.'-. : 2/3 : *7 Technical ^L(-*»- zr **-tzjt ~%m IliVllkl 1 KCXw ■ Mil 5 ^L 1 1 4#% 4k^k ,411 in© , ivLtiiX JTm^j^.. M^Aii J- ;tv La. tw rt- 1 JF'J'I*"" 4_ io"? 1 ? ± I3LE2 ^1 Prepared under contract by Vivian Eberle Spencer U.S. Department of Commerce Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary Courtenay Slater.Chief Economist BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Vincent P. Barabba, Director c o A ^ATES O* ' U.S. Department of Interior Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary James A. Joseph, Under Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Lindsay D. Norman, Director L. Michael Kaas,Acting Deputy Director Minerals Information and Analysis Paul Meadows, Director Division oi Analytical Studies o f BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Vincent P. Barabba, Director Daniel B. Levtne, Deputy Director Shirley Kallok, Associate Director for Economic Fields Industry Division Roger H. Bugenhagen Chief BUREAU OF MINES Lindsay D. Norman, Director L. Michael Kaas, Acting Deputy Director Minerals Information and Analysis Paul Meadows, Director Division oi Analytic Studies Acknowledgments The research underlying this technical paper was also supported by the University of Connecticut. The author is especially indebted to Dr. John A. DiBiaggio, President, and Dr. Jeffrey L. Tollefson, Head of the Department of Mathematics, for their support. The author is also in- debted for assistance in preparation of the report to Dr. Domina Eberle Spencer, Professor of Mathematics, who provided technical support and to Douglas Emerson Moffat, Research Associate, who had primary responsibility for the work on Fishery Products. At the Bureau of the Census, Dr. Edward A. Robinson, Senior Industry Statistician, provided liaison and general guidance and Ms. Lillie Mae Skinner was responsible for the preparation of copy for publication. SUGGESTED CITATION U.S. Bureau of the Census and U.S. Bureau of Mines. Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1977, by Vivian Eberle Spencer (Bureau of the Census Technical Paper No. 47). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1980. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Contents Page Chapter 1 Orientation and Definitions 1 Background of this Report 1 Definitions of Terms 2 2 Uses, Sources, and Prices of Raw Materials 4 Broad Use Classes 4 Broad Source Classes 7 Aggregate Consumption of Raw Materials 10 Production of Raw Materials 12 Raw Materials Prices 16 3 Foreign Trade in Raw Materials 18 New Imports 19 Export -Production and Import -Consumption Ratios 21 4 Raw Materials Trends in the 1970's 23 5 Foods 26 Per Capita Food Consumption 26 Kinds of Food Consumed 26 Food Prices 26 Foreign Trade in Foods 26 6 Energy Materials 31 Per Capita Energy Consumption 31 Kinds of Energy Materials Used 31 Measuring Energy Materials in Dollars and BTU 31 Prices of Energy Materials 37 Foreign Trade in Energy Materials 37 7 Physical-Structure Materials 38 Per Capita Physical-Structure Materials Consumption 38 Durable and Nondurable Physical-Structure Materials 38 Prices of Physical-Structure Materials 43 Foreign Trade in Physical-Structure Materials 43 TABLES Table 1 Foods, Energy Materials, and Physical-Structure Materials as Percents of All Raw Materials Consumed in the United States: 1900 to 1977 4 2 Population and Per Capita Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Use Classes: 1900 to 1977 5 3 Per Capita Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 8 4 Percent Distribution of Production and Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Product Groups: 10- Year Periods, 1900 to 1974, and 1975 to 1977 12 5 Average Annual Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Product Groups, for 5-Year Periods, 1900 to 1974 and 1975 to 1977 13 6 Price Indexes for All Wholesale Commodities, Finished Commodities, and Raw Materials in the United States: 5-Year Periods and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 16 7 Annual Imports and Exports of Crude and Manufactured Products for the United States: Decade Averages, 1850 to 1969, 1970 to 1974, and 1975 to 1977 18 8 Net Imports of Raw Materials as Percents of United States Consumption: Decade Averages 1900 to 1969; Average 1970 to 1974 and 1975 to 1977 r 19 9 Exports as Percent of Production and Imports as Percent of Consumption for Raw Materials in the United States by Broad Product Groups, for 5-Year Periods 1900 to 1974 and for the Period 1975 to 1977 22 10 Percent Increase Over 1969 for Production, Imports, Exports, Consumption and Prices of Raw Materials, by Source Classes: 1970 to 1977 25 Contents— Continued 1 1 Per Capita Consumption of Foods in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1924 to 1977 28 1 2 Percent Distribution of Food Consumption in the United States Measured in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Kind: Decade Years 1930 to 1960 and Annually 1960 to 1977 29 13 Approximate Distribution of Food Consumption in the United States Measured in Pounds, by Kind: Decade Years 1920 to 1970 and Annually 1970 to 1977 29 14 Some Nutrients Consumed Per Capita Per Day in the United States: Decade Years 1910 to 1970 and Annually 1970 to 1977 30 1 5 Price Indexes for Foods by Source Classes in the United States: 5-Year Periods and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 30 16 Per Capita Consumption of Energy Materials in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 33 17 Percent Distribution of Energy Materials Consumed in the United States Measured in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Source: 5-Year Averages, 1900 to 1974, and Average 1975 to 1977 34 18 Percent Distribution of Energy Materials Consumed in the United States Measured in British Thermal Units, by Source: 5-Year Averages, 1900 to 1974, and Average 1975 to 1977 34 19 Energy Use by Major Sectors and Sources: 1977 36 20 Price Indexes for Energy Materials by Source Classes in the United States: 5-Year Periods and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 37 21 Per Capita Consumption of Physical-Structure Materials in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 40 22 Consumption of Physical-Structure Materials in the United States, by Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 . . 41 23 Percent Increases in Consumption of Raw Materials and in Production of Manufactured Products: Approximately Decade Periods 1900 to 1977 42 24 Price Indexes for Physical-Structure Materials by Source Classes in the United States: 5-Year Periods and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 44 CHARTS Chart 1 Raw Materials Consumption in the United States, by Detailed Source Groups: Average 1970-1977. . . 3 2 United States Population, 1900-1990 Consumption of Raw Materials by Use, 1900-1977 6 3 United States Population, 1900-1990 Consumption of Raw Materials by Source, 1900-1977 9 4 Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States: 1900-1977 11 5 Production of Raw Materials in the United States: 1900-1977 15 6 Price Indexes for Raw Materials in the United States: 1900-1977 17 7 Average Annual Gross Imports and Exports of Raw Materials for the United States: 1900-1977 20 8 Raw Materials Trends in the United States: 1970-1977 24 9 Food Consumption, Prices, and Imports in the United States: 1900-1977 27 10 Energy Materials Consumption, Prices, and Imports in the United States: 1900-1977 32 1 1 Physical-Structure Materials Consumption, Prices, and Imports in the United States: 1900-1977 39 APPENDKES Appendix A The Measures of Raw Materials Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption and Methods of Construction 45 General Methods Employed 45 Scope of the Series 45 Sources of Data Used 46 Contents— Conti n ued Agricultural Materials 46 Fishery and Wildlife Products 48 Forest Products 49 Minerals 49 Direct Energy 52 Raw Materials Consumption, by End Use 52 Further Refinements 53 B The Raw Materials Price Indexes 79 General Methods Employed 79 Types and Sources of Data Used 79 Scope of the Series 81 Effect of Changing Weight Base 81 Comparative Price Indexes for All Wholesale Commodities and Finished Commodities 81 APPENDD( TABLES Tables Al Production of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 54 A2 Imports of Raw Materials Into the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 56 A3 Exports of Raw Materials From the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 „ 58 A4 Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 60 A5 Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Use Classes: 1900 to 1977 62 A6 Consumption of Agricultural and Fishery Products in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Food and Nonfood Use: 1924 to 1977 64 A7 Gross and Net Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Agricultural Materials in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Groups: 1961 to 1977 65 A8 Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Fishery Products in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Groups: 1967 to 1977 66 A9 Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977 67 A10 Primary and Secondary Production of Nonferrous Metals, Except Precious Metals and Uranium, in Constant 1972 Dollars: 1910 to 1977 76 Al 1 Stocks of Mineral Products Used in Adjusting Consumption, by Major Mineral Product, Decade Averages, 1900-1969, and Averages 1970-1974 and 1975-1977 (Excludes Government Stocks) .... 77 A12 Consumption of Energy Materials in the United States in British Thermal Units, by Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 78 Bl Index of Raw Materials Prices: 1900 to 1977 84 B2 Raw Materials Represented in the Price Indexes 86 B3 Domestic Agricultural, Fishery, and Wildlife Materials Included in the Price Indexes 88 B4 Comparison of Segment Price Indexes at the Splicing Points 89 B5 Comparison of Changing Weight and Constant Weight Price Indexes for Selected Years 90 CHAPTER 1 — Orientation and Definitions Today, as throughout recorded history, availability of raw materials is one of the major concerns of mankind, of his governments, and of his relations with other nations. He devotes most of his time to supplying his physical needs for food, shelter, and communication. He expects his government to be concerned that he has an adequate supply of these things and to take necessary actions to maintain such a supply. BACKGROUND OF THIS REPORT In order to focus attention on the long-range rather than on the short-range materials situation, a President's Materials Policy Commission (PMPC) was established early in 1951 under the chairmanship of W. S. Paley. In June 1952, it issued the five-volume report. Resources for Freedom, which included a wealth of statistical, technological, and economic studies as background for the recommendations of the Commission. Among the statistical materials developed in this Paley report were measures of raw materials production, consumption, and net exports for each year of the period 1900-1950. The measures represented the aggregate value of raw materials at the point of production in terms of constant 1935-1939 dollars. Separate totals were shown for 19 major groups or subgroups of raw materials, with further details shown for 20 metallic minerals and 7 energy sources. The Bureau of the Census was asked by the Executive Di- rector of the Paley Commission to take the responsibility of keeping these measures up to date and revising them when necessary. Requests were also received for gross figures on im- ports and exports of raw materials. As a consequence of these requests, in 1954, the Bureau of the Census Working Paper No. 1, Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1952, by Vivian Eberle Spencer of the Bureau of the Census and Charles A. R. Wardwell of the Office of Business Economics was issued as a preliminary report. This report included revised annual production and consumption measures similar to those constructed for the Commission. These measures covered the period 1900-1950 and were more precise and somewhat more comprehensive than the earlier statistics. In addition, this report presented comparable 1951 and 1952 figures. Gross imports and exports were shown for the first time. As before, raw materials were classified by the industry in which they are primarily produced, but the report also presented a new classification of raw materials on the basis of the major purposes for which they are used: For foods, energy materials, or physical-structure materials. Another feature, available for the first time in this report, was annual price series at the raw-materials level, which were constructed on a basis comparable to the consumption series. Many analyti- cal tables and considerable background material intended to orient the significance of these basic raw materials figures were also presented. In 1963, Bureau of the Census Working Paper No. 6, Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1961 , by Vivian Eberle Spencer of the Bureau of the Census, was pub- lished. In this report the basic statistical series were extended to cover the years 1953 through 1961. This report benefitted from the availability of (1) the 1954 Census of Mineral In- dustries to yield a more up-to-date weight base and (2) the U.S. Department of Agriculture's new measures of supply and utilization of farm commodities to give more precise agricul- ture figures and to eliminate some inherent duplications in the original series. This report also included, in Appendices A and B, details on production, imports, exports, consumption, and price measures for more detailed groups of commodities. The broad group series for production, imports, exports, and con- sumption were presented both in terms of 1954 and 1935- 1939 average dollars. While the price series were shown on a 1954 index base, they had been revised to use changing con- sumption weight bases for the four periods: 1905-1909, 1920- 1924, 1935-1939, and 1950-1954. In 1969, Working Paper No. 30, Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1966, by the same author was published jointly by the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of the Census. The most significant new contributions in this report were (1) the complete basic series for 1962-1966; (2) the presentation of consumption rather than "apparent consumption" for minerals, by the introduction, insofar as possible, of stock adjustments in the minerals consumption statistics; (3) the inclusion throughout of the economic statistics figures from the 1963 Censuses of Mineral Industries and Manufactures; and (4) the extension of the series to more completely cover Alaska and Hawaii. In 1972, Working Paper No. 35, Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1969, by the same author was issued jointly by the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of the Census. The major contributions of this report were presentation of the production, import, export, and consumption series in terms of 1967 dollars; introduction of the weight base 1965-1969 for the last 1 1 years of the price indexes; and extension of the series to cover 1967, 1968, and 1969. The present report adds to this series of studies information on the very notable and rapidly changing raw materials patterns of the first 8 years of the 1970's. In this period we see some of 1 the most significant shifts in production, import, export, and price patterns that have occurred in the last quarter century. The basic quantity series are presented in terms of 1972 constant dollars. For the price series, the index base is 1972. The basic production and consumption series have been extended to include direct energy (hydro, geothermal, wind, and solar). They were also extended to include horses and mules, and the feed for them which was quite significant in the early years of this century, and to include energy from uranium which be- came significant in the last decade. More firmly grounded series have been developed for fishery and wildlife products. For the first time, price indexes for these items have been included, although only for the later years. The basic production, imports, exports, consumption, and price series are presented in a man- ner exactly comparable to that used in the more recent reports of this series. However, new methods of analysis are also in- cluded, and new, revised, or improved series from government and private organizations are made use of. Chart 1 shows, for the period 1970-1977, the composition by source of the raw materials consumption series. Although the classes oil and gas and meat animals account for 50 percent of the total consumption in this period, the remaining 26 classes of products shown indicate considerable diversification, with 19 of them amounting to between 1 and 4 billion dollars. To what extent do we really need the two dominant classes? How do we get them? How could we substitute a variety of other classes for them? The present report gives only the back- ground of what we have done in the 20th Century, and the trends in the direction in which we seem to be going now. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS "Raw materials" as the term is used in this study refers to the products of the primary stage of production. Thus iron ore is a raw material while pig iron is a semi fabricated product. Similarly, sawlogs and pulpwood are raw materials while lumber and wood pulp are semifabricated materials. The "raw materials industries" are those which perform the first step of extracting natural resources in crude or semicrude form. They include farming, forestry and logging, fishing and trapping, and the development and operation of mines, quarries, and wells, together with the concentration or preparation of crude minerals which is usually performed before they are marketed. The processing of food products is excluded, such as canning, flour milling, or meatpacking; also excluded is the production of woodpulp, the making of finished lumber products, the conversion of mineral fuels in petroleum refineries and coke ovens, the smelting of metallic ores, and the produc- tion of cement or lime from limestone. Raw materials consumption is derived as production plus imports minus exports of raw materials, adjusted for changes in stocks wherever possible. Such stock adjustments have been made for the types of farm commodities produced in the United States for the period 1924-1977 and for most mineral commodi- ties for which stock changes are significant. Where adequate stock series were not available, "apparent consumption" was used, treating raw materials as though they were consumed in the same year as that in which they were produced or im- ported. For such materials, actual consumption is overstated for a year in which raw materials inventories are being accumu- lated and understated for a year in which these inventories are being liquidated. The raw materials consumption figures approximate raw materials requirements for the end -use products consumed in the United States in the given year. The raw materials equiva- lents of imported, or exported, semifabricated and fabricated products were estimated and included, insofar as feasible. Such estimates affected the results most significantly for certain metallic materials, chemical materials, and forest products. The consumption figures for each year represent first con- sumption in the United States; figures for consumption of domestic scrap are not included in the basic series. The specific raw materials included under each classification are indicated in the text of Appendix A and in Tables B2 and B3 of Appendix B. See also Chart 1 . CHART I.- RAW MATERIALS CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DETAILED SOURCE GROUPS^ AVERAGE 1970-1977 (In billions of 1972 dollars) AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS CROPS Foods GRAINS 8f SUGAR CROPS FRUITS 8 TREE NUTS VEGETABLES, INCLUDING POTATOES OIL CROPS COFFEE, COCOA, TEA, a SPICES Nonfoods COTTON TOBACCO OIL CROPS, RUBBER, HORSE FEED, a OTHER LIVESTOCK Foods DAIRY PRODUCTS 8 HONEY MEAT ANIMALS POULTRY a EGGS Nonfoods MOHAIR S SHORN WOOL SILK, HORSES, a OTHER i — i — r 3 4 5 6 i — i — i — i — i — r I 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 FISHERY PRODUCTS WILDLIFE PRODUCTS FISHERY AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS SAWLOGS PULPWOOD OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS FOREST PRODUCTS MINERALS METAL ORES IRON a FERROALLOY ORES OTHER METAL ORES MINERAL FUELS COAL OIL 6 GAS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS STONE SAND 8 fiRAVEL CLAY 8 OTHER MATERIALS OTHER NONMETALLIC MINERALS CHEMICAL & FERTILIZER MINERALS ABRASIVES a OTHER DIRECT ENERGY WATER, GEOTHERMAL, WIND, a SOLAR CHAPTER 2.