-: NOAA - ARS Cooperative Snow /^ ^ Research Project - JUL 2 3 1977 Watershed Hydro-Climatology and Data for Water Years 1960-1974 "-'- ■ i .- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Research Service NOAA -ARS Cooperative Snow Research Project - Watershed Hydro-Climatology and Data for Water Years 1960-1974 Eric A. Anderson Hugh J.Greenan Office of Hydrology National Weather Service SilverSpring, Md. Ronald Z. Whipkey CarlT.Machell Northeast Watershed Research Center Agricultural Research Service University Park, Pa. June 1977 a o 4J.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jjtobert M. White, Administrator National Weather Service George P. Cressman, Director U.S.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Robert Bergland, Secretary Agricultural Research Service T.W. Edminister, Administrator Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/noaaarscooperatiOOande PREFACE This publication is part of a cooperative research project on the physical processes involved in snow metamorphosis and snowmelt between the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The data unites used in the publication are the units in which the data were originally recorded or compiled. Trade and company names are used in this publication solely to provide specific information. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Department of Commerce or an endorsement over other products not mentioned. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed to the Sleepers River Research Watershed and the NOAA-ARS cooperative snow research project. The contributions of all of the engineers, hydrologists , and technicians who have participated in these projects should be acknowledged. However, the number of people who have been involved with these projects is too numerous to list everyone individually. Nevertheless, a number of people do deserve special mention. From the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) the contributions of several people are acknowledged. Dr. Martin L. Johnson was the first director of the Sleepers River Research Watershed and played a significant role in the devel- opment of the watershed and in the establishment of the cooperative snow research project. Darwin Heath and the late Roland Berube assisted in instrumenting the watershed and have been responsible for most of the routine and special field measurements. Betty Chamberlin, Roger DeAngelis, Martha Dole, Douglas H. Grant, and Beulah Palmer have provided most of the technical support during the processing of the watershed data. The ARS also acknowl- edges the invaluable cooperation and assistance provided by both the Agricul- tural Experiment Station and the School of Natural Resources of the University of Vermont. From the National Weather Service, NOAA, Dr. Charles Hoffeditz, Donald Baker, and Dr. Richard Farnsworth have furnished valuable assistance and expertise in the design, procurement, and operation of the many sensors and recording systems at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station. Doris Brown has provided most of the technical support during the processing of the snow research station data. The contributions of a number of people to the preparation of this publica- tion also should be acknowledged. Dr. Harry Pionke of the ARS Northeast Watershed Research Center furnished documentation on the data records and the operation of the field stations of the Sleepers River watershed. J.B. Burford and John Clark of the ARS Hydrologic Data Laboratory prepared the plots of selected runoff events contained in Appendix B. Lianne Iseley of NOAA coor- dinated the compilation of the publication; including preparation of the figures, appendices, and the magnetic tape. Clarence Birks and Jody Prior assisted in preparing the figures and appendices. Kathryn Carey typed the final report. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 I. Introduction 1 Background 1 Purpose of this publication 3 II. General description of the watershed 4 Introduction 4 Historic land use of the region 4 Climate 7 Topography 8 Geology • 9 Soils 9 Cover 11 Channel system and streamflow patterns 12 III. Watershed W-3 data 13 Introduction 13 Description of data collection sites . . . 13 Precipitation data 13 Precipitation stations 13 Consistency checks 31 Mean areal precipitation 33 Summary 35 Air temperature data 35 Air temperature stations 35 Consistency checks 37 Temperature data and form of precipitation 37 Summary 41 Streamflow data 41 Streamflow measurements 41 Rating curves 42 Consistency checks 46 Available streamflow data 50 Snow course data 52 Available data 52 Quality and representativeness of the data 52 Pan evaporation data 54 Available data 54 Quality and representativeness of the data „ 55 Soil-moisture data 57 Available data 57 Quality of the data 57 IV. NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station 58 Introduction 58 Description of the site 58 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Data collection and processing 58 Background 58 Data processing 63 Summary of collected data 64 Further comments on selected variables 64 Available data 72 Summary 73 V. Magnetic tape information 75 Introduction 75 General information on the magnetic tape 75 Contents of the magnetic tape 75 Bibliography 81 Appendix A. Summary of daily watershed data A-l Tabulation of mean daily discharge A-2 Tabulation of daily mean areal precipitation A-10 Tabulation of daily max-min temperatures • • A-18 Summary plots of daily data A-26 Appendix B. Plots of selected runoff events B-l Appendix C. Snow course data . C-l Appendix D. Pan evaporation data D-l Appendix E. Soil-moisture data E-l Appendix F. Summary of data from the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station F-l Appendix G. History of the operation of the W-3 weir G-l Appendix H. Standard punched card format H-l LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1. Basic information on ARS data collection sites used in this publication 14 3.2. Summary of individual station precipitation data 31 3.3. Adjustment factors needed to make the precipitation data consistent 32 3.4. Station weights for MAP computations 33 3.5. Monthly and annual mean areal precipitation for the W-3 watershed 36 3.6. Monthly maximum and minimum temperature for the R-3 measurement site 38 3.7. Periods during which the observed form of the precipitation differs from the form determined from air temperature data.. 39 3.8. Summary of streamgaging measurements during 1976 43 3.9. Monthly and annual runoff in inches for the W-3 watershed 51 3-10. Maximum depth and water-equivalent at each snow course for water years 1960-1974 53 3.11. Summary of pan evaporation data 56 4.1. Summary of data collected at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station from December 1968 through September 1974 65 5.1. Summary of the contents of the magnetic tape 76 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2.1. Topographic map of the W-3 watershed 5 2.2. Aerial mosaic of the W-3 watershed 6 2.3. Area-elevation curve for the W-3 watershed 10 3.1. Site diagram of station R-l 16 3.2. Station R-l looking southeast 17 3.3. Station R-1A looking west 17 3.4. Site diagram of station R-1A 18 3.5. Site diagram of station R-3 19 3.6. Station R-3 looking east 20 3.7. Current photograph of station R-3 20 3.8. Site diagram of station R-6 21 3.9. Location of station R-6 looking southeast 22 3.10. Station R-12 from the southeast 22 3.11. Site diagram of station R-12 23 3.12. Site diagram of station R-16 24 3 . 13 . Station R-16 looking west 25 3.14. Station R-29 precipitation gage 25 3.15. Site diagram of station R-29 26 3.16. Site diagram of R-25 snow course area 27 3.17. Station R-25 snow course site from the east 28 3.18. W-3 weir and R-25 precipitation gage 28 3.19. Site diagram of station R-25 and the W-3 weir 29 3 . 20. Side view of the W-3 weir 30 3.21. W-3 weir looking downstream 30 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 3.22. Seasonal precipitation-elevation relationships for the W-3 watershed 34 3.23. 1976 streamgaging measurements and W-3 weir rating curve for the period after July 1963 47 3.24. Streamgaging measurements taken from 7/63 through 1968 and W-3 rating curve for the period after July 1963 48 3.25. Streamgaging measurements taken from 1960 to 7/63 and W-3 weir rating curve for the period before July 1963 49 4.1. Site diagram of the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station 59 4.2. Overview of the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station looking SSE 60 4.3. Lysimeter heat rings suspended above the snow 60 4.4. Snow research station from the west 61 4.5. Radiometer masts looking west 61 4.6. Infrared thermometer housing, snow cover temperature stake, air temperature and dew-point mast, and anemometer masts from the roof of the blockhouse 62 4.7. Precipitation gages and cotton region shelters 62 4.8. Clear sky incoming solar radiation curve for the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station 70 viii NOAA-ARS COOPERATIVE SNOW RESEARCH PROJECT - WATERSHED HYDRO-CLIMATOLOGY AND DATA FOR WATER YEARS 1960-1974 Eric A. Anderson Ronald Z. Whipkey Hugh J. Greenan Carl T. Machell Office of Hydrology Northeast. Watershed Research Center National Weather Service, NOAA Agricultural Research Service Silver Spring, Md . University Park, Pa. ABSTRACT. Data are provided for the 3.25 square mile W-3 watershed which is part of the Sleepers River Research Watershed operated by the Agricultural Research Service near Danville, Vermont. The pub- lication contains streamflow, air temperature, snow course, pan evaporation, and soil-moisture data, as well as point measurements and mean areal estimates of precipitation. Also included are data from the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station which is located adjacent to the W-3 watershed. Detailed measurements of the snow cover and the hydro-meteorological variables affecting snow cover energy exchange have been made since December 1968 at this station as part of a cooperative project to study the physical processes involved in snow metamorphosis and snowmelt. Tabulations of some of the watershed and snow cover variables are included. The remaining variables are summarized. Most of the actual data are contained on an associated magnetic tape. In addition to the data, information is provided as to the quality of the data and the hydro-climatology of the watershed. This is a high quality set of data suitable for use in developing and testing physically based hydrologic models. The watershed is hydrologically representative of most of the glaciated upland regions of the North- eastern United States. The mean annual precipitation during the 15-year period is approximately 43 inches with about 25 inches per year of runoff. The maximum water-equivalent of the snow cover is generally about 9 to 12 inches. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) selected the Sleepers River water- shed near Danville, Vermont, as the site for a comprehensive watershed engi- neering research project in 1957. This 43 square mile watershed was selected because it is hydrologically representative of most of the glaciated upland regions of the Northeast. Streams that drain these regions supply much of the water required for agriculture, industries, and cities in the Northeast, and also create the potential for serious flooding. -1- The purpose of the Sleepers River Research Watershed has been to provide a better understanding of the behavior of natural watersheds, and to seek new solutions to the watershed engineering problems of the Northeastern United States. The scope of this research project has covered most aspects of watershed hydrology such as the temporal and spatial variations of precipita- tion, snow accumulation and snowmelt, rainfall-runoff relationships, ground- water accretion and movement, the hydraulics of steep mountain streams, the effects of land use on runoff, and related subjects. The foundation of the hydrologic data collected at the Sleepers River watershed has been an exten- sive precipitation measurement network (including as many as 33 gages) and a streamflow measurement network of reinforced concrete weirs. Other data which have been collected at selected locations include: air and soil tem- perature, wind speed, pan evaporation, relative humidity, net and shortwave radiation, snow depth and water-equivalent, and soil moisture. Investigations at the Sleepers River Research Watershed have been docu- mented in many publications. Among them are several that describe certain aspects of the hydrologic characteristics of the watershed. These may be of interest to those using data from the Sleepers River watershed. The precip- itation climatology is described by Engman and Hershf ield (1969) . Johnson (1963) discusses certain characteristics of snowmelt runoff hydrographs. The storm runoff-producing mechanisms were measured and analyzed by Dunne and Black (1970a, 1970b). Hendrick and DeAngelis (1976) describe and model snow accumulation, melt, and water input patterns. In 1966, a cooperative snow hydrology study was initiated between the Sleepers River Research Watershed and the Office of Hydrology of the National Weather Service, NOAA [Johnson and Anderson (1968)]. The purpose of this cooperative project is to better understand the physical processes involved in snow metamorphosis and snowmelt. As a major part of this cooperative study, a snow research station was established within the Sleepers River watershed. Instruments were installed to measure all hydro-meteorological variables that have a significant effect on the metamorphosis and ablation of a snow cover, plus all pertinent snow cover variables. Continuous data col- lection at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station began in December 1968. The station is still in operation at the present time. The data collected at the snow research station have been used to develop and test a detailed point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover [Anderson (1976)]. This point model and the test results obtained with the snow research station data pro- vide a firm foundation for the development of improved areal snow cover models, The development and verification of physically based hydrologic models requires more and higher quality data than that needed to properly apply such models. Generally available climatologic and hydrologic data are usually adequate for model application. Model input and observed values of model output can be determined with reasonable accuracy from these records. How- ever, these data are seldom adequate for verifying the mathematical repre- sentations of individual physical processes that are components of the model. In order to verify the mathematical representations of model components, the uncertainty in the estimates of model input variables and the measured output must be minimal. In addition, measurements of other quantities are needed to verify the model estimates of intermediate state variables. -2- Data of the quantity and quality ideally needed for model development and verification are usually only collected at research watersheds and selected study sites like the Sleepers River Research Watershed and the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station. However, these data are seldom made available for general use. The last comprehensive set of data from watersheds where snow is of major importance that was made available was that collected during the Snow Investigations [Snow Hydrology (1956)]. These data were collected primarily at the Central Sierra (CSSL) and Upper Columbia (UCSL) Snow Laboratories in the Western United States. Many snow accumulation and ablation models have been developed and tested with this data set [SSARR model (1972), Anderson and Crawford (1964), Eggleston et al. (1971), Amorocho and Espildora (1966), and Anderson (1968)]. However, this data set only represents certain climatic and physiographic conditions. It is important to test most models under a wide variety of conditions. The amount of snow over the Sleepers River water- shed is small in comparison with that which normally accumulates at CSSL and UCSL. However, the Sleepers River has a greater variety in snow cover and meteorological conditions occurring during snowmelt periods. Also, the Sleepers River has significant runoff events during all seasons of the year. Significant runoff is primarily restricted to the spring melt season at CSSL and UCSL. Thus, the Sleepers River watershed data are not limited to the testing of snow cover models. PURPOSE OF THIS PUBLICATION The basic purpose of this publication is to provide a high quality set of watershed data suitable for use in developing and testing physically based hydrologic models. This includes detailed point data from the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station and areal data from an adjacent ARS watershed. These data cover the period from October 1959 through September 1974. In addition to providing the watershed data, this publication contains a great deal of infor- mation about the data and the watershed. Such information is absolutely necessary in order for the data to be of use in model development and testing. The publication contains the information about the watershed and the quality of the data. The publication also includes tabulations of some of the variables and summaries of the remainder. Most of the actual data, because of its volume, are contained on an associated magnetic tape. Information on the contents and acquisition of the magnetic tape are in chapter V. -3- CHAPTER II: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WATERSHED INTRODUCTION The eastern highlands, consisting of hilly plateaus lying west of the New Hampshire White Mountains and east of the Vermont Green Mountains, is an important source of water to the Connecticut River Basin. This region of Vermont constitutes the largest physiographic division of the State, and connects with similar terrain in New Hampshire, Maine, and southern Quebec. Although this region is among the oldest settled areas of the Nation, little was known of its hydrologic characteristics and water resources. In 1957, in an attempt to aid in characterizing the hydro-meteorological regime of this area, the Sleepers River Research Watershed was established. This watershed, 43 square miles in area, is located in Caledonia County, Vermont. The mouth of the watershed lies one mile north of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. The Sleepers River and its parent catchment basin, the Passumpsic, are considered quite typical of the land use, cover, soil, and topographic conditions found in the eastern Vermont highlands and in fact of the entire glaciated upland region of the Northeastern United States. The data enclosed in this publication were recorded on watershed 3 (or W-3) , a 3.25 square mile subwatershed located in the west central portion of the overall Sleepers River basin. Fig. 2.1 is a topographic map of the W-3 watershed showing the watershed boundaries and the hydro-meteorological data stations. Fig. 2.2 is an aerial mosaic of the W-3 watershed. The aerial photographs used to construct this mosaic were taken on March 16, 1975. There was 100 percent snow cover on this date which helped to clearly delineate open, coniferous, and deciduous areas. HISTORIC LAND USE OF THE REGION The 5.8 million acres comprising the State of Vermont have changed from 100 percent forested when early settlers first appeared, to less than 25 per- cent forested, and then gradually back to about 70 percent forested at the present time. During early settlement, the forest was cleared for general farming purposes, later for farm and municipal timber, and then still later for commercial lumber and pulpwood. The earliest farming involved the production of subsistence crops, as well as such livestock as cattle, sheep, and hogs. At the beginning of the 1800' s, Vermont grew extensive crops of corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, peas, beans, and grasses such as timothy, white clover, and red clover. By pro- ducing the above, along with flax, hemp, and wool, the State was more or less self-supporting. Maple syrup was produced as a staple for both home use and outside sale, along with milk, butter, and cheese. Another staple, potatoes, was grown for home consumption and also as an important cash crop in the early 1800' s. -4- LEGEND ^COMPLETE METEOROLOGICAL STATION SCALE IN MILES # RECORDING PRECIPITATION GAGE CONTOUR .NTERVAL IS ^ ^ 4snOWCOU RSE SITE 20 FEET ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE,VERMONT Figure 2.1. 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C -J O Uj h~ If) O O i : : ^ O iL (j 10 H : : 0>« * U) ■* — \ UJ * — *• r ^ *h * ~ ^ * N * £ F ' <> \ • * *'V V v O ^ ] 3 ; :|l is, ^ 2 « , x^« ft V : K1 i ' \> *K\^ *>»\A V r ^ ^ ^ Ui Is ^ V ^ ^ K £ i 5 . '1 VA w<$ ■ V a * •» ^ s \ »»\ SA/OtV ■ ® V "»\\ V J . ^ COURSE : ; ! 1 : : : Aii »*'/, xN^< * M * *W ofL u c ^ - s P * v ^ *n**> ^ Ok <>* / vX, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ %, % SCALE IN FEET — . : , % ? ,.i/// /i ,,«, ^' (5?) PR EC/ PI TA TlON SAGE -e O c «r_ 1^1 COT TOM REGION ' ' SHEL TER Figure 3.4. Site diagram of station R-1A (elevation is 2074 ft). -18- - 5 PR U C£ , MAPl£S> 01RCH ~ 35' TO #0' ; i ^ PEAK OF ROOF IB ' HIGH f I N( ^ c 1 C 3 NOAA - ARS SNOW RESEARCH STATION OFFICE c J Figure 3.5. Site diagram of station R-3 (elevation is 1810 ft). -19- I/ 3 J iWKlft-. Figure 3.6. Station R-3 looking east (photograph taken in 1965) Figure 3.7. Current photograph of Station R-3 (Building is the headquarters of the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station) -20- ^^ s ^ * - O P £ *J P / £ L A A D - K i 1 UP SLOPE 1 \ # ) '\ ft N^ S /v O W C O U P- S £ A P £ A ft si 1 ® <* J \ * ZJCXV/V SLOPE ^ T T *N. *u U] ft d <0 - O P £ /v P / £ L D - ft '* ,* • 1 O 7X3 20 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 SC/l££" //V PEET s# (O) PRECIPITATION ^* GAGE Figure 3.8. Site diagram of station R-6 (elevation is 1350 ft) -21- Z*?l 1: ' Figure 3.9. Location of Station R-6 looking southeast (the circle marks the former location of the precipitation gage) . ftjgfc ff^ :^C'."'* ■ ev.-* Figure 3.10. Station R-12 from the southeast (photograph taken in 1964) . -22- L °-^t / si * - C O & /v F / E. L. D - <* CLASS A EVAP. PAN O ® ■ /INSTRUMENT BLOCK HOUSE S' HIGH ■ Qi bush Q i - COR/VF/EL2> — 1 DOW A/ SLOPE I P&AME HOUSE CONSTRUCTED 1973 - l97f O IO 20 | 1 1 1 1 |l 1 1 1 | SCALE IN FEET £T>\ PRECIPITATION ^ GAGE IT^l COTTON REGION ' ' SMELTER Figure 3.11. Site diagram of station R-12 (elevation is 1150 ft) -23- y * y 3S' /*Af>L£ to' MAPL£ ? f \ 0* ■ Is : : : * (0 T "» s ^ It Ui *\ Hi \* < ^ * N x «* ft >» \ t * (ft **•- < *i i ^ <* 1 ft % r" /O 20 | Mil |ll II | SCALE /A/ f=££T - .5 P R U C £ - %> K>\ PREC/PlTATION 1^1 COTTON REG/ON s \<* Figure 3.12. Site diagram of station R-16 (elevation is 1580 ft). -24- Figure 3.13. Station R-16 looking west (snow course is in the center of the photograph) . ■%>> ■#*k Figure 3.14. Station R-29 precipitation gage. -25- 10 20 | I I I I |l I I I | SCALE IH FEET 13 n I & 4-J T3 C m cn I C o •H 4J g S-i txO cd •H CD 0) 60 •H -29- Figure 3.20. Side view of the W-3 weir (gage height is approximately 0.4 feet). Figure 3.21. W-3 weir looking downstream, -30- gage at the snow research station. This combined record is still referred to as station R-3. The height of the precipitation gages above the ground has varied slightly over the years. In the early 1960's, all gages were installed with the orifice approximately 3.5 feet above the surrounding terrain. During the winter of 1963, snow depths exceeded 3.5 feet for the first time since data records were initiated. This caused drifting snow to be deposited in some of the precipitation gages during portions of February and March. To overcome this problem, beginning in the fall of 1964, the gages were placed about six feet above the ground during the winter season. During the summer the gages were returned to the 3.5 foot height. Starting in the fall of 1973, the gages were left at the six foot height on a permanent basis. Even though all of the precipitation gages are recording gages, some of the data were only tabulated on a daily basis. The rest of the data were tabula- ted on a breakpoint basis (the time and accumulation are tabulated whenever there is a change in slope on the precipitation chart) . The breakpoint tabu- lations were converted to hourly precipitation records for use in this publi- cation. Table 3.2 summarizes the precipitation data included in this report. All daily totals are for the period beginning and ending at midnight. The precipitation data for the individual stations, with no adjustments for incon- sistencies, are included on the magnetic tape (see chapter V for details on the contents and format of the magnetic tape) . Table 3.2 Summary of individual station precipitation data Time interval Station I.D. Period of Record of the data R-l 10/59 to 9/74 hourly R-3 1/61 to 9/74 hourly R-4 1/64 to 9/74 hourly R-6+6A 1/62 to 9/74 daily (combined record) R-7 10/59 to 12/63 hourly R-12 10/59 to 9/74 hourly R-16 10/59 to 9/74 daily R-25 1/67 to 9/74 daily R-29 6/64 to 9/74 daily Consistency Checks The consistency of the precipitation data was checked by generating double- mass plots for each station. The deviation of the accumulated precipitation for each station from the mean precipitation at a base group of stations was plotted against the accumulated mean for the base group. The base group was comprised of the three stations which have data for the entire period of record; R-l, R-12, and R-16. Separate plots were generated for the winter -31- season (November through March) and the summer season (April through October) . This was done to separate the gage catch during months when snowfall predom- inates from the catch during months when precipitation is normally rain. In addition to checking the consistency of precipitation amounts, the timing of the precipitation, at least in terms of the day of occurrence, was checked. This was done by plotting the daily totals for each station versus the date of occurrence. In about 30 to 40 cases the evidence indicated that the precipitation at one of the stations had actually occurred on a different day than indicated by the original tabulation. All of these cases were corrected. The double-mass plots indicated some inconsistencies. In addition, the double-mass plots identified months with quescionable data. Such months were examined in detail to determine if the daily totals were reasonable or if the data were obviously in error. Questionable data occurred during two periods. The first was at the very beginning of the period of record (10/59 to 2/60). An examination of the original charts indicated the questionable data were caused by the funnel being in the gage during an early season snowfall, clock stoppages, and snow adhering to the sides of the gage. When possible the data were adjusted based on the other gages. In the remaining cases the tab- ulated data were converted to missing values. The second period of question- able data