 TIDAL INLET STUDIES (c) Professor E. P. Richey or Professor R. E. Nece. (d) Field investigation, basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Field studies of the hydraulics of two half-tidal inlets on Puget Sound, Washington. Attention focused on stability of inlets across gravel beaches. (/i) Hydraulics of Two Small Gravelly Tidal Inlets, D. Simpson, M.S. Thesis, 1976. Changes in Beach Equilibrium Caused by a Backwater at a Small Tidal Inlet, A. Murray, M.S. Thesis, in process. 167-10183-470-13 MIXING AND FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUAL- ICUM SMALL BOAT BASIN (b) Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. (c) Professor E. P. Richey. (d) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Design of basin with regard to optimization of tidal flush- ing action and internal mixing. 167-10184-860-60 CORRELATION OF WATER QUALITY AND HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS IN BIRCH BAY MARINA (b) Washington State Department of Fisheries. (c) Professor E. P. Richey. (d) Experimental and basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Correlate hydraulic parameters as dependent upon tidal action with water quality parameters important to fish and shell fish in the marina. 167-10185-870-61 EFFECTIVENESS OF FLUSHING AND SEWAGE TREAT- MENT IN MOSES LAKE EUTROPHICATION CONTROL (b) State of Washington Water Research Center. (c) Professor R. E. Nece, or Professor E. B. Welch. {d) Experimental, applied research. (e) A physical hydraulic model of lower Moses Lake, Washington, was constructed and tests conducted to deter- mine the flushing achieved in the lake due to pulsed in- fiows of freshwater which could be delivered to the lake through an existing irrigation canal system. Flushing results were to be correlated with water quality models and prior field measurements in Moses Lake to estimate the relative effectiveness of proposed flushing schedules. (/) Completed. (/i) Dilution for Eutrophication Control in Moses Lake; Hydraulic Model Study, R E Nece, J. R. Reed, E. B. Welch, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 49, July 1976. 167-10186-470-00 PLANFORM GEOMETRY INFLUENCE ON FLUSHING OF SMALL HARBORS (c) Professor R. E. Nece, Director, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Laboratory. (d) Experimental, applied and basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Laboratory study to examine relationships of planform geometry (length-width ratio, entrance width) on the overall tidal flushing and interior circulation patterns of small constructed, enclosed, single-entrance harbors. (/) Completed. (/]) Tidal Circulation Effects in Rectangular Harbors, R. A. Falconer, M.S. Thesis. 1974. Planform Geometry Influence on Flushing and Circulation in Small Harbors, R. E. Nece, R. A. Falconer, T. Tsutsu- mi, Proc. 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg.. ASCE, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 1976 (in press). 167-10187-800-60 CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF GROUND AND SUR- FACE WATERS (b) State of Washington Department of Ecology (partial). (c) Professor S. J. Burges. id) Theoretical and applied research. (e) An extensive literature review was conducted to assess the state-of-the-art in conjunctive management. Categories of problems were identified together with numerous interde- pendencies. Current work is focused on use of optimiza- tion tools to explain impacts of management strategies and different water right structures upon yield from irrigated farms. A hypothetical case approach is used for sensitivity analyses. I 157 (g) Issues in Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Waters, S. J. Surges, R. Maknoon, Harris Hyd. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 44, 1975. Issues in Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Waters, R. Maknoon, S. J. Surges, Proc. AWWA 96th Ann. Conf., New Orleans, 1976. 167-10188-300-33 OPERATIONAL COMPARISON OF STOCHASTIC STREAM- FLOW GENERATION PROCEDURES (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Professor S. J. Surges. (d) Theoretical numerical experiments. (e) Comparisons were made between Fast Fractional Gaussian Noise, ARM A (1.1) and ARMA-Markov models of long- term persistence in annual streamflow. Implications for storage reservoir design were identified in a series of papers. (J) Completed. (/i) Operational Comparison of Stochastic Streamflow Genera- tion Procedures, S. J. Surges, D. P. Lettenmaier, Harris Hyd. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 45, 1975. Operational Assessment of Hydrologic Models of Long- Term Persistence, D. P Lettenmaier, S. J. Surges, Water Resources Research 13, 1, pp. 113-124, 1977. An Operational Approach to Preserving Skew in Hydrolog- ic Models of Long-Term Persistence, D. P. Lettenmaier, S. J. Surges, Water Resources Research 13, 2, 1977. A Comparison of Annual Streamflow Models, S. J. Surges, D. P. Lettenmaier, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE, 1977. 167-10189-810-00 ANALYSIS OF EXTREME HYDROLOGIC EVENTS (c) Professor S. J. Surges. (d) Theoretical numerical analysis. (e) A linear programming formulation was used to determine the maximum (or minimum) probability associated with a given magnitude event subject to satisfying moments and a unimodal spline approximated density function. (/i) A Linear Programming Approach to Estimating Probability Bounds for Extreme Flood Events, J. O. Noetzelman, M.S. Thesis, 1976. , , 167-10190-870-33 ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF DETENTION IN URBAN AND SUB- URBAN WATERSHEDS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) Professor S. J. Surges. (d) Theoretical and applied research. (e) Research involved investigating the consequences of runoff control ordinances that require runoff peak flows after development to equal those before development. Porous pavements were investigated as one method for providing runoff control. (/) Completed. (g) Principal conclusions show that blanket control ordinances can significantly worsen downstream flood problems. (/i) Some Consequences of Area-Wide Runoff Control Strate- gies in Urban Watershed, R. A. Hardt, S. J. Surges, Harris Hydraulics Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 48, 1976. Use of Porous Pavements in Urban Watersheds as a Peak Runoff Mitigation Measure, C. Olivers, M.S. Thesis, 1976. 167-10191-860-00 EXAMINATION OF THE NATURE OF WATER SUPPLY DEFICITS (c) Professor S. J. Surges. (d) Theoretical basic and applied research. (e) Physical measures, notably probability distributions and conditional distributions of the magnitudes and durations of supply deficits for a single facility, are sought to give design information not currently used. (g) Results have been obtained for annually operated facilities where input follows a lag-one Markov model. Further work is to be done for seasonally distributed flows and for flows exhibiting long term persistence. (/i) An Empirical Investigation into the Nature of Water Supply Deficits Experienced in a Single Purpose Reservoir System, N. R. Stefero, M.S. Thesis, 1977. 167-10192-870-00 OPTIMAL DESIGN OF STORMWATER SEWER SYSTEMS (c) Professor S. J. Surges. (d) Theoretical basic and applied research. (e) Feasibility was demonstrated for completely incorporating unsteady hydrograph routing (implicit scheme) into a dynamic programming model to determine least cost com- binations of major conduit elements and storage units for major storm sewer design. The approach requires prelimi- nary plan location of the conveyance links and accurate estimates of inlet hydrographs. (/) Completed. (/?) Least Cost Control Strategies in Urban Drainage Design-A Dynamic Programming Approach, S. Froise, Harris Hydraulics Lab Tech. Rept. No. 46, 1975. 167-10193-810-33 IMPROVING RESERVOIR OPERATION THROUGH FORECASTING INTRASEASONAL SNOWMELT RUNOFF (b) Office of Water Research and Technology; City of Seattle; State of Washington Department of Ecology. (c) Professor S. J. Surges. (d) Theoretical basic and applied research. (e) The worth of a forecast is estimated by using a change constrained linear programming formulation of reservoir operation. Economic returns from forecasts having differ- ing refinements are estimated. Snowmelt models are ex- amined (and will possibly be modified to explicitly incor- porate uncertainty propagation) to determine which are appropriate for incorporation into prediction schemes and reservoir operation models. 167-10194-470-75 TIDAL CIRCULATION STUDY, PROPOSED SOUTHEAST HARBOR DEVELOPMENT, SEATTLE (b) CH2M-Hill, Inc., Bellevue, Washington. (c) Professor R. E. Nece, Director, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Laboratory. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Changes in tidal currents at the mouth of the Duwamish River Estuary in Elliott Say, Seattle, were studied for vari- ous pier revision and fill extension proposals by physical model tests. (/) Completed. (/]) Tidal Circulation Study, Proposed Southeast Harbor Development, R. E. Nece, R. Lowthian, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lab Tech. Rept. No. 47, Jan. 1976. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Dr. Morris E. Childs. Chairman. 168-10072-700-40 MEASUREMENT OF FLUID TURBULENCE BASED ON PULSED ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES (b) National Institutes of Health (NIH). (c) J. E. Jorgensen, Assoc. Professor; F. K. Forster, Research Associate; J. L. Garbini, Research Assistant. id) Theoretical investigation with experimental comparison. (e) Theoretical study involves stochastic modeling of the pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter for turbulent flow with the aim of determining feasibility limits for the mea- surement of turbulence spectra and related parameters. The model results are compared with experimental ul- 158 trasonic and hot-film measurements of pipe flow turbu- lence. Improved procedures using dual-measurement-point techniques are also being investigated. ig) Early results indicate good experimental agreement with the model and that practical uses for ultrasonic measure- ment of turbulence exist. (/i) Hemodynamic Turbulence Measurements Using Ultrasonic Techniques, F. K. Forster, J. L. Garbini, Proc. 4th New En- gland Bioengrg. Conf., Pergamon Press, May 7-8, 1976. 168-10073-520-54 FLUID FLOW AROUND SHIP HULLS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Bruce H. Adee, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical. (e) Flow around ship hulls is computed under the assumption that the fluid is inviscid. Comparisons are drawn between computed results and previous experimental results for the wave profile, streamlines and pressure distribution at con- stant forward speed. (/) Completed. (/i) An Investigation of the Fluid Flow About Ships, K. Fung, National Technical Information Service (RB261084JAS). Fluid Flow Around a Ship's Hull, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Nu- merical Ship Hydrodynamics, 20-22 Oct. 1975. Wave-Making and Frictional Resistance of Practical Ship Forms, Intl. Sem. on Wave Resistance, Japan, Feb. 1976. 168-10074-430-44 FLOATING BREAKWATER RESEARCH {b) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program; U.S. Anjiy Corps of Engineers Coastal En- gineering Research Center. (c) Bruce H. Adee, Assoc. Professor. (d) Includes experimental, theoretical and field data. (e) To increase our knowledge of the effectiveness of floating breakwaters and develop predictive models for design. (g) Computer programs for prediction of the transmission per- formance, motions and mooring line focus have been developed. These have been verified through wave-tank experiments and the results obtained in the field. (/i) Theoretical Analysis of Floating Breakwater Performance, B. Adee, W. Martin, 1974 Floating Breakwater Conf. Papers, Univ. of Rhode Island Marine Tech. Rept. Series No. 24, Newport, R.I., pp. 21-40, 23-25 Apr. 1974. Prototype Performance Characteristics of a Floating Break- water, D. Christensen, E. Richey, 1974 Floating Break- water Conf. Papers, Univ. Rhode Island Marine Tech. Rept. Series No. 24, Newport, R.I., pp. 159-180, 23-25 Apr. 1974. Floating Breakwaters-State of the Art, E. Richey, R. Nece, 1974 Floating Breakwater Conf. Papers, Univ. Rhode Island Marine Tech. Rept. Series No. 24, Newport, R.I., pp. 1-20, 23-25 Apr. 1974. Analysis of Floating Breakwater Performance, B. Adee, Symp. Modeling Techniques, 2nd Ann. Symp. Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, San Francisco, Calif., pp. 1585-1602, 3-5 Sept. 1975. Floating Breakwaters: An Idea Whose Time Has Returned, B. Adee, Ocean 75, San Diego, Calif., pp. 707-715, 22-25 Sept. 1975. Analysis of Floating Breakwater Mooring Forces, B. Adee, Ocean Engineering Mechanics, presented Winter Ann. Mtg. ASME, Houston, Tex., pp. 77-92, 30 Nov. -5 Dec. 1975. A Review of Developments and Problems in Using Floating Breakwaters, B. Adee, Offshore Tech. Conf. Proc. II, Houston, Tex., pp. 225-236, 3-6 May 1976. Prototype Performance Characteristics of Two Floating Breakwaters, D. Christensen, E. Richey, Offshore Tech. Conf. Proc. II, Houston, Tex., pp. 225-236, 3-6 May 1976. Floating Breakwater Performance, B. Adee, 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, Hawaii, 11-17 July 1976. Floating Breakwater Field Assessment Program, Friday Harbor, Washington, B. Adee, E. Richey, D. Christensen, U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engrg Research Center, Tech. Paper No. 76-17, Oct. 1976. Operational Experience with Floating Breakwaters, B. Adee. Pacific Nortwesl Section, Soc. Naval Architects and Marine Engrs., Jan. 1977. WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, Crescent Beach Road, Glen Cove, N. Y. 11542. Dr. Edward V. Lewis, Director of Research. 169-08398-520-48 STUDIES OF HIGH FREQUENCY SHIP HULL RESPONSE TO WAVES ("Springing") {b) U.S. Coast Guard. (d) Experimental (model) and theoretical; applied research. (e) Tests with a jointed model, having variable natural frequency of vertical two-noded vibration, in regular waves in a model basin. Magnitude of the vertical bending mo- ment excited at different encounter frequencies, particu- larly at and near resonance, are measured. Theoretical computer calculations were made and results compared with experiments. (/) Completed. (g) Excellent results have been obtained in tests at various speeds in short waves. Calculations give good agreement in certain cases, but more extensive experimental and theoretical work is needed. (/i) Feasibility Study of Springing Model Tests of a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier, D. Hoffman, R. W. van Hooff, Intl. Ship- building Progress, Mar. 1973. Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Springing on a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier, D. Hoffman, R W van Hooff, DOT., USCG Rept. CG-D-8-74, July 1973. Intl. Shipbuild- ing Progress, June 1 976. 169-09216-420-21 ANALYSIS OF OCEAN WAVE SPECTRA FOR APPLICA- TION TO SHIP DESIGN (b) U.S. Navy, General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Ship Research and Development Center. (c) Dr. Dan Hoffman. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Analyzing wave spectra from various ocean weather ships and comparing trends of wave and weather parameters. Developing "families" of spectra of different levels of severity for use in ship design and comparing these with various ideal formulations. Purpose is to provide more reli- able ocean wave data and show how they can best be ap- plied in design. (/) Completed. (g) Significant trends established, differing from generally-used ideal formulations. (/i) Analysis of Measured and Calculated Spectra, D. Hoffman, Proc. Intl. Symp. Dynamics of Marine Vehicles and Struc- tures in Waves, Univ. College, London, Apr. 1974. Analysis of Wave Records and Application to Design, D. Hoffman, Proc. Intl. Symp. Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis, New Orleans, Sept. 1974. Wave Data Application for Ship Response Predictions, D. Hoffman, Final Report to Naval Sea Systems Command, Oct. 1975. 169-09217-520-45 IMPROVED AUTOMATIC STEERING OF SHIPS (b) National Maritime Research Center (Maritime Administra- tion), Kings Point. N. Y. (d) Experimental; applied research. (e) A model of a fast container ship is arranged for automatic steering in following waves in a towing basin. A PDP-8 159 minicomputer in the control loop permits changes in the control equations and constants to be made for experimen- tal evaluation. Purpose is to improve quality of steering control in rough seas for modern high-speed ships. (/) Completed. (g) Tests demonstrated feasibility of digital control method of evaluating a control system. For one particular model con- clusions were reached regarding optimum choice of coeffi- cients in control equation. (/i) A Model Steering Study, Femenia, Lewis, van Hooff, Zuba- ly. Report issued by National Maritime Research Center, Kings Point, N. Y. Ship Model Evaluation of Automatic Control Systems, R. van Hooff, 4lli Control Systems Svnip., The Netherlands, Oct. 1975. Model Steering Tests with Digital Control, R. van Hooff, E. V. Lewis, NMRC Rept. NMRC-KP-169, Oct. 1976. 169-10343-520-45 EVALUATION OF HEAVY AVOIDANCE SYSTEM WEATHER DAMAGE (b) National Maritime Research Center (Maritime Administra- tion), Kings Point, NY. (c) Dr. Dan Hoffman. (rf) Shipboard investigation; applied research. (e) Evaluating effectiveness of an Edo/MarAd System for giv- ing warning of high accelerations, high stresses or shipping of water and predicting effect of course and speed changes. Numerous instrumented voyages on S.S. Lasli Italia are being monitored and data analyzed. (g) System is proving to be very effective when ship officers become familiar with its use. (h) Heavy Weather Damage Avoidance System on the S.S. Lash Italia, D. Hoffman, Preliminary Report, Dec. 1976 (to be published by NMRC). WESTERN WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Bellingham, Wash. 98225. Dr. Thomas A. Terich. 171-10403-410-61 THE EFFECTS OF WOOD DEBRIS AND DRIFT LOGS ON ESTUARINE BEACHES OF NORTHERN PUGET SOUND (b) State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Large volumes of wood debris and logs are washed from forested slopes and clear cut sites into Pacific Northwest streams and rivers. Their concentrations often significantly alter stream physiography and flow. Similar effects may be found along the shore-lines of Puget Sound, the ultimate depository for much river-borne debris. This study is designed to investigate the effects wood debris have on beach sediment erosion and deposition. Thirty beach sites over two-hundred mile of shoreline are being monitored to determine seasonal movements and volumetric changes of deposited drift logs. Additionally, a time lapse camera is used to detect short term movements of drift logs under various tides and wave conditions. WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Morgantown, W. Va. 26506. Dr. E. F. Byars, Department Chairman. 172-10016-700-54 PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE {h) National Science Foundation. ((•) R. A. Bajura. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. and Ph D. theses. (e) The flow and pressure fields in the neighborhood of a standard flow metering orifice are being studied experi- mentally to determine the details of the flow field in both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. Weigh tank calibra- tions of water flow rates through the orifice under pulsatile flow are performed for the purpose of determining the flow metering error. An analytical model of the flow through the orifice is being developed for flow metering purposes. (/i) Studies of Pulsating Incompressible Flow Through Orifice Meters, R. A. Bajura, M. T. Pellegrin, Proc. Natl. Bureau of Standards Flow Measurement Symp., Gaithersburg, Md., Feb. 1977, NBS SP484 (Sept. 1977). 172-10017-060-33 INFLUENCE OF PUMPED STORAGE FLOWS ON THER- MAL STRATIFICATION IN RESERVOIRS (b) Office of Water Research and Technology. (c) R. A. Bajura and S. H. Schwartz. (d) Experimental. (e) Determine procedures for distortion modeling of pumped storage reservoir systems and determine the influence of the discharge and withdrawal cycles on thermal stratifica- tion and mixing. 172-10018-210-75 FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN MANIFOLDS (b) Babcock & Wilcox Company. (c) R. A. Bajura. (d) Experimental and analytical; M.S. thesis. (e) The distribution of flow into the lateral branches of typical manifold systems is studied experimentally to obtain characteristic pressure loss coefficients for the system. These coefficients are employed in an analytical model for predicting the flow distribution in manifolds systems. (/i) Flow Distribution Manifolds, R. A. Bajura, E. H. Jones, J. Fluids Engrg., ASME 98, 4, Dec. 1976. 172-10019-210-60 PULVERIZED COAL TRANSPORT MANIFOLD DESIGN STUDY (b) State of West Virginia. (c) R. A. Bajura. (d) Theoretical. (e) Determine design methods for the prediction of flow dis- tribution in manifold systems transporting pulverized coal in water slurries or air/coal suspensions. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor T. Green. 173-10026-220-50 VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT DUE TO FINGER- ING PROCESSES (b) NASA. (d) Experimental, field work; basic research; Masters thesis. (e) Sediment fingering, analogous to "salt fingering" in the ocean, may govern the vertical transport of muddy surface water associated with spring run-off. The process is being quantified in the laboratory, and looked for in the field. {g) See ( h) below. (h) Suspension Fingers, Houk and Green, Deep-Sea Research 20, pp. 757-761, 1973. 160 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Madison, Wis. 53706. Mary P. Anderson, Asst. Professor. 1 74-09870-820-33 GROUNDWATER-LAKE INTERACTION (b) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Depl. of the Interior. (d) Field and theoretical, applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Investigate the importance of groundwater in the water budget of seepage lakes. A representative lake in northwest Wisconsin has been instrumented. Field data will provide input to a model of the groundwater flow system in the vicinity of the lake. 174-09871-820-36 HEAT TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER (b) EPA. (d) Field and theoretical; applied and development; Ph.D. the- sis. (e) Seepage of heated water from a cooling lake and move- ment of the heat through the groundwater system are -being monitored at a site in south central Wisconsin. Field data will provide input for a mathematical model. 174-09872-820-36 GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MENOMONEE RIVER BASIN (b) EPA in cooperation with the International Joint Commis- sion. (d) Field, applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Groundwater conditions adjacent to the Menomonee River in southeast Wisconsin are being studied with regard to groundwater flow and water quality. Purpose is to assess the nature and amount of pollutants transported to the Menomonee River by groundwater. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Marine Studies Center, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, Wis. 53706. 175-10028-420-44 WAVE DECAY DUE TO BUOYANCY-DRIVEN TURBU- LENCE (b) NOAA (Sea Grant). (c) Professor T. Green. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Long wave decay is studied in the presence of high- Rayleigh-number convective turbulence. The decay rate is correlated with a bulk Rayleigh number, and interpreted in terms of a convectively induced Reynolds stress. Long, standing wave interaction is studied using the method of multiple time scales. The theoretical results are cor- roborated with experimentally obtained energy transfer rates. (/) Suspended, (g) See (e) and (h). (/i) Long-Wave Decay Due to Convective Turbulence, Green and Kang, J. Fluid Mechanics 73, pp. 427-444, 1976. 175-10029-440-54 STUDIES OF THE KEWEENAW CURRENT IN LAKE SU- PERIOR (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professor T. Green. (d) Field (and some theoretical) work; basic research; Masters, Doctoral theses. (e) The strong Keweenaw Current along the north shore of the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior is measured using hydrography, moored current meters, and aerial techniques. Particular attention is paid to surface kinetic energy transfer (obtained mainly with airborne photogram- metry), and upwelling events (using hydrography and air- borne thermal scanning). (/) Data analysis ongoing {g) See (h). (/i) Short-Period Variations in a Great Lakes Coastal Current by Aerial Photogrammetry, Yeske and Green, J. PInscial Oceanography 5, 1, pp 125-135, 1975. Horizontal Turbulent Energy Transfer Associated with a Great Lakes Coastal Current, Green and Yeske, Tellus 27, pp. 384-396, 1975. Coastal Upwelling/Downwelling Cycles in Southern Lake Superior, Niebauer, Green, Ragotzkie, J. Physical Oceanography (in press). 175-10030-870-60 POWER PLANT THERMAL PLUMES IN LAKE MICHIGAN (b) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Wisconsin power companies. (c) Professor T. Green. (d) Field work; applied research. (e) All significant thermal plumes along the Wisconsin Shore of Lake Michigan were scanned with an airborne thermal scanner approximately weekly for over a year. Surface areas within various isotherms were calculated. (/) Completed. (g) Reports with all data have been given to the funding agen- cies. See also (h). (/i) Types of Thermal Plumes in Coastal Waters, Green, Madding, and Scarpace, Water Research II, pp. 123-127, 1977. Thermal Plumes Along the Wisconsin Shore of Lake Michigan, Madding, Scarpace, and Green, Trans. Wise. Academy of Sciences (in press). 175-10031-470-44 ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS OF HARBOR FLUSHING (b) NOAA (Sea Grant). (c) Professor T. Green. (d) Field, laboratory, theoretical; basic, applied research; Doc- toral thesis. (e) Electromagnetic potentials associated with flowing water are used to estimate channel flow, and harbor flushing. 175-10032-870-33 HIGH-FREQUENCY TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS IN THERMAL PLUMES (b) OWRT, Sea Grant. (c) Professor T. Green. (d) Field work; basic research; Masters thesis. (e) Temperature fluctuations have been measured at seven points in the vertical in a power-plant thermal plume. The results are being interpreted in terms of boundary-layer entrainment mechanisms. (/) Suspended. 175-10033-440-44 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN COASTAL ZONE (b) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (NOAA). (c) Professor T. Green. (d) Field work; basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Thirteen current meters were moored in the coastal zone of south-eastern Lake Michigan in the spring and summer of 1976. The data will be processed to measure coherence and phase propagation along the shore. 175-10034-330-10 FLOW IN THE KEWEENAW WATERWAY, IN LAKE SU- PERIOR (b) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 161 (c) Professor R. A. Ragotzkie. id) Field work; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Flow in the Keweenaw Waterway is related to forcing by runoff, by Lake Superior water-level variations, and by at- mospheric pressure variations. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Mathematics, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor Peter E. Ney, Department Chairman. 176-08400-420-61 WATER WAVES IN LAKES AND OCEANS (b) National Science Foundation. (c) Professors R. E. Meyer and M. C. Shen. id) Theoretical; basic and applied research. (e) Physical oceanography research. (/i) Planetary Waves over the Rotating Earth, M. C. Shen, Phys. Fluids 18, p. 1225, 1975. Gradual Reflection of Short Waves, R E. Meyer, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 29, pp. 481-492, 1975. Uniform Asymptotic Approximation for Viscous Fluid Flows Down An Inclined Plane, M. C. Shen, S. M Shih, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 6, pp. 560-581, 1975. Leakage and Response of Waves Trapped by Round Islands, R. E. Meyer, C. Lozano, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 1075-1088, 1976. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN— MADISON, Department of Meteorology, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor T. Green. 177-10027-460-33 SURFACE MIXING DUE TO RAIN (b) OWRT. id) Experimental, field; basic, applied research; Doctoral thes- is. (e) Warm rain mixes cool, fresh receiving surface water downward to distances up to a meter. The same phenomenon occurs when rain falls into salt water. This mixing is measured as a function of time, raindrop size, rain temperature, and intensity. (/) Completed. (g) See (h). (/i) A Note on Surface Waves Due to Rain, D. Houk, T. Green, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 24, Aug. 20, 1976. Surface Mixing Due to Rain, T. Green, D. Houk, J. Fluid Mechanics (in press). WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543. Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director. 178-07786-450-20 DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE DEEP SEA (b) Office of Naval Research; National Science Foundation. (c) Dr. W. S. Schmitz, Jr., and Dr. N. P. Fofonoff. (d) Field investigations. (e) Time series observations in the deep ocean support theoretical work on the nature of dynamic processes in the sea. Several experiments are usually in progress simultane- ously. (g) Several recent experiments have yielded the following in- formation: ( 1 ) data from an array of current meters in the deep Gulf Stream recirculation region suggests that this recirculation is driven by the oceanic eddy field; (2) Gulf Stream rings have been identified as possible sources for enhanced fine-structure activity near Bermuda through the generation of internal waves by eddy interaction with the island slope and subsequent mixing by the internal wave field; (3) a new current was found near 4,000 in depth along the western foot of the Bermuda Rise. (li) On the Deep Circulation in the Western North Atlantic, W. J. Schmitz, Jr., J. Mar. Res. (in press). 1 78-09224-440-44 COASTAL CIRCULATION IN THE GREAT LAKES (b) NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. (c) Dr. Gabriel T. Csanady. (d) Analysis of field data, theoretical work. (e) Data collected during the International Field Year on the Great Lakes are analyzed and interpreted in terms of the concepts of fluid mechanics. (g) Concentrated bands of relatively fast currents are produced by storms near the shore of large lakes within what is now known as the "coastal boundary layer." The physical properties of the coastal currents depend not only on the size and shape of the lake basin, but also signifi- cantly on the density distribution of the water and the rotation of the earth. (h) Hydrodynamics of Large Lakes, G. T. Csanady, Ann. Review Fluid Mechanics 7, pp. 357-383, 1975. Circulation, Diffusion and Frontal Dynamics in the Coastal Zone, G. T. Csanady, J. Great Lakes Res. 1, 1, pp. 18-32, Oct. 1975. Topographic Waves in Lake Ontario, G. T. Csanady, J. Physical Oceanog., pp. 93-103, 1975. Mean Circulation in Shallow Seas, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 30, pp. 5389-5399, 1976. The Coastal Jet Conceptual Model in the Dynamics of Shal- low Seas, G. T. Csanady, The Sea 6, pp. 1 17-144, 1977. Intermittent "Full" Upwelling in Lake Ontario, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3, pp. 397-419, 1977. 178-09225-450-52 COASTAL BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSECT (b) Brookhaven National Laboratory; Energy Research and Development Administration. (c) Dr. Gabriel T. Csanady. (d) Theoretical and field investigations. (e) Current, temperature and salinity measurements in the coastal zone (0-12 km from shore) south of Long Island are used to elucidate flow structure in the coastal bounda- ry layer. (g) The transient and the long-term circulation over continen- tal shelves is determined by impulses received from winds and tides as well as by the density distribution of the water. An important part of the transient shelf-wide flow pattern is the coastal boundary layer where storms produce concentrated bands of currents. Time-averaged flow is, by contrast, controlled by density variations con- sequent upon fresh water runoff near shore. (/i) Lateral Momentum Flux in Boundary Currents, G. T. Csanady, J. Physical Oceanography 5, 4, pp. 705-717, 1975. Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulation Over the Con- tinental Shelves, G. T. Csanady, Effects of Energy Related Activities on the Atlantic Continental Shelf, Session II (Characteristic Physical Processes of the Atlantic Con- tinental Shelf; Chairman, G. T. Csanady), pp. 31-46. Nearshore Currents off Long Island, J. T. Scott, G. T. Csanady, 7. Geophys. Res 81, 30, pp. 5401-5409, 1976. 1 78-09226-450-20 OCEANIC VARIABILITY AND DYNAMICS (h) Office of Naval Research. (c) Dr. Thomas B. Sanford. (d) Theoretical and field investigations. (e) Most of the effort concentrates on the measurement and interpretation of motionally induced electric fields arising with water moving through the geomagnetic field. Theoretical studies and field observations are combined to define the spatial and temporal structure of flow in shallow channels and in the deep ocean. 162 (g) A better understanding of the physics of induction in broad shallow channels has been achieved. This un- derstanding allows, under certain circumstances, the trans- port of a stream to be electrically monitored. In the deep ocean measurements of electric current profiles have revealed new data on the vertical structure of horizontal currents. Much of the depth-dependent variability is con- tributed by inertial currents. (/i) A Velocity Profiler Based on Acoustic Doppler Principles, R. G. Drever, T. B. Sanford, WHOI Ref. No. 76-96. 36 pages, 1976 (unpublished manuscript). Vertical Energy Propagation of Inertial Waves: A Vector Spectral Analysis of Velocity Profiles, K. D. Leaman, B. Sanford, J. Geophysical Research 80, 15, pp. 1975-1978, 1975. A Study of Velocity Profiles Through the Main Ther- mocline, H. T. Rossby, T. B. Sanford, J. Physical Oceanog- raphy 6, 5, pp. 166-114, 1976. Observations of the Vertical Structure of Internal Waves, T. B. Sanford, J. Geophysical Research 80, 27, pp. 3861- 3871, 1975. Volume Transport Measurements on a Salt Marsh Drainage Channel Using Geomagnetic Induction, T B. Sanford, Lim- nology and Oceanography (in press). A Velocity Profiler Based on the Principles of Geomagnetic Induction, T. B Sanford, R. G Drever, H Dunlap, Deep Sea Jiesearch (in press). 178-09227-450-20 BENTHIC BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE IN THE VEMA CHANNEL (b) National Science Foundation, Oceanography Section. (c) Dr. David A. Johnson. (d) Field investigation. (e) New data from closely spaced hydrocasts, thermograd profiles, vertical nephelometer profiles, and direct bottom current observations in the Vema Channel (southwest At- lantic Ocean) allow an interpretation of the flow regime and the structure of the benthic boundary layer. (/) Completed. (g) The data are consistent with a model of an asymmetrical flow regime wherein strongest northward current velocities are adjacent to the western wall of the channel; frictional effects due to the presence of the wall induce strong tur- bulence in the flow; turbulent mixing results in a "blurring" of the benthic thermocline and a slight eleva- tion of near-bottom temperatures in the channel axis; and upslope advection in a bottom boundary Ekman layer results in a veering of the mean velocity vector and the transport of coldest water upslope to the eastern margin of the channel. (/)) Abyssal Hydrography, Nephelometry, Currents, and Benthic Boundary Layer Structure in the Vema Channel, J. Geophys. Res. 81, pp. 5771-5786, 1976. WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Research Laboratories, Holden, Mass. 01520. Professor George E. Hecker, Director, Research Laboratories. 179-06509-870-73 INDIAN POINT NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION (b) Consolidated Edison Company of New York. (d) Experimental applied research. (e) Hydraulic model studies were conducted to reduce the en- vironmental effects of the discharge of condenser circulat- ing water into the Hudson River by design of the outfall structures and to demonstrate compliance to pertinent New York State thermal discharge criteria. Two models were required: A 1 to 75 uniform scale model simulating the near-field temperature rise patterns where initial discharge momentum governed flow phenomena, and distorted scale model, 1 to 400 horizontal and 1 to 80 ver- tical scales, simulating far-field temperature rise patterns where temperature induced buoyance and surface heat transfer were governing phenomena. The far-field model simulated time varying tidal stage and velocity and in- cluded cumulative temperature effects. (/) Project compleled-report on file. ig) Temperature patterns were determined at hourly intervals during the tidal cycle for various outfall geometries, plant operating conditions, and freshwater runoff fiow rates. Specific model tests were conducted to simulate field con- ditions occurring during the field surveys. Model results were then compared to field survey data to demonstrate the usefulness and limitations of physical modeling techniques as applied to an estuary. (/i) Hydrothermal Model Studies of Existing Shoreline Outfall and Offshore Diffusers for Indian Point Units I through 3, J. B. Nystrom, G. E. Hecker, ARL Repl. No. 61- 74IMII8CF 179-10416-340-73 NORTH ANNA POWER STATION-CONDENSER INLET TUNNEL (h) Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Vir- ginia. (d) Experimental, for design. (e) The operating efficiencies of steam turbines will be af- fected by the distribution of cooling water flow among condensers. A hydraulic model constructed to a scale ratio of 1;14 was used to determine fiow distribution, fiow pat- terns, and head losses for the North Anna condenser inlet tunnel design and flow patterns within the condenser waterboxes. (/) Tests completed. (g) The fiow rate through any individual condenser line was within -\.59c and -1-2% of the average fiow rate through all six condenser lines. At all condenser inlet riser locations, the flow patterns within the waterbox were dominated by the waterbox geometry and were relatively unaffected by the intake area geometry. (/i) Hydraulic Model Test of Condenser Inlet Tunnel, North Anna Units 3 and 4, P A March, ARL Repl. No. 60- 77IM250BF. 179-10417-340-73 SEABROOK STATION-DISCHARGE STRUCTURES {b) Yankee Atomic Electric Company, Weslborough, Mas- sachusetts. (d) Experimental, for design. (e) Knowledge of the head losses associated with discharge structures during normal operation and backfiushing operation is important for sizing the pumps in the circulat- ing water system, calculating normal plant circulating water fiow and temperature rise, and predicting backfiush- ing transients. Information on the velocity distribution in the discharge jets is required to determine whether or not the assumptions in previous analytical models and the operating conditions in the hydrothermal model are adequately satisfied. Models of proposed designs for the bifurcated discharge structures, constructed to a scale ratio of 1:11, were used to determine velocity distribution in the discharge jets and loss coefficients for operation in the discharging mode and backfiushing mode. An analyti- cal investigation was also conducted to determine the potential for fiow-induced vibrations in the proposed guard bars. (/) Tests completed. (g) The original discharge structure design produced swirling, unstable discharge jets. The discharge loss coefficient (based on the velocity head in the discharge riser) for this design was 2.4, and the backfiushing loss coefficient (also based on the velocity head in the discharge riser) was 1.3. The recommended discharge structure design produced stable, well-defined discharge jets which were relatively uniform in velocity. The discharging loss coefficient for the recommended design was 2.0, and the backfiushing loss coefficient was 0.7. The analytical investigation in- 163 254-330 O - 78 - 12 dicated the potential for flow-induced guard bar vibrations during normal discharging operation with the proposed guard bar design, (/i) Experimental Study of Discharge Structures-Seabrook Sta- tion, P. A. March, P. J. Smith, ARL Rept. No. 130- 76/M296CF, Nov. 1976. 179-10418-340-73 SEABROOK STATION-INTAKE STRUCTURES (b) Yankee Atomic Electric Company, Westborough, Mas- sachusetts. (d) Experimental, for design and evaluation. (e) Knowledge of the head losses associated with intake struc- tures during normal operation and backflushing operation is important for sizing the pumps in the circulating water system, calculating normal plant circulating water flow and temperature rise, and predicting backflushing transients. Information on the flow patterns and velocities in the vicinity of the intake structures is required to help evalu- ate the potential for entrainment of marine organisms. Sectional models constructed to a scale ratio of 1:35 were used to determine vertical flow patterns and velocities in the vicinity of individual intake structures. An overall model constructed to the same scale was used to deter- mine loss coefficients and to determine horizontal flow patterns in the vicinity of an array of three intake struc- tures. (/) Tests completed. (g) The velocity profiles at the upstream face of the recom- mended intake design were relatively uniform and generally less than 1 ft/sec for ambient currents of 0, 0.2, and 0.4 kt. Downstream velocity profiles were skewed for ambient currents of 0.2 and 0.4 kt, and the maximum measured velocity was 1.3 ft/sec. For all of the ambient currents tested, each intake appeared to operate indepen- dently from the other intakes. Each intake's range of in- fluence was limited horizontally to about one intake diameter on either side of the intake periphery for an am- bient current of 0.2 kt and to about one-half intake diame- ter to either side for an ambient current of 0.4 kt. For the recommended intake design, the average intaking loss coefficient (based on the velocity head in the intake riser) was 0.35 and the average backflushing loss coefficient (also based on the velocity head in the intake riser) was 1.04. (/i) Experimental Study of Intake Structures, Seabrook Station, P. A. March, R. G. Nyquist, ARL Rept. No. 131- 76IM296DF, Nov. 1976. 179-10419-390-70 BIRD MACHINE COMPANY-SPRAY COOLING TESTS (b) Bird Machine Company, S. Walpole, Massachusetts. (d) Experimental, for design. (e) Spray cooling equipment is typically evaluated from ther- mal performance tests for single units, and the results of single unit tests are then used to predict the performance of an array of spray cooling units. Thermal performance of five experimental spray cooling nozzles was evaluated on the basis of cooling efficiency (degrees of cooling divided by ambient temperature minus wet bulb temperature), NTU (number of transfer units), and power factor (the ratio between the rate of heat transfer from the sprayed water and the pumping power required for the unit). if) Tests completed. ig) When tested under identical conditions, the cooling effi- ciency values and NTU values for one of the experimental nozzles averaged about 2.0 times as high as corresponding values obtained for a standard spray unit using a conical defiector, and power factor values averaged about 1.7 times as. high. (/i) Draft report completed, final report available soon. 179-10420-340-73 SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION-CONDENSER INLET WATERBOX (b) Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Newark, New Jersey. (d) Experimental, for design. (e) A high content of abrasive silt in the circulating water in- creases the potential for rapid condenser tube erosion. If the inlet waterbox design produces regions of high velocity within the waterbox, this could result in accelerated ero- sion, as well as decreased condenser efficiencies and in- creased losses. A hydraulic model, constructed to a geometric scale ratio of 1:10, was used to determine flow patterns, velocity distribution, and losses within an inlet waterbox. The potential for erosive wear was evaluated on the basis of particle impingement angles and velocities. Using this criterion, the original design and a variety of revisions were investigated in the model. (/) Tests completed. (g) A revision which included a vaned inlet elbow and an open grid of rectangular bars in the inlet waterbox reduced the potential for erosive wear by producing a more uniform velocity distribution at the tubesheet. No significant increase in inlet area losses was measured for this revision. (/i) Hydraulic Model Study of Condenser Inlet Waterbox, P. A. March, ARL Rept. No. 25-77IM302BF, Jan. 1977. 179-10421-710-20 INVESTIGATION OF SCHLIEREN SYSTEM FOR DETER- MINING PRESSURE FIELDS (b) Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. (d) Basic research. (e) A high-velocity water tunnel was constructed, and experi- ments were conducted to determine the utility of the Schlieren fiow visualization technique for quantitative measurement of the pressure distribution around projec- tiles during water entry. (f) Tests completed. (g) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Schlieren photo- graphs revealed no trends which could be related to pres- sure gradients around the test objects for approach veloci- ties up to the maximum obtainable value of 100 ft/sec. Sensitivity tests indicated a minimum observable pressure gradient of 3,700 psi/inch, which would require an ap- proach velocity of over 500 ft/sec. (/i) Investigation of Schlieren System for Determining Pressure Fields, P. A. March, ARL Rept. No. 26-7'^IM6387F , Jan. 1977. 179-10422-350-73 TURNERS FALLS FISH PASSAGE (b) Northeast Utilities Service Company, Hartford, Connec- ticut. (d) Experimental for design. (e) Two hydraulic models were constructed of two portions of a fish ladder to be constructed on the Connecticut River at the Turners Falls dam. The ladders will provide up- stream passage for migrating shad and Atlantic salmon. A 1/16 model included a portion of the dam with its control gates and the river immediately downstream where the fish ladder entrance was located. The objective of the model was to locate the entrance in a velocity zone that would be acceptable to the migrating fish. The second model was 1/9 scale and included vertical slotted weirs for the migrat- ing fish. The slotted weirs had to operate under a wide range of head and tailwater levels. The objective of the model was to determine if the slotted weirs produced equal head loss over the range of fiows. (/) Tests completed. (g) The entrance to the fish ladder was optimized so that a favorable velocity distribution was produced in the river in the approach to the entrance. For the 1/9 model, testing showed that an additional weir was necessary to reduce the drop per weir so that velocities through the slots would be lower. 164 (/i) Model Studies of the Proposed Turners Falls Fish Passage Facilities, B. J. Pennino, G. E. Hecker, ARL Repi. No. 73- 75/M29SF. 179-10423-340-73 NEW HAVEN HARBOR STATION-SWIRLING STUDY FLOW (b) United Illuminating Company, New Haven, Connecticut. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Asymmetrical velocity distribution and increased swirl due to upstream piping bends contributed to excessive impeller erosion in a main boiler feedwater pump. A full scale model, operating at a Reynolds number of 2.3 x 10*^, was used to investigate axial and tangential (swirl) velocity dis- tributions for the original piping configuration and several modified configurations. (/) Tests completed, report in progress. (g) A uniform axial velocity distribution was provided and swirl was eliminated by a configuration which included a splitter plate, a multiply-vaned upstream elbow, and an in- creased length of straight pipe immediately upstream from the inlet. (h) Final report available soon. 179-10424-340-73 CHARLESTOWN NUCLEAR STATION DIFFUSER (b) New England Power Company, Westborough, Mas- sachusetts. (d) Experimental and analytical. (e) A 1/90 scale model of a portion of the coastline near Charlestown, Rhode Island was constructed in which vari- ous staged diffuser designs were tested at a prototype depth of 30 ft. The model is 150 ft long by 75 ft wide and built in wood on an elevated platform to minimize bottom heat loss. Surface and vertical structure of the plume are measured by 370 thermistor in transient cross fiow condi- tions. Temperature distributions resulting from transient backflushing operations are also to be tested. An analytical model will be used for the intermediate field plume predic- tions. (/) Tests in progress. (g) A final diffuser configuration was established meeting im- posed discharge criteria. Near-field thermal characteristics are being compared with existing mathematical models for staged diffusers in shallow water. 179-10425-340-73 HOPE CREEK SLOWDOWN (b) Public Service Electric & Gas Company. Newark, New Jersey. (d) Analytical. (e) The cooling tower blowdown of the Hope Creek Generat- ing Station will be discharged in the Delaware River through a single pipe. The net concentration of the discharge is larger than ambient and the discharge is, therefore, negatively buoyant. A mathematical model was developed for the prediction of the plume characteristics including the following regions; Buoyant round jet, bottom impingement region, bottom flow away plume. Various discharge designs will be tested. 179-10426-170-00 FIELD MEASUREMENT OF AIR WATER INTERFACIAL HEAT TRANSFER {b) Experimental basic research for Master's thesis. (e) Purpose of the study is to develop a method to directly measure the net heat transfer from a water surface to the atmosphere to compare the experimental results to results predicted from existing prediction formulations and to develop new prediction techniques which perform better under various meteorologic conditions. The experimental method developed utilizes an energy budget method for two control volumes in a 1 200 acre lake to determine net heat transfer rate and to separate the effects of water sur- face temperature dependent mechanisms from those which are independent, (g) Existing prediction formulations have been shown to un- derestimate evaporative conductive heat losses by from 15-30 percent on the average. 179-10427-340-75 PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE HYDRAULIC PER- FORMANCE OF A CIRCULATING WATER SCREEN- WELL (b) Offshore Power Systems, Jacksonville, Florida. (d) Experimental applied research. (e) A 9.6 to 1 hydraulic model was constructed of a single bay of the circulating water intake structure for the proposed Hoating nuclear power plant. Flow patterns within the pump bay were evaluated with respect to smooth and effi- cient pump operation for various strengths of How parallel to the face of the bay and for various traveling screen lo- cations. Flow withdrawal of adjacent bays were simulated to determine the effect of operation of adjacent bays on fiow patterns within the pump bay. Abnormal fiow disturbances such as vortex formation were of particular interest. (/) Project completed-report on file. (g) Velocity distributions in back of the bar screen at the en- trance to the pump bay and in front of the pump bell- mouth are shown as functions of current parallel to bar screen and traveling screen location. Flow patterns beneath the bellmouth are also presented. The effect of operation of adjacent bays on velocity distribution is also shown. (/i) Parametric Evaluation of the Hydraulic Performance of a Circulating Water Screenwell, J. B. Nystrom, ARL Repi. S5-77IM353F. 179-10428-340-75 CAYUGA GENERATING STATION (b) United Engineers & Constructors, Inc., Boston, Mas- sachusetts. (d) Experimental applied research for design. (e) A 100 to 1 scale model of a section of Lake Cayuga was used to develop a diffuser outfall for the proposed Cayuga Station condenser circulating water which would meet ap- plicable New York State thermal discharge criteria. A field study of the thermal plume from a nearby existing power station was conducted to verify the model operation. The interaction of the existing plant with various proposed out- fall structures was determined for various conditions of ambient temperature, current speed and water surface elevation. Four diffuser alternatives and two surface discharge alternatives were evaluated. (f) Project completed-report on file. (g) Steady state surface temperature patterns were determined as well as selected vertical profiles for various water sur- face elevations, ambient temperatures, and lake current speeds. Results using tee, angled tee, and staged diffusers, as well as two surface discharges, were compared to deter- mine the optimum configuration based on site constraints such as maximum and minimum diffuser submergence, cir- culating water temperature rise, and the interaction with the existing station (/i) Hydrothermal Model Studies of Diffuser Alternatives for the Cayuga Station Site, J. B. Nystrom, ARL Rept. No. 73- 76IM252B. 179-10429-340-73 MITCHELL NUCLEAR POWER STATION (b) American Electric Power, New York, New York. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/10 model of a cooling tower pump intake and screen- well area was constructed to test for vortices in an existing station. (/) Study completed. (g) Vortices occurred in the model and they were eliminated by a sloping plate extending from the surface to the soffit of the horizontal pump intake 165 (/i) Report in progress. 179-10430-340-75 PERRY NUCLEAR STATION (b) Gilbert Associates, Inc., Reading, Pennsylvania. (d) Experimental for design. (e) Two models are being constructed to determine flow pat- terns in a cooling tower basin and the effect of these flow patterns on vortices at the circulating water pumps. A 1/64 overall basin model will determine flow patterns to impose on a 1/16 local model of the pump intakes. Any vortices at the pump intakes are to be observed' and modifications to be recommended to remove the vortices and improve the flow patterns. The strength of vorticity is to be measured by a vortimeter in the pump column and fluctuating pressures are to measure and correlate with vortices. (/) Study to be completed in summer 1977. 179-10431-360-73 PIT 6 SPILLWAY (b) Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, Califor- nia. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/40 hydraulic model was constructed of the Pit 6 dam with its spillway gates, stilling basin, and river immediately downstream. The stilling basin has experienced floor block failure and severe erosion due to cavitation. The objective of the study was to modify the stilling basin so that energy dissipation was accomplished with more stable floor blocks. (/) Testing essentially completed. (g) Testing showed that more stable streamlined floor blocks could produce the same energy dissipation as the original design. The streamlining would reduce the cavitation damage. Wall heights in the dissipator were increased and horizontal and lateral forces were measured on the floor blocks. (/i) Report in progress. 179-10432-340-73 BAD CREEK PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT (b) Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/58 model of the upper reservoir and radial flow intake structure was constructed. The purpose of the study is to test for vortices in the generating mode and modify the structure so that velocities and head losses are minimized in both modes. Forces on the roof are to be determined. (/) Study to be completed summer 1977. 179-10433-870-75 SHOCKOE CREEK COMBINED SEWER DIVERSION STRUCTURES (6) Hayes, Seay, Mattern and Mattern, Roanoke, Va. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/18 nondistorled model was constructed of two inter- connected sewers located in Richmond, Virginia. Diver- sion structures will be constructed in these sewers to bypass combined storm runoff to a treatment plant where it will be stored for treatment. The objective of the study was to minimize the increase in sewer water levels due to the newly constructed diversion structures. (/) Tests completed. ig) The diversion structures were streamlined to minimize the pressures in upstream sewers. The diversion tunnels were streamlined and designed for maximum capacity. (/i) Model Tests of the Shockoe Creek Combined Sewer Diver- sion Structures, B. J. Pennino, D. K. White, G. E. Hecker, ARL Repl. No. 127-76IM307F. 179-10434-350-73 HYCO LAKE CHUTE SPILLWAY (b) Carolina Power and Light Company, Raleigh, North Carolina. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/26 hydraulic model was constructed of an existing curved chute spillway whose floor had been damaged dur- ing a large flow. (/) Tests completed. (g) Testing showed that the floor had been damaged due to uplift caused by a hydraulic jump that moved up and down the chute due to the noncontroUed tailwater. Flow pat- terns on the chute were nonuniform because of the curve and flow had overflowed on one wall where scour oc- curred. A drop structure was designed that contained the supercritical flow. The spillway was rated and a tailwater operation plan was developed. 179-10435-340-73 FAIRFIELD PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT (b) South Carolina Electric and Gas Company, Columbia, South Carolina. (d) Experimental for design. (e) A 1/70 nondistorted hydraulic model of the upper reser- voir intake structure and portions of the reservoir. The studies involved the optimizing of the intake structure to minimize vortices, head losses and velocities at the trash racks. A diffuser was designed and tested so that minimum velocities were obtained in the pumping mode. The effect of mixing in the reservoir and selective withdrawal was in- vestigated. if) Tests completed. ig) A diffuser reduced reservoir mixing during pumping and a skimmer wall for generation was shown to be ineffective. Peak pumping velocities at the trash racks were reduced from 21 ft/sec to 1 1 ft/sec. (h) Hydraulics and Thermal Model Study for the Fairfield Pumped Storage Intake Structure, B. J. Pennino, A. G. Ferron, ARL Rept. No. 63-75/M260A. 179-10436-340-75 HYDRODYNAMICS OF VORTEX SUPPRESSION IN THE REACTOR BUILDING SUMP (b) Burns and Roe, Inc., and General Public Utilities. (d) Experimental. (e) To establish the outflow characteristics of the reactor sump for the decay heat removal system, a hydraulic model of the reactor sump and surrounding area was fabricated to the geometric scale of 3:1. The main purpose of the study was to verify that the reactor sump would properly drain the emergency cooling water without the development of free surface vortices or other flow irregu- larities which might adversely influence the operation of the decay heat removal system. In the event that undesira- ble flow conditions occurred, means of improving flow patterns were to be developed. (/) Completed. (g) Tests showed that the original design could be improved with respect to free surface vortices. Considering the prototype operating conditions and possible scale effects on modeling vortices, it seemed desirable to improve the flow characteristics. Various changes to the screens were made, and grids were installed over the sump to attenuate flow rotation. Tests at increased model flow rate and water temperatures were conducted to investigate possible scale effects on vortices, and the resulting data indicated that the recommended prototype installation will operate satisfactorily. (/)) Hydrodynamics of Vortex Suppression in the Reactor Building Sump Decay Heat Removal System, W. W. Dur- gin, L. C. Neale, R. L. Churchill, ARL Repl. No. 46- 77/M202FF, Feb. 1977. 166 179-10437-710-00 VELOCITY-AREA METHODS OF MEASURING ASYMMET- RIC FLOWS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. Master's thesis. (e) Several commonly used velocity-area methods of flow rate determination are being investigated to establish sensitivity to velocity and locational errors as well as disturbed velocity profiles. Comparisons are being made with data obtained in square ducts using a flow calibration facility. 179-10438-240-00 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, Master's thesis. (e) Syncronization of vortex shedding with the elastic modes of a structure are being studied using a vertical wind tun- nel. Particular attention is directed towards characterizing the fluid mechanic forces acting on a cylinder and the na- ture of the "locking on" process. (/z) The Interaction of Elastically Mounted Cylinders with Secondary Vortex Streets, J. Stasaitis, M.S. Thesis, Wor- cester Polytechnic Institute, July 1976. UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING, College of Engineering, De- partment of Mechanical Engineering, University Station, Box 3295, Laramie, Wyo. 8207 L Dr. Don L. Boyer. 181-09267-020-00 DIFFUSION AND LAGRANGIAN STATISTICS IN TURBU- LENT FLOWS (b) National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is spon- sored by the National Science Foundation, computer sup- port. (c) W. R. Lindberg. (d) Theoretical; numerical. (e) Research in both single particle and relative dispersion in turbulent flows. Effects of spectral structure, inertia and gravity are being investigated for homogeneous flows. (/i) A Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion and Lagrangian Statistics, W. R. Lindberg, Proc. 6th Canadian Cong. Appl. Mech., pp. 665-6 (1977). 181-09268-060-00 TURBULENCE IN STABLY STRATIFIED FLOWS (b) Office of Naval Research. (c) W. R. Lindberg. (d) Experimental; theoretical. (e) Turbulent structure of a stably stratified wake flow at moderate Reynolds numbers. Simultaneous measurements of u, w and p are analyzed to determine the spatial and spectral characteristics of the turbulent wake. Addi- tionally, a stratified, turbulent Ekman layer is being in- vestigated exp)ferimentally. 167 PROJECT REPORTS FROM U.S. GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE NORTH CENTRAL REGION, 2000 West Pioneer Parkway, Peoria, 111. 61614. E. R. Glover, Deputy Administrator. 300-01 85W-8 10-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM LOESS AND CLAYPAN WATERSHEDS IN MISSOURI AND IOWA See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0671. 300-01 86W-220-00 RATES AND PROCESSES OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENTA- TION IN THE CORN BELT See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0670. 300-01 88W-8 10-00 SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE CORN BELT See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0672. 300-01 89W-8 10-00 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF, EROSION, AND TILTH-CLAYPAN SOILS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 4.0133. 300-0 192W-8 10-00 THE MOVEMENT AND YIELD OF NUTRIENTS FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0934. 300-0342W-860-00 RELATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES TO WATER QUALITY IN THE NORTH APPALACHIAN REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0818. 300-0344W-860-00 RELATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND NATU- RAL VEGETATION TO NUTRIENT CONTENT OF WATERS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0903. 300-0346W-830-00 WATER EROSION PROCESSES IN RELATION TO WINDS IN THE GREAT PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0545. 300-0347W-870-00 USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0910. 300-0433W-820-00 EFFECT OF SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT PRAC- TICES ON WATER AND NUTRIENT MOVEMENT AND STORAGE IN THE SOIL See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0100. 300-0434W-8 10-00 CORNBELT WATERSHED SEDIMENT LOSSES See Water Resources Research Catalog II, 2.0381. 300-0435W-820-00 WATER CONSERVATION FOR NORTHERN PLAINS SOILS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0109. 300-0436W-8 10-00 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY OF WATERSHEDS SUBJECTED TO SURFACE MINING See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0138. 300-01723-350-00 HYDRAULICS OF WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES AND CHANNELS See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Nos. 001 1 1, 01168, 07677, and 08993. (b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Station; and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. (c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Research Leader, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab., 3rd Ave. S. E. at Mississippi River. Min- neapolis, Minn. 55414. (d) Experimental; applied research for development and design. (e) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water are carried out. Cooperation with and coordination of the tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Water Conservation Structures Laboratory is maintained. Model tests of the Marsh Creek Dam principal spillway. Contra Costa Coun- ty, California, have been completed. Present research is a generalized investigation of the scour at cantilevered pipe outlets. The objective is to develop criteria for the design of plunge pool energy dissipators for any pipe size, discharge, and bed material. (/i) The following reports and papers are in various stages of completion: Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XIII. The Hood Drop Inlet; Part XIV. Antivortex Walls for Drop Inlets; Part XV. Low-Stage Inlet for the Two-Way Drop Inlet; Part XVI. Elbows and Transitions for the Two- Way Drop Inlet; Part XVII. The Two-Way Drop Inlet with a Semicylindrical Bottom. Hydraulic Model Investigation of Marsh Creek Dam Prin- cipal Spillway, Contra Costa County, California; Theory of Flow in Long Siphons; The Hood Inlet Self-Regulating Siphon Spillway; The Two-Way Drop Inlet Self-Regulating Siphon Spillway. 300-04275-830-00 MECHANICS AND CONTROL OF EROSION BY WATER (b) Cooperative with Purdue University Agricultural Expmt. Station. 169 (c) W. C. Moldenhauer, Agronomy Dept., Life Science Bldg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied and developmental research. (e) Field, laboratory, and analytical studies of soil detachment and transport by rainfall and runoff; effects of plant covers, crop residues, tillage methods, and soil treatments on erosion and runoff; hydraulics of eroding runoff and rainfall; and mathematical models of the soil erosion process as a basis for improved methods of erosion predic- tion and erosion control. (g) A mathematical model was developed for deposition of noncohesive sediment on concave slopes by steady over- land flow. The model successfully described the spatial and temporal variation of the deposited material and sedi- ment yield. An applied sediment transport equation was developed that can be used in conjunction with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate sediment yield from farm fields and construction sites. The influence of flow rate on rill erosion and the stability of surface mulches was studied. Basic, mathematical erosion analysis indicated how the slope length exponent of the USLE va- ries with slope length, soil erodibility, steepness, and ru- noff. Delineation of intertill and rill erosion and the physi- cal characteristics of eroded particles from the two processes were studied in the field under simulated rain- fall. Recent user's manuals were prepared on using the USLE in the development of plans to control agricultural pollution. The main guideline manual, USDA-Agriculture Handbook 282, for the USLE is also currently being revised. (/i) Mathematical Simulation of Upland Erosion by Fundamen- tal Erosion Mechanics, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer. In; Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, ARS-S-40, Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington, D.C., pp. 190-207, 1975. The Influence of Vegetation and Vegetative Mulches on Soil Erosion, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, S. Niklov, Trans. ASAE 18, 5, pp. 905-911, 1975. Source of Soil Eroded by Water from Upland Slopes, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, M. J. M. Romkens. In: Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, ARS-S-40, Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington, D.C., pp. 177-189, 1975. Erosion Modeling on a Watershed, C. A. Onstad, G. R. Foster, Trans. ASAE 18, 2, pp. 288-292, 1975. Control of Water Pollution from Cropland-Volume I and II, A Manual for Guideline Development, B. A. Stewart, D. A. Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J. H. Caro, M. H. Frere, ARS-H-5 1 , Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC, 11 1 pages, 1975. Estimating the Soil Loss Equation's Cover and Management Factor for Undisturbed Areas, W. H. Wischmeier. In: Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, ARS-S-40, Agric. Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC, pp. 118-124, 1975. Use and Misuses of the Universal Soil-Loss Equation, W. H. Wischmeier, J. Soil and Water Conservation 31, 1, pp. 5-9, 1976. 300-09272-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTH AP- PALACHIAN REGION (h) Cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691. (c) W. R Hamon, Location/Research Leader, USDA-ARS North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio 43812. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Watershed studies to describe infiltration, percolation, groundwater, and overland and channel flow components of the hydrologic cycle with a mathematical model and to relate these components to definable physical parameters; predict watershed flow, including transport of water, sedi- ment and agricultural chemicals and wastes; describe areal precipitation characteristics; and relate ET losses to soil, vegetation, and meteorological factors. (g) Rainfall caught by national gages, on the average, was 96.6 percent of that measured by a pit gage in a WMO in- ternational comparison of raingauges in 15 countries. Ru- noff volumes for 10- and 25-year design storms were pre- dicted for an unpaved cattle barnlot using the most proba- ble antecedent soil moisture. A numerical model was developed for solving axisymmetric infiltration problems. The USDAHL Watershed Model was used to assess the hydrologic effects of land-use change and was found suffi- ciently accurate to establish the statistical significance of such changes. (/)) Comparisons of Measured and Estimated Daily Potential Evapotranspiration in a Humid Region, L. H. Parmele, J. L. McGuinness, J. Hydrol. 22, pp. 239-251, 1974. Preliminary Report on Measurements of Precipitation In- tercomparisons Between Pit Gauge and National Gauges, L. Schiff, F. R. Dreibelbis, Intl. Conf Results of the Intl. Hydro. Decade and On Future Programmes in Hydro. {ENDEC/Doc. 7-Appendix 2), Versailles, France, Sept. 1974. A Watershed Soils Index of Runoff Potential, J. L. Mc- Guinness, W. M. Edwards, J. Soil & Water Conservation 30, July-Aug. 1975. Estimating Quantity and Quality of Runoff from Eastern Beef Barnlots, W. M. Edwards, J. L. McGuinness, Proc. 3rd Intl. Symp. Livestock Wastes, ASAE, Champaign, 111., pp. 408-411, Apr. 1975. Use of Axisymmetric Infiltration Model and Field Data to Determine Hydraulic Properties of Soils, R. W. Jeppson, R. W. Rawls, W. R. Hamon, D. L. Schrieber, Water Resources Res. 11, 2, Feb. 1975. Using a Mathematical Model to Assess the Hydrological Ef- fects of Land-Use Change, K. J. Langford, J. L. McGuin- ness, ARS-NC-31, pp. 1-38, June 1976. Runoff Sampling: Coshocton Vane Proportional Sampler, W. M. Edwards, H. E. Frank, T. E. King, D. R. Gallwitz, ARS-NC-50, Nov. 1976. A Comparison of Modeling and Statistical Evaluation of Hydrologic Change, K. J. Langford, J. L. McGuinness, Water Resources Research 12, 6, pp. 1322-1324, Dec. 1976. 300-09273-870-00 FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENTS AND SEDI- MENTS FROM NON-POINT SOURCES (b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn. 55108. (c) R. A. Young and C. A. Onstad, Agric. Engineers, North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minn. 56267. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Assess the impact of man on nutrient enrichment of lakes and streams. Develop hydrologic and nutrient budget for agricultural and non-agricultural watersheds. Relate water quality and sediment yield to watershed land use practices. Model agricultural chemical transport. (g) Agricultural and non-agricultural non-urban watersheds in west central and northern Minnesota were instrumented. Data collection began in 1974. Data are being used to test agricultural chemical transport models, develop water and nutrient budgets for the watersheds, and to relate water quality and sediment yields to land use practices. 300-10561-220-00 PREDICTING EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS (h) Cooperative with Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, St. Paul, Minn. 55108. 170 (c) C. A. Onstad and R. A. Young, Agricultural Engineers, North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minn. 56267. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations, basic and applied research. (e) Models have been developed to estimate erosion and sedi- ment yield from ungaged agricultural basins. Simulation timeframes range from single storms to average annual amounts. Spatial distribution of sediment sources within the basin are also predicted. Plot experiments, indoor and outdoor, are being conducted to provide quantification of sediment characteristics deemed pertinent for the trans- port of agricultural chemicals. Data are also being col- lected from agricultural basins to relate water quality and sediment yield to land use practices, (g) Sediment yield models incorporating hydrologic and hydraulic flow properties have been designed for single storms and annual amounts. Validation tests have begun and comparisons with results from other models have been conducted with favorable results. A method has also been developed and tested to determine the particle size dis- tribution of eroded soil based on original soil matrix pro- perties. (/i) Watershed Erosion Model Validation for Southwest Iowa, C. A. Onstad, R. F. Piest, K E. Saxton, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-22 to 1-34, 1976. Prediction of Particle Size Composition of Eroded Soil, R A. Young, C. A. Onstad, Trans. ASAE 19, 6, pp. 1071- 1075, 1976. Basin Sediment Yield Modeling Using Hydrological Varia- bles, C. A. Onstad, A. J. Bowie, Proc. Intl. Symp. Erosion and Solid Matter Transport in Inland Rivers, Paris, France, July 4-8, 1977. A Sediment Yield Model for Large Watersheds, C. A. On- stad, A. J. Bowie, C. K. Mutchler, Paper No. 76-2536. ASAE Winter Mtg., Chicago, 111. Dec. 14-17, 1976. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH SERVICE AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL NORTHEASTERN REGION, Room 333, B-003, Agricultural Research Center, West Beltsville, Md. 20705. Dr. S. C. King, Deputy Administrator. 301-0440W-870-00 CONTROL OR PREVENTION OF SOIL AND WATER POL- LUTION FROM FERTILIZERS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.1355. 301-08432-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTHEAST (b) Cooperative with the Vermont Agric. Expmt. Sta., New Hampshire Agric. Expmt. Sta., and NOAA. (c) Ronald Z. Whipkey, Research Leader, 150 Kennedy Drive, South Burlington, Vt. 05401. (d) Experimental and field observations-applied and opera- tional research. (e) Hydrologically characterize important physiographic areas of the northeast, to study the effects of land use in local watershed hydrology and on downstream water supply and water quality. Specific research includes runoff processes (surface and subsurface) kinematics of overland flow, water input to watersheds from spring melt of northern snowpack, and hydrologic characteristics of watersheds as they affect water storage, transmission, drainage, and water availability for crop growth. (g) A runoff model developed for Pennsylvania uplands aids in determining maximum areas of the watershed that con- tribute storm runoff as well as changes of contributing area depending on time and storm characteristics. Shallow water equations were tested on a major watershed stream and kinematic and dynamic wave motions studied, physical factors of importance in flood routing through natural channels were determined from this Water input to watersheds arising from snowmclt is greatly affected by slope-aspect-cover and elevation in the physiographical complex watersheds of northern New England. 301-09276-810-00 PREDICTING THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTHEAST (/j) Cooperative with The Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) Dr. Harry B. Pionke, Soil Scientist, Northeast Watershed Research Center, 1 1 1 Research Building A, University Park, Pa. 16802. id) Experimental and field investigation; applied research, development (e) The hydrologic, geologic properties and water quality of selected watersheds are being investigated. The purpose is to develop concepts and then to develop and test predic- tive models of water, sediment and chemicals origin and transport on a watershed basis. (g) A storm hydrograph model based on the partial contribut- ing area concept was developed that utilizes a physically based infiltration capacity for computation of rainfall ex- cess and two stages of kinematic routing. Predictions of four storm hydrographs from a single watershed using this model closely approximated the observed hydrographs. A method for selecting initial soil moisture for simulation of storm hydrographs was developed, tested and found to be highly correlated with observed data. The method as- sumes soil moisture values can be represented by normal probability distributions. A number of techniques for esti- mating daily potential evapotranspiration were evaluated. Based on lysimeter data, methods utilizing measured net or solar radiation were superior to techniques which did not utilize this input. A modified combination equation developed at Coshocton, Ohio, appeared to have con- siderable potential for estimating actual daily ET in the humid northeastern United States. A snowmelt and water input model has been developed and partially tested on New England data. The model requires, as input, 10 day meteorological data and, as out- put provides snowmelt delivered to the ground surface at selected points over a watershed. Seasonal variations of soluble phosphate output (PO4-P) from an agricultural Pennsylvanian watershed ranged from an average of 20-30 ppb in winter. Concentration in base flows averaged about 10 ppb, and were relatively constant. A simulation of partial area hydrologic contribution pre- dicted the phosphate concentration from washoff of ripari- an lands to contain upwards of 100 ppb. (h) Partial Area Hydrology and Its Application to Water Resources, E. T. Engman, Water Resoiir. Bull. 10. 3, pp. 512-521, 1974. A Partial Area Model for Storm Flow Synthesis, E. T. Eng- man, A. S. Rogowski, Water Resour. Res. 10. pp. 464-472, . 1974. Soluble Phosphate Output of an Agricultural Watershed in Pennsylvania, W. J. Gburek, W. R Heald, Water Resour. Res. 10, pp. 113-1 18, 1974. Comparisons of Measured and Estimated Daily Potential Evapotranspiration in a Humid Region, L. H. Parmele. J L. McGuinness, J. Hydrol. 22, pp. 2 39-251, 1974. Transient Response of a Layered, Sloping Soil to Natural Rainfall in the Presence of a Shallow Water Table: Experi- mental Results, A. S. Rogowski, E. T. Engman, J. L. • Jacoby, Jr., U.S. Dept of Agric, ARS-NE-30. 61 pages, 1974. Seasonal Snow Accumulation, Melt and Water Input-A New England Model, R L. Hendrick, R. J. DeAngelis, J. Appl. Meteor. 15, pp. 1 \1 -121 . \916. 171 Predictability of Effects of a Severe Local Storm in Pennsyl- vania, W. J. Gburek, R. L. Hendrick, A. S. Rogowski, M. L. Paul, J. Appl. Meteor. 16, 2, pp. 136-144, 1977. Other publications available on request. 301-10622-810-00 PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE MANAGEMENT ON RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD AND (b) Cooperative with Howard University, Washington, D.C., and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. (c) Dr. E. T. Engman, Chief, Hydrograph Laboratory, Plant Physiology Institute, Northeastern Region, ARS-SWAS, Beltsville, Md. 20705. (d) Basic and applied research. (e) The mission of the USDA-ARS Hydrograph Laboratory is to conduct research on methodology for predicting and evaluating water yield from large areas in the United States and to work directly with the USDA Soil Conserva- tion Service and other action agencies in the development and transfer of current research results for their immediate use. The Hydrograph Laboratory functions as a national laboratory by extending and modifying the research results from local and regional studies to broader geographical areas. Research emphasis is placed on determining the ef- fects of land use, climate variability and hydrologic varia- bility on water yield from large areas. An interdisciplinary approach to the problem is being used and relies heavily on mathematical modeling, sensitivity analysis and remote sensing. (g) A digital model of watershed hydrology was developed for application to areas limited in size only by representation of aerial rainfall by a single raingage. Satisfactory applica- tions have exceeded one-hundred square miles. The model is unique in that it uses linear dimensions readily available by surface or remote sensing surveys to compute volumes for storage including soil porosity, surface depressions, and contour furrows. Rates such as infiltration, surface runoff, and drainage outflow as well as groundwater recharge are then computed as exhaustion phenomenon with the rate diminishing as storage is depleted. Watersheds are zoned by similarity of most important storages (i.e. soil porosity for infiltration, or if overland flow is more important, topography would be used for zoning). Each zone is then used as a unit for hydrologic computations to derive inflow to the channel from experienced rainfall. The influences of vegetation and tillage practices are readily discernable. Plant characteristics and growth indexes are used to com- pute the effects of land use and treatment in modification of soil porosity. Copies of the model and computer pro- gram have been requested by a great number of action agencies and educational institutions, both foreign and domestic. A model was developed for routing high-velocity flood flows in the main channel separately from the low-velocity flows on the floodplain. This removes the necessity for using average velocities since the uneven water surface derived from separate routings is now used to compute lateral attenuation between the main stem and the flood- plains. This procedure is particularly useful in computing the energies for sediment transport, particularly in the main channel and for using the differences in energies to determine depositions on the floodplain. The model is still in the testing stage and is in process of application to ac- tual cases in cooperation with action agencies. Both models are available in digital form either on tape or punched cards and can be obtained at no cost. (/i) The Hydrograph Laboratory maintains current bibliogra- phies and abstracts of papers published since the inception of the Laboratory in 1961. These are available upon request at no cost. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE SOUTHERN REGION, P.O. Box 53326, New Orleans, La. 70153. Dr. A. W. Cooper, Deputy Administrator. 302-0203W-830-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED FEA- TURES IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1 175. 302-0205 W-8 10-00 HYDROLOGIC PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1177 and 2.1180. 302-0206W-8 10-00 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ON UPSTREAM WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1 179. 302-0207W-8 10-00 STREAMFLOW REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1 181. 302 -0208W-8 10-00 RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW REGIMES OF AGRICUL- TURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF RE- GION See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1366. 302-0209W-8 10-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED FEA- TURES IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1367. 302-021 OW-830-00 WATER EROSION CONTROL PRACTICES FOR THE TEXAS BLACKLAND PRAIRIE See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1377. 302-02 13W-8 10-00 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ON UPSTREAM WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1368. 302-02 14W-8 10-00 HYDROLOGIC PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1369. 302-021 5W-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1376. 302-021 6 W-830-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1379. 172 302-0444W-8 10-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHEAST See Water Resources Research Catalog II, 2.0139 and 2.0141. 302-0445W-220-00 SEDIMENT DEPOSITION See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0379. 302-0446W-220-00 SOURCE AND MAGNITUDE OF SEDIMENT YIELD FROM WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0380. 302-0447W-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY AND STABILIZATION PRACTICES See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0170. 302-0448W-8 10-00 MODELING OF SOIL MOISTURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRA- TION ON UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0052. 302-0449W-8 10-00 PREDICTION OF GROUNDWATER CONTRIBUTIONS TO RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0053. 302-0450W-860-00 INVESTIGATION OF EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANS- PIRATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.01 1 1. 302-045 1W-8 10-00 RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP FROM UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0164. 302-04S2W-860-00 ONSITE WATER CONSUMPTION AT FLOODWATER RE- TARDING STRUCTURES See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.0020. 302-0453W-8 10-00 EFFECT OF FLOODWATER RETARDING STRUCTURES ON RUNOFF IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0033. 302-04S4W-870-00 TRANSPORT AND LOSS OF WATER-BORNE POLLUTANTS FROM ACJRICUI.TURAL WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 5.0405. 302-04S5W-8 10-00 MODELING SURFACE RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0173. 302-0456W-8 10-00 MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON AGRICUL- TURAL WATERSHEDS IN WESTERN GULF REGION See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 2.0064. 302-7002-390-00 DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES AND WATERFLOW MEASURING DEVICES See U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Region, Project 01723. ib) Cooperative with the Oklahoma Agric Exp. Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. (c) Dr. W. R. Gwinn, Research Leader, Water Conservation Structures Laboratory, P.O. Box 551, Stillwater, Okla. 74074. (d) Experimental, applied research for development and design. (f ) The laboratory conducts hydraulic research to ( 1 ) develop structures for the conveyance, storage, and disposal of sur- plus runoff water; (2) develop stream flow devices needed to monitor stream flow quantity and quality; (3) develop basic knowledge of the hydraulics of surface flows and determine the ability of vegetation and/or various manu- factured materials to protect constructed water conveying channels from eroding and releasing sediments to the stream below. (Also listed in Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 7.0314. See also U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Agricultural Research Service. North Central Region. Project 300-01723-350-00.) ig) A stepped baffle trash rack on closed conduit spillways for floodwater retarding reservoirs has been tested with models and prototype size structures. A berm installation with riprap approach is currently under study. A structural low-drop spillway using a baffle to dissipate energy and control grade in channels is currently under study using a movable-bed basin. A drop-box entrance for H and HL flumes was developed for use in water quality flow mea- surement. A hydraulic jump is formed on a sloping floor upstream of the flume to provide mixing and suspension of particles. New research is beginning on a mathematical model of the removal of soil from the surface of a large soil mass by flowing water using geology and soil charac- teristics as parameters. Physical evaluation of the model will be made in the laboratory and field. (/i) Estimating Annual Water Yield from Oklahoma Watersheds for Drought Periods, W. R. Gwinn. Presented Industrial Waste and Advanced Water Conf.. Apr. 1973. Model Study of Supercritical Flow Channel Transition for Nichols Creek, Kenedy, Tex., W. O Ree, D. K. McCool. U.S. Dept. of Agric, /IRS-S-//, 28 pages, July 1973. Hydraulic Model Studies of Little River Gaging Station B, W. R. Gwinn, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-38, 32 pages, June 1974. A Laboratory Evaluation of Trash Racks for Drop Inlets, W. R. Gwmn. G. G. Hebaus, USDA Technical Bulletin 1506, 70 pages, Sept. 1975. Dependable Yield of Reservoirs with Intermittent Inflows, W. R. Gwinn, W. O. Ree, ASAE Trans. 18, 6, pp. 1085- 1088, 1975. Discharge Equations for Hs, H, and HL Flumes, W. R. Gwinn, D. A. Parsons, J. Hydr. Div.. ASCE 102, HYl, pp. 73-88, Jan. 1976. Stepped Baffled Trash Rack for Drop Inlets, W. R. Gwinn, ASAE Trans. 19, 1, pp. 97-104 and 107, 1976. Emergency Spillway Performance at Site 39, Upper Black Bear Creek Watershed, Oklahoma, W O Ree, US Dept of Agric, ARS-S-109, 6 pages. Mar. 1976. Emergency Spillway Performance, Upper Red Rock Creek Watershed, Oklahoma, W O. Ree. US Dept of Agric . ARS-S-108. 18 pages. May 1976. Comparison of Chute and Stilling Basin Performance for Three Different Drop Box Inlets, W O Ree, US Dept of Agric, ARS-S-126. 1 1 pages, July 1976. Rooftop Runoff for Water Supply, W. O. Ree, U.S. Dept. of Agric. ARS-S-133, 10 pages, Aug. 1976. Effect of Seepage Flow on Reed Canarygrass and Its Ability to Protect Waterways, W. O. Ree. U.S. Dept. of Agric. ARS-S-154, 8 pages, Nov. 1976. 173 Friction Factors for Vegetated Waterways of Small Slope, W. O. Ree, P. R. Crow, U.S. Dept. of Agric, ARS-S-I5I, 56 pages, Jan. 1977. Performance Characteristics of a G rassed-Waterway Transition, W. O. Ree, US Dept of Agric , ARS-S-158, 1 I pages, Feb. 1977. 302-09286-810-00 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHEAST {h) Cooperative with the Univ. of Georgia Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Florida Agric. Exp. Sta., Soil Conservation Ser- vice, and the South Florida Water Management District. (c) Loris E. Asmussen, Geologist and Technical Director, Southeast Watershed Research Program, USDA-Agricul- tural Research Service, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Ga. 30604. {d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research. (e) Determine statistics of rainfall and runoff, develop methods to estimate design values of runoff and stream- flow for basin development, build models to predict hydrologic response of watersheds with improved agricul- tural management. Watershed processes will be concep- tualized in mathematical models, each specific to a predic- tion problem. Models will be verified and improved through field research on agricultural watersheds in the Coastal Plains of Georgia, North Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi, but centered in Little River, Tifton, Georgia. Basin precipitation, streamfiow, groundwater, and climate data will be processed by mathematical-statistical techniques to develop base data and model components. Mapping techniques will be developed to incorporate physical, geological, and management practice charac- teristics in the models. (g) A comprehensive report of Taylor Creek, Fla., is being made to determine the effect of channelization and water level control structure on streamfiow and groundwater. Streamfiow and groundwater duration analyses have been made. Phreatic water profiles near the main stream show little effect of channelization. Evapotranspiration averaged 35.2 inches per year and did not change with channeliza- tion. Annual and 4-month water-yield analyses showed no significant effects of channelization. Streamfiow duration (cfs) shows that after channelization durations of high flows and low flows are greater than before channelization while the duration of intermediate flows is less than before channelization. Groundwater duration showed that chan- nelization and control structures had little effect. Fifty years of rainfall records at 16 Coastal Plain Weather Bu- reau locations have been analyzed for seasonal probabili- ties of specified precipitation amounts and for quarterly number of drought days for specified recurrence intervals. Continuous stage data for the Little River Streamfiow are stored on magnetic tape for the period, 1968-1975. Filling and coding of missing data periods through 1975 was completed. Programs have been developed for building discharge tapes and for computing and storing summary information such as mean daily discharge, maximum daily instantaneous discharge, and daily area runoff. Daily allu- vial groundwater discharge has been computed for Stations I, J, and K for the record period, 1971 to 1976. A land-cover map of Little River Watershed being prepared from Landsat imagery will be compared to "ground truth" maps derived from conventional sources. This is a step in examination of satellite imagery as a possible source for acquiring and maintaining up-to-date physiographic watershed data necessary for accurate ru- noff prediction. A sub-model of a previously developed storm event model computes watershed distributed rain- fall, partitioned into runoff and not-runoff amounts, thus forming maps of storm potential runoff across the watershed.. Newly developed mathematical cascading techniques route this runoff overland and downchannel to form the storm hydrograph at watershed outlet, making it possible to account for the magnitude and location of vari- ous watershed management changes and to calculate ex- plicitly their effect on the hydrograph. Development of a regional streamfiow recession model is continuing while a groundwater recession model for Florida watersheds is being developed. Techniques employing probability generating functions derived for transforming the proba- bilistic structures of rainfall and hydrologic system state to obtain a probability distribution of system output were translated into a computer program. The program is struc- tured in modular form so that different deterministic or parameteric hydrologic models can be inserted, providing selection of the hydrologic model best suited to a specific evaluation or planning problem. (Ii) Continuous Seasonal Probability of Extreme Rainfall Events, W. M. Snyder, Hvdrological Sciences Bull. 20, 2, pp. 275-283, June 1975. A System for Computer Reduction of Digital Precipitation Data, T. K. Woody, published Proc. Natl. Symposium Precipitation Analysis for Hydrologic Modeling, Amer. Geophys. Union, pp. 18-27, June 1975. A System for Collection and Translation of Digital Precipitation Data, W. G. Knisel, Jr., published Proc. Nail. Symp. Precipitation Analysis for Hydrologic Modeling, Amer. Geophys. Union, pp. 7-17, June 1975. Stochastic Time Distribution of Storm Rainfall, W. G. Knisel, Jr., W. M. Snyder, Nordic Hydrology 6, pp. 242- 262, 1975. Predicting Recessions Through Convolution, P. Yates, W. M. Snyder, Water Resources Research 11, 3, pp. 418-422, June 1975. Developing a Parametric Hydrologic Model Useful for Sedi- ment Yield, W. M. Snyder, Proc. Sed. -Yield Workshop, Ox- ford, Miss. USDA, ARS-S-44, pp. 220-230, June 1975. The Role of the Watershed in Hydrologic Research, W. G. Knisel, Jr., Water Resources Symp., Ft. Valley, Ga., Chap. 2, pp. 7-32. A Proposed Index for Comparing Hydrographs, R. H. Mc- Cuen, W. M. Snyder, Water Resources Research 11, 6, pp. 1021-1024, Dec. 1975. Time Series Data Analysis and Synthesis for Research Watersheds, W. M. Snyder, USDA, ARS-S-112, 33 pages, Jan. 1976. Estimation of Pond Evaporation in the Georgia Coastal Plain, R. H. McCuen, L. E. Asmussen, USDA, ARS-S-89, Mar. 1976. Interpolation and Smoothing of Experimental Data with Sliding Polynomials, W M Snyder, USDA, ARS-S-83, 34 pages, Apr. 1976. The Variability of the Net Radiation Ratio, R. H. McCuen, L. E. Asmussen, Nordic Hydrology 7, pp. 135-144, 1976. Calibration of Selected Infiltration Equations for the Geor- gia Coastal Plain, W. Rawls, P. Yates, L. Asmussen, USDA, ARS-S-IU, pp. 1-110, 1976. Use of a Piece-Wise Linear Model with Spatial Structure and Input for Evaluating Agricultural-To-Urban Hydrologic Impact, W. C Mills, W. M Snyder, T. K Woody, R B. Slack, J. D. Dean, Natl. Symp. Urban Hydrology, Hydrau- lics, and Sediment Control, pp. 191 and 215-223, July 1976. Design Construction and Operation of Streamfiow Measur- ing Facilities in the Little River Watershed, Georgia, P. \aleR,ARS-S-l48, 15 pages, Oct. 1976. 302-09287-860-00 DEVELOP METHODS FOR EVALUATING, PREDICTING, AND REDUCING POLLUTION OF SOIL, WATER, AND AIR BY AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS (b) Cooperative with Univ. of Georgia Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Florida Agric. Exp. Stat., Soil Conservation Service, and the Central & Southern Florida Flood Conservation Dis- trict. 174 (c) Loris E. Asmussen, Director. USDA-ARS, Athens, Ga., Area Southeast Watershed Research Program, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Ga. 30604. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research. (e) Develop methods for evaluating, predicting, and reducing pollution of soil and water by mineral matter and chemi- cals and model the movement of agricultural minerals and chemicals from and within agricultural land. Concentration and load of chemicals and minerals will be related to hydrologic parameters, cultural practices, and land-physi- cal descriptions. (g) Chemical and sediment concentration and load was deter- mined from complex-cover agricultural watersheds for the period 9/74 to 12/76. Both sediment and agricultural chemical load were determined to be quite low on these Southeastern Coastal Plain Watersheds. Samples of surface and subsurface flow from natural rainfall events were col- lected from two small (0.85 and 0.106 ac ) single-cropped (soybeans-spring, summer, and fall, oats-winter) watersheds treated with treflan and MSMA. Pesticides as well as nitrate + nitrite-nitrogen, orthophosphorus, chloride and conductivity determinations were made. Max- imum observed MSMA concentration was 72 ppb. Max- imum observed trefian concentration in surface runoff was 19 ppb. Subsurface runoff did not contain detectable levels of treflan. Simulated rainfall events were applied to small (512 ft^) subplots of Z at intervals of 2, 9, and 33 days after pesticide application to determine the per- sistence of treflan and MSMA in surface runoff. Maximum observed treflan concentration was 22 ppb. Soil samples were' also taken to determine the persistence of these pesticides in the upper 24 inches of the soil. Grassed waterway tests were conducted to determine the reduction of pesticide load in runoff flowing down a grassed water- way. Water quality has been surveyed at approximately 2- week intervals at selected locations in Taylor Creek watersheds. Characteristics surveyed include nitrate- nitrogen, ortho-phosphorus, conductivity, and chloride from dairy, beef, and citrus areas of the watershed. (/i) Seasonal Variation in Water Quality of Streamflow in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, L. E. Asmussen, Ga. Coastal PI. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Ga., Res. Bull. 168, 1975. A Model for Runoff of Pesticides from Small Upland Watersheds, R R. Bruce, L. A Harper, R. A. Leonard, W M. Snyder, A. W. Thomas, J. Environ. Qual.4, 4, pp. 541- 548, 1976. Downstream Dilution of Urban-Suburban Streamflow by Rural-Agricultural Runoff in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, L. E. Asmussen, J. M. Sheridan, Univ. of Ga., Res. Bull. 191, pp. 1-23, 1976. Reduction of 2,4-D Load in Surface Runoff Down a Grassed Waterway, L. E. Asmussen, A. W. White, Jr., E. W. Hauser, J. M. Sheridan, J. Envir. Qual. Regisl. No. Q- 880:2, 1977. Seasonal Variation in Runoff and Water Quality in the Taylor Creek Watershed, Okeechobee County, Florida, L H. Allen, Jr., E. H. Stewart, W. G. Knisel, R. B. Slack, Soil & Crop Sci. Soc. of Florida Proc. 34, pp. 126-138, Nov. 18- 20, 1975. Loss of 2,4-D in Runoff from Plots Receiving Simulated Rainfall and from a Small Agricultural Watershed, A. W. White, Jr., L. E. Asmussen, E. W. Hauser, J. W. Turnbull, J. of Envir. Qual. 5, 4, Oct. -Dec. 1976. Nutrient Movement in Streamflow from Agricultural Watersheds in the Georgia Coastal Plain, L. E. Asmussen, J. M. Sheridan, C. V. Booram. Abstract presented at the 1976 winter meeting of ASCE, Chicago, 111. A Technique for Evaluating Chemical Movement from Land Application of Agricultural Wastes and Chemicals in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, C. V. Booram, Jr., L. E. Asmussen. Abstract presented at 1976 ASAE meeting, Lincoln, Nebraska. Nutrient Movement in Streamflow from Agricultural Watersheds in the Georgia Coastal Plain, L. E. Asmussen, J. M. Sheridan, C. B. Booram, Jr. Abstract presented at ASAE Winter Mtg. MSMA Losses in Runoff from Small Watersheds in the Mississippi Delta and Georgia Coastal Plain, R. D Wauchope, L. E. Asmussen, E. W. Hauser. Jr. Abstract published in Proc. Sou. Weeds Sci Soc 30, 1977. Water Quality Inventory of the Southern Coastal Plain and Atlantic Coast Flatwoods of Georgia, L. E. Asmussen, J. M. Sheridan, H. D. Allison, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA, ARS-S- 49, pp. 1-27, 1975. 302-09290-220-00 EFFECTS OF BED FORMS ON THE SUSPENSION AND BEDLOAD TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT (c) Joe C. Willis, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) An analytical and experimental investigation of the basic mechanics of bed forms and bedload transport. Part of the results were applied to a Doctoral thesis at the University of Iowa. (e) Statistical descriptions of bed forms along with measure- ment of the total sand load were obtained for different flows and temperatures in a laboratory test channel. These data were analyzed according to a theoretical derivation of the bed load from bed-form spectra. (f) Nearing completion. (g) A new method was derived for calculating the bed load as the sum of contributions by Fourier frequency components of bed-elevation records. The amplitude of each com- ponent was taken proportional to the contribution to the total standard deviation, which was obtained by dif- ferentiating the variance (spectral density). The celerity of each component was computed from cross spectral phase angles between two records from points separated 0.5 ft along the flume. The sum of the bed load computed by this method and the suspended load computed from published models for the velocity and concentration dis- tributions agreed well with the measured sand load. No ef- fects of temperature on bed-form properties were in- dicated by the experimental data. (/i) Sediment Discharge of Alluvial Streams Calculated from Bed-Form Statistics, J. C. Willis, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa, 200 pages, Dec. 1976. 302-09292-200-00 TIME AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (rf) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research. (e) Computer-aided experimental studies to determine the spatial distribution of instantaneous shear stresses exerted by turbulent fiows on open-channel boundaries. These boundary stresses are being measured in an 18-meter recirculating flume using hot-film anemometry techniques. The anemometer signals are digitized in a real-time mode, and subsequently subject to time-series analysis in order to evaluate the stochastic properties of the boundary unit tractive forces. 302-09293-220-00 LOCAL FLOW AND FORCES EXERTED ON A STREAMBED PARTICLE (c) N. L. Coleman, Geologist, USDA Sedimentation Laborato- ry, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. id) Experimental, basic and applied research. (e) Laboratory experiments to determine lift and drag coeffi- cient functions for particles on a streambed. Measure- ments of drag and lift forces, fiow velocities, and other relevant variables are being made during experiments in a water tunnel. 175 if) Near completion. 302-09294-350-00 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, Mississippi State University and the Soil Conservation Service. (c) Dr. W. C. Little, Hydraulic Engineer and Mr. J. B. Murphey, Geologist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. id) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Develop and evaluate techniques for the design of riprap grade control structures. Investigate, by hydraulic model studies and field studies, the optimum geometry of energy dissipation pools for loose-rock drop structures. Areas of investigation include the influence of plan geometry, chan- nel shape, channel gradient, flow parameters and rock size. Additionally, various techniques for energy dissipa- tion within a preformed scour hole are being investigated. (g) Model studies have shown that additional energy dissipa- tion mechanisms are needed even with preform^, rock lined scour holes. Model studies showed that when the ratio of specific head to drop is greater than one, a well- developed hydraulic jump does not occur and an undulat- ing jump generates undesirable standing waves which per- sist large distances downstream. Various forms of both baffle blocks and baffle plates have been shown to be ex- tremely effective in destroying the undulating waves and reducing the erosion potential of the water as it enters the downstream channel. Prototype structures of two struc- tures have performed well. 302-09295-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, Mississippi State University and the Soil Conservation Service. (c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist and Dr. W. C. Little, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. id) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Using multivariate statistical techniques, identify the soil physiochemical properties that are significant channel erodibility parameters and statistically relate eroding shear stress to the soil parameters. (g) Field erodibility studies, using a portable flume, were con- tinued. Analysis of the data at hand indicates the stability of fine grained materials of low plasticity indices cannot be adequately described by the D^o value. Sample morpholo- gy, clay content, and infiltration (wetting) characteristics infiuenced the measured erosion rates. In general, the measured erosion rates varied inversely with sample clay content. The rates were excessive for samples which had visible, but small scale, sand lensing or other zones of rela- tive weakness and for samples of low hydraulic conductivi- ty which were initially tested at low antecedent water con- tent. The pin hole test appears to have potential as a "quick" measure of erodibility for materials of this type. 302-09296-220-00 SEDIMENT PROPERTIES THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL TRANSPORT (b) Cooperative with Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Ex- periment Station and with the Forest Hydrology Laborato- ry, USDA Forest Service. (c) L. L. McDowell and J. D. Schreiber, Soil Scientists, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Laboratory and field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Determine quantity and forms of farm chemicals trans- ported in surface runoff from upland and Delta croplands; evaluate relative significance of solution-and sediment- phase chemical transport; evaluate minimum tillage prac- tices for reducing chemical losses from farmlands; deter- mine physical and chemical properties of sediments that affect chemical transport; develop sediment-water-chemi- cal relationships needed for predicting the transport of farm chemicals. (g) Toxaphene, DDT, DDE, P and clay yields in runoff from flat cotton land (mean slope 0.2%) in the Mississippi Delta were linearly related to sediment yield (cooperative research with the USDA-ARS Soil and Water Pollution Research Unit, Baton Rouge, La.). Mean sediment yield was 27.6 metric tons/ha/year when mean annual rainfall was 43.8 cm above the 30-year average of 125 cm. Im- proved erosion control practices are needed on Delta lands during the tillage period when the major portion of the annual sediment and farm chemical yields is produced. Rapid decrease in toxaphene concentrations in the soil and in sediment in runoff, following application, suggests that other processes such as volatilization and degradation, are responsible for its rapid dissipation. Aerodynamic and energy balance methods were used to measure the volatihzation rates of dicofol, toxaphene, and DDT from post application to cotton in an USDA-ARS cooperative field study (1976) by personnel from Baton Rouge, La., Watkinsville, Ga., and Oxford, Miss. N, P, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) losses in runoff and sediments from no-till corn grown on highly erodible upland soils in north Mississippi were 9, 1.7, and 96 kg/ha, respectively, compared to 118, 21, and 1075 kg/ha from conventional till. Crop residues can contribute significant concentrations and yields of soluble organic carbon (C) to runoff. Mean annual concentrations of organic C in runoff were 10.3 and 7.8 mg/l from no-till corn for grain (residues left) and silage, respectively, compared with 7.4 and 4.8 mg/l from conventional till grain and silage. By controlling erosion, no-till is effective in reducing sediment and total plant nutrient yields in runoff from agriculture. Total P yields (aqueous + sediment) in runoff from pine watersheds on loessial and Coastal Plain soils in north Mis- sissippi were low, averaging only 300 g/ha. Total dissolved P input to the watersheds in rainfall was 400 g/ha, indicat- ing a net gain of P to the watersheds. Of the total P lost from the watersheds, 70 percent was transported via suspended sediment; the rest, in solution. Even though sediment yields were low (185 to 950 kg/ha), the major part of the total P loss was via suspended sediment. (h) Erosion and Water Quality, L. L. McDowell, E. H. Grissinger, Proc. 23rd Natl. Watershed Congress, pp. 40-56, 1976. Callahan Reservoir: I. Sediment and Nutrient Trap Effi- ciency, D. L. Rausch, J. D. Schreiber, accepted for publi- cation in Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engrs. 20, 1977. Callahan Reservoir: II. Inflow and Outflow Suspended Sediment Phosphorus Relationships, J. D. Schreiber, D. L. Rausch, L. L. McDowell, accepted for publication in Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engrs. 20, 1977. Sediment Yields from a Mississippi Delta Watershed, C. E. Murphree, C. K. Mutchler, L. L. McDowell, Proc. 3rd Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-99 to 1- 109, 1976. Pesticide Concentrations and Yields in Runoff and Sedi- ment from a Mississippi Delta Watershed, G. H. Willis, L. L. McDowell, J. F. Parr, C. E. Murphree, Proc. 3rd Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 3-53 to 3-64, 1976. Dissolved Nutrient Losses in Storm Runoff from Five Southern Pine Watersheds, J. D. Schreiber, P. D. Duffy, D. C. McClurkin, J. Environmental Qual. 5, pp. 201-205, 1976. 302-09297-220-00 SEDIMENT DEPOSITION (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, the Missis- sippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Minnesota- 176 Minneapolis, the Great River Environmental Action Team I, the Vicksburg, District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Jackson, Mississip- pi and St. Paul Minnesota. (c) Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist; F. E. Dendy, Hydraulic En- gineer, J. C. Ritchie, Soil Scientist; F. R. Schiebe, Hydrau- lic Engineer; C. M. Cooper, Biologist; J. May, Chemist; USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Experimental laboratory and field studies; basic and ap- plied research. {e) Evaluate watershed, reservoir, hydrologic, hydraulic, chemical, and microbiological parameters which affect, or are affected, by the rates, amounts, character and areal distribution of sediment in reservoirs, lakes, streams, estua- ries and valleys. Study the biochemical, physiochemical, and geohydrological aspects of sediment-water systems in lakes, impoundments, and estuaries and relate these to management techniques. Design, develop, test, evaluate, modify, and adapt techniques, methods and instrumenta- tion to characterize significant variables in sediment-water systems in field and laboratory. Compile and analyze exist- ing reservoir sedimentation data including trap efficiency percentages directly by inflow and outflow measurements and indirectly using nuclear and remote sensing techniques. Sedimentation rates and ages are determined by nuclear means and remote sensing techniques are ap- plied to re-evaluation of sedimentation data. Data collec- tion automation and mathematical modeling by digital computer of sedimentation rates and parameters are essen- tial. (g) Measurements of sediment detention in three small north Mississippi watersheds built in 1953, indicate deposition rates of sediment have decreased from 2.00 to about 0.4 ac ft/yr. Annual loss of storage in the reservoirs decreased from 2.3 ~ 2.9 percent to less than 1 percent. At these rates, the useful life of these structures will substantially exceed their 50-year design life. Automatic recording equipment and pumping type samplers have been installed on the Bear Creek Watershed, Yazoo Basin, Mississippi and velocity, stage, pH, DO, temperature, and conductivity of Bear Creek are monitored continuously and sediment concentration and chemical loads are determined from pumped samples. One year's data have been collected from manual monitoring stations on Bear Creek. Similar data are being collected on Lake Chicot, southeastern Ar- kansas. Preliminary findings indicate dissolved oxygen is limited during the later summer, even in the deeper ox- bow lakes. Turnover of lake water in these delta lakes oc- curred in September, before the dissolved oxygen content rose. Chemical concentrations were high but daily discharges were so low that the observed high chemical concentrations may be misleading. Measurements of within field soil erosion by determining the fallout Cs-137 content of soil profiles shows promise. With this technique it may be possible to determine the factor applicable to a given field or watershed to convert the USLE values to actual field soil losses. The Cs-137 technique was used also to evaluate the rate of sedimenta- tion in Pool 9, upper Mississippi River. In calm areas up to 2 feet of sediment has accumulated since 1937. The amounts deposited from 1937 to 1954 and from 1954 to date appear about equal. The apparent rate of deposition has not differed significantly in the past 40 years. Measurements of temperature, pH, conductivity and dis- solved oxygen in six north Mississippi reservoirs all in- dicated stratification in the reservoir but such stratification was not correlated with suspended sediment stratification. A positive relationship was found, however, between the extinction coefficient of white light and concentration of suspended sediment. Thus determinations of the extinction coefficient profile with depth in a reservoir or lake can be related to the suspended sediment concentration profile. In field use it was found that this method needed individual site calibration to provide quantitative information. In another study the absorption of solar radiation in the sur- face waters of large water bodies was determined for in- dividual wavelengths and the whole spectrum. Measure- ments of this absorption by water with various suspended sediment concentrations indicated that suspended sedi- ments do influence the amount of solar radiation ab- sorbed. A series of studies have shown that the total suspended sediment load of a water body can be reliably estimated from the concentration of suspended sediments in the sur- face water. It has been shown in north Mississippi that measurements of reflected solar radiation can be used to estimate the suspended sediment concentration of surface waters. It appears possible to determine quickly and accu- rately the total sediment load in a large reservoir or lake by measuring the reflected solar radiation using aerial or satellite imagery. Such a method would permit almost an instantaneous measurement of the suspended sediment in a reservoir, (/i) Comments on the paper Use of Rivers to Predict Accumu- lation in Sediment of Radionuclides Discharged from Nuclear Power Plants, by P. Plato, D. N. Edgington, J. C. Ritchie, J. A. Robbms, Healih Physics 29, pp. 429-431, 1975. Recent Sedimentation Rates in the Lower Mississippi Val- ley: Lake Verret-Lake Palourede, Louisiana, J. R. McHen- ry, J. C. Ritchie, J. May, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources Conf., 1975, pp. 13-23, 1975. Redistribution of Cesium- 137 in Southeastern Watersheds, J. R. McHenry, J. C. Ritchie. In: F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry, M. H. Smith (eds.). Mineral Cycling in Southeast- ern Ecosystems, ERDA Synip. Series C()NF-7005 13 . pp 452-461, 1975. Deposition Rates in Vallevs Determined Using Fallout Cs- 137, J. C. Ritchie, P H. Hawks, J. R McHenry, Geological Soc. Amer. Bull. 86. pp. 1 128-1 130, 1975. A Comparison of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Carbon in Sediments and Soils of Cultivated and Noncultivated Watersheds in the North Central States, J. C. Ritchie, A C. Gill, J. R. McHenry, J. Environmental Quality 4, pp .339-341, 1975. Fallout Cs-137: A Tool in Conservation Research, J. C Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J . Soil and Water Conservation 30 pp. 283-286, 1975. Sun Angle, Reflected Solar Radiation and Suspended Sedi ments in North Mississippi Reservoirs, J. C. Richie, F. R Schiebe, R. B. Wilson, J. May. In: F. Shahrokhi (ed.). Remote Sensing of Earth Resources IV, Univ Tennessee Space Inst., Tullahoma, Tenn. 1975. Fallout Cs-137 in Estuarine Sediments, J C. Ritchie, J R McHenry, J. Mississippi Acad. Sciences 20, pp. 34-39, 1975. Suspended Sediments in Four North Mississippi Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J. May, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources Conf. 1975. pp. 31-44, 1975. Influence of Suspended Sediment on the Temperature of Surface Water of Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J C Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Verh. Intl. Verein. Limnol. 19, pp. 133- 136, 1975. Color Measurements and Suspended Sediments in North Mississippi Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie. In: F. Shahrokhi (ed.). Remote Sensing of Earth Resources IV, Univ Tennessee Space Inst., Tullahoma, Tenn., 1975. Suspended Sediment, Solar Radiation, and Heat in Agricul- tural Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J C. Ritchie. J. R. McHenry, Proc. 3rd Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conf. 1976. pp. 3:1-3:12, 1976. Discussion of Temperature Dynamics of Dimictic Lakes, H. Stefan, D. F Ford, F R. Schiebe, J. Hydraulics Div. ASCE 101, 1 1, pp. 1456-1458, 1975. 