— Uses, Sources, and Prices of Raw Materials The tremendous technological developments of the 20th Century are associated with significant changes in the uses and sources of raw materials. Some of these changes reflect changing user preferences for particular materials or products, but perhaps to a greater extent they reflect changes in availability of particular commodities and demands for specific physical characteristics to fit the requirements of now technologies. BROAD USE CLASSES It is fruitful to divide raw materials into three broad use classes: Food for human beings, energy materials which supply warmth and provide motive power for our devices, and materials which make up the physical structure of the things we make and use. The food group includes both agricultural foods, produced on farms and ranches, and fishery food products. Energy ma- terials cover the fuel uses of coal, oil, gas, wood, and uranium; direct energy supplied by falling water, wind, sun, and geo- thermal processes; and feed for horses and mules. All other raw materials are included in the physical-structure materials group. Foods have accounted for about one-half of our raw materials use throughout the century (see Table 1). In the last decade (as also in the 1910-1919 period) this ratio was only 47 percent. Whereas, in the great depression of 1930-1935 it rose to 56 percent. But in most of the rest of the century it remained between 48 and 51 percent. In contrast, the portion of our raw materials used for energy has increased in each succeeding 5-year period since 1940, from 22.9 percent of all raw materials in 1940-1944 to 29.7 for the 1975-1977 period. Much of this century, physical-structure materials have con- stituted about one-fourth of all raw materials used. However, this ratio fell to 22.8 percent for 1975-1977 and in the de- pression period of 1930-1934 it dropped to 20.2 percent. In the first two decades of the century the ratio was somewhat higher, with a peak of 29.6 percent in 1905-1909. Per capita consumption figures by broad use classes are shown in Table 2. Chart 2 provides a comparison of data for population and consumption of raw materials by use classes. The smallness of the change in consumption per capita for all raw materials is somewhat surprising. In 1906, per capita con- sumption of all raw materials had already reached $412 per year, a figure not exceeded until 1942. After 1947, this figure was exceeded again only once until 1964. Since that time this ratio has been increasing. The peak of $454 was attained in 1977, reflecting primarily a large increase in demand for energy materials in recent years. Food consumption per capita reached a peak for recent years in 1976 of over $214 per person. The only previous time when as high a ratio is shown is at the end of World War II (1944-1946) when some foods used for relief purposes probably were included in the consumption figures. Per capita consump- tion of physical-structure materials was slightly lower ($106) Table 1. Foods, Energy Materials, and Physical-Structure Materials as Percents of All Raw Materials Consumed in the United States: 1900 to 1977 Period Foods Energy materials Physical- structure materials Period Foods Energy materials Physical- structure materials 1975-1977.. . 1970-1974... 1965-1969... 1960-1964... 1955-1959... 1950-1954... 1945-1949... 1940-1944... 47.5 47.0 48.0 50.3 50.0 49.5 51.4 50.6 29.7 28.8 26.2 24.7 24.2 23.8 23.5 22.9 22.8 24.2 25.9 24.9 25.8 26.7 25.1 26.5 1935-1939 1930-1934 1925-1929 1920-1924 1915-1919 1910-1914 1905-1909 1900-1904 52.7 56.1 48.9 49.2 46.0 47.4 47.8 49.6 23.7 23.7 24.3 25.6 25.9 24.0 22.6 21.5 23.5 20.2 26.7 25.2 28.1 28.6 29.6 28.8 Source: Based on table A5, in 1977 than in 1900 ($108). This ratio was highest ($125) in 1906 and lowest ($61) in 1933 and 1934. For per capita energy consumption there have been much more striking changes over the nearly 8 decades of the series. The peak per capita consumption of $136 in 1977 was 74 percent higher than the $78 of 1900. Moreover, the increase in the last decade alone was 22 percent. Energy ratios have shown consistent increases throughout most of the century, if we disregard de- pression and war periods. For a discussion of the composition of these ratios, by more detailed classes see Chapters 5, 6, and 7. The trends in per capita consumption can be better analized from the decade Figures shown on page 7 for the highest rate of consumption, the lowest rate of consumption, and the decade average annual consumption. Comparison of the high and low rates for each decade gives a measure of the stability of the average rate if such rates are used to project requirements for other periods. Table 2. Population and Per Capita Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Use Classes: 1900 to 1977 (Money figures in cone tant 1972 dollars) Population (millions) Per capita consumption (dollars) of — Year Population (millions) Per capita consump! ion (dollars ) of-- Year All raw materials Foods Energy materials Physical- structure materials All raw materials Foods Energy materials Physical- structure materials 216.8 215.1 213.6 211.9 210.4 208.8 207.1 204.9 202.7 200.7 198.7 196.6 194.3 191.9 189.2 186.5 183.7 180.7 177.8 174.9 172.0 168.9 165.9 163.0 160.2 157.6 154.9 152.3 149.8 147.2 144.7 141.9 140.5 138.9 137.2 135.4 133.9 132.6 453.8 451.7 423.6 444.5 452.0 452.8 442.7 435.7 439.8 437.6 426.2 427.9 417.5 414.3 403.9 400.7 392.7 394.5 403.1 391.9 400.7 416.2 411.8 395.5 407.0 403.2 406.4 408.7 386.7 409.0 413.0 414.9 419.2 431.4 418.6 414.2 409.0 375.7 211.5 214.5 205.5 207.7 203.6 213.1 212.3 209.8 209.7 210.0 206.1 203.0 201.9 205.6 203.3 201.0 200.5 199.1 200.5 197.2 201.8 207.4 204.1 200.1 201.4 199.4 198.5 200.7 198.7 201.0 211.7 217.4 221.4 224.9 213.0 205.6 198.8 194.0 136.0 133.7 125.5 130.3 134.8 130.2 124.4 122.2 121.1 116.5 111.2 108.4 105.0 102.1 100.9 99.1 96.6 97.6 97.6 96.2 97.9 99.7 98.4 93.2 96.2 96.2 99.0 95.5 91.0 98.4 98.3 93.3 98.3 100.2 97.4 92.9 91.9 87.1 106.3 103.5 92.5 106.5 113.6 109.5 106.0 103.7 109.0 111.1 109.0 116.5 110.7 106.6 99.7 100.6 95.6 97.8 104.9 98.4 101.0 109.1 109.3 102.3 109.3 107.7 108.8 112.4 97.0 109.6 103.0 104.2 99.6 106.2 108.3 115.6 118.3 94.6 1939 131.5 130.5 129.5 128.7 127.9 127.0 126.2 125.4 124.6 123.6 122.2 120.9 119.4 117.8 116.1 114.4 112.3 110.4 108.8 106.8 105.4 104.9 103.7 102.3 100.8 99.4 97.5 95.6 94.2 92.7 90.8 89.0 87.3 85.7 84.0 82.4 80.8 79.4 77.8 76.3 358.4 332.9 359.9 353.1 326.7 325.2 317.3 304.1 333.1 353.0 383.5 373.2 376.2 387.7 384.3 383.9 397.3 369.4 333.9 392.9 385.2 396.2 398.5 387.5 379.4 396.7 399.1 405.6 402.0 403.0 405.1 395.0 406.9 412.5 402.0 400.3 391.5 382.9 372.7 372.4 190.1 181.4 181.4 184.1 175.6 187.4 187.3 178.8 183.4 184.2 186.9 184.5 185.5 188.5 186.8 189.7 193.3 187.5 168.5 183.5 182.4 180.4 181.2 171.3 180.7 189.1 185.5 195.8 191.1 190.1 193.3 192.5 189.6 197.3 194.4 200.4 193.2 189.4 183.7 186.3 82.3 78.3 86.1 85.1 79.1 76.9 74.3 72.3 78.6 84.3 92.1 90.7 91.2 95.6 93.5 95.5 100.8 90.7 91.2 103.6 99.2 103.8 104.9 100.8 94.7 93.8 99.6 97.3 95.1 95.0 92.2 89.5 95.7 89.8 89.7 85.8 87.4 80.7 80.8 78.2 86. 1 1938 73.2 1977 1937 92.3 1976 1936 1935 83.8 1975 71.9 1974. . . 1934 60.8 1973. . . 1933 60.7 1972 1932 1931 53.0 1971. . 71.1 1970 1930 1929 84.4 1969 104.4 1968.. . 1928 98.0 1967 1927 99.5 1966. . . 1926 103.5 1965.. . 1925 103.9 1964 1924 1923 98.7 1963 103.2 1962. . . 1922 91.2 1961. . 1921 74.3 1960 1920 105.8 1959 1919 103.7 1958 1918 112.0 1957 1917 112.4 1956 1916 115.4 1955. . . 1915 104.1 1954. . . 1914 113.8 1953 1913 114.0 1952 1912 112.6 1951.. 1911 115.9 1950.. . 1910 118.0 1949 1948 1947 1909 1908 1907 119.6 113.0 121.6 1946 1906 1905 125.3 1945 117.9 1944 1904 114.1 1943 1903 110.8 1942 1902 112.8 1941 1901 108.3 1940 1900 107.9 Source: "Population" represents Census estimates (including Alaska and Hawaii) for July 1 of each year. For the periods 1917-1919 and 1930-1977, includes Armed Forces overseas. The "Per capita consumption" figures were computed by dividing appropriate figures in table A5 by these "population' figures. CHART 2-UNITED STATES POPULATION, 1900-1990 CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS BY USE, 1900-1977 (Consumption meosured in consloM 1972 dollars. The highest and lowest census projections of population ore shown tor the period 1980-1990.) ENERGY MATERI/ / / V'.'— ., ■&• J' PHYSICAL >»*»/"N. / ~'-\i STRUCTURE MATER .y \ i '■\£- ,Aj> Raw Materials Consumption Rates per Capita (In constant 1972 dollars) All raw materials Foods Energy materials Physical -structure materials Period Year Dollars per capita Year Dollars per capita Year Dollars per capita Year Dollars per capita Highest rate of consumption 1970-1977 1960-1969 1950-1959 1940-1949 1930-1939 1920-1929.... 1910-1919.... 1900-1909 1977 1969 1956 1944 1937 1923 1912 1906 453.8 439.8 416.2 431.4 359.9 397.3 405.6 412.5 1976 1968 1956 1944 1939 1923 1912 1904 214.5 210.0 207.4 224.9 190.1 193.3 195.8 200.4 1977 1969 1956 1944 1937 1920 1917 1907 136.0 121.1 99.7 100.2 86.1 103.6 104.9 95.7 1973 1966 1950 1941 1937 1920 1910 1906 113.6 116.5 112.4 118.3 92.3 105.8 118.0 125.3 Lowest rate of consumption 1970-1977 1960-1969 1950-1959.... 1940-1949.... 1930-1939 1920-1929 1910-1919 1900-1909 1975 1961 1958 1940 1932 1921 1915 1900 423.6 392.7 391.9 375.7 304.1 333.9 379.4 372.4 1973 1960 1958 1940 1935 1921 1916 1901 203.6 199.1 197.2 194.0 175.6 168.5 171.3 183.7 1970 1961 1954 1940 1932 ( 1922 V 1928 1914 1900 122.2 96.6 93.2 87.1 72.3 | 90.7 93.8 78.2 1975 1961 1958 1940 1932 1921 1919 1900 92.5 95.6 98.4 94.6 53.0 74.3 103.7 107.9 Average rate of consumption 1970-1977.. .. 1960-1969 1950-1959.... 1940-1949.... 1930-1939.... 1920-1929 1910-1919 1900-1909.... - 444.6 415.5 404.4 409.2 336.4 378.2 395.3 394.1 - 209.8 204.0 201.1 208.6 182.9 185.5 184.8 192.0 - 129.6 105.8 97.1 94.9 79.7 94.5 98.4 87.0 - 105.2 105.7 106.2 105.6 73.7 98.2 112.2 115.1 BROAD SOURCE CLASSES Another important way to study raw materials is on the basis of sources of the materials: from mineral deposits; from forests; from oceans, lakes, and streams; or from agriculture. This classification permits us to consider the kinds of tech- nology and manual skills required; the classification of the materials as exhaustable, semiexhaustable, or renewable; and the ecological and environmental impact of selecting particular materials. Table 3 and Chart 3 compare population and consumption of materials by major source classes. Per capita consumption of agricultural materials declined from $243 in 1900 and $262 in 1906 to $217 in 1973 and $223 in 1977. At the same time consumption of forest products declined from $72 in 1900 and 1901 to $25 in 1975 and $30 in 1977. Meanwhile, minerals per capita consumption increased from $49 in 1900 to $189 in 1977. It is interesting to note that while per capita annual con- sumption of all raw materials was at a peak of $454 in 1977, 8 and had risen 6 percent in the last decade, it was only 10 percent higher than the first decade peak of $412. However, the per capita ratios for none of the five major sources of raw materials attained a peak in 1977. The peak for agricultural products in the 70's occurred in 1971, for fishery and wildlife products in 1972, for forest products and minerals in 1973, and for direct energy in 1974 and 1975. Nevertheless, the peak year for per capita energy materials use was 1977, as previously mentioned, with a 22 percent increase in the last decade. In the same decade per capita consumption of foods increased by less than 3 percent, and per capita consumption of physical- structure materials declined by over 2 percent. Table 3. Per Capita Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 (Money figures in constant 197 2 dollars) Per capita consumption (dollars) Df-- Year Per capita consumption (dollars) of— Year All raw Agricultural Fishery and wildlife Forest Direct All raw Agricultural Fishery and wildlife Forest Minerals Direct materials materials products products energy materials materials products products energy 1939 358.4 229.3 7.8 36.9 83.0 1.4 1938 332.9 218.8 7.2 34.2 71.3 1.4 1977 453.8 223.0 8.7 29.6 188.7 3.8 1937 359.9 226.5 7.7 37.7 86.6 1.4 1976 451.7 226.5 8.8 28.0 183.5 5.0 1936 353.1 225.1 7.5 36.4 82.8 1.2 1975 423.6 217.8 7.6 24.8 168.0 5.3 1935 326.7 217.2 6.5 32.6 69.2 1.2 1974 444.5 219.5 7.9 27.6 184.2 5.3 1934 325.2 224.0 6.0 29.9 64.2 1.1 452.0 217.4 8.1 30.6 191.0 4.9 1933 317.3 220.2 5.9 29.1 61.0 1.1 1972 452.8 225.5 9.5 30.5 182.3 4.9 1932 304.1 214.6 5.7 26.3 56.4 1.1 1971 442.7 226.7 8.6 29.9 172.7 4.8 1931 333.1 222.8 7.0 30.9 71.5 1.0 435.7 223.9 9.1 28.6 169.5 4.5 1930 353.0 222.8 7.9 38.7 82.6 1.1 1969 439.8 225.9 8.9 29.9 170.5 4.6 1929 383.5 230.8 8.4 45.9 97.2 1.2 1968 437.6 227.1 10.3 30.4 165.6 4.2 1928 373.2 228.2 7.7 44.5 91.5 1.2 1967 426.2 223.8 9.3 29.7 159.2 4.2 1927 376.2 231.6 7.5 46.2 89.9 1.1 1966 427.9 221.6 10.0 31.2 161.4 3.7 1926 387.7 237.0 6.9 48.6 94.3 1.0 417.5 220.4 9.4 31.6 152.4 3.8 1925 384.3 237.1 6.3 50.4 89.6 0.9 1964 414.3 224.8 9.0 31.3 145.7 3.5 1924 383.9 238.7 6.8 50.5 87.0 0.8 1963 403.9 221.6 8.7 30.4 139.9 3.3 1923 397.3 243.8 6.2 53.7 92.8 0.8 400.7 220.8 9.0 29.8 137.6 3.4 1922 369.4 237.0 6.4 50.3 75.0 0.8 392.7 220.4 8.2 29.2 131.8 3.1 1921 333.9 214.0 6.2 46.2 66.8 0.7 394.5 221.2 8.0 30.0 132.3 3.1 1920 392.9 245.4 6.9 53.5 86.3 0.7 1959 403.1 224.7 8.0 32.9 134.6 2.9 1919 385.2 244.9 7.0 53.3 79.4 0.6 1958 391.9 220.2 8.3 30.6 129.7 3.0 1918 396.2 250.2 7.0 52.1 86.2 0.6 1957 400.7 224.9 8.0 31.0 133.9 2.9 1917 398.5 247.4 7.5 55.9 87.1 0.5 1956 416.2 233.4 8.3 35.4 136.2 2.7 1916 387.5 234.6 7.5 60.1 84.8 0.5 1955 411.8 231.5 8.1 35.3 134.3 2.6 1915 379.4 241.0 7.5 57.7 72.7 0.4 1954 395.5 226.0 8.4 34.5 124.1 2.5 1914 396.7 258.6 7.7 61.2 68.8 0.4 1953 407.0 230.7 8.6 35.4 129.8 2.5 1913 399.1 248.3 7.4 64.7 78.3 0.4 1952 403.2 229.2 8.7 36.2 126.6 2.6 1912 405.6 254.7 7.1 67.3 76.1 0.3 1951 406.4 230.3 8.4 37.0 128.1 2.5 1911 402.0 255.8 7.4 66.8 71.7 0.3 1950 408.7 234.7 8.8 38.2 124.5 2.5 1910 403.0 251.0 7.5 69.8 74.5 0.3 1949 386.7 229.7 9.1 34.4 111.2 2.3 1909 405.1 256.3 7.3 71.1 70.1 0.3 1948 409.0 238.0 10.0 38.9 119.8 2.2 1908 395.0 255.4 7.4 69.6 62.4 0.2 1947 413.0 247.2 8.9 37.6 117.1 2.1 1907 406.9 251.4 7.5 75.4 72.3 0.2 1946 414.9 254.2 12.3 37.0 109.1 2.2 1906 412.5 262.0 7.7 74.6 67.9 0.2 1945 419.2 256.7 11.9 33.2 115.1 2.2 1905 402.0 256.1 7.9 72.6 65.3 0.2 1944 431.4 265.8 10.2 36.8 116.5 2.1 1904 400.3 261.7 7.9 72.9 57.7 0.2 1943 418.6 252.9 9.8 37.7 116.1 2.1 1903 391.5 249.5 7.9 72.8 61.1 0.2 1942 414.2 249.3 8.7 41.2 113.1 1.9 1902 382.9 246.6 7.9 72.7 55.6 0.2 409.0 245.3 8.8 42.5 110.9 1.5 1901 372.7 239.5 8.0 72.0 53.1 0.2 375.7 235.1 8.2 38.3 92.6 1.5 1900 372.4 243.4 7.8 71.7 49.4 0.1 Source: "Per capita consumption" figures were computed by dividing appropriate figures in table A4 by population figures as shown in table 2. CHART 3-UNITED STATES POPULATION, 1900-1990 CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS BY SOURCE, 1900-1977 (Consumption measured In constant 1972 dollars The highest ond lowest census projections of population are shown for the period 1980-1990.) AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS/ / \ / / v ■—•y V /V U- -^--\ ^—r^ =£*^ -v/ V' FOREST PRODUCTS IISHERY AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS ir 10 AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATERIALS In spite of the increasing rates of raw materials consumption, these rates are not increasing nearly as fast as our standard of living. As shown in the tabulation below in billions of 1972 dollars, G.N.P. was nearly 14 times as large as the value of raw materials consumed in 1977, compared with 12 times in 1969, 8 times in 1949, and only 4 times in 1900. Clearly, we have made great strides in making raw materials go further. Ratio of Gross National Product to Raw Materials Consumption Billion 1972 dollars Year Gross national product (GNP) All raw materials (RM) Ratio of GNP to RM 1977.... 1,337 98.4 13.6 1969 1,088 89.2 12.2 1959.... 713 71.7 9.9 1949.... 486 57.9 8.4 1939 314 47.1 6.7 1929.... 305 46.9 6.5 1919 219 40.6 5.4 1909 175 36.8 4.8 1900 115 28.4 4.0 The average annual increase in raw materials consumption showed rapid expansion between the 1920's and the 1950's, and a further expansion in the 1960's. However, by the 1970's there were significant contractions in this rate for all of the classes shown below, even for mineral fuels. A similar reversal of trend, but showing a more rapid decline, appears in the figures for the average annual percent increase in consumption. Chart 4, based on Table A5, provides a summary picture of the percent distribution of consumption of raw materials by use classes. This chart highlights the increasing dependence of our economy on oil and gas for energy purposes: an increase from only 2 percent in 1900, to 52 percent in 1948, a peak of nearly 80 percent in 1972, then a slight decline to 77 percent in 1976. The chart also points up our increasing dependence on minerals for physical-structure materials: from 16 percent in 1900 to a peak of 57 percent in 1974. Table 4 provides, by decades and by source, a comparison of the distribution of domestic production of raw materials with domestic raw materials consumption. It shows that where- as the portion of production accounted for by agricultural materials has declined only from 64 percent in the first decade to 60 percent in 1975-1977, consumption has declined in the same period from 64 percent to 50 percent. For forest products, a decline is shown for both production and consumption from 18 percent in 1900-1909 to 6 percent in the late 1970's. Min- erals accounted for 16 percent of both production and con- sumption at the beginning of the century. This rose to 32 percent of production in 1975-1977, and to 41 percent of consumption in the same period. The percent of total con- sumption represented by minerals increased for each period over the preceding one, except in the depression of the 1930's. For domestic production, however, the 32 percent for 1975- 1977 represented a decline from 35 percent for 1970-1974. Increases in Raw Materials Consumption and in Population Item 1969- 1977 1959- 1969 — — — — — — — — — 1949- 1959 1919- 1929 1900- 1909 Average annual increase in consumption (billion 1972 dollars or million persons) 1.15 0.32 0.79 0.68 1.76 1.75 0.59 1.06 0.79 2.49 1.37 0.55 0.73 0.48 2.80 0.63 0.24 0.35 0.23 1.68 0.93 0.52 0.29 0.21 1.61 Agricultural materials ..... Mineral fuels Average annual percent increase in consumption 1.23 0.67 2.11 2.46 0.84 2.17 1.37 3.63 3.80 1.31 2.12 1.49 3.58 3.34 1.71 1.43 0.89 3.46 3.15 1.48 2.85 2.50 5.70 6.16 1.93 Mineral fuels 11 CHART 4.-C0NSUMPTI0N OF RAW MATERIALS IN THE UNITED STATES : 1900-1977 ALL RAW MATERIALS ft ^^^f*X^Q l U^sC^ FOODS ,■ ,:::•.•.% S ENERGY MATERIALS :¥:S:$:J ENERGY MATERIALS PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATERIALS 12 Table 4. Percent Distribution of Production and Consumption of Product Groups: 10- Year Periods, 1900 to Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad 1974, and 1975 to 1977 Raw materials group Average 1975- 1977 1970- 1974 1960- 1969 1950- 1959 1940- 1949 1930- 1939 1920- 1929 1910- 1919 1900- 1909 PRODUCTION All raw materials million 1972 dollars. percent. Agricultural materials do. Crops do . Livestock do. Fishery and wildlife products do. Direct energy do. Forest products do. Sawlogs do. Pulpwood do. Other forest products do. All minerals do. Metal ores do. Mineral fuels do. Construction materials do. Other nonmetallic minerals do. CONSUMPTION All raw materials million 1972 dollars. percent . Agricultural materials do. Crops do. Livestock do. Fishery and wildlife products do. Direct energy do. Forest products do. Sawlogs do. Pulpwood do. Other forest products do. All minerals do. Metal ores do. Mineral fuels do. Construction materials do. Other nonmetallic minerals do. Source: Based on table 5. 