occurred during February and March of 1963. The cause in this case was, as mentioned previously, drifting snow being deposited in some of the gages. The primary gages affected were R-l and R-6. All questionable data during this period were converted to missing values. Table 3.3 Adjustment factors needed to make the precipitation data consistent Station Applicable Season Adjustment Reason for I.D. Period Factor Adjustment R-l 4/70-9/74 Summer 0.87 Unknown R-3 5/61-5/62 Summer 1.09 Unknown R-6+6A 1/62-7/72 Winter 1.14 Shield installed 8/72 R-6+6A 7/73-9/74 Winter 0.92 Station moved to site R-6A R-6+6A 4/70-9/74 Summer 0.85 Unknown R-16 7/72-9/74 Summer 0.95 Unknown R-29 8/73-1/74 Summer Winter 1.11 1.33 Vandals damaged gage-new gage installed 1/31/74 -32- Table 3.3 lists the adjustments that are needed to make the data con- sistent as determined from the double-mass plots. The reasons for the adjustments could not always be determined from the available records. Nevertheless, even though the cause was unknown, relatively minor inconsist- encies could be identified because of the large number of gages located within a small area. The adjustments were used in computing mean areal pre- cipitation, but are not applied to the precipitation data for the individual stations contained on the magnetic tape. Mean Areal Precipitation In addition to compiling the data for each station, mean areal precipita- tion estimates were computed for the W-3 watershed. The method used to compute mean areal precipitation (MAP) is the MAP procedure of the National Weather Service River Forecast System [Staff, Hydrologic Research Laboratory, 1972]. In this procedure missing values and the hourly distribution of daily amounts are estimated from the precipitation data at surrounding stations. The estimator stations are weighted in proportion to the reciprocal of the distance squared. Thus, by using this procedure a complete (no missing values) hourly precipitation record is generated for each station from the incomplete hourly and daily records that were compiled for each gage. The station weight for each station is then applied to this set of complete hourly precipitation records in order to compute the MAP time series for the area under consideration. Station weights can be computed solely as a function of the x, y location of the station (Thiessen or grid-point weights), or, in the case of mountain- ous areas, station weights are usually based on an isohyetal analysis. After checking the raw data and applying the consistency adjustments, the next step in the isohyetal analysis for the W-3 watershed was to develop seasonal pre- cipitation-elevation relationships. Fig. 3.22 shows these relationships for the 15 year period, 10/59 through 9/74. It also shows that for the W-3 watershed most of the long-term variability in precipitation is directly related to elevation. Thus, station weights should be primarily related to the elevation, as well as the location of each station. Using these two factors as guides, the W-3 watershed was subjectively divided among the existing precipitation gages. The resulting station weights used to compute mean areal precipitation are given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Station weights for MAP computations Station I.D. Station Weight R-l 0.10 R-3 0.11 R-6+6A 0.23 R-16 0.29 R-25 0.08 R-29 0.19 R-4, R-7, and R-12 0.0 -33- CO LU X o O LU or o CO < LU CO 35 30 o 25 o < 9= 20 15 10 MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION WINTER »0 CM an oc < T a: O o. •o r^ l 9* 7 t£ a: C£ Q£ Q£ I 1 1000 1500 ELEVATION (FEET) 2000 Figure 3.22. Seasonal precipitation-elevation relationships for the W-3 watershed (based on period from 10/59 to 9/74; winter is November-March and summer is April-October) . •34- MAP estimates for the W-3 watershed are given for 5 time intervals. Table 3.5 gives the monthly and annual MAP values for the 15 year period. Daily MAP estimates are plotted (along with mean daily discharge, max and min temperature, and snow cover water-equivalent) and tabulated in Appendix A. Daily, six-hourly, and hourly MAP data are included on the magnetic tape. Hourly MAP for selected events is also plotted (along with instantaneous discharge) in Appendix B. Summary Precipitation data for 9 stations located within or near the W-3 water- shed are included on the magnetic tape. Daily data are given for all stations. Hourly values are also included for 5 of the gages. In addition, the individual gage data are used to compute mean areal precipitation for the W-3 watershed. Hourly, six-hourly, daily, and monthly tabulations of MAP are included. The overall quality of the MAP estimates is believed to be very good. The data for the first four water years (1960-1963) are probably of a lower quality, especially the winter data, than the data for the remaining years. This is because of a couple of questionable data periods during these years. Even though the gage sites are reasonably well protected from wind effects or wind shields have been installed, there is undoubtedly some deficiency in gage catch during snowfall periods. Based on precipitation gage catch comparisons conducted near the NOAA-ARS snow research station [Larson (1972)], the average deficiency during snowfall periods is probably in the range of 10 to 15 percent. III. 3 AIR TEMPERATURE DATA Air Temperature Stations The variability of air temperature values over the W-3 watershed is generally less than the variability in precipitation amounts. Thus primarily because of the conservative nature of spatial variations in air temperature, temperature data are only furnished for one measurement site. Other reasons for not including more stations are that air temperature was only recorded at a few of the stations and the data for most of the stations have not been reduced for the entire period of record. Air temperature data are provided for measurement site R-3. The elevation of this site is 1810 feet which is only slightly greater than the mean elevation of the watershed (1610 feet, see Fig. 2.3). The air temperature record for this location is a combination of data from 3 measurement sites. Air temperature data from the NOAA-ARS snow research station (located 150 feet southwest of R-3) are used for the periods December 1968 through April 1969 and November 1969 through September 1974 (instrumentation described in chapter V). Thermograph measurements of air temperature at station R-3 are used from the initiation of that station on November 24, 1960 through November 1968 and from May 1969 through October 1969. Prior to November 24, 1960, the closest available continuous measure- ments of air temperature were from a thermograph at station R-12. These data were adjusted to the R-3 measurement site. -35- CO 3 c c < rH 00 n£> On 00 o 00 o 00 rH NO m o rH 1^ rH rH O CO on ON CN 00 00 00 m 00 CO o n£> CO On co en on co O -J" CO rH -J" m n CN 00 00 vO ■ CU CO nO co rH CM a CU ON co vO 00 r>« CM co CO ON o CM CM H co rH CM co CM m On o o rH CO 3 G tn CO CM CM CN rH CM CM CN rH CO CO CO O ^o CO CO CM CO NO co nO CO CM CN CO o rH 00 o ON m CM O rH On CM S3 m CM CO CM m co m CM CO m nO CN ON On m vO On nO n£> ON ON 00 NO ON ON NO ON O ON ON CM ON co ON ON > < -36- Consistency Checks In order to create the combined record for station R-3, it was first nec- essary to check the consistency of the data from each individual station. This was done by checking the consistency of the maximum and minimum tempera- ture data for each station. The method used [Anderson (1973)] is to plot the accumulated deviation of the mean monthly temperature at each station from the average mean monthly temperature for a base group of stations against the accumulation of time in months. Separate plots are generated for maximum and minimum temperature data. The consistency analysis included max-min data from R-3 (11/60-12/69), the snow research station, R-12 (10/59-9/74), plus NOAA climatological data stations located at St. Johnsbury, Mclndoe Falls, Newport, Montpelier, Mt . Mansfield, and West Burke, all located in Vermont. These plots showed that the temperature data from station R-3 and the snow research station were not only consistent, but could be considered to be identical. The data from station R-12 were also consistent with the data from the other stations, but needed to be adjusted to represent temperatures at the R-3 site. The adjustment for maximum temperatures, as determined from the plots, was -1.7°F, which indicates a lapse rate of -2.6°F/1000 feet. For minimum temperatures the adjustment was 0.4°F or a lapse rate of 0.6°F/1000 feet. Thus, maximum air temperatures at station R-3 are typically colder than at R-12 while minimum temperatures are generally warmer. These adjust- ments were used to alter the temperature record at station R-12 for the period 10/59 through 12/60. Temperature Data and Form of Precipitation Hourly air temperatures for the 3 stations (snow research station, R-3, and R-12), plus station R-12 adjusted to the R-3 site, are contained on the magnetic tape. Mean monthly and daily maximum and minimum temperatures, plus mean six-hourly temperatures are provided for the combined record at the R-3 measurement site. Table 3.6 lists the mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for the 15-year period. The daily maximum and minimum tempera- tures for the period from midnight to midnight are plotted and tabulated in Appendix A, as well as being included on the magnetic tape. The mean six- hourly temperatures for the R-3 measurement site are contained on the magnetic tape. Among other things, air temperature data are frequently used to determine the form of precipitation. At the NOAA-ARS snow research station the precip- itation generally occurs as snow when the temperature is 33°F or below. Above 33°F the precipitation is typically rain. However, rain can occur at temperatures below 34°F and snow occurs when the temperature is above 33°F. Using the six-hourly temperature time series at the R-3 site, the form of precipitation based on the previously mentioned temperature criterion was compared to the observed form of the precipitation. Prior to the establish- ment of the snow research station, the observed form of the precipitation had to be inferred from the response of the stream hydrograph. Thus, only in the case of larger storms could it be determined whether the form of the precipi- tation based on the temperature criterion was correct. In the later years the observed form of the precipitation was generally recorded in the snow research station log. Table 3.7 lists those periods during which the observed -37- Table 3.6 Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature for the R-3 measurement site Maximum Temperature (°F) Water Year Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 1960 48.0 41.0 28.6 24.4 28.5 27.2 47.6 67.0 71.3 72.0 72.2 64.6 1961 51.2 40.7 22.9 17.4 29.6 33.5 40.4 56.2 69.1 71.9 70.3 71.7 1962 56.8 37.2 25.9 22.3 21.8 37.5 46.6 58.4 69.5 67.7 68.7 59.0 1963 50.3 37.8 23.7 20.2 19.0 33.3 44.6 61.0 73.5 75.9 67.2 63.4 1964 62.5 42.3 17.0 25.9 25.1 34.8 48.3 67.3 71.8 76.4 67.3 63.8 1965 51.8 38.6 30.0 19.4 24.2 32.4 44.9 65.9 71.3 70.6 71.6 64.7 1966 50.5 34.5 28.9 22.5 27.5 35.7 43.0 57.0 71.6 75.5 71.3 59.9 1967 51.8 42.6 26.4 27.0 20.6 31.6 44.4 51.8 75.0 75.2 72.1 65.8 1968 52.7 32.2 26.7 17.4 18.1 36.9 53.8 58.4 65.0 75.1 68.5 67.7 1969 53.9 34.2 21.3 23.5 25.8 29.3 44.8 56.9 70.1 71.7 73.3 63.0 1970 51.7 39.7 23.2 12.7 25.0 31.3 46.2 61.2 68.6 74.4 72.3 61.6 1971 54.3 40.4 19.4 15.7 24.7 29.0 41.8 58.8 70.4 72.6 70.1 65.8 1972 58.2 34.6 27.0 24.8 21.3 29.7 39.0 61.7 64.9 72.2 69.2 63.6 1973 46.4 33.1 25.9 24.5 22.2 39.6 47.1 55.6 69.1 74.8 74.5 60.4 1974 53.7 35.8 29.3 23.6 21.0 30.6 46.7 52.8 68.9 71.3 71.4 59.8 AVG. 52.9 37.6 25.1 21.4 23.6 32. 45.2 59.3 70.0 73.2 70.7 63.6 Minimum Temperature (°F) Water Year Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept 1960 34.2 26.5 16.1 7.4 13.0 12.2 30.0 46.0 49.6 51.0 48.2 44.5 1961 31.8 27.8 5.4 -2.1 9.3 13.9 27.5 36.1 47.1 51.9 51.4 50.2 1962 35.6 25.7 13.7 .2 1.5 18.0 26.9 36.8 47.2 48.6 50.5 42.5 1963 36.0 23.2 7.0 7.0 .8 16.7 28.9 37.7 48.9 54.0 48.5 39.2 1964 37.7 31.2 1.9 9.6 5.1 16.6 27.9 42.0 41.8 54.2 46.2 39.3 1965 32.8 22.4 14.4 .2 2.4 14.0 25.7 40.0 46.2 47.0 50.5 43.7 1966 34.0 19.9 15.9 5.9 8.4 17.4 26.8 35.4 48.2 53.0 51.1 41.2 1967 32.7 28.6 12.0 11.0 -1.5 10.9 27.0 34.2 52.4 54.9 52.5 43.6 1968 37.4 18.6 12.0 -3.1 .4 17.3 30.3 37.3 48.9 52.6 48.7 47.5 1969 37.3 22.4 8.0 8.0 11.9 16.0 26.9 36.5 47.0 51.9 52.8 43.9 1970 32.3 26.1 10.8 -4.1 3.2 15.4 27.9 41.8 48.7 55.6 52.9 46.2 1971 38.9 28.2 5.9 -1.9 8.7 14.8 27.2 39.5 47.6 52.5 52.1 49.2 1972 41.0 21.3 10.3 3.2 2.1 13.6 25.3 42.1 50.4 54.4 51.3 43.6 1973 29.7 23.0 11.4 6.2 2.7 26.2 30.3 40.1 52.4 56.7 57.2 44.3 1974 36.0 25.4 14.2 5.9 1.8 12.7 28.7 37.0 48.5 53.4 52.3 43.9 AVG. 35.2 24.7 10.6 3.5 4.7 15.7 27.8 38.8 48.3 52.8 51.1 44.2 -38- Table 3.7 Periods during which the observed form of the precipitation differs from the form determined from air temperature data Period Six-hourly mean air temperatures - °F Observed form of precipitation 4/16/61 1200 to 2400 33, 30 4/26/61 0000 to 0600 33 5/2/61 0600 to 1800 31, 30 10/31/61 1800 to 2400 33 11/1/61 0000 to 1200 33, 33 11/27/61 1200 to 1800 34 1/7/62 0600 to 1200 33 2/5/62 1800 to 2400 33 3/31/62 1200 to 1800 33 4/13/62 0000 to 1200 34, 34 11/16/63 0600 to 1200 35 11/16/64 1200 to 2400 32, 33 2/25/65 1200 to 1800 32 4/12/65 0600 to 1200 33 12/24/65 0600 to 1200 33 3/1/66 0000 to 0600 35 4/15/67 0600 to 1200 33 4/18/67 0000 to 1200 32, 33 11/23/67 0600 to 1200 32 11/23/67 1800 to 2400 30 12/3/67 1200 to 1800 31 2/3/68 0600 to 1200 31 11/7/68 1800 to 2400 33 11/18/68 1800 to 2400 33 12/5/68 0000 to 0600 31 3/18/69 0600 to 1200 30 3/25/69 1200 to 1800 34 3/29/69 1200 to 1800 34 rain rain rain rain rain snow rain rain rain snow snow rain rain rain rain snow rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain snow snow -39- Table 3.7 (Cont'd) Period Six-hourly mean air temperatures - °F Observed form of precipitation 4/2/69 4/19/69 1/29/70 0600 to 1200 0000 to 0600 1800 to 2400 3/4/70 1800 to 3/5/70 0600 3/20/70 1800 to 2400 4/20/70 11/23/70 2/12/71 2/14/71 2/27/71 4/10/71 12/9/71 12/15/71 12/24/71 3/2/72 3/22/72 11/20/72 11/26/72 12/6/72 12/13/72 12/31/72 11/27/73 12/9/73 12/14/73 12/20/73 12/28/73 0600 to 2400 0000 to 0600 1200 to 1800 0600 to 1200 0000 to 0600 1200 to 1800 1800 to 2400 1800 to 2400 1800 to 2400 0000 to 1800 0600 to 1800 0600 to 1200 0000 to 0600 1800 to 2400 0600 to 1200 1200 to 1800 1200 to 1800 1200 to 1800 0600 to 1200 1800 to 2400 0600 to 1200 1/21/74 1200 to 1/22/74 0600 3/17/74 0000 to 0600 3/24/74 0600 to 1200 32 33 32 28, 27 36 33, 33, 33 38 33 30 33, 32 34 33 33 33 31, 30, 33 32, 33 33 30 33 33 32 33 32 32 32 33 28, 33 33 32 31 ram rain rain rain snow rain snow rain rain rain snow rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain rain -40- form of the precipitation differs from the form indicated by the temperature criterion. During some of these periods rain could have occurred during a portion of the six-hour period and snow during the remainder, or the precip- itation could have occurred as snow over part of the watershed and rain over the rest of the watershed. Table 3.7 indicates the dominant form of the precipitation. Summary The overall quality of the combined air temperature record for the R-3 measurement site is very good. This record should be an adequate estimate of the mean air temperature over the W-3 watershed. Air temperature lapse rates vary with meteorological conditions. This is evident when comparing the adjusted R-12 data to that observed at station R-3 during the short period of overlapping records (11/24/60-12/31/60). Generally the adjusted R-12 tem- peratures are similar to those measured at R-3. Nevertheless, on some days the adjusted R-12 temperatures differ from the R-3 observations by as much as 10°F, indicating a deviation from the normal lapse rates. However, since the elevation of the R-3 site is close to the mean elevation of the W-3 watershed, air temperatures at R-3 should be reasonable estimates of the mean temperature over the W-3 watershed even when the lapse rates deviate from normal. In addition to variations of temperature with elevation, other physio- graphic factors influence the spatial variability of air temperature. From February to May 1974 a brief study was conducted to determine the effect of forest cover on air temperature within the W-3 watershed. A thermograph in a cotton region shelter was placed in a very dense grove of spruce trees located about 800 feet SE of the snow research station. A comparison of the tempera- ture record in the dense forest with temperatures measured in the open at the snow research station show that the maximum temperature, on the average, is 2 to 3°F cooler and the minimum temperature 1 to 2°F warmer in the forest than at the open site. The greatest differences occur during clear sky periods. When overcast conditions exist, the temperature differences are negligible. The largest measured difference in daytime temperatures was 9°F cooler in the forest. For nighttime temperatures, the largest difference was 6°F warmer in the forest than at the open site. An examination of the aerial mosaic of the W-3 watershed (Fig. 2.2) indicates that such dense groves of conifers occupy only a relatively small portion of the watershed. Thus, after considering the effects of elevation and forest cover on the spatial vari- ability of air temperature, it must still be concluded that the combined temperature record at the R-3 measurement site is a good estimate of the mean temperature over the W-3 watershed. III. 4 STREAMFLOW DATA This section describes the streamflow data for the W-3 watershed that are included in this publication. This includes information on the weir and its operations, the rating curve for the weir, consistency checks, and the various data displays. Streamflow Measurements Streamflow measurements for the W-3 watershed are made at weir 3 (W-3) of -41- the ARS Sleepers River Research Watershed. This weir is a 16 inch wide con- crete weir, constructed on bedrock with a 5:1 notch slope. The elevation of the weir site is 1135 feet (m.s.l.). A continuous stage record using a Stevens A-35 recorder was initiated in December of 1959. The data record contained in this publication begins on January 1, 1960, and continues through water year 1974. The weir site is checked frequently for silt deposits at the intake, clock accuracy and stoppages, gage height errors, ice build up at the weir notch, and annually for datum reference. Appendix G contains a history of the operation of the weir site. The original weir notch was raised by 18 inches in July 1963 in an attempt to get a better control. Otherwise the conditions at the weir site have remained reasonably unchanged. Rating Curves The stage-discharge relationships for the W-3 weir were developed from periodic streamgaging measurements. From 1960 to 1963 a series of stream- gaging measurements were taken in an attempt to define the rating curve. Approximately 30 measurements were made using Price current meters over a gage height range of 0.41 to 1.58 feet. A rating curve was established by determining a best fit line on a logarithmic plot of gage height versus dis- charge. In 1963 it was decided that a satisfactory rating could not be obtained because the stream gradient was too steep and the pool behind the weir so small that the velocity head was not negligible. Therefore, in July 1963, 18 inches of additional concrete were added to the weir to raise the notch and thus create a larger and deeper pool. After the weir notch was raised , another series of streamgaging measurements was made between 1963 and 1968. About 40 measurements were made over a gage height range of 0.35 to 1.58 feet. A rating curve was again established by determining two best fit lines (one for gage heights below 0.63 feet and another for gage heights above that level) on a logarithmic stage-discharge plot. In recent years several studies indicated that these original rating curves were questionable, especially with regard to the higher stages (the maximum stage of record is 3.4 feet on June 30, 1973). Even with the higher weir notch and somewhat larger pool, it is doubtful that the velocity head is negligible for stages above 1.5 feet. Therefore, a new series of streamgaging measurements were made in 1976. The 1976 series of streamgaging measurements were begun in April and con- tinued through August. All measurements were made in the general vicinity of the walkway over the brook upstream from the W-3 weir (see Fig. 3.18). Un- fortunately, no extreme stages were encountered during this period, however, the range of gage heights, 0.42 to 2.03 feet, exceeded those obtained during the previous series of streamgaging measurements. Table 3.8 lists the summary data for the 1976 streamgaging measurements. As can be seen from Table 3.8, a pygmy Price meter was used for almost all measurements below a gage height of 0.75 feet. The available information indicates that pygmy meters were not used during the earlier streamgaging measurements. The theoretical equation for the discharge over a 5:1 V-notch weir with no losses can be expressed as: Q = 21.4 • H^* 5 , (3.1) -42- Table 3.8 Summary of streamgaging measurements during 1976 Gage Discharge Mean Number Date Height(ft) (cfs) Velocity (ft/sec) Meter 1 4/5 2 4/5 3 4/5 4 4/6 5 4/6 6 4/6 7 4/7 8 4/8 9 4/8 10 4/15 11 4/15 12 4/17 14 4/17 17 4/28 18 4/28 19 4/28 20 4/29 21 4/29 22 4/29 23 5/2 24 5/7 25 5/12 26 5/12 27 5/12 28 5/12 29 5/12 30 5/13 31 5/13 32 5/14 34 6/2 -43- Gage Discharge Mean Height(ft) (cfs) Velocity (ft/sec) 1.255 25.4 1.74 1.30 30.5 1.70 1.30 27.7 1.68 1.225 22.6 1.52 1.23 24.7 1.52 1.30 28.8 1.72 1.34 29.2 1.77 1.18 20.3 1.47 1.195 21.2 1.52 1.105 17.9 1.45 1.145 21.1 1.82 1.56 48.4 2.07 1.89 73.4 2.63 1.065 16.9 1.24 1.085 17.6 1.25 1.095 18.0 1.26 .97 11.5 .96 .96 11.6 1.00 .96 11.7 .98 1.03 14.9 1.14 1.015 13.8 1.05 1.395 31.2 1.70 1.405 31.5 1.74 1.295 26.5 1.57 1.21 24.4 1.51 1.19 20.3 1.28 .96 11.4 1.00 .91 10.4 .91 .85 8.7 .87 .72 5.4 .64 Table 3.8 (Cont'd) Gage Discharge Mean Number Date Height(ft) (cfs) Velocity (ft /sec) Meter 35 6/8 .68 5.2 .59 pygmy 36 6/10 .60 3.40 .41 pygmy 37 6/15 .52 3.11 .41 pygmy 38 7/8 .75 6.1 .69 39 7/8 .74 6.2 .68 pygmy 40 7/8 .715 6.0 .71 pygmy 41 7/8 .69 5.8 .68 pygmy 42 7/8 .675 4.91 .87 pygmy 43 7/8 .665 4.46 .67 44 7/9 .625 4.60 .70 pygmy 45 7/15 .505 2.62 .45 pygmy 46 7/15 .50 2.71 .47 pygmy 49 7/16 .495 2.44 .40 50 7/16 .49 2.52 .36 51 7/22 .45 1.99 .40 pygmy 52 7/22 .43 1.84 .38 pygmy 53 7/23 .43 1.77 .41 pygmy 54 7/23 .43 2.06 .42 pygmy 55 7/23 .425 1.97 .41 pygmy 56 7/23 .42 2.09 .43 pygmy 57 7/23 .42 1.97 .42 pygmy 58 7/28 .605 4.03 .56 pygmy 59 7/28 .595 3.92 .54 pygmy 60 8/5 .455 2.40 .45 pygmy 61 8/5 .45 2.28 .45 pygmy 62 8/5 .45 2.36 .45 pygmy 63 8/10 1.435 33.8 1.71 64 8/10 1.595 43.5 2.05 65 8/10 1.945 77.4 2.86 66 8/10 2.03 82.8 2.59 Note: six measurements were omitted for various reasons -44- where: Q = discharge (cfs), and H = total head (ft) . For an actual weir Eq. 3.1 can be expressed in a generalized form as: Q = c d • 21.4 • (H + a • h Q + h c ) 2 ' 5 , (3.2) where c^ = a discharge coefficient which is less than 1.0, H - gage height (ft) , h Q = the velocity head based on the mean velocity (ft) , a = an adjustment factor which is the ratio of the true velocity head to the velocity head computed on the basis of the mean velocity, and h = a constant head correction (ft). The adjustment factor, a, is defined [Benson and Dalrymple, 1968] as: (3.3) a = =2 A (^) 3 ■ AA k V where: A = the total area of the cross section, v = the mean velocity of a small subarea AA, and V = the mean velocity of the total cross section. The adjustment factor, a, used for the W-3 weir is 1.2. This value was com- puted from the streamgaging measurements and assumes that the velocity head at the streamgaging site is the same as at the point where the gage height is recorded. This is a reasonable assumption at the higher flows. At low flows the velocity head is less just upstream from the weir where the gage height is measured than at the streamgaging site. However, the velocity head is negligible at low flows at both locations. The constant head correction, h , can correct for datum differences or can be related to the geometry of the cross section of the weir [Horton (1907)]. In order to develop a rating curve based on Eq. 3.2 in which discharge is only a function of gage height, it is first necessary to express h solely as a function of H. From the streamgaging measurements the following relation- ship was computed: h Q = 0.02 • H 2,6 , (3.4) with a correlation between H and h^ of 0.98. Available information indicates that Eq. 3.4 will give reasonable estimate: up to the maximum stage of record, though i estimate increases as the stage increases. that Eq. 3.4 will give reasonable estimates of h for gage heights at least up to the maximum stage of record, though obviously the uncertainty of the -45- In order to determine if h has a value other than zero, the discharge co- efficient, c , was plotted as a function of H + a • h for each of the stream- gaging measurements. The values of c, were reasonably constant above 0.75 foot, but increased significantly for lower values of H + a • h . This indi- cates that h is greater than zero. A value of h 0.05 foot makes c, c C d reasonably constant for all values of H + a • h + h . The best fit value of o c c, is 0.54. Thus the rating curve for the W-3 weir, for the period after July 1963, can be expressed as: Q = 11.55 • (H + 0.024 • H 2 ' 6 + 0.05) 2 ' 5 . (3.5) Fig. 3.23 shows a plot of Eq. 3.5 and the 1976 streamgaging measurements. In order to determine if the rating has remained stable over the years, Eq. 3.5 was compared with the streamgaging measurements taken from July 1963 through 1968. This comparison is shown in Fig. 3.24. Indications are that the rating for the W-3 weir has remained stable with time since the notch was raised in July 1963. A new rating curve was also established for the period prior to July 1963. The information needed to compute the velocity head is not included with the streamgaging records for that period. The assumption was made that a = 1.2 and Eq. 3.4 could be used to compute the velocity head. The constant head correction, h c , was assumed to be zero because the scatter in the stream- gaging data at the lower stages was so great that it was impossible to deter- mine if h c should have a nonzero value. Using a best fit value of Cj = 0.689, the rating curve for the W-3 weir, for the period prior to July 1963, can be expressed as: Q = 14.75 • (H + 0.024 • H 2 ' 6 ) 2,5 . (3.6) It should be expected that the discharge coefficient before July 1963 is higher than after that date because the original weir had less side contrac- tions. Fig. 3.25 shows a plot of Eq. 3.6 and the streamgaging data obtained prior to July 1963. Consistency Checks The consistency of the streamflow data was checked by means of comparisons between runoff values for the W-3 watershed and several U.S. Geological Survey streamflow measurement sites nearby. The long-term consistency was checked by means of a double mass plot of monthly runoff volumes. The runoff for the W-3 watershed was plotted against runoff data for the Passumpsic River at Passumpsic, Vermont, and the Moose River at St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Both the W-3 watershed and the Moose River drainage lie within the Passumpsic River basin. The use of the old rating curves for the W-3 weir resulted in large inconsistencies between the periods before and after July 1963, plus there was a clear indication that runoff volumes for W-3 were too high during months containing high discharges. The use of the new rating curves, as defined by Eqs. 3.5 and 3.6, resulted in the W-3 runoff data being completely consistent with the runoff data for the other streams. -46- o o lO o o rO O O CO O O O in O \» rO O c\J O •X rO C\J CO u_ o LU O q: < X o CO Q o o O O m ro C\J m rO c\J — O O (133d) 1H9I3H 30V0 O H 3 •-3 S-i d) •U M-l T3 O •H M a, 0) O M-l 01 > u 3 O bO C «H •u cfl U CD ro I d 03 en u C 0) g u 3 W cd o> B oo fi •H bO bO B Ctf 0) U 0~> CO CN ro CD S-i 3 toO •H ■47- o o m o o ro O O C\J O V O O lO o \ • rO O v» c\J O lO ro C\J • \ -•V • •V •\ CO O < X o CO Q q if) q ro o C\J lO ro <\J • • • o O o •H i C oo (7\ 00 3 O U 4-) ro B o • u m M-( ^£> CTv C -H CU ^! >> cO rH *-» 3 >-> S-i 0) co cu s ^ cu co u w o •H CU M 6 cu a, oO d o ~* oO CN C • -H m -u cd cu S-i j-i 00 •H (133d) 1H0I3H 30V0 -48- • \ O O o o ro o o CO o o o CO o rO LU cr < X o CO Q o CO m rO CO o O O • • • IT) rO CO o ro O CO o 60 c ■H •U u u •H CU CO I a a vD o o B o u M-l a CU X. • 4-1 v£> CO rH 4-1 C 0J S 3 CU (-J V-l 3 Cfl nj cu s E*. 