177 Sediment Yield-Runoff-Drainage Area Relationships in the United States, F. E. Dendy, G. C. Bolton, J. Soil and Water Conservation 31, pp. 264-266, 1976. Development of Remote Sensing Techniques for Estimating Suspended Sediment Concentrations, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Proc. ARS Remote Sensing Workshop, pp. 40-41, 1976. Remote Sensing in Sediment Research, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, F. R. Schiebe, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources Conf. 1976, pp. 85-92, 1976. Heat Content of North Mississippi Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Proc. Mississippi Water Resources Conf. 1976, pp. 93-102, 1976. Fallout Cs-137 in Soil and Sediments of Some Texas Watershed Ecosystems, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry. In; C. E. Gushing, J. (ed.), Radioecology and Energy Resources, Ecological Soc. Anier., Special Publication No. I, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, Pa., pp. 299-303, 1976. Efficiency of Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorous Retention by Small Agricultural Reservoirs, J. Environmental Quality 5, pp. 310-315, 1976. Sedimentation Rates in the Upper Mississippi River, J. R. McHenry, J. G. Ritchie, J. Verdon. In; River '76, Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversion, ASCE, N.Y., pp. 1339-1349, 1976. Suspended Sediment, Solar Radiation and Heat in Agricul- tural Reservoirs, F. R. Schieve, J G. Ritchie, J. R. McHen- ry, Proc. 3rd Interagency Sedimentation Conf. 1976, pp. 3:1-3;12, 1976. Remote Sensing of Suspended Sediments in Surface Water, J. C. Ritchie, F. R. Schieve, J. R. McHenry, J. Amer. Soc. Photogrammetric Engrg. and Remote Sensing 42, pp. 1539- 1545, 1976. Phosphorus in the Sediments of Lake Verret-Palourde, Louisiana, J. May, J. R. McHenry, J. G. Ritchie, J. Missis- sippi Acad. Science 21, pp. 4-13, 1976. 302-09298-830-00 SOURCE AND MAGNITUDE OF SEDIMENT FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS (b) Cooperative with Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Ex- periment Station and the Soil Conservation Service. (c) Calvin K. Mutchler, Research Leader, USDA Sedimenta- tion Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Experimental; applied and basic research. (e) Develop methods for describing and controlling the move- ment of water and sediment from upland, field, and chan- nel sources to a watershed outlet. The field facilities are 1 ) Pigeon Roost Greek Watershed in North Mississippi, con- sisting of ten subwatersheds covering 1 17 square miles; 2) six flatland watersheds in the Mississippi Delta, a divided one of 83 acres, a natural Delta watershed of 640 acres, two 7-acre graded field segments and two 5-acre ungraded fields; 3) Toby Tubby Creek Watershed, 1000 acres and partly urbanized; 4) erosion plots sited on the North Mis- sissippi Branch Experiment Station; and 5) a rainulator and computer facilities shared with other research units at the Laboratory. Primary objectives of the research are to document runoff and sediment yield from watersheds under changing cover, agricultural usage, and urbaniza- tion; to determine delivery ratios and other sediment yield prediction methods; to develop methods for controlling erosion from farm fields and other watershed sediment sources; to investigate hydraulic and hydrologic effects of channel dredging; to determine effects of urbanization on water and sediment yield. (g) The no-till system reduced soil losses from corn grown on a five-percent slope to less than 0.5 tons per acre. When the corn was cultivated twice for weed control, soil losses were maintained at less than 1 ton per acre. Calculations made using raindrop data collected in northern Mississippi supported the use of the Wischmeier and Smith equation for calculating the rainfall erosion index used in the universal soil loss equation. Data from a Mississippi Delta watershed show that erosion can be a serious problem on very low slopes. Estimates for annual soil loss from normal rainfall were about 7 tons per acre from cotton grown on a slope of 0.2 percent. Roughness coefficients for two sand bed channels in Pigeon Roost Creek Watershed varied with stage and time. The variation was attributed to changing bed forms and bank-bed resistance differences. Two-year annual sediment yield from a 640-acre Delta watershed was about 2 tons per acre. This watershed has natural land slopes and has numerous small impoundments that are typical of many Delta watersheds, (/i) Erosion Measured from a Lister-Till System, J. D. Greer, K. C. McGregor, G. E. Gurley, B. R. Arnold, Proc. Water Resources Conf., Apr. 29, 1976. Status of R-Factor in North Mississippi, K.. G. McGregor, G. K. Mutchler. Erosion Control with No-Till Cropping Practices, K. G. Mc- Gregor, J. D. Greer, G. E. Gurley, Trans. ASAE 18, 5, pp. 918-920, 1975. Sediment Yields Related to Characteristics of Two Adjacent Watersheds, A. J. Bowie, G. G. Bolton, J. A. Spraberry, ARS-S-40, June 1975. Sediment Yields from a Mississippi Delta Watershed, C. E. Murphree, G. K. Mutchler, L. L. McDowell, Proc. 3rd Fed. Interagency Sedimentation Conf., pp. 1-99 to 1-109, Mar. 22-25, 1976. Water Resources Council. Effect of Land Use on Sediment Delivery Ratios, C. K. Mutchler, A. J, Bowie, Proc. 3rd Fed. Interagency Sedimen- tation Conf, pp. 1-11 to 1-21, Mar. 22-25, 1976. Water Resources Council. 302-10628-250-00 TURBULENT CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAG-REDUCING FLOWS (i>) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi. (c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Experimental; basic research. (e) Turbulence measurements were made in water and in polyethylene oxide aqueous solutions, using hot-film anemometry. Mean velocities, turbulent intensities, energy spectra, and energy -dissipation rates were measured in a turbulent smooth-pipe flow. if) Completed. (g) Mean flow structure showed that the mean velocity follows Virk's interactive-layer profile, and that the wall shear velocity is the proper velocity scale for polymer fiows. Using Lumley's concept of an effective viscosity, the polymer spectra were cast into universal form and com- pared with Newtonian spectra. Results coincide reasonably well with the universal equilibrium theory. The major ef- fect of the polymer additive appears to be an increase of the dissipative scales of the turbulence without signifi- cantly altering the basic structure of the fiow, except near the wall. (/i) Spectrum Analysis of Water and Drag Reducing Polymers in Pipe Flow, W. H. Klaus, M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. Mech. Engrg., Univ. of Mississippi, 1973. Turbulent Characteristics of Drag- Reducing Flows, C. V. Alonso, W. H. Klaus, K. F. Wylie, J. Hydraulic Res. 14, 2, pp. 103-113, 1976. 302-10629-200-00 ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FLOWS OVER PARTIALLY ERODING BEDS (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. 178 ^ (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research. (f ) Development of an analytical steady-state model to calcu- late the cross-sectional distribution of velocity and boun- dary tractive force in alluvial channels with regular sec- tions. The wetted perimeter is divided into an inner region in whis:h the known critical tractive forces are exceeded, surrounded by a region where the fluid velocity is known to vanish. This mixed boundary value problem was formu- lated in terms of a dual series which lead to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. This solution determines the extent of the eroding zone and the distribution of the bed-slip velocity. (g) Close-form solutions have been obtained for the particular cases of rectangular channels with incipient erosion at the bed center, and with fully eroding bed. In the first case, the agreement between the predicted maximum unit trac- tive forces and available experimental data is satisfactory. In the second case, the analysis predicts an outward shift of the isotachs that leads to a significant increase of the wall unit tractive forces. This finding is significant increase of the wall unit tractive forces. This finding is significant in that it may help to explain the severe bank erosion ob- served in alluvial channels following dredging operations. Research continues on the general analysis of a bed erod- ing over an arbitrary span, and the extension to other cross-sectional shapes. (/i) Integral-Equation Analysis of Flows Over Eroding Beds, S. N. Prasad, C. V. Alonso, Proc. ASCE Symp. Inland Water- ways for Navigation, Flood Control and Water Diversions I, pp. 760-772, 1976. 302-10630-220-00 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF LOCALIZED SCOUR AROUND OBSTRUCTIONS IN ERODIBLE-BED CHAN- NELS (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi. (c) C. V. Alonso, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research. {e) Development of a three-dimensional finite-element model to calculate the erosive fiow pattern around bridge piers, spur dikes, and similar obstructions in alluvial channels. The purpose of the model is to predict the evolution in time of the scour around structures so that they can be designed against undermining and failure. 302-10631-810-00 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR ROUTING WATER AND SEDIMENT IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS AND AS- SOCIATED STREAM-CHANNEL SYSTEMS (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (c) C. V. Alonso and D. G. DeCoursey, Research Hydraulic Engineers, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Develop a continuous simulation watershed model that will include water and sediment components. The model will be oriented towards providing planners with an adequate tool to assess alternative watershed management practices. Computational modeling techniques will be used to simu- late the physical processes by which water and sediment move from the upland areas down to the channels draining the watersheds. The processes to be modeled include rain- fall interception, runoff, infiltration and groundwater movement, evapotranspiration, sediment production due to raindrop impact, sheet erosion and streamfiow entrain- ment, and movement of water and sediment through the channel system. A nonlinear kinematic-wave scheme will be used to simulate the movement of water and sediment overland and in small streams, while a nonlinear dynamic- wave scheme will be developed to describe total sediment concentration and both channel aggradation and degrada- tion along larger channel systems. This model will be sub- sequently incorporated into a systems analysis approach to watershed problems. Such an approach will enable con- sideration of watershed-dynamics in terms of specific ob- jectives and, at the same time, implementation of the ob- jectives through optimization techniques. 302-10632-830-00 SOIL EROSION PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS (b) Cooperative with the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. (c) L. D. Meyer, Agricultural Engineer, and M. J. M. Romkens, Soil Scientist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box I 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Analytical, experimental, and field studies; basic and ap- plied research. (e) Investigate basic principles and processes of soil detachment, transport, and deposition by rainfall and upland runoff. Study water movement across and into the soil as it affects erosion and runoff rates. Evaluate erosion, runoff, and sediment characteristics for typical land uses. Develop improved methods of predicting soil erosion and infiltration rates. Design improved equipment to conduct soil erosion research. Identify soil characteristics that in- fluence soil erosion and infiltration. Develop better management practices for controlling upland soil erosion by water. (g) Concepts and methods were developed to separate soil eroded from upland sources into that from rills, due primarily to concentrated runoff, and that from interrill areas between rills, due primarily to raindrop impact. The amount of iron and aluminum oxide content was shown to affect soil erodibility, particularly on high-clay soils. Sedi- ment from well-aggregated soils was found to often be much coarser than the dispersed sediment and thus affect sediment transportability. A rainfall simulator with a wide range of intensities was developed for row-sideslope ero- sion research on typical field conditions. Methods of using Portland cement for soil stabilization were evaluated. (/i) Influences of Mulch Rate and Slope Steepness on Interrill Erosion, A. R. Lattanzi, L. D. Meyer, M. F. Baumgardner, Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Proc. 38, 6, pp. 946-950, Nov. -Dec. 1974. Overview of the Urban Erosion and Sedimentation Processes, L. D. Meyer, Proc. Natl. Synip. Urban Rainfall and Runoff and Sediment Control, Univ. of Ky., BN 106, pp. 15-23, 1974. Stage Recorder with Direct Float-To-Pen Linkage, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, Trans. ASAE 17, pp. 666, 667. 672, 1974. The Influence of Vegetation and Vegetative Mulches on Soil Erosion, L. D. Meyer, Biological Effects in the Hydrological Cycle, Proc. 3rd Intl. Sent. Hydrology Professors, pp. 355- 366. A Similarity During Early Stages of Rain Infiltration, L. R. Ahuja, M. J. M. Romkens, Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Proc. 36, 3, pp. 541-544, May -June 1974. Soil Erosion on Selected High Clay Subsoils, M. J M. Romkens, D. W. Nelson, C. B. Roth, J. Soil and Water Conser. 30, pp. 173-176, 1975. A Laboratory Rainfall Simulator for Infiltration and Soil Detachment Studies, M. J. M. Romkens, L. F. Glenn, D. W. Nelson, C. B. Roth, Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. 39, pp. 158-160, Jan, -Feb. 1975. Erosion and Sediment Control on Reshaped Land, L. D. Meyer, M. J. M. Romkens, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf., Denver, Colo,, pp. 2.65-2.76, Mar. 22-25, 1976. Source of Soil Eroded by Water from Upland Slopes, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, M. J. M. Romkens, ARS-S-40. pp. 177-189, June 1975. Effect of Flow Rate and Canopy on Rill Erosion, L. D. Meyer, G. R. Foster, S Nikolov, Trans. AS.4E 18, 5, pp. 905-911, 1975. Mathematical Simulation of Upland Erosion by Fundamen- tal Erosion Mechanics, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer, ARS-S- 40, pp. 190-207, June 1975. 179 254-330 0-78-13 Soil Erosion Concepts and Misconceptions, L. D. Meyer, D. G. DeCoursey, M. J. M. Romkens, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter- Agency Sedimentation Conf., Denver, Colo., pp. 2.1-2.12, Mar. 22-25, 1976. Prediction and Control of Urban Erosion and Sedimenta- tion, L. D. Meyer, M. A. Ports, Nail. Symp. Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Univ. of Ky., Lexington, Ky., pp. 323-331, July 26-29, 1976. Philosophy of Erosion Simulation for Land Use Manage- ment, D. G. DeCoursey, L. D. Meyer, Proc. Natl. Erosion Conf., West Lafayette, Ind., May 1976. 302-10633-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY AND STABILIZATION AND PRACTICES FOR WATER EROSION (b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi. (c) W. C. Little, Research Hydraulic Engineer, and E. H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist, USDA Sedimentation Laborato- ry, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (d) Field investigations. (e) Determine mode and causes of channel instabilities and develop, test and evaluate techniques and criteria for design, stabilization and maintenance of stream channels. Investigate, by model and field studies, mode and causes of bank failures and methods and means of channel sta- bilization and protection. Determine by both laboratory and field experiments the effects of geology, geomorpholo- gy, soils, land use and climate on runoff and sediment production and the integrated effects of these factors on channel stability. 302-10634-810-00 MODELING STORM RAINFALL PATTERNS IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS (c) Dr. A. D. Nicks, Agricultural Engineer, and E. H. Seely, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) Deterministic and stochastic models of rainfall patterns will be developed by classifying and analyzing at least 1 2 years of storm data collected from a dense rain gage net- work. Nonlinear least squares and principal components regression techniques will be used in the analysis to esti- mate parameters of both storm- and area-centered depth- area-duration relationships. Storm rainfall patterns will be characterized by amount, duration, pattern shape, size and orientation, and statistical distribution of the charac- teristics will be constructed. Parameters of these distribu- tions and Monte Carlo sampling techniques will be used to develop synthetic records of rainfall. The approach used will be oriented toward modeling runoff producing storm events of a size pertinent to the design of flood control and water supply reservoirs and aiding the development and testing of hydrologic models on watersheds ranging from 1 to 300 square miles in area. Purpose of the work is to develop improved deterministic and stochastic models of areal rainfall patterns as related to maximum depth, storm duration, and frequency of storm occurrence. (g) The model has been tested on several large storms in the Great Pljiins, Black Hills, and Enid, as well as storms oc- curring on the Chickasha network. It was concluded that the model has predictive capability in other areas of the Great Plains. (/i) Stochastic Generation of Hydrologic Model Inputs, A. D. Nicks, Dissertation, Univ. Oklahoma, 1975. 302-10635-810-00 PREDICTING SEDIMENT YIELDS AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS FROM LARGE (c) P. B. Allen, Hydraulic Engineer and N. H. Welch, Soil Scientist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) Deterministic sediment predictive models for large watersheds require a channel transport capability com- ponent in addition to land erosion variables. Using existing transport equations as guides and sediment transport data from seven gaged watersheds, a new transport relation will be developed for the Southern Plains. After removing the transport effects from the sediment yield data, regression and optimization techniques will be used to develop the land erosion portion of the model. Parameters of the ero- sion portion of the model will be similar to those used in the Universal gross erosion equation. However, an attempt will be made to use parameters that do not use the prohibitively large amount of time and effort that is required in using the Universal equation. An improved rainfall energy-intensity relation (El) will be sought. The purpose of the work is to develop a sediment prediction model capable of predicting sediment yield from large (20 to 200 sq.mi.) agricultural watersheds in the Southern Plains. The model will be able to predict storm sediment yield under different basin management patterns by parti- cle sizes, and from reasonably available input data. (g) Sets of turbidimeter readings and suspended sediment con- centrations were critically analyzed to determine if a tur- bidimeter could be used for routine measurement of sedi- ment concentrations. It was concluded that the turbidime- ter was too inaccurate for research studies because the readings are sensitive to changes in particle size. The meter is more sensitive to fine particles than to coarse par- ticles. Percentages of area in each soil type in six tributary watersheds have been compiled for watershed modeling studies. Separate soil areas in each Thiessen rainfall area of one watershed have also been compiled. ( h ) Total Sediment Load by the Extrapolated Data Procedure, P. B. Allen, B. B. Barnes. In; Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, pp. 100-108, 'USDA-ARS-S-40, 285 pages, 1975. 302-10636-810-00 PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS (c) N. H. Welch, Soil Scientist, and P. B. Allen, Hydraulic En- gineer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) Utilize hydrologic data collected from several small unit source watersheds representing various land uses and other sediment source areas to predict sediment yield from small agricultural watersheds. The watersheds include cropland, rangeland, and gullied areas ranging in size from 1 2 to 45 acres for the cropland and rangeland, and less than 10 acres for the gullied area. The cropland areas are in alluvi- al soils and consist of dryland and irrigated row crops and dryland winter wheat. The rangeland areas are in good to excellent and poor to fair range condition. Techniques developed on the small watersheds will be used with data from a 35-square-mile subdivided watershed to predict sediment yield from larger and more complex watersheds. The purpose of the work is to develop procedures to pre- dict the amount, rate, source, and character of sediment yield from agricultural watersheds. (g) Gully sediment yields from individual storms on a watershed where the gully occupied 22 percent of the area were highly related to precipitation and runoff. Both linear and logarithmic relations fitted on 2 years of data un- derestimated storm sediment yields in the succeeding 2 years. Soil properties needed to calculate soil erodibility values were measured on samples from six mapping units. The variability of the calculated erodibility within a mapping unit averaged 30 percent over the six mapping units. Variability of this magnitude could be important in erosion model evaluation, calibration, and prediction. (/j) Sediment Yield Characteristics from Unit Source Watersheds, pp. 125-129. In: Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yield and Sources, E. D. Rhoades, N. H. Welch. G. A. Coleman, ARS-S-40, 285 pages, 1975. 180 The Modified Chickasha Sediment Sampler, P B. Allen, N. H. Welch, E. D. Rhoades, C. D. Edens, G. E. Miller, ARS- S-107, 13 pages. 1976. 302-10637-870-00 CHEMICAL TRANSPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS (c) Dr. M. H. Frere, Soil Scientist, Dr. A. D. Nicks, Agricul- tural Engineer, and J. W. Naney, Geologist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) Chemical content of water and sediment from various watersheds at Chickasha as well as data in the literature will be used to evaluate existing chemical transport models. Tracers and various chemical analyses will be used to measure and characterize leaching, base flow, and groundwater movement. Additional data indicated by the models will be collected to further verify and improve the models. Purpose of the work is to test, modify or develop models for predicting various chemical pollutants in sur- face runoff, base flow, groundwater, and sediment from agricultural watersheds. 302-10638-810-00 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HVDROLOGIC MODELS FOR WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS (c) Dr. A. D. Nicks, Agricultural Engineer, G. A. Gander, Mathematician, and Dr. M. A. Frere, Soil Scientist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) Various existing continuous simulation models will be tested with data for Southern Great Plains watersheds ranging in size from 10 to 250,000 acres and containing various soils and land uses. The responses of the models to a range of climatic conditions will be tested by using 10 to 15 years of recorded observations. The sensitivity of vari- ous model pararneters to the climatic and physiographic characteristics of the region and the criteria for selecting values of model parameters will be determined, as well as evaluating the accuracy of the simulated results. Modifica- tions of the models will be coordinated with the testing and development of chemical and sediment transport models to assure compatibility. The purpose of the work is to evaluate and develop continuous simulation models for predicting the water resources of large Southern Great Plains watersheds with mixed and changing land use, and for predicting water movement associated with chemical and sediment transport. 302-10639-860-00 INCREASING THE BENEFICIAL USE OF STREAMFLOW (c) R. R. Schoof, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) Transmission loss from selected storm runoff events and base flow will be determined for streams with tandem gag- ing stations. The effect of dredging two channels on trans- mission losses will be investigated with before and after measurements. Water will be released from selected flood- water retarding reservoirs during the irrigation season to determine all losses between the reservoirs and irrigated fields. Water budget records will be collected at four floodwater retarding reservoirs and the effect of storage and extensive releases of water from reservoirs for irriga- tion on the reservoir onsite water loss will be determined. The purpose of the work is to evaluate transmission losses from flow in both natural and dredged channels with storm flows and with irrigation water releases, and to evaluate the impacts of using water stored in floodwater retarding reservoirs for supplemental irrigation in the Southern Plains. 302-10640-820-00 EVALUATION OF ALLUVIAL AND TERRACE DEPOSITS FOR AQUIFER PERFORMANCE AND WATER SUPPLY CAPABILITY (b) Cooperative with the Geology Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, Oklahoma City. (c) Dr. D. C. Kent, Geologist, Oklahoma State Univ., Still- water, Oklahoma 74074, and J. W. Naney, Geologist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018. {d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research. (e) A USGS model of groundwater flow will be tested using 10 years of records from the ARS study area These records include precipitation, slreamflow, and groundwater levels and hydrogeologic properties of the alluvium The calibrated and tested model will then be used to estimate optimum well spacing and safe pumping rates to meet Oklahoma Water Rights laws. The computer output will be used to develop maps of groundwater resources. Purpose of the work is to ( 1 ) calibrate and validate an existing mathematical model for predicting changes in groundwater storage; and (2) make preliminary estimates of ground- water storage and determine the maximum yield and cor- responding well spacing requirements in the ARS study area of the Washita River basin and Tillman terraces in Tillman County, Oklahoma. (g) A USGS model (Trescott-Pinder) has been calibrated with ARS data in the study reach of the Washita and found to operate adequately. 302-10641-810-00 SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO WATERSHED AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION (b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, College Station, Tex. 77843. (c) J. R. Williams, Hydraulic Engineer, Blackland Conserva- tion Research Center, P.O. Bpx 748, Temple, Tex. 76501. (d) Applied research. (e) Procedures for describing sediment movement from uplands to downstream points are being developed for use in flood control planning, water quality modeling, and land use management. Mathematical models are being developed to predict sediment yields and graphs from small agricultural watersheds. Also sediment routing models are being designed to route sediment yields from small watersheds to the outlets of large watersheds. (g) A sediment-runoff model for predicting sediment yield and runoff from ungaged watersheds was developed by at- taching the modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) to a runoff model. Techniques for determining the average slope length and gradient of a watershed from topographic maps were developed. Delivery ratios were computed on ungaged watersheds by dividing long-term sediment yield by sheet erosion. Sediment yield was predicted with the sediment-runoff model and sheet erosion was predicted with the USLE. The computed delivery ratios were related to watershed characteristics to obtain a prediction equa- tion for use on ungaged watersheds. A sediment graph model based on an instantaneous unit sediment graph (lUSG) was developed for use on small agricultural watersheds. The lUSG is the distribution of sediment from a burst of rainfall that produces one unit of runoff Thus the lUSG is convolved with source runoff to obtain the storm sediment graph. (/i) Predicting Sediment Yield Frequency for Rural Basins to Determine Man's Effect on Long-Term Sedimentation, J. R. Williams, Proc. Paris S\mp., lAAS-AISH Publ. No. 113. pp. 105-108, Sept. 1974. Sediment Routing for Agricultural Watersheds, J. R. Wil- liams, Water Resources Bultelin, AWRA 11, 5. pp. 965-974, 1975. Sediment-Yield Prediction with Universal Equation Using Runoff Energy Factor, ARS-S-40, pp. 244-252, 1975. 181 302-10642-870-00 PREDICTION OF WATER QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY FERTILIZER APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS (b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, College Station, Tex. 77843. (c) J. R. Williams, Hydraulic Engineer, Blackland Conserva- tion Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501. (d) Applied research. (e) Mathematical models are being developed to predict nitrogen and phosphorus yields from small agricultural watersheds and to route N and P through streams and val- leys to large reservoirs and rivers. Also a land management model is being developed to maximize agricultural produc- tion on a watershed within sediment, N, and P constraints at the outlet. These models will be useful in planning water resources projects and land management. (g) A sediment-phosphorus-nitrogen model (SPNM) is being developed to predict sediment, P, and N yields for in- dividual storms on small watersheds and to route these yields through streams and valleys. Sediment predictions are based on the modified universal soil loss equation and sediment routing. N and P yields are predicted with equa- tions developed by Midwest Research Institute for EPA. The equations related annual N and P yield to annual sedi- ment yield, soil concentrations, and enrichment ratios. SPNM applies the equations to single storms so the varia- tion in soil concentration between fertilizer applications can be included. Also, since sediment routing is used, par- ticle size distribution is always available for computing en- richment ratios. 302-10643-810-00 RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WESTERN GULF REGION (b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, College Station, Tex. 77843. (c) C. W. Richardson, Agr. Engr., Blackland Conservation Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501. (.d) Experimental, field investigations; applied research and development. (e) Precipitation amounts and intensities and resulting rates and amounts of runoff are being determined from agricul- tural watersheds in central Texas. Soil water measurements are made on selected watersheds. The data are used to define the effects of crops, agricultural treatments, and watershed physical characteristics on the quantity and spa- tial and temporal distribution of surface runoff. (g) Hydrologic effects of rangeland brush control by chemical and mechanical methods were evaluated. In the Blackland Prairie of Texas a small watershed infested with honey mesquite was treated with a herbicide to kill the mesquite. Runoff data was compared to that from an untreated area. The results indicate that killing the mesquite increased sur- face runoff approximately 10 percent. In the Edwards Plateau of Texas the brush on a small watershed with mixed species of brush was removed by mechanical root plowing. Surface runoff was reduced approximately 20 percent after root plowing. (/i) Occurrence of 2,4,5-T and Picloram in Surface Runoff Water in the Blacklands of Texas, R W. Bovey, E. Bur- nett, C. W Richardson, M. G. Merkle, J. R Baur, W. G. Knisel, J. Eiiv. Qual. 3, pp. 61-64, 1974. Occurrence of 2,4,5-T and Picloram in Subsurface Water in the Blacklands of Texas, R W Bovey, E. Burnett, C, W. Richardson, J. R Baur, M. G. Merkle, D. E. Kissel, J. Eiiv. Qual. 4, pp. 103-106, 1975. Losses of Nitrogen in Surface Runoff in the Blackland Prairie of Texas, D. E Kissel, C. W. Richardson, E. Bur- nett, J. Env. Qual. 5, 3, pp. 288-302, 1976. 302-10644-810-00 MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON AGRICUL- TURAL WATERSHEDS IN WESTERN GULF REGION (b) Cooperative with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, College Station, Tex. 77843. (c) C. W. Richardson, Agr. Engr., Blackland Conservation Research Center, P.O. Box 748, Temple, Tex. 76501. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Develop models of hydrologic processes on agricultural watersheds. The processes to be modeled include the stochastic characteristics of precipitation over an area, watershed infiltration and evapotranspiration processes, and other hydrologic processes. (g) A model of the stochastic structure of the tjme-area daily precipitation process was developed. The square roots of daily precipitation at a point approximated a sample from a truncated univariate normal distribution. Maximum likelihood estimates of daily means and standard devia- tions were obtained from the truncated samples. The periodic means and standard deviations were described with Fourier series. The truncated multivariate normal dis- tribution was used to describe the time-area variation of daily precipitation over an area. The serial correlation for each station was a regional constant, and the cross correla- tion between stations was a function of inter-station distance. Precipitation sequences were generated for two areas. The new sequences were not significantly different from the observed sequences in the daily means and stan- dard deviations, the lag-one serial correlation coefficients, the lag-zero cross correlation coefficients, the wet-dry transition probabilities, and the distributions of 28-day and annual precipitation. The model should be useful for generating long samples of daily precipitation over an area for input to deterministic hydrologic models. (It) Modeling Evaporative Components of Multi-Land-Use Watersheds, C. W. Richardson, J. T. Ritchie, Am. Soc. of Agr. Engr. Paper No. 75-2029, 15 pages, 1975. Calculating Evaporation from Native Grassland Watersheds, J. T Ritchie, E. D. Rhoades, C, W. Richard- son, Trans. ASAE 19, 6, pp. 1098-1 103, 1976. A Model of Stochastic Structure of Daily Precipitation Over An Area, C. W. Richardson, Colorado State Univ., Dept. Civil Engrg, Dissertation, 188 pages, 1976. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE WESTERN REGION, 2850 Telegraph Avenue, Berkeley, Calif. 94705. Dr. H. C. Cox, Deputy Administrator. 303-0201 W-8 10-00 EFFECT OF RUNOFF, PRECIPITATION, CLIMATE, SOIL, VEGETATION, LAND USE, AND LANDFORM ON SEDI- MENT YIELD See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 4.0120. 303-0202W-810-00 CLIMATE, SOIL, AND VEGETATION INFLUENCES ON HYDROLOGY OF RANGELANDS IN THE NORTHWEST See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 7,0093, 303-0226W-820-00 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT IN CALIFORNIA See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 4.0044. 303-0227W-8 10-00 CLIMATE, SOIL AND VEGETATION INFLUENCES ON HYDROLOGY OF RANGELANDS IN THE SOUTHWEST See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.0045. 182 303-0228W-8 10-00 STREAM FLOW REGIMES OF SEMIARID RANGELAND WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.0046. 303-0229W-8 10-00 PRECIPITATION PATTERNS ON RANGELAND WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.0047. 303-0234W-820-00 SOIL WATER MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO THE CON- SERVATION OF WATER SUPPLIES See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0004. 303-0235W-840-00 EFFICIENT IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL WATER USE See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0005. 303-0236W-860-00 INCREASING AND CONSERVING FARM WATER SUP- PLIES See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0006. 303-024 1W-840-00 IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR EFFICIENT WATER USE See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 8.0004. 303-0350W-840-00 MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER IN RELATION TO CROP REQUIREMENTS, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.0122. 303-035 1W-840-00 ALLEVIATION OF SALT LOAD IN IRRIGATION WATER RETURN FLOW See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 5.0247. 303-03S2W-840-00 DESIGN AND OPERATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCIES OF WATER USE See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 8.0123. 303-0353W-860-00 PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE IN THE NORTHERN PLAINS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.01 13. 303-03S4W-070-00 FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA IN RELATION TO DRAINAGE DESIGN AND DISPOSAL OF POLLUTANTS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 8.0122. 303-0355W-820-00 MEASUREMENT, PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF SOIL- WATER MOVEMENT IN ARID SOILS See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0322. 303-0356W-8 10-00 RUNOFF CONTROL BY MANIPULATION OF SOIL PRO- PERTIES See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 4.0079. 303-0360W-830-00 TILLAGE, CROP AND RESIDUE PRACTICES FOR CON- TROL OF EROSION IN THE NORTHWEST See Water Resources Research Catalog 8, 3.0394. 303-0361 W-880-00 INTERAGENCY FRAIL LANDS STUDY-MONTANA See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 2.0696. 303-0362W-8 10-00 EFFECT OF RANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SUR- FACE RUNOFF See Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 4.0140. 303-044 1W-860-00 INCREASING, CONSERVING, AND MANAGING SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES FOR AGRICULTURAL USE See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 3.001 1. 303-0442W-8 10-00 INFILTRATION, EROSION CONTROL AND SOIL WATER MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION See Water Resources Research Catalog II, 3.0128. 303-05209-840-00 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS (c) A. S. Humpherys, Agr. Engr., Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho. (d) Experimental, field investigations; applied research and development (e) Develop improved surface systems for the control and ap- plication of irrigation water. Devices, structures and techniques for manual, semiautomatic and automatic ap- plication of irrigation water will be developed to enable more efficient use of farm water supplies and reduce soil erosion and sedimentation. Structures and devices are tested in the laboratory and the field to determine their hydraulic characteristics and to evaluate the design, per- formance and adaptability to field conditions. Complete systems will be field tested to evaluate their water and labor requirements and ability to control erosion. (g) Automatic, low pressure pipeline valves and the associated controls for surface irrigation have been developed These are particularly well-suited for use with gated pipe and have been designed for 6-. 8- and 10-inch pipe. The valves operate on water from the pipeline and the battery- powered control units use both mechanical and electrical timers. In addition to being used in conventional gated pipe systems, the valves are being tested in automatic-cut- back and multiset furrow irrigation systems to increase water use efficiency and to reduce field runoff and soil loss. Concrete-pipe ditch turnouts are being semi-auto- mated using timers for border irrigation. (/i) Automatic Controls for Surface Irrigation Systems, A. S. Humpherys, Proc. IFAC Syinp. Automatic Controls for Agriculture, C-6, pp. 1-16, Comm. Automatic Control, Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Saskatoon, June 18-20, 1974. Automated Valves for Surface Irrigation Pipelines, A. S. Humpherys, R. L. Stacey, Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eiig., J. Irrig. Drain Div. 101, IR2, pp. 95-109, Proc. Paper 11380. How to Get the Most Benefit from Plastic Pipe, A. S. Humpherys, Irrig. .Age 10, 6, pp. 28, 30 and 32. An Experimental Buried Multiset Irrigation System, R. V. Worstell, Trans. ASAE 19, 6, pp. 1122-1128. Cast-In-Place 2-Foot Concrete Trapezoidal Flow Measuring Flumes, A. S. Humpherys, J. A. Bondurant, USDA Tech. Bull, (in press). Energy and Irrigation System Planning, A. S. Humpherys (Contributing Editor), Irrig. Age 11,7, pp. 73 and 75. 183 303-09312-840-00 DESIGN AND OPERATION CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW SEDIMENT PONDS (c) James A. Bondurant, Agr. Engr., USDA-ARS-WR, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research. (e) Many irrigation systems have runoff streams which con- tribute sediment to a receiving stream. The sediment may carry pesticides, herbicides, phosphorus and nitrogen which may contribute to further degradation of receiving streams. Much of this sediment may be trapped in ponds built either for an individual field, farm, or for a project wasteway. The purpose of this study is to develop methods and criteria to use in designing efficient sediment ponds considering flow rates, sediment size, and quality. (g) Sediment ponds have been constructed for study purposes. Trapping efficiencies have ranged from 30 to 90 percent, and was best at higher flows which have a greater concen- tration of larger particle sizes. (h) Some Aspects of Sedimentation Pond Design, J. A. Bondu- rant, C. E. Brockway, M. J. Brown. Pages C-35-41, In: C. T. Haan (ed. ), Proc. Nail. Symp. Urban Hydrology and Sediment Control, Univ. Ky., Lexington, July 28-31, UKY- BU109. 303-09315-810-00 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC, BIOLOGIC, AND PHYSICAL FACTORS ON RANGELAND WATERSHED HYDROLOGY (b) Soil Conservation Service. (c) L. M. Cox, Hydrologist, Northwest Watershed Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho. (d) Experimental, applied research. {e) Develop, test, and apply methods for measuring and pre- dicting snow water distribution for continuous and discon- tinuous (drift) snowpack areas; test and improve snowmelt computation procedures for long-term and short-term (approaching real time) forecast periods. Provide precipitation inputs compatible with watershed modeling requirements. Develop and test watershed models for ru- noff prediction and stream channel fiow conveyance con- sistent with needs for predicting environmental impact of rangeland management on water quality and supply. Ap- proach will be to correlate with ground truth snowfall computed from dual gage system and photogrammetric analysis. Analyze precipitation network to provide watershed model input and determine whether size can be reduced. Compare snowmelt forecasts from models with action agency forecasts and discuss improvements with agencies. Test watershed models involving runoff produc- tion and channel routing procedures using existing data sets and implement appropriate data network changes. Cooperate with State and Federal units in utilization of watershed models to study environmental impact of range uses. (g) Improved instrumentation tested for sensing snow water content and meteorological parameters for improving water supply forecasts. (/i) Nature's Reservoir, Office of Communications, USD A, Washington, DC, Picture Story 293, Jan. 1976. A Device for Evaluating the Water Vapor Exchange Between Snow and Air, L. M. Cox, J. F. Zuzel, L. Perkins, Water Resources Research 12, 1, p. 22, 1976. Optimizing Long-Term Streamflow Forecasts, J. F. Zuzel, D. C. Robertson, W. J. Rawls, J. Soil and Water Conserva- tion 30, 2, pp. 76-78, 1975. Comparison of Precipitation Gage Catches with a Modified Alter and a Rigid Alter Type Windshield, W. J. Rawls, D. C. Robertson, J. F. Zuzel, W. R. Hamon, Water Resources Research 11, 3, pp. 415-417, 1975. Snow: Nature's Reservoir, L. M. Cox, W. J. Rawls, J. F. Zuzel, Water Resources Bulletin 11, 5, pp. 1009-1012, 1975. Relative Importance of Meteorological Variables in Snow- melt, J. F. Zuzel, L. M. Cox, Water Resources Research 11, I, pp. 174-176, 1975. 303-09316-810-00 INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGIC AND SOIL FACTORS ON RAN- GELAND WATERSHED HYDROLOGY (b) Bureau of Land Management. (c) C. L. Hanson, Agric. Engr., G. A. Schumaker, Soil Scientist, and G. R. Stephenson, Geologist, Northwest Watershed Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho. (d) Experimental, applied research. ie) Investigate evaporative water losses from rangeland watersheds and develop models that describe evapotrans- piration from rangeland watersheds. Evaluate the effects of range management practices on the hydrologic cycle and incorporate rangeland watershed data into the develop- ment and testing of rangeland hydrology models. Deter- mine the relationships between soil-water changes and the associated rangeland watershed responses. Measure water quality parameters and determine their relationships to snowmelt and rainfall runoff, soil and vegetation charac- teristics, land use, and topographic and physiographic fea- tures. Determine chemical and biologic constituents in channel flow, irrigation return flow, and runoff from small feedlots. (g) Publication of a model for predicting evapotranspiration from native rangelands in the northern Great Plains. A study on sagebrush control has been completed. Water quality studies have found that water quality standards in upland rangelands streams are rarely exceeded; however, in streams along irrigated pastures, where cattle are win- tered, fecal coliform standards may be exceeded up to 50 percent of the time. (/i) Model for Predicting Evapotranspiration from Native Ran- gelands in the Northern Great Plains, C. L. Hanson, Trans, of the ASAE 19, 3, pp. 471-477, 481, 1976. Influence of Fertilization and Supplemental Runoff Water on Production and Nitrogen Content of Western Wheat- grass and Smooth Brome, C. L. Hanson, G. A. Schumaker, C. J. Erickson, J. of Range Managertient 29, 5, pp. 406- 409, 1976. 303-09318-830-00 EFFECT OF RUNOFF, PRECIPITATION, CLIMATE, SOIL, VEGETATION, LAND USE AND LAND FORM ON SEDI- MENT YIELD (b) Bureau of Land Management. (c) C. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Northwest Watershed Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Measure sediment yield and determine its relationship to snowmelt and rainfall runoff, soil and vegetation charac- teristics, land use, and topographic and physiographic fea- tures. Sediment yields and runoff are measured for impor- tant sediment contributing areas. Erosion from hillslopes is determined by topographic surveys and, together with vegetation surveys, climatic and soils information will be used to evaluate the Universal and modified Universal Soil Loss Eqaution. Suspended and bedload samplers are providing data on sediment transport and sediment grain- size during runoff events. (g) Sediment sources and yields are being established for ran- geland conditions. Water quality parameters are being measured and correlated with rangeland uses. (h) Sediment Sources and Yields from Sagebrush Rangeland Watershed, C. W. Johnson, C. L. Hanson, Proc. Interagen- cy Sedimentation Conf, Denver, Colo., pp. 1-70 to 1-80, 1976. Idaho Rangeland Watershed Management and Research, C. W. Johnson, V. S. Webb, Watershed Management Symp., ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Div.. Logan, Utah, 1975. Sediment Yield from Southwest Idaho Rangeland Watersheds, C. W. Johnson, G. R. Stephenson, C. L. Han- son, R. L. Engleman, C. E. Englebert, Paper No. 74-2505, ASAE Ann. Winter Mtg., Chicago, 111., 1974. 184 303-09319-830-00 SELECTING A COMBINED WATERSHED RUNOFF-SOIL EROSION MODEL FOR THE NONIRRIGATED NORTHWEST {b) Cooperative with University of Idaho Agricultural Experi- ment Station. (c) Myron Moinau, Agr. Engr. Dept., Buchanan Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Idaho; and D. K. McCool. USDA, ARS, Agr. Engr. Dept., 219 Smith Engr. BIdg., Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash. 99164. (d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied, and developmental research; thesis. (e) Existing watershed runoff models will be examined as to applicability for adequately describing runoff under Pacific Northwest conditions. Each watershed model will be as- sessed as to input requirements, applicability to small watersheds (10 to 500 acres), snowmelt component modeling, and suitability of outputs for potential erosion models. The potential erosion models will be most criti- cally evaluated as to ability to distinguish between rain- drop impact erosion and erosion resulting from overland flow. Promising models will be made operational on a computer and some tests as to adequacy for prediction purposes will be made using available data. ig) A snowmelt model has been developed for the I^alouse agricultural area. The model is based on the degree day equation with the melt factor a function of accumulated degree days. Because of the cloudy winters, solar radiation apparently does not play as important a role here as in other areas of the nation. The model is capable of han- dling up to four watershed zones based primarily on slope and aspect. The new snowmelt model was introduced into the USDAHL-74 watershed model; then the USDAHL-74 model, the Kentucky watershed model, and the TVA API runoff model were all tested with data from Missouri Flat Creek, a 7100-hectare (27.1-sq mile) watershed on the Washington-Idaho border. All three models gave adequate simulation of annual and monthly total runoff even though the TVA model has no snowmelt routine. This is probably because the snowfall is typically high density and mixed with rain. The USDAHL-74 and Kentucky models did well on daily simulation with the USDAHL-74 model slightly better. Comparison of hydrographs is thus far inconclusive. (/)) Simulation of the Snow Hydrology of the Palouse Prairie, D. L. King, MS. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, 1976. Application of Runoff Models to a Palouse Watershed, M. Moinau, K. H. Yoo, ASAE Paper No. 77-2048, presented 1977 Summer Mtg. ASAE. Copy of paper can be obtained from first author. 303-09320-830-00 CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF EROSION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST DRYLAND GRAIN GROWING REGION (b) Cooperative with Washington State University Agricultural Experiment Station and University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. (c) D. K. McCool and R. I. Papendick, USDA, ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State Unviersity, Pullman, Wash. 99163. id) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied, and developmental research. (c) Use field studies to determine the quantitative effects of climatic influences, physiographic features, soil physical conditions, and agricultural land treatment on water- caused soil erosion. Develop from these data gross empiri- cal models for short-term use in predicting soil loss on Pa- louse soils. Develop and test, in laboratory and field, com- bined hydrologic/erosion-sedimentation models to deter- mine their usefulness in assessing the effect on soil erosion of proposed cultural treatments and mechanical systems. (g) A first-generation adaptation of the Wischmeier-Smith or Universal Soil Loss Equation has been developed from field soil loss data. The adaptation includes slope length and steepness relationships different from those used in the midwest as well as climatic hazard factor (equivalent erosion index) that includes the effects of snowmelt ru- noff The adapted equation is being used by the Soil Con- servation Service in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington on a trial basis. Research is continuing to improve the relation- ship. (/i) Variation of Suspended Sediment Load in the Palouse Re- gion of the Northwest, D. K. McCool, R. I. Papendick, presented 1975 Winter Mtg. ASAE. Copy of paper can be obtained from first author. The Universal Soil Loss Equation as Adapted to the Pacific Northwest, D. K. McCool, R. I. Papendick, F. L. Brooks, Proc. 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf., Sedi- mentation Committee of the Water Resource Council, 1976. Recent Developments and Needs for Erosion Research in the Dryland Grain Region of the Pacific Northwest, D. K. McCool, M. Moinau, R. I. Papendick, F. L. Brooks, Proc. Natl. Soil Erosion Conf., SCS.4, Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, Ind., 1976. A Portable Rill Meter for Measuring Soil Loss, D. K. Mc- Cool, M. G. Dossett, S. J. Yecha, presented 1976 Summer Mtg. ASAE. Copy of paper can be obtained from first author. 303-10623-810-00 RUNOFF QUANTITY AND QUALITY FROM PASTURE AND CROPLAND WATERSHEDS IN THE PALOUSE REGION OF WASHINGTON AND IDAHO (b) Partially supported by EPA and cooperative with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Washington State University and the University of Idaho. (c) K. E. Saxton and D. K. McCool, USDA, ARS, 219 Smith Agricultural Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164. (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research. (e) Several small agricultural watersheds are being studied to determine the hydrology, sedimentation, and water quality as related to agricultural land management. Runoff from a well-managed grazed watershed and an adjacent ungrazed check watershed is being studied for sediment, chemical, and biological characteristics. Similar data from two meadow watersheds will also determine water quality from ungrazed areas. Runoff, sedimentation, and chemical quality are being determined from three cropland watersheds approximately 2, 9, and 27 square miles in size. Crops are primarily winter wheat in rotation with spring wheat, barley, and peas. Tillage ranges from con- ventional plow-disk to heavy stubble mulch. (J) Recently initiated. (g) No significant results yet available. 303-10624-870-00 NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR RANGELAND WINTER LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS (b) Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho. (c) G. R. Stephenson, Geologist, Slorthwest Watershed Research Center, P.O. Box 2700, Boise, Idaho. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Evaluate alternative management practices, and develop guidelines, for the control of waterborne pollutants from cow-calf wintering operations. Sites will be selected along Reynolds Creek in Owyhee County, Idaho; alternate management practices will be established on selected sites. All sites will be instrumental for water sampling, runoff and sediment measuring, and soil moisture and ground- water measurement. Water samples will be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, organic carbon, coliform, fecal streptococci and other constituents including sediment from the evaluation of management practices, guidelines for controlling runoff and potential pollution will be developed. (g) Project still in initiation phase. 185 303-10625-810-00 DEVELOP METHODS TO PREDICT PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF FOR BETTER USE AND PROTECTION OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES OF SOUTHWESTERN RAN- GELANDS (c) Herbert B. Osborn, Supr. Hydrologic Engr., USDA, ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705. (d) Experimental project based on rainfall and runoff data from semi-arid rangelands in Arizona and New Mexico. (f) Determine statistics of convective rainfall and runoff on experimental watersheds. Develop methods to estimate rainfall patterns and runoff in ephemeral stream channels. Develop models to simulate hydrologic responses of watersheds to predict changes from rangeland restoration or management practices. (g) A rainfall occurrence model for the Southwest has been developed which identifies seven types of rainfall occur- rence and assumes probability of occurrence for different locations based on latitudes, longitude, and elevation. The occurrence model is part of a larger model to predict areal rainfall amounts for selected locations. A runoff simulation model was improved by developing procedures to identify runoff source areas. A study on brush to grass conversion of a 1 10-acre watershed indicted the importance of rainfall character and occurrence on runoff and sediment. (/i) Thunderstorm Runoff in Southeastern Arizona, H. B. Osborn, E. M. Laursen, J. Hydr. Div., ASCE 98, HY7, pp. 1129-1145, 1973. Management of Ephemeral Stream Channels, H. B. Osborn, K. G. Renard, J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 99, IR3, pp. 207-214, 1973. Stochastic Models of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Thunderstorm Rainfall, H. B. Osborn, L. J. Lane, R. S. Kagan, Proc. Symp. Statistical Hydrology, USDA Misc. Publ. 1275, pp. 211-231, 1974. Simplifications of Watershed Geometry Affecting Simula- tion of Surface Runoff, L. J. Lane, D. A. Woolhiser, J. Hydrology, (in press). Simulation of a Partial Area Response from a Small Semi- Arid Watershed, L. J. Lane, D. E. Wallace, Hydrology and Water Resources in the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 6, pp. 137-147, 1976. Precipitation on Intermountain Rangelands in the Western United States, K G. Renard, D. L. Brakensiek, Proc. USI Australia Rangeland Workshop, Boise, Idaho, 1976. Geomorphic Thresholds and Their Influences on Surface Runoff from Small Semi-Arid Watersheds, D. E. Wallace, L. J. Lane, Hydrology and Water Resources in the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 6, pp. 169-176, 1976. 303-10626-810-00 SEDIMENT SOURCES, TRANSPORT AND PROPERTIES IN SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS (c) Kenneth G. Renard, Supr. Hydraulic Engr., USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705. (d) Experimental project to improve water erosion predicting and control on semi-arid rangelands. (e) Develop improved methods to predict water and erosion and control to preserve and increase productivity of land and water resources. (g) The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been evalu- ated as a tool for predicting or estimating soil erosion from semi-arid rangelands. Extreme variability in rainfall over short time and distances and nonuniform cover make esti- mates difficult. Incised channels also add to the uncertain- ties in adapting the USLE in the Southwest. Runoff simu- lation models which identify runoff sources areas, and thus simulate partial area response, are being developed to infer sediment sources areas. (/i) Applicability of the Universal Soil Loss Equation to Semi- Arid Rangeland Conditions, K. G. Renard, J. R. Simanton, H. B. Osborn, Hvdrologv and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 4, pp. 18-32, 1974. Thunderstorm Precipitation Effects on the Rainfall-Erosion Index of the USLE, K. G. Renard, J. R. Simanton, Hydrolo- gy and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA 5, pp. 47-57, 1975. Use of the USLE in the Semi-Arid Southwest, H. B. Osborn, J. R. Simanton, K. G. Renard, Proc. Erosion Symp., Purdue Univ., 1976. J. Soil and Water Conservation, ( in press). 303-10627-810-00 INCREASED WATER-USE EFFICIENCY IN SEMI-ARID RE- GIONS FOR GREATER AND STABLER FORAGE (c) Robert M. Dixon, Soil Scientist, USDA, ARS, Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705. (d) Experimental project to determine principles and practices for controlling point infiltration and onsite runoff. (e) Develop principle and practices for controlling infiltration and runoff leading to improved forage production. (g) To realize the objective of developing cultural practice for point infiltration control, a new minimum tillage imple- ment, referred to as a land imprinter, has been designed and fabricated, and is being tested. The land imprinter is designed to increase range productivity through more effi- cient soil and water use. A device for measuring surface microroughness was designed and fabricated, and runoff farming by waxing soils was tested. (h) Design and Use of Closed-Top Infiltrometers, R. N. Dixon, Proc. Soil Science Soc. of America 39, 1975. Water Table Position as Affected by Soil Air Pressure, D. R. Linden, R. M. Dixon, Water Res. Research, AGU 11, 1, pp. 139-143, 1975. Soil Air Pressure Effects on Route and Rate of Infiltration, R. M. Dixon, Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. America 40, pp. 963-965, 1976. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, IN- TERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA- TION, Ogden, Utah 84401. Roger R. Bay, Director. 304-06969-810-00 SNOWPACK HYDROLOGY (c) Mr Harold F. Haupt, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1221 South Main, Moscow, Idaho 83843. (d) Field investigation, basic and applied research. (e) Snowpack is being studied in northern Idaho for the ap- plied objective of regulating yield and timing of stream- flow. The particular research reported here pertains to im- proved instrumentation for measuring winter precipitation and estimated potential water yield as affected by slope exposure and early site recovery. (/i) The hydrologic response of small clearcuts on north and south slopes in northern Idaho was investigated. On north slope, substantial gains (27 to 35 cm) in potential water yield per year accrued from removal of transpiring sur- faces associated with plant cover, elimination of snow in- terception by a closed-canopied forest, perhaps some air- borne movement of snow from the south (windward) to north (lee) slope, and slow reoccupation of the soil mantle by invading plant species. In contrast, on south slope there appeared to be no long-term gain in potential water yield resultant from timber cutting. Small differences in esti- mated yield between forest and small clearcut were evident in some years; in other years, none. Site factors with compensating effect were the cause. In the south- slope forest, water losses from interception were light because of the open-canopied structure of the timber, whereas in the small clearcut, water gains from reduced transpiration were more than used up by invading shrub species. We conclude that managing for increased water yield may be a valid consideration in the decision to log north but not south slopes similar to those studied. 186 A simple technique has been found to install soil moisture access tubes in stony or bouldery forest soils with a minimum of site disturbance. The hole for the access tube is made by driving a pointed, machine-tooled driving rod to the depth required with a specially constructed 15 kg king tube hammer. Under good soil conditions, 14 to 16 access tubes can be installed in a day, but when the soil is excessively bouldery, the number is reduced to five to seven. This method has the advantage of requiring sub- stantially less capital outlay, causing less disturbance to surroundings and providing easier access to remote study areas than methods using large heavy equipment, such as tractor-borne hydraulic rams or jackhammers. (/]) Installation of Neutron Probe Access Tubes in Stony and Bouldery Forest Soils, R. G. Cline, B. L. Jeffers, Soil Sci. 120, pp. 71-72, 1975. Potential Water Yield Response Following Clearcut Har- vesting on North and South Slopes in Northern Idaho, R. G Cline, H. F. Haupt, G. S. Campbell, Res. Paper INT- 191, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, 16 pages, 1977. 304-08436-810-00 FOREST PRACTICE EFFECTS (c) Mr. Harold F. Haupt, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 469, 1221 South Main, Moscow, Idaho 83843. (d) Field investigation, basic and applied research. (e) Forest practice studies on the impact of timber harvesting on the quality of stream water are presently in progress at several locations in northern Idaho. The monitoring pro- gram has a three-fold objective: to evaluate changes in the physical and chemical quality of stream water on and off clearcut-burned units; to characterize nutrient losses from different drainage patterns; and to determine the effective- ness of buffer strips in controlling sediment and nutrient losses. (g) Leaf diffusive conductant, leaf water potential, and leaf osmotic potential measurements were made on one tree species and three woody brush species on north and south aspects in the Priest River Experimental Forest of northern Idaho. Douglas maple and western white pine occurred on both aspects. Sitka alder and mallow ninebark occurred only on north and south aspects, respectively. Mallow ninebark on the south aspect attained osmotic and leaf water potentials near -30 bars and daytime leaf diffusive conductant (reciprocal of resistance) near 0.3 cm/s. The white pine on the site attained osmotic and leaf water potentials near -25 bars and leaf diffusive conductants near 0.06 cm/s. Osmotic and leaf water potential decreased to a minimum specific to each deciduous spe- cies as the season progressed. The alder and maple species exhibited osmotic potentials near -16 bars with the maple leaf water potential decreasing further to near -20 bars. The white pine maintained a uniform osmotic potential between -20 and -25 bars throughout the year. Leaf diffu- sive conductants appeared to be controlled during the day by a combination of atmospheric demand, soil moisture availability, and plant adaptation to water stress. Stomatal control of leaf water potential was evident in white pine on both aspects and in the brush species on the north but not on the south aspect. (h) Clearcutting and Burning Slash Alter Quality of Stream Water in Northern Idaho, G. G. Snyder, H. F. Haupt, G. H. Belt, Jr., Res. Paper lNT-168, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, 34 pages, 1975. Seasonal and Diurnal Water Relation of Selected Forest Species, R. G. Cline, G. S. Campbell, Ecology 57, 2, pp. 367-373, Spring 1976. 304-09323-830-00 TREE PLANTING FOR EROSION CONTROL ON GRANITIC ROADFILLS IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH (c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle Street, Boise, Idaho 83706. (d) Field investigations, applied research. (f ) Road erosion on road fill slopes is a major concern follow- ing road construction in the Idaho Batholith. The objec- tives of the present study were threefold, to measure the reduction in surface erosion following tree planting (ponderosa pine) with and without straw mulch; to pro- vide information on tree survival and growth as affected by mulches, fertilizer, and tree spacing; and to define some of the basic soil erosion processes that are acting on granitic roadfills. The study consists of 30 1/200-acre plots located on a large roadfill; four years of data are presently available for the analysis. (/) Work completed. Data analysis done. Final publication not out. (g) Tree survival averaged about 97 percent for four years. Fertilizer increased tree height growth up to 95 percent during the year of peak effect. Tree planting, coupled with straw mulch and erosion netting, reduced surface erosion about 95 percent. Trees, alone, provided surprisingly large reductions in erosion, ranging from 32 to 51 percent. Daily erosion rates average higher during summer periods as compared to winter periods because of higher energy inputs. Dry creep is an important erosion process that ac- counts for about 20 percent of the total erosion occurring during summer periods. (/i) Deep-Rooted Plants for Erosion Control on Granitic Road Fills in the Idaho Batholith, W. E. Megahan, Res. Paper INT-161, Intermountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Forest Service, USDA, 22 pages, 1974. 304-09324-830-00 EFFECTS OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON STREAM CHANNELS ON FORESTED WATERSHEDS IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH (c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle Street, Boise, Idaho 83706. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) First- and second-order drainages in forested areas have the potential for storing considerable sediment because of large volumes of debris in the channel (rocks, logs, etc.). Sediment storage information is required if realistic sedi- ment yield simulation models for forested lands are to be developed. The design includes a detailed network of channel cross sections on seven study watersheds. Nu- merous data are collected to characterize channel condi- tions. (g) Four years of data are available for analysis. Sediment storage during a low-fiow year amounted to approximately 80 cubic feet per 100 lineal feet of channel (channel widths average about 3-feet wide). During a high-flow year, sediment storage dropped to approximately 40 cubic feet per 100 feet of channel. (/i) Sediment Storage in Channels Draining Small Forested Watersheds in the Mountains of Central Idaho, W. F. Megahan, R. A. Nowlin, Proc. 3rd Fed. Interagency Sedi- mentation Conf., Denver, Colo., pp. 4-115 to 4-126, Mar. 1976. 304-09325-810-00 EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT LOGGING AND ROAD CON- STRUCTION ON SUBSURFACE FLOW IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH (c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle Street, Boise, Idaho 83706. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) Coarse-textured, relatively shallow soils; steep slopes; granitic bedrock with relatively low hydraulic conductivity; 187 and large volume water inputs from snowmelt and/or large cyclonic storms are all conducive to the generation of sub- surface flow. Road construction often incises the subsur- face flow level, transforming subsurface to surface flow. This may interrupt the hydrologic function of the watershed containing the road, and has ecologic implica- tions as well. Two micro-watersheds of 0.8 and 2.4 acres in size have been instrumented. Instrumentation includes a climatic station; snow lysimeters; a network of snow stakes, soil moisture access tubes and piezometers; and surface and subsurface flow measuring apparatus. (g) No overland flow has been measured on either study watershed at any time. Subsurface flows occurred only during periods of large volume water inputs to the soils, and was restricted to the spring snowmelt periods. Max- imum instantaneous peak flows have exceeded 20 cubic feet per second per square mile. Flows varied slightly between watersheds, but were vastly different between years. Yearly differences were related to amounts and rates of inflow. A comparison of nearby perennial watersheds suggests that the weathered and fractured granitic bedrock is more hydrologically active than previ- ously thought. Interception of overland flow by roads is considerably greater than the flow generated by overland flow from the road surface itself. {h) Subsurface Flow Interception by a Logging Road in Moun- tains of Central Idaho, W. F. Megahan, Proc. Symp. Watersheds in Transition, Amer. Water Resources Assoc, and Colorado State Univ., Proc. Series No. 14, pp. 350- 356, 1972. 304-09326-810-00 THE EFFECT OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON STREAMFLOW, SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, AND WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE SILVER CREEK STUDY AREA, IDAHO BATHOLITU (c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle Street, Boise, Idaho 83706. (d) Long-term laboratory and field investigation; basic research that will lead to prescriptions (practical applica- tions) for land use management. Computer modeling of various land disturbances associated with logging and their off-site (downstream) effects is emphasized. (e) Seven research watersheds treated in the southwestern Idaho Batholith have been monitored for a calibration period up to 15 years, including streamflow-quantity and regimen, sediment yield, water and sediment chemistry, and climate. Logging activities will commence in 1975 on a rigid, predetermined schedule to isolate single and multi- ple downstream effects of different logging systems (skyline and helicopter), differing cutting intensities (clearcut and select cut), and different attendant disturbances (roads vs. no roads; various slash disposal systems, etc.). The purpose of this project is to quantify off-site disturbances from advanced logging systems for fu- ture prediction. (g) Accumulated baseline data on the undisturbed watersheds, including streamflow quantity and regimen; sediment production; water and sediment chemistry; and climatic data. 304-09327-390-00 SLOPE STABILITY OF PHOSPHATE MINE SPOIL DUMPS IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO (b) Conducted in cooperation with College of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. (c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321. (d) Field and laboratory investigation, design and developmen- tal research. (e) With the development of large earth-moving equipment during the past decade, surface mining has increased very rapidly. Larger depths of overburden are being removed from above the ore mined. This overburden must be placed in spoil dumps, resulting in manmade fills, often in- volving considerably more cubic yardage than in large earth fill dams. The overburden removal may result in steep cuts to depths of hundreds of feet. In addition, earthen roads with widths comparable to super highways must be built for the heavy equipment to haul out the ore. All of these involve, in some form or another, the design, engineering, and placement of fills. Often these fills are given such cursory attention in the planning and construc- tion phases that serious problems result from mass failures, massive erosion with heavy sediment loads carried by the runoff, and barren landscapes on which vegetation does not reestablish itself for many years-if at all. Recognizing the existing conditions and potential future problems associated with slope stability of overburdened spoil dumps created during phosphate surface mining in southeastern Idaho, a study was undertaken to define and delineate, in general terms, the design and construction criteria for building spoil dumps in the steep terrain of the phosphate mines in southeastern Idaho which will be sta- ble against massive structural failure and result in minimum surface erosion and movement. (g) In summary, the internal friction angle of the materials tested indicates mass failure of the dump created from the overburden should not be subject to massive failure if placed on slopes of three to one or less, even under rela- tively adverse pore pressure conditions. If no pore pres- sures are permitted to develop, the dump fills might even be stable if placed on steeper slopes up to 1.5 to 1. While the structural strength of the material is good (i.e., internal friction angles of 35° and above), it has low permeability and, consequently, is subject to high pore pressure if placed while at or near complete saturation. It will require about a year for pore pressures created in this manner to be dissipated. The material contains relatively large amounts of silt-size grains, and, consequently, is susceptible to surface erosion. The material is also of the composition making it suscepti- ble to frost action. With frost action loosening the surface material, its erodibility will be particularly great during the time of snowmelt and highest rainfall. The potential for large amounts of erosion during this season is great. Con- sequently, the slopes of the dump fills should be con- structed taking into account the establishment of vegeta- tion and minimization of erosion, as well as stabilizing against mass failure. Flatter slopes will generally be dic- tated by these latter considerations. (/)) Slope Stability of Overburden Spoil Dumps from Surface Phosphate Mines in Southeastern Idaho, R. W. Jeppson, R. W. Hill, C. E. Israelson, Utah Water Res. Lab. Rept. RPWG 140-1, 69 pages, April 1974. 304-09328-810-00 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-INTENSITY RAINFALL IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST (c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan Utah 84321. (d) Field and laboratory investigation, design and developmen- tal research. (e) Basic data for the intrastorm occurrence of high intensity rainfall bursts were obtained from precipitation records on the Davis County Experimental Watershed and the Great Basin Experimental Area. Analyses included intrastorm timing and number of rainfall bursts per storm, distribution of rainfall by increments of storm duration, and relation between depth of total storm rainfall and depth of burst rainfall. In addition, data were presented for four different design storms for storm return periods of 2 and 10 years. (/) Completed. (g) Storm arguments are presented for discontinuing the prac- tice of using an annual series frequency analysis as a design aid for construction of forest roads or other control structures. Forest roads or control structures with an ex- pected life of 25 years or less should be designed with the aid of a partial series frequency analysis of only those storms that contain high intensity rainfall bursts. 188 (/]) Some Intrastorm Characteristics of High Intensity Rainfall Bursts, E. E. Farmer, J. E. Fletcher, in Distribution of Precipitation in Mountainous Areas 2, Ceilo Synip., Nor- way, pp. 525-531, July 31-Aug, 5, 1972. 304-09329-820-00 ACCURACY OF NEUTRON SOIL MOISTURE MEASURE- MENTS (c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North t2th East, Logan, Utah 84321. (d) Applied laboratory research project. ie) The effects of voids on the accuracy of neutron soil moisture measurements in coarse and fine sand were in- vestigated, utilizing two 25-cubic foot plastic tanks. Test voids, three inches and six inches in diameter and 10 inches long, were cut from aluminum tubing and fastened to the neutron access tube in each tank. The difference in neutron measurements between the two tanks with the water at a given level measures the effects of the voids. (/) Completed. (g) A maximum error of +55 percent moisture by volume was caused by the large void in coarse sand with the void satu- rated; with the void drained, the error was -12.3 percent moisture. Errors in fine sand were slightly less than those in coarse sand; and errors due to the small void were about one-third the magnitude of errors due to the large void. Graphs were developed for use in estimating the size of voids adjacent to access tubes and in calculating the probable magnitude of measurement errors due to these voids when using field data. (/i) Effects of Air Gaps and Saturated Voids on Accuracy of Neutron Moisture Measurements, B. Z. Richardson, E. R. Burroughs, Jr., Res. Paper INT-120, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, 1972. 304-09330-810-00 EFFECTS OF LOGGING AND BURNING ON WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR (c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321. id) Applied field investigation. (e) Sixty-five study units, from 10 to 58 acres in size, in the larch and Douglas-fir forest type of western Montana, were clearcut and the logging debris broadcast burned between 1967 and 1970. Multidisciplinary research on these units included the effects of these treatments on soil stability and runoff. Overland flow and sediment were caught in tanks below 24 runoff plots. (/) Continuing. Extended to lodgepole pine type in the West. (g) Logging and burning temporarily impaired watershed pro- tection and increased overland flow and erosion of soils that are derived from Belt series rocks and occur on gen- tle-to-steep slopes. However, vegetal recovery returned conditions to near prelogging status within four years. The small increase in plant nutrient losses, which occurred in the sediment and the overland flow during the denuded period, represented only a small fraction of the available nutrients on these sites. This strongly indicates that damage to soil and water resources and to the nutrient reservoir on these forest sites as a result of clearcut logging and burning is not serious from the standpoint of future site stability and productivity. (/i) Plant Nutrient and Soil Losses in Overland Flow from Burned Forest Clearcuts, N. V. DeByle, P. E. Packer, Symp. on Watersheds in Transition, Amer. Water Res. Assoc, and Colorado State Univ. Proc, pp. 296-307, 1972. Logging and Prescribed Burning Effects on the Hydrologic and Soil Stability Behavior of Larch-Douglas-Fir Forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains, P. E. Packer, Proc. Fire and Land Management Symp., Univ. of Montana, Missoula, Oct. 1974. 304-09331-830-00 INHERENT ERODIBILITY OF IMPORTANT WESTERN MOUNTAIN SOILS (c) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 North 12th East, Logan, Utah 84321. id) Applied laboratory and field research. (e) To a large degree, raindrops provide the detaching force that is prerequisite to the transport of soil particles by either flowing water or raindrop splash. Disturbed surface soil masses of three highly erodible soils, two coarse- granitic soils from the Idaho Batholith and one fine-tex- tured clay soil from the Wasatch plateau in central Utah, were subjected to controlled simulated rainfall. The rela- tive detachability of 1 1 soil-size fractions was determined by comparing the proportion of a given size fraction in the pretreatment soil mass with the proportion of that size fraction in the splashed soil. (/) Completed. (g) Tests were conducted under two levels of rainfall intensity, three degrees of slope steepness, and in the presence or absence of overland flow. Effects of differences in rainfall intensity and slope steepness were small. Overland flow had a pronounced effect in increasing particle detachment resulting from raindrop impact. The highest surface soil detachment hazard occurs in soils having high proportions of medium-sand-size material (particles and aggregates). This includes most of the better mountain soils in the western United States. Because particle detachability does not appear to be strongly affected either by slope steep- ness or by rainfall intensity, these detachability data probably can be generalized to many mountain slopes. (/i) Relative Detachability of Soil Particles by Simulated Rain- fall, E. E. Farmer, Proc. Soil Science Society of America 37, 4, July-Aug. 1973. 304-10645-820-00 THE EFFECT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON PIEZOMET- RIC HEAD IN A TYPICAL IDAHO BATHOLITH SLOPE (c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle Street, Boise, Idaho 83706. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) A steep, forested slope has been instrumented with a series of piezometers. Two other stations are equipped with nuclear snow water, precipitation, and soil moisture sensing devices and with hygrothermographs. Piezometers were installed in three transects of 18 piezometers each, 2 years prior to road construction and logging. Transects are located up and down the slope and extend for a total distance of about 1 20 feet. After 2 years of undisturbed measures a road will be constructed through the middle of the transects and the area will be logged. Piezometer transects are located to evaluate the effects of treatment on piezometric head. Measurements will be continued after the disturbance for a 2 to 3-year period. (g) An extremely low snowfall during the winter of 1976-77 resulted in no subsurface flow during the spring runoff period. Measurements in the undisturbed state will be con- tinued for another year. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, NORTH CENTRAL FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, 1992 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, Minn. 55108. John H. Ohman, Director. 305-03887-810-00 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA (c) D. H. Boelter, USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Grand Rapids, Minn. 55744. (d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research. 189 (e) Use basic hydrologic studies to develop management prac- tices that will maintain or improve the quality and quantity of water yields from northern forest lands. Forest cultural practices (including timber harvesting, fertilization, use of herbicides, and prescribed burning) are studied to deter- mine their effect on the water resources of northern conifer-hardwood forests. Of special concern will be the complex associations of uplands and bogs common to these forests. Methods will he developed for sampling and analyzing both surface and subsurface flows from treated areas. Shallow water impoundments developed for wildlife habitat will be monitored and water level management guidelines developed to maximize desired habitat and minimize any adverse effects on water quality. Peat filter beds used for sewage effluent treatment are being moni- tored to develop criteria for construction and maintenance which improve their effectiveness and minimize any effects on quality of associated water resources. (g) Complete clearcutting of aspen on the upland portion of an upland-bog watershed did not change the chemical composition of streamflow from the watershed. Total streamflow increased 30 to 50 percent during each of the first five years after cutting, but is expected to return to precutting levels in eight to ten years as new vegetation grows. Baseline nutrient yield data were obtained for upland-peat- land watersheds in north-central Minnesota. Concentra- tions of organic-derived nutrients are highest in streamflow from watersheds with oligotrophic peatlands; while con- centrations of nutrients derived from acquifer minerals were higher in streamflow from watersheds with minerothrophic peatland. A peat filter bed used to treat sewage effluent at a recrea- tional campsite was monitored for three years. Annual total nitrogen and total phosphorus renovation efficiency ranged from 61.3 percent to 87,3 percent and 99.1 per- cent to 99.6 percent, respectively. Total coliform reduc- tion was in excess of 99.9 percent each year. (/i) An Electro-Optical Temperature Controller for Maintaining a Constant or Relative Temperature, J. M. Brown, Agron. J. 67, pp. 280-281, 1975. A Controlled Environment System for Measuring Plant-At- mosphere Gas Exchange, J. M. Brown, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note NC-189, 4 pages, 1975. Specific Conductance Identifies Perched and Groundwater Lakes, C. F. Hawkinson, E. S. Verry, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper NC-120, 5 pages, 1975. Streamflow Chemistry and Nutrient Yields from Upland- Peatland Watersheds in Minnesota, E. S. Verry, Ecology 56, pp. 1149-11,57, 1975. Methods for Analyzing Hydrologic Characteristics of Or- ganic Soils in Marsh-Ridden Areas, D. H. Boelter, in Hydrology of Marsh-Ridden Areas, Proc. of UNESCO Symp., Minsk, Belorussian SSR, 1972. The Influence of Bogs on the Distribution of Streamflow from Small Bog-Upland Catchments, E. S. Verry, D. H. Boelter, in Hydrology of Marsh-Ridden Areas, Proc. UNESCO Symp., Minsk, Belorussian SSR, 1972, Studies and Records in Hydrology 19, pp. 469-478, 1975. Diurnal Albedo Variation of Black Spruce and Sphagnum- Sedge Bogs, E. R. Berglund, A. C. Mace, Jr., Can. J. Forest Research 6, pp. 247-252, 1976. Peat Temperature Regime of a Minnesota Bog and the Ef- fect of Canopy Removal, J. M. Brown, J. Appl. Ecol. 13, pp. 189-194, 1976. Minnesota's Peat Resources: Their Characteristics and Use in Sewage Treatment, Agriculture, and Energy, R. S. Farn- ham, D. H. Boelter, Proc. Natl. Symp. Freshwater Wetlands and Sewage Effluent Disposal, Univ. of Mich., pp. 241-255, May 1976. An Electric Analog Approach to Bog Hydrology, J. E. Sander, Ground Water 14, pp. 30-35, 1976. Estimating Water Yield Differences Between Hardwood and Pine Forests: An Application of Net Precipitation Data, E. S. Verry, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper NC-128, 12 pages, 1976. Elements in Leaves of a Trembling Aspen Clone by Crown Position and Season, E. S. Verry, D. Timmons, Can. J. Forest Research 6, pp. 436-440, 1976. 305-09332-870-00 SEWAGE DISPOSAL ON FOREST AND ASSOCIATED LANDS (b) Some aspects of project are in cooperation with Michigan Department of Natural Resources. (c) Dean H. Urie, USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Stephen Nisbet Building, 1407 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Mich. 48823. (d) Field investigations, basic and applied research. (e) Research is conducted on the environmental impact of ap- plication of municipal and industrial sewage wastes to forest lands. Studies are primarily concerned with nitrate pollution hazards to groundwater under irrigation of natu- ral and planted short rotation forest types, under irrigation with sewage lagoon effluents and with municipal and pulp and paper sewage sludges. An associated problem is the field and laboratory investigation of the use of sewage sludge for rehabilitation of acid strip-mine spoil. Continu- ing studies include investigations on the effects of different size sediment loads (primarily sand bedloads) on trout populations, development of techniques to reduce bedload, and effects of strip-cutting and clearcutting conifer planta- tions on groundwater yields and snowpack accumulation. (g) Five years of sewage effluent irrigation of forests have shown that nitrogen is the principal hazard to groundwater quality. After three years of irrigation a 23-year-old red pine plantation leached a relatively constant proportion of added N to groundwater, ranging from about 10 percent at 25 mm per week to about 30 percent at 88 mm per week. During the fourth year of growth hybrid poplars leached NG^-N at approximately the same rate as pines on similar soils. A cotton wood hybrid showed the best survival and growth of all tree varieties and species tested under irriga- tion. Major impacts on stream morphology occurred fol- lowing four years of daily sand sediment accretions to a brook-trout test area. Sewage sludge amelioration of acid strip-mine spoil has reduced concentrations of metals in leachate. Nitrate leaching from sludge sources reached a 4 foot depth within 1 2 months under greenhouse conditions. Campground sewage injected into a sandy forest soil resulted in slight (<10 ppm) increases in nitrate-N in groundwater at 3 m depths. Herbaceous vegetation incor- porated about 40 percent of the added nitrogen during the first growing season. (/i) Effect of an Artificially Increased Sand Bed Load on Stream Morphology and Its Implications on Fish Habitat, E. A. Hansen, G. R. Alexander, Proc. 3rd Federal In- teragency Sedimentation Conf, Sed. Committee of Water Res. Council, pp. 3-65 to 3-76, 1976. Changes in Vegetation and Surface Soil Properties Follow- ing Irrigation of Woodlands with Municipal Wastewater, D. P. White, G. Schneider, E. A. Erickson, D. H. Urie, Mich. State. Univ., Inst, of Water Res., Proj. Compl. Report, NTlS-PB-244-798, 76 pages. Water Quality Implications of Strip-Mine Reclamation by Wastewater Sludge, R S. Cunningham, C. K. Losche, R. K. Holtje, in WateReuse, Proc. 2nd Natl. Conf. on Complete WateReuse, Amer. Inst, of Chem. Eng., Chicago, May 4-8, pp. 643-646, 1975. Groundwater Pollution Aspects of Land Disposal of Sewage from Remote Recreation Areas, N. Johnson, D. H. Urie, Ground Water 14, 6, pp. 403-410. Sewage Effluent Infiltrates Frozen Forest Soils, A. R. Har- ris, USDA, Forest Service Res. Note, NC-197, 2 pages, 1976. 190 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, P.O. Box 3141, Portland, Oreg. 97208. Robert F. Tarrant, Director. 306-04757-810-00 WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASHING- TON (c) Dr. A. R. Tiedemann, Project Leader. (d) Field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Generate information necessary to develop prescriptions which improve or enhance quantity and timing of water yield without decreasing water quality; reduce erosion and restore land stability and productivity; and rehabilitate deteriorated sites in the mid-Columbia River Basin forests of eastern Oregon and Washington. Studies related to ero- sion reduction include characteristics of soil related to erodibility; effects of climate, vegetation and parent material on soil development, soil movement such as creep or mass movement, characteristics of forest humus types; and physical control of erosion by increasing plant density of vegetation. Studies related to water quantity and quality include changes in volume and timing of runoff, water chemistry and water temperature following timber harvest, wildfire or defoliation by insects; changes in wind patterns, soil moisture use, and snow accumulation and melt follow- ing common silvicultural practices; and water use rates by common tree species within the study area. (g) Debris torrents following high intensity rainstorms on fire- denuded watersheds in north-central Washington during 1972 have been summarized by location soil type, topog- raphy, and land use history. The results of erosion protection seeding and fertilization were evaluated on watersheds of the Entiat Experimental Forest, Washington. Average vegetative cover increased from 8.6 percent the first year following fire to 31 percent at the end of 4 years. Differences between the autumnal soil-water deficit in the upper 120 cm of the soil profile of the Entiat Experimen- tal Forest were estimated to be 11.6 cm one year after vegetation removal by wildfire. This increase in soil water had a significant influence on streamfiow. A new type of recording instrument for long-term monitor- ing of the role of wind in snow accumulation has been developed and patented. (h) Soil-Water Trends Following Wildfire on the Entiat Experi- mental Forest, G. O. Klock, J. D. Helvey, Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf., No. 15, pp. 193-199, 1977. Development of Vegetation After Fire, Seeding, and Fer- tilization on the Entiat Experimental Forest, A. R. Tiedemann, G. O. Klock, Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 15, pp. 171-191, 1977. Soil Moisture Depletion and Growth Rates After Thinning Ponderosa Pine, J. D. Helvey, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-243, 9 pages, illus., 1975. Climate and Hydrology of the Entiat Experimental Forest Watersheds Under Virgin Forest Cover, J. D. Helvey, W. B. Fowler, G. O. Klock, A. R. Tiedemann, USDA Forest Service General Tech. Rept. PNW-42, 18 pages, illus., 1976. Some Climatic and Hydrologic Effects of Wildfire in Washington State, J. D. Helvey, A. R. Tiedemann, W. B. Folwer, Proc. Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 15, pp. 201-222, 1977. Versatile Wind Analyzer for Long Unattended Runs Using C-MOS, W. B. Fowler, J. Physics E, Sci. Instrum. 8, pp. 713-714, 1975. An Application of the Utah State University Watershed Simulation Model to the Entiat Experimental Watershed, Washington State, D. S. Bowles, J P. Riley, G B. Shih, Utah Water Research Lab. Rept. PRWG 126-1, 1975. The Quantitative Description of Transfer of Water and Chemicals Through Soils, M. Ungs, R W. Cleary, L. Boer- sma, S. Yingjajaval, Proc. 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management Conf., R. C. Loehr (Ed.), pp. 109-137, 1976. Estimating Two Indirect Logging Costs Caused by Ac- celerated Erosion, G. O. Klock, USDA Forest Service General Tech. Rept. PNW-44, 9 pages, illus., 1976. Seeding Recommendations for Disturbed Mountain Slopes in North Central Washington, G O Klock, A. R. Tiedemann, W. Lopushinsky, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-244, 8 pages, illus., 1975. Impact of Five Postfire Salvage Logging Systems on Soils and Vegetation, G. O. Klock, J. Soil and Water Conserv. 30, pp. 78-81, 1975. Forest and Range Soils Research in Oregon and Washing- ton-A Bibliography With Abstracts From 1969 Through 1974, G. O. Klock, USDA Forest Service Tech: Rept. PNW- 47, 1976. Shrub Plantings for Erosion Control in Eastern Washing- ton-Progress and Research Needs, A. R. Tiedemann, G. O. Klock, L. L. Mason, D. E. Sears, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-279, 11 pages, illus., 1976. Relationship of Shoot-Root Ratio to Survival and Growth of Outplanted Douglas-Fir and Ponderosa Pine Seedlings, W. Lopushinsky, T. Beebe, USDA Forest Service Res. Note PNW-274, 7 pages, illus., 1976. Effect of Black Polyethylene Mulch on Survival of Douglas- Fir Seedlings, Soil Moisture Content, and Soil Temperature, W. Lopushinsky, T. Beebe, Tree Planters' Notes 27, 3, pp. 7-8. Irrigation Increases Rainfall?, C. K. Stidd, W. B. Fowler, J. D. Helvey, Science 188, pp. 279-281, illus., 1975. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, P.O. Box 245, 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley, Calif. 94701. Robert Z. Callaham, Director. 307-04996-810-00 WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, CONIFER ZONE (b) Cooperative with U.S. Bureau Reclamation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Univ. Califor- nia. (c) Dr. James L. Smith, Project Leader, Water Yield Improve- ment, Conifer Zone. id) Experimental; field investigation; basic and applied research. (e) Determine the relationships which exist between the cli- mate and the snowpacks of the Sierra Nevada, and how these relationships are affected by the presence or absence of forest cover, so that the effect of forest cultural prac- tices upon snow metamorphism and melt may be predicted in advance of application of such practices. Present studies emphasize study of snow density changes, water holding capacities, snow metamporphism and melt rates under a variety of meteorological and cover conditions, and the ef- fect of these changes upon timing of delivery of water to streams. Determine effect of evaporation suppressants upon reduction of water losses from snowpacks under a variety of aspect-cover conditions. Determine effect of weather modification upon snowpacks of Central Sierra Nevada of California. (g) Study of snowpacks under open and forested conditions shows that forest cover or its lack drastically affects both water holding capacity of snowpacks and delivery rate and pattern to the streams, either via the soil under the pack or through the snow, downslope over ice lenses. A manual is being prepared which land managers may use to plan harvests to accomplish desired objectives. Analysis of snowpacks and simulation of potential snow- packs resulting from weather modification indicate that in the "warm" Sierra Nevada snow augmentation will only increase time snow remains on the land from to I 4 days. 191 (/i) Snow Wetness Measurements for Melt Forecasting, W. I. Linlor, F. D. Clapp, M. F. Meier, J. L. Smith, Operational Applications of Satellite Snowcover Observations. Proc, Workshop, South Lake Tahoe, Calif., Natl. Aeronaut, and Space Admin., NASA SP-391, pp. 375-397, 1975. Measurement of Snowpack Wetness, W. I. Linlor, J. L. Smith, M. F. Meier, F. D. Clapp, D. Angelakos, Proc. 43rd Ann. Mtg. Western Snow Conf., Coronado, Calif., Apr. 23- 25, 1975, pp. 14-20, 1975. Remote Sensing of Snowpack Density Using Shortwave Radiation, M. C. McMillan, J. L. Smith, Operational Appli- cations of Satellite Snowcover Observations, Proc. Workshop, South Lake Tahoe, Calif., Aug. 18-20, 1975, Natl. Aeronaut, and Space Admin., NASA SP-391, pp. 361-371, 1975. Measurements and Methods for Estimating the Effects of Snow Augmentation Upon Snowpacks of the Sierra Nevada, J. L. Smith, Proc. Special Regional Weather Modification Conf. Augmentation of Winter Orographic Precipitation in the Western U.S., Amer. Meteorol. Soc, pp. 145-151, 1975. Water Yield Improvement Research of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station and Its Usefulness to Wiidland Resource Management, J. L. Smith, Proc. Lake Tahoe Res. Seminar IV, Apr. 4, 1975, South Lake Tahoe, Calif., pp. 3-24, 1975. Climatic and Spatial Dependence of the Retention of D/H and 0"'/0"' Abundances in Snow and Ice of North Amer- ica, H. R. Krouse, K. West, R. Hislop, H. M. Brown, J. L. Smith, Proc. lUGG Symp. on Isot. and Impurities in Snow and Ice, Grenoble, France, Aug. 28-30, 1975, (in press), 1976. Forest Ecology, J. L. Smith, H. G. Halverson, in McGraw- Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., pp. 187-189, 1976. 307-04998-81 0-00 PARAMETERS AFFECTING MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS ON UNSTABLE LANDS (b) Cooperative with California Div. of Forestry and Hum- boldt State University. (c) Dr. Raymond M. Rice, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1700 Bayview Drive, Areata, Calif. 95521. (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) The Unit's mission is to gain an understanding of the hydrological and biological processes of the ecosystems of the north coast and Klamath Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon; and to develop informa- tion needed for integrated resource management con- sistent with protecting the resources and environment on unstable lands. Studies underway are aimed at developing methods for evaluating potential watershed damages from' logging and road building, achieving rapid regeneration to insure the recovery of slope stability, appraising the impact of logging and road building on anadromous fish habitats, and devising strategies for optimum monitoring of various nonpoint source pollutants. (g) An analysis has been completed relating site variables to the occurrence of debris avalanches on granitic terrain. Based on interpretation of 1 :6000 aerial photographs, it revealed that the most cost effective equation for estimat- ing landslide hazard was based on only three variables: slope, crown cover by overstory vegetation, and ground cover by understory vegetation. A linear discriminant function based upon those variables correctly classified about 80 percent of the 235 sites used in the analysis. Analysis of 1 3 years of flood peaks from two experimental watersheds has confirmed that logging has a negligible ef- fect on important flood events. Roads had been con- structed in one of the watersheds and it had been selec- tively harvested over a 3 year period. The road construc- tion was associated with no discernible change in flood ru- noff. During and following logging there were dramatic in- creases (over 300 percent) in small, mainly early season, peaks but no change in large winter runoff events. Prelimi- nary investigations suggest that subsurface hydrology of logged areas may be chemically disturbed as a result of timber harvest. Phenolic compounds, which are some of the early decay products of wood, have been shown in laboratory tests to disperse clays. If operable in the field, this phenomenon might cause reduced hydraulic conduc- tivity at critical layers in the soil profile. An analysis of 102 harvest areas in northwestern California has shown that when tractors are restricted to gentle slopes, erosion is greatly reduced but soil disturbance only moderately reduced. In an area where tractor yarding was only con- ducted on slopes less than 30 percent erosion on tractor cut blocks was one -fifth of that on similar, steeper, cable yarded cutblocks, but soil disturbance was still 4 times greater. In another area where a slope limitation was not in effect tractor areas had 7 times the disturbance and 9 times the erosion of similar cable yarded areas, (/i) Forest Management to Minimize Landslide Risk, R. M. Rice, reprinted from Guidelines for Watershed Manage- ment, FAO Conservation Guide, Rome, pp. 271-287, 1977. 307-04999-810-00 MANAGEMENT OF CHAPARRAL AND ECOSYSTEMS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RELATED (fc) Cooperative with California Div. of Forestry. (c) C. Eugene Conrad, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Expmt. Sta., 110 North Wabash Ave., Glendora, Calif 91740. {d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research. {e) To help solve the multi-functional problem facing managers on chaparral lands through an integrated, multi- discipline research approach. To gain understanding of the complex interrelationships between fire, water and vegeta- tion in these environments and the effects of watershed, recreation, wildlife, and fire management practices on multiple-use land management goals. To develop enough information and techniques to produce management guidelines for chaparral and related ecosystems. (/) Discontinued: Flood and Sediment Reduction from Steep Unstable Brushland of the Southwest. ig) Water repellency affects the flow of water in unsaturated soil and decreases both infiltration and evaporation. Dif- fusivity analyses suggest that water repellency has the greatest effect at lower levels of soil water and the effect diminishes as water content increases toward saturation. Flow across the particle surfaces seems to be affected most by water repellency. Several water flow equations, containing a term for the wetting angle between water and the particle surface, have been used to quantify the vari- ous degrees of water repellency. Measurements of wetting heat suggest that vapor flow may be an important water flow mechanism at lower soil water contents. (h) Mechanical Methods of Chaparral Modification, G. A. Roby, L. R. Green, U.S. Dept. Agric, Agric. Handbk. 487, 46 pages, illus. 1976. Nutrients Lost in Debris and Runoff Water From a Burned Chaparral Watershed, L. F. DeBano, C. E. Conrad, 3rd Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conf. (Denver, Colo., Mar. 1976), pp. 3-1 3 to 3-27, 1976. The Transfer of Heat and Hydrophobic Substances During Burning, L. F. DeBano, S. M. Savage, D. A. Hamilton, Soil Sci. Am. J. 40, pp. 119-1%1, 1976. Infiltration, Evaporation and Water Movement as Related to Water Repellency, L. F. DeBano, Soil Conditioners, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Spec. Puht. 7, Madison, Wise, pp. 155-164, 1975. Infiltration, Evaporation and Water Movement as Related to Water Repellency, L. F. DeBano, in So/7 Conditioners, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Spec. Puhl. 7, Chapt. 15, pp. 155-164, 1975. 192 Fuelbreaks and Other Fuel Modification for Wildland Fire Control, L. R. Green, U.S. Dept. Agric, Agric. Handbk. No. 499, 79 pages, illus., 1976. 307-09335-810-00 FOREST AND WATERSHED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN HAWAII AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLAND AREAS (b) Cooperative with Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and University of Hawaii. (c) Roger G. Skolmen, Project Leader, Timber and Watershed Management Research in Hawaii. (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research. (e) Research on effects of land use on watershed hydrology; effects of vegetation types on soil hydrology; stream sedi- ment relationships to watershed vegetation cover; and water infiltration measurement systems. (g) Water infiltration capacities are significantly greater for soils under forest cover than under cultivation or grazing. (h) Forests and Water: Some Questions Answered, R. A. Mer- riam. Aloha Aina, pp. 12-14, illus., Jan. 1971. Splash Erosion Related to Soil Erodibility Indexes and Other Forest Soil Properties in Hawaii, T. Yamamoto, H. W. Anderson, Water Resources Research 9, 2, pp. 336-345, Apr. 1973. Hydrologic Differences Between Selected Forested and Agricultural Soils in Hawaii, H. B. Wood, Soil Science Soc. Amer. J. 41, pp. 132-136, Jan. 1977. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, 240 W. Prospect Street, Fort Collins, Colo. 80521. 308-02658-810-00 WATER YIELD IN THE BLACK HILLS (c) Ardell J. Bjugstad, Project Leader, Forest Research Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines and Technolo- gy- (d) Experimental; basic and applied research. (e) Determine geologic, geomorphic, and forest factors that influence or relate to quantity and timing of the water yield and reclamation of surface mine spoils. (h) Reestablishment of Woody Plants on Mine Spoils and Management of Mine Water Impoundments: An Overview of Forest Service Research on the Northern High Plains, A. J. Bjugstad, in Reclartiation of Disturbed Arid Lands Sym- posium, 1776 Mass. Ave. NW, Washington, D.C., Amer. Assoc, for the Advancement of Science, 1977. A Study of the Green Area Effect in the Black Hills of South Dakota, B. L. Davis, D. N. Blair, L. R. Johnson, S. J. Haggard, Atmospheric Environment 10, pp. 363-370, 1976. Geophysical Measurements of a Mountain Watershed, T. Yamamoto, J. Soil Water Conserv. 31, 3, pp. 105-109, 1976. Reclamation Research by the Forest Service, Rocky Moun- tain Station, H. K. Orr, in Reclamation of Strip Mined Lands in the Great Plains, Dept. Min. Eng. S. D. Sch. Mines and Technol., Rapid City, S. Dak., pp. 27-31, 1975. Mine Spoil Reclamation Research at the Belle Ayr Mine, Northeast Wyoming, H. K. Orr, Proc. Fort Union Coal Field Symp. 3, Reclamation Section, pp. 304-407 (Mont. Acad. Sci., Billings, Apr. 1975), 1975. Watershed Management in the Black Hills: The Status of Our Knowledge, H. K. Orr, USDA, For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-141, 16 pages. 1975. Coal Mine Spoil as a Growing Medium: AMA Belle Ayr South Mine, Gillette, Wyoming, T. Yamamoto, 3rd Symp. on Surface Mining and Reclamation 1, pp. 49-61, NCA/BCR Coal Conf. and Expo., Oct. 21-23, 1975, Louisville. Ky., 1975. Trend Surface Analysis of Powder River Basin, Wyoming- Montana, Teruo Yamamoto, Proc. Fort Union Coal Field Symp. 3, Reclamation Section, pp. 280-288 (Mont. Acad. Sci., Billings, Apr. 1975), 1975. Recovery From Soil Compaction on Bluegrass Range in the Black Hills, H. K. Orr, Pap. No. 74-2561, 1974 Winter Mtg., Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., Dec. 10-13, 1974, Chicago, III., 1974. Seismic Refraction Analysis of Watershed Mantle Related to Soil, Geology, and Hydrology, T. Yamamoto, Water Resour. Bull. 10, 3, pp. 531-546, 1974. 308-03569-810-00 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, WYOMING (b) Bureau of Land Management; Wyoming Highway Depart- ment. (c) Ronald D. Tabler, Project Leader. (d) Field investigation; applied research. ie) Water yield characteristics of big-sagebrush lands are being studied on plots and gaged watersheds, and hydrologic effects of control measures are being deter- mined. Methods for increasing snow accumulation in wind- swept areas are also being developed and tested. (h) Hydrologic Relations on Undisturbed and Converted Big Sagebrush Lands: The Status of Our Knowledge, D. L. Sturges, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-140, 23 pages, 1975. Oversnow Runoff Events Affect Streamflow and Water Quality, D. L. Sturges, Snow Manage, on Great Plains Symp. (Bismarck, N. Dak.), Proc. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Publ. 73, pp. 105-117, 1975. Sediment Transport from Big Sagebrush Watersheds, D. L. Sturges, Watershed Manage. Symp., ASCE Irrig. and Drain. Div., Logan Utah, pp. 728-738, Aug. 1975. Estimating the Transport and Evaporation of Blowing Snow, R. D. Tabler, Snow Manage, on Great Plains Symp. (Bismarck, N. Dak.), Proc. Great Plains Agric. Counc, Publ. 13, pp. 85-104, 1975. New Engineering Criteria for Snow Fence Systems, R. D. Tabler, Transp. Res. Rec. 506 NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C., pp. 65-78, 1974. Estimating the Profile of Snowdrifts in Topographic Catchments, R. D. Tabler, Proc. West. Snow Conf. 43, pp. 87-97, 1975. An Improved Recording Gage for Blowing Snow, R. L. Jairell, Water Resour. Res. 11, 5, pp. 674-680, 1975. 308-09338-810-00 MULTI-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF SUBALPINE CONIFEROUS FORESTS, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO (c) Robert R. Alexander, Project Leader. (d) Experimental, field investigations, basic and applied research. (e) Develop systems for integrating available and newly developed information into decision-making tools for land management and planning, and predict the effects of vegetation manipulation on water yield and quality. (.'')More Water from Mountain Watersheds, C. F. Leaf, Colorado Rancher 28, 7, pp. 11-12, 1974. A Model for Predicting Erosion and Sediment Yield from Secondary Road Construction, C. F. Leaf, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-274. 4 pages, 1974. Simulating Timber Yields and Hydrologic Impacts Result- ing from Timber Harvest on Subalpine Watersheds, C. F. Leaf, R. R. Alexander, USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM- 133, 20 pages, 1975. Land Use Simulation Model for Subalpine Coniferous Forest Zone, C. F. Leaf, G. E. Brink, USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-135, 42 pages, 1975. 193 Watershed Management in the Rocky Mountain Subalpine Zone: The Status of Our Knowledge, C. F. Leaf, US DA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-137, 31 pages, 1975. Water Management in the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains: A Summary of the Status of Our Knowledge of Vegetation Types, C. F. Leaf, USDA For. Serv., Res. Pap. RM-142, 28 pages, 1975. Watershed Management in Lodgepole Pine Ecosystems, M. D. Hoover, Proc. Manage. Lodgepole Pine Ecosys. Symp., (Pullman, Wash., 1973) 2 Vols., D. M. Baumgartner, ed.. Wash. State Univ., Pullman, pp. 569-580, 1975. Hydrology of Black Mesa Watershed, Western Colorado, E. C. Frank, H. E. Brown, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-13, 11 pages, 1975. Effects of Recreation on Water Quality in Wildlands, R. Aukerman, W. T. Springer, USDA For. Serv., Eisenhower Consortium Bull. 2, 25 pages, 1976. 308.09339-810-00 WATERSHED REHABILITATION TO CONTROL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN THE SOUTHWEST, AL- BUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO (c) Earl F. Aldon, Project Leader. id) Experimental, field investigations, applied research. ((?) See Water Resources Research Catalog. (/) Discontinued. (/i) Influences of a Forest on the Hydraulic Geometry of Two Mountain Streams, B. H. Heede, Water Resour. Bull. 8, pp. 523-530, 1972. Functional Relationships and a Computer Program for Structural Control, B. H. Heede, J. G. Mufich, J. Environ. Manage. 1, pp. 321-344, 1973. 308-10646-880-00 MINE SPOIL RECLAMATION IN THE SOUTWEST, AL- BUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO (b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Servie, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. (c) Earl F. Aldon, Project Leader. (d) Experimental, field investigation, applied research. (e) Research has been directed specifically toward; Identify plant materials adaptable to coal mine spoil environments, develop seeding and planting methods, devise means to augment water available for plant growth, design spoil banks to maximize stability, limit runoff, and enhance cover development. ( h ) Revegetating Coal Mine Spoils in New Mexico: A Laborato- ry Study, E. F. Aldon, H. W. Springfield, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-245, Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo., 4 pages, 1973. Revegetating Disturbed Areas in the Semiarid Southwest, E. F. Aldon, J. Soil Water Conserv. 28, pp. 223-225, 1973. Using Paraffin and Polythylene to Harvest Water for Grow- ing Shrubs, E. F. Aldon, H. W. Springfield, Proc. Water Harvesting Symp., Phoenix, Ariz., Mar. 26-28, 1974, USDA, Agric. Res. Serv. ARS w-22, pp. 251-257, 1975. Establishing Alkali Sacaton on Harsh Sites in the Southwest, E. F. Aldon, J. of Range Manage. 28, 2, pp. 129-132, 1975. 308-10647-810-00 MULTIRESOURCE RESPONSE EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR MIXED CONIFER, CHAPARRAL, AND MOUNTAIN GRASSLAND WATERSHEDS OF THE SOUTHWEST (FS-RM-I606) (c) Leonard F. DeBano, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Arizona State University Campus, Tempe, Ariz. 85281. (d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research. (f ) Research is being conducted to determine responses by watersheds to management alternatives and evaluate im- pacts on associated resource values in chaparral, mixed conifer forests, and mountain grasslands; develop methodology and procedures for predicting water-resource reactions to comprehensive land management programs. ( h ) Chaparral Conversion Potential in Arizona. Part I., Water Yield Response and Effects on Other Resources, A. R. Hib- bert, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-126, 36 pages, 1974. Runoff and Erosion After Brush Suppression on the Natu- ral Drainage Watersheds in Central Arizona, P. A. Ingebo, A. R. Hibbert, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-175, 1 pages, 1974. Water Resources Research on Forest and Rangelands in Arizona, A. R. Hibbert, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of Anier. Water Resour. Assoc. (Ariz. Sect.) and the Arizona Academy of Sci. Hydrol. Sect., Flagstaff, Ariz., 4, pp. 1-9, Apr. 1974. Velocity-Head Rod and Current Meter Use in Boulder- Strewn Streams, B. H. Heede, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-271, 4 pages, 1974. Energy Budget Measurements Over Three Cover Types in Eastern Arizona, J. R. Thompson, Water Resources Research 10, 5, pp. 1045-1048, 1974. Watershed Management in Arizona's Mixed Conifer Forests: The Status of Our Knowledge, L. R. Rich. J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-130, 15 pages, 1974. Field and Computer Procedures for Gully Control by Check Dams, B. H. Heede, J. G. Mufich, J. Environ. Manage. 2, pp. 1-49, 1974. Stages of Development of Gullies in Western United States, B. H. Heede, Zeitschrift fii r Geomorphologie 18, 3, pp. 260-271, 1974. Chaparral Conversion Potential in Arizona. Part II. An Economic Analysis, T. C. Brown, P. F. O'Connell, A. R. Hibbert, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-127, 28 pages, 1974. Chaparral Research for Water and Other Resources, A. R. Hibbert, I8th Ann. Arizona Watershed Symp. Proc, Phoenix Ariz., pp. 30-36, Sept. 25, 1974. Effect of Heat Treatment on Germination of Alkali Sacaton, O. D. Knipe, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-268, 3 pages, 1974. Management of Phreatophyte and Riparian Vegetation for Maximum 'Multiple Use Values, J. S. Horton, C. J. Camp- bell, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-117, 23 pages, 1974. Managing Chaparral for Water and Other Resources in Arizona, A. R. Hibbert, E. A. Davis, T. C. Brown, reprinted from the Watershed Management Symposium, ASCE, Irrigation and Drainage Division, Logan, Utah, pp. 445-468, Aug. 11-13, 1975. Karbutylate Residues in Stream Water Following a Brush Control Treatment on a Chaparral Watershed in Arizona, E. A. Davis, Res. Prog. Rep. W. Soc. of Weed Sci., pp. 22- 23, 1975. Soil Wettability and Fire in Arizona Chaparral, D. G. Scholl, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39, 2, pp. 356-361, 1975. Mountain Watersheds and Dynamic Equilibrium, B. H. Heede, ASCE Watershed Management Symposium, Logan, Utah, pp. 407-420, Aug. 1 1-13, 1975. Watershed Indicators of Landform Development, B. H. Heede, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of the Amer. Water Resources Assoc. (Arizona Section) and the Arizona Academy of Science Hvdrology Section 5, pp. 43-46, Tempe, Ariz., Apr. 11-12, 1975. Snow melt Runoff Efficiencies on Arizona Watersheds, R. M. Solomon, P. F. Ffolliott, M. B. Baker, Jr., G. J. Gott- fried, J. R. Thompson, Univ. of Arizona, Ariz. Agricultural Exp. Sia. Res. Repl. No. 274, 50 pages. Summer, 1975, Hydrology of Black Mesa Watersheds, E. C. Frank, H. E. Brown, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Re- port RM-13, 11 pages, 1975. 194 Submerged Burlap Strips Aided Rehabilitation of Disturbed Semiarid Sites in Colorado and New Mexico, B H Heede, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-302. 8 pages, 1975. Stages of Development of Gullies in the West, B. H. Heede, ■in Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sedi- ment Yields and Sources, USDA ARS-S-40, pp. 155-161, 1975. Development and Testing of a Laser Rain Gage, A. D. Oz- ment. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of the Anier. Water Resources Assoc. (Arizona Section) and the Arizona Academy of Sciences Hydrology Section 5, pp. 185-190, Tempe, Ariz., Apr. 11- 12. 1975. Water Yield Research in Arizona's Mixed Conifer Forests, J. R. Thompson, 18th Annual Arizona Watershed Symp. Proc, Phoenix, Ariz., pp. 15-18, Sept. 25, 1974. Management Alternatives for the Riparian and Phreatophyte Zones in Arizona, J. S. Horton, 18th Ann. Arizona Watershed Symp. Proc, Phoenix, Ariz., pp. 40-42, Sept. 25, 1974. Energy Budgets for Three Small Plots Substantiate Priestley and Taylor's Large-Scale Evaporation Parameter, J. R. Thompson, J. of Applied Meteorology 14, pp. 1399-1401, Oct. 7, 1975. Drip Pan for Field Plot Sprinkle Irrigation, F. Lavin, O. D. Knipe, J. Range Manage. 28, pp. 155-157, 1975. Gully Development and Control, The Status of Our Knowledge, B. H. Heede, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM- 169, 42 pages, 1976. Equilibrium Condition and Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Mountain Stream, B. H. Heede, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. of The Amer. Water Resources Assoc. (Arizona Section) and the Arizona Academy of Sciences Hydrology Section 6, pp. 97- 102, Tucson, Ariz., Apr-May 1976. Computer Simulation of Snowmelt, R. M. Solomon, P. F. Ffolliott, M. B. Baker, Jr., J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-174, 8 pages, 1976. Water Yields Resulting from Treatments on the Workman Creek Experimental Watersheds in Central Arizona, L. R. Rich, G. J. Gottfried, Water Resour. Res. 12, 5, pp. 1053- 1060, 1976. Induced Single-Flush Synchronous Growth of Shrub Live Oak, E. A. Davis, Geobios. 