89,486 100.0 60.2 221.9 35.4 1.0 1.1 6.0 3.5 1.0 1.5 31.6 3.2 23.2 3.3 1.8 95,345 100.0 50.2 16.4 33.8 1.9 1.1 6.2 3.6 1.1 1.5 40.6 5.3 30.1 3.2 2.0 85,383 100.0 56.3 20.6 35.7 i.O 1.2 6.5 3.8 1.2 1.5 35.0 3.7 25.8 3.7 1.8 92,959 100.0 50.0 16.3 33.6 1.9 1.1 6.6 3.8 1.3 1.5 40.4 5.7 29.3 3.5 1.9 75,321 100.0 58.0 20.5 37.5 1.2 0.9 7.1 4.3 1.0 1.8 32.8 3.6 24.1 3.6 1.6 80,098 100.0 53.6 17.6 36.0 2.2 0.9 7.3 4.4 1.2 1.7 36.1 5.5 25.5 3.5 1.6 63,379 100.0 58.9 21.0 37.9 1.4 0.7 8.3 5.3 0.9 2.2 30.7 3.7 23.0 2.8 1.2 66,612 100.0 56.5 19.8 36.7 2.1 0.7 8.5 5.4 1.1 2.0 32.2 5.5 22.6 2.8 1.3 55,236 100.0 60.7 22.0 38.6 5.7 0.6 3.0 27.6 3.9 21.2 1.7 0.8 57,367 100.0 60.4 23.1 37.4 2.4 0.5 9.2 5.6 0.8 2.8 27.4 5.1 19.7 1.7 0.9 41,614 100.0 64.5 25.3 39.1 1.6 0.4 10.2 5.2 0.3 4.7 23.3 2.9 18.4 1.5 0.5 42,902 100.0 66.0 26.3 39.8 2.1 0.4 9.9 4.9 0.7 4.4 21.7 2.5 17.1 1.5 0.5 42,986 100.0 61.2 25.3 35.9 1.4 0.2 13.2 8.0 0.2 4.9 24.0 3.7 18.0 1.9 0.4 43,478 100.0 61.9 25.1 36.8 1.8 0.2 12.9 7.8 0.5 4.6 23.1 3.8 16.9 1.9 0.5 40,091 100.0 62.4 27.1 35.2 1.4 0.1 15.3 9.1 0.2 6.0 20.7 4.1 14.7 1.5 0.3 39,372 100.0 62.9 26.6 36.3 1.9 0.1 15.4 9.2 0.3 5.9 19.8 3.6 14.2 1.6 0.4 34,394 100.0 64.3 27.7 36.6 11.3 0.1 6.7 16.0 3.2 10.9 1.7 0.2 32,901 100.0 64.0 26.8 37.2 2.0 0.1 18.4 11.6 0.2 6.6 15.7 2.8 10.7 1.8 0.3 Table 5 provides a summary for 5 year periods of the basic annual series in Tables Al, A2, A3, and A4 for production, imports, exports, and consumption by broad source classes. More detailed series, by source classes, are provided in Tables A6, A7, and A8 for agricultural and fishery products and in Table A9 for minerals. PRODUCTION OF RAW MATERIALS The total value of domestic production of raw materials amounted to 94 percent of the value of consumption of such materials in 1975-1977, as compared with 105 percent in 1900- 1904. This, however, does not show nearly the full impact of 13 Table 5. Average Annual Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Product Groups, for 5-Year Periods, 1900 to 1974 and 1975 to 1977 (In millions of constant 1972 dollars) Agr icultural materials Fishery and wildlife pr oducts All raw materials Period Total Crops Livestock Total Fishery products Wildlife products Direct energy Product ion : 1975-1977 89,486 85,383 53,913 48,907 22,250 17,598 31,663 30,499 889 782 744 107 102 1,011 1970-1974 1,022 1965-1969 79,557 45,378 16,241 29,137 874 772 102 814 1960-1964 71,085 66,382 60,376 57,223 42,024 39,168 35,468 34,794 14,706 13,809 12,845 12,894 27,318 25,359 22,623 21,900 869 893 911 1,143 771 784 816 1,055 97 109 95 87 612 1955-1959 489 1950-1954 397 1945-1949 321 1940-1944 53,249 43,533 32,238 27,309 11,445 11,202 20,793 16,107 1,002 725 928 665 74 60 249 1935-1939 172 1930-1934 39,695 44,584 26,345 26,723 9,895 11,020 16,449 15,703 618 662 558 617 60 45 133 1925-1929 125 1920-1924 41,388 40,964 39,218 36,644 25,859 25,554 24,473 23,225 10,720 10,943 10,826 9,949 15,139 14,611 13,646 13,277 539 593 557 534 500 561 494 479 39 32 64 55 85 1915-1919 56 1910-1914 32 1905-1909 11 1900-1904 32,144 21,026 9,113 11,913 519 471 48 13 Imports : l 1975-1977 21,507 18,034 14,055 6,027 5,858 5,307 4,362 4,099 3,712 1,665 1,760 1,595 1,110 1,124 1,135 1,054 1,064 1,025 57 60 108 - 1970-1974 _ 1965-1969 - 1960-1964 11,441 10,204 8,611 6,881 4,992 4,490 4,283 3,972 3,606 3,518 3,427 3,153 1,387 972 856 819 793 559 479 422 690 470 371 259 103 89 108 163 _ 1955-1959 _ 1950-1954 _ 1945-1949 - 1940-1944 6,256 3,803 2,872 931 287 153 134 - 1935-1939 5,604 3,998 3,060 937 267 145 122 - 1930-1934 4,581 5,689 3,293 3,885 2,526 2,756 767 1,128 236 262 137 157 99 105 - 1925-1929 - 1920-1924 4,799 4,120 3,232 2,555 3,215 2,940 2,303 1,841 2,302 1,865 1,568 1,365 913 1,075 736 476 228 229 210 167 157 167 153 111 71 62 57 56 - 1915-1919 _ 1910-1914 _ 1905-1909 - 1900-1904 2,175 1,558 1,188 370 148 86 62 - Exports: 1 1975-1977 13,192 11,257 8,682 7,730 6,088 9,919 8,103 6,055 5,557 3,992 8,822 7,132 5,204 4,610 3,225 1,097 972 851 947 767 193 167 108 64 51 101 88 51 29 26 92 79 57 35 25 - 1970-1974 _ 1965-1969 _ 1960-1964 _ 1955-1959 - 1950-1954 4,568 4,438 2,941 2,740 2,442 2,037 499 703 40 54 21 36 19 18 _ 1945-1949 - 1940-1944 3,493 1,831 901 930 48 41 7 - 1935-1939 3,142 3,325 1,670 2,118 1,526 1,871 143 247 41 39 22 20 19 20 _ 1930-1934 - 1925-1929 4,729 4,372 2,851 2,971 2,455 2,307 395 665 43 47 27 33 16 14 _ 1920-1924 - 1915-1919 4,738 3,293 2,165 1,128 67 52 15 - 1910-1914 3,762 3,701 3,675 2,449 2,684 2,883 2,083 1,988 2,015 366 696 868 56 41 41 25 20 20 31 21 22 _ 1905-1909 _ 1900-1904 _ Consumption: 1975-1977 95,345 92,959 85,382 74,813 47,858 46,436 44,450 41,338 15,635 15,163 14,559 13,611 32,223 31,274 29,891 27,728 1,806 1,803 1,901 1,598 1,735 1,721 1,748 1,432 71 83 152 165 1,011 1970-1974 1,022 1965-1969 , 814 1960-1964 612 1955-1959 69,545 63,680 59,132 38,995 36,265 35,472 13,245 13,137 13,348 25,750 23,128 22,124 1,401 1,350 1,510 1,228 1,166 1,279 173 184 232 489 1950-1954 397 1945-1949 321 1940-1944 55,602 33,876 13,116 20,760 1,241 1,040 201 249 1935-1939 44,881 28,958 11,879 17,079 952 788 164 172 1930-1934 40,922 27,687 10,648 17,040 815 675 140 133 1925-1929 45,437 27,775 11,215 16,561 881 747 134 125 1920-1924 41,519 26,067 10,650 15,417 720 624 96 85 1915-1919 40,275 38,470 35,315 25,202 24,327 22,382 10,643 10,311 9,326 14,558 14,016 13,056 755 712 660 676 621 570 79 90 90 56 1910-1914 32 1905-1909 21 1900-1904 30,487 19,701 8,286 11,415 626 537 89 13 See footnotes at end of table. 14 Table 5. Average Annual Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States, by Broad Product Groups, for 5-Year Periods, 1900 to 1974 and 1975 to 1977— Continued (In millions of constant 1972 dollars) Forest products Minerals Period Total Sawlogs Pulpwood Other forest products Total Iron and ferroalloy ores Other metal ores Mineral fuels Construction materials Other nonmetallic minerals Production: 1975-1977 5,388 5,559 5,512 5,185 5,247 5,328 5,018 5,175 4,584 3,919 5,670 5,637 5,780 6,520 6,523 5,943 1,197 1,219 966 771 627 548 362 271 240 201 318 246 171 137 114 77 667 641 474 285 201 165 134 119 212 241 369 264 180 340 291 274 5,919 6,141 6,068 5,622 5,673 5,710 5,247 5,327 4,613 3,880 5,618 5,620 5,771 6,317 6,345 5,746 3,144 3,252 3,313 3,110 3,297 3,433 3,090 3,171 2,465 1,829 3,583 3,330 3,313 4,013 4,104 3,680 748 722 548 448 338 286 142 109 61 61 170 150 117 94 89 62 433 398 278 141 90 76 63 47 105 134 255 174 108 223 170 145 3,458 3,576 3,582 3,417 3,545 3,643 3,168 3,233 2,421 1,757 3,498 3,305 3,322 3,884 4,023 3,596 926 991 871 697 612 477 350 285 166 118 115 92 90 70 59 43 332 364 334 277 256 252 219 160 178 139 146 95 53 42 25 15 182 180 125 85 47 23 16 25 14 8 7 6 7 2 2 1 1,075 1,175 1,081 889 822 707 553 420 330 249 255 181 136 110 82 57 1,318 1,316 1,328 1,378 1,338 1,417 1,579 1,719 1,953 1,972 1,972 2,215 2,377 2,437 2,360 2,220 117 133 84 46 33 10 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 (Z) (Z) 52 63 71 59 64 66 54 47 93 100 108 83 66 115 120 127 1,385 1,390 1,404 1,316 1,306 1,360 1,527 1,674 1,862 1,874 1,865 2,134 2,313 2,323 2,240 2,093 28,286 29,860 26,979 22,396 20,586 18,272 15,947 14,586 10,743 8,679 11,404 9,268 8,980 7,636 6,341 4,643 13,173 9,832 6,647 4,884 4,528 3,301 2,125 1,894 1,099 850 1,225 1,109 780 581 432 392 2,413 2,346 2,045 1,824 1,845 1,421 1,510 1,494 1,219 926 1,466 1,090 1,198 918 685 477 38,752 37,556 32,150 25,643 22,988 19,958 16,582 14,909 10,187 8,406 11,037 9,028 8,491 7,081 5,906 4,402 1,109 1,270 1,236 1,034 1,074 1,160 971 1,100 537 305 693 561 714 541 490 333 1,497 1,455 1,307 942 918 649 409 411 191 96 152 86 125 95 61 94 594 585 468 484 366 206 237 270 179 56 83 70 141 78 38 22 2,065 2,233 2,193 1,517 1,556 1,567 1,117 1,259 544 326 770 579 700 543 509 404 1,788 1,918 1,586 1,517 1,289 1,'126 942 1,311 943 597 1,117 823 1,155 909 775 618 1,756 1,551 1,350 1,000 1,379 1,232 962 1,070 612 440 672 553 481 382 304 230 616 617 578 560 392 283 299 483 332 320 672 472 596 481 351 274 2,990 3,105 2,906 2,159 2,164 2,064 1,700 1,777 778 481 1,077 860 968 634 538 420 20,776 22,012 19,879 16,367 15,303 13,814 12,508 10,891 8,335 7,018 8,440 7,076 6,416 5,404 4,366 3,100 9,202 6,182 3,475 2,570 1,922 1,172 592 273 205 256 304 402 124 40 18 24 834 825 750 617 974 857 914 703 672 524 682 526 449 341 284 164 28,732 27,220 22,487 18,288 16,155 13,985 12,134 10,482 7,887 6,810 7,969 6,737 6,092 5,078 4,109 2,958 2,961 3,148 2,914 2,498 2,095 1,494 1,015 888 691 586 951 647 554 683 628 532 137 156 135 127 111 100 67 46 31 19 40 25 16 16 12 8 37 26 21 11 7 6 6 4 2 1 2 5 5 7 3 11 3,067 3,277 3,052 2,613 2,199 1,589 1,076 930 719 604 989 667 565 692 638 530 1,652 1970-1974 1,511 1965-1969 1,363 1960-1964 1955-1959 979 825 1945-1949 1940-1944 1935-1939 677 512 396 237 1930-1934 1925-1929 1920-1924 1915-1919 173 204 161 142 1910-1914.. . 98 1905-1909 82 1900-1904 Imports: l 1975-1977 60 580 1970-1974 1965-1969 488 380 1960-1964 245 1955-1959 1950-1954 1945-1949 1940-1944 1935-1939 197 148 95 94 59 1930-1934 39 1925-1929 57 1920-1924 43 1915-1919 34 1910-1914 48 1905-1909 38 1900-1904 36 Exports : l 1975-1977 332 1970-1974 1965-1969 293 228 1960-1964 152 1955-1959 1950-1954 1945-1949 1940-1944 1935-1939 1930-1934 106 69 54 34 34 25 1925-1929 27 1920-1924 18 1915-1919 8 1910-1914 12 1905-1909 8 1900-1904 Consumption: 1975-1977 6 1,898 1970-1974 1,722 1965-1969 1,511 1960-1964 1955-1959 1950-1954 1,066 914 752 1945-1949 555 1940-1944 461 1935-1939 259 1930-1934 186 1925-1929 233 1920-1924 1915-1919 185 167 1910-1914 135 1905-1909 1900-1904 112 90 Excludes gold. Source: Based on tables Al, A2, A3, and A4 . Also, see appendix A for the methods used in constructing these measures, and for sources and limitations basis data used. 15 CHART 5.-PR0DUCTI0N OF RAW MATERIALS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1900-1977 (Production measured in constonf 1972 dollars) ALL RAW MATERIALS (NA) (NA) 6.7 4.6 4.8 5.3 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 (NA) (NA) (NA) 3.0 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 (NA ) (NA ) (NA ) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 (NA ) (NA) (NA) 70.0 69.6 68.9 70.0 68.6 69.7 70.6 70.5 69.8 70.5 70.9 70.6 70".5 71.5 70.7 70.4 70.4 70.5 68.9 68.1 67.3 46.9 46.8 45.6 46.7 44.5 46.1 47.1 46.5 46.0 46.6 46.4 45.5 45.1 46.5 45.4 44.4 44.2 44.5 (NA ) (NA) (NA) 8. 8. 8. 8. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 8 8 7 - 5 6 8 8 7 8 6 5 7 5 3 .9 9 1 1 .6 14.6 14.3 14.8 14.6 15.3 14.8 14.8 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.7 16.5 17.1 17.1 17.4 17.9 18.0 18.5 (NA) (NA) (NA) 3.7 197b 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 1 i 6 7 8 8 t. 7 8 5 6 8 8 9 3.7 1974 3.3 3.5 1973 ).(, 1972 3.8 1971 3.4 1970 3.5 1969 3.4 1968 3.5 1967 3.3 1966 3.7 1965 3.5 1964 3.2 1963 3.3 1962 3.5 1961 3.2 1960 3.1 1950 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 3.4 1940 2.8 1930 (N/ I) (NA) 3.2 (NA) Not available. x For 1972, the composition of these classes in millions of dollars is: Grains : Wheat Corn Rice Other Potatoes and beans : Potatoes and sweetpotatoes . Dry beans and peas Other vegetables Fruit and tree nuts: Bananas Other fruit Tree nuts Oil crops : 817 315 827 88 48 Coffee, cocoa, and tea: 1,282 635 1,495 129 923 74 Other food crops: 211 ,608 55 12 248 Meat animals : Cattle and calves 13,764 Hogs 6,416 Sheep and lambs 343 Poultry and eggs: Chickens 1 ,771 Turkeys 487 Eggs 1,639 Dairy products and honey : Dairy products 6,532 Honey 55 Fishery products : Finf ish 865 Shellfish 817 Source: Table A6, A7, and unpublished detail included in these tables . TABLE 13. Approximate Distribution of Food Consumption in the United States Measured in Pounds, by Kind: Decade Years 1920 to 1970 and Annually 1970 to 1977 Approximate pounds per capita Crops (percent of all foods) All crops Potatoes and beans Other vegetables Oil crops Sugar crops Coffee, c oc oa , and tea Livestock (percent of all foods) All livestock Dairy products Fishery products (percent all foods) 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1,368 1,381 1,351 1,352 1,360 1,378 1,374 1,374 1,390 1,442 1,455 1,458 1,444 57.9 57.7 58.0 57.2 57.6 56.4 56.4 56.4 54.6 55.1 58.0 59.2 58.8 10.1 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.6 11.6 13.6 15.3 16.6 9.7 9.2 10.2 11.0 12.1 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.2 13.3 13.3 13.1 12.8 12.2 11.9 10.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.6 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.2 1 .3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2 1 . 1 41.2 41.4 41.1 41.9 41.5 42.7 42.7 42.7 44.6 44.1 41.2 40.1 40.4 14.1 14.1 13.5 14.1 13.1 14.0 14.3 14.0 12.5 10.9 10.8 9.7 10.2 5.6 5.2 4.0 4.1 3.6 20.6 20.9 21.3 21.3 22.0 22.1 21.9 22.2 26.6 28.0 26.4 26.2 26.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 Source: Based on Department of Agriculture figures for civilian per capita consumption of major food commodities, see Agriculture Handbook No. 356, Vol. 5, April 1972. The detail included is: Grains, cornmeal and other corn products except syrup and sugar, oat food products, barley food products, wheat flour, wheat breakfast cereals, rye flour, and milled rice: Potatoes and beans , fresh equivalent of potatoes and sweetpotatoes and dry edible beans; Other vegetables , fresh (including home gardens), canned, and frozen, and melons; Fruit , fresh (farm weight), canned, frozen, and dried; Oil crops , fat content of fats and oils except butter and lard; Sugar crops , refined sugar and corn syrup and sugar; Coffee, cocoa, and tea , green coffee beans, cocoa beans, and tea; Meat animals , carcass weight of beef, veal, lamb, mutton, and pork (including lard); Poultry and eggs, eggs, farm basis converted to pounds, chicken and turkey ready-to-cook; Dairy products, fluid milk and creams, condensed and evaporated whole milk , butter, cheese, and ice cream; Fishery products, edible weight of fresh, frozen, canned, and cured. 30 TABLE 14. Some Nutrients Consumed Per Capita Per Day in the United States: Decade Years 1910 to 1970 and Annually 1970 to 1977 Nutrients available per capita, per day Nutrition balance point 1 Year Food energy (calories ) Protein (grams) Fat (grams) Carbohydrate (grams) n 1 (protein) n 2 (fat) 1977 3,370 3,380 3,250 3,280 3,300 3,320 3,320 3,300 3,140 3,260 3,350 3,440 3,290 3,490 103 103 99 100 99 101 101 100 95 95 93 93 93 102 158 159 152 156 155 158 157 156 143 145 143 134 123 125 391 390 377 376 385 381 381 380 375 40 2 429 474 459 496 . .158 .158 .158 .158 .155 .158 .158 .157 .155 .148 .140 .133 .138 .141 .242 .244 .242 .247 .243 .247 .246 .246 .233 .226 .215 .191 .182 .173 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 19 20 1910 Source: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Resource Service, National Food Situations. Represents civilian consumption only . lr The optimum balance point has been estimated as (.14, .14). TABLE 15. Price Indexes for Foods by Source Classes in the United States: 5-Year Periods and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 (1972=100) Foods by source classes 1 Year or period Foods by source classes Year or period All foods Agricultural foods Fishery foods All foods Agricultural foods Fishery Crops Livestock Crops Livestock foods 1977 153 142 137 109 88 80 69 70 78 75 209 167 161 118 92 90 80 81 86 80 129 130 127 106 87 77 67 66 76 74 203 180 143 107 76 63 50 51 47 44 1945-1949 72 45 31 26 43 43 40 54 44 29 23 20 77 52 34 32 49 53 54 74 55 38 32 25 71 44 31 24 42 40 36 49 42 27 21 19 41 1940-1944 26 1976 1935-1939 2 14 1930-1934 (NA) 1975 1929 (NA) 1970-1974 1925-1929 (NA) 1970 1920-1924. . (NA) (NA) 1965-1969 1920 1960-1964 1915-1919 . . . 1955-1959 (NA) 1950-1954 1910-1914 (NA) 1905-1909 (NA) 1950 1900-1904 (NA) (NA) Not available. 2 For sources see appendix Represents 1939 only. The figures are from table Bl or the worksheets from which it was developed. CHAPTER 6.— Energy Materials In 1977, for the first time in our history, we expended 30 percent of our raw materials for energy purposes. This was up from only 22 percent of our raw materials used for energy in the first decade of this century. Moreover, only 23 percent of our raw materials sufficed for energy during the second world war. The choice of energy materials as the raw material, ex- cept food, that our economy most desires to use is particularly a phenomenon of the last decade. Energy use as a percent of all raw materials use reached 28 percent for the first time in 1970 and has since remained above that figure. Prior to 1966, we had expended 25 percent or less of our raw materials for energy throughout the century, except for an increase of one or two percent in the period 1916-1921. Is this increase due to two cars for almost every family and an air-conditioner in almost every building? Or have we shifted to more energy intensive industrial processes? This report does not try to answer these questions. However, it may be noted that the number of cars in use in- creased between 1960 and 1977 from 56.9 million to 99.9 million, an increase of 76 percent, and the number of trucks increased from 10.8 million to 28.2 million. In the same period population increased by only 20 percent. Moreover, between 1960 and 1977 the number of homes with room air-conditioners increased from 7.8 million to 41.9 million. For the manufacur- ing industries, production increased between 1958 and 1977 by 140 percent, while purchased fuels and electric energy used by these industries (measured in Btu) increased by only 54 percent. PER CAPITAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Per capita consumption of energy increased by 74 percent between 1900 and 1977, from $78 per capita to $136. But most of this increase occurred in the first and last two decades of the century (See Chart 10 and Table 16). By 1917, per capita consumption of energy materials had risen to $105, a figure which was not attained again until 1965. The recent rapid rise in per capita energy consumption began in the early 1960's, amounting to a 40 percent increase from 1960-1961 to 1977. Between 1900 and 1917, this ratio had risen by 34 percent. But during the 1950's the per capita energy consump- tion ratios averaged less than 3 percent higher than those for the 1920's. KINDS OF ENERGY MATERIALS USED The sun may be considered the primary source of almost all the energy which we use. Tremendous quantities of its energy are used continually to grow our crops and our forests and to maintain our Earth at a livable temperature. Moreover, it is primarily fossil fuels that we mine for our energy supply. But, as yet, we use very little of the sun's energy directly to replace the energy materials with which we have been accustomed to heat our buildings and supply motive power for our equipment. The major shifts in our sources of energy materials which have occurred in this century are from feed for horses and fuel- wood which accounted for more than half of the cost of our energy materials at the beginning of the century to fossil fuels which supply about 95 percent of our energy today. This is a shift to a depletable source with many limitations on how we can and should supply our needs. Table 16 shows per capita consumption by major sources. In 1977, of the $136 per person used for energy purposes, $106 was supplied by oil and gas, in- cluding $83 for crude petroleum, $18 for natural gas, and $5 for natural gas liquids. In the same year $23 per capita was ex- pended for coal as an energy source. Direct energy per capita cost $4, and uranium, fuelwood, and feed for horses $3. Table 17 (based on Table A5) shows the percent distribution of energy sources, by major kinds, measured in constant 1972 dollars. Table 18 (based on Table A 12) shows a comparable distribution in terms of Btu supplied. Both tables indicate that oil and gas provided about three-quarters of the energy ma- terials used in the last two decades and that coal supplied only roughly one-fifth. In the last decades both measures indicate also that sources of energy other than fossil fuels supplied only 5 percent or less of our energy. MEASURING ENERGY MATERIALS IN DOLLARS AND BTU The tabulation on page 35 presents on a per capita basis the series developed for total energy use in Tables 17 and 18. For comparison purposes, the percent increase indicated by each of the series is shown. The somewhat different trends indicated reflect the different weights attached to the individual kinds of energy. By dividing the 1972 energy materials consumption series by the corre- sponding Btu figures used for Table A12, the following 1972 31 32 CHART IO.