0) M O M-l CU x> 00 3 XI ■H O 00 oo cu CO o • M-l m CN CU • > ro U 3 CU o u 3 00 •H (133d) 1H0I3H 30V0 -49- The consistency of the flood of record (occurred in June 1973) was checked by comparing the total runoff for that event with the runoff for the Passumpsic River and the Moose River at Victory, Vermont. About 4 inches of runoff was measured at all 3 locations. Based on the available precipitation data this seems reasonable. The old rating curve for the W-3 weir indicated that the 5 inches of rain that fell on the W-3 watershed produced more than 5 inches of runoff. These checks indicate that at least the vast majority of the streamflow data for the W-3 watershed are consistent. There is some evidence that low flow values may be too low prior to July 1963. There are 102 days with mean daily flows below 1.0 CFSD prior to July 1963 (lowest is 0.59 CFSD on several days during August and September 1960), and only 26 days afterward (lowest is 0.79 CFSD on 8/19/70). This may be real, but more likely is the result of not being able to determine the value of h c from the available streamgaging measurements for that period. It probably can be safely said that the W-3 watershed streamflow data are more accurate for water years 1964 through 1974 than for the first 4 water years. Because of several other factors it is evident that the W-3 watershed data, in general, are better for water years 1964 through 1974 than for water years 1960 through 1963. These factors include: 1. more precipitation stations in the later years, 2. questionable precipitation data during the winters of 1960 and 1963, 3. air temperatures extrapolated from station R-12 from 10/59 to 11/60, 4. fewer snow course, evaporation, and soil moisture measurements in the early years, and 5. estimated stage data during the peak snowmelt runoff period in 1960 (April 12-19). Available Streamflow Data The continuous stage record for the W-3 weir for the entire period of record, January 1, 1960 through September 30, 1974 is included on the magnetic tape. The stage record is in breakpoint form, i.e., there is a time and gage height entry whenever there is a change in the slope of the continuous stage record. By using either Eq. 3.5 or 3.6, this stage record can be converted to instantaneous or mean discharges for any selected period. Mean daily discharges are plotted and tabulated in Appendix A, in addition to being included on the magnetic tape. Table 3.9 gives monthly and annual runoff volumes in inches for the W-3 watershed. Instantaneous discharge, plus hourly mean areal precipitation, for selected events ara plotted in Appendix B. The selection process for these events considered several factors. All of the largest runoff events are included (peak flow of record occurred on June 30, 1973). Events with heavy precipitation, which were not included in the previous category, were also selected. There is at least one event from each water year and from each month of the year. The events were selected to show watershed response to a single burst of rain (best example is June 28, 1972), complex rain storms (many examples), snowmelt periods, and rain-on-snow events (besides those during snowmelt periods, rain-on-snow events occurred in 2/61, 3/64, 2/70, 1/73, 3/73, and 2/74). Almost all of -50- rH cd 3 3 3 < o 00 r-s 00 CN CN CN rH CN CN CO o> 00 CN -3- LO rH r- 1 CN rH CN rH rH CN O CN CN O CO CN CN CN CN CO CN cd H T3 0) .3 w r-l CU 4-1 CO I 0) 4= CO > rH ■u 3. O 4-i^Oi^oOrHr^mrHOO^Or^~d-~-j-ocN oo CiiLn-crooCNminrHOrH<]-rH-d-OOLn CO OOCOt^-OOr^OOrH^DOOr^vOLOOOCNrHOO CTn 3 ^Oroooooo\r^ororo,incNcy.r^rH\£>\r>rH ex <;ooLnvor^£>rHrHC7\LricNvr> r-~ cd SrHrHOOrHrHCNOrOrHrHOrH-r-^romCTirovDi — o-)^nr-~cr>>>orOLrir^-c^oOLO oo o Z ■Ur^OrOCNrnvD<3-r^OOOOOOvDOCTiv£) CN a OCNrHOrOOOCNOrHOOOrHOrH rH o rH 6 cd cu u c/> CJ5 cn !=) >> cd cu 3 e o IH CU •u cd •H 4-1 CO CU M-l IW O 3 3 rH ,3 4-1 3 O CO CU 4-1 cd o •H 3 W r-l 5-1 o rH CN CO \£> O vO o r^ r-~ r-~ r-~ r^ a 4-J a) CTi 0\ CT> a> cd 3 >H rH rH rH rH rH H rH rH H rH rH rH rH rH rH tH -~' CO > •H 3 H X) w 3 M CO CO .3 >n 4-1 n U 0) 4-J CO Es ^o eg ON co no co o nO On r-~ ^O tH -j- r-^ tH o CM m m O nO o CXI 1 — nO cn oo cn oo N CO X (U e CO w cu 3 O u 3 O CJ O >N o X 3 CU tH cO > •H 3 a* CU I u cu 4-1 cO X 3 cO ,3 4J a. cu x 8 3 & •H X CO O -53- equivalent at R-l was similar to that measured at the R-3 snow course. The R-6 snow course was frequently affected by drifting snow. Table 3.10 shows that the snow course measurements at R-6 are considerably greater during some years than those at any other snow course even though R-6 is at a relatively low elevation. It is quite obvious that the majority of the snow course samples at R-6 during water years 1963, 1964, and especially 1967, 1968, and 1969 were made in a snow drift. The R-6 snow course was dis- continued in 1969 because it was at a nonrepresentative location. As has been indicated, most of the snow courses are representative of the snow accumulation and melt cycle in other areas of the W-3 watershed with similar elevation and exposure. Unfortunately, such areas constitute only a relatively small portion of the watershed. Most of the W-3 watershed is forested. In addition, many of the open areas are more exposed than the snow course sites. Measurements in recent years indicate that small forest clearings, which include most of the snow course sites, tend to accumulate the most snow. Maximum water-equivalent in the deciduous forests is typically slightly less than in the open. The water-equivalent in dense spruce stands is 20 to 50 percent less than in an adjacent forest clearing. In terms of ablation, the open areas typically are bare of snow first even though they accumulate more snow than either the deciduous or coniferous areas. The last snow to melt is that lying under dense spruce stands in the higher elevations of the watershed. Thus, the snow courses can not be directly used to deter- mine average snow cover conditions over the W-3 watershed. III. 6 PAN EVAPORATION DATA Available Data Pan evaporation data are available from two locations for the W-3 water- shed. Data are available from station R-12 for 1963 through 1974 (except for 1972) and from the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station for 1968 through 1973 (except for 1969) . Pan evaporation measurements are begun each spring, usually sometime in May, and continued until freezing of the water in the pan stops data collection, generally in October. A Class A pan is used to measure evaporation at station R-12. Fig. 3.10 is a photograph of station R-12 showing the evaporation pan. At the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station an experimental, insulated X-3 pan is used to measure evaporation. The X-3 evaporimeter is made of white fiberglass and is approx- imately 2 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep. It is surrounded by a 5.5 inch thickness of freon-blown polyurethane on the upper 7 inches and a 3 inch thickness on the lower portion and bottom. The larger thickness of insula- tion on the upper portion is used to accommodate an offset stilling well. It is painted black on the inside below the water line to minimize reflected radiation. The pan is installed on a platform so that the rim is one meter above ground level. The X-3 pan installation at the snow research station is visible in Fig. 4.2. The pan evaporation data are tabulated in Appendix D. Data are tabulated for May through October of each year. Negative values, which occasionally -54- occur and are generally the result of measurement errors, are tabulated as zero. Table 3.11 summarizes the pan evaporation data by tabulating the average daily pan evaporation by month and for each station. Table 3.11 also contains the total May through October pan evaporation at each station for each year. Quality and Representativeness of the Data The pan evaporation data, in general, have been carefully collected by experienced observers from properly installed pans. Thus, the measurements themselves must be considered to be reliable on most days. On days of heavy rain, the evaporation observations may be considerably in error resulting from splash-out due to rain and possibly high wind. There is a quite consistent relationship between evaporation values from the X-3 and Class A pans during months when both were in operation (see Table 3.11). The only real exception is during July 1971. During this month the average evaporation is less for the Class A than for the X-3 pan. This is opposite from all other months. This discrepancy is the result of significant differences in accumulated evaporation on the 6th and 19th of July. Based on meteorological data, the X-3 data seem correct. Field notes indicate that there was some problem with the Class A observation on the 6th. However, it is not possible to absolutely determine which set of measurements are in error during July 1971. There is also no easy way to check the consistency of the pan evaporation data during months when only one pan was in operation. The annual pan coefficient (ratio of pan evaporation to lake evaporation) for a Class A pan varies from 0.6 to 0.8, depending on location. An analysis of evaporation data for the United States [Kohler, et al. (1959)] indicates that the Class A pan coefficient for New England is typically in the range of 0.75 to 0.80; the actual coefficient is dependent on the exposure at the particular site. A primary objective in the design of the X-3 pan was to develop an evaporimeter which would have a more nearly constant pan-to-lake coefficient. The current best estimate of the X-3 pan coefficient is 0.73. The analysis of evaporation data [Kohler, et al. (1959)] also indicates that for northern Vermont approximately 80 percent of the annual evaporation occurs between May and October and that the annual lake evaporation is about 23 to 26 inches. Evidence suggests that annual lake evaporation and annual potential evapotranspiration are approximately equal. An estimate of the actual annual evapotranspiration for the W-3 watershed can be determined from the long-term water balance. The mean annual precipi- tation computed from gage measurements (from Table 3.5) is 42.8 inches. The actual mean areal precipitation is more likely in the range of 43.5 to 45 inches, considering the probable precipitation gage catch deficiency of 10 to 15 percent during snowfall. The mean annual runoff (from Table 3.9) is 24.9 inches. Thus, the actual annual evapotranspiration for the W-3 watershed is probably somewhere between 18.5 and 20 inches. This estimate of actual evapotranspiration also holds for the years that the Class A pan was in opera- tion and for the period of record of the X-3 pan. -55- Table 3.11. Summary of pan evaporation data (all values are in inches) a. Station R-12, Class A pan Daily average pan evaporation Year May June July Aug, Sept, Oct. May-Oct Total 29, .9 29, ,5E 30, .0 29, ,6 26, ,7 25, ,2 24, ,0 27, ,8 27, ,8 25, ,6 26, ,3 1963 .175 .203 .225 .145 .126 1964 .172 .224 .199 .165 .127 1965 .216 .227 .205 .177 .102 1966 .149 .196 .220 .177 .106 1967 .160 .204 .162 .139 .111 1968 .153 .111 .216 .167 .111 1969 .141 .158 .172 .137 .091 1970 .164 .202 .194 .199 .096 1971 .157 .235 .173 .178 .108 1973 .099 .172 .196 .181 .106 1974 .119 .191 .216 .169 .099 .100 .052 .115 .096 .061 .083 .051 .058 .082 .063 AVG. 155 .193 .198 .167 .108 076 27.5 NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station, X-3 pan Daily average pan evaporation May-Oct. Year May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Total 1968 .147 .096 .189 .147 - 22. IE 1970 .162 .190 .173 .175 .083 .044 25.3 1971 - .198 .198 .156 .080 .052 25. 5E 1972 - - .137 .138 .102 .080 23. 8E 1973 .080 .164 .187 .154 .087 .063 22.5 AVG. Note: .130 .162 177 .154 .088 .060 23.8 - indicates missing data E indicates estimated value (Estimated Class A pan total uses the long-term average for the missing month. Estimated X-3 totals are based on ratio of X-3 to Class A.) -56- It is not known which of the evaporation pans provides a better index to watershed evapotranspiration. Table 3.11 shows that there is a difference in the measured evaporation between the two stations. The difference is partly caused by the variation in elevation between the two stations, but probably to a greater extent the difference is due to variations in the exposure and pan coefficients. III. 7 SOIL-MOISTURE DATA Available Data Soil-moisture measurements were taken at stations R-l, R-3, and R-6 from 1963 until 1969 (R-6 discontinued in 1967). The measurements were made with a Nuclear-Chicago neutron scattering probe. The probe was inserted in an access tube and measurements made at various depths down to 48 inches. Readings were scheduled on a weekly basis at times when weather and soil conditions permitted such sampling. Plots of soil-moisture-by-volume for stations R-l, R-3, and R-6 are con- tained in Appendix E. These plots show soil-moisture values at depths of 6, 12, 24 and 36 inches. Quality of the Data All soil-moisture measurements were taken carefully and the instrument calibration was checked on a regular basis. However, the following cautionary information concerning these measurements should be noted. 1. The absolute moisture-by-volume readings for any one date have not been consistently checked or ascertained with spot gravimetric samples (to avoid disturbance or destruction of the sampling sites). However, the relative differences between readings can be considered reliable. 2. At certain times of the year the lower depths, below 30 inches, are probably saturated. This is because of the shallow nature of the watershed soils and the excessive amounts of soil-moisture contributed by infiltrating snowmelt water. 3. The original profile of station R-3 was disturbed when the station was established. Thus, it is possible that the 6 inch depth does not represent the true surface conditions. 4. The surface readings at all 3 stations are subject to inaccuracies due to the organic, well-aerated nature of the coarse-textured surface soils. While these data should be indicative of changes in soil-moisture over por- tions of the W-3 watershed, these sites are certainly not truly representative of conditions over the entire watershed. -57- CHAPTER IV: NOAA-ARS SNOW RESEARCH STATION INTRODUCTION The NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station was established in 1967 as part of a cooperative snow hydrology project [Johnson and Anderson (1968)]. The pur- pose of this project is to study the physical processes which control snow metamorphosis and snowmelt. Only a limited amount of data were collected during the 1967-68 winter. Continuous measurements of the variables needed to use and evaluate conceptual snow cover models began in December 1968 and have continued to the present time. Measurements of some of the variables, precipitation and those needed to estimate potential evapotranspiration, are recorded throughout the year (only precipitation was measured during the summer of 1969) . This chapter describes the snow research station and the data collected up to September 1974. These data were used to test a point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover [Anderson (1976)]. The report describing this model includes some additional information on the snow research station. DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE The NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station is located about 5 miles NNW of Danville, Vermont, at an elevation of 1812 feet (see Fig. 2.1). Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of the snow research station site. The central portion of the site was graded prior to the installation of the instruments. Thus the site is very flat with a slight slope to the south. This results in a very uniform snow cover over the immediate site area. However, during windy periods there is a tendency for new snow to blow off this area. Based on mass balance computations, the amount of snow which blows off the site typically exceeds the catch deficiency of the precipitation gage. The research station is located near the eastern edge of a 15 acre clearing (see Fig. 2.2). To the west, the forest is about 600 feet from the center of the site area. The first 250 feet are generally free of vegetation which protrudes above the snow cover. Beyond 250 feet there are scattered clumps of small conifers. It is about 200 feet from the center of the site to the forest in both a northeasterly and southeasterly direction. This area is free of any vegetation which protrudes above the snow. The prevailing winds in the winter are from a westerly direction. Figs. 4.2 through 4.7 are photographs of the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station. All but one of the photographs were taken in December 1976 and January 1977. The physical layout and surroundings have changed only slightly since the station was established. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING Background The NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station is manned on an 8 hours per day, 5 days per week basis by a meteorological technician. Commercial power lines were -58- t— ■ 1—' QJ LU u. U < to 3 •H a. < _J o o LU < a: a. _) a" to O LU t— z < II LU u Z £ i ? a; o to o 3 z >- z o LU to _J to 1— z _J < _l CO o u to c o •H 4-1 Cfl •U CO ^ CJ L-l a) CO a) o C CO CO < I o a) LM o s cfl n bO 03 •H 13 CO -59- Figure 4.2. Overview of the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station looking SSE. Photograph taken in October 1972 (X-3 evaporation pan is located just to the right of the blockhouse) . Figure 4.3. Lysimeter heat rings suspended above the snow (Station R-3 can be seen in the background). -60- Figure 4.4. Snow research station from the west Figure 4.5. Radiometer masts looking west (large suspended box in the background contains natural gamma radiation snow gage [Bissell and Peck (1974)]). -61- fc. 4m-*5*. Figure A. 6. Infrared thermometer housing, snow cover temperature stake, air temperature and dew-point mast, and anemometer masts from the roof of the blockhouse (natural gamma radiation snow gage and snow course areas are in the background) . ft |s' | ■ i I ; ! Figure 4.7. Precipitation gages and cotton region shelters (precipitation gage test site X-4 [Larson (1972)] is in the background). -62- extended when the station was established; thus, AC power is available. The station can be reached by road, except during the winter when a snowmobile is used . A basic philosophy of the data collection program has always been to make at least two measurements of each variable whenever feasible. In many cases a variable is measured with more than one type of sensor. This provides both a check on the accuracy of the data and a backup observation in case one of the sensors or recorders fails. Data Processing The steps that are followed in the processing of the snow research station data are as follows: 1. Data are recorded and manually transferred to forms at the snow research station each month. Most data are recorded in digital form, but some data are picked off strip charts. The forms are sent to the Office of Hydrology, NOAA. 2. The data forms are reviewed, integrator slopes and intercepts are computed, and most of the data are put on punched cards. 3. All data that are punched on an hourly basis are loaded onto a magnetic tape to reduce card input to further data processing programs. 4. The data are run through the basic data reduction program which con- verts all data into the proper units, calculates means, and computes implicitly measured variables, such as albedo and net radiation. The output is checked for consistency, mistakes in punching, and other errors. 5. When the data are in satisfactory form, the final run of the data reduction program is made. On this run the best measurement of each variable is written onto a master magnetic tape. Estimates of missing data are made from secondary sensors when so indicated. These estimates are based on the relationship between the primary and secondary sensors on those days when both have valid data. These estimates are classified as good. 6. The contents of the master tape are printed and checked. Values of certain variables (those primarily used as model input) still missing after step 5 are estimated by hand. In some cases the estimates are based on other sensors at the snow research station which have not been put on punched cards. Or the missing period may have only lasted for a few hours, thus, the estimate can be based on the hours before and after the missing period. Such estimates are classified as fair. In a few instances certain variables are missing for long periods and can not be estimated from any other measurements at the snow research station. These periods primarily occur during summer months. The two variables affected are wind speed and incoming solar radiation. Estimates during these extended periods are based on rela- tionships between measurements at the snow research station and the FAA air- port at Montpelier, Vermont (30 miles SW) . Relationships between wind travel at both sites and between daily solar radiation at the snow research station -63- and daytime cloud cover at Montpelier are used. These estimates are classified as poor. Summary of Collected Data Table 4.1 summarizes the data collected at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station for the period December 1968 through September 1974. The estimated standard error between the measured and "true" value of each variable is based on a subjective evaluation of several objective factors. For the instruments these factors include comparisons between different or similar sensors measuring the same variable, calibrations of sensors against working or primary standards, repeatability of measurements, manufacturer's specifi- cations, and a knowledge of the design and measuring principle of the instruments. The instrumental error is the combined error of the sensor and the recording system. Besides instrumental errors, the standard error estimates given in Table 4.1 include the effect of sampling errors. Sampling errors for the meteorological variables and snow cover variables, such as snow surface temperature and snow cover outflow whose values are basically determined by meteorological conditions, should be relatively small most of the time because of the uniformity and small size of the site area. The snow cover is also quite uniform over the site area. However, its variability is large enough so that sampling errors are of the same order of magnitude as instrumental errors. The estimated sampling errors for snow cover depth, density, and water-equivalent are based on the variability between individual snow course points. Further Comments on Selected Variables In addition to the information about the data contained in Table 4.1, some further comments are warranted in regard to a few of the variables. 1. Incoming (atmospheric) longwave radiation (Q a ) . Net radiation can be measured at a particular point for use in energy balance computations. At the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station net radiation is not measured. This is because net radiation is highly dependent on the surface over which it is measured. Therefore, although net radiation data could be used in energy balance computations at the snow research station, its use in areal applications would be severely limited. In areal applica- tions it is more useful to measure the components of net radiation. For areal studies the incident components of net radiation, incoming solar and longwave radiation, can be extrapolated from one point to another by taking topography and vegetation cover into account. The outgoing components are a function of the albedo and temperature of the surface, both of which can be highly variable over an area. Incoming longwave radiation has been one of the most difficult of the variables to measure accurately. The ventilated radiometers are affected by wind, especially if the wind is perpendicular to, or in the opposite direction of, the forced ventilation. In addition, ventilated radiometers record much too low during rain due to evaporation from the upper surface of the thermopile plate. -64- c o •H 4-1 co -P C/} 43 CJ 5-i CO cu CO cu Pi o c co CO Pi < I o S3 St r-x ON S-i cu XI 0) 4-1 cu cu w cu x 43 &0 4-1 3 o 4-1 S-l CO X 4-1 X CU 00 4-1 VO CJ ON CU rH rH U O CU O 43 e CO CU 4-j a co 1 CO X CO 3 54 CO 3 4-1 o CO o 4-1 5-i l-l cO cu 43 X CJ 5-1 O B a 3 cu 5-i pi XI CN 4-1 CU I cu O <4-l B 5-4 vO CU X •" 4-) ^-N ON CU*£> •H \ 5-i o •H CN cO 4-1 4= cu cu S cO ■H 5-i c o 4-1 4-) o o c •H 5-i 0) X) 4-J 3 H- 3 CU O 43 5-4 CO 00 CU > o 43 cO c o •H 00 CU CU 54 3 4-J CO 5-i Q) OJ a. H s X CU CO 4-1 •H 5-1 5-i CO •H > < o 5-4 CO 4= CJ CU •H 5-i CJ CU s CU ti rH O (U -H 4-J rH O cO XI rH 5-1 CU CU rH 3 cu -h •H 43 CO CU fe > 5-1 o o CU O 42 4-1 CO CO CD o &-? 5-1 rH en 00 CU 43 a X cO 3 6-S 4= CO o 4-1 rH CO U-: 3 CO o CO cu CN 43 rH CO 4-1 /—■\ X X) >^ CU cu 4-1 X X •H S-l 5-1 X o O •H CJ CJ 6 cu cu 3 5-i 5-1 43 ^-^ r^ ^s 4.) 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CU 4-> 4-1 a co •r-i CO I c O CU m a, co rQ --- H CN 3 I XI 00 00 CN C rH •H '—' U CJ CU 4-1 CU B o C cO M >i a J-I CO rH O CO c o X) •H CU 4-J 4-1 CO CJ •H cu T3 .