3, 6, pp. 181-184. Reprinted as USDA For. Serv. Res. Note Rm-333, 4 pages, 1976. Shade Materials for Modifying Greenhouse Climate, E. A. Davis, F. D. Cole, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM- 33, 6 pages, 1976. Percolation and Streamflow in Range and Forest Lands, A. R. Hibbert, Proc. 5th Workshop U .S.I Australia Rangelands Panel on Watershed Management on Range and Forest Lands, Boise, Idaho, June 15-22, 1975, pp. 69-80, 1976. Snow Damage in Arizona Ponderosa Pine Stands, P. F. Ffolliott, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note. RM-322, 2 pages, 1976. Correlation Between Transmissivity and Basal Area in Arizona Ponderosa Pine Forests, R. M. Solomon, P. F. Ffolliott, J. R. Thompson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM- 318, 3 pages, 1976. Windbreaks May Increase Water Yield From the Grassland Islands in Arizona's Mixed Conifer Forests, J. R. Thomp- son, O. D. Knipe, P. M. Johnson, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 6, Proc. 1976 Mtg. Ariz. Sect., Am. Water Resour. Assoc, and Hydrol. Sect., Ariz. Acad. Sci., (Tucson, Ariz., Apr. -May 1976), pp. 323- 329, 1976. Soil Moisture Flux and Evapotranspiration Determined From Soil Hydraulic Properties in a Chaparral Stand, D. G. Scholl, Soil Sci. Soc of Am. J. 40, 1, pp. 14-17, 1976. 308-10648-810-00 SNOWDRIFT MANAGEMENT AND AVALANCHE HAZARD EVALUATION (b) Colorado State University. (c) M. Martinelli, Jr., Project Leader. (d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research (e) Determine methods for predicting and controlling the transport and deposition of the snow by winds in order to modify natural drift patterns for managerial purposes. Im- prove the evaluation and forecasting of avalanche hazard to reduce the danger from snow avalanches in ski areas, mountain highways, mining operations and mountain home sites. (g) Electronic snow particle counter has been modified to give mass flux of blowing snow. A real-time avalanche warning program has been operational for western Colorado for the past several winters. A quantitative orographic precipitation model has been developed and tested for western Colorado. A numerical hydrological model of avalanche motion has been developed and is being tested. (h) Predicting Avalanche Intensity From Weather Data: A Statistical Analysis, A. Judson, B. J. Erickson, USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-IH, 12 pages, 1973. Avalanche Warnings: Content and Dissemination, A. Jud- son, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note R-291, 8 pages, 1975. Colorado's Avalanche Warning Program, A. Judson, Weatherwise 29, 6, pp. 268-277, 1976. The Avalanche Warning Program in Colorado, A. Judson, Proc. Western Snow Conf. (Albuquerque, N. Mex., Apr. 1977), 1977. Take the Plunge, M. Martinelli, Jr., Ski Management 11, 1, pp. 26-28, 1972. Avalanche, M. Martinelli, Jr., Yearbook of Sciences and Technology, 1972, McGraw-Hill, pp. 115-117, 1973. Snowfence Experiments in Alpine Areas, M. Martinelli, Jr., J. Glaciology 12, pp. 291-303. Snow Avalanche Sites: Their Identification and Evaluation, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA Agri. Inf. Bull. 360, 11 pages. Water-Yield Improvement from Alpine Areas: The Status of Our Knowledge, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-138, 16 pages. Meteorology and Ski Area Management and Operation, M. Martinelli, Jr., Proc. 4th Natl. Conf. on Fire and Forest Meteorology, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-32, pp. 142-146, 1976. Avalanche Protection in Switzerland (Translated from Ger- man by U.S. Army CRREL), USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-9, 168 pages, 1975. Avalanche Handbook, R. 1. Perla, M Martinelli, Jr., USDA Agri. Handbook 489, 238 pages, 1976. Avalanche Dynamics: Engineering Applications for Land Use Planning, C. F. Leaf, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-183, 51 pages, 1977. Analog Temperature Records from a Lineorized Thermistor Network, R. A. Schmidt, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM- 286, 4 pages, 1975. Weather Conditions that Determine Snow Transport at a Site in Wyoming, The Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology, Symp. on Properties and Processes (UNESCO), (Banff, Al- berta, Canada, Sept. 1972), 2 Vols., 1973. A Weibull Prediction of the Tensile Strength-Volume Rela- tionship of Snow, R. A. Sommerfeld, J. Geophys. Res. 79, pp. 3353-3356, 1974. An Automatic Data Acquisition and Reduction, R. A. Som- merfeld, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-260, 4 pages, 1974. Continuous Measurements of Deformations on an Avalanche Slope, Snow Mechanics Symposium, (Grindelwald, Switzerland, Apr. 1974), lASH-AISH Publ. 114, pp. 293-297, 1975. A Correction Factor for Roch's Stability Index of Slab Avalanche Release, R. A. Sommerfeld, R. M. King, F. Budding, J. Glaciology 17, 75, pp. 145-147, 1976. 195 254-330 O - 78 - 14 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, P O. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. 28802. J. B. Hilmon, Director. 309-0247W-8 10-00 IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND YIELD, SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS-PIEDMONT For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 3.0262. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, T 10210 Postal Services Building, 701 Loyola Avenue, New Orle- ans, La. 701 13. Laurence E. Lassen, Director. 310-06973-810-00 MULTI-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS IN THE OZARK-OUACHITA HIGHLANDS (b) Cooperative with the University of Arkansas. {d) Field investigations; applied research. (e) To formulate forest management alternatives to enhance values of water, timber and related forest resources. Hydrologic research is aimed at determining the effects of various silvicultural measures on streamflow and water quality. Measurement of hydrologic responses from partial and complete vegetation removal on three small watersheds in the Ouachita Mountains has been completed. Hydrologic responses to planting pine and natural regeneration on these watersheds are now being studied. Calibration of three watersheds in the Springfield Plateau has been completed and the effects of two silvicul- tural treatments are to be investigated. Calibration of four watersheds in the Boston Mountains is being continued. Soil water, surface runoff, sediment losses and nutrient losses via runoff are being monitored on all watersheds. (g) Results indicate significant increases in soil water and ru- noff following partial and complete vegetation removal from the Ouachita Watersheds. Sediment losses increased immediately after timber removal, but returned to pretreatment levels in three years. Herbicide residues in runoff were detected in only one of three years and they were minimal and of short duration. Diameter growth of shortleaf pine was significantly increased as a result of un- derstory removal and thinning the pine overstory. Soil water deficits in northern Arkansas were significantly dif- ferent on forested and clearcut areas, but were no dif- ferent on northwest and southeast aspects. Growing season deficits on forested areas were over four times those on cut areas. Spring deficits were very similar under both cover conditions. (/i) 2,4,5-T Residues in Storm Runoff from Small Watersheds, E. R. Lawson, J. Soil & Water Conserv. 31, 5, pp. 217-219, 1976. Simulating Hydrologic Behavior on Ouachita Mountain Drainages, T. L. Rogerson, USD A For. Serv. Res. Pap. SO- 1 19, 9 pages. South. For. Exp. Stn., 1976. Soil Water Deficits Under Forested and Clearcut Areas in Northern Arkansas, T. L. Rogerson, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 40, 5, pp. 802-805, 1976. 310-06974-810-00 HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAIN PINERY (c) Stanley J. Ursic, Project Leader, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Hydrology Laboratory, P.O. Box 947, Oxford, Miss. 38655. (rf) Field investigation; applied research. (e) See Water Resources Research Catalog II, 4.0126 and 5.0969. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, U.S. ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORY, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. 21005. Dr. Robert J. Eichelberger, Director. 311-09355-010-00 FLOW FIELD PERTURBATIONS CAUSED BY PROTUBE- RANCES IN BOUNDARY LAYERS (c) Dr. Raymond Sedney, Launch and Flight Division, R. H. Kent Bldg. (d) Theoretical and experimental applied research. (e) Experimental fiow visualization methods were developed and used to study the local changes to a smooth surface boundary layer caused by a three-dimensional protube- rance. Physical models of the near fiow field are con- structed. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numeri- cally for a two-dimensional square protuberance in Couette flow. (/) Completed. (g) The optical-surface indicator technique, developed in this task, has been used to resolve the details of the multiple flow separations and reattachments which occur in the flow field near a protuberance immersed in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer. We find that the number and size of vortices formed in the separated flow region are de- pendent on the Reynolds number. We have visualized the flow off the surface using a laser-illuminated vapor screen technique. Flow separation and reattachment near square two-dimensional protuberances have been studied numeri- cally using the full Navier-Stokes equations. (/i) The Structure of 3-D Separated Flows in Obstacle-Bounda- ry Layer Interactions, R. Sedney, C. W. Kitchens, Jr., AGARD-NATO Symp. Flow Separation, Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany, May 1975, AGARD Conference Preprint 168. The Role of the Zone of Dependence Concept in Three- Dimensional Boundary -Layer Calculations, C. W. Kitchens, Jr., R. Sedney, N. Gerber, Proc. AlAA 2nd Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., Hartford, Conn., pp. 102-112, June 1975. 311-09356-010-00 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS (c) Dr. Clarence W. Kitchens, Jr., Launch and Flight Division, R. H. Kent Bldg. (d) Numerical and theoretical applied research. (e) The role of the zone of dependence concept in three- dimensional boundary-layer calculations is investigated. This concept is especially important for calculating the boundary layer over a spinning body at incidence. A new exact solution which simulates the essential features of the complex flow over a spinning body is used as a test case to test four finite-difference schemes. The stability properties of the finite-difference equations are being studied. (g) A new exact solution is developed and used as a test case. Two new finite-difference schemes for three-dimensional boundary layers are developed. Four finite-difference schemes are tested to determine the effect of violating the zone of dependence rule. We show that error growth results from violating this rule in numerical computations; however, the two new schemes are shown to be fairly in- sensitive to these violations. We show that stability restric- tions and the zone of dependence rule are not the same. (/i) The Role of the Zone of Dependence Concept in Three- Dimensional Boundary-Layer Calculations, C. W. Kitchens, Jr., R. Sedney, N. Gerber, Proc. AlAA 2nd Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., Hartford, Conn., pp. 102-112, June 1975. 311-09357-540-00 SPIN-UP IN A LIQUID-FILLED SHELL (c) Dr. Raymond Sedney, Launch and Flight Division, R. H. Kent Bldg. (d) Theoretical investigation, applied research. 196 (f ) Investigation of instabilities occurring early in the flight of liquid-filled shells gives rise to the task of determining the unsteady flow of the liquid in a shell impulsively spun up from rest. An approximate model (E. H. Wedemeyer) has led to a single partial differential equation for the flow in a completely-filled shell with a cylindrical cavity. Here an economical, efficient and accurate numerical technique has been developed and applied to this spin-up equation. The program is set up for three "Ekman suction compati- bility" conditions: 1) linear, laminar; 2) linear, turbulent; 3) Rogers and Lance, laminar. The program also in- tegrates the velocity profiles to provide the angular mo- mentum history of the fiuid. (g) Numerical solutions have been obtained for wide ranges of the parameters of the problem (dimensions of the cavity, kinematic viscosity and spin rate), providing a complete picture of the effects of the parameters on the velocity profiles. Comparison with analytical approximations show the conditions under which the latter are valid. (/)) Properties of Rigidly Rotating Liquids in Closed, Partially- Filled Cylinders, J. Applied Mechanics 42, 3, Sept. 1975. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060. John H. Cousins, Colonel, CE, Commander and Director. 312-02193-490-00 COASTAL CONSTRUCTION-DEVELOP TIONAL/STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA FUNC- (c) R. A. Jachowski, Chief, Design Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division. (d) Applied research and engineering design development. (e) Development of functional and structural design criteria is directed at summarizing for design application, informa- tion obtained through research by the Corps and others, compiling and synthesizing it, and finally translating it into a form directly usable by coastal engineers, and in a sense, is the end product of all CERC's research. (g) An interim report was prepared on a steel pile corrosion study at Dam Neck, Virginia. A final report has been prepared on the stability of sand-filled nylon bag break- water structures. Work has been carried out on the reanal- ysis of wave runup on structures and beaches, and a final report and two coastal design memoranda have been prepared. A coastal design memorandum was also prepared which reorganized material previously published on wave set-up on a sloping beach. Work has continued on preparation of the Coastal Engineering Manual. (/]) Shore Protection Manual, 2nd Edition, Vols. I, II, III, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Stock No. 008-022-00077-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1,160 pages, 1973. Evaluation and Development of Water Wave Theories for Engineering Application R. G. Dean, Special Rept. No. I. (2 Volumes), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C., Nov. 1974. Small-Craft Harbors: Design, Construction, and Operation, J. W. Dunham, A. A. Finn, Special Rept. No. 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., Dec. 1974. 312-02195-430-00 EVALUATION OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES (c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering Development Division. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Evaluation of Shore Protection Structures is directed at providing improved functional design criteria for coastal projects through analysis of the behavior of selected proto- type structures which have been built. Current design practice depends on many empirical relationships and coefficients that are generally based on insufficient data. By evaluating structure performance, techniques which have been obtained through empirical or analytical efforts can be confirmed, and the accuracy of coefficients deter- mined. Data are collected before, during and after con- struction of shore structures, including repetitive surveys, material sampling, littoral forces (to the extent possible), and the techniques and materials of construction. Analysis of these data is aided by the use of electronic data processing techniques. (g) Data processing continued for the following locations: Hampton Beach, N. H. -beach fill and nourishment; Wallis Sands Beach, N. H. -beach fill and terminal groin; Suffolk County, L. I., N. Y. -groin system; Carolina Beach Inlet, N. C. -dredging of throat of unimproved inlet; Carolina Beach, N. C. -beach fill, dunes, and nourishment; Wrightsville Beach, N. C.-beach fill, dunes, and nourish- ment from littoral reservoir at experimental weir-type jetty; Hunting Island, S. C.-beach fill and nourishment. 312-06995-880-00 COASTAL ECOLOGICAL STUDIES (c) R. M. Yancey, Ecology Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigations; applied research. (e) Six work units representing ecological problem areas are under study. Three are concerned with vegetation and three others with animals. (g) The work units are listed as follows: Foredune Ecology: To define and evaluate the impacts of foredune construction upon the biotic communities of the beach and landward areas of barrier islands including ad- jacent shallow water areas of lagoons and sounds and to develop predictive models for use in planning. Bank Erosion Control With Vegetation: To provide a natu- ral, inexpensive, efficient method of bank erosion protec- tion by use of living plants in areas of relatively low wave energy. Ecological Effects of Beach Nourishment: To define and quantify the ecological effects of beach nourishment operations in southern California, middle U.S., Atlantic and Florida Gulf coastal areas and make that information available for planning and management purposes; to pro- vide beach nourishment guidelines that adequately con- sider the effects of initial obtention (i.e. dredging) of beach fill material, and the effect of sand emplacement on the living resources of the operations area such as clam beds of commercial or recreational value and other animals in the sandy bottom or attached to nearby hard surfaces. While long-term effects of sand emplacement were considered, only the ecological effects of borrow pit creation are considered in this work unit (see separate work unit for long term effects of borrow pits). Ecological Effects of Rubble Structures: To define and quantify the ecological effects of rubble mound structures in three U.S. coastal areas. Effects of Construction and Operation of Field Research Facility: To define, quantify and document the ecological effects of the construction and initial operation of the CERC research pier on the biota of Currituck Banks, N.C. Productivity of Western Salt Marshes: To obtain primary productivity information, compare the information with western marsh productivity and evaluate the productivity of western marshes. (/i) Ocean Waste Dumping Operations Monitoring, Anonymous, Sperry Systems Management Div., AD735378, Sperry Rand Corp., 197 1. Animal Colonization of Man-Initiated Salt Marshes on Dredge Spoil, L. M. Cammen, E. D. Seneca, B. J. Cope- land, CERC Tech. Paper 76-7, AD No. A028345. June 1976. Sampling Variation in Sandy Beach Littoral and Nearshore Meiofauna and Macrofauna, J. L. Cox, CERC Tech. Paper 76-14, Sept. 1976. 197 Construction and Stabilization of Coastal Foredunes with Vegetation: Padre Island, Texas, B. E. Dahl, CERC Misc. Paper 9-75, AD No. A018065, Sept. 1975. Experimental Dunes of the Texas Coast, B. O. Gage, Misc. Paper No. 1-70, CERC, 1970. Salt Marsh Establishment and Development, E. Garbisch, CERC Tech. Memo. 52, AD No. A014136, June 1975. Preliminary Analyses of Urban Wastes, New York Metropolitan Region, M. G. Gross, Tech. Repi. 7, AD734337, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of N.Y., Stony Brook, 1970. Survey of Marine Waste Deposits, N.Y. Metropolitan Re- gion, M. G. Gross, Tech. Rept. 8, AD723431, 72 pages. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of NY., Stony Brook. Evaluation of Potential Use of Vegetation for Erosion Abatement Along the Great Lakes Shorelines, V. L. Hall, J. D. Ludwig, CERC Misc. Paper 7-75, June 1975. The Marine Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Dredge Spoil in the Waters of the N.Y. Bight, R. A. Home, et al.. Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., Tech. Memo. /-7/, AD722791, 1971. Vegetative Study of the Duck Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina, G. F. Levy, CERC Misc. Rept. 76-6, Apr. 1976. Effect of Engineering Activities Upon the Ecology of Pismo eiams, J. Nybakken, CERC Misc. Paper 8-76, Sept. 1975. Ocean Dumping in the New York Bight: An Assessment of Environmental Studies, G. Pararas-Carayannis, CERC Tech. Memo. 39. May 1973. Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Nearshore Zone of Sand Key, Florida Prior to Beach Restoration, C. H. Saloman, Final Rept. Interservice Agree- ments No. CERC 71-18, 72-33, 73-27, 1975. A Selected Bibliography of the Nearshore Environment: Florida West Coast, C. H. Saloman, CERC Misc. Paper No. 5-75, 1975. The Benthic Fauna and Sediments of the Nearshore Zone Off Panama City Beach, Florida, C. H. Saloman, CERC Misc. Rept. 76-10, Aug. 1976. The Effects of Waste Disposal in the N.Y. Bight, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Summary Final Rept. (Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center) Natl. Marine Fisheries Service, AD743936, 70 pages, 1972. The Effects of Waste Disposal in the New York Draft Bight, Sandy Hook Laboratory, AD739531 through AD739539. Experimental Dune Building on the Outer Banks of North Carolina: Shore and Beach, R. P. Savage, 30, 2, pp. 23-27, Oct. 1962. Creation and Stabilization of Coastal Barrier Dunes, R. P. Savage, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., Proc. 1 1 th Conf. Coastal Engrg., London, England, Sept. 1968; published by ASCE, 1969; CERC Reprint 3-69. Dune Stabilization with Panicum amarum Along the North Carolina Coast, E. D. Seneca, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., S. W. Broome, CERC Misc. Rept. 76-3, Feb. 1976. Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, Ann. Rept. for 17 Sept. 1970-17 Sept. 1971, CBL Ref. No. 71-4D, Natural Resources Inst.,LIniv. of Maryland, 1971. Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, Ann. Rept. for 17 Sept. 1971-17 Sept. 1972, Ref. No. 72-9E, Natural Resources Inst., Univ. of Maryland, 1972. Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M. O'Connor, D. A. Neu- mann, R. D. Price, K. V. Wood, Final Rept. Contract DACW72-71-C-0003. Ref. No. 72-10, Natural Resources Inst., Univ. of Maryland, Mar. 1974. Effect of Suspended Solids on Selected Estuarine Planketon, J. A. Sherk, Jr., J. M O'Connor, D. A. Neumann, CERC Misc. Rept. 76-1, AD No. A022653, Jan. 1976. Smithsonian Advisory Committe Report on Studies of the Effects of Waste Disposal in the New York Bight, M. A. Buzas, J. H. Carpenter, B. H. Ketchum, J. H. McHugh, V. J. Nocton, D. J. O'Connor, J. L. Simon, D. K. Young (Smithsonian Advisory Committee), AD746960, 65 pages, 1972. Vegetation Establishment and Shoreline Stabilization, Gal- veston Bay, Texas, J. W. Webb, J. D. Dodd, CERC Tech. Rept. 76-13, ADA030169, Aug. 1976. Dune Stabilization with Vegetation on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., R. E. Hanes, CERC Memo. No. 22, 1967. Propagation of Sparina alterniflora for Substrate Stabiliza- tion and Salt Marsh Development, W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., E. D. Seneca, S. W. Broome, CERC Tech. Memo. No. 46, Aug. 1974. 312-09733-410-00 BEACH PROFILE STUDIES (c) Allen DeWall, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Divi- sion. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Develop criteria for the design of protective sand beaches, and a predictive model that will provide early warning of potentially dangerous beach depletion. The primary source of data is repetitive surveys of beach profile lines at selected coastal localities. This profile data is correlated with environmental factors such as wave, tide, storm and sand conditions, to the extent that they are known, and with engineering works, such as beach fills and groins. (g) Results to date include a report on the residence time and longshore travel of beach fill obtained from the data on Atlantic City and the use of this data in more specific problems at certain localities. (/)) Beach Profile Changes on Western Long Island, C. H. Everts, Coastal Geomorpho. Symp., Sept. 1972. Behavior of Beach Fill at Atlantic City, New Jersey, C. H. Everts, A. E. DeWall, M. T. Czerniak, I4th Coast. Engrg. Conf., June 1974. Basic Research to Analyze Time Sequence Changes in Beach Configuration in Response to Wind and Wave Con- ditions in the Coastal Region Between Hollywood and Ju- piter, Florida, J. J. Richter, Final Report, 15 Feb. 1971. An Investigation of Beach Changes Between Hollywood and Jupiter, Florida, J. J. Richter, Final Report, July 1974. Sand Level Changes on Torrey Pines Beach, California, C. E. Nordstorm, D. L. Inman, Final Report, Aug. 1974. Shelves of the United States, C. H. Everts, AGU, Apr. 1973. Magnitude of Changes on Three New Jersey Beaches, C. H. Everts, A. E. DeWall, M. T. Czerniak, AAPG/SEPM, Apr. 1974. Beach Changes Caused by the Atlantic Coast Storm of 17 December 1970, A. E. Dewall, P. C. Pritchett, C. J. Gal- vin, CERC TP 77-1, Jan. 1977. Beach Changes over the Period of a Tidal Cycle, C. H. Everts, GSA, Sept. 1976. Variations in Beach Erosion and Accretion Trends at Vir- ginia Beach, Va. and Vicinity, V. Goldsmith, S. C. Sturm, G. R. Thomas, Final Kept., Mar. 1977. 312-09735-470-00 ALASKA HARBOR RESEARCH (SEDIMENTATION IN HIGH TIDE RANGE AREAS) (c) Dr. Craig Everts, Chief, Geotechnical Engineering Branch, Engineering Development Division. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Prediction of shoaling rates for Alaskan harbors prior to their construction, the application of this knowledge to sit- ing harbors in areas of least shoaling, and improved guidelines for harbor design. Field data from Nushagak Bay, Kenai and Knik Arm, Alaska, have been collected. Included are data on sediment concentration, sediment 198 size distribution and density; water salinity and tempera- ture; water current velocity, wave characteristics, ice tidal elevations, estuary bathymetry, tidal flat topography, tidal flat sediment characteristics and time changes in tidal flat surface elevation. Shoaling rates have been measured in a sedimentation test facility and in a prototype Alaskan half- tide harbor. The resulting data are being analyzed and techniques to predict shoaling rates will be developed. Work on harbor siting continues. ig) Results to date include a better understanding of the fac- tors contributing to shoaling in Alaskan Harbors. (/)) Shoaling Rates and Related Data from Knik Arm Near Anchorage, Alaska, C. H. Everts, H. Moore, Coastal Engeg. Research Center Tech. Paper 76-1 , 84 pages. Tidal Flat Accretion in Alaska, H. Moore, C. H. Everts, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 54, 4, 1973. Sediment Discharge by Two Glacial Melt-Water Streams in Alaska, C. H. Everts, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55, 4, 1974. Shoaling Rate Prediction Using a Sedimentation Tank, C. H. Everts, Proc. Specialty Conf. Civil Engrg. In the Oceans II, pp. 294-312, June 1975. Sedimentation in a Half-Tide Harbor, Assessment of the Arctic Marine Environment, C. H. Everts, Selected Topics, Univ. of Alaska, pp. 131-160, 1976. Sediment Discharge by Glacier-Fed Rivers in Alaska, C. H. Everts, Proc. Symp. Inland Waterways for Navigation Flood Control and Water Diversions, ASCE, pp. 907-923, 1976. 312-09736-410-00 SEAWARD LIMIT OF EFFECTIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT (c) R. J. Hallermeier, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental and theoretical basic and applied research. (e) To define, in operational terms, a zone seaward of which wave-induced sediment transport can be considered negligible for coastal engineering purposes. The seaward and landward edges of this zone will be established in laboratory investigations of sediment-hydraulic interac- tions. Tests in a prototype -scale oscillating-flow water tun- nel at the National Bureau of Standards will define condi- tions for incipient sand motion and for ripple develop- ment. Suspended sediment measurements in CERC labora- tory wave facilities will define conditions for significant sediment entrainment from a sand lab. (g) Using four quartz sands and various fiow periods between 3 and 15 sec. a series of water-tunnel tests is presently in- vestigating the initiation of sand motion and of ripples, and the height and length of ripples as they grow to equilibri- um with the flow. A CERC report on the test results will be published in 1977. Office study investigated a hypothetical dimensionless parameter indicating if wave energy density is large enough to elevate fine sand a significant distance above the bed. This parameter can be used to calculate the max- imum water depth for entrained sand in linear wave of a certain height and period; calculated depths agree with measured depth over the shelf frequently cut into a plane sand shape by constant laboratory wave action. A CERC report in preparation documents these results and proposes a procedure to calculate a yearly limit depth to the active beach. Planned laboratory tests will investigate entrained sand offshore of the breaker zone, using the Iowa Sediment Concentration Measuring System. Results will be in- tegrated with previous findings from contracted research at University of Iowa and with other reported results. (/i) Investigation of the Operating Characteristics of Iowa Sedi- ment Concentration Measuring System, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, T. Nakato, Tech. Paper No. 76-6, U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center, 99 pages, 1976. A Positive Displacement Oscillatory Water Tunnel, K. E. B. Lofquist, Misc. Rept. No. 77-1, Coastal Engrg. Research Center, 26 pages, 1977. Wave Entrainment of Sediment from Rippled Beds, T. Nakato, F. A. Locher, J. R. Glover, J. F. Kennedy, J. Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Div., ASCE 103, WWI, Proc. Paper 12736, pp. 83-99, 1977. Calculating a Yearly Limit Depth to the Active Beach, R. J. Hallermeier, to be published as a CERC Technical Paper, about 30 pages, 1977. 312-09737-700-00 DESIGN, ASSEMBLY, AND TESTING OF NEW RAPID SEDI- MENT ANALYZER (c) C. W. Judge, Chief Petrology Laboratory, Research Sup- port Division. (d) Applied research and development. {e) The project designed and tested improved methods for determining particle diameters in the sand size range ( 1 mm to 63 microns) based upon fall velocity through a 1.5 meter column of water 15 cm in diameter. Mass and wall effects are reduced by the larger tube and increased sen- sitivity; the longer tube provides good separation of the coarse sands. Use of a suspended pan and electrobalance for measuring the accumulated fall was investigated and found to have significant oscillatory problems. Output from the rapid sediment analyzer system is provided to a computer system for computation of size class distribution and statistical parameters. ig) The initial system has been built and tested. Alternate methods (such as pressure transducers) of measuring the accumulated fall versus time are being investigated. 312-09742-440-00 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM GREAT LAKES WATER LEVEL CHANGES (c) William A. Birkemeir, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Division. (d) Field and office investigation; applied research. (e) Evaluation of beach effects especially bluff recession resulting from the current high lake levels and the predic- tion of probable beach changes that will occur during fu- ture episodes of high lake level. Field surveys of 17 profile lines along the eastern coast of Lake Michigan were made at four-week intervals between 1970 and 1974. These data have been correlated with environmental factors such as lake level, wave conditions and foreshore and backshore sand samples. In addition semiannual aerial photographs of 5 miles of the Berrin County, Michigan shoreline are being studied to evaluate the temporal and alongshore variations in the shore and bluff lines between 1970 and 1974. (g) Results to date include several reports that point out that bluff recession is highly variable along the shoreline and that the largest changes occur during late fall and early spring, (/i) Beach Profile Changes: Eastern Lake Michigan, 1970- 1973, R. A. Davis, W. C. Fingleton, P C. Pritchett, CERC MP 10-75, 97 pages, Oct. 1975. Coastal Changes, Eastern Lake Michigan, 1970-1973, R. A. Davis, CERC T. P. 76-/6, 64 pages, Oct. 1976. 312-09743-410-00 LITTORAL TRANSPORT TESTING PROCEDURES (c) Charles B. Chesnutt, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental, basic research. (e) Reduce unwanted laboratory effects in movable-bed models and research experiments of wave action on sandy beaches and to develop scale relationships for such models and experiments. Tests in CERC's wave tanks and basins will include: ( 1 ) Laboratory effects studies: (a) two-dimensional tests to empirically identify the magnitude of water temperature and tank length effects by testing extreme conditions, and then, if important, by systematically testing intermediate conditions; and (b) three-dimensional tests to evaluate dif- 199 fraction, refraction, and reflection effects; and (2) Scale effects studies: (a) two-dimensional tests to empirically evaluate the performance of different sediments in predict- ing profile shape and simulating onshore/offshore trans- port; and (b) three-dimensional tests to empirically evalu- ate techniques for simulating longshore transport and three-dimensional beach changes, (g) The major conclusions drawn from the three lengthy ex- periments in Laboratory Effects in Coastal Movable-Beds Models were; ( 1 ) The shoreline recession rate, averaged over the first 50 hours of the two experiments where the initial slope was the same, but the distance from the generator to the shoreline and the water temperature were different, varied from 0.03 ft/hr to 0.10 ft/hr. This indicates that initial test length may be an important variable affecting rates of profile change. (2) Important differences in profile development and final profile shapes in the two experiments where initial test length was the same and the initial slope and water tem- perature were different indicates that the initial slope may be an important variable affecting profile change. ( 3 ) The evidence on the effect of water temperature sup- ports the hypothesis that colder, more viscous water will transport more sediment. The modeler should be aware of possible effects which could result from not maintaining a constant water temperature. (4) Modelers should be cautious in determining "equilibrium" conditions. Major conclusions drawn from the paper Tests on the Equilibrium Profiles of Model Beaches and the Effects of Grain Shape and Size Distribution and CERC TP 76-11 were: ( 1 ) The use of model materials which have strongly bimodal or very narrow unimodal size distributions should be avoided. (2) The use of model materials which have smooth spheri- cal grain shapes should be avoided. ( 3 ) Noda's model law apparently predicts only the foreshore shape and its general use in predicting beach shape and shoreline movement is not recommended. (/i) Laboratory Effects in Coastal Movable-Bed Models, C. B. Chesnutt, Proc. Synip. Modeling Techniques, pp. 945-961, 1975. Tests on the Equilibrium Profiles of Model Beaches and the Effects of Grain Shape and Size Distribution, J. I. Collins, C. B. Chesnutt, Proc. Symp. Modeling Techniques, pp. 907- 926, 1975. Grain Shape and Size Distribution Effects on Coastal Models, J. I. Collins, C. B. Chesnutt, TP 76-11, Coastal Engrg. Research Center, July 1976. 312-09744-410-00 CHECKLIST FOR LONGSHORE TRANSPORT PREDICTION (c) Philip Vitale, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division. (d) Experimental; development. (e) Develop a checklist for computing longshore transport rates to be used by engineers in Corps Districts and Divi- sions. Laboratory, field and office procedures will be used to evaluate existing methods for the prediction of longshore transport rates. Laboratory and field procedures will be used to test critical questions and office studies will be used to document and evaluate methods. Particular items include documentation of the existing longshore energy fiux method; laboratory tests to compare energy Hux with longshore force as a predictor of transport rates; evaluation of the relative importance of suspended sedi- ment in contributing to total longshore transport rate; preparation of a recommended check list for longshore transport rate prediction. Each of these four items would be accompanied by a report documenting the results ob- tained. ( /i ) Longshore Sediment Transport Rates: A Compilation of Data, M. M. Das, Coastal Engrg. Res. Center MP 1-71, Sept. 1971. Suspended Sediment and Longshore Sediment Transport Data Review, M. M. Das, I3lh Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Chap. 54, pp. 1027-1048, 1973. Longshore Transport of Suspended Sediment, J. C. Fairchild, 13th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., Chap. 56, pp. 1069-1088, 1973. A Gross Longshore Transport Rate Formula, C. J. Calvin, 13th Intl. Conf. Coast. Engrg., Chap. 50, pp. 953-970, 1973. Longshore Energy Flux, Longshore Force, and Longshore Sediment Transport, C. J. Calvin, EOS, Trans. AGU 54, p. 334, Apr. 1973. Longshore Transport Prediction-SPM 1973 Equation, C. J. Calvin, P. Vitale, I5lh Conf Costal Engrg., July 1976. 312-09745-430-00 PROTOTYPE EXPERIMENTAL GROIN (c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering Development Division. id) Experimental field investigation; applied research. (e) The prototype experimental groin study investigates vari- ous configurations. The objectives of the study are to determine the manner in which a groin functions to entrap sand; to determine the effect of groin dimensions and shape on the volume of entrapped sand; and, to determine the manner in which sand moves over, around, or through a groin. To accomplish the above objectives entails mea- surements of the littoral factors such as beach and nearshore underwater geometry, wave climatology, beach and nearshore underwater bottom sediment characteristics. The resulting relationships will be published and made available to interested organizations for use in the func- tional design of groins and groin systems. (g) A pier was built at Pt. Mugu, California, in 1969 by the Coastal Engineering Research Center. Using the pier as a work platform and supporting structure, two groins have been installed and tested. The first groin configuration was long, high and impermeable; the second was short, low and impermeable. Both of the groins influenced the shoreline and offshore depths for a distance, in the down- coast direction, equal to about three times the effective length of the groin and in the up coast direction for a distance equal to about five times the effective length of the groin. During 1974, Phase I a low, short, permeable groin con- figuration was installed. The permeability was achieved by skipping every third piling in a sheet pile wall. In April 1975, Phase 11, a second steel sheet piling wall was added, the missing pile was staggered with respect to Phase I, November 1975, Phase 111, the third piling wall was in- stalled, the missing pile was similar to Phase I. As of April 1976 no visible effect on the shoreline either upcoast or downcoast could be observed, the field experiment was terminated 30 June 1976. The analysis continues. 312-09746-410-00 BEACH FILL SEDIMENT CRITERIA (c) R. D. Hobson, Geotechnical Engineering Branch. (d) Applied research involving theoretical and field investiga- tions. (e) Provide guidelines for District use in scheduling optimum available material for beach fills and determine amount of material required. To obtain and analyze field and model data in order to improve the characterization of littoral materials as guidance for specifying, in BEC studies those materials which will provide a more stable beach consider- ing slope, wave, and current regime of a particular coastal sector. Information will be summarized in form of charts and tables suitable for engineers in planning, design, con- struction, and maintenance of beaches. To attain objec- tives, investigation includes collection of data related to 200 temporal and spatial changes in beach and offshore profiles, as well as beach and offshore sediment charac- teristics; additionally, temporal modifications to the profile and sediment at beach nourishment/fill/bypass operations will be monitored. Data obtained will be analyzed and in- formation incorporated into conceptual and mathematical models for interaction to subsequent field data collection programs. Field data from the Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, and Great Lakes will be obtained. Because a large number of sediment samples will need to be analyzed investigation of temporal and spatial variability of sediment textural pro- perties will be examined in order to assess sampling error, measurement error, information loss through data processing so as to improve the quality of sediment tex- tural data collected by and stored at CERC and used as prime data base for this work unit. (g) Mathematical models have been developed to predict average requirements and renourishment needs by com- paring composite granulometric properties of native beach and borrow source sediments. Effects of sediment handling techniques or model predictions are also being in- vestigated. Field studies, including monitoring the per- formance of selected projects, are being conducted to test the models. (/i) Techniques in Evaluating Suitability of Borrow Material for Beach Nourishment, W. R. James, CERC TM 60, 1975 Review of Design Elements For Beachfill Evaluation, R. D. Hobson, CERC Tech. Publ. (in press), 1977. 312-09747-710-00 COASTAL IMAGERY DATA BANK (c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division. (d) Field investigation, operational development. (.e) Proposed project is to index available controlled aerial photography of coastal and estuarine areas of the United States. (g) The indexing as described in (e) above is done on a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District area basis. Indexing for the following Engineer Districts is complete; NAB, SAN, NPS, NPP, SPN, SAJ, NAO, SAW, NAP, NCB, NCE, NCC, NCS, NAN, SAM, and LMN. (/i) Coastal Imagery Data Bank, A. Z. Szuwalski, Interim Repi., Nov. 1972. 312-09750-410-00 GREAT LAKES INLET STUDIES (c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Reversing currents in inlets along the Great Lakes are generated primarily by resonant response to long wave seiching modes of the lakes rather than by the tide. In order to investigate the nature of long wave excitation and the generating mechanism for significant inlet velocities, to establish techniques for predicting inlet-harbor system response, and to develop base data for future planning and design studies, field measurements were conducted in 1974-75 at nine harbors on the Great Lakes. Data col- lected includes continuous harbor water level measure- ments at all sites, inlet velocity measurements at the pri- mary site (Pentwater, Michigan), and channel hydro- graphic surveys at the sites where more recent data were needed. Historic water level and velocity data for some of the harbor sites was also used. (/) Completed. (g) Amplified harbor response and generation of the highest inlet channel velocities is caused by a coupling of the inlet/bay Helmholtz resonance mode with low amplitude (< 0.2 ft) high frequency modes of oscillation of the Great Lakes. Typical resonance periods were between 1 and 3 hours. Cumulative frequency velocity distributions were developed for the inlets studied. A spatially integrated nu- merical model developed for inlet hydraulic analysis was applied to several of the study sites and found effective in predicting the hydraulic response of the inlet/bay systems. (/i) Hydraulics of Great Lakes Inlet-Harbor Systems, R. M. Sorensen, W. N. Seelig, Proc. I Silt Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, July 1976. Hydraulics of Great Lakes Inlets, W. N. Seelig, R. M. Sorensen, Tech. Memo., U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center, 1977. 312-09751-410-00 GENERAL INVESTIGATION OF TIDAL INLETS (c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental; theoretical, and field; applied research and development. ie) Determine the effects of wave action, tidal fiow, and re- lated forces on inlet stability and on the hydraulic, geometric, and sedimentary characteristics of tidal inlets; to develop the knowledge necessary for design of effective navigation improvements and new inlets; to evaluate the water transfer and flushing capability of tidal inlets; and to define the processes controlling inlet stability. (g) An office study is being conducted to classify inlets on the basis of their geometry, hydraulics, and stability. The hydraulic characteristics of a number of idealized inlet configurations are being defined through the use of a fixed bed model. An evaluation of physical and mathematical modeling capabilities for prediction of inlet hydraulics is being conducted, as well as an evaluation of the state-of- the-art of inlet movable bed modeling. Field data from a number of inlets are being collected and analyzed to define the significant processes controlling the dynamics and hydraulics of tidal inlets. (/i) The reports listed below have been published and are available from NTIS; Catalog of Tidal Inlet Aerial Photography, J. H. Barwis, June 1975. Tidal Prism-Inlet Area Relationships, J. T. Jarrett, Mar. 1976. Annotated Bibliography on the Geologic, Hydraulic, and Engineering Aspects of Tidal Inlets, J. H. Barwis, Jan. 1976. Notes on Tidal Inlets on Sandy Shores, M. P. O'Brien, Mar. 1976. Model Materials Evaluation, Sand Tests, E. C. McNair, June 1976. Hydraulics and Dynamics of New Corpus Christ! Pass, Texas; A Case History 1972-73, E W. Behrens, R. L. Wat- son, C. Mason, Jan. 1977. Hydraulics and Dynamics of New Corpus Chrisli Pass, Texas; A Case History 1973-75, R. L. Watson, E. W. Behrens, Sept. 1976. Hydraulics and Dynamics of North Inlet, S.C. 1974-75, R. J. Finlet, Sept. 1976. 312-09752-410-00 CHANNEL ISLANDS LONGSHORE TRANSPORT STUDY (c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division. (d) Field investigation, applied research. ,(e) Data including repetitive surveys, sand samples and wave climatology are collected at the Channel Islands Sand Trap area. The purpose is to determine an empirical relation- ship between longshore energy flux and longshore material transport, (g) A preliminary analysis of the recently acquired data in- dicated that (transport versus energy flux) points plot above the existing (Shore Protection Manual) relationship. This relationship is a reasonable approximation to the ac- tual relationship. A new integrated survey system technique is being tested at the study site. This system computes horizontal positioning of the survey vessel, sounding depth and transmits the data via radio to a shore based office. At the shore based office the incoming data is processed in real time by a mini-computer and stored on magnetic tape for processing immediately upon completion 201 of the survey. This system allows the survey vessel to be guided along a preselected course by plotting the position of the vessel on a scope which is located in the shore based office, (/i) Longshore Transport At a Total Littoral Barrier, R. O. Bruno, C. G. Gable, presented 15th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., July 1976. 312-09754-430-00 FLOATING BREAKWATERS (c) D. Lee Harris, Chief, Oceanography Branch, Research Division. id) Applied research involving both theory and field investiga- tions. (e) The floating breakwater at Friday Harbor, Washington, has been instrumented to measure the wave attenuation, breakwater motion and anchor chain stresses. A theoreti- cal model for the breakwater performance is being developed. Actual performance and theoretical per- formance will be compared. Work is being performed by the University of Washington. (/) Completed. (/i) Floating Breakwater Field Assessment Program, Friday Harbor, Washington, B. H. Adee, E. P. Richey, D. R. Christensen, CERC TP 76-17, Oct. 1976. 312-09756-420-00 STORM SURGE CALCULATIONS (c) V. M. Hubertz, Oceanography Branch, Research Division. (d) Theoretical and experimental applied research. (e) A two-dimensional numerical storm surge model, previ- ously used for Galveston Bay, is being modified for use for the Charleston estuary and will later be generalized for use with any estuary. Wind fields are obtained from the Na- tional Weather Service. An open coast hurricane model such as SPLASH II, or the Wanstrath Reid model is combined with the estuary model to obtain storm surge predictions for estuaries. The model will be used to estimate the maximum water levels in the estuary for specified return periods. (/)) Storm Surge Simulation in Transformed Coordinates, Volume I Theory and Application, J. J. Wanstrath, R. E. Whitaker, et al.. Tech. Rept. No. 76-3, Nov. 1976. 312-09757-420-00 WAVE RUNUP AND OVERTOPPING (c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Produce design curves relating the runup and overtopping of a spectrum of waves on a variety of structures to the basic characteristics of the structures and wave conditions. Testing will be conducted in wave tanks using both monochromatic and irregular waves. The testing will use structures having a variety of slopes, both plane and com- pound, and surface roughnesses. The runup of monochro- matic and irregular waves will be related to make the large amount of existing runup data for monochromatic waves more useful for actual design conditions. The study will produce prediction methods for runup and overtopping that are based on observable or predictable characteristics of real waves. (g) Techniques have been developed to predict irregular wave runup and overtopping rates using existing monochromatic wave data. These techniques are intended to provide in- terim guidance for the design of coastal structures until the results of the laboratory study are available. (/i) Prediction of Irregular Wave Runup, J. P. Ahrens, Coastal Design Memo, (in publication), U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center. Prediction of Irregular Wave Overtopping, J. P. Ahrens, Coastal Design Memo, (in preparation), U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center. 312-09758-420-00 WAVE REFLECTION FROM AND THROUGH POROUS STRUCTURES TRANSMISSION (c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research. (e) Develops direct analytical method for predicting the wave reflection and transmission characteristics of trapezoidal, multilayered rubble mound structures. This development was accomplished through a two-year contract with Dr. O. S. Madsen at MIT. (/) Completed. ig) The method mentioned in part (e) was developed. First an analytical procedure for determining the reflection and transmission characteristics of homogeneous rectangular crib-style breakwaters was developed. Then an analytical- empirical procedure for evaluating the rate of energy dis- sipation on a rough inclined impermeable slope was developed. These two procedures are then synthesized to develop the final procedure for predicting the reflection and transmission characteristics of an equivalent trape- zoidal porous rubblemount structure. (/)) Energy Dissipation on a Rough Slope, O. S. Madsen, S. M. White, J. Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, Feb. 1976. Reflection and Transmission Characteristics of Porous Rub- ble-Mound Breakwaters, O. S. Madsen, S. M. White, Misc. Rept. 76-5 , U.S. Army Coastal Engrg. Research Center, Ft. Belvoir, Va., 138 pages. Mar. 1976. Wave Transmission Through Trapezoidal Breakwaters, O. S. Madsen, S. M. White, Proc. 15th Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu, July 1976. 312-09759-420-00 LABORATORY MODELING OF OCEAN WAVES (c) D. C. Esteva, Ocenography Branch, Research Division. (d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research. (e) An algorithm modeled on that used for the analysis of tide records will be used to develop the response function for a programmable wave generator. This response function will be used to develop the input to a mini-computer which will control a hydraulic wave generator to produce desired wave spectra in laboratory wave tanks. 312-09761-410-00 INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF SEDIMENT CHARAC- TERISTICS (c) S. J. Williams, Geotechnical Engineering Branch. (d) Applied research involving field investigations. (e) To determine the characteristics and extent of materials combining the bottom and subbottom of the inner con- tinental shelf in the zone shoreward of approximately the 120-foot (35 meter) depth contour for purposes of identi- fying those materials or deposits for beach fill or periodic nourishment, other needs, and relationships of sediment characteristics to regional geomorphology. To attain objec- tives, investigation includes collection of geophysical data (e.g. bottom and subbottom acoustical energy responses) and nominal 20-foot (6 meter) long cores of the subbot- tom material. These data are analyzed to determine sedi- ment characteristics and areal extent of sand suitable for beach restoration or periodic nourishment purposes; col- lected data are also analyzed to better understand the sedi- mentation and regional geomorphology of the coastal seg- ment under study. Because constraints for obtaining bor- row material for beach fill purposes located inland or in backshore coastal zones are becoming more rigid, there is a need to perform the ICONS study along the entire At- lantic, Gulf, Pacific, and Great Lakes coast. (g) Studies of the U.S. inner continental shelf, conducted to date along most of the Atlantic coast and along the coast of southern California, have delineated nearly ten billion cubic yards of sand suitable for beach restoration projects. Additional field programs are planned for Lake Michigan in 1975. 202 (/i) Construction in the Coastal Zone-A Potential Use of Waste Materials, S. J. Williams, D. B. Duane, Marine Geotogx 18, 1, pp. 1-15, Jan. 1975, CERC Reprint 2-75, AD No. A009388. Neogene Sediments of Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf Off Northern Florida, E. P. Meisburger, M. E. Field, Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 60, 11, pp 2019-2037, Nov. 1976. Sedimentation and Ocean Engineering: Placer Mineral Resources, D. B. Duane, Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management, ed. D. J. Stanley, D. J P. Surft, pp. 535-556, 1976. Sedimentation and Coastal Engineering: Beaches and Har- bors, D. B. Duane, Marine Sediment Transport and En- vironmental Management, ed. D. J. Stanley, D. J. P. Surft, pp. 493-5 17, 1975. Post-Pleistocene History of the L.S. Inner Continental Shelf: Significance to Origin of Barrier Islands, M. E. Field, D. B. Duane, Geological Sac. America Bull. 87, pp. 691-702, May 1976. Geomorphology and Sediments of Western Massachusetts Bay, E. P. Meisburger, CERC Tech. Paper 76-3, 78 pages, Apr. 1976. Geomorphology, Shallow Subbottom Structure and Sedi- ments of the Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf Off Long Island, New York, S. J. Williams, CERC Tech. Paper 76-2, 123 pages. Mar. 1976. Geomorphology, Shallow Structure and Sediments of the Florida Inner Continental Shelf, Cape Canaveral to Geor- gia, E. P. Meisburger, M. E. Field, CERC Tech. Memo. 54, 1 19 pages. Anthropogenic Filling of the Hudson River (Shelf) Channel, S. J. Williams, 3, 10, pp. 597-600, Oct. 1975. 312-09762-410-00 DATA COLLECTION OF LITTORAL MATERIALS AND FORCES (c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engrg. Develop- ment Division. id) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Volunteer personnel use Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) techniques to measure basic forces and response elements in the nearshore beach zone. At each site daily observations are made of breaking wave height, period, and direction, type or character of breakers, longshore current velocity, wind speed and direction, foreshore slope, and rip current and cusp spacing. Monthly sand samples are analyzed to provide beach sediment charac- teristics. Dry beach profiles are made weekly. Where possible a multitude of sites are established in cooperative efforts (between State and local agencies and the local Corps of Engineers District Office), which continue daily data collection for several years. Computer compatible formated data are processed, collated and studied for long- term characteristics and trends. In addition to LEO other data collection efforts for the Texas Gulf Coast, Lake Michigan, northern and southern coast of California, and coast of Hawaii Corps of Engineers District have been in- volved in procurance of profile data, sand samples, wave data, and aerial photography. Objective is to procure and develop data that will be of use in planning and designing coastal projects. (g) Cooperative LEO data collection efforts have been or are continued in the following coastal regions: southern California (8 sites, active), northern California (25 sites, inactive), Michigan (25 sites, active), Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois (15 sites, active), Texas (5 sites, active pilot pro- gram). Individual research efforts are not discouraged and volunteer efforts have been or are continued in Mas- sachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Southern California, Pennsylvania, and Hawaii. Other data collection in Texas, Lake Michigan, northern and southern California, and Hawaii has been terminated and final re- ports are in preparation by Corps District Offices following completion of data analysis. (/i) Analysis and Interpretation of Littoral Environment Obser- vation (LEO) and Profile Data Along the Western Panhan- dle Coast of Florida, J H. Balsillie, Tech Memo. 49, Coastal Engrg. Res. Clr , Mar. 1975 Surf Observations and Longshore Current Prediction, J H Balsillie, (in preparation). Coastal Engrg Res. Ctr., 1974. Systematic Collection of Beach Data, D W. Berg, Proc lllh Conf. Coastal Engrg., ASCE, Chap. 17, pp. 273-297, 1969. Littoral Environmental Observation Program in the State of Michigan, R. O. Bruno, L. W. Hiipakka, Proc. I6th Conf. Great Lakes Research, Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 492-507, 1973. Characteristics of Lake Michigan Bottom Profiles and Sedi- ments from Lakeside, Michigan to Gary, Indiana, E. F. Hawley, C. W Judge, Proc. I2th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Intl. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., pp. 198-209, 1969. Littoral Environment Observation Program in California, A. Z. Szuwalski, preliminary report, Feb. -Dec, 1968, Coastal Engrg. Res. Ctr. Misc. Paper 2-70, p. 242. San Francisco District, Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, California, U.S. Army, Technical Report on Cooperative Beach Erosion Study of Coast of Northern California, Point Delgada to Point Ano Nuevo, 1965. Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Army, Beach Erosion Control Report. Cooperative Research and Data Collection Program of Coast of Southern California, Cape San Martin to Mexican Boun- dary, 1969. Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Army Cooperative Research and Data Collection Program, Coast of Southern California, three- year report, 1967-1969, 1970. 312-10649-420-00 SURF ZONE WAVE STATISTICS (c) Michael G. Mattie, Physicist, Coastal Oceanography Branch, Research Division. i.d) Field investigation, applied research (e) An array of wave gages will be analyzed statistically to determine wave statistics at the gaging points, the change in these statistics along the pier, and the relation of these statistics to a gage in deeper water at the end of the pier. Data will be used to evaluate theoretical concepts of the modification of waves in shallow water, and their transfor- mation into surf and through the surf zone. This work will provide a description of the statistics in the surf zone and the relation of these statistics to those normally available for engineering design. 312-10650-700-00 RADAR IMAGING OF WAVES (c) Michael G. Mattie, Physicist, Coastal Oceanography Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigation, development. (c) Determine the feasibility of collecting wave direction in- formation with a ground based radar. A commercially available X band marine radar has been procured for a system to image waves in coastal areas. The PPl scope presentation is photographed and the photos are later in- terpreted to provide wave direction information. The system is automated so that a climatology of wave direction can be obtained. (g) A Decca radar on loan from the Coast Guard has been tested at Cape Cod, Maine, and good images of waves were obtained on the PPl. Comparison of a pressure wave gage data with wave lengths measured on the radar pic- tures shows good agreement. A Raytheon Mariners Pathfinder Radar has been purchased and installed in an automated radar wave imaging system. This system has been used to collect useful data at Channel Islands Har- bor, Calif., and at San Diego, Calif., as part of the West Coast Experiment which was conducted in March 1977 in preparation for the SEASAT launch. 203 312-10651-420-00 WAVE DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN (c) E. F. Thompson, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division. (c/) Investigation of field data; applied research. (e) Field wave measurements will be used to tabulate occur- rences of hazardous individual wave conditions during a variety of sea states and to develop general characteristics and probabilities of hazardous conditions. New analysis procedures which can identify two or more distinct wave trains without presenting the full complexity of the wave spectrum and which provide more information about wave shape than can be obtained from wave spectra will be developed. The usefulness of the developed procedures will be evaluated. (/i)The Lse of Aerial Photography in the Study of Wave Characteristics in the Coastal Zone, C. M. McClenan, D. L. Harris, TM-48, Jan. 1975. Wave Characteristics as Revealed by Aerial Photography, C. M. McClenan, D. L. Harris, OTC 2423, 1975. Simplified Method for Estimating Refraction and Shoaling Effects on Ocean Waves, C. M. McClenan, TM 59, Nov. 1975. Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts, E. F. Thompson, TR 77-1, Jan. 1977. 312-10652-420-00 GREAT LAKES WAVE HINDCASTING TECHNIQUES (c) E. F. Thompson, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division. {d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Because wind wave generation in the Great Lakes is com- plicated by restricted fetches, shallow water, and variable wind field structure due to air-water temperature dif- ferences, existing wave hindcasting techniques can be properly evaluated and modified only by comparing their results to wave gage measurements. To provide data for evaluating existing hindcasting techniques, pressure and buoy wave gages have been operated in the Great Lakes. (g) Wave gage data have been collected in lakes Erie and Michigan during fall 1975-6. The data, in both digital and pen and ink strip chart form, have been analzyed. They are now being used to evaluate significant wave height, period, and energy spectrum produced by some available Great Lakes wave hindcasting techniques. 312-10653-720-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY AT DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA (c) L. L. Watkins, Chief, Research Support Division. (d) Field investigations of coastal phenomena. (e) The Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) currently under construction at Duck, North Carolina, will include a 3,300 foot section of the barrier island, a 1,800 foot concrete pier spanning the dunes, beach and surf zone out to a 20 foot (MSL) water depth, a laboratory building, and an instrumented research vehicle to operate on the pier. The facility will provide a permanent field base of operations for carrying out physi- cal and biological studies of an oceanfront site and nearshore area as well as nearby sounds, bays, and barrier islands. The facility will also allow a means of correlating small scale coastal engineering laboratory test results with actual prototype results. Continuous data on coastal phenomena (such as waves, currents, tides, and beach changes) will be monitored across the full width of the surf zone during all weather conditions including severe storms. The ensuing information will result in improved methods for predicting storm damage and in improved designs for restoration and protection of eroded beaches and fragile coastal areas. (;;) The concrete pier is nearly complete and is planned for acceptance during June 1977. Instrumentation of the pier will begin during July 1977. Completion of the laboratory building and research vehicle is anticipated during 1978. 312-10654-430-00 OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS FOR SHORE STABILIZATION (c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division, (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) This study will investigate the use of relatively low crested segmented offshore breakwaters for shore stabilization. The purpose is to determine the influence of crest eleva- tion and width of breakwaters as well as their position and spacing on wave characteristics in the lee in order to eval- uate the potential of offshore breakwaters to reduce shore erosion. Two- and three-dimensional wave tank tests will be conducted. The three-dimensional tests will also in- vestigate current patterns, and segmented breakwater loca- tion and spacing factors. (g) A literature review has been completed. 312-10655-410-00 NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF SHORELINE EVOLUTION (c) J. R. Weggel, Special Assistant, Engineering Development Division. id) Theoretical, basic research. (e) The study was initiated in CY 76 to investigate the feasi- bility of developing a numerical model that would predict the response of a shoreline to changes in wave energy act- ing on it. Initial conclusions are that an approximate model suitable for use in planning studies can be developed that will provide estimates of the effects of vari- ous coastal structures on adjacent shorelines. A detailed literature survey of publications relating to mathematical prediction of shoreline evaluation is proceeding on schedule. (g) Current efforts are being directed toward the development of a numerical computer model based on equations for longshore sediment transport and the mass balance equa- tion for the sediment. The eventual product will be a com- puter program that will permit preconstruction estimates of the effects of proposed coastal structures, the interac- tion among several coastal structures along a shoreline and method for estimating the damages attributable to the con- struction of a given navigation project. 312-10656-430-00 WEIR JETTY STUDY (c) D. W. Berg, Chief, Eval. Br, EDD and J. R. Weggel, Spe- cial Asst., Engineering Development Division. (d) Experimental, applied research, development. (e) The three-phase research program will include two series of laboratory experiments and a field measurement pro- gram. A series of movable-bed laboratory tests will en- deavor to quantify the distribution of sediment transport across a weir jetty for various wave and tidal fiow condi- tions. A second series of tests with a fixed-bed model will establish the hydraulic conditions that can be expected at a weir jetty in different tidal environments and for dif- ferent geometric configurations. The field measurement program will measure the distribution of sediment trans- port over a full-scale weir section by mounting sediment traps at various locations along a weir section to determine the transport rate at that section. (g) Expected output from the program will permit designers to use the empirical data in a prescriptive integration procedure to evaluate proposed weir jetty designs and to establish weir crest elevation, orientation and length. 312-10657-410-00 STANDARD COASTAL REVETMENTS (c) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) The purpose is to provide guidelines to aid in selecting an adequate, affordable revetment scheme for coastal protec- tion along low energy shorelines. Two-dimensional tests are being conducted at prototype scale to evaluate various 204 protection schemes that use readily available low cost materials which require only one or two people for instal- lation. The study will produce guidelines for design and in- stallation of schemes for protection, eroding shorelines from wave attack. (j^) Results of this study will be from a comparison of an un- protected 1 on 5 sand beach with a sand 1 on 15 fronting slope to a similar protected beach for breaking wave heights up to two meters and wave periods of 3.5, 4.6, and 6.0 seconds. Cinder building blocks, sand-cement bags, and Gabions have been selected for use in various protec- tion schemes. (/i) Survey of Coastal Revetment Types, B. L. McCartney, MR 76-7, Coastal Engrg. Research Center, May 1976. Overlay of Large, Placed Quarrystone and Boulders to In- crease Riprap Stability, B. L. McCartney, J. P. Ahrens, TP 76-19, Coastal Engrg. Research Center, Dec. 1976. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DIVISION HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, NORTH PACIFIC DIVISION, CORPS OF EN- GINEERS, Bonneville, Oreg. 97008. Peter M. Smith, Director. 313-04504-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. id) Experimental; for design. (e) Little Goose Dam, at Snake River mile 70.3, is the third in a series of multiple-purpose dams being constructed above the mouth of Snake River for power, navigation, and other uses. Salient features include an 8-bay spillway, a naviga- tion lock 86 feet wide by 675 feet long (maximum lift 101 feet), a powerhouse for six units (initial installation three 135,000-kW generators), and a 20-foot wide fish ladder on the south shore. A model study was necessary to deter- mine minimum excavation requirements, to verify struc- ture locations, and to check the overall effects of these structures on navigation, power generation, and fish passage. A general model, constructed to a linear scale ratio of 1:100, reproduced the river channel and pertinent overbank areas for 1.35 miles upstream and 1.90 miles downstream from the project axis. (/) Completed. (/i) Little Goose Dam, Snake River, Washington, R. L. John- son, L. Z. Perkins, Div. H\dr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. IIO-l, Apr. 1975. 313-05068-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-04504 for description of project. A 3-bay section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling basin was reproduced in a 1 :42.45-scale model. The purposes of the tests were to check performance of the original spillway and to develop revisions that would improve performance or reduce con- struction and maintenance costs. (/) Completed. (/i) Spillway for Little Goose Dam, Snake River, Washington, R. L. Johnson, L. Z. Perkins, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 114-1, Apr. 1975. 313-05069-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-04504 for description of project. The intake manifolds, longitudinal culverts (both in right wall), lock chamber, split lateral filling and emptying system, outlet culverts, and portions of the approach and outlet areas were reproduced in a l;25-scale model. An alternative method for distributing fiow to the lateral culverts from a central junction chamber was studied in an auxiliary 1:25- scale model of the lock chamber. The purposes of the stu- dies were to check the suitability of the original design and to develop improvements if necessary. (/) Completed. (/i) Filling and Emptying System, Little Goose Lock, Snake River, Washington, L. Z. Perkins, A. J. Chanda, Div. Hvdr. Lab. Tech. Repl. No. 115-1, Sept. 1975. 313-05070-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO {b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Dworshak Dam, on the North Fork of Clearwater River will furnish 400,000 kW of power from three units (initial installation) and, ultimately, 1,060,000 kW from six units. The spillway consists of two 50-foot wide bays, with crest at elevation 1545, a chute, and a I 14-foot wide, 271 -foot long stilling basin at elevation 931. Three 9- by 12.5-foot regulating outlets, upstream from the tainter valves, and 11 by 17 feet downstream from valves, discharge on the spillway chute. Total capacity of the spillway and regulat- ing outlets is 221,000 cfs at pool elevation 1604.9. Ap- proximately 1.6 miles of river channel and pertinent over- bank topography were reproduced in a l:50-scale model to study the cofferdam and diversion tunnel. A section of forebay, the spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, powerhouse, tailrace, and exit channel were reproduced to determine hydraulic characteristics of these elements. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) See 1970 issue. 313-05071-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Lower Granite Dam, at Snake River mile 107.5, is 37.2 miles upstream from Little Goose Dam. The 8-bay spill- way, with 50- by 60.5-foot control gates (tainter) and the 498-foot wide, 167-foot long nonbaffied stilling basin are designed for a maximum discharge of 850,000 cfs. The 6- unit powerhouse will have a capacity of 810,000 kW; ini- tial installation 405,000 kW from three units. The 86- by 675-foot navigation lock will have a maximum single lift of 105 feet. Fish facilities include a powerhouse collection system, three pumps for additional attraction fiow (2550 cfs) and one 20-foot wide fish ladder with fioor slope of 1 on 10. A l:100-scale general model reproduced the riverbed and pertinent overbank topography between Snake River miles 106.1 and 108.9 and successive phases of construction. Construction stages, powerhouse tailrace limits and depths, navigation lock approaches, fiow condi- tions affecting fish passage, and project operations were to be studied in the model. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) The first-step cofferdam and diversion channel were satisfactory after the channel entrance was modified and rock groins to aid fish migrations were added. Embank- ment and excavation limits for construction phases were determined. The effects of several stages of erosion downstream from the original stilling basin were in- vestigated, and an improved basin design was developed with estimated maximum erosion in the tailrace. Satisfac- tory energy dissipation was obtained with the stilling basin raised 4 ft and a 9-ft end sill (originally 11 ft high). An undesirable eddy existed between the north fishway en- trance and the navigation lock wall. Several combinations of walls, fills, and training wall extensions were tried in ef- forts to develop satisfactory conditions at the north fish- way entrance. Development of modifications to reduce nitrogen supersaturation caused by spillway discharges was 205 begun. Preliminary results indicate that 12.5-ft wide horizontal deflectors on the spillway ogee will produce sta- ble "skimming flow" in the stilling basin for river flows up to the 10-year flood, and required energy dissipation will occur at high flows; see also 317-07120. 313-05315-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF REGULATING OUTLETS FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-05070 for description of project. The three regu- lating outlets, with intakes at elevation 1350, will operate under heads of from 95 feet at minimum pool elevation 1445 to 254.9 feet at maximum pool elevation 1604.9. Total outlet capacity will be 40,000 cfs at pool elevation 1604.9. Pressures, flow conditions, and discharge relation- ships were observed in a l:25-scale sectional model that reproduced a portion of the forebay, the right conduit, and a section of the spillway chute. The purpose of the study was to check the adequacy of the original design and to develop revisions if necessary. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation, (g) Four designs for a bellmouthed intake were studied. See 1970 issue for details. 313-05316-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDER FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-04504 for description of project. A l:10-scale model was used for tests of a 20-foot wide fish ladder with floor slope of 1 on 10. (/) Completed. (/i) Fish Ladders for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams, Snake River, Washington, Div. Hvdr. Lab. Tech. Repl. No. 129-1, Oct. 1976. 313-05317-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OAK POINT TO VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland. {d) Experimental; for design. (e) The project will increase the navigation channel width from 500 feet to 600 feet and the depth from 35 to 40 feet between Columbia River miles 52 to 109 and from the mouth of Willamette River to Portland, Oregon. Pro- ject depths and widths will be maintained by a system of pile dikes and by dredging. Five separate movable-bed models with 1:300 horizontal and 1;100 vertical scales will be required to cover improvements in the Columbia River. The models will be used initially to check plans for con- structing and maintaining the 40-foot channel. Later the models will be used to check operation and maintenance activities and new construction. The first two models in- clude river miles 53 to 65 and 64 to 78, respectively. Work on the remaining three models has not begun. (/) Scheduled tests of river miles 53 to 78 completed; final re- port in preparation. (g) Shoaling indexes, based on results with an uncontrolled 40-foot deep navigation channel, were determined for each improvement plan tested in the models. Satisfactory plans are being developed for all problem reaches covered by both models. Alternative proposals, which would be more acceptable to local interests in the Longview-Rainier area (mile 66), were tested and the benefits of these plans were determined. 313-07107-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SECOND POWERHOUSE FOR BON- NEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland. id) Experimental; for design. (e) The existing project includes an 18-bay spillway with verti- cal gates lifted by 350-ton gantry cranes, a powerhouse with total rated capacity of 518,000 kW from 10 main units and one station service unit, a navigation lock with net clear dimensions of 76 by 500 feet, and fish facilities on each side of the river. Head on the project varies between 30 and 70 feet. From four to ten additional units are proposed to utilize increased storage and peaking operations at upriver projects. A l:100-scale fixed-bed model reproduces the existing structures, riverbed, and pertinent overbank topography between river miles 142.2 and 146.8. A remote controlled towboat and tow are used to evaluate the effect of additional power units on naviga- tion. The purpose of the study is to confirm the site chosen for the second powerhouse and to study flow con- ditions affecting fish passage, navigation, and head on the project. (g) Three structures and excavation plans were investigated. Tests of the recommended plan (with present lock and provision for a future lock on the Oregon shore and an eight-unit powerhouse on the Washington shore) were continued. Tests indicated that 1 2-ft-long horizontal deflectors at elev. 14 between piers on the spillway ogee will produce stable "skimming fiow" in the stilling basin for normal tailwater levels with the present 10-unit power- house and spillway flows between 1,000 and 16,000 cfs per bay. This should reduce levels of dissolved nitrogen downstream from the spillway. Spillway operating schedules were developed to provide good conditions for upstream passage of fish. This information was used in 1974 to evaluate the effects on fish passage of prototype deflectors in bays 13, 14, and 15 of the 18-bay spillway; see also 313-07108. Placement of construction spoil on the floodplain downstream caused an acceptable rise in tailwater of 3 ft at the dam with the maximum probable fiood. 313-07108-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY GATE MODIFICATION FOR BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON (6) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-07107 for description of project. Additional pond- age at Bonneville Dam will be required to accomodate water released by future increased power peaking of up- stream dams. All spillway gates will be made 60 ft high (some are 50 ft high) to provide the necessary pondage, and 10 of the gates will have individual hoists to allow remote control. The present gates cannot be operated under certain conditions because of vibration and a ten- dency to bounce. Remote control of spillway gates requires no known restrictions on spillway operation. A l:25-scale model included one spillway bay, two half piers, one spillway gate, and a 60-ft wide section of stilling basin and adjacent approaches. The gate was free to move verti- cally in the gate slots. The s'udy was extended to include the hydraulic characteristics of deflectors between the piers on the spillway ogee. These devices may reduce nitrogen supersaturation by causing air entrained by small to moderate spillway discharges to remain near the water surface. Purposes of the studies are to check performance of existing gate bottoms and proposed deflectors and to develop improved designs if required. (/) Completed. (/i) Spillway Gate Modification, Bonneville Dam, Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, T. D. Edmister, P. M. Smith, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 1 36-1, May 1975. 313-07109-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF INCREASED POOL ELEVATIONS AT SPILLWAY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design. 206 (f) The existing project, located 51 miles below Grand Coulee Dam and 545 miles from the mouth of Columbia River, in- cludes an excavated channel leading to an intake for 27 penstocks, a 20-unit powerhouse (initial installation 16 Francis turbines), and a spillway with nineteen 40-ft-wide bays surmounted by 9-ft-wide piers and 56 2-ft-high tainter gates. The spillway ogee was designed for a head of 41.6 ft on the crest, or 75 percent of the computed maximum total head of 55.4 ft at the project design flow of 1,250,000 cfs. Construction of a third powerhouse at Grand Coulee Dam will require additional storage and power units at Chief Joseph to use the increased flow. Present plans include raising the Chief Joseph pool from existing elevations 946 to maximum elevations 970, or up to 1.7 times the design head. Preliminary data on surge characteristics at the spillway were obtained in an existing spillway model that contained a standard high dam crest and piers with elliptical noses. The most suitable modifica- tions (13-foot thick piers, 36-foot wide bays, gate radius 55 feet, gate trunnions at elevation 920 and 61.83 feet from existing crest axis) were studied in a r.43.35-scale model. Water-surface elevations at the outlet of a 4-foot diameter relief tunnel in the right training wall were deter- mined for uniform and varied operations of spillway gates during spillway flows of 50,000 to 550,000 cfs (powerhouse discharge 250,000 cfs). (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) The tests indicated that the original crest and stilling basin would be satisfactory. Surging of flow on higher, narrower spillway gates was severe at large partial gate openings. This unstable periodic surge resulted from the combined effects of structural geometry, large heads, and gate openings required to release desired flows. Surging in the narrow bays was reduced from a maximum of 10.8 feet (pool elevation 961.2 and gates open 35 feet) to 2.8 feet by suppressors that extended 4 feet from the side of each pier above the maximum nappe at free flow. Closing the right spillway gate allowed the relief tunnel to drain until the river discharge exceeded 800,000 cfs. A vertical deflector projecting 2 feet from the training wall just up- stream from the relief tunnel outlet would reduce water levels in the tunnel and allow uniform spillway operation for most discharges. 313-07110-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF CONDUIT ENTRANCES FOR DWORSHAK DAM, IDAHO, AND LIBBY DAM, MON- TANA (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla and Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Normal reservoir outflows at Dworshak and Libby Dams will discharge on the respective spillway chutes through conduits that operate under heads up to 250 feet on the regulating valves (tainter). Although conduit dimensions upstream from the valves differ (9 by 12.5 feet at Dworshak and 10 by 17 feet at Libby), the same type of bellmouthed intake will be used at both dams. The tenta- tively adopted "no-skew" intakes that were developed dur- ing the Dworshak conduit model study extended upstream beyond the face of the dam. This would have complicated design and use of unwatering bulkheads. A regulating con- duit with streamlined entrance and a portion of forebay were reproduced in a l;20-scale model for measurements of discharges, pressures, and other data. The purpose of the study was to develop revisions that could be used at Dworshak, Libby, or other projects. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) Three designs for short, skewed, bellmouthed entrances for the Dworshak and Libby conduits were tested. Satisfactory plans for both entrances were developed. (It) Skewed Entrance for High-Head Conduits, Engineer Technical Letter No. 111-2-41, Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engrs., Washington, D. C, May 1968. 313-07111-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISHWAY DIFFUSER FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO (h) US Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla (d) Experimental; for design. (f) See 313-05070 for description of project. Adult fish will be attracted into a collection channel leading to a holding pool from which they will be transported to a hatchery, to the reservoir, or to another stream. Water for operation of the fish facilities will be pumped from tailwater, and dis- tributed by means of six diffusion chambers into the col- lection system holding pool, and hopper pool A typical diffusion chamber and portions of the adjoining supply conduit and collection channel were reproduced in a 1:10- scale model. Flow in the conduit varied from 100 to 480 cfs, diffuser discharge was 60 cfs, and a differential head of 2.5 feet existed between the supply conduit and collec- tion channel. The purposes of the study were to check the adequacy of a typical diffusion chamber and to develop revisions if required. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) See 1970 issue. 313-07112-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF HATCHERY JET HEADER FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (f) See 313-05070 for description of project. A new type of rearing pond, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice, will be adapted for use at the Dworshak fish hatchery. Circulation in each pond will be provided by two jet headers that discharge between 70 and 400 gpm (0 17 to 0.89 cfs). One header, constructed full-scale of alu- minum pipe, was attached to an existing water supply, tank, and weir box. The purpose of the study was to deter- mine head-discharge relations and jet velocities for 1-1/4 and 1-inch nozzles. (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) See 1970 issue 313-07114-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF REVISIONS FOR FISH LADDERS AT JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON (fc) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) John Day Dam is on the Columbia River 25 miles up- stream from The Dalles, Oregon. The 5900-foot-long dam provides 76 miles of slack water for navigation to McNary Dam and 500,000 acre-feet of flood storage. The dam has a 20-bay spillway (2,250,000 cfs), 20-unit powerhouse (16-135,000 KW units installed), 113-foot single lift navigation lock, and two fish ladders. Based on tests in a previous model (35 78 in 1970 issue of HRUSC) an 18- pool submerged orifice regulating section was developed for -the north fish ladder. The design incorporated a horizontal counting station between the fixed weir and regulating sections. A similar type of regulating section was used in the south fish ladder; a vertical-board-type counting station was located in the sloping portion of the ladder. Difficulties with passage of fish (especially shad) led to studies of vertical-slot regulating sections for both the north and south ladders. A 1 : 1 0-scale model was used for tests of 23 pools of the north fish ladder and then the exit, regulating section, auxiliary water diffusion chamber, fish counting station, and eight pools downstream from the counting station. The model was used to check proposed revisions and to develop modifications to them. Similar tests were made for the south ladder where the design dif- fered from the north ladder. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) A new, very effective design of vertical-slot regulating sec- tion incorporating twice the usual number of pools with a 207 maximum water surface drop of 6 in. per pool was developed. After full-scale test of six pools with fish in the National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory, North Bon- neville, Wash., the south ladder at John Day was modified to this design. After a full season of very successful fish passage, the north ladder also was revised. 313-07117-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LIBBY DAM, KOOTENAI RrVER, MONTANA (t>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Libby Dam, at Kootenai River mile 219, 17 miles up- stream from Libby, Montana, will include a spillway with two 48-ft wide bays with crests at elevation 2405, three 10- by 17-ft regulating outlets, and a powerhouse for eight Francis units (ultimate installation 840,000 kW). Three powerhouse units (total capacity 315,000 kW) will be in- stalled initially. At maximum pool elevation 2459, spillway capacity will be 145,000 cfs and total capacity of regulat- ing outlets will be 61,000 cfs. The 116- by 300-ft stilling basin, at elevation 2073, is designed for a maximum spill- way discharge of 50,000 cfs. A 1 :50-scale model reproduced a portion of the forebay, all hydraulic ele- ments of the spillway and powerhouse, and 1600 ft of exit channel. The initial purpose of the model was to check the adequacy of the spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, and excavated outlet channels. The scope of the study was increased to include tests of diversion plans and flow con- ditions with a powerhouse selective withdrawal structure. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) The model tests showed that the original spillway abut- ments, center pier, chute, and stilling basin were not satisfactory. During development tests, the bulkhead slots and upstream projections of pier and abutments were eliminated and the circular abutments were changed to el- liptical. The center pier was narrowed from 24 to 20 ft, and both sides of the pier were tapered. A tapered exten- sion of the center pier was used to reduce undesirable rooster tail in fiow down the chute. The original stilling basin was 120 ft wide and 172.8 ft long at elevation 2074, and the basin walls were at elevation 2127. The adopted basin is 1 1 6 f t wide, 300 ft long, at elevation 2073, and the sidewalls are at elevation 2142. Sizes of rock needed for riprap in exit areas were determined. Six diversion plans were studied before an acceptable plan was selected. Several types of deflectors to prevent debris from lodging against the legs of a contractor's tower were investigated for fiows greater than 50,000 cfs during second-stage con- struction. The adopted plan consisted of two concrete piers 15 ft high and 87 ft long. Each pier acted as a deflector and later would become part of the mass concrete monolith. Tests of the selective withdrawal struc- tures indicated that overflow bulkheads on the face of the intake must be submerged about 20 feet to supply the tur- bine unit flow of 5800 cfs at pool elevation 2459. The pier nose shapes were revised and a floating skimmer device was developed to prevent vortex action and air entrain- ment at intakes of the selective withdrawal structure. Scheduled studies with flow into a single powerhouse unit from a density-stratified reservoir have been completed. (/i) Selective Withdrawal System, Libby Dam, Kootenai River, Montana, A. G. Nissila, P. M. Smith, Div. Hvdr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 125-2. Dec. 1975. 313-07118-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS FOR LOST CREEK DAM, ROUGE RIVER, OREGON (h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Lost Creek Dam on the Rouge River will provide 315,000 acre-feet of usable storage for flood control and other uses and 49,000 kW of electric power. A multiple-use intake tower with openings at four levels will lead to a 15-foot diameter penstock and to a 12.5-foot diameter regulating outlet. A 6- by 12-foot bypass will permit reservoir releases through the penstock when the intake tower is un- watered. The spillway will include three 45-foot bays. Design discharges are as follows; outlets works 9860 cfs at minimum pool elevation 1812, and 11,460 at maximum pool elevation 1872; bypass 2000 cfs; spillway 158,000 cfs. A l;40-scale model reproduced a portion of forebay, the multiport intake tower, regulating outlet intake valve sec- tion, conduit and chute, stilling basin, penstock intake and curve, powerhouse, and a section of downstream channel. Flow conditions and pressures in the tower bypass system were studied in a separate 1 ;40 scale model. The purposes of the study were to investigate flow conditions and pres- sures in the intake tower, regulating outlet, and penstock; to measure discharges through the regulating valves and bypass intake; and to check performance of energy dis- sipator, tailrace, and downstream channel. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) Flow conditions and pressures at the intakes of both models were satisfactory. An 80 ft long section of chute walls of original design was overtopped as much as 3 ft during the chute design discharge of 12,000 cfs. The stilling basin was adequate from a hydraulic standpoint. However, the air entrainment and resulting nitrogen super- saturation downstream from this type of basin were not ac- ceptable. Tests indicated that an alternative design with revised chute and a 30-degree, 50-ft radius flip bucket would be satisfactory. Wave suppressors 4 ft wide by 8 ft long were required on the chute walls to prevent over- topping. 313-07119-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDER FOR LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-05071 for description of project. The l:10-scale model included weirs at the upper end of the 20-foot wide, 1-on-lO slope ladder, followed in turn by a 17-foot long diffuser pool, the l-on-32 slope regulating section with 10 orifice and slot bulkheads on 16-foot centers, the 6-foot wide exit channel, and a section of forebay. The purposes of the investigation were to determine the adequacy of the proposed orifice-slot control section and to develop im- provements if required. (/) Completed. (/i) Fish Ladders for Little Goose and Lower Granite Dams, Snake River, Washington, Div. Hvdr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 129-1, Oct. 1976. 313-07120-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-05071 for description of project. The 1:42.47- scale model included a 3-bay section of the 8-bay spillway, stilling basin, and approach channels. The study was ex- panded to include the hydraulic characteristics of horizon- tal deflectors with and without dentates on the spillway ogee. These devices may reduce nitrogen supersaturation by causing air entrained by small to moderate spillway discharges to remain near the water surface in the stilling basin. The purposes of the model are to check designs for the spillway crest, piers and abutments, chute, stilling basin, excavated channel, deflectors on the spillway ogee, and to develop revisions if required. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) No revisions of the original crest and piers were required. Discharge rating curves for both free and gated flows were obtained. Satisfactory agreement was not obtained between tailwater-jump curves measured in the spillway model and in the general model (study 5071 ). Return flow into the stilling basin from the powerhouse tailrace and ex- pansion of flow along the lower lock guard wall were responsible for the differences. The final design for the stilling basin will be based on tests in the general model. 208 Tests in the spillway and general models indicate that a 12.5-foot wide horizontal deflector at elevation 630 (crest elevation 681) will produce desired stable, shallowly aerated, "skimming flow" in the stilling basin for spillway discharge 10,000 cfs per bay. Skimming action was im- proved by adding three rows of 1.8- by 2.6-ft dentates to ogee and deflector. Pressures on the deflector were posi- tive.. Cavitation may develop on the dentates. Use of deflectors and dentates does not reduce the energy dis- sipating capability of the stilling basin at high flows. 317-07121-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON {b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental for design. (e) See 313-05071 for description of project. In the unusual hydraulic system, a central junction chamber connects both longitudinal culverts to eight symmetrically-located longitudinal port manifolds (four upstream and four downstream) in the floor of the lock. There are six pairs of ports in each manifold. A l;25-scale model reproduced a portion of the forebay and floating guide wall, the hydraulic system, the lock chamber, and portions of exit areas and downstream approach. The purposes of the in- vestigation were to check the adequacy of the proposed design and to develop modifications if required. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) See 1970 issue. 313-07123-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Except for the intake manifolds, which are staggered in the upstream channel, essential features of the hydraulic system are similar to those previously model-tested and adopted for use at John Day Dam. The r.25-scale John Day lock model was revised for this study by using the longitudinal culvert intake (John Day elevation 114 = Lower Monumental elevation 396) for elevation control, installing new upstream culvert transition and intake manifolds, and lowering the approach floor 4 feet for cor- rect depth at intakes. The main purpose of the model study was to obtain acceptable flow conditions (no vortex formation) over the intake manifolds. Pressures in the cul- vert and hydraulic loads on a proposed revision of the lock emptying valves (skin plate upstream) were measured in the Lower Granite lock model. (/) Completed. (/i) Intake Manifolds and Emptying Valves for Lower Monu- mental Lock, Snake River, Washington, L. Z. Perkins, H. P. Theus, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 105-1, May 1975. 313-08442-850-13 FISH HATCHERY AERATOR AND DEAERATOR TESTS (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (f) Filtered water, aerated, deaerated, and temperature regu- lated, will be recirculated through systems of headers and nozzles into rearing and holding ponds of several fish hatcheries that are being installed by the Corps of En- gineers. Each pair of nozzles is designed to discharge 250 gpm ( 125 gpm per nozzle). One bank of 28 pairs of aera- tor nozzles (total discharge 7000 gpm) will be supplied by a 16-inch header pipe. Another bank of 16 nozzles (4000 gpm) will be supplied by a 12-inch header. Two banks of deaerators will be supplied by 6- and 8-inch headers (respective discharges 750 and 1000 gpm). Equal pres- sures are desired in both sets of headers. The purpose of the investigation was to calibrate aerator and deaerator systems of commercial black iron and PVC plastic pipe. (f) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) Pressures, discharges, and air demands were measured for four sizes of aerator pipe. Pressures and discharges were determined for four sizes of deaerator pipe. 313-08443-350-13 MODEL TESTS OF RELIEF PANEL FOR SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL GATES AT DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (f) See 313-05070 for description of project. Selector gates of the multi-level power intakes will have 90 pressure relief panels per power intake to protect the gates against failure from internal waterhammer or excessive differential pres- sures caused by misoperation of the gates or power units. The panels will consist of butterfly valves mounted on tor- sion bars. A l;5-scale model was used to determine torque on the shaft of a 1- by 4-foot panel and discharge for vari- ous openings under differential heads of 3 to 20 feet. The data were needed to verify and supplement design compu- tation. (/) Tests completed. (g) Torque and discharge were measured for panel openings of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 45 degrees and heads of approxi- mately 3 to 20 feet. Torque decreased with panel opening until a negative value was reached at an opening of 47 degrees. The maximum torque, 1869 foot-pounds, was measured at a differential head of 18.37 feet and a panel opening of 10 degrees. 313-08444-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON {b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. {d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-05071 for description of project. A 1 ;40-scale model reproduced a proposed powerhouse skeleton unit and sections of approach and exit channel. The study was to determine the maximum discharge as limited struc- turally that could be released through a unit without en- training air and causing or increasing nitrogen supersatura- tion of fiow passing the project, and the best method of controlling the discharge. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) Initially, the operating gates were tested as fiow controls. Then the gates in combination with stoplogs in the gate and intake slots were investigated. From these studies, a bulkhead with slots or converging tubes was developed for prototype tests in a similar unit at Little Goose Dam dur- ing the spring freshet in 1971. Slots in the top seven rows were 4 inches high; the lower eight slots were 6 inches high (area 95 sq. ft). The slot tubes converged on slopes of 1 on 4.27 and 1 on 4.78, respectively. The skeleton unit discharged 21,200 cfs (discharge coefficient 0.932) under 99 feet of head between forebay and tailwater. Positive pressures were measured within the converging tubes and on the piers at the operating gate slots. Flow conditions within the skeleton bay were turbulent but satisfactory. Full-height, 12-inch deflectors attached to the left faces of intake piers reduced upwelling in the left downstream corner of the bay. Measurements at Little Goose Dam showed no increase in nitrogen supersaturation in flow downstream from a bulkhead skeleton unit. Discharges were measured and fiow conditions were determined with and without slotted bulkheads upstream from partially- completed units with scroll case and wicket gates installed. 313-08445-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER. WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Ice Harbor Dam is located on the Snake River 9.7 miles upstream from the Columbia River. Principal features in- clude a six-unit powerhouse, an eight-bay spillway, a 103- 209 foot single lift navigation lock, and two fish ladders. The study was made to develp a satisfactory design for slotted bulkheads which would allow passage of the maximum flow through a skeleton unit without entraining air. En- trained air would cause or increase nitrogen supersatura- tion of flow passing the project. A 1 •.40-scale model reproduced an existing powerhouse skeleton unit and sec- tions of approach and exit channel. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (,g) The original bulkhead design, which was based on the design developed in the Lower Granite skeleton unit model ( 3 1 31-08444), was not satisfactory when tested in the Ice Harbor model because of submergence differences. An alternative plan with three 8-inch, four 6-inch, and five 4-inch slots (bottom to top, area 84.5 sq. ft.), provided satisfactory control of turbulence and aeration and a discharge of 19,200 cfs per unit. Nearly unrestricted movement of operating gates when activating or deactivat- ing the skeleton unit was possible. 313-08446-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF ORIFICE BULKHEADS FOR POWER- HOUSE SKELETON UNITS AT JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) The purpose of the study was to develop a design for orifices in bulkheads to control discharges through skeleton power- house units without air entrainment that would increase nitrogen supersaturation below the dam. These skeleton units differ from those tested for other projects in that more concrete was added to the turbine bays. A final stage skeleton unit and sections of approach and discharge channels were tested in a l:40-scale model. (J) Completed; final report in preparation. (g) Modifications tested included a temporary roof over the turbine bay, a partition on the intake roofs, and slotted bulkheads in the intake bays. Tests were made on four plans with a bulkhead in all three intakes and on seven plans with a bulkhead in the center intake only (no flow through the other intakes). Although conditions with the temporary roof and three bulkheads were acceptable, these modifications would be very costly. With a single bulkhead, heads on interior walls, pressures on the bulk- head, and air entrainment were excessive. 313-08447-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMEN- TAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) Develop spillway flow deflectors that will produce stable "skimming flow" in the stilling basin, reduce deep air penetration and nitrogen supersaturation, and still allow good energy dissipation at high discharges. A three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, stilling basin, and downstream channel were reproduced in a 1 ;42.47-scale model. (J) Completed; final report in preparation. (g) Air pentration, flow directions and flow stability in the stilling basin were observed with and without deflectors on the spillway chute. Without deflectors, flows of 5,175 to 15,000 cfs per bay carried large amounts of entrained air to the invert of the stilling basin. Three lengths of deflec- tors (15, 12.5, and 10 ft) were tested for discharges of 2,560 to 106,250 cfs per bay. The best design, a 12.5-ft deflector at elevation 434, provided stable skimming flow for river discharges to 25 1,000 cfs (15,000 cfs per bay with flow through six powerhouse units). These deflectors did not reduce stilling basin capacity at higher flows. Three rows of 1.8-ft-wide by 2.6-ft-high dentates located on and just upstream from the deflectors further reduced air penetration and stabilized flow in the stilling basin. Tests in one prototype bay in 1972 indicated that the deflector did reduce nitrogen supersaturation, but areas of concrete just downstream from the dentates were severely damaged by cavitation and debris. Additional tests, without dentates, were made in a general spillway model (see separate report). 313-09341-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON (fc) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla. (d) Experimental; for design. (f) See 313-08445 for description of project. The purpose of the study was to develop deflectors on the spillway ogee to reduce deep air entrainment in the stilling basin and nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spillway. A three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were reproduced in a l;40-scale model. (/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. (g) Spillway discharges of 17,500 cfs or less per bay (river discharge 250,000 cfs or less) were of primary concern because these flows occur during the most important runs of fish. The best overall reduction in depth and quantity of air penetration was obtained with 12.5-ft-wide by 50-ft- long deflectors at elevation 336. With these deflectors, surging occurred in the stilling basin for spillway flows of 13,000 to 25,000 cfs per bay. Additional tests will be made in a l;50-scale general spillway model. 313-09342-350-00 MODEL STUDY TO REDUCE NITROGEN SUPERSATURA- TION, LIBBY REREGULATING DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seatfle. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-09345 for location of project. The study was made to develop a spillway structure that would reduce dissolved nitrogen in supersaturated water flowing over it to approximately 100 percent saturation. (/) Completed; final report in preparation. (g) In a full-scale test facility dissolved nitrogen was removed from supersaturated water as it was highly aerated and agitated while passing down a baffled chute. Three shapes and two sizes of baffles and two chute slopes were tested. A special baffle shape was developed. In a 25.11 -scale model a spillway with tainter gates, a stilling area, and a chute with the special baffles was developed. The spillway would pass 8,500 cfs per 50-foot bay with the hydraulics developed in the test facility and pass a probable max- imum flood flow of 42,000 cfs per bay satisfactorily. Pres- sures on the baffles were measured to determine hydraulic loading. 313-09343-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF PRESSURE RELIEF PANELS FOR SELECTOR GATES, LIBBY DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design. (e) See 313-071 17 for description of project. Each power unit is protected by 36 relief panels in bulkheads of the selec- tive withdrawal structure. The purpose of the study was to assure that the proposed pressure relief panels will protect the selective withdrawal structure from excessive upstream or downstream heads caused by powerhouse load rejec- tions or misoperations. A l:5-scale model reproduced a 3- by 6-ft relief panel, hinged at the top, and the panel frame. (/) Completed. (/)) Selective Withdrawal System, Libby Dam, Kootenai River, Montana, A. G. Nissila, P. M. Smith, Div. Hydr. Lab. Tech. Repi. No. 125-2, Dec. 1975. 313-09344-350-13 MODEL STUDY TO REDUCE NITROGEN SUPERSATURA- TION, LIBBY DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA (b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. () Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) C. R. Styron, 111. (c) To determine the effectiveness of a dust control system as a temporary protective cover for soil embankments subject to wave wash. A silty clay soil was placed in a wave fiume and compacted with the soil surface sloping one vertical to three horizontal. The dust control system (DCA-1295, a polyvinyl acetate liquid, reinforced with fiberglass scrim) was applied at three different rates and tested against wave-action forces. Six other liquid materials were also tested, and these materials compared with a prefabricated neoprene-coated nylon membrane. (/) Completed. (g) It was concluded that the dust control system and AC-8 asphalt cement gave a little better overall performance than did the other liquid materials but that none of these would provide any appreciable protection against wave wash for any considerable length of time. The prefabricated membrane material performed in a satisfac- tory manner without any damage when subjected to wave wash action for a period of four hours. Indications were that the membrane would have continued to water proof and protect a soil embankment for an indefinite period. It was concluded that this membrane, or a similar fabric, when properly anchored to a soil embankment would pro- vide wave wash protection. A report in the form of a Memorandum for Record was reviewed in the S&PL and forwarded to the sponsor 5 May 1976. 314-09667-330-13 LOCK AND DAM 26, MISSISSIPPI RIVER ib) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) L. J. Shows. (e) Determine whether the existing structure should be modernized by adding an additional lock or whether a new structure should be provided. A model study is being con- ducted which encompasses the reach between river miles 199.0 and 205.7 on the Mississippi River, and the model is built to an undistorted scale of I; 120. The model is of the fixed-bed type reproducing locks and dam structures and adjacent overbank area between the levees. {/) Tests completed. 314-09670-300-13 MISSISSIPPI RIVER PASSES MODEL STUDY (b) New Orleans District; Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) G. M. Fisackerly. (e) Investigate plans for the reduction of shoaling in the exist- ing 40-ft channel and determine the feasibility of a deeper channel. A fixed-bed model reproduces the Mississippi River downstream from 14 miles above Head of Passes, in- cluding South and Southwest Passes and portions of Pass a Loutre and Cubits Gap and a segment of the Gulf of Mex- ico. Model scales are 1:100 vertically and 1:500 horizon- tally. Fixed-bed shoaling tests using artificial sediments will be used to evaluate improvement plans. (g) Hydraulic adjustment of the model and shoaling verifica- tion of the Head of Passes area have been completed. Base shoaling tests and tests of dredging methods have been completed. Tests of plans to reduce shoaling at Head of Passes with the existing channel depth have also been completed. Tests to assure proper reproduction of hydrau- lic phenomena and salinity intrusion in Southwest Pass have been completed. Tests to obtain a shoaling verifica- tion of Southwest Pass below Head of Passes are currently under way. Additional plan tests have been requested by the district. 314-09671-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ALEXANDRIA REACH, RED RIVER (b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) L. J. Shows. (e) Determine the modification required to bridges in the reach and the type and location of regulating structures required to develop a satisfactory navigation channel through the reach. An undistorted fixed-bed model has been constructed to a scale of 1:100, model to prototype. The model encompasses about four miles of the river channel including the five bridges through the reach as well as adjacent overbank areas between levees. (/) Tests completed. 314-09672-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF EMERGENCY BULKHEAD CLOSURE, MISSISSIPPI RIVER GULF OUTLET LOCK (b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) J. H. Abies, Jr. 214 (f) Study design details and the plan for emergency closure of the 150-ft-wide and 1200-ft-long lock. A l;50-scale model will be used to reproduce the entire chamber and an ap- propriate length of canal at each end. The bulkheads will be reproduced accurately to scale, size, shape, and weight. One pair of miter gates may be accurately reproduced to scale so that the possibility of their use for emergency clo- sure can be tested. Model tests will be concerned with determining loads acting on the closure during emergency placement. The problem will be unusual due to the width of the lock being 40 ft greater than closures previously studied. 314-09673-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM FOR MISSISSIPPI RIVER-GULF OUTLET LOCK (6) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) J. H. Abies, Jr. {e) Develop a side wall port filling and emptying system for lockage of both barge and ship traffic. All elements of the system must be adequate under normal and reverse head conditions common to the proposed site. A l:25-scale physical model that reproduces portions of the upper and lower approaches and the entire filling and emptying system is being used for study and evaluation of per- formance of the proposed 150-ft-wide and 1290-ft-long lock chamber. Barge tows and ships of variable drafts are simulated as well as the usual culvert valve control equip- ment and instrumentation to measure hawser forces. ig) Tests completed on side port system. 314-09674-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF MERAMEC PARK RESERVOIR OUT- LET WORKS (b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) B. P. Fletcher. (e) To develop an adequate stilling basin design and deter- mine the size and extent of stone protection required for the exit channel. The scales of the model were changed to conform with the change in conduit size {22-ft wide reduced to 14-ft wide) specified by the District. Tests were conducted in a 1:25.5- scale model in which a 160-ft-wide and 260-ft-long ap- proach area, the intake structure, transition, conduit, stilling basin, and 650 ft of exit channel were reproduced. (/) Tests complete. Report in progress. 314-09676-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF RED RIVER SPILLWAYS NOS. 1 AND 2 (h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) N. R. Oswalt. (e) Assist in design of the subject spillways and determine the size and extent of downstream riprap protection required with single-gated operations. A l:36-scale hydraulic model reproducing about 600 ft of the approach area, the full width of spillway, and 1400 ft of the exit channel was used to evaluate and refine the proposed designs. (/) Tests complete. Reports in progress. 314-09677-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING IN SAWYER BEND AND ENTRANCE TO CHAIN OF ROCKS CANAL (MISSISSIPPI RIVER) (b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) J, E. Foster. (e) Investigate various plans to eliminate shoaling in Sawyer Bend and improve shoaling conditions in the lower en- trance to Chain of Rocks Canal. A movable-bed model with scale ratios of 1:250 horizontally and l:10t) vertically reproducing the Mississippi River from about river mile 169.0 to 190.8 is being used for the study. (g) Plans have been developed to eliminate shoaling in Sawyer Bend and reduce shoaling in the entrance to Chain of Rocks Canal. Tests indicated Phase I of the construction program would be effective in improving shoaling in Sawyer Bend. Testing has been completed and preliminary results furnished the District. Data are being prepared for inclusion in the final report. 314-09680-350-00 OLD RIVER DIVERSION MODEL STUDY (h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) T. J. Pokrefke. (e) Obtain data to permit development of plans for the repair of damages that occurred to the low-sill structure during the 1973 flood and to aid in the selection of a site for another low-sill structure. Initially the study was conducted on a 1:120 scale, fixed-bed model from Mississippi River mile 313.0 to 318.5. Subsequently, the model was ex- tended downstream to mile 306.0. (g) Tests requested by the District on the existing structures and channel with the August 1973 conditions have been completed. Tests of proposed rock weirs and of a series of piling in the ouflow channel to control the distribution of flow through the existing structures and to insure the con- tinued security of the low sill structure have been completed. Inflow channel improvement tests have been completed. Tests have been undertaken on a barge barrier to reduce the possibility of loose barges entering the in- flow channel. Tests to provide data for the proposed Operation and Maintenance Manual are being conducted intermittently as time permits. 