-ENERGY MATERIALS CONSUMPTION, PRICES.AND IMPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES^ I900i977 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION (IN 1972 DOLLARS) COAL JOO PRICE INDEXES (1972 = 100) COAL IMPORTS AS PERCENT OF CONSUMPTION CRUDE PETROLEUM ALL MINERAL FUELS J L 33 TABLE 16. Per Capita Consumption of Energy Materials in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 (In constant 1972 dollars) Per capita consum ption of energy materials Per ca pita consumption of energy materials Oil and gas Oil and gas Year All energy materials I'l ITCt energy Coal Other sources Year All energy materials Direct energy Coal All oil and gas Crude petroleum only Natural gas only All oil and gas Crude petrolemn only Natural gas only Other sources 1939 82.3 1.4 27.4 33.3 28.9 3.3 20.2 1938 78.3 1.4 25.0 30.7 26.5 3.0 21.3 1977 136.0 3.8 23.5 106.0 82.8 18.4 2.7 1937 86.1 1.4 30.7 32.2 27.9 3.2 21.8 1976 133.7 5.0 22.8 103.5 79.2 19.2 2.4 1936 85.1 1.2 30.9 30.2 26.2 3.0 22.8 1975 125.5 5.3 20.6 97.5 73.5 18.9 2.2 1935 79.1 1.2 27.1 27.5 23.9 2.7 23.3 1974 130.3 5.3 21.0 101.8 75.8 20.8 2.1 1934 76.9 1.1 26.7 25.7 22.4 2.4 23.4 1973 134.8 4.9 21.1 106.7 79.4 21.7 2.1 1933 74.3 1.1 24.9 24.4 21.3 2.3 23.9 1972 130.2 4.9 19.8 103.5 75.6 22.1 2.1 1932 72.3 1.1 24.2 23.3 20.2 2.3 23.7 1971 124.4 4.8 19.4 98.0 70.8 21.8 2.1 1931 78.6 1.0 29.1 25.6 22.1 2.4 23.0 1970 122.2 4.5 20.4 95.1 68.4 21.4 2.2 19 30 84.3 1.1 35.5 25.1 21.2 2.6 22.6 1969 121.1 4.6 20.5 93.7 67.6 20.6 2.4 1929 92.1 1.2 40.5 27.0 23.1 2.7 23.5 1968 116.5 4.2 20.4 89.5 65.0 19.3 2.4 1928 90.7 1.2 39.9 24.7 21.3 2.3 24.9 1967 111.2 4.2 19.8 84.7 61.5 18.3 2.5 1927 91.2 1.1 40.5 23.2 20.1 2.2 26.5 1966 108.4 3.7 20.2 81.8 59.7 17.4 2.6 1926 95.6 1.0 43.7 22.9 20.1 2.0 28.0 1965 105.0 3.8 19.4 79.0 57.9 16.4 2.8 1925 93.5 0.9 40.6 22.1 19.7 1.8 29.9 1964 102.1 3.5 18.8 76.9 56.3 16.1 2.9 1924 95.5 0.8 41.8 20.8 18.6 1.6 32.1 1963 100.9 3.3 18.1 76.4 56.7 15.4 3.1 1923 100.8 0.8 45.8 20.6 18.5 1.5 33.6 1962 99.1 3.4 17.3 75.2 56.3 14.8 3.2 1922 90.7 0.8 36.8 17.1 15.5 1.3 36.0 1961 96.6 3.1 17.0 73.0 55.0 14.0 3.5 1921 91.2 0.7 37.5 15.3 13.9 1.1 37.7 1960 97.6 3.1 17.8 72.8 55.5 13.6 4.0 1920 103.6 0.7 47.3 15.6 13.9 1.4 40.0 1959 97.6 2.9 17.9 72.4 55.6 13.0 4.5 1919 99.2 0.6 45.1 12.6 11.1 1.3 40.8 1958 96.2 3.0 17.7 70.6 54.8 12.1 4.9 1918 103.8 0.6 50.6 10.9 9.3 1.3 41.7 1957 97.9 2.9 20.3 69.4 54.0 11.7 5.3 1917 104.9 0.5 51.1 11.5 9.8 1.5 41.9 1956 99.7 2.7 21.3 69.8 54.9 11.2 5.8 1916 100.8 0.5 48.2 9.7 8.2 1.4 42.5 1955 98.4 2.6 21.4 68.2 53.7 10.7 6.2 1915 94.7 0.4 42.2 8.7 7.4 1.2 43.4 1954 93.2 2.5 19.9 63.9 50.4 10.0 6.8 1914 93.8 0.4 42.6 7.7 6.5 1.2 43.0 1953 96.2 2.5 22.7 63.5 50.4 9.7 7.6 1913 99.6 0.4 47.8 7.9 6.7 1.2 43.6 1952 96.2 2.6 23.6 61.6 49.1 9.3 8.4 1912 97.3 0.3 46.0 7.6 6.4 1.2 43.3 1951 99.0 2.5 26.9 60.1 48.4 8.7 9.5 1911 95.1 0.3 43.8 6.8 5.7 1.0 44.2 1950 95.5 2.5 27.0 56.2 45.9 7.4 9.9 1910 95.0 0.3 45.2 6.3 5.3 1.1 43.2 1949 91.0 2.3 26.0 51.1 42.3 6.4 11.5 1909 92.2 0.3 42.4 5.1 4.1 1.0 44.4 1948 98.4 2.2 32.7 51.5 43.1 6.1 12.0 1908 89.5 0.2 39.5 5.0 4.2 0.9 44.7 1947 98.3 2.1 34.3 49.1 41.4 5.5 12.8 1907 95.7 0.2 46.2 4.8 3.9 0.9 44.5 1946 93.3 2.2 31.8 45.7 38.0 5.1 13.7 1906 89.8 0.2 40.6 4.5 3.6 0.9 44.6 1945 98.3 2.2 36.0 45.3 38.4 5.0 14.7 1905 89.7 0.2 39.8 4.9 4.0 0.8 44.9 1944 100.2 2.1 38.8 43.3 36.5 5.0 16.1 1904 85.8 0.2 36.5 4.0 3.2 0.7 45.2 1943 97.4 2.1 39.2 39.9 33.6 4.6 16.1 1903 87.4 0.2 38.1 3.7 3.0 0.7 45.4 1942 92.9 1.9 36.4 37.8 32.2 4.0 16.9 1902 80.7 0.2 31.8 3.2 2.5 0.7 45.6 1941 91.9 1.5 33.1 38.9 33.6 3.7 18.4 1901 80.8 0.2 32.5 2.3 1.6 0.7 45.8 1940 87.1 1.5 30.6 35.7 30.9 3.5 19.4 1900 78.2 0.1 30.2 1.9 1.2 0.6 46.0 Based on tables 2, A5 , and worksheets for table A5. 34 Table 17. Percent Distribution of Energy Materials Consumed in the United States Measured in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Source: 5-Year Averages, 1900 to 1974, and Average 1975 to 1977 All energy materials (million dollars) Percent of all energy materials Period Direct energy Coal Oil and gas Uraninum Fuelwood Feed for horses 1975-1979 28,351 26,793 22,345 18,506 16,838 15,130 13,880 12,744 10,654 9,684 11,048 10,648 10,416 9,218 7,986 6,559 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 16.9 15.8 17.8 17.9 20.1 25.0 33.5 37.9 34.3 36.3 44.3 43.4 47.1 46.9 45.6 41.0 77.7 78.7 76.3 75.4 71.6 63.7 50.7 41.7 37.5 32.1 25.9 18.6 10.6 7.6 5.3 3.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 1.3 2.1 3.1 4.5 5.9 7.4 10.8 12.4 8.6 10.2 11.2 12.7 14.9 19.7 0.5 6 1970-1974 1965-1969 9 1960-1964 1 3 1955-J959 1950-1954 1945-1949 1940-1944 19 35-1939 2.3 4.2 7.5 11.1 15 8 1930-1934 17.8 1925-1929 1920-1924 20.0 27.0 1915-1919 30. 6 1910-1914 32.5 1905-1909 33 9 1900-1904 35 4 Source: Based on table A5 . - Represents zero. Table 18. Percent Distribution of Energy Materials Consumed in the United States Measured in British Thermal Units, by Source: 5-Year Averages, 1900 to 1974, and Average 1975 to 1977 All energy materials (trillion Btu) Percent of all energy materials Period Direct energy Coal Oil and gas Uranium Fuelwood Feed for horses 1975-1977 69,895 67,483 56,485 45,736 40,227 35,432 31,822 28,713 22,180 19,867 23,739 21,208 20,7 26 17,984 15,145 11,616 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 22.4 20.5 23.0 23.7 27.5 34.8 47.7 54.9 53.8 57.8 67.3 71.1 77.3 78.4 78.5 75.5 74.7 77.2 74.8 73.8 69.3 61.0 47.2 38.8 37.3 32.3 24.7 18.8 11.6 8.8 6.6 5.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.9 2.7 3.4 4.3 6.4 7.2 5.3 6.6 7.2 8.7 10.5 14,4 0.1 1970-1974 0.1 1965-1969 0.1 1960-1964 0.1 1955-1959 0.2 1950-1954 0.4 1945-1949 1940-1944 1935-19 39 0.8 1.2 1 8 19 30-1934 2 1 1925-1929 2.2 1920-1924 3.2 1915-1919 3.7 1910-1914 4 1905-1909 1900-1904 4.3 4 8 Source: Based on table A12. - Represents zero. 35 Per Capita Energy Consumption Measured in Constant 1972 Dollars and in British Thermal Units Average per capita consumption in - Period Constant dollars Btu Dollars Percent increase 1 Thousand Btu Percent increase 1975-1977 131.8 128.3 112.5 99.2 97.9 96.0 95.9 94.1 82.3 77.2 92.5 96.4 100.4 96.4 91.5 82.6 2.7 14.0 13.4 1.3 2.0 0.1 1.9 14.3 6.6 -16.5 -4.0 -4.0 4.1 5.4 10.8 (NA) 324.8 323.5 284.4 245.4 234.0 224.8 219.7 211.8 171.1 158.5 199.0 191.9 200.4 187.6 173.4 146,4 0.4 1970-1974 13.7 1965-1969 15.9 1960-1964. 4.9 1955-1959 4.1 1950-1954 1.0 1945-1949 3.7 1940-1944 23.8 1935-1939 7.9 1930-1934 -20.4 1925-1929 3.7 1920-1924 -4.2 1915-1919 6.8 1910-1914 8.2 1905-1909 1900-1904 18.4 (NA) (NA) Not available. Represents the percent increase from the preceding period unit costs are indicated for energy materials, at the first point of market, per thousand Btu. All kinds of energy $0 393 Direct energy j Qg~, ^ oal 0.306 Crude petroleum 57 g Natural gas ' ]92 Natural gas liquids q 54 g Uranium '.'■ .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. (X556 ^ uelwood 0.650 Feed for horses 4 139 It must not be concluded that these wide variations in apparent cost per Btu provide a measure of how much one fuel is cheaper than another. In large part they indicate how ready the fuel is for immediate consumption, and for what purpose and how efficiently the consumer can make use of the product. Thus the high unit cost attached to direct energy reflects that most of this is hydroelectric energy which is ready for much more effi- cient and immediate consumption than a lump of coal. The very liigh unit cost for feed for horses will supply immediate motive power. Transportation costs will double the cost of coal before it reaches the average consumer. Crude petroleum has little use until it passes through a refinery. The uranium figure is for the value of metal released for fuel purposes in 1972 as compared with nuclear generated energy in that year. A corresponding unit cost for uranium used as fuel, computed as an average for the last 10 years, is SO. 295. But this includes a fuel supply for a much longer period. Moreover, very large capital expenditures are required to make use of uranium for fuel purposes. By the same token that the 1972 dollar value provides uneven weight- ing, the Btu weights are uneven in that they merely tell the 36 Comparison of Gross National Product and Energy Materials Consumpt ion Year 1977 1969 1959, 1949, 1939. 1929. 1919. 1909. 1900. Gross national product (GNP) (Billion 1972 dollars) 1,337 1,088 713 486 314 305 219 175 115 Energy materials (EM) Billion 1972 dollars (D) 29.5 24.6 17.4 13.6 10.8 11.3 10.5 8.4 6.0 Megabillion British thermal units (B) 72 .3 62 .3 41 .9 30 .9 22 8 24. 8 20. 6 16. 10. 2 Ratio of GNP to EM GNP/D 45.3 44.2 41.0 35.7 29.1 27.0 20.9 20.8 19.2 GNP/B 4- 18.5 17.5 17.0 15.7 13.8 12.3 10.6 10.9 11.3 intrinsic energy value under laboratory conditions, not the amount of energy that the average consumer can realize from material supplied in the particular form in which it is first marketed. A comparison of GNP with the two measures of energy input is shown in the table above. Using these approximately decade years, both of the series show an increase in GNP per unit of energy input for each suceeding period after 1919. With energy measured in terms of 1972 dollars the increase in GNP per unit of energy input between 1900 and 1977 is 136 percent. With energy input in terms of Btu the corresponding increase is 64 percent. An approximate measure of energy use by major sectors and sources is shown in Table 19 for 1977. For both units of meas- ure, 36 percent of all energy is shown as used for residential and commercial purposes, this use accounting for about 45 percent of the coal use and for 33 percent of the use of oil and gas. Another 36-38 percent of the use is for industrial purposes, accounting for 55 percent of the coal use and for 32 percent of the oil and gas use. Transportation requires 26-28 percent of our total energy use and about 35 percent of the use of oil and gas. TABLE 19. Energy Use by Major Sectors and Sources: 1977 Sector All energy Coal Oil and gas Other energy sources In millions of 1972 dollars Residental and commercial 29,489 10,530 10,752 8,207 5,093 2,276 2,781 36 22,972 7,619 7,331 8,022 1,424 635 640 149 In trillion Btu Residental and commercial 72,288 25,827 27,576 18,885 16,620 7,428 9,076 116 53,629 17,788 17,114 18,727 2,039 611 1,386 42 Source: Based primarily on U.S. Energy Information Administration figures, 37 PRICES OF ENERGY MATERIALS Prices of energy materials increased by 184 percent between 1972 and 1977, much more than for any other use group. The price increase for natural gas was the greatest of all (3 19 percent) and that for uranium next (217 percent). Coal increased in price by 175 percent in the same period, and crude petroleum by 151 percent (see Table 20). For long periods the price of oil and gas had remained fairly stable, often increasing less than all energy materials and less than all wholesale prices. This was true of the period 1954 to 1972. Prices of coal had fallen somewhat during much of the period, but rose after 1965 (see Chart 10). These price series, which are based on the first sale of domestic products, do not reflect the rapid increase in prices of imported petroleum in recent years. It is these rapid increases, of course, that have triggered the rapid increase in domestic fuel prices. FOREIGN TRADE IN ENERGY MATERIALS We have already seen that exports of energy materials have always been small relative to production (see Table 9), but that the ratios of exports to production increased for coal after the second world war to a peak of 13 percent in 1955-1959. For oil and gas this ratio has been only 2 percent since 1960. At the beginning of the century, however, when oil and gas production was very small, we exported in the first five years nearly one- fourth of that production. Imports of coal have amounted to less than one percent of domestic consumption throughout the 20th century. The most interesting import to consumption ratios for energy materials are shown in the lower section of Chart 10. Such ratios for all mineral fuels begin a fairly steady rise after 1940, to 8 in 1950, 13 in 1960, 17 in 1970, and at an accelerated rate to 36 in 1977. For crude petroleum only, the ratios are always higher with the two curves spreading increasingly apart. In the 19 10's and 1920's an increase in crude petroleum imports is shown, amounting at the peak in 1921 to 27 percent of consumption. In the increase for crude petroleum after 1942, imports as a percent of consumption amounted to 14 percent in 1950, to 21 in 1960, to 27 in 1970, and to 54 in 1977. TABLE 20. Price Indexes for Energy Materials by Source Classes in the United States: and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 5- Year Periods Year or period Energy materials by source classes 1 All energy materials Mineral fuels All mineral fuels All oil and gas Crude petroleum only Natural gas only F'eed for horses Uranium for fuel 1977 1976 1975 1970-1974 1970 1965-1969 1960-1964 1955-1959 1950-1954 1950 1945-1949 1940-1944 1935rl939 1930-1934 1929 1925-1929 1920-1924 1920 1915-1919 1910-1914 1905-1909 1900-1904 (NA) Not available. ^or sources see appendix 284 254 231 120 91 82 80 79 70 285 255 232 120 91 82 80 79 70 275 255 252 118 82 61 59 63 64 256 227 251 241 226 122 94 87 85 89 77 74 57 34 32 26 419 312 239 114 92 191 172 152 175 21" 222 139 99 94 87 94 119 108 118 69 53 42 66 66 70 317 256 195 96 119 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) The figures are from table Bl and the worksheets for that table. Chapter 7.— Physical-Structure Materials In the 1920's, 1940's, 1950's, and 1960's, physical-structure materials averaged 25 to 26 percent of all raw materials. In periods of depression this group decreases more than either of the other use classifications. This is reflected in the drop to 21 .8 percent of all raw materials in 1975, the much greater drop to 17.4 percent of all raw materials in 1932, and the drop to 22.2 percent of all raw materials in 1921. During the first two decades of the century physical-structure materials represented a somewhat larger portion of raw materials use, averaging about 28 percent in the 1910's and 29 percent in the 1900's. For nondurable goods, an upward trend seems to be indi- cated during the first five decades. The peak value for this series is $51 per capita in 1941, and the lowest value is $21 in 1921. But the average per capita consumption of nondurable goods materials was about $27 for the 1900's, $32 for the 1910's, $34 for the 1920's, $35 for the 1930's, and $47 for the 1940's. A slight decline is indicated for the 2 succeding decades, and for 1970-1977, showing successively $44, $43, and $41. The high figure for the 1940's probably reflects some wasteful use of these materials in the war and early postwar period. It is somewhat surprising to see how little this nondurable goods series reflects depression periods. PER CAPITAL PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATE- RIAL CONSUMPTION Per capita consumption of these materials averaged $105 in 1970-1977 and $106 in each of the three preceeding decades. The peak per capita ratio for these periods occurred in 1941 at $118. This same ratio occurred again for 1910 and 1905. It was exceeded in 3 years only: 1906, 1907, and 1909. The peak for the century was attained in 1906 at $1 25 (see Chart 1 1 and Table 21). DURABLE AND NONDURABLE PHYSICAL-STRUC- TURE MATERIALS In order to better understand the behavior of physical- structure materials, they have been divided into two classes on the basis of the primary use of each of the component series. Durable goods includes the series for wood and mineral con- struction materials, metals, certain other nonmetallic minerals, and horses and mules. Nondurable goods include agriculture and fishery nonfoods (such as cotton, wool, and tobacco), wildlife products, pulpwood, mineral fuels used for nonfuel purposes, and chemical and fertilizer minerals. These two broad classes of materials on a per capita basis are shown separately in the upper section of Chart 11 and in Table 21. Table 22 shows the aggregate value of these two classes and details for the major groups of products covered. The durable goods series, by contrast, very strikingly reflects depressions. It is highest in the first decade, with a peak of $94.5 in 1906. Of this total $59.9 represented sawlogs and other wood construction materials, $7.4 represented mineral construction materials, $13.6 represented metals, $13.1 repre- sented horses and mules, and $0.6 represented other nonmetal- lic minerals. Wood construction materials dominate the durable goods series during the first 3 decades, amounting to 64 percent in the 1900's, to 60 percent in the 1910's, and 59 percent in the 1920's. This may be compared with the magnitude of wood construction materials in the last 3 decades: 42 percent of all durable goods in the 1950's, 37 percent in the 1960's, and 35 percent in the 1970's. It is interesting to compare the com- position of the durable goods materials per capita consumption figure of $65.1 for 1977 with the one given above for 1906. It includes $23.5 for wood construction materials, $14.9 for min- eral construction materials, $10.4 for iron and ferroalloy metals, $13.8 for other metals, $0.1 for horses and mules, and $2.4 for other nonmetallic minerals. Table 23 provides a comparison of the percent increase in consumption of raw materials and in production of manu- factured products for approximately decade periods. Figures are shown for all raw materials and all manufacturing industries and also for materials used primarily for durable goods, com- pared with durable good production and for materials primarily used for nondurable goods compared with the production of such products. Almost all segments of this table indicate a much greater product increase than the increase in materials input. 38 39 CHART 1 1 -PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATERIALS CONSUMPTION, PRICES. AND IMPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1900-1977 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION (IN 1972 DOLLARS) -ALL PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATERIALS NONDURABLE-GOODS MATERIALS PRICE INDEXES (1972=100) ■ALL PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATERIALS 7 -r iXswsrS-— FOREST PRODUCTS IMPORTS AS PERCENT OF CONSUMPTION ME TALS, EXCEPT GC LD A~ A V\_J F OREST PRODUCT S -. .^"~~—-~~ 40 TABLE 21. Per Capita Consumption of Physical-Structure Materials in the United States, by Broad Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 (In constant 1972 dollars) Per capita consumption for phy 5ical-structure matt-rials Year Per capita consumption for phy; ical-structi re materials All physical- structure Materials primarily for durable goods Materials primarily for non- All physical- structure Materials primarily for durable goods Year All durable Construction materials Metals All durable Construction materials Metal s Materials primarily for Sawlogs and other wood Sawlogs and other wood non- materials goods Mineral Iron and durable materials goods Mineral Iron and durable materials non- metals ferroalloy metals Other goods materials non- metals ferroalloy metals Other goods 1939. 86.1 46.3 25.5 6.6 4.5 7.0 39.7 1938. 73.2 37.8 23.1 5.4 2.3 4.4 35.4 1977. 106.3 65.1 23.5 14.9 10.4 13.8 41.2 1937. 92.3 48.7 26.1 6.0 6.1 7.3 43.7 1976. 103.5 62.8 21.7 14.2 9.5 15.1 40.7 1936. 83.8 46.0 24.9 5.8 5.2 6.9 37.8 1975. 92.5 54.2 19.1 13.7 8.9 10.7 38.3 1935. 71.9 35.8 21.1 4.0 2.9 4.5 36.1 1974. 106.5 65.5 20.7 16.1 11.4 15.1 41.0 1934. 60.8 30.1 18.1 3.9 2.2 2.6 30.7 1973. 113.6 70.5 23.9 16.9 11.7 15.7 43.1 1933. 60.7 29.2 17.0, 3.5 1.9 3.6 31.5 1972. 109.5 67.7 24.3 15.3 11.0 14.9 41.8 1932. 53.0 24.3 14.5* 3.9 0.7 2.1 28.7 1971. 106.0 64.1 23.5 14.9 10.0 13.8 41.9 1931. 71.1 36.7 19.7 5.4 2.8 5.5 34.4 1970. 103.7 61.4 21.9 15.3 9.4 12.9 42.3 1930. 84.4 49.5 27.9 7.5 5.4 5.3 34.9 1969. 109.0 65.1 23.0 15.6 10.4 14.1 43.9 1929. 104.4 64.9 35.8 8.7 7.2 9.7 39.5 1968. 111.1 66.0 23.7 15.3 10.9 14.1 45.1 1928. 98.0 61.0 34.4 8.3 5.9 9.0 37.0 1967. 109.0 64.9 23.0 14.8 10.4 14.6 44.0 1927. 99.5 62.4 36.1 8.4 5.9 8.3 37.1 1966. 116.5 70.7 24.2 15.6 12.2 16.5 45.8 1926. 103.5 66.7 38.6 8.1 6.7 9.2 36.8 1965. 110.7 66.8 24.6 15.5 11.4 13.3 43.9 1925. 103.9 68.0 40.1 8.0 6.4 9.0 35.9 1964. 106.6 63.7 24.6 14.9 9.4 12.8 42.8 1924. 98.7 65.6 39.9 7.4 5.2 8.6 33.1 1963. 99.7 59.5 23.8 14.3 8.1 11.5 40.2 1923. 103.2 71.4 42.8 7.2 7.0 8.8 31.8 1962. 100.6 59.2 23.1 14.0 8.1 12.1 41.3 1922. 91.2 63.5 38.8 5.6 4.9 7.8 27.7 1961. 95.6 56.0 22.4 13.4 7.2 11.0 39.6 1921. 74.3 53.5 34.2 4.6 2.4 5.1 20.8 1960. 97.8 56.2 22.8 13.4 7.7 10.4 41.6 1920. 105.8 70.2 41.1 5.2 6.8 8.5 35.6 1959. 104.9 61.9 25.6 13.5 8.0 12.7 43.0 1919. 103.7 69.7 41.0 4.7 5.5 9.0 34.0 1958. 98.4 57.7 23.4 12.8 7.4 12.3 40.7 1918. 112.0 72.0 39.5 4.2 7.5 10.5 40.0 1957. 101.0 59.8 23.1 12.7 9.3 12.7 41.2 1917. 112.4 76.2 43.4 5.6 7.5 8.9 36.2 1956. 109.1 64.4 26.9 12.7 9.8 12.9 44.7 1916. 115.4 83.1 47.4 6.8 7.7 10.2 32.3 1955. 109.3 64.5 27.0 12.1 10.9 12.4 44.7 1915. 104.1 76.2 45.0 6.1 5.7 8.1 27.9 1954. 102.3 60.0 26.2 11.1 9.2 11.4 42.2 1914. 113.8 76.4 48.2 6.7 4.4 5.5 37.4 1953. 109.3 63.8 26.7 10.1 11.1 13.8 45.5 1913. 114.0 84.5 51.8 7.1 6.6 6.8 29.5 1952. 107.7 62.5 27.3 10.1 8.8 14.0 45.2 1912. 112.6 87.1 54.1 7.1 6.2 7.1 25.4 1951. 108.8 62.6 27.7 9.9 10.5 12.1 46.2 1911. 115.9 85.1 52. 9 7.6 4.6 7.0 30.8 1950. 112.4 65.2 29.3 9.2 10.1 14.2 47.2 1910. 118.0 90.4 55.9 7.6 6.6 6.8 27.5 1949. 97.0 54.5 25.1 8.1 7.9 11.3 42.5 1909. 119.6 91.9 57.2 7.7 6.2 6.7 27.7 1948. 109.6 59.9 29.1 8.6 8.5 11.2 49.7 1908. 113.0 85.4 55.4 6.8 4.1 5.4 27.6 1947. 103.0 56.9 27.9 7.9 7.2 11.5 46.1 1907. 121.6 94.2 60.9 7.3 6.6 5.7 27.4 1946. 104.2 55.1 27.6 7.0 6.5 11.4 49.1 1906. 125.3 94.5 59.9 7.4 6.5 7.1 30.8 1945. 99.6 54.0 23.9 5.5 8.4 13.4 45.6 1905. 117.9 89.8 57.3 7.3 5.7 6.0 28.1 1944. 106.2 58.2 27.4 5.5 9.9 12.6 48.1 1904. 114.1 86.0 57.0 6.7 3.8 5.3 28.1 1943. 108.3 62.3 28.6 6.4 10.2 14.0 46.0 1903. 110.8 87.2 56.3 6.8 5.3 5.6 23.6 1942. 115.6 67.3 31.5 7.9 9.9 15.0 48.3 1902. 112.8 87.7 55.7 7.2 5.9 5.9 25.1 1941. 118.3 67.6 31.5 7.9 9.7 15.5 50.7 1901. 108.3 84.0 54.3 6.2 5.8 4.8 24.3 1940. 94.6 51.8 27.3 6.7 6.6 8.4 42.7 1900. 107.9 81.9 53.5 6.4 4.7 4.8 26.0 Source: Based on tables 2 and 22. 41 TABLE 22. Consumption of Physical-Structure Materials in the United States, by Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of constant 1972 dollars) All physical- structure materials Materials primarily for durable goods Sawlogs and other construction wood Iron and f erralloy metals Other metals Mineral construction materials Other nonmetallic minerals and horses and mules Materials primarily for nondurable goods Agriculture and fishery non foods and wildlife products Pulpwood Mineral fuels for nonf uel purposes Chemical ami fertilizer minerals 2,250 2,052 1,892 2,409 2,453 2,297 2,072 1,934 2,101 2,190 2,061 2,405 2,210 1,808 1,541 1,518 1,329 1,387 1,429 1,292 1,601 1,653 1,804 1,498 1,782 1,394 1,632 1,531 1,182 1,253 1,042 925 1,184 1,381 1,396 1,344 1,293 589 294 792 667 377 285 245 83 353 662 883 719 710 790 746 590 787 538 256 724 581 787 775 78.. 