-1 cO M— 1 U CU Pi CN CU e ■H 4-t 1 1 4-1 1 1 — 1 O > a J-I •H O a 4-1 o CO !H J-i 4-1 00 CJ cu CU 4-1 rH c CU •H CU T-J T3J CU O 4-1 S CO CO •> C CO cu CX B o CJ CU •H J-I o 4-J cO QJ J-i u O 3 XI 4-J CO CO hJ M CU >. CX cu e T-i CU ex 4J CX W CN o o > CJ J-I H o C 4-1 o CO J-I J-I 4-J 00 CJ cu CU 4J -1 e cu •H A rH e co 3 a J-I T3 CU co ex, co I 00 vO cn m r-{ r-» O X ^-^ 13 rH CU CO 4J 4-1 CO O 4-1 CU pi ex CU >, > 4-J CN S-i I CU CN 4-i r^ CU s o •H C CO CO 4-1 H o s CO B 6 00 •H o 4-J a T3 CJ CO o CO a ^-^ rH JH cu 4-> I 4-1 rH O > CJ •H C o JH CO M 60 CJ CU CU 4-1 rH ti CU -H cO X CJ 4-) •H -H U & CU ex j-i co cu •H 4-1 B cu cu g x o ^ -H T3 U CO CU J-i CU 13 e O CU 00 U >% ex CN r-~- co I rH r-~ . ""■■». ro O r^ rH "»«. - x) cu C 6 co o T3 CO m ■ I co c/j Pi CO rH co ex -66- XI 0) ■u u 3 O B u •H U 4J 0> co 01 X I u >> 3 O X crj C 5-i CO 3 4J 3 CO O < 4-1 5-1 H cfl Cu 42 X) CJ S-i O e o 3 cu 5-1 Pi XI o c 3 •H U •rl 4-4 42 CU CO X 42 — . CO XI •H 3 CJ CO 4-> 3 CO co o pa a 3 co c co 5-i e-s cu o LO c o CO •H 5-1 >> CO X> a m e co O 3 CN CO r^ CU ON 00 .-I CO ^ 00 .-H CJ 3 i — ' cu 00 CO 00 X) H CO 3 CO o u u cu oo > u •H CU o c > CO 3 O 3 rQ cu X) cO CO CU 13 4-1 H CU cu cu •H 4-1 43 CO vD 3 O ■rl 4-1 CO CU 4-1 i-H •H XI a. CO •H •H O 5-1 CU 3 5-4 > Pi Pn cu 3 H CO /->, > CO CU co 4-1 3 3 O 3 CU 4-1 cu •H .—1 5-1 3 S CO CO CO CJ 42 4-1 CM CO CJ 3 H CO 00 CX 4-1 >, 3 •rl co 5-1 •rl 5-i 3 CU u 4-1 •rl > Cu co ^^ CU CO cu 4-1 5-i 3 3 0) 4J .-1 CO CO 5-i > 3 5-1 -H a 0) 3 S > W 0) O 3 4-1 a i 5-4 --I 3 CD •rl O 4-1 O 3 cO C/3 C/3 3 00 I a •rl -3 3 6-5 3 co cu 5-1 00 rl O CO 3 -H •H 5-4 co CU • > o CU 1 42 CJ •H 42 3 5-i CU #» 4J &-5 CO CU 5-1 00 CO •rl 5-1 lo CU • > o cu 5-1 cu X 5-i o a Ol 5-1 X •H 3 H 4-1 CO 3 O •H 4J •rl * C 3 § •H 5-( a, oi > o a 3 o 3 CO X 3 3 CU co 5-i 3 O CO O 01 O 3 Ol >. e CJ cu 3 5-1 5-i 3 3 CO CJ 3 cj 0) o 00 •H 4-1 V43 H 3 3 5-1 0) •H • CU o 3 • 4=> 4J CO .a 3 CO CO CO 4J 3 CO CO •rl 3 4-1 X 4-J 0) CO •H 5-1 3 3 ,3 3 O 3 CU 3 CJ o ex o 4-) O co 3 a 3 3 5-4 3 «H 00 CO 6 00^ r-H 3 3 3 CO 3 M 3 4-1 CO 3 o 3 co X 3 3 cfl 3 CO 5-i 3 O CJ 3 o 3 co co 1 CO S 1 U 8 • a 6 • 00 S oo LO rH CN O O • • o o QJ X> 3 -3 4-1 ex OJ x 42 •rl ■u CO a, 3 3 cu X X 5-1 5-1 3 3 > > o O CJ a 3 3 o o 3 3 cn C/3 3 CJ 3 3 !-H 3 S 3 3 42 CO 3 3 Pi cu >. CJ H 3 .-H 4-1 3 5-1 4-i 3 3 co O N 3 •H 42 5-1 4J O 42 X 3 4-1 5-4 3 CO 3 CU o 4-1 X> •H 5-4 CO 3 CO 3 O 3 ex CO CO 3 3 •H CO 3 3 X 3 a 3 4-1 5-1 3 CO 3 o 3 cn -67- XJ 0) H CO H x> 0) 4-1 u cd o B 5-1 •H 5-1 4-1 0) en , crj o X) CO C S-i CO 3 4-J U CO CJ < o m w 0) 3 5-i CO CO cd CJ CO ex o > QJ cu C CO CNJ XI CU ,£ cj CO 4-J 4-1 CO 0> co CO 0) -u !-H CO a 3 c O QJ CJ X> 0) 5-1 3 •U CO 5-i CD a S ai 4-J cd a, 0) 03 CJ CU -H QJ 4-) CU QJ 4-1 CU C t-H (U X J2 CU a. x> 3 cd •H t-H 4-1 QJ -C 5-< 3 3 O CJ O B u oo a) h x: C 4-J a) t-H CO > CO o 4-J QJ 5-1 3. cfl cfl x: 4-i cn o c .-i CO au >, •H CO }-i >-i C ai co X) QJ cu a 3 co •H M— l CO 5-4 4-J 3 3 co CO £ e o a) co a 5-1 3 O U O B 5-i CU 0) 01 a 5-1 CO 3 CO QJ a. & s O QJ 3 4J C/J X) tn 3 o CO O Pn Pi, CN O cd O fil fi( o Ln A 5-i ro O co r-. I a o •H r^- 5-i ^ 4-1 QJ CO x: 6<» O CO 5-4 CO QJ CO GO rO S-i CO >J CO CO 3 -H •H 4J O •H • S O -H X) CO 4-1 •H 00 4-1 -H QJ x) a c 3 o xi bO QJ 3 XI •H J-i O- O Cl, O •H QJ 4J 5-1 5-H QJ 4-1 QJ B CO •r-l XJ o o M-4 O CO iH 5-1 QJ cw 4-1 O QJ 5-i •H cO •H CO 3 O 5-1 CU > o CJ o s en -68- The pyrgeometer seems to give good results when its dome is in a like-new condition and the amount of shortwave radiation is low. However, when the dome oxidizes and when clear skies occur, the pyrgeometer seems to record too high. This is caused by shortwave radiation being absorbed by, and thus heating, the dome. In addition to the measured values, Q a is computed from air temperature, vapor pressure, and the ratio of incoming solar radiation to clear sky solar radiation by the method suggested by Anderson and Baker (1967). This method has been shown to give relatively unbiased estimates of Q a on a long-term basis. The clear sky solar radiation curve for the snow research station is shown in Fig. 4.8. In addition to clear sky solar radiation, the Q a estimation procedure requires the long-term relationship between upper-air and ground level temperatures. This relationship was determined by using 850 mb level upper-air temperature charts and measured surface temperatures. The relation- ship can be expressed as: T = 1.4 + 0.83 • T , (4.1) y a where: T = mean daily 850 mb level temperature (°F) and T = mean daily surface temperature (°F). a The mean station pressure for the snow research station is 950 mb. Comparisons were made between Q a values obtained from the ventilated radiometer and the estimation procedure with those obtained from the pyrgeometer. This was done when the pyrgeometer was new and the magnitude of shortwave radiation was low. The standard errors for the ventilated radiometer and the estimation procedure were nearly identical. Based on these factors, it is concluded that the estimation procedure provides unbiased estimates of Q a with no more variability about the "true" value than the Q a values measured by either the ventilated total hemispherical radiometer or the pyrgeometer. Q a values from both of these instruments are biased estimates of Q a under certain meteorological conditions. The effect of these biased values on snow cover energy balance computations is demonstrated by Anderson (1976) . 2. Snow cover water-equivalent. Water-equivalent measurements are made with snow tubes and snow pillows. The snow course data obtained with an Adirondack tube are definitely the most reliable. Over-measurement of water-equivalent with an Adirondack tube is not a problem as it is with the Federal sampler [Work, et aL (1965)]. There is a problem with the Adirondack tube in that it does not retain the snow core when withdrawn from a dry, low density snow cover. For this reason good snow course samples frequently cannot be obtained during the early stages of the accumulation season at the snow research station. If good cores can not be obtained on a given day, snow course measurements are not recorded. There is also some difficulty in obtaining good cores when thick ice layers are present, especially when the ice layer is at the snow-soil interface. A thick ice layer -69- o o o o CO o o I s - o o CD o o 10 o o o o o o <\J o o (AV(]/SA3~I9NV~I) NOIJLVIQVU dVlOS o •H 4J cfl ■u en x: o u cO QJ CO a) Pi & o c en en P4 < I o 0) ■u n o (1) > 3 O c o •H m •H -a co M ctj o CO bO (3 •H s o CJ a •H >^ ^! CO ctj CD tH O 00 ^r cu !-i 3 60 •H -70- was present at the base of the snow cover during much of the 1974 winter. The snow pillows provide good estimates of water-equivalent when the snow cover is relatively free of ice layers. Unfortunately ice layers occur quite frequently at the snow research station. During the winters of 1968-69 and 1970-71 the snow cover was relatively free of ice. Thick ice layers caused erratic snow pillow readings during most of the 1969-70 and 1973-74 winters. A mechanical problem caused abnormal fluctuations during the winter of 1971-72. The line connecting the pillow to the water-level recorder became plugged in late January 1973; thus snow pillow data were lost for the remainder of that winter. In addition, the snow pillow readings have never returned to zero after melt (readings started at zero in the fall). The exact cause of this problem is not known. The discrepancy seems to occur during the melt season since snow pillow and snow course values of water-equivalent are reasonably close just prior to the snowmelt period. A good rule to follow is; if the snow pillow data compares reasonably well with the snow course measurements they can be considered reliable. 3. Snow cover outflow. Several snow pillows were in operation during the winters of 1969 through 1972. Comparisons were made between the daily change in water-equivalent as measured by different pillows to determine if the pillows could be used along with precipitation measurements to reliably estimate snow cover outflow. The standard error computed during these comparisons ranged from 30 to 50 percent of the average daily change in water-equivalent. Therefore, it was concluded that snow pillows could not be used to provide a reasonable estimate of snow cover outflow for time intervals up to at least one day. In the fall of 1972, two 10 foot diameter lysimeters were built in order to obtain accurate measurements of snow cover outflow. These lysimeters are built of plywood with a drain in the middle. The snow cover outflow runs out the drain and through a 1.5 inch PVC pipe, at a 5 percent slope, to a shelter located about 40 feet south of the lysimeters. There the outflow from each lysimeter is measured by a specially constructed tipping bucket gage. Each tip is equivalent to about 0.001 inch of snow cover outflow over the lysimeter area. The exact calibration factor for each tipping bucket assembly is checked twice a year. A circular pipe containing a heat cord (rating is about 40 watts per foot) is suspended over each lysimeter (see Fig. 4.3). The pipe coincides with the perimeter of the lysimeter. Prior to melt or rain-on-snow periods this heat ring is activated and a 0.7 inch wide slot is melted around the lysimeter. This slot separates the snow above the lysimeter from the surrounding snow cover. This assures that the contributing area is known. Mechanical problems hindered data acquisition during the first part of the 1972-73 winter. Beginning on March 8th, reliable snow cover outflow measurements were obtained for most of the remainder of the snow season. The measurements are considered reliable when hourly and daily outflows from both lysimeters are in close agreement and the snow cover water balance for the melt period is near zero. In 1974, -71- a thick ice layer formed in mid-winter at the base of the snow cover. Such an ice layer is unusual at the snow research station. When snowmelt began in March, melt-water from over a large area moved horizontally across this ice layer, over a metal lip, and into the lysimeters. As much as 17 inches of water per day passed through the lysimeters in early April (maximum water-equivalent during 1974 was only about 8 inches). Thus, the 1974 lysimeter data are ignored. 4. Snow surface temperature. During the first winter, 1968-69, snow surface temperature measurements were attempted by placing a thermocouple at the snow surface. This was unsuccessful because frequent snowfalls made it difficult to maintain the thermocouple at the surface and the thermocouple readings were affected by solar radiation during daylight hours. In subsequent years an infrared thermometer, placed in a heated box and suspended over the snow, was used to measure snow surface temperature. Up until 1974 the infrared thermometer was recorded on a strip chart recorder which had a lower limit of -10°F. Thermocouple readings were maintained during this period and are tabulated during nighttime hours when either the snow surface temperature went below -10°F or the infrared thermometer was inoperative. However, these thermocouple data are still difficult to use because of the uncertainty as to whether the thermocouple was located at the snow surface. Beginning in January 1974, the infrared thermometer was connected to an electronic volt-time integrator, thus eliminating the -10°F lower limit. The infrared thermometer was periodically calibrated with a black- body cavity in a cold room. The temperature range of the calibrations was -30°F to 32°F. Infrared thermometer readings are also routinely compared to thermocouple measurements of snow surface temperature on nights when the thermocouple is known to have been located at the snow surface. In addition to the accuracy of the sensors, the accuracy of the recording systems is also of importance in making hydro-meteorological measurements. Early in the operation of the snow research station it was discovered that the electronic volt-time integrators were not completely stable over time. Thus, a system was devised which would input a null voltage to the integrators during one hour each night and a selected voltage during another hour. The magnitude of the selected voltage is altered throughout each month. From this information the intercept and slope of the current relationship between sensor output and integrator output can be computed. If sudden changes occur (these happen infrequently), they can also be detected. AVAILABLE DATA Most of the data collected at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station are included in this publication or on the associated magnetic tape. The two exceptions are soil and snow cover temperatures. These data are not reduced on a routine basis. Only selected periods have been hand tabulated for use in snow cover energy balance studies. In addition, snow cover water- equivalent and depth data are presented in an abbreviated form. Average -72- values, not the individual point measurements, are given for the snow courses and the depth stakes. Snow pillow readings are only given once a day, at midnight . Appendix F contains a daily summary of the data collected at the snow research station for each month that the station was in operation. Estimated data are not identified in this summary. However, estimated values account for only 1 or 2 percent of the total data record. Missing values of the snow cover variables (depth, density, water-equivalent, surface temperature, and snow cover outflow) are never estimated. In addition to the measured quantities, Appendix F lists the daily total estimated incoming longwave radiation as computed by the method suggested by Anderson and Baker (1967). The magnetic tape (see chapter V for the format) contains the information on the snow research station master tape. This consists of daily values of snow cover depth, density, and water-equivalent (same as listed in Appendix F) , plus hourly values of the other variables. Hourly values are included on the magnetic tape for: 1. air temperature (one meter height), 2. dew point (one meter height), 3. wind speed (one meter height), 4. incoming solar radiation, 5. reflected solar radiation (winter only), 6. measured incoming longwave radiation, 7. snow surface temperature, 8. snow cover outflow, and 9. precipitation. Estimated hourly values are labled as to the quality of the estimate; good, fair, or poor. Thermocouple measurements of snow surface temperature are distinguished from infrared thermometer measurements. Most users of the magnetic tape data will probably want to convert dew point values to vapor pressure. A simple, yet very accurate equation for performing this conversion can be expressed as: e = 8.117-10 6 • exp [-7701/(T, + 405)] , (4.2) a d where: e = vapor pressure of the air (in. H„), and a & T(j = dew point (°F). Eq. 4.2 compares closely with saturation vapor pressure values given in the Smithsonian Tables (1968) over a temperature range of at least -60°F to 120°F. SUMMARY The cold temperatures, icing of the instruments, and other climatic factors make continuous data collection over a snow cover an especially difficult task. However, with capable, dedicated personnel at the site nearly every day and with the availability of AC power, a high quality set of data can be -73- obtained. The quality of the data collected at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station is probably at least as good as any continuous set of snow cover data yet collected. Much of the data at the snow research station is representative of condi- tions over the adjacent W-3 watershed. Air temperature and dew point measure- ments at the snow research station should be reasonable estimates of the average temperature and vapor pressure over the W-3 watershed. The incoming solar and longwave radiation data should be nearly the same as the incident radiation values above tree level over the watershed. To determine the amount of radiation reaching the snow cover, the vegetation and topography must be taken into account. The mean wind speed over the watershed is undoubtedly different from that measured at the snow research station. The relationship between the two quantities will be investigated over the next couple of years. Point snow albedo measurements are seldom representative of areal albedo in regions with diverse topographic and vegetal conditions. Measurements in 1969 over W-3 and an adjacent watershed showed albedo variations of 10 percent during the accumulation season and about 20% during the snowmelt period [Anderson (1972)]. Snow surface temperature also undoubtedly varies considerably over the W-3 watershed. Melt rates at the snow research station are higher than the average melt rates for the watershed. The snow research station is usually bare of snow a week or two before the last snow is gone from the watershed . -74- CHAPTER V: MAGNETIC TAPE INFORMATION INTRODUCTION This chapter contains information on the contents and acquisition of the magnetic tape. The tape contains data for the W-3 watershed. The watershed data included on the tape are daily and hourly precipitation for individual stations, mean areal precipitation, air temperature at the R-3 measurement site, mean daily discharge, and stage data for the W-3 weir. The methods of collecting and processing these data are described in chapter III, sections 1-4. In addition to the watershed data, the tape contains the data for the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station. Detailed information on the collection and processing of these data is given in chapter IV. GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE MAGNETIC TAPE The magnetic tape contains 14 files of data. The first 13 filps contain card images. The logical record length is 80 and the blocksize is 6400. Thus, 80 card images are contained in each physical record. Each tape record in the last (14th) file contains 3840 characters. The last file is unblocked (one logical record per physical record). The tape is nonlabeled. Requests for a copy of the magnetic tape should be mailed to: Hydrologic Data Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA Room 236, Bldg. 007 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Please specify "tape containing data for the ARS Sleepers River W-3 watershed and the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station-water years 1960-1974." Available options such as number of tracks, tape density, etc., will be provided by the Hydrologic Data Laboratory upon receiving the request for the tape. Those requesting the data are expected to furnish a tape and pay expenses related to data transfer, including personnel and computer time. CONTENTS OF THE MAGNETIC TAPE This section describes the contents of each of the 14 files on the magnetic tape. The first 13 files contain W-3 watershed data in card image form. The last file contains data from the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station. Table 5.1 summarizes the contents of the magnetic tape. The standard punched card format used for most of the card image files is described in Appendix H. The other formats used are as follows: -75- 3 3 bfl 3 e cu .3 en 3 3 4-1 3 o o 0) U 3 3 cn m 3 rH H CO m-i a) o oo (0 m 6 CM o CN On CN x> O MD rH ^r X X) XI X QJ CU CU a) rC X rC X CJ 4-1 CJ 4-1 CJ 4-1 CJ 4-1 3 CO 3 cO 3 CO 3 co 3 e 3 e 3 e 3 e 4-i a S-i a- u a C CX S-i 3 O o o o e X M-l 13 M-4 X) M— 1 X) MH s-t S-i 5-i M S-I o CO -3 cO XI CO XI CO X) Pm XJ S-I X) H XI M X S-i 3 cfl 3 CO 3 CO 3 cO CO U CO cj cO cj cO O 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 Cn en cn CO X S-l O" Pm CN rH m rH r^ 4-1 4-1 4J 4-1 3 en cn en en cn 4-1 3 1 1 l I o u 3 3 3 3 O O O O M-t •H •H •H •H O 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 CO CO CO cO 3 4-> 4-1 4-J 4-1 o •H •H •H •H •H a, a a P- 4-1 ■H •H •H •H O- CJ CJ CJ CJ •H 0) CU CU 01 S-i s-4 U S-I U o CL a a a 03 3 >> >> >^ >. Q rH rH rH rH S-I S-I S-I u 3 3 3 3 O O O O ffl K 33 ffi S-i cu XI 6 3 53 rH CN oo i)\ooMn oooocNoOrHoooOrHCN xl CU ,3 CJ 4-J 3 co 3 e a r4 o x ^ S-I CO X X u 3 cO CO o cn CN O r-. CO -i cn 3 CO 3 CO a a r4 3 S-i S-i S-i 6 CU U QJ a. 0) 3 rH 4-) 3 4-1 4-1 4-1 3 3 3 rH 3 CU |3 3 S 3 s 3 u 3 0) 3 3 CO 3 CO M CO CU CO 1 s i 3 1 e i 3 2 2 rs Pi 3 >> 3 >. CU CU rH 0) 3 GJ rH 3 6 -3 M X 3 4= S-i o 4-> 3 4-1 S 4-1 3 -H >. O O 4-1 rH >-l x: S-i >. S-i -3 3 U O i o rH o 1 4-J 3 U-i ><; U-4 •H '-+-4 X cn O •H 3 •H C3 cn O cn >X> r-~- 00 ON -76- CO X) CO X) HH CU CO S-i ^-N S-i I-I O M XJ CO CO QJ o cO S-i a 0) 4J a U & O O vD CX 00 ^O co o &0 O O co QJ H vO vT> Q\ i— I in vD rH CJ 4-> CO CO CO in QJ •H QJ 3 CO o S-3 3 CO 3 QJ XJ S 4-1 QJ XJ cO cj 0) m CO a QJ QJ o CO QJ 4-1 3 4J CO 3 i-> CO C/3 o rH 23/60 31/60 C/} 00 ex. V) -3 •^. --^ — - — ■~-^ vO r~^ S-i CM rH CM CM CM ■^^ — ^ O cJ r^ P^ CU ■ — ^^ J 1 1 1 1 i I S*S ex CX O XI 3 m 1 1 vO CX CX CO • o ^^. m m -3 CT\ ex — ON 00 CX •- XJ LTl LH CM rH <-\ m O o ^o 4-> O "- — ^^ ■ — „ -^ ^v^ -^. ^£> — ^ — . a •H o O iH o o o ~-^ CM rH o M rH H rH rH ^-\ rH rH rH rH CJ QJ PL, rH U0 CO 1 co 1 CO QJ Pi Pi 4J H CO rQ 3 o XI (0 O 4J XJ H CO 4-1 3 0) ■u 3 O •H 4-1 CO 4J co qj S-i 1 3 4-> CO CO QJ U 0) Sj 3 4-1 CO S-I QJ U adjusted unadjuste QJ ,3 4-) J-4 O MH QJ ,3 4-> S-i o <4H CO 3 O •H 4J CO 4J C/} r3 a U U QJ QJ 3 r. * QJ X) 4-1 S-i 3 a- O- 4J CM CM toO CU CO cO >4H w e s co co rH rH S-I -3 XJ 0) o CO QJ QJ S-i 1 1 1 CO CO CO S-I 4J 4-1 QJ Pi Pi Pi X S-i QJ QJ s QJ Oh CJ 0) toO S-i Pi o o- e s E 3 3 3 CO 4J CO •H •H £ 3 3 QJ O O O •H CO 4J QJ > 4-J qj e S3 4-1 -H •H -H XI s CO & O O-, 4J -H •H 4-1 4J 4-1 3 •H X 3 M CO cO cO ^ c- 4-1 CO in S-I S-i CO •H •H 4-1 4-1 4-J rH 1 3 1 CJ •h 6 e CO CO CO CO •H 3 •H 1-2 C/) CO cO cO O Pi QJ >, XI a < Q t-H S-l 3 cO l 3 •H 3 cO QJ CO O QJ S-i O a EC S p-1 2 S-i QJ X s 3 O rH CM co , 9 6.77 134.8 4,81 230.7 791, ,3 581, 8 222.7 169.6 5.47 73,9 2.38 80,1 2.67 7,30 13.6 7,44 26. ,4 18. 8 7.42 MAX 14 18 78 11 20 22 59 49 22 17 5.2 13 MIN 2.8 4.4 5.8 4.5 3.0 4.0 5. ,0 8. 5 3l 9 2.28 2.3 1.6 •tf CFSM 1.46 2.25 4.19 2.08 1.48 2.29 8.12 5.77 1.68 .73 IN. 1.68 2.51 4.83 2.40 1.54 2.64 9.05 6.66 2.55 1.94 .85 .92 WATER YEAR 1974 TOTAL 3283 .30 MEAN 9 .00 MAX 78. MIN 1.40 CFSM 2. 77 IN. 37.5 A-9 Tabulation of Daily Mean Areal Precipitation for the W-3 Watershed - Water Years 1960-1974 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE. VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES. WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1959 TO SEPTEMBER 1960 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 •3 9 .26 .02 .00 .03 .00 .25 .33 .10 .00 .00 .01 2 .25 .14 .00 .00 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 3 .00 .00 .00 .88 .02 .00 .37 .00 .00 .2? .01 .00 4 .00 .06 .00 .17 .02 .00 .47 .00 .00 .00 .00 .10 5 .09 .01 .00 .14 .00 .00 .63 .00 .00 .17 .78 .00 6 .65 .61 .00 .00 .07 .00 .07 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 7 2.07 .00 .29 .15 .19 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .00 .00 .00 6 .08 .00 .24 .27 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .19 .08 .00 9 .11 .00 .13 .00 .15 .00 .14 .23 .00 .01 .00 .00 10 .00 .00 .21 .00 .05 .00 .02 .12 .00 .00 .00 .18 11 .16 .00 .02 .00 1.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .21 12 .14 .06 1.24 .00 .03 .00 .27 .08 .00 .05 .00 2.90 13 .02 .00 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 .30 .00 .03 .00 .28 14 .00 .42 .00 .00 .27 .00 .14 .06 .00 .01 .00 .16 15 .00 .00 .09 .16 .15 .00 .00 1.24 1.08 .00 .01 .00 16 .00 .00 .14 .10 .00 .00 .00 .24 .00 .00 .00 .00 17 .59 .47 .08 .00 .00 .59 .00 .00 .38 .00 .01 .00 18 .14 ,00 '07 .15 .00 .01 .63 .08 .11 .00 .00 !oo 19 .00 .00 .02 .77 .73 .01 .00 .00 .01 .75 .00 .00 20 .17 .03 .00 .08 .22 ,00 .00 .00 .00 .04 .23 .17 21 .00 .18 .00 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .03 .14 .00 22 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .02 .04 .00 .00 .02 .14 .00 23 .81 .02 .00 .00 .05 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 24 3.00 .46 .00 .00 .01 .02 .23 .65 1.38 .00 .00 .00 25 .27 .64 .00 .00 .04 .01 .33 .00 .15 .00 .00 .00 26 .08 .00 .00 .04 .38 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 27 .00 .62 .04 .04 .14 .00 .14 .00 .00 .27 .00 .00 28 .00 1.58 .58 .32 .07 .15 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 29 .00 .17 .85 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .17 .00 .16 .00 30 .00 .03 .06 .00 .36 .00 .00 .14 1.81 .03 .47 31 .HO .04 .00 .62 .51 .00 .00 TOTAL 9.62 5.76 4.25 2.78 3.69 1.80 3.73 3.84 3.58 3.69 1.59 4.48 WATER YEAR 1960 T0TAL=46.8l A" 10 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1960 TO SEPTEMBER 1961 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG TOTAL '♦.38 2.86 2.02 1.14 2.74 2.58 4,50 3.08 6.42 4.05 WATER YEAR 1961 T0TAL=38.76 SEP 1 .00 .52 .02 .79 .01 .01 .36 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 2 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 .05 .12 .67 .95 .73 .00 .34 3 .00 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 .18 :i! .00 .18 .00 .48 4 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .13 5 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .17 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 6 .41 .00 .00 .00 .01 .17 .05 .00 .07 .00 .00 .00 7 .00 .00 .08 .01 .00 .13 .07 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 8 .00 .00 .04 .16 .00 .08 .01 .00 .93 .7a .00 .00 9 .00 .13 .01 .00 .00 .76 .00 .54 .00 .12 .00 .00 10 .00 .09 .14 .00 .00 .01 .47 .11 1.02 .28 .00 .00 11 .08 .03 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .56 .00 .00 .00 .57 .00 12 .00 .00 .25 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .42 .00 13 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .29 .00 1.04 .00 .02 .00 14 .57 .00 .00 .00 .09 .39 .17 .00 .05 .02 .00 .00 15 .01 .59 .00 .00 .09 .38 .01 .00 .00 .06 .40 .59 16 .29 .04 .42 .00 .00 .22 .70 .34 .00 .93 .23 .00 17 .00 .00 .01 .00 .13 .00 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 18 .00 .00 .01 .00 .14 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 19 .71 ,00 .00 .03 .07 .00 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 20 .22 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .07 .00 .00 .00 21 .00 .00 .34 .00 .00 .00 .00 .21 .53 .30 1.08 .13 22 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .16 .00 .95 .00 .09 .00 23 .32 .17 .00 .00 .70 .00 .47 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 24 1.04 .00 .00 .02 .15 .00 .00 .03 .37 .30 .00 .00 25 .64 .00 .00 .01 .84 .00 .00 .02 .tl .26 .10 .00 26 .00 .00 .01 .02 .45 .00 .70 .47 .01 .00 .20 .00 27 .00 .00 .03 .01 .00 .00 .00 .20 .00 .00 .06 .00 28 .00 .21 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .01 29 .00 .75 .10 .02 .18 .02 .16 .00 .07 .12 .00 30 .00 .22 .00 .00 .03 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 31 .00 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 3.29 1.68 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1961 TO SEPTEMBER 1962 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 .27 .00 .01 .02 .05 .85 .02 .14 .03 .14 ,00 2 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .03 .21 .00 .00 .00 .00 3 .29 .00 .00 .04 .10 .07 .00 .35 .00 .00 .00 ,00 4 .29 .21 .29 .13 .04 .11 .00 .12 .00 .00 .19 .00 5 .00 .14 .54 .12 .12 .17 .00 .05 .05 .00 .00 .33 6 .00 .07 .00 .27 .14 .00 .03 .04 .00 .00 .24 .10 7 .00 .39 .23 .36 .00 .00 .84 .01 .00 .00 .52 .00 8 .00 .06 .12 .05 .00 .00 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 9 .00 .08 .00 .03 .05 .00 .35 .00 .00 1.02 .00 .01 10 .00 .01 .02 .00 .05 .00 .12 .00 .00 .01 .49 1.02 11 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .43 .00 .02 .51 12 .00 .00 .13 .00 .00 .40 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 13 .00 .03 .04 .00 .00 .34 .38 .00 .00 .79 .00 .00 14 .54 .19 .00 .00 .10 ,00 .16 .19 .00 .00 .68 .09 15 .01 .00 .08 .66 .04 .00 .19 .00 .00 .19 .00 .00 16 .00 .24 .00 .01 .03 .00 .01 .04 .00 .10 .00 .00 17 .00 .07 .15 .04 .22 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 1.09 16 .00 .09 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .10 .00 .05 19 .00 .00 .49 .00 .34 .00 .00 .00 .94 .00 .00 .09 20 .00 .27 125 .00 .06 .02 .00 1.11 .00 .00 .41 .15 21 .00 .08 .00 .00 .01 ,00 .00 .05 .00 .30 .33 .00 22 .00 .00 .00 .00 .29 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 23 .00 .00 'oo .02 .02 .00 .12 .00 .86 .