314-09681-330-13 RED RIVER WATERWAY, LOCK AND DAM NO. 1 MODEL STUDY (h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) J. E. Foster. (e) Investigate alignment problems and the effectiveness of training works needed to satisfy navigation conditions and requirements in the vicinity of the proposed cutoff and lock. A movable-bed model with scale ratios of 1:120 horizontally and 1:30 vertically reproducing about five miles of the Red River in the vicinity of the proposed Lock and Dam is being used for the study. (g) Fixed-bed tests have been conducted to check navigation conditions at the entrance to the lock at the proposed lo- cation. The model has been converted to movable bed and tests are being conducted to ascertain the channel development to be expected upon construction of the lock and dam and what channel structures will be needed in the area. 314-09682-300-13 REHABILITATION OF MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL. IN- CLUDING VERIFICATION TO 1973 CONDITIONS, AND INITIAL TESTING RELATIVE TO PROJECT FLOOD (h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) J. E. Foster. (e) Rehabilitate the portion of the Mississippi Basin Model from Hannibal to Baton Rouge in preparation for future testing and verify to 1973 stage-discharge relationships and to conduct initial tests of the Mississippi River and Tribu- taries Project Design Flood. (g) The model has been verified to the 1973 Flood except for the Atchafalaya River Basin and tests of the Mississippi River Project Design Flood have been initiated. 314-09684-350-13 RIGOLETS CONTROL STRUCTURE (b) New Orleans District; Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) R. A. Boland, Jr. (e) Determine the adequacy of the design for the flow control structures in the hurricane surge protection barrier across the Rigolets at the original and alternate locations. The tests will be conducted on a fixed-bed model constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:100 with an area of about 215 22,000 sq. ft. The model will be equipped with the neces- sary pumps, pipes, and valves to establish steady-state flow regimes in either the flood or ebb direction with equip- ment required to measure water-surface elevations and velocities. (/) Completed. (/i) Hydraulic Characteristics of Rigolets Pass, Louisiana, Hur- ricane Surge Control Structures, TR H-76-16, Sept. 1976. 314-09685-070-13 SEEPAGE MODEL STUDIES (h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division. (c) C. L. McAnear. ( 341-09460-340-00 RACCOON MOUNTAIN PUMPED-STORAGE PROJECT, HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT STUDIES, NUMERICAL MODEL (d) Applied research; for design. (e) A numerical model was used to develop information for estimating the effects of changes in the tunnel system at Raccoon Mountain due to variations in mode of opera- tions. A change from one steady-state to another such as due to turbine load acceptance, turbine load rejection or pump power loss would subject the tunnel system to transient pressures and produce fluid mass oscillations in the surge tank. (/) Completed. (/i) A monograph delineating the two numerical schemes which can be used to describe this type of transient flow behavior, the method of characteristics and the implicit method, is being prepared. 341-10733-350-00 COLUMBIA DAM SPILLWAY STRUCTURE (d) Model study for design. (e) A 1:80 scale hydraulic model was used to develop spillway capacity curves, stilling basin geometry by scour tests, water surface profiles for training wall design, velocities and wave heights for riprap protection. (/) Completed. (g) A set of Advance Reports covering the results of the vari- ous aspects of the model study have been issued to Divi- sion of Engineering Design. 341-10734-870-00 HYDROTHERMAL PHYSICAL MODELING OF THERMAL DISCHARGE DIFFUSERS (d) Applied research; for design. (e) The performance of multiport diffuser systems for the discharge of blowdown from closed cycle cooling systems at steam electric generating plants is studied using physical hydraulic models. Positively or negatively buoyant discharges are modeled using temperature as an indicator of diffuser induced dilution and plume structure. Multiport diffusers are modeled using the equivalent slot concept, which equates port size and spacing to an equivalent slot of equal length and port area. (/i) Effect of Orientation to Flow Direction on Diffuser Induced Dilution and Plume Structure in a Shallow River, C. D. Ungate, E. E. Driver, XVlllh Congr. Inil. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Baden-Baden, Germany, Aug. 15-19, 1977. 341-10735-340-00 SEQUOYAH AND WATTS BAR NUCLEAR PLANTS-RHR SUMP VORTEX STUDIES {d) Experimental model study for design. (e) Prior to licensing of nuclear generating plants, the efficacy of the Residual Heat Removal system must be demon- strated. Plans are underway to construct a scale model of the containment structure and the sump from which the RHR pumps take suction. The aim of the study is to develop a geometry which results in no air entraining vor- tices at the sump. 341-10736-330-00 PICKWICK LANDING NAVIGATION LOCK STUDY (d) Experimental model study for design. (e) A new navigation lock is to be added at the Pickwick Landing Dam. The new lock will be llOx 1000 feet long with a maximum lift of about 65 feet. This will be the lon- gest lock on the Tennessee River and it will be designed with TVA's multi-port filling and emptying system. The 1:25 scale model of the upstream approach, the lock chamber, and the downstream approach will be used to check the adequacy of the filling and emptying system. Transient pressures, surges, waves, and hawser forces will be measured. The object of the study is to minimize lock filling and emptying times and also the water turbulence and hawser forces. 341-10737-850-00 SURVIVAL OF LARVAL FISH IMPINGED ON FINE MESH SCREENS [d) Experimental biological laboratory and field study-basic research. (e) Basic data is sought on the feasibility of screening larval fish from a pump intake to mitigate adverse impact on the fish population. Measurements were made in the laborato- ry of the degree of entrainment and mortality of fish imp- inged on fine mesh screens by flow normal to the screen for different time intervals and approach velocities. Screens with openings from 0.5-2 mm were tested under velocities from 0.5-2 fps with larval fish sized from 4-8 mm for impingement times of up to 8 minutes. Several fish species were tested. Also panels of fine mesh screens were 255 mounted on an existing condenser cooling water intake for a coal fired steam generating plant equipped with standard vertical traveling screens, and the size and numbers of impinged larval fish were analyzed and compared to the laboratory tests. (/) Completed. (g) Final report will be completed in the summer of 1977. 341-10738-850-00 MODIFICATIONS OF VERTICAL TRAVELING SCREENS TO IMPINGE AND RELEASE UNHARMED LARVAL FISH {d) Experimental, biological, laboratory tests for design. (e) A laboratory apparatus has been constructed by means of which the vertical motion of traveling screen baskets can be simulated. The test basket with fine mesh screening material is made to move through a stream of water, through the air and through a circular, emptying motion. The mortality of larval fish will be studied for different species, different screen mesh sizes, varying approach velocities and simulated screen traveling times. The effects of stress points like impingement, removal from the stream, washing off the screen, and dumping into a return sluice will be studied separately. Modifications to the screening system will be made to obtain improved larval fish mortality. 341-10739-340-00 BROWNS FERRY NUCLEAR PLANT-COOLING TOWER LIFT CIRCUIT TESTS id) Experimental, field investigations for operations. (e) Used condenser cooling water is pumped up to the top of mechanical draft cooling towers. Measurements have been made on the pumps, the pipes and the cooling towers as part of the acceptance testing. Measurements of pump vibrations, pump performance, pressures, pressure pulsa- tions, hydraulic transients, cooling tower flow distribution, water temperatures, and water flow rates have been made. The flow rate measurements were made with especially constructed and calibrated pitot-meter probes traverses. 341-10740-870-00 THERMAL DISPERSION AND FLUID DYNAMICS MODEL- ING (h) Environmental Protection Agency. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (f ) Computer models are being developed for analyzing the effects of thermal discharges from steam plants on tem- peratures and velocities in the receiving body of water. A three-dimensional, unsteady model provides relatively fine scale resolution within approximately a 10-kilometer reach of the plant. A two-dimensional, unsteady model is used for analyzing an entire reservoir or a long reach of river. (/i) Analysis of the Thermal Effluent from the Gallatin Steam Plant During Low River Flows, W. R. Waldrop, F. B. Tatom, Tech. Rept. No. 33-30, June 1976. 341-10775-850-00 INTAKE AVOIDANCE TESTS WITH LARVAL FISH {d) Experimental biological laboratory tests-basic research. (f ) A test flume is used to study the capability of larval fish of different species to avoid impingement on a slotted, wedge-wire screen when the approach velocity is parallel to the screen surface and flow is provided by passing the screen. Screens are tested in both the horizontal and verti- cal positions, with different slot widths and for different bypass flow ratios. Washington, D. C. 20590. Charles F. Scheffey, Director of Research. 342-08577-360-00 ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERTS AND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STRUCTURES (c) J. S. Jones. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Investigation of various schemes of dissipating the erosive force of water in highway drainage structures has been completed. The investigation included a survey of energy dissipation practices used by highway agencies. The in- vestigators developed design procedures based on past research reports and on recent laboratory testing of trans- verse roughness bars placed along the culvert floor. (g) A circular was prepared to provide design information for energy dissipation at culvert outlets and in open channels. Design information is included for the following types of dissipators; hydraulic jump, forced hydraulic jump, impact basin, drip structure, and preformed scour holes lined with riprap. (/i) Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels, Hydraulic Engrg. Circular No. 14, FHWA, Office of Engrg., Washington, DC. 20590, Dec. 1975. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, Office of Research, HRS-42, 256 PROJECT REPORTS FROM CANADIAN LABORATORIES ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES LIMITED, 5259 Dorchester Road, Niagara Falls, Ontario L2E 6W 1 , Canada. Dr. I. K. Hill, Head, Hydraulic and Environmental Depart- ments. 400-08156-340-75 NINE-MILE POINT THERMAL MODEL STUDY (6) Quirk, Lawler and Matusky, Engineers. (c) Mr. B. Pomerhn, Acres American Incorporated, Consult- ing Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buf- falo, New York 14202. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) Construction and testing of a thermal hydraulic model to study thermal discharge into Lake Ontario by cooling water from the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation Nine- Mile No. 1 and No. 2 units. The 1:80 undistorted scale model covered a lake area 8,800 feet by 14,000 feet. Au- tomated data acquisition and processing by computer was utilized during testing. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The study demonstrated acceptable dispersion patterns and surface temperatures under normal operating condi- tions. 400-09468-340-75 PERRY THERMAL MODEL STUDY (b) NUS Corporation. (c) Mr. D. Mayer, Acres American Incorporated, Consulting Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. ie) Design, construction and testing of a thermal hydraulic model to study cooling water discharge into Lake Erie from proposed Perry Nuclear Power Plant (2,468 Mw) of Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company. The 1:75 undistorted scale model covered a prototype lake area 6,500 feet by 8,000 feet. Representative ambient currents, including onshore currents, were tested. Automated data acquisition and processing by computer were utilized dur- ing testing. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The study demonstrated acceptable dispersion patterns and surface temperatures under normal operating condi- tions. 400-09472-330-20 ST. MARY'S RIVER ICE MODEL (h) U.S. Corps of Engineers. (c) Dr. J. Hayden, Acres American Inc., Consulting Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, NY. 14202. id) Experimental, for design purposes. (f) An undistorted 1:120 scale model of a portion of the St. Mary's River has been modeled to assess alternative means of ice control to assist winter navigation. The model covers a prototype length of 22.320 feet, and reproduces existing topography and underwater contours. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The model simulated the effects of relocating the ferry crossing, widening of the riverbed, the use of ice control booms and ice harvesting methods, the creation of ice-flow diversions and ice suppression systems. Remedial measures recommended as a result of the study and put into service in the winter of 197 5-76 have proven highly successful. 400-09477-340-75 BRANDON SHORES STATION PRECIPITATOR (fc) Gilbert Associates. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) The insertion of an electrostatic dust precipitator into the flues of an existing thermal power plant generally requires extensive and complicated duct work. The requirements of minimizing head losses in the duct work and achieving a uniform flow distribution through the precipitator to main- tain a high degree of efficiency require model studies. A scale model of the precipitator and its dust collector cur- tains, hoppers, etc., and associated duct work was used for the study. The model was manufactured in Plexiglas with the exception of the collector curtains, which were from steel. The study is concerned with the necessity to distribute the gas glow evenly over the collector curtains with the minimum of turbulence and head loss. In the approach duct work, space restrictions dictate short radius bends so that the placing of guide vanes and diffuser screens con- stitutes the main part of the program. The study also in- cludes an investigation of the flow conditions in the duct work with particular reference to the location of possible areas of dust buildup. An anemometer with automatic traversing and plotting capabilities is employed to ensure uniformity of readings and continuous recording of the velocity profiles 2,8 19,000 ACFM, 650°, 660 MW. if) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-^>9485-340-70 1300-MW UNIT AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER PRECIPITATOR (h) Wheelabrator-Frye. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (f) See 400-09477-340-75. 563,000 ACFM, 1300 MW. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-09486-340-70 JADISON COUNTY STEAM PLANT, UNIT 1, MISSISSIPPI POWER PRECIPITATOR (fc) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Com- pany. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (£•) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-09488-340-70 ROY S. NELSON STATION PRECIPITATOR, GULF STATES UTILITIES COMPANY (h) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Com- pany, (c) T. White. id) Experimental; design. (f ) See 400-09477-340-75. 755.000 ACFM. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 257 400-09489-340-75 WYODAK STATION, BLACK HILLS PRECIPITATOR (h) Babcock and Wilcox. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. ie) See 400-09477-340-75. 1,812,000 ACFM. if) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-09490-340-70 UNIVERSAL SLAB MILL HOT SCARFER FACILITY PRECIPITATOR, JONES AND LAUGHLIN STEEL COR- PORATION (6) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Com- pany, (c) T. White. id) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. 125,000 ACFM. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-09491-340-70 WHITING REFINERY PRECIPITATOR, AMOCO OIL COM- PANY (b) Precipitair Pollution Control. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. 298,200 ACFM, scale 1:12. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-10474-340-73 PENNSYLVANIA POWER AND LIGHT PRECIPITATOR (6) Pennsylvania Power and Light Company. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10475-340-75 CALGARY POWER PRECIPITATOR (/?) Research-Cottrell (Canada) Limited. (c) T.White. id) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. (J) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10476-340-70 JOS. E. SEAGRAM PRECIPITATOR ib) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10477-340-70 CO-OP POWER AND UNITED POWER PRECIPITATOR (h) Wheelabrator-Frye. (c) T. White. id) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10478-340-75 CINCINNATI PRECIPITATOR (h) Research-Cottrell (Canada) Limited. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10479-340-70 BRASCEP PRECIPITATOR (b) Electrosul. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10480-340-70 LAWRENCEBURG PRECIPITATOR (b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. ie) See 400-09477-340-75. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10481-340-70 MAYO PLANT PRECIPITATOR (b) Belco. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10482-340-70 GEORGIA POWER PRECIPITATOR (b) Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Com- pany. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10483-340-70 BIG RIVERS PRECIPITATOR (b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10484-340-70 SASKATCHEWAN POWER PRECIPITATOR (b) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) See 400-09477-340-75. 400-10485-340-70 H. S. STEEL BAGHOUSE (b) Wheelabrator-Frye. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Baghouses are an effective means of removing particulates from flue gases. The duct work leading to and from the bags is complicated and difficult to design to ensure equal gas flow to all bags and that the pressure drop is minimal. Laboratory modeling provides the best way of ensuring that field units operate as required. if) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10486-340-70 LOUISVILLE/CANE RUN SCRUBBERS (fc) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (f ) Gas scrubbers installed in the fiue gas systems remove both particulates and sulphur dioxide. Their design must ensure that pressure drops are reduced to a minimum; separation of water droplets from the gas achieves the ef- fluent requirements; diluting stack gas with hot gas is ef- fective in raising the temperature of the stack gas above dewpoint. (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 258 400-10487-340-70 CANE RUN QUENCHER (h) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. id) Experimental; design. (e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers). (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10488-340-70 CANE RUN CHEVRON DRYER [h) American Air Filter. -' (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. {e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers). (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10489-340-70 MILL CREEK 3 SCRUBBER (h) American Air Filter. (c) T. White. id) Experimental; design. (e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers). 400-10490-340-70 MOHAVE PLANT SCRUBBER (fo) Stearns Roger. (c) T. White. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Same as (e) above (scrubbers). (/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-10491-870-73 BELL STATION THERMAL MODEL STUDY [h) New York State Electric and Gas Corporation. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e)A thermal hydraulic model to establish the conceptual design of the condenser cooling water arrangements for the Bell Nuclear Generating Station proposed for con- struction on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake near the ex- isting Milliken Coal-Fired Generating Station. if) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) Once the basic arrangement of the discharge structures was established, performance was evaluated under a complete range of temperature, level and current condi- tions. It was found that the selected arrangement met the modified discharge criteria established. 400-10492-840-87 YAQUE DEL NORTE CANAL INTAKE (h) Dominican Republic. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) Hydraulic model study of a diversion control structure for an irrigation canal intake. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The maximum discharge capacity of the structures pre- dicted by the model study was 2,200 m''/s at a headpond elevation of 152 m. No subatmospheric pressures are ex- pected at any of the overall structures. The safety of the weir and sluiceway will not be affected by erosion if recommended protection measures are employed. Effec- tive removal of sediments deposited in the approach to the canal intake will be possible with sluiceway discharges of 1 25 m''/s or more. 400-10493-350-75 GULL ISLAND DIVERSION TUNNEL MODEL STUDY (h) Lower Churchill Consultants. id) Experimental, for design purposes. ie) A study of the hydraulic losses in the 55 foot twin diver- sion tunnels scheduled for construction as part of the Gull Island project. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (;?) With outlet modifications, the diversion tunnel scheme performs as intended and is satisfactory in hydraulic terms. The upstream cofferdam must be designed for a maximum water level of 220 feet elevation to accommodate a discharge of 210,000 cfs. To prevent severe scour of the riverbed downstream of the outlet, the outlet must be widened and deepened, and invert sills added Due to high velocities during partial gate operation, the first 250 feet of the tunnels should be lined. To prevent bank erosion, riprap will be required on the north and south banks in the inlet approach area and on the north bank of the outlet. 400-10494-350-75 GULL ISLAND SPILLWAY MODEL STUDY ih) Lower Churchill Consultants. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) A spillway model study to rate the spillway and to study the hydraulics of the approach channel, particularly energy dissipation. (f) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The approach and outlet channels can be altered and still provide satisfactory hydraulic performance while reducing the total volume of rock excavation by 3.5 million cubic yards. The spillway structure, as designed, cannot pass the maximum probable flood without exceeding the maximum head pond level. Alternate spillway crest profiles were recommended and model testing of the selected profile will be required. A converging chute, reducing the spillway width to 250 feet at the flip bucket crest can be used as part of the spillway to reduce excavation and mass concrete costs. 400-10495-350-75 GULL ISLAND RIVER CLOSURE MODEL STUDY (h) Lower Chruchill Consultants. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) To study the sequence of construction of closure dykes to effect diversion of the Churchill River at Gull Island. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The erosion potential of the natural riverbed is the most restrictive feature of the proposed closure. The four dykes should be constructed simultaneously so that the head loss across each is equal until the river is at least 90 percent closed. Phase I construction must be limited to 15-20 per- cent closure in order to pass the design flood of 210,000 cfs without severe bed erosion. Final closure of the river can be accomplished without problems at a discharge of 50,000 cfs. 400-10496-350-87 KPONG DIVERSION MODEL (fc) Volta River Authority. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) Brief model study to verify the hydraulic adequacy of the proposed Stage I diversion arrangement, including head losses, local velocities in areas requiring erosion protection and excavated diversion channel geometry. 400-10497-350-87 KPONG SPILLWAY MODEL (b) Volta River Authority. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) A 1:50 scale hydraulic model was constructed to rate the spillway, to examine the approach flow conditions, and to establish operating constraints with regard to control of the hydraulic jump on the spillway system. if) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) As a result of an initial series of model tests, the original spillway cross section was modified to increase the discharge capacity of the structure. The modified spillway arrangement can pass the design flood of 20,670 m'/s at the specified maximum head pond level of 17.7 m. Special gate operating procedures are necessary to prevent the hydraulic jump from either impinging on the back of the 259 254-330 O - 78 - 18 gates or sweeping off the apron. The spillway and power- house can discharge simultaneously without causing ad- verse hydraulic effects on the operation of either. 400-10498-340-75 LINGAN POINT INTAKE MODEL (h) Albery, Pullerits, Dickson and Associates Limited. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) A study of the influence of the intake on flow patterns in the Bridgeport Channel, Nova Scotia. The study also con- sidered the potential for siltation of the intake. (J) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) The construction of the proposed cooling water intake will not appreciably alter the flow patterns during either flood or ebb tides. The large exterior excavation and the unex- cavated areas within the ice boom, as initially proposed, had a tendency to collect sediment and resulted in ap- preciable sediment inflow into the cooling water channel. 400-10499-300-90 CAPITAL CITY WEIR (t>) Alberta Department of Environment. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) The project was concerned with the feasibility of con- structing a low-gated barrage across the North Saskatchewan River at Edmonton. The pond created was to be used for recreation. To avoid flooding low-lying re- sidential communities upstream, control of maximum water levels during spring flood was critical, while the low head available across the structure limited discharge capacity. A hydraulic model was commissioned to aid in the sizing, design and rating of the fish-belly gates. The model comprised two of the six gates, contained in a glass- walled flume, with flow control and water level measuring devices. The model was constructed of plexiglas, at a scale of 1;30, and employed a mobile bed of 2 mm sand for ero- sion studies. (/) Suspended. 400-10500-340-75 FORKED RIVER CONDENSER MODEL (b) Burns and Roe Incorporated. (c) Mr. D. Mayer. Acres American Incorporated, Consulting Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202. (d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) The model was designed to examine flow distribution among three condensers in a cooling water system for a thermal electric generating station. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client, (g) Results indicated that the design was adequate. 400-10501-340-75 PERRY SUPPRESSION POOL (h) Gilbert and Associates Incorporated. (c) Mr. D. Mayer, Acres American Incorporated, Consulting Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, New York 14202. {d) Experimental, for design purposes. (e) The safety outlets for steam water pressure relief valves were located in the bottom of the suppression pool. Velocities and water temperatures were taken to deter- mine the effects of cooling water injected through a jet in the pool. (/) Study complete, report submitted to client. (g) Results indicated that the design was adequate. ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL, TRANSPORTATION AND SURFACE WATER ENGINEERING DIVISION, 303 Civil- Electrical Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G7. Dr. S. Beltaos, Research Of- ficer. (Note: The Council coordinates the Alberta Cooperative Research Program in Transportation and Surface Water Engineering. Major participants in this program, in addition to Council, are the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta and two Provin- cial Government Departments-Alberta Environment and Alberta Transportation.) 401-07886-370-96 ICE FORCES ON BRIDGE PIERS (h) Alberta Transportation. (d) Field investigation; applied research. (e) Measurement of dynamic forces during spring break-up on two special piers in different rivers. (g) Measurements over ten seasons have produced maximum instantaneous apparent pressures of up to 350 psi on a vertical cylindrical pier and up to 170 psi on a pier inclined at 23° to the vertical. It has become evident that use of an apparent pressure on an inclined pier is not ap- propriate and an alternative has been formulated. A limited evaluation of the dynamic response characteristics of one of the piers suggested that instantaneous peak loads should be considered if designing on an "elastic" basis. 401-10761-300-96 ICE THICKNESS DOCUMENTATION {b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment. {d) Field; applied research. (e) Ice thickness measurements are being carried out at selected sites in an effort to determine ice thicknesses which can be generated by different processes in a river such as clear ice, snow ice, aufeis and hummocked ice and frozen frazil ice formation. Such information is required for the design for ice loads on bridge piers. (g) Initial results indicate that ice flows much thicker than "usual" can result at breakup from the latter three processes. The possibility of such formations occurring up- stream of a bridge site must be assessed during design. 401-10762-300-96 SPRING BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS (fo) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation. (d) Field, analytical; applied research. {e) Ice breakup observations at selected bridge locations in Alberta. Emphasis on action of ice on bridge piers and documentation of ice jam characteristics. Pre- and post- breakup measurement of ice thickness, type and strength. (g) Documentation of several ice jams; yearly record of breakup at selected locations. (/!) Preliminary Observations of Spring Ice Jams in Alberta, R. Gerard, Proc. 3rd Intl. Svnip. Ice Problems. Hanover, N. H., USA, Aug. 1975. 1977 Breakup and Subsequent Ice Jam at Fort McMurray, P. F. Doyle, Transportation and Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. SWEI77I1, June 1977. 401-10763-350-00 HYDRAULICS OF RIVER STRUCTURES (b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment. (d) Field, experimental, analytical; applied research. (e) Field measurements of flow and scour are made at bridges and river training works. Laboratory experiments on scour at an abutment have been started. (g) Data have been collected at several sites during floods over past years but have yet to be analyzed. 401-10764-350-96 RIVER MORPHOLOGY (h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment. (d) Field, analytical; applied research. 260 (f) Scour and channel shift are evaluated in various river types under different flow conditions to determine max- imum depths of scour and channel shift for use in design of bridge piers, pipeline crossings, etc. (g) Data have been obtained in a number of rivers over a period of several years, and some analysis has been done. (/i) Hydraulic and Morphologic Characteristics of Athabasca River near Fort Assiniboine, C. R. Neill, Repi. REHI73I3, Alberta Cooperative Research Program, 1973 (reports may be obtained from the above address). 401-10765-200-96 MIXING PROCESSES IN NATURAL STREAMS (h) Alberta Environment. (d) Field, analytical; applied research. (e) Tracer tests in representative river types of Alberta for evaluating transverse and longitudinal mixing charac- teristics under both open-water and ice-covered condi- tions. Development of analytical and numerical techniques for engineering predictions. (g) Transverse mixing coefficients have been evaluated at four river reaches. Longitudinal dispersion tests have been performed at two of these sites. A method has been developed for evaluating transverse mixing coefficients from slug-injection tests, based on the behaviour of time- integrals of unsteady concentration distributions. Such tests are occasionally preferable to the commonly em- ployed, constant-rate injection tests. An explicit numerical algorithm, free of numerical diffusion, is being developed for simulating two-dimensional, time-dependent mixing in rivers. Preliminary comparisons with pertinent published data were satisfactory. The applicability of the conventional longitudinal disper- sion theory to natural streams has been questioned recently. An alternative solution, using a time-variable dispersion coefficient, was obtained and shown to agree with some field data. However, a recent field test indicated dispersive behaviour that could not be adequately described by either of these approaches. The possibility of developing a more general theory and the role of rivers' lack of prismaticity are under study. (/i) Transverse Mixing in an Ice-Covered River, J. E. O. Eng- mann, R. Kellerhals, Water Resources Research 10, 4, pp. 775-784, Aug. 1974. A Theory of Longitudinal Dispersion, S. Beltaos, Highway and River Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. REHI74I2, 1974. Evaluation of Transverse Mixing Coefficients from Slug Tests, S. Beltaos, J. Hydraulic Research 13, 4, pp. 351-360, 1975. Longitudinal Dispersion in a Natural Stream: Lesser Slave River, Alberta, S. Beltaos, T. J. Day, Transportation and Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, In- ternal Rept. REHI76II, 1976. 401-10766-300-96 FIELD INVESTIGATION OF A FRAZIL ICE HANGING DAM (b) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation. (d) Field; applied research. (e) A large accumulation of frazil ice under the ice cover was detected during the 1974-75 winter season in the Smoky River some 40 km above its confluence with Peace River. Field investigations are in progress to elucidate the mechancis of formation and spring breakup, to evaluate effects on spring breakup in the Smoky and Peace Rivers and to assess the possible action against hydraulic struc- tures of such frazil ice accumulations. (g) Measurements revealed a local depression of the river bed with a maximum depth of 17 m below winter water levels, located immediately downstream of a rapids reach. This configuration is typical of conditions conducive to hanging dam formation. At full size this hanging dam is 300 m long and has a maximum thickness of 15 m. Consecutive spring breakup observations, beginning in 1975, suggest that the hanging dam causes ice jamming extending st)me 5 km up- stream and a consequent local water level rise of about 4 m above pre-breakup levels. 401-10767-300-96 DOCUMENTATION AND PROBABILITY PAST ICE BREAKUP WATER LEVELS ANALYSIS OF {h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment. {d) Field, analytical; applied research. (f ) Information on past breakup water levels at several sites in Alberta is being collected and a method of analysis developed to determine estimates of the probability dis- tributions of annual peak breakup water levels at these sites. Such information is required in the design for ice ac- tion on bridge piers, and in assessing fiood frequencies at locations prone to ice jams. ig) A method of analyzing such historical data has been developed. Its application to information collected at one site has shown that the fiood frequency curve is dominated by ice breakup water levels (i.e. ice jams) and not by summer fiood water levels. (/i) Probability Analysis of Historical Data on Ice Jam Floods, R. Gerard, E. W. Karpuk, paper in preparation. 401-10768-310-96 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF NORTHERN ALBERTA (h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment. (d) Field, analytical; applied research. (e) Hydrometric records for some 60 catchments in Northern Alberta are being analyzed to determine the snowmelt fiood and rain flood for each year of record. The dif- ference in these fiood populations is to be assessed and in- dices of the populations related (i) to catchment charac- teristics, and (ii) for an index flood of the combined popu- lation, to channel geometry, using weighted regression analysis. (g) Initial analysis indicates that snowmelt and rainfall floods do form distinct populations. The use of weighted regres- sion has allowed the inclusion of very short records in the analysis and explicit consideration of interstation correla- tion associated with both genuine and "lack of fit" errors. The separate regressions on catchment characteristics and on channel geometry allow two almost independent esti- mates of an index flood for an ungauged catchment. 401-10769-310-96 PEAK RUNOFF FROM SMALL CATCHMENTS (b) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment. (d) Field investigation, analytical; applied research. (e) Monitoring of peak runoff due to snowmelt and rainfall at 43 culvert sites in north-central Alberta. Investigation of culvert behaviour and confirmation of synthetic rating curves for these culverts under various flow conditions. ig) Three years of snowmelt and rainfall runoff peak data on 43 small basins is presently being analyzed. 401-10770-830-96 SEDIMENT YIELD (b) In cooperation with Department of Geography, University of Alberta, for Alberta Environment and Alberta Trans- portation. (t/) Field investigation; applied research; thesis. (e) Several investigations by Department of Geography are being partially supported by the Cooperative Program, (i) Measurement of precipitation, runoff, erosion and sedi-. ment yield for a small catchment in the Red Deer River badlands and concurrent measurements of the actual rate of erosion at various locations in the catchment. The ob- jective is to determine sediment yield, delivery ratio and rainfall-runoff relations for this extreme environment, (ii) Intermittent sampling for suspended and dissolved solids at approximately 50 streamgauging stations during significant runoff events. An attempt was made to estimate approxi- mate sediment yields on the basis of rating and flow dura- tion curves, and to relate them to geographic factors. 261 (/) (i) Active; (ii) completed. (/>) Sediment Yields from Intermediate Sized Stream Basins in Southern Alberta, H. J. McPherson, J. Hydrology 25, pp. 243-257, 1975. Soil Erodibility and Erosion in Part of the Bow River Basin, Alberta, S. H. Luk, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Geog- raphy, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1975. Rainfall Erosion of Some Alberta Soils; A Laboratory Simulation Study, S. H. Luk, Caieim 3, 3/4, pp. 295-305, Mar. 1977. UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Department of Civil Engineer- ing, Edmonton T6G 2G7, Alberta, Canada. Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Professor of Civil Engineering. 402-06630-300-90 ALBERTAN COOPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REGIME (b) University on NRC Grant. (c) Dr. T. Blench. (d) Basic and applied research. ie) To aid the development of a formal quantitative inductive science of the self-adjustment of channels that form at least part of their boundaries in sediment. Steps are to col- lect and assess data; analyze and coordinate them in terms of an adequate "statement of case"; reduce the results to readily intelligible form, usually graphical; publicize the data, the results and their applications; and cooperate with other agencies. (g) Publication with or by cooperating agencies has expanded since last report. Major coordinations of tabulated, graphed and discussed data are in Refs. 1 (rivers), 2 (flumes), 7 (all channels). A summary of major results and opinions in extension and description of Ref. 7 is in Ref. 8. (/i) Hydraulic and Geomorphic Characteristics of Rivers in Al- berta, R. Kellerhals, C R. Neill, D. I. Bray, (Alberta Govt. Publication) Alberta Research Council, 11315-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, 1972. A Critical Review of Sediment Transport Experiments, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, T. Blench, J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 98, HY5, Paper 8873. pp. 827-843, May 1972. Regime Problems of Rivers Formed in Sediment, T. Blench, Chapter 5 of River Mechanics HI, Shen, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Colorado State Univ., 1973. Comprehensive Graphs of Regime Data, T Blench, A. W. Peterson, R. H. Cooper, Research Symp. on River Mechanics, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 9-12, 1973. General Report on River Bed Form, T. Blench, Ibid, 1973. Factors Controlling Size, Form and Slope of Stream Chan- nels, T. Blench, Proc. 9th Hydrology Symp., Natl. Res. Council, May 1973, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1973. Regime Data, Volume I, Flume Data and Regime Basics, T. Blench, D. B. Simons, Commissioned by Intl. Comm. on Irrigation and Drainage, 4 8th Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-21, India, 1974 Graphic Coordination of Mobile-Bed Channel Data, T. Blench, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, Hydrology Review, Indian Natl. Comm. IHD/IHP, Council of Scientifc and In- dustrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi l-I 10001, India, Oct. 1975. Observations of Natural and Man-Made River Spurs, T. Blench, V. J. Galay, E. K. Yaremko, 3rd Ann. Symp. of Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE, Aug. 10-12, 1976. 402-07836-220-00 FLOW IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS (c) A. W. Peterson, Professor. (d) Experimental studies of sediment transport in open chan- nels and analysis of world data. (e) The behavior of flow in alluvial channels is being studied by analyzing the majority of the available experimental flume data. (/i) Universal Flow Diagram for Mobile Boundary Channels, A. W. Peterson, Canadian J. Civil Engrg., 1975. Design of Mobile Boundary Channels, A. W. Peterson, Proc. Natl. Symp. on Urban Hydrology and Sediment Con- trot, Lexington, Ky., 1975. Analysis of Hydraulic Resistance for Mobile Bed Channels, M. Michiue, A. W. Peterson, Bull. Disaster Prevention Research Inst. 25, Kyoto Univ., Sept. 1975. Coordination of Mobile Bed Channel Data, T. Blench, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, (updated) presented lUTAM Mtg., Aug. 1976, Amsterdam. 402-09497-060-90 THERMAL DISCHARGES (b) NRC of Canada. (d) Basic research, experimental and analytical. (e) Understand and predict the behaviour of thermal discharges in lakes and rivers. (g) Experiments were performed with bluff buoyant surface jets for moderate and large Richardson numbers and the results were correlated with our earlier theoretical analy- sis. These studies were also extended to include the effects of an ambient current. (/)) An Experimental Study of Bluff Buoyant Turbulent Surface Jets, B. B. L. Pande, N. Rajaratnam, J. Hydraulic Res., Delft, 1977. An Experimental Study of Heated Surface Discharges into Ambients with Cross-Currents, V. Chiu, M.Sc. Thesis, 1976. 402-09499-220-90 EROSION BY JETS (b) National Research Council of Canada. {d) Basic research; experimental. (e) Study the erosion produced by fairly simple flows with the idea of advancing our understanding of the erosion in practical situations. (g) It has been found that for circular wall jets as well as for impinging circular jets, the characteristic depth of erosion first increases linearly with log time and later approaches an asymptotic value. Using dimensional analysis and the experimental results, it has been possible to predict the prominent features of the erosion process. (/i) Erosion by Circular Turbulent Wall Jets, N. Rajaratnam, B. Berry, J. Hyd. Research, Delft, 1977. Erosion by Impinging Circular Turbulent Jets, N. Rajarat- nam, S. Beltaos, Proc. ASCE, J. of Hydraulics Div., (in press). 402-09500-440-90 SIMULATION OF LAKE LEVELS IN THE COOKING LAKE MORAINE (b) Inland Waters and Department of Environment, Alberta. (c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren. (d) Theoretical, applied research for M.Sc. (e) Monthly lake levels for a period of 500 years were esti- mated by developing a water balance model from histori- cal meteorological data, physical characteristics of the basin and lake level records of Cooking Lake. A long record of meteorological data was generated using Monte Carlo methods. (/) Completed. (g) Lake level fluctuations can be explained entirely by varia- bility in climate without considering land use changes resulting from changes in the agricultural use of the land. (h) Simulation of Lake Levels, D. Crawford, M.Sc. Thesis. 402-09501-310-90 FLOOD PREDICTION ROSS RIVER AND STUART RIVER, YUKON (b) Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. (c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren. (d) Applied research. 262 (f) Development of a predictive model for flooding in com- munities near the Ross River and the Stuart River as a function of climatic variables and preceding discharges so that an early flood warning system can be established. (/) Completed. (g) Estimates of discharge can be made, one to four days in advance, depending on the lead time of the meteorological forecasts. (It) Spring Flood Forecasting for Mayo and Ross Rivers, Yukon Territory, J. P. Verschuren, D. Crawford, Dept. Civil Engrg., Apr. 1976. 402-10282-300-90 ANALYTICAL RIVER MECHANICS (b) National Research Council Grant. (c) Dr. Gary Parker. (d) Theoretical; basic, some applied aspects. (e) Analytical techniques are being used to formulate and treat a variety of features of flow-induced fluvial morphology. The work naturally divides into two aspects; (a) the interaction of flow and sediment in channels with imposed widths, and (b) the formation of river banks and maintenance of channel width. Included in the former are treatments of antidune formation, incipient meandering and braiding, and channel degradation and aggradation. In the latter category are two forthcoming treatments of self- formed banks in gravel, and sand-silt rivers. (g) Some progress has been made toward a treatment of bed load from the point of view of continuum mechanics. A unifying format for load and resistance relations for alluvi- al rivers has been determined. Criteria for the occurrence of meandering and braiding have been derived. A model has been presented for determining self-formed channel geometry and rational regime relations for rivers. (/i) Sediment Inertia as a Cause of River Antidunes, G. Parker, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 101, HY2, pp. 211-221, Feb. 1975. Meandering of Supraglacial Melt Streams, G. Parker, Water Res. Research 11, 5, pp. 551-552, Aug. 1975. Modeling of Meandering and Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, A. G. Anderson, Proc. ASCE, Modeling, 1975 Svmp., pp. 575-591, Sept. 3-5, 1975. On the Cause and Characteristic Scales of Meandering and Braiding in Rivers, G. Parker, J. Fluid Mecli. 76, 3, pp. 457-480, Aug. 11, 1976. Detrimental Effects of River Channelization, G. Parker, D. Andres. Proc. ASCE Rivers, 1976 Svmp., pp. 1248-1266, Aug. 10-12, 1976. Self-Formed Straight Rivers with Stable Banks and Mobile Bed in Coarse and Fine Noncohesive Material, G. Parker, Dept. Civil Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, June 1977. 402-10283-810-00 SOIL MOISTURE INDICES AND SNOWFALL CORRELA- TION TO SNOWMELT RUNOFF IN CENTRAL ALBERTA (c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Civil Engineering. (d) Applied research for M.Sc. {e) The snowmelt runoff in the spring, not including the ru- noff due to spring rain, was determined as a function of base flow storage, antecedent precipitation and a basin recharge coefficient at time of freeze-up in the previous fall for 5 basins in the Alberta plains between 52° Lat. and 56° Lat. (/) Completed. (g) Curves are available to compute the expected runoff based on the snowfall during the winter and the parameters men- tioned under "e." (/)) Soil Moisture, Snow and Snowmelt Runoff Correlation, T. P. S. Sandhu, M.Sc. Thesis. 402-10284-410-90 HYDRAULICS OF GROYNES ib) NRC of Canada. (c) N. Rajaratnam, Professor. {d) Basic and experimental. (e) Understand the nature of flow around groin-like obstacles and to develop a method of predicting erosion near such structures. (g) The results are being analysed at this time. 402-10285-810-90 A SIMULATION MODEL TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF LOGGING ON THE RATE AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OF RUNOFF (h) NRC. (c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Civil Engineering. (d) Theoretical, applied research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) By dividing the watershed into modules, the water balance of each module can be determined. The outflow from one module will be part of the inflow into the module down slope. 402-10286-810-90 DISPOSITION OF WATER IN FOREST SOILS (h) Canadian Forestry Service. (c ) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Civil Engineering. (d) Theoretical, basic research, Ph.D. thesis. (e) Evaluate saturated and/or unsaturated transient flow through nonhomogeneous, anisotropic porous media, i.e., through typical forest soils, in response to the forces of drainage, transportation and evaporation. UNIVERSirr OF ALBERTA, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1. Dr. R. R. Gilpin, Associate Professor. 403-10221-190-90 ABLATION OF ICE BY WATER JET (h) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Experimental and theoretical basic research, M.Sc. thesis. (e) Studies have been made of the rate of melting of a hole in a block of ice by an impinging water jet. A numerical simulation technique has been devised which predicts the rate of penetration of the jet into the ice as well as the evolution of the shape of the hole melted. These results are compared with experimental measurements on the same phenomenon. (/) Completed. (g) It was found that the shape of the hole melted could be predicted near the stagnation point. Also, the rate of penetration was predicted accurately for all conditions ex- amined. (h) The Ablation of Ice by a Water Jet, R. R. Gilpin, Trans. Can. Soc. of Mechanical Eng. 2, 2, pp. 91-96, 1973. Laminar Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Including the Ef- fects of Melting, A. W. Lipsett, R. R Gilpin, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, in press. 403-10222-140-90 RADIATIVE HEATING OF ICE AND WATER ib) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Experimental and theoretical applied research, M.Sc. thes- is. (e) Studies were made to determine the distribution of radia- tive heating produced in ice and water layers that are ex- posed to radiative energy fluxes. A determination of the effects of scattering in the ice and of the type of light source on the distribution of the heating produced were the two main objectives of the ice study. For a water layer the effect of the radiative heating on natural convection in the layer was also examined. (/) Completed. (g) It was found that the heating produced by a radiation source in either water or ice is best modeled by a power law relationship rather than the normal Bouquer-Sanbert exponential law. This occurs because of the strong 263 wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficients of ice and water. For thin ice layers scattering in the ice was found to actually increase the rate of heating produced in the ice. This effect was produced by a trapping of the radiation due to scattering in the ice. For a water layer radiation absorption can produce a thermal instability and subsequent natural convection, (/i) Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Water Layer with Radiative Heating, R. R. Gilpin, Trans. Can. Soc. of Mechanical Eng. 1,4, pp. 213-218, 1972. Radiative Heating in Ice, R. R. Gilpin, R. B. Robertson, B. Singh, J. Heal and Mass Transfer, May 1977, in press. 403-10223-010-90 THERMAL STABILITY OF A BLASIUS FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE (fc) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. R. R. Gilpin or Dr. K. C Cheng. (d) Experimental research on basic phenomena. (e) Studies are being made of the conditions for the onset of instability in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate due to thermal effects. Heat transfer in the past critical region has also been measured. Other conditions that are being examined are the instability in the presence of ice growth on the plate and the effect of the maximum density of water at 4 °C. (g) Results show that the transition to turbulent flow in a laminar boundary layer can be induced by thermal insta- bility as well as by hydrodynamic effects. The effects of this thermal instability on heat transfer rates and also fric- tion factors can be considerable. 403-10224-190-90 A STUDY OF THE PIPE FREEZING PROCESS (fc) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Experimental applied research. (e) Studies have been made of the formation of ice in a pipe containing stagnant water, that is, no through flow. These tests have been designed to determine the time that a pipe can stand in a sub-freezing environment and not become blocked by ice formation. (g) It was found that dendritic ice formed as a result of super- cooling in the pipe can cause a pipe blockage early in the freezing history of the pipe. Such a blockage would occur much sooner than a blockage due to the growth of a solid annulus of ice forming from the pipe wall. Since the latter form of ice is commonly assumed in calculations of the time required for a pipe blockage to occur, these calcula- tions would appear to grossly overestimate the time during which a pipe can safely stand with no main flow through it. (/i) Ice Formation in Pipes, R. R. Gilpin, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. on Cold Regions Engrg., Univ. of Alaska, Aug. 1976. The Effects of Dendritic Ice Formation in Water Pipes, R. R. Gilpin, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 20, in press. UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1W5, Canada. Professor Sam Lipson, Department Head. 404-10225-630-90 INFLUENCE OF WATER HAMMER ON TURBINE GOVERNING (h) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. E. Ruus. (d) Theoretical; applied research. Doctoral thesis. (e) The influence of water hammer on turbine governing is considered at present by evaluating the former using rigid water column theory. This gives reasonably good results for relatively slow and small changes in turbine output, i.e., where the water hammer effect is small. The aim of this study is to incorporate the water hammer analysis ac- cording to the elastic water column theory into the turbine governing analyses, which would then yield satisfactory results even for rapid changes in output of turbines served by long penstocks. 404-10226-630-00 INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC SPEED ON PRESSURE SURGES CAUSED BY PUMP FAILURE IN PIPELINES WITHOUT ANY PROTECTIVE DEVICES (c) Dr. E. Ruus. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Maximum upsurges and downsurges are calculated and plotted in nondimensional form for a simple pump discharge line. Pipeline constant, the inertia of the motor and the pump, pipe wall friction and pump characteristics at specific speeds 1800, 3500, 7600 and 13500 are con- sidered. The results can be used to determine the necessa- ry pipe wall thickness. [ (g) The specific speed has a relatively small influence on the I maximum downsurge at the pump end of the pipeline; it [ has, however, a drastic influence on the maximum up- ! surge. A low specific speed pump yields the largest up- j surge. 404-10227-340-90 MAXIMUM SURGES IN SIMPLE SURGE TANKS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. E. Ruus. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Maximum upsurges and downsurges resulting from linear decreases or increases in turbine discharge, gate opening or power output are calculated for simple surge tanks. Tunnel friction and velocity head are considered. The results are plotted in nondimensional form against conduit friction and the time of closure or opening. (/) Completed. (g) Both friction and time of closure or opening reduce the upsurge and downsurge substantially. (/2) Maximum Surges in Simple Surge Tanks, E. Ruus, F. A. El-Fitiany, Canadian J. Civil Engrg. 4, 1, pp. 40-46, 1977. 404-10228-210-90 WATER HAMMER IN PIPELINES WITH AIR CHAMBERS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. E. Ruus. (d) Theoretical; applied research. (e) Maximum upsurges and downsurges caused by pump failure are calculated and plotted in nondimensional form for a simple pump discharge line provided with an air chamber. Pipeline constant, air chamber parameter, pipe wall friction and orifice resistance are considered. The results can be used to determine the necessary volume of the air chamber. (/) Completed. (g) While the assumption of the rigid water column and the concentration of pipe friction at the pump end of the pipeline yield reasonably good results at the pump end, large errors in estimation of both upsurges and downsurges occur at the midpoint and particularly at the quarter point of the pipeline. (/i) Charts for Water Hammer in Pipelines with Air Chambers, E. Ruus, Canadian, J . Civil Engrg. 4, 3, 1977. 404-10229-810-96 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON STORM RUNOFF (t>) British Columbia Water Resources Service. (c) Dr. S. O. Russell. (d) Applied research. (f ) Urbanization affects the response of a basin to storm rain- fall. Rainfall and runoff are being measured from two ad- jacent basins-one from the university complex which can be considered as urban, and one from an adjacent completely undeveloped basin. 264 404-10230-370-90 CULVERT DESIGN STUDY (h) National Research Council. (c) Dr. S. O. Russell. (d) Applied research. (e) Culvert design depends on many uncertain factors. Deci- sion theory is being used to determine an optimal design for a test case considering flow uncertainties, probable damage and culvert hydraulics. (/i) Master's Thesis, in preparation, P. Neudorf, 1977. 404-10231-350-96 USE OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE IN SMALL DROP STRUCTURES (h) British Columbia Water Resources Service. (c) Dr. S. O. Russell. (d) Applied research. (e) \n British Columbia there are many very steep gravel and boulder creeks with a need for inexpensive drop struc- tures. Fibre reinforced concrete has a tensile strength that can be counted upon. Its use for drop structures is being investigated. 404-10232-300-96 FLOOD PROBLEMS IN GRAVEL RIVERS (b) B. C. Disaster Relief Fund. (c) Dr. M. C. Quick. (d) Applied research. (. 3, 3, pp. 449- 460. Sept. 1976. UBC Watershed Model, M. C. Quick, A. Pipes, Hydrologi- cal Sciences Bullelin XXII, 1, 3/1977. UBC Watershed and Flow Manuals, M C Quick, A Pipes, Dept. of Civil Engrg., UBC, 1976. 404-10235-630-00 OPTIMUM PUMP SUMP DESIGN (c) Dr. M. C. Quick. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research. (e) A basic investigation of vortex behaviour coupled with a study of flow patterns in sump configurations is being made. Conclusions arising from these studies are being used to develop an optimum design procedure for pump sumps. ( h ) Efficiency of Air-Entraining Vortex Formation at a Water Intake, M. C. Quick, Proc. ASCE, J. Hydr. Div., 96, HY7, pp. 1403-1416, July 1970. Master's Thesis-A Study of Formation of Vortices in a Multiple Pump Sump, J. W K. Spurr, 1970. 404-10236-400-90 SALINITY INTRUSION IN ESTUARIES (h) National Research Council. (c) Dr. M. C. Quick. (d) Applied research. (e) Computer modeling of dynamic salt wedge behaviour is re- lated to a field program of data measurement. (/) Completed. (g) Salt-water intrusion in the Eraser River estuary was modeled numerically and compared with a field measure- ment program. The salt wedge was observed to have a highly dynamic behaviour and yet to retain its stratified character. The main physical and computational problems studied were the interfacial stress term; the necessary boundary conditions at the river mouth; and the computa- tional stability. (/i) Salinity Intrusion in the Eraser River Estuary, Ph.D. Thes- is, D. O. Hodgins, Dept. of Civil Engrg., UBC, 1974. A Numerical Model of Stratified Estuary Flows, M. C. Quick, D. O. Hodgins, T. R. Osborn, J. Waterways, Har- bour and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE 103, WWl, Jan. 1977. CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS, Hydraulics Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, On- tario, L7R 4A6, Canada. T. M. Dick, Division Chief. 405-09507-300-00 DISPERSION IN MEANDERING CHANNELS (c) Dr. B. G. Krishnappan and Dr. Y. L. Lau. (d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research. (e) Project is aimed at measuring the transverse dispersion coefficient in laboratory meandering channels for various geometrical configurations. Results of this project would reveal the effects of the secondary currents caused by the meander on the dispersion process. (/) Completed. (g) Dispersion coefficients were measured in the laboratory in meandering channels with varying bottom topography. Dif- ferent assumptions for the variation of the dispersion coef- ficient were tested but none exhibited superiority over the others. A numerical scheme was developed to calculate the concentration distribution in a meandering channel. (/i) Transverse Mixing in Meandering Channels with Varying Bottom Topography, B. G. Krishnappan, Y. L. Lau, Hydraulics Res. Div. Rept., CCIW, Burlington, Ontario, Nov. 1976. 265 405-09509-200-00 TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW (c) Dr. Y. L. Lau. id) Experimental, basic research. (e) Investigate the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the different flow variables. (g) The dependence of the dispersion coefficient on friction factor and width-depth ratio in rectangular channels has been investigated. Effect of a cross-section shape and variation of dispersion coefficient across the channel are being studied. (h) Effect of Friction Factor and Aspect Ratio on Transverse Dispersion in Open-Channels, Y. L. Lau, B. G. Krishnap- pan, Hxdraulics Res. Div. Repl., CCIW, Burlington, On- tario, 1976. 405-09510-870-00 CRITERIA FOR OIL SLICK CONTAINMENT IN FLOWING WATER USING BOOMS (c) Dr. Y. L. Lau. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) Obtain criteria for oil spill containment and to produce realistic estimates of volume of oil containable under given flow conditions, conditions under which no containment is possible and feasibility of diverting oil slicks using booms under such conditions. if) Suspended. (g) Experiments have been completed. (/i) A Review of the Dynamics of Contained Oil Slicks, Y. L. Lau, S. A. Kirchhefer, Hydraulics Div., CCIW. Un- published report. 405-09511-810-00 MODELING OF URBAN RUNOFF (c) Mr. J. Marsalek. (d) Theoretical and field investigation. (e) Selected urban runoff models are evaluated by comparing simulated runoff hydrographs and pollutographs with field observations. (g) Uncalibrated, deterministic urban runoff models such as the Road Research Laboratory Model (RRLM), Storm Water Management Model (SWMM and University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model (UCURM), reproduced fairly well runoff events observed on small urban catchments. On average, about 60 percent of the simu- lated runoff volumes and peak flows were within 20 per- cent of the observed values. When comparing the entire simulated and observed hydrographs, the SWMM simula- tions were marginally better than those produced by the RLL model, and both these models were found more ac- curate than the UCUR model. (h) Comparative Evaluation of Three Urban Runoff Models, J. Marsalek, T. M. Dick, P. E. Wisner, W. G. Clarke, Water Resoitr. Bull. iAWRA) 11, 2, Apr. 1975. Review of Canadian Design Practice and Comparison of Urban Hydrologic Models, Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Quality, Res Rept. No. 26, Dept. of Environ- ment, Ottawa, Oct. 1976. 405-09512-870-00 ENERGY LOSSES AT SEWER PIPE JUNCTIONS (c) Mr. J. Marsalek. id) Experimental; applied research. (c) Energy losses at sewer pipe junctions are determined ex- perimentally for various geometrical configurations under free flow conditions. (g) Report on straight-flow-through junctions is under preparation. 405-09513-420-00 WAVE ENERGY AT POINT PELEE, LAKE ERIE (c ) Dr. M. G. Skafel. (d) Field investigation, theoretical; applied research. (e) Offshore wave data were collected on both sides of the point. The longshore sediment transport rates were calcu- lated and used to estimate the amount of erosion and/or accretion along the shoreline. (/) Completed. (It) Longshore Sediment Transport at Point Pelee, M. G. Skafel, Hydraulics Res. Div., CCIW Unpublished Report, 1975. 405-09515-300-00 FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF ICE COVERED RIVERS (c) Dr. G. Tsang. id) Field, basic, applied. (e) Study the friction coefficient of ice-covered rivers as com- pared with open water conditions. (/) Temporarily suspended, (g) Partly compiled. 405-09516-410-00 ICE PILING ON LAKE SHORES (c) Dr. G. Tsang. (d) Field, basic, applied. (e) Study the cause and phenomena of ice piling on shores. (/) Completed. (g) Previous conclusions further confirmed. A field ice piling was filmed and the simultaneous meteorological data recorded. ( /i ) A Field Study on Ice Piling on Shores and the Associated Hydro-Meteorological Parameters, G. Tsang, Proc. 3rd lAHR Synip. on Ice Problems, Hanover, N.H., Aug. 1975. 405-09517-390-00 FORMATION OF FRAZIL ICE IN WATER WITH SURFACE WAVES (c) Dr. G. Tsang. id) Theoretical, basic. () Process Equipment Ltd., Montreal. (d) Experimental, design. (e) A complete 10 inch diameter flange and rupture disc as- sembly, which is designed to act as a safety relief valve in industrial plant piping systems, was set up in the laborato- ry. Precise flow and headloss measurements were made, from which the headloss coefficient for the ruptured disc was calculated. Parameters were developed so the coeffi- cients could be applied to larger size installations as well. (/) Completed. 408-10245-340-73 WASHINGTON PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM-UNITS 1 AND 4 (h) W.P.P.S.S., Richland, Wash., and United Engineers and Constructors Inc., Philadelphia, Consulting Engineers. (d) Experimental, design. (e) The circulating water pump well supplying the cooling towers was studied on a model at 1/13.5 scale. Detailed modifications were developed inside the sump to ensure uniform flow supply to the four horizontal axis pump in- takes. if) Completed. 408-10246-340-73 CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME (fo) Consolidated Edison Company of New York. id) Experimental, applied research, design. (.e) A 1/84 scale model of the Hudson River was used to study the flows in the vicinity of the intake-outlet screen struc- ture. Zones of the river supplying water during pumping and receiving the turbined effiuent were defined over the complete tidal cycle. Theoretical analyses based on the model results allowed calculation of the amount of tur- bined water that was recirculated. (/) Completed. 408-10247-340-73 NEAL STATION-UNIT 3 (h) Iowa Public Service Co., Sioux City; Ingersoll-Rand Pump Co., Phillipsburg, N.J. (d) Experimental, design. ie) The likelihood that the Missouri River will drop to levels below those foreseen when the pumphouse was built in- troduced the possibility of vortex formation that would disturb operation of the two vertical axis mixed fiow pumps. A model at scale 1/11.55 was used to develop ex- treme remedial measures that should allow vortex-free operation of the pumps with very low river levels. (/) Completed. 408-10248-340-73 LARAMIE RIVER STATION-UNITS 1 AND 2 (b) Missouri Basin Electric Power Cooperative; Burns and MacDonnell, Kansas City, Consulting Engineers; Hayward- Tyler Pump Co. (d) Experimental, design. (e) Two vertical axis propellor pumps, set in individual bays, supply water to the cooling system. Water returning from the plant arrived in canals on each side of the sump, at right angles to the bay centerlines. A 1/16 scale model was used to develop the sump modifications necessary to en- sure uniform and vortex-free approach flows to the pumps. (/) Completed. 408-10249-440-73 LAKE WINNIPEG REGULATION ICE STUDY (h) Manitoba Hydro. (d) Theoretical, design. (e) Water flowing out the north end of Lake Winnipeg goes through a complex network of natural and man-made lakes and channels before arriving at Jenpeg Generating Station. When the station begins operating, it will alter the natural flows through the channels, in particular during winter. A computer study was carried out to define the ice cover conditions and levels all through the flow system, as a function of discharge and level in Lake Winnipeg. 408-10250-300-73 WINNIPEG RIVER ICE STUDY (h) Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, Manitoba. (d) Theoretical, design. (e) It had been proposed that the six hydroelectric stations along the river be used to supply peak power for short periods each day, instead of the steady base load for which they were originally designed. The resulting wide discharge variations would modify the ice cover conditions in winter. A computer study was carried out to define the ice cover relations and resulting water levels, as well as recommend- ing ice boom locations to establish and hold stable covers. (/) Completed. 408-10251-350-73 EASTMAIN SPILLWAY -JAMES BAY PROJECT (h) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lalonde, Girouard, Leten- dre, and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal. id) Experimental; design. (e) Study on a 1/100 scale model of a spillway located in a diversion canal and designed to carry a peak outflow of 21 1,000 cfs with a maximum head of 65 feet. Special at- tention was given to potential scouring of the riverbank and to flow conditions during winter. 408-10252-520-90 NAVIGATION-CRASH STOP ASTERN TESTS (b) Transport Canada; Canadian Coast Guard. id) Experimental. (e) l/lOO scale model study to evaluate the effect of certain parameters on the distance traveled by large vessels in coming to a stop. Use of radio-controlled self-powered tankers of 65,000, 1 10,000 and 227,000 DWT. (/) Completed. 270 408-10253-630-68 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT-PUMPING STATION (h) Montreal Urban Community; SNC Groupe, Montreal and Asselin, Benoit, Boucher, Ducharme, Lapointe, Inc., Con- sulting Engineers, Montreal. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Study of a 1/16 scale model of flow conditions in four wells housing 17 pumps ( 1 10,000 USGPM each) supplied by two interceptors serving the Montreal Urban Communi- ty. Also on a 1/24 comprehensive scale model of the treat- ment plant between the 1 7 discharging syphons and the settling tanks, study of flow and sediment distribution in canals leading to the screens and to the grit chambers. (/) Completed. 408-10254-870-68 WATER TREATMENT PLANT-SEWAGE OUTFALL {b) Montreal Urban Community. {d) Experimental; design. (e) Study on a 1/600 by 1/150 scale model reproducing the St. Lawrence River of the sewage outfall location for the 3,300 cfs water treatment plant. (/) Completed. 408-10255-340-73 GENTILLY NUCLEAR 2-PUMPING STATION POWER STATION UNIT NO (i>) Hydro Quebec, Canatom Ltd. (d) Experimental; design. (e) 1/16 scale model study of flow conditions at purnp en- trance under various pumping conditions. (/) Completed. 408-10256-870-68 FLOW INTERCEPTION FROM A COLLECTOR TO AN IN- TERCEPTOR (b) Montreal Urban Community. (d) Experimental; design. (e) Model study to verify the design of a diversion chamber allowing interception of a nominal flow from a collector to an interceptor leading to a treatment plant (1/12 scale model). if) Completed. 408-10257-350-73 CANIAPISCAU DIVERSION TUNNEL WAY-JAMES BAY PROJECT AND SPILL- (b) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lemieux, Monti, Nadon, Roy, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Montreal. (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1/100 scale model including a spillway and its tailrace canal (peak flow 130,000 cfs) and a diversion tunnel (peak flow 110,000 cfs). The main characteristic of the project is the superimposed arrangement of the spillway and canal on top of the diversion tunnel with the tailrace canal of the tunnel serving as a dissipating basin for the spillway flow. The model was used to investigate flow con- ditions mainly in the tailrace canal of the diversion tunnel and in the intake canal of the spillway. Calibration of both structures was made and flow conditions during winter with ice were examined. 408-10258-350-73 EASTMAIN, OPINACA, LA GRANDE (E.O.L.) CONTROL STRUCTURE-JAMES BAY PROJECT (b) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lalonde, Girouard, Leten- dre and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal. {d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1/100 scale model study of a three-gated control struc- ture designed for a peak flow of 70,000 cfs. The study in- cludes the investigation of various flow conditions and calibration of the structure. Excavation in the downstream reach as required by winter ice flow conditions is also being studied. 408-10259-300-90 UPPER RICHELIEU RIVER (h) Environment Canada. id) Model investigation, design. (f) Model constructed to a horizontal scale of 1/111 and a vertical scale of 1/45. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of proposed water level controls, for flood control at high flows and to maintain environmen- tally acceptable levels at low flows. (/) Completed. 408-10260-520-90 MOORING FORCES OF LARGE VESSELS BERTHED AT OFFSHORE TERMINALS (h) Ministry of Transport, Canada. (d) Model investigation; applied research (f) On a 1/100 scale model duplicating the Come-by-Chance terminal conditions, VLCC models, the largest being 412,000 DWT, were used to study the dynamics of moor- ing line forces generated as a result of combinations of wave conditions, lines-pretensioning, line-elongation characteristics, nylon-tail addition to steel lines, vessel loading, and mooring arrangements. With the view of developing practical guidelines for the general user, the program was expanded in a later phase to environmental conditions beyond those expected at the site of Come-by- Chance terminal. (/) First and second interim reports in 1976; studies under way. 408-10261-430-96 GASPE COASTLINE ROD NO. 132 (b) Ministry of Transport, Quebec. id) Model investigation, design. {e) Wave flume tests at scale 1/30 to determine design crest elevation of sea walls and protective slopes subject to breaking waves. (/) Completed. 408-10262-430-96 RIMOUSKI SEA WALL (b) Ministry of Transport, Quebec. (d) Model investigation; design. (e) Wave flume tests at scale 1/20 to investigate potential run- up and water projections on the road, as well as reflections from the wall towards the adjacent marina. (/) Completed. 408-10263-350-73 LG3 WATER INTAKE (b) James Bay Energy Corporation; S.N.C.-Cartier, Consulting Engineers. (d) Model investigation; design. (e) l/IOO scale model of forebay and intake structure. Tests included vortex observations and preparation of chronophotographic surface velocity charts. New approach walls and a higher elevation of the intake structure were adopted as a result of the investigation. (/) Completed. 408-10264-350-73 MANIC 2 SPILLWAY STRUCTURE (h) Hydro-Quebec. id) Model investigation; design. (e) 1/80 scale model of existing structure, power station and tail-race to define remedial measures to hydraulic problems caused by the functioning of the spillway struc- ture (high water levels and scour in the tailrace, water projections on the pulp wood chute and on the electric hnes). 271 if) Completed. 408-10265-340-73 LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION (h) Manitoba Hydro through Crippen Acres Engineering. (d) Experimental design. (e) 1/500 horizontal and 1/150 vertical scale ice model stu- dies. The Limestone Generating Station is to be built in a reach of the Nelson River subject to severe ice jamming. During the winter, under existing conditions the staging of the ice cover causes a rise in water level of about 15 me- ters above the open water conditions. The object of the model study is to determine winter water levels and stabili- ty of the ice cover under different diversion conditions. (/) Study in progress. 408-10266-350-73 OUTARDES 2 (b) Hydro Quebec through Sometal Atlantic Limited and As- selin, Benoit, Boucher, Ducharme, Lapointe, Inc. (d) Experimental design. (e) 1/30 scale partial model study of regulating and bulkhead gates. Measurement of hydraulic downpull and determina- tion of operating conditions giving gate vibration. (/) Completed. (g) The study enabled to determine gate knife edge shape giv- ing minimum hydraulic downpull and operating conditions under which risks of gate vibration are to be expected. (It) Report submitted to Hydro Quebec. 408-10267-860-65 WATER INTAKE FOR THE CITY OF MONTREAL WATER SUPPLY (t>) Public Works Department of the City of Montreal through Lalonde, Valois, Lamarre, Valois and Associates. (d) Field investigation. (e) Prototype frazil transport measurements and assessment of heating requirements to assure unhindered water supply during worst winter conditions. (/) Completed. (g) Investigation allowed to better understand the atmospheric and temperature conditions giving worst frazil ice trans- port and deposition at the Water Intake. (/i) Report submitted to the City of Montreal. 408-10268-350-73 LG3 SPILLWAY (h) James Bay Energy Corporation through SNC Cartier. (d) Experimental design. (e) l/lOO scale model study of hydraulic design of the spillway and the energy dissipation downstream. (/) Completed. (g) The study enabled to determine the spillway flip-bucket design providing a desired jet dispersal and scour condi- tions for maximum probable discharge. (/i) Report submitted to the James Bay Energy Corporation. 408-10269-870-73 MANITOLNLK SOUND (h) Hydro Quebec. (d) Experimental design. (e) 1/2,000 horizontal and 1/150 vertical scale hydraulic model study to determine the effects of power discharge on the salinity of the water as well as a comparison of its impact on the flow velocities and ice cover formation in- side the sound under present conditions and after comple- tion of the power project. (f) Study in progress. 408-10270-350-87 SIDI SAAD DAM (h) Ministry of Development, Tunisia, through SNC. ((/) Experimental design. (e) 1/100 scale model study of hydraulic design of the spillway and energy dissipation downstream. (/) Study in progress. 408-10271-350-73 FLOW DIVERSION FROM CANIAPISCAU RIVER TO LG4 RESERVOIR (i) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lemieux, Monti, Nadon, Roy and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal. id) Theoretical, design. (e) Study of the most appropriate route and required embank- ments and excavations to discharge 40,000 cfs over 136 miles of land, lakes or small rivers even during the worst winter ice conditions. 408-10272-210-73 TEMENGOR HOLLOW CONE VALVES (6) Hydroelectric Authority of Malaysia, Shawinigan Engineer- ing Co. Ltd., Montreal, Consulting Engineers. id) Experimental, design. (e) Operation of the two valves as short term bottom outlets installed in a diversion tunnel had resulted in significant splashing of an actively used work platform. Model studies at scale 1/30 were carried out to identify the source of the splashing and to develop remedial works required. (/) Completed. 408-10273-340-73 POINT LEPREAU PUMPHOUSE (6) New Brunswick Electric Power Commission. id) Experimental, design. (e) The pumphouse contains four small vertical axis propeller pumps and two large concrete volute pumps that circulate raw sea water through the cooling system of the thermal power plant. (J) Completed. ,g) Detailed modifications were developed in the three separate sumps so that water supply to all of the pumps was uniform and free of vortexing tendencies. Particular care was necessary to guarantee consistent operation over the complete tidal cycle involving water level changes up to 50 ft in the supply canal from the Bay of Fundy. 408-10274-340-73 INDIAN POINT GENERATING PLANTS (b) Consolidated Edison Company of New York. (d) Experimental, applied research, design. (e) A 1/84 scale model of the Hudson River was used to study the flows in the vicinity of the cooling water intakes and common outlet. Zones of the river supplying the intakes were defined as well as the trajectories of the heated ef- fluent over the complete tidal cycle. Theoretical analyses based on the model results allowed calculation of the amount of effluent water that was recirculated. (/) Completed. McGILL UNIVERSirr, Department of Chemical Engineer- ing, 3480 University St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7. Drs. A. S. Mujumdar and W. J. M. Douglas. 409-10781-050-90 IMPINGING JET FLOW, HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ib) N. R. C, Ottawa, Pulp & Paper Research Institute of Canada. (c) Dr. W. J. M. Douglas and Dr. A. S. Mujumdar. (d) Computational; experimental; several Ph.D. and M.Eng. theses. (e) Numerical models have been developed to predict the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of two-dimen- sional/axisymmetric, laminar/turbulent jets of air impinging normally on a permeable wall. Computer programs have 272 I been developed to simulate round swirling impinging jet including effect of suction or blowing at the impingement surface. Another code predicts the transfer rates under conditions of coupled heat and mass transfer. A unique ex- perimental facility has been designed and made opera- tional to measure the instantaneous heat flux on the sur- face of a porous metal drum rotating at high rpm's and ex- posed to heating and cooling slot jets. Parameters studied or under study include; effect of nozzle design, Reynolds number, nozzle-suction rate at the wall, effect of inter-jet interaction for multiple slot jets, etc. Specific application motivating this work, is the high-speed drying of newsprint using the Papridryer concept. (g) Various new experimental rigs for testing the simulation programs are being designed and constructed. (/i) List of publications available upon request. 409-10782-140-00 COLPLED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN ENTRY FLOWS (c) Dr. A. S. Mujumdar. (d) Computational, basic. (e) A computer code has been developed to predict the effect of high mass transfer rates on the flow, heat and mass transfer in the entrance length of a laminar tube flow. The code solves the full conservation of species (chosen to be air-water vapor), Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation subject to appropriate boundary conditions for a Newtonian fluid. (g) The code is being extended to include effects of swirl of arbitrary profile introduced at the inlet. 409-10783-020-00 TURBULENT FLOWS IN ASYMMETRIC CHANNELS (c) Dr. A. S. Mujumdar. id) Experimental, applied. (e) Hot-wire and laser Doppler velocimeter surveys of the mean velocity and turbulence characteristics of turbulent flow in specially designed asymmetric channels will be made. Results are of interest in design of headboxes of modern high-speed papermachine which are fully hydrau- lic. (g) Selection of various possible channel configurations is under way in consultation with papermachine manufac- turers. MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, St. John's, Newfoun- dland, Canada AlC 5S7. 410-10305-050-90 BUOYANT WALL JETS APPLIED TO OCEAN OUTFALLS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) J. J. Sharp, Associate Professor and B. D. Vyas, Post-Doc- toral Fellow. id) Experimental and theoretical research. (e) Study of various mathematical models of ocean outfalls and development of a mathematical model for dilution achieved by an axisymmetric buoyant wall jet, and com- parison with experimental results. (/) Studies on two-dimensional buoyant wall jets continued. (g) The research results could be utilized for an efficient design of ocean outfalls. The buoyant wall jets are found to have higher dilution capacity than the free jets discharged at the same Froude number and depth to diameter ratio. (/)) The Use of a Buoyant Wall Jet to Improve the Dilution of a Submerged Outfall, J. J. Sharp, Proc. Insln. Civil Engrs. 59, 2, pp. 527-536, Sept. 1975. Application of Dimensional Reasonings to Thermal Systems, J. J. Sharp, J. Franklin Institute 299, 3, pp. 191-197, Mar. 1975. The Buoyant Wall Jet, J J. Sharp, B D. Vyas, Proc. Instn. of Civil Engrs. (in press). Mathematical and Physical Models of the Ocean Outfall Performance, J. J. Sharp, B. D. Vyas, 7ih Inlersociety Conf. on Environmental Syslenis, San Frarvcisco, July 11-14, 1977 (communicated). 410-10306-360-00 STUDIES ON HYDRAULIC JUMP (c) J. J. Sharp, Associate Professor. id) Experimental. ie) The formation of hydraulic jump at an abrupt step is com- pared to that at a step with rounded edge. (/!) Observations on Hydraulic Jump at Rounded Step, J. J. Sharp, ASCE 100, pp. 787-795, June 1974. 410-10307-210-90 RESPONSE OF A SUBMERGED COMPOSITE PIPE (i>) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. D. B. Muggeridge. (d) Experimental and theoretical-M. Eng. () Public Works-Canada. (c) Dr. G. Mogridge, W. Jamieson. (d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research. (e) Using a scale model of a deep water off-shore mooring point, wave forces sensed by strain gauges are recorded on-line with an EAI-640 computer. Regular and random waves are used. (/i) A Design Method for the Estimation of Wave Loads on Square Caissons, G. R. Mogridge, W. W. Jamieson, LTR- HY-57, Oci. 1976. Wave Loads on Large Circular Cylinders: A Design Method, G. R. Mogridge, W. W. Jamieson, MH-II, Dec. 1976. 411-09562-330-90 MIRAMICHI CHANNEL STUDY ib) Ministry of Transport. (c) D. H. Willis. (d) Experimental, applied research. (e) A scale model study of the Miramichi Estuary, N. B., to determine the effects of deepening the navigation channel on the fiow regime and to define locations of dumping grounds. (/) Complete. (/i) Miramichi Channel Hydraulic Investigation, D. H. Willis, LTR-HY-56, Apr. 1977. 411-10314-430-90 BREAKWATER STABILITY STUDY (b) Public Works-Canada. (£•) G. W. T. Ashe, J. Ploeg. (.d) Experimental, applied research. (e) A study to determine parameters effecting stability of rub- ble mound breakwaters, including various new types of ar- mour. (g) It appears that wave grouping effects in irregular waves af- fect stability criteria. (/i) The Problem of Defining Design Wave Conditions, J. Ploeg, R. R. Johnson, Ports 1977 Conf, Mar. 1977. 274 411-10315-720-00 SIMULATION OF IRREGULAR WAVES IN LABORATORY FLUMES (c) E. Mansard, E. Funke. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research. (e) A study to develop new techniques to simulate ocean wave conditions, including wave grouping effects. 411-10316-420-00 MOORING FORCES ON FLOATING STRUCTURES (c) R. R. Johnson, N. Crookshank, B. D. Pratte. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research. (e) A study to determine forces on and motions of offshore structures, including vessels moored in shallow water ex- posed to waves. 411-10317-420-00 PROPAGATION OF WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER (c) R. R. Johnson, N. Crookshank. id) Theoretical, applied research. (e) The development of numerical modeling techniques to propagate random wave conditions from deep into shallow water, to define input conditions for other laboratory wave studies. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, Department of Civil Engineering, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada. Dr. K. S. Davar, Professor of Hydrosciences. 412-09571-020-00 DISPERSION IN A RECTANGULAR CONDUIT WITH RELA- TIVELY LARGE ROUGHNESS ON ONE BOUNDARY (b) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Theoretical and experimental (laboratory covered flume); basic research; Doctoral dissertation. (e) Evaluation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient for varying roughness sizes and spacings. (/i) Effects of Large Roughness on Resistance and Dispersion in Conduits, E. Ismail, N. Abd El-Hadi, K. S. Davar, Proc. 3rd Nail. Hydroieclinical Conf., Canadian Soc. Civil Engrg., Quebec City, pp. 453-474, May 1977. 412-09572-210-90 RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR CONDUIT WITH RELATIVELY LARGE ROUGHNESS ON ONE BOUNDARY (b) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Theoretical and experimental (laboratory study in rectan- gular duct); basic research with potential applications to ice covered rivers; Doctoral dissertation. (e) Composite resistance (conduit) and component resistances (very rough and smooth boundaries) evaluated in a rectan- gular conduit with very large roughness strips of various sizes at different spacings. (/) Nearing completion. (/i) Effects of Large Roughness on Resistance and Dispersion in Conduits, E. Ismail, N. Abd El-Hadi, K. S. Davar. Proc. 3rd Natl. Hydroieclinical Conf., Canadian Soc. Civil Engrg., Quebec City, pp. 453-474, May 1977. ONTARIO HYDRO, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, On- tario, Canada M5G 1X6. Mr. J. B. Bryce, Manager, Hydraulic Studies. 41 3-09573-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "B," COOLING WATER OUTFALL DUCT (f) A 1.25 scale model of the closed duct used to convey cooling water from the condenser to the open surface out- fall channel. Model used to determine design details and performance, i.e., head loss, for maximum economic effi- ciency. (/) Test programme completed; model dismantled 413-09574-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "B," COOLING WATER OUTFALL CHANNEL (d) Experimental, design. (e) A 1:60 scale model of the open-surface channel used to return spent cooling water from the plant to Lake Huron. Model used to determine design details and performance, to reduce head loss and to promote effective mixing of the cooling water with the ambient body of water of Lake Huron for quick heat dispersion. (/) Test programme completed; model dismantled. 413-09575-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATIONS "A" AND "B" (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1 : 1 20 scale model of the condenser cooling water intake and outfall, including the adjacent area of Lake Ontario, affected by the once-through cooling process. Model used to study hydraulic design details of intake and outfall works, to prevent sediment intake, cooling water recircula- tion and to improve efficiency of heat dispersion of cool- ing water waste heat. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09576-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATIONS "B"-SPENT FUEL BAY "A" AND (d) Experimental, operation. (e) An investigation to determine impact velocities in case of accidental and uncontrolled release into the spent fuel bay of a fiask containing spent fuel bundles. Model fuel flasks constructed to five scales, ranging from 1:100 to 1:12, to determine an allowance for "scale effects." High speed movie techniques used in analysis. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09577-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATION WELL 'B"-C. W. PUMP- (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:20 scale model of one condenser cooling water pump- well. Model used to develop hydraulic design details for acceptable suction conditions. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09578-340-00 BRUCE HEAVY WATER PLANT-WATER SYSTEM HANDLING (h) Lummus Company of Canada Limited. (c) Mr. D. Ross, 255 Consumers' Road Unit 2, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada, M2J 4H4. id) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:50 scale model of the system comprising intake tun- nel, forebays, pumps and intake and outfall channels to convey process and cooling water to and from the heavy water extraction facilities. Model used to determine design details and compliance with the exacting performance specifications, as required by the extraction process. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. (d) Experimental; design. 413-09579-340-00 WESLEYVILLE GENERATING COOLING WATER SYSTEM (d) Experimental; design. STATION-CONDENSER 275 254-330 0-78-19 (e) A 1:25 scale model comprising the vertical inlet shaft, forebay, pumpwell inlets, condenser outlets, return duct, outfall channel, as well as an internal recirculation duct to release warm water into the forebay under icing conditions and a tempering pumphouse to pump cold water into out- fall channel for reduction of temperature of cooling water at the point of return to Lake Ontario. Model used to determine details of hydraulic design and to check cooling water system performance for this 2000 MW oil-fired ther- mal station. (/) Investigation continuing in the area of tempering and cool- ing water fiow mixing. 413-09580-340-00 SO2 SCRUBBER-PILOT PLANT (d) Experimental; design. ie) A 1;20 scale model of the gas intake, spray tower, demister and re-heat sections. Model used to develop the duct layout to obtain even fiow distribution in the critical cross-sections. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-09581-340-00 ONCE-THROUGH CONDENSER COOLING WATER SYSTEMS-INTAKE DEVELOPMENT id) Experimental; development. (e) A facility to carry out development work of off-shore sub- merged condenser cooling water intakes for large fossil- fired and nuclear thermal generating stations. Studies aim at developing a number of intake designs with suitable characteristics regarding plant operation and protection of the environment. (/) Facility operational. 413-10318-420-00 SUBMERGED CONDENSER COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURES-WAVE FORCES (d) Experimental; design. (e) A model test programme to ascertain dynamic wave loads on large submerged cooling water intake structures for several thermal generating stations. Tests conducted at a scale of 1 :50. if) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10319-850-00 PICKERING G. S. "A"-ELECTRIC FISH BARRIER (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:8 scale model of the barrier electrodes positioned at the inlet to the cooling water channel. Model used to develop an electrode design that would be stable under the action of wave forces prevailing in the area. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10322-340-00 WESLEVVILLE GENERATING STATION-GAS STUDY OF PRECIPITATOR DUCTING FLOW 413-10320-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATION WATER OUTFALL TEMPERING 'B" COOLING (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:60 scale model of the condenser cooling water return structure. Model used for the hydraulic design of a side outlet to introduce water at ambient temperature into the condenser coolant stream for reduction of temperatures to conform with environmental guide lines. Design objective: efficient mixing of warm and cold water streams to achieve uniform temperatures at the monitoring point. (/) Investigation completed, model inactive. 413-10321-340-00 WESLEYVILLE G.S.-C.W. PUMPWELL (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:6 scale model of one condenser cooling water pump- well. Model used to develop hydraulic design details for acceptable suction conditions. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:16 scale model comprising the electrostatic precipita- tor and gas ducting leading into and out of it. Model used for design of flow guiding devices to ensure a flow dis- tribution in critical cross-sections as required for effective operation of precipitator. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10323-340-00 BRUCE G.S. "A"-COOLING WATER INTAKE (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:25 scale model of the station's condenser cooling water intake. Studies aiming at producing hydraulic layout that will satisfy economic, operational and environmental criteria of plant design. 413-10324-340-00 BRUCE NUCLEAR COMPLEX (d) Experimental; design; operation. (e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:240, vertical scale 1 : 1 20-featuring the cooling water outlets of three nuclear generating stations and one large heavy water production facility. Objective of study is to ascertain the deployment and interaction of the four thermal plumes to ensure satisfactory operating conditions and compliance with en- vironmental guide lines. (/) Model construction completed; installation of controls, in- strumentation and data acquisition and processing equip- ment in progress. 413-10325-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATIONS "A" AND "B" (d) Experimental; design. (e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:250, vertical scale l:125-of the condenser cooling water intake and outfall, including the adjacent area of Lake Ontario, affected by the once-through cooling process. Model used to study hydraulic design details of intake and outfall works to prevent cooling water recirculation and to improve effi- ciency of heat dispersion of cooling water waste heat. (/) Investigation in progress. 413-10326-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATION "A"-WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT (d) Experimental; development. (e) A 1:120 scale model comprising the plant's cooling water intake and outfall works and the shore region of Lake On- tario contiguous to the cooling water return structure. Model used to determine feasibility of using spent cooling water to create a warm water beach for public use. (/) Investigation completed; model removed. 413-10327-340-00 THUNDER BAY GENERATING STATION EXTENSION-GAS FLOW STUDY OF PRECIPITATOR DUCTING (d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:16 scale model comprising the electrostatic precipita- tor and gas ducting leading into and out of it. Model used for design of fiow guiding devices to ensure a fiow dis- tribution in critical cross-sections as required for effective operation of precipitator. if) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10328-220-00 MARMION LAKE-SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT STUDY l.d) Experimental; field investigation; design. 276 (e) Field sampling and laboratory test programme to establish sediment cntrainment characteristics. Results to be used to determine the response of Lake bed sediments, consisting of very fine grained mine tailings to flow in the Lake to be induced by the circulation of condenser cooling water by a proposed thermal generating station. (/) Investiation completed. 413-10329-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "B" TUNNEL PORTAL id) Experimental; design. (e) A 1;25 scale model of the transition from the condenser cooling water tunnel into the pumphouse forebay. Model used to minimize head losses in the transition to arrive at k optimum hydraulic design. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 413-10330-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "A" SPRAY-DOUSING SYSTEM-RISER PIPES {d) Experimental; design. (e) A 1:14 scale model of four riser pipes to convey water from a storage tank to dousing spray headers. Model used to check a riser pipe redesign with respect to hydraulic layout and structural soundness. (/) Investigation completed; model inactive. 413-10331-350-00 WHITEDOG GENERATING CALIBRATION STATION-SPILLWAY (d) Experimental; operation. (e) A 1:50 scale model of the powerhouse and spillway sec- tion of an existing hydroelectric plant. Model used to ascertain spillway discharge coefficients to improve accu- racy of flow records for the station. (f) Investigation completed; model inactive. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada K7L 3N6. 414-10513-220-90 THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE GRADIENTS ON OSCILLATO- RY CURRENT MOTION ON SAND BEDS (i>) National Research Council. (c) Dr. A. Brebner. (d) Basic research. (e) Oscillatory motion representing prototype wave currents at the sea bed are reproduced along with vertical water pres- sure gradients, both into and out of the sand bed to find the effect of the latter on the sand particle motion. (/i) Sea Bed Mobility Under Vertical Pressure Gradients, T. Carstens, A. Brebner, J. W. Kamphuis, B.O.S.S. Intl. Conf. Proc, Trondheim, Aug. 1976. 414-10514-430-90 THE EFFECT OF BREAKAGE ON THE STABILITY OF DOLOS ARMOUR UNITS {b) National Research Council. (c) Dr. A. Brebner. (d) Basic research, {e) Oscillatory motion is effected on dolos units, both broken and unbroken, and carried with quarry stone at the same weight to find the effective value of K^. 414-10515-370-90 BLOCKAGE, PLUG FLOW AND SLIDING BEDS IN PIPELINES TRANSPORTING SOLIDS (6) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. K. C. Wilson. id) Experimental and theoretical project. (f ) This topic is directly associated with design problems which occur in pipelines used industrially for transporting solids. A mathematical model of the phenomena being in- vestigated has been proposed. Experimental investigations will be combined with further analytical work on the model. ill) Slip Model Correlation of Dense Two-Phase Flow, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 2nd Inll. Conf. Hydraulic Tran.spurt of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1972. Co-Ordinates for the Limit of Deposition in Pipeline Flow, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 3rd Inll. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1974. Stationary Deposits and Sliding Beds in Pipes Transporting Solids, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 1st Intl. Symp. Dredging Technology, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1975. 414-10516-130-90 ENTRAINMENT OF SOLID PARTICLES BY TURBULENT SUSPENSION (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. K. C. Wilson, Dr. W. E. Watt. (d) Theoretical project. ie) The efficiency of solids pipelining is directly linked to ef- fective turbulent suspension. However the effect of the particle size relative to scale of turbulence has generally been ignored. The present work accounts for this effect and gives a formulation which is in accord with the experi- mental evidence. (h) Influence of Particle Diameter on the Turbulent Support of Solids in Pipeline Flow, K. C. Wilson, W. E. Watt, Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. Hvdraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg', 1974. 414-10517-370-90 UNIFIED ANALYTIC MODEL FOR SOLID-LIQUID PIPELINE FLOW (b) National Research Council of Canada. (d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. (e) Results from the previous projects on deposition and tur- bulent entrainment are combined into a unified analytical model. Comparison with pilot plant and prototype data shows high success in the predictions of the analytic model. (/i) A Unified Physically-Based Analysis of Solid-Liquid Pipeline Flow, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 4tli Intl. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1976. New Techniques for the Scale-Up of Pilot-Plant Results to Coal Slurry Pipelines, K. C. Wilson, D. G. Judge, Proc. Intl. Symp. Freight Pipeline, Washington, DC, 1976. 414-10518-810-00 ECONOMIC APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING DESIGN PARAMETERS (c) Dr. K. C. Wilson, Dr. W. E. Watt. {d) Theoretical (M.Sc. thesis), basic research. (e) In the absence of uncertainty, the best design could be determined by economic optimization. It is found that the uncertainty inherent in the real-world use generally requires a shift in the design optimum. The magnitude of the shift and the cost associated with uncertainty are ex- pressed as functions of the uncertainty in the input data. (/)) Economic Approach to Optimizing Design Parameters, W. E. Watt, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 14th Coastal Engrg. Conf. 3, ASCE, 1974. Uncertainty in Mathematical Modeling of Northern Rivers, K. C. Wilson, W. E. Watt, S. P. Trevellick, 3rd Natl. Hydrotech. Conf., CSCE, 1977. 414-10519-000-90 MEASUREMENT OF THE FLUCTUATING VELOCITIES OF TURBULENCE IN A CIRCULAR COUETTE FLOW {b) National Research Council of Canada, (c) Dr. M. S. Yalin. 277 (cl) Theoretical and experimental. Basic research, carried out by Dr. T. Tarimcioglu (Post Doctoral Fellow). (e) The Couette flow is generated by two coaxial cylinders; speed variable, flow boundaries smooth. The root mean square values of all three fluctuating velocity components u',, u'l,, u'j are measured as functions of the position (r,z). The measurements are carried out with the aid of a laser Doppler anemometer. Fluid is water, various values of the Reynolds number are achieved by varying the angular velocity OJ and thus the relative linear velocity tt>Ri. The distribution of the cross-correlation coefficients ^u is also being determined. 414-10520-200-90 THE INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON THE FLUCTUATING AND THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF TURBULENCE IN AN OPEN CHANNEL (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. M. S. Yalin. (d) Theoretical and experimental (M.Sc. thesis), basic research. (e) The contemporary approach rests on the assumption that the presence of suspended load alters the value of the Von Karman constant, without affecting the logarithmic form of the distribution of time average velocities. It appears that this may be so in the special case of a uniformly dis- tributed sediment concentration. It is intended to reveal how the logarithmic form is affected depending on the nonuniformity degree (dC/dy) of the concentration dis- tribution C= f(y). The analogous case will be investigated for the root mean square values of the fluctuating veloci- ties u,'. 414-10521-220-90 ON THE TIME GROWTH OF DUNES FORMED BY A TUR- BULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. M. S. Yalin. (d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research. (e) It takes a certain duration (T) for dunes to grow to their fully developed size, starting from the flat initial sand bed (newly dredged bed of a river). The aim of the present measurements is to reveal how the "duration of develop- ment" T varies as a function of the parameters determin- ing the flow and the bed material. An auxilliary objective is to reveal the manner of growth of the dune size X with the time t (i.e., the form of X=f(t) for 0) Institut de Mecanique Statistique de la Turbulence, Mar- seille, France and National Research Council of Canada. (t) Professor James F. Keffer. id) Basic research, experimental and theoretical. (e) Examination of spread of contaminants in free turbulent shear flows with asymmetrical velocity and temperature profiles. Experiments being carried out in mixing layer with jump in temperature and an asymmetrical, partially heated jet. (g) It has been found for the velocity case of an asymmetric wake flow that a relatively large region of "negative production of turbulence" exists. For the case of a par- tially heated mixing layer the equivalent thermal situation is found also. (/i) Interpretation of Negative Production of Temperature Fluc- tuations by Spectral Analysis, C. Beguier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, Proc. Svnip. on Turk. Shear Flows, Penn. State, 1977. Etude Spectrale d'un Ecoulement a Production Negative des Fluctuations Turbulentes de Temperature, C. Beguier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, Compies Rendus, Se r. B, p. 417, 1976. Production de Turbulence des Fluctuations de Vitesse en de Tempe rature dans les Ecoulements a Profile Moyens Dis- syme triques, C. Be guier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, J. de Physique 37, C 1 - 1 87 , 1976. Epanouissement d'un Cre nau de Chaleur dans une Zone de Melange Turbulent, C. Beguier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, R. Dumas, Compies Rendus. Se r. B, p. 493, 1975. Production Negative de Fluctuations Turbulentes de Temperature dans le Cas d'un Cre neau de Chaleur s'Epanouissant dans une Zone de Melange, J. F. Keffer, L Fulachier, C. Beguier, Compies Rendus, Se r. B, p. 519, 1975. 417-09598-020-90 DISTORTION OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor James F. Keffer. (d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical. (e) Examination of gross uniform strain applied to various shear flows, e.g., wakes and mixing layers. (g) Results for a thermal mixing layer indicate that the self- preserving scales do not follow the predicted variation. (h) Doctoral thesis in preparation. 417-09599-210-00 SKIN FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW (6) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser. (d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical. (e) Study of the mechanics of energy dissipation in transient flow. (g) U-tube oscillations and establishment-in-time of pipe flow have been studied both experimentally and analytically. Results indicate conclusively that the standard techniques for approximating transient skin friction effects lead to er- roneous results. (/)) Skin Friction in Unsteady Laminar Pipe Flow, M. F. Leteli- er, H. J. Leutheusser, J Hvdr. Div., ASCE 102, HYl, pp. 41-56, 1976. Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition in Accelerated Fluid Mo- tion, H. J. Leutheusser, K. W. Lam, Proc. XVllih Congress of lAHR, Baden-Baden, Germany, 1977. 417-10502-000-90 PLANE COUETTE FLOW (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research. (f ) A fundamental investigation of the structure of turbulence in a uniformly sheared flow with and without wall roughness is being undertaken. The Couette principle will also be applied to a study of the initial steps in surface- wave generation by applying a known shear stress to a water surface. 417-10503-250-90 EXTENSIONAL FLOWS OF DILUTE POLYMER SOLU- TIONS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor D. F. James. 281 (d) Experimental, basic research. (e) Dilute polymer solutions, with concentrations in the drag- reducing regime, are being studied for the case of flow through small orifices. Measurements of flow rate and pressure drop, reveal that the departure from Newtonian behaviour is generally sudden, appreciable, and concurrent with the onset of an unstable secondary flow pattern. 417-10504-250-90 MECHANICAL MODELS OF DISSOLVED MACROMOLECULES IN CONVERGING FLOWS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor D. F. James. id) Theoretical, basic research for Master's thesis. (e) The validity of the Rouse model for macromolecules is ex- amined for radially converging flows of dilute polymer solutions, that is, flows in a wedge or cone. The analysis shows that the Rouse model is valid and that the molecules do not cause any significant departure from Newtonian behaviour. A model having finite extension is proposed and is shown to produce large non-Newtonian stresses. if) Analysis complete; thesis in preparation (H. King). 417-10505-210-70 SIMULATION OF WATERHAMMER (b) Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd. (c) Professor D. F. James. (d) Experimental; design of test procedure. * (e) A method was developed to test 12-inch cement-asbestos pipes for the sudden pressure loads that can be produced by waterhammer. The pressure history due to water- hammer was simulated by subjecting test lengths of pipe, filled with water, to suddenly released gas pressure. This technique produced a pressure jump in 0.2 seconds. The pressure jump was raised until a pipe burst. (/) Work completed, report submitted to sponsor. (g) Cement-asbestos pipes can sustain a higher pressure ap- plied suddenly than applied quasi-statically. 417-10506-130-90 PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOW fuer (b) National Research Council of Canada; Institut Hydromechanik, Universitaet Karlsruhe, Germany. (c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser. (d) Experimental, basic research for Master's thesis. (e) It is known that the occurrence of two-phase flow in hydraulic systems tends to render fluctuating forces more intense and regular. It is planned to study the fundamental physical processes involved in this transformation. 417-10507-010-90 BOUNDARY LAYER BEHAVIOUR ON A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN CRITICAL REYNOLDS-NUMBER RANGE (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor WW Martin. (d) Experimental, basic research for graduate thesis. (e) Boundary layers on fixed and oscillating cylinders are in- vestigated in critical Reynolds-number range to high blockage (3) using hot-wire anemometry. The aim of the project is to investigate the possibility of self-induced oscil- lations. (g) Data on the formation and collapse of a separation "bubble" in critical Reynolds-number range have been ob- tained for a fixed cylinder and correlated with drag coeffi- cient, Strouhal number and spectral analysis of boundary layer and wake fiuctuations. 417-10508-000-00 FLOW OVER A RECTANGULAR CAVITY (h) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor W. W. Martin. (d) Experimental and theoretical. (e) The free shear flow across the cavity is studied using laser Doppler anemometry to measure the development with downstream position. The nature of the fluid dynamic feedback which occurs for some flow conditions is being considered. TRENT UNIVERSITY, Department of Geography, Peter- borough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8. Dr. A. G. Brunger, Chairman. 418-10618-810-90 SNOWFALL AND SNOWCOVER IN THE PETERBOROUGH AREA (b) Environment Canada. (c) Dr. W. P. Adams. (d) Field investigation. (e) Studies of methods of measuring snowfall; areal distribu- tion and stratigraphy of snowcover. (/i) Areal Differentiation of Snowcover in East Central Ontario, W. P. Adams, Water Resources Res. 12, 6, pp. 1226-1234, 1976. Limitations of the Bulk Density Method of Snow Course Measurement and the Need for More Detailed Snow Data, W. P. Adams, J. of Soil and Water Conservation (in press). 418-10619-440-90 SNOW AND ICE COVER OF LAKES (b) National Research Council of Canada, Environment Canada. (c) Dr. W. P. Adams. (d) Field investigation, includes graduate research. (e) A study of the growth and decay of the winter cover of lakes with some reference to the biological roles of that cover. (/() Field Determination of the Densities of Lake Ice Sheets, W. P. Adams, Limnology and Oceanography 21, 4, pp. 602- 608, July 1976. Approaches to the Study of Ice-Push Features, with Reference to Gillies Lake, Ontario, W. P. Adams, S. A. Mathewson, Rev. Geogr. Montr. XXX, 1-2, pp. 187-196, 1976. Diversity of Lake Cover and Its Implications, W. P. Adams, Musk-O.x 18, pp. 86-96, 1976. 418-10620-810-90 EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOW, PETER- BOROUGH, ONTARIO (h) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. C. H. Taylor. (d) Field investigation; M.Sc. thesis in progress. (e) A study of the effects of on-going suburban development on the runoff response and sediment yield of a small stream in Peterborough, Ontario. {/) The study has been on-going since 1973. (-g) Results indicate that suburban development has increased peak discharges and direct runoff volumes significantly, and that the magnitude of the effect varies seasonally. (/i) Effects of Suburban Development on Streamflow in a Small Basin in Peterborough, Ontario, C. H. Taylor, Proc. 9th Canadian Hxdrologx S\inp., Winnipeg, Aug. 11-14, 1975, pp. 745-750'. Seasonal Variations in the Impact of Suburban Develop- ment on Runoff Response: Peterborough, Ontario, C. l-l. Taylor, Water Resour. Res. 13, 2, pp. 464-468, 1977. 418-10621-810-90 RUNOFF PRODUCTION IN A SMALL SWAMP NEAR PETERBOROUGH, ONTARIO (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. C. H. Taylor. (d) Field investigation; M.Sc. thesis in progress. 282 (e) This study is an investigation of the processes that control the runoff response of a small swamp-fed stream. Particu- lar attention is being paid to the applicability of the varia- ble source area model, by relating seasonal and storm-to- storm fluctuations in the extent of the saturated area to the runoff response. Both snowmelt and rainstorm events are included. (g) Field data have been collected for two seasons and are currently being analysed. Preliminary indications are that fluctuations in swamp area, related to variations in the local water table, are the dominant control of the runoff response. UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, Department of Civil En- gineering, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1. 41 9-O9605-3 10-00 RESERVOIR OPERATION DURING FLASH FLOODS (c) Professor N. Kouwen. (d) Field investigation, applied research. (e) The work examines the utility of a direct access computer program with radar precipitation inputs in forecasting stream flow during flash floods. (h) Radar and Direct Access Computers in Flood Control, Meeting Preprint 2594, ASCE, Nov. 3-7, 1 977. 419-09607-210-00 SLAMMING OF HYDRAULIC CHECK VALVES (c) Professors N. Kouwen and David Weaver of McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. (d) Theoretical and experimental; thesis. (e) Methods are sought to reduce the harmful effects of slamming of closing check valves in water lines. (f) Completed. (/i) Flow Induced Vibrations of a Hydraulic Valve and Their Elimination, D. S. Weaver, F. A. Adubi, N. Kouwen, Fluids Engrg. and Bioengrg. Conf., ASME, New Haven, Conn., June 15-17, 1977. 419-09608-860-00 WATER QUALITY BEHAVIOR IN ICE COVERED RIVERS (c) Professors E. McBean and G. J. Farquhar. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; thesis. (e) The changes in velocity profile, the potential alteration in depositional patterns and the effects of breaks in ice covers are a few of the factors which preclude direct utilization of non-ice relationships in the presence of ice. The intent of this research is to identify, and define, the role of the essential features affecting the water quality response under ice. 419-10509-400-90 NUMERICAL MODELING IN HUDSON BAY AND IN CHESTERFIELD INLET (b) Environment Canada (Marine Sciences Directorate). (c) Professor T. E. Unny. (d) Finite difference modeling using implicit scheme and sparse matrix techniques. 419-10510-440-00 DISPERSION MODELS FOR LAKES (c) Professors G. J. Farquhar and N. Kouwen. (d) Theoretical and experimental; thesis. (e) Methods are sought to physically model dispersion in lakes using distorted hydraulic models. A mathematical finite element model is used to interpret the results of measure- ments in a simple laboratory model. 419-10511-290-90 STOCHASTIC MODELING OF FLOWS IN HYDRAULICS (b) National Research Council, Canada. (c) Professor T. E. Unny. 418-10512-070-90 CONTAMINANT MIGRATION IN POROUS MEDIA (b) Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of the En- vironement. (c) Professors G. J. Farquhar and J. F. Sykes. (d) Experimental and field investigations; applied research. (e) Research examines contaminant interactions through laboratory experimentation. Purpose is to express them in model format in order to enable the simulation of field behaviour. (g) Excellent agreement has so far been achieved between laboratory and field methodologies for conservative and simple nonconservative contaminant species. WESTERN CANADA HYDRAULIC LABORATORIES LTD., 1186 Pipeline Road, Port Coquitlam, B. C, Canada V3B 4S1. Mr. Duncan Hay, Managing Director. 420-10533-430-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CAPE TORMENTINE FERRY TERMINAL BREAKWATER MODIFICATIONS (b) Transport Canada, Marine & Ferry Branch, Ottawa, On- tario. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Determine the effects of several alternative modifications to the existing harbour euid pressured ice in the harbour area. (f) Completed. 420-10534-470-90 ASSESSMENT OF FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL HARBOURS, PHASE I (b) Small Craft Harbours Branch, Pacific Region, Vancouver, B.C. (d) Field investigation. (e) To prepare guidelines for the study of flushing in small craft harbours and to introduce predictive techniques whereby potential flushing characteristics under varying situations can be evaluated. (/) Completed. 420-10535-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF RIVER DIVERSION AT PEACE RIVER SITE I (b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority. (d) Exfjerimental for design and opyeration. (e) Investigation of Phase B of the river diversion sequence during construction of the facilities at Site 1 on the Peace River including approach conditions, structure rating and performance, optimum Phase A cofferdam excavations, scour f)otential downstream of the structures, and cavita- tion fKJtential at the structure gate slots. (/) Completed. 