571 437 643 595 4 14 608 567 363 578 554 483 316 430 467 448 361 2,997 3,249 2,280 3,169 3,297 3,107 2,849 2,644 2,852 2,830 2,910 3,252 2,576 2,451 2,170 2,259 2,012 1,880 2,255 2,146 2,190 2,174 2,053 1,860 2,208 2,213 1,873 2,168 1,692 1,648 1,666 1,612 1,882 1,748 1,914 2,029 2,077 1,119 924 569 94 2 885 571 336 457 26b b84 661 1,180 1,083 989 1,087 1,044 985 989 859 557 908 952 1,104 927 1,043 813 543 659 677 661 629 611 478 496 605 502 436 452 470 376 367 1,211 1,259 1,139 994 775 761 878 1,068 1,062 882 863 704 778 742 '.08 499 441 484 675 922 1,068 1,000 1,001 949 928 842 812 619 502 559 491 436 585 694 618 662 696 678 716 707 701 606 637 636 610 551 553 575 484 485 538 496 420 471 492 460 406 379 417 406 410 428 392 391 341 355 366 352 364 323 335 362 357 340 337 344 370 377 321 373 343 368 388 382 431 410 400 372 358 356 405 419 420 408 400 391 406 424 431 411 443 490 52 ) 520 621 706 784 91) 1,005 1,085 1,112 1,127 1,139 1,157 1,192 1,206 1,226 1,255 1,271 1,220 1,204 1,176 1,134 1,093 1,062 1,028 999 958 1,093 1,124 1,009 1,266 1,197 1,120 1,128 1,164 1,154 1,092 1,052 ,076 ,030 951 899 882 843 870 829 767 828 890 795 727 735 707 732 633 555 631 586 530 461 436 411 450 434 3 70 357 303 375 330 284 257 253 215 249 272 287 266 250 249 222 210 205 186 136 167 137 136 140 137 130 120 115 111 106 100 93 75 91 79 70 68 62 57 51 46 2,091 1,913 1,743 1,990 2,067 1,918 1,759 1,707 1,608 1,513 1,401 1,432 1,324 1,259 1,088 961 893 870 799 709 703 717 677 589 599 581 586 519 455 481 462 432 397 367 339 344 352 290 271 239 253 236 192 182 160 1 .9 185 223 2 36 220 211 200 188 174 161 128 91 112 96 82 77 73 68 64 63 59 54 54 50 43 43 40 35 30 30 29 27 26 Source: Based on table A5 and worksheets for that table. 42 TABLE 23. Percent Increases in Consumption of Raw Materials and in Production of Manufactured Products: Approximately Decade Periods 1900 to 1977 Percent increase Period Consumption of all raw materials Production of all manufacturing industries Durable manufacturers Nondurable manufacturers Consumption of raw materials primarily for such use Production of such manufacturers Consumption of raw materials primarily for such use Production of such manufacturers 1900-1977 246 16 24 15 27 1 15 10 29 2, 183 37 75 46 73 2 67 41 55 126 9 28 23 35 -23 8 767 30 85 42 96 -29 (NA) 351 2 23 7 28 8 35 42 27 1,544 1967-1977 48 1958-1967 64 1947-1958 49 1939-1947 49 1929-1939 1919-1929 18 36 1909-1919 -12 1 (NA) 33 1 (NA) 31 1900-1909 52 nd FRB and Census indexes of production. For metal ores the table below shows for Census years 1939-1977 a comparison of metal ores production and con- sumption with production indexes for the major metal prod- ucts manufacturing industries. It is notable that in each case the manufacturing production indexes increase more rapidly than consumption of metals. These metals consumption figures are for primary metals only. Table A10 shows, for major nonferrous metals, figures for the recovery of secondary metals from old scrap for the period 1910-1977. It indicates that whereas secondary metals repre- sented an increasing proportion of the total for such primary and secondary metals for 4 decades, a smaller and smaller pro- portion of such metals are becoming available in the last 4 decades. The ratio of secondary metals to all such metals avail- able was 24 percent in 1910, 45 percent in 1939, then down to 28 percent in 1977. Comparison of Metal Ores Production and Consumption and Metal Products Production Item Index numbers (1939=100) 1977 1972 1967 1963 1958 1954 1947 1939 Metal ores: 165 360 527 950 1,813 777 186 363 450 760 1,558 693 149 330 402 655 1,277 642 150 245 312 437 857 509 128 227 256 323 523 362 120 222 240 310 472 382 123 179 200 263 286 204 100 100 Manufacturing production: Machinery, except electrical... Electrical machinery 100 100 100 100 Source: Based on appendix table A9 and FRB and Census indexes of manufacturing production. 43 Gross national product is compared with consumption of physical-structure materials in the tabulation below. The ratio of GNP to physical-structure materials is seen to increase for each successive period. Comparison of Gross National Product and Physical Structure Materials Consumption Billion 1972 dollars Year Gross national product (GNP) Physical- structure materials (PSM) GNP/PSM 1977 1969...... 1959 1949 1939...... 1929. 1919...... 1909 1900 1,337 1,088 713 486 314 305 219 175 115 23.0 22.1 18.7 14.5 11.3 12.8 10.9 10.9 8.2 58.1 49.2 38.1 33.5 27.8 23.8 20.1 16.1 14.0 PRICES OF PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATERIALS The price index for physical-structure materials is sum- marized in Table 24. The table includes similar summaries of the component price series which make up the composite series. Although, the component price series for fishery products, wild- life products, and mineral fuels show price rises much greater, since 1972, than that for all physical-structure materials, they carry relatively little weight in this composite index. The more significant components are metal mining and forest products. These are shown in the center section of Chart 1 1. For most of the century forest products prices rose somewhat more rapidly than the prices of all physical -structures materials. But for considerable periods metal prices rose less rapidly than these other series. FOREIGN TRADE IN PHYSICAL-STRUCTURE MATERIALS The lower section of Chart 1 1 shows, for these same two significant components of physical-structure materials, the im- port to consumption ratios. In both cases significant increases in dependence on foreign sources of materials is indicated during the latter part of the period. For metals an increase is shown from about 40 percent dependence on imports at the beginning of the century to nearly 70 percent dependence on imports at the end of the period. For forest products the import- consumption ratio increased from less than 2 percent at the beginning of the century to about 20 percent in the last period. 44 TABLE 24. Price Indexes for Physical-Structure Materials by Source Classes in the United States: Periods and Selected Years: 1900 to 1977 5-Year (1972 = 100) Physical-structure materials by source classes 1 Year or All physical- structure materials Agricultural nonfoods Fishery nonfoods Wildlife products Forest products Minerals, except gold period Crops Livestock Metals, except gold Mineral fuels Const ruction minerals Other nonmetallic minerals 19 7 7 188 177 162 111 90 84 79 79 75 70 58 38 28 24 37 38 42 54 40 25 24 21 183 180 156 115 87 86 90 89 94 92 82 52 35 27 48 51 57 76 63 39 34 27 141 134 138 111 81 82 80 75 96 96 78 52 34 28 58 58 55 71 66 37 32 28 237 190 182 150 114 95 77 87 73 66 63 33 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 214 183 134 108 76 2 126 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 191 172 152 107 78 74 66 69 66 63 47 26 18 15 19 19 23 35 16 11 10 8 193 181 167 113 100 85 71 70 60 51 41 32 28 24 33 33 33 40 40 26 27 23 285 255 232 120 91 82 80 79 70 66 54 33 29 25 33 36 47 65 34 19 19 19 151 144 133 101 90 83 79 76 69 66 58 44 39 41 48 49 52 59 35 24 23 24 195 1976 199 1975 200 19 70-19 74 1970 110 101 1965-1969 1960-1964 1955-1959 1950-1954 1950 105 107 110 91 79 1945-1949 1940-1944 1935-1939 1930-1934 1929 71 53 46 49 75 1925-1929 1920-1924 1920 74 81 96 1915-1919 1910-1914 1905-1909 1900-1904 79 58 57 60 1 For sources see Appendix B. H967-1969 only. The figures are from table B- 1 or the worksheets for that table. APPENDIX A.— The Measures of Raw Materials Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption and Methods of Construction Measures of production, apparent consumption, and net exports of raw materials in the United States were constructed for the period 1900-1950 by the President's Materials Policy Commission (PMPC). These series furnish the starting point for the measures of production, imports, exports, and consumption presented in this report (see tables Al through A9). For. Bureau of the Census Working Paper Number 1, some revisions were made in the PMPC series, partly by including additional com- ponent series in order to increase coverage, and partly by sub- stituting more reliable data for some of the figures previously used. Separate measures for gross imports and exports of raw materials were developed for the first time and all series were extended to cover 1951 and 1952. In both of these reports all series were presented in terms of average 1935-1939 dollars. Bureau of the Census Working Paper Number 6 included an- nual figures through 1961. It used statistics from the 1954 and 1958 censuses of mineral industries and extensively revised statistics on supply and utilization of farm commodities pre- pared by the Agricultural Marketing Service. The basic produc- tion, imports, exports, and consumption series were presented both in terms of 1935-1939 and 1954 dollars, and statistics for detailed mineral commodity groups were published for the first time. Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Mines Working Paper Number 30 made use of the 1963 Census of Mineral Industries figures and new and old series of other agencies in extending the earlier basic measures to cover the period 1962 through 1966. It introduced for the first time stock adjustments to the con- sumption figures for mineral products, extended coverage of agricultural products to include Hawaii and Alaska, and in- cluded a few additional commodities such as uranium ores. All production, imports, exports, and consumption series were in terms of 1954 dollars. Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Mines Working Paper Number 35 made use of the 1967 Census of Mineral Industries and other new figures to convert all series to 1967 dollars. The series were extended to cover the years 1967, 1968, and 1969. The present report makes use of revised and new series of the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1972 Census of Mineral Industries figures, and new material on fishery and wildlife products to improve the coverage and to present all basic production, im- ports, exports, and consumption series in 1972 dollars. Annual figures are included for 1970-1977 and adjustments for com- parability are made for earlier years. Figures for direct energy are shown for the first time. Direct energy includes hydro- electric, geothermal, wind, and solar energy. Separate figures are shown for nuclear energy. The use of horses and mules and feed for them are inlcuded for the first time. The following paragraphs describe details of the methods and sources used, parts of which are reprinted from the previous reports. GENERAL METHODS EMPLOYED The aggregate measures of physical volume of raw materials are in terms of constant 1972 dollars. Development of these series by use of constant-dollar-value weights makes it possible to add together in a significant manner the output of such dif- ferent raw materials as bales of cotton, barrels of oil, tons of ore, and cubic feet of gas. These aggregate physical-volume measures were obtained by multiplying the physical quantity of each raw material for a given year by the average unit dollar value of the material for 1972, then adding together for the given year all of these dollar values. For materials produced domestically, the unit- value weights represent averages at point of production for all of the specified material which was produced in the United States in 1972. For materials which were not produced domes- tically in 1972, the weights usually represent comparable aver- age unit values for materials imported during 1972. The raw-materials consumption figures were constructed to approximate the raw-materials requirements for the end- use products consumed in the United States. This was done by including, insofar as feasible, in the import and export aggregates the raw-materials equivalents of semifabricated and fabricated products. For some series and some years, the raw materials "consumption" figures represent "apparent consump- tion''' computed from production by adding imports and sub- tracting exports. But for agricultural materials beginning in 1924 and for the majority of mineral products, stock adjust- ments have been made to approximate actual consumption in the given year. SCOPE OF THE SERIES It has been estimated that the aggregate raw-materials meas- ures cover over 95 percent of all production and consumption in the United States. Certain components of the series, however, are somewhat more comprehensive than others. Coverage is 45 46 discussed more fully in the following sections which describe the series for specific materials. The basic production series represent primary .production only, although available data for secondary production of non- ferrous metals for the period 1910-1977 have been used to develop supplemental series. These series are shown in table A10. The production series represent all 50 States. The import and export data relate to the trade of the United States. They exclude shipments to the U.S. Armed Forces for their own use, merchandise shipped in transit through the United States, and bunker fuel and other supplies and equipment for vessels and planes engaged in foreign trade. Included are Military Assistance Program— Grant- Aid shipments and Mutual Security Program economic assistance shipments. SOURCES OF DATA USED Insofar as feasible, primary sources were used for the data required in constructing these measures. The figures on agri- cultural production came primarily from the Economics, Sta- tistics, and Cooperatives Service (ESCS) and the former Agri- cultural Marketing Service (AMS) and those on forest products from the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For later years, the basic figures on fishery products are from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Com- merce and for wildlife products primarily from the Fur Re- sources Committee. For earlier years, fish and wildlife produc- tion were from the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The primary source of the mineral production series is the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior; the minerals unit-value weights are based primarily on Bureau of the Census data. The figures for imports and exports were compiled by the Bureau of the Census; however, for some of the raw-materials series secondary sources were used for the foreign-trade figures, representing statistics compiled from these census figures by the agency collecting the production data. AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS For the period 1924-1977, the series for production, imports, exports, and consumption are based primarily on the series for supply and utilization of farm commodities developed by the Agricultural Marketing Service and extended for 1962-1977 by the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. (See Major Statistical Series of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Volume 5, Consumption and Utilization of Agriculture Products, Agriculture Handbook No. 118, December 1957 and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Measuring the Supply and Utiliza- tion of Farm Commodities, Agriculture Handbook No. 91, November 1955.) These series include essentially all farm com- modities produced domestically and imported "complemen- tary and supplementary commodities." The latter represent those that do not compete directly with commodities produced in the United States, such as coffee, tea, cocoa, bananas, and some oilseeds. They exclude rubber and other gum products, silk, and vegetable fibers, such as sisal, hemp, and abaca, because they compete more directly with industrial products. They also exclude spices. For the series in this report, imports and consumption have been adjusted to include such foreign farm commodities. The AMS series are in terms of 1947-1949 average farm prices for the period 1924-1954. For 1955-1960, average farm prices for 1957-1959 were used in the AMS and ESCS series. For 1961-1977, ESCS provided series weighted by aver- age farm prices for 1971-1973. These prices represent receipts by farmers for their products sold at local markets or at the point to which they deliver their products in ther own convey- ances or in local conveyances hired for the purpose. For com- modities not produced domestically, import prices for the first domestic transaction were used. The detailed series for groups of commodities, such as "fresh vegetables" and "dairy products" were converted to 1972 constant dollars by means of price relatives for the respective series supplied by the Department of Agriculture. The basic AMS and ESCS series are on a gross basis. For the series in this report, these were adjusted to a net basis by ex- cluding from the production and consumption series seed and feed consumed domestically except feed for horses and mules. Both published and unpublished Department of Agriculture series were used in making these adjustments. Feed for horses and mules was estimated on the basis of acerage for such feeds from the Census of Agriculture. The consumption series in this report include military tak- ings but are adjusted, insofar as possible, to exclude from con- sumption and treat as exports quantities shipped for civilian use in foreign countries. The AMS and ESCS consumption series are adjusted for changes in stocks, and the series in this report for agricultural materials are, therfore, presented as actual consumption rather than apparent consumption. However, no stock adjustments were made in the imported farm products series not represented in the AMS and ESCS series. In accordance with the objectives of the series in this report, the AMS and ESCS imports and exports series include the raw materials equivalent of the major manufactured products produced from agricultural materials. Checks which have been made within the Department of Agriculture indicate that the AMS and ESCS series represent over 95 percent coverage. For years prior to 1924, the AMS commodity group series were extrapolated back to 1900 by use of production, imports, and exports measures for major components of such series or for closely related series. These series are less precise than the measures for 1924 and later years and no attempt was made to adjust the derived apparent consumption figures for this early period for changes in stocks. Production Series The AMS and ESCS agricultural production series used for 1924-1969 measures crop production at the point of harvest and lievstock products in terms of marketings for consumption. The basic production figures for these measures are compiled 47 by the Agricultural Marketing Service and the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. These series represent "gross production of all farm commodities." They have been ad- justed to a net basis by excluding feed and seed, except feed for horses and mules. These production series were also adjusted to exclude the farm value of imported cattle and hogs which is implicitly included in the AMS and ESCS series and to include the farm value of live cattle and hogs exported. (See table A7.) The agricultural products represented at the farm level in the AMS and ESCS series are: Crops: Crops-Continued Food grains: Fruits and tree nuts- Rice Continued Rye Peaches Wheat Pears Pecans Pineapples Feed crops: Plums Barley Prunes, dried Corn Raspberries Grain sorghums Strawberries Oats Tangelos Tangerines Sugar crops: Walnuts Maple sugar Maple syrup Potatoes, sweet Sorgo syrup potatoes, and dry Sugar beets beans and peas: Sugarcane for sugar Beans, dry edible Sugarcane syrup Peas, dry field Potatoes Fruits and tree nuts: Sweet potatoes Almonds Apples Fresh vegetables: Apricots Artichokes Avocados Asparagus Bananas Beets Blackberries Broccoli Cherries Brussell sprouts Coffee Cabbage Cranberries Cantaloupes Figs, dried Carrots Filberts Cauliflower Grapefruit Celery Grapes Cucumbers Lemons Eggplant Limes Garlic Nectarines Kale Olives Lettuce andescarole Oranges Lima beans Papayas Onions and shallots Fresh vegetables- Livestock: Continued Dairy products and Peas, green honey: Peppers Butter Snap beans Cheese Spinach Cream Sweet corn Honey Tomatoes Ice cream Watermelons Milk Other vegetables Meat animals: Oil crops: Cattle and calves Cottonseed Hogs Flaxseed Sheep and lambs Peanuts Soybeans Poultry and eggs: Other oil crops Chickens Eggs Cotton lint Turkeys Tobacco Mohair and shorn wool: Mohair Wool, shorn For the years 1909-1923, the product group figures were extrapolated from 1924 by means of indexes of production for 12 groups of agricultural products: food grains, feed grains, sugar crops, fruits and tree nuts, vegetables and miscellaneous crops, oil crops, cotton, tobacco, dairy products and honey, meat animals, poultry and eggs, and mohair and shorn wool. These indexes were taken from "Volume of Production of Crops and of Livestock Products for Sale and for Home Con- sumption, 1910-46," The Farm Income Situation, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture FIS-83, December 1946. For years prior to 1909, the production series used for ex- trapolation purposes were taken from "Gross Farm Income and Indices of Farm Production and Prices in the United States, 1869-1937," by Frederick Strauss and Louis H. Bean, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 703, De- cember 1940. Figures for horses and mules born each year were added to the production series on the basis of data from the Census of Agriculture. Imports, Exports, and Consumption Series The agricultural imports and exports were compiled pri- marily by the AMS and ESCS to measure the supply and utiliza- tion of farm commodities. The basic source of these figures is the Bureau of the Census import and export data. The AMS and ESCS imports and exports were supplemented by import figures for rubber, silk, vegetable fibers, and spices not covered by AMS and ESCS and by certain imports and exports of cattle, hogs, live horses and mules, and live poultry for breeding. 