•♦4 .00 .00 24 .00 .62 .01 .00 .67 .00 .05 .63 .13 .25 .00 .00 25 .00 .00 .01 .03 .10 .00 .04 .00 .46 .00 .00 .00 26 .06 .00 .00 .07 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 .39 .00 .23 27 .00 .18 .02 .15 .01 .05 .00 .00 .00 .23 .00 .38 28 .00 .21 .53 .00 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .09 29 .04 .10 .00 .00 .00 .08 .00 .00 .03 .41 .04 30 .52 .00 .01 .30 .00 .51 .00 .03 .00 .00 .01 31 .20 .00 .00 .91 .00 2. 05 .00 TOTAL 1.87 3.32 3.01 2.29 2.63 2.12 3.80 2.82 3.04 5.95 3.43 4.21 WATER YEAR 1962 T0TAL=38.49 A-ll ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR OANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1962 TO SEPTEMBER 1963 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 .28 .00 .00 .00 .13 .00 .29 .00 .00 .10 .00 2 .00 .00 .00 .00 .86 .11 .11 .00 .00 .24 .69 .00 3 .00 .23 .00 .00 .03 .00 1.01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .38 It .00 .11 .00 .00 .03 .15 .11 .00 .00 .27 .38 .01 5 .90 .00 .01 .00 .23 .00 .05 .31 .00 .14 .02 .00 6 2 «1 7 .00 .21* .00 .06 .81 .00 .00 .10 .00 .00 .00 7 1.00 .00 .10 .00 .10 .18 .00 .00 .00 .35 .02 .00 e ,00 .00 .01 .00 .03 ,00 .02 .45 .00 .52 .00 .00 9 .54 .00 .30 .01 .00 .00 .00 .01 .07 .00 .24 .00 10 .24 .tl .15 .00 .00 .32 .19 .75 .00 .00 .00 .00 11 .00 .17 .00 .10 .00 .01 .1* .27 .11 .00 .11 .00 12 .21 .01 .00 .20 .44 .26 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .40 13 .00 .00 .00 .37 .09 .26 .00 .00 .00 .00 .93 .00 in .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .09 .00 .08 .00 .01 .01 .71 .00 15 .00 .00 .no .00 .04 .02 .00 .00 ,oa .23 .00 16 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 17 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 .25 .00 .00 .44 .00 .00 .00 18 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .05 .45 .29 .00 .20 .19 .00 19 .00 .00 .07 .00 .20 .00 .19 .00 .00 .15 .00 .07 20 .00 .00 .03 .24 .18 .31* .15 .38 .09 .00 .00 .01 21 .20 .15 .00 .04 .23 .00 .73 .00 .82 .07 .00 .00 22 .00 .82 .61 .00 .00 .01 .03 .06 .04 .00 .00 .03 23 .07 .02 .08 .62 .00 .01 .00 .12 .00 .01 .37 .00 24 .06 .17 .16 .03 .22 .00 .45 .00 .00 .00 .04 .00 25 .20 .03 .02 .00 .03 .00 .06 .00 ,00 .00 .01 .00 26 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 27 .08 .00 .00 .57 .00 .07 .00 .00 .15 .00 .00 .06 28 .<*3 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .00 .04 29 .05 .00 .37 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .07 .13 .61 30 .08 .00 .01 .00 .00 .60 .07 .00 'V .55 .00 31 l.U .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .04 TOTAL 7.42 2.74 2.26 2.23 2.78 3.13 4.59 3.08 1.87 3.08 5.26 1.64 WATER YEAR 1963 TOTAL=40.08 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE. VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1963 TO SEPTEMBER 1964 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 TOTAL WATER YEAR 1964 T0TAL=36.64 .00 .57 .00 .23 .29 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .00 .16 .00 .08 .09 .00 .31 .00 .00 .18 ,00 .00 •1" .00 .25 .01 .00 .00 .51 .00 .11 .71 .00 .00 .08 .16 .00 :83 .06 .<♦<♦ .00 .00 .37 .00 loo .39 .00 .01 .02 .29 1.11 .00 .00 .03 .09 .05 .03 .00 .07 .00 .13 .00 .00 :22 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .^31 .00 .04 .09 .00 .00 .06 .23 .00 .00 •2 1 * .50 .00 .00 .02 .00 .05 .09 .01 .00 .57 .13 .00 .35 .75 ."♦2 .01 .16 .00 .52 .00 .00 .00 .03 .00 .12 .11 .35 .00 .69 .00 .26 .20 .05 .00 .00 .23 .•»4 .00 .00 .00 .09 .00 .14 .00 .07 .00 .27 .00 .10 .28 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .91 .00 .00 .10 .02 .05 .06 .00 .00 .37 .00 .12 .00 .00 .00 .06 .06 •M .07 .04 .72 .66 .01 .33 .16 .00 .00 .00 .04 .00 .14 .28 .00 .26 .00 .18 .00 .00 ,1<* .00 .04 .21 .01 .00 .19 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 ,00 .41 .18 .00 .00 .05 .00 .00 .52 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .31 .00 .17 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .01 .11 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .06 .00 .<+6 .07 .00 .02 .00 .00 .51 .00 .00 ,00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .81 .01 .00 .<*7 1.07 .00 .00 .73 .02 .00 .00 .00 .04 ,00 .00 .00 1.77 .00 .00 .00 .1"+ .00 .02 .00 .00 .34 .22 .00 .09 .00 .00 .00 .07 .69 .00 .19 .00 .18 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .03 .76 .00 :H .09 .00 .32 .00 .00 .00 .09 .01 .00 .04 .00 .52 .00 .00 .55 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .02 .00 .08 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .75 .01 .00 .00 .49 .00 .00 .02 .17 .03 .00 .00 .58 .01 .02 .00 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .51 5.76 1.93 2.78 1.32 4.48 3.45 1.27 2.05 3.41 5.28 1.40 A- 12 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE. VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES. WATER YEAR OCTOOER 1964 TO SEPTEMBER 1965 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 .00 .00 .00 .08 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 1 .52 2 .00 .00 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 3 .39 .00 .16 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .02 .67 .no .00 4 .03 .00 .97 .00 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 5 .04 .46 .18 .00 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 .84 .00 .00 6 .00 .02 .08 .05 .02 .on .oo .00 .00 .On .19 .00 7 .00 .00 .01 .01 .55 .00 .16 .00 1.93 .00 .57 .00 6 .00 .00 .00 .06 .19 .00 .11 .00 .00 .28 .60 .01 9 .00 .00 .05 .16 .00 .00 .01 .07 .09 .on .25 .00 10 .03 .11 .02 .00 .63 .02 .00 .10 .27 .26 .93 .50 11 .05 .21 .13 .00 .01 .03 .00 .05 .00 .00 .01 .00 12 .00 .01 .07 .00 .23 .00 .53 .00 .35 .On .86 .00 13 .13 .10 .06 .18 .01 .00 .2t .00 1.23 .00 .50 .24 It .00 .00 .05 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .08 .16 .00 .00 15 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .00 .18 .00 .00 .01 .00 .28 16 .00 .70 .00 .03 .00 .00 .30 .00 .04 .00 .00 .00 17 .15 .02 .07 .04 .00 .00 .03 .13 .00 .05 .00 .01 18 .44 .07 .06 .00 .25 .02 .04 .00 .23 1.13 .78 .10 19 .19 .33 .00 .00 .01 .06 .00 .00 .00 .on .27 .17 20 .00 .28 .01 .23 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 21 .56 .04 .00 .00 .00 .00 .26 .00 .04 .00 .00 .00 22 .01 .02 .12 .03 .02 .21 .08 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 23 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .04 .04 .00 .40 .00 .10 .09 24 .00 .00 .10 ."♦5 .00 .00 .00 .00 .11 .03 .00 1.02 25 .00 .01 .03 !05 .67 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .52 26 .00 1.10 .14 .31 .02 .24 .24 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .00 27 .00 .00 .35 .10 .00 .07 .02 :§§ .00 .07 .01 .00 28 .03 .03 .49 102 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .61 .00 29 .32 .12 .00 .00 .16 .00 .00 .00 .03 .21 .00 30 .00 .00 .08 .00 .04 .00 .00 .01 .01 .00 .00 31 .00 .11 .00 .00 .25 .00 .00 OTAL 2.37 3.63 3.28 1.78 2.93 .89 2.24 .71 4.80 3.57 6.90 4.48 WATER YEAR 1965 T0TAL=37.58 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1965 TO SEPTEMBER 1966 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .94 .24 .01 .00 .03 .95 .01 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 2 .04 .00 .00 .05 .00 .32 .03 .00 .00 .00 .41 .00 3 .to .00 .13 .24 .00 .02 .03 .21 .00 .00 .01 .00 4 .01 .01 .43 .00 .00 .22 .00 .14 .15 .07 .00 .76 5 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 .86 .00 .09 .31 .00 .00 .00 6 .06 .00 .06 .08 .00 .16 .00 .41 .08 .12 .00 .06 7 .19 .00 .01 .00 .00 .03 .09 .02 .01 .14 .00 .00 8 •5 1 .70 .00 ."♦1 .00 .00 ,38 .01 .31 .02 .26 .01 9 .03 .16 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .56 .17 .00 .00 .00 10 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .15 .96 .50 .00 .00 11 .02 .00 .00 .04 .23 .00 .16 .00 .00 .00 .to .00 12 .35 .00 .16 .00 .00 .25 .00 .23 .00 .20 .24 .00 13 .00 .20 .22 .01 .85 .30 .01 .35 .00 .08 .00 .00 14 .00 .08 .18 .01 .13 .00 .00 .00 .19 .00 .00 .05 15 .67 .00 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .23 .00 .00 .23 16 .00 .63 .09 .02 .08 .00 ,00 .01 .to .00 .88 .00 17 .00 1.36 .03 .01 .08 .00 .00 .11 .00 .00 .33 .00 18 .00 .08 .01 .00 .02 .01 .00 .46 .00 .10 .00 .00 19 .00 .01 .08 .13 .00 .00 .00 .97 .00 .3fl .00 .00 20 .00 .02 .00 .00 .02 .11 .00 .16 .05 .00 .00 .00 21 .00 .15 .00 .01 .00 .00 .16 .00 .00 .04 .00 .37 22 .15 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .48 1.05 23 .69 .00 .01 .22 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .64 .45 24 .06 .00 .38 .09 .00 .34 .19 .00 .00 .00 .01 .06 25 .00 .11 .23 .00 .71 .50 .00 .00 .24 .00 .08 .10 26 .00 .27 .03 .00 .01 .00 ,oo .00 .00 .53 .06 .00 27 .10 .95 .00 .13 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .11 .00 28 .10 .15 .00 .00 .04 .03 .01 .00 .00 .14 .00 .00 29 .00 .06 .00 .00 .00 .03 .00 .58 .26 .00 .13 30 .00 .02 .00 .37 .18 .05 .00 .00 .00 .51 .07 31 .18 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 OTAL 4.60 5.23 2.14 1.82 2.20 4.32 1.22 3.95 3.68 2.58 4.42 3.34 WATER YEAR 1966 TOTAL=39.50 A-13 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PREC IMITATION , IN INCHES. WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1966 TO SEPTEMBER 1967 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAM FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 •22 .00 .19 .10 .07 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 2 .00 .01 .11 .02 .29 .00 .09 .17 .00 .00 .00 .10 3 .00 1.00 .O' .00 .00 .05 .10 1.01 .00 .45 .09 .05 4 .17 .01 .00 .11 .09 .00 .no .13 .00 .00 .71 .19 5 .20 .07 .03 .24 .02 .21 .00 .14 .00 .00 .00 .00 6 .05 .07 .02 .00 .00 .05 .44 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 7 .00 .05 .33 .06 .00 .20 .29 .20 .23 .00 .00 .00 8 .00 .09 .31 .00 .00 .01 .00 .23 .17 .00 .00 .00 9 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .17 .12 .60 .20 .13 10 .29 .20 .02 .00 .00 .00 .59 .07 .01 .01 .05 .46 11 .02 .22 .40 .00 .07 .00 .00 .33 .75 .00 .00 .00 12 .18 .00 .00 .09 .00 .00 .00 .05 .00 .96 .00 .00 13 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 It .00 .00 .05 .05 .00 .05 .00 .00 .15 .00 • .02 .00 15 .00 .00 .00 .OP .00 .02 .58 .31 .38 .00 .00 .00 16 .11 • IK .00 .00 .38 .06 .26 .04 .11 .83 .00 .00 17 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .64 .44 .35 .00 .00 .00 19 .00 .06 .03 .00 .00 .00 .44 .16 .01 .00 .00 .00 19 .20 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .83 ,00 .05 .14 .00 20 .97 .00 .00 .00 .31 .00 .00 .10 .01 .02 .14 .00 21 .00 .00 .00 .00 .11 .00 .00 .04 .01 .42 .00 .00 22 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .30 .20 .40 .03 .11 .49 23 .00 .00 .00 .12 .62 .00 .42 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 24 .00 .00 .35 .00 .02 .00 .04 .00 .02 .41 .00 .46 25 .00 .21 .44 .00 .00 .00 .00 .76 .28 .52 .00 .13 26 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .62 .00 .00 .00 .00 27 .00 .00 .01 .36 .00 .11 .00 .00 .00 .00 .90 .00 28 .00 .00 .00 .29 .14 .03 .00 .00 .00 .31 .49 .00 29 .07 .11 .93 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .31 30 .on .46 .06 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .49 .34 31 .00 .00 .on .00 .00 .31 .14 TOTAL 2.28 2.82 3.32 1.56 2.12 WATER YEAR 1967 T0TAL=37.l8 ,80 4.20 6.00 3.00 4.93 3.49 2.66 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, iM INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1967 TO SEPTEMBER 1968 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 .28 .00 .00 .00 .49 6 .02 7 .00 8 .01 9 .16 10 1.47 .06 .00 .00 .05 .00 16 .00 17 .01 18 1.45 19 .06 20 .05 .06 .05 .00 .00 .01 .94 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .34 .10 .30 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .17 .20 .05 .39 .00 .18 .15 .11 .06 .03 .09 .59 .03 .02 .06 .03 .13 .07 .00 .00 .00 .07 .01 .45 .14 .01 .11 .00 .03 .00 .02 .00 .26 .27 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 1.67 .00 .00 .00 .01 .02 .04 .14 .01 .00 .00 .00 .05 .00 .01 .07 .00 .00 .00 .03 .01 .00 .02 .10 .00 .21 .00 .00 .22 .00 .00 .00 .41 .13 .80 .15 .00 .29 .14 .00 .00 .13 .33 .02 .04 .03 .00 .00 .00 .15 .09 .02 .02 .05 .20 .00 .04 .05 .01 .02 .00 .09 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .no .13 .30 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .49 .43 .00 .00 .03 .82 .12 .01 .00 .14 .54 .88 .15 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .24 .00 .00 .13 .22 .00 .00 •?i .10 .06 .04 .00 .00 .00 .41 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.33 .56 .00 .34 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .03 .14 .00 .00 .00 .no .28 .00 .00 .12 .00 .00 .00 .13 .77 .44 .12 .87 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .18 .19 .04 .00 .08 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .97 .36 .00 .18 .08 .00 .57 .00 •2 5 .03 .41 .08 .00 .10 .00 .39 .00 .08 .01 .23 .67 .35 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .32 .00 .00 .49 .55 .00 .00 .00 .00 .on .00 .37 .00 •I 3 .00 .00 .00 .00 .07 .01 .00 .08 .48 .00 .00 .00 .15 .00 .03 .05 .00 .01 .00 .00 .02 .00 .03 .48 .05 .00 .04 .00 .38 .00 .06 .00 .00 .30 .00 .03 .on .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.51 .35 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .64 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.19 .00 .03 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .00 .10 .00 .48 .53 .00 .04 .04 .01 .00 TOTAL 5.17 3.10 4.16 1.76 WATER YEAR 1968 T0TAL=39.76 1.43 3.93 3.45 3.33 4.66 2.50 3.23 3.04 A-M ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES. WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1968 TO SEPTEMBER 1969 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 .05 .00 .25 .08 .00 .27 .00 .00 .02 .17 .12 2 .00 .04 .08 .02 .01 .00 .29 .00 .01 .00 .17 .01 3 .33 .00 .00 .00 .53 .05 .00 .00 .41 .04 .01 .00 4 ."♦8 .00 1.27 .00 .16 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .17 .00 5 .26 .00 .45 .00 .02 .00 .21 .00 .00 .08 .68 .00 6 .00 .00 .23 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .34 .00 .33 .64 7 .50 .24 .01 1.12 .00 .00 .00 .11 .00 .00 .00 .69 a .01 .57 .00 .06 .00 .08 .00 .29 .00 .00 .20 .25 9 .00 .04 .00 .01 .35 .01 .00 .39 .00 .00 .02 .01 10 .00 .28 .00 .09 .39 .04 .43 .05 .00 .16 .39 .00 11 •I 1 .03 .00 .01 .00 .04 .01 .53 .00 .2? .00 .04 12 .00 .17 .00 .00 .00 .02 ,00 .14 .00 .28 .00 .00 13 .00 .32 .00 .03 .04 .00 .00 .31 .79 .03 .00 .00 14 .00 .02 .32 .03 .00 .00 .00 .23 .00 .00 .00 .00 15 .00 .41 .58 .00 .00 .00 :oo .00 1.29 !oo .00 .00 16 .00 .02 .03 .00 .01 .03 .02 .00 .29 .00 .03 .04 17 .00 .04 .01 .00 .00 .18 .03 .06 -x .00 .50 .46 18 .00 1.12 .00 .20 .00 .18 .70 .11 .00 .17 .00 19 .51 .13 .14 .01 .02 .32 .63 .68 .03 .00 .23 .00 20 .00 .17 .46 .00 .00 .02 .00 1.87 .26 .00 .00 .00 21 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .16 .00 .02 .00 .58 .00 .00 22 .00 .35 .09 .00 .00 .03 .01 .00 .00 .81 .00 .00 23 .03 .03 .68 .00 .00 .00 .28 .01 .31 .00 .00 .00 24 .00 .10 .09 .38 .46 .00 .22 ,00 .20 .00 .09 .01 25 .30 .05 .01 .00 1.34 .68 .01 .20 .04 .00 .27 .16 26 .0i+ .02 .00 .00 .01 .07 .00 .00 .00 .70 .00 .06 27 ,00 .16 .01 .00 .00 .04 .04 .00 .40 .09 .00 .01 28 .57 .68 1.06 .00 .00 .00 .38 .15 .14 .56 .00 .00 29 .02 .40 .02 .14 .14 .04 .01 .00 .77 .00 .05 30 .01 .00 .00 .40 .02 .00 .02 .02 .39 .00 .00 31 .01 .09 .to .03 .00 .00 .00 OTAL 3.18 5.47 5.63 3.15 3.44 2.14 3.57 5.18 4.53 4.78 3.43 2.55 WATER YEAR 1969 TOTAL=47.05 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1969 TO SEPTEMBER 1970 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 .00 .04 .00 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .08 .00 .74 .10 2 .24 .41 .01 .00 .77 .01 1.58 .05 .00 .10 .19 .01 3 .36 .14 .06 .00 .71 .00 .28 .27 .05 .00 .16 .38 4 .00 1.37 .04 .00 .21 .17 .00 .00 .00 .33 .00 .55 5 .00 .88 .02 .00 .01 .15 .00 .14 1.07 .00 .00 .22 6 ,00 .30 .00 .00 ,00 .00 .00 .18 .13 .00 .00 .18 7 .00 .16 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 8 .06 .19 .30 .00 .00 .14 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 9 .00 .03 .22 .04 .00 .01 .01 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 10 .00 .01 .16 .04 .03 .05 .00 .30 .00 .07 .10 .14 11 .00 .23 .71 .00 .45 .01 .00 .31 .17 .09 .00 .01 12 .00 .04 .00 l03 .10 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 13 .00 .29 .05 .06 .00 .32 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 14 .09 .27 .06 .03 .00 .11 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 15 .00 .17 .05 .00 .36 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .21 16 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .01 .00 .16 .00 .16 17 .05 .00 .00 .01 .00 .01 .34 1.07 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 18 .13 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .04 .10 .52 .00 .04 19 .01 .32 .14 .00 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 20 .91 .93 .07 loo .00 .17 .20 .00 .00 .00 .37 .00 21 .08 .02 .02 .00 .00 .37 .19 .00 .01 .01 .13 .00 22 ."+9 .00 1.23 .00 .07 .04 .00 .39 .08 .00 .00 .25 23 .00 .08 .00 . 03 .04 .15 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.01 .02 24 .00 .13 .00 .00 .07 .15 1.17 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 25 .03 .00 .00 .08 .19 .10 .00 .04 .05 .00 .05 .02 26 .00 .05 1.04 .23 .00 .09 .00 .38 .18 .00 .18 .00 27 .16 .00 1.30 loo .01 .14 .00 .00 1.09 .00 .00 .57 28 .00 .00 .16 .16 .08 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.27 .03 29 .00 .00 .00 .22 .01 .00 .00 .28 .00 .00 .20 30 .00 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .89 .00 .05 .01 31 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .06 TOTAL 2.61 6.08 5.68 .99 3.21 2.34 3.81 3.31 4.18 1.2s 4.32 3,10 WATER YEAR 1970 T0TAL=40.9l A-15 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE. VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1970 TO SEPTEMBER 1971 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 .00 .10 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 1.00 .02 .00 2 .00 .00 .07 .00 .02 .00 .24 .37 .11 .00 .49 .00 3 .35 .00 .00 .07 .00 .33 .11 .79 .08 .00 2.42 .00 4 .01 .00 1.08 .00 ,00 .81 .00 .19 .00 .00 .00 .00 5 .05 .00 .09 .08 .40 .21 .00 .15 .00 .00 .00 .01 6 .00 .02 .35 .00 .02 .01 .00 .00 .00 .16 .00 ,00 7 .00 .00 .00 .13 .08 .86 .20 .00 .57 .00 .00 .00 8 .00 .00 .02 .00 .92 .07 .00 .03 .49 .00 .00 .00 9 .00 .00 .78 .00 .26 .01 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 !oo 10 .00 .04 .07 .02 .01 .00 .73 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 11 •2 9 .32 .00 .11 .00 .26 .20 .00 .00 .00 .36 .00 12 .00 .00 .00 .08 .03 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .63 13 .06 .00 .26 .00 .51 .00 .00 .24 .00 .33 .00 .06 It .19 .01 .07 .16 .19 .00 .05 .01 .00 .62 ,00 .29 15 ."♦2 .59 .00 .03 .00 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 loo .00 16 •2 7 .05 .00 .00 .00 .07 .18 .00 .00 .21 .00 .01 17 .06 .00 .56 .00 .02 .00 .00 .11 .00 .46 .00 .04 18 •2 5 .00 .04 .00 .07 .00 ,oo .00 .00 .08 .00 .14 19 .00 .19 .16 loo .02 .40 .00 .00 .00 .37 .00 .00 20 .00 .22 .07 .00 .59 .33 .01 .00 .00 .00 .78 .04 21 .00 .32 .03 .26 .07 .16 .22 .36 .51 .00 .19 .29 22 .16 .02 .44 .17 .00 .00 .26 .07 .00 .00 .17 .00 23 •!t .23 .06 .18 .75 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 1.19 .00 24 .00 .02 .62 .00 .08 .00 .00 .03 .00 .06 .00 ,00 25 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .04 .57 .56 .01 .00 .00 26 .00 .01 .03 .94 .00 .00 ,00 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 27 .00 .00 .03 loo .12 .00 .02 .21 .00 :W .38 .00 ?8 .00 .41 .00 .05 .00 .06 .00 .00 3.11 .00 29 .00 ,04 .00 .05 .01 .06 .00 .00 .26 .02 .08 30 .00 ;io .00 .29 .11 .15 .00 .00 .00 .14 .00 31 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .21 .00 TOTAL 1.91 2.59 4.83 2.75 4.23 3.79 2.55 3.31 2.32 4.03 9.27 1.59 WATER YEAR 1971 T0TAL=43.l7 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1971 TO SEPTEMBER 1972 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 TOTAL 2.44 4.02 3.64 2.17 2.44 5.02 2.50 3.62 5.37 6.02 2.61 1.30 WATER YEAR 1972 T0TAL=41.l5 ,00 .00 .01 .00 .01 .05 .00 .00 .74 .01 .00 .00 !l9 .24 .00 .37 .00 .71 .04 .84 .13 .00 .37 .00 .00 .00 .19 .on .28 .57 .07 .96 .00 .91 .42 .00 ,00 .06 .00 .08 .48 .01 .17 .92 .49 .00 .00 .00 .00 .05 .00 .09 .02 .28 .01 .10 .00 .00 .00 .00 :U .00 :« .00 .03 ill .23 ,01 .03 .54 .00 .00 .00 139 Il3 .00 .05 .04 •2 7 .40 .00 .on .05 .02 .04 .01 .18 .00 .00 .00 .03 .09 .18 .08 .00 .32 .00 .00 .04 .00 .00 .45 .00 .02 .05 .29 .12 .06 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 1.32 .07 .00 .07 .12 .11 .08 .00 .00 .01 .10 .00 .01 .00 .00 .12 .04 .00 .08 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 ,00 .00 .00 .05 .10 .12 .00 .73 .00 .00 .01 .00 .11 .00 .00 .01 .03 .01 .10 .10 .14 .00 .00 .04 .10 .00 .00 .36 .03 .00 .57 .41 .20 .76 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .12 .00 .01 .00 .02 .10 .26 .<+7 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 Il2 .00 .94 .03 .00 .00 •It 8 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .30 .05 .00 .00 .00 .32 .00 .00 .15 .04 Il2 .52 .00 .17 .00 .00 .10 ,00 .03 .00 .05 .05 .25 ,03 .00 .13 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .04 .04 .04 .15 .01 .00 ,00 .03 1.65 .00 .00 .00 .00 .04 .00 .15 .53 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 loi .01 .37 .28 .00 .16 .14 .02 .00 .02 .00 .63 .06 .15 .08 .04 .00 •I 1 .23 .00 .00 ,H2 1.38 .08 .33 .00 .00 .00 .00 ,00 .43 .47 .00 .00 .15 .03 .00 .46 .01 .00 .00 .17 .04 .00 .05 .00 .03 .13 .01 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .09 .29 ,00 .00 .02 .20 .09 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.26 .00 .03 .00 .00 .51 .03 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .03 .00 .33 .00 .62 .55 .02 .09 .00 .00 .17 .00 .05 .45 .00 .10 .02 .05 .15 .00 .00 A-16 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1972 TO SEPTEMBER 1973 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 .00 ,00 .79 .24 .00 .03 .28 .00 .29 .04 .It .00 2 .00 .27 .06 .01 .66 .05 .38 .10 .00 .15 .29 .00 3 .00 .46 .05 .01 .01 .00 .16 .48 .00 .00 .76 .00 4 .00 .13 .37 .22 .08 .12 .74 .00 .23 ,0s .11 .01 5 .00 .31 .20 .26 .07 .00 .55 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 6 .00 .00 .54 .04 .01 .00 .00 .03 .00 .00 .01 1.90 7 1.79 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .00 8 .15 1.04 .46 .00 .11 .30 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 9 .07 .59 .04 .04 .02 .00 .00 .51 .00 .00 .00 .01 10 .00 .00 .14 .09 .00 .02 .70 .02 .00 .50 .47 .01 11 .00 .00 .00 .05 .00 .17 .15 .32 .23 .05 .41 .04 12 .13 .01 .35 .03 .00 .16 .04 .28 .58 .00 .04 .00 13 .00 .05 .22 .00 .11 .00 .00 .07 .31 .00 .00 .00 14 .21 .31 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .13 .96 .00 .34 15 .11 .11 .53 .07 .53 .18 .00 .23 .01 .0? .07 .18 16 .00 .01 .47 .01 .01 .00 .00 .19 1.89 .00 .00 .02 17 .09 .00 .06 .00 .00 1.29 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 18 .00 .00 .04 .00 .00 .10 .00 .20 .00 .00 .00 1.36 19 .00 .02 .15 .19 .01 .15 .00 .19 .00 .00 .00 .01 20 .00 .81 .03 .85 .00 .06 .00 .06 .00 .1? .00 .03 21 .00 .02 .20 .00 .19 .00 .00 1.74 .73 .00 .00 .00 22 .01 .01 .30 .44 .04 .00 .58 .14 .63 .00 .23 .94 23 .36 .00 .00 .36 .10 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 24 .05 .05 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .13 .00 .00 .03 25 .01 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .28 .00 .00 .00 26 .00 1.03 .12 .00 .00 .08 .00 .00 .00 .12 .01 .00 27 .00 .00 .08 .00 .00 .00 .26 .00 .16 .73 .00 .05 28 .32 .34 .06 .14 .00 .00 .43 .51 .09 .15 .97 .00 29 .31 .02 .01 .53 .00 .10 .14 1.19 .22 .00 .00 30 .00 .15 .66 .12 .00 .03 .00 3.69 .00 .53 .00 31 .00 .46 .02 .00 .72 .00 .00 TOTAL 3.61 5.74 6.40 3.80 1.95 2.71 4.40 5.93 10.67 3.1? 4.04 4.93 WATER YEAR 1973 T0TAL=57.30 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES. WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1973 TO SEPTEMBER 1974 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 TOTAL WATER YEAR 1974 T0TAL=55.99 .00 1.29 .03 .14 .00 .00 .09 .52 .35 .59 .00 .07 .08 .42 .00 .00 .00 .14 .27 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .92 .18 .00 .04 .00 .00 .01 .41 .00 .01 .00 .84 .00 .00 .01 .04 .00 .12 .06 .14 .00 .95 .16 .12 .78 .00 .41 .02 .00 .62 .33 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .06 .25 ~.04 .00 .00 .03 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .05 .34 .00 •'!t .15 .00 .31 .00 .00 .00 .07 .00 .07 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .49 .16 .00 .00 .92 .03 .00 .60 .00 .00 .00 .04 .00 .10 .00 .23 .00 .47 .00 .15 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .35 .11 .01 .02 .00 .10 .13 .00 .00 .00 .00 loo .00 .02 .00 .03 .92 .00 .00 .00 .08 .03 .01 .09 .01 .02 .01 .It .09 .01 .00 .00 .00 .10 .00 1.32 .01 .00 .02 .47 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .09 .68 .00 .03 .00 .00 .12 .08 .00 .67 .00 .00 .28 .72 .07 .28 .00 1.15 .03 .00 .11 .00 .00 .00 .01 .10 1^41 loo .07 .91 .00 .18 1.89 .00 1.01 .23 .00 .02 .07 .01 .02 .05 .00 .00 .01 .02 .01 .04 .00 .00 .00 .OB .83 .13 .00 .00 .03 .7R .07 .00 .06 .00 .40 .00 .03 .00 .00 .00 .06 .00 .00 .31 .00 .00 2.45 .48 .00 1.22 .00 .01 .02 .00 .00 .51 .00 .23 .01 .02 1.64 .04 .31 .14 .04 .00 .00 .04 .00 .01 .11 .15 .31 .00 .33 1.46 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .26 .00 .03 .01 .30 1.04 .49 .21 .08 .18 .00 .00 .09 .08 .00 .00 .00 .00 .42 .06 .00 .00 .18 .00 .00 .37 .00 .00 .05 .00 .61 .40 .00 .00 .04 .00 .33 .67 .20 .00 .00 .00 .07 .15 .00 .38 .00 .00 .27 .21 .30 .00 .00 .00 .12 .00 .12 .04 .08 .00 .12 .00 !l3 .00 .36 .05 .03 .91 .47 1.52 .40 .26 .00 .01 .13 .06 .01 .31 .76 .01 .10 .00 .14 .21 .05 .00 .00 .01 .75 5.17 8.59 2.96 3.40 5.18 4.98 6.50 3.81 6.12 2.34 4.19 A-17 Tabulation of Daily FIax-Min Temperatures for Station R-3 - Water Years 1960-1974 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1959 TO SEPTEMBER 1960 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAy JUN JUI AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIM MAX MIN MAX WIN MAX WIN MAX MIN MAX MIN 1 61 50 43 33 29 22 30 2 21 15 13 4 42 31 48 39 66 55 75 53 71 41 7^ 54 2 49 34 37 28 33 2n 32 -1 23 14 16 -2 46 32 51 32 73 56 73 53 74 54 5o 47 3 56 39 35 27 40 26 33 32 23 8 22 -4 35 29 68 30 71 58 69 51 74 n §5 36 4 69 49 47 35 35 ,26 33 14 35 5 23 19 46 34 74 40 79 56 66 46 72 42 5 62 49 59 47 39W30 23 9 33 10 27 19 37 29 76 40 78 62 60 46 59 44 63 39 6 57 •♦9 63 37 39 33 22 -8 37 27 24 15 29 21 77 41 66 *S 65 50 73 *9 70 34 7 49 47 37 26 41 29 19 8 36 10 27 15 38 18 69 48 59 72 52 74 62 44 8 57 49 36 21 32 23 35 4 18 2 19 11 34 16 66 50 60 36 72 44 76 56 87 56 9 53 48 36 19 31 20 -20 31 11 17 -1 38 28 66 55 66 34 71 52 65 43 82 58 10 57 39 45 21 27 23 4 -20 37 16 13 31 19 63 49 75 40 79 42 59 47 6? 