420-10536-210-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SOROAKO HOWELL- BUNGER VALVE (b) Canadian Bechtel Limited. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Investigate approach flow conditions to proposed Howell- Bunger valve locations as an aid in assessing the structural adequacy of the valves. These valves are to be used to control discharge through "water saving synchronous by- passes" in the Lamingko powerhouse of the Larona Hydro Development, Soroako Nickel Project, Sulawesi, Indone- sia. (/) Completed. 283 420-10537-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY, PEACE RIVER-SITE I. DIVERSION GATE STUDIES (h) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority. id) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Determine the hydraulically induced forces on one of the 19 ft by 40 ft diversion sluice gates during closure. Modify the gate to reduce excessive downpull force or control dynamic instability. (/) Completed. 420-10538-340-73 COMPREHENSIVE HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY, IN- TEGRATED POWERPLANT LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION (h) Manitoba Hydro. id) Experimental for design and operation. (e) This study was the final in a series of three; Sectional, gate and comprehensive models, to develop the integrated powerplant concept for the Limestone Site. The purpose was modified to generate data which could be applied to other sites. (/) Completed. 420-10539-430-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF TIRE-FILLED, CONCRETE WALL, AND CAISSON-TYPE FLOATING BREAKWATERS (b) Department of Environment, Canada. (d) Experimental for design and operations. (e) Study undertaken to obtain floating breakwater efficiency data for tire-filled, thin wall, and caisson-type breakwaters, and to compare efficiency data of other floating break- waters. (/) Completed. 420-10540-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF EMERGENCY COOL- ING SYSTEM PUMP INTAKE, DAVIS BESSIE NUCLEAR POWER STATION (h) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) investigate whether fiow-reducing or air-entraining vortices would develop in the sump inlet of the emergency core cooling system, and to develop modifications for the elimination of vortices. Later modifications were in- troduced. (/) Completed. 420-10541-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE EMERGENCY COOLING SYSTEM INTAKES, J. M. FARLEY NUCLEAR POWER STATION (h) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) The purpose was to investigate whether flow-reducing and air-entraining vortices would develop in the intakes and to develop modifications for the elimination of vortices. Modifications were introduced. 420-10542-350-70 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SKINS LAKE SPILL- WAY, NECHAKO-KITIMAT PROJECT (h) Aluminum Company of Canada Ltd. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) The studies were to assess the hydraulic performance of a new spillway and test any necessary modifications. Mea- surement of hydraulic forces was taken to aid in the selec- tion of hoisting equipment. (/) Completed. 420-10543-470-70 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF HORSESHOE BAY FERRY TERMINAL, BERTH NO. 1 (h) Department of Highways and Public Works, B.C. {d) Field investigation, and experimental design and operation. (e) Determine the most economical means of protecting floats from ferry wash and debris caused by the propwash of the new 457 ft long ferries. (/) Completed. 420-10544-340-70 PALO VERDE NUCLEAR GENERATION STATION (h) Boving Division-Axel Johnson Corporation. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Improve fiow conditions to pumps. 420-10545-300-90 ANALYTICAL AND HYDRAULIC LOWER ERASER RIVER MODEL STUDIES, (fe) Department of Public Works, Canada. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Investigate the feasibility of establishing 40 ft navigable depths on the lower Eraser River. The studies were divided into analytical studies, fixed bed hydraulic model studies, and movable bed hydraulic model studies. (/) Completed. 420-10546-420-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF TAILING DELTA STA- BILIZATION (i>) Klohn Leonoff Consultants Ltd., Vancouver, B.C. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Determine the foreshore characteristics required to achieve stable conditions for given rock sizes under attack by a given wave height, and to study the general mechanism of longshore movement and beach develop- ment. (/) Completed. 420-10547-470-96 WIND AND WAVE STUDIES OF THE GABRIOLA ISLAND FERRY TERMINAL PROPOSED (i>) Department of Highways, B.C. (d) Field investigations and analytical studies. (e) To conduct wind, wave and current studies of the proposed ferry terminal and the assessment of protection requirements at several potential sites. (/> Completed. 420-10548-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF TURBINE MANIFOLD, TALSTON 4 MW EXTENSION, NORTHERN CANADA COMMISSION (fc) W. F. Kelly and Associates Ltd., B.C. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Examine by physical modeling the flow distribution from a four-unit flow distribution manifold to the turbine units under equal unit back pressures with and without splitter plates. Further modifications were introduced to improve flow conditions. (/) Completed. 420-1 0549-390-70 CONCEPTUAL HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF OUTFALL PIPELINE SYSTEM, ISLAND COPPER MINE (h) Utah Mines Ltd. id) Theoretical for design and operations. (e) The preparation of a conceptual hydraulic design of tailings outfall system. if) Completed. 284 420-10550-300-65 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES ON DON AND LION ISLANDS DEVELOPMENT, ERASER RIVER (b) Rivtow Straits Limited, B.C. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Evaluate the feasibility and effects of proposed causeways connecting Don and Lulu Islands, Don and Lion islands, to determine an optimum design for the improvement of alignment and location of the causeways; to determine the effectiveness of the tide in flushing pollutants from the backwater regions of the proposed development. if) Completed. 420-10551-410-96 STUDY OF THE CLIFF AND FORESHORE STABILIZATION PROBLEM AT POINT GREY, VANCOUVER (b) Vancouver Board of Parks and Public Recreation. (d) Field investigation. (e) Review of all aspects of the Point Grey stabilization problem employing information from previous studies and other sources of available data in order to provide recom- mendations for immediate and long term actions. (/) Completed. 420-10552-420-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF QUANICASSEE UNITS 1 AND 2 (b) Bechtel Power Corporation. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Investigate three-dimensional wave characteristics as- sociated with the design storm for the Quanicassee Units 1 and 2 Power Plant. (J) Suspended. 420-10553-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY DIVERSION STRUCTURE, LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION (b) Manitoba Hydro. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Evaluate the performance of the spillway, potential ero- sion, diversion ports and the hydraulic forces on the diver- sion gates. 420-10554-220-90 ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT DATA TAKEN ON THE LOWER ERASER RIVER (ft) Department of Supply and Services. (rf) Field investigation. ie) Define bivariate linear and nonlinear relations between hydraulic and sediment parameter, sediment-rating curves. Furthermore, it would determine multivariate sediment transport functions for the determination of total bed material in washload transport, and generate bedload mea- surement techniques based on the regime channel geometry. 420-10555-390-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF KITIMAT ARM SLIDE (b) Hecate Straits Engineering Ltd. (d) Experimental for basic research. (e) Determine the effects of submarine slide on the surround- ing areas at Kitimal Port. 420-10556-850-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF FISH TRANSFER FISH PUMP (b) Department of Fisheries and Environment. id) Experimental for design and operation. ie) Examine the performance of discreet peripheral jet pump in combination with air-lift pump in a typical fish pumping application. 420-10557-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF REVELSTOKE PRO- JECT, COLUMBIA RIVER, B.C. (6) B. C. Hydro and Power Authority. (d) Experimental for design and operation. (e) Evaluate on two separate models the diversion tunnel with appertenant structures with respect to approach condi- tions, structure performance, hydraulic loadings, tailwater levels, scour potential and operating procedures over a range of discharges. THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences Building, London, Ontario, Can- ada N6A 5B9. Professor S. C. R. Dennis, Department Chairman. 421-07995-030-90 TIME DEPENDENT AND STEADY VISCOUS FLUID FLOW (fc) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor S. C. R. Dennis. (d) Theoretical. (e) A number of studies of various fiow configurations involv- ing viscous fiuids are under way. The objects of the pro- ject are to understand the physical nature of the fiows concerned, and also to develop numerical techniques of solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Most of the recent work has been on steady flow in curved tubes. A major project on flow near rotating spheres is also being carried out in conjunction with Dr. S. N. Singh of the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. (/i) Application of the Series Truncation Method to Two- Dimensional Internal Flows, S. C. R. Dennis, Lecture Noies in Physics 35, pp. 138-143, 1975. The Steady Motion of a Viscous Fluid in a Curved Tube, S. C. R. Dennis, W. M. Collins, Quari. J. Mecli. Appl. Math. 28, pp. 165-188, 1975. Viscous Eddies Near a 90° and a 45° Corner in Flow Down a Curved Tube of Triangular Cross-Section, S. C. R. Dennis, W. M. Collins, J Fluid Mech. 76, pp. 417-432, 1976. Steady Flow in a Curved Tube of Triangular Cross-Section, S. C. R. Dennis, W. M. Collins, Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 352, pp. 189-211, 1976. A Numerical Method for Calculating Steady Flow Past a Cylinder, S. C. R. Dennis, Lecture Notes in Physics 59, pp. 165-172, 1977. 421-07996-020-90 DIFFUSION IN FLUID FLOWS (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. P. J. Sullivan. (d) Theoretical and experimental. (e) A study of both mean and fiuctuating concentration values of contaminant in incompressible flow fields is being un- dertaken. The concept of a local value of longitudinal dif- fusivity was explored both theoretically and experimentally for a uniformly bound turbulent shear fiow and this is cur- rently being extended to the situation in which the fiow is inhomogeneous in the streamwise direction. In a simul- taneous study of both the dispersion and diffusion problem in a general incompressible flow from an instantaneous source of contaminant, some significant progress is being made. (/i) The Approach to the Final Stage of Dispersion in Turbulent Pipe Flow, R. Dewey, P. J. Sullivan, Trans. CSME 3, 1, 1975. The Maximum Value of Concentration When a Pulse is Dispersed in an Open-Channel Flow, P. J. Sullivan, Trans. CSME 3, 2, p. 90, 1975. 285 The Approach to Normality of the Distance-Neighbour Function When Used to Describe Relative Turbulent Diffu- sion, P. J. Sullivan, ZAMP 27, p. 727, 1976. Laminar Free Convection Due to a Point Source of Buoyan- cy, P. J. Sullivan, P. J. Sutherland, ZAMP 27, p. 671, 1976. Dispersion of a Line Source in Grid Turbulence, P. J. Sul- livan, Physics of Fluids 19, 1, 1976. The Asymptotic Stage of Longitudinal Turbulent Dispersion Within a Tube, R. Dewey, P. J. Sullivan, J. Fluid Mech. 19, 2, 1, 1977. 421-07997-010-90 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY (6) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. M. Zamir. (d) Theoretical. (e) The work is aimed at a reconstruction of boundary layer theory so as to accommodate three-dimensional boundary layers within its scope. The main feature of the approach is the use of tensor analysis to rederive the boundary layer equations in a form which is independent of the coor- dinate system. Three-dimensional boundary layers are of utmost importance since they arise in a wide variety of practical situations such as the flow in rivers and channels of non-circular cross-section. (h) On The Comer Boundary Layer With Favourable Pressure Gradient, Aeronaut. Quart. XXIH, 1972. Further Solution of the Corner Boundary Layer Equations, Aeronaut. Quart. XXIV, 1973. 421-09634-400-00 THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SALINITY AND FLOW PATTERN IN ESTUARIES (c) Dr. H. Rasmussen. (d) Theoretical. (e) A theoretical study of the salinity distribution and the general flow pattern in estuaries is in progress. An approx- imate steady two-dimensional model has been derived for slightly stratified estuaries and is now being analysed using Galerkin's method. (h) On Flow in Estuaries, Part I. A Critical Review of Some Studies of Slightly Stratified E^uaries, H. Rasmussen, J. B. Hinwood, La Houille Blanche 209, pp. 377-395, 1972. Part II. A Slightly Stratified Turbulent Flow, La Houille Blanche 209, pp. 396-407, 1972. Part HI, Derivation of General and Breadth Integrated Models, La Houille Blanche 212, pp. 319-337, 1973. 421-10558-820-90 NUMERICAL STUDY OF FREE-SURFACE GROUNDWATER FLOW (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. H. Rasmussen. (d) Theoretical. (e) Free-surface flow is modeled by Laplace equation for the velocity potential and nonlinear first-order partial dif- ferential equation for the free surface. The potential problem is reformulated as a variational problem and then solved approximately by a Rayleigh-Ritz expansion. The free-surface equation is solved using finite differences. (d) Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. (e) The work done so far on diffusers is experimental. The aim is now to develop an analytical method for flows in diffusers with inlet swirl. (h) Effect of Inlet Sviirl and Wall Layer Thickness on the Per- formance of Equiangular Annular Diffusers, R. Coladipietro, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Windsor, 1974. Effects of Inlet Flow Conditions on the Performance of Equiangular Annular Diffusers, R. Coladipietro, J. H. Schneider, K. Sridhar, Paper No. 73-CSME-84, CSME- ASME Fluids Engrg. Conf., Montreal, May 1974. Also published in Trans. CSME 3, 2, pp. 75-82, 1975. 422-09636-600-90 BISTABLE FLUIDIC AMPLIFIERS (b) Nation£il Research Council of Canada. (c) Professor W. G. Colbome. (d) Experimental, basic research for bistable amplifiers. The mechanism of switching in a bistable amplifier is also being studied by investigating the characteristics of the separation bubble. By developing an accurate model it is hoped that accurate predictions of switching time can be made for a variety of configurations and flows. (h) Splitter Switching in Bistable Fluidic Amplifiers, C. J. Wil- liams, W. G. Colbome, CSME Paper No. 73-CSME-83, EIC Accession No. 1541, ASME-CSME Fluids Engrg. Conf., Montreal, Oueh)ec, May 13-15, 1974. Fluidic State- of-the-Art Symp. 1, 1974, Harry Diamond Laboratories, Washington, D.C. 422-09637-600-90 ACOUSTICALLY PLIFIERS CONTROLLED TURBULENCE AM- (fc) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. K. Sridhar. (d) Experimental, theoretical and basic research for M.A.Sc. and Ph.D. (e) Develop a design procedure for shrouded acoustically con- trolled turbulence amplifiers. (h) \n Investigation of Acoustically Controlled Turbulence Am- plifiers, G. W. Rankin, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Windsor, 1974. An Investigation of the Dynamic Response of an Acousti- cally Controlled Turbulence Amplifier, G. W. Remkin, K. Sridhar, Paper B-l, Proc. 6th Cranfield Fluidics Conf, Cambridge, England, Mar. 1974. Static Characteristics Shrouded Acoustically Controlled Turbulence Amplifiers, G. W. Rankin, K. Sridhar, Paper 75 WAIFlcs-9, ASME Winter Ann. Mtg., 1975. Also published in Trans. ASME, J. Fluids Engineering 98, pp. 476-482, Sept. 1976. 422-09638-020-00 REYNOLDS STRESSES IN STRAINED FLOWS (c) Dr. H. J. Tucker. (d) Experimental. (e) Determination of Reynolds stresses in a variety of pure strain fields in yielding information which is useful in general calculation procedures for turbulent flows. UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Professor W. G. Colbome, Chairman, Graduate Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering. 422-09635-290-90 DIFFUSERS WITH INLET SWIRL (b) National Research Council of Canada. (c) Dr. K. Sridhar. 286 SUBJECT INDEX Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation condi- tions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 3 14-09722-330-13 . Ablation; Ice; Melting; Jets, water; 403-10221-190-90. Abrasive materials; Stilling basins; 322-10674-350-00. Acoustic emission; Boiling; Nucleate boiling; Reactors; 136- 09843-140-54. Acoustic emission; Contact stress; Reactors; Stick slip; 136- 09844-620-54. Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; 084-09818-130-00. Acoustic excitation; Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 048- 10203-050-50. Acoustic field; Freon jets; Jet impingement; Mixing; 081- 10611-050-50. Acoustic flowmeter; Automobile exhaust; Flowmeters; 317- 10792-700-00. Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscilla- tions; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; 104-08171-470-00. Acoustic measurements; Jet impingement; 048- 1 196-050-50 . Acoustic response; Cascade blade loading; 1 09-08896-630-50 . Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; Pressure waves; 136-09656-600-00. Activated sludge; Centrifugal clarifier; Sewage treatment; 414- 10532-870-00. Added mass; Oscillating bodies; Wave damping; 334-08529- 040-22. Added resistance; Quadratic frequency response; 15 1-10042- 590-22. Added resistance; Wave pulse techniques; 151-10041-590-22. Aeration; Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; 341-08570-860-00. Aeration; Cavitation damage; 322-10691-230-00. Aeration; Potato wastes; Waste treatment; 052-09860-870-60. Aerator tests; Waste treatment; 052-09859-870-82. Aerial photography; Wave data analysis; Waves, design; 312- 10651-420-00. Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; 3 16-10796- 700-00. Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylinders; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; 417-07461-240-00. Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; Slug for- mation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; 038-07979-130-00. Aerosol filtration; Two-phase flow; 048-10217-290-54. Agricultural chemical application; Irrigation systems; 052- 09850-840-82. Agricultural land; Sewage sludge; 300-0347W-870-00. Agricultural practices; Appalachian region; Water quality; 300- 0342 W-860-00. Agricultural practices; Nutrients; Vegetation; Water quality; 300-0344W-860-00. Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; Water quality; 129-07584-820-61. Agricultural water use; Irrigation water use; Water use; 303- 0235W-840-00. Agricultural water use; Water management; Water supply, sur- face; Water use; 303-0441 W-860-00. Ahtanum-Moxee sub-basin; Groundwater; Mathematical model; 011-10010-820-60. Air bubble, captured; Air cushion vehicle; Ship motions; 087- 09867-520-22. Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; Aeration; 341-08570-860-00. Air chambers; Pipe flow; Transients; Water hammer; 404- 10228-210-90. Air compressor, hydraulic; Tidal power; 007-09934-630-00. Air cushion chamber aerodynamics; Air cushion vehicle; 151- 08981-520-21. Air cushion vehicle; Air cushion chamber aerodynamics; 151- 08981-520-21. Air cushion vehicle; Ship motions; Air bubble, captured; 087- 09867-520-22. Air cushion vehicles; Lift systems; Surface effect ships; 334- 10724-520-22. Air, entrained; Pipe flow; Pressure transients; Transients; 044- 08814-210-54. Air entrainment; Jets, plunging water; 1 66-09 1 89-280-60 . Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer addi- tives; Turbulence; 331-09450-250-20. Air injection; Blowdown fluid physics; Model laws; Steam injec- tion; 146-10354-130-70. Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09477-340-75. Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09486-340-70. Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09488-340-70. Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09489-340-75. Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09490-340-70. Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; 400-09491-340-70. Air pollution; Baghouse; Power plant; 400-10485-340-70. Air pollution; Computer model; Odor control; Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; 053-10405-870-70. Air pollution; Dryer; Power plant; Scrubber; 400-10488-340- 70. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09477-340-75. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09486-340-70. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09488-340-70. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09489-340-75. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09490-340-70. Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; 400-09491-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10474-340-73. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10475-340-75. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400- 1 0476-340-70 . Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10477-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10478-340-75. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10479-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10480-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10481-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10482-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10483-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Precipitator; 400-10484-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Scrubbers; 400-10486-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Scrubber; 400-10489-340-70. Air pollution; Power plant; Scrubber; 400-10490-340-70. Air pollution; Powerplant; Quencher; 400-10487-340-70. Air tools; Noise control research; 136-09842-630-70. Aircraft vortices; Vortices, trailing; 062-09794-540-50. Airfoils; Numerical models; Submerged bodies; Turbulent flow; 089-10136-030-26. Airfoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Potential flow; 089-10139-000-50. Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; 092-09831-050-54. Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; 327-10707-460-00. Air-sea interface; Heat balance; Laminar sublayer; 332-07064- 460-00. 287 Air-water flow; Slug flow, vertically downward; Two-phase flow; 044-09954-130-00. Air-water flow; Slug formation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; 038-07979-130-00. Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Waves; 148-10407-010-54. Air-water interface; Energy transfer; Turbulence; Wave growth; Waves, wind; 148-10406-420-14. Air-water interface; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Lakes; 179- 10426-170-00. Air-water interface; Mixing; Rain effects; Waves, raindrop generated; 177-10027-460-33. Air-water interface; Reynolds stresses; Waves, wind-generated; 148-10408-420-20. Alaska; Harbors; Shoaling; 312-09735-470-00. Alaska water systems; P.T. orifices; Water supply system; 313- 10667-210-13. Alberta; Floods; Snowmelt; 401-10768-310-96. Alberta; Runoff; Snowfall; Snowmelt; Soil moisture; 402-10283- 810-00. Alberta; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; 401-10770-830-96. Alberta catchments; Runoff; Snowmelt; 401-10769-310-96. Alberta ice jams; Ice breakup; 401-10762-300-96. Algae; Filtration; Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; 157-10162-870-60. Algae cell separation; Lagoons; Wjistewater treatment; 157- 10157-870-36. Algal assay; Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; Trophic level; Water quality; 028-09975-860-00. Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation condi- tions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 3 14-09719-330-13. Alluvial channel measurements; Error models; River channels; 043-10350-300-54. Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Mathematical models; River models; Sediment transport; 043-10347-220-54. Alluvial channels; Bed regime; Groins, submerged; Scour; 149- 10597-220-13. Alluvial channels; Bends; Meandering; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; 061-10388-200-00. Alluvial channels; Braiding; Channel stability; Meanders; River channels; 149-08993-300-05. Alluvial channels; Canals; River mechanics; Sediment transport; 043-10345-300-54. Alluvial channels; Channel geometry; Sediment effect; 323- 10697-300-00. Alluvial channels; Erosion; Mathematical model; Open channel flow; Velocity distribution; 302-10629-200-00. Alluvial channels; Sediment concentration profiles; Sediment sampler; Sediment transport, suspended; 043 -1 0348-220-54 . Alluvial channels; Sediment transport; Transport processes; 323-0369W-220-00. Alluvial channels; Sediment transport world data; 402-07836- 220-00. Alluvial streams; Bed form statistics; Sediment discharge; 061- 10387-220-05. Alluvial streams; Harbor entrances; Models, hydraulic; Shoal- ing; i/4-07/7/-470-/i. Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; Lakes; Utah lakes; Water quality; 157-10142-870-60. Amaluza Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 322-10687-350-00. Ammonia control; Fish hatchery; Water treatment; 052-09861- 870-10. Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; 316- 10796-700-00. Anemometers; Mine safety; Velocity measurement, low; Ven- tilation; 317-10797-700-34. Angular bodies; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Vibrations; 166-09200-030-54. Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; 003-09777-140-00. Annular flow; Finite difference method; Heat transfer; Turbu- lence model; 065-10787-020-54. Annular flow; Laminar flow; Rotating flow; Spheres, coaxial rotating; 064-09021-000-00. Antarctic circumpolar current; Ocean currents; Rotating flow; 143-09180-450-54. Antecedent conditions; Floods, frozen ground; Hydrology; 052- 09856-810-61. Aortic atheroma; Biomedical flows; 136-09654-270-00. Appalachian region; Hillslope morphology; Sediment move- ment; 323-0373W-220-00. Appalachian region; Water quality; Agricultural practices; 300- 0342W-860-00. Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analy- sis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-09272-810-00. Appalachian-Piedmont area; Water quality; Water yield; 309- 0247 W-8 10-00. Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; Oil shale develop- ment; Salinity; 157-10158-860-60. Aquifer; Heat storage, subsurface; 009-09784-820-30. Aquifer dip; Aquifers, saline; Groundwater; Water storage; 072- 09929-820-61. Aquifer flow; Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; 075-09814-070-54. Aquifer hydrogeology; Missouri aquifers; 091-10065-820-33. Aquifer hydrology; Groundwater flow; Trace metal flow; 131- 09839-820-54. Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; Water resource optimization; 030- 07247-800-00. Aquifer parameters; Aquifer systems management; Aquifers, leaky; 023-07928-820-00. Aquifer pollution transport; Groundwater pollution; Pollution, aquifers; 027-07934-870-41. Aquifer simulation; Groundwater pollutant movement; 154- 0386W-820-33. Aquifer subsidence; Groundwater storage; 035-08675-820-00. Aquifer systems management; Aquifers, leaky; Aquifer parame- ters; 023-07928-820-00. Aquifers; Computer model; Groundwater model; 302-10640- 820-00. Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; 147- 10473-820-54. Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; 148- 10409-820-54. Aquifers; Hot water storage; Numerical model; Solar energy; 067-09983-820-52. Aquifers, geopressured; Groundwater; Gulf Coast aquifers; Nu- merical model; 323-10702-820-00. Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; Groundwater; Porous media flow; Water treatment; 072-09928-820-61. Aquifers, leaky; Aquifer parameters; Aquifer systems manage- ment; 023-07928-820-00. Aquifers, saline; Groundwater; Water storage; Aquifer dip; 072- 09929-820-61. Aquifers, saline; Viscosity effect; Water storage; 072-08693- 820-61. Archives; Coastal engineering; Information services; 039- 10459-730-44. Argentina; Mathematical models; Rio Colorado; River develop- ment; 075-09823-800-00. Arizona; Groundwater supplies; 008-0266W-820-60. Arkansas River environmental inventory; Chloride control; 094- 08871-870-00. Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; Pres- sure waves; Acoustic transients; 1 36-09656-600-00. 288 Arterial flow; Biomedical flows; Mathematical model; Pulsatile flow; 070-09016-270-52. Asbestos fibers; Cavitation inception; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; 331-09449-250-20. Ashtabula river; Pollution; Water quality data; 025-09899-870- 36. Asymmetric; Velocity-area method; Ducts, rectangular; Flow measurement; 179-10437-710-00. Atlantic Bight; Gulf Stream interaction; 161-09888-450-34. Atlantic continental shelf; Remote sensing; Wave refraction model; 325-09395-420-00. Atlantic Ocean; Currents; Ocean dynamics; / 78-07786-450-20. Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; Power plants; Waste heat; 134-09909-870-52. Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind effects; 123- 09836-860-33. Atmospheric flow dynamics; Shear flow stability; Waves, at- mospheric; Waves, turbulence effect on; 03 1 -088 1 2 -480-54. Atmospheric simulation; Scaling laws; 322-08472-750-00. Atmospheric waves; Jovian atmosphere; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; 143-09902-420-50. Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 322-07035-350-00. Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spill- way gates; 322-07028-350-00. Automated flow systems; Fuel control calibrations; 317-07242- 700-22. Automobile exhaust; Flowmeters; Acoustic flowmeter; 317- 10792-700-00. Avalanche forecasts; Snowdrift management; 308-10648-810- 00. Axial flow fan; Fan blade loading; 124-08917-630-20. Axial flow inducers; Inducers; Propulsion; 1 19-10043-550-50. Backflow regions; Laminar flow; Magnetohydrodynamic duct now; 097-09834-1 10-00. Backwater computations; Open channel flow equations; 056- 10110-200-00. Backwater curve computations; Energy gradients; Open chan- nel flow; 121-08928-200-00. Bad Creek project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Pumped storage project; 179-10432-340-73. Baghouse; Power plant; Air pollution; 400-10485-340-70. Barge flotation system; Breakwater design, floating; Reflecting surfaces, offset; 155-09923-430-00. Barrier effect; Diffraction; Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; 103-09967-420-44. Bath county spillway; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 044- 09956-350-75. Bathymetric study; York River; 161-09885-400-73. Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; 314-09701-330-13. Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; 314-09702-330-13. Bayesian methodology; Hydrologic analysis; Water resource planning; 075-08749-800-54. Beach equilibrium profiles; Beach nourishment, artificial; 4/4- 10528-410-90. Beach erosion; Beach fill; Beach profiles; 312-09733-410-00. Beach erosion; Bluff recession; Great Lakes; Water level changes; 312-09742-440-00. Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; Dredging; Dune stabilization; 312-06995-880-00. Beach erosion; Coastal processes; Revetments; Riprap; 312- 10657-410-00. Beach erosion; Florida sand budget; Littoral drift; Nearshore circulation; 039-09091-410-44. Beach erosion; Gulf Coast beaches; Sediment transport by waves; Wave reflection; 152-07708-410-44. Beach erosion; Log debris effects; Puget Sound; 17 1-10403- 410-61. Beach erosion; Sand tracing; Santa Rosa Island; 039-10446- 410-10. Beach fill; Beach profiles; Beach erosion; 312-09733-410-00. Beach fill sediment criteria; 312-09746-410-00. Beach nourishment, artificial; Beach equilibrium profiles; 4/4- 10528-410-90. Beach nourishment, artificial; 414-10529-410-90. Beach profiles; Beach erosion; Beach fill; 312-09733-410-00. Beach replenishment; Beach sand movement; 039-09093-410- 65. Beach sand movement; Beach replenishment; 039-09093-410- 65. Beaufort Sea; Numerical model; Storm surge; Surge elevations; 407-10238-420-00. Bed armoring; Open channel turbulence; Sediment transport, bed load; Turbulence measurements; 044-07300-220-00. Bed form statistics; Sediment discharge; Alluvial streams; 061- 10387-220-05. Bed forms; Bedload discharge; Sediment transport; 405-10292- 220-00. Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; 402-10282-300-90. Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; 404-10233-300-90. Bed forms; Coastal sediment; Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; 316-10780-410-11. Bed forms; Dune growth; Open channel flow; 414-1052 1-220- 90. Bed forms; Ice cover effects; Sediment transport; 061-10360- 220-30. Bed forms; Mathematical models; River models; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; 043-10347-220-54. Bed forms; Open channel flow; Ripple growth; 414-10522-220- 90. Bed forms; Open channel flow; Shear stress; 414-10523-220-90. Bed forms; River channels; Sediment transport; 323-10703-220- 00. Bed forms; Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; 302-09290-220-00. Bed froms; River flow; Sediment transport; Temperature ef- fects; 019-10122-220-10. Bed particles; Drag; Lift; Sediment transport; 302-09293-220- 00. Bed regime; Groins, submerged; Scour; Alluvial channels; 149- 10597-220-13. Bedload; Insects, stream; Sediment transport effects; 052- 09851-220-61. Bedload discharge; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 405-10292- 220-00. Bedload measurement; Bedload models; Sediment transport; 035-09944-220-54. Bedload models; Sediment transport; Bedload measurement; 035-09944-220-54. Bedload sampler; Sediment calibration flume; 149-10596-720- 13. Bedload transport research; Sediment transport; 323-0461 W- 220-00. Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numer- ical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; 078-09832-870-50. Bellows; Space shuttle; Vibrations, flow-induced; 146-10357- 540-50. Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynam- ics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; 318-08449-450-00. Benchmark data; Continental shelf; Oceanography; Water quality; 161-09877-450-34. 289 Bends; Channel width; Navigation channels; Towing; 314- 10743-330-00. Bends; Meandering; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; 061-10388-200-00. Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; 322-10689-370-47. Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; 057-07352-120- 00. Biological effects; Ice cover; Lakes; Snow cover; 418-10619- 440-90. Biomedical flow; Blood; Sickle cell hydrodynamics; 134-09910- 270-40. Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic velocimeter; 1 68- 1 0072-700-40 . Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Stenoses; Tube constrictions; 064- 07392-270-40. Biomedical flow; Heart valve flow; Thrombus formation; 109- 08902-270-54. Biomedical flow; Intestinal flow; 061-07376-270-40. Biomedical flows; Aortic atheroma; 136-09654-270-00. Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Cerebral circulation model; 057- 04143-270-60. Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscil- latory flow; Wall obstacles; 057-07355-000-88. Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; Pressure waves; Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; 136-09656-600-00. Biomedical flows; Korotkoff sound production; Ureter valve flutter; 136-09653-270-00. Biomedical flows; Mathematical model; Pulsatile flow; Arterial flow; 070-09016-270-52. Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; Nu- merical model; Power plant; Water temperature; 149-10606- 870-73. Black Hills; Water yield; 308-02658-810-00. Blade pressures; Fan blades; 122-08930-630-50. Blade turning effort; Propellers, controllable pitch; 334-08533- 550-22. Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Sediment ex- clusion; 322-10676-350-00. Blast waves; Shock waves; Structures; 146-09306-640-00. Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Numerical model; 100- 10071-450-00. Blockage; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 414-10515-370-90. Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; 124-08927-030-22. Blood; Sickle cell hydrodynamics; Biomedical flow; 134-09910- 270-40. Blood flow; Cerebral circulation model; Biomedical flows: 057- 04143-270-60. Blood flow; Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; Ul- trasonic velocimeter; Biomedical flow; 168-10072-700-40. Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; 057-07355-000-88. Blood flow; Pipe flow; Pulsatile flow; Unsteady flow; 06/- 10390-000-00. Blood flow; Stenoses; Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; 064- 07392-270-40. Blowdown; Boiling water reactor; Heat transfer; Nuclear reac- tor cooling; 041-07988-140-52. Blowdown; Heat transfer; Water reactor; 1 1 2-10022-340-55. Blowdown; Hope Creek plant; Mathematical model; Plumes, negatively buoyant; Power plant; 179-10425-340-73. Blowdown discharge model; Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; 061-10378-870-73. Blowdown fluid physics; Model laws; Steam injection; Air injec- tion; 146-10354-130-70. Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; 417-07899-010-00. Bluff bodies; Drag; Wave drag; 142-10395-420-44. Bluff bodies in shear flow; Submerged bodies; Turbulence ef- fects; 109-08897-030-54. Bluff cylinders; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; 4 1 7-07461 -240-00. Bluff recession; Great Lakes; Water level changes; Beach ero- sion; 312-09742-440-00. Boardman reservoir; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Weir, labyrinth; 166-10440-350-75. Boat accidents; Tomales Bay; Waves; 019-08781-520-60. Boat basin; Harbor; Mixing; Tidal flushing; 167-10183-470-13. Boat ramp protection; Breakwaters; Buoy barriers; 1 56-09066- 470-60. Boat sampling system; Cooling water discharge; Monitoring; Thermal effluents; 075-09803-720-44. Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Lift; Submerged bodies; 061-10381-010-14. Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; 073-08069-010-26. Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Wakes; 139-0762 1-030- 26. Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, laminar; Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; 334- 09438-010-00. Bodies of revolution; Pressure distribution; Submerged bodies, support interference; 109-101 18-030-26. Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; 124-08927-030-22. Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; Drag; Sub- merged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; 334-09442-030-00. Body of revolution; Boundary layer, thick; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; 061-08834-010-21. Bogs; Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; 305-03887- 810-00. Boiling; Liquid metals; Numerical model; Reactors; Two-phase flow; 133-10088-130-55. Boiling; Nucleate boiling; Reactors; Acoustic emission; 136- 09843-140-54. Boiling pools; Reactor safety; Stability; 133-10090-340-55. Boiling water reactor; Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor cooling; Blowdown; 041-07988-140-52. Bonneville Dam; Gate model; Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; Spillway model; 313-07108-350-13. Bonneville Dam; Locks; Navigation channel improvement; 313- 10664-330-13. Bonneville Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse model; 313-07107-350-13. Boom towns; Resorts; Wastewater system design; Water system design; 032-10776-870-88. Booms; Oil spill containment; 405-09510-870-00. Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; 057-07352-120- 00. Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; Numerical models; Porous media flow; 035-09945-070-54. Boundary layer; Compliant walls; Drag reduction; 316-09732- 250-50. Boundary layer; Laminar sublayer; Viscous sublayer; 119- 08221-010-00. Boundary layer; Wall protuberances; 3 1 1 -09355-010-00. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Langevin model; Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; 139-08259-020-54. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Turbulence structure; Wind engineering; 139-10559-020-54. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; 319-10669-440-00. 290 Boundary layer, benthic; Ocean currents; Seamount; 178- 09227-450-20. Boundary layer channel; Boundary layer transition; 128-10415- 010-20. Boundary layer computation; Boundary layer, turbulent; Com- putational fluid dynamics; 141-08973-010-52. Boundary- layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boun- dary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Nu- merical methods; Bodies of revolution; 073 -08069-0 1 0-26. Boundary layer computations; Boundary layers, three-dimen- sional; Ship hulls; 334-10729-010-22. Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction; Transition; 134-09908-010-18. Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Suction; 331- 10771-010-00. Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; 316-10798-010-27. Boundary layer control; Drag reduction; Propulsion; Thrust generation; 043-10353-550-00. Boundary layer interactions; Wing-body aerodynamics; 101- 09897-010-50. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; 073 -08069-0 1 0-26 . Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, turbulent; Shear layer development; 081-10609-010-50. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; Transients; 097- 09833-010-00. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction; Transition; Boundary layer control; 134-09908-010-18. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer stability; Thermal ef- fects; 403-10223-010-90. Boundary layer, laminar; Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transition; 334-09438- 010-00. Boundary layer, laminar; Suction; Boundary layer control; 331- 10771-010-00. Boundary layer, oscillating; Boundary layer, transitional; Oscil- latory flow; Velocity measurements; 061-10389-010-00. Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; 165-09925-250-20. Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; 073-08069-010-26. Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; 417-07899-010-00. Boundary layer separation; Slender bodies; 139-10129-010-26. Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer transition; Computer program; 334-10728-010-22. Boundary layer, stability; Suction; Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; 134-09908-010-18. Boundary layer stability; Thermal effects; Boundary layer, laminar; 403-10223-010-90. Boundary layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; 097- 09833-010-00. Boundary layer theory; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 421- 07997-010-90. Boundary layer, thick; Boundary layer, turbulent; Body of revolution; 061-08834-010-21. Boundary layer, three dimensional; Flow measurements; 061- 10391-010-70. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Lift; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; 061-10381-010-14. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; 073-08069-0 1 0-26. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Boundary layer theory; 421- 07997-010-90. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; Transi- tion, turbulence effect; 057-07351-010-00. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer channel; 128-10415- 010-20. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbu- lence; Viscous sublayer; 143-09178-010-26. Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, laminar; Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; 334- 09438-010-00. Boundary layer transition; Computer program; Boundary layer stability; 334-10728-010-22. Boundary layer transition; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; 334-09442-030-00. Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; Sub- merged bodies; ii/-/077J-0/0-22. Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe flow; Transition visual study; 1 15-0755 1-010-54. Boundary layer transition; Stability; Surface cooling effect; Tur- bulence effect; 316-10799-010-18. Boundary layer, transitional; Oscillatory flow; Velocity mea- surements; Boundary layer, oscillating; 061-10389-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Body of revolution; Boundary layer, thick; 061-08834-010-21. Boundary layer, turbulent; Compressible flow; Finite element method; Numerical model; 003-09776-010-14. Boundary layer, turbulent; Computational fluid dynamics; Boundary layer computation; 141-08973-010-52. Boundary layer, turbulent; Current meter; Geophysical bounda- ry layer; Turbulence structure; 332-094 1 8-0 1 0-22 . Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detec- tion; 334-09437-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Tur- bulent shear flows; Wakes; 417-07903-020-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; Separated flow; Sub- merged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolution; 139-0762 1 -030- 26. Boundary layer, turbulent; Pipe flow; Wall region visual study; 115-08216-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Pressure fluctuations; Reynolds stress; Wall pressure fluctuations; 082-07442-010-20. Boundary layer, turbulent; Shear layer development; Boundary layer, laminar; 081-10609-010-50. Boundary layer, turbulent; Transition, turbulence effect; Boun- dary layer transition; 057-07351-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence; Viscous sublayer; Boun- dary layer transition; 143-09178-010-26. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; 143-09179-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; 143-09181-010-14. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Waves; Air- water interface; 148-10407-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Turbulence, gn&, 316-09731-020-52. Boundary layer, turbulent supersonic; Wind tunnels; 139- 07618-720-80. Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing; 097- 09833-010-00. Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; 003-09777-140-00. Boundary layers; Cylinders, circular; Oscillations; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; 417-10507-010-90. Boundary layers, three-dimensional; 3 1 1 -09356-010-00. Boundary layers, three-dimensional; Ship hulls; Boundary layer computations; 334-10729-010-22. Boundary layer-wake interaction; Cylinders; Wakes; 163- 08363-030-00. 291 254-330 O - 78 - 20 Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; Secondary flow; 030-10341-200-54. Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; 302-09292-200-00. Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; Scour; Spillways, closed con- duit; 149-07677-220-05. Braiding; Channel stability; Meanders; River channels; Alluvial channels; 149-08993-300-05. Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 402-10282-300-90. Brazos River, Texas; Erosion, coastal; Water resource develop- ment impact; 1 54-0405 W-4 10-33. Breakwater design, floating; Reflecting surfaces, offset; Barge flotation system; 155-09923-430-00. Breakwater experiments; Breakwater, hydraulic; Ocean en- gineering; 076-06666-430-20. Breakwater, hydraulic; Ocean engineering; Breakwater experi- ments; 076-06666-430-20. Breakwater model; Hydraulic model; 420-10533-430-90. Breakwater stability; Waves, design; 41 1-103 14-430-90. Breakwaters; Buoy barriers; Boat ramp protection; 1 56-09066- 470-60. Breakwaters; Currents, coastal; Jetties; Wave breaking; 075- 08719-410-11. Breakwaters; Dolos unit breakage; 414-10514-430-90. Breakwaters; Shore stabiHzation; 312-10654-430-00. Breakwaters, floating; Computer program; 1 68- 1 0074-430-44 . Breakwaters, floating; Hydraulic model; 420-10539-430-90. Breakwaters, floating; Moorings; 1 18-09991-430-54. Breakwaters, floating; 156-08314-430-00. Breakwaters, floating; 167-09205-430-44. Breakwaters, floating; /67-09206-4i0-//. Breakwaters, floating; 312-09754-430-00. Breakwaters, perforated; Wave reflection; 017-10025-430-54. Breakwaters, portable; Breakwaters, tethered float; 142-10397- 430-22. Breakwaters, rubble mound; Wave reflection; Wave transmis- sion; 075-08724-430-11. Breakwaters, tethered float; Breakwaters, portable; 142-10397- 430-22. Breakwaters, transportable; 329-08498-430-22. Breeder reactor safety; Heat transfer; Power plants; 012-10180- 660-55. Bridge failure film; Scour; 149-08998-220-47. Bridge piers; Ice forces; 401-07886-370-96. Bridges; Field measurements; River structures; Scour; 401- 10763-350-00. Bridges; Navigation channel; River model; Red River, Alexan- dria; 314-09671-330-13. Brine disposal; Oil storage; Salt cavities; 152-10587-870-43. Broadway conduit model; Walnut Creek; 314-09725-350-13. Browns Ferry plant; Cooling tower lift circuit; Power plant, nuclear; 341-10739-340-00. Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydrau- lic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; 341- 07083-870-00. Bubble dynamics; Cavitation damage; Cavitation mechanics; Gas bubbles; 014-01548-230-20. Bubble dynamics; Non-Newtonian fluids; Surface tension; Viscoelastic fluids; 076-08776-120-54. Bubble screen theory; Mathematical model; 056-10102-290-00. Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid- liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; 013-08702- 120-54. Building aerodynamics; Separated flows; Submerged prismatic bodies; Wind forces; 057-10276-030-00. Building aerodynamics; Tornado winds; Wind loads; 070- 09014-640-54. Building aerodynamics; Wakes; 007-09935-640-50. Bulk carriers; Tanker safety; Ventilation model tests; 146- 10358-520-45. Buoy barriers; Boat ramp protection; Breakwaters; 1 56-09066- 470-60. Buoy data processing; Data acquisition; Satellites; 161-09875- 720-50. Buoy response; Cable dynamics; 329-094 1 0-430-22 . Buoy tracking system; 161-09879-720-00. Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; 013-08704-060-54. Buoy-cable-body systems; Cables; Submerged bodies; 334- 10727-030-22. Buoy-drogue tests; Drogues; 118-09988-450-44. Burning effects; Logging effects; Soil erosion; Watersheds, forest; 304-09330-810-00. Burrard Inlet, B. C; Inlets, coastal; Mathematical model; 407- 09519-410-00. Butterfly valve; Valve tests; 157-10151-210-70. Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; 166-10133-350-73. Cable dynamics; Buoy response; 329-09410-430-22. Cables; Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; 332-10711-030-20. Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; 152-09048-590-22. Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; 152- 09049-590-00. Cables; Submerged bodies; Buoy-cable-body systems; 334- 10727-030-22. Cables, undersea; Vibrations, flow induced; 332-09419-030-22. Caissons; Pore water pressure; Wave effects; 1 18-09989-430- 87. Calibration equation; Current meters; Density effects; Price me- ters; 405-10290-700-00. Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Water tunnel; 089-10140-720-44. Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; 089-10141-720-44. California; Groundwater management; Groundwater recharge; 303-0226W.820-00. California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; 307-04998-810-00. Calumet station; Hydraulic .model; Pumping station; 149-10605- 350-75. Canal automation; Gates; Turnouts; 322-07030-320-00. Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; 322-10678-320- 00. Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; 314-09701-330-13. Canal model; Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; 314-09702-330-13. Canal response; Canals, automated; 322-10690-320-00. Canal system control; Open channel flow; Waves, wind; Wind effect; 020-10079-200-60. Canals; River mechanics; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; 043-10345-300-54. Canals, automated; Canal response; 322-10690-320-00. Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sensors; Data acquisition; Tide sensors; Wave sensors; 1 17-08914-450-44. Capillary pressure; Pore size effects; Porous medium flow; Satu- ration; 131-09840-820-00. Capitol Lake, Washington; Lake restoration; Sediment trans- port; Water quality; 166-09198-860-60. Carcinogens; Oil shale development; Water quality; 157-10177- 860-33. Cascade blade loading; Acoustic response; 109-08896-630-50. Catamarans; Computer program; Ship motions; 334-10719-520- 00. 292 Catamarans; Ship motions; Ship stabihty; Wave loads; 334- 10721-520-22. Causeway; Don Island; Fraser River; Hydraulic model; Lion Island; 420-10550-300-65. Cavitation; Cavity flows; Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation ef- fects; 124-03807-230-50. Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; 333-10713-520-22. Cavitation; Flow visualization; Jets; Polymer additives; 331- 10774-050-20. Cavitation; Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; 086-06147-230-54. Cavitation; Lock, culverts; Valves; Ventilation; 3 14-10747-330- 00. Cavitation; Noise; Vortex flow; 124-08235-230-21. Cavitation; Polymer additives; 124-08236-230-22. Cavitation; Polymer effects; Pump cavitation; 124-10046-630- 21. Cavitation; Propulsor design; Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; 124- 08923-550-22. Cavitation damage; Aeration; 322-10691-230-00. Cavitation damage; Cavitation mechanics; Gas bubbles; Bubble dynamics; 014-01548-230-20. Cavitation damage; Scaling laws; 124-08916-230-22. Cavitation erosion; Impact erosion; Materials testing; 086- 08123-230-70. Cavitation inception; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; 33 1-09449-250-20. Cavitation, intermittent; Hydrofoils; Propellers, marine; 151- 10035-550-20. Cavitation mechanics; Gas bubbles; Bubble dynamics; Cavita- tion damage; 014-01548-230-20. Cavitation nuclei measurement; Laser anemometry; 124-10047- 230-22. Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; 013-08704-060-54. Cavity, flow over; Cavity, rectangular; 417-10508-000-00. Cavity flows; Finite element method; Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; 148-10411-530-21. Cavity flows; Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavita- tion; 124-03807-230-50. Cavity, rectangular; Cavity, flow over; 417-10508-000-00. Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; 179-10428-340-75. Central Valley Project; Reservoir system optimization; 023- 08701-860-33. Centrifugal clarifier; Sewage treatment; Activated sludge; 414- 10532-870-00. Cerebral circulation model; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; 057- 04143-270-60. Channel adjustments; Dam effects; Rio Grande; River channels; 323-0457W-300-00. Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; 323-0458W- 300-00. Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; Sediment move- ment; 323-10699-300-00. Channel changes, human effects; Mississippi River Valley; River channels; 094-10012-300-13. Channel dimensions; Navigation safety; 3 14-10759-330-00. Channel erosion prediction; Erosion; Scour; Soil classification; 033-10778-220-88. Channel flow; Channels, asymmetric; Turbulence measure- ments; Turbulent flow; 409-10783-020-00. Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; 323-10693-860-00. Channel flows; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical methods; 089-10137-000-26. Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 404-10233-300-90. Channel geometry; Sediment effect; Alluvial channels; 323- 10697-300-00. Channel improvement; Flood control; Detention storage; 052- 09858-310-00. Channel improvement; Little Blue River; River model; 314- 09686-300-13. Channel improvement; Mathematical model; River channels; Sediment transport; Yazoo River; 030-10338-220-13. Channel incision chronology; Dearborn River, Montana; Paleohydraulics; 091-10063-300-00. Channel incision mechanism; River morphology; Saline River, Arkansas; 091-10064-300-00. Channel Islands field study; Coastal sediment; Longshore trans- port; Sediment transport; 312-09752-410-00. Channel networks; Drainage basin models; Geomorphology; River channels; 060-09992-300-00. Channel networks; Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; 060- 07367-810-20. Channel shape effects; Manning equation; Open channel flow; Open channel resistance; 121-08223-200-00. Channel shifts; Morphology; River channels; Scour; 401-10764- 350-96. Channel stability; Erosion; Soil properties; Stream channels; 302-09295-300-00. Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; Sedi- ment routing; 404-10232-300-96. Channel stability; Meanders; River channels; Alluvial channels; Braiding; 149-08993-300-05. Channel stabilization; Erosion; Morphology; Stream channels; 302-10633-300-00. Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; 121-10086-300-60. Channel stabilization; Stream channels; 302-0447W-300-00. Channel width; Navigation channels; Towing; Bends; 314- 10743-330-00. Channels; Erosion; Riprap; 314-10742-320-00. Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revetments; River channels; 094-1001 1 -300-13. Channels, asymmetric; Turbulence measurements; Turbulent flow; Channel flow; 409-10783-020-00. Chaparral; Conifers; Grassland; Southwest watersheds; Watershed management; 308-10647-810-00. Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; Storm surge calcula- tion; Surges; 312-09756-420-00. Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; 179-10424-340-73. Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River bend; River model; Shoaling; 314-09717-300-13. Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer programs; Metal- lic wastes. Pollution; 075-09825-870-36. Chemical transport models; Pollution; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10637-870-00. Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; Lubrica- tion; Stability theory; 135-06773-000-14. Chesapeake and Delaware canal; Sediment data, suspended; Sediment transport; 106-10060-220-36. Chesapeake Bay; Water quality inventory; 161-09163-860-88. Chesapeake Bay area; Coastal basins; Mathematical models; Tidal flushing; Water quality; 159-09891-400-36. Chesapeake Bay model; 314-06849-400-13. Chesapeake Bay mouth; Coastal sea; Mathematical model; 161- 09151-450-00. Chesterfield inlet; Finite difference method; Hudson Bay; Nu- merical model; 419-10509-400-90. Chief Joseph Dam; Dam model; 313-09348-350-00. Chief Joseph Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09349-350- 13. Chief Joseph Dam; Spillway model; 313-07109-350-13. Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pol- lution, non-point; Water quahty; 161-09882-400-60. Chincoteague Bay; Estuary hydrodynamics; Mathematical model; Water quality; 161-09884-400-00. 293 Chippewa River; Erosion; Sediment transport; Silt reduction; 030-10333-220-13. Chloride control; Arkansas River environmental inventory; 094- 08871-870-00. Chloride management; Lake Erie basin; Salt, deicing; Water quality; 103-09971-860-33. Chlorofluoromethanes; Groundwater; Water quality; 058- 10562-820-00. Chlorophyll; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; 325-09396- 710-00. Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stilling basin; 322-10684-350-00. Chowan River; Mathematical model; Streamflow; Water quali- ty; 162-09170-860-33. Chdzy coefficient; Open channel flow; Stratification effect; Velocity profile; 158-09901-200-00. Chute; Hyco Lake spillway; Hydraulic model; Spillway; / 79- 10434-350-73. Chute dissipator model; Energy dissipator; Tennessee-Tombig- bee Waterway; 314-09703-350-13. Circulation; Coastal transport; Current meter data; Diffusion; 012-10178-450-52. Circulation; Computer model; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; 323-10696-400-00. Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanog- raphy; Submarine canyon; 161-09876-450-00. Circulation; Continental shelf; Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Waves; 325-09399-450-00. Circulation; Convection; Equation of state; Heat transfer; Water density; 105-10117-140-54. Circulation; Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; Lake On- tario; 178-09224-440-44. Circulation; Hampton Roads; Sewage outfall; 161-09878-870- 68. Circulation; Harbors; New York harbor; Sand mining effects; 106-10059-470-44. Circulation; Mixing; New York Bight observations; 066-08827- 450-52. Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Vir- ginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; 075- 09807-870-75. Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; 075-09799-870-73. Circulation, lake; Currents; Drift bottles; Lake Superior; 107- 06053-440-00. Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave effects; 035- 09942-410-54. Circulation, ocean; Numerical model; Block Island Sound; 100- 10071-450-00. Clark County, Washington; Groundwater; Mathematical model; 011-10009-820-75. Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; 300-01 85 lV-8 1 0-00. Claypan; Runoff control; Soil erosion control; Tilth control; Watershed management; 300-0 189W-8 10-00. Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; 314-10760-350-00. Clay-water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; 057-07352-1 20- 00. Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Remote sensing; 039-10452-410-50. Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; Jetty effects; 039-10453-410-65. Clearwater River; Insects, stream; Streamflow data; 052-09848- 880-33. Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; 303- 0227W-810-00. Climatic effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-02 16W-830-00. Clinch River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; 01 1-10001-220- 55. Cloud seeding; Hail suppression; Utah hailstorms; 157-10154- 480-60. Cloud seeding; Numerical model; Weather modification; 157- 10164-480-60. Cloud seeding potential; Orographic winter storms; Precipita- tion; 157-10153-480-60. Clouds, cumulus; Numerical experiments; 157-10163-480-54. Coal; Combustion, centrifugal; 069-10464-690-52. Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs; 157-10146-800- 33. Coal liquification; Filter cakes; 048-10218-290-54. Coal mining; Mine spoil reclamation; Water augmentation; 308- 10646-880-00. Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; Water treatment; 096-10616-370-36. Coal slurry; Hydraulic transport; Particle size distribution; Slur- ry pipeline; 029-10279-260-88. Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase now; 414-10517-370-90. Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump injector model; Pipeline trans- port; Slurries; 059-10613-260-34. Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; 172-10019-210-60. Coastal basins; Mathematical models; Tidal flushing; Water quality; Chesapeake Bay area; 159-09891-400-36. Coastal boundary layer; Continental shelf; Currents, wind in- duced; 178-09225-450-52. Coastal circulation; Currents; Estuaries; Remote sensing; Sedi- ment, suspended; 037-08856-450-50. Coastal construction; Design criteria; Shore protection manual; 312-02193-490-00. Coastal construction setback lines; Florida coastline; 039- 10443-410-60. Coastal currents; Current measurements; Lake Michigan; / 75- 10033-440-44. Coastal ecology; Dredging; Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; 312-06995-880-00. Coastal engineering; Information services; Archives; 039- 10459-730-44. Coastal engineering education; Hydraulic demonstration model; Ocean-inlet-bay model; 039-10451-730-00. Coastal engineering field stations; Current measurements; Wave measurements; 039-10442-410-60. Coastal engineering field station; Laboratories; 312-10653-720- 00. Coastal imagery data bank; Photographic data; 312-09747-710- 00. Coastal inlet hydraulics; Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; 039-10450-410-10. Coastal inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; Jetty effects; Clear- water, Florida; 039-10453-410-65. Coastal inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Remote sensing; Clear- water, Florida; 039-10452-410-50. Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; 310-06974-810-00. Coastal processes; Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matan- zas Inlet, Florida; 039-10449-410-00. Coastal processes; Remote sensing; 039- 1 0447-4 1 0-50. Coastal processes; Revetments; Riprap; Beach erosion; 312- 10657-410-00. 294 Coastal sea; Mathematical model; Chesapeake Bay mouth; 161- 09151-450-00. Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; 312- 10655-410-00. Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; 314-10749-410-00. Coastal sediment; Erosion; Littoral drift; Model laws; Sediment transport; 405-10294-410-00. Coastal sediment; Groin, experimental; 3 1 2-09745-430-00. Coastal sediment; Inlets, tidal; Sand; Sediment transport; 142- 10402-410-60. Coastal sediment; Jetties; Sediment transport; Weir jetty; 312- 10656-430-00. CoEistal sediment; Littoral drift estimation; Sediment transport; 039-10445-410-13. Coastal sediment; Littoral processes; Scaling laws; Sediment transport; Wave reflection; 312-09743-410-00. Coastal sediment; Longshore transport computation; Sediment transport; 312-09744-410-00. Coastal sediment; Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; 312-09752-410-00. Coastal sediment; Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms; 316-10780-410-11. Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sedi- ment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; 312- 10655-410-00. Coastal structures; Florida coastline; Hurricane Eloise damage; Shoreline changes; 039-10444-410-44. Coastal transport; Current meter data; Diffusion; Circulation; 012-10178-450-52. Coastal waters; Oil slick spread; 017-10024-870-54. Coastal zone management; Texas coast; 1 56-09067 -4 1 0-54 . Coastal zone resource management; 07 5 -08765 -880-54 . Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; 005-09780-870-52. Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Stilling basin model; 152-10591-350-75. Colombia capacity expansion methodology; 075-09817-800-87. Colorado River; Salinity management; 157-10174-860-33. Colorado River basin; Oil shale development; Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; 157-10158-860-60. Colorado River upper basin; Irrigation management; 157- 0419W-840-00. Colorado River upper basin; Salinity level prediction; Water quality; 157-10171-860-33. Columbia Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 341-10733-350-00. Columbia River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; 01 1-10000-220- 52. Columbia River; Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; 313-05317-330-13. Columbus Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation condi- tions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 314-09721-330-13. Combustion; Convection; Heat transfer; Radiation; 109-08908- 140-54. Combustion; Fluidized beds; 069-10463-650-73. Combustion; Liquid-gas flow; Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; 122-10020-290-50. Combustion, centrifugal; Coal; 069-10464-690-52. Compliant boundary; Drag reduction; 332-09420-250-00. Compliant surfaces; Drag reduction; Noise suppression; 331- 09451-250-22. Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; 165-09925-250-20. Compliant wall; Gelatin; Viscoelastic boundary; 027-07936- 250-00. Compliant walls; Drag reduction; Boundary layer; 316-09732- 250-50. Compressible flow; Disks, co-rotating; Rotating flows; Two- phase flow; 007-09937-000-00. Compressible flow; Finite element method; Numerical model; Boundary layer, turbulent; 003-09776-010-14. Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; 316-10798-010-27. Compressible flow; Porous media, deformable; 088-10573-070- 54. Compressible recoil mechanism; Shock-absorbing system; Un- steady flow; 061-10383-290-14. Compressor blades; Pressure fluctuations; Radio-telemetry techniques; Stalling; 163-08367-550-20. Compressor, hydraulic; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 007- 08698-630-00. Compressor loss models; Compressors, axial; 109-101 19-630- 50. Compressors; Gas turbines; Helium flow; 077-10575-630-20. Compressors, axial; Compressor loss models; 109-101 19-630- 50. Computational fluid dynamics; Comer flows; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; 101-09893-740-50. Computational fluid dynamics; Boundary layer computation; Boundary layer, turbulent; 141-08973-010-52. Computer model; Drainage system; Floodplain management; Runoff storage; Urban drainage; 155-09918-870-33. Computer model; Embankments; Frost heaving; Soil freezing; 020-10078-820-54. Computer model; Estuaries; Eraser River; Salinity intrusion; 404-10236-400-90. Computer model; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; Circulation; 323-10696-400-00. Computer model; Finite element method; Scour; 302-10630- 220-00. Computer model; Great Salt Lake; Water quality management model; 157-10144-860-33. Computer model; Groundwater model; Aquifers; 302-10640- 820-00. Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; 161-09882-400-60. Computer model; Hydrographs; Runoff, urban; Storm drainage; 056-10093-810-36. Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; 030-10339-810-06. Computer model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm water management; Water quality; 068-10567-810-88. Computer model; Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; Soil erosion; 052-09852-830-61. Computer model; Injector; Propellant, liquid; Rocket propul- sion; 138-10181-550-50. Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; 31-2-10655-410-00. Computer model; Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal regime; 061-10371-870-33. Computer model; Montana water resources; Reservoir opera- tion; Reservoirs, multi-purpose; 096-08 162-800-61 . Computer model; Odor control; Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; 053-10405-870-70. Computer model; Propeller-hull interaction; Ship stopping; 334- 10731-550-22. Computer model; Sediment routing; Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10631-810-00. Computer models; Cooling alternatives; Power plant economics; 061-10369-340-33. Computer models; Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; 404-10234-810-96. Computer models; Groundwater flow; 323-10700-820-00. Computer models; Hydrologic models; Water quality models; Watershed hydrology; 051-09912-810-36. 295 Computer models; Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; 302-10638-810-00. Computer models; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation, surface; 020- 07927-840-05. Computer models; Irrigation system optimization; 052-09854- 840-31. Computer models; Mass transport; Uranium, solution mining; 112-10439-390-55. Computer models; Nutrient transport models; Pesticides; Ru- noff models; 051-0380W-870-00. Computer models; Power plant impact; Transport models; 112- 10049-870-55. Computer models; Water resource system optimization; 157- 10175-800-33. Computer program; Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer transition; 334-10728-010-22. Computer program; Breakwaters, floating; 1 68- 1 0074-430-44 . Computer program; Hull forces; Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; 151-1 0038-520-45 . Computer program; Propeller design; Propellers, skewed; 334- 09434-550-00. Computer program; Pump-jet propulsion; Vibrations; 151- 10037-630-21. Computer program; Ship motions; Catamarans; 334-10719-520- 00. Computer program; Ships, twin-hull; Wave loads; 334-10720- 520-00. Computer program availability; Water resource models; 149- 0285W-800-33. Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotat- ing; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; 331-07219-550- 22. Computer programs; Metallic wastes; Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; 075-09825-870-36. Computer programs; Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; 040-09846-210- 00. Computer programs; Water resource system optimization; 060- 9993-800-00. Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; 323-037 lW-300-00. Computer simulation; Hydrodynamics; 328-0377 W-740-00 . Computer simulation; Irrigation system control; Water level sensors; 019-10126-840-31. Computer simulation; Water management models; 035-09939- 860-33. Computer simulation; Water resources planning; 035-09938- 800-33. Concrete cube stability; Drag; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 046-10054-420-00. Concrete, fiber reinforced; Drop structures; 404-10231-350-96. Condenser cooling water flow; Hydraulic rhodel; Pumpwell; 413-09577-340-00. Condenser flow model; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 400-10500-340-75. Condenser inlet tunnel; Hydraulic model; North Anna plant; Power plant; 179-10416-340-73. Condenser inlet waterbox; Erosion; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; 179-10420-340-73. Condenser water circulating system; Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; 149-10602-870-75. Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; Outlet works model; 313-07110-350-13. Conduit, rectangular; Dispersion; Roughness effect; 412-09571- 020-00. Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; 335-04867-510-22. Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; 307-04996-810-00. Conifers; Grassland; Southwest watersheds; Watershed manage- ment; Chaparral; 308-10647-810-00. ** Conjunctive management; Groundwater management; Surface water; Water use; 167-10187-800-60. Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; 157-10159-860-60. Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic struc- tures; Trash racks; 302-7002-390-00. Constraining elements; Water use changes; 157-10156-860-60. Construction site turbidity control; Turbidity measurement; 322-09390-220-00. Contact stress; Reactors; Stick slip; Acoustic emission; 136- 09844-620-54. Contaminant effects; Fluid amplifiers; 163-09187-600-12. Contaminant migration; Pollution; Porous media flow; 418- 10512-070-90. Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circulation; 161-09876-450-00. Continental shelf; Currents, wind induced; Coastal boundary layer; 178-09225-450-52. Continental shelf; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Water quali- ty; 325-09397-860-00. Continental shelf; Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Waves; Circulation; 325-09399-450-00. Continental shelf; Oceanography; Water quality; Benchmark data; 161-09877-450-34. Continental shelf; Sediment characteristics; 312-09761-410-00. Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circula- tion; Continental shelf; 161-09876-450-00. Contraction effects; Turbulence, free stream; 048-10197-020- 20. Control structure; Hydraulic model; Ice boom; 408-10241-300- 73. Control structure; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408- 10258-350-73. Control structure failure consequences; Old River; 072-09927- 350-61. Control structures; Hydraulic model; Weir; 405-10291-350-90. Convection; Equation of state; Heat transfer; Water density; Circulation; 105-10117-140-54. Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; 003-09777-140-00. Convection; Heat transfer; Radiation; Combustion; 109-08908- 140-54. Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; 013-08704-060-54. Convection; Stratified flow; Turbulence, statistical theory; 057- 09041-020-54. Convection; Turbulent free convection; 057-09042-020-54. Convection, double-diffusive; Solar pond; Stratified fluid; 139- 10127-020-54. Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; 030- 07247-800-00. Cooling alternatives; Power plant economics; Computer models; 061-10369-340-33. Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; Heat transport; Seepage; 174-09871-820-36. Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reser- voirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; 075- 09807-870-75. Cooling pond dynamics; 075-08734-440-75. Cooling pond, heat transfer; Numerical model; Power plant; Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; 149-10606- 870-73. Cooling ponds; Wastewater cooling water feasibility; 156- 09065-870-00. Cooling system, closed cycle; Power plant backfitting; 061- 10382-340-36. 296 Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; 420-10540-340-75. Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; 420-10541-340-75. Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; Slowdown discharge model; 061-10378-870-73. Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; Condenser water circulating system; 149-10602-870-75. Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; 061-10392-030- 54. Cooling tower bcisin; Hydraulic model; Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; 179-10430-340-75. Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Intake sump; Power plant; 408-10239-340-70. Cooling tower emissions; Plume model; Stack emissions; 073- 08695-870-60. Cooling tower lift circuit; Power plant, nuclear; Browns Ferry plant; 341-10739-340-00. Cooling tower model; Plume interference; Plume recirculation; 061-10386-340-70. Cooling tower models; Plume near field; 061-10379-870-73. Cooling towers; Cooling water economic models; 061-10374- 340-61. Cooling towers; Heat dissipation; Plume temperatures; 011- 10006-870-52. Cooling towers; Mathematical model; Plumes; Potential flow; 061-10385-030-70. Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; 061- 10392-030-54. Cooling water; Spray cooling nozzle tests; 179-10419-390-70. Cooling water discharge; Currents, coastal; Diffuser induced circulation; 075-08735-410-00. Cooling water discharge; Diffuser pipe; Power plant, nuclear; 061-08830-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; Thermal effluent; 075-09801-870-75. Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Dilution; Plumes; Thermal effluent; 341-10734-870-00. Cooling water discharge; Dilution; Mathematical model; Power plants, coastal; 01 1-10007-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pil- grim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circula- tion, coastal; 075-09799-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; 341-10740-870-00. Cooling water discharge; Environmental impact prediction; Monitoring data; Power plant, nuclear; 01 1-10005-870-55. Cooling water discharge; Food production; Power plants; Ther- mal effluents; 157-10149-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 061-10375-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Ther- mal discharge dilution; 061-10380-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge model; 179-06509-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 400-08156-340-75. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 400-09468-340-75. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Ther- mal model; 400-10491-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 408- 09546-340-75. Cooling wat^r discharge; Hydraulic model; Manitounuk Sound; 408-10269-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Ice; Minnesota rivers and lakes; 149- 08995-870-73. Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effects; 161- 08332-870-52. Cooling water discharge; Jet, surface; Power plant; 061-08831- 870-75. Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Sewage disposal; Wave effects; 019-07151-870-61. Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Thermal discharges; Outlets; 056-10104-870-33. Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Mathematical models; Temperature prediction; 075-08732-870-52. Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; Power plant, nuclear; 075-08727-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; Pollution, ther- mal; Remote sensing; 078-09023-870-50. Cooling water discharge; Mathematical models; Power plants; Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; 112-10048-870-55. Cooling water discharge; Missouri River; Plume prediction; Thermal effluent; 061-10359-870-60. Cooling water discharge; Monitoring program design; 075- 08757-870-00. Cooling water discharge; Monitoring; Thermal effluents; Boat sampling system; 075-09803-720-44. Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; 078-09832-870-50. Cooling water discharge; Outfall model; Power plant, nuclear; 061-08832-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; Water temperature forecasts; 075-09828- 870-73. Cooling water discharge; Stratified flow; Thermal discharge mechanics; 056-10105-060-33. Cooling water discharge system; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 061-10376-870-75. Cooling water economic models; Cooling towers; 061-10374- 340-61. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Sedimentation; 400-10498-340-75. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Condenser flow model; 400-10500-340-75. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Pumpwell; 413-1032 1- 340-00. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; 413-10325-340-00. Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Lake Ontario; Waste heat use; 413-10326-340-00. Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 413-10323- 340-00. Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Wave forces; 413-10318-420-00. Cooling water intakes; Intake design; Power plants; 413-09581- 340-00. Cooling water model; Model study; Pollution, thermal; 019- 08784-870-73. Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 413-09575-340-00. Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Mixing; 413-10320- 340-00. Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Outfalls; Power plant; 413-10324-340-00. Cooling water outfall channel; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413-09574-340-00. Cooling water outfall duct; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413- 09573-340-00. Cooling water system; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413- 09579-340-00. Cooling water tunnel; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel; 413-10329-340-00. Coon Creek; Morphology; River channels; 323-10694-300-00. isn Copper; Pollution; Red tide; 075-09824-870-44. Corn belt reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation; Sedimentation; 300-0186W-220-00. Corn belt watersheds; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-0 1 88W-8 10-00. Corner flows; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; 101-09893-740-50. Cornwall plant; Hydraulic model; Pumped storage plant; 408- 10246-340-73. Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavita- tion; 333-10713-520-22. Corrosion, pitting; Microorganism role; 152-10581-230-00. Couette flow; Periodic flow; Stability; Unsteady flow; 076- 10469-000-00. Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; Sta- bility; 088-07488-000-54. Couette flow; Rotating flow; Stability; Stratified flow; 139- 10130-060-54. Couette flow; Rotating flow; Turbulence measurements; 414- 10519-000-90. Couette flow; Turbulence structure; 417-10502-000-90. Countercurrent flow flooding; Scale effects; Two-phase flow; 036-09790-130-55. Creeping flow; Porous media flow; 048-10220-070-54. Crop practices; Erosion; Residue; Soil erosion; Tillage; 303- 0360W-830-00. Crop production; Drainage system design; Pollution control; 11 3-0382 W-840-00. Crop production optimization; Soil moisture control; Soil salini- ty control; 157-09078-860-33. Cryogenic liquids; Flow meters; 3 15-07005-1 10-00. Culvert design study; 404-10230-370-90. Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; Scour; 002- 09953-360-47. Culverts; Drainage, highway; Energy dissipators; Highway drainage; 342-08577-360-00. Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; 322-10689-370-47. Current effects; Structures, coastal; Wave forces; 028-09979- 420-00. Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal processes; 039-10449-410-00. Current measurement; Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; 039-10450-410-10. Current measurement; Keweenaw current; Lake Superior; / 75- 10029-440-54. Current measurements; Lake Michigan; Coastal currents; 175- 10033-440-44. Current measurements; Wave measurements; Coastal engineer- ing field stations; 039-10442-410-60. Current meter; Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence struc- ture; Boundary layer, turbulent; 332-09418-010-22. Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility im- provements; 089-10141-720-44. Current meter calibration; Water tunnel; Calibration facility im- provements; 089-10140-720-44. Current meter data; Currents; Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; 161-09887-870-68. Current meter data; Diffusion; Circulation; Coastal transport; 012-10178-450-52. Current meters; Density effects; Price meters; Calibration equa- tion; 405-10290-700-00. Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; 3 16-10796- 700-00. Current meters; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; 316-08652-700-00. Current sensors; Data acquisition; Tide sensors; Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; 117-08914-450-44. Currents; Drift bottles; Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; 107- 06053-440-00. Currents; Electric fields; Ocean currents; 1 78-09226-450-20. Currents; Estuaries; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Coastal circulation; 037-08856-450-50. Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; 319-10668-440-00. Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant transport; 005-09778-440-52. Currents; Ocean dynamics; Atlantic Ocean; / 78-07786-450-20. Currents; Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; Current meter data; 161-09887-870-68. Currents; Velocity distribution; Wave-current interaction; 075- 09798-420-44. Currents, coastal; Currents, three dimensional; Mathematical model; 075-09800-450-44. Currents, coastal; Diffuser induced circulation; Cooling water discharge; 075-08735-410-00. Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; 035-09941-440-44. Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; 035-09942- 410-54. Currents, coeistal; Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; Wave theory; Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; 075-06413- 420-20. Currents, coastal; Jetties; Wave breaking; Breakwaters; 075- 08719-410-11. Currents, Gulf coast; Numerical model; 153-09916-450-44. Currents, longshore; Longshore sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; Sediment transport by waves; 07 5-09797-4 10-44 . Currents, ocean; Currents, wind generated; Inertial currents; 161-09152-450-50. Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Be- nard convection; 318-08449-450-00. Currents, ocean; Iceberg drift; Numerical model; Sea ice; 410- 10312-450-90. Currents, three dimensional; Mathematical model; Currents, coastal; 075-09800-450-44. Currents, tidal; Harbors; Southeast Harbor, Seattle; Tidal circu- lation; 167-10194-470-75. Currents, transient; Currents, wind-driven; Lake circulation; 137-09959-440-00. Currents, wind driven; Lake circulation; Lake Ontario; Numeri- cal model; 137-09958-440-54. Currents, wind generated; Inertial currents; Currents, ocean; 161-09152-450-50. Currents, wind induced; Coastal boundary layer; Continental shelf; 178-09225-450-52. Currents, wind induced; Ekman layer; Oil spill behavior review; 075-09804-870-44. Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; Circula- tion; 178-09224-440-44. Currents, wind-driven; Lake circulation; Currents, transient; 137-09959-440-00. Cylinder; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow-induced, virtual mass; 076-10467-030-70. Cylinder, circular; Oscillatory flow; Wave forces; 118-09986- 420-54. Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous now; 421-07995-030-90. Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; Submerged objects; Wave forces; 026-09013-420-00. Cylinders; Drag; Force measurement; Submerged bodies; 124- 08926-030-22. 298 Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; Cables; 332-10711-030-20. Cylinders; Free-stream perturbations; Vortex shedding; Wakes; 048-10198-030-20. Cylinders; Ocean structures; Structure design criteria; Wave forces; 118-09768-430-44. Cylinders; Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 142- 10394-420-44. Cylinders; Wakes; Boundary layer-wake interaction; 163- 08363-030-00. Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluc- tuation; Roughness; Submerged bodies; 061-10393-030-54. Cylinders, circular; Oscillations; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Boundary layers; 417-10507-010-90. Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation; 417-07899-010-00. Cylinders, eccentric rotating; Lubrication theory; Stability theory; 135-06772-000-20. Cylinders, elastically mounted; Vibrations, flow-induced; Vor- tex streets; 179-10438-240-00. Cylinders, part full; Rotating flow; Stability; 137-09965-000-54. Dam; Hydraulic model; Saskatchewan River; Weir; 400-10499- 300-90. Dam breaching; Dam removal effects; 028-09977-300-60. Dam break problem; Flood waves; Mathematical model; 020- 10076-310-54. Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; 155-09922-810-07. Dam effects; Rio Grande; River channels; Channel adjustments; 323-0457W-300-00. Dam failure; Flood wave; 094-07505-350-88. Dam model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-09348-350-00. Dam model; Libby reregulating dam; 313-09345-350-00. Dam model; Little Goose Dam; 313-04504-350-13. Dam model; Lower Granite Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-05071-350-13. Dam overtopping; Flood passing; Morris dam; Spillway; 166- 10441-350-73. Dam removal effects; Dam breaching; 028-09977-300-60. Dam sealing material; Dams, earth; Stability tests; 149-08999- 350-75. Damage avoidance system; Ship damage, heavy weather; 169- 10343-520-45. Dams; Gallery drainage; 338-00771-350-00. Dams; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; Tail- water effects; 322-10680-350-00. Dams, earth; Stability tests; Dam sealing material; 149-08999- 350-75. Data acquisition; Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; 312-09762-410-00. Data acquisition; Satellites; Buoy data processing; 161-09875- 720-50. Data acquisition; Tide sensors; Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Vir- ginia; Current sensors; 1 1 7-08914-450-44. Data acquisition system; Sediment analyzer; 3 1 2-09737-700-00. Data aquisition systems; Environmental study; Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; Oceanographic instruments; 075- 08083-450-44. Data gathering system; Wind energy; 1 57-10155-480-06. Dearborn River, Montana; Paleohydraulics; Channel incision chronology; 091-10063-300-00. Delta formation; Reservoir sedimentation; Stratified flow; Tur- bidity current; 068-10568-860-54. Denitrification system design; Water treatment; 1 54-0391 W- 870-33. Density effects; Price meters; Calibration equation; Current me- ters; 405-10290-700-00. Density probe; Depth sounding; Navigation; Sediment; 314- 10748-700-00. Deposition; Red River; Scour; Sediment transport model; 098- 09997-220-10. Depth sounding; Navigation; Sediment; Density probe; 314- 10748-700-00. Design criteria; Drop structures; Energy dissipation pools; Riprap; 302-09294-350-00. Design criteria; Shore protection manual; Coastal construction; 312-02193-490-00. Design paramater optimization; Mathematical models; River models; 414-10518-810-00. Destratification; Reaeration; Stratified lakes; Water quality; 314-10753-860-00. Destratification diffuser; Reservoirs; Stratified fluids; 322- 10679-860-00. Detention storage; Channel improvement; Flood control; 052- 09858-310-00. Diffraction; Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; 103-09967-420-44. Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; 179-10428-340-75. Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Ther- mal effluent; Charlestown station; 179-10424-340-73. Diffuser; Outlet, sewer; Sewer, storm; 149-10599-870-60. Diffuser induced circulation; Cooling water discharge; Currents, coastal; 075-08735-410-00. Diffuser outlets; Numerical models; 056-10103-870-00. Diffuser performance; Swirl; 422-09635-290-90. Diffuser pipe; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 061-08830-870-73. Diffusers; Dilution; Plumes; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 341-10734-870-00. Diffusers; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; Ther- mal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 075-09801-870-75. Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; 005-09780-870-52. Diffusion; Circulation; Coastal transport; Current meter data; 012-10178-450-52. Diffusion; Groundwater; Porous media flow; Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; 072-09928-820-61. Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; 341-07083-870-00. Diffusion; Lagrangian statistics; Turbulence structure; 181- 09267-020-00. Diffusion; Langevin model; Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 139-08259-020-54. Diffusion; Numerical model; Sediment transport, suspended; 043-10346-220-54. Diffusion; Open channel now; 405-09509-200-00. Diffusion; Salinity diffusivity; Thermal diffusivity; Turbulence; 332-07063-020-00. Diffusion; Turbulence structure; Wind engineering; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 139-10559-020-54. Diffusion; Turbulent free shear flow; Wakes; 417-09597-020- 87. Diffusion, molecular; Gases; Mixing; Turbulent mixing; 081- 08990-020-22. Dilution; Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; Outfalls; 410-10305-050-90. Dilution; Mathematical model; Power plants, coastal; Cooling water discharge; 011-10007-870-73. Dilution; Plumes; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; 341-10734-870-00. Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; Mississip- pi River; Velocity measurement; 094-10013-700-13. Discharge permit programs; Water rights administration; 157- 0430W-870-00. Discharge structure; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Seabrook plant; 179-10417-340-73. Discharge structure; Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; 075-09806-350-75. 299 Disks, co-rotating; Rotating flows; Two-phase flow; Compressi- ble flow; 007-09937-000-00. Disks, co-rotating; Steam flow; Turbines, multiple-disk; Two- phase flow; 007-09933-630-88. Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; Com- pliant wall; 165-09925-250-20. Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution; River flow; 056-10099-300-00. Dispersion; Estuaries; Heat disposal; Pollution dispersion; 019- 08046-870-61 . Dispersion; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Salinity distribu- tion; Temperature distribution; 075-08728-400-36. Dispersion; Groundwater; Porous medium flow; Water quality; 075-08084-820-36. Dispersion; Groundwater movement; Tracer injection; Waste disposal; 323-10701-820-00. Dispersion; Heated water discharge; Internal jump; Jets, buoyant; 149-0281 W-060-36. Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; 075-09799-870-73 . Dispersion; Meandering channels; River flow; 405-09507-300- 00. Dispersion; Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; 028-09980- 020-00. Dispersion; Mixing; Open channel flow; River flow; 401-10765- 200-96. Dispersion; Model distortion effects; Open channel flow; Scal- ing laws; 405-10287-750-00. Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 341-10740-870-00. Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; 075-09814-070-54. Dispersion; Porous media flow; 028-09982-070-00. Dispersion; Roughness effect; Conduit, rectangular; 412-09571- 020-00. Dispersion; Turbulent shear flow; 421-07996-020-90. Dispersion models; Hydraulic models; Lakes; Numerical model; 419-10510-440-00. Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; 030- 07247-800-00. Dispersion, thermal; Estuarine hydraulics; Mathematical model; 042-08679-400-73. Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall ero- sion; Clays; 314-10760-350-00. Disposal operations; Dredging; Plumes; Turbidity; 106-10058- 870-10. Diversion; Hydraulic model; Kpong project; 400-1 0496-3 50-87 . Diversion chamber; Hydraulic model; Sewer, interceptor; 408- 10256-870-68. Diversion model; Old River diversion; River model; 3 14-09680- 350-00. Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; Spill- way; 420-10553-350-73. Diversion structures; Hydraulic model; Sewers, combined; / 79- 10433-870-75. Diversion studies; James Bay project; 408-10271-350-73. Diversion tunnel; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Tun- nels; 400-10493-350-75. Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; 322-10676-350-00. Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spill- way; 408-10257-350-73. Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Revelstoke project; 420- 10557-350-73. Diversions; Fish protection; Intakes; 020-10080-350-60. Dolos unit breakage; Breakwaters; 414-105 14-430-90. Don Island; Eraser River; Hydraulic model; Lion Island; Causeway; 420-10550-300-65. Draft tube surges; Vortex breakdown; 322-06321-340-00. Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines; Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; 124-10045-630-31. Drag; Flat plate, normal; Oscillatory flow; Submerged bodies; 044-09955-030-00. Drag; Force measurement; Submerged bodies; Cylinders; 124- 08926-030-22. Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; Cones; 335-04867-510-22. Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; 316-07243-060-20. Drag; Lift; Sediment transport; Bed particles; 302-09293-220- 00. Drag; Mooring line response; Cables; 152-09048-590-22. Drag; Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; Cables; 152- 09049-590-00. Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Wedges; 057-05778-030-00. Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; 057-07352- 120-00. Drag; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; 061-10393-030-54. Drag; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; 061-10392- 030-54. Drag; Ship viscous drag; 334-09439-520-00. Drag; Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 046-10055- 420-00. Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Vibrations; Angu- lar bodies; 166-09200-030-54. Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; 334-09442-030-00. Drag; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; 046-10054-420-00. Drag; Wave drag; Bluff bodies; 142-10395-420-44. Drag, harmonic water flow; Sphere, periodic rolling motion; Submerged bodies; 044-08816-030-00. Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; 165-09925-250-20. Drag reduction; Boundary layer; Compliant walls; 3 16-09732 - 250-50. Drag reduction; Compliant boundary; 332-09420-250-00. Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; 093-1 0075-370-54. Drag reduction; Flow visualization; Polymer additives; Turbu- lence, near-wall; 116-08939-250-54. Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; Tur- bulence measurement; Viscoelastic fluids; 093-06405-250-00. Drag reduction; Laser-Doppler anemometer; Turbulence mea- surements; 116-08940-700-00. Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; 334-09437-010-00. Drag reduction; Noise reduction; Polymer ejection methods; 337-09456-250-22. Drag reduction; Noise suppression; Compliant surfaces; 331- 09451-250-22. Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; 044-06695-250-6/. Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase now; Viscoelastic flow; 131-07592-130-00. Drag reduction; Orifice flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; 417-10503-250-90. Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymers; Turbulence; 302-10628- 250-00. Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Polymer degrada- tion; Rotating disks; 334-08540-250-00. 300 Drag reduction; Polydispersity; Polymer additives; 331-10772- 250-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; 006-08825-250-54. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate sphe- roid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; 061-02091 - 520-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Viscosity; 093-06408-120- 00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring instruments; Viscosity; 093-07502-120-00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; 115-07553-250-54. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Velocity profile calculation; 331-09445-250-00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; Cavitation inception; 331-09449-250-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Solute effects; Surfactants; 332-08523-250-20. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polystyrene; 337-09455- 250-00. Drag reduction; Propulsion; Thrust generation; Boundary layer control; 043-10353-550-00. Drag reduction; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Two-phase flow; 093-07501-130-84. Drag reduction; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boun- dary layer transition; Boundary layer, laminar; 334-09438- 010-00. Drag reduction; Transition; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; 332- 08524-250-00. Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Soil water; 055-08682-820-00. Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb in- lets; 322-10689-370-47. Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlet grating hydraulics; Inlets, highway; 068-07403-370-60. Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlets, highway; Inlet grating hydraulics; 068-10566-370-60. Drainage; Hydrologic model; Runoff, urban; Urban hydrology; 056-10096-810-00. Drainage; Numerical model; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 414-10526-810-90. Drainage; Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 075-09821-810-00. Drainage; Runoff; Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; 404- 10229-810-96. Drainage; Tile effluent; Water quality; 063-0265W-840-07. Drainage basin models; Geomorphology; River channels; Chan- nel networks; 060-09992-300-00. Drainage channels; Peatlands; 410-10309-840-90. Drainage design; Pollutant disposal; Porous medium flow; 303- 0354W-070-00. Drainage ditches; Erosion; Highway drainage; Tractive forces; 018-09786-220-60. Drainage, highway; Energy dissipators; Highway drainage; Cul- verts; 342-08577-360-00. Drainage, highway; Hyetographs; Storm drainage; Storms, design; 056-10092-810-47. Drainage on slopes; Drains, agricultural; 322-09391-840-00. Drainage system; Floodplain management; Runoff storage; Urban drainage; Computer model; 155-09918-870-33. Drainage system design; Pollution control; Crop production; 11 3-0382 W-840-00. Drains, agricultural; Drainage on slopes; 322-09391-840-00. Drains, gravel envelopes; 322-09394-840-00. Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; Scour; Culvert outlet; 002- 09953-360-47. Dredge pipelines; Dredge pumps; Mathematical model; 152- 09052-490-44. Dredge pumps; Mathematical model; Dredge pipelines; 152- 09052-490-44. Dredge spoil spread; Erosion; Galveston Bay; Sediment trans- port; 152-09055-220-44. Dredged material uses; 152-10589-430-00. Dredging; Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; 312-06995-880-00. Dredging; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; 152- 10578-330-82. Dredging; Plumes; Turbidity; Disposal operations; 106-10058- 870-10. Dredging alternatives; Harbor sedimentation; Sedimentation control; 329-09411-220-22. Dredging effects; Sediment transport; Thames River; 034- 10115-220-44. Dredging methods; Wave effects; 152-09053-490-00. Drift bottles; Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; Currents; 107- 06053-440-00. Drogues; Buoy-drogue tests; 1 18-09988-450-44. Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; 300-01723-350-00. Drop inlets; Inlets; Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; 149- 001 1 1-350-05. Drop inlets; Inlets; Vibrations, flow induced; 149-10592-350- 05. Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; 322-10675-350-00. Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; 322-10675-350-00. Drop structures; Concrete, fiber reinforced; 404-1023 1-350-96. Drop structures; Energy dissipation pools; Riprap; Design criteria; 302-09294-350-00. Droplet deposition; Film flow; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 048-10213-130-54. Droplets; Jet, atomized; Shock wave effects; 415-07895-130-00. Droplets; Shock wave effects; Water drops; 139-10128-130-54. Droplets; Steam; Two-phase flow; 086-08779-130-54. Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; 013-08702-120- 54. Dropshaft model; Genesee River interceptor; Hydraulic model; 149-10593-390-70. Droughts; Water management; Water supply systems; 157- 10173-860-33. Dryer; Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; 400-10488-340- 70. Duct flow; Fluidization; 142-10396-130-44. Duct flow, rectangular; Resistance; Roughness; 412-09572-2 10- 90. Ducts, rectangular; Flow measurement; Asymmetric; Velocity- area method; 179-10437-710-00. Dune growth; Open channel flow; Bed forms; 414-1052 1 -220- 90. Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; Dredging; 312-06995-880-00. Dust filtration; Filters, fabric; 109-08901-870-70. Dworshak Dam; Fish hatchery; Hatchery jet header model; 313-07112-850-13. Dworshak Dam; Fishway diffuser model; 3 13-071 1 1-850-13. Dworshak Dam; Gate model; Selective withdrawal; 3 13-08443- 350-13. Dworshak Dam; Intake models; Outlet works model; 313- 05315-350-00. Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; Outlet works model; Conduit en- trance model; 3 13-071 10-350-13 . Dworshak Dam; Spillway model; 313-05070-350-13. Dye dilution evaluation; Flow measurement; 149-10595-710-70. Dye study; Recirculation; Sewage outfall; Thermal effluent; York River; 161-09886-870-68. Dye technique; Flow visualization; Photochromic dye; 4/6- 06952-710-00. 301 Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; 314-10746-350-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; 317- 10789-750-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model valida- tion; Turbulence measurements; 3 17-10793-750-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; 317-10795-700-00. Earthquake induced motions; Nuclear reactors; Reservoirs, an- nular; 146-09299-340-70. Earthquake loads; Oil storage tanks; Structures, offshore; 019- 10123-430-44. Earthquakes; Liquefaction; Soil motions; 085-08851-070-54. East River; Pollution transport mechanisms; 106-09001-870-00. Ecological change indicators; Stream bottom organisms; 154- 0412W-880-33. Ecology; Environmental impact; Mississippi River; Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; 061-08833-870-70. Economic effects; Groundwater withdrawal; Land subsidence, Texas; 154-0388W-820-33 . Economic effects; Oil shale development; Water transfers, Utah; 157-10145-800-33. Economics; Groundwater management alternatives; Utah; 157- 10160-820-60. Ecosystem management standards; Ecosystem resilience; Forest management system; 045-101 12-880-54. Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 314-10751- 880-00. Ecosystem models; Mathematical models; River system; Watersheds; 314-10758-870-00. Ecosystem resilience; Forest management system; Ecosystem management standards; 045-101 12-880-54. Ecosystem resilience; Mathematical model role; Water quality monitoring; 045-101 14-860-30. Eddy diffusivity; Lakes, stratified; Turbulence measurements; 035-09943-440-80. Edgetones; Free shear layer; Tone phenomenon; 048-10206- 160-20. Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; 314-10749-410-00. Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution; River flow; Dispersion; 056-10099-300-00. Ejectors; Jets; Propulsion; Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion; 043-10352-550-22. Ekman layer; Oil spill behavior review; Currents, wind induced; 075-09804-870-44. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Film hydrodynamics; Lubrica- tion; 077-10576-620-27. Electric analog model; Finite element method; Mathematical model, seepage; 314-09685-070-13. Electric analog model; Seepage; Wells, relief; 3 14-09663 -820- 13. Electric fields; Ocean currents; Currents; / 78-09226-450-20. Electromagnetic measurements; Flow measurements; Harbor flushing; 175-10031-470-44. Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09477-340-75. Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09486-340-70. Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09488-340-70. Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09489-340-75. Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09490-340-70. Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; 400-09491-340-70. Elk Creek Dam; Outlet works model; 313-09347-350-00. Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transition; 331-10773-010-22. Embankments; Frost heaving; Soil freezing; Computer model; 020-10078-820-54. Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; 314-10760-350-00. Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; 323-037 lW-300-00. Emulsification; Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; 084-09818-130-00. Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline trans- port; Suspensions; Drag reduction; 093-10075-370-54. Energy; Environmental effects; Ocean wave energy conversion; Salinity gradient energy; 161-09883^90-52. Energy; Floating devices; Wave power systems; 075-09796-420- 44. Energy; Geothermal development; Hydropower development; 1 57-0425 W-800-00. Energy; Intakes; Ocean thermal energy; Screens; 118-09990- 430-52. Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Waves, design waves; 046-09280-420-52. Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 046-09282-340-54. Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Thermal energy; 046-10051-490-88. Energy; Ocean thermal energy; 075-09809-430-52. Energy; Savonius rotor; Wind power; 076-10466-630-00. Energy; Turbines; Wind turbine rotors; 073-09998-630-52. Energy conservation; Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; 075-09810-870- 52. Energy conversion; Energy efficiency; Pollution control technology; 157-0427W-870-00. Energy development options; Salinity; Water resources; 157- 0424 W-800-00. Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; 179-1043 1- 360-73. Energy dissipation pools; Riprap; Design criteria; Drop struc- tures; 302-09294-350-00. Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; 322-07035-350-00. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; 166-10133-350-73. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 408-10270-350- 87. Energy dissipator; Scour; Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; 002- 09953-360-47. Energy dissipator; Splitter wall model study; Tennessee-Tom- bigbee Waterway; 314-09704-350-13. Energy dissipator; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Chute dis- sipator model; 314-09703-350-13. Energy dissipator, flip bucket; Spillway capacity; Spillway model; Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; 044-08010-350-73. Energy dissipators; Highway drainage; Culverts; Drainage, highway; 342-08577-360-00. Energy dissipators; Spillway baffles; 322-10692-360-00. Energy dissipators; Stilling basins, low Froude number; 322- 09383-360-00. Energy efficiency; Pollution control technology; Energy conver- sion; 157-0427W-870-00. Energy gradients; Open channel flow; Backwater curve compu- tations; 121-08928-200-00. Energy loss; Sewer junctions; 405-09512-870-00. Energy, ocean thermal; Hydraulic model; Ocean thermal energy plant; Stratified flow; 039-10458-430-20. Energy resource development; Utah; Water allocations; 157- 0429W-860-00. Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; 157-10146-800-33. Energy separation; Jet impingement; 043-1035 1-050-54. 302 Energy shortage impact; Irrigation, Texas; 1 54-0393 W-840-33 . Energy transfer; Turbulence; Wave growth; Waves, wind; Air- water interface; 148-10406-420-14. Entrainment; Jets, submerged; Jets, turbulent; 056-10100-050- 00. Entrance flow; Helical flow; Mathematical model; 076-10468- 000-70. Entry flow; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; 409-10782-140-00. Environment impact; Power plant licensing; Power plants, nuclear; Thermal effluents; 075-09802-870-80. Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pol- lutant transport; Shoaling; 152-10583-330-44. Environmental effects; Ocean wave energy conversion; Salinity gradient energy; Energy; 161-09883-490-52. Environmental evaluation; Water resources development, Texas; 152-10585-800-33. Environmental impact; Mississippi River; Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; 061-08833-870-70. Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; Energy conservation; 075-098 1 0-870-52 . Environmental impact prediction; Monitoring data; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 01 1-10005-870-55. Environmental law; Legal processes; Power plant siting; Regula- tory processes; 075-09830-880-00. Environmental study; Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; Oceanographic instruments; Data aquisition systems; 075- 08083-450-44. Eolian erosion; Mars; Sediment transport; 062-09793-220-50. Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thunderstorm; Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; 303-10625-810-00. Equation of state; Heat transfer; Water density; Circulation; Convection; 105-101 17-140-54. Erodibility; Sand-silt mixtures; Sediment transport; 068-10570- 220-54. Erosion; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; 408- 10243-400-75. Erosion; Floods; Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency; Watersheds, brushland; 307-04999-810-00. Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; 307-04998-810-00. Erosion; Forest management model sediment yield; Water yield; 030-10342-880-36. Erosion; Galveston Bay; Sediment transport; Dredge spoil spread; 152-09055-220-44. Erosion; Groin hydraulics; 402-10284-410-90. Erosion; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; River closure; 400-10495-350-75. Erosion; Highway construction; Sediment prediction; 121- 10084-220-60. Erosion; Highway drainage; Tractive forces; Drainage ditches; 018-09786-220-60. Erosion; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox; 179-10420-340-73. Erosion; Jets; Scour; 402-09499-220-90. Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; 129- 03808-830-05. Erosion; Littoral drift; Model laws; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; 405-10294-410-00. Erosion; Mathematical model; Open channel flow; Velocity dis- tribution; Alluvial channels; 302-10629-200-00. Erosion; Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-10561-220-00. Erosion; Morphology; Stream channels; Channel stabilization; 302-10633-300-00. Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber access roads; 030-10340-220-06. Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; 323-0462 W-220-00. Erosion; Residue; Soil erosion; Tillage; Crop practices; 303- 0360W-830-00. Erosion; Riprap; Channels; 314-10742-320-00. Erosion; Scour; Soil classification; Channel erosion prediction; 033-10778-220-88. Erosion; Sediment transport; Silt reduction; Chippewa River; 030-10333-220-13. Erosion; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; 303-10626-810-00. Erosion; Sedimentation; Soil erosion principles; 302-10632-830- 00. Erosion; Shore protection procedures; 085-08850-410-60. Erosion; Soil properties; Stream channels; Channel stability; 302-09295-300-00. Erosion, coastal; Island protection; 103-09966-410-44. Erosion, coastal; Water resource development impact; Brazos River, Texas; 154-0405 W-4 1 0-33. Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; 306-04757-810-00. Erosion control; Infiltration; Irrigation; Soil water movement; 303-0442W-810-00. Erosion control; Levee protection; Soil stabilization; 314- 09666-830-13. Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain ero- sion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; 300-04275-830-00. Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; 310-06974-810-00. Erosion control; Road fills; Tree planting; 304-09323-830-00. Erosion control; Soil erosion; Texas blackland; 302-0210W- 830-00. Erosion control; Southwest watersheds; Watershed rehabilita- tion; 308-09339-810-00. Erosion protection; Filter, gravel; 094-07506-220-33 . Error models; River channels; Alluvial channel mesisurements; 043-10350-300-54. Eruptions; Rotating flows; 137-09962-000-20. Estuaries; Flow patterns; Salinity distribution; 42 1-09634-400- 00. Estuaries; Fraser River; Salinity intrusion; Computer model; 404-10236-400-90. Estuaries; Heat disposal; Pollution dispersion; Dispersion; 019- 08046-870-61. Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; 323-037 lW-300-00. Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; York River estuary; 159-09892-400-36. Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; 161-09874-400-60. Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; 323-10693-860-00. Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant distribution; Tidal prism model; 161-09880-400-60. Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pollutant distribution; Sewage outfall; 161-09881-400-60. Estuaries; Mathematical model; Water quality; Continental shelf; 325-09397-860-00. Estuaries; Mathematical model; River flow; St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; 411-06603-400-90. Estuaries; Mathematical models; Pollutant transport; 019- 10125-400-54. Estuaries; Mathematical models; Salinity distribution; Tempera- ture distribution; Dispersion; 075-08728-400-36. Estuaries; Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; 075-08729-400-36. Estuaries; Mathematical models; 134-08952-400-33. Estuaries; Mathematical models; Virginia; Water quality models; 161-09165-400-60. Estuaries; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Coastal circu- lation; Currents; 037-08856-450-50. 303 Estuaries; River model; St. Lawrence River; Tidal motion; 411- 06602-400-90. Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; Circulation; Computer model; 323-10696-400-00. Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; San Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; Water quality; 314-09726-400-13. Estuarine hydraulics; Mathematical model; Dispersion, thermal; 042-08679-400-73. Estuary circulation; Mass transport; Mixing; Stratified flow; 039-09087-400-54. Estuary hydrodynamics; Mathematical model; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; 161-09884-400-00. Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Salinity intrusion; Shoaling; 408-10242-400-73. Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Erosion; 408- 10243-400-75. Eutrophic lake restoration; Lakes; Mathematical model; 111- 08909-870-36. Eutrophication; Limnological model; Mathematical model; Reservoir; Water quality; 01 1 -09999-860-87. Eutrophication; Reservoirs; 154-041 lW-860-33 . Eutrophication control; Flushing; Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; 167-10185-870-61. Evaporation; Evapotranspiration; Reservoir losses; 302-0450W- 860-00. Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; 319-10670-810-00. Evaporation; Heat transfer; Lakes; Air-water interface; / 79- 10426-170-00. Evaporation; Hydrologic models; Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10644-810-00. Evaporation; Reservoir losses; Tennessee basin; 338-00765- 810-00. Evaporation; Soil moisture; Watersheds, unit source; 302- 0448W-8 10-00. Evaporation retardants; Lysimeter; Snow-melt; 020-10081-170- 31. Evaporation, river; Tracer method; 405- 1 0288-7 1 0-00. Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; 300-09272-810-00. Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09316-810-00. Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; 307- 04996-810-00. Evapotranspiration; Reservoir losses; Evaporation; 302-0450W- 860-00. Evapotranspiration; Spray; Wastewater spray site; 079-04 161V- 870-00. Evapotranspiration computation; Geostrophic drag; 035-08674- 810-54. Explosion propagation; Reactor safety; Vapor blanket collapse; 133-10089-340-55. Explosions; Vapor explosions; 1 46-09302-190-50. Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; 179-10435-340-73. Fan blade loading; Axial flow fan; 124-08917-630-20. Fan blades; Blade pressures; 122-08930-630-50. Fan rotor, ducted; Noise; Turbulent inflow effect; 124-08920- 160-21. Farm chemical transport; Sediment samplers, suspended; Sedi- ment transport; 302-09296-220-00. Farm water supply; Water supply; 303-0236W-860-00. Feedlot runoff management; Runoff; Wastewater; 1 57-10161 - 870-60. Ferrohydrodynamic boundary layer; MHD flows; 057-09037- 110-00. Ferry terminal; Hydraulic model; 420-10543-470-70. Ferry terminal; Wave studies; Wind studies; 420-10547-470-96. Fertilizer; Nitrogen; Ponds; Soil erosion; Water quality; 055- 08024-820-07. Fertilizer; Soil pollution; Water pollution; 301-0440W-870-00. Fertilizers; Mathematical model; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10642-870-00. Field measurements; River structures; Scour; Bridges; 401- 10763-350-00. Film flow; Flow reversal; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 048- 10211-130-55. Film flow; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Droplet deposition; 048-10213-130-54. Film hydrodynamics; Lubrication; Elastohydrodynamic lubrica- tion; 077-10576-620-27. Filter cake washing; Non-Newtonian fluids; 048-1 02 1 5-1 20-00 . Filter cakes; Coal liquification; 048-10218-290-54. Filter, gravel; Erosion protection; 094-07 506-220-33 . Filters, fabric; Dust filtration; 109-08901-870-70. Filtration; Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; Algae; 157-10162-870-60. Filtration; Unsteady flow; 027-10083-290-00. Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; Wastes, textile; 1 12-09266-870-36. Financing; Water developments; Water use fees; 157-09076- 890-33. Finger growth, viscous; 072-09926-890-61. Finite difference method; Heat transfer; Turbulence model; An- nular flow; 065-10787-020-54. Finite difference method; Hudson Bay; Numerical model; Chesterfield inlet; 419-10509-400-90. Finite difference method; Jets, buoyant; Plumes; Turbulence; 065-10785-050-54. Finite difference method; Laminar flow; Separated flow; Turbu- lent flow; 065-10786-000-54. Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Nu- merical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; 035- 09941-440-44. Finite element method; Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; Cavity flows; 148-10411-530-21. Finite element method; Lake circulation; Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; 035-09940-440-54. Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Columbia River; 011-10000- 220-52. Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Clinch River; 01 1-10001-220- 55. Finite element method; Mathematical model, seepage; Electric analog model; 314-09685-070-13. Finite element method; Numerical model; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; Compressible flow; 003-09776-010-14. Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave ef- fects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; 035-09942- 410-54. Finite element method; Numerical methods; Wave theory; 075- 09795-420-44. Finite element method; Porous medium flow; Seepage; 044- 06693-070-00. Finite element method; Pressure pulses; Structure response; 336-09454-240-29. Finite element method; Scour; Computer model; 302-10630- 220-00. Finite element method; Towed cable dynamics; 152-10590-590- 00. Finite element model; Ice drift; Sea ice; 410-103 1 1-450-90. Finite-element methods; 146-09305-740-00. Fire plume; Plumes, wall; 122-08931-060-70. Fire resistance; Hydraulic fluids; 333-10714-610-22. Fire spread in corridors; Mathematical model; Smoke spread; 109-08906-890-54. 304 Fish barrier, electric; Wave forces; 413-10319-850-00. Fish growth; Lakes; Utah lakes; Water quality; Aluminum con- centrations; 157-10142-870-60. Fish hatchery; Hatchery jet header model; Dworshak Dam; 313-07112-850-13. Fish hatchery; Water treatment; Ammonia control; 052-09861 - 870-10. Fish hatchery aerator; Fish hatchery deaerator; 3 1 3-08442-850- 13. Fish hatchery deaerator; Fish hatchery aerator; 313-08442-850- 13. Fish ladder; Hydraulic model; Turners Falls dam; 179-10422- 350-73. Fish ladder model; John Day Dam; 313-07114-850-13. Fish ladder model; Little Goose Dam; 313-05316-850-13. Fish ladder model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-07119-850-13. Fish ladder model; 313-09346-350-13. Fish ladder tests; 313-10665-850-13. Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; 54/-/ 07^7-850-00. Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plant; 341-10738-850-00. Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; 341-10775-850-00. Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monu- mental Dam; Spillway model; 313-10658-350-13. Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; 313-10659-350-13. Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; 313-10660-350-13. Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; 313-10661-350-13. Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflec- tors; Spillway model; 313-10662-350-13. Fish protection; Intakes; Diversions; 020-10080-350-60. Fish pump; Hydraulic model; 420-10556-850-90. Fish screen; Hydraulic model; 322-09388-850-00. Fish screen hydraulics; Power plant intakes; 313-10663-850-13. Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; 341-10737-850-00. Fish screens; Intakes; Power plant; Fish larval impingement; 341-10738-850-00. Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; 341-10775-850-00. Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; Runoff; Umatilla River; 166-10134-300-88. Fish spawning; Streamflow; Yakima River; 166-10132-300-34. Fish spawning beds; Gravel restoration; Hydraulic jet cleaning; 166-10131-390-60. Fishway diffuser model; Dworshak Dam; 3 13-071 1 1-850-13. Flat plate, normal; Oscillatory flow; Submerged bodies; Drag 044-09955-030-00. Flip bucket; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Spillway 400-10494-350-75. Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; 322-07035-350-00. Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway 408-10268-350-73. Floating bodies; Wave effects; 334-10723-520-00. Floating devices; Wave power systems; Energy; 075-09796-420- 44. Floating structures; Mooring forces; Waves; 41 1-103 16-420-00. Flood control; Detention storage; Channel improvement; 052- 09858-310-00. Flood control; Hydraulic model; Pumping plant model; 061- 10365-350-75. Flood control; Hydraulic model; Richelieu River; Water level; 408-10259-300-90. Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; 155-09922-810-07. Flood control; Recreation demands; Reservoir management; Sedimentation; 061-10373-310-33. Flood control planning; Mathematical models; 056-08709-3 10- 33. Flood control policy; Flood routing; Stochastic dynamic pro- gramming; 155-09920-310-33. Flood damage reduction measures; Mathematical model; Watersheds, ungaged; 094-08865-310-00. Flood discharges, wetlands; Hydrology; Mathematical model; 102-09950-810-00. Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; 301-10622-810-00. Flood flows; Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; 056-08711-810-54. Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; 404-10234-810-96. Flood forecasting; Mathematical model; Reservoir operation; Watershed model; 419-09605-310-00. Flood passing; Morris dam; Spillway; Dam overtopping; 166- 10441-350-73. Flood peak determination; Missouri floods; 094-06287 -8 1 0-00 . Flood plain; Hydraulic model; Meandering; River flows; 028- 09978-300-00. Flood plain; Mathematical model; Overbank flow; River basin model; 028-09973-300-00. Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Mis- souri River; 091-10066-300-33. Flood plain management; Land use; 056-10098-3 10-61 . Flood prediction; Ross River; Stuart River; Yukon; 402-09501- 310-90. Flood probability; Floods, extreme; Hydrologic events; 167- 10189-810-00. Flood risk evaluation; 056-07340-310-00. Flood risks; Ice jams; River ice; Salmon River; 405-10304-300- 90. Flood routing; Floodplain channels; 049-10069-310-54. Flood routing; Mathematical models; River flow; Usteady flow; 321-10671-300-00. Flood routing; Stochastic dynamic programming; Flood control policy; 155-09920-310-33. Flood routing; 027-10082-310-00. Flood tests; Mississippi Basin model; River model; 3 14-09682- 300-13. Flood wave; Dam failure; 094-07505-350-88. Flood waves; Mathematical model; Dam break problem; 020- 10076-310-54. Floodplain channels; Flood routing; 049-10069-310-54. Floodplain characteristics; Remote sensing; 314-10741-310-00. Floodplain management; Runoff storage; Urban drainage; Com- puter model; Drainage system; 155-09918-870-33. Floods; Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency; Watersheds, brushland; Erosion; 307-04999-810-00. Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; Sediment routing; Chan- nel stability; 404-10232-300-96. Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; 307-04998-810-00. Floods; Ice breakup; Probability analysis; 401-10767-300-96. Floods; Snowmelt; Alberta; 401-10768-310-96. Floods, extreme; Hydrologic events; Flood probability; 167- 10189-810-00. Floods, frozen ground; Hydrology; Antecedent conditions; 052- 09856-810-61. Floodwater retarding reservoirs; Irrigation; Water transmission losses; 302-10639-860-00. Floodwater retarding structures; Water consumption; 302- 0452 W-860-00. Floodwater retarding structures; Runoff; Southern plains; 302- 0453W-810-00. Florida coastline; Coastal construction setback lines; 039- 10443-410-60. 305 Florida coastline; Hurricane Eloise damage; Shoreline changes; Coastal structures; 039-10444-410-44. Florida sand budget; Littoral drift; Nearshore circulation; Beach erosion; 039-09091-410-44. Flow augmentation; Runoff; Umatilla River; Fish spawning; 166-10134-300-88. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 3 13-10658-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10659-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10660-350-13 . Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 3 13-10661-350-13 . Flow distribution; Manifolds; 172-10018-210-75. Flow measurement; Asymmetric; Velocity-area method; Ducts, rectangular; 179-10437-710-00. Flow measurement; Dye dilution evaluation; 149-10595-7 10-70. Flow measurement; Hot-wire probes; Vorticity measurement; 081-10610-700-50. Flow measurement; Mississippi River; Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; 094- 1 00 1 3 -700- 1 3 . Flow measurement; Orifice meters; Pulsatile flow; 172-10016- 700-54. Flow measurement; Pipeline flow; Pitot rods; 057-10277-700- 00. Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic velocimeter; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; 168-10072-700-40. Flow measurements; Boundary layer, three dimensional; 061- 10391-010-70. Flow measurements; Harbor flushing; Electromagnetic measure- ments; 175-10031-470-44. Flow meters; Cryogenic liquids; 3 15-07005-1 10-00. Flow noise; Noise reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Wall pressure fluctuations; 33 1-0722 1-160-20. Flow patterns; Salinity distribution; Estuaries; 42 1-09634-400- 00. Flow regulation; Pumped storage sites; Snake River; Water use alternatives; 052-09862-860-33. Flow reversal; Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Film flow; 048- 10211-130-55. Flow visualization; Jets; Polymer additives; Cavitation; 331- 10774-050-20. Flow visualization; Photochromic dye; Dye technique; 416- 06952-710-00. Flow visualization; Polymer additives; Turbulence, near-wall; Drag reduction; 116-08939-250-54. Flow visualization; Resonance tubes; 139-08950-290-15. Flow visualization; Separated flow; 139-07616-090-00. Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; 089-10141-720-44. Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; Cables; Cylinders; 332-10711-030-20. Flowmeter calibration; Turbine flowmeters; 326-10706-700-00. Flowmeters; Acoustic flowmeter; Automobile exhaust; 317- 10792-700-00. Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; 3 17-10793-750-00. Flowmeters; Interlaboratory tests; Measurement assurance; 317- 10791-700-00. Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; 317- 10789-750-00. Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; Venturi meter; 317-10790-700-27. Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; 3 17-1 0794-700- 00. Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; 317-10795-700-00. Fluid amplifiers; Contaminant effects; 163-09187-600-12. Fluid amplifiers; Fluidics; 422-09636-600-90. Fluid mechanics experiments in space; Heat transfer; Space laboratory; Thermodynamics; 146-09303-000-50. Fluid power systems; Noise; Pumps, displacement; Transients; 057-07353-630-70. Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; Interfaces; Surface contact; Wetting; 125-09951-100-54. Fluidic delay lines; Pressure waves; Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; 136-09656-600-00. Fluidics; Fluid amplifiers; 422-09636-600-90. Fluidics; Hydraulic control systems; 329-094 1 3-600-22 . Fluidics; Hydraulic vortex resistors; 1 16-1057 1-610-12. Fluidics; Reattaching flow; Separated flow; 139-07619-600-00. Fluidics; Turbulence amplifier; 422-0963 7-600-90. Fluidization; Duct flow; 142-10396-130-44. Fluidization; Powders; Pulsed flow; 126-09838-130-00. Fluidized beds; Combustion; 069-10463-650-73. Fluidized beds; Heat transfer; 052-09864-140-52. Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; Conser- vation structures; 302-7002-390-00. Flushing; Harbor flushing; 420-10534-470-90. Flushing; Harbor geometry; Tidal circulation; 167-10186-470- 00. Flushing; Harbors, small boat; Marinas; Water quality; 167- 09204-470-60. Flushing; Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; 167-10185-870-61. Fly ash disposal; Groundwater contamination; Metals; Pollu- tion; 111-09911-820-52. Food production; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; 157-10149-870-73. Force measurement; Submerged bodies; Cylinders; Drag; 124- 08926-030-22. Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; 306-04757-810-00. Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency; Watersheds, brushland; Erosion; Floods; 307-04999-810-00. Forest lands; Irrigation; Sewage disposal; 305-09332-870-00. Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs; 305-03887-810- 00. Forest management; Timber cutting; Water quality; Watersheds, forest; 304-08436-810-00. Forest management model sediment yield; Water yield; Ero- sion; 030-10342-880-36. Forest management system; Ecosystem management standards; Ecosystem resilience; 045-101 12-880-54. Forest watersheds; Sedimentation rates; 052-09849-830-33. Forests; Porous media flow; Soil water; 402-10286-810-90. Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; Aeration; Air bubbles; 341-08570-860-00. Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corro- sion; 333-10713-520-22. Frail lands study; Montana; 303-0361W-880-00. Eraser River; Hydraulic model; Navigation channel; 420-10545- 300-90. Eraser River; Hydraulic model; Lion Island; Causeway; Don Island; 420-10550-300-65. Eraser River; Salinity intrusion; Computer model; Estuaries; 404-10236-400-90. Eraser river; Sediment data; Sediment transport; 420-10554- 220-90. Free shear layer; Initial condition effects; 048-10205-000-54. Free shear layer; Oscillations, self-excited; 064-09022-000-00. Free shear layer; Tone phenomenon; Edgetones; 048-10206- 160-20. Free surface flow; Marker and cell method; Mathematical models; 070-09260-740-20. 306 r Free-stream perturbations; Vortex shedding; Wakes; Cylinders; 048-10198-030-20. Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; Cavity flows; 124-03807-230-50. Freon jets; Jet impingement; Mixing; Acoustic field; 081- 10611-050-50. Friction; Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; 417-09599-210-00. Friction coefficient; Ice cover; River fiow; 405-09515-300-00. Friction factor; Pipe flow; Pipes, corrugated helical; 149-10600- 210-70. Friction, interfacial; Stratified now; 039-10448-060-54. Friction loss; Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; Solid- liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; 096-07513-260-06. Frost heaving; Soil freezing; Computer model; Embankments; 020-10078-820-54. Fuel control calibrations; Automated flow systems; 3 17-07242- 700-22. Gainesville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation con- ditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 3 14-09723-330- 13. Gallery drainage; Dams; 338-00771-350-00. Galveston Bay; Sediment transport; Dredge spoil spread; Ero- sion; 152-09055-220-44. Gas bearing theory; Lubrication; Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; 135-06773-000-14. Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; Gas bubbles; 086-06147-230-54. Gas bubbles; Bubble dynamics; Cavitation damage; Cavitation mechanics; 014-01548-230-20. Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; 086-06/47-250-54. Gas dynamics; Rotating flow; Stability; 137-09964-000-00. Gas seals; Pumps; 059-09030-630-70. Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; Outlet works; Water quality; 322-10682-350-00. Gas turbines; Helium flow; Compressors; 077-10575-630-20. Gases; Mixing; Turbulent mixing; Diffusion, molecular; 081- 08990-020-22. Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; 131-08243-130-00. Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Mass transfer; Turbulence models; Two-phase flow; 131-08244-130-00. Gas-liquid flow; Heat transfer; Slug flow; Two-phase flow; 048- 10212-130-88. Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two- phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; 013-08702- 120-54. Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Compressor, hydraulic; 007- 08698-630-00. Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Film flow; Flow reversal; 048- 10211-130-55. Gas-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Droplet deposition; Film flow; 048-10213-130-54. Gas-liquid flow regimes; Two-phase flow; 048-102 10-130-52. Gas-liquid interface; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; 148-10413-140-54. Gas-liquid interface; Mass transfer; Turbulence models; Two- phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; 131-08244-130-00. Gas-liquid interface; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; 131-08243-130-00. Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; Sea walls; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; 408-10261-430-96. Gas-solid flow; Particle centrifugal separation; Two-phase flow; 077-10574-130-52. Gate downpull; Gate vibration; Hydraulic model; 408-10266- 350-73. Gate downpull; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 408- 09547-340-96. Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Au- burn Dam; 322-07028-350-00. Gate model; Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; 3 13-07108-350 13. Gate model; Selective withdrawal; Dworshak Dam; 3 13-08443- 350-13. Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; 322-07028-350-00. Gate vibration; Hydraulic model; Gate downpull; 408-10266- 350-73. Gate vibrations; Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; Gate model; Gates, spillway; 313-07108-350-13 Gates; Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; 322- 10683-350-00. Gates; Hydraulic model; Peace River diversion; 420-10537-350- 73. Gates; Libby Dam; Pressure relief panel model; 313-09343- 350-13. Gates; Turnouts; Canal automation; 322-07030-320-00. Gates, clamshell type; 322-10686-390-00. Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; Gate model; 313-07108-350-13. Gates, Tainter; Spillway crest pressure; 0-14-08013-350-00. Gelatin; Viscoelastic boundary; Compliant wall; 027-07936- 250-00. Genesee River interceptor; Hydraulic model; Dropshaft model; 149-10593-390-70. Geomorphology; Hydrologic estimation; 075-098 1 9-8 1 0-54. Geomorphology; River channels; Channel netv/orks; Drainage basin models; 060-09992-300-00. Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; Current meter; 332-09418-010-22. Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; 318-08449-450-00. Geostrophic drag; Evapotranspiration computation; C: "^ -08674- 810-54. Geothermal development; Hydropower development; Energy; 1 57-0425 W-800-00. Geothermal wells; Two-phase flow; 048-10214-130-52. Glass spheres; Hydraulic transport; Solid-liquid vertical flow; 057-08035-130-00. Grand Coulee Dam; Pump-turbine intake; 322-07022-340-00. Grassland; Southwest watersheds; Watershed management; Chaparral; Conifers; 308-10647-810-00. Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety. Curb inlets; Drainage; 322-10689-370-47. Gravel packs; Water wells; Well screens; 322-10688-820-00. Gravel restoration; Hydraulic jet cleaning; Fish spawning beds; 166-10131-390-60. Gravel rivers; River channels; Sediment routing; Channel sta- bility; Floods; 404-10232-300-96. Gravity reduction effects; Jet impingement; Jets, liquid; 326- 09403-540-00. Grazing effects; Infiltration; Runoff; 157-10167-810-33. Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipita- tion; Water level; Evaporation; 319-10670-810-00. Great Lakes; Inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; 3 12-097 50-4 10- 00. Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water tem- perature; Currents; 319-10668-440-00. Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; Circulation; Currents, wind in- duced; 178-09224-440-44. Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 3 19-10669-440-00. Great Lakes; Water level changes; Beach erosion; Bluff reces- sion; 312-09742-440-00. Great Lakes; Wave data; Wave hindcasting; 312-10652-420-00. Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; 035- 09941-440-44. 307 254-330 0-78-21 Great Lakes water level; Lake Ontario regulation; 103-09969- 440-44. Great Plains; Soil erosion; Water erosion; Wind; 300-0346W- 830-00. Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; Water quality; 157-10170-860-33. Great Salt Lake; Lake circulation; Mathematical model; 157- 0421W-440-00. Great Salt Lake; Lakes, stratified; Transport processes; 157- 10147-440-33. Great Salt Lake; Nitrogen cycling; Water quality; 157-10143- 860-33. Great Salt Lake; Water quality management model; Computer model; 157-10144-860-33. Groin, experimental; Coastal sediment; 3 1 2-09745-430-00 . Groin hydraulics; Erosion; 402-10284-410-90. Groins, submerged; Scour; Alluvial channels; Bed regime; 149- 10597-220-13. Groundwater; Gulf Coast aquifers; Numerical model; Aquifers, geopressured; 323-10702-820-00. Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; 091-10066-300-33. Groundwater; Idaho; Piezometric head; Road construction ef- fects; 304-10645-820-00. Groundwater; Long Island; Salt water intrusion; 144-09873- 820-65. Groundwater; Mathematical model; Radionuclide movement; Soil water; 01 1-08800-820-52. Groundwater; Mathematical model; Clark County, Washington; 011-10009-820-75. Groundwater; Mathematical model; Ahtanum-Moxee sub-basin; 011-10010-820-60. Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; Water quality; 174-09872-820-36. Groundwater; Monitoring methodology; Sampling; 018-09787- 820-36. Groundwater; Numerical models; Porous media flow; Boundary integral solutions; 035-09945-070-54. Groundwater; Pollutant transport; Radioactive wjiste storage tanks; 011-10002-870-52. Groundwater; Pollutant transport; Septic tank drainfield; 096- 10617-870-36. Groundwater; Porous media flow; Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; 072-09928-820-61. Groundwater; Porous medium flow; Water quality; Dispersion; 075-08084-820-36. Groundwater; Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; 502-04491^- 810-00. Groundwater; Strip mine sites; Surface water; Water pollution; 096-10615-870-36. Groundwater; Water quality; Chlbrofluoromethanes; 058- 10562-820-00. Groundwater; Water storage; Aquifer dip; Aquifers, saline; 072- 09929-820-61. Groundwater; Well casing collapse; Well casings, thermoplastic; 009-09783-860-33. Groundwater; Well casings; Thermoplastic; 009-09782-860-36. Groundwater contamination; Metals; Pollution; Fly ash disposal; 111-09911-820-52. Groundwater development methodologies: 030-10337-820-54. Groundwater flow; Computer models; 323-10700-820-00. Groundwater flow; Numerical study; Porous media flow; 421- 10558-820-90. Groundwater flow; Trace metal flow; Aquifer hydrology; 131- 09839-820-54. Groundwater flow transients; Porous medium flow, unsteady; 085-08854-820-00. Groundwater heating; Heat transport; Seepage; Cooling lakes; 174-09871-820-36. Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; Ground- water recharge; Water supply, emergency; 102-09947-820- 80. Groundwater management; Groundwater recharge; California; 303-0226W-820-00. Groundwater management; Land subsidence reduction; 154- 0404W-820-33. Groundwater management; Surface water; Water use; Conjunc- tive management; 167-10187-800-60. Groundwater management alternatives; Utah; 157-0422W-820- 00. Groundwater management alternatives; Utah ; Economics; 157- 10160-820-60. Groundwater model; Aquifers; Computer model; 302-10640- 820-00. Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; 1 02-09947-820-80 . Groundwater model; Land use effects; Mathematical model; Montana groundwater; 096-08872-820-61. Groundwater models; Groundwater parameter estimation; 075- 09811-820-00. Groundwater monitoring; Hanford site; Pollution; Radiactive wastes; 011-10008-870-52. Groundwater movement; Tracer injection; Waste disposal; Dispersion; 323-10701-820-00. Groundwater parameter estimation; Groundwater models; 075- 09811-820-00. Groundwater planning, public participation; 154-0383W-820- 33. Groundwater pollutant movement; Aquifer simulation; 154- 0386W-820-33. Groundwater pollution; Pollution, aquifers; Aquifer pollution transport; 027-07934-870-41. Groundwater pollution; Pollution; Waste disposal siting; 075- 09812-820-36. Groundwater pollution; Training of engineers; 075-08741-820- 88. Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; Strip mining; Water resources. East Texas; 152-10584-810-33. Groundwater recharge; California; Groundwater management; 303-0226[V-820-00. Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; 147- 10473-820-54. Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; 148- 10409-820-54. Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; Ground- water, humid regions; Groundwater model; 102-09947-820- 80. Groundwater recharge zones; San Antonio, Texas; Urban growth; 1 54-0409 W-82 0-33. Groundwater recharge; 016-07978-820-33. Groundwater resources; Strip mining effects; Water quality; 075-09813-870-54. Groundwater storage; Aquifer subsidence; 035-08675-820-00. Groundwater supplies; Arizona; 008 -02 6 6 W-82 0-60. Groundwater systems; Heat transport; 154-0395W-820-33. Groundwater, unsaturated zone; Pollution; Radionuclide trans- port; 011-10004-870-52. Groundwater use; Land subsidence reduction; Water use op- timization; I54-0394W-800-33. Groundwater withdrawal; Land subsidence, Texas; Economic effects; 154-0388W-820-33. Groundwater-lake interaction; Seepage; 174-09870-820-33 . Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Recreational develop- ment; Watershed impact; I54-0410W-8I0-33. Guatemala; Sediment transport, volcanic debris; Streamflow; Volcaniclastics; 091-10062-220-54. Gulf Coast aquifers; Numerical model; Aquifers, geopressured; Groundwater; 323-10702-820-00. 308 Gulf Coast beaches; Sediment transport by waves; Wave reflec- tion; Beach erosion; 152-07708-410-44. Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; Dredging; 152- 10578-330-82. Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; Shoaling; 1 52- l0586-330-44. Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; Shoaling; En- vironmental considerations; 1 52-10583-330-44. Gulf Stream interaction; Atlantic Bight; 161-09888-450-34. Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Tunnels; Diversion tun- nel; 400-10493-350-75. Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Flip bucket; 400-10494-350-75. Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; River closure; Erosion; 400-10495-350-75. Guri project; Hydraulic model fabrication; 149-10601-350-75. Hail suppression; Utah hailstorms; Cloud seeding; 157-10154- 480-60. Hampton Roads; Pollution, non-point; Runoff; Stormwater sam- pling; Water quality; 159-09890-870-36. Hampton Roads; Sewage outfall; Circulation; 161-09878-870- 68. Hanford site; Pollution; Radiactive wastes; Groundwater moni- toring; 011-10008-870-52. Harbor; Mixing; Tidal flushing; Boat basin; 167-10183-470-13. Harbor entrances; Models, hydraulic; Shoaling; Alluvial streams; 314-07171-470-13. Harbor flushing; Electromagnetic measurements; Flow measure- ments; 175-10031-470-44. Harbor flushing; Flushing; 420-10534-470-90. Harbor geometry; Tidal circulation; Flushing; 167-10186-470- 00. Harbor model; Newburyport Harbor; 314-09687-470-13. Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor models; Hurricane surge; Mathematical model; New York Harbor hydraulic model; 314-09692-430-13. Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; Wave theory; Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; 075- 06413-420-20. Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor resonance theory; Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; 104-08171-470-00. Harbor sedimentation; Sedimentation control; Dredging alterna- tives; i2 9-094// -220-22. Harbor site selection; Hydrofoil terminal; 046-10052-470-70. Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; Diffraction; 103-09967-420-44. Harbors; Marina hydraulics; Water quality; 167-10184-860-60. Harbors; Marina response; Wave-induced agitation; 414-1053 1 - 470-90. Harbors; Marinas; Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; Waves, ship- generated; 046-10053-470-60. Harbors; New York harbor; Sand mining effects; Circulation; 106-10059-470-44. Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; 035- 09941-440-44. Harbors; Shoaling; Alaska; 312-09735-470-00. Harbors; Southeast Harbor, Seattle; Tidal circulation; Currents, tidal; 167-10194-470-75. Harbors; Surge attenuation; 152-10577-470-70. Harbors, small boat; Marinas; Water quality; Flushing; 167- 09204-470-60. Harbour model; Hydraulic model; 405-10293-470-90. Hatchery jet header model; Dworshak Dam; Fish hatchery; 313-07112-850-13. Havasu pumping plant; Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; Suction tubes; 322-09379-390-00. Hawaii forests; Watershed management research; 307-09335- 810-00. Hawaiian Islands; Numerical model; Tsunamis response spectra; 153-09915-420-44. Hazardous materials; Pollution; Spill control; 025-09898-870- 36. Head loss; Rupture disc tests; 408-10244-210-70. Heart valve flow; Thrombus formation; Biomedical flow; 109- 08902-270-54. Heat balance; Laminar sublayer; Air-sea interface; 332-07064- 460-00. Heat disposal; Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; Power plant, floating; Power plant, nuclear; 075-08736-340-73. Heat disposal; Pollution dispersion; Dispersion; Estuaries; 019- 08046-870-61. Heat dissipation; Plume temperatures; Cooling towers; 011- 10006-870-52. Heat exchangers; Submerged bodies; Tube bundles; Vibrations, flow-induced; 116-10572-030-82. Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; 114-10609-820-54. Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; 341- 10735-340-00. Heat storage, subsurface; Aquifer; 009-09784-820-30. Heat transfer; Fluidized beds; 052-09864-140-52. Heat transfer; Hydrology; Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; 415-10332-810-90. Heat transfer; Ice; Lake shore ice formation; Mathematical model; 042-08677-440-44. Heat transfer; Ice; Radiative heating; 403-10222-140-90. Heat transfer; Ice melting; Mass transfer; 410-10310-140-90. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; 007-09931-140-50. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Rotating surfaces; 007-09932- 050-70. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Mass transfer; Numerical model; 408-10274-340-73. Heat transfer; Lakes; Air-water interface; Evaporation; 179- 10426-170-00. Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; 003-09777-140-00. Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; 133-10087-110-54. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; 024-10111-020-00. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; Gets-liquid in- terface; 148-10413-140-54. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; 409-10782-140-00. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Roughness effects; 416-06951- 140-00. Heat transfer; Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal discharge capacity; 061-10370-870-73. Heat transfer; Mixing; Open channel flow; Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; 061-08036-060-33. Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor cooling; Blowdown; Boiling water reactor; 041-07988-140-52. Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor core cooling; Reactor emergen- cy; 041-09984-660-73. Heat transfer; Pipe flow, turbulent; Supercritical fluids; /09- 08907-140-54. 309 Heat transfer; Power plants; Breeder reactor safety; 012-10180- 660^55. Heat transfer; Radiation; Combustion; Convection; 109-08908- 140-54. Heat transfer; Slug flow; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; 048- 10212-130-88. Heat transfer; Space laborator>'; Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics experiments in space; 146-09303-000-50. Heat transfer; Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; Convection; 013-08704-060-54. Heat transfer; Turbulence mode!; Annular flow; Finite dif- ference method; 065-10787-020-54. Heat transfer; Water density; Circulation; Convection; Equation of state; 105-10117-140-54. Heat transfer; Water reactor; Slowdown; 1 12-10022-340-55. Heat transport; Groundwater systems; 154-0395W-820-33. Heat transport; Seepage; Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; 174-09871-820-36. Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; Mixing; Open channel flow; Stratified flow; 061-08036-060-33. Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; 341-07083-870-00. Heated water discharge; Internal jump; Jets, buoyant; Disper- sion; 1 49-028 lW-060-36. Heaving; Plenum pressure; Surface effect ships; 151-08980- 520-21 Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; Algae; Filtration; 157-10162-870-60. Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; Water quality; Great Salt Lake; 157-10170-860-33. Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; Intake; Outfall; Pumps; 413-09578-340-00. Helical flow; Mathematical model; Entrance flow; 076-10468- 000-70. Helical flow; Pipe, corrugated; Turbulence structure; 149- 08996-210-54. Helium flow; Compressors; Gas turbines; 077-10575-630-20. Highway construction; Sediment prediction; Erosion; 121- 10084-220-60. Highway crossings; River mechanics manual; 052-09865-370- 470. Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; 322-1 0689-3 70-4 7. Highway drainage; Culverts; Drainage, highway; Energy dissipa- tors; 342-08577-360-00. Highway drainage; Inlet grating hydraulics; Inlets, highway; Drainage; 068-07403-370-60. Highway drainage; Inlets, highway; Inlet grating hydraulics; Drainage; 068-10566-370-60. Highway drainage; Tractive forces; Drainage ditches; Erosion; 018-09786-220-60. Highway pavement design; Hydroplaning; 152-09054-370-47 . Hillslope morphology; Sediment movement; Appalachian re- gion; 323-037 3W.220-00. Hope Creek plant; Mathematical model; Plumes, negatively buoyant; Power plant; Slowdown; 179-10425-340-73. Hot water storage; Numerical model; Solar energy; Aquifers; 067-09983-820-52. Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; Turbulence measure- ment; Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; 093-06405-250-00. Hot-wire probes; Vorticity measurement; Flow measurement; 081-10610-700-50. Hudson Bay; Numerical model; Chesterfield inlet; Finite dif- ference method; 419-10509-400-90. Hull forces; Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; Com- puter program; 151-10038-520-45. Hulls, flow around; Ship hulls; Wave resistance; 168-10073- 520-54. Hurricane Eloise damage; Shoreline changes; Coastal struc- tures; Florida coastline; 039-10444-410-44. Hurricane protection structures; Hurricane surge model; Tidal structures; 314-09684-350-13. Hurricane surge; Mathematical model; New York Harbor hydraulic model; Harbor models; 314-09692-430-13. Hurricane surge model; Tidal structures; Hurricane protection structures; 314-09684-350-13. Hurricane waves; Storm surge; Wave measurement; 039-10456- 420-55. Hyco Lake spillway; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Chute; 179- 10434-350-73. Hydraulic control systems; Fluidics; 329-094 1 3-600-22 . Hydraulic demonstration model; Ocean-inlet-bay model; Coastal engineering education; 039-1 045 1 -730-00 . Hydraulic design risks; Hydrologic design risks; Sewers, storm; 056-010106-810-33. Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodology; Sewers, storm; 056-10108-870-33. Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodology; Sewers, storm; 056-10109-870-33. Hydraulic fluids; Fire resistance; 333-10714-610-22. Hydraulic fluids, emulsifiable; 333-10715-610-22. Hydraulic jet cleaning; Fish spawning beds; Gravel restoration; 166-10131-390-60. Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; 322-07035-350-00. Hydraulic jump; Porous bed effect; 033-10777-360-00. Hydraulic jump; Turbulence measurement; 417-06817-360-00. Hydraulic jump, cross-flow assist; 044-080 1 2-360-73 . Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; 322-10678-320- 00. Hydraulic jump; 410-10306-360-00. Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence ef- fects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; 316-10796- 700-00. Hydraulic model; Slowdown discharge model; Cooling tower; 061-10378-870-73. Hydraulic model; Breakwater model; 420-10533-430-90. Hydraulic model; Breakwaters, floating; 420-10539-430-90. Hydraulic model; Condenser water circulating system; Cooling tower; 149-10602-870-75. Hydraulic model; Dropshaft model; Genesee River interceptor; 149-10593-390-70. Hydraulic model; Ferry terminal; 420-10543-470-70. Hydraulic model; Fish pump; 420-10556-850-90. Hydraulic model; Fish screen; 322-09388-850-00. Hydraulic model; Gate downpull; Gate vibration; 408-10266- 350-73. Hydraulic model; Harbour model; 405-10293-470-90. Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; 166-10133-350-73. Hydraulic model; Ice boom; Control structure; 408-10241-300- 73. Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Erosion; Estuary model; 408- 10243-400-75. Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Limestone station; Power plant; 408-10265-340-73. Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 3 13-10661-350-13. Hydraulic model; Intake; Irrigation canal; 400-10492-840-87. Hydraulic model; Intake; Outfall; Pumps; Heavy water plant; 413-09578-340-00. Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Vortex suppression; 322- 10672-210-00. Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Sedimentation; Cooling water flow; 400-10498-340-75. 310 Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Gate downpuU; 408- 09547-340-96. Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; 413-09575-340-00. Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; 420- 1 0540-340-75 . Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; 420-10541-340-75. Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; 322-10675-350-00. Hydraulic model; Intake structure, river; 044-09957-340-75. Hydraulic model; Intake structures; Power plant; Seabrook plant; 179-10418-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; 179-10427-340-75. Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; 179-10429-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Pumped storage project; Bad Creek project; 179-10432-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; 179-10435-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intake sump; Power plant; Cooling tower basin; 408-10239-340-70. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Cooling water intake; 413-10323- 340-00. Hydraulic model; Intakes; James Bay project; Vortices; 408- 10263-350-73. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; 413-10325-340-00. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump well; 408-10245- 340-73. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump wells; Vortices; 408-10247-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump sump; Vortices; 408-10248-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, nuclear; Pump en- trance; 408-10255-340-73. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; 413-10318-420-00. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; 408-10251-350- 73. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; Diversion tun- nel; 40«-/0257-i50-7i. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Control structure; 408- 10258-350-73. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; Flip bucket; 408-10268-350-73. Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10662-350-13. Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; Stilling basin; 322-10677-350-00. Hydraulic model; Kpong project; Diversion; 400-10496-350-87. Hydraulic model; Kpong project; Spillway; 400-10497-350-87. Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; 179-10428-340-75. Hydraulic model; Lake Erie; 103-09972-440-13. Hydraulic model; Lake Ontario; Waste heat use; Cooling water flow; 413-10326-340-00. Hydraulic model; Lake stratification; Pumped storage develop- ment; 322-09380-340-00. Hydraulic model; Libby Dam; Spillway model; 3 13-10666-350- 13. Hydraulic model; Limestone station; Power plant; 420-10538- 340-73. Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; Spillway; Diversion struc- ture; 420-10553-350-73. Hydraulic model; Lion Island; Causeway; Don Island; Fraser River; 420-10550-300-65. Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 3 13-10660-350-13. Hydraulic model; Locks; Pickwick Landing, 341-10736-330-00. Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10658-350-13. Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; Channel stabilization; 121-10086-300-60. Hydraulic model; Manitounuk Sound; Cooling water discharge; 408-10269-870-73. Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10659-350-13. Hydraulic model; Meandering; River flows; Flood plain; 028- 09978-300-00. Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; Discharge structure; Inlet structure; 075-09806-350-75. Hydraulic model; Mine cavity backfilling; Sand slurry deposi- tion; 322-09389-390-34. Hydraulic model; Miramichi Estuary, Canada; Navigation chan- nel; 4/ 7-09562 -JiO-90. Hydraulic model; Mixing; Cooling water outfall; 413-10320- 340-00. Hydraulic model; Mooring forces; Ships; 408-10260-520-90. Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; Eutrophica- tion control; Flushing; 167-10185-870-61 Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; Outlet works; Water quality; Gas supersaturation; 322-10682-350-00. Hydraulic model; Navigation channel; Fraser River; 420-10545- 300-90. Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; Pipe bends; Pump, feedwater; Swirling flow; 179-10423-340-73. Hydraulic model; North Anna plant; Power plant; Condenser inlet tunnel; 179-10416-340-73. Hydraulic model; Ocean thermal energy plant; Stratified flow; Energy, ocean thermal; 039-10458^30-20. Hydraulic model; Open channel flow; Power plant, nuclear; 009-09781-340-73. Hydraulic model; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; 413-10324-340-00. Hydraulic model; Outlet works; Spillway outlet works; 155- 09919-350-07. Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; Gates; 322- 10683-350-00. Hydraulic model; Palmetto Bend Dam. Spillway; 322-09393- 350-00. Hydraulic model; Peace River; River diversion; 420-10535-350- 73. Hydraulic model; Peace River diversion; Gates; 420-1053''-350- 73. Hydraulic model; Penstock entrances; 322-10685-340-00. Hydraulic model; Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Cooling tower basin; 179-10430-340-75. Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal ef- fluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; 179-10424-340-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water discharge system; 061-10376-870-75. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Thermal discharge dilution; Cooling water discharge; 061-10380-870-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; Thermal ef- fluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; 075-09801-870- 75. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Seabrook plant; Discharge struc- ture; 179-10417-340-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Thermal model; Cooling water discharge; 400-10491-870-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Condenser flow model; Cooling water flow; 400-10500-340-75. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Suppression pool; 400-10501 ■ 340-75. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water discharge; 408- 09546-340-75. 311 Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water outfall duct; 413- 09573-340-00. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water outfall channel; 413-09574-340-00. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water system; 413- 09579-340-00. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel; Cooling water tunnel; 413-10329-340-00. Hydraulic model; Power plant; Waves, design; 420-10552-420- 73. Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 061-10375-870-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox; Erosion; 179-10420-340-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; 341- 10735-340-00. Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 400-08156-340-75. Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 400-09468-340-75. Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; 179-06509-870-73. Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; Suction tubes; Havasu pump- ing plant; 322-09379-390-00. Hydraulic model; Pump wells; Sewage treatment plant; 408- 10253-630-68. Hydraulic model; Pumped storage project; Rock trap; 166- 09196-340-73. Hydraulic model; Pumped storage plant; Cornwall plant; 408- 10246-340-73. Hydraulic model; Pumping plant model; Flood control; 061- 10365-350-75. Hydraulic model; Pumping plant forebay; Tensas-Cocodrie plant; Vortex visualization; 075-09805-350-75. Hydraulic model; Pumping station; Calumet station; 149-10605- 350-75. Hydraulic model; Pumpwell; Condenser cooling water flow; 413-09577-340-00. Hydraulic model; Pumpwell; Cooling water flow; 413-10321- 340-00. Hydraulic model; Reactor sump; Vortex suppression; / 79- 10436-340-75. Hydraulic model; Revelstoke project; Diversion tunnel; 420- 10557-350-73. Hydraulic model; Richelieu River; Water level; Flood control; 408-10259-300-90. Hydraulic model; Riser pipes; Power plant; 413-10330-340-00. Hydraulic model; River closure; Erosion; Gull Island project; 400-10495-350-75. Hydraulic model; Salinity intrusion; Shoaling; Estuary model; 408-10242-400-73. Hydraulic model; Saskatchewan River; Weir; Dam; 400-10499- 300-90. Hydraulic model; Scour; Spillway; 408-10264-350-73. Hydraulic model; Sea wall; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; 408-10262-430-96. Hydraulic model; Sea walls; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; 408-10261-430-96. Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; 322-10676-350-00. Hydraulic model; Sewage outfall; St. Lawrence River; 408- 10254-870-68. Hydraulic model; Sewer, interceptor; Diversion chamber; 408- 10256-870-68. Hydraulic model; Sewers, combined; Diversion structures; / 79- 10433-870-75. Hydraulic model; Ship stopping; 408-10252-520-90. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Amaluza Dam; 322-10687-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Chute; Hyco Lake spillway; 179- 10434-350-73. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Columbia Dam; 341-10733-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Energy dissipator; 408-10270-350- 87. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Flip bucket; Gull Island project; 400-10494-350-75. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain project; 322- 09382-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; Tailwater effects; Dams; 322-10680-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stilling basin; Choke Canyon pro- ject; 322-10684-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Weir, labyrinth; Boardman reser- voir; 166-10440-350-75. Hydraulic model; Spillway calibration; 413-10331-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; 322-07028-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Bath county spillway; 044- 09956-350-75. Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Vermilion River reservoir; 054-09913-350-60. Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; 152-10591-350-75. Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipa- tor; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; 322-07035-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway, morning glory; 322-10681-350-00. Hydraulic model; Spillway; 420-10542-350-70. Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; Energy dissipation; 179-10431- 360-73. Hydraulic model; Submarine slide effects; 420-10555-390-75. Hydraulic model; Tailing delta; Rock stability; 420-10546-420- 75. Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; 341- 07083-870-00. Hydraulic model; Tunnels; Diversion tunnel; Gull Island pro- ject; 400-/0495-550-75. Hydraulic model; Turbine manifold; 420-10548-340-75. Hydraulic model; Turners Falls dam; Fish ladder; 179-10422- 350-73. Hydraulic model; Valves, hollow cone; 408-10272-210-73. Hydraulic model; Weir; Control structures; 405-10291-350-90. Hydraulic model evaluation; Inlets, tidal; Models, movable bed; 061-10377-410-13. Hydraulic model fabrication; Guri project; 149-10601-350-75. Hydraulic models; Lakes; Numerical model; Dispersion models; 419-10510-440-00. Hydraulic models; Mathematical models; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Water quality; 314-10752-860-00. Hydraulic pavement breaker; Noise; 053-10404-630-70. Hydraulic pulsing; Pump pulsing; 048-10195-630-70. Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; 300-01723-350-00. Hydraulic structures; Treish racks; Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; 302-7002-390-00. Hydraulic systems, aircraft; Pumps; 1 0-07969-630-27 . Hydraulic transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients with gas release; 079-08777-210-54. Hydraulic transport; Muck pipeline; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; 029-10280-260-47. Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspen- sions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; 093-10075-370-54. Hydraulic transport; Particle size distribution; Slurry pipeline; Coal slurry; 029-10279-260-88. Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; 096-075 1 3-260-06. Hydraulic transport; Solid-liquid vertical flow; Glass spheres; 057-08035-130-00. Hydraulic vortex resistors; Fluidics; 1 16-1057 1-610-12. 312 Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; Cones; Drag; 335-04867-510-22. Hydrodynamic coefficients; Ships, twin-hull; 334-10722-520-22. Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; 323-0371 W-300-00. Hydrodynamics; Computer simulation; 328-0377W-740-00. Hydroelectric plant; Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 166-101 33-350-73. Hydroelectric power integration; Water resource system management; 155-09921-800-33. Hydrofoil terminal; Harbor site selection; 046-10052-470-70. Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; Cavity flows; Finite element method; 148-10411-530-21. Hydrofoils; Propellers, marine; Cavitation, intermittent; 151- 10035-550-20. Hydrofoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numeri- cal solutions; 089-10135-530-20. Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; 3 17-10793-750-00. Hydrogeologic systems; Matheamtical models; 323-10695-860- 00. Hydrogeology; Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; 091-10066-300-33. Hydrograph routing; Sewers, storm; Storm sewer optimum design; Urban drainage; 167-10192-870-00. Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chin- coteague Bay; Computer model; 161-09882-400-60. Hydrographs; Hydrologic models; Mathematical model; Over- land flow; 030-07001-810-05. Hydrographs; Ozark section; 094-08864-810-00. Hydrographs; Porous medium flow; Recession flow; 049-10067- 810-05. Hydrographs; Runoff determination; Urban hydrology; 002- 0415W-810-00. Hydrographs; Runoff, urban; Storm drainage; Computer model; 056-10093-810-36. Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; 302-09286- 810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; Watersheds, range- land; Evapotranspiration; 303-09316-810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Ru- noff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; 301- 08432-810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; 301-09276-810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Overland flow; Watershed response; 129- 07585-810-33. Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegeta- tion effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; 303- 0227 W-8 10-00. Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; 300-09272-810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Waller Creek watershed; Watershed analysis; 156-02162-810-30. Hydrologic analysis; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0205W-810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Water resource planning; Bayesian methodology; 075-08749-800-54. Hydrologic analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-02 14W-8 10-00. Hydrologic data; Ralston Creek watershed; Urbanization; Watershed study; 061-00066-810-05. Hydrologic design risks; Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; 056-010106-810-33. Hydrologic estimation; Geomorphology; 075-09819-810-54. Hydrologic events; Flood probability; Floods, extreme; 167- 10189-810-00. Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer model; 030-10339-810-06. Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Soil water; Drain tub- ing evaluation; 055-08682-820-00. Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; 319-10670-810-00. Hydrologic model; Runoff, urban; Urban hydrology; Drainage; 056-10096-810-00. Hydrologic model; Stochastic streamflow generation; Stream- flow model; 167-10188-300-33. Hydrologic model uncertainty; 056-10094-810-33. Hydrologic models; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Hydrographs; 030-07001-810-05. Hydrologic models; Mathematical models; 056-08032-810-00. Hydrologic models; Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Evaporation; 302-10644-810-00. Hydrologic models; Ralston Creek watershed; Runoff; Ur- banization effects; 061-10368-810-33. Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; Computer models; 302-10638-810-00. Hydrologic models; Water quality models; Watershed hydrolo- gy; Computer models; 051-09912-810-36. Hydrologic simulation model; Statistical hydrology; 094-08867- 810-00. Hydrologic systems physical modeling; 323-0375W-810-00. Hydrology; Antecedent conditions; Floods, frozen ground; 052- 09856-810-61. Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; Rainfall-ru- noff model; Runoff, surface; 099-09847-810-33. Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; 301-10622-810-00. Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm water management; Water quality; Computer model; 068-10567-810-88. Hydrology; Mathematical model; Flood discharges, wetlands; 102-09950-810-00. Hydrology; Mining, surface; Water quality; Watersheds, mined; 300-0436W-8I0-00. Hydrology; Numerical models; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; 302-0456W-8 10-00. Hydrology; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; 071-05915-810-00. Hydrology; Rangeland hydrology; Watersheds, rangeland; 303- 0202 W-8 10-00. Hydrology; Runoff; Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; 303-10623-810-00. Hydrology; Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; 415-10332-810-90. Hydrology; Runoff; Urbanization effects; 030-10336-810-33. Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; 155-09922-810-07. Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting; 404-10234-810-96. Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; 307- 04996-810-00. Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; Channel networks; 060- 07367-810-20. Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; 127-08240-810-54. Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; Con- servation effects; 157-10159-860-60. Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; Floods; 307-04998-810-00. Hydrology, subsurface; Mathematical model; Watershed management; 147-08979-810-54. Hydrology, urban; Pollutants, organic; 058-10564-870-00. Hydroplaning; Highway pavement design; 1 52-09054-370-47 . Hydropower development; Energy; Geothermal development; 1 57-0425 W-800-00. Hyetographs; Storm drainage; Storms, design; Drainage, highway; 056-10092-810-47. 313 Ice; Lake shore ice formation; Mathematical model; Heat transfer; 042-08677-440-44. Ice; Melting; Jets, water; Ablation; 403-10221-190-90. ice; Minnesota rivers and lakes; Cooling water discharge; 149- 08995-870-73. Ice; Oil-ice interaction; Oil slick; 405-10303-870-00. Ice; Pipe freezing; 403-10224-190-90. Ice; Radiative heating; Heat transfer; 403-10222-140-90. Ice boom; Control structure; Hydraulic model; 408-10241-300- 73. Ice breakup; Alberta ice jams; 401-10762-300-96. Ice breakup; Probability analysis; Floods; 40 1 -1 0767-300-96. Ice concentration instrument; Ice, frazil; 405-10299-700-00. Ice conditions; Erosion; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; 408- 10243-400-75. Ice conditions; Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 408-10265-340-73. Ice conditions; Power plant effect; Water level; Lake Winnipeg; 408-10249-440-73. Ice conditions; Power plant effects; River ice; Winnipeg River; 408-10250-300-73. Ice cover; Lakes; Snow cover; Biological effects; 418-10619- 440-90. Ice cover; Oil spill recovery; River ice; 405-10302-870-99. Ice cover; Pressure variations; River ice; 004-09952-300-54 . Ice cover; River flow; Friction coefficient; 405-095 1 5-300-00. Ice cover effects; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 061-10360- 220-30. Ice cover stability; Ice jam; River ice; 405-10301-300-00. Ice dam; Ice, underhanging; Ship passage effects; 405-10300- 330-00. Ice drift; Sea ice; Finite element model; 410-1031 1-450-90. Ice effects; Intake; Montreal; Water supply; 408-10267-860-65. Ice effects; Intakes; Trashracks; Water resource projects; 322- 09384-390-00. Ice effects; Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; 028-09981- 020-00. Ice effects; River ice; Water quality; 419-09608-860-00. Ice flexural strength; 061-10363-190-15. Ice forces; Bridge piers; 401-07886-370-96. Ice forces; Lake ice; 414-10527-290-90. ke formation; Ice, frazil; River ice; 061-10384-190-15. Ice formation; Ice, frazil; Wave effects; 405-09517-390-00. Ice, frazil; Ice concentration instrument; 405-10299-700-00. Ice, frazil; River ice; Ice formation; 061-10384-190-15. Ice, frazil; River ice; 401-10766-300-96. Ice, frazil; Wave effects; Ice formation; 405-09517-390-00. Ice Harbor Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse skeleton model; 313-08445-350-13. Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09341-350-13. Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10661-350-13. Ice jam; River ice; Ice cover stability; 405-10301-300-00. Ice jam mechanics; River ice hydraulics; 061-10362-300-15. Ice jams; River ice; Salmon River; Flood risks; 405-10304-300- 90. Ice melting; Mass transfer; Heat transfer; 4 10-103 10-140-90. Ice model; River model; St. Mary's River; 400-09472-330-20. Ice piling; Lake shores; Lake Simcoe; 405-095 1 6-4 1 0-00. Ice suppression; Numerical model; Thermal discharges; 06/- 10366-300-61. Ice thickness measurements; River ice; 401-10761-300-96. Ice, underhanging; Ship passage effects; Ice dam; 405-10300- 330-00. Iceberg drift; Numerical model; Sea ice; Currents, ocean; 410- 10312-450-90. Ice-oil boom; Oil spill containment; 405-10298-870-00. Idaho; Piezometric head; Road construction effects; Ground- water, 304-10645-820-00. Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; 304-09324-830-00. Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; 304-09325-810-00. Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; 304-09326-810-00. Idaho irrigation; Irrigation systems; Water cost; Water manage- ment; Water use; 052-09857-840-33. Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; Soil erosion; Computer model; 052-09852-830-61. Immiscible fluids, displacement; Interfaces; Surface contact; Wetting; Fluid properties; 125-09951-100-54. Impact erosion; Materials testing; Cavitation erosion; 086- 08123-230-70. Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsive- ly started; 421-07995-030-90. Indian reservation; Water resource survey; 166-09199-800-88. Inducers; Propulsion; Axial flow inducers; 1 19-10043-550-50. Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; Wastes, tex- tile; Filtration, cross-flow; 112-09266-870-36. Inertial currents; Currents, ocean; Currents, wind generated; 161-09152-450-50. Infiltration; Irrigation; Soil water movement; Erosion control; 303-0442W-8 10-00. Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; 030-10339-810-06. Infiltration; Runoff; Grazing effects; 157-10167-810-33. Infiltration; Soil macropores; Soil moisture; 049- 1 0068-8 1 0-05 . Infiltration control; Infiltrometers; Water use efficiency; 303- 10627-810-00. Infiltration estimations; Sorptivity; 1 57-04 18W-8 10-00. Infiltrometers; Water use efficiency; Infiltration control; 303- 10627-810-00. Information services; Archives; Coastal engineering; 039- 10459-730-44. Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; Remote sensing; Water temperature; 102-09948-870-60. Inifial condition effects; Free shear layer; 048-10205-000-54. Injector; Propellant, liquid; Rocket propulsion; Computer model; 138-10181-550-50. Injectors; Jet impingement; Mixing; Propellants; 01 5-09785- 550-50. Inlet, coastal; Jetty; Oregon inlet; Inlet model; 314-09707-430- 13. Inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Ponce de Leon Inlet; 039- 09103-410-10. Inlet grating hydraulics; Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlets, highway; 068-10566-370-60. Inlet grating hydraulics; Inlets, highway; Drainage; Highway drainage; 068-07403-3 70-60. Inlet hydraulics; Inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; 312-09751-410- 00. Inlet hydraulics; Inlets, coastal; Great Lakes; 312-09750-410- 00. Inlet model; Inlet, coastal; Jetty; Oregon inlet; 314-09707-430- 13. Inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Inlet hydraulics; 312-09751-410- 00. Inlet stability; Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; 167-10182-410-00. Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; Discharge structure; 075-09806-350-75. Inlet velocity distortion; Rotor response; 1 24-08924-550-22 . Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; Inlets; 149- 00111-350-05. Inlets; Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; 149- 00111-350-05. Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop in- lets; Hydraulic structures; 300-01723-350-00. 314 I Inlets; Vibrations, flow induced; Drop inlets; 149-10592-350- 05. Inlets, coastal; Great Lakes; Inlet hydraulics; 312-09750-410- 00. Inlets, coastal; Inlet hydraulics; Inlet stability; 312-09751-410- 00. Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; 167-10182-410-00. Inlets, coastal; Jetty effects; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; 039-10453-410-65. Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; 314-10749-410-00. Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal processes; Cur- rent measurement; 039-10449-410-00. Inlets, coastal; Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Current measurement; 039-10450-410-10. Inlets, coastal; Mathematical model; Burrard Inlet, B. C; 407- 09519-410-00. Inlets, coastal; Ponce de Leon Inlet; Inlet field study; 039- 09103-410-10. Inlets, coastal; Remote sensing; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet stability; 039-10452-410-50. Inlets, coastal; Sediment budget; Salmon River inlet; 103- 09970-410-44. Inlets, highway; Drainage; Highway drainage; Inlet grating hydraulics; 068-07403-370-60. Inlets, highway; Inlet grating hydraulics; Drainage; Highway drainage; 068-10566-370-60. Inlets, tidal; Models, movable bed; Hydraulic model evaluation; 061-10377-410-13. Inlets, tidal; Sand; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; 142- 10402-410-60. Insects, stream; Sediment transport effects; Bedload; 052- 09851-220-61. Insects, stream; Streamflow data; Clearwater River; 052-09848- 880-33. Instrument towers; Structures; Wave forces; Waves, design; 405-10289-420-00. Intake; Irrigation canal; Hydraulic model; 400-10492-840-87. Intake; Montreal; Water supply; Ice effects; 408-10267-860-65. Intake; Outfall; Pumps; Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; 413-09578-340-00. Intake; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 413-09575-340-00. Intake; Power plant; 09547-340-96. Intake; Power plant; Sedimentation; Hydraulic model; 400-10498-340-75. Intake; Power plant; Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; 322- 10672-210-00. Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; 420-10540-340-75. Intake; Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; 420-10541-340-75. Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; 322-10675-350-00. Intake biological performance; Intake structure design; Power plants; 102-09949-340-60. Intake design; Power plants; Cooling water intakes; 413-09581 - 340-00. Intake model; Power plant, nuclear; Sediment transport; 061- 08828-340-73. Intake models; Outlet works model; Dworshak Dam; 313- 05315-350-00. Intake structure; Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; Screen- well; Hydraulic model; 179-10429-340-73. Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydrau- lic model; 179-10435-340-73. Gate downpull; Hydraulic model; 408- Cooling water fiow; Intake structure; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; 179-10427-340-75. Intake structure; Pumped storage project; Bad Creek project; Hydraulic model; 179-10432-340-73. Intake structure design; Power plants; Intake biological per- formance; 102-09949-340-60. Intake structure, river; Hydraulic model; 044-09957-340-75 . Intake structures; Power plant; Seabrook plant; Hydraulic model; 179-10418-340-73. Intake sump; Power plant; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; 408-10239-340-70. Intakes; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; 413-10323- 340-00. Intakes; Diversions; Fish protection; 020-10080-350-60. Intakes; James Bay project; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 408- 10263-350-73. Intakes; Ocean thermal energy; Screens; Energy; 118-09990- 430-52. Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-10325-340-00. Intakes; Power plant; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 341-10738-850-00. Intakes; Power plant; Pump sump; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 408-10248-340-73. Intakes; Power plant; Pump sumps; Vortices; 408-10273-340- 73. Intakes; Power plant; Pump well; Hydraulic model; 408-10245- 340-73. Intakes; Power plant; Pump wells; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 408-10247-340-73. Intakes; Power plant, nuclear; Pump entrance; Hydraulic model; 408-10255-340-73. Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 341-10737-850-00. Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 341-10775-850-00. Intakes; Pump entrance; Power plant, nuclear; 420-10544-340- 70. Intakes; Trsishracks; Water resource projects; Ice effects; 322- 09384-390-00. Intakes; Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; 413-10318-420-00. Interfaces; Surface contact; Wetting; Fluid properties; Immisci- ble fluids, displacement; 125-09951-100-54. Interfaces; Surfactant transport; 013-09946-190-00. Interlaboratory tests; Measurement assurance; Flowmeters; 317- 10791-700-00. Intermittent sand filters; Sand filter scraping disposal; Waste- water treatment; 157-10148-870-33. Intermountain area; Precipitation characteristics; 304-09328- 810-00. Internal jump; Jets, buoyant; Dispersion; Heated water discharge; 149-0281 W-060-36. Internal wave instability; Stratified flow; Waves, internal; 039- 10454-060-20. Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; 318-08449-450-00. Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; Rotating flow; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; 143-09903-450-20. Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; 316-07243-060-20. Internal waves; Stratified fiow stability; Waves, internal; 083- 08604-060-20. Internal waves; Waves, breaking; 1 42-1 0400-420-20 . Intestinal flow; Biomedical flow; 061-073 76-270-40. Iowa streams; Sediment transport data; Streamflow data; 061- 00067-810-30. Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Stream- flow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; 300-0 1 85 WS 10-00. 315 Irrigation; Power plants; Thermal effluent; 157-10169-840-33. Irrigation; Sewage disposal; Forest lands; 305-09332-870-00. Irrigation; Soil water movement; Erosion control; Infiltration; 303-0442W-8W-00. Irrigation; Water transmission losses; Floodwater retarding reservoirs; 302-10639-860-00. Irrigation automation; Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; 095-08161-840-31. Irrigation automation; Irrigation, surface; 303-05209-840-00. Irrigation canal; Hydraulic model; Intake; 400-10492-840-87. Irrigation conduit system design; 047-09025-840-00. Irrigation demand, Texas; Irrigation economics; 154-0390W- 840-33. Irrigation economics; Irrigation, Texas; Water demand; 154- 0389W-840-33. Irrigation economics; Irrigation demand, Texas; 154-0390W- 840-33. Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation, surface; Computer models; 020- 07927-840-05. Irrigation efficiency maximization; Irrigation system design; 1 54-0397 W-840-33. Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; Mathematical models; 008-0269W-840-07 . Irrigation hydraulics; Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; 095-08161-840-31. Irrigation line design; Irrigation, trickle; 047-09026-840-00. Irrigation management; Colorado River upper basin; 157- 0419W-840-00. Irrigation management; Irrigation return flow; Salinity; 157- 0423 W-840-00. Irrigation return flow; Irrigation, trickle; 154-0401 W-840-33. Irrigation return flow; Salinity; Irrigation management; 157- 0423 W-840-00. Irrigation return flow; Salt load alleviation; 303-0351 W-840-00. Irrigation return flow; Sediment trapping ponds; 303-09312- 840-00. Irrigation return flows; Water quality improvement methods; 052-09853-840-36. Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; 157-10166-870-33. Irrigation, surface; Computer models; Irrigation efficiency; 020- 07927-840-05. Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; Irrigation hydraulics; 095-08161-840-31. Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; 303-05209-840-00. Irrigation, surface; Mathematical models; Irrigation hydraulics; 008-0269 W-840-07. Irrigation system control; Water level sensors; Computer simu- lation; 019-10126-840-31. Irrigation system design; Irrigation efficiency maximization; 154-0397 W-840-33. Irrigation system optimization; Computer models; 052-09854- 840-31. Irrigation systems; Agricultural chemical application; 052- 09850-840-82. Irrigation systems; Water cost; Water management; Water use; Idaho irrigation; 052-09857-840-33. Irrigation systems; Water use efficiency; 3 03 -03 5 2 W-840-00. Irrigation, Texas; Energy shortage impact; 154-0393 W-840-33. Irrigation, Texas; Water demand; Irrigation economics; 154- 0389W-840-33. Irrigation, trickle; Irrigation line design; 047-09026-840-00. Irrigation, trickle; Irrigation return flow; 154-0401 W-840-33. Irrigation, trickle; Mathematical model; Soil water movement; 008-0267 W-840-33. Irrigation water management; 303-0350 W-840-00. Irrigation water use; Water use; Agricultural water use; 303- 0235W-840-00. Irrigation water use; 303-0241 W-840-00. Island, artificial; Power plants, offshore; 075-08767-340-00. Island protection; Erosion, coastal; 103-09966-410-44. Isotope enrichment aerodynamics; 141-10014-190-52. James Bay project; Control structure; Hydraulic model; 408- 10258-350-73. James Bay project; Diversion studies; 408- 1 027 1 -350-73 . James Bay project; Spillway; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 408-10257-350-73. James Bay project; Spillway; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; 408-10268-350-73. James Bay project; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 408-10251-350- 73. James Bay project; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408- 10263-350-73. James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; York River estuary; Estuaries; 159-09892-400-36. James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; Estuaries; 161-09874-400-60. James River estuary; Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effects; Cooling water discharge; 161- 08332-870-52. Jet, atomized; Shock wave effects; Droplets; 415-07895-130-00. Jet coherence; Jet cutting; Jets, high pressure liquid; Viscoelastic additives; 093-08861-050-15. Jet, cutting; Jet, high speed; Jet stability; 139-08951-050-00. Jet cutting; Jets, high pressure liquid; Viscoelastic additives; Jet coherence; 093-08861-050-15. Jet, high speed; Jet stability; Jet, cutting; 139-08951-050-00. Jet impingement; Acoustic measurements; 048- 1 1 96-050-50. Jet impingement; Energy separation; 043-1 035 1 -050-54. Jet impingement; Heat transfer; 007-09931-140-50. Jet impingement; Jets, liquid; Gravity reduction effects; 326- 09403-540-00. Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; Turbulence; 416-06950-050-00. Jet impingement; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Heat transfer; 408-10274-340-73. Jet impingement; Mixing; Acoustic field; Freon jets; 081- 10611-050-50. Jet impingement; Mixing; Propellants; Injectors; 015-09785- 550-50. Jet impingement; Rotating surfaces; Heat transfer; 007-09932- 050-70. Jet impingement on screens; Jets, liquid; Mathematical model; 146-10355-050-50. Jet initial conditions; Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 048- 10199-050-54. Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; 092-09831-050-54. Jet noise; Noise; Supersonic flow; 143-09904-160-54. Jet noise; Noise; 048-10207-050-50. Jet pump injector model; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal slur- ry pipeHne; 059-10613-260-34. Jet stability; Jet, cutting; Jet, high speed; 139-08951-050-00. Jet structure; Jets, plane; 048-10201-050-54. Jet structure; Jets with controlled excitation; Vortex pairing; 048-10204-050-20. Jet, surface; Power plant; Cooling water discharge; 061 -0883 1- 870-75. Jets; Polymer additives; Cavitation; Flow visualization; 331- 10774-050-20. Jets; Propulsion; Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion; Ejectors; 043-10352-550-22. Jets; Propulsion, marine; Waterjets; 333-10712-550-22. Jets; Scour; Erosion; 402-09499-220-90. Jets; Swirling flow; Wakes; 001-07917-050-00. Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; 417-07903-020-00. Jets, buoyant; Dispersion; Heated water discharge; Internal jump; 149-028 1 W-060-36. 316 Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; Model distortion effects; 061- 10361-750-00. Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; Thermal discharge; 402-09497-060- 90. Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; Outfalls; Dilution; 410-10305-050-90. Jets, buoyant; Mathematical models; Temperature prediction; Cooling water discharge; 075-08732-870-52. Jets, buoyant; Plumes; Turbulence; Finite difference method; 065-10785-050-54. Jets, buoyant; Sewage disposal; Wave effects; Cooling water discharge; 019-07151-870-61. Jets, buoyant; Thermal discharges; Outlets; Cooling water discharge; 056-10104-870-33. Jets, combusting; Jets, high-speed; Jets, two-phase; 146-09304- 050-15. Jets, heterogeneous; Leiser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; 092-09831-050-54. Jets, high pressure liquid; Viscoelastic additives; Jet coherence; Jet cutting; 093-08861-050-15. Jets, high-speed; Jets, two-phase; Jets, combusting; 146-09304- 050-15. Jets, liquid; Gravity reduction effects; Jet impingement; 326- 09403-540-00. Jets, liquid; Mathematical model; Jet impingement on screens; 146-10355-050-50. Jets, plane; Jet structure; 048-10201-050-54. Jets, plane; Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 048-10202- 050-54. Jets, plunging water; Air entrainment; 1 66-09 1 89-280-60 . Jets, submerged; Jets, turbulent; Entrainment; 056-10100-050- 00. Jets, submerged; Mathematical model; Waste disposal; 056- 10101-050-00. Jets, surface; Model distortion effects; Jets, buoyant; 061- 10361-750-00. Jets, surface; Thermal discharge; Jets, buoyant; 402-09497-060- 90. Jets, turbulent; Entrainment; Jets, submerged; 056-10100-050- 00. Jets, turbulent; Jets with controlled excitation; Vorticity wave; 048-10200-050-54. Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; Turbulence; Jet impingement; 416-06950-050-00. Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Jet initial conditions; 048- 10199-050-54. Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Jets, plane; 048-10202- 050-54. Jets, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Acoustic excitation; 048- 10203-050-50. Jets, two-phase; Jets, combusting; Jets, high-speed; 146-09304- 050-15. Jets, wall; Outfalls; Dilution; Jets, buoyant; 410-10305-050-90. Jets, water; Ablation; Ice; Melting; 403-10221-190-90. Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment; 331-09450-250-20. Jets with controlled excitation; Vorticity wave; Jets, turbulent; 048-10200-050-54. Jets with controlled excitation; Vortex pairing; Jet structure; 048-10204-050-20. Jetties; Sediment transport; Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; 312- 10656-430-00. Jetties; Wave breaking; Breakwaters; Currents, coastal; 075- 08719-410-11. Jetty; Oregon inlet; Inlet model; Inlet, coastal; 314-09707-430- 13. Jetty effects; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; In- lets, coastal; 039-10453-410-65. John Day Dam; Fish ladder model; 313-07114-850-13. John Day Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; 3 13-08446-350-13. John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; 3 13-10662-350-13. Jovian atmosphere; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; At- mospheric waves; 143-09902-420-50. Kalman filtering theory; Open channel flow; Sediment trans- port; Stochastic hydraulics; 127-09845-200-00. Keweenaw current; Lake Superior; Current measurement; 175- 10029-440-54. Keweenaw waterway flow; Lake Superior; 175-10034-330-10. Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff model; Runoff, surface; Hydrology; 099-09847-810-33. Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; 322-10677-350-00. Korotkoff sound production; Ureter valve flutter; Biomedical flows; 136-09653-270-00. Kpong project; Diversion; Hydraulic model; 400- 1 0496-3 50-87 . Kpong project; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 400-10497-350-87. Laboratories; Coastal engineering field station; 3 12-10653-720- 00. Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; Irriga- tion, spray; 157-10166-870-33. Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; Algae cell separation; 157- 10157-870-36. Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; 314-10757-870-00. Lagrangian statistics; Turbulence structure; Diffusion; 181- 09267-020-00. Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; 075- 09807-870-75. Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; 179-10428-340-75. Lake circulation; Currents, transient; Currents, wind-driven; 757-09959-440-00. Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Currents; 005-09778-440-52. Lake circulation; Lake Ontario; Numerical model; Currents, wind driven; 137-09958-440-54. Lake circulation; Mathematical model; Great Salt Lake; 157- 0421W-440-00. Lake circulation; Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; 035-09940-440-54. Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; Cur- rents; Great Lakes; 319-10668-440-00. Lake Erie; Hydraulic model; 103-09972-440-13. Lake Erie; Wave energy; 405-09513-420-00. Lake Erie basin; Salt, deicing; Water quality; Chloride manage- ment; 103-09971-860-33. Lake hydrodynamics; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Thermal regimes; 148-10412-440-33. Lake ice; Ice forces; 414-10527-290-90. Lake level; Land use; Water balance; 402-09500-440-90. Lake Michigan; Coastal currents; Current measurements; 175- 10033-440-44. Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Cur- rents; Lake circulation; 005-09778-440-52. Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollu- tion; Tracer methods; 005-09779-870-36. Lake Michigan; Plumes; Remote sensing; Thermal plumes; 175- 10030-870-60. Lake model; Lake stratification; Mixing; 1 16-08941-440-61 . Lake models; Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; Water quality; 028-09976-860-00. Lake Ontario; Circulation; Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; 178-09224-440-44. Lake Ontario; Numerical model; Currents, wind driven; Lake circulation; 137-09958-440-54. Lake Ontario; Waste heat use; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-10326-340-00. Lake Ontario level forecasts; Water level; 137-09961-440-60. 317 Lake Ontario regulation; Great Lakes water level; 103-09969- 440-44. Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; Trophic level; Water quality; Algal assay; 028-09975-860-00. Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; Water quality; Lake models; 028-09976-860-00. Lake protection; Land use regulation; 1 54-0392 W-800-33 . Lake restoration; Sediment transport; Water quality; Capitol Lake, Washington; 166-09198-860-60. Lake shore ice formation; Mathematical model; Heat transfer; lee; 042-08677-440-44. Lake shores; Lake Simcoe; Ice piling; 405-095 1 6-4! 0-00. Lake Simcoe; Ice piling; Lake shores; 405-095 16-410-00. Lake stratification; Mathematical models; Reservoir stratifica- tion; Water quahty; Water temperature; 075-05544-440-00. Lake stratification; Mixing; Lake model; 1 1 6-0894 1 -440-6 1 . Lake stratification; Pumped storage development; Hydraulic model; 322-09380-340-00. Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; Currents; Drift bottles; 107- 06053-440-00. Lake Superior; Current measurement; Keweenaw current; / 75- 10029-440-54. Lake Superior; Keweenaw waterway flow; 175-10034-330-10. Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; Temperature micro- structure; Thermocline; Turbulence; 02 1 -09788-440-54 . Lake Winnipeg; Ice conditions; Power plant effect; Water level; 408-10249-440-73. Lakes; Air-water interface; Evaporation; Heat transfer; 179- 10426-170-00. Lakes; Mathematical model; Eutrophic lake restoration; 111- 08909-870-36. Lakes; Numerical model; Dispersion models; Hydraulic models; 419-10510-440-00. Lakes; Numerical model; Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota; 149- 10607-440-73. Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; 323-10693-860-00. Lakes; Snow cover; Biological effects; Ice cover; 418-10619- 440-90. Lakes; Utah lakes; Water quality; Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; 157-10142-870-60. Lakes, public access; Streams; Texas; 1 54-0398W-880-33 . Lakes, stratified; Mixing; Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; 132-09841-440-33. Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; 176-08400-420-61. Lakes, stratified; Transport processes; Great Salt Lake; 157- 10147-440-33. Lakes, stratified; Turbulence measurements; Eddy diffusivity; 035-09943-440-80. Lakes, terminal; Stochastic model; Water level; 157-10176-800- 33. Laminar flow; Magnetohydrodynamic duct flow; Backflow re- gions; 097-09834-110-00. Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection, Heat transfer; 003-09777-140-00. Laminar flow; Numerical models; Pipe bends; Pipes, three- dimensional; 057-10278-210-54. Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; 417-09599-210-00. Laminar flow; Rotating flow; Spheres, coaxial rotating; Annular flow; 064-09021-000-00. Laminar flow; Separated flow; Turbulent flow; Finite difference method; 065-10786-000-54. Laminar flow; Stability; Temperature effects; Viscosity effects; 126-09837-000-00. Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Corner flows; 101-09893-740-50. Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; 057-07355-000-88. Laminar flow, rotating; Rotating disks; Turbomachinery; 007- 07141-000-00. Laminar sublayer; Air-sea interface; Heat balance; 332-07064- 460-00. Laminar sublayer; Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer; 119- 08221-010-00. Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; 316-10798-010-27. Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe flow; Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; 1 15-07551-010-54. Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; 301-10622-810-00. Land subsidence reduction; Groundwater management; 154- 0404W-820-33. Land subsidence reduction; Water use optimization; Ground- water use; 154-0394W-800-33. Land subsidence, Texas; Economic effects; Groundwater withdrawal; 154-0388W-820-33. Land use; Flood plain management; 056-10098-3 10-61 . Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; 129- 03808-830-05. Land use; Water balance; Lake level; 402-09500-440-90. Land use effects; Mathematical model; Montana groundwater; Groundwater model; 096-08872-820-61. Land use planning; Mathematical model; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed planning model; 162-09907-870-00. Land use regulation; Lake protection; 154-0392W-800-33. Landfill leachate; Pollution; Sanitary landfill; 076-10471-870- 60. Landslide potential; Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; 030-10339-810-06. Langevin model; Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; 139-08259-020-54. Laser anemometry; Cavitation nuclei measurement; 124-10047- 230-22. Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; 092-09831-050-54. Laser diagnostics; 101-09895-700-50. Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; 317-10793-750-00. Laser velocimeter; Seaward transport limit; Sediment concen- tration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; 312- 09736-410-00. Laser velocimetry; Magneto-hydrodynamic flow; Velocity mea- surement; 052-09863-1 10-54. Laser-Doppler anemometer; Turbulence measurements; Drag reduction; 1 16-08940-700-00. Laser-Doppler velocimeters; Velocity measurement; 057- 09043-700-54. Laser-Doppler velocimeters; Velocity measurement, two-dimen- sional; 057-U9044-700-54. Laser-Doppler velocimeters, scattering theory; Velocity mea- surement; 057-09045-700-54. Legal processes; Power plant siting; Regulatory processes; En- vironmental law; 075-09830-880-00. Lehigh basin; Runoff; Storm water management; Water quality; Computer model; Hydrology; 068-10567-810-88. Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revet- ments; River channels; Channels; 094-1001 1-300-13. Levee protection; Soil stabilization; Erosion control; 314- 09666-830-13. Libby Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; 313- 09342-350-00. Libby Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; 313- 09344-350-13. 318 Libby Dam; Outlet works model; Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; 3 13-071 10-350-13. Libby Dam; Pressure relief panel model; Gates; 3 1 3-09343- 3J0-13. Libby Dam; Spillway model; Hydraulic model; 3 13-10666-350- 13. Libby Dam; Spillway model; 313-07117-350-13. Libby reregulating dam; Dam model; 313-09345-350-00. Lift; Sediment transport; Bed particles; Drag; 302-09293-220- 00. Lift; Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 061-10381-010-14. Lift systems; Surface effect ships; Air cushion vehicles; 334- 10724-520-22. Lifting surface theory; Propellers, counter-rotating; 15 1-08983- 550-21. Lifting surface theory; Pumps, propeller; Pumps, theory; 119- 10044-630-22. Lifting surface theory; Wakes; Wings; 073-08070-540-26. Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; 331-07219-550- 22. Lignite development impact; Water resources, Texas; 154- 0396W-810-33. Lignite mining; Strip mining; Water resources. East Texas; Groundwater quality; 152-10584-810-33. Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; Ice condi- tions; 408-10265-340-73. Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 420-10538- 340-73. Limestone Station; Spillway; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; 420-10553-350-73. Limnological model; Mathematical model; Reservoir; Water quality; Eutrophication; 01 1 -09999-860-87. Lion Island; Causeway; Don Island; Fraser River; Hydraulic model; 420-10550-300-65. Liquefaction; Soil motions; Earthquakes; 085-08851-070-54. Liquefied natural gas; Liquid motions in tanks; 146-09300-1 10- 70. Liquid metal flow; Nuclear reactor safety; 108-08888-340-52. Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; 133-10087-1 10-54. Liquid metals; Mercury; Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; 133- 10091-110-54. Liquid metals; Numerical model; Reactors; Two-phase flow; Boiling; 133-10088-130-55. Liquid motions in tanks; Liquefied natural gas; 146-09300-1 10- 70. Liquid pool burning; Weightlessness effects; 109-10120-540-50. Liquid-filled shell; Spin-up; 311-09357-540-00. Liquid-gas flow; Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; Combustion; 122-10020-290-50. Liquid-metal flow; MHD flow; Transients; 057-08034-1 10-54. Little Blue River; River model; Channel improvement; 314- 09686-300-13. Little Goose Dam; Dam model; 313-04504-350-13. Little Goose Dam; Fish ladder model; 313-05316-850-13. Little Goose Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 313-05069-350-13. Little Goose Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09350-350- 13. Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Stilling basins; 313-05068- 350-13. Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflec- tors; Hydraulic model; 313-10660-350-13. Littoral drift; Model laws; Sediment transport; Coastal sedi- ment; Erosion; 405-10294-410-00. Littoral drift; Nearshore circulation; Beach erosion; Florida sand budget; 039-09091-410-44. Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; 314-10749-410-00. Littoral drift estimation; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; 039-10445-410-13. Littoral processes; Scaling laws; Sediment transport; Wave reflection; Coastal sediment; 312-09743-410-00. Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; 312- 10655-410-00. Livestock operations; Pollution, nonpoint; 303-10624-870-00. Lock culverts; Valves; Ventilation; Cavitation; 3 14-10747-330- 00. Lock emergency closure; Lock model; Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; 314-09672-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Little Goose Dam; 313-05069-350-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Lower Granite Dam; 317-07121-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Lower Monumental Dam; 313-07123-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Mississippi River- Gulf outlet lock; 314-09673-330-13. Lock filling-emptying systems; Navigation; 3 14-1 0744-330-00. Lock model; Little Goose Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; 313-05069-350-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26; 314-09667-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Red River Water Lock No. 1; 314-09681-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Dam; 3 14-09719-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Columbus Lock and Dam; 314-09721-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam; 314-09722-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Gainesville Lock and Dam; 314-09723-330-13. Lock model; Lower Granite Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; 317-07121-330-13. Lock model; Lower Monumental Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; 313-07 123r330-13. Lock model; Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; Lock emergen- cy closure; 314-09672-330-13. Lock model; Mississippi River-Gulf outlet lock; Lock filling- emptying system; 314-09673-330-13. Lock model; Smithfield Lock and Dam; 314-06859-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26;. Lock model; 314-09667-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Red River Water Lock No. 1; Lock model; 314-09681-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09719-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Columbus Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09721-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; 3 14-09722-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Gainesville Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09723-330-13. Locks; Navigation channel improvement; Bonneville Dam; 313- 10664-330-13. Locks; Pickwick Landing; Hydraulic model; 341-10736-330-00. Locks; Pollutant flow; 098-09996-330-10. Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; 300-0 1 85 W-8 1 0-00. Log debris effects; Puget Sound; Beach erosion; 171-10403- 410-61. Logging effects; Mathematical model; Runoff; 402-10285-810- 90. Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; 304-09324-830-00. 319 Logging effects; Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; 304-09325-810-00. Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; 304-09326-810-00. Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; 307-04998-810-00. Logging effects; Soil erosion; Watersheds, forest; Burning ef- fects; 304-09330-810-00. Long Island; Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; 144-09873- 820-65. Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; Data acquisition; 312-09762-410-00. Longshore sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; Sediment transport by waves; Currents, longshore; 075-09797-410-44. Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; Coastal sediment; 312-09752-410-00. Longshore transport computation; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; 312-09744-410-00. Loss coefficients; Plates, flow between; Roughness effects; 126- 08934-290-00. Lost Creek Dam; Outlet works model; 3 13-071 18-350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Fish ladder model; 3 13-071 19-850-13. Lower Granite Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 317-07121-330-13. Lower Granite Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Dam model; 313-05071-350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Powerhouse skeleton model; 3 13-08444- 350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Spillway model; 313-07120-350-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 313-07123-330-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Spillway model; 313-08447-350-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10658-350-13. Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; Channel stabiliza- tion; Hydraulic model; 121-10086-300-60. Lubrication; Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Film hydrodynamics; 077-10576-620-27. Lubrication; Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; 135-06773-000-14. Lubrication flows; Viscoelastic fluids; 076-08773-620-70. Lubrication theory; Stability theory; Cylinders, eccentric rotat- ing; 135-06772-000-20. Lunar ash flow; Solid-gas flow; Two-phase flow; 074-08072- 130-50. Lysimeter; Snow-melt; Evaporation retardants; 020-10081-170- 31. Macromolecule models; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solu- tions; 417-10504-250-90. Magnetohydrodynamic duct flow; Backflow regions; Laminar flow; 097-09834-110-00. Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; 133-10087-1 10-54. Magneto-hydrodynamic flow; Velocity measurement; Laser velocimetry; 052-09863-1 10-54. Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal transport; 172-10019-210-60. Manifolds; Flow distribution; 172-10018-210-75. Manitounuk Sound; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 408-10269-870-73. Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; 162-09906-200-00. Manning equation; Open channel flow; Open channel re- sistance; Channel shape effects; 121-08223-200-00. Marina hydraulics; Water quality; Harbors; 167-10184-860-60. Marina response; Wave-induced agitation; Harbors; 414-1053 1- 470-90. Marinas; Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; 046-10053-470-60. Marinas; Water quality; Flushing; Harbors, small boat; 167- 09204-470-60. Marine propulsion; Pump, waterjet; Wateijet; 334-09430-550- 00. Marker and cell method; Mathematical models; Free surface flow; 070-09260-740-20. Marmion Lake; Mine tailings; Sediment entrainment; 413- 10328-220-00. Mars; Sediment transport; Eolian erosion; 062-09793-220-50. Mass transfer; Heat transfer; Ice melting; 410-10310-140-90. Mass transfer; Numerical model; Heat transfer; Jet impinge- ment; 408-10274-340-73. Mass transfer; Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; Heat transfer; 409-10782-140-00. Mass transfer; Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; 024-10111-020-00. Mass transfer; Roughness effects; Heat transfer; 416-06951- 140-00. Mass transfer; Turbulence; Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; 416-06950-050-00. Mass transfer; Turbulence models; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; 131-08244-130-00. Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid interface; Heat transfer; 148-10413-140-54. Mass transport; Mixing; Stratified flow; Estuary circulation; 039-09087-400-54. Mass transport; Uranium, solution mining; Computer models; 112-10439-390-55. Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; Oceanographic in- struments; Data aquisition systems; Environmental study; 075-08083-450-44. Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal processes; Current measure- ment; Inlets, coastal; 039-10449-410-00. Matanzas Inlet, Florida; Coastal inlet hydraulics; Current mea- surement; Inlets, coastal; 039-10450-410-10. Material recovery; Wastewater; 048-10219-870-00. Materials testing; Cavitation erosion; Impact erosion; 086- 08123-230-70. Matheamtical models; Hydrogeologic systems; 323-10695-860- 00. Mathematical model; Ahtanum-Moxee sub-basin; Groundwater; 011-10010-820-60. Mathematical model; Bubble screen theory; 056-10102-290-00. Mathematical model; Burrard Inlet, B. C; Inlets, coastal; 407- 09519-410-00. Mathematical model; Chesapeake Bay mouth; Coastal sea; 161- 09151-450-00. Mathematical model; Clark County, Washington; Groundwater; 011-10009-820-75. Mathematical model; Currents, coastal; Currents, three dimen- sional; 075-09800-450-44. Mathematical model; Dam break problem; Flood waves; 020- 10076-310-54. Mathematical model; Dispersion, thermal; Estuarine hydraulics; 042-08679-400-73. Mathematical model; Dredge pipelines; Dredge pumps; 152- 09052-490-44. Mathematical model; Entrance flow; Helical flow; 076-10468- 000-70. Mathematical model; Eu trophic lake restoration; Lakes; 111- 08909-870-36. Mathematical model; Flood discharges, wetlands; Hydrology; 102-09950-810-00. Mathematical model; Great Salt Lake; Lake circulation; 157- 0421W-440-00. Mathematical model; Heat transfer; Ice; Lake shore ice forma- tion; 042-08677-440-44. Mathematical model; Jet impingement on screens; Jets, liquid; 146-10355-050-50. 320 Mathematical model; Mississippi River; Sediment transport; 030-10334-220-34. Mathematical model; Montana groundwater; Groundwater model; Land use effects; 096-08872-820-61. Mathematical model; Navigation channels; Ships, deep draft; 152-10579-330-10. Mathematical model; New York Harbor hydraulic model; Har- bor models; Hurricane surge; 3 14-09692-430-13. Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; 302-09287-860-00. Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; 075-09826-870-54. Mathematical model; Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; 157-10146-800- 33. Mathematical model; Ontario drainage basins; Peak flow; Ru- noff; 414-10525-810-90. Mathematical model; Open channel flow; Velocity distribution; Alluvial channels; Erosion; 302-10629-200-00. Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; 317- 10789-750-00. Mathematical model; Overbank flow; River basin model; Flood plain; 028-09973-300-00. Mathematical model; Overland flow; Hydrographs; Hydrologic models; 030-07001-810-05. Mathematical model; Overland flow; Sediment yield; Soil ero- sion; Watershed model; 030-08804-220-06. Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; 300-04275-830-00. Mathematical model; Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant distribu- tion; Tidal prism model; Estuaries; 161-09880-400-60. Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Ther- mal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; 075-09799-870-73. Mathematical model; Plumes; Potential flow; Cooling towers; 061-10385-030-70. Mathematical model; Plumes, negatively buoyant; Power plant; Slowdown; Hope Creek plant; 179-10425-340-73. Mathematical model; Pollutant distribution; Sewage outfall; Estuaries; 161-09881-400-60. Mathematical model; Pollution, thermal; Remote sensing; Cool- ing water discharge; 078-09023-870-50. Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Remote sensing; 325- 09398-870-00. Mathematical model; Pollution transport; Waves; Circulation; Continental shelf; 325-09399-450-00. Mathematical model; Power plants, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dilution; 011-10007-870-73. Mathematical model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 075-08727-870-73. Mathematical model; Power plant siting methodology; 075- 08738-340-54. Mathematical model; Pulsatile flow; Arterial flow; Biomedical flows; 070-09016-270-52. Mathematical model; Pumped storage development; Raccoon Mountain project; Transients; 341-09460-340-00. Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; 341-07080-340- 00. Mathematical model; Radionuclide movement; Soil water; Groundwater; 011-08800-820-52. Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment trans- port; Columbia River; Finite element method; 01 1-10000- 220-52. Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; Sediment trans- port; Clinch River; Finite element method; 01 1-10001 -220- 55. Mathematical model; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; 156- 05456-810-15. Mathematical model; Reservoir; Water quality; Eutrophication; Limnological model; 011-09999-860-87. Mathematical model; Reservoir management, river water quali- ty; Water quality; 019-10124-860-61. Mathematical model; Reservoir operation; Watershed model; Flood forecasting; 419-09605-310-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Spillway adequacy; 094- 08868-350-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Ecosystem model; 3 14-10751- 880-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Water quality; 314-10754- 860-00. Mathematical model; River channels; Sediment transport; Yazoo River; Channel improvement; 030-10338-220-13. Mathematical model; River flow; St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; Estuaries; 4 1 1 -06603-400-90. Mathematical model; River response; Sediment transport; 405- 10296-300-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Logging effects; 402-10285-810- 90. Mathematical model; Runoff; Soil erosion; 303-09319-830-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricul- tural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; 302- 09286-810-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed planning model; Land use planning; 1 62-09907 -870-00 . Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system manage- ment; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; 011-08797-870-36. Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; 300-10561-220-00. Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watershed charac- teristics; Western Gulf watersheds; 302-10641-810-00. Mathematical model; Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tun- nels; Two-phase flow; 149-10603-390-75. Mathematical model; Smoke spread; Fire spread in corridors; 109-08906-890-54. Mathematical model; Soil water movement; Irrigation, trickle; 008-0267W-840-33. Mathematical model; Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; 055-08682-820-00. Mathematical model; Storm surge calculation; Surges; Char- leston estuary; 312-09756-420-00. Mathematical model; Streamflow routing, low flow; 102-08873- 300-00. Mathematical model; Streamflow; Water quality; Chowan River; 162-09170-860-33. Mathematical model; Submerged objects; Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; 026-09013-420-00. Mathematical model; Waste disposal; Jets, submerged; 056- 10101-050-00. Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boun- dary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; 3 1 9- 1 0669-440-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; York River estuary; Estua- ries; James River; 159-09892-400-36. Mathematical model; Water quality; Estuaries; James River; 161-09874-400-60. Mathematical model; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Estuary hydrodynamics; 161-09884-400-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Fertilizers; 302-10642-870-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; Continental shelf; Estua- ries; 325-09397-860-00. Mathematical model; Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; 030- 07247-800-00. Mathematical model; Watershed management; Hydrology, sub- surface; 147-08979-810-54. 321 Mathematical model; Watersheds, ungaged; Flood damage reduction measures; 094-08865-310-00. Mathematical model comparison; Runoff, urban; Stormwater; 094-08866-810-00. Mathematical model role; Water resource management; 045- 10113-800-33. Mathematical model role; Water quality monitoring; Ecosystem resilience; 045-10114-860-30. Mathematical model, seepage; Electric analog model; Finite element method; 314-09685-070-13. Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; Ventu- ri meter; Flowmeters; 317-10790-700-27. Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bub- ble technique; Laser velocimeter; 3 17-10793-750-00. Mathematical models; Estuaries; 134-08952-400-33. Mathematical models; Flood control planning; 056-08709-3 10- 33. Mathematical models; Free surface flow; Marker and cell method; 070-09260-740-20. Mathematical models; Hydrologic models; 056-08032-810-00. Mathematical models; Irrigation hydrauUcs; Irrigation, surface; 008-02691V-840-07. Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; Estuaries; 075-08729-400-36. Mathematical models; Oceanographic instruments; Data aquisi- tion systems; Environmental study; Massachusetts Bay; 075- 08083-450-44. Mathematical models; Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; In- ternal waves; 318-08449-450-00. Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; 003-09777-140-00. Mathematical models; , Pollutant transport; Estuaries; 019- 10125-400-54. Mathematical models; Power plants; Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; Cooling water discharge; 1 12-10048-870-55. Mathematical models; Rainfall patterns; Southern Great Plains; 302-10634-810-00. Mathematical models; Remote sensing; Water temperature; In- frared sensing; 102-09948-870-60. Mathematical models; Reservoir stratification; Water quality; Water temperature; Lake stratification; 075-05544-440-00. Mathematical models; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Water quality; Hydraulic models; 314-10752-860-00. Mathematical models; Rio Colorado; River development; Ar- gentina; 075-09823-800-00. Mathematical models; River flow; Usteady flow; Flood routing; 321-10671-300-00. Mathematical models; River models; Sediment transport; Allu- vial channels; Bed forms; 043-10347-220-54. Mathematical models; River models; Design paramater op- timization; 414-10518-810-00. Mathematical models; River system; Watersheds; Ecosystem models; 314-10758-870-00. Mathematical models; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 405- 09511-810-00. Mathematical models; Salinity distribution; Temperature dis- tribution; Dispersion; Estuaries; 075-08728-400-36. Mathematical models; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10635-810-00. Mathematical models; Temperature prediction; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; 075-08732-870-52. Mathematical models; Tidal flushing; Water quality; Ches- apeake Bay area; Coastal basins; 159-09891-400-36. Mathematical models; Virginia; Water quality models; Estua- ries; 161-09165-400-60. Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspira- tion; Hydrologic analysis; 303-09316-810-00. McNary Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09351-350-13. McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10659-350-13. Meander mechanisms; 405-10297-300-00. Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; 402-10282-300-90. Meandering; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bends; 061-10388-200-00. Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Chan- nel forms; 404-10233-300-90. Meandering; River flows; Flood plain; Hydraulic model; 028- 09978-300-00. Meandering channels; River flow; Dispersion; 405-09507-300- 00. Meanders; River channels; Alluvial channels; Braiding; Channel stability; 149-08993-300-05. Meanders; River channels; 149-08994-300-54. Meanders; River model; Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; 121-10086-300-60. Measurement assurance; Flowmeters; Interlaboratory tests; 317- 10791-700-00. Melting; Jets, water; Ablation; Ice; 403-10221-190-90. Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; Water quality; Groundwater; 174-09872-820-36. Meramec Park reservoir; Outlet works model; Stilling basin; 314-09674-350-13. Mercury; Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; 133- 10091-110-54. Merom Station cooling lake; Power plant; Discharge structure; Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; 075-09806-350-75. Metallic wastes; Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer programs; 075-09825-870-36. Metals; Pollution; Fly ash disposal; Groundwater contamina- tion; 111-09911-820-52. Meteorological data, upper Midwest; Stochastic analysis; 149- 08997-480-44. MHD flow; Transients; Liquid-metal flow; 057-08034-110-54. MHD flows; Ferrohydrodynamic boundary layer; 057-09037- 110-00. Microorganism role; Corrosion, pitting; 1 52-10581-230-00. Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; Waves, wind; 332-07065-420-22. Mine cavity backfilling; Sand slurry deposition; Hydraulic model; 322-09389-390-34. Mine safety; Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; Anemometers; 317-10797-700-34. Mine spoil reclamation; Water augmentation; Coal mining; 308- 10646-880-00. Mine tailings; Outfall pipe design; 420-10549-390-70. Mine tailings; Sediment entrainment; Marmion Lake; 413- 10328-220-00. Mineral slurries; Slurry rheology; 029-08131-130-70. Mining effects; Piceance basin, Colorado; Sediment yield; 323- 10698-880-00. Mining, surface; Water quality; Watersheds, mined; Hydrology; 300-0436W-810-00. Mining technology, offshore; Sand recovery; Shell recovery; 152-10582-490-44. Minnesota rivers and lakes; Cooling water discharge; Ice; 149- 08995-870-73. Minnesota watersheds; Nutrient budget; Sediment yield; 300- 09273-870-00. Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed manage- ment; Water yield; Bogs; Forest management; 305-03887- 810-00. Miramichi Estuary, Canada; Navigation channel; Hydraulic model; 411-09562-330-90. Missiles; Ogives; Water entry; Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; 335-04867-510-22. 322 Mississippi Basin model; River model; Flood tests; 314-09682- 300-13. Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal discharge capacity; Heat transfer; 061-10370-870-73. Mississippi River; Missouri River; Thermal regime; Computer model; 061-10371-870-33. Mississippi River; Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; En- vironmental impact; 061-08833-870-70. Mississippi River; Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; 314-09677-330-13. Mississippi River; River geomorphology; 030-08802-300-34. Mississippi River; Sediment transport; Mathematical model; 030-10334-220-34. Mississippi River; Sediment transport, shoaling; 061-10364-220- 13. Mississippi River; Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; 094-10013-700-13. Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; Lock emergency closure; Lock model; 314-09672-330-13. Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26; Lock model; Lock naviga- tion conditions; 314-09667-330-13. Mississippi River passes; River model; Sedimentation; Shoaling; 314-09670-300-13. Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revetments; River chan- nels; Channels; Levee effects; 094-1001 1-300-13. Mississippi River Valley; River channels; Channel changes, human effects; 094-10012-300-13. Mississippi River-Gulf outlet lock; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 314-09673-330-13. Missouri aquifers; Aquifer hydrogeology; 09 1 -1 0065-820-33 . Missouri floods; Flood peak determination; 094-06287-810-00. Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; Hydrogeology; 091-10066-300-33. Missouri River; Plume prediction; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 061-10359-870-60. Missouri River; Sediment transport; Velocity distribution; 094- 08862-220-13. Missouri River; Thermal discharge capacity; Heat transfer; Mis- sissippi River; 061-10370-870-73. Missouri River; Thermal regime; Computer model; Mississippi River; 061-10371-870-33. Missouri River basin; Sediment yield; 323-0460W-220-00. Missouri River data bank; Sediment transport; 094-08863-300- 13. Missouri River environmental inventory; 094-08869-880-1 3 . Missouri River environmental study; 094-08870-880-13. Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; 300-0 1 85 W-8 10-00. Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; 179-10429-340-73. Mixed layer; Temperature micro-structure; Thermocline; Tur- bulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; 021-09788-440-54. Mixing; Acoustic field; Freon jets; Jet impingement; 081- 10611-050-50. Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; 092-09831-050-54. Mixing; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 413-10320- 340-00. Mixing; Lake model; Lake stratification; 1 16-08941-440-61 . Mixing; Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; 115-09835-130-00. Mixing; New York Bight observations; Circulation; 066-08827- 450-52. Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; Dispersion; 028-09980- 020-00. Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; Ice effects; 028-09981 - 020-00. Mixing; Open channel flow; River flow; Dispersion; 401-10765- 200-96. Mixing; Open channel flow; Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; 061-08036-060-33. Mixing; Pollution; River flow; Dispersion; Effluent transport; 056-10099-300-00. Mixing; Propellants; Injectors; Jet impingement; 01 5-09785- 550-50. Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; 179-10435-340-73. Mixing; Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; 172-10017-060-33. Mixing; Rain effects; Waves, raindrop generated; Air-water in- terface; 177-10027-460-33. Mixing; Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reac- tor; 093-07503-020-00. Mixing; Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; 132-09841-440-33. Mixing; Stratified flow; Estuary circulation; Mass transport; 039-09087-400-54. Mixing; Tidal flushing; Boat basin; Harbor; 167-10183-470-13. Mixing; Turbulence; 115-07552-020-54. Mixing; Turbulent mixing; Diffusion, molecular; Gases; 081- 08990-020-22. Mixing; Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; Environmental impact; Mississippi River; 061-08833-870-70. Mixing layers; Turbulent flow; Wakes; 417-09598-020-90. Mobile bed hydraulics; Regime theory; River regime; Sediment transport; 402-06630-300-90. Model distortion effects; Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; 061- 10361-750-00. Model distortion effects; Open channel flow; Scaling laws; Dispersion; 405-10287-750-00. Model laws; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Erosion; Lit- toral drift; 405-10294-410-00. Model laws; Steam injection; Air injection; Slowdown fluid physics; 146-10354-130-70. Model study; Pollution, thermal; Cooling water model; 0/9- 08784-870-73. Models, hydraulic; Shoaling; Alluvial streams; Harbor en- trances; 314-07171-470-13. Models, movable bed; Hydraulic model evaluation; Inlets, tidal; 067-/0577-4/0-/5. Monitoring; Thermal effluents; Boat sampling system; Cooling water discharge; 075-09803-720-44. Monitoring cost effectiveness; Stream monitoring; Water quali- ty; 076-0432 W-870-00. Monitoring data; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Environmental impact prediction; 01 1-10005-870- 55. Monitoring methodology; Sampling; Groundwater; 018-09787- 820-36. Monitoring program design; Cooling water discharge; 075- 08757-870-00. Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal ef- fects; Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; 161- 08332-870-52. Monitoring system design; River networks; Water quality moni- toring; 075-09829-860-88. Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; Water quality; 058-10563-860-00. Montana; Frail lands study; 303-0361 W-880-00. Montana groundwater; Groundwater model; Land use effects; Mathematical model; 096-08872-820-61. Montana water resources; Reservoir operation; Reservoirs, multi-purpose; Computer model; 096-08162-800-61 . Monticello field channels; Numerical model; Open channel flow; Water temperature; 149-10604-860-36. Montreal; Water supply; Ice effects; Intake; 408-10267-860-65. Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave action; 046-09278-520-00. 323 254-330 o - 78 - 22 Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave action; 046-09279-520-88. Mooring forces; Ships; Hydraulic model; 408-10260-520-90. Mooring forces; Waves; Floating structures; 41 1-10316-420-00. Mooring line response; Cables; Drag; 152-09048-590-22. Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; Cables; Drag; 152- 09049-590-00. Moorings; Breakwaters, floating; 118-09991-430-54. Moose Creek Dam; Outlet model; 313-09352-350-13. Morphology; River channels; Channel changes; 323-0458W- 300-00. Morphology; River channels; Coon Creek; 323-10694-300-00. Morphology; River channels; Scour; Channel shifts; 401-10764- 350-96. Morphology; River channels; Sediment movement; Channel changes; 323-10699-300-00. Morphology; Stream channels; Channel stabilization; Erosion; 302-10633-300-00. Morphology revetments; River channels; Channels; Levee ef- fects; Mississippi River Valley; 094-1001 1-300-13. . Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering; 402-10282-300-90. Morris dam; Spillway; Dam overtopping; Flood passing; 166- 10441-350-73. Moses Lake; Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; Flush- ing; Hydraulic model; 167-10185-870-61. Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; Water quality management; Watersheds; 157-10150-810-60. Muck pipeline; Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; 029-10281-260-47. Muck pipeline; Sllirry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Hydraulic trans- port; 029-10280-260-47. Mud flows; Solid-liquid mixtures; 028-09974-130-00. Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal trans- port; Manifold design; 172-10019-210-60. Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; Mixing; 115-09835-130-00. Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; Combustion; Liquid- gas flow; 122-10020-290-50. Multiobjective theory; Water resource project analysis; 075- 08753-800-33. Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; 34 1 - 1 0740-870-00. Nappe; Outfall; Sewer; Storm sewer; 121-08222-870-00. Navajo Dam; Outlet works; Water quality; Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; 322-10682-350-00. Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Hydrofoils, two- dimensional; 089-10135-530-20. Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical methods; Channel flows; 089-10137-000-26. Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Submerged bodies, two-dimensional; 089-10138-000-54. Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; Potential flow; Airfoils, two-dimensional; 089-10139-000-50. Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Wedges; Drag; 057-05778-030-00. Navigation; Lock filling-emptying systems; 3 14-10744-330-00. Navigation; Sediment; Density probe; Depth sounding; 314- 10748-700-00. Navigation channel; Dredging; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 152- 10578-330-82. Navigation channel; Eraser River; Hydraulic model; 420-10545- 300-90. Navigation channel; Hydraulic model; Miramichi Estuary, Canada; 411-09562-330-90. Navigation channel; River bend; River model; Shoaling; Chat- tahoochee River; 314-09717-300-13. Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; Columbia River; 313-05317-330-13. Navigation channel; River model; Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; 314-09671-330-13. Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; Mississippi River; 314-09677-330-13. Navigation channel; Ship interaction; St. Lawrence River; 408- 09549-330-90. Navigation channel; Shoaling; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 152- 10586-330-44. Navigation channel improvement; Bonneville Dam; Locks; 313- 10664-330-13. Navigation channels; Port improvements, Texas; 152-10588- 330-00. Navigation channels; Sediment transport, ship-induced; 152- 10580-330-00. Navigation channels; Ships, deep draft; Mathematical model; 152-10579-330-10. Navigation channels; Towing; Bends; Channel width; 314- 10743-330-00. Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; 314-09701-330-13. Navigation conditions; Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; 314-09702-330-13. Navigation safety; Channel dimensions; 3 14-10759-330-00. Near wake; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; 1 39-0762 1 -030-26. Nearshore circulation; Beach erosion; Florida sand budget; Lit- toral drift; 039-09091-410-44. Nearshore hydrodynamics; Surf zone; Waves; 406-09518-420- 00. New Haven Harbor plant; Pijje bends; Pump, feedwater; Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; 179-10423-340-73. New York Bight observations; Circulation; Mixing; 066-08827- 450-52. New York harbor; Sand mining effects; Circulation; Harbors; 106-10059-470-44. New York Harbor hydraulic model; Harbor models; Hurricane surge; Mathematical model; 314-09692-430-13. Newburyport Harbor; Harbor model; 314-09687-470-13. Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; 302-09287-860-00. Nitrogen; Ponds; Soil erosion; Water quality; Fertilizer; 055- 08024-820-07. Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; Estuaries; Mathematical models; 075-08729-400-36. Nitrogen cycling; Water quality; Great Salt Lake; 157-10143- 860-33. Nitrogen ebullition; Reactor safety; Water depressurization; 326-10705-340-55. Nitrogen supersaturation; Dam model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-05071-350-13. Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam; 313-08446-350-13. Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse model; Bonneville Dam; 313-07107-350-13. Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse skeleton model; Ice Har- bor Dam; 313-08445-350-13. Nitrogen supersaturation; Spillway model; Lower Monumental Dam; 313-08447-350-13. Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; Libby Dam; 313- 09342-350-00. Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; Libby Dam; 313- 09344-350-13. Noise; Hydraulic pavement breaker; 053-10404-630-70. Noise; Jet noise; 048-10207-050-50. Noise; Pumps, displacement; Transients; Fluid power systems; 057-07353-630-70. Noise; Supersonic fiow; Jet noise; 143-09904-160-54. Noise; Turbulent inflow effect; Fan rotor, ducted; 124-08920- 160-21. 324 Noise; Vortex flow; Cavitation; 124-08235-230-21. Noise control research; Air tools; 1 36-09842-630-70. Noise diagnostics; Power plants, nuclear; Reactor safety assess- ment; 112-10021-340-55. Noise, flow induced; Sonar dome; 336-09453-1 60-22 . Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence struc- ture; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduc- tion; 334-09437-010-00. Noise reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow noise; 331-07221-160-20. Noise reduction; Polymer ejection methods; Drag reduction; 337-09456-250-22. Noise suppression; Compliant surfaces; Drag reduction; 331- 09451-250-22. Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer flow processes; Viscoelastic fluids; 076-08774-120-00. Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; Drag reduction; Ori- fice flow; 417-10503-250-90. Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; Macromolecule models; 417-10504-250-90. Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; 013- 08702-120-54. Non-Newtonian fluids; Filter cake washing; 048-10215-120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Rheology; Viscometry; 088-08859-120- 14. Non-Newtonian fluids; Stagnation flow; Viscoelastic fluids; 164- 10015-120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay-water mixtures; Drag; 05 7-07552- 120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Surface tension; Viscoelastic fluids; Bub- ble dynamics; 076-08776-120-54. North Anna plant; Power plant; Condenser inlet tunnel; Hydraulic model; 179-10416-340-73. Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analy- sis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 301-08432- 810-00. Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 301-09276- 810-00. Northern plains; Plant growth; Water use; 303-0353W-860-00. Nozzle flow; Transonic; Propulsion; 163-09184-550-70. Nuclear fuel rods; Vibrations, flow-induced; 136-09655-030-00. Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; Power plant, floating; Power plant, nuclear; Heat disposal; 075-08736-340-73. Nuclear reactor cooling; Slowdown; Boiling water reactor; Heat transfer; 041-07988-140-52. Nuclear reactor core cooling; Reactor emergency; Heat transfer; 041-09984-660-73. Nuclear reactor safety; Liquid metal flow; 108-08888-340-52. Nuclear reactor safety; Two-phase flow; 036-09791-130-55. Nuclear reactors; Reservoirs, annular; Earthquake induced mo- tions; 146-09299-340-70. Nuclear safeguard measurements; Flowmeters; 317-10794-700- 00. Nuclear safeguard measurements; Dynamic volume measure- ments; Flowmeters; 317-10795-700-00. Nucleate boiling; Reactors; Acoustic emission; Boiling; 136- 09843-140-54. Numerical experiments; Clouds, cumulus; 1 57-10163-480-54. Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer com- putations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separa- tion; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 073 -08069-0 1 0-26 . Numerical methods; Cavity flows; Finite element method; Hydrofoils; 148-10411-530-21. Numerical methods; Channel flows; Navier-Stokes equations; 089-10137-000-26. Numerical methods; Ocean structures; Structure response; Vibrations; Wave forces; 044-06699-430-00. Numerical methods; Open channel flow, unsteady; 094-07507- 200-00. Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Un- steady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; 044-06695-250-61. Numerical methods; Pipe network analysis; 145-09930-2 10-33. Numerical methods; Ship performance prediction; Waves; 339- 09444-520-20. Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; 421-07995-030-90. Numerical methods; Wave theory; Finite element method; 075- 09795-420-44. Numerical model; Aquifers, geopressured; Groundwater; Gulf Coast aquifers; 323-10702-820-00. Numerical model; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; 100- 10071-450-00. Numerical model; Boundary layer, turbulent; Compressible flow; Finite element method; 003-09776-010-14. Numerical model; Chesterfield inlet; Finite difference method; Hudson Bay; 419-10509-400-90. Numerical model; Currents, Gulf coast; 153-09916-450-44. Numerical model; Currents, wind driven; Lake circulation; Lake Ontario; 137-09958-440-54. Numerical model; Dispersion models; Hydraulic models; Lakes; 419-10510-440-00. Numerical model; Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Mass transfer; 408-10274-340-73. Numerical model; Open channel flow; Water temperature; Monticello field channels; 149-10604-860-36. Numerical model; Oxygen depletion; Strip mine spoil dam; Sulfate production; Water quality; 162-09905-870-00. Numerical model; Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 409-10782-140-00. Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; Lake circulation; 035-09940-440-54. Numerical model; Power plant; Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; 149-10606- 870-73. Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; 319-10670-810-00. Numerical model; Reactors; Two-phase flow; Boiling; Liquid metals; 133-10088-130-55. Numerical model; Runoff; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; 030-10340-220-06. Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; 301-10622-810-00. Numerical model; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; 414-10526-810-90. Numerical model; Sea ice; Currents, ocean; Iceberg drift; 410- 10312-450-90. Numerical model; Sediment transport, suspended; Diffusion; 043-10346-220-54. Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; 114-10609-820-54. Numerical model; Solar energy; Aquifers; Hot water storage; 067-09983-820-52. Numerical model; Storm surge; Surge; 1 53-09917-420-1 1 . Numerical model; Storm surge; Surge elevations; Beaufort Sea; 407-10238-420-00. Numerical model; Strait of Georgia; 407-10237-400-00. Numerical model; Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota; Lakes; 149- 10607-440-73. Numerical model; Thermal discharges; Ice suppression; 06/- 10366-300-61. Numerical model; Tornado simulation; 062-09792-480-54. Numerical model; Tsunamis response spectra; Hawaiian Islands; 153-09915-420-44. Numerical model; Weather modification; Cloud seeding; 157- 10164-480-60. 325 Numerical models; Diffuser outlets; 056-10103-870-00. Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; 323-10693-860-00. Numerical models; Pipe bends; Pipes, three-dimensional; Laminar flow; 057-10278-210-54. Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circula- tion; Lake Michigan; 005-09778-440-52. Numerical" models; Porous media flow; Boundary integral solu- tions; Groundwater; 035-09945-070-54. Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal ef- fluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; 078-09832-870-50. Numerical models; Power plants; Waste heat; Atmospheric ef- fects; 134-09909-870-52. Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; 075- 09807-870-75. Numerical models; Reservoirs; Thermal regimes; Lake hydrodynamics; 148-104 1 2-440-33. Numerical models; River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; 028-09980- 020-00. Numerical models; River flow; Ice effects; Mixing; 028-09981- 020-00. Numerical models; Runoff, surface; Watersheds, complex; 302- 045 5 W-8 1 0-00. Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; 035-09941- 440-44. Numerical models; Splines; Weather modeling; 069-10460-480- 54. Numerical models; Submerged bodies; Turbulent flow; Airfoils; 089-10136-030-26. Numerical models; Surf zone; Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; 035- 09942-410-54. Numerical models; Tsunamis; Wave dispersion; Waves, solitary; 153-09914-420-54. Numerical models; Turbulence models; 109-10121-020-54. Numerical models; Water quality models; 323-0459W-860-00. Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; 319-10668-440-00. Numerical models; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf re- gion; Hydrology; 302-0456W-8 10-00. Numerical models; Wave propagation; Waves, shallow water; 411-10317-420-00. Numerical solutions; Hydrofoils, two-dimensional; Navier- Stokes equations; 089-10135-530-20. Numerical solutions; Potential flow; Airfoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; 089-10139-000-50. Numerical solutions; Submerged bodies, two-dimensional; Navi- er-Stokes equations; 089-10138-000-54. Numerical study; Porous media flow; Groundwater flow; 421- 10558-820-90. Nutrient budget; Sediment yield; Minnesota watersheds; 300- 09273-870-00. Nutrient movement; Nutrient yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-0 192W-8 10-00. Nutrient movement; Pesticides; Sediment transport; Tillage practice; 063-0264W-870-33. Nutrient movement; Soil management; Soil water movement; Water management; 300-043 3 W-820-00. Nutrient removal analysis; Waste stabilization ponds; 075- 09808-870-54. Nutrient transport models; Pesticides; Runoff models; Com- puter models; 051-0380W-870-00. Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; Mathe- matical model; 075-09826-870-54. Nutrient yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Nutrient movement; 300-0192W-810-00. Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; 058-10563-860-00. Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricul- tural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; 302-09287-860-00. Nutrients; Trophic level; Water quality; Algal assay; Lake Ozonia; 028-09975-860-00. Nutrients; Vegetation; Water quality; Agricultural practices; 300-0344W-860-00. Ocean currents; Currents; Electric fields; 178-09226-450-20. Ocean currents; Rotating flow; Antarctic circumpolar current; 143-09180-450-54. Ocean currents; Seamount; Boundary layer, benthic; 178- 09227-450-20. Ocean dynamics; Atlantic Ocean; Currents; 178-07786-450-20. Ocean engineering; Breakwater experiments; Breakwater, hydraulic; 076-06666-430-20. Ocean microstructure; Rotating flow; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Internal waves; 143-09903-450-20. Ocean structures; Structure design criteria; Wave forces; Cylin- ders; / 18-09768-430-44. Ocean structures; Structure response; Vibrations; Wave forces; Numerical methods; 044-06699-430-00. Ocean thermal energy; Energy; 075-09809-430-52. Ocean thermal energy; Screens; Energy; Intakes; 1 18-09990- 430-52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Waves, design waves; Ener- gy; 046-09280-420-52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Energy; 046-09282-340-54. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Thermal energy; Energy; 046-10051-490-88. Ocean thermal energy plant; Stratified flow; Energy, ocean thermal; Hydraulic model; 039-10458-430-20. Ocean wave energy conversion; Salinity gradient energy; Ener- gy; Environmental effects; 161-09883-490-52. Oceanic front dynamics; Plumes; 034-101 16-450-20. Ocean-inlet-bay model; Coastal engineering education; Hydrau- lic demonstration model; 039-10451-730-00. Oceanographic instruments; Data aquisition systems; Environ- mental study; Massachusetts Bay; Mathematical models; 075- 08083-450-44. Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental slope; 161-09876-450-00. Oceanography; Water quality; Benchmark data; Continental shelf; 161-09877-450-34. Oceanography; Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathe- matical models; 318-08449-450-00. Odor control; Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; Computer model; 053-10405-870-70. Offshore platforms; Oil production equipment; Slosh effects; 146-10356-650-70. Offshore structure design; Sea simulation; Structures; Waves; 118-09766-430-44. Ogives; Water entry; Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; 335-04867-510-22. Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; Pollution; Wave ef- fects; 038-09924-870-00. Oil pollution; Oil slick barrier; Waves; 152-08311-870-48. Oil production equipment; Slosh effects; Offshore platforms; 146-10356-650-70. Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; 005-09779-870-36. Oil shale; Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; 157-10146-800-33. Oil shale development; Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; 157-10158-860-60. Oil shale development; Water quality; Carcinogens; 157-10177- 860-33. 326 Oil shale development; Water transfers, Utah; Economic ef- fects; 157-10145-800-33. Oil slick; Ice; Oil-ice interaction; 405-10303-870-00. Oil slick barrier; Waves; Oil pollution; 152-08311-870-48. Oil slick spread; Coastal waters; 017-10024-870-54. Oil spill behavior review; Currents, wind induced; Ekman layer; 075-09804-870-44. Oil spill containment; Booms; 405-09510-870-00. Oil spill containment; Ice-oil boom; 405-10298-870-00. Oil spill diversion; St. Lawrence River; 408-09548-870-90. Oil spill recovery; River ice; Ice cover; 405-10302-870-99. Oil spills; Pollution; Wave effects; Oil film thickness measure- ment; 038-09924-870-00. Oil storage; Salt cavities; Brine disposal; 152-10587-870-43. Oil storage tanks; Structures, offshore; Earthquake loads; 019- 10123-430-44. Oil-ice interaction; Oil slick; Ice; 405-10303-870-00. Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; 093-10075-370-54. Oil-water mixture; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; 131-07592-130-00. Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; 084-09818-130-00. Old River; Control structure failure consequences; 072-09927- 350-61. Old River diversion; River model; Diversion model; 3 14-09680- 350-00. Ontario drainage basins; Peak flow; Runoff; Mathematical model; 414-10525-810-90. Open channel flow; Backwater curve computations; Energy gradients; 121-08928-200-00. Open channel flow; Bed forms; Dune growth; 414-10521-220- 90. Open channel flow; Diffusion; 405-09509-200-00. Open channel flow; Open channel resistance; Channel shape ef- fects; Manning equation; 121-08223-200-00. Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; 162-09906-200-00. Open channel flow; Power plant, nuclear; Hydraulic model; 009-09781-340-73. Open channel flow; Ripple growth; Bed forms; 414-10522-220- 90. Open channel flow; River flow; Secondary currents; 127-08935- 300-54. Open channel flow; River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; 401-10765- 200-96. Open channel flow; Scaling laws; Dispersion; Model distortion effects; 405-10287-750-00. Open channel flow; Secondary flow; Boundary shear stress; 030-10341-200-54. Open channel flow; Sediment effects; Turbulence; Velocity dis- tribution; 414-10520-200-90. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bends; Meandering; 061-10388-200-00. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; 127-09845-200-00. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; 302-09292-200-00. Open channel flow; Shear stress; Bed forms; 414-10523-220-90. Open channel flow; Stratification effect; Velocity profile;Ch«zy coefficient; 158-09901-200-00. Open channel flow; Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; Mixing; 061-08036-060-33. Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; 322-10678-320-00. Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; 316-10796-700-00. Open channel flow; Turbulence; 323 -0368 W-200-00. Open channel flow; Velocity distribution; Alluvial channels; Erosion; Mathematical model; 302-10629-200-00. Open channel flow; Water temperature; Monticello field chan- nels; Numerical model; 149-10604-860-36. Open channel flow; Waves, wind; Wind effect; Canal system control; 020-10079-200-60. Open channel flow equations; Backwater computations; 056- 10110-200-00. Open channel flow, unsteady; Numerical methods; 094-07507- 200-00. Open channel resistance; Channel shape effects; Manning equa- tion; Open channel flow; 121-08223-200-00. Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients; Waterhammer; 085-08853-210-54. Open channel turbulence; Sediment transport, bed load; Turbu- lence measurements; Bed armoring; 044-07300-220-00. Oregon inlet; Inlet model; Inlet, coastal; Jetty; 314-09707-430- 13. Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 3 1 3 -08446-3 50-1 3 . Orifice flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer solutions; Drag reduction; 417-10503-250-90. Orifice meters; Pulsatile flow; Flow measurement; 172-10016- 700-54. Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; 317-10789-750-00. Orographic winter storms; Precipitation; Cloud seeding poten- tial; 157-10153-480-60. Oscillary flow; Pressure gradients; Sediment transport by waves; 414-10513-220-90. Oscillating bodies; Wave damping; Added mass; 334-08529- 040-22. Oscillating torus; Torus, flow in; Pipe flow, coiled; 064-09020- 000-00. Oscillations; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Boundary layers; Cylinders, circular; 417-10507-010-90. Oscillations, self-excited; Free shear layer; 064-09022-000-00. Oscillatory flow; Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; 152- 09049-590-00. Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; Laminar flow; 417-09599-210-00. Oscillatory flow; Submerged bodies; Drag; Flat plate, normal; 044-09955-030-00. Oscillatory flow; Velocity measurements; Boundary layer, oscil- lating; Boundary layer, transitional; 061-10389-010-00. Oscillatory flow; Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; 057-07355-000-88. Oscillatory flow; Wave forces; Cylinder, circular; 1 18-09986- 420-54. Outfall; Pumps; Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; Intake; 413-09578-340-00. Outfall; Sewer; Storm sewer; Nappe; 121-08222-870-00. Outfall model; Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 061-08832-870-73. Outfall pipe design; Mine tailings; 420-10549-390-70. Outfalls; Dilution; Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; 410-10305-050-90. Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 413-10324-340-00. Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; In- takes; 413-10325-340-00. Outlet model; Moose Creek Dam; 313-09352-350-13. Outlet, sewer; Sewer, storm; Diffuser; 149-10599-870-60. Outlet works; Spillway outlet works; Hydraulic model; 155- 09919-350-07. Outlet works; Water quality; Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; 322-10682-350-00. Outlet works model; Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; 313-07110-350-13. 327 Outlet works model; Dworshak Dam; Intake models; 313- 05315-350-00. Outlet works model; Elk Creek Dam; 313-09347-350-00. Outlet works model; Lost Creek Dam; 3 13-071 18-350-13. Outlet works model; Stilling basin; Meramec Park reservoir; 314-09674-350-13. Outlets; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Thermal discharges; 056-10104-870-33. Outlets, spillway; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; 149-01 168- 350-05. Overbank flow; River basin model; Flood plain; Mathematical model; 028-09973-300-00. Overland flow; Hydrographs; Hydrologic models; Mathematical model; 030-07001-810-05. Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; 300-04275-830-00. Overland flow; Raindrop impact; 094-07504-200-00. Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff model; Runoff, surface; Hydrolo- gy; Kinematic wave model; 099-09847-810-33. Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; 162-09906-200-00. Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; 129- 03808-830-05. Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; 301- 08432-810-00. Overland flow; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Mathematical model; 030-08804-220-06. Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; 323-10693-860-00. Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; 157-10166-870-33. Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; 314-10756-870-00. Overland flow; Watershed response; Hydrologic analysis; 129- 07585-810-33. Oxygen depletion; Strip mine spoil dam; Sulfate production; Water quality; Numerical model; 162-09905-870-00. Oyster depuration hydraulic design; 159-09889-390-41. Ozark section; Hydrographs; 094-08864-810-00. Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; 310-06973-810-00. Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; Gates; Hydraulic model; 322- 10683-350-00. Pacific coast watersheds; Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; Erosion; 323-0462 W-220-00. Pacific northwest; Soil erosion; 303-09320-830-00. Pacific Northwest flow needs; Water needs; 166-09197-800-33. Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant distribution; Tidal prism model; Estuaries; Mathematical model; 161-09880-400-60. Paleohydraulics; Channel incision chronology; Dearborn River, Montana; 091-10063-300-00. Palmetto Bend Dam; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 322-09393- 350-00. Palo Alto; Wastewater reclamation; Water quality; 148-10410- 860-36. Particle centrifugal separation; Two-phase flow; Gas-solid flow; 077-10574-130-52. Particle size distribution; Slurry pipeline; Coal slurry; Hydraulic transport; 029-10279-260-88. Peace River; River diversion; Hydraulic model; 420-10535-350- 73. Peace River diversion; Gates; Hydraulic model; 420-10537-350- 73. Peak flow; Runoff; Mathematical model; Ontario drainage basins; 414-10525-810-90. Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; Marinas; 046-10053-470-60. Peatlands; Drainage channels; 410-10309-840-90. Penstock entrances; Hydraulic model; 322-10685-340-00. Periodic flow; Stability; Unsteady flow; Couette flow; 076- 10469-000-00. Permeable bed; Sediment transport by waves; Seepage; 316- 07824-410-11. Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; 179-10430-340-75. Pesticides; Runoff models; Computer models; Nutrient trans- port models; 051-0380W-870-00. Pesticides; Sediment transport; Tillage practice; Nutrient move- ment; 063-0264W-870-33. Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Streamflow; Urbanization ef- fects, runoff; 418-10620-810-90. Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Swamp; 418-10621-810-90. Peterborough, Ontario; Snow cover; Snowfall; 418-10618-810- 90. Phosphate mine spoil dumps; Slope stability; 304-09327-390- 00. Phosphate mines; Spoil dumps; 157-10152-890-06. Phosphorus; Water quality; Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemi- cal; 129-07584-820-61. Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; Water quality; Lake models; Lake Ozonia; 028-09976-860-00. Photochromic dye; Dye technique; Flow visualization; 416- 06952-710-00. Photographic data; Coastal imagery data bank; 3 12-09747-7 10- 00. Photographic methods; Sea spectra; 332-07067-420-00. Photographic streamflow estimates; Streamflow estimates; 027- 07935-300-36. Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; 331-09450-250-20. Phytoplankton cell division; Water quality; 075-09827-870-00. Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake; 075-09826-870-54. Piceance basin, Colorado; Sediment yield; Mining effects; 323- 10698-880-00. Pickwick Landing; Hydraulic model; Locks; 341-10736-330-00. Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; 310-06974-810-00. Pier model; Thames River submarine pier; 1 49-09000-430-75 . Piezometric head; Road construction effects; Groundwater; Idaho; 304-10645-820-00. Piles; Wave force instrumentation; 41 1-08133-420-90. Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circula- tion, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathe- matical model; 075-09799-870-73. Pine Tree Branch watershed; Watershed studies; 338-0261 W- 810-00. Pipe bends; Pipes, helical; Transients; Waterhammer; 057- 09036-210-52. Pipe bends; Pipes, three-dimensional; Laminar flow; Numerical models; 057-10278-210-54. Pipe bends; Pump, feedwater; Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; 179-10423-340-73. Pipe, corrugated; Turbulence structure; Helical flow; 149- 08996-210-54. Pipe cover layers; Rubble; Undersea pipe; Wave forces; 085- 09994-420-00. Pipe flow; Pipes, corrugated helical; Friction factor; 149-10600- 210-70. Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow noise; Noise reduction; 33 1-07221-160-20. Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Transition; 332- 08524-250-00. Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; Rotating disks; Drag reduction; 334-08540-250-00. Pipe flow; Polymers; Turbulence; Drag reduction; 302-10628- 250-00. Pipe flow; Pressure transients; Transients; Air, entrained; 044- 08814-210-54. 328 Pipe flow; Pulsatile flow; Unsteady flow; Blood flow; 061- 10390-000-00. Pipe flow; Pulsating flow; Unsteady flow; 410-10313-210-88. Pipe flow; Roughness; 166-08375-210-54. Pipe flow; Stability; Tubes, curved; Unsteady flow; 048-10208- 210-54. Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; 040-09846-2 10- 00. Pipe flow; Transients; Water hammer; Air chambers; 404- 10228-210-90. Pipe flow; Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; 1 15-0755 1-010-54. Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; Mercury; 133- 10091-110-54. Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 024-10111-020-00. Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Con- vection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; 003-09777-140-00. Pipe flow; Wall region visual study; Boundary layer, turbulent; 115-08216-010-54. Pipe flow, coiled; Oscillating torus; Torus, flow in; 064-09020- 000-00. Pipe flow, laminar; Entry flow; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Numerical model; 409-10782-140-00. Pipe flow transients; Transients with gas release; Hydraulic transients; 079-08777-210-54. Pipe flow transients; Transients; Waterhammer; Open channel transients; 085-08853-210-54. Pipe flow, turbulent; Roughness elements; 007-09936-210-00. Pipe flow, turbulent; Supercritical fluids; Heat transfer; 109- 08907-140-54. Pipe flow, turbulent; Tubes; Unsteady flow; 069-10462-210-54. Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; 417-09599-210-00. Pipe freezing; Ice; 403-10224-190-90. Pipe network analysis; Numerical methods; 145-09930-210-33. Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods; 044-06695-250-61. Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; 300-01723-350-00. Pipe vibrations; Vibrations; 410-10307-210-90. Pipeline flow; Pitot rods; Flow measurement; 057-10277-700- 00. Pipeline, submerged; Wave forces; 046-09277-420-44. Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump in- jector model; 059-10613-260-34. Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component flow; 172-10019-210-60. Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; Water treatment; Coal pipeline; 096-10616-370-36. Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; Fric- tion loss; Hydraulic transport; 096-07513-260-06. Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Blockage; 414-10515-370-90. Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; 414-10516-130-90. Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Coal s\ut- Ty; 4 14-105 17-370-90. Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; 093-10075-370-54. Pipelines; Thermal wells; Vibrations; 030-10335-370-70. Pipelines; Wave forces; 019-08783-420-11. Pipelines, offshore; Scour; Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; 152-09050-220-44. Pipelines, offshore; Wave pressure fields; 152-09051-420-44. Pipes, cement-asbestos; Waterhammer tests; 417-10505-210-70. Pipes, corrugated helical; Friction factor; Pipe flow; 149-10600- 210-70. Pipes, helical; Transients; Waterhammer; Pipe bends; 057- 09036-210-52. Pipes, three-dimensional; Laminar flow; Numerical models; Pipe bends; 057-10278-210-54. Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; Em- bankments; 314-10760-350-00. Pitot rods; Flow measurement; Pipeline flow; 057-10277-700- 00. Planing boats; Porpoising; Ship motions; Ship stability; 334- 10726-520-22. Planing boats; Ship motions; Wave effects; 334-10725-520-22. Plant growth; Water use; Northern plains; 303-0353W-860-00. Plant model; Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; Computer model; Odor control; 053-10405-870-70. Plates, flow between; Roughness effects; Loss coefficients; 126- 08934-290-00. Plenum pressure; Surface effect ships; Heaving; 151-08980- 520-21. Plume; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; 179-10428-340-75. Plume; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; 179-10424-340-73. Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; 005-09779-870-36. Plume interference; Plume recirculation; Cooling tower model; 061-10386-340-70. Plume model; Stack emissions; Cooling tower emissions; 073- 08695-870-60. Plume near field; Cooling tower models; 061-10379-870-73. Plume prediction; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Missouri River; 061-10359-870-60. Plume recirculation; Cooling tower model; Plume interference; 061-10386-340-70. Plume temperatures; Cooling towers; Heat dissipation; 011- 10006-870-52. Plume theory; Plumes, buoyant; 417-09595-060-00. Plumes; Oceanic front dynamics; 034-101 16-450-20. Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; 005-09780-870-52. Plumes; Potential flow; Cooling towers; Mathematical model; 061-10385-030-70. Plumes; Remote sensing; Thermal plumes; Lake Michigan; 175- 10030-870-60. Plumes; Stratified flow; Turbidity current; 068-10569-060-00. Plumes; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Dilution; 341-10734-870-00. Plumes; Turbidity; Disposal operations; Dredging; 106-10058- 870-10. Plumes; Turbulence; Finite difference method; Jets, buoyant; 065-10785-050-54. Plumes, buoyant; Plume theory; 417-09595-060-00. Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; Dispersion; 075-09814-070-54. Plumes, negatively buoyant; Power plant; Slowdown; Hope Creek plant; Mathematical model; 179-10425-340-73. Plumes, thermal; Temperature fluctuations; Thermal effluents; 175-10032-870-33. Plumes, wall; Fire plume; 122-08931-060-70. Plunge pool basin; Cabinet gorge project; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; 166-10133-350-73. Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; 029-10281-260-47. Point Grey, Vancouver; Shore stabilization; 420-10551-410-96. Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; Couette flow; 088-07488-000-54. Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; Lake circulation; Numerical model; 035-09940-440-54. 329 Pollutant disposal; Porous medium flow; Drainage design; JOS- OS 54 W-070-00. Pollutant distribution; Sewage outfall; Estuaries; Mathematical model; 161-09881-400-60. Pollutant distribution; Tidal prism model; Estuaries; Mathemati- cal model; Pagan River, Virginia; 161-09880-400-60. Pollutant flow; Locks; 098-09996-330-10. Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; 005-09778-440-52. Pollutant transport; Estuaries; Mathematical models; 019- 10125-400-54. Pollutant transport; Radioactive waste storage tanks; Ground- water; 011-10002-870-52. Pollutant transport; Septic tank drainfield; Groundwater; 096- 10617-870-36. Pollutant transport; Shoaling; Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 152-10583-330-44. Pollutant transport; Water quality; Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; 174-09872-820-36. Pollutant transport; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0454W-870- 00. Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; Water quality; Agricultural soil; 129-07584-820-61. Pollutants, organic; Hydrology, urban; 058-10564-870-00. Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer pro- grams; Metallic wastes; 075-09825-870-36. Pollution; Fly ash disposal; Groundwater contamination; Metals; 111-09911-820-52. Pollution; Porous media flow; Contaminant migration; 418- 10512-070-90. Pollution; Radiactive wastes; Groundwater monitoring; Hanford site; 01 1-1 0008-870-52. Pollution; Radioactive waste burial; Radionuclide migration; 011-10003-870-52. Pollution; Radionuclide transport; Groundwater, unsaturated zone; 011-10004-870-52. Pollution; Red tide; Copper; 075-09824-870-44. Pollution; River flow; Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; 056-10099-300-00. Pollution; Sanitary landfill; Landfill leachate; 076-10471-870- 60. Pollution; Spill control; Hazardous materials; 025-09898-870- 36. Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; 005-09780-870-52. Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; 005-09779-870-36. Pollution; Waste disposal siting; Groundwater pollution; 075- 09812-820-36. Pollution; Water quality data; Ashtabula river; 025-09899-870- 36. Pollution; Watersheds, agricultural; Chemical transport models; 302-10637-870-00. Pollution; Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; 038-09924-870-00. Pollution, aquifers; Aquifer pollution transport; Groundwater pollution; 027-07934-870-41. Pollution control; Crop production; Drainage system design; 11 3-0382 W-840-00. Pollution control technology; Energy conversion; Energy effi- ciency; 157-0427W.870-00. Pollution dispersion; Dispersion; Estuaries; Heat disposal; 019- 08046-870-61 . Pollution, nonpoint; Livestock operations; 303-10624-870-00. Pollution, non-point; Runoff; Stormwater sampling; Water quality; Hampton Roads; 159-09890-870-36. Pollution, non-point; Runoff, urban; Stormwater pollutants; Urban stormwater model; 076-10470-870-60. Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Com- puter model; Hydrographic survey; 161-09882-400-60. Pollution, thermal; Cooling water model; Model study; 019- 08784-870-73. Pollution, thermal; Remote sensing; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; 078-09023-870-50. Pollution transport; Remote sensing; Mathematical model; 325- 09398-870-00. Pollution transport; Waves; Circulation; Continental shelf; Mathematical model; 325-09399-450-00. Pollution transport mechanisms; East River; 106-09001-870-00. Polydispersity; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; 331-10772- 250-20. Polymer additives; Cavitation; 124-08236-230-22. Polymer additives; Cavitation; Flow visualization; Jets; 331- 10774-050-20. Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Polydispersity; 331-10772- 250-20. Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Transition; Pipe flow; 332- 08524-250-00. Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole er- rors; Drag reduction; 006-08825-250-54. Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; Rotating disks; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; 334-08540-250-00. Polymer additives; Polystyrene; Drag reduction; 337-09455- 250-00. Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; 061-02091-520- 20. Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring instruments; Viscosity; Drag reduction; 093-07502-120-00. Polymer additives; Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; 115-07553-250-54. Polymer additives; Solute effects; Surfactants; Drag reduction; 332-08523-250-20. Polymer additives; Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; Cavita- tion inception; Drag reduction; 33 1 -09449-250-20. Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography; 331-09450-250-20. Polymer additives; Turbulence measurement; Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; 093-06405- 250-00. Polymer additives; Turbulence, near-wall; Drag reduction; Flow visualization; 1 16-08939-250-54. Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; 044-06695-250-61. Polymer additives; Velocity profile calculation; Drag reduction; 331-09445-250-00. Polymer additives; Viscosity; Drag reduction; 093-06408-120- 00. Polymer additives; Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow noise; Noise reduction; Pipe flow; 331-07221-160-20. Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 006-08825-250-54. Polymer degradation; Rotating disks; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; 334-08540-250-00. Polymer effects; Pump cavitation; Cavitation; 124-10046-630- 21. Polymer ejection methods; Drag reduction; Noise reduction; 337-09456-250-22. Polymer flow processes; Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian flow; 076-08774-120-00. Polymer solutions; Drag reduction; Orifice flow; Non-Newtoni- an flow; 417-10503-250-90. Polymer solutions; Macromolecule models; Non-Newtonian now; 417-10504-250-90. Polymers; Turbulence; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; 302-10628- 250-00. Polystyrene; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 337-09455- 250-00. 330 Ponce de Leon Inlet; Inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; 039- 09103-410-10. Ponds; Soil erosion; Water quality; Fertilizer; Nitrogen; 055- 08024-820-07. Pore size effects; Porous medium flow; Saturation; Capillary pressure; 131-09840-820-00. Pore water pressure; Wave effects; Caissons; 1 1 8-09989-430- 87. Porous bed effect; Hydraulic jump; 033-10777-360-00. Porous media, deformable; Compressible flow; 088-10573-070- 54. Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; 075-09814-070-54. Porous media flow; Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; Numerical models; 035-09945-070-54. Porous media flow; Contaminant migration; Pollution; 418- 10512-070-90. Porous media flow; Creeping flow; 048-10220-070-54. Porous media flow; Dispersion; 028-09982-070-00. Porous media flow; Groundwater flow; Numerical study; 421- 10558-820-90. Porous media flow; Power-law fluids; 048-10216-120-00. Porous media flow; Soil water; Forests; 402-10286-810-90. Porous media flow; Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Dif- fusion; Groundwater; 072-09928-820-61. Porous medium flow; Drainage design; Pollutant disposal; 303- 0354W-070-00. Porous medium flow; Recession flow; Hydrographs; 049-10067- 810-05. Porous medium flow; Saturation; Capillary pressure; Pore size effects; 131-09840-820-00. Porous medium flow; Seepage; Finite element method; 044- 06693-070-00. Porous medium flow; Water quality; Dispersion; Groundwater; 075-08084-820-36. Porous medium flow, unsteady; Groundwater flow transients; 085-08854-820-00. Porous medium flow, unsteady; Unsteady flow; 027-06462-070- 00. Porous pavements; Runoff detention; Urban runoff; Watersheds, urban; 167-10190-870-33. Porous plates; Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; 097- 09833-010-00. Porous structures; Wave reflection; Wave transmission; 312- 09758-420-00. Porpoising; Ship motions; Ship stability; Planing boats; 334- 10726-520-22. Port improvements, Texas; Navigation channels; 152-10588- 330-00. Potato wastes; Waste treatment; Aeration; 052-09860-870-60. Potential flow; Airfoils, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equa- tions; Numerical solutions; 089-10139-000-50. Potential flow; Cooling towers; Mathematical model; Plumes; 061-10385-030-70. Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 061-02091- 520-20. Potential flow; Slot efflux, double slot; 044-08815-040-00. Potential flow; Submerged bodies; Surface effects; 334-10716- 030-22. Potential flow; Weirs, sharp crested; 020-10077-700-00. Powders; Pulsed flow; Fluidization; 126-09838-130-00. Power plant; Air pollution; Baghouse; 400-10485-340-70. Power plant; Blowdown; Hope Creek plant; Mathematical model; Plumes, negatively buoyant; 179-10425-340-73 . Power plant; Condenser flow model; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 400-10500-340-75. Power plant; Condenser inlet tunnel; Hydraulic model; North Anna plant; 179-10416-340-73. Power plant; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Intake sump; 408-10239-340-70. Power plant; Cooling water discharge; Jet, surface; 061-08831- 870-75. Power plant; Cooling water discharge system; Hydraulic model; 061-10376-870-75. Power plant; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 408- 09546-340-75. Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Outfalls; 413-10325-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall duct; Hydraulic model; 413- 09573-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall channel; Hydraulic model; 413-09574-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Intake; 413-09575-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Outfalls; 413-10324-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water system; Hydraulic model; 4/5- 09579-340-00. Power plant; Discharge structure; Inlet structure; Hydraulic model; Merom Station cooling lake; 075-09806-350-75. Power plant; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 341-10738-850-00. Power plant; Gate downpull; Hydraulic model; Intake; 408- 09547-340-96. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Limestone sta- tion; 408-10265-340-73. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Riser pipes; 413-10330-340-00. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Limestone station; 420-10538- 340-73. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400- 1 0474-340-73 . Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10475-340-75. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10476-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10477-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10478-340-75. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10479-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10480-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10481-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10482-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10483-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator; Air pollution; 400-10484-340-70. Power plant; Precipitator duct model; 413-10322-340-00. Power plant; Precipitator duct model; 413-10327-340-00. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09477-340-75. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09486-340-70. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09488-340-70. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09489-340-75. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09490-340-70. Power plant; Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; 400-09491-340-70. Power plant; Pump sump; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408-10248-340-73. Power plant; Pump sumps; Vortices; Intakes; 408-10273-340- 73. Power plant; Pump well; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408-10245- 340-73. Power plant; Pump wells; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 408-10247-340-73. Power plant; Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; 078-09832-870-50. Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; Dryer; 400-10488-340- 70. Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; 400-10489-340-70. 331 Power plant; Scrubber; Air pollution; 400-10490-340-70. Power plant; Scrubbers; Air pollution; 400-10486-340-70. Power plant; Seabrook plant; Discharge structure; Hydraulic model; 179-10417-340-73. Power plant; Seabrook plant; Hydraulic model; Intake struc- tures; 179-10418-340-73. Power plant; Sedimentation; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intake; 400-10498-340-75. Power plant; Somerset plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Hydraulic model; 075-09801-870-75. Power plant; Spent fuel release; 413-09576-340-00. Power plant; Suppression pool; Hydraulic model; 400-10501- 340-75. Power plant; Thermal discharge dilution; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 061-10380-870-73. Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; V\\im&\ 179-10428-340-75 . Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; 341-10740-870-00. Power plant; Thermal model; Cooling water discharge'; Hydrau- lic model; 400-10491-870-73. Power plant; Tunnel; Cooling water tunnel: Hydraulic model; 413-10329-340-00. Power plant; Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; Intake; 322- 10672-210-00. Power plant; Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; Numerical model; 149-10606- 870-73. Power plant; Waves, design; Hydraulic model; 420-10552-420- 73. Power plant backfitting; Cooling system, closed cycle; 061- 10382-340-36. Power plant economics; Computer models; Cooling alterna- tives; 061-10369-340-33. Power plant effect; Water level; Lake Winnipeg; Ice conditions; 408-10249-440-73. Power plant effects; River ice; Winnipeg River; Ice conditions; 408-10250-300-73. Power plant, floating; Power plant, nuclear; Heat disposal; Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; 075-08736-340-73 . Power plant impact; Transport models; Computer models; 112- 10049-870-55. Power plant intakes; Fish screen hydraulics; 3 13-10663-850-13. Power plant licensing; Power plants, nuclear; Thermal effluents; Environment impact; 075-09802-870-80. Power plant, nuclear; Browns Ferry plant; Cooling tower lift circuit; 341-10739-340-00. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Environmental impact prediction; Monitoring data; 01 1-10005-870-55. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Diffuser pipe; 061-08830-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Outfall model; 061-08832-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 061-10375-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; 075-08727-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 400-08156-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 400-09468-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Heat disposal; Nuclear plant emergency shutdown; Power plant, floating; 075-08736-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Hydraulic model; Open channel flow; 009-09781-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Intakes; Pump entrance; 420-10544-340- 70. Power plant, nuclear; Pump entrance; Hydraulic model; In- takes; 408-10255-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; Intake; 420-10540-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; Intake; 420-10541-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; 341- 10735-340-00. ^ Power plant, nuclear; Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox; Erosion; Hydraulic model; 179-10420-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; 179-10427-340-75. Power plant, nuclear; Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mitchell station; 179-10429-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Sediment transport; Intake model; 061- 08828-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; 075-09799-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effects; Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; Monitoring system design; 161-08332- 870-52. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; 179-10424-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Perry station; 179-10430-340-75. Power plant siting; Regulatory processes; Environmental law; Legal processes; 075-09830-880-00. Power plant siting methodology; Mathematical model; 075- 08738-340-54. Power plant, steam; Sulphur dioxide scrubber; 341-09458-870- 00. Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; 179-06509-870-73. Power plants; Breeder reactor safety; Heat transfer; 012-10180- 660-55. Power plants; Cooling water intakes; Intake design; 413-09581- 340-00. Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 341-10737-850-00. Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 341-10775-850-00. Power plants; Intake biological performance; Intake structure design; 102-09949-340-60. Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; Water temperature forecasts; Cooling water discharge; 075-09828- 870-73. Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; Energy conservation; Environmental impact; 075-09810-870- 52. Power plants; Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical models; 1 12-10048-870-55. Power plants; Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; Food production; 157-10149-870-73. Power plants; Thermal effluent; Irrigation; 157-10169-840-33. Power plants; Waste heat; Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; 134-09909-870-52. Power plants, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dilution; Mathematical model; 011-10007-870-73. Power plants, nuclear; Reactor safety assessment; Noise diag- nostics; 112-10021-340-55. Power plants, nuclear; Thermal effluents; Environment impact; Power plant licensing; 075-09802-870-80. Power plants, offshore; Island, artificial; 075-08767-340-00. Powerhouse model; Bonneville Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-07107-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; Ice Harbor Dam; Nitrogen super- saturation; 313-08445-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam; Nitrogen super- saturation; Orifice bulkheads; 313-08446-350-13. 332 Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Precipitator; Air pollution Powerhouse skeleton model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-08444- 350-13. Power-law fluids; Porous media flow; 048-10216-120-00. Powerplant; Quencher; Air pollution; 400-10487-340-70. Precipitation; Cloud seeding potential; Orographic winter storms; 157-10153-480-60. Precipitation; Tennessee basin; 338-00768-810-00. Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrolog- ic model; Numerical model; 319-10670-810-00. Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricul- tural; Evaporation; Hydrologic models; 302-10644-810-00. Precipitation characteristics; Intermountain area; 304-09328- 810-00. Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09315-810-00. Precipitation gages; Snowpack hydrology; 304-06969-8 1 0-00 . Precipitation patterns; Southwest rangelands; Watersheds, ran- geland; 303-0229W-810-00. Precipitation patterns; Watersheds, southern plains; 302- 0206W-8 10-00. Precipitation patterns; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-02 13 W- 810-00. Power plant; 400-10474-340-73. Power plant; 400-10475-340-75. Power plant; 400-10476-340-70. Power plant; 400-10477-340-70. Power plant; 400-10478-340-75. Power plant; 400-10479-340-70. Power plant; 400-10480-340-70. Power plant; 400-10481-340-70. Power plant; 400-10482-340-70. Power plant; 400-10483-340-70. Power plant; 400-10484-340-70. Precipitator duct model; Power plant; 413-10322-340-00. Precipitator duct model; Power plant; 413-10327-340-00. Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; 400-09477-340-75. Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; 400-09486-340-70. Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; 400-09488-340-70. Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; 400-09489-340-75. Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; 400-09490-340-70. Precipitators; Air model studies; Air pollution; Electrostatic precipitators; Power plant; 400-09491-340-70. Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; Sub- merged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; 061-10393-030-54. Pressure distribution; Shear stress; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Wakes; 334-08542-520-00. Pressure distribution; Submerged bodies, support interference; Bodies of revolution; 109-101 18-030-26. Pressure fields; Schlieren system; Submerged bodies; / 79- 10421-710-20. Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pressure distribution; 061-10393-030-54. Pressure fluctuations; Radio-telemetry techniques; Stalling; Compressor blades; 163-08367-550-20. Pressure fluctuations; Reynolds stress; Wall pressure fluctua- tions; Boundary layer, turbulent; 082-07442-010-20. Pressure fluctuations; Two-phase flow; 417-10506-130-90. Pressure gradients; Sediment transport by waves; Oscillary flow; 414-10513-220-90. Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; 006-08825-250-54. Pressure pulses; Structure response; Finite element method; 336-09454-240-29. Pressure relief panel model; Gates; Libby Dam; 313-09343- 350-13. Pressure surge; Pump failure; Specific speed; Transients; 404- 10226-630-00. Pressure transients; Transients; Air, entrained; Pipe flow; 044- 08814-210-54. Pressure variations; River ice; Ice cover; 004-09952-300-54. Pressure waves; Acoustic transients; Arterial blood flow; Biomedical flows; Fluidic delay lines; 136-09656-600-00. Price meters; Calibration equation; Current meters; Density ef- fects; 405-10290-700-00. Probability analysis; Floods; Ice breakup; 401-10767-300-96. Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; 061-02091-520- 20. Propellant, liquid; Rocket propulsion; Computer model; Injec- tor; 138-10181-550-50. Propellants; Injectors; Jet impingement; Mixing; 015-09785- 550-50. Propeller blade loading; Propellers, controllable pitch; 334- 09431-550-22. Propeller blade loads; 334-10717-550-00. Propeller blade pressure distributions; 15 1-08984-550-2 1 . Propeller blade pressure distribution; 334-09432-550-22. Propeller design; Propellers, skewed; Computer program; 334- 09434-550-00. Propeller design; Propellers, tandem; 334-09436-550-00. Propeller forces, fluctuating; 334-10718-550-00. Propeller loads, unsteady; Propellers, marine; Wake effects; 151-10036-550-21. Propeller model size effects; Scaling; 334-10730-550-22. Propeller thrust; Thrust, time dependent; Turbulent inflow ef- fect; 124-08919-550-22. Propeller-hull interaction; Ship stopping; Computer model; 334- 10731-550-22. Propeller-hull interaction; 334-09441-550-00. Propellers, contrarotating; 334-08531-550-22. Propellers, controllable pitch; Blade turning effort; 334-08533- 550-22. Propellers, controllable pitch; Propeller blade loading; 334- 09431-550-22. Propellers, counter-rotating; Lifting surface theory; 151-08983- 550-21. Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; 33 1-072 1 9- 550-22. Propellers, marine; Cavitation, intermittent; Hydrofoils; 151- 10035-550-20. Propellers, marine; Wake effects; Propeller loads, unsteady; 151-10036-550-21. Propellers, skewed; Computer program; Propeller design; 334- 09434-550-00. Propellers, supercavitating; Surface-effect ships; 334-10732- 550-22. Propellers, tandem; Propeller design; 334-09436-550-00. Propulsion; Axial flow inducers; Inducers; 1 19-10043-550-50. Propulsion; Nozzle flow; Transonic; 163-09184-550-70. Propulsion; Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion; Ejec- tors; Jets; 043-10352-550-22. Propulsion; Thrust generation; Boundary layer control; Drag reduction; 043-10353-550-00. Propulsion, marine; Waterjets; Jets; 333-10712-550-22. Propulsor design; Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; Cavitation; 124- 08923-550-22. Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; 33 1-072 19-550- 22. P.T. orifices; Water supply system; Alaska water systems; 313- 10667-210-13. Public preference; Water resource planning; 1 57-04261V-800- 00. 333 Puget Sound; Beach erosion; Log debris effects; 171-10403- 410-61. Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Inlet stabili- ty; 167-10182-410-00. Pulsatile flow; Arterial flow; Biomedical flows; Mathematical model; 070-09016-270-52. Pulsatile flow; Flow measurement; Orifice meters; 172-10016- 700-54. Pulsatile flow; Unsteady flow; Blood flow; Pipe flow; 061- 10390-000-00. Pulsating fiow; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; 410-10313-210-88. Pulsed flow; Fluidization; Powders; 126-09838-130-00. Pump cavitation; Cavitation; Polymer effects; 124-10046-630- 21. Pump entrance; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, nuclear; 408-10255-340-73. Pump entrance; Power plant, nuclear; Intakes; 420-10544-340- 70. Pump failure; Specific speed; Transients; Pressure surge; 404- 10226-630-00. Pump, feedwater; Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; Pipe bends; 179-10423-340-73. Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; In- take; Power plant, nuclear; 420-10540-340-75. Pump intake; Cooling system, emergency; Hydraulic model; In- take; Power plant, nuclear; 420-10541-340-75. Pump intakes; Suction tubes; Havasu pumping plant; Hydraulic model; 322-09379-390-00. Pump pulsing; Hydraulic pulsing; 048-10195-630-70. Pump, solar powered; Solar power; Water pump; 157-10168- 630-33. Pump station hydraulics; 314-10745-630-00. Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 341-10735-340-00. Pump sump; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10248-340-73. Pump sumps; Sump design; Vortex formation; 404-10235-630- 00. Pump sumps; Vortices; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10273-340- 73. Pump tests with air; Pumps, hydraulic; 059-10612-630-00. Pump, waterjet; Waterjet; Marine propulsion; 334-09430-550- 00. Pump well; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10245- 340-73. Pump wells; Sewage treatment plant; Hydraulic model; 408- 10253-630-68. Pump wells; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 408-10247-340-73. Pump, wobble plate; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 124- 08922-630-22. Pumped storage development; Hydraulic model; Lake stratifica- tion; 322-09380-340-00. Pumped storage development; Raccoon Mountain project; Transients; Mathematical model; 341-09460-340-00. Pumped storage plant; Cornwall plant; Hydraulic model; 408- 10246-340-73. Pumped storage project; Bad Creek project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; 179-10432-340-73. Pumped storage project; Rock trap; Hydraulic model; 166- 09196-340-73. Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; 179-10435-340-73. Pumped storage sites; Snake River; Water use alternatives; Flow regulation; 052-09862-860-33. Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; Mixing; 172-10017-060-33. Pumped-storage model; Reservoir circulation; 044-0801 1-340- 73. Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; 341-07080- 340-00. Pumping plant forebay; Tensas-Cocodrie plant; Vortex visualization; Hydraulic model; 075-09805-350-75. Pumping plant model; Flood control; Hydraulic model; 061- 10365-350-75. Pumping station; Calumet station; Hydraulic model; 149-10605- 350-75. Pump-jet propulsion; Vibrations; Computer program; 151- 10037-630-21. Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; Cavitation; Propulsor design; 124- 08923-550-22. Pumps; Gas seals; 059-09030-630-70. Pumps; Heavy water plant; Hydraulic model; Intake; Outfall; 413-09578-340-00. Pumps; Hydraulic systems, aircraft; 010-07969-630-27. Pumps, centrifugal; Rotating variable-area duct flow; Turbines; 057-09038-000-54. Pumps, displacement; Transients; Fluid power systems; Noise; 057-07353-630-70. Pumps, hydraulic; Pump tests with air; 059-10612-630-00. Pumps, propeller; Pumps, theory; Lifting surface theory; 119- 10044-630-22. Pumps, theory; Lifting surface theory; Pumps, propeller; 119- 10044-630-22. Pump-turbine intake; Grand Coulee Dam; 322-07022-340-00. Pump-turbines; Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; 124-10045-630-31. Pumpwell; Condenser cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-09577-340-00. Pumpwell; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 413-10321- 340-00. Quadratic frequency response; Added resistance; 151-10042- 590-22. Quencher; Air polluuon; Powerplant; 400-10487-340-70. Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; 341-07080-340- 00. Raccoon Mountain project; Transients; Mathematical model; Pumped storage development; 34 1 -09460-340-00. Radar imaging; Wave direction measurement; 3 12-10650-700- 00. Radiactive wastes; Groundwater monitoring; Hanford site; Pol- lution; 011-10008-870-52. Radiation; Combustion; Convection; Heat transfer; 109-08908- 140-54. Radiative heating; Heat transfer; Ice; 403-10222-140-90. Radioactive waste burial; Radionuclide migration; Pollution; 011-10003-870-52. Radioactive waste storage tanks; Groundwater; Pollutant trans- port; 011-10002-870-52. Radionuclide migration; Pollution; Radioactive waste burial; 011-10003-870-52. Radionuclide movement; Soil water; Groundwater; Mathemati- cal model; 011-08800-820-52. Radionuclide transport; Groundwater, unsaturated zone; Pollu- tion; 011-10004-870-52. Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Columbia River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; 01 1-10000-220- 52. Radionuclide transport; Sediment transport; Clinch River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; 01 1-10001-220- 55. Radio-telemetry techniques; Stalling; Compressor blades; Pres- sure fluctuations; 163-08367-550-20. Rain effects; Waves, raindrop generated; Air-water interface; Mixing; 177-10027-460-33. 334 Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; 300-04275-830-00. Raindrop impact; Overland flow; 094-07504-200-00. Rainfall data network design; 075-08750-810-44. Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); 314-10760-350-00. Rainfall patterns; Southern Great Plains; Mathematical models; 302-10634-810-00. Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; 075-09821-810-00. Rainfall, thunderstorm; Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; 303-10625-810-00. Rainfall-runoff model; Runoff, surface; Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; 099-09847-810-33. Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; 071-05915-810-00. Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Mathematical model; 156- 05456-810-15. Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; Watershed, unit source; 302- 045 lW-8 10-00. Ralston Creek watershed; Runoff; Urbanization effects; Hydrologic models; 061-10368-810-33. Ralston Creek watershed; Urbanization; Watershed study; Hydrologic data; 061-00066-810-05. Random sea simulation; Wave generation; 1 1 8-09987-420-54. Range management practices; Runoff; 303-0362W-8 10-00. Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; 303-0227W-8 10-00. Rangeland hydrology; Watersheds, rangeland; Hydrology; 303- 0202 W-8 10-00. Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; Mix- ing; 093-07503-020-00. Reactor emergency; Heat transfer; Nuclear reactor core cool- ing; 04/ -09954-660-75. Reactor safety; Stability; Boiling pools; 133-10090-340-55. Reactor safety; Vapor blanket collapse; Explosion propagation; 133-10089-340-55. Reactor safety; Water depressurization; Nitrogen ebullition; 326-10705-340-55. Reactor safety assessment; Noise diagnostics; Power plants, nuclear; ;/ 2 - / 002 1 -340-55 . Reactor sump; Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; / 79- 10436-340-75. Reactors; Acoustic emission; Boiling; Nucleate boiling; 136- 09843-140-54. Reactors; Stick slip; Acoustic emission; Contact stress; 136- 09844-620-54. Reactors; Two-phase flow; Boiling; Liquid metals; Numerical model; 133-10088-130-55. Reactors, light water; Vibrations, flow-induced; 041-09985-660- 52. Reaeration; Stratified lakes; Water quality; Destratification; 314-10753-860-00. Reaeration field measurement; River flow; 076-043 lW-860-00. Reattaching flow; Separated flow; Fluidics; 139-07619-600-00. Recession flow; Hydrographs; Porous medium flow; 049-10067- 810-05. Recirculation; Sewage outfall; Thermal effluent; York River; Dye study; 161-09886-870-68. Recreation demands; Reservoir management; Sedimentation; Flood control; 061-10373-310-33. Recreational development; Watershed impact; Guadalupe Mountains National Park; 1 54-04 lOW-8 1 0-33. Recreational development; Water quality management; Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; 157-10150-810-60. Recreational water use; Water quality. East Texas; 1 54-04 13 W- 860-33. Red River; Scour; Sediment transport model; Deposition; 098- 09997-220-10. Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; Navigation channel; River model; 314-09671-330-13. Red River spillways; Spillway model; 3 14-09676-350-13. Red River Water Lock No. 1; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 314-09681-330-13. Red tide; Copper; Pollution; 075-09824-870-44. Reflecting surfaces, offset; Barge flotation system; Breakwater design, floating; 155-09923-430-00. Regime theory; River regime; Sediment transport; Mobile bed hydraulics; 402-06630-300-90. Regional plan formulation; Water resource models; 075-09815- 800-33. Regulatory processes; Environmental law; Legal processes; Power plant siting; 075-09830-880-00. Remote sensing; Clearwater, Florida; Coastal inlet stability; In- lets, coastal; 039-10452-410-50. Remote sensing; Coastal processes; 039- 1 0447-4 1 0-50. Remote sensing; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical model; Pollution, thermal; 078-09023-870-50. Remote sensing; Floodplain characteristics; 3 14-10741-3 10-00. Remote sensing; Mathematical model; Pollution transport; 325- 09398-870-00. Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Coastal circulation; Cur- rents; Estuaries; 037-08856-450-50. Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Chlorophyll; 325-09396- 710-00. Remote sensing; Snow wetness; Soil moisture; 324-10704-810- 00. Remote sensing; Soil moisture level; 121-10085-710-00. Remote sensing; Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; Power plant; 078-09832-870-50. Remote sensing; Thermal plumes; Lake Michigan; Plumes; / 75- 10030-870-60. Remote sensing; Water temperature; Infrared sensing; Mathe- matical models; 102-09948-870-60. Remote sensing; Wave refraction model; Atlantic continental shelf; 325-09395-420-00. Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; 327- 1 0707-460-00. Reservoir; Water quality; Eutrophication; Limnological model; Mathematical model; 011-09999-860-87. Reservoir circulation; Pumped-storage model; 044-0801 1 -340- 73. Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; 058-10563-860-00. Reservoir hydrodynamics; Water quality; Hydraulic models; Mathematical models; 314-10752-860-00. Reservoir losses; Evaporation; Evapotranspiration; 302-0450W- 860-00. Reservoir losses; Tennessee basin; Evaporation; 338-00765- 810-00. Reservoir management; Sedimentation; Flood control; Recrea- tion demands; 061-10373-310-33. Reservoir management, river water quality; Water quality; Mathematical model; 019-10124-860-61. Reservoir operation; Reservoir system optimization; 056-08030- 860-00. Reservoir operation; Reservoirs, multi-purpose; Computer model; Montana water resources; 096-08162-800-61 . Reservoir operation; Runoff, snow; Snowmelt forecast; 167- 10193-810-33. Reservoir operation; Watershed model; Flood forecasting; Mathematical model; 4/ 9-09605-J/ 0-00. Reservoir operation rules; 103-09968-860-33. Reservoir optimization model; 023-10608-860-33. Reservoir sedimentation; Sedimentation; Corn belt reservoirs; 300-01 86yV-220-00. Reservoir sedimentation; Stratified flow; Turbidity current; Delta formation; 068-10568-860-54. 335 254-330 0-78-23 Reservoir sedimentation measurements; Sedimentation; TVA reservoirs; 338-00785-350-00. Reservoir, single; Water supply deficits; 167-10191-860-00. Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; Mixing; Pumped storage systems; 172-10017-060-33. Reservoir stratification; Water quality; Water temperature; Lake stratification; Mathematical models; 07 5-05 544-440-00 . Reservoir system optimization; Central Valley Project; 023- 08701-860-33. Reservoir system optimization; Reservoir operation; 056-08030- 860-00. Reservoir system risks; 061-10367-860-00. Reservoir temperature measurements; Stream temperature; Water temperature; 338-00769-860-00. Reservoir trap efficiency; Sediment deposition; 302-09297-220- 00. Reservoirs; Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; 3 14-1075 1- 880-00. Reservoirs; Eutrophication; 154-041 lW-860-3 3 . Reservoirs; Spillway adequacy; Mathematical model; 094- 08868-350-00. Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; Mixing; 132-09841-440-33. Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cool- ing lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; 075- 09807-870-75. Reservoirs; Stratified fluids; Destratification diffuser; 322- 10679-860-00. Reservoirs; Thermal regimes; Lake hydrodynamics; Numerical models; 148-10412-440-33. Reservoirs; Water quality; Mathematical model; 3 14-10754- 860-00. Reservoirs, annular; Earthquake induced motions; Nuclear reactors; 146-09299-340-70. Reservoirs, multi-purpose; Computer model; Montana water resources; Reservoir operation; 096-08162-800-61 . Residue; Soil erosion; Tillage; Crop practices; Erosion; 303- 0360W-830-00. Resistance; Roughness; Duct flow, rectangular; 412-09572-2 10- 90. Resonance tubes; Flow visualization; 1 39-08950-290-1 5 . Resorts; Wastewater system design; Water system design; Boom towns; 032-10776-870-88. Revelstoke project; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 420- 10557-350-73. Revetments; Riprap; Beach erosion; Coastal processes; 312- 10657-410-00. Reynolds stress; Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pressure fluctuations; 082-07442-010-20. Reynolds stresses; Strain fields; Turbulent flow; 422-09638-02. Reynolds stresses; Waves, wind-generated; Air-water interface; 148-10408-420-20. Rheology; Suspensions; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 013- 08703-120-54. Rheology; Viscometry; Non-Newtonian fluids; 088-08859-120- 14. Richelieu River; Water level; Flood control; Hydraulic model; 408-10259-300-90. Rio Colorado; River development; Argentina; Mathematical models; 075-09823-800-00. Rio Grande; River channels; Channel adjustments; Dam effects; 323-0457W-300-00. Ripple growth; Bed forms; Open channel flow; 414-10522-220- 90. Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms; Coastal sedi- ment; i/6-/07S0-4/0-//. Riprap; Beach erosion; Coastal processes; Revetments; 312- 10657-410-00. Riprap; Channels; Erosion; 314-10742-320-00. Riprap; Design criteria; Drop structures; Energy dissipation pools; 302-09294-350-00. Riprap; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spill- way; 149-07677-220-05. Riser pipes; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 413-10330-340-00. River basin model; Flood plain; Mathematical model; Overbank flow; 028-09973-300-00. River basin model; Vardar-Axios river; 075-09816-800-75. River bend; River model; Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; 314-09717-300-13. River channels; Alluvial channel measurements; Error models; 043-10350-300-54. River channels; Alluvial channels; Braiding; Channel stability; Meanders; 149-08993-300-05. River channels; Channel adjustments; Dam effects; Rio Grande; 323-0457W-300-00. River channels; Channel changes, human effects; Mississippi River Valley; 094-10012-300-13. River channels; Channel changes; Morphology; 323-0458W- 300-00. River channels; Channel networks; Drainage basin models; Geomorphology; 060-09992-300-00. River channels; Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Val- ley; Morphology revetments; 094-1001 1-300-13. River channels; Coon Creek; Morphology; 323-10694-300-00. River channels; Meanders; 149-08994-300-54. River channels; Scour; Channel shifts; Morphology; 401-10764- 350-96. River channels; Sediment movement; Channel changes; Morphology; 323-10699-300-00. River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; 404-10232-300-96. River channels; Sediment transport; Yazoo River; Channel im- provement; Mathematical model; 030-10338-220-13. River channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 323-10703-220- 00. River closure; Erosion; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; 400-10495-350-75. River development; Argentina; Mathematical models; Rio Colorado; 075-09823-800-00. River diversion; Hydraulic model; Peace River; 420-10535-350- 73. River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; 323-0371 W-300-00. River flow; Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution; 056-10099-300-00. River flow; Dispersion; Meandering channels; 405-09507-300- 00. River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; Numerical models; 028-09980- 020-00. River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; Open channel flow; 401-10765- 200-96. River flow; Friction coefficient; Ice cover; 405-09515-300-00. River flow; Ice effects; Mixing; Numerical models; 028-09981- 020-00. River flow; Reaeration field measurement; 076-043 lW-860-00. River flow; Secondary currents; Open channel flow; 127-08935- 300-54. River flow; Sediment transport; Temperature effects; Bed froms; 019-10122-220-10. River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering; 404-10233-300-90. River flow; St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; Estuaries; Mathematical model; 411-06603-400-90. River flow; Usteady flow; Flood routing; Mathematical models; 321-10671-300-00. River flow forecasting; 075-09822-300-44. River flows; Flood plain; Hydraulic model; Meandering; 028- 09978-300-00. River geomorphology; Mississippi River; 030-08802-300-34. River ice; Ice cover; Oil spill recovery; 405-10302-870-99. River ice; Ice cover; Pressure variations; 004-09952-300-54. 336 River ice; Ice cover stability; Ice jam; 405- 1 030 1 -300-00. River ice; Ice formation; Ice, frazil; 061-10384-190-15. River ice; Ice, frazil; 401-10766-300-96. River ice; Ice thickness measurements; 401-10761-300-96. River ice; Salmon River; Flood risks; Ice jams; 405-10304-300- 90. River ice; Water quality; Ice effects; 419-09608-860-00. River ice; Winnipeg River; Ice conditions; Power plant effects; 408-10250-300-73. River ice hydraulics; Ice jam mechanics; 061 -1 0362-300-1 5 . River mechanics; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Canals; 043-10345-300-54. River mechanics manual; Highway crossings; 052-09865-370- 470. River model; Channel improvement; Little Blue River; 314- 09686-300-13. River model; Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; 121-10086-300-60. River model; Diversion model; Old River diversion; 3 14-09680- 350-00. River model; Flood tests; Mississippi Basin model; 314-09682- 300-13. River model; Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; Navigation chan- nel; i/4-0967;-ii0-/i. River model; Sedimentation; Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; 314-09670-300-13. River model; Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation chan- nel; River bend; 314-09717-300-13. River model; Shoaling; Columbia River; Navigation channel; 313-05317-330-13. River model; Shoaling; Mississippi River; Navigation channel; 314-09677-330-13. River model; St. Lawrence River; Tidal motion; Estuaries; 411- 06602-400-90. River model; St. Mary's River; Ice model; 400-09472-330-20. River models; Design paramater optimization; Mathematical models; 414-10518-810-00. River models; Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Mathematical models; 043-10347-220-54. River morphology; Saline River, Arkansas; Channel incision mechanism; 091-10064-300-00. River networks; Water quality monitoring; Monitoring system design; 075-09829-860-88. River regime; Sediment transport; Mobile bed hydraulics; Regime theory; 402-06630-300-90. River response; Sediment transport; Mathematical model; 405- 10296-300-00. River structures; Scour; Bridges; Field measurements; 401- 10763-350-00. River system; Watersheds; Ecosystem models; Mathematical models; 314-10758-870-00. Road construction effects; Groundwater; Idaho; Piezometric head; 304-10645-820-00. Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09324-830- 00. Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09325-810-00. Road fills; Tree planting; Erosion control; 304-09323-830-00. Rock stability; Hydraulic model; Tailing delta; 420-10546-420- 75. Rock trap; Hydraulic model; Pumped storage project; 166- 09196-340-73. Rocket propulsion; Computer model; Injector; Propellant, liquid; 138-10181-550-50. Ross River; Stuart River; Yukon; Flood prediction; 402-09501- 310-90. Rossby waves; 137-09960-450-00. Rotating disks; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Polymer degradation; 334-08540-250-00. Rotating disks; Turbomachinery; Laminar flow, rotating; 007- 07141-000-00. Rotating flow; Antarctic circumpolar current; Ocean currents; 143-09180-450-54. Rotating flow; Spheres, coaxial rotating; Annular flow; Laminar flow; 064-09021-000-00. Rotating flow; Stability; Cylinders, part full; 137-09965-000-54. Rotating flow; Stability; Gas dynamics; 137-09964-000-00. Rotating flow; Stability; Stratified flow; Couette flow; 139- 10130-060-54. Rotating flow; Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; 143-09903-450-20. Rotating flow; Turbulence measurements; Couette flow; 414- 10519-000-90. Rotating flows; Eruptions; 137-09962-000-20. Rotating flows; Stratified fluids; 088-08860-000-70. Rotating flows; Two-phase flow; Compressible flow; Disks, co- rotating; 007-09937-000-00. Rotating machinery; Squeeze film dampers; 1 46-0930 1 -620-70 . Rotating surfaces; Heat transfer; Jet impingement; 007-09932- 050-70. Rotating variable-area duct flow; Turbines; Pumps, centrifugal; 057-09038-000-54. Rotor response; Inlet velocity distortion; 1 24-08924-550-22 . Roughness; Duct flow, rectangular; Resistance; 412-09572-2 10- 90. Roughness; Pipe flow; 166-08375-210-54. Roughness; Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pres- sure distribution; Pressure fluctuation; 061-10393-030-54. Roughness; Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; 061-10392- 030-54. Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland flow; 162-09906-200-00. Roughness effect; Conduit, rectangular; Dispersion; 412-09571 - 020-00. Roughness effects; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 416-0695 1 - 140-00. Roughness effects; Loss coefficients; Plates, flow between; 126- 08934-290-00. Roughness effects; Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transi- tion; Ellipsoid; 331-10773-010-22. Roughness elements; Pipe flow, turbulent; 007-09936-210-00. Rubble; Undersea pipe; Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; 085- 09994-420-00. Runoff; Grazing effects; Infiltration; 157-10167-810-33. Runoff; Logging effects; Mathematical model; 402-10285-810- 90. Runoff; Mathematical model; Ontario drainage basins; Peak now; 414-10525-810-90. Runoff; Mathematical model; Rainfall -runoff relations; 156- 05456-810-15. Runoff; Range management practices; 303-0362 W-8 10-00. Runoff; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; 030-10340-220-06. Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Ap- palachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analy- sis; 300-09272-810-00. Runoff; Sediment yield; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09318- 830-00. Runoff; Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; 303-10623-810-00. Runoff; Snowfall; Snowmelt; Soil moisture; Alberta; 402-10283- 810-00. Runoff; Snowmelt; Alberta catchments; 401-10769-310-96. Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Hydrology; 415-10332-810-90. Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; 129- 03808-830-05. Runoff; Soil erosion; Mathematical model; 303-09319-830-00. 337 Runoff; Southeast watersheds; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricul- tural; 302-0444W-810-00. Runoff; Southern plains; Floodwater retarding structures; 302- 0453W-810-00. Runoff; Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; Drainage; 404- 10229-810-96. Runoff; Storm water management; Water quality; Computer model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; 068-10567-810-88. Runoff; Stormwater sampling; Water quality; Hampton Roads; Pollution, non-point; 159-09890-870-36. Runoff; Streamflow; Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough, Ontario; 418-10620-810-90. Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; 301-09276-810- 00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; 300-0 1 85 W-8 10-00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-0208W-8 10-00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf re- gion; 302-02 1 5 W-8 10-00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; 302- 09286-810-00.- Runoff; Swamp; Peterborough, Ontario; 418-10621-810-90. Runoff; Texas Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; 302- 10643-810-00. Runoff; Umatilla River; Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; 166-10134-300-88. Runoff; Urbanization effects; Hydrology; 030-10336-810-33. Runoff; Urbanization effects; Hydrologic models; Ralston Creek watershed; 061-10368-810-33. Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; 310-06974-810-00. Runoff; Waller Creek watershed; Watershed analysis; Hydrolog- ic analysis; 156-02162-810-30. Runoff; Wastewater; Feedlot runoff management; 157-10161- 870-60. Runoff; Water quality; Watershed planning model; Land use planning; Mathematical model; 162-09907-870-00. Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land manage- ment; Numerical model; 301-10622-810-00. Runoff; Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; 301-08432-810-00. Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; Flood flows; 056-08711-810-54. Runoff; Watershed, unit source; Rainfall-runoff relations; 302- 045 lW-8 10-00. Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; 055-08681-810-07. Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Rainfall-runoff relations; 071-05915-810-00. Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; Groundwater; 302-0449\ii'- 810-00. Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thunderstorm; 303-10625-810-00. Runoff control; Soil erosion control; Tilth control; Watershed management; Claypan; 300-0 1 89 W-8 10-00. Runoff control; Soil properties; 303-0356W-810-00. Runoff detention; Urban runoff; Watersheds, urban; Porous pavements; 167-10190-870-33. Runoff determination; Urban hydrology; Hydrographs; 002- 04 15W-8 10-00. Pvunoff models; Computer models; Nutrient transport models; Pesticides; 05 1-0380W-870-00. Runoff, snow; Snowmelt forecast; Reservoir operation; 167- 10193-810-33. Runoff storage; Urban drainage; Computer model; Drainage system; Floodplain management; 1 55-09918-870-33. Runoff, surface; Hydrology; Kinematic wave model; Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff model; 099-09847-810-33. Runoff, surface; Watersheds, complex; Numerical models; 302- 0455W-810-00. Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; 011-08797-870-36. Runoff, urban; Storm drainage; Computer model; Hydrographs; 056-10093-810-36. Runoff, urban; Storm runoff determination methods; Urban storm runoff; 056-08710-810-36. Runoff, urban; Storm water management; Urban runoff model; 027-07229-870-36. Runoff, urban; Stormwater; Mathematical model comparison; 094-08866-810-00. Runoff, urban; Stormwater pollutants; Urban stormwater model; Pollution, non-point; 076-10470-870-60. Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; Rainfall prediction; 075-09821-810-00. Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Mathematical models; 405- 09511-810-00. Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; Numerical model; 414-10526-810-90. Runoff, urban; Urban hydrology; Drainage; Hydrologic model; 056-/ 0096-8; 0-00. Rupture disc tests; Head loss; 408-10244-210-70. Rural domestic water supply; Water supply system design; 157- 0428W-860-00. Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; Water temperature forecasts; Cooling water discharge; Power plants; 075-09828- 870-73. Salem plant; Condenser inlet waterbox; Erosion; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10420-340-73. Saline River, Arkansas; Channel incision mechanism; River morphology; 091-10064-300-00. Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; Oil shale development; 157-10158-860-60. Salinity; Irrigation management; Irrigation return flow; 157- 0423 W-840-00. Salinity; Water resources; Energy development options; 157- 0424W-800-00. Salinity diffusivity; Thermal diffusivity; Turbulence; Diffusion; 332-07063-020-00. Salinity distribution; Estuaries; Flow patterns; 421-09634-400- 00. Salinity distribution; Temperature distribution; Dispersion; Estuaries; Mathematical models; 075-08728-400-36. Salinity gradient energy; Energy; Environmental effects; Ocean wave energy conversion; 161-09883-490-52. Salinity intrusion; Computer model; Estuaries; Eraser River; 404-10236-400-90. Salinity intrusion; Shoaling; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; 408-10242-400-73. Salinity level prediction; Water quality; Colorado River upper basin; 157-10171-860-33. Salinity management; Colorado River; 157-10174-860-33. Salmon River; Flood risks; Ice jams; River ice; 405-10304-300- 90. Salmon River inlet; Inlets, coastal; Sediment budget; 103- 09970-410-44. Salt cavities; Brine disposal; Oil storage; 152-10587-870-43. Salt, deicing; Water quality; Chloride management; Lake Erie basin; 103-09971-860-33. Salt load alleviation; Irrigation return flow; 303-035 1 W-840-00. Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; Long Island; 144-09873- 820-65. Saltation trajectories; Sediment transport; 022-10057-220-50. Sampling; Groundwater; Monitoring methodology; 018-09787- 820-36. 338 San Antonio, Texas; Urban growth; Groundwater recharge zones; 1 54-0409 W-820-3 3. San Francisco Bay; Circulation; Computer model; Estuaries; 323-10696-400-00. San Francisco Bay model; San Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; Water quality; Estuaries; 314-09726-400-13. San Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; Water quality; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; 314-09726-400-13. Sand; Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Inlets, tidal; 142- 10402-410-60. Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Lit- toral drift; 314-10749-410-00. Sand filter scraping disposal; Wastewater treatment; Intermit- tent sand filters; 157-10148-870-33. Sand mining effects; Circulation; Harbors; New York harbor; 106-10059-470-44. Sand recovery; Shell recovery; Mining technology, offshore; 152-10582-490-44. Sand slurry deposition; Hydraulic model; Mine cavity backfilling; 322-09389-390-34. Sand tracing; Santa Rosa Island; Beach erosion; 039-10446- 410-10. Sand-silt mixtures; Sediment transport; Erodibility; 068-10570- 220-54. Sanitary landfill; Landfill leachate; Pollution; 076-10471-870- 60. Santa Rosa Island; Beach erosion; Sand tracing; 039-10446- 410-10. Saskatchewan River; Weir; Dam; Hydraulic model; 400-10499- 300-90. Satellites; Buoy data processing; Data acquisition; 161-09875- 720-50. Saturation; Capillary pressure; Pore size effects; Porous medi- um fiow; 131-09840-820-00. Savonius rotor; Win<| power; Energy; 076-10466-630-00. Scale effects; Two-phase flow; Countercurrent flow flooding; 036-09790-130-55. Scaling; Propeller model size effects; 334-10730-550-22. Scaling laws; Atmospheric simulation; 322-08472-750-00. Scaling laws; Cavitation damage; 124-08916-230-22. Scaling laws; Dispersion; Model distortion effects; Open chan- nel flow; 405-10287-750-00. Scaling laws; Sediment transport; Wave reflection; Coastal sedi- ment; Littoral processes; 312-09743-410-00. Scaling laws; Structures; Wave forces; 328-10709-420-00. Schlieren system; Submerged bodies; Pressure fields; 179- 10421-710-20. Scour; Alluvial channels; Bed regime; Groins, submerged; 149- 10597-220-13. Scour; Bridge failure film; 149-08998-220-47. Scour; Bridges; Field measurements; River structures; 401- 10763-350-00. Scour; Channel shifts; Morphology; River channels; 401-10764- 350-96. Scour; Computer model; Finite element method; 302-10630- 220-00. Scour; Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; 002- 09953-360-47. Scour; Erosion; Jets; 402-09499-220-90. Scour; Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; 152-09050-220-44. Scour; Sediment transport model; Deposition; Red River; 098- 09997-220-10. Scour; Soil classification; Channel erosion prediction; Erosion; 033-10778-220-88. Scour; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 408-10264-350-73. Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Outlets, spillway; 149-01 168- 350-05. Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; 149-07677-220-05. Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic struc- tures; Inlets; Pipe outlets, 300-01723-350-00. Screens; Energy; Intakes; Ocean thermal energy; 1 18-09990- 430-52. Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10427-340-75. Screenwell; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mitchell station; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10429-340-73. Scrubber; Air pollution; Dryer; Power plant; 400-10488-340- 70. Scrubber; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10489-340-70. Scrubber; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10490-340-70. Scrubber model; 413-09580-340-00. Scrubbers; Air pollution; Power plant; 400-10486-340-70. Sea ice; Currents, ocean; Iceberg drift; Numerical model; 410- 10312-450-90. Sea ice; Finite element model; Ice drift; 410-103 1 1-450-90. Sea simulation; Structures; Waves; Offshore structure design; 118-09766-430-44. Sea spectra; Photographic methods; 332-07067-420-00. Sea wall; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Hydraulic model; 408-10262-430-96. Sea walls; Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; 408-10261-430-96. Seabrook plant; Discharge structure; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 179-10417-340-73. Seabrook plant; Hydraulic model; Intake structures; Power plant; 179-10418-340-73. Seal performance; Surface effect ships; Waterwhee! test facility; 146-09310-550-22. Seamount; Boundary layer, benthic; Ocean currents; / 78- 09227-450-20. Seaward transport limit; Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; 312-09736- 410-00. Seawater quality; Silicic acid; 106-10061-100-54. Secondary currents; Open channel flow; River flow; 1 27-08935- 300-54. Secondary flow; Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; 030-10341-200-54. Sediment; Density probe; Depth sounding; Navigation; 314- 10748-700-00. Sediment analyzer; Data acquisition system; 3 1 2-09737-700-00. Sediment budget; Salmon River inlet; Inlets, coastal; 103- 09970-410-44. Sediment calibration flume; Bedload sampler; 149-10596-720- 13. Sediment characteristics; Continental shelf; 312-09761-410-00. Sediment, coastal; Sediment transport by waves; Currents, longshore; Longshore sediment transport; 075-09797-410-44. Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; Waves, shoaling; 061-07368-41 0-1 1 . Sediment concentration measurement system; 061-10372-700- 11. Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; Seaward transport limit; 312- 09736-410-00. Sediment concentration profiles; Sediment sampler; Sediment transport, suspended; Alluvial channels; 043-10348-220-54. Sediment control; Sediment detention; 049-10070-830-36. Sediment data; Sediment transport; Fraser river; 420-10554- 220-90. Sediment data, suspended; Sediment transport; Chesapeake and Delaware canal; 106-10060-220-36. Sediment deposition; Reservoir trap efficiency; 302-09297-220- 00. Sediment deposition; 302 -0445 lV-220-00. Sediment detention; Sediment control; 049-10070-830-36. Sediment discharge; Alluvial streams; Bed form statistics; 06/- 10387-220-05. 339 Sediment diversion structures; Sediment transport models; 043- 10349-220-54. Sediment effect; Alluvial channels; Channel geometry; 323- 10697-300-00. Sediment effects; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Open chan- nel flow; 414-10520-200-90. Sediment entrainment; Marmion Lake; Mine tailings; 413- 10328-220-00. Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 322-10676-350-00. Sediment fingering; Sediment transport; Suspensions; / 73- 10026-220-50. Sediment loss; Watersheds, cornbelt; 300-0434W-810-00. Sediment measurement; Sediment, suspended; Sediment trans- misometer; 1 17-10614-700-52. Sediment measuring instruments; Sediment samplers; Sediment transport; 149-00194-700-10. Sediment movement; Appalachian region; Hillslope morpholo- gy; i2i-0J7JW-220-00. Sediment movement; Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; 323-10699-300-00. Sediment prediction; Erosion; Highway construction; 121- 10084-220-60. Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; 404-10232-300-96. Sediment routing; Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; 302-10631-810-00. Sediment sampler; Sediment transport, suspended; Alluvial channels; Sediment concentration profiles; 043-10348-220- 54. Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10636-810-00. Sediment samplers; Sediment transport; Sediment measuring in- struments; 149-00194-700-10. Sediment samplers, suspended; Sediment transport; Farm chemical transport; 302-09296-220-00. Sediment, suspended; Chlorophyll; Remote sensing; 325-09396- 710-00. Sediment, suspended; Coastal circulation; Currents; Estuaries; Remote sensing; 037-08856-450-50. Sediment, suspended; Sediment transmisometer; Sediment mea- surement; 1 17-10614-700-52. Sediment transmisometer; Sediment measurement; Sediment, suspended; 1 17-10614-700-52. Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Canals; River mechanics; 043-10345-300-54. Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Mathematical models; River models; 043-10347-220-54. Sediment transport; Alluvial channels; Bends; Meandering; Open channel flow; 061-10388-200-00. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Ice cover effects; 061-10360- 220-30. Sediment transport; Bed forms; River channels; 323-10703-220- 00. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; 402-10282-300-90. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; 404-10233-300-90. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Bedload discharge; 405-10292- 220-00. Sediment transport; Bed particles; Drag; Lift; 302-09293-220- 00. Sediment transport; Bedload measurement; Bedload models; 035-09944-220-54. Sediment transport; Bedload transport research; 323-0461 W- 220-00. Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; Coastal sedi- ment; Longshore transport; 3 12-09752-410-00. Sediment transport; Chesapeake and Delaware canal; Sediment data, suspended; 106-10060-220-36. Sediment transport; Clinch River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; 01 1-10001- 220-55. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Littoral drift estimation; 039-10445-410-13. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Inlets, tidal; Sand; 142- 10402-410-60. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Longshore transport computation; 312-09744-410-00. Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Erosion; Littoral drift; Model laws; 405-10294-410-00. Sediment transport; Columbia River; Finite element method; Mathematical model; Radionuclide transport; 01 1-10000- 220-52. Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; 035- 09941-440-44. Sediment transport; Dredge spoil spread; Erosion; Galveston Bay; 152-09055-220-44. Sediment transport; Eolian erosion; Mars; 062-09793-220-50. Sediment transport; Erodibility; Sand-silt mixtures; 068-10570- 220-54. Sediment transport; Farm chemical transport; Sediment sam- plers, suspended; 302-09296-220-00. Sediment transport; Eraser river; Sediment data; 420-10554- 220-90. Sediment transport; Intake model; Power plant, nuclear; 061- 08828-340-73. Sediment transport; Mathematical model; Mississippi River; 030-10334-220-34. Sediment transport; Mathematical model; River response; 405- 10296-300-00. Sediment transport; Missouri River data bank; 094-08863-300- 13. Sediment transport; Mobile bed hydraulics; Regime theory; River regime; 402-06630-300-90. Sediment transport; Saltation trajectories; 022-10057-220-50. Sediment transport; Sediment measuring instruments; Sediment samplers; 149-00194-700-10. Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; 312- 10655-410-00. Sediment transport; Silt reduction; Chippewa River; Erosion; 030-10333-220-13. Sediment transport; Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; 030-10340-220-06. Sediment transport; Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; 303-10626-810-00. Sediment transport; Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; Open channel flow; 127-09845-200-00. Sediment transport; Suspensions; Sediment fingering; 173- 10026-220-50. Sediment transport; Temperature effects; Bed froms; River flow; 019-10122-220-10. Sediment transport; Thames River; Dredging effects; 034- 10115-220-44. Sediment transport; Tillage practice; Nutrient movement; Pesti- cides; 063-0264 W-870-33. Sediment transport; Transport processes; Alluvial channels; 323-0369W-220-00. Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; 302-09292-200-00. Sediment transport; Velocity distribution; Missouri River; 094- 08862-220-13. Sediment transport; Water quality; Capitol Lake, Washington; Lake restoration; 166-09198-860-60. Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; 300-09272-810-00. 340 Sediment transport; Wave reflection; Coastal sediment; Littoral processes; Scaling laws; 312-09743-410-00. Sediment transport; Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; Jetties; 312- 10656-430-00. Sediment transport; Yazoo River; Channel improvement; Mathematical model; River channels; 030-10338-220-13. Sediment transport, bed load; Turbulence measurements; Bed armoring; Open channel turbulence; 044-07300-220-00. Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; Bed forms; 302-09290-220-00. Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms; Coastal sediment; Ripples; 316-10780-410-11. Sediment transport by waves; Currents, longshore; Longshore sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; 075-09797-410-44. Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; Seaward trans- port limit; Sediment concentration measurement; 3 12-09736- 410-00. Sediment transport by waves; Oscillary flow; Pressure gradients; 414-10513-220-90. Sediment transport by waves; Seepage; Permeable bed; 316- 07824-410-1 1. Sediment transport by waves; Waves, shoaling; Sediment con- centration measurement; 061 -07368-410-1 1 . Sediment transport by waves; Wave reflection; Beach erosion; Gulf Coast beaches; 152-07708-410-44. Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; Scour; 152-09050-220-44. Sediment transport by waves; Wave flume; 405-10295-220-00. Sediment transport by waves; 075-08723-410-75. Sediment transport data; Streamflow data; Iowa streams; 061- 00067-810-30. Sediment transport effects; Bedload; Insects, stream; 052- 09851-220-61. Sediment transport model; Deposition; Red River; Scour; 098- 09997-220-10. Sediment transport models; Sediment diversion structures; 043- 10349-220-54. Sediment transport models; Soil loss models; 051-0379W-830- 00. Sediment transport, ship-induced; Navigation channels; 152- 10580-330-00. Sediment transport, shoaling; Mississippi River; 061-10364-220- 13. Sediment transport, suspended; Diffusion; Numerical model; 043-10346-220-54. Sediment transport, suspended; Alluvial channels; Sediment concentration profiles; Sediment sampler; 043-10348-220-54. Sediment transport, suspended; Bed forms; Sediment transport, bedload; 302-09290-220-00. Sedimertt transport, suspended; Sediment transport transitions; 414-10524-220-90. Sediment transport transitions; Sediment transport, suspended; 414-10524-220-90. Sediment transport, volcanic debris; Streamfiow; Vol- caniclastics; Guatemala; 091-10062-220-54. Sediment transport world data; Alluvial channels; 402-07836- 220-00. Sediment trapping ponds; Irrigation return flow; 303-093 12- 840-00. Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; 307-04998-810-00. Sediment yield; Mining effects; Piceance basin, Colorado; 323- 10698-880-00. Sediment yield; Minnesota watersheds; Nutrient budget; 300- 09273-870-00. Sediment yield; Missouri River basin; 323-0460W-220-00. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Mathematical model; Overland flow; 030-08804-220-06. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Vegetation effects; 302-09298- 830-00. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Alberta; 401-10770-830-96. Sediment yield; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Sedi- ment sampler; 302-10636-810-00. Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09326-810-00. Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; 302-09287-860-00. Sediment yield; Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; 030-10339-810-06. Sediment yield; Watershed characteristics; Western Gulf watersheds; Mathematical model; 302-10641-810-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Corn belt watersheds; 300-01 88 W-8 10-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; Mathemati- cal model; 300-10561-220-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Mathematical models; 302-10635-810-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; 304-09324-830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, rangeland; Runoff; 303-093 1 8- 830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, southern plains; 302-0203 W-830- 00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, western Gulf; 302-0209W-8 10-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, western Gulf; Climatic effects; 302-02 16W-830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds; 302-0446W-220-00. Sediment yield; 303-0201 W-810-00. Sedimentation; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 400-10498-340-75. Sedimentation; Corn belt reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation; 300-0 186W-220-00. Sedimentation; Flood control; Recreation demands; Reservoir management; 061-10373-310-33. Sedimentation; Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; River model; 314-09670-300-13. Sedimentation; Soil erosion principles; Erosion; 302-10632-830- 00. Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; 155-09922-810-07. Sedimentation; TVA reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation mea- surements; 338-00785-350-00. Sedimentation; Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; 058-10563-860-00. Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Runoff; 303-10623-810-00. Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; 323-0462W-220-00. Sedimentation control; Dredging alternatives; Harbor sedimen- tafion; 329-09411-220-22. Sedimentation rates; Forest watersheds; 052-09849-830-33. Seepage; Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; Heat transport; 174-09871-820-36. Seepage; Finite element method; Porous medium flow; 044- 06693-070-00. Seepage; Groundwater-lake interaction; 1 74-09870-820-33 . Seepage; Permeable bed; Sediment transport by waves; 316- 07824-410-11. Seepage; Shale wastes; 052-09855-070-34. Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 147- 10473-820-54. Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 148- 10409-820-54. Seepage; Wells, relief; Electric analog model; 3 14-09663 -820- 13. Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; Reaction rates; 093-07503-020-00. Selective withdrawal; Dworshak Dam; Gate model; 313-08443- 350-13. 341 Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; 179-10435-340-73. Separated flow; Flow visualization; 139-07616-090-00. Separated flow; Fluidics; Reattaching flow; 139-07619-600-00. Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolu- tion; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; 139-0762 1-030- 26. Separated flow; Submerged bodies; Boundary layers; Cylinders, circular; Oscillations; 417-10507-010-90. Separated flow; Turbulent flow; Finite difference method; Laminar flow; 065-10786-000-54. Separated flows; Submerged prismatic bodies; Wind forces; Building aerodynamics; 057-10276-030-00. Septic tank drainfield; Groundwater; Pollutant transport; 096- 10617-870-36. Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; 341- 10735-340-00. Set-up, wave induced; Wave attenuation; Wave energy; 046- 10050-420-44. Sewage disposal; Forest lands; Irrigation; 305-09332-870-00. Sewage disposal; Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs; Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; 305-03887-810- 00. Sewage disposal; Wave effects; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; 019-07151-870-61. Sewage outfall; Circulation; Hampton Roads; 161-09878-870- 68. Sewage outfall; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pollutant dis- tribution; 161-09881-400-60. Sewage outfall; St. Lawrence River; Hydraulic model; 408- 10254-870-68. Sewage outfall; Thermal effluent; York River; Dye study; Recir- culation; 161-09886-870-68. Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; Current meter data; Currents; 161-09887-870-68. Sewage sludge; Agricultural land; 300-0347W-870-00. Sewage treatment; Activated sludge; Centrifugal clarifier; 4/4- 10532-870-00. Sewage treatment; Eutrophication control; Flushing; Hydraulic model; Moses Lake; 167-10185-870-61. Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; 1 12-09266-870-36. Sewage treatment plant; Hydraulic model; Pump wells; 408- 10253-630-68. Sewer; Storm sewer; Nappe; Outfall; 121-08222-870-00. Sewer design methodology; Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; 056-10108-870-33. Sewer design methodology; Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; 056-10109-870-33. Sewer hydraulics; Sewers, storm; Unsteady flow; 056-10107- 870-00. Sewer, interceptor; Diversion chamber; Hydraulic model; 408- 10256-870-68. Sewer junctions; Energy loss; 405-095 1 2-870-00. Sewer networks; Sewer replacement alternatives; Sewers, storm; 121-08929-870-65. Sewer replacement alternatives; Sewers, storm; Sewer networks; 121-08929-870-65. Sewer, storm; Diffuser; Outlet, sewer; 149-10599-870-60. Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Ruioff, urban; 011-08797-870-36. Sewers, combined; Diversion structures; Hydraulic model; 179- 10433-870-75. Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathe- matical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; 011-08797-870-36. Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; Hydrologic design risks; 056-010106-810-33. Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodolo- gy; 056-10108-870-33. Sewers, storm; Hydraulic design risks; Sewer design methodolo- gy; 056-10109-870-33. Sewers, storm; Sewer networks; Sewer replacement alternatives; 121-08929-870-65. Sewers, storm; Storm sewer optimum design; Urban drainage; Hydrograph routing; 167-10192-870-00. Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; 149-10603-390-75. Sewers, storm; Unsteady flow; Sewer hydraulics; 056-10107- 870-00. Sewers, storm; Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Ru- noff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; 011-08797-870-36. Shale wastes; Seepage; 052-09855-070-34. Shear flow effects; Wave refraction; 151-10039-420-54. Shear flow stability; Waves, atmospheric; Waves, turbulence ef- fect on; Atmospheric flow dynamics; 03 1-08812-480-54. Shear layer development; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, turbulent; 081-10609-010-50. Shear modulus measuring instruments; Viscosity; Drag reduc- tion; Polymer additives; 093-07502-120-00. Shear stress; Bed forms; Open channel flow; 414-10523-220-90. Shear stress; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Wakes; Pressure dis- tribution; 334-08542-520-00. Shear wave propagation; Soils; 085-09995-390-54. Shell recovery; Mining technology, offshore; Sand recovery; 152-10582-490-44. Ship automatic steering; 169-09217-520-45. Ship damage, heavy weather; Damage avoidance system; 169- 10343-520-45. Ship design; Wave spectra; 169-09216-420-21. Ship forms; Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; 061- 02091-520-20. Ship hull moments; Ship hull response; Springing; 169-08398- 520-48. Ship hull response; Springing; Ship hull moments; 169-08398- 520-48. Ship hulls; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layers, three-dimensional; 334 -10729-01 0-22. Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program; Hull forces; 151-10038-520-45. Ship hulls; Wave resistance; Hulls, flow around; 168-10073- 520-54. Ship interaction; St. Lawrence River; Navigation channel; 408- 09549-330-90. Ship maneuverability; Ship motions, shallow water; 087-09869- 520-54. Ship maneuverability, shallow water; Ship motions; 151-08985- 520-54. Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; 333-10713-520-22. Ship motions; Air bubble, captured; Air cushion vehicle; 087- 09867-520-22. Ship motions; Catamarans; Computer program; 334-10719-520- 00. Ship motions; Ship maneuverability, shallow water; 15 1-08985- 520-54. Ship motions; Ship stability; Wave loads; Catamarans; 334- 10721-520-22. Ship motions; Ship stability; Planing boats; Porpoising; 334- 10726-520-22. Ship motions; Wave effects; Planing boats; 334-10725-520-22. Ship motions, canal; 087-09868-520-54. Ship motions in restricted water; 075-08721-520-54. 342 Ship motions, moored; Tani^ers; Wave action; Moored ship response; 046-09278-520-00. Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; 046-09279-520-88. Ship motions, shallow water; Ship maneuverability; 087-09869- 520-54. Ship motions, shallow water; 087-09866-520-22. Ship passage effects; Ice dam; Ice, underhanging; 405-10300- 330-00. Ship performance prediction; Waves; Numerical methods; 339- 09444-520-20. Ship resistance; Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; 061-02091-520- 20. Ship resistance; Ship waves; Wakes; Pressure distribution; Shear stress; 334-08542-520-00. Ship resistance in waves; 151-08988-520:22. Ship roll, nonlinear; Ship roll spectrum; 151-10040-520-22. Ship roll spectrum; Ship roll, nonlinear; 151-10040-520-22. Ship stability; Planing boats; Porpoising; Ship motions; 334- 10726-520-22. Ship stability; Wave loads; Catamarans; Ship motions; 334- 10721-520-22. Ship stopping; Computer model; Propeller-hull interaction; 334- 10731-550-22. Ship stopping; Hydraulic model; 408-10252-520-90. Ship viscous drag; Drag; 334-09439-520-00. Ship waves; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Potential flow; Prolate spheroid; Ship forms; Ship resistance; 061-02091- 520-20. Ship waves; Wakes; Pressure distribution; Shear stress; Ship re- sistance; 334-08542-520-00. Ship waves; Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; Marinas; Pearl Harbor; 046-10053-470-60. Ships; Hydraulic model; Mooring forces; 408-10260-520-90. Ships, deep draft; Mathematical model; Navigation channels; 152-10579-330-10. Ships, high speed; Cavitation; Propulsor design; Pumpjets; 124- 08923-550-22. Ships, twin-hull; Hydrodynamic coefficients; 334-10722-520-22 . Ships, twin-hull; Wave loads; Computer program; 334-10720- 520-00. Shoaling; Alaska; Harbors; 312-09735-470-00. Shoaling; Alluvial streams; Harbor entrances; Models, hydrau- lic; i/4-07/ 7/-470-/i. Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River bend; River model; 314-09717-300-13. Shoaling; Columbia River; Navigation channel; River model; 313-05317-330-13. Shoaling; Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; 152-10583-330-44. Shoaling; Estuary model; Hydraulic model; Salinity intrusion; 408-10242-400-73. Shoaling; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; 152- 10586-330-44. Shoaling; Mississippi River; Navigation channel; River model; 314-09677-330-13. Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; River model; Sedimentation; 314-09670-300-13. Shock wave effects; Droplets; Jet, atomized; 415-07895-130-00. Shock wave effects; Water drops; Droplets; 139-10128-130-54. Shock waves; Structures; Blast waves; 146-09306-640-00. Shock-absorbing system; Unsteady flow; Compressible recoil mechanism; 061-10383-290-14. Shore protection manual; Coastal construction; Design criteria; 312-02193-490-00. Shore protection procedures; Erosion; 085-08850-410-60. Shore protection structure evaluation; 3 12-02 195-430-00. Shore stabilization; Breakwaters; 312-10654-430-00. Shore stabilization; Point Grey, Vancouver; 420-10551-410-96. Shoreline changes; Coastal structures; Florida coastline; Hur- ricane Eloise damage; 039- 1 0444-4 1 0-44 . Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Com- puter model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; 312- 10655-410-00. Sickle cell hydrodynamics; Biomedical flow; Blood; 134-09910- 270-40. Silicic acid; Seawater quality; 106-10061-100-54. Silt reduction; Chippewa River; Erosion; Sediment transport; 030-10333-220-13. Slender bodies; Boundary layer separation; 139-10129-010-26. Slope stability; Phosphate mine spoil dumps; 304-09327-390- 00. Slope stabilization; 1 13-0 165 W-890-00. Slosh effects; Offshore platforms; Oil production equipment; 146-10356-650-70. Slot efflux, double slot; Potential flow; 044-08815-040-00. Sludge thickening; Water treatment; 076-10472-860-36. Slug flow; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Heat transfer; 048- 10212-130-88. Slug flow, vertically downward; Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; 044-09954-130-00. Slug formation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; 038-07979-1 30-00. Slurries; Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump injector model; Pipeline transport; 059-10613-260-34. Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; 172-10019-210-60. Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; Water treatment; Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; 096-10616-370-36. Slurry pipeline; Coal slurry; Hydraulic transport; Particle size distribution; 029-10279-260-88. Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Hydraulic transport; Muck pipeline; 029-10280-260-47. Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; Pneumatic trans- port; 029-10281-260-47. Slurry rheology; Mineral slurries; 029-08131-130-70. Smithfield Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-06859-330-13. Smoke spread; Fire spread in corridors; Mathematical model; 109-08906-890-54. Snake River; Water use alternatives; Flow regulation; Pumped storage sites; 052-09862-860-33. Snow cover; Biological effects; Ice cover; Lakes; 418-10619- 440-90. Snow cover; Snowfall; Peterborough, Ontario; 418-10618-810- 90. Snow fence system; Watershed management; Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; 308-03569-810-00. Snow wetness; Soil moisture; Remote sensing; 324-10704-810- 00. Snowdrift management; Avalanche forecasts; 308-10648-810- 00. Snowfall; Peterborough, Ontario; Snow cover; 418-10618-810- 90. Snowfall; Snowmelt; Soil moisture; Alberta; Runoff; 402-10283- 810-00. Snowmelt; Alberta; Floods; 401-10768-310-96. Snowmelt; Alberta catchments; Runoff; 401-10769-310-96. Snow-melt; Evaporation retardants; Lysimeter; 020-10081-170- 31. Snowmelt; Soil erosion; Computer model; Idaho watersheds; 052-09852-830-61. Snowmelt; Soil moisture; Alberta; Runoff; Snowfall; 402-10283- 810-00. Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting; Hydrology; 404-10234-810-96. Snowmelt forecast; Reservoir operation; Runoff, snow; 167- 10193-810-33. Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; 303-09315-810-00. 343 Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Hydrology; Runoff; 415-10332-810-90. Snowpack hydrology; Precipitation gages; 304-06969-810-00. Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield im- provement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; 307-04996-810-00. Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 115-07553-250-54. Soil characteristics; Soil erodibility; 304-09331-830-00. Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; 310-06973-810-00. Soil classification; Channel erosion prediction; Erosion; Scour; 033-10778-220-88. Soil effects; Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; 303- 0227W-8 10-00. Soil erodibility; Soil characteristics; 304-09331-830-00. Soil erosion; Alberta; Sediment yield; 401-10770-830-96. Soil erosion; Computer model; Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; 052-09852-830-61. Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; 129- 03808-830-05. Soil erosion; Mathematical model; Runoff; 303-09319-830-00. Soil erosion; Pacific northwest; 303-09320-830-00. Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; 306-04757-810-00. Soil erosion; Texas blackland; Erosion control; 302-02 lOW- 830-00. Soil erosion; Tillage; Crop practices; Erosion; Residue; 303- 0360W-830-00. Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; 300-04275-830-00. Soil erosion; Vegetation effects; Sediment yield; 302-09298- 830-00. Soil erosion; Water erosion; Wind; Great Plains; 300-0346W- 830-00. Soil erosion; Water quality; Fertilizer; Nitrogen; Ponds; 055- 08024-820-07. Soil erosion; Watershed model; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Sediment yield; 030-08804-220-06. Soil erosion; Watersheds, forest; Burning effects; Logging ef- fects; 304-09330-810-00. Soil erosion control; Tilth control; Watershed management; Claypan; Runoff control; 300-0 189W-8 10-00. Soil erosion principles; Erosion; Sedimentation; 302-10632-830- 00. Soil freezing; Computer model; Embankments; Frost heaving; 020-10078-820-54. Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water fiow; Heat flow; Numeri- cal model; 114-10609-820-54. Soil loss; Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; Ru- noff; Sediment transport; 030-10340-220-06. Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; Sediment transport; 303-10626-810-00. Soil loss models; Sediment transport models; 051-0379W-830- 00. Soil macropores; Soil moisture; Infiltration; 049-10068-810-05. Soil management; Soil water movement; Water management; Nutrient movement; 300-0433W-820-00. Soil moisture; Alberta; Runoff; Snowfall; Snowmelt; 402-10283- 810-00. Soil moisture; Infiltration; Soil macropores; 049- 1 0068-8 1 0-05 . Soil moisture; Remote sensing; Snow wetness; 324-10704-810- 00. Soil moisture; Watersheds, unit source; Evaporation; 302- 0448W-8 10-00. Soil moisture control; Soil salinity control; Crop production op- timization; 157-09078-860-33. Soil moisture level; Remote sensing; 121-10085-710-00. Soil moisture measurement accuracy; 304-09329-820-00. Soil motions; Earthquakes; Liquefaction; 085-0885 1 -070-54. Soil pollution; Water pollution; Fertilizer; 301-0440W-870-00. Soil properties; Runoff control; 303-0356W-810-00. Soil properties; Stream channels; Channel stability; Erosion; 302-09295-300-00. Soil salinity control; Crop production optimization; Soil moisture control; 157-09078-860-33. Soil stabilization; Erosion control; Levee protection; 314- 09666-830-13. Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; 114-10609-820-54. Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; Mathe- matical model; 055-08682-820-00. Soil water; Forests; Porous media flow; 402-10286-810-90. Soil water; Groundwater; Mathematical model; Radionuclide movement; 01 1-08800-820-52. Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; 306-04757-810-00. Soil water; Water supply conservation; 303-0234W-820-00. Soil water field measurements; Soil water movement; 008- 0268W-820-07. Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; 114-1 0609-82 0-54 . Soil water measurement; Soil water prediction; 303-0355W- 820-00. Soil water movement; Erosion control; Infiltration; Irrigation; 303-0442W-810-00. Soil water movement; Irrigation, trickle; Mathematical model; 008-0267 W-840-3 3. Soil water movement; Soil water field measurements; 008- 0268W-820-07 . Soil water movement; Water management; Nutrient movement; Soil management; 300-0433 W-820-00. Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; 307- 04996-810-00. Soil water prediction; Soil water measurement; 303-0355W- 820-00. Soil water repellency; Watersheds, brushland; Erosion; Floods; Forest fire effects; 307-04999-810-00. Soils; Shear wave propagation; 085-09995-390-54. Soils, northern plains; Water conservation; 300-0435 W-820-00. Solar energy; Aquifers; Hot water storage; Numerical model; 067-09983-820-52. Solar energy measurements; Wind energy measurements; 069- 10465-480-73. Solar pond; Stratified fluid; Convection, double-diffusive; 139- 10127-020-54. Solar power; Water pump; Pump, solar powered; 157-10168- 630-33. Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; Mixing; Multi-component flow; 115-09835-130-00. Solid-gas flow; Two-phase flow; Lunar ash flow; 074-08072- 130-50. Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Two-phase flow; Drag reduction; 093-07501-130-84. Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; 414-10516-130-90. Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; 013-08702- 120-54. Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Rheology; Suspensions; 013- 08703-120-54. Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Pump, wobble plate; 124- 08922-630-22. Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; 131-07592-130-00. Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Blockage; Pipeline transport; 414-10515-370-90. 344 I Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; Pipeline trans- port; 4/4-/05/7-i70-90. Solid-liquid flow; Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; 096-07513-260-06. Solid-liquid mixtures; Mud flows; 028-09974-130-00. Solid-liquid vertical flow; Glass spheres; Hydraulic transport; 057-08035-130-00. Solute effects; Surfactants; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 332-08523-250-20. Somerset plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dif- fusers; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 075-09801-870-75. Sonar dome; Noise, flow induced; 336-09453-160-22. Sorptivity; Infiltration estimations; 1 57-04 18W-810-00. SQund suppression water systems; Space shuttle; 149-10594- 540-75. Southeast Harbor, Seattle; Tidal circulation; Currents, tidal; Harbors; 167-10194-470-75. Southeast watersheds; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 302-0444W-8 10-00. Southern Great Plains; Mathematical models; Rainfall patterns; 302-10634-810-00. Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; Computer models; Hydrologic models; 302-10638-810-00. Southern plains; Floodwater retarding structures; Runoff; 302- 04 5 3 W-8 10-00. Southern plains; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302- 0207 W-8 10-00. Southern plains; Water resources research program; 154- 0400W-800-33. Southern plains; Water resource priority analysis; 1 54-0406W- 800-33. Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 302-0205W-8 10-00. Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; 302-10636-810-00. Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; Vegetation effects; 303- 0227W-8 10-00. Southwest rangelands; Streamflow; Watersheds, semiarid range- land; 303-0228W-8 10-00. Southwest rangelands; Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation patterns; 303 -0229W-8 10-00. Southwest watersheds; Watershed rehabilitation; Erosion con- trol; 308-09339-810-00. Southwest watersheds; Watershed management; Chaparral; Conifers; Grassland; 308-10647-810-00. Space laboratory; Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics experi- ments in space; Heat transfer; 146-09303-000-50. Space shuttle; Sound suppression water systems; 149-10594- 540-75. Space shuttle; Vibrations, flow-induced; Bellows; 146-10357- 540-50. Specific speed; Transients; Pressure surge; Pump failure; 404- 10226-630-00. Spent fuel release; Power plant; 413-09576-340-00. Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; Swimming filaments; 057-09039- 030-54. Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; Swimming filaments; 057-09040- 030-80. Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; 421-07995-030-90. Sphere, periodic rolling motion; Submerged bodies; Drag, har- monic water flow; 044-08816-030-00. Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; 316-07243-060-20. Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Drag; 046-10055- 420-00. Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Cylinders; 142- 10394-420-44. Spheres, coaxial rotating; Annular flow; Laminar flow; Rotating flow; 064-09021-000-00. Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; 088-07488-000-54. Spherical shell; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, viscosity effect; 152-09056-030-00. Spill control; Hazardous materials; Pollution; 025-09898-870- 36. Spillway; Amaluza Dam; Hydraulic model; 322-10687-350-00. Spillway; Chute; Hyco Lake spillway; Hydraulic model; 179- 10434-350-73. Spillway; Columbia Dam; Hydraulic model; 341-10733-350-00. Spillway; Dam overtopping; Flood pcissing; Morris dam; 166- 10441-350-73. Spillway; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Limestone Sta- tion; 420-10553-350-73. Spillway; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; James Bay pro- ject; 408-10257-350-73. Spillway; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 408-10270-350- 87. Spillway; Flip bucket; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; 400-10494-350-75. Spillway; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408-10268-350-73. Spillway; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 408-1025 1-350- 73. Spillway; Hydraulic model; Kpong project; 400-10497-350-87. Spillway; Hydraulic model; Palmetto Bend Dam; 322-09393- 350-00. Spillway; Hydraulic model; Scour; 408-10264-350-73. Spillway; Hydraulic model; 420-10542-350-70. Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; Tailwater effects; Dams; Hydraulic model; 322-10680-350-00. Spillway; Stewart Mountain project; Hydraulic model; 322- 09382-350-00. Spillway; Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; 322-10684-350-00. Spillway; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; 322-10677-350-00. Spillway; Weir, labyrinth; Boardman reservoir; Hydraulic model; 166-10440-350-75. Spillway adequacy; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 094- 08868-350-00. Spillway baffles; Energy dissipators; 322-10692-360-00. Spillway calibration; Hydraulic model; 413-10331-350-00. Spillway capacity; Spillway model; Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket; 044-08010-350-73. Spillway crest pressure; Gates, Tainter; 044-08013-350-00. Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; Dynam- ic loads; 314-10746-350-00. Spillway deflector model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-09349-350- 13. Spillway deflector model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-09341-350-13. Spillway deflector model; Little Goose Dam; 313-09350-350- 13. Spillway deflector model; McNary Dam; 313-09351-350-13. Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; 313-10662-350-13. Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; 322-07028-350-00. Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; 322-07035-350-00. Spillway model; Bath county spillway; Hydraulic model; 044- 09956-350-75. Spillway model; Bonneville Dam; Gate model; Gates, spillway; Gate vibrations; 313-07108-350-13. Spillway model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-07109-350-13. Spillway model; Dworshak Dam; 313-05070-350-13. Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; 313-10658-350-13. 345 Spillway mode!; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; 313-10659-350-13. Spillway mode!; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; 313-10660-350-13. Spillway model; Fish peissage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-10661-350-13. Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; 313-10662-350-13. Spillway model; Hydraulic model; Libby Dam; 3 13-10666-350- 13. Spillway model; Libby Dam; 313-07117-350-13. Spillway model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-07120-350-13. Spillway model; Lower Monumental Dam; Nitrogen supersatu- ration; 313-08447-350-13. Spillway model; Red River spillways; 314-09676-350-13. Spillway model; Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; Energy dissipa- tor, flip bucket; Spillway capacity; 044-08010-350-73. Spillway model; Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model; 152-10591-350-75. Spillway model; Stilling basins; Little Goose Dam; 313-05068- 350-13. Spillway model; Vermilion River reservoir; Hydraulic model; 054-09913-350-60. Spillway, morning glory; Hydraulic model; 322-10681-350-00. Spillway outlet works; Hydraulic model; Outlet works; 155- 09919-350-07. Spillway piers; Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket; Spillway capacity; Spillway model; 044-08010-350-73. Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; Scour; 149-07677-220-05. Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; In- lets; Pipe outlets; Scour; 300-01723-350-00. Spillways, closed conduit; Outlets, spillway; Scour; 149-01 168- 350-05. Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; Inlets; Inlet vortex; 149- 00111-350-05. Spin-up; Liquid-filled shell; 311-09357-540-00. Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; 322-10675-350-00. Splines; Weather modeling; Numerical models; 069-10460-480- 54. Splitter wall model study; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Energy dissipator; 314-09704-350-13. Spoil dumps; Phosphate mines; 157-10152-890-06. Spray; Wastewater spray site; Evapotranspiration; 079-0416W- 870-00. Spray combustion; Combustion; Liquid-gas flow; Multi-com- ponent flow; 122-10020-290-50. Spray cooling nozzle tests; Cooling water; 179-10419-390-70. Springing; Ship hull moments; Ship hull response; 169-08398- 520-48. Squeeze film dampers, Rotating machinery; 1 46-0930 1 -620-70 . St. Lawrence River; Hydraulic model; Sewage outfall; 408- 10254-870-68. St. Lawrence River; Navigation channel; Ship interaction; 408- 09549-330-90. St. Lawrence River; Oil spill diversion; 408-09548-870-90. St. Law.ence River; Tidal motion; Estuaries; River model; 411- 06602-400-90. St. Lawrence River; Tide propagation; Estuaries; Mathematical model; River flow: 411-06603-400-90. St. Mary's River; Ice model; River model; 400-09472-330-20. Stability; Boiling pools; Reactor safety; 133-10090-340-55. Stability; Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; 088-07488-000-54. Stability; Cylinders, part full; Rotating flow; 13 7-09965-000-54. Stability; Gas dynamics; Rotating flow; 137-09964-000-00. Stability; Stratified flow; Couette flow; Rotating flow; 139- 10130-060-54. Stability; Submerged bodies; Undersea vehicle, cavitating; 042- 10560-510-00. Stability; Surface cooling effect; Turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; 316-10799-010-18. Stability; Temperature effects; Viscosity effects; Laminar flow; 126-09837-000-00. Stability; Transition; Wakes, axisymmetric; 128-10414-050-54. Stability; Tubes, curved; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; 048-10208- 210-54. Stability; Unsteady flow; Couette flow; Periodic flow; 076- 10469-000-00. Stability, interfacial; Stratified flow; 158-09900-060-33. Stability tests; Dam sealing material; Dams, earth; 149-08999- 350-75. Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; Lubrication; 135-06773-000-14. Stability theory; Cylinders, eccentric rotating; Lubrication theory; 135-06772-000-20. Stack emissions; Cooling tower emissions; Plume model; 073- 08695-870-60. Stagnation flow; Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian fluids; 164- 10015-120-00. Stalling; Compressor blades; Pressure fluctuations; Radio- telemetry techniques; 163-08367-550-20. Statistical hydrology; Hydrologic simulation model; 094-08867- 810-00. Statistical turbulence; Turbulence; 141-08266-020-52. Steam; Two-phase flow; Droplets; 086-08779-130-54. Steam flow; Turbines, multiple-disk; Two-phase flow; Disks, co- rotating; 007-09933-630-88. Steam injection; Air injection; Slowdown fluid physics; Model laws; 146-10354-130-70. Stenoses; Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; 064- 07392-270-40. Stewart Mountain Dam; Tailwater effects; Dams; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 322-10680-350-00. Stewart Mountain project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 322- 09382-350-00. Stick slip; Acoustic emission; Contact stress; Reactors; 136- 09844-620-54. Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; Spill- way; 322-10684-350-00. Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; In- take; Spiral flow; 322-10675-350-00. Stilling basin; Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; 179-1043 1- 360-73. Stilling basin; Gates; Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; 322- 10683-350-00. Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; 322-10677-350-00. Stilling basin; Meramec Park reservoir; Outlet works model; 314-09674-350-13. Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 152-10591-350-75. Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; 314-10746-350-00. Stilling basins; Abrasive materials; 322-1 0674-350-00. Stilling basins; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; 313-05068- 350-13. Stilling basins, low Froude number; Energy dissipators; 322- 09383-360-00. Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; Reaction rates; Segregation inten- sity; 093-07503-020-00. Stochastic analysis; Meteorological data, upper Midwest; 149- 08997-480-44. Stochastic dynamic programming; Flood control policy; Flood routing; 155-09920-310-33. Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; 127-09845-200-00. 346 I Stochastic hydrology; Channel networks; Hydrology; 060- 07367-810-20. Stochastic hydrology; Hydrology; 127-08240-810-54. Stochastic hydrology; 056-07339-810-33. Stochastic model; Water level; Lakes, terminal; 157-10176-800- 33. Stochastic modeling; 419-105 1 1 -290-90. Stochastic streamflow generation; Streamflow model; Hydrolog- ic model; 167-10188-300-33. Storm drainage; Computer model; Hydrographs; Runoff, urban; 056-10093-810-36. Storm drainage; Storms, design; Drainage, highway; Hyeto- graphs; 056-10092-810-47. Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; Drainage; Runoff; 404- 10229-810-96. Storm runoff determination methods; Urban storm runoff; Ru- noff, urban; 056-08710-810-36. Storm sewer; Nappe; Outfall; Sewer; 121-08222-870-00. Storm sewer optimum design; Urban drainage; Hydrograph routing; Sewers, storm; 167-10192-870-00. Storm surge; Surge; Numerical model; 153-09917-420-1 1 . Storm surge; Surge elevations; Beaufort Sea; Numerical model; 407-10238-420-00. Storm surge; Wave measurement; Hurricane waves; 039-10456- 420-55. Storm surge calculation; Surges; Charleston estuary; Mathe- matical model; 312-09756-420-00. Storm water management; Urban runoff model; Runoff, urban; 027-07229-870-36. Storm water management; Water quality; Computer model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Runoff; 068-10567-810-88. Storms, design; Drainage, highway; Hyetographs; Storm drainage; 056-10092-810-47. Stormwater; Mathematical model comparison; Runoff, urban; 094-08866-810-00. Stormwater pollutants; Urban stormwater model; Pollution, non-point; Runoff, urban; 076-10470-870-60. Stormwater sampling; Water quality; Hampton Roads; Pollu- tion, non-point; Runoff; 159-09890-870-36. Strain fields; Turbulent flow; Reynolds stresses; 422-09638-02. Strait of Georgia; Numerical model; 407-10237-400-00. Stratification effect; Velocity profile; Chfay coefficient; Open channel flow; 158-09901-200-00. Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; Mixing; Reservoirs; 132-09841-440-33. Stratification, thermal; Mixing; Pumped storage systems; Reser- voir stratification; 172-10017-060-33. Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; 075- 09807-870-75. Stratified flow; Couette flow; Rotating flow; Stability; 139- 10130-060-54. Stratified flow; Energy, ocean thermal; Hydraulic model; Ocean thermal energy plant; 039-10458-430-20. Stratified flow; Estuary circulation; Mass transport; Mixing; 039-09087-400-54. Stratified flow; Friction, interfacial; 039-10448-060-54. Stratified flow; Heated water discharge; Heat transfer; Mixing; Open channel flow; 061-08036-060-33. Stratified flow; Stability, interfacial; 158-09900-060-33. Stratified flow; Thermal discharge mechanics; Cooling water discharge; 056-10105-060-33. Stratified flow; Turbidity current; Delta formation; Reservoir sedimentation; 068-10568-860-54. Stratified flow; Turbidity current; Plumes; 068-10569-060-00. Stratified flow; Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavi- ties; Convection; Heat transfer; 013-08704-060-54. Stratified flow; Turbulence, statistical theory; Convection; 057- 09041-020-54. Stratified flow; Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospher- ic; Diffusion; Langevm model; 139-08259-020-54. Stratified flow; Wakes; Wind tunnel, stratified flow; 101-09896- 720-60. Stratified flow. Waves, internal; Internal wave instability; 039- 10454-060-20. Stratified flow stability; Stratified shear flow; 039-10455-060- 20. Stratified flow stability; Waves, internal; Internal waves; 083- 08604-060-20. Stratified fluid; Convection, double-diffusive; Solar pond; iJ9- 10127-020-54. Stratified fluids; Destratification diffuser; Reservoirs; 322- 10679-860-00. Stratified fluids; Rotating flows; 088-08860-000-70. Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; In- ternal waves; Spheres; 316-07243-060-20. Stratified fluids; Turbulence; 181-09268-060-00. Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; 176-08400-420-61. Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Atmospheric waves; Jovian at- mosphere; 143-09902-420-50. Stratified fluids; Waves, solitary; Internal waves; Ocean micros- tructure; Rotating flow; 143-09903-450-20. Stratified lakes; Water quality; Destratification; Reaeration; 314-10753-860-00. Stratified shear flow; Stratified flow stability; 039-10455-060- 20. Stratified shear layer; Turbulence; 143-09177-020-54. Stream bottom organisms; Ecological change indicators; 154- 0412W-880-33. Stream channels; Channel stabilization; 302-0447W-300-00. Stream channels; Channel stability; Erosion; Soil properties; 302-09295-300-00. Stream channels; Channel stabilization; Erosion; Morphology; 302-10633-300-00. Stream monitoring; Water quality; Monitoring cost effective- ness; 076-043 2 W-870-00. Stream temperature; Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; 123-09836- 860-33. Stream temperature; Water temperature; Reservoir temperature measurements; 338-00769-860-00. Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; 147- 10473-820-54. Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; 148- 10409-820-54. Streamflow; Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborougn, On- tario; Runoff; 418-10620-810-90. Streamflow; Volcaniclastics; Guatemala; Sediment transport, volcanic debris; 091-10062-220-54. Streamflow; Water quality; Chowan River; Mathematical model; 162-09170-860-33. Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; 304-09326-810-00. Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrolog- ic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; 301-09276-810-00. Streamflow; Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; 300-01 85 W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Southern plains; 302- 0207W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; Runoff; 302-0208 W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; Ru- noff; 302-02 15W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff, Southeast watersheds; 302-0444W-810-00. Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; 302- 09286-810-00. 347 Streamflow; Watersheds, semiarid rangeland; Southwest range- lands; 303-0228W-8 10-00. Streamflow; Yakima River; Fish spawning; 166-10132-300-34. Streamflow data; Clearwater River; Insects, stream; 052-09848- 880-33. Streamflow data; Iowa streams; Sediment transport data; 061- 00067-810-30. Streamflow estimates; Photographic streamflow estimates; 027- 07935-300-36. Streamflow model; Hydrologic model; Stochastic streamflow generation; 167-10188-300-33. Streamflow model uncertainties; 056-10095-300-33. Streamflow routing, low flow; Mathematical model; 102-08873- 300-00. Streams; Texas; Lakes, public access; 1 54-0398 W-880-33. Strip mine sites; Surface water; Water pollution; Groundwater; 096-10615-870-36. Strip mine spoil dam; Sulfate production; Water quality; Nu- merical model; Oxygen depletion; 162-09905-870-00. Strip mining; Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; Oil shale; 157-10146-800-33. Strip mining; Water resources. East Texas; Groundwater quali- ty; Lignite mining; 152-10584-810-33. Strip mining effects; Water quality; Groundwater resources; 075-09813-870-54. Structure design criteria; Wave forces; Cylinders; Ocean struc- tures; 118-09768-430-44. Structure effects; Wave diffraction; Wave motion; 019-08782- 420-11. Structure response; Finite element method; Pressure pulses; 336-09454-240-29. Structure response; Vibrations; Wave forces; Numerical methods; Ocean structures; 044-06699-430-00. Structures; Blast waves; Shock waves; 146-09306-640-00. Structures; Wave forces; Scaling laws; 328-10709-420-00. Structures; Wave forces; Waves, design; Instrument towers; 405-10289-420-00. Structures; Waves; Offshore structure design; Sea simulation; 118-09766-430-44. Structures, coastal; Wave forces; Current effects; 028-09979- 420-00. Structures, offshore; Earthquake loads; Oil storage tanks; 019- 10123-430-44. Stuart River; Yukon; Flood prediction; Ross River; 402-09501- 310-90. Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota; Lakes; Numerical model; 149- 10607-440-73. Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanography; 161-09876-450-00. Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; Pipe flow; 040-09846-210- 00. Submarine slide effects; Hydraulic model; 420-10555-390-75. Submerged bodies; Bingham plastic; Bottom materials; Clay- water mixtures; Drag; Non-Newtonian fluids; 057-07352-120- 00. Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; 417-07899-010-00. Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, three- dimensional; Lift; 061-10381-010-14. Submerged bodies; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer transi- tion; Boundary layer, laminar; Drag reduction; 334-09438- 010-00. Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; 331-10773-010-22. Submerged bodies; Boundary layers; Cylinders, circular; Oscil- lations; Separated flow; 417-10507-010-90. Submerged bodies; Buoy-cable-body systems; Cables; 334- 10727-030-22. Submerged bodies; Cables; Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; 332-10711-030-20. Submerged bodies; Cylinders; Drag; Force measurement; 124- 08926-030-22. Submerged bodies; Cylinders, circular; Drag; Pressure distribu- tion; Pressure fluctuation; Roughness; 061-10393-030-54. Submerged bodies; Drag; Flat plate, normal; Oscillatory flow; 044-09955-030-00. Submerged bodies; Drag, harmonic water flow; Sphere, periodic rolling motion; 044-08816-030-00. Submerged bodies; Pressure fields; Schlieren system; 179- 10421-710-20. Submerged bodies; Surface effects; Potential flow; 334-10716- 030-22. Submerged bodies; Tube bundles; Vibrations, flow-induced; Heat exchangers; 116-10572-030-82. Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Bluff bodies in shear flow; 109-08897-030-54. Submerged bodies; Turbulence effects; Vibrations; Angular bodies; Drag; 166-09200-030-54. Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolu- tion; Boundary layer transition; Drag; 334-09442-030-00. Submerged bodies; Turbulent flow; Airfoils; Numerical models; 089-10136-030-26. Submerged bodies; Undersea vehicle, cavitating; Stability; 042- 10560-510-00. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow-induced, virtual mass; Cylinder; 076-10467-030-70. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylinders; 417-07461-240-00. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, viscosity effect; Spherical shell; 152-09056-030-00. Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Wedges; Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; 057-05778-030-00. Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; 421-07995-030-90. Submerged bodies; Wakes; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; Separated flow; 139-07621-030- 26. Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; 124-08927-030-22. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; Drag; 046-10054-420-00. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Drag; Spheres; 046-10055- 420-00. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Cylinders; Spheres; 142- 10394-420-44. Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; 316-07243-060-20. Submerged bodies; Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; 061-10392- 030-54. Submerged bodies, support interference; Bodies of revolution; Pressure distribution; 109-10118-030-26. Submerged bodies, two-dimensional; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical solutions; 089-10138-000-54. Submerged objects; Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; Mathemati- cal model; 026-09013-420-00. Submerged prismatic bodies; Wind forces; Building aerodynam- ics; Separated flows; 057-10276-030-00. Submerged storage tanks; Wave forces; 1 52-09058-420-00. Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road con- struction effects; 304-09325-810-00. Suction; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; 331- 10771-010-00. Suction; Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; 134-09908-010-18. Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization; i/6-/079S-0/0-27. 348 Suction tubes; Havasu pumping plant; Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; 322-09379-390-00. Sulfate production; Water quality; Numerical model; Oxygen depletion; Strip mine spoil dam; 162-09905-870-00. Sulphur dioxide scrubber; Power plant, steam; 341-09458-870- 00. Sump design; Vortex formation; Pump sumps; 404-10235-630- 00. Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; 322-10678- 320-00. Supercritical fluids; Heat transfer; Pipe flow, turbulent; 109- 08907-140-54. Supersonic flow; Jet noise; Noise; 143-09904-1 60-54 . Suppression pool; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 400-10501 - 340-75. Surf zone; Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; 035- 09942-410-54. Surf zone; Wave gages; Wave statistics; 312-10649-420-00. Surf zone; Waves; Nearshore hydrodynamics; 406-095 18-420- 00. Surface contact; Wetting; Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; Interfaces; 125-09951-100-54. Surface cooling effect; Turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; Stability; 316-10799-010-18. Surface effect ships; Air cushion vehicles; Lift systems; 334- 10724-520-22. Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; 333-10713-520-22. Surface effect ships; Heaving; Plenum pressure; 151-08980- 520-21. Surface effect ships; Waterwheel test facility; Seal performance; 146-09310-550-22. Surface effects; Potential flow; Submerged bodies; 334-10716- 030-22. Surface tension; Viscoelastic fluids; Bubble dynamics; Non- Newtonian fluids; 076-08776-120-54. Surface water; Water pollution; Groundwater; Strip mine sites; 096-10615-870-36. Surface water; Water use; Conjunctive management; Ground- water management; 167-10187-800-60. Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numeri- cal models; Overland flow; 323-10693-860-00. Surface-effect ships; Propellers, supercavitating; 334-10732- 550-22. Surfactant transport; Interfaces; 013-09946-190-00. Surfactants; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Solute effects; 332-08523-250-20. Surge; Numerical model; Storm surge; 1 53-09917-420-1 1 . Surge attenuation; Harbors; 152-10577-470-70. Surge elevations; Beaufort Sea; Numerical model; Storm surge; 407-10238-420-00. Surge tanks; Transients; Surges; 404-10227-340-90. Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; 314-09701-330-13. Surges; Bay Springs Lock; Canal model; Navigation conditions; 314-09702-330-13. Surges; Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; Storm surge calculation; 312-09756-420-00. Surges; Surge tanks; Transients; 404-10227-340-90. Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; 341- 07080-340-00. Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; Oil-water suspension; 084-09818-130-00. Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; 093-10075-370-54. Suspensions; Sediment fingering; Sediment transport; / 73- 10026-220-50. Suspensions; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Rheology; 013- 08703-120-54. Suspensions; Two-phase flow; Drag reduction; Solid-liquid flow; 093-07501-130-84. Suspensions, fiber; Asbestos fibers; Cavitation inception; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 331-09449-250-20. Swamp; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; 418-10621-810-90. Swimming filaments; Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; 057-09039- 030-54. Swimming filaments; Spermatozoa hydrodynamics; 057-09040- 030-80. Swirl; Diffuser performance; 422-09635-290-90. Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measure- ments; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; 317-10789-750-00. Swirling flow; Hydraulic model; New Haven Harbor plant; Pipe bends; Pump, feedwater; 179-10423-340-73. Swiriing flow; Wakes; Jets; 001-07917-050-00. Tailing delta; Rock stability; Hydraulic model; 420-10546-420- 75. Tailwater effects; Dams; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain Dam; 322-10680-350-00. Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; 314-10746-350-00. Tanker safety; Ventilation model tests; Bulk carriers; 146- 10358-520-45. Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; 046-09278-520-00. Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; 046-09279-520-88. Tectonics, laboratory plate; 137-09963-290-00. Temperature distribution; Dispersion; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Salinity distribution; 075-08728-400-36. Temperature effects; Bed froms; River flow; Sediment trans- port; 019-10122-220-10. Temperature effects; Viscosity effects; Laminar flow; Stability; 126-09837-000-00. Temperature fluctuations; Thermal effluents; Plumes, thermal; 175-10032-870-33. Temperature micro-structure; Thermocline; Turbulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; 021-09788-440-54. Temperature prediction; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Mathematical models; 075-08732-870-52. Tennessee basin; Evaporation; Reservoir losses; 338-00765- 810-00. Tennessee basin; Precipitation; 338-00768-810-00. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-09719-330-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-09722-330-1 3 . Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Chute dissipator model; Energy dissipator; 314-09703-350-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Columbus Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-0972 1 -330-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Energy dissipator; Splitter wall model study; 314-09704-350-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Gainesville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-09723-330- 13. Tensas-Cocodrie plant; Vortex visualization; Hydraulic model; Pumping plant forebay; 075-09805-350-75. Texas; Lakes, public access; Streams; 154-0398W-880-33. Texas blackland; Erosion control; Soil erosion; 302-0210W- 830-00. Texas coast; Coastal zone management; 1 56-09067-4 10-54 . Texas Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 302- 10643-810-00. Thames River; Dredging effects; Sediment transport; 034- 10115-220-44. Thames River submarine pier; Pier model; 1 49-09000-430-7 5 . 349 Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; 005-09780-870-52. Thermal diffusivity; Turbulence; Diffusion; Salinity diffusivity; 332-07063-020-00. Thermal discharge; Jets, buoyant; Jets, surface; 402-09497-060- 90. Thermal discharge capacity; Heat transfer; Mississippi River; Missouri River; 061-10370-870-73. Thermal discharge dilution; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 061-10380-870-73. Thermal discharge effects; White River, Indiana; 058-10565- 870-00. Thermal discharge mechanics; Cooling water discharge; Stratified flow; 056-10105-060-33. Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; 179-06509-870-73. Thermal discharge model; Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; 341-07083-870-00. Thermal discharges; Ice suppression; Numerical model; 061- 10366-300-61. Thermal discharges; Outlets; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; 056-10104-870-33. Thermal effects; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer sta- bility; 403-10223-010-90. Thermal effects; Cooling water discharge; James River estuary; Monitoring system design; Power plant, nuclear; 161-08332- 870-52. Thermal effluent; Belews Lake, North Carolina; Cooling water discharge; Numerical models; Power plant; Remote sensing; 078-09832-870-50. Thermal effluent; Cayuga station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Lake Cayuga; Plume; Power plant; 179-10428-340-75. Thermal effluent; Charlestown station; Diffuser; Hydraulic model; Plume; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10424-340-73. Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; 075-09799-870-73. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Missouri River; Plume prediction; 061-10359-870-60. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Somerset plant; 075-09801-870-75. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Diffusers; Dilution; Plumes; 341-10734-870-00. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumeri- cal model; Power plant; 341-10740-870-00. Thermal effluent; Irrigation; Power plants; 157-10169-840-33. Thermal effluent; Water temperatures; CooHng water discharge; Mathematical models; Power plants; 1 12-10048-870-55. Thermal effluent; York River; Dye study; Recirculation; Sewage outfall; 161-09886-870-68. Thermal effluents; Boat sampling system; Cooling water discharge; Monitoring; 075-09803-720-44. Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; Food production; Power plants; 157-10149-870-73. Thermal effluents; Environment impact; Power plant licensing; Power plants, nuclear; 075-09802-870-80. Thermal effluents; Plumes, thermal; Temperature fluctuations; 175-10032-870-33. Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; Energy conserva- tion; Environmental impact; Power plants; 075-09810-870- 52. Thermal effluents; Water temperature forecasts; Cooling water discharge; Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; 075-09828- 870-73. Thermal energy; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 046-10051-490-88. Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind ef- fects; Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; 123-09836- 860-33. Thermal model; Cooling water discharge; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 400-10491-870-73. Thermal plumes; Lake Michigan; Plumes; Remote sensing; 175- 10030-870-60. Thermal regime; Computer model; Mississippi River; Missouri River; 061-10371-870-33. Thermal regimes; Lake hydrodynamics; Numerical models; Reservoirs; 148-10412-440-33. Thermal wells; Vibrations; Pipelines; 030-10335-370-70. Thermocline; Turbulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; Temperature micro-structure; 02 1-09788-440-54. Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; Cavity flows; Freon; 124-03807-230-50. Thermodynamic model; Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; 157-10170-860-33. Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics experiments in space; Heat transfer; Space laboratory; 146-09303-000-50. Thermoplastic; Groundwater; Well casings; 009-09782-860-36. Thrombus formation; Biomedical flow; Heart valve flow; 109- 08902-270-54. Thrust augmentation; Underwater propulsion; Ejectors; Jets; Propulsion; 043-10352-550-22. Thrust generation; Boundary layer control; Drag reduction; Propulsion; 043-10353-550-00. Thrust, time dependent; Turbulent inflow effect; Propeller thrust; 124-08919-550-22. Tidal circulation; Currents, tidal; Harbors; Southeast Harbor, Seattle; 167-10194-470-75. Tidal circulation; Flushing; Harbor geometry; 167-10186-470- 00. Tidal flushing; Boat basin; Harbor; Mixing; 167-10183-470-13. Tidal flushing; Water quality; Chesapeake Bay area; Coastal basins; Mathematical models; 159-09891-400-36. Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; Puget Sound; 167-10182-410-00. Tidal motion; Estuaries; River model; St. Lawrence River; 411- 06602-400-90. Tidal power; Air compressor, hydraulic; 007-09934-630-00. Tidal prism model; Estuaries; Mathematical model; Pagan River, Virginia; Pollutant distribution; 161-09880-400-60. Tidal structures; Hurricane protection structures; Hurricane surge model; 314-09684-350-13. Tide propagation; Estuaries; Mathematical model; River flow; St. Lawrence River; 4 1 1 -06603 -400-90 . Tide sensors; Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sen- sors; Data acquisition; 1 17-08914-450-44. Tile effluent; Water quality; Drainage; 063 -0265 W-840-07. Tillage; Crop practices; Erosion; Residue; Soil erosion; 303- 0360W-830-00. Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Over- land flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; 300-04275-830-00. Tillage practice; Nutrient movement; Pesticides; Sediment transport; 063-0264W-870-33. Tilth control; Watershed management; Claypan; Runoff con- trol; Soil erosion control; 300-0 189W-8 10-00. Timber access roads; Erosion; Numerical model; Runoff; Sedi- ment transport; Soil loss; 030-10340-220-06. Timber cutting; Water quality; Watersheds, forest; Forest management; 304-08436-810-00. Tomales Bay; Waves; Boat accidents; 019-08781-520-60. Tone phenomenon; Edgetones; Free shear layer; 048-10206- 160-20. Tornado simulation; Numerical model; 062-09792-480-54. Tornado winds; Wind loads; Building aerodynamics; 070- 09014-640-54. Torus, flow in; Pipe flow, coiled; Oscillating torus; 064-09020- 000-00. Towed cable dynamics; Finite element method; 152-10590-590- 00. Towed vehicle dynamics; 076-06682-540-14. 350 Towing; Bends; Channel width; Navigation channels; 314- 10743-330-00. Trace metal flow; Aquifer hydrology; Groundwater flow; 131- 09839-820-54. Trace -metal-phytoplankton interaction; 07 5-08760-870-44 . Tracer injection; Waste disposal; Dispersion; Groundwater movement; 323-10701-820-00. Tracer method; Evaporation, river; 405- 1 0288-7 1 0-00. Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollution; 005-09779-870-36. Tractive forces; Drainage ditches; Erosion; Highway drainage; 018-09786-220-60. Training of engineers; Groundwater pollution; 075-08741-820- 88. Transients; Air, entrained; Pipe flow; Pressure transients; 044- 08814-210-54. Transients; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, suction and blowing; Boundary layer, unsteady; Porous plates; 097- 09833-010-00. Transients; Fluid power systems; Noise; Pumps, displacement; 057-07353-630-70. Transients; Liquid-metal flow; MHD flow; 057-08034-1 10-54. Transients; Mathematical model; Pumped storage development; Raccoon Mountain project; 341-09460-340-00. Transients; Pressure surge; Pump failure; Specific speed; 404- 10226-630-00. Transients; Surges; Surge tanks; 404-10227-340-90. Transients; Turbine governing; Water hammer effect; 404- 10225-630-90. Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; Pump-tur- bines; 124-10045-630-31. Transients; Water hammer; Air chambers; Pipe flow; 404- 10228-210-90. Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped- storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; 341- 07080-340-00. Transients; Waterhammer; Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; 085-08853-210-54. Transients; Waterhamrner; Pipe bends; Pipes, helical; 057- 09036-210-52. Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer pro- grams; Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; 040-09846-210- 00. Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm; 149-10603-390-75. Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; Pipe flow; Sub- marine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; 040-09846-2 10- 00. Transients with gas release; Hydraulic transients; Pipe flow transients; 079-08777-210-54. Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction; 134-09908-010-18. Transition; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; 332- 08524-250-00. Transition; Wakes, axisymmetric; Stability; 128-10414-050-54. Transition, turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; Boun- dary layer, turbulent; 057-07351-010-00. Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; Laminar-tur- bulent transition; Pipe flow; 1 15-07551-010-54. Transonic; Propulsion; Nozzle flow; 1 63-09 1 84-550-70. Transport models; Computer models; Power plant impact; 1 12- 10049-870-55. Transport processes; Alluvial channels; Sediment transport; 323-03691V-220-00. Transport processes; Great Salt Lake; Lakes, stratified; 157- 10147-440-33. Transport processes; Turbulent flow; 323-0372W-090-00. Transport water contamination; Water treatment; Coal pipeline; Pipeline transport; Slurry flow; 096-10616-370-36. Trash racks; Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; 302-7002-390-00. Trash racks; Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; In- take structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal \ 179-10435 -340- 73 . Trashracks; Water resource projects; Ice effects; Intakes; 322- 09384-390-00. Tree planting; Erosion control; Road fills; 304-09323-830-00. Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; 155-09922-810-07. Trophic level; Water quality; Algal assay; Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; 028-09975-860-00. Trophic level; Water quality; Lake models; Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; 028-09976-860-00. Tsunamis; Acoustic harbor model; Harbor model, acoustic; Harbor oscillations; Harbor paradox; Harbor resonance theory; 104-08171-470-00. Tsunamis; Wave dispersion; Waves, solitary; Numerical models; 153-09914-420-54. Tsunamis; Wave scattering; Waves, topography effects; Wave theory; 104-10023-420-00. Tsunamis; Waves, impulsive generation; 019-06224-420-1 1 . Tsunamis response spectra; Hawaiian Islands; Numerical model; 153-09915-420-44. Tube bundles; Vibrations, flow-induced; Heat exchangers; Sub- merged bodies; 116-10572-030-82. Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Stenoses; 064- 07392-270-40. Tubes; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow, turbulent; 069-10462-210-54. Tubes, curved; Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; Stability; 048-10208- 210-54. Tunnel; Cooling water tunnel; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 413-10329-340-00. Tunnel muck; Hydraulic transport; Muck pipeline; Slurry pipeline; 029-10280-260-47. Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; 029-10281-260-47. Tunnels; Diversion tunnel; Gull Island project; Hydraulic model; 400-10493-350-75. Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; 149-10603-390-75. Turbidity; Disposal operations; Dredging; Plumes; 106-10058- 870-10. Turbidity current; Delta formation; Reservoir sedimentation; Stratified flow; 068-10568-860-54. Turbidity current; Plumes; Stratified flow; 068-10569-060-00. Turbidity measurement; Construction site turbidity control; 322-09390-220-00. Turbine flowmeters; Flowmeter calibration; 3 26- 1 0706-700-00 . Turbine governing; Water hammer effect; Transients; 404- 10225-630-90. Turbine manifold; Hydraulic model; 420-10548-340-75. Turbine meters; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibra- tion facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; 089-10141-720-44. Turbines; Pumps, centrifugal; Rotating variable-area duct flow; 057-09038-000-54. Turbines; Wind turbine rotors; Energy; 073-09998-630-52. Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines; Transients; 124-10045-630-31. Turbines, multiple-disk; Two-phase flow; Disks, co-rotating; Steam flow; 007-09933-630-88. Turbomachinery; Laminar flow, rotating; Rotating disks; 007- 07141-000-00. Turbomachinery, axial flow; Wakes; 065-10784-630-26. Turbomachinery compendium; Turbopump design; 326-07040- 630-00. Turbopump design; Turbomachinery compendium; 326-07040- 630-00. 351 254-330 0-78-24 Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; 331-09450-250-20. Turbulence; Diffusion; Salinity diffusivity; Thermal diffusivity; 332-07063-020-00. Turbulence; Drag reduction; Pipe flow; Polymers; 302-10628- 250-00. Turbulence; Finite difference method; Jets, buoyant; Plumes; 065-10785-050-54. Turbulence; Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; 416-06950-050-00. Turbulence; Lake Tahoe field studies; Mixed layer; Tempera- ture micro-structure; Thermocline; 02 1 -09788-440-54. Turbulence; Mixing; Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; 115-09835-130-00. Turbulence; Mixing; 115-07552-020-54. Turbulence; Open channel flow; 323-0368W-200-00. Turbulence; Statistical turbulence; 141-08266-020-52. Turbulence; Stratified fluids; 181-09268-060-00. Turbulence; Stratified shear layer; 143-09177-020-54. Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Geis-liquid inter- face; 131-08243-130-00. Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; 133-10087-1 10-54. Turbulence; Urban winds; Wind structure; 417-07904-480-00. Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; Sediment effects; 414-10520-200-90. Turbulence; Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer transition; Boun- dary layer, turbulent; 143-09178-010-26. Turbulence; Wave growth; Waves, wind; Air-water interface; Energy transfer; 148-10406-420-14. Turbulence amplifier; Fluidics; 422-09637-600-90. Turbulence, buoyancy-driven; Wave decay; 175-10028-420-44. Turbulence effect; Boundary layer transition; Stability; Surface cooling effect; 316-10799-010-18. Turbulence effects; Bluff bodies in shear flow; Submerged bodies; 109-08897-030-54. Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Cur- rent meters; 316-08652-700-00. Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic mea- surements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; 316-10796- 700-00. Turbulence effects; Vibrations; Angular bodies; Drag; Sub- merged bodies; 166-09200-030-54. Turbulence, free stream; Contraction effects; 048-10197-020- 20. Turbulence, grid; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence struc- ture; J/6-0973/-020-52. Turbulence interaction; Wave interactions; 048-10209-420-54. Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boun- dary layer, turbulent; Jets; 417-07903-020-00. Turbulence measurement; Hydraulic jump; 417-06817-360-00. Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detec- tion; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; 334-09437-010-00. Turbulence measurement; Ultrasonic velocimeter; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Flow measurement; 168-10072-700-40. Turbulence measurement; Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; 093-06405-250-00. Turbulence measurements; Bed armoring; Open channel turbu- lence; Sediment transport, bed load; 044-07300-220-00. Turbulence measurements; Couette flow; Rotating flow; 4/4- 10519-000-90. Turbulence measurements; Drag reduction; Laser-Doppler anemometer; 1 16-08940-700-00. Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; 317-10793-750-00. Turbulence measurements; Eddy diffusivity; Lakes, stratified; 035-09943-440-80. Turbulence measurements; Turbulence models; 109-08891-020- 54. Turbulence measurements; Turbulent flow; Channel flow; Channels, asymmetric; 409-10783-020-00. Turbulence model; Annular flow; Finite difference method; Heat transfer; 065-10787-020-54. Turbulence model; Buoyancy driven flow; Cavities; Convection; Heat transfer; Stratified flow; 013-08704-060-54. Turbulence model; Dynamic volume meeisurements; Flowme- ters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; 317- 10789-750-00. Turbulence modeling; Turbulence theory; 057-10275-020-00. Turbulence models; Numerical models; 109-10121-020-54. Turbulence models; Turbulence measurements; 109-08891-020- 54. Turbulence models; Turbulence theory; Turbulent energy equa- tion; 131-08242-020-00. Turbulence models; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Geis- liquid interface; Mass transfer; 131-08244-130-00. Turbulence, near-wall; Drag reduction; Flow visualization; Polymer additives; 116-08939-250-54. Turbulence, near-wall; Turbulent flow, three-dimensional; 163- 09185-000-54. Turbulence, statistical theory; Convection; Stratified flow; 057- 09041-020-54. Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; Drag; Submerged bodies; 334-09442-030-00. Turbulence structure; Acoustic excitation; Jets, turbulent; 048- 10203-050-50. Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; 302-09292-200-00. Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; Current meter; Geophysical boundary layer; 332-09418-010-22. Turbulence structure; Couette flow; 417-10502-000-90. Turbulence structure; Diffusion; Lagrangian statistics; 181- 09267-020-00. Turbulence structure; Helical flow; Pipe, corrugated; 149- 08996-210-54. Turbulence structure; Jet initial conditions; Jets, turbulent; 048- 10199-050-54. Turbulence structure; Jets, plane; Jets, turbulent; 048-10202- 050-54. Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; Mercury; Pipe flow; 133- 10091-110-54. Turbulence structure; Turbulent mixing layer; 143-09183-020- 20. Turbulence structure; Turbulence, grid; Boundary layer, turbu- lent; i/6-097i/-020-52. Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbu- lent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measure- ment; 334-09437-010-00. Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; M3 -09 179-0 10-54. Turbulence structure; Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; 143-09181-010-14. Turbulence structure; Waves; Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; 148-10407-010-54. Turbulence structure; Wind engineering; Boundary layer, at- mospheric; Diffusion; 139-10559-020-54. Turbulence theory; Turbulence modeling; 057-10275-020-00. Turbulence theory; Turbulent energy equation; Turbulence models; 131-08242-020-00. Turbulence theory; 088-07489-020-54. Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Pipe flow; 024-10111-020-00. Turbulent diffusion; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Langevin model; Stratified flow; 139-08259-020-54. Turbulent energy equation; Turbulence models; Turbulence theory; 131-08242-020-00. 352 I Turbulent flow; Airfoils; Numerical models; Submerged bodies; 089-10136-030-26. Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; 003-09777-140-00. Turbulent flow; Channel flow; Channels, asymmetric; Turbu- lence measurements; 409-10783-020-00. Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Corner flows; Laminar flow; 101-09893-740-50. Turbulent flow; Finite difference method; Laminar flow; Separated flow; 065-10786-000-54. Turbulent flow; Reynolds stresses; Strain fields; 422-09638-02. Turbulent flow; Transport processes; 323-0372 lV-090-00. Turbulent flow; Wakes; Mixing layers; 417-09598-020-90. Turbulent flow, three-dimensional; Turbulence, near-wall; 163- 09185-000-54. Turbulent free convection; Convection; 057-09042-020-54 . Turbulent free shear flow; Wakes; Diffusion; 417-09597-020- 87. Turbulent gas flow; Geis-liquid interface; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 148-10413-140-54. Turbulent inflow effect; Fan rotor, ducted; Noise; 124-08920- 160-21. Turbulent inflow effect; Propeller thrust; Thrust, time depen- dent; 124-08919-550-22. Turbulent mixing; Diffusion, molecular; Gases; Mixing; 081- 08990-020-22. Turbulent mixing layer; Turbulence structure; 143-09183-020- 20. Turbulent shear flow; Dispersion; 421-07996-020-90. Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; 417-07903-020-00. Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 414-10516-130-90. Turners Falls dam; Fish ladder; Hydraulic model; 179-10422- 350-73. Turnouts; Canal automation; Gates; 322-07030-320-00. TV A; Water resources management methods; 339-08575-800- 00. TVA reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation measurements; Sedi- mentation; 338-00785-350-00. Two-phase flow; Aerosol filtration; 048-10217-290-54. Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; Slug flow, vertically downward; 044-09954-130-00. Two-phase flow; Blockage; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 414-10515-370-90. Two-phase flow; Boiling; Liquid metals; Numerical model; Reactors; 133-10088-130-55. Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 414-10517-370-90. Two-phase flow; Compressible flow; Disks, co-rotating; Rotat- ing flows; 007-09937-000-00. Two-phase flow; Compressor, hydraulic; Gas-liquid flow; 007- 08698-630-00. Two-phase flow; Countercurrent flow flooding; Scale effects; 036-09790-130-55. Two-phase flow; Disks, co-rotating; Steam flow; Turbines, mul- tiple-disk; 007-09933-630-88. Two-phase flow; Drag reduction; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; 093-07501-130-84. Two-phase flow; Droplet deposition; Film flow; Gas-liquid flow; 048-10213-130-54. Two-phase flow; Droplets; Steam; 086-08779-130-54. Two-phase flow; Film flow; Flow reversal; Gas-liquid flow; 048- 10211-130-55. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Heat transfer; Slug flow; 048- 10212-130-88. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Turbu- lence; 131-08243-130-00. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Gas-liquid interface; Mass transfer; Turbulence models; 131-08244-130-00. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow regimes; 048-10210-130-52. Two-phase flow; Gas-solid flow; Particle centrifugal separation; 077-10574-130-52. Two-phase flow; Geothermal wells; 048-10214-130-52. Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Mag- netohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; 133-10087-1 10-54. Two-phase flow; Lunar ash flow; Solid-gas flow; 074-08072- 130-50. Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; 149-10603-390-75. Two-phase flow; Nuclear reactor safety; 036-09791 -1 30-55 . Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension; 414-10516-130-90. Two-phase flow; Pressure fluctuations; 4 17-10506-130-90. Two-phase flow; Pump, wobble plate; Solid-liquid flow; 124- 08922-630-22. Two-phase flow; Rheology; Suspensions; Solid-liquid flow; 013- 08703-120-54. Two-phase flow; Vaporization; Water reactor safety; 012- 10179-660-55. Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-Newtonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; 013-08702-120- 54. Two-phase flow; Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; Solid-liquid flow; 131-07592-130-00. Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measure- ment; Air-water flow; Slug formation; 038-07979-130-00. Two-phase flow models; 036-09789-130-73. Ultrasonic velocimeter; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Flow measurement; Turbulence measurement; 168-10072-700-40. Umatilla River; Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; Runoff; 166-10134-300-88. Undersea pipe; Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; Rubble; 085- 09994-420-00. Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; 33 1-072 1 9- 550-22. Undersea vehicle, cavitating; Stability; Submerged bodies; 042- 10560-510-00. Underwater propulsion; Ejectors; Jets; Propulsion; Thrust aug- mentation; 043-10352-550-22. Universal Venturi tube; Venturi meter; Flowmeters; Mathemati- cal model validation; J/ 7-/0790-700-2 7. Unsteady flow; Blood flow; Pipe flow; Pulsatile flow; 06/- 10390-000-00. Unsteady flow; Compressible recoil mechanism; Shock-absorb- ing system; 061-10383-290-14. Unsteady flow; Couette flow; Periodic flow; Stability; 076- 10469-000-00. Unsteady flow; Filtration; 027-10083-290-00. Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; Pulsating flow; 410-10313-210-88. Unsteady flow; Pipe flow; Stability; Tubes, curved; 048-10208- 210-54. Unsteady flow; Pipe flow, turbulent; Tubes; 069-10462-210-54. Unsteady flow; Porous medium flow, unsteady; 027-06462-070- 00. Unsteady flow; Sewer hydraulics; Sewers, storm; 056-10107- 870-00. Unsteady pipe flow; Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer additives; 044- 06695-250-61. Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undu- lar; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; 322-10678-320- 00. Uranium, solution mining; Computer models; Mass transport; 112-10439-390-55. Urban drainage; Computer model; Drainage system; Floodplain management; Runoff storage; 155-09918-870-33. 353 Urban drainage; Drainage; Numerical model; Runoff, urban; 414-10526-810-90. Urban drainage; Drainage; Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; 075-09821-810-00. Urban drainage; Hydrograph routing; Sewers, storm; Storm sewer optimum design; 1 67- 1 1 92 -870-00. Urban drainage; Mathematical models; Runoff, urban; 405- 09 5 U -8 10-00. Urban growth; Groundwater recharge zones; San Antonio, Texas; 154-0409W-820-33. Urban hydrology; Drainage; Hydrologic model; Runoff, urban; 056-10096-810-00. Urban hydrology; Hydrographs; Runoff determination; 002- 041 5 W-8 10-00. Urban runoff; Watersheds, urban; Porous pavements; Runoff detention; 167-10190-870-33. Urban runoff model; Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Sewer system management; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; 011-08797-870-36. Urban runoff model; Runoff, urban; Storm water management; 027-07229-870-36. Urban storm runoff; Runoff, urban; Storm runoff determination methods; 056-08710-810-36. Urban stormwater model; Pollution, non-point; Runoff, urban; Stormwater pollutants; 076-10470-870-60. Urban water resources; Water resources management models; 051-0381W-800-00. Urban winds; Wind structure; Turbulence; 417-07904-480-00. Urbanization; Watershed study; Hydrologic data; Ralston Creek watershed; 061-00066-810-05. Urbanization effects; Drainage; Runoff; Storm drainage; 404- 10229-810-96. Urbanization effects; Hydrology; Runoff; 030-10336-810-33. Urbanization effects; Hydrologic models; Ralston Creek watershed; Runoff; 061-10368-810-33. Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Streamflow; 418-10620-810-90. Ureter valve flutter; Biomedical flows; Korotkoff sound produc- tion; 136-09653-270-00. Usteady flow; Flood routing; Mathematical models; River flow; 321-10671-300-00. Utah ; Economics; Groundwater management alternatives; 157- 10160-820-60. Utah; Groundwater management alternatives; 1 57-0422 W-820- 00. Utah; Water allocations; Energy resource development; 157- 0429W-860-00. Utah; Water use map; 157-10165-860-60. Utah hailstorms; Cloud seeding; Hail suppression; 157-101 54- 480-60. Utah lakes; Water quality; Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; Lakes; 157-10142-870-60. Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation ef- fects; Hydrology; 157-10159-860-60. Valve slamming; Valves, check; 419-09607-210-00. Valve tests; Butterfly valve; 157-10151-210-70. Valves; Ventilation; Cavitation; Lock culverts; 3 14-10747-330- 00. Valves, check; Valve slamming; 419-09607-210-00. Valves, hollow cone; Hydraulic model; 408-10272-210-73. Valves, Howell-Bunger; 420-10536-210-75. Valves, multijet sleeve; Water supply lines; 322-09385-210-00. Vapor blanket collapse; Explosion propagation; Reactor safety; 133-10089-340-55. Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; 086-06147-230-54. Vapor explosions; Explosions; 1 46-09302-190-50. Vaporization; Water reactor safety; Two-phase flow; 012- 10179-660-55. Vardar-Axios river; River basin model; 075-09816-800-75. Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; 310-06973-810-00. Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Ero- sion control; Piedmont; Runoff; 310-06974-810-00. Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; 162-09906-200-00. Vegetation; Water quality; Agricultural practices; Nutrients; 300-0344W-860-00. Vegetation effect; Water temperature; Wind effects; At- mospheric effects; Stream temperature; Thermal loads; 123- 09836-860-33. Vegetation effects; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; 302-09298- 830-00. Vegetation effects; Southwest rangelands; Climatic effects; Hydrologic analysis; Rangeland hydrology; Soil effects; 303- 0227 W-8 1 0-00. Velocity distribution; Alluvial channels; Erosion; Mathematical model; Open channel flow; 302-10629-200-00. Velocity distribution; Missouri River; Sediment transport; 094- 08862-220-13. Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; Sediment effects; Turbulence; 414-10520-200-90. Velocity distribution; Wave-current interaction; Currents; 075- 09798-420-44. Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; Mississippi River; 094-10013-700-13. Velocity measurement; Laser velocimetry; Magneto- hydrodynamic flow; 052-09863-110-54. Velocity measurement; Laser-Doppler velocimeters; 057- 09043-700-54. Velocity measurement; Laser-Doppler velocimeters, scattering theory; 057-09045-700-54. Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Calibration facility im- provements; Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; 089-10141-720-44. Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Current meters; Turbu- lence effects; 316-08652-700-00. Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; Anemometers; Mine safety; 317-10797-700-34. Velocity meaisurement, two-dimensional ; Laser-Doppler velocimeters; 057-09044-700-54. Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; 316- 10796-700-00. Velocity measurements; Boundary layer, oscillating; Boundary layer, transitional; Oscillatory flow; 061-10389-010-00. Velocity measurements under waves; Wave orbital velocity measurements; 046-08121-420-60. Velocity profile.Ch^zy coefficient; Open channel flow; Stratifi- cation effect; 158-09901-200-00. Velocity profile calculation; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 331-09445-250-00. Velocity-area method; Ducts, rectangular; Flow measurement; Asymmetric; 179-1043 7-710-00. Ventilation; Anemometers; Mine safety; Velocity measurement, Xo^n; 317-10797-700-34. Ventilation; Cavitation; Lock culverts; Valves; 3 14-10747-330- 00. Ventilation model tests; Bulk carriers; Tanker safety; 146- 10358-520-45. Venturi meter; Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; 317-10790-700-27. Vermilion River reservoir; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 054-09913-350-60. Vibrations; Angular bodies; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbu- lence effects; 166-09200-030-54. Vibrations; Computer program; Pump-jet propulsion; 151- 10037-630-21. Vibrations; Pipe vibrations; 410-10307-210-90. 354 Vibrations; Pipelines; Thermal wells; 030-10335-370-70. Vibrations; Wave forces; Numerical methods; Ocean structures; Structure response; 044-06699-430-00. Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylin- ders; Submerged bodies; 417-07461-240-00. Vibrations, flow induced; Cables, undersea; 332-09419-030-22. Vibrations, flow induced; Drop inlets; Inlets; 149-10592-350- 05. Vibrations, flow-induced; Bellows; Space shuttle; 146-10357- 540-50. Vibrations, flow-induced; Heat exchangers; Submerged bodies; Tube bundles; 116-10572-030-82. Vibrations, flow-induced; Nuclear fuel rods; 136-09655-030-00. Vibrations, flow-induced; Reactors, light water; 041-09985-660- 52. Vibrations, flow-induced; Vortex streets; Cylinders, elastically mounted; 179-10438-240-00. Vibrations, flow-induced, virtual mass; Cylinder; Submerged bodies; 076-10467-030-70. Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program; Hull forces; Ship hulls; 151-10038-520-45. Vibrations, viscosity effect; Spherical shell; Submerged bodies; 152-09056-030-00. Virginia; Water quality models; Estuaries; Mathematical models; 161-09165^00-60. Virginia Beach; Current meter data; Currents; Sewage outfall; 161-09887-870-68. Virus detection; Virus removal; Water quality; 157-10172-870- 33. Virus removal; Water quality; Virus detection; 157-10172-870- 33. Viscoelastic additives; Jet coherence; Jet cutting; Jets, high pressure liquid; 093-08861-050-15. Viscoelastic boundary; Compliant wall; Gelatin; 027-07936- 250-00. Viscoelastic flow; Drag reduction; Oil-water mixture; Solid- liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 131-07592-130-00. Viscoelastic fluid; Bubbles; Drops; Gas-liquid flow; Non-New- tonian flow; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 013-08702- 120-54. Viscoelastic fluids; Bubble dynamics; Non-Newtonian fluids; Surface tension; 076-08776-120-54. Viscoelastic fluids; Drag reduction; Hot-film anemometer; Polymer additives; Turbulence measurement; 093-06405-250- 00. Viscoelastic fluids; Lubrication flows; 076-08773-620-70. Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian flow; Polymer flow processes; 076-08774-120-00. Viscoelastic fluids; Non-Newtonian fluids; Stagnation flow; 164- 10015-120-00. Viscometry; Non-Newtonian fluids; Rheology; 088-08859-120- 14. Viscosity; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 093-06408-120- 00. Viscosity; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring instruments; 093-07502-1 20-00. Viscosity effect; Water storage; Aquifers, saline; 072-08693- 820-61. Viscosity effects; Laminar flow; Stability; Temperature effects; 126-09837-000-00. Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; 421-07995-030-90. Viscous flow; Wedges; Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; 057-05778-030-00. Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer; Laminar sublayer; 119- 08221-010-00. Viscous sublayer; Boundary layer transition; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence; 143-09178-010-26. Volcaniclastics; Guatemala; Sediment transport, volcanic debris; Streamflow; 091-10062-220-54. Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; Data acquisition; Longshore currents; 312-09762-410-00. Vortex augmentor; Wind energy conversion; 101-09894-630- 52. Vortex breakdown; Draft tube surges; 322-06321-340-00. Vortex flow; Cavitation; Noise; 124-08235-230-21. Vortex formation; Pump sumps; Sump design; 404-10235-630- 00. Vortex pairing; Jet structure; Jets with controlled excitation; 048-10204-050-20. Vortex ring dynamics; 143-09182-000-54. Vortex shedding; Wakes; Cylinders; Free-stream perturbations; 048-10198-030-20. Vortex streets; Cylinders, elastically mounted; Vibrations, flow- induced; 179-10438-240-00. Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; Reactor sump; / 79- 10436-340-75. Vortex suppression; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; 322- 10672-210-00. Vortex visualization; Hydraulic model; Pumping plant forebay; Tensas-Cocodrie plant; 075-09805-350-75. Vortices; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Perry station; Power plant, nuclear; 179-10430-340-75. Vortices; Fairfield project; Hydraulic model; Intake structure; Mixing; Pumped storage project; Selective withdrawal; Trash racks; 179-10435-340-73. Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump wells; 408-10247-340-73. Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Pump sump; 408-10248-340-73. Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intakes; James Bay project; 408- 10263-350-73. Vortices; Intakes; Power plant; Pump sumps; 408-10273-340- 73. Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; 341- 10735-340-00. Vortices, trailing; Aircraft vortices; 062-09794-540-50. Vorticity measurement; Flow measurement; Hot-wire probes; 081-10610-700-50. Vorticity wave; Jets, turbulent; Jets with controlled excitation; 048-10200-050-54. Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; 334-09437-010-00. Wake effects; Propeller loads, unsteady; Propellers, marine; 151-10036-550-21. Wakes; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer, turbulent; Near wake; Separated flow; Submerged bodies; 139-07621-030-26. Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermitten- cy; Turbulent shear flows; 417-07903-020-00. Wakes; Boundary layer-wake interaction; Cylinders; 163- 08363-030-00. Wakes; Building aerodynamics; 007-09935-640-50. Wakes; Cylinders; Free-stream perturbations; Vortex shedding; 048-10198-030-20. Wakes; Diffusion; Turbulent free shear flow; 417-09597-020- 87. Wakes; Jets; Swirling flow; 001-07917-050-00. Wakes; Mixing layers; Turbulent flow; 417-09598-020-90. Wakes; Pressure distribution; Shear stress; Ship resistance; Ship waves; 334-08542-520-00. Wakes; Turbomachinery, axial flow; 065-10784-630-26. Wakes; Wind tunnel, stratified flow; Stratified flow; 101-09896- 720-60. Wakes; Wings; Lifting surface theory; 073-08070-540-26. Wakes, axisymmetric; Stability; Transition; 128-10414-050-54. 355 Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 143-09179-010-54. Wall bursts; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 143-09181-010-14. Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; 124-08927-030-22. Wall obstacles; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Laminar flow, oscillatory; Oscillatory flow; 057-07355-000-88. Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pressure fluctuations; Reynolds stress; 082-07442-010-20. Wall pressure fluctuations; Flow noise; Noise reduction; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; 331-07221-160-20. Wall protuberances; Boundary layer; 3 1 1-09355-010-00. Wall region visual study; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pipe flow; 115-08216-010-54. Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Soap solutions; 115-07553-250-54. Wallace Dam; Energy dissipator, flip bucket; Spillway capacity; Spillway model; Spillway piers; 044-08010-350-73. Waller Creek watershed; Watershed analysis; Hydrologic analy- sis; Runoff; 156-02162-810-30. Walnut Creek; Broadway conduit model; 314-09725-350-13. Waste disposal; Dispersion; Groundwater movement; Tracer in- jection; 323-10701-820-00. Waste disposal; Jets, submerged; Mathematical model; 056- 10101-050-00. Waste disposal; Water quality; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; San Joaquin Delta; 314-09726-400-13. Waste disposal siting; Groundwater pollution; Pollution; 075- 09812-820-36. W£iste heat; Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; Power plants; 134-09909-870-52. Waste heat management; Energy conservation; Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; 075-09810-870-52. Waste heat use; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Lake Ontario; 413-10326-340-00. Waste stabilization ponds; Nutrient removal analysis; 075- 09808-870-54. Waste treatment; Aeration; Potato wastes; 052-09860-870-60. Waste treatment; Aerator tests; 052-09859-870-82. Wtistes, pulp; Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; 1 1 2-09266-870-36. Wastes, textile; Filtration, cross-flow; Industrial wastes; Sewage treatment; Wastes, pulp; 1 12-09266-870-36. Wastewater; Feedlot runoff management; Runoff; 157-10161- 870-60. Wastewater; Material recovery; 048-10219-870-00. Wastewater collection vacuum system; 329-1 07 1 0-870-22 . Wastewater cooling water feasibility; Cooling ponds; 156- 09065-870-00. Wastewater, industrial; Ecology; Environmental impact; Missis- sippi River; Mixing; 061-08833-870-70. Wastewater reclamation; Water quality; Palo Alto; 148-10410- 860-36. Wastewater spray site; Evapotranspiration; Spray; 079-04 16W- 870-00. Wastewater system design; Water system design; Boom towns; Resorts; 032-10776-870-88. Wastewater treatment; Algae; Filtration; Heavy metal removal; 157-10162-870-60. Wastewater treatment; Algae cell separation; Lagoons; 157- 10157-870-36. Wastewater treatment; Intermittent sand filters; Sand filter scraping disposal; 157-10148-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; Over- land flow; 157-10166-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Lagoons; 314-10757-870-00. Wastewater treatment; Overland flow; 314-10756-870-00. Wastewater treatment; Wastewater, wood preserving; 154- 0387W-870-33. Wastewater, wood preserving; Wastewater treatment; 154- 0387W-870-33. Water allocations; Energy resource development; Utah; 157- 0429W-860-00. Water augmentation; Coal mining; Mine spoil reclamation; 308- 10646-880-00. Water balance; Lake level; Land use; 402-09500-440-90. Water balance; Water cycle; Water yield distribution; 075- 09820-810-00. Water conservation; Soils, northern plains; 300-043 5 W-820-00. Water consumption; Floodwater retarding structures; 302- 0452W-860-00. Water cost; Water management; Water use; Idaho irrigation; Ir- rigation systems; 052-09857-840-33. Water cycle; Water yield distribution; Water balance; 075- 09820-810-00. Water demand; Irrigation economics; Irrigation, Texas; 154- 0389W-840-33. Water density; Circulation; Convection; Equation of state; Heat transfer; 105-10117-140-54. Water depressurization; Nitrogen ebullition; Reactor safety; 326-10705-340-55, Water developments; Water use fees; Financing; 157-09076- 890-33. Water distribution system; Drag reduction; Numerical methods; Pipe networks; Polymer additives; Unsteady pipe flow; 044- 06695-250-61. Water drops; Droplets; Shock wave effects; 139-10128-130-54. Water entry; Cones; Drag; Hydroballistics research; Missiles; Ogives; 335-04867-510-22. Water erosion; Wind; Great Plains; Soil erosion; 300-0346 W- 830-00. Water hammer; Air chambers; Pipe flow; Transients; 404- 10228-210-90. Water hammer effect; Transients; Turbine governing; 404- 10225-630-90. Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Nu- merical model; Precipitation; 319-10670-810-00. Water level; Flood control; Hydraulic model; Richelieu River; 408-10259-300-90. Water level; Lake Ontario level forecasts; 137-09961-440-60. Water level; Lake Winnipeg; Ice conditions; Power plant effect; 408-10249-440-73. Water level; Lakes, terminal; Stochastic model; 157-10176-800- 33. Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; 319-10669-440-00. Water level changes; Beach erosion; Bluff recession; Great Lakes; 312-09742-440-00. Water level sensors; Computer simulation; Irrigation system control; 019-10126-840-31. Water management; Nutrient movement; Soil management; Soil water movement; 300-0433W-820-00. Water management; Water supply systems; Droughts; 157- 10173-860-33. Water management; Water supply, surface; Water use; Agricul- tural water use; 303-0441W-860-00. Water management; Water use; Idaho irrigation; Irrigation systems; Water cost; 052-09857-840-33. Water management models; Computer simulation; 035-09939- 860-33. Water management, regional; Water use; 154-0414W-800-33. Water needs; Coal; Energy resource development, Utah; Mathematical model; Oil shale; Strip mining; 157-10146-800- 33. Water needs; Pacific Northwest flow needs; 166-09197-800-33. Water pollution; Fertilizer; Soil pollution; 301 -0440 W-870-00. Water pollution; Groundwater; Strip mine sites; Surface water; 096-10615-870-36. 356 Water pump; Pump, solar powered; Solar power; 1 57-10168- 630-33. Water quality; Aeration; Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; 341-08570-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural practices; Appalachian region; 300- 0342W-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural practices; Nutrients; Vegetation; 300-0344 W-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; 129-07584-820-61. Water quality; Algal assay; Lake Ozonia; Nutrients; Trophic level; 028-09975-860-00. Water quality; Aluminum concentrations; Fish growth; Lakes; Utah lakes; 157-10142-870-60. Water quality; Benchmark data; Continental shelf; Oceanog- raphy; 161-09877-450-34. Water quality; Capitol Lake, Washington; Lake restoration; Sediment transport; 166-09198-860-60. Water quality; Carcinogens; Oil shale development; 157-10177- 860-33. Water quality; Chesapeake Bay area; Coastal basins; Mathe- matical models; Tidal flushing; 159-09891-400-36. Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydro- graphic survey; Pollution, non-point; 161-09882-400-60. Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Estuary hydrodynamics; Mathematical model; 161-09884-400-00. Water quality; Chloride management; Lake Erie basin; Salt, de- icing; 103-09971-860-33. Water quality; Chlorofluoromethanes; Groundwater; 058- 10562-820-00. Water quality; Chowan River; Mathematical model; Stream- flow; 162-09170-860-33. Water quality; Colorado River upper basin; Salinity level pre- diction; 157-10171-860-33. Water quality; Compute/ model; Hydrology; Lehigh basin; Ru- noff; Storm water management; 068-10567-810-88. Water quality; Continental shelf; Estuaries; Mathematical model; 325-09397-860-00. Water quality; Destratification; Reaeration; Stratified lakes; 314-10753-860-00. Water quality; Dispersion; Groundwater; Porous medium flow; 075-08084-820-36. Water quality; Drainage; Tile effluent; 063 -0265 W-840-07. Water quality; Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; 161-09874-400-60. Water quality; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; 075-08729-400-36. Water quality; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay model; San Joaquin Delta; Waste disposal; 314-09726-400-13. Water quality; Eutrophication; Limnological model; Mathemati- cal model; Reservoir; 01 1 -09999-860-87. Water quality; Fertilizer; Nitrogen; Ponds; Soil erosion; 055- 08024-820-07. Water quality; Flushing; Harbors, small boat; Marinas; 167- 09204-470-60. Water quality; Gas supersaturation; Hydraulic model; Navajo Dam; Outlet works; 322-10682-350-00. Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Nitrogen cycling; 157-10143- 860-33. Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; 157-10170-860-33. Water quality; Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; 174-09872-820-36. Water quality; Groundwater resources; Strip mining effects; 075-09813-870-54. Water quality; Hampton Roads; Pollution, non-point; Runoff; Stormwater sampling; 159-09890-870-36. Water quality; Harbors; Marina hydraulics; 167-10184-860-60. Water quality; Hydraulic models; Mathematical models; Reser- voir hydrodynamics; 314-10752-860-00. Water quality; Ice effects; River ice; 419-09608-860-00. Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; 304-09326-810-00. Water quality; Lake models; Lake Ozonia; Phosphorus budget; Trophic level; 028-09976-860-00. Water quality; Mathematical model; Reservoir management, river water quality; 019-10124-860-61. Water quality; Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; 075-09826-870-54. Water quality; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 3 14-10754- 860-00. Water quality; Monitoring cost effectiveness; Stream monitor- ing; 076-043 2 W-870-00. Water quality; Monroe Reservoir, Indiana; Nutrients; Reservoir circulation; Sedimentation; 058-10563-860-00. Water quality; Numerical model; Oxygen depletion; Strip mine spoil dam; Sulfate production; 162-09905-870-00. Water quality; Palo Alto; Wastewater reclamation; 148-10410- 860-36. Water quality; Phytoplankton cell division; 075-09827-870-00. Water quality; Virus detection; Virus removal; 157-10172-870- 33. Water quality; Water temperature; Lake stratification; Mathe- matical models; Reservoir stratification; 075-05544-440-00. Water quality; Water yield; Appalachian-Piedmont area; 309- 0247W-810-00. Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; 306-04757-810-00. Water quality; Watershed planning model; Land use planning; Mathematical model; Runoff; 162-09907-870-00. Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; 157-10159-860-60. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; 301-09276-810- 00. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; 302-09287-860-00. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Fertilizers; Mathemati- cal model; 302-10642-870-00. Water quality; Watersheds, forest; Forest management; Timber cutting; 304-08436-810-00. Water quality; Watersheds, mined; Hydrology; Mining, surface; 300-0436W-8 10-00. Water quality; York River estuary; Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; 159-09892-400-36. Water quality data; Ashtabula river; Pollution; 025-09899-870- 36. Water quality. East Texas; Recreational water use; 1 54-04 13 W- 860-33. Water quality improvement methods; Irrigation return flows; 052-09853-840-36. Water quality inventory; Chesapeake Bay; 161-09163-860-88. Water quality management; Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; 157-10150-810-60. Water quality management model; Computer model; Great Salt Lake; 157-10144-860-33. Water quality models; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Vir- ginia; 161-09165-400-60. Water quality models; Numerical models; 323-04S9W-860-00. Water quality models; Watershed hydrology; Computer models; Hydrologic models; 051-09912-810-36. Water quality monitoring; Ecosystem resilience; Mathematical model role; 045-10114-860-30. Water quality monitoring; Monitoring system design; River net- works; 075-09829-860-88. Water reactor; Blowdown; Heat transfer; 1 12-10022-340-55. Water reactor safety; Two-phase flow; Vaporization; 012- 10179-660-55. 357 Water resource development impact; Brazos River, Texas; Ero- sion, coastal; 1 54-0405 W-4 1 0-33. Water resource management; Mathematical model role; 045- 10113-800-33. Water resource management. West Texas; 1 54-0385 W-800-33 . Water resource models; Computer program availability; 149- 0285 W-800-33. Water resource models; Regional plan formulation; 075-09815- 800-33. Water resource optimization; Aquifer model; Conveyance systems; Dispersion, open channel; Mathematical model; 030- 07247-800-00. Water resource planning; Bayesian methodology; Hydrologic analysis; 075-08749-800-54. Water resource planning; Public preference; 1 57-0426W-800- 00. Water resource priority analysis; Southern plains; 1 54-0406W- 800-33. Water resource project analysis; Multiobjective theory; 075- 08753-800-33. Water resource projects; Ice effects; Intakes; Trashracks; 322- 09384-390-00. Water resource survey; Indian reservation; 166-09199-800-88. Water resource system management; Hydroelectric power in- tegration; 155-09921-800-33. Water resource system optimization; Water resources, urban; 056-10097-800-33. Water resource system optimization; Computer programs; 060- 9993-800-00. Water resource system optimization; Computer models; 157- 10175-800-33. Water resources; Energy development options; Salinity; 157- 0424W-800-00. Water resources development, Texas; Environmental evalua- tion; 152-10585-800-33. Water resources. East Texas; Groundwater quality; Lignite min- ing; Strip mining; 152-10584-810-33. Water resources management methods; TV A; 339-08575-800- 00. Water resources management models; Urban water resources; 051-0381W-800-00. Water resources planning; Computer simulation; 035-09938- 800-33. Water resources planning methods; 056-0803 1 -800-33 . Water resources research program; Southern plains; 154- 0400W-800-33. Water resources, Texas; Lignite development impact; 154- 0396W-810-33. Water resources, urban; Water resource system optimization; 056-10097-800-33. Water rights administration; Discharge permit programs; 157- 0430W-870-00. Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Sediment routing; 302-10631-810-00. Water storage; Aquifer dip; Aquifers, saline; Groundwater; 072- 09929-820-61. Water storage; Aquifers, saline; Viscosity effect; 072-08693- 820-61. Water supply; Farm water supply; 303-0236W-860-00. Water supply; Ice effects; Intake; Montreal; 408-10267-860-65. Water supply conservation; Soil water; 303-0234 W-820-00. Water supply deficits; Reservoir, single; 167-10191-860-00. Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; 102-09947-820- 80. Water supply lines; Valves, multijet sleeve; 322-09385-210-00. Water supply, surface; Water use; Agricultural water use; Water management; 303-044 lW-860-00. Water supply system; Alaska water systems; P.T. orifices; 313- 10667-210-13. Water supply system design; Rural domestic water supply; 157- 0428W-860-00. Water supply systems; Droughts; Water management; 157- 10173-860-33. Water system design; Boom towns; Resorts; Wastewater system design; 032-10776-870-88. Water temperature; Black Dog Lake, Minnesota; Cooling pond, heat transfer; Numerical model; Power plant; 149-10606- 870-73. Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; 319-10668-440-00. Water temperature; Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; Remote sensing; 102-09948-870-60. Water temperature; Lake stratification; Mathematical models; Reservoir stratification; Water quality; 075-05544-440-00. Water temperature; Monticello field channels; Numerical model; Open channel flow; 149-10604-860-36. Water temperature; Reservoir temperature measurements; Stream temperature; 338-00769-860-00. Water temperature; Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; Thermal loads; Vegetation effect; 123-09836- 860-33. Water temperature forecasts; Cooling water discharge; Power plants; Salem Harbor plant; Thermal effluents; 075-09828- 870-73. Water temperatures; Cooling water discharge; Mathematical models; Power plants; Thermal effluent; 112-10048-870-55. Water transfers, Utah; Economic effects; Oil shale develop- ment; 157-10145-800-33. Water transmission losses; Floodwater retarding reservoirs; Ir- rigation; 302-10639-860-00. Water treatment; Ammonia control; Fish hatchery; 052-09861- 870-10. Water treatment; Aquifers, Gulf Coast; Diffusion; Groundwater; Porous media flow; 072-09928-820-61. Water treatment; Coal pipeline; Pipehne transport; Slurry flow; Transport water contamination; 096- 1 06 1 6-370-36. Water treatment; Denitrification system design; 154-0391 W- 870-33. Water treatment; Sludge thickening; 076-10472-860-36. Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Sub- merged bodies; Wall interference; 124-08927-030-22. Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; 089-10140-720-44. Water tunnel; Calibration facility improvements; Current meter calibration; Flow visualization; Turbine meters; Velocity mea- surement; 089-10141-720-44. Water tunnel; Current meters; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; 316-08652-700-00. Water tunnel, oscillatory; Wave motion; 3 16-10779-410-1 1 . Water use; Agricultural water use; Irrigation water use; 303- 0235 W-840-00. Water use; Agricultural water use; Water management; Water supply, surface; 303-0441W-860-00. Water use; Conjunctive management; Groundwater manage- ment; Surface water; 167-10187-800-60. Water use; Idaho irrigation; Irrigation systems; Water cost; Water management; 052-09857-840-33. Water use; Northern plains; Plant growth; 303-0353W-860-00. Water use; Water management, regional; 1 54-04 1 4W-800-33 . Water use alternatives; Flow regulation; Pumped storage sites; Snake River; 052-09862-860-33. Water use changes; Constraining elements; 157-10156-860-60. Water use efficiency; Infiltration control; Infiltrometers; 303- 10627-810-00. Water use efficiency; Irrigation systems; 303-0352W-840-00. Water use fees; Financing; Water developments; 157-09076- 890-33. Water use map; Utah; 15 7-10165-860-60. 358 Water use optimization; Groundwater use; Land subsidence reduction; 154-0394W-800-33 . Water wells; Well screens; Gravel packs; 322-10688-820-00. Water yield; Appalachian-Piedmont area; Water quality; 309- 0247W-8I0-00. Water yield; Black Hills; 308-02658-810-00. Water yield; Bogs; Forest management; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; Watershed management; 305-03887-810-00. Water yield; Computer model; Hydrologic model; Infiltration; Landslide potential; Sediment yield; 030-10339-810-06. Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimen- tation; Trinity River basin; 155-09922-810-07. Water yield; Erosion; Forest management model sediment yield; 030-10342-880-36. Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; 306-04757-810-00. Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Nu- merical model; Runoff; 301-10622-810-00. Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; 310-06973-810-00. Water yield; Snow fence system; Watershed management; Watersheds, sagebrush; 308-03569-810-00. Water yield distribution; Water balance; Water cycle; 075- 09820-810-00. Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; 307- 04996-810-00. Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; 341-07080- 340-00. Waterhammer; Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients; 085-08853-210-54. Waterhammer; Pipe bends; Pipes, helical; Transients; 057- 09036-210-52. Waterhammer tests; Pipes, cement-asbestos; 417-10505-210-70. Waterjet; Marine propulsion; Pump, waterjet; 334-09430-550- 00. Waterjets; Jets; Propulsion, marine; 333-10712-550-22. Watershed analysis; Claypan; Iowa watersheds; Loess; Missouri watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; 300-01 85 lV-8 1 0-00. Watershed analysis; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Waller Creek watershed; 156-02162-810-30. Watershed analysis; Watershed economics; 063-0017W-810-07. Watershed analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analy- sis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; 301-08432- 810-00. Watershed characteristics; Western Gulf watersheds; Mathe- matical model; Sediment yield; 302-10641-810-00. Watershed economics; Watershed analysis; 063 -00 1 7 W-8 10-07. Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; Flood flows; Runoff; 056-08711-810-54. Watershed hydrology; Computer models; Hydrologic models; Water quality models; 051-09912-810-36. Watershed impact; Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Recreational development; 154-0410W-810-33. Watershed management; Chaparral; Conifers; Grassland; Southwest watersheds; 308-10647-810-00. Watershed management; Claypan; Runoff control; Soil erosion control; Tilth control; 300-0 189W-8 1 0-00. Watershed management; Hydrology, subsurface; Mathematical model; 147-08979-810-54. Watershed management; Water yield; Bogs; Forest manage- ment; Minnesota watersheds; Sewage disposal; 305-03887- 810-00. Watershed management; Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; Snow fence system; 308-03569-810-00. Watershed management; Watersheds, forest; 308-09338-810- 00. Watershed management research; Hawaii forests; 307-09335- 810-00. Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; 404-10234-810-96. Watershed model; Flood flows; Runoff; Watershed experimen- tation system; 056-08711-810-54. Watershed model; Flood forecasting; Mathematical model; Reservoir operation; 419-09605-310-00. Watershed model; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Sedi- ment yield; Soil erosion; 030-08804-220-06. Watershed models; Computer models; Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; 302-10638-810-00. Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; 303-09315-810-00. Watershed planning model; Land use planning; Mathematical model; Runoff; Water quality; 162-09907-870-00. Watershed rehabilitation; Erosion control; Southwest watersheds; 308-09339-810-00. Watershed response; Hydrologic analysis; Overland flow; 129- 07585-810-33. Watershed studies; Pine Tree Branch watershed; 338-0261 W- 810-00. Watershed study; Hydrologic data; Ralston Creek watershed; Urbanization; 061-00066-810-05. Watershed, unit source; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; 302- 0451 W-8 1 0-00. Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; 157-10159-860-60. Watersheds; Ecosystem models; Mathematical models; River system; 314-10758-870-00. Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; Water quality management; 157-10150-810-60. Watersheds; Sediment yield; 302-0446W-220-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotrans- piration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; 300-09272-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Chemical transport models; Pollution; 302-10637-870-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Sediment routing; Water routing; 302-10631-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Corn belt watersheds; Sediment yield; 300-0 188W-8 1 0-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; Mathematical model; Sedi- ment yield; 300-10561-220-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Evaporation; Hydrologic models; Precipitation; Western Gulf watersheds; 302-10644-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Fertilizers; Mathematical model; Water quality; 302-10642-870-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Groundwater; Runoff; 302-0449W- 810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff; 071-05915-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Overland flow; Runoff; Watershed analysis; 301- 08432-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; 301-09276- 810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Southern plains; 302-0205 W-8 1 0-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Runoff; Sedimentation; 303-10623-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Mathematical models; Sediment yield; 302-10635-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Nutrient movement; Nutrient yield; 300-0 192 W-8 1 0-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Pollutant transport; 302-0454W-870- 00. Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 055-08681-810-07. Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; Southeast watersheds; StreamHow; 302-0444W-810-00. 359 Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; Texas Gulf watersheds; 302- 10643-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; Southern plains; 302-10636-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Southern plains; Streamflow; 302- 0207 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; Runoff; Streamflow; 302-0208W-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, western Gulf; Hydrologic analysis; 302-02 14W-8 10-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; 302- 09286-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; 302-09287-860-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; Runoff; Stream- flow; 302-02 1 5W-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Western Gulf region; Hydrology; Nu- merical models; 302-0456W-810-00. Watersheds, brushland; Erosion; Floods; Forest fire effects; Soil water repellency; 307-04999-810-00. Watersheds, complex; Numerical models; Runoff, surface; 302- 0455W-810-00. Watersheds, cornbelt; Sediment loss; 3 00-043 4 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, forest; Burning effects; Logging effects; Soil ero- sion; 304-09330-810-00. Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; 310-06974-810-00. Watersheds, forest; Forest management; Timber cutting; Water quality; 304-08436-810-00. Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil charac- teristics; Vegetal cover effects; 310-06973-810-00. Watersheds, forest; Watershed management; 308-09338-810- 00. Watersheds, forested; Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; Sedi- mentation; 323-0462 W-220-00. Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; 304-09324-830-00. Watersheds, mined; Hydrology; Mining, surface; Water quality; 300-04361V-8 10-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Evapo transpiration; Hydrologic analy- sis; Mathematical models; 303-09316-810-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Hydrology; Rangeland hydrology; 303- 0202W-8 10-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation patterns; Southwest range- lands; 303 -0229W-8 10-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; 303-09315-810-00. Watersheds, rangeland; Runoff; Sediment yield; 303-093 18- 830-00. Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; Snow fence system; Watershed management; 308-03569-810-00. Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thun- derstorm; Runoff; 303-10625-810-00. Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; Sediment transport; Soil loss; 303-10626-810-00. Watersheds, semiarid rangeland; Southwest rangelands; Stream- flow; 303-0228W-810-00. Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302- 09286-810-00. Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-09287-860-00. Watersheds, southern plains; Precipitation patterns; 302- 0206W-8 10-00. Watersheds, southern plains; Sediment yield; 302-0203W-830- 00. Watersheds, ungaged; Flood damage reduction measures; Mathematical model; 094-08865-310-00. Watersheds, unit source; Evaporation; Soil moisture; 302- 0448W-8 10-00. Watersheds, urban; Porous pavements; Runoff detention; Urban runoff; 167-10190-870-33. Watersheds, western Gulf; Climatic effects; Sediment yield; 302-02 161V-830-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Hydrologic analysis; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-02 1 4W-8 1 0-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Precipitation patterns; 302-02 13 W- 810-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-0208W-8 10-00. Watersheds, western Gulf; Sediment yield; 302-0209W-8 10-00. Waterwheel test facility; Seal performance; Surface effect ships; 146-09310-550-22. Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; 341- 10735-340-00. Wave absorber, wave generator design; 149-10598-720-70. Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; 046-09278-520-00. Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; 046-09279-520-88. Wave attenuation; Wave energy; Set-up, wave induced; 046- 10050-420-44. Wave bottom pressure measurement; Wave height; Wave theory; 046-10056-420-60. Wave breakers; Data acquisition; Longshore currents; Volun- teer observers; 312-09762-410-00. Wave breaking; Breakwaters; Currents, coastal; Jetties; 075- 08719-410-11. Wave channel; Wave forces; 410-10308-430-90. Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; Slug formation; Two-phase flow; 038-07979-130-00. Wave damping; Added mass; Oscillating bodies; 334-08529- 040-22. Wave data; Wave hindcasting; Great Lakes; 312-10652-420-00. Wave data analysis; Waves, design; Aerial photography; 312- 10651-420-00. Wave decay; Turbulence, buoyancy-driven; 175-10028-420-44. Wave deformation; Waves, shoaling; Waves, solitary; 020- 07926-420-00. Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; Diffraction; Harbor waves; 103-09967-420-44. Wave diffraction; Wave motion; Structure effects; 019-08782- 420-11. Wave direction meeisurement; Radar imaging; 3 12-1 0650-700- 00. Wave direction measurement; Wave energy; 039-10457-420-60. Wave dispersion; Waves, solitary; Numerical models; Tsunamis; 153-09914-420-54. Wave drag; Bluff bodies; Drag; 142-10395-420-44. Wave effects; Caissons; Pore water pressure; 1 18-09989-430- 87. Wave effects; Circulation, nearshore; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Numerical models; Surf zone; 035-09942- 410-54. Wave effects; Cooling water discharge; Jets, buoyant; Sewage disposal; 019-07151-870-61. Wave effects; Dredging methods; 152-09053-490-00. Wave effects; Floating bodies; 334-10723-520-00. Wave effects; Ice formation; Ice, frazil; 405-09517-390-00. Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; Pollu- tion; 038-09924-870-00. Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; Scour; Sediment transport by waves; 152-09050-220-44. Wave effects; Planing boats; Ship motions; 334-10725-520-22. Wave energy; Lake Erie; 405-09513-420-00. 360 Wave energy; Set-up, wave induced; Wave attenuation; 046- 10050-420-44. Wave energy; Wave direction measurement; 039-10457-420-60. Wave flume; Sediment transport by waves; 405-10295-220-00. Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; Hydrau- lic model; Sea walls; 408-10261-430-96. Wave flume tests; Wave forces; Hydraulic model; Sea wall; 408-10262-430-96. Wave flumes; Waves, irregular; 411-10315-720-00. Wave force instrumentation; Piles; 41 1-08133-420-90. Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; Drag; Submerged bodies; 046-10054-420-00. Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 413-10318-420-00. Wave forces; Current effects; Structures, coastal; 028-09979- 420-00. Wave forces; Cylinder, circular; Oscillatory flow; 1 18-09986- 420-54. Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; Sub- merged objects; 026-09013-420-00. Wave forces; Cylinders; Ocean structures; Structure design criteria; 1 18-09768-430-44. Wave forces; Cylinders; Spheres; Submerged bodies; 142- 10394-420-44. Wave forces; Drag; Spheres; Submerged bodies; 046-10055- 420-00. Wave forces; Fish barrier, electric; 413-10319-850-00. Wave forces; Gaspe coastline road; Hydraulic model; Sea walls; Wave flume tests; 408-10261-430-96. Wave forces; Hydraulic model; Sea wall; Wave flume tests; 408-10262-430-96. Wave forces; Numerical methods; Ocean structures; Structure response; Vibrations; 044-06699-430-00. Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; Rubble; Undersea pipe; 085- 09994-420-00. Wave forces; Pipeline, submerged; 046-09277-420-44. Wave forces; Pipelines; 019-08783-420-11. Wave forces; Scaling laws; Structures; 328-10709-420-00. Wave forces; Submerged storage tanks; 152-09058-420-00. Wave forces; Wave channel; 410-10308-430-90. Wave forces; Waves, design; Instrument towers; Structures; 405-10289-420-00. Wave gages; Wave statistics; Surf zone; 3 1 2- 1 0649-420-00. Wave generation; Random sea simulation; 1 18-09987-420-54. Wave generator; Waves, random; 328-10708-420-22. Wave generator, programmable; Wave modeling; 3 12-09759- 420-00. Wave growth; Waves, wind; Air-water interface; Energy transfer; Turbulence; 148-10406-420-14. Wave height; Wave theory; Wave bottom pressure measure- ment; 046-10056-420-60. Wave hindcasting; Great Lakes; Wave data; 312-10652-420-00. Wave interactions; Turbulence interaction; 048-10209-420-54. Wave loads; Catamarans; Ship motions; Ship stability; 334- 10721-520-22. Wave loads; Computer program; Ships, twin-hull; 334-10720- 520-00. Wave measurement; Hurricane waves; Storm surge; 039-10456- 420-55. Wave measurements; Coastal engineering field stations; Current measurements; 039-10442-410-60. Wave measurements, photo-optical; Wave spectra; 037-08855- 420-20. Wave modeling; Wave generator, programmable; 3 1 2-09759- 420-00. Wave motion; Structure effects; Wave diffraction; 019-08782- 420-11. Wave motion; Water tunnel, oscillatory; 3 16-10779-410-1 1 . Wave orbital velocity measurements; Velocity measurements under waves; 046-08121-420-60. Wave overtopping; Wave runup; 3 12-09757-420-00. Wave power systems; Energy; Floating devices; 075-09796-420- 44. Wave pressure fields; Pipelines, offshore; 152-0905 1-420-44. Wave propagation; Waves, shallow water; Numerical models; 411-10317-420-00. Wave pulse techniques; Added resistance; 1 5 1 -10041-590-22. Wave reflection; Beach erosion; Gulf Coast beaches; Sediment transport by waves; 152-07708-410-44. Wave reflection; Breakwaters, perforated; 017-10025-430-54. Wave reflection; Coastal sediment; Littoral processes; Scaling laws; Sediment transport; 312-09743-410-00. Wave reflection; Wave transmission; Breakwaters, rubble mound; 075-08724-430-11. Wave reflection; Wave transmission; Porous structures; 312- 09758-420-00. Wave refraction; Wave theory; Waves, long; Waves, topo- graphic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; 075- 06413-420-20. Wave refraction model; Atlantic continental shelf; Remote sensing; 325-09395-420-00. Wave refraction;Shear flow effects; 151-10039-420-54. Wave resistance; Hulls, flow around; Ship hulls; 168-10073- 520-54. Wave runup; Wave overtopping; 3 12-09757-420-00. Wave runup; Waves, irregular; 414-10530-420-90. Wave scattering; Waves, topography effects; Wave theory; Tsu- namis; 104-10023-420-00. Wave sensors; Cape Henry, Virginia; Current sensors; Data acquisition; Tide sensors; 1 17-08914-450-44. Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; 176-08400-420-61. Wave simulation facility; Wave-current interaction; 330-10788- 420-00. Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; 327-10707-460-00. Wave slopes; Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; Waves, capil- lary; 332-07065-420-22. Wave spectra; Ship design; 169-09216-420-21. Wave spectra; Wave measurements, photo-optical; 037-08855- 420-20. Wave statistics; Surf zone; Wave gages; 3 12-10649-420-00. Wave studies; Wind studies; Ferry terminal; 420-10547-470-96. Wave theory; Finite element method; Numerical methods; 075- 09795-420-44. Wave theory; Tsunamis; Wave scattering; Waves, topography effects; 104-10023-420-00. Wave theory; Wave bottom pressure measurement; Wave height; 046-10056-420-60. Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; 176-08400-420-61. Wave theory; Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; Cur- rents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; 075- 06413-420-20. Wave transmission; Breakwaters, rubble mound; Wave reflec- tion; 075-08724-430-1 1 . Wave transmission; Porous structures; Wave reflection; 312- 09758-420-00. Wave-current interaction; Currents; Velocity distribution; 075- 09798-420-44. Wave-current interaction; Wave simulation facility; 330-10788- 420-00. Wave-current interaction; 152-09047-420-13. Wave-induced agitation; Harbors; Marina response; 414-1053 1 - 470-90. Waves; Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbu- lence structure; 148-10407-010-54. Waves; Boat accidents; Tomales Bay; 019-08781-520-60. Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; 322-10678-320-00. 361 Waves; Circulation; Continental shelf; Mathematical model; Pollution transport; 325-09399-450-00. Waves; Floating structures; Mooring forces; 411-10316-420-00. Waves; Nearshore hydrodynamics; Surf zone; 406-095 1 8-420- 00. Waves; Numerical methods; Ship performance prediction; 339- 09444-520-20. Waves; Offshore structure design; Sea simulation; Structures, 118-09766-430-44. Waves; Oil pollution; Oil slick barrier; 152-083 1 1 -870-48. Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; 319-10669-440-00. Waves, atmospheric; Waves, turbulence effect on; Atmospheric flow dynamics; Shear flow stability; 031-08812-480-54. Waves, breakmg; Internal waves; 1 42-1 0400-420-20 . Waves, breaking; Waves, shoaling; 142-10399-420-20. Waves, breaking dynamics; Waves, edge; 142-10398-420-54. Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; Waves, wind; Microwave scat- tering; 332-07065-420-22. Waves, design; Aerial photography; Wave data analysis; 312- 10651-420-00. Waves, design; Breakwater stability; 41 1-103 14-430-90. Waves, design; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 420-10552-420- 73. Waves, design; Instrument towers; Structures; Wave forces; 405-10289-420-00. Waves, design waves; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conver- sion, 046-09280-420-52. Waves, edge; Waves, breaking dynamics; 142-10398-420-54. Waves, impulsive generation; Tsunamis; 019-06224-420-1 1 . Waves, internal; Benard convection; Currents, ocean; Geophysical fluid dynamics; Internal waves; Mathematical models; Oceanography; 318-08449-450-00. Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; 316-07243-060-20. Waves, internal; Internal wave instability; Stratified flow; 039- 10454-060-20. Waves, internal; Internal waves; Stratified flow stability; 083- 08604-060-20. Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoal- ing; Wave theory; 176-08400-420-61. Waves, irregular; Wave flumes; 4/ /-/OJ/5-720-00. Waves, irregular; Wave runup; 414-10530-420-90. Waves, long; Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscillations; Wave refraction; Wave theory; 075- 06413-420-20. Waves, raindrop generated; Air-water interface; Mixing; Rain effects;- 1 77-1 0027-460-33 . Waves, random; Wave generator; 328-10708-420-22. Waves, reflection; Waves, solitary; 1 42-1 040 1 -420-54 . Waves, shallow water; Numerical models; Wave propagation; 411-10317-420-00. Waves, ship-generated; Harbors; Marinas; Pearl Harbor; Ship waves; 046-10053-470-60. Waves, shoaling; Sediment concentration measurement; Sedi- ment transport by v/aves; 061-07368-410-1 1 . Waves, shoaling; Waves, breaking; 142-10399-420-20. Waves, shoaling; Waves, solitary; Wave deformation; 020- 07926-420-00. Waves, solitary; Atmospheric waves; Jovian atmosphere; Stratified fluids; 143-09902-420-50. Waves, solitary; Internal waves; Ocean microstructure; Rotating flow; Stratified fluids; 143-09903-450-20. Waves, solitary; Numerical models; Tsunamis; Wave dispersion; 153-09914-420-54. Waves, solitary; Wave deformation; Waves, shoaling; 020- 07926-420-00. Waves, solitary; Waves, reflection; 142-1 040 1 -420-54 . Waves, topographic effects; Currents, coastal; Harbor oscilla- tions; Wave refraction; Wave theory; V/aves, long; 075- 06413-420-20. Waves, topography effects; Wave theory; Tsunamis; Wave scat- tering; 104-10023-420-00. Waves, turbulence effect on; Atmospheric flow dynamics; Shear flow stability; Waves, atmospheric; 031-08812-480-54. Waves, wind; Air-water interface; Energy transfer; Turbulence; Wave growth; 148-10406-420-14. Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; 332-07065-420-22. Waves, wind; Wind effect; Canal system control; Open channel flow; 020-10079-200-60. Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; 327-10707-460-00. Waves, wind-generated; Air-water interface; Reynolds stresses; 148-10408-420-20. Weather modeling; Numerical models; Splines; 069-10460-480- 54. Weather modification; Cloud seeding; Numerical model; 157- 10164-480-60. Wedges; Drag; Navier-Stokes flow; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; 057-05778-030-00. Weightlessness effects; Liquid pool burning; 109-10120-540-50. Weir; Control structures; Hydraulic model; 40510291-350-90. Weir; Dam; Hydraulic model; Saskatchewan River; 400-10499- 300-90. Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; Jetties; Sediment transport; 312- 10656-430-00. Weir, labyrinth; Boardman reservoir; Hydraulic model; Spill- way; 166-10440-350-75. Weirs, sharp crested; Potential flow; 020-10077-700-00. Well casing collapse; Well casings, thermopleistic; Groundwater; 009-09783-860-33. Weil casings; Thermoplastic; Groundwater; 009-09782-860-36. Well casings, thermoplastic; Groundwater; Well casing collapse; 009-09783-860-33. Well screens; Gravel packs; Water wells; 322-10688-820-00. Wells, relief; Electric analog model; Seepage; 314-09663-820- 13. Western Gulf region; Hydrology; Numerical models; Watersheds, agricultural; 3 02 -04 5 6 W-8 10-00. Western Gulf region; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricul- tural; 302-0215W-810-00. Western Gulf watersheds; Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watershed characteristics; 302-10641-810-00. Western Gulf watersheds; Watersheds, agricultural; Evapora- tion; Hydrologic models; Precipitation; 302- 1 0644-8 1 0-00. Wetting; Fluid properties; Immiscible fluids, displacement; In- terfaces; Surface contact; 125-09951-100-54. Wheeler Reservoir; Browns Ferry plant; Diffusion; Heated water discharge; Hydraulic model; Thermal discharge model; 341-07083-870-00. White River, Indiana; Thermal discharge effects; 058-10565- 870-00. Wind; Great Plains; Soil erosion; Water erosion; 300-0346W- 830-00. Wind effect; Canal system control; Open channel flow; Waves, wind; 020-10079-200-60. Wind effects; Atmospheric effects; Stream temperature; Ther- mal loads; Vegetation effect; Water temperature; 123-09836- 860-33. Wind energy; Data gathering system; 157-10155-480-06. Wind energy conversion; Vortex augmentor; 101-09894-630- 52. Wind energy measurements; Solar energy measurements; 069- 10465-480-73. Wind engineering; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Diffusion; Tur- bulence structure; 139-10559-020-54. 362 Wind forces; Building aerodynamics; Separated flows; Sub- merged prismatic bodies; 057-10276-030-00. Wind forces; Cooling tower aerodynamics; Cooling towers, hyperbolic; Drag; Roughness; Submerged bodies; 061-10392- 030-54. Wind loads; Building aerodynamics; Tornado winds; 070- 09014-640-54. Wind power; Energy; Savonius rotor; 076- 1 0466-630-00 . Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; 319-10669-440-00. Wind structure; Turbulence; Urban winds; 417-07904-480-00. Wind studies; Ferry terminal; Wave studies; 420-10547-470-96. Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; 316-10798-010-27. Wind tunnel, stratified flow; Stratified flow; Wakes; 101-09896- 720-60. Wind tunnel tests; Air pollution; Computer model; Odor con- trol; Plant model; 053-10405-870-70. Wind tunnels; Boundary layer, turbulent supersonic; 139- 07618-720-80. Wind turbine rotors; Energy; Turbines; 073-09998-630-52. Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; 327 -10707 -460-00 . Wing-body aerodynamics; Boundary layer interactions; 101- 09897-010-50. Wings; Lifting surface theory; Wakes; 073-08070-540-26. Winnipeg River; Ice conditions; Power plant effects; River ice; 408-10250-300-73. Woodchip mixtures; Friction loss; Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 096-07513-260-06. Yakima River; Fish spawning; Streamflow; 166-10132-300-34. Yazoo River; Channel improvement; Mathematical model; River channels; Sediment transport; 030-10338-220-13. York River; Bathymetric study; 161-09885-400-73. York River; Dye study; Recirculation; Sewage outfall; Thermal effiuent; 161-09886-870-68. York River estuary; Estuaries; James River; Mathematical model; Water quality; 159-09892-400-36. Yukon; Flood prediction; Ross River; Stuart River; 402-09501- 310-90. 363 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1978 O - 254-330 NBS-114A (REV. 7-73) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP-497 2. Gov't Accession No. 4. TlTLh AND SUBTITLE HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 1976 3. Recipient's Accession No. 5. Publication Date April 1978 6. Performing Organization Code 7. AUTHOR(S) Paioline H. Gurewitz, Editor 8. Performing Organ. Report No. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 2130183 11. Contract/Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP) Same as item 9 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-60019 16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si^ificant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Current and recently concluded research projects in hydraulics and hydrodynamics for the years 1975-1976 are sunvmarized. Projects from more than 200 university, industrial, state and federal government laboratories in the United States and Canada are reported. 17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons ) Fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; hydraulic research; hydraulics; hydrodynamics; model studies; research summaries 18. AVAILABILITY F Unlimited I ' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS I yj Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Stock No. 003-003-018 84-8 I I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Springfield, Virginia-22151 19. SECURITY CLASS (THIS REPORT) UNCLASSIFIED 20. SECURITY CLASS (THIS PAGE) UNCLASSIFIED 21. NO. OF PAGES 377 22. Price $5.50 USCOMM-DC 29042-P74 NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS PERIODICALS JOURNAL OF RESEARCH— The Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards reports NBS research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology, and the basic technology underlying standardization. Also in- cluded from time to time are survey articles on topics closely related to the Bureau's technical and scientific programs. As a special service to subscribers each issue contains complete citations to all recent NBS publications in NBS and non- NBS media. Issued six times a year. Annual subscription: domestic $17.00; foreign $21.25. Single copy, $3.00 domestic; $3.75 foreign. Note: The Journal was formerly published in two sections: Section A "Physics and Chemistry" and Section B "Mathe- matical Sciences." DIMENSIONS/NBS This monthly magazine is published to inform scientists, engineers, businessmen, industry, teachers, students, and consumers of the latest advances in science and technology, with primary emphasis on the work at NBS. The magazine highlights and reviews such issues as energy research, fire protection, building technology, metric conversion, pollution abatement, health and safety, and consumer product per- formance. In addition, it reports the results of Bureau pro- grams in measurement standards and techniques, properties of matter and materials, engineering standards and services, instrumentation, and automatic data processing. Annual subscription: Domestic, $12.50; Foreign $15.65. 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Developed under a world-wide program co- ordinated by NBS. Program under authority of National Standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396). NOTE: At present the principal publication outlet for these data is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD) published quarterly for NBS by the Ameri- can Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of Physics (AIP). Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St. N.W., Wash., D.C. 20056. Building Science Series — Disseminates technical information developed at the Bureau on building materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems. Technical Notes — Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NBS under the sponsorship of other government agencies. Voluntary Product Standards — Developed under procedures published by the Department of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the standards is to establish nationally recognized require- ments for products, and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the products. NBS administers this program as a supple- ment to the activities of the private sector standardizing organizations. Consumer Information Series — Practical information, based on NBS research and experience, covering areas of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shop- ping in today's technological marketplace. Order above NBS publications from: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Order following NBS publications— NBSIR's and FIPS from the National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Va. 22161. Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB) — Publications in this series collectively consti- tute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by NBS pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Serv- ices Act of 1949 as amended. Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). NBS Interagency Reports (NBSBR) — A special series of interim or final reports on work performed by NBS for outside sponsors (both government and non-govenunent). In general, initial distribution is handled by the sponsor; public distribution is by the National Technical Information Services (Springfield, Va. 22161) in paper copy or microfiche form. BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES TTie following current-awareness and literature-survey bibli- ographies are issued periodically by the Bureau: Cryogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service. A litera- ture survey issued biweekly. Annual subscription: Domes- tic, $25.00; Foreign, $30.00. Liquified Natural Gas. A literature survey issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $20.00. Superconducting Devices and Materials. A literature survey issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $30.00. Send subscrip- tion orders and remittances for the preceding bibliographic services to National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Data Center (275.02) Boulder, Colorado 80302. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards Washington. DC. 20234 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Penalty for Private Use, $300 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ADDD D71' 5 E M E 3 U.S.MAIL SPECIAL FOURTH-CLASS RATE BOOK