48 Beginning in 1924, the AMS and ESCS series provide stock changes and separate figures for food and nonfood use which were used in computing the consumption series. For years prior to 1924, Bureau of the Census quantity ser- ies for imports and exports of commodities which are com- ponents of the AMS groups used for later years were combined to the AMS group level by use of unit-value weights. These subgroup series were used to extrapolate figures for each AMS group from the 1924 figures. In a few cases the available series represented nearly complete coverage of the commodity group, but in most cases the coverage was considerably less, particularly for nonfood commodities. FISHERY AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS Fishery Series. Production measures were developed from series for U.S. Commercial Landings of 66 classes of finfish and 24 classes of shellfish as tabulated by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), U.S. Department of Commerce, formerly the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), U.S. Department of the Interior. For the years 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, and annually 1967-1977, these series were combined into 14 groups of finfish and 9 groups of shellfish. The groups are: Shellfish: Clams: Hard Soft, surf, and other Crabs Lobsters Scallops Shrimp: South Atalntic and Gulf New England, Pacific, and other Squid and other Finfish: Anchovies Cod • Flounders Haddock Halibut Sea herring Menhaden Rockfishes Salmon: Chinook and silver Chum, pink, and red Sea trout Snapper Tuna Other finfish Quantity figures for each of these groups were multiplied by the average 1972 unit value for the group, computed by use of corresponding NMFS total value figures. For years prior to 1967, fishery foods and fishery nonfoods series, developed by FWS and weighted by average 1967 prices, were used to inter- polate or extrapolate totals for production of all fishery foods and for fishery nonfoods. The FWS considered that production data for the period after 1930 represent 97 or 98 percent of the total dollar value of commercial landings of fishery products. Coverage in the period prior to 1930 is much more uncertain because of the lack, except for the year 1908, of good benchmark data. The production series for this early period contains many estimates, the figures for some years being entirely estimated by means of straight-line interpolation between benchmarks. Production figures do not include the large recreational catch which is esti- mated for 1970 to have amounted to 1.6 billion pounds of marine (saltwater) finfish. This was about the same as the land- ings of edible finfish by commercial fishermen. Surveys of the recreational catch are available only for 1960, 1965, and 1970. For all finfish the comparisons are : Finfish (million pounds) Year Total Commerical landings Recreational catch 1970 1965 1960 5,594 5,421 5,630 4,017 3,947 4,250 1,577 1,474 1,380 For 1967-1977, foreign trade data from the Bureau of the Census were converted, where necessary, to round weight (live weight) equivalents by use of factors supplied by NMFS. Thus total imports and exports equivalents were developed for each of the above 23 groups of fish. These were weighted by the 1972 unit values used for production. Apparent consump- tion was computed from the production, imports, and exports aggregates for each year. Consumption was segregated into foods and nonfoods, primarily on the basis of NMFS classifica- tions as edible and nonedible (industrial). For the years 1924-1967, the foreign-trade series for fishery products, in constant 1967 dollars, were assembled by the Fish and Wildlife Service, and these were used to extrapolate series comparable to the 1967-1977 series in 1972 dollars. For prior years, the President's Materials Policy Commission staff com- piled figures showing the values of fish imports and exports, based on U.S. Department of Commerce records. These values were then deflated, by means of indexes of fish prices, to ob- tain estimates of the quantities imported and exported. Data measuring the foreign trade in fishery products represent es- sentially complete coverage in terms of value of the items im- ported and exported, and the errors introduced in converting to quantities measured in 1972 dollars are believed to be small. Wildlife Products Wildlife products are represented by furs which constitute the major portion of this classification. A significant exclusion is the taking of migratory birds. It was estimated in 1975, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, that about 28.5 million pounds of meat is obtained annually in taking such migratory birds. However, while annual data on die taking of some major classes of such birds are available back to 1955, it did not seem that there was enough information to warrant inclusion of such series. •1!) Relatively incomplete production data are available on furs for the early years. For tins reason, the production measures for manufactures census years were computed from fairly reli- able consumption, imports, and exports figures which could be developed from census statistics. Incomplete coverage series on the number of wild animals trapped were then used to inter- polate between these benchmark figures for the later years, and straight-line interpolation of consumption was accepted for early years. For all census years in the period 1899-1967, consumption figures in current dollars were obtained as the cost of furs bought by the fur goods industry and by the fur dressing and dyeing industry, plus exports of domestic dressed furs, less shipments of dressed furs by the fur dressing and dyeing in- dustry. These aggregate values for fur consumption were re- duced to constant 1967 dollars by use of a price index based in part on imports and exports of furs for the United States and in part on a Canadian fur price index. Figures for consumption in intercensal years prior to 1935 were estimated by straight- line interpolation. From this consumption series for census years and years prior to 1935, the production series was esti- mated by adding exports and subtracting imports. Beginning with 1969, better coverage of production became available: The U.S. Department of Agriculture begain collecting data on the large mink production on farms and the Fur Re- sources Committee (FRC) in late years obtained nearly com- plete coverage of animals trapped. FRC average pelt prices in the 1971-1972 season were used as weights for most types of fur produced domestically, but for mink the average unit value of 1972 exports of undressed skins was used since no value data were collected for mink from fur farms. For 1935-1969, fur production series were developed from figures for the number of wild animals trapped, as reported by the Fish and Wildlife Service. For 1954-1969, the series used for interpolating between the 1954, 1958, 1963, and 1967 census figures and for extrapolating for 1968 and 1969 represented data for 43 States, including Alaska and the Pribilof Islands, covering 19 types of wild animals caught. The series used for in- terpolation for the period 1947-1954 represented 23 States, including Alaska and the Pribilof Isalnds, and for 1935-1947, 25 States, including Alaska and the Pribilof Isalnds, and covered 12 types of wild animals caught for the entire period 1935- 1954. The sample used for the period after 1954 covered about 21 percent of the estimated total value of fur production in 1954, 17 percent in 1958, 23 percent in 1963 and 17 percent in 1969. The sample used for 1947-1954 represented about 36 percent coverage in 1947 and about 15 percent in 1954. In developing these annual series, the qualtities for different types of furs produced were weighted by the 1954 average unit values of furs exported, wherever such data were available, and by 1954 average unit import values where export data were not available. Even though no separate statistics are available on fur bearing animals produced on farms prior to 1969, such production is implicity included since the production totals are computed from Census consumption, import, and export figures which include furs from farms. For the period 1969-1977, import and export quantity series were weighted by FRC prices in 1971-1972 or by 1972 average unit values of imports. For the period 1935-1969, quantity im- port and export series were weighted by 1967 average unit values of imports or exports. For years prior to 1935, the fur import and export quantities were obtained by deflating the correspond- ing total values by related price indexes. The foreign-trade data represent essentially complete coverage of raw and dressed furs. The series in 1967 dollars for years prior to 1969 were used to extrapolate the corresponding series in 1972 dollars. FOREST PRODUCTS The series for forest products is based on statistics compiled by the Forest Service and the Bureau of the Census. Forest products classes were combined into three major groups: saw- logs, pulpwood, and other forest products. The other forest products series included: veneer logs, fuelwood (roundwood), other (except naval stores), turpentine, and rosin. These seven product classes, measured in physical quantity units were com- bined by means of unit-value weights. The basic unit values of forest products at first point of market in 1972 were supplied by the Forest Service, or for naval stores taken from Crop Reporting Board (CRB) reports. The quantity of production, imports, and exports series used were as compiled by the Forest Service and CRB, of the Department of Agriculture, although the basic import and export series, and part of the production series were collected by the Bureau of the Census. The production series represent about 99 percent of the total value of forest products from the United States, including Alaska. The major item not included is Christmas trees. (Maple syrup and maple sugar are covered in the agricultural production series rather than in forest products.) Other minor forest prod- ucts excluded are tanbark, holly, misletoe, ferns, wild nuts, and balsam. The import and export series, which represent nearly as high coverage of the total value of foreign trade in forest products, include the pulpwood equivalent of processed products, such as wood pulp, paper, and paperboard products, and such prod- ucts as shingles and cork. For the consumption series in terms of broad use classes, the Forest Service provided not only the series for roundwood fuel- wood which is a part of the other forest products group, but also a series of estimates for residue fuelwood which is im- plicitly included in the sawlogs series, as well as appropriate unit-value weights for each of these series based on sample market values of such products in various States. MINERALS Production Series The mineral production series include 91 mineral products, which correspond to over 99 percent of the total value of min- eral output as reported in the 1939, 1954, 1958, 1963, 1967, and 1972 censuses of mineral industries. Comparable measures of coverage cannot be made for other years. However, an 50 analysis of production information available for the few min- eral items omitted indicates that coverage was not significantly lower for such years. In constructing the PMPC production measures, extensive use was made of Dr. Y. S. Leong's worksheets for construction of his index of mineral production. The production series for 61 mineral products were taken from these worksheets for all or part of the period 1900-1948 and most of the comparable 1949 and 1950 figures were also supplied by Dr. Leong. In cases where a mineral first appeared in the Leong index for a year later than 1900, its output for earlier years of the half century was estimated from related data. The basic source for these and all other annual mineral pro- duction figures used was from the Bureau of Mines, primarily as published in its Minerals Yearbook (prior to 1932, Mineral Resources of the United States). However, most of the 1972 unit values used as weights represent Bureau of the Census figures which quite uniformly provide unit values at producing operations. The minerals included in the production measures are; Mineral Construction Minerals Dimension stone: Limestone Granite Slate Marble Basalt Sandstone Miscellaneous stone Crushed and broken stone: For cement manufacture For lime manufacture Other limestone Granite Slate Marble Basalt Sandstone Crushed and broken stone— Continued Miscellaneous stone Sand and gravel: Construction sand Gravel Glass sand Other industrial sand, except for abrasives Fire clay Magnesite Common clay and shale Gypsum Native asphalt and bitumens Asbestos Perlite Shell Iron and Ferroally Ores (Measured in terms of metal contained) Chemical and Fertilizer Minerals Iron Cobalt Barite Bromine Manganese Molybdenum Fluorspar Calcium and calcium- Tungsten Nickel Potash magnesium chloride Chromium Borates Magnesium compounds Phosphate rock Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium sulfate Other Metal Ores Sulfur and pyrites Iodine (In general, measured in terms of metal contained) Arsenious oxide Gold Antimony Silver Cadmium Abrasives and Miscellaneous Minerals Copper Magnesium Lead Platinum-group metals Fuller's earth Grinding pebbles and Zinc Selenium tube-mill liners Bauxite Tellurium High-grade clay: Grindstones, pulpstones, Mercury Tin Bentonite and other special silica Titanium Kaolin stone products Uranium-radium- Ball clay Quartz, ground sand, and vanadium Miscellaneous high- sandstone for abrasive grade clay purposes Mineral Fuels Feldspar Tripoli and rottenstone Mica sheet Peat Anthracite Natural gas Mica scrap Diatomite Bituminous coal and Natural gasoline Pumice and pumicite Graphite lignite Liquefied petroleum Talc and soapstone Greensand Crude petroleum gases Emery and garnet Vermiculite 51 Secondary Production The basic series presented throughout this report represent primary production only. For the purpose of measuring overall raw materials requirements, this is the preferred measure. More- over, for most raw materials, adequate data are not available to construct annual series for secondary production. However, there are more adequate data for nonferrous metals, and series for secndary production of such metals have been compiled and are presented in table A10 for the period 1910-1977. This table also reproduces the primary production series which are in- cluded in table A9 and elsewhere, and shows the combined total of primary and secondary production of these com- modities. The unit value weights used in constructing these series for scondary metals are the same as those used for pri- mary metals. Imports and Exports Series Many of the foreign-trade quantity figures used for minerals for 1900-1950 were compiled especially for PMPC by the Bureau of Mines staff, based, however, on census data for im- ports and exports. These figures were supplemented for the same period by foreign-trade figures for chemicals and selected other commodities compiled for PMPC by the Office of Inter- national Trade, U.S. Department of Commerce. Other figures for this period, and those for all commodities in later years, were compiled directly from census data, either as published in census reports or as specially compiled by Census for Bureau of Mines use and published in reports of that agency. Where re- ported quantity data were lacking, the series were completed by estimates based on reported value data, on values for groups of commodities in which an item was included, or occasionally on the movement of related items. These estimates amounted to 2 percent or less of the constant-dollar value of the combined production, imports, and exports of all minerals in any year, and less than 1 percent in the later years. However, the esti- mates amounted to 3 to 6 percent of the totals for "other metals," "construction materials," and "other nonmetallic minerals," in the period 1900-1920. The figures for imports and exports were weighted by the same 1972 unit values at the mine as were used in weighting the production series, insofar as the it^ms were produced domestically. In general, the 1972 average unit values of imports were used as weights for minerals not produced in the United States. In addition to the 91 mineral products included in the pro- duction series, the mineral imports and consumption series in- clude the following materials, for the mineral construction ma- terials series: chalk; for the chemical and fertilizer minerals series: guano; and for the abrasives and miscellaneous minerals series: corundum, cryolite, diamonds (cut but unset and rough and uncut), emeralds, kyanite, and nepheline syenite. For imports or exports of semiprocessed or processed items, the major raw materials contained were estimated. Thus, the mineral equivalents of the foreign trade statistics for paints, other chemicals, and machinery were computed and added to the figures for the crude minerals. For example, an import of aluminum sulfate was represented by additions to the bauxite and sulfur series. Many of these conversions were made by the Bureau of Mines staff and many others by the PMPC staff for the period 1900-1950 and comparable conversions were made for this report for later years. Metal Equivalent of Machinery and Vehicles The following methods were employed to obtain the metal equivalent of machinery-and-vehicles exports and imports. The available series for tonnage or value of machinery and vehicles imports and exports were converted to metal content primarily on the basis of census of manufactures or other Census data on iron and steel, copper, and aluminum (including ingot metal, mill shapes, castings, and forgings) used in the production of comparable classes of products in the United States. Such fig- ures were available for 1943-1944, 1947, 1954, 1958, 1963, 1967, and 1972. Some data on materials contents were also obtained from private firms. Beginning in 1970, all estimates, except for merchant vessels exported, were based on the value of 17 classes of machinery and vehicles imported or exported. Factors for tonnages of iron, copper, and aluminum used per dollar value of shipments for each of these 17 classes were developed from the 1972 Census of Manufactures statistics. These factors were applied to the dollar values of imports and exports for years 1972-1977, after deflating the value for each class in each year to its 1972 equivalent by a corresponding BLS price index. For 1970 and 1971, corresponding factors were obtained by interpolating between such factors from the 1967 and 1972 censuses of manufactures after adjusting for price changes. For this period, the iron content of merchant vessels exported was estimated directly from the deadweight tonnage of such vessels as supplied by the U.S. Maritime Administration. For years prior to 1970, the esimates, except for the spec- ified Census years, were obtained by developing 5 series for ma- chinery and vehicles imported or exported. These series were used for interpolation or extrapolation purposes, or in the case of merchant vessels to supplement the data based on the Census of Manufactures. They are: (1) Metal content of exports by vessel based on indexes constructed from data collected by the Chief of Engineers of the U.S. Army for annual tonnages of types of machinery and vehicles shipped by vessel for the years 1920 through 1946. The 1947-1969 figures were based on census data. (2) Shipments by rail and truck derived for 1920- 1969 by deflating the total value of exports of machinery and vehicles to Canada and Mexico by a price index. (3) Shipments by air and all other means, for the earlier years largely merchant vessels and aircraft exported under their own power, estimated in part from the total light displacement weight of merchant- vessel exports available for the period 1938-1969 and in part from census air export tonnages for 1967-1969. This type of export was negligible prior to 1938. (4) Exports for years prior to 1920 extrapolated by deflating the total value of machinery and vehicles exported by a price index. (5) For imports, separate series developed for Canadian and non-Canadian items, making use of Census figures for the value per ton of waterborne im- ports. 