44 11 57 38 50 27 28 13 13 -8 42 32 9 -1 n 14 61 44 75 40 82 56 71 47 55 42 12 45 37 46 32 33 19 24 -6 32 8 23 10 32 66 52 71 48 83 59 73 44 55 49 13 37 28 45 34 34 21 30 4 13 3 27 18 52 31 67 53 73 44 78 58 75 4 8 64 it 9 14 41 23 61 38 23 9 32 6 29 9 27 20 32 68 47 69 46 65 51 75 56 60 "+3 15 44 20 39 21 29 8 31 14 16 8 31 18 58 30 53 47 59 47 73 44 66 54 59 38 16 47 30 45 18 40 29 27 10 32 14 36 8 55 29 59 50 75 56 75 46 73 48 58 30 17 49 37 40 24 35 28 19 10 35 22 29 18 63 42 65 46 83 59 71 49 77 42 59 29 18 37 25 26 17 29 16 31 11 41 20 36 24 64 27 67 48 68 48 71 60 81 45 61 44 19 31 1° 29 16 30 16 27 18 34 22 31 23 41 27 71 44 69 n 68 59 81 49 56 42 20 49 22 29 15 16 3 19 15 27 19 35 22 48 24 75 38 61 64 53 69 63 56 48 21 35 17 34 26 14 -6 21 13 20 4 27 10 59 34 74 42 69 46 69 50 72 60 57 48 22 41 16 39 33 12 -2 23 17 31 -3 29 -2 50 38 58 47 76 40 73 44 77 59 66 43 23 50 35 41 33 12 -10 24 17 23 15 23 13 61 36 60 47 77 55 77 59 69 52 66 44 24 62 50 46 41 22 -8 19 6 23 15 29 12 45 33 56 51 67 57 67 48 59 U 65 60 50 25 59 48 56 32 24 -2 23 7 30 16 18 -7 52 40 67 48 62 55 77 46 67 44 26 51 41 32 19 27 21 26 11 41 26 25 -15 "« 32 76 46 76 56 77 47 75 37 68 40 27 46 31 40 21 25 16 21 8 25 17 36 21 45 32 84 48 79 51 65 58 73 50 71 46 28 30 24 41 29 27 22 26 20 23 13 36 22 56 36 80 57 82 = 78 52 79 42 69 52 29 32 20 29 16 27 22 27 19 18 1 42 16 61 34 79 48 79 5t 85 53 82 48 65 50 30 34 15 24 10 27 21 28 7 43 34 65 42 75 50 78 59 66 56 74 50 66 50 31 43 33 27 9 28 11 51 41 58 52 67 47 75 45 AVG 48 34 41 27 29 Ji 24 7 2? 15 27 12 n 30 67 46 71 50 72 51 72 48 65 45 MAX 69 50 63 47 41 35 32 42 32 51 41 42 84 57 83 62 85 60 82 63 87 58 MIN 30 15 24 10 12 -10 -20 13 -3 9 -15 29 14 48 30 59 34 60 42 59 34 55 29 A-18 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR nANVILLE, vErMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATFR YEAR OCTOBER 1960 TO SEPTEMBER 1961 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAy JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIM MAX MIN MAX MlM Max MlM MAX MIN MAX MIM MAX MIM MAX MIN MAX MIM MAX WlN MAX MlM MAY MIN 1 49 29 49 41 15 7 ?7 12 -8 -21 30 11 36 27 52 27 67 46 66 48 69 44 84 57 p 18 25 53 41 23 7 17 2 21 -20 32 18 33 24 38 28 69 52 61 43 65 52 70 65 3 3ft 44 36 31 17 19 5 27 11 46 21 28 24 33 24 6? 48 74 50 62 80 64 4 50 30 37 33 40 17 15 5 20 8 35 24 11 23 44 29 64 44 60 46 78 54 82 65 5 55 25 35 30 40 2ft 14 24 8 30 24 30 40 24 76 51 64 48 75 53 79 56 6 56 46 31 27 48 34 30 5 23 7 27 23 38 32 56 24 64 38 67 42 79 54 76 56 7 47 3? 30 21 42 20 33 28 22 32 19 r 27 40 38 ■96 33 70 48 72 56 n 56 e 53 34 38 14 19 2 31 12 35 5 28 10 24 68 37 71 44 67 52 76 51 56 9 55 27 40 30 19 -4 13 38 16 24 6 44 22 62 46 70 54 67 50 80 58 78 50 10 56 26 45 33 2? -4 16 _2 31 15 12 4 30 26 60 36 68 56 62 49 82 54 80 56 11 55 32 33 22 10 -8 30 25 2 21 -3 30 27 66 31 72 38 74 47 73 s§ n 64 12 50 31 39 22 4 -4 12 -8 29 4 32 40 27 65 43 82 54 77 53 72 54 13 52 26 43 30 2 -6 30 -2 32 36 8 30 27 78 53 80 §9 80 56 58 47 57 50 14 45 37 51 28 16 -8 38 10 36 21 24 18 32 26 81 55 62 39 70 55 61 41 77 57 15 60 <*1 47 37 28 14 34 7 26 -2 31 19 46 24 85 56 52 38 62 55 76 41 68 42 16 51 43 55 45 32 18 28 8 20 -5 27 5 38 29 66 44 64 36 61 50 57 43 58 32 17 63 *1 45 37 19 9 36 9 26 -3 6 -5 42 28 50 30 72 45 77 54 67 41 64 31 18 51 29 45 29 23 7 31 -9 35 27 34 -7 alt 27 57 29 70 45 74 54 74 42 6^ 34 19 49 2P 47 25 22 4 6 -20 52 24 39 19 38 24 54 3e 74 46 74 54 80 48 72 38 20 44 33 36 ?2 19 4 2 -6 22 3 24 8 52 26 55 36 68 53 78 54 79 54 73 48 21 35 21 47 29 32 10 9 -10 34 3 36 -3 58 24 54 42 68 54 76 55 61 55 60 56 22 45 20 49 32 18 6 -18 42 16 51 12 46 35 56 42 67 54 81 56 60 54 78 54 23 44 28 41 27 8 -6 10 -16 39 30 48 20 52 34 50 38 75 50 78 56 63 48 82 53 24 46 36 31 14 13 -10 6 -13 34 32 46 28 47 28 56 40 66 52 82 61 67 57 80 60 25 40 35 34 16 26 9 -2 -15 38 31 32 26 42 32 73 44 70 42 80 62 76 59 76 56 26 49 3 1 42 19 33 12 2 -14 38 17 38 19 40 2ft 56 34 59 46 76 52 68 60 74 56 27 59 30 41 32 11 -12 4 -6 36 18 53 22 54 ? 27 39 34 70 45 73 48 74 53 66 42 28 60 30 31 23 13 -17 13 -4 34 16 57 32 30 ft 38 75 46 76 54 66 56 54 39 29 59 32 38 23 16 -5 16 -2 39 23 40 30 34 30 52 74 56 62 54 50 31 30 59 34 26 16 28 13 8 -16 29 18 40 2fl 41 24 72 53 75 55 74 54 61 30 31 48 30 30 23 8 -9 40 12 56 24 68 48 74 57 AVG 51 32 55 28 23 ^ 17 -2 30 9 34 14 40 28 56 36 69 47 72 52 70 51 7? 50 MAX 63 46 45 48 34 38 28 52 32 57 32 58 35 85 56 32 59 82 62 82 60 64 65 MIN 35 20 26 14 2 -17 -2 -20 -8 -21 ft -7 28 22 33 24 52 33 60 42 57 41 50 30 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES, IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1961 TO SEPTEMBER 1962 DAY OCT NOV DE MIN JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JU Win AU MIN SEP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIM MAX MIN MAX MIM MAX MAX MAX MIN 1 67 44 34 28 27 11 20 -5 -5 -26 27 36 32 54 34 74 51 66 47 70 50 n 59 2 62 44 42 19 33 14 18 -5 10 -26 7 -11 33 14 39 34 54 43 64 40 68 48 47 3 52 2? 56 36 32 26 26 6 25 11 8 -8 n 12 38 34 62 40 66 37 ~tl 46 63 44 4 40 32 54 44 34 28 27 -14 27 13 25 2 12 42 34 70 40 67 38 72 52 69 43 5 52 26 54 46 40 28 19 -7 44 29 32 24 48 20 46 32 60 50 56 40 74 54 52 49 6 69 39 48 40 33 20 30 19 27 -14 34 23 55 26 48 30 64 !f® 66 37 75 58 54 34 7 72 44 41 32 31 24 37 27 6 -15 -10 38 14 46 35 45 28 68 <+3 71 41 69 61 62 34 6 72 50 36 28 29 13 36 22 19 41 9 50 37 43 20 68 41 77 44 68 52 66 38 9 70 47 28 24 26 2 21 8 26 8 43 12 60 34 46 26 71 40 72 57 58 52 66 42 10 68 42 24 14 30 14 10 1 9 -12 48 16 38 33 51 30 73 50 66 50 57 47 63 56 11 55 45 30 15 33 25 17 -10 14 -15 46 16 46 29 52 26 70 52 69 53 58 48 63 52 12 66 45 36 16 33 18 22 -5 18 -8 32 24 52 33 57 27 64 48 76 50 70 43 52 50 13 70 44 44 35 35 15 17 -1 25 2 35 23 35 27 63 28 68 44 64 53 68 31 71 45 14 56 33 51 37 24 10 28 2 24 3 36 21 32 26 44 35 74 41 70 54 61 67 47 15 33 26 47 26 19 -3 42 15 27 5 35 25 40 28 60 41 79 53 66 52 69 49 60 41 16 34 25 44 24 14 -11 32 4 28 4 40 24 34 23 59 44 73 52 68 52 71 47 54 40 17 58 26 45 32 16 1 18 -12 25 8 37 24 n 22 76 42 78 51 69 47 66 52 58 48 18 72 38 31 21 25 20 9 -20 14 -4 32 9 16 84 53 62 40 68 53 60 11 58 45 19 73 42 29 14 28 24 14 15 -9 32 4 48 20 84 53 68 48 68 52 61 54 37 20 63 44 27 13 30 22 19 5 24 8 44 8 51 24 72 50 60 4 9 72 47 76 54 46 30 21 53 35 27 24 21 15 19 -3 21 2 40 24 55 24 60 43 71 44 70 56 71 54 46 30 22 51 28 34 26 15 9 38 20 26 10 46 18 51 29 60 33 72 49 69 48 66 47 48 28 23 52 23 33 30 18 9 28 6 28 14 36 18 51 28 66 36 70 55 64 45 69 44 56 36 24 54 24 35 30 20 14 24 -4 18 2 40 23 31 20 54 43 68 58 66 46 70 "*6 58 S3 25 57 26 35 26 18 15 30 20 25 -6 34 30 47 22 62 38 69 54 70 44 73 46 59 26 54 31 46 20 26 14 32 27 15 40 32 61 28 60 38 68 49 65 49 76 51 56 46 27 35 24 42 21 30 20 35 2 32 27 42 31 78 40 58 32 70 44 55 51 74 53 54 46 28 46 23 20 15 30 17 7 -14 32 28 50 28 78 42 70 33 74 42 74 51 71 56 52 46 29 56 39 20 18 11 4 4 -23 57 28 58 37 72 38 79 46 67 59 65 53 |l 46 30 54 42 23 17 4 22 -6 66 37 38 34 78 42 30 52 74 59 74 54 52 47 31 46 33 19 4 -7 -19 42 32 69 60 65 57 78 52 AVG 57 36 37 26 26 14 22 22 2 38 18 47 27 58 37 70 47 68 49 6 ! 51 5" 43 MAX 73 50 56 46 40 28 42 27 44 29 66 37 78 42 84 60 80 58 77 59 78 61 U 59 MIM 33 23 20 13 14 -11 -7 -23 -5 -26 7 -11 31 12 38 20 54 40 55 37 57 41 26 A-19 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1962 TO SEPTEMBER 1963 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX MlN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX MlN MAX «IN MAX MIN 1 52 43 37 31 50 30 8 -6 19 -7 23 -2 55 25 46 30 80 45 87 66 72 47 66 44 2 62 38 36 24 48 2° 24 10 25 10 28 14 49 38 48 31 84 49 89 63 66 57 70 45 3 68 40 27 42 28 24 18 25 -14 27 16 38 35 63 30 79 47 68 49 75 56 72 51 4 65 48 36 30 50 32 25 19 6 -24 33 16 42 23 72 39 82 56 64 47 69 56 62 38 5 55 47 32 28 44 30 21 10 20 7 3^ 14 32 20 57 32 80 57 67 49 68 55 63 36 6 48 !* 6 27 23 40 34 23 10 26 16 27 15 43 28 58 30 78 n 66 46 74 55 *! 38 7 49 44 40 34- 34 26 24 w 21 -10 26 17 45 34 57 33 76 66 46 75 53 47 8 53 46 46 30 26 27 1 -20 29 6 42 20 62 43 73 47 66 47 75 5o 72 46 9 49 44 47 33 32 22 26 24 11 -9 31 7 30 18 72 47 67 44 62 44 74 72 48 10 49 4 2 46 36 28 20 32 24 5 28 14 34 19 44 32 63 34 64 48 72 45 60 42 w 52 ?i 44 26 20 3 34 26 25 11 22 10 38 32 38 29 57 39 69 47 63 43 70 38 62 40 32 14 16 -1 26 22 23 17 27 19 44 31 52 29 51 48 80 50 68 44 63 38 13 44 34 30 14 10 -6 28 5 18 12 31 25 41 27 64 34 72 46 80 54 59 47 54 34 14 47 27 27 23 12 -2 18 18 9 27 15 41 23 63 43 73 44 75 58 59 63 31 15 56 28 29 22 7 -10 19 12 -5 25 4 45 29 62 36 64 49 68 56 65 47 69 34 16 62 37 36 17 19 13 -8 -11 32 -1 53 32 70 37 65 44 72 56 62 43 74 36 17 60 3 6 34 23 17 2 24 3 13 -14 30 25 I 2 35 73 39 71 44 78 52 64 40 76 45 1G 52 32 32 19 20 4 30 14 32 13 31 19 52 29 54 46 70 45 79 57 58 43 78 48 19 62 34 34 14 26 17 24 \l 37 29 33 w 46 27 66 44 75 41 78 60 68 43 72 48 20 63 fo 33 15 18 -11 29 31 18 28 58 39 57 38 70 53 81 57 68 49 54 38 21 50 38 36 27 9 -18 23 2 25 1 35 17 55 34 67 36 62 45 76 56 75 55 56 36 22 46 34 38 28 18 6 10 -6 7 -9 29 19 38 27 60 41 56 44 78 53 77 56 S? 38 23 49 36 31 20 20 11 21 14 -1 28 11 39 27 42 33 74 43 81 56 74 56 31 24 36 30 34 22 19 -6 -6 23 4 42 10 37 26 60 31 84 55 86 58 62 46 58 29 25 39 24 34 15 15 -4 9 -13 19 6 53 29 40 31 67 34 84 55 89 66 59 45 68 31 26 34 26 39 14 24 -2 12 -8 12 -6 57 35 40 i 9 72 37 85 58 86 61 66 43 72 38 27 38 26 45 19 16 -8 19 7 19 -9 45 31 44 31 76 41 S3 56 85 59 64 *? 60 46 28 46 33 53 25 20 2 7 -3 22 6 37 23 53 30 70 42 84 58 88 62 69 53 34 29 35 26 48 30 22 2 15 -5 42 17 66 29 62 51 79 56 84 63 56 50 44 40 30 34 I 2 54 30 13 -18 18 7 51 33 47 39 67 51 86 60 69 46 64 51 48 28 31 42 32 -2 -18 15 -6 43 25 73 46 72 42 66 49 AVG 50 36 38 23 24 7 20 7 19 1 33 17 45 29 61 38 74 49 76 54 67 49 63 "e 39 MAX 68 48 54 36 50 34 34 26 37 29 57 35 66 39 76 51 86 IS 89 66 77 57 51 MIN 34 22 27 14 -2 -18 -13 -24 23 -2 30 18 38 29 51 62 42 56 40 44 28 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1963 TO SEPTEMBER 1964 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX WIN MAX MIn MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAx MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX HlN MAX filM MAX MIN 1 61 27 44 36 15 5 22 -6 30 24 40 12 26 -2 68 34 62 n 84 58 72 40 62 42 2 74 40 41 32 24 5 28 17 30 4 43 28 34 4 68 32 64 80 54 66 50 65 42 3 66 44 32 28 25 15 32 26 10 52 26 35 22 72 32 65 *! 76 56 70 46 64 42 4 49 35 42 28 21 16 34 15 26 12 49 27 22 12 72 40 57 76 58 74 44 60 50 5 66 34 46 32 25 5 17 32 24 50 34 38 3 72 40 58 36 68 56 66 50 64 49 6 75 38 43 36 22 5 29 32 12 31 14 42 14 74 40 72 34 72 56 66 44 64 46 7 80 50 53 42 29 17 30 12 30 28 48 14 52 32 80 46 70 46 72 52 76 42 70 46 8 55 36 53 46 34 18 ?8 6 30 16 34 26 54 35 76 52 76 52 78 51 71 52 78 46 9 49 25 46 40 37 26 30 10 14 -2 34 21 34 28 73 56 76 50 74 52 52 39 72 52 10 61 28 41 38 27 11 31 10 15 -14 22 16 46 28 56 47 76 45 76 48 64 40 92 54 11 60 ?6 38 34 14 -4 9 -4 24 -8 28 12 46 28 § 8 70 44 69 42 79 50 72 48 67 46 12 49 35 42 34 12 -2 6 -10 33 2 26 14 56 26 42 76 50 5o 78 55 72 56 06 32 13 52 31 38 33 20 8 5 -6 34 12 30 10 62 32 74 46 72 68 59 59 IS 60 29 14 66 23 36 27 24 6 6 -3 26 10 38 12 52 46 54 40 64 48 74 57 60 §5 34 15 73 35 26 10 2 18 2 26 38 24 54 36 66 34 64 43 74 56 56 44 30 16 72 44 36 26 6 -1 22 22 4 26 7 46 34 74 44 56 38 78 51 70 44 52 30 17 67 45 40 26 7 -6 22 6 18 -2 34 4 8 30 66 48 62 42 80 54 70 50 60 34 18 73 44 53 40 12 -3 28 12 35 2 24 10 36 64 42 72 40 84 59 68 46 80 37 19 75 !* 6 43 37 8 -5 35 24 30 IP 22 12 46 28 68 45 84 49 78 54 63 42 60 30 20 76 47 46 33 1 -13 38 27 24 14 36 18 38 28 60 36 86 60 76 48 60 43 61 29 21 55 33 44 39 4 -13 37 30 16 4 38 16 54 31 60 26 81 58 84 58 64 47 66 36 22 50 27 52 43 15 -2 34 16 14 2 40 22 38 36 80 40 32 52 84 62 52 47 68 '4 38 23 67 31 54 34 16 -6 32 14 30 -2 34 14 44 36 86 60 92 52 83 60 59 51 51 24 76 45 33 20 23 14 40 26 27 -2 42 12 42 36 84 62 78 60 66 58 70 50 66 44 25 75 46 24 16 23 9 42 24 24 -8 40 28 46 32 62 43 70 46 70 55 74 46 50 36 26 70 49 47 20 10 -6 30 14 28 4 32 26 n 31 68 38 76 44 76 50 64 46 62 34 27 64 47 24 11 -8 24 14 12 -6 26 18 36 62 43 70 45 82 61 70 46 63 45 28 58 44 32 21 12 -4 20 4 30 -6 34 6 69 38 48 39 72 44 86 59 73 45 54 31 29 45 30 45 33 19 22 2 28 14 39 18 64 32 50 36 76 46 82 51 79 48 49 30 30 36 30 51 12 10 -13 22 12 28 12 70 29 60 39 68 57 66 42 80 54 56 36 31 44 30 12 -15 32 6 22 2 64 38 68 40 76 57 AVG 63 38 42 31 17 2 26 1° 30 25 5 35 *3 n 26 67 42 72 46 76 54 67 46 n 39 MAX 90 50 54 46 37 26 42 35 28 52 46 86 62 88 60 86 62 80 57 54 MIN 36 25 24 12 1 -15 5 -10 10 -14 22 22 -2 48 26 56 34 66 40 52 38 49 29 A-20 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1964 TO SEPTEMBER 1965 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAy JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX Mln MAX MJN MAX HlN MAX MlN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX Mlfl MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX 1lN MAX MlN MAX MIN 1 58 28 48 22 n 6 13 -4 14 -10 29 13 34 7 60 36 60 1% 68 44 72 46 60 48 2 58 42 50 27 4 18 -6 18 4 42 23 36 13 58 28 64 74 42 68 56 65 45 3 62 38 50 26 28 14 21 7 10 -10 48 31 37 15 70 30 58 36 66 50 66 49 70 44 4 68 38 51 26 24 21 23 8 10 -10 52 28 40 14 62 32 69 42 70 44 70 42 71 45 5 46 26 39 28 50 20 30 17 6 -16 48 29 46 24 5« 30 74 48 74 46 78 42 70 41 6 52 23 40 36 20 6 28 15 25 7 40 34 52 27 65 36 78 48 61 39 82 51 72 45 7 42 24 40 30 12 -2 20 -2 44 24 42 32 39 U 59 39 84 §3 70 37 85 60 76 46 8 51 2? 50 28 18 -1 34 16 42 28 43 22 36 66 39 78 74 52 78 60 66 47 9 56 36 47 28 23 4 44 18 29 9 42 23 42 32 76 45 79 52 78 48 80 65 68 42 10 46 30 37 26 23 8 20 10 24 10 36 24 46 28 71 56 74 48 72 48 78 54 77 56 11 38 24 34 22 34 ,9 22 5 38 18 22 10 48 28 72 52 67 45 71 46 70 47 66 38 12 48 22 47 34 42 34 30 15 33 18 25 4 36 32 72 44 62 46 71 46 74 44 65 36 13 45 to 56 34 38 32 26 14 33 5 30 5 40 27 56 37 62 48 78 46 76 56 58 37 in 48 I 5 37 28 36 16 18 -24 16 -10 30 10 50 26 62 34 56 40 76 56 82 54 56 44 15 72 33 32 19 25 • 6 -32 32 30 9 52 27 72 32 64 38 74 48 88 58 58 50 16 72 to 36 24 18 -6 2 -17 35 10 34 6 42 32 76 48 72 42 78 44 84 62 58 38 17 70 42 28 22 34 19 4 -14 27 -8 34 8 36 28 68 50 72 44 69 56 84 58 60 36 18 64 1* 32 l!t 25 4 12 -10 30 10 29 24 42 25 54 48 70 52 65 55 79 64 58 50 19 50 38 32 12 24 3 12 -6 10 -2 34 16 47 23 60 44 76 44 67 45 68 60 51 50 20 44 33 40 18 26 16 23 8 7 -12 24 3 54 26 66 42 80 53 57 44 68 48 80 51 21 40 32 33 18 27 10 16 1 18 -8 20 54 27 68 33 80 54 70 44 66 44 81 62 ?2 40 28 24 2 24 12 28 2 27 -1 22 lS 47 25 12 40 77 53 72 44 68 47 84 62 23 36 26 29 2 61 24 10 -2 10 -6 29 36 26 58 34 80 50 70 54 64 46 8? 60 24 36 24 30 14 43 33 20 7 25 -7 26 6 40 21 66 34 66 43 77 52 70 44 64 54 25 50 34 38 29 50 44 24 6 36 16 36 5 52 20 74 38 62 39 71 47 66 51 58 41 26 58 32 48 36 50 42 24 6 35 6 30 24 36 32 78 58 72 40 70 46 57 52 63 34 27 64 41 39 16 41 24 28 6 18 2 27 4 42 35 76 51 76 43 70 48 72 56 46 27 28 59 44 32 16 24 14 22 -8 26 2 31 2 n 32 70 39 85 50 65 50 72 43 54 24 29 58 38 38 21 23 8 4 -12 22 7 31 60 38 78 56 68 48 50 n 48 32 30 38 33 22 14 28 18 14 -10 27 14 66 32 58 35 66 46 70 44 52 57 28 31 38 26 33 12 18 -6 21 6 62 40 72 46 54 34 AVG MAX 52 33 39 22 30 14 19 24 2 32 14 45 26 66 38 71 IS 71 47 72 51 65 44 72 46 56 36 61 44 44 18 44 28 52 34 66 35 78 85 78 56 88 65 84 62 MIN 36 22 22 2 12 -6 -6 -32 6 -16 20 34 7 54 28 56 36 57 37 50 34 46 24 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES, IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1965 TO SEPTEMBER 1966 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAP APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX BlM MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX WIN MAX MIN 1 57 40 37 18 32 8 48 26 18 8 44 30 40 19 55 30 58 34 80 51 80 53 72 48 2 50 32 25 12 30 25 24 11 32 10 31 28 35 11 44 24 64 38 85 56 74 54 72 51 3 48 30 44 15 36 20 32 21 29 14 40 23 35 52 22 73 44 90 63 58 46 59 48 4 30 26 52 20 38 30 25 10 30 18 44 22 36 24 40 28 72 52 77 52 76 46 49 44 5 32 23 32 13 31 22 ?4 14 24 13 37 33 36 25 56 27 72 54 80 48 79 54 65 46 6 42 20 46 20 32 20 31 19 18 34 26 40 20 48 28 79 57 68 58 80 52 63 48 7 56 30 44 28 20 4 27 8 24 -6 28 14 42 22 3o 34 19 70 52 78 59 85 63 61 47 8 52 40 ?& 24 28 8 19 -2 28 2 28 4 35 46 22 67 44 73 51 84 60 70 44 9 56 40 39 l8 32 11 5 -7 28 7 37 5 38 30 38 29 64 38 76 48 82 56 72 45 10 58 44 34 10 32 10 28 3 46 18 42 14 38 29 34 24 51 39 77 57 74 56 74 52 11 50 40 38 22 28 10 27 -6 50 36 28 36 30 45 28 60 38 78 61 76 54 60 38 12 55 36 36 31 22 18 -2 -14 39 21 25 6 42 29 48 29 69 41 74 58 68 54 65 35 13 46 30 42 32 32 22 15 -14 33 21 28 21 44 30 41 32 76 46 82 61 66 « 65 40 14 56 28 36 20 33 31 18 9 33 14 40 11 48 30 66 34 81 5? 73 54 70 60 45 15 58 36 26 14 33 30 18 -10 26 8 28 6 52 27 71 37 72 = 1 68 47 67 49 58 37 16 50 34 38 24 34 28 4 -10 26 7 36 2 48 27 55 43 56 48 74 46 72 59 54 32 17 54 28 40 20 31 22 16 5 26 -2 38 6 48 28 59 41 70 48 78 48 68 58 64 39 18 59 30 21 16 28 20 22 16 15 -2 57 29 50 25 56 42 70 $2 78 55 76 57 68 42 19 73 54 26 13 25 2 28 16 e -15 47 32 54 24 55 48 74 72 54 74 54 64 44 20 74 50 28 8 7 -3 32 24 2 -20 39 31 38 34 66 47 78 50 66 49 69 45 62 41 21 70 48 32 24 19 31 14 6 -10 40 25 51 33 64 "0 68 46 64 46 69 43 55 35 22 49 46 38 28 24 12 32 13 19 8 46 20 52 30 68 41 76 42 74 46 57 3? 56 46 23 52 42 30 26 31 18 24 14 28 8 40 35 55 28 76 42 80 49 82 54 62 51 40 24 45 33 30 14 34 28 27 16 36 6 42 34 39 32 80 44 82 65 84 58 60 46 43 36 25 44 30 42 26 40 20 20 26 22 39 20 50 34 70 45 66 52 84 60 64 47 50 36 26 50 36 32 24 19 3 20 -8 35 17 31 10 34 23 76 42 79 52 72 52 64 48 50 30 27 36 26 32 25 14 -6 26 2 42 16 29 8 3 7 32 16 78 48 84 58 72 45 69 46 = 2 30 28 32 25 32 22 18 6 8 -1 43 18 17 6 23 66 54 33 58 64 54 65 44 54 39 29 22 22 23 18 30 16 16 -1 28 1 30 26 68 41 81 54 68 56 74 41 55 n 30 50 20 24 12 36 24 30 10 30 13 56 28 59 35 73 51 74 51 79 56 54 31 52 36 48 34 14 7 34 25 55 32 78 45 72 50 AVG 51 34 35 20 29 16 23 6 28 8 36 17 43 27 57 35 72 48 76 53 71 51 60 41 MAX 74 54 52 32 48 34 48 26 50 36 57 35 56 34 80 54 84 65 90 63 85 63 74 52 MIN 30 20 21 8 7 -6 -2 -14 2 -20 17 32 16 34 19 51 34 64 45 57 41 43 30 A-21 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 HAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1966 TO SEPTEMBER 1967 DAY OCT NOV MAX MIM MAX HIM OEC MAX MIM JAN MAX HIM FEB MAR APR MAY JUN MAX HIM HAX MlN MAX MIM MAX WIN MAX MIM MAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 48 ■51 54 57 52 44 62 70 72 58 55 38 46 55 60 51 41 40 42 44 52 59 59 57 52 48 56 62 56 27 40 39 37 30 40 36 32 HO 39 44 35 I 3 3? 27 33 42 41 32 I 1 I* 3l 29 31 36 36 30 28 28 32 25 18 15 52 58 61 34 34 36 37 43 52 57 57 44 36 34 28 26 40 44 33 34 38 41 45 42 46 46 49 49 47 35 34 50 36 27 21 30 32 32 42 48 37 32 16 16 14 12 26 33 17 It It 16 20 28 39 38 33 39 33 29 31 23 12 17 27 30 32 40 51 54 55 22 26 33 23 25 34 38 12 13 24 20 16 20 16 16 15 19 26 22 23 23 9 -4 1 15 21 32 38 to 20 14 12 21 a 8 25 14 1 2 12 16 2 U 9 ? 1? 4 5 24 28 28 30 30 12 26 36 26 24 22 18 30 34 34 38 40 44 46 34 36 28 28 26 16 20 JUL AUG SEP " fllN HA^ " \X HTM MAX MIM 12 16 16 26 14 -8 -8 26 8 10 10 4 20 18 16 14 -2 30 12 10 -18 8 -18 20 14 26 28 26 26 24 22 16 10 -4 28 26 20 24 34 2 8 16 24 30 16 8 -6 8 6 •14 ■12 ■16 2 10 30 -4 -6 -20 8 -24 28 -10 42 22 36 6 -10 12 -12 16 -10 22 -6 24 26 30 16 2 14 30 30 10 2 16 2 -4 -4 -4 12 10 16 -10 38 18 26 -6 22 -4 26 28 24 36 49 50 24 32 36 34 20 16 2 14 26 4 10 18 16 18 -4 8 -10 4 -10 24 -16 28 6 32 5 9 36 34 40 4 20 16 20 22 68 64 n 50 32 32 It 42 50 42 39 38 38 32 40 20 12 30 30 30 30 32 30 22 34 34 30 26 74 64 46 56 43 36 30 52 3$ 29 50 26 42 52 20 46 42 20 38 26 12 48 32 10 46 58 16 52 56 30 58 36 32 42 44 56 48 64 54 48 50 58 60 42 52 24 50 30 42 46 28 52 30 54 40 32 52 34 58 44 32 11 34 58 44 22 28 52 52 28 56 34 46 39 32 34 30 28 32 34 36 34 36 34 32 40 30 30 32 40 38 32 30 30 32 32 32 36 40 38 34 36 70 76 80 82 94 78 78 62 90 76 78 76 74 62 76 82 76 72 72 66 76 68 78 78 78 74 80 92 76 62 52 46 48 50 52 52 50 50 58 54 58 56 56 54 64 &0 54 48 44 54 58 60 52 54 52 50 50 50 44 AVG 52 33 43 29 MAX 72 44 61 50 MIM 27 15 26 12 26 12 27 55 40 46 12 -4 9 11 21 -2 32 11 28 42 22 52 32 .18 -6 -24 4 -16 44 27 52 68 40 74 26 10 38 34 75 52 46 84 64 28 62 40 80 30 74 32 66 68 76 76 70 76 78 78 74 78 72 69 76 74 76 82 80 76 74 78 76 72 76 64 78 78 76 75 82 64 54 62 58 50 50 46 48 54 62 56 54 54 54 54 56 56 50 54 54 56 56 58 54 62 58 54 52 60 58 56 54 70 74 70 72 72 70 74 74 68 74 60 72 74 72 76 73 30 78 72 72 72 68 68 72 74 76 70 78 74 72 60 55 72 62 80 46 60 54 48 58 60 56 52 43 50 60 54 *! 54 54 5' 54 56 56 53 60 54 43 44 44 46 50 60 56 52 3! 53 60 40 60 52 58 63 70 64 64 56 64 7? 74 76 76 73 76 72 63 72 64 60 43 52 44 64 74 64 5& 72 34 36 44 44 50 42 33 50 54 40 38 36 40 44 48 52 50 52 40 38 54 40 40 34 32 32 42 56 62 46 66 44 78 62 44 32 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 HAX-HIM TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1967 TO SEPTEMBER 1968 DAY OCT MOV OEr JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX HIM HAX HIM MAX HlM HAX HIM HAX HIM MAX HIM MAX HT.N MAX MIM HAX HIM MAX BlN MAX HIM MAX H IN 1 52 44 58 32 16 4 19 -19 28 16 26 19 48 26 52 38 70 50 34 59 72 56 n 44 2 62 42 52 42 22 9 -21 40 29 23 7 41 23 54 34 59 52 76 54 72 52 53 3 79 42 52 36 32 20 16 2 39 16 6 -5 48 29 57 34 66 47 69 52 76 50 66 51 4 64 46 46 30 24 16 21 10 18 10 28 1 53 32 48 39 69 50 63 47 76 S3 68 48 5 62 48 36 24 30 16 11 -12 13 7 20 1 56 20 49 33 76 47 70 53 80 53 6n 50 6 48 32 34 22 32 8 14 -10 18 6 26 -3 37 2 48 30 78 54 69 47 63 58 56 52 7 48 28 32 18 28 20 13 -14 23 4 18 -4 50 19 46 25 74 53 71 46 74 55 69 46 8 46 28 28 18 32 26 -15 -23 20 2 35 -1 54 26 65 27 6? 46 90 54 ^4 50 T> 43 9 58 44 28 12 30 14 -5 -26 22 2 49 23 50 32 66 43 63 54 81 54 70 59 72 45 10 58 48 32 13 24 8 -20 13 38 23 46 28 59 37 55 48 69 50 69 43 67 54 11 50 42 36 34> 30 i 1 * 30 -22 1 -14 35 9 48 26 64 32 54 48 77 47 59 43 60 56 12 48 36 44 38 12 -20 13 -15 27 2 64 27 52 42 72 50 79 54 66 41 61 45 13 44 30 38 18 40 30 28 -5 -14 24 13 74 36 68 40 68 54 78 54 74 47 50 44 14 44 23 22 12 30 22 25 1 15 1 20 75 40 70 36 74 50 84 57 76 53 61 41 15 58 42 22 12 20 10 32 -7 14 -3 36 2 53 39 74 41 76 50 85 61 62 43 70 38 16 58 46 18 4 16 8 -8 -22 15 -5 48 28 52 35 74 42 60 49 35 63 68 41 76 46 17 62 56 24 8 26 12 10 -19 21 -4 40 35 62 34 55 42 54 48 86 65 75 55 78 52 18 60 56 30 22 30 16 27 5 11 -3 45 35 64 30 50 40 68 46 87 64 65 42 77 49 19 58 32 30 20 38 28 33 18 8 -7 60 36 S9- 36 45 38 65 47 84 63 68 39 82 52 20 42 30 20 14 34 20 29 15 6 -13 50 37 36 41 36 54 38 70 49 70 56 81 5? 21 50 30 26 10 36 16 29 9 -5 -16 44 36 66 36 56 38 61 39 75 48 66 54 81 51 22 40 36 30 12 40 22 25 1 16 -10 39 32 62 44 58 41 62 43 82 58 60 44 71 55 23 56 30 34 28 22 10 23 13 11 -4 39 28 58 34 59 39 59 52 72 50 72 40 50 24 62 32 30 16 10 10 -6 21 -6 27 19 48 31 63 35 60 50 62 50 72 55 47 25 52 44 30 16 24 18 -6 25 29 8 48 35 54 39 69 54 71 54 81 60 69 56 26 52 38 36 24 30 -8 18 -1 28 3 47 12 40 31 54 40 61 51 74 49 62 45 65 50 27 48 36 38 22 14 -10 30 7 28 -2 49 26 40 35 66 30 56 48 75 49 52 45 62 42 28 46 32 22 10 22 12 24 18 33 9 52 24 48 30 72 36 52 44 71 52 56 46 56 41 29 36 30 13 10 20 10 25 20 31 23 59 34 54 27 57 38 70 47 61 45 63 42 48 39 30 46 26 20 22 -4 31 25 43 35 62 31 71 46 77 59 66 41 64 43 53 34 31 46 28 18 2 33 11 62 27 66 46 72 44 67 43 AVG 53 37 32 1! 27 12 17 -3 13 37 17 54 30 58 37 65 49 75 53 69 49 Si 48 HAX 78 56 58 40 30 33 25 40 29 62 37 75 44 74 46 73 59 87 65 81 n 56 HIM 36 26 18 10 -10 -15 -26 -5 -16 6 -5 37 2 41 25 52 38 61 41 52 4fl 34 A-22 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES . IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATEP YEAR OCTOBER 1969 TO SEPTEMBER 1969 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MlM MAX MlN MAX M IN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX WIN MAX MlN MAX ^IN MAX MlN MAX MIN 1 72 <*6 42 19 27 10 22 2 27 14 36 6 29 53 32 74 36 73 49 78 S6 8? 59 2 74 51 47 32 35 25 9 1 29 23 33 n 34 14 58 29 91 51 67 41 77 61 71 55 3 67 50 44 31 33 26 16 2 25 21 29 30 2 55 39 69 49 67 44 78 56 65 50 4 51 37 46 26 33 27 17 :! 20 3 26 9 45 17 52 29 55 39 74 46 73 59 76 54 5 44 32 46 26 33 26 19 2 -4 11 42 35 45 27 68 36 74 56 72 59 74 52 6 49 29 44 26 26 19 22 2 16 -1 18 -6 39 23 53 29 61 50 61 42 78 55 75 62 7 42 39 37 31 24 17 29 20 18 -3 19 -2 49 21 49 27 67 46 64 40 78 55 72 58 a 43 I 5 33 27 19 9 20 5 27 21 11 39 22 52 33 65 45 68 40 77 61 59 54 9 54 5 1 33 27 9 -4 14 -3 24 1«» 24 10 47 20 60 50 67 34 70 44 74 56 59 52 10 47 32 31 29 4 -10 17 -1 21 12 23 16 46 36 45 30 77 32 63 49 68 54 52 38 11 52 40 35 21 12 -10 11 -10 25 8 18 9 36 29 50 30 77 47 72 53 69 50 61 36 12 59 34 29 21 32 7 16 10 32 13 21 10 39 23 50 33 82 53 70 58 71 49 64 44 13 59 36 32 26 40 2a 20 13 24 8 30 20 50 23 47 32 93 60 69 55 75 50 M 47 14 63 33 25 22 34 27 20 15 7 1 30 25 57 33 49 31 90 61 72 57 79 60 44 15 69 42 30 23 26 3 21 10 11 2 31 19 63 34 56 32 62 S9 84 53 79 61 72 53 16 74 47 31 20 4 1 25 2 16 2 30 16 51 37 73 36 59 46 86 60 82 62 72 53 17 74 46 24 17 10 2 25 16 27 -1 29 9 49 37 79 50 69 42 83 62 76 63 63 42 19 74 50 34 24 22 9 37 23 33 5 3e 27 4 4 35 n 44 69 44 90 53 79 62 54 33 19 61 47 37 25 22 11 36 22 36 26 39 29 35 29 45 80 56 73 51 70 49 58 30 20 59 40 26 19 26 19 29 9 40 27 36 31 37 23 63 52 62 44 70 50 60 37 60 30 21 46 U* 25 18 26 22 33 9 42 23 35 31 47 22 52 33 66 42 72 57 58 39 64 33 22 54 3 33 25 25 21 41 15 42 20 32 24 43 35 60 32 70 42 74 51 65 40 66 38 23 57 39 32 19 31 23 44 20 36 22 41 17 44 33 56 42 57 49 76 47 76 46 67 38 24 54 31 40 32 24 -4 39 31 29 23 49 22 37 33 50 47 52 49 74 50 80 57 65 42 25 46 to 36 23 -5 -14 36 16 26 23 35 31 47 29 63 39 59 45 69 47 75 51 53 44 26 40 30 25 10 -9 -21 16 29 22 37 29 45 29 47 27 77 43 57 54 59 *3 49 45 27 44 29 29 14 5 -21 6 -7 25 19 27 19 62 35 59 26 96 61 64 56 63 n §9 39 29 44 33 39 13 30 4 15 -11 35 13 35 7 *3 38 71 39 33 59 70 60 73 52 37 29 41 32 43 20 32 4 19 4 36 23 |l 72 50 72 n 75 66 74 56 43 31 30 32 29 22 10 13 -2 28 17 22 14 50 34 69 51 76 76 63 76 50 5? 27 31 30 27 20 -3 30 22 20 9 62 40 79 58 92 58 AVG 54 37 34 22 21 9 24 8 26 12 29 16 n 27 57 37 70 47 72 52 73 53 63 44 MAX 74 51 47 32 40 2 P. 44 31 42 27 48 31 38 79 52 36 61 86 66 82 63 82 62 MIN 30 27 22 10 -9 -21 6 -11 2 -4 11 -6 29 45 26 52 32 57 40 59 37 *3 27 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1969 TO SEPTEMBER 1970 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAP APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIfJ MAX MIN MAX Mir' MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MTN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX MIN 1 58 39 43 36 28 12 9 -1 38 2§ 23 14 37 16 83 48 79 60 71 55 78 61 54 45 2 62 4 46 37 14 4 9 -1 43 33 14 35 27 70 45 92 62 60 56 78 60 60 40 3 61 50 56 44 24 4 11 -4 42 10 30 6 n 24 48 34 71 50 71 57 71 54 59 39 4 47 36 53 41 16 11 11 -10 6 -20 33 3 13 63 34 64 46 70 56 65 47 70 55 5 60 32 47 40 19 12 16 -6 13 -20 32 25 33 9 65 43 66 51 66 54 68 46 67 52 6 73 39 44 37 17 9 16 -3 28 11 25 20 38 6 42 30 59 50 73 54 72 52 52 50 7 62 49 52 42 25 4 13 -4 33 10 30 17 40 23 41 29 63 48 75 53 75 51 56 50 9 68 49 56 44 34 8? 