52 The iron content of machinery and vehicles exported, as thus estimated, proved to be substantial. It amounted to about 5.5 million tons at the peak volume of merchant-vessel exports in 1947. In 1950, it was about 2.1 million tons, or a little over 4 percent of the U.S. production of iron, and in 1976, 6.5 million tons, nearly 14 percent of U.S. production. The iron- ore equivalent of machinery -an d-vehicles imports amounted to less than 3 percent of exports in 1950, but had risen to over 84 percent of exports in 1977. The copper content of machinery and vehicles imports and exports were both at a peak in 1977, amounting to 187 thou- sand tons for exports and 142 thousand tons for imports, 12.4 and 9.4 percent, respectively, of domestic copper ore produc- tion. This represented an increase from 46 thousand tons for exports in 1950, and from 2 thousand tons for imports. The aluminum content of machinery and vehicles imports was at a peak in 1977 and exports was at a peak in 1976. In terms of bauxite equivalent, such exports in 1977 amounted to about 1,166 thousand tons, 58 percent of domestic bauxite production. The corresponding imports were about 837 thou- sand tons, 42 percent of domestic production. These repre- sented increases from only 36 thousand tons of bauxite equiva- lent for exports in 1950, and 1 thousand tons for bauxite imports. Stocks and Consumption Stocks figures available in the Bureau of Mines publications were used to adjust computed "apparent consumption" figures to actual consumption. The technique employed was to develop a net adjustment for each commodity in each year by multiply- ing the available quantity of stocks data by the unit value of the commodity used in the production, imports, and exports series; then for each year subtract the beginning of year figure from the end of year figure. Stocks figures were available to correspond to nearly 90 percent of the total value of mineral consumption in the last 4 decades of the series and a somewhat lower percentage in earlier years, but even for much of the first 3 decades to over 80 percent of consumption. The available stocks figures represent, in general, not only sotcks at mines, but also, for many of the commodities, stocks of recognizable mineral products in the hands of consumers. Table Al 1 lists the commodities on which stocks figures were used, the nature of these stocks, and the aggregate value of such stocks in selected periods. For gold and silver, no direct stock adjustment was made, but these commodities were represented in the consumption series by U.S. Bureau of the Mint figures for net consumption in industry and the arts. DIRECT ENERGY Hydroelectric energy production, which is the major com- ponent of this group in the period covered, was supplied by the Federal Power Commission, which also provided data on geo- thermal energy production. Energy supplied by wind was esti- mated from Figures for horsepower of windmills and sailing vessels as shown in Historical Statistics of the United States 1970. Solar energy used for space heating and hot water was estimated on the basis of data supplied by the National Solar Heating and Cooling Information Center. Since separate unit values are not available for direct energy, production was weighted by the cost per unit for supplying an equivalent amount of energy by use of coal, oil, and gas in 1972. The unit values for the latter items are those used for them as weights for mineral products in this report. Consumption was assumed the same as production. RAW MATERIALS CONSUMPTION, BY END USE The raw-materials series have been regrouped in terms of the major purposes for which the materials are used (see table A5). This classification represents materials used in the entire U.S. economy, including the raw-materials industries. Minerals usually used for energy purposes are increasingly being absorbed for nonfuel uses. Some such uses are for syn- thetic rubber, carbon black, and other chemical raw materials; for lubricants, asphalt, road oil, waxes; and as carbon in iron and electrodes. The approximate significance of such users is indicated by the following figures: Period Mineral fuels used for nonfuel purposes as a percent of total mineral fuels use 1970-1977 1960-1969 1950-1959 1940-1949 1930-1939 1920-1929 1910-1919 1900-1909 6.8 6.1 4.3 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.2 1.0 The Figures in table A5 exclude such uses from the figures presented for "energy materials" and include them in "physical- structure materials." It should be noted that the relative importance of the foods, energy materials, and physical-structure materials segments of the consumption pattern is somewhat influenced by the con- sumption of raw materials within the raw-materials industries, although such duplication is considerably less than in the series included in the PMPC report and in Working Paper Number 1. In these reports, the value of feed for farm animals (except horses and mules) and seed were included but are excluded here as they were in all later Working Papers of this series. However, the mineral fuels consumed in producing raw materials are in- cluded, as well as the indirect consumption of raw materials represented by the capital-goods requirements of the raw- materials industries. Available staff facilities did not permit ex- tensive analysis of the magnitude of consumption of raw ma- terials within the raw-materials industries. It appears, however, that 4 to 7 percent of all energy has been used in mineral- fuel production. 53 In order to compare the constant dollar figures for energy materials in table A5 with a comparable table in Btu equivalents, table A12 is included. FURTHER REFINEMENTS In general, the raw-m ate rials measures are unadjusted for changes in quality of the specified materials. In the case of agri- cultural products, this probably introduced a slight downward bias, since the quality of these products, as marketed, has probably increased. For minerals and forest products, the bias is probably upward, reflecting depletion of die richest mineral deposits and most valuable stands of virgin forests. As an indication of the effect which quality changes can have on the production series, the constant-dollar aggregates for crude petroleum were recomputed to adjust for the change from principally Pennslyvania-grade crude to other types of crude over the first half of this century. Prior to the 1950's the unit value of Pennsylvania-grade crude was approximately twice as high as the average for all other crudes. For analytical purposes, therefore, this comparison was made in terms of the previously used 1935-1939 average unit values rather than in terms of the 1972 unit values used elsewhere in this report. For the 1935- 1939 base period, the average value per barrel of Pennsylvania- grade crudes was $2.09, as compared with $1.06 for all other crudes. Production aggregates were constructed, weighting these two broad grades of crudes separately. These figures yielded value aggregates almost twice as high in early years as the aggregates unadjusted for change in quality: Year Crude petroleum production aggregates (measured in millions of constant 1935-1939 dollars) Unadjusted for quality changes Adjusted for quality changes 1950 1925 1900 2,127.5 823.3 68.6 2,113.2 833.1 122.1 Although the percent increase in production between 1900 and 1950 indicated for the unadjusted series was nearly twice as much as for the quality adjusted series, the effect on value aggregates was very small for later years when quite significant quantities of crude oil were produced. For many minerals the quality changes have been compen- sated for by concentration or other preparation of the crude materials before they are measured as marketable mineral products. Such changes in grade of crude materials mined would not affect the production measures presented in this report. Moreover, for some series, such as iron ore and major non- ferrous-metal ores, the series measures are in terms of recover- able metals contained in the ores and, hence, are unaffected by changes in grades of ores marketed. 54 TABLE Al. Production of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) Agricultural materials Fishery and wildlife products All raw materials , total Year Total Crops Livestock Total Fishery products Wildlife products Direct energy 1977 91,263 89,497 87,699 55 434 23 118 32 316 958 913 795 838 811 697 120 102 98 828 1976 53 52 608 697 21 22 307 325 32 30 301 372 1,072 1,132 85,289 48 596 17 645 30 951 818 719 99 1,133 1973 86,842 85,776 49 48 007 235 19 17 774 421 29 30 233 814 787 841 700 746 87 95 1,025 1972 1,025 1971 85,863 83,147 82,667 81,535 79,820 76,822 76,942 74,806 49 45 46 46 45 43 44 43 053 593 382 434 942 404 726 644 17 15 16 16 16 14 16 14 852 298 727 641 427 869 539 500 31 30 29 29 29 28 28 29 201 295 655 793 515 535 187 144 862 924 833 826 856 926 931 859 762 795 719 735 749 828 830 758 100 129 114 91 107 98 101 101 998 1970 928 1969 938 1968 836 1967 833 1966 733 1965 730 1964 667 1963 72,967 70,156 68,695 43 41 40 109 416 852 15 14 14 428 575 088 27 26 26 681 841 764 857 900 859 757 814 765 100 86 94 626 1962 638 1961 577 1960 68,803 66,868 65,372 66,591 67,832 65,247 41 39 39 38 39 38 097 661 288 814 609 467 14 13 14 13 13 13 937 985 626 376 548 509 26 25 24 25 26 24 160 676 662 438 061 958 869 848 916 891 931 878 763 744 802 769 827 777 106 104 114 122 104 101 553 1959 524 1958 532 1957 494 1956 464 1955 430 1954 61,679 37 041 13 207 23 834 923 821 102 413 1953 62,176 36 652 13 159 23 493 925 811 114 406 1952 60,866 59,548 57,610 35 34 33 711 040 894 13 12 12 301 376 181 22 21 21 410 664 713 922 888 897 820 794 836 102 94 61 406 1951 387 1950 374 1949 55,856 34 415 13 048 21 367 984 907 77 351 1948 59,828 57,980 35 34 537 513 14 12 733 136 20 22 804 377 1,070 1,027 981 936 89 91 322 1947 308 1946 56,592 34 997 12 784 22 213 1,310 1,209 101 308 1945 55,860 34 510 11 769 22 741 1,323 1,244 79 314 1944 58,079 35 881 12 268 23 613 1,123 1,046 77 293 1943 54,441 32 666 10 044 22 622 1,123 1,046 77 294 1942 54,619 50,928 33 30 057 233 12 11 275 438 20 18 782 795 1,018 915 951 842 67 73 257 1941 206 1940 48,180 29 351 11 198 18 153 832 754 78 193 45,354 28 137 11 086 17 051 799 738 61 178 1938 43,614 28 039 11 661 16 378 764 697 67 181 46,998 41,302 40,398 29 24 26 157 929 283 13 8 11 319 565 377 15 16 14 838 364 906 740 716 607 673 657 560 67 59 47 180 1936 160 1935 159 1934 38,383 38,083 25 25 307 769 7 9 947 022 17 16 360 747 598 554 555 512 43 42 136 1933 139 37,742 26 466 10 343 16 123 542 475 67 136 1931 41,356 27 748 11 593 16 155 635 569 66 123 1930 42,909 26 433 10 572 15 861 762 679 83 133 1929 45,366 26 495 10 759 15 736 744 696 48 141 1928 44,321 26 715 11 077 15 638 685 643 42 142 1927 44,165 45,283 43,785 43,807 26 27 26 27 396 345 665 121 10 11 10 11 719 545 999 008 15 15 15 16 677 800 666 113 685 629 566 569 635 585 524 535 50 44 42 34 126 1926 116 1925 100 1924 94 1923 44,077 26 451 10 525 15 926 496 460 36 92 1922 40,036 25 799 10 707 15 092 545 493 52 84 1921 36,976 42,042 23 26 803 118 9 11 599 760 14 14 204 359 506 577 468 543 38 34 74 1920 80 1919 41,016 42,296 41,334 40,464 39,712 39,649 39,829 39,868 38,905 37,838 37,387 36,847 26 26 25 24 25 25 24 24 24 23 23 23 415 489 191 494 183 252 421 900 534 256 334 792 11 11 10 10 11 11 10 11 10 9 9 10 076 380 854 170 237 821 685 160 566 900 863 114 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 339 109 337 324 946 431 736 740 968 356 471 678 585 603 609 597 573 600 577 543 531 536 536 541 557 568 574 565 543 532 504 477 479 477 474 477 28 35 35 32 30 68 73 66 52 59 62 64 67 1918 62 1917 57 1916 50 1915 43 1914 37 1913 36 1912 33 1911 29 1910 27 25 22 1907 37,131 36,735 35,120 34,101 23 23 22 22 012 518 471 196 9 10 9 9 704 469 593 748 13 13 12 12 308 049 878 448 531 530 531 531 479 482 482 485 52 48 49 46 21 1906 20 1905 18 15 1903 33,091 31,683 21 20 326 667 9 9 144 ,206 12 11 182 461 532 514 477 474 55 40 14 1902 13 1901 31,300 20 647 8 754 11 893 512 468 44 12 1900 30,545 20 293 8 ,711 11 582 508 452 56 11 TABLE Al. Production of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977— Continued 55 (Millions of dollars) Forest products Saw logs Pulpwood Other 1 ' >r<". i products Iron and ferroalloy metals Other metals Mineral fuels Contruc- tion materials Other nonmetalic minerals 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959. 1958. 1957, 1956. 1955. 1954, 1953, 1952, 1951, 1950, 1949. 1948. 1947. 1946. 1945. 1944, 1943, 1942, 1941. 1940. 1939. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 1925. 1924. 1923. 1922. 1921. 1920. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. 1911. 1910. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 5 645 5 517 5 001 5 387 i 755 5 657 5 543 5 452 5 537 :. 51 5 i- 5 5 555 5 594 5 558 5 313 5 087 4 976 4 990 5 375 4 941 4 956 5 546 5 416 5 237 5 279 5 i )1 5 394 5 397 4 894 5 409 > 274 5 045 4 470 4 943 5 033 5 353 5 533 5 il i 4 804 4 430 4 834 4 6 58 4 195 3 840 3 721 3 329 3 891 4 816 5 699 5 476 5 572 5 739 5 864 5 851 6 029 5 547 5 058 5 701 5 643 5 43 7 5 793 6 175 5 854 6 198 6 559 6 667 6 525 6 650 6 604 6 363 6 791 6 585 6 270 6 223 6 084 5 935 5 800 5 671 3.338 3,207 2,886 3.061 3,409 3,335 3.270 3.186 3,293 3.350 3,189 3.359 3, 374 3.353 3.186 3.046 2.942 3.023 3 418 070 034 522 442 353 397 463 3,439 3,513 2,980 3,428 3,280 3,156 2.604 3,050 3,175 3,362 3,383 2,885 662 299 685 558 123 743 588 252 849 715 3,585 3.400 3,449 3,681 3,799 3,657 3,799 3,267 2,685 3,241 3.195 2,950 3,314 3,683 3,424 3,744 4,069 4,162 3.976 4.112 4.112 3,880 4,252 4,252 4,022 3,972 3,836 3,679 3,530 3,381 4 1.8 963 896 .093 978 924 943 ,016 950 S'i 845 845 820 759 Ms 680 656 hH ' 624 574 623 656 583 519 506 480 484 398 343 396 367 338 304 311 275 302 287 251 198 161 181 154 134 122 122 100 122 124 132 118 112 112 102 97 94 91 76 102 90 91 95 90 84 74 73 71 69 64 65 54 63 59 52 51 47 42 39 36 389 347 219 233 n.s 198 330 250 294 304 291 351 400 446 419 361 378 285 333 297 299 368 391 165 376 388 471 486 571 585 627 -51 562 582 583 689 863 877 944 970 968 946 938 975 011 977 920 977 982 958 Oil 946 963 097 136 189 297 358 358 396 384 402 146 380 417 434 4 80 474 427 429 476 274 196 200 201 214 231 254 398 387 074 355 268 018 407 250 977 888 864 204 961 078 062 115 431 294 460 695 436 282 056 065 914 496 839 048 212 490 858 932 243 839 325 934 041 791 436 200 087 839 154 502 'j. in 269 959 765 287 303 386 454 590 172 009 061 535 565 306 705 684 148 059 562 236 725 286 369 926 1,199 1.203 1,279 1,331 1.174 1,230 1,336 1,286 1,245 1,202 1,254 1,195 1,145 995 937 953 1,142 791 858 1,272 1,196 1,252 966 1,354 1,114 1,304 1,064 926 1,092 1,026 790 1,020 1,095 1,230 1,257 1,069 851 605 359 819 55 J 347 276 193 109 331 616 770 660 656 717 660 567 732 493 303 7 10 634 760 806 793 578 427 644 574 460 601 545 382 554 511 457 295 3 76 384 313 299 1,831 1,854 1,680 1,866 1,958 1.934 1.830 2,004 1,829 1,517 1,295 1,679 1,612 1,576 1,516 1,555 1.503 1,435 1,203 1,283 1,410 1,355 1,194 1.050 1,147 1,179 1,136 1,118 948 1,021 1,034 782 923 1,213 1,407 1,384 1,317 1,234 20.802 1,070 896 1,151 923 677 506 414 440 705 922 1,196 1,118 1,063 1,114 1,092 1,037 991 738 ..8 3 854 1,207 1,269 1,334 1,113 926 947 4.40 880 852 872 760 720 780 741 687 614 617 585 587 20 722 20 803 21 289 21 995 22 337 21 968 22 470 21 354 20 769 20 147 19 084 18 041 17 504 16 969 16 167 15 691 15 506 15 312 14 634 15 837 15 826 14 905 13 588 14 179 14 032 14 300 12 97 . 11 666 13 643 13- 195 11 929 12 108 12 352 11 413 10 865 10 268 9 556 8 675 8 034 9 107 8 415 7 445 7 062 6 707 6 122 7 083 8 116 9 068 8 352 8 506 8 516 7 760 7 586 8 321 6 074 6 135 7 266 6 198 7 145 6 874 6 208 5 653 5 455 5 845 5 445 5 146 5 128 4 694 4 314 4 796 4 077 3 950 3 539 3 530 2 919 2 880 2 630 3,117 2,950 2,816 3,271 3,405 3,075 2,970 3,019 3,041 2,946 2,855 2,838 2,891 2 735 2,582 2,495 2,363 2,315 2,291 2,142 2,083 2,043 1,915 1,719 1,521 1,495 1,435 1,302 1,147 1,179 1,069 941 737 720 833 1,023 1,012 851 831 680 741 712 489 »K 427 473 6 .1, 1,025 963 962 911 893 ",].. ■81 599 497 546 426 ,74 681 610 656 692 667 707 695 690 596 621 629 605 549 555 575 491 490 56 TABLE A2. Imports of Raw Materials Into the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) All raw r laterials Agricultural materials Fishery and wildli f e pr Dduc ts Year Total Total, except gold Total Crops Livestock Total Fishery products Wildlife products 1977 1976 1975 23 22 18 19 20 18 16 15 15 15 14 13 12 12 12 12 10 10 11 10 10 10 9 8 9 9 8 8 8 10 9 7 6 6 5 5 8 12 10 7 8 7 7 5 4 4 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 6 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 971 165 880 933 622 812 532 610 137 769 176 743 7 24 084 086 085 914 933 693 683 687 088 436 518 140 8 20 248 87 2 509 273 340 092 596 594 948 781 982 257 726 873 610 523 69 2 995 915 577 445 523 811 023 786 821 5 29 506 7 29 490 463 559 703 313 249 313 858 868 538 288 051 961 106 522 626 664 518 396 310 374 201 001 23 22 18 19 20 18 16 15 14 15 13 13 12 12 12 11 10 10 11 10 10 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 7 6 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 3 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 746 030 745 799 427 502 167 273 841 468 706 682 577 024 021 867 833 461 263 272 296 899 288 463 072 751 130 637 392 476 536 539 461 449 801 325 562 141 561 031 25 2 872 305 286 447 905 940 327 364 7 31 5 25 593 233 957 209 985 146 698 581 177 171 930 739 778 409 195 909 868 016 297 495 5 28 438 277 236 285 107 968 5 6 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 996 303 782 6 20 171 263 685 552 413 833 233 265 792 816 324 285 895 641 163 569 327 243 148 816 401 390 338 470 060 316 807 969 708 974 424 957 696 964 902 547 447 123 970 056 237 962 476 736 318 857 836 811 601 246 465 320 891 155 277 937 933 767 785 885 412 243 013 964 197 646 783 786 795 699 599 643 433 414 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 249 507 329 076 280 387 017 733 697 089 700 648 427 540 665 698 601 5 24 813 410 481 507 377 186 636 491 422 402 398 289 197 967 912 236 607 983 484 048 943 807 411 098 043 438 457 291 631 815 985 658 697 800 641 439 49 2 368 044 169 099 777 978 797 672 686 634 577 512 429 552 251 375 370 279 297 243 279 119 001 1,747 1,796 1,453 1,544 1,891 1,876 1,668 1,819 1,716 1,744 1,533 1,617 1,365 1,276 1,659 1,587 1,294 1,117 1,350 1,159 846 736 771 630 765 899 916 1,068 662 1,027 610 1,00 2 796 738 817 974 1,212 916 959 740 1,036 1,025 927 618 780 671 845 921 1,333 1,199 1,139 1,011 960 807 973 952 C47 986 1,178 1,160 955 970 1,113 1,199 778 666 501 535 645 395 408 416 516 40 2 356 364 314 413 1,141 1,179 1,011 1,017 1,114 1,324 1,074 1,092 1,118 1,344 1,094 1,133 985 938 856 841 704 627 638 578 540 528 511 491 487 482 453 480 418 441 338 502 410 344 287 212 296 298 273 218 289 290 266 200 232 211 277 261 335 298 247 218 211 265 243 206 204 222 237 193 228 240 246 223 215 194 208 210 183 151 161 171 170 159 150 159 146 127 1,083 1,124 954 968 1,056 1,271 1,006 1,0 20 1,027 1,231 986 1,016 876 840 747 728 597 539 549 49 3 452 439 416 406 396 382 328 341 272 266 203 293 261 206 177 110 128 145 163 137 161 141 124 113 127 124 161 161 192 166 159 137 130 165 149 152 156 163 183 149 163 170 168 182 165 138 141 138 124 110 106 106 108 97 92 83 83 75 58 55 57 1974 49 1973 58 1972 53 1971 1970 68 72 1969 91 1968 113 1967 108 1966 117 1965 109 1964 98 1963 109 1962 113 1961 107 1960 88 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 89 85 88 89 95 85 1953 91 1952 1951 100 125 1950 139 1949 146 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 175 135 209 149 138 110 1942 102 1941 168 1940 153 1939 110 1938 81 1937 128 1936 149 1935 142 1934 87 1933 105 1932 87 1931 116 1930 100 19 29 143 19 28 132 19 27 88 19 26 81 1925 81 1924 100 1923 94 1922 54 1921 48 19 20 59 1919 54 1918 44 1917 65 1916 70 1915 78 1914 41 1913 50 1912 56 1911 1910 67 72 1909 1908 59 41 1907 1906 55 65 1905 62 1903 62 58 1902 1901 76 63 1900 52 57 TABLE A2. Imports of Raw Materials Into the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions o£ dollars! Forest products vlogs Pulpwood Other forest product s Total, except gold Iron and ferro- alloy metals Other metals Total. except gold Mineral fuels Construc- tion material s metallic mineral s 1977. 1976. 1975. 1974. 1973, 1972. 1971. 1970. 1969. 1968. 1967. 1966. 1965. 1964. 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960. 1959. 1958. 1957. 