11 -10 38 13 27 8 50 23 56 36 75 48 78 52 78 53 59 48 9 62 36 55 43 37 8 -2 35 14 20 5 57 32 60 43 79 55 80 56 80 53 56 52 10 65 31 46 39 35 30 5 1 38 31 18 7 37 27 78 45 79 54 77 57 82 56 65 55 11 62 38 46 40 50 36 5 -13 42 20 23 16 29 20 69 53 79 56 75 59 75 55 62 42 12 66 43 44 39 36 30 7 -14 17 3 32 18 41 26 60 45 70 4t 1% 51 74 60 66 40 13 55 51 42 26 30 13 8 1 4 -9 28 19 46 30 63 46 59 39 49 80 59 69 43 14 61 35 36 27 27 12 -7 8 -14 29 21 51 27 62 44 69 37 73 47 82 58 58 41 15 49 24 40 23 24 18 1 -12 22 -4 26 4 49 30 61 37 73 43 69 59 83 62 46 44 16 53 27 31 15 18 14 22 -11 21 2 25 1 51 26 56 47 70 47 72 61 83 60 64 45 17 51 33 35 19 16 7 28 14 28 1 30 13 54 39 52 46 74 52 75 55 76 57 55 39 19 47 31 43 30 18 -1 15 -13 35 13 40 19 41 29 53 46 73 60 74 53 68 49 52 49 19 53 31 45 40 23 17 -17 31 1 44 15 38 24 67 50 74 52 69 44 75 46 62 46 20 55 41 45 23 19 9 5 -19 16 -7 45 20 35 23 64 47 51 46 75 60 70 60 66 47 21 46 30 22 9 22 6 3 -11 18 2 34 30 38 5 3 69 40 65 45 67 51 66 50 67 45 22 30 22 20 25 15 -1 -16 33 14 46 26 44 34 71 47 67 50 70 44 66 50 80 65 23 21 la 34 !8 11 -9 8 -14 23 -1 34 28 <*1 33 60 41 71 52 80 55 59 53 68 50 24 33 12 33 8 -6 8 -8 18 35 29 41 36 55 39 76 51 91 54 65 47 70 47 25 40 32 27 5 10 -12 14 4 22 -4 33 18 49 35 46 39 62 40 92 58 69 53 77 54 26 45 34 36 20 26 e 24 14 3 -17 37 12 64 31 60 45 65 39 81 62 77 n 73 53 27 44 ?8 26 3 31 17 20 6 18 -5 36 27 72 38 55 44 52 44 93 60 66 65 36 28 33 22 29 2 18 14 27 a 27 14 39 15 70 39 54 37 63 42 92 61 68 50 53 35 29 42 17 32 18 19 ? 43 28 22 9 68 42 65 34 69 41 92 62 66 48 47 42 30 51 21 27 12 21 6 , 29 -2 30 7 71 43 71 37 61 56 94 62 64 44 48 38 31 48 22 20 20 -7 33 14 80 46 76 68 64 46 AVG 52 32 40 26 23 11 13 -4 25 3 31 15 46 28 ii 42 69 49 74 56 72 11 6' 46 MAX 73 50 56 44 50 36 43 28 43 31 46 30 72 43 53 92 if 94 68 83 80 65 MIN 21 12 20 8 -12 -1 -19 3 -20 18 1 29 6 41 29 51 60 44 59 44 46 35 A-23 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES. IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1970 TO SEPTEMBER 1971 HAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIM MAX MlN MAX MlM MAX MIN MAX WIN MAX MIM MAX WIN MAX MIN MAX HlN MAX BIN MAX WIN MAX WIN 1 51 36 58 36 35 19 22 4 1 -13 31 22 4? 18 45 34 62 40 76 60 75 n 65 42 2 51 36 61 39 52 34 23 10 -5 -23 27 8 34 46 33 70 39 68 49 77 69 41 3 58 "♦3 49 29 43 28 25 13 2 -24 23 10 43 29 41 36 67 46 66 45 67 63 7^ 52 4 49 36 50 29 32 10 28 6 10 -12 23 16 32 22 39 35 67 46 75 45 65 54 76 58 5 46 31 36 31 18 8 34 23 24 9 21 14 34 16 49 35 58 33 79 52 67 47 76 64 6 59 30 39 ?9 19 10 23 18 30 11 27 12 40 15 57 33 65 36 72 56 75 ig 66 57 7 69 51 49 27 10 -6 18 -2 25 9 26 17 35 25 57 34 32 49 74 56 71 76 56 6 72 50 42 21 4 -5 2 -14 33 23 25 14 27 14 60 34 75 52 76 53 77 54 76 61 9 75 50 47 24 ?4 5 11 -11 30 12 17 8 48 13 57 38 64 44 80 56 79 60 70 46 10 70 54 47 34 30 1? 19 1 10 -4 24 10 49 32 68 39 59 39 75 51 80 59 68 44 11 57 53 51 47 14 1 25 20 21 -1 30 18 M 32 73 40 67 38 66 49 74 51 72 51 12 62 55 48 40 15 24 -20 35 21 26 9 29 70 44 70 51 63 45 64 67 63 13 60 57 51 38 20 12 -23 41 31 35 8 51 37 53 37 71 50 73 43 76 47 65 61 14 65 59 If 37 21 7 19 -3 41 9 46" 24 41 22 46 32 65 44 67 54 77 54 64 60 15 61 4 3 32 14 -3 19 -2 20 6 27 30 19 68 29 63 44 69 53 61 54 7? 60 16. 42 30 34 20 13 -4 -3 -11 18 1 43 27 29 22 60 42 71 44 73 51 69 46 71 52 17 34 27 32 23 25 12 -3 -17 27 27 16 40 24 59 46 75 53 76 57 75 46 61 49 18 49 28 35 25 19 13 -7 -20 39 24 23 9 43 30 75 43 78 e§ 66 48 79 49 60 47 19 42 25 35 32 29 17 -4 -23 30 15 30 12 51 39 83 50 78 67 51 82 56 II 43 20 51 23 43 33 25 8 1 -12 24 19 31 24 51 35 77 56 81 57 65 48 74 57 49 21 51 32 44 31 13 -15 15 -8 24 15 27 23 41 33 58 46 69 59 72 47 69 56 63 45 22 55 46 39 ?9 6 -15 24 5 23 12 31 13 34 30 49 37 73 53 76 50 72 53 6? 41 23 56 5l 40 16 12 5 27 15 25 11 25 4 34 28 49 34 75 53 80 56 60 44 62 41 24 54 47 23 9 20 6 29 7 97 10 21 11 49 25 60 34 72 50 77 58 57 43 5? 33 25 47 43 21 10 20 37 23 29 10 21 7 41 32 59 47 67 49 74 59 61 38 56 32 26 49 39 26 10 15 9 33 16 36 16 27 2 Si 33 56 46 67 46 78 59 68 48 60 40 27 46 27 33 27 13 8 13 -13 36 32 35 8 31 50 45 70 41 74 54 6 1 51 59 38 26 52 24 34 30 8 3 -3 -15 36 25 38 19 49 30 57 41 70 73 48 62 53 37 49 29 50 27 32 29 10 1 10 -15 38 27 39 34 70 40 79 50 68 56 70 54 67 55 30 51 26 36 30 6 21 32 24 47 34 71 44 84 64 73 60 70 48 64 46 31 52 27 17 5 6 -13 30 18 60 43 76 60 62 42 AVG MAX 54 39 40 28 19 6 16 -2 25 9 29 15 H §7 59 §2 70 1% 73 53 70 52 66 49 75 59 61 47 52 34 37 23 41 32 46 27 39 83 34 80 60 82 64 76 64 MIN 34 23 21 9 4 -15 -7 -23 -5 -24 17 2 27 13 39 29 58 33 65 43 57 38 52 32 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES, IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1971 TO SEPTEMBER 1972 DAY OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX PlIM MAX MlN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX WIN MAX WIN MAX MIN 1 67 43 58 36 16 3 15 -12 17 -4 48 23 44 24 61 36 64 54 68 54 74 54 77 56 2 75 48 56 36 16 6 33 10 21 1 35 27 41 28 39 36 54 46 80 52 66 49 71 54 3 61 41 48 33 26 11 30 15 24 9 23 3 31 28 40 36 72 45 67 51 67 55 66 55 4 53 45 42 27 19 29 11 33 7 20 -4 36 22 56 35 64 54 61 44 62 43 56 53 5 62 47 35 26 18 -1 23 -14 7 -7 27 16 34 16 41 34 68 48 59 43 68 42 63 43 6 61 45 47 31 30 6 7 -14 12 -2 14 -4 32 9 57 34 67 51 67 41 69 46 65 42 7 49 36 46 24 34 24 22 3 5 -12 33 -8 11 8 50 32 55 45 67 48 67 56 i? 41 8 47 33 24 14 30 17 18 -11 5 -13 36 -18 9 55 30 54 45 70 46 66 55 51 9 49 35 23 9 33 28 37 2 16 3 12 35 20 52 34 57 48 72 48 69 53 59 45 10 52 46 30 10 36 33 41 21 18 -3 18 -12 40 23 48 33 49 39 64 53 55 48 59 43 11 53 43 27 21 44 36 40 26 18 23 -7 40 23 49 34 52 35 72 54 66 40 67 43 12 47 52 30 18 37 22 33 22 28 34 21 43 25 46 37 64 42 83 54 66 52 66 42 13 54 27 28 13 36 21 45 30 36 22 30 11 35 26 68 35 70 u 79 62 68 4§ S 1 41 14 63 48 31 8 20 12 29 38 30 27 7 35 28 65 43 76 75 65 t¥ 47 65 42 15 68 48 34 15 35 16 16 -3 45 26 30 20 35 28 56 50 79 63 83 65 49 60 37 16 64 45 38 20 43 28 -5 -25 31 -1 39 20 41 33 60 50 69 53 75 63 64 45 66 ~4 45 17 53 37 37 19 27 14 15 -24 25 -3 40 34 49 36 66 49 65 51 78 60 59 50 51 18 56 36 39 33 17 34 8 27 8 34 18 44 32 69 46 69 52 82 60 62 55 73 49 19 63 40 47 33 7 -10 43 19 20 7 20 5 §0- 35 73 52 63 55 77 62 73 50 63 43 20 54 40 39 24 24 8 25 13 8 -8 24 2 33 65 51 71 57 76 60 76 47 61 34 21 64 51 32 22 33 24 27 -2 11 -14 35 17 37 27 75 52 71 61 77 62 73 45 65 41 22 63 38 32 20 23 -2 26 8 16 -14 34 27 46 22 72 48 71 58 72 59 78 55 57 35 23 59 46 21 10 19 -10 41 26 1 -30 36 w 40 32 79 46 64 56 74 58 77 56 56 31 24 53 36 22 7 39 19 30 13 21 2 32 42 29 74 51 62 §1 73 59 76 62 53 37 25 51 41 27 21 26 -3 36 4 21 23 18 33 23 64 39 59 5l 75 54 60 62 67 53 26 58 49 24 22 34 8 2 -10 26 14 20 16 37 21 67 34 63 49 64 56 75 58 71 58 27 60 50 28 16 24 1 5 -7 26 23 22 10 34 25 74 40 67 47 66 56 71 5e 66 40 28 71 48 34 27 36 12 16 4 33 32 18 it? 28 78 52 70 50 70 51 71 62 56 30 38 29 64 40 30 27 28 8 18 -4 30 19 44 31 34 79 51 74 53 70 51 71 51 54 30 65 35 30 17 15 3 26 -5 35 29 60 32 74 48 65 55 71 49 70 50 63 35 31 46 35 14 -12 13 -3 41 29 63 59 74 46 76 50 AVG 58 £i 35 21 27 10 25 3 21 2 30 14 39 25 62 42 65 IS 72 54 69 51 64 44 MAX 75 50 58 36 44 36 45 30 45 30 48 34 n 36 11 59 79 83 65 80 62 11 58 MIN 46 27 21 7 7 -12 -5 -25 1 -30 12 -12 6 30 49 35 59 41 55 40 50 A-24 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIN TEMPERATURES, IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1972 TO SEPTEMBER 1973 DAY OCT NOV DE MIN Jfl MIN FE MIN MA MIN AP MIN MA MIN JU MIN „ J u MIN All MIN SE P MIN MAX MIN MAX MJM flAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX 1 49 31 38 28 28 17 37 29 14 -21 31 11 49 38 57 30 61 45 76 59 77 59 79 60 n 30 44 35 21 28 15 44 15 33 24 n 3 1 66 46 51 34 78 60 70 66 80 62 3 38 51 29 32 5 20 5 45 18 32 28 30 63 44 64 35 78 62 77 61 80 66 4 68 46 30 26 14 32 13 31 18 41 29 41 30 47 38 58 43 75 65 76 59 76 60 5 65 45 32 26 28 15 31 13 31 42 27 32 28 41 36 69 55 74 60 76 56 77 60 6 64 43 34 30 42 27 11 -10 24 -2 33 25 35 27 46 35 69 56 72 57 71 53 68 56 7 56 48 35 26 26 -5 -6 -16 31 18 39 30 36 25 59 30 77 55 79 56 79 61 62 49 6 54 36 3 9 n 29 -4 -5 -24 30 14 46 32 36 21 64 34 79 51 88 65 76 6 3 54 46 9 37 30 37 33 27 10 -16 12 -14 39 26 38 15 49 43 76 57 82 61 79 65 53 46 10 40 25 35 31 32 19 16 -3 17 -15 34 29 31 25 67 46 72 54 74 56 85 66 63 40 11 54 25 35 31 19 -3 17 -4 7 -7 38 30 24 19 56 46 81 61 66 51 75 65 58 63 40 12 51 36 37 34 18 1 5 -8 5 -10 52 34 27 17 54 <10 81 61 61 44 75 56 45 13 36 24 40 33 37 16 13 -18 17 3 39 27 28 12 47 39 66 51 68 51 70 58 58 42 14 43 25 33 25 25 9 24 6 32 11 39 26 42 13 47 33 66 49 74 57 72 57 54 42 15 36 20 24 20 14 2 28 21 29 37 28 53 25 58 32 54 44 69 56 66 57 5? 49 16 41 22 20 8 20 3 37 23 17 -8 46 34 66 33 56 40 48 42 71 50 72 56 53 41 17 49 26 28 7 ? -3 43 21 -3 -17 42 34 62 37 60 41 60 41 74 49 77 54 53 33 18 33 20 38 18 21 -9 40 34 13 -9 37 27 66 36 45 39 62 39 75 52 79 58 52 40 19 32 17 33 17 29 13 46 28 26 1 30 26 62 39 41 37 70 47 77 53 76 56 57 37 20 35 16 34 25 28 18 43 8 35 25 25 16 62 30 61 40 77 53 71 59 74 53 54 34 21 41 17 24 12 27 13 19 2 32 27 27 18 68 37 48 42 76 61 74 54 74 52 47 28 22 37 34 18 3 34 2P 39 8 32 19 32 23 73 47 46 39 74 60 75 54 67 48 55 27 23 48 36 19 32 27 40 33 20 15 38 22 62 40 60 35 72 31 74 53 66 42 5a 48 24 51 34 31 21 33 3l 32 12 18 9 45 23 §5 39 63 38 76 79 58 65 44 4ft 44 25 34 31 32 29 32 29 28 8 11 -4 50 26 54 39 57 42 70 56 78 57 69 4? 5a 41 26 45 28 47 29 30 28 29 20 16 -7 44 31 52 35 57 42 76 58 73 62 69 56 61 38 27 58 3o 35 34 30 10 36 18 15 -18 34 21 45 39 63 31 74 64 79 65 78 58 69 44 28 52 38 38 31 20 12 28 21 23 -5 45 18 55 41 54 76 63 80 62 78 62 61 41 29 53 29 31 9 11 1 25 -3 47 28 45 32 65 51 72 65 71 56 78 57 57 40 30 29 22 22 7 21 7 15 -18 55 28 41 31 65 50 66 60 77 56 82 68 54 31 31 36 21 37 2? -1 -24 56 33 63 50 79 58 82 64 AVG 46 30 33 23 26 11 25 6 22 3 40 26 47 4*7 56 40 t? 52 75 57 75 57 60 44 MAX 68 48 51 35 42 31 46 34 45 27 56 34 73 67 51 65 ee 65 85 &8 80 66 MIN 29 16 18 2 -9 -6 -24 -3 -21 25 11 24 12 41 30 48 34 61 44 65 42 47 27 ARS W-3 WATERSHED NEAR DANVILLE, VERMONT STATION R-3 MAX-MIM TEMPERATURES, IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1973 TO SEPTEMBER 1974 DAY OCT, NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MlN MAX MIN MAX Mil* 1 62 53 45 38 28 20 30 19 7 41 23 34 20 52 25 65 *§ 69 49 72 50 ft! 49 2 58 38 50 38 27 10 16 -1 3 -6 29 12 36 18 46 20 66 68 49 75 5i 51 3 59 56 38 30 26 18 16 10 10 -13 33 24 57 34 54 28 70 42 73 56 78 64 5* 48 4 63 55 30 24 41 26 21 7 8 -8 48 34 55 40 3fl 28 71 U 2 50 77 61 76 §6" 51 43 5 57 46 31 22 53 38 17 4 -7 46 32 47 34 45 24 78 65 61 66 63 42 6 52 V 23 19 54 32 20 4 19 -3 50 25 13 25 45 29 73 53 72 55 70 51 6' 41 7 58. 3 3 30 19 31 17 23 11 21 55 30 18 42 32 70 44 76 61 74 51 66 43 8 62 32 33 26 26 11 12 -16 16 -7 28 15 29 18 45 31 78 41 79 59 73 58 68 46 9 64 37 27 17 43 20 4 -12 12 -3 23 13 20 14 56 35 77 62 81 65 67 5l 71 52 10 55 39 23 14 43 28 17 -3 16 -12 27 15 26 13 41 37 84 59 74 51 70 49 64 54 11 56 33 26 18 28 25 21 5 20 10 22 11 40 19 52 38 68 51 64 50 73 47 73 54 12 64 38 34 23 25 8 9 -7 §9 13 3 44 21 46 41 62 38 69 51 77 50 72 57 13 70 44 39 33 29 8 7 -19 13 37 34 50 41 67 38 77 52 77 52 76 59 14 57 36 56 38 35 20 28 -7 23 -9 24 10 58 33 67 40 67 45 83 58 69 52 53 39 15 50 33 41 35 19 9 32 7 10 -13 33 10 48 34 83 48 70 44 73 60 66 45 59 37 16 42 36 38 21 16 8 10 -2 20 -5 33 23 36 30 59 49 61 49 66 45 72 44 54 37 17 39 33 28 19 15 7 -5 -22 27 11 33 16 56 28 59 42 70 56 69 44 74 50 63 36 18 43 2 1 29 16 6 -5 9 -23 £? 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The periods are either 3 1/2, 7, or 14 days in duration. All of the largest run- off events are included. Also events with heavy precipitation, but relatively little runoff are included. There is at least one event from each water year and from each month of the year. The plots illustrate watershed response to a single burst of rain, complex rain storms, snowmelt periods, and rain-on- snow events. Most of the precipitation shown is rain. In only a few cases does snowfall occur during these major runoff periods. The ten largest instantaneous streamflow peaks during the period water years 1960 through 1974 on the W-3 watershed are tabulated below. date time peak discharge (cfs) 6/30/73 0940 376 6/30/73 1830 282 5/20/69 1035 251 5/4/72 1715 207 4/21/63 2140 172 12/21/73 1430 163 8/3/71 1555 153 8/28/71 1305 141 5/3/72 1300 127 4/24/70 1700 121 No other measured peak flow exceeded 100 cfs B-l 0.50 £0 40 0.30 ^0 C_) 20 CO 0. 10 0.00 \kUW. 2400 2400 1200 CO Li- C_) o z ID cc JULY 30 TO AUGUST 2 1960 0.50 £0.40 _ 100. i— 0.30 °- C_) 20 CO Q_ 0. 10 0.00 1200 2400 11 2400 CO C_J u_ o z CO SEPTEMBER 11-14 1960 B-2 0.50 ccO. 40 0.30 i ^ o C_) 20 cc 0. 10 0.00 2400 2400 1200 28 en FEBRUARY 25-28 1961 0.50 £ 0.40 o •—i i— 0.30 . ^0 20 0. 10 0.00 200 2100 1200 2100 1200 21 22 23 JUNE 21-24 1961 B-3 2400 1200 24 2400 CD l±_ C_) U_ U. 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The average depth and water-equivalent as determined from 5 snow tube samples (10 prior to February 1967) over the snow course area are tabulated. The location of the snow courses is described in chapter III.l. The snow course measurements made at stations R-3, R-1A, R-25, and R-16 are the most reliable. The R-l snow course was affected by boggy conditions which included water flowing under the snow during snowmelt periods. Con- siderable drifting frequently occurred at the R-6 snow course site. Both of these snow course sites, R-l and R-6, are no longer used. Further information on the sampling method and the quality of the snow course data is contained in chapter III. 5. C-l Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Date YEAR 1960 Depth W.E. De ^th W.E. Depth W.E. is snow cover water -equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made Station R-6 W.E, January 4 18.7 4.1 19.2 4.0 12.5 3.3 11 25.3 4.9 23.9 4.2 17.5 2.8 18 22.8 5.1 23.1 5.2 16.4 3.9 25 24.2 5.9 25.5 6.0 17.6 3.6 February 1 24.8 6.0 26.7 6.6 19.9 4.7 8 26.0 6.4 27.8 6.9 18.5 4.5 15 25.6 6.9 28.1 7.7 16.6 4.3 22 31.0 8.9 35.4 9.4 20.8 4.7 29 36.2 9.4 39.6 10.0 22.2 4.9 March 2 33.9 10.7 7 34.4 10.4 20.4 5.5 14 33.2 10.0 34.0 10.1 20.4 5.7 20 35.5 11.3 36.8 10.8 23.6 6.5 28 33.6 11.2 34.6 11.1 22.2 6.5 April 4 15.6 6.3 21.4 8.8 8.0 3.1 11 16.9 7.1 23.3 9.8 8.8 3.7 18 0.0 0.0 6.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 C-2 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E YEAR 1960 December 12 5.3 1.0 4.7 1.0 3.5 1.0 19 6.4 1.0 7.6 2.0 6.7 1.6 27 12.7 2.0 13.2 3.1 9.7 2.0 YEAR 1961 January 3 4 19.5 3.0 19.5 4.1 17.6 3.7 9 19.8 3.4 20.2 4.5 15.0 3.8 16 18.4 4.2 17.8 5.0 14.0 3.8 23 16.0 3.1 19.1 5.1 14.0 3.3 30 16.4 2.7 18.8 4.8 February 3 14.5 3.8 6 16.9 3.2 19.0 4.8 5.8 3.0 13 17.4 3.3 18.6 5.2 14.3 4.4 20 14.4 2.5 17.5 4.9 21.5 5.7 27 11.4 4.8 14.0 5.4 14.8 4.6 March 6 10.2 4.4 14.2 6.3 5.8 3.0 13 16.8 4.6 20.8 6.1 14.3 4.4 20 24.3 6.4 25.3 6.5 21.5 5.7 27 17.5 5.4 18.7 5.9 14.8 4.6 April 3 4 17.2 4.5 18.6 4.9 7.3 1.8 10 14.7 4.0 14.6 4.6 0.0 0.0 17 18.9 6.3 18.7 5.7 24 12.1 4.2 11.2 3.4 W.E. is snow cover water -equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-3 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1961 December 4 7.6 2.1 4.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 11 7.0 2.0 5.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 18 7.2 1.1 6.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 26 12.9 2.6 12.0 2.0 7.3 1.3 YEAR 1962 January 2 17.2 3.4 16.4 3.1 7.2 1.3 8 15.8 4.1 15.6 3.1 8.9 1.7 15 16.4 3.0 16.4 4.0 7.9 1.8 22 14.5 3.3 14.8 3.3 5.6 1.0 29 13.4 3.1 14.9 2.6 5.6 1.1 February 5 17.4 3.2 20.2 4.1 8.0 1.8 12 16.7 3.3 19.0 3.9 8.0 1.8 19 24.1 4.2 12.8 1.7 26 36.8 9.4 34.0 7.3 22.6 1.4 March 5 36.1 8.7 36.8 9.6 25.5 5.6 12 38.9 7.5 31.4 8.5 21.4 5.9 19 32.9 9.5 33.6 9.5 24.5 7.2 26 28.4 8.8 29.0 9.1 20.4 7.2 29 24.5 7.7 April 2 5 21.3 20.3 7.5 7.6 18.4 6.7 6.5 3.4 9 8.9 3.4 8.9 3.2 16 12.6 2.2 8.2 1.7 W.E. is snow cover water -equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-4 Date Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Depth W.E. Station R-3 Depth_ W.E, Station R-6 Depth W.E, YEAR 1962 December 10 9.9 0.7 7.2 0.7 6.3 0.2 20 7.1 0-8 5.8 1.0 5.4 0.7 27 14.4 2.4 12.4 2.1 28 10.6 1.9 YEAR 1963 January 3 4 7 14 21 29 30 February 4 11 18 25 March April 4 11 18 21 25 27 28 29 1 3 4 8 10 11 12 15 17 18 19 22 13.7 14.2 20.6 18.9 27.3 28.1 29.9 37.5 31.3 31.7 35.2 40.0 48.6 42.8 32.1 31.7 30.4 24.8 20.4 19.6 18.0 23.2 25.8 25.0 13.8 11.5 10.1 5.7 0.0 2.3 3.1 3.6 4.0 5.4 6, 6, 10, 7, 7.9 9.2 11, 15, 13, 11, 11.0 11.3 10.0 9.3 8.6 8.1 9.8 9.7 10.2 6.6 5.0 5.2 2.7 0.0 14.6 13.7 19.2 18.3 29.9 32.2 33.8 35.8 37.7 37.4 43.5 45.0 46.1 42.4 32.7 30.9 30.8 25.4 20.9 20.6 19.4 19.9 20.9 19.5 14.5 10.1 9.1 7.8 0.0 2.4 2.7 3.7 3.9 6.4 7.2 8.3 9.6 9.1 10.8 12.3 13.0 14.6 13.0 11.5 10.7 10.8 10.2 8.1 8.6 8.4 8.1 7.9 8.5 6.8 4.6 4.4 3.3 0.0 17.9 16.7 16.7 19.4 31.7 35.4 37.4 37.9 40.4 39.9 45.0 46.6 42.3 34.0 32.5 30.3 22.9 18.6 18.5 19.9 18.1 19.8 14.0 9.6 5.1 2.4 2.2 0.0 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.9 8.2 9.5 10.3 11.0 12.1 12.5 14.1 15.0 12.8 12.9 10.9 11.1 9.3 8.6 8.1 8.6 7.7 7.6 6.3 4.3 2.1 1.2 1.0 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-5 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E YEAR 1963 December 2 3.4 0.3 3.0 0.3 2.4 - 9 3.8 0.4 3.4 0.3 3.0 - 16 11.8 1.2 10.2 1.1 17 8.1 1.6 23 10.1 1.8 9.0 1.5 24 11.5 2.5 30 13.8 2.4 12.8 2.0 31 12.5 3.0 YEAR 1964 January 6 10 17.0 3.2 14.2 2.4 20.8 4.5 13 23.1 5.4 20.3 3.5 21.4 4.3 20 21.5 4.9 19.5 4.5 21.8 5.4 27 21.8 4.9 17.0 3.7 17.2 4.9 February 3 23.9 5.2 18.9 4.7 20.6 5.9 10 25.9 6.0 22.8 5.5 23.4 6.5 17 28.8 6.8 25.6 5.6 27.9 7.5 24 27.8 6.7 25.4 5.9 28.5 8.3 March 2 27.3 7.2 25.0 6.5 29.6 9.1 6 7.7 4.0 14.8 4.6 10.3 3.8 9 16.8 5.8 15.5 5.7 18.7 7.2 16 16.9 5.7 19.6 6.4 8.9 1.7 23 16.2 5.5 18.5 6.3 7.4 2.7 26 7.9 5.6 17.6 6.1 3.6 1.1 30 29.1 9.9 25.8 8.6 April 6 24.0 6.6 28.6 8.6 8 18.1 6.6 21.9 8.0 15.5 5.7 10 9.6 7.0 20.3 7.5 7.5 2.6 13 11.6 4.6 14.6 5.9 0.0 0.0 16 11.0 7.0 4.0 L.6 0.0 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-6 Date Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Depth W.E. Depth W.E, Station R-6 Depth W.E, YEAR 1964 December 7 10.0 1.0 9.9 0.9 10.1 14 7.4 0.7(E) 7.3 0.9(E) 15 7.3 21 9.2 0.9(E) 9.3 1.3(E) 8.1 28 9.8 1.0(E) 9.0 - 9.0 YEAR 1965 January 4 11 18 25 February March April 1 8 15 23 1 5 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 25 6.8 5.4 9.8 15.2 17.7 17.4 19.1 23.5 23.2 14.4 11.6 9.0 11.0 14.7 12.3 2.9 1.0(E) 7.0 .8(E) 5.7 1.5 9.2 2.4 15.1 2.7 3.4 4.5 5.4(E) 5.8 5.1 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.6 3.5 17.5 15.8 17.2 24.4 19.3 15.6 10.8 10.2 11.7 18.0 14.8 10.4 1.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 1.4 2.3 2.5 3.2 5.3 4.8 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.4 4.9 4.6 3.6 0.6(E) 0.0 6.6 4.9 12.8 11.9 10.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 5.5 0.9 0.0 2.2 2.1 2.7 3.2 1.2 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water -equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-7 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1965 November 22 11.7 1.5 7.9 1.1 5.6 0.6 29 17.2 2.6 12.9 3.2 10.3 1.7 December 6 18.0 3.7 12.6 3.0 8.4 1.8 13 14.8 3.1 10.7 2.1 20 17.7 3.6 11.8 - 21 20.6 4.2 27 13.0 2.8 28 19.8 4.3 17.3 3.8 YEAR 1966 January 3 15.9 4.1 14.9 4.0 9.2 2.5 10 20.0 4.8 19.2 4.6 12.5 3.4 17 19.6 4.3 21.8 5.4 12.8 3.1 25 26.1 5.6 27.0 5.6 16.8 4.1 31 28.0 6.1 31.3 6.7 18.6 5.2 February 7 26.6 5.8 29.6 7.5 17.2 5.1 14 27.3 5.8 25.7 7.6 21 21.6 5.2 27.9 7.6 28 30.2 7.4 34.1 8.0 20.0 5.5 March 7 34.7 10.2 35.9 10.9 20.0 7.4 14 36.0 10.8 38.8 11.1 21 30.5 10.1 31.5 10.7 17.4 7.4 24 23.8 8.7 25 25.4 9.3 28 24.3 8.7 26.2 9.4 May 4 25.9 9.7 27.0 10.4 11 28.6 10.5 26.6 10.2 12.4 5.4 18 19.8 8.0 18.9 7.5 o.o o.o 25 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.5(E) W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-8 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station Depth R-6 W.E. Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth J^J^_ YEAR 1966 December 5 5.7 0.6(E) 4.5 0.5 4.5 - 27 10.7 1.1(E) 10.6 1.0 10.5 1.0 YEAR 1967 January 2 14.2 2.1(E) 16.5 3.0 9 14.8 3.3 13.6 2.9 15.1 3.3 13.9 2.4 16 17.4 3.6 17.1 3.6 18.0 4.8 15.0 2.8 23 13.8 3.6 13.2 3.4 16.5 5.0 12.1 3.0 30 14.8 3.7(E) 14.4 3.5 31 14.0 3.8(E) 16.5 4.8 February 6 15.5 4.2 17.6 4.5 12.5 3.0 16.7 3.9 13 13.2 4.0 15.9 4.4 15.3 4.7 16.0 4.0 20 13.1 4.3 16.0 4.7 14.2 3.8 14.5 4.0 22 16.5 5.0 27 18.1 5.2 23.4 5.8 20.5 5.3 March 3 33.5 8.5 6 20.5 5.3 24.6 6.1 35.9 8.5 22.2 5.7 13 17.8 5.5 19.9 5.6 32.7 8.8 19.0 5.7 20 16.0 5.2 20.5 6.2 31.9 9.3 17.4 5.4 24 15.7 5.1 20.4 6.1 31.3 10.0 27 15.9 5.6 17.2 4.9 31.4 8.9 14.0 5.1 28 13.8 5.6 14.4 5.5 30.5 8.8 5.7 2.0 29 13.6 4.7 13.4 4.8 29.2 8.9 9.9 3.8 30 11.8 4.8 12.2 4.6 28.7 8.9 9.5 3.3 31 11.0 4.5 11.4 4.4 28.4 8.5 8.2 2.8 April 1 9.6 4.1 9.6 3.9 27.7 8.7 3.0 1.0 2 3.1 1.2(E) 5.7 3.0(E) 24.3 8.2 2.2 - 3 2.2 0.9 20.2 6.8 0.0 0.0 4 0.6 - 1.9 0.8 19.2 4.4 5 0-7 - 2.0 0.4 18.5 7.2 6 o.o 0.0 19.5 8.0 7 20.3 7.1 8 7.0 1.0 21.0 6.6 9 17.2 6.9 10 0.0 0.0 18.1 6.9 11 16.1 6.5 12 15.7 6.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-9 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in xnches Date YEAR 1967 April 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Station R-l Depth W.E, Station R-3 Depth W.E, Station R-6 Depth W.E, 15.5 5.6 12.5 4.3 11.6 4.1 12.9 4.6 11.2 4.3 9.3 3.4 5.6 1.7 2.4 0.7 o.o o.o Station R-25 D epth W.E. W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-10 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1967 November 20 7.9 0.9 12.5 1.6 10.3 1.5 27 6.8 1.2 8.7 1.7 8.2 2.3 December 4 10.0 1.8 10.6 2.0 11.2 2.7 5 5.3 - 11 11.9 2.6 13.0 2.8 6.8 - 12 11.1 2.3 18 7.6 1.7 8.3 2.1 12.8 3.4 4.1 - 21 2.0 - 26 8.4 2.0 10.7 2.4 27 5.9 1.2(E) YEAR 1968 January 2 14.9 3.1 16.4 3.5 24.3 5.5 13.5 1.6 8 16.2 3.9 32.7 8.3 16.0 2.5 9 10.3 2.4 15 11.0 2.7 16.1 3.9 31.1 8.8 14.0 2.3 22 17.8 4.4 32.0 9.3 15.7 2.9 26 14.8 3.1 29 16.6 2.9 22.9 4.6 34.8 9.8 18.5 3.4 February 5 16.5 3.1 21.3 4.3 32.1 10.3 7 18.2 3.7 12 18.0 4.0 23.0 4.9 37.0 10.8 14 18.9 4.2 19 19.7 4.4 26.3 6.3 41.3 12.6 21 21.3 4.5 26 20.3 4.7 26.6 6.0 40.0 12.3 29 21.3 4.9 March 4 22.5 5.2 28.2 6.7 49.3 14.8 5 23.8 5.6 11 21.6 5.9 26.4 7.0 46.0 15.4 19.8 4.6 18 26.2 8.4 43.2 15.6 18.0 5.6 19 19.3 5.6 24.7 7.7 41.5 15.2 14.1 4.7 20 14.2 5.0 20.2 6.5 37.0 13.2 12.0 4.2 21 11.1 4.0 18.1 6.4 35.1 12.5 11.2 3.9 22 8.7 3.2 15.0 5.1 33.2 12.8 25 8.3 3.1 17.7 5.7 34.6 13.1 9.5 2.9 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-ll Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1968 March 26 6.8 2.3 16.5 5.7 33.6 13.6 8.6 2.6 27 6.3 1.8 14.6 5.7 31.8 13.0 6.3 2.0 28 4.3 1.0 13.2 5.1 29.8 13.1 5.2 1.2 29 2.4 0.4 12.9 4.9 28.9 12.2 5.0 1.3 April 1 0.0 0.0 6.3 2.3 20.8 9.1 0.0 0.0 3 6.8 2.4 18.3 8.1 4 6.0 2.0 16.9 7.0 5 0.0 0.0 12.8 5.5 8 7.7 3.0 9 4.8 1.5 10 1.9 0.6 11 1.3 0.5 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-12 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Station R-6 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E, YEAR 1968 November 18 10.5 1.7 10.4 1.4 9.2 1.7 5.7 1.0 25 8.3 1.8 8.6 2.3 9.5 2.3 3.6 .9 December 2 6.4 1.6 7.8 2.3 9.4 2.5 5.0 1.4 9 16.6 4.0 20.7 4.8 10 11.7 2.7 11 18.1 4.5 16 20.6 4.6 20.2 4.8 33.2 7.4 15.4 3.1 23 25.7 5.7 27.9 6.3 39.4 9.3 27 20.5 4.3 30 29.6 7.1 31.2 7.0 30.8 10.5 31 24.7 5.3 YEAR 1969 January 6 27.5 6.4 28.3 5.9 41.3 11.0 7 32.0 5.5 13 37.6 8.3 39.8 8.5 50.0 13.1 14 30.7 5.6 20 32.6 8.6 34.9 9.3 46.0 13.8 27.3 6.5 27 30.0 8.4 29.8 7.4 41.6 13.2 23.7 5.9 February 1 31.8 8.4 33.3 7.6 43.9 13.5 26.8 6.8 11 40.2 10.0 41.3 9.5 65.9 15.3 34.2 8.2 17 39.6 10.5 39.1 10.5 60.3 19.4 32.4 8.2 24 57.9 19.2 29.0 8.0 28 50.0 11.6 50.6 11.3 38.2 9.8 March 4 38.2 9.8 6 67.2 22.8 7 45.0 12.6 45.8 12.3 11 36.7 9.3 13 45.0 12.1 45.6 13.2 68.6 23.3 17 45.3 12.5 45.7 12.8 67.7 23.7 33.5 8.9 19 43.7 12.3 43.5 11.8 66.7 23.9 33.6 8.6 20 45.1 12.9 45.6 14.0 65.3 22.6 34.9 7.8 24 43.1 13.0 43.2 12.9 62.2 23.8 28.4 5.8 25 43.7 13.4 45.4 13.8 62.3 22.8 27.8 6.4 26 45.4 14.1 42.9 13.7 60.0 23.4 26.6 8.4 27 45.6 13.8 43.8 12.7 59.2 22.8 25.9 6.9 28 44.6 13.8 42.7 13.9 58.4 24.0 25.2 7.7 31 45.8 13.9 44.1 14.7 58.0 22.3 24.7 8.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-13 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-l Station R-3 Date Depth YEAR 1969 W.E. Depth W.E, Station R-6 W.E. Station R-25 Depth W.E. April May 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 30 1 2 44.8 14.6 48.7 47.8 39.5 38.3 37.9 32.5 30.7 23.2 21.8 18.4 13.8 11.8 9.4 9.0 9.0 8.3 8.3 o.o 15.1 14.8 13.5 12.3 12.9 11.5 9.4 8.4 7.4 7.3 5.7 4.4 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.1 3.3 0.0 42.9 14.9 46.9 46.1 37.5 36.7 34.5 32.6 30.0 24.4 23.4 20.1 18.2 16.2 16.8 16.2 14.1 13.7 13.3 7.4 3.2 2.4 15.0 14.9 13.6 12.5 11.5 11.2 10.5 8.4 7.2 7.1 6.4 5.7 6 6 5 5 5 2 1 0.9 57.0 24.1 59.3 58.4 51.0 49.5 49.1 45.7 43.4 36.7 35.4 33.3 30.4 28.8 27.0 25.7 24.4 22.9 22.3 13.9 9.5 6.5 4.5 2.4 22.8 23.7 22.8 22.2 21.8 21.1 20.1 18.9 16.9 15.8 14.8 14.2 12.6 12.0 11.8 10.7 10.4 6.6 4.2 2.8 2.0 0.9 24.0 27.9 25.6 24.6 20.5 17.8 16.5 14.2 13.0 8.3 4.8 0.0 8.6 10.1 9.4 9.3 8.0 6.7 5.9 5.0 4.3 2.9 1.7 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-14 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1969 December 23 24 17.5 2.2 17.2 2.3 30 31 26.4 5.7 22.2 4.9 YEAR 1970 January 6 7 23.9 5.2 20.4 5.1 13 14 25.2 5.2 20.3 5.1 20 21 25.1 5.3 21.4 5.2 27 28 27.4 6,0 23.7 5.7 February 3 5 27.1 6.4 19.9 5.8 10 12 28.5 6.6 20.8 6.2 17 18 30.8 7.7 19 23.2 7.3 24 22.0 7.0 25 26 35.1 8.1 March 2 25.9 7.5 3 4 33.7 8.9 9 25.8 7.8 10 11 36.3 9.2 16 28.3 8.1 17 18 36.9 10.1 23 38.6 10.6 29.4 8.7 24 39.9 10.6 29.1 9.0 25 41.4 11.1 29.0 9.5 26 40.3 11.0 28.1 9.6 Station R-25 JJep^th^J^Ji, 13.9 1.4 16.9 3.5 15.4 3.1 16.0 3.0 15.7 3.1 19.0 3.7 13.8 3.5 14.3 3.7 16.9 4.4 20.2 4.. 18.6 4.9 19.4 6.1 21.4 5.4 18.4 19.4 19.1 17.2 5.5 5.0 4.1 4.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-15 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Station R-25 Depth W.E. YEAR 1970 March April 27 30 31 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 39.4 11.0 27.4 9.8 39.8 11.3 31.8 10.1 39.5 11.5 27.7 9.4 38.1 11.8 27.7 9.9 44.2 12.5 34.5 10.7 47.4 13.0 38.5 11.8 42.6 13.1 33.5 11.7 42.2 12.6 32.8 11.4 41.0 12.7 32.5 11.3 38.4 12.2 27.0 10.4 36.7 11.7 26.7 9.9 33.3 10.9 24.4 8.9 31.4 10.4 22.7 8.7 30.5 10.4 20.7 7.6 26.9 9.7 19.0 7.2 26.2 9.7 17.5 6.7 21.8 7.6 12.6 4.6 21.6 8.0 12.3 4.7 20.4 7.4 11.7 4.5 19.6 7.1 10.4 3.7 17.4 6.6 9.1 3.2 9.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 7.4 2.8 0.0 0.0 16.6 5.5 16.8 4.9 16.5 5.2 16.4 5.0 18.0 5.6 21.8 6.4 18.9 6.1 18.5 6.2 16.6 6.1 13.9 5.0 12.6 4.1 9.8 2.9 5.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water -equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-16 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E YEAR 1970 December 8 9 13.9 2.0 10 17.2 2.8 15 16 16.8 3.0 18 21.6 3.7 22 23 27.5 4.3 24 31.6 4.7 29 30 26.4 5.1 25.2 5.2 YEAR 1971 January 5 6 21.6 5.2 7 24.2 5.3 12 13 25.6 5.2 14 24.9 5.4 19 20 24.5 5.5 21 22.6 5.5 26 29 37.1 7.7 34.7 7.1 February 2 4 37.0 8.0 36.3 7.9 9 11 42.0 10.2 38.4 8.7 17 18 37.3 10.6 33.0 8.9 23 25 46.8 12.1 43.3 10.4 March 2 4 49.1 13.2 45.5 11.2 9 11 58.4 15.6 53.2 13.0 16 Station R-25 Depth W.E. 6 1.4 15.0 2.4 15.7 2.6 20.0 3.5 16.4 20.2 18.9 22.4 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.4 29.8 5.5 33.4 6.9 27.3 6.6 33.7 7.8 29.1 8.3 44.4 10.1 34.7 9.7 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-17 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Date YEAR 1971 March April May Depth W.E. Depth W.E. 17 50.2 15.3 18 42.2 12.5 23 24 53.5 16.5 25 46.1 13.7 31 1 49.2 16.6 43.2 13.7 5 44.8 16.2 38.7 13.5 6 38.6 13.2 7 40.3 13.5 9 40.5 13.5 12 37.6 14.2 13 14 41.6 16.6 33.9 13.7 16 36.5 13.4 19 30.5 12.7 20 26.5 11.1 21 32.8 14.5 24.7 10.5 22 25.7 10.6 23 25.4 10.6 26 22.8 9.6 28 30.3 13.5 19.3 8.4 30 16.7 7.3 3 11.4 5.2 5 20.9 9.8 9.6 4.1 7 6.0 2.2 Station R-25 Depth W.E.__ 35.6 10.7 32.5 10.2 26.3 9.1 25.6 8.8 25.7 9.9 17.9 7.1 8.3 3.4 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-18 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Station R-16 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1971 November 29 13.5 2.0 30 19.8 2.9 18.4 2.5 December 2 19.2 3.1 7 19.7 3.7 8 15.7 3.0 9 19.0 4.0 19.1 4.0 14 15.2 3.7 15 11.7 2.5 16 16.2 4.2 15.7 4.1 21 15.4 4.0 11.4 2.7 23 17.4 4.3 15.0 4.1 28 16.8 4.3 11.2 3.1 29 21.4 5.0 30 19.7 5.2 YEAR 1972 January 4 24.3 5.3 17.9 3.9 5 28.5 5.8 6 26.8 6.7 11 23.7 5.9 17.9 4.3 13 26.2 6.5 24.3 6.5 18 22.4 5.9 19 15.1 4.3 20 23.0 6.4 21.4 6.0 25 22.5 6.3 15.8 4.4 27 25.9 7.5 23.8 6.8 February 1 24.7 6.2 17.5 4.7 3 29.5 7.3 25.2 6.3 9 28.7 7.3 20.0 5.3 10 33.0 8.4 29.7 8.0 15 26.9 7.2 18.3 5.2 18 31.0 8.6 25.7 7.7 23 32.0 8.1 23.6 6.2 24 43.9 10.4 34.0 8.4 29 34.4 8.9 26.5 6.8 W.E. is snow cover water- equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-19 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Station R-16 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. _Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1972 March 1 3 42.4 11.1 33.3 8.9 7 36.2 9.8 28.0 7.5 9 46.7 12.4 40.3 10.2 14 34.1 10.0 26.1 7.5 16 48.6 13.8 41.9 11.0 21 33.7 10.5 26.0 8.1 23 42.3 13.6 34.8 11.4 27 35.8 11.0 24.1 7.3 28 32.6 11.2 30 40.5 14.4 31 33.0 11.5 29.7 10.5 20.9 7.4 April 3 32.7 11.4 19.0 6.7 4 26.5 9.1 17.7 6.5 5 42.2 14.3 18.3 6.5 10 31.9 12.0 17.6 6.4 11 24.3 8.6 16.7 6.0 12 39.0 14.6 16.2 5.5 13 14.5 5.1 14 16.9 6.0 17 31.5 12.6 23.2 9.3 14.8 5.5 18 30.4 11.6 12.1 4.4 19 28.6 11.5 20.7 8.1 10.3 3.7 20 37.4 14.1 28.8 10.1 8.7 2.8 21 27.6 10.4 18.6 6.9 7.7 2.3 24 26.2 10.3 16.8 6.3 3.2 1.5 25 25.1 10.0 2.8 0.8 26 33.9 13.3 14.2 5.4 0.0 0.0 27 24.8 9.2 28 24.2 9.4 13.1 4.7 May 1 14.6 5.5 2.1 0.9 2 12.8 5.3 0.0 0.0 3 11.1 4.2 5 17.8 6-6 6.5 2.5 10 5.6 2.1 W.E. is snow cover water- equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-20 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Station R-16 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. _JJe£th_ W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1972 December 5 17.8 3.1 15.4 2.4 7 15.3 3.4 13.2 3.0 12 18.0 3.4 14.5 2.7 14 19.4 4.4 17.1 3.7 18 21.1 3.5 19 26.4 5.0 21 26.3 5.7 22 28.1 6.0 27 26.5 6.4 24.1 5.7 19.9 4.5 29 27.9 6.8 YEAR 1973 January 2 20.1 4.6 3 25.3 6.3 4 28.4 7.6 26.0 6.8 9 25.4 6.4 20.4 5.0 11 33.2 8.1 29.5 7.5 16 27.2 7.1 21.8 5.4 18 29.6 8.6 25.9 7.6 23 20.9 7.2 15.9 5.2 26 28.2 8.3 21.9 7.6 30 25.5 7.8 20.5 5.8 February 1 36.4 9.9 27.4 8.0 6 23.9 8.5 7 18.3 6.1 8 31.0 9.6 23.0 7.8 13 26.5 7.9 20.2 6.1 15 40.5 10.4 31.0 8.3 21 28.4 8.5 22.5 6.4 22 39.6 11.1 28.9 8.6 27 28.9 8.8 22.0 7.0 28 37.6 10.9 27.9 8.5 March 6 24.6 8.6 18.1 6.1 7 33.5 11.1 23.9 8.3 9 19.4 6.8 12 15.5 5.6 13 14.2 5.2 16.8 6.5 11.4 4.6 W.E. is snow cover water- equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-21 Date YEAR 1973 March April 14 15 16 19 20 22 23 26 27 29 30 2 3 5 11 12 17 19 26 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Depth W.E. 24.2 22.6 18.0 26.1 27.5 11.8 0-0 9.1 8.7 7.7 7.6 8.4 5.5 0-0 Station R-16 Station R-25 Depth W.E. Depth W. E. Depth W .E 13.6 11.8 12.2 4.5 4.2 4.0 15.2 4.5 9.6 3.0 10.8 9.4 8.5 7.9 6.2 4.1 3.9 3.6 2.9 2.6 10.1 3.7 4.4 1.8 3.3 1.2 4.4 9.0 0.0 0.8 1.2 o.o 0.0 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water -equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-22 Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Station R-16 Station R-25 Date Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1973 December 18 8.1 1.5 7.2 1.5 19 8.7 1.5 20 10.6 1.7 9.1 1.5 26 6.9 2.3 6.5 1.8 27 8.0 2.0 6.3 1.9 YEAR 1974 January 2 8.4 2.3 7.8 1.7 3 11.7 1.9 9.1 1.8 8 10.7 2.5 9.0 2.1 10 17.7 3.3 14.9 3.1 15 13.9 3.1 14.2 3.5 12.6 3.0 17 21.7 4.5 17.8 4.0 22 15.4 3.3 14.0 3.6 25 19.2 4.1 15.5 4.1 29 15.7 4.5 12.2 3.5 31 19.2 4.4 14.9 4.0 February 5 13.3 4.6 9.5 3.4 6 18.1 5.1 7 17.3 4.6 12 19.2 5.3 15.4 4.0 13 18.3 5.2 14 23.4 5.6 20 24.6 6.5 20.3 5.2 22 30.1 6.5 25.3 6.1 26 21.2 6.8 17.6 5.6 27 29.2 6.8 28 22.4 6.4 March 5 13.0 5.4 6 16.7 6.1 7 23.1 7.2 15.7 5.7 8 14.0 5.1 14.4 5.9 7.3 3.5 12 16.1 6.0 7.5 3.4 13 14.8 5.7 14 23.1 7.1 19 23.2 7.7 13.7 4.8 21 35.6 9.8 25.4 7.4 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-23 Date Snow Course Data ARS W-3 Watershed near Danville, Vermont All values are in inches Station R-1A Station R-3 Depth W.E, Depth W.E, Station R-16 Station R-25 Depth W.E. Depth W.E. YEAR 1974 March April 26 28 2 4 5 8 10 11 12 15 17 19 22 25 26 30 40.2 30.3 May 21.4 17.9 o.o 11.3 9.9 36.4 10.6 8.1 5.2 0.0 30.8 22.5 18.7 20.1 27.6 15.5 15.4 11.5 4.6 5.3 0.0 9.2 6.2 6.4 4.9 2.3 1.0 0.0 26.9 25.8 18.6 20.3 19.5 24.6 17.1 16.9 12.9 5.6 4.0 0.0 8.9 9.5 8.5 8.0 5.4 9.6 0.0 17.5 5.8 16.3 6.2 12.2 4.3 14.8 8.2 6.0 2.6 0.0 5.7 4.3 3.1 1.3 0.0 W.E. is snow cover water-equivalent (E) means estimated value - indicates no measurement made C-24 APPENDIX D PAN EVAPORATION DATA This appendix contains the tabulation of the pan evaporation data for the W-3 watershed. Data from two evaporation pans are tabulated. The first is a Class A pan located at station R-12. The second is an insulated, experimental, X-3 evaporation pan located at the NOAA-ARS Snow Research Station. Evaporation measurements are available from 1963 through 1974 (except for 1972) from the Class A pan and from 1968 through 1973 (except for 1969) from the X-3 pan. Measurements are initiated each spring, usually sometime in May, and continued until freezing of the water in the pan stops data collection, generally in October. Thus, in this appendix evaporation data are only tabulated for the period from May through October of each year, Detailed information on the evaporation pans and the quality of the data is contained in chapter III. 6. 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OJ H > •H 01 ^ Q 01 * — * H H C •H o > ■H C 4J 03 ca fi 4-) w M cd -C 03 W y o c H 01 Ph s 03 i>s a rH •H c 03 o Q ■H ■u 03 tH O CX 01 > 01 ro X 4-1 lO O O CJ • • O OS CN o co O CM 0\ (N (N HN O N N cn CM 00 O OS Os io o oh vjO 00 CO 00 H H O H CO in a v£> O i— I \D , <•— ' H ^O 3 • >-) ON as CO oo oo o H LO oo r^ co oo lo CO ^^ h ^o co -cf m as -s cd CO CN O O rH CN CO rH LO CO ^^ m oi o> h , H* tl) \00-0 H O 14-1 O U 0) ^j r- 6 H 00 3 CN O C CN O CD CM LO ON H CO O O- 00 r-« h >s s • H 00 •H > cd cd a iH U H O 3 cd 4-4 CO > cd CU d) T3 sn e ai cd co ,c! e cu 3 4-1 -H 4-1 >s CO cd x> > -a to QJ cu 4J 4-> •H c 03 4-1 a; y 01 CO ■H H (i) -a 3 M e B a •H 3 OJ U u w D-10 APPENDIX E SOIL-MOISTURE DATA This appendix contains plots of the available soil-moisture data for the W-3 watershed. Soil-moisture measurements were made at stations R-l, R-3, and R-6 with a neutron-scattering probe. Readings were normally made on a weekly basis, weather and soil conditions permitting. Soil-moisture measure- ments were taken from 1963 through 1969 (station R-6 discontinued in 1967). The plots show soil-moisture-by-volume readings taken at 6, 12, 24, and 36 inches. Further information on the method of measurement, the quality of the data, and the degree to which the data represents soil-moisture conditions over the W-3 watershed is contained in chapter III. 7. E-l o ID o o o o CVJ o O IT) O ■sl" o o ro c\J O O m o ( M- 1 D o CVJ o o in o ^3- o o ro cj o 44- i-14 !;• Hi iii j- •■ 1* i iii ....... •i r-- ill ■ : ill '.'.'.: :;; iii iii ;: !l! iii h;!!;!! 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(- CD UJ I- < a uj o f- in UJ cr. UJ UJ < uk m 3 < < K O U. o >-< Z Q >-. Z O 3 Q Z5 in • 3 X X O I < i- z in < en II II UJ < en i oh- »- uj x Z O h- Z O < hh O i-i X 3 •i K- i- < in i— < — < z i-i Q 3 «- O < O < or z a or o i or i-i 3 or < t- uj < _j < o _i o > O in or < in uj o in in o uj cr < z i- o i-i <_> a X UJ O UJ o _i z in o u. in z u K UJ •-1 or < or it ii x a — X H. X a a uj UJ t- tn — _j a o co o o a. I 3 UJ z H- O V »— i a. z or II < < UJ Q UJ tn i- z> z UJ in _j _i < o > CO i-i X 3 V o tn uj 3 > O z >- in _i ii < i oi-t- a. < z a o X o UJ Z UJ Or i- O d tn < h- to or < >— UJ or x > UJ II < a x x UJ UJ I — i i\jn^ in lOMOO o —rum-tin r-aooo -«i\ir)-*in — . — — r\j njMojrvjru *C t*- co O o f\l (M CM (VI f*1 F-19 o z X Z a •- * o (VJ c> (Vi ci o o r- ■— o o m c o o o oj .-> o o in n t- cc o ►- ci x x oci . • . 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O _l * *0 s sD l*> in in * -t -t no o n r- — i -h (VI (VI 00 00 •c in ci !>- o- o ut*i * m in o -* in in o o> oo o cc ct« ao co ct- cc (VI o CO (VI — i co r^ oo ci cr- 4- -* in m r> O O O O \C' (7- CC CT* C> 00 in in in ao r- in ao \C o r- ■* mm -© •» vO oo o CO 00 0* (7* CT 1 00 — m o* ■* * o* m — i -» (vi ci * m m -» CT- vC co o o 00 CO 00 CT 00 o e> -o .» -£> m in m ■* -* r- CT Cl ci (7- a- r- ct- m o 00 CO CO 00 CO m CO l«- a- vo -- — ' -c •£> .* cc ci r- co in -jo (v -t oo *c ct *+ O oo l-*- ro (7* f) MKiriHN .-* *• ao -< n oj ci >c (\j -jo ,* >c ci ci r- o * ci <7- cr & •— ■ \C o (Vl > Q. • . • • • < x ci * m * (vi .*■ f- o in •* ci ci rvj co .» .} Ij-, — _, Cl — (VI >-« ci -o m r- — ■ (vi m >o — co — i .* in in co — ■ eiin (vi -n (vj -o -h -c md r- r- c- UJ X UJ < u. > t- < nocMfi ciinoci-* co f~- r- ci >© oo — ci ct- in in .* co ct- ci r»- o(vi cvj e> i- in in ao • in s co ct- r- n(vimr~m f^vO**ci * & ooooo ooooo ooooo o in i*- oo (vj ci cr» — m (vi o (VI * Cl (VI — oci(»-i--« ooinrvio vom inco oaovO*m vc*cimt~- omcim* co o m vo m — < ci c7> m r- —o-tm^ o> C) ovcmmM HONsn * (vi ci r^ oo mmmvoo o>ooci- uinoooo — (VI — i (VI (VI — <->(VI(VI mm — . ooooo o o o — I — < ^-ciMcro oo mo n _ ^ —i —i (VI o * -o •£> . . . . . • . . . . . a i«- o (VI * «* cc r^ cc f^ LT: ^^ " — — ^^^M ** ^* (VJ ci (vi in o m m O — Cl * o- • . . . • • » • • . . pM — « ^* (VI (VJ (M (VJCI C) Cl Cl II O UJ * < or UJ < o I- UJ l-H UJ a. a o z UJ O 3 or z O 0.MZ • II 3 * U. x ii z or I- z « o a UJ i- UJ zai-CL errs i- K CO UJ < or a "- uj i- a OiVlH < X "-> < or uj o K l/l UJ If 1 > UJ UJ < O t- (/) 3 < < ►- O U. O >- ZCTmZ o o o r> _i in z (V O £7- (VI (VI — o o o o .... o o o t^ o o o o o o o o O" O 1 17 ^ O O O ft ft >C o h- «^ .... • C> l>» O (VI (VJ o m o in o o in — -h o o> co o * nO o o — — « o o o o o> 0> o o ci om ... ci i^r- r^ f- m ... ■cm-* -. ~ OO o mm o ->* a- oc> o - s CT- o o o «(vici*m ^or^cocT- o «(vici*m (7- o o -O I*- 00 CT- o ~* (VI (VJ (VJ (VJ Cl Cl • 3 X X O I < I- Z (/> < in II II UJ < in i OF ►- UJ X z o y- z o < ►- O i-i X 3 •-t I- I- < 10 I- < •- < z •-• Q 3 — o < o < CL Z 0. or o i or »-> 3 or < t- uj < _i < o JO> o in or < in uj o in in O uj co < z i- o ►H O O X UJ O UJ o _i z in o u. in Z UJKUJ i-> or < or ii ii x a NJI-IC a a uj UJ t- in — < M or 3 u mOmU < joor — U. Z 3 uj i- ■-• in • or z> in in 3 o in uj 3 in * or o in or z a _j uj uj < _i a > _j a. Odomo U. U Ql a < 10 O 3 > - uj > in _i or n ii < x < < o K i- UJ CL < Z O Q O UJ X in i- o 3 Z UJ Z. UJ Uj Or >-i O in _i 3 in < _i < t- in or o > < !-• UJ cc «-i or x > X D UJ II < v o a x in uj x uj UJ I ui or i- i- x ui • i- i- or • < «-« • 3 < UJ F-20 o z Q. — I I t- z o 2 a. u > x Z 0. ►- ui m u. > 1- o in a a uj uj *: < > o < o _i Z CD < « > o o UJ CO I- > O _1 a 2: UJ < o > UJ I r> a o ro r- ^" o o ^ o Rl«COO o c o o o — .* r^ o o (VI (Vi — o o IT) CVJ IT U" CT >c o rvi o (vj c 00 1-1 riOIMIlM in cd ~ «± — (VI ~* r- 2 2 in OZ 2 Olfl • • • vo in in 2: 2 2: 2 2 IKVUM"! • • • ru co r» — 2 2 2 ■* .* ro .» I*- ro in -t in m -o >o r~ o r- .* in ro cc ro cr* in j- c (vi — o eo co ro cc \jc *c %o * ro ro -* ro o in ro ro ro in -* o c- in in in in m in 00 rn -» o — co cc CO IT CO o *o *0 o cr (VJ (VI o r» ro in in ro ro in cr r- (vi (vi cr N CO CO CD CO o o njo co %o o n -- i/ici in -t ro in in o r» in (vi .*■ co o r>- .» ro (vi ro (vj ro ro co co — •» (VI K f*» CD CO CO IMTHOO If O^HHj 4- in in in in co co o in vo CO CO CT CO CO ro o j- >c r- cvi \0 r~- cr -tf in -* (*) ro -* o o o- 0 (VI -j- in co in o cr ■* -* (VI -« .» O (VI (VI (VI -■ -» — ro .* in r- vo cr o vo mo *o co -» —. co -* — r> o >- z « o a UJ >-> UJ z a t- a c = r 2 h- |- CD UJ h UJ UJ «x o 1- in 3 < < I- O U. U 1-" z a ►- z o ■=> o r> JW2 iooon*o (vi(vi(Vj\co s w \D 1C0 -*-*»cmin Kiinoo ^ •* ro iv co r- .» o ^ o ro cr v0 -» m ro ^jMran r- ms m (vi *o o >» -« in >o ,-«,<.-. ru OOOO— OOOOO — « O O O O 00000 on (? - • cc (viinf-r-o j-M-ooo o-cocoo^ ^■r^coco— o (vi — n* 0000>-" -HOOOO o z in in a. < r~(vi^mK£i ococeivn ^ n o (\jo> n (>-o (vi com—r)— ^o>coci(\j -t t>- o o o — — (VI rt (VI o (Vi in (vi (VI — t — (vj ~r (vi o — < (VI -« — C- -< (VI (VI .*• I — — — I I I I * XI -OC0 C0N» I ■» — (VI (VI (M (VI I I — Z < U. 1— I- 2 ^OO^Cl CO M * ->rt — — (VI m I ^ ^ I I oonriM HNonw (VJ (VJ (VJ I I — — < (VI (VJ — < II I I I I I 00 ui uiN n so nuiui o I — (VI — c -< — — I I I (vj (*> in co -* (vi (vi (vi (vi ro n co rvj « o (\J ^ _ ^ in -* o 0* s (VI (VJ 1 — — m n r~ ^ mi 1 1 1 1 in -* r>- a> h- ~ (vj (vj (vi ro ro ro ro o *h »jD ro — 1 -« (Vj O < o _i o z _Jjj*— ••••• 0. 00 — o (Vj -H a a => UJ O Q O 3 UJ Z 3 — o o ro in rvi ro o o cc J> r- — o MM « (VJ (VI (VI (VI o — ro • • • • • r 3 UJ z CO ro — . (VI -£) 1- O V »— 1 • • • • • 0. Z < •£> •£> vC a cc- UJ in h- —t f—4 *—> •— r- 1 in • UJ O O in r O O CD 1— » O 0> cr O O *- O M >- — (vi ro -t in .0 r- CC < *C ^1 N CMC 00000 (vi in (vi oin — (V, (V (V (V (VJ (VJ (Vj (V (VI in in r- co r- • • • • • ^ ^ ■» -»-t in co — ■ (vj o o o o o *-> — (V) (VI — (VJ 00000 OOOOO (T CT s s s OOOOO .-» (vi ro -»■ in ■* ro (\j vc o M — «- O sC (VI (VI (VJ (VI (VJ r- O o co (VI • • • • • •» >* in •* in O CT CT CD *C — — — « (VI OOO OO OOO OO CT CT (T (TO OOO O -< —1 — ro — mo ro ro (vj co f- <& -* f*"j (V (Vj (Vj ro ro ro j- in vC r- (T • • • • • in in no >o -i O 1-1 2 3 ►- I— 1- < in 1- < '-' O in or < in uj o in in o uj co < Z I- o 1- o o 2 UJ O UJ O JZKI o u. in Z uj 1- UJ "— or «* or 11 11 x a — x >- x O O UJ UJ 1- in ^ < HH or 3 u "OmIjJ < _i o or — u. z n KMlfl z> in o in uj *: or or z a. uj < > _i a O cc o o a. UJ • a. in => 3 a 11 < < -i < 1 *or-cocro »«(viro-»m vdi^cccto —. — — j — (\j (vj(vi(vi(vi(vi (vi CD *- 2 3 >- O UJ uj or 1 1 UJ 3 o z in 11 O a. < z Q O 2 10 UJ Z UJ cr ~ o in < t- in or < !-. uj or 2 > uj 11 < a. 2 2 UJ F-21 o z 0. h x z rv m (vi O (V in o © h m (V (VI vO CC -< © >* o (Vi f- a © «* a ^ © m r^ %c o_ •- o o o o .* O «(T (\J O o o -* (Vj o O Oh C If © © S © © OH© o O © © - II c UJ l/l u. x x x x •* N IIMvOI ce o m o> — JtlONO r- ■* (Vj (vi r~ (VI 0< (VI _l »- > ►- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • < < o < m •* in n \C O •-« vC co r>- — © ^ s m *c cc o a t- 1- UJ "" — (VI (VI (Vi n (vi (VI — (VI f>J M H h- H-C h m (vi o 1— H UJ a. a. 2 H (/) o l/l a UJ o z UJ O 3 or z o D0»H r- m m — j- (\j m o in o « (vi m -Hen M o Hit HON h oo o rt UJ * c v£> in -* m -tin •* ■£> in in in j- in j- vD in in II 3 * UJ z CD X II Z £T - O _J a. r> r> o t— Z <3 o ct r~ ■join -* h (VI ^ -* m >c (Vl o —• o> -• (vi om >- oo co m © c> ^o r- in in o V m v£> co r- >c ^ ^ \C \0 n - nco if) n in era — — O n0 CC H (^ © in co H UJ >-< UJ <\j m m rvi m m in in in in -» in »o in in -» m j- in in -c >o in in m in in in in in z a i- a errs h (- CO UJ i o 1- < 1-1 ►- i O cc \0 r» O \0 en in cc •* in in r- rvi 4- co 00 vtvOO - uj k a Q 0. l/l h < Z H < s < or uj a a. t- i/i U > •1 >• O _l • u. in < > UJ UJ < o k in o o o o <*> rw ^- M o -» -t a- nj cc oo (vi (vjr- cc cc m h r~ ^t a t^ (VI >c UJ ■c a r- -» -t mt oins •g >c (vj co in (vi (Vi© & (vi m h m (vj ,*■ in m m vO 3 < < »- _J — i — m (VI ^ ^ (M ^ J — (VI m (Vi (Vi (Vi h m h m (vi ^H O U. (J H _J z a h- z ►-. o o O 3 > jw 2 z < UJ 3 I > a. < 3: >C -t CT- O C- o -* r>- in h- n o f- >c (vi — m j- j- >«■ r» co * v0 r- *o r>- co o H uj h (VJ h m m -< (\j m (vj n M —< f»- in ^ mm ^ (Vi H H (VJ H h m in (V Z O 1 < t- Z in * < in z II II UJ o < in i 1— 1 UJ < o in x r- rv m f^ CO l>- O (VI vD -* sD m o rvi >o^ — in h j- m o o m c o m O 1- 1- 1- > UJ I ru .© r«- (VI j- oo ao -* 4- r~- vt « * s n &■ (vior- — j- ao 4- O m X CO X • < < • (VI h h n co O r^ M — .» vo o co o in m in-» oo o O CO © 00 © h vO (VI in UJ X 1- 1/1 z o o o © o O O — ' ~~ o o — — < — o O oh © — > H © H © H ■"* "■ • «"• — Z O 1- Z O < h O h x 3 I H K o a. < UJ < u. < v h m — ,o in (vj -< >c ■-< CO O O CO Q* in r-o rvi * CO >*0 00 CO (VJ h ^3 0"> X 1- < l/l 1- < "- < Z H Q 3 H in h — h f- O ff> N (0\0 (vi o in o (vi a* in it- m r\j O 1- © O (VJ x m h t- UJ i h — H M — (VI (VI — (vi n (vi — »«(\J (VI (VI rvi h rvi h (vi (Vj m m hH o < o (/> i i < or z a. UJ or o i or z < u. 1-H t- or •- 3 or < t- uj < _l< Q 3 m m j- (\J 0- — a m (vj j- -HH ff^O h" ©* in o> in (vi h © © ^ (vi in o o X — (M r\j H — (VI — 1 I (Vi rn (VI H- — . — i •— — ^- ^^ h m (vi JO> z i i i 1 o in or < VI in uj o in in in or < x « u. O UJ CO < z t- o h u a -ini\jo» ^nifiNff -0 •C'C in i X i — (VJ niMnn- (Vi m >t -* (Vi H (vim m (vi (VI (VI (VI (VI (VI m m m (VI Z UJ O UJ < o _i z in < o u. in o 3 1- z uj i- uj z o < o ii h or < or [ _J _) o z JJ * — 3 (VI CO CO cc X rn f^ If N CC T o y -> — o r» r^ co » r» x co vc <5 r» *c * in UJ < ii ii r a H X H- X o a ui < ^O sO vO >o r» r^ f* co ao co co co o^ o^ o^ 00 CO CO CO CA o o> © © o © o © ►- a ^4 HH HH -H — t ^^ a UJ < UJ t- in Q > H- < H or 3 <_> U. 3 • • vO CO CO o> o in in * rn r- co co r- *t 1"- o o © H o H uj O OUZ o o o o o (VI O -H -< (VJ (VI (VI (VI -H — < -H — 4 H >- < jo or z 3 UJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _i — u. 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Z < n © co r^ o © U/lfl- •— • <-* o in • UJ o o o o o o in x o o © o o in CO >- CT CT CT CT CT o O 1- o o o o o o Miun^in sot^coCTo — rvj o -» in -o r— co ct © ru rvj rv rvj n i- in -~ < H- or 3 o ►-> O >— UJ < JO 1 -» U. Z 3 UI-Hl/1 • or D in in D o in u, 3 in ic or o in or z o- _J UJ UJ < _i a > _i a o a o cc o U. U Q. or < in o 3 > < a. o < 2 > uj > in _i or ii it < I < < o i- »- uj a. < 2 o o o uj x in i- o 3 z uj z UJ uj or •- o in _j o in < _j < t- in or > < "- 1 UJ rr <-" or x > x o UJ II II OCMC4 ^vCOC — n oir c vc n oo en o* c -* *o o* (Vj n lp >c ^-cc^-^-o cracodO- ooccacr- r- ^o r- r- r- x co r~ r- r~- i— t— r- >o r- Cl a 1/5 (J Z Ul O 3 a Z o a >— z • ii ■£ V Lu X II z a a - 3 z V •£> i o i o t- UJ z CD o _l z < a u > HH ♦ o UJ _i ^ oninir o m LP vO vC vC r^-\£>vO>C-* III >0 vC CO I 1 (Vj nT co s I s - sc ei (Vj cr o co © o s *c *£ — LP — — (Vj Cv, LP \D \T cr LP -* LP *£> r— (■- f^ ao ce co cc r- *o r~- vo r^ r- r- ^c ao r^ rp ~ (Vj M^ I/! 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O UJ V -J *— « < 3 UJ z O Jt >- z 10 1 3 UJ Z K O i: ■-" a z < UJ IT (- a in • UJ in z CO ■-• O 1- jj 1*1 n »n n \0 >£> in in •£> oj >o 00 — -* Jj sC Jj r* \0 n (\j jj co c> in >o in \0 \C C0OJ-o o or UJ ■_ Uj Z or t- q. c r r ? t- I- CD UJ h UJ UJ < o k in 3 - ZQ- " Z O 3 O 3 in • 3 X X O I < 1- z in < in II II UJ - 3 1- UJ < a > or < UJ m in cc < o Q O UJ z in m I- UJ < or r a — < ►- or 3 .- o < _i • or z> in r; o 3 in O m or _i UJ UJ _j a > o a. o u, u or in o 3 > < a o < z >- uj > in _i or 11 11 < I ►-. UJ a or z o ■-■ in in in uj *: or z a < _j a CO o a. -(Vjri4i/i sO r* co o^ o -KVJCl -t U1 1 DN COC o ^^ojn^in sor^-cooo ojojojojoj ojojojojn < O uj 0. in >- 3 Z UJ uj a in _j z> _l « H- O > -• or x n uj >- a a mux UJ uj or 1- x UJ < z o o X m < in or .-, UJ F-65 APPENDIX G HISTORY OF THE OPERATION OF THE W-3 WEIR This appendix documents the operation of the W-3 weir from the time records were initiated in December 1959 through September 1974. The W-3 streamflow measurement site is comprised of a weir control point and a continuous water level recorder located in a stilling well. The recorder water level readings are periodically referenced against staff gages and weir notch elevation by transit. The weir is physically deiced daily and the stilling well is heated to provide stage records throughout the winter. The term "estimated data" referred to in the following table designates a specific process for estimating stage at the W-3 weir when the collected data were in obvious error due to some malfunction. In such a situation, the stage at W-3 was estimated from another weir in the Sleepers River watershed. Either the W-8 weir (drainage area 6.04 mi z ) or the W-l weir (drainage area 16.58 mi^) was used, depending on which weir most closely matched the W-3 antecedent stage pattern for the particular event. Both the W-l and W-8 watersheds have been found to respond similarly to the W-3 watershed. Once the surrogate weir was chosen, the antecedent stage was shifted until it matched the corresponding antecedent stage observed at W-3. The missing stage data was then estimated from the observed stage at W-8 or W-l. The one exception was the estimation of stage values during ice buildup at the weir. In this case, the stage before ice buildup and after ice removal served as the two end points for a straight line interpolation of the missing stage data. Action Charts start (A-35 recorder) Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Cause Dates 12/9/59 Ice buildup 12/13/59 Clock stopped for 1 hr. 1/6/60 and 5 min. Float off, chain drive off 1/20-21/60 Ice buildup 2/22-26/60 difference between original line and estimated one Ice buildup 3/26/60 Clock stopped 4/12-19/60 Clock stopped 5/9-12/60 Clock stopped, chart 11/1-4/60 replaced wrong Muskrats, data not 1/28-29/61 accurate G-l Action Cause Dates Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Adjusted data Estimated data Adjusted data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Clock stopped, ran out - out for 2 hrs. and 55 min. Clock stopped Clock stopped Intake plugged Clock stopped Ice buildup Ice buildup Ice buildup Ice buildup Clock stopped Clock stopped for 1 hr. Ice buildup Clock off for 1 hr. Weir drained for construction, cover off, no charts Charts on reversal Clock stopped Ice buildup For some reason water stopped running over notch entirely when ice was cut Ice buildup Weir drained Cable for weight broke Cable not in groove on pulley full of ice, clock didn't run Ice buildup Ice buildup Ice buildup Cover off Removed instrument to paint Clock stopped 4/10/61 6/12-13/61 6/21-23/61 7/11/61 9/19/61 1/12-14/62 1/21-22/62 2/1-2/62 2/8,12,13/62 6/24-26/62 7/20/62 1/25/63 5/17/63 7/1-26/63 7/26-30/63 5/14-15/64 1/15-16/65 1/17/65 2/21/65 7/27-30/65 12/27/65 12/28/65 1/10,13,16/66 1/29/66 2/20-22/66 8/4-6/66 8/29-30/66 12/19/66 G-2 Action Cause Dates Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data Worked in well, installed heat bulb, brook thawed out from weir to bridge Ice buildup Ice buildup Clock didn't run Ice buildup didn't run Worked on clock, cable was off clock pulley Drifting snow Cover off weir Cover off weir Clock stopped Ice buildup, clock stopped Ice buildup Clock stopped Clock stopped Clock stopped Clock stopped Put heat lamp in well Ice buildup Clock stopped Clock stopped Clock stopped Removed cover for cleaning Clock stopped, cover still off Clock stopped Clock stopped Clock stopped Clock stopped several times Chart ran out Clock stopped Clock stopped G-3 1/3/67 1/19/67 2/7,8,12/67 2/13-14/67 2/16-19/67 2/20/67 2/24/67 9/19-22/67 11/27-28/67 11/29/67 - 12/4/67 1/10-15/68 2/22/68 3/8-14/68 8/15/68 8/18-20/68 8/28/68 12/9/68 12/11,26,27/68 12/30/68 2/15-17/69 3/31/69 7/25/69 - 8/5/69 8/5-16/69 11/22-24/69 12/1-5/69 12/18/69 1/7-8/70 2/1-2/70 3/14-16/70 3/20-23/70 Action Cause Dates Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Estimated data Clock stopped 8/11-19/70 Removed cover to clean weir 8/14/72 - 9/2/72 Clock stopped 12/14/72 Clock stopped 12/24-26/72 Clock stopped 12/26-28/72 Chart ran out 7/9-10/72 Removed cover to clean weir 7/12-13/72 Removed cover to clean weir 7/30/74 - 8/2/74 G-4 APPENDIX H STANDARD PUNCHED CARD FORMAT This appendix describes the standard punched card format which is used for much of the data that is written in card image on the magnetic tape. This format can be used for all raw hydrologic data and most computed data. How- ever, this appendix only describes those features used for the W-3 watershed data. The data values are punched in 52 columns (29 to 80) and can be from two to nine digits in length. Field length can not vary on a given card, but can vary within a data deck. The following table shows the maximum number of data entries per card for various field lengths. Field length 2 3 4 Max. number of entries 26 17 13 The contents of each card are as follows: Columns 1 to 4 contain a card number, 1 to 9999. Cards are numbered consecutively in any one deck. Column 5 contains the data field length, 2 to 4. Column 6 contains the number of digits following the decimal point. The following examples illustrate the use of columns 5 and 6. Col 5 Col 6 Data fie Id Quantity 4 1 2327 232.7 3 2 232 2.32 3 1 232 23.2 3 232 232. 3 -14 -14. Columns 7 to 15 contain an alphanumeric station or basin identifier, Columns 16 to 18 contain the data time increment in hours. For data representing a total or average value over a period, the time interval is the length of the period. Columns 19 to 20 contain a two-digit code indicating the type of data on the card. The codes used for the W-3 watershed data are: H-l Code Data type Units 10 Precipitation amount inches 4 Mean daily discharge CFSD 32 Maximum air temperature °F 34 Minimum air temperature °F 36 Average air temperature °F Columns 21 to 28 contain the time of the first data entry on the card in the form: hour (21-22), day (23-24), month (25-26), and year (27-28). If the data are a period average or total, columns 21 to 28 contain the time of the end of the period. Columns 29 to 80, as indicated previously, contain the data values . Missing data are indicated by filling the data field with nines. For precipitation data only, a data field of all nines except for an 8 as the low order digit, indicates missing time distribution. A group of one or more such fields is followed by a valid quantity which is the accumulated amount over the period. In the case of valid data that have the same representation as missing data or missing time distribution, the low order digit is reduced to the next valid value. This rarely occurs. Normally, all data periods will have an entry. However, for precipitation data, space can be saved by not including periods with no precipitation which would be the leading fields on any given card. That is, while all entries on a card must be in sequence and continuous, the next card will start with the next non-zero period. Input routines using precipitation data must zero the monthly storage array before reading the standard format cards. Temperature data, which contain negative values, are punched in a constant field length of 3 to simplify the reading of these data. There is at least one data card per month. In addition, data from two months do not appear on any single card. The data for the next month always start on a new card. * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977—240-848/249 H-2 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII AQDD07DTMDL|T7 NOAA--S/T 77-2854