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953. 1952. 1951. 1950. 1949. 1948. 1947. 1946. 1945. 1944. 1943. 1942. 1941. 1940. 1939. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 1925. 1924. 1923. 1922. 1921. 1920. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. 1911. 1910. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904, 1903, 1902, 1901 1900, 1,453 1,209 929 1, 149 1.385 1,369 1, 164 1.028 ,060 ,018 983 905 865 845 835 792 711 674 694 593 572 638 638 5 70 538 504 532 597 388 -441 370 331 282 242 244 328 313 229 241. 209 283 257 207 178 175 162 211 280 318 303 320 335 313 294 316 257 152 213 175 175 175 175 155 141 141 147 12 6 132 128 100 120 122 99 80 79 89 73 64 967 741 536 654 8,1 839 684 583 592 580 585 491 491 491 503 464 4 08 375 390 324 289 333 354 306 280 247 253 345 159 188 131 125 106 98 86 153 135 73 71 53 69 67 43 31 37 39 76 122 153 147 174 190 186 174 198 155 86 135 114 L22 122 122 106 92 96 104 86 94 98 78 90 100 80 61 63 73 59 53 362 344 289 384 386 362 348 339 355 334 329 342 311 297 281 280 265 261 257 237 254 276 2 58 244 248 250 272 248 226 250 238 205 175 143 157 L74 174 L52 172 154 213 189 163 146 137 121 134 157 164 155 144 143 125 118 116 1 00 65 76 59 52 52 52 48 48 44 42 39 37 30 22 30 22 19 19 16 16 14 11 124 124 104 111 148 168 132 106 113 104 69 72 63 57 51 48 18 38 47 32 29 29 26 20 10 7 7 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 381 474 158 147 952 856 609 938 546 574 866 440 082 485 071 167 604 991 198 943 248 679 139 641 714 444 925 325 643 075 825 290 196 034 993 284 677 766 305 899 591 853 249 561 271 242 481 246 840 565 383 457 404 701 705 707 216 969 014 008 913 131 672 619 770 704 704 655 598 625 562 585 454 458 482 483 349 396 15,156 13,339 11,023 12,013 11,757 9,546 8,244 7,601 7,250 7,273 6,396 6,379 5,935 5,425 5,006 4,949 4,523 4,519 4,768 4,532 4,857 4,490 3,991 3,586 3,646 3,375 2,807 3,090 2,526 2,278 2,021 1,737 2,061 1,889 1,846 1,828 2,257 1,650 1,140 1,057 1,233 1,202 862 852 803 570 976 1,050 1,393 1,273 1,122 1,229 1,108 1,152 1,185 1,202 899 1,108 892 872 835 748 553 529 641 611 562 562 508 40m 431 449 374 339 408 394 455 363 1,586 1,520 1,385 1,666 1,519 1,410 1,346 1,332 1,240 1,372 977 747 1,006 974 886 768 — 751 615 573 537 447 484 389 331 373 417 448 424 432 336 219 141 242 212 143 101 90 46 91 153 207 154 13" 141 IJh 99 110 71 35 117 103 147 140 136 100 84 118 101 78 94 163 94 2,085 2,090 1,588 2,031 1,891 1,792 1,699 1,685 1,626 1,963 1,913 1,364 1,159 1,066 1,048 1,233 1,021 1,527 1,652 1,794 1,975 1,616 1,428 1,332 1,432 2,402 1,047 1,490 1,306 1,229 1,125 1, 139 1,568 2,766 7,036 5, 776 3,490 3,021 2,340 2,838 2,225 969 899 1,027 630 1,143 1,002 908 920 912 1,188 1,153 1,068 1, 701 1,405 664 677 2,601 856 447 411 526 501 543 476 460 525 423 433 339 361 311 320 323 243 1,860 1,955 1,453 1,897 1,696 1,482 1,334 1,348 1,330 1,662 1,443 1,303 1,012 1,006 983 1,015 940 1,055 1,222 1,383 1,584 1,427 1,280 1,277 1,364 1,333 929 1,255 1,096 951 918 753 1,094 980 992 1, 112 1,346 920 611 648 663 689 451 516 501 227 522 434 696 710 647 692 616 639 633 563 384 544 542 541 523 473 328 321 397 408 401 383 370 300 292 29 7 259 242 237 231 229 210 10,891 9, 155 7,560 7,698 7,844 6,019 4,993 4,357 4, 113 3,685 2,266 2,221 2,122 1,947 1,778 1,541 1,298 1,278 1, 183 1,045 1,054 814 644 556 492 453 351 233 143 345 291 218 192 209 21" 198 182 163 263 303 371 381 312 254 295 279 328 358 •,05 443 378 192 143 119 85 r,2 134 126 173 172 159 139 136 139 141 119 134 141 145 131 1 )0 113 117 122 105 111 110 1 1 18 98 LOO 99 106 99 70 86 79 57 43 43 50 48 52 35 35 26 40 32 2 14 14 10 20 37 43 40 40 41 37 32 33 23 12 23 19 17 18 15 11 14 18 16 15 15 13 11 16 11 10 9 9 58 TABLE A3. Exports of Raw Materials From the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) All raw materials Agricultural materia Is Fishery and wildlife pr oducts Year Total Total, except gold Total Crops Livestock Total Fishery products Wildlife products 1977 13,858 13,621 12,735 12,694 13,372 10,783 9,591 10,062 8,693 10,169 10,084 9,464 10,201 9,793 8,255 7,485 8,412 7,286 5,708 5,748 7,582 6,552 5,189 4,674 4,179 4,679 6,128 4,914 4,254 4,112 5,387 5,175 4,507 5,892 4,394 3,094 2,544 2,962 3,362 3,487 3,368 2,762 2,848 2,959 3,967 4,990 4,390 4,124 4,904 5,864 5,053 4,771 4,757 4,717 4,100 4,153 4,528 4,598 5,533 4,693 4,419 4,766 4,940 3,802 4,228 4,218 3,763 3,154 3,382 3,810 3,872 4,043 3,715 3,399 3,595 3,570 4,308 3,927 13,503 13,475 12,599 12,665 13,342 10,744 9,526 10,008 8,676 8,957 8,630 8,803 8,342 9,182 7,962 6,933 7,291 7,283 5,705 5,703 7,340 6,514 5,180 4,649 4,135 4, 640 5,241 4,173 4,144 3,848 5,121 4,857 4,221 4,505 4,359 3,094 2,544 2,961 3,361 3,478 3,301 2,723 2,845 2,879 3,120 3,242 3,443 3,940 4,637 4,843 4,918 4,748 4,497 4,650 4,051 4,138 4,519 4,502 5,235 4,673 4,163 4,727 4,894 3,695 4,123 4,150 3,760 3,084 3,325 3,707 3,811 4,026 3,637 3,242 3,530 3,476 4,199 3,927 10,299 10,173 9,285 9,247 10,008 7,811 6,797 6,654 5,653 6,102 6,023 6,420 6,075 6,658 5,758 5,128 5,135 5,106 4,130 3,876 4,605 4,162 3,187 2,924 2,606 2,917 3,422 2,836 2,748 2,218 2,897 3,271 2,566 2,422 2,545 1,636 1,251 1,302 1,687 1,904 1,680 1,495 1,582 1,690 2,117 2,322 2,192 2,270 2,659 2,864 3,062 2,854 2,814 2,885 2,537 2,959 3,410 3,065 3,880 3,177 2,471 3,262 3,673 2,433 2,620 2,791 2,447 1,952 2,260 2,708 2,846 2,853 2,755 2,330 2,767 2,733 3,449 3,135 9,135 9,025 8,306 8,277 9,027 6,822 5,767 5,766 4,817 5,244 5,221 5,624 5,112 5,300 4,650 4,335 4,375 4,391 3,423 3.221 3,842 3,273 2,366 2,360 2,108 2,515 2,883 2,343 2,334 1,876 2,283 2,166 1,527 917 1,009 676 787 1,117 1,506 1,751 1,556 1,371 1,447 1,463 1,890 2,111 1,937 1,954 2,280 2,502 2,702 2,454 2,339 2,290 1,832 2,372 2,722 2,317 2,522 1,689 1,571 2,323 2,718 2,075 2,264 2,430 2,013 1,632 1,811 2,099 2,141 1,994 1,895 1,550 2,006 2,006 2,332 2,180 1,164 1,148 979 970 981 989 1,030 888 836 858 802 796 963 1,358 1,108 793 760 715 707 655 763 889 821 564 498 402 539 493 414 342 614 1,105 1,039 1,505 1,536 960 464 185 181 153 124 124 135 227 227 211 255 316 379 362 360 400 475 595 705 587 688 748 1,358 1,488 900 939 955 358 356 361 434 320 449 609 705 859 860 780 761 727 1,117 955 212 193 175 166 196 172 154 147 146 104 105 97 90 78 73 54 58 59 56 44 54 50 50 44 40 34 43 38 46 36 70 62 57 47 62 46 37 49 41 44 36 39 44 41 36 32 40 48 50 47 40 37 41 51 42 45 36 60 82 60 60 73 60 55 68 55 46 55 52 36 35 40 41 43 41 45 37 41 117 92 94 76 111 94 84 74 70 39 50 53 43 41 35 22 21 28 29 20 23 27 29 23 20 16 25 21 29 19 44 42 45 44 59 41 32 29 23 23 21 21 23 23 16 15 20 25 32 27 23 25 26 34 28 31 27 43 71 52 42 47 46 29 33 23 20 21 23 18 18 19 20 23 17 22 19 18 95 1976 101 1975 81 1974 90 1973 85 1972 78 1971 70 1970 73 1969 76 1968 65 1967 55 1966 44 1965 47 1964 37 1963 38 1962 32 1961 37 1960 31 1959 27 1958 24 1957 31 1956 1955 1954 1953 23 21 21 20 1952 18 1951 18 1950 17 1949 17 1948 17 1947 26 1946 20 1945 12 1944 3 1943 3 1942 5 1941 5 1940 20 1939 18 1938 21 1937 15 1936 18 1935 21 1934 18 1933 20 1932 17 1931 20 1930 23 1929 18 1928 20 1927 17 1926 12 1925 15 1924 17 1923 14 1922 14 1921 9 1920 17 1919 11 1918 8 1917 18 1916 26 1915 14 1914 26 1913 35 1912 32 1911 26 1910 34 1909 29 1908 18 1907 17 1906 21 1905 21 1904 20 1903 24 1902 1901 23 18 1900 23 — 59 TABLE A3. Exports of Raw Materials From the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollars) Forest products vlegs Pulpwood Other forest products Total, except gold Iron and ferro- al loy metals Other metals Total, except gold Mineral fuels Construc- tion materials 01 her non- metallic minerals 1977, 1976, 1975. 1974, 1973, 1972, 1971, 1970. 1969. 1968, 1967. 1966. 1965. 1964, 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960. 1959. 1958. 1957. 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953. 1952. 1951. 1950. 1949. 1948. 1947. 1946. 1945. 1944. 1943. 1942. 1941. 1940. 1939. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 1925. 1924. 1923. 1922. 1921. 1920. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. 1911. 1910. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 667 709 626 671 712 656 532 633 558 558 488 407 )58 350 320 256 251 246 227 184 198 197 197 188 146 136 187 170 134 125 202 123 84 80 102 99 150 165 196 170 240 224 229 216 222 199 250 318 403 395 37 5 349 325 364 317 252 181 204 205 143 167 197 190 254 392 380 361 312 276 270 332 310 268 298 282 252 275 263 440 467 393 405 47 6 422 312 375 330 348 289 226 199 190 170 122 116 107 92 86 92 89 92 80 71 74 101 54 57 54 115 54 37 31 26 38 59 82 94 84 124 110 111 115 110 98 145 200 272 275 263 240 223 235 211 167 111 145 127 94 99 110 111 178 258 249 232 200 169 155 193 178 153 167 162 124 131 143 187 184 176 211 167 166 164 Ml 151 139 122 111 101 105 90 78 78 73 52 44 49 ■.2 46 16 19 23 24 13 14 15 19 13 18 18 21 26 27 33 13 12 19 13 13 11 6 6 7 9 9 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 11 12 7 7 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 40 58 57 55 69 68 3h 67 77 71 77 70 58 55 60 56 57 66 83 54 57 66 59 72 56 39 62 103 63 56 68 56 29 31 55 35 64 50 74 97 101 105 90 106 95 98 109 122 113 106 103 97 124 I'M 80 63 48 66 42 61 82 77 74 132 129 127 111 105 114 137 130 114 129 119 127 142 119 680 546 649 610 456 144 108 628 336 405 468 540 678 707 104 047 968 875 295 644 725 143 755 518 387 592 476 870 326 733 218 719 800 343 685 313 106 446 438 369 412 004 993 012 592 437 908 488 792 558 57 6 531 577 417 204 897 901 1,269 1,366 1,313 1,721 1,234 1,017 1,060 1,148 992 909 835 794 796 659 840 651 728 505 540 547 488 2,325 2,400 2,513 2,581 2,426 2,105 2,043 2,574 2,319 2,193 2,014 1,879 1,819 2,096 1,811 1,495 1,847 1,872 1,292 1,599 2,483 2,105 1,746 1,493 1,343 1,553 1,589 1,129 1,216 1,469 1,952 1,401 1,514 1,956 1,650 1,313 1,106 1,445 1,437 1,360 1,345 965 990 "32 745 689 961 1,304 1,525 1,537 1,441 1,508 1,317 1,350 1,155 882 892 1,173 1,068 1,293 1,465 1,195 971 953 1,043 924 906 7 65 737 693 598 823 573 .5/1 440 446 438 488 525 637 619 67 6 626 448 458 7 1 6 S3 7 442 440 413 406 560 484 349 535 492 284 263 460 459 365 2 '.8 211 223 188 160 210 222 3 63 194 196 248 274 271 241 317 204 178 252 123 140 95 44 24 42 75 114 104 77 68 54 54 59 58 57 121 llo 144 170 171 109 64 98 97 76 54 42 34 39 40 34 34 10 11 23 33 93 6 727 823 719 712 604 588 679 610 1,935 1,953 1,206 2,388 1,252 751 986 1,746 646 286 47 6 759 407 3 68 438 286 312 1,131 983 377 553 596 544 670 2,101 612 376 257 490 423 389 401 287 281 389 1,066 1,954 1,299 699 906 1,731 818 671 939 ,'•,(, 549 440 354 486 681 1,046 602 502 612 626 533 488 499 477 497 363 331 405 505 J 1 1 365 3 )(> 275 581 581 685 690 682 565 523 625 59 I 723 499 545 529 641 458 434 625 643 283 431 517 369 359 413 242 273 244 242 267 289 330 226 384 714 377 376 257 489 422 380 334 248 278 309 21" 206 352 515 639 710 683 648 679 699 500 42 3 345 1"0 510 661 790 563 456 505 521 465 485 429 420 394 302 314 327 348 248 271 227 275 826 828 849 820 778 77" 786 962 809 754 827 687 675 690 701 563 54 i 588 603 797 1,387 1,162 922 744 818 989 1,079 657 672 894 1,194 925 887 955 762 632 567 601 773 7 65 720 559 541 499 456 441 541 682 734 694 657 7 68 559 576 573 377 471 63 I 431 473 491 451 398 365 399 343 326 270 264 253 246 457 200 175 165 150 167 162 37 38 37 33 28 25 24 22 23 20 25 19 17 15 11 7 10 12 6 5 7 7 8 5 6 7 6 5 5 6 7 6 5 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 (z> (Z) 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 6 7 6 3 3 8 12 6 6 3 2 2 2 5 5 7 11 8 15 13 60 TABLE A4. Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) All raw materials , total 98 391 97 171 90 472 94 185 95 097 94 552 91 682 89 279 89 153 87 824 84 691 84 123 81 118 79 502 76 419 74 723 72 136 71 284 71 670 68 535 68 914 70 295 68 312 64 467 65 201 63 550 62 945 62 239 57 925 60 203 59 757 58 873 58 901 59 915 57 437 56 083 54 761 49 813 47 130 43 445 46 603 45 445 41 783 41 296 40 041 38 133 41 509 43 630 46 864 45 115 44 923 45 669 44 613 43 915 44 612 40 777 36 333 41 960 40 602 41 560 41 321 39 642 38 248 39 433 38 913 38 775 37 870 37 360 36 784 35 151 35 522 35 347 33 772 32 988 31 631 30 404 28 997 28 417 Agricultural materials Crops Fishery and wildlife products Fishery products Wildlife products Direct energy 1977, 1976, 1975, 1974, 1973, 1972, 1971, 1970, 1969, 1968, 1967, 1966. 1965, 1964, 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960, 1959, 1958, 1957, 1956, 1955, 1954, 1953, 1952, 1951, 1950. 1949. 1948, 1947, 1946, 1945, 1944, 1943, 1942, 1941, 1940, 1939, 1938, 1937, 1936, 1935, 1934, 1933, 1932, 1931, 1930, 1929, 1928, 1927, 1926, 1925, 1924, 1923, 1922, 1921, 1920 1919, 1918 1917 1916, 1915 1914 1913, 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 48 340 48 712 46 521 46 50 5 45 744 47 089 46 958 45 885 45 800 45 585 44 471 43 571 42 822 43 144 41 925 41 175 40 48 5 39 963 39 947 38 511 38 690 39 423 38 402 36 833 36 951 36 125 35 677 35 740 34 407 35 040 35 769 36 076 36 066 36 916 34 694 33 751 32 842 31 178 30 155 28 557 29 338 28 968 27 774 28 451 27 783 26 907 27 758 27 538 28 204 27 585 27 650 27 914 27 524 27 302 27 379 26 160 23 284 26 209 25 812 26 249 25 653 23 999 24 295 25 704 24 213 24 352 24 100 23 268 23 271 22 730 21 949 22 451 21 511 21 565 20 158 19 577 18 631 18 572 15 506 15 899 15 500 15 052 15 669 15 292 15 080 14 720 15 143 14 790 14 444 14 322 14 095 13 857 13 608 13 639 13 474 13 475 13 581 13 228 13 036 13 291 13 087 12 812 13 128 13 148 13 325 13 273 12 730 13 355 13 344 13 709 13 602 13 800 12 831 13 224 13 389 12 335 12 204 11 472 12 291 11 684 11 745 10 737 10 536 10 147 10 881 10 937 11 385 11 083 11 071 11 363 11 171 10 828 11 185 10 703 8 921 11 612 10 653 11 468 11 261 9 644 10 191 11 432 10 055 10 307 10 065 9 697 9 604 9 266 8 938 9 845 8 977 9 495 8 381 8 479 7 541 7 532 1,887 1,899 1,631 1,668 1,705 1,993 1,782 1,869 1,805 2,066 1,845 1,962 1,826 1,719 1,640 1,687 1,505 1,437 430 4 50 377 409 339 370 1,372 1,370 1,298 1,339 1,356 1,475 1,295 1,750 1,676 1,420 1,348 1,184 1,174 1,081 1,031 938 993 967 829 757 750 721 872 975 1,029 936 892 810 736 783 697 706 674 739 740 736 777 764 759 768 724 682 693 691 667 656 657 661 660 647 641 628 621 594 1,804 1,843 1,557 1,610 1,645 1,923 1,684 1,741 1,676 1,927 1,685 1,791 1,663 1,557 1,469 1,520 1,341 1,274 1,264 1,275 1,198 1,239 1,164 1,204 1,187 1,186 1,097 1,156 1,150 1,228 1,095 1,460 1,460 1,208 1,164 1,020 938 870 878 811 813 777 661 645 623 584 710 815 856 782 771 697 628 666 581 614 597 663 669 665 695 688 665 685 636 592 600 594 575 569 567 569 570 559 552 535 532 509 129 139 160 171 163 162 171 167 164 163 166 175 179 170 175 166 185 184 201 183 206 247 200 290 216 212 184 164 236 211 153 127 180 190 168 112 127 137 162 160 173 154 121 113 108 117 116 92 77 76 71 71 82 76 94 83 88 90 93 97 92 87 90 92 90 88 89 93 89 85 61 TABLE A4. Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Product Groups: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollai Forest products ' r\ ! Oi> Pulpwood Other I i re si products Iron and ferroalloy metals Other metals Mineral fuels Construc- tion materials Other nonmetallic mineral s 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 19 68 1967 1966, 19 65, 19 64, 1963, 1962, 1961, 1960. 1959. 1958. 1957. 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953. 1952. 1951. 1950. 1949. 1948. 1947. 1946. 1945. 1944. 1943. 1942. 1941. 1940. 1939. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 19 25. 1924. 1923. 1922. 1921. 1920. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. 1911. 1910. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 6 ,022 5 ,307 5 ,850 6 ,430 6 ,377 6 ,184 5 ,865 6 ,058 6 ,108 5 ,910 6 ,130 6 132 6 ,007 5 760 5 553 5 ,362 5 427 5 5 350 3 330 5 987 5 857 5 .1 I 5 671 5 699 5 739 5 824 5 148 5 725 5 442 5 253 4 668 5 105 5 173 5 582 5 69 6 5 077 4 854 4 „h i . 877 4 e 9 1 4 173 3 802 3 674 3 292 3 852 4 778 5 614 5 384 5 517 5 725 5 852 5 781 028 j 552 5 029 5 710 5 613 5 469 5 801 6 153 5 819 6 085 ■-, 308 6 434 6 290 6 470 6 45 6 6 193 6 579 6, 397 6, 101 6, 005 5, 881 5, 772 5, 598 5, 472 3,555 3,582 3,485 3,624 3,666 3,654 3,519 3,388 3,234 3,291 3,716 3,308 3,231 3,766 3,704 3,579 3,606 3,636 3,591 3,804 ,082 ,562 ,29 6 ,227 ,673 ,117 3,235 3,477 3.459 2,876 2,639 2,268 2,630 2,515 2,055 1,659 1,515 1,193 1,780 2,637 3,466 3,272 3,3 60 3,631 3,762 3,596 3,786 3,255 2,658 3,231 3,182 2,978 3,337 3,69 5 3,419 3,658 3,907 4,017 3,830 4,006 4,041 3,803 4,149 4,174 3,949 3,866 3,737 3,628 3,458 3,291 1,093 1,124 1,009 1,266 1,197 1,120 1,128 1,164 1,154 1,092 1,052 1,076 1,030 951 899 882 843 870 829 7h7 828 890 795 727 735 707 732 h ■; i ■ ■;! 586 530 461 436 411 450 434 370 357 303 375 330 284 257 253 215 249 272 287 266 250 249 222 Jin 205 186 136 167 137 I ih 140 137 130 120 115 111 ioe 100 93 75 91 79 70 68 62 57 51 46 1,470 1,417 1,349 1,434 1,373 1,430 1,43 6 1,402 1,342 1,283 1,285 1,266 1,331 1,358 1,313 1,330 356 416 1 1 1,387 1,511 1,532 1,5 60 1,49 6 1,534 1,552 1,5 29 1,655 1,803 1,831 :-:st 1,872 1,846 1,834 1,886 1,906 1,884 1,823 1,869 1,861 1,846 1,907 1,845 1,868 1,975 2,037 2,111 2,235 2,312 2,294 2,355 2,324 2,322 2,315 2,339 2,144 40,908 39,466 35,881 39,029 40,193 38,068 35,760 34,732 34,552 33,229 31,632 31,727 29 . 608 27,965 26,468 25,670 24,207 23,904 23,927 22,692 23,023 23,012 22,284 20,232 20,801 19,950 19,844 18,962 16,663 17,641 16,943 15,486 16,177 16,181 15,926 15,309 14,843 12,284 10,912 9.300 11,215 10,659 8,848 8,150 7,695 7,077 8,904 10,206 11.876 11,068 10,738 11,104 10,401 9,955 10,416 8,275 7,272 9 ,222 8,370 9,044 9,033 8,676 7,332 6,839 7,632 7,274 6,758 6,904 6,365 5,550 6,316 5,818 5,482 4,756 4,937 4,414 4,135 3,768 2,250 2,05 2 1,89 2 2,409 2,453 2.297 2,072 1.934 101 190 061 405 210 2 2 2 2 1,808 1,541 1,518 1,329 1,387 1,429 1,29 2 1,632 1 ,531 1,182 1,253 1,042 9 25 1,184 1,381 1,39 6 1,344 1,29 3 880 294 792 667 377 285 245 83 353 662 883 719 710 790 746 590 787 538 256 724 581 787 .'/'■ 785 571 437 643 595 434 608 5 67 363 578 554 483 316 430 467 448 361 3,203 3,384 2,382 3,297 3,400 3,202 2,922 2,703 2,903 2,860 2,925 3,259 2,583 2,458 2M73 2,264 2,015 1,883 2,25 6 2,147 1,69? 1,648 1,666 1,612 1,882 1,748 1,914 2,029 2,077 1,119 924 5 69 942 885 571 336 457 266 684 661 1,087 1,044 985 989 859 557 '5 08 952 1,104 927 1,043 813 543 ■ .',*> 611 677 ■ ' 611 49 6 605 502 436 452 470 376 367 30,156 29,080 26,961 28,018 28,959 27,651 2 6,088 25,382 24,749 23,569 22,172 21,495 20,451 19,618 18,964 18,205 17,411 17,242 16,841 16,151 16,131 16,115 15,536 14,258 14,398 14,013 14,064 13,190 12,015 12,872 12,531 11,432 11,820 11,7 68 11,190 10,384 9,990 9,076 8,253 7,503 8,399 8,103 7,175 6,842 6,378 6.119 6,993 7,718 8,486 8,026 7,816 8,047 7,470 7,336 7,611 6,077 5,832 6,831 6,175 6,534 6,560 5,992 5,198 5,069 5,487 5,187 4,818 4.828 4,366 4,008 4,489 3,900 3,783 3,362 3,410 2,809 2,736 2,471 3,236 3,049 2,916 3,417 3,547 3,205 3,087 3.130 ,157 ,066 ,949 ,070 ,016 ,864 ,7 0! ,617 2,465 2,419 2,408 2,241 2,184 2,145 2,015 1,814 1,613 1,588 1,534 1,396 1,211 1,259 1,139 994 775 761 878 1,068 1,062 863 ' 14 : y. 742 508 499 441 484 675 9 7 2 1,068 1,000 1,001 949 928 842 812 619 502 559 491 436 585 694 618 662 69 6 - 7H 716 707 70] 606 637 636 bio 551 553 5 7 3 484 435 62 TABLE A5. Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Use Classes: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) All raw materials total Food Physical-structure materials Year Total Agricultural and fishery nonfoods and wildlife products Forest produc ts Minerals Dollars Percent of all raw materials Dollars Percent of all raw materials Dollars Percent of all physical- structure materials Dollars Percent of all physical- structure materials Dollars Percent of all physical- structure materials 1977 98,391 97,171 90,47 2 94,185 95,097 94,552 91,682 89,279 89,153 87,824 84,691 84,123 81,118 79,502 76,419 74,723 72,136 71,284 71,670 68,535 68,914 70,295 68,312 64,467 65,201 63,550 62,945 62,239 57,925 60,203 59,757 58,873 58,901 59,915 57,437 56,083 54,761 49,813 47,130 43,445 46,603 45,445 41,783 41,296 40,041 38,133 41,509 43,630 46,864 45,115 44,923 45,669 44,613 43,915 44,612 40,777 36,333 41,960 40,602 41,560 41,321 39,642 38,248 39,433 38,913 38,775 37,870 37,360 36,784 35,151 35,522 35,347 33,772 32,988 31,631 30,404 28,997 28,417 45,856 46,148 43,899 44,008 42,836 44,503 43,968 42,984 42,507 42,155 40,946 39,915 39,223 39,464 38,466 37,478 36,840 35,971 35,654 34,489 34,703 35,032 33,867 32,612 32,271 31,418 30,754 30,563 29,761 29,589 30,633 30,847 31,101 31,234 29,221 27,845 26,613 25,7 21 24,994 23,677 23,493 23,700 22,462 23,806 23,004 22,423 22,854 22,769 22,842 22,306 22,143 22,208 21,691 21,703 21,704 20,702 18,332 19,598 19,223 18,928 18,786 17,5 21 18,213 18,800 18,091 18,715 17,997 17,622 17,548 17,132 16,551 16,905 16,332 16,516 15,612 15,041 14,290 14,214 46.6 47.5 48.5 46.7 45.0 47.1 48.0 48.1 47.7 48.0 48.3 47.4 48.4 49.6 50.3 50.2 51.1 50.5 49.7 50.3 50.4 49.8 49.6 50.6 49.5 49.4 48.9 49.1 51.4 49.1 51.3 52.4 52.8 52.1 50.9 49.6 48.6 51.6 53.0 54.5 50.4 52.2 53.8 57.6 57.5 58.8 55.1 52.2 48.7 49.4 49.3 48.6 48.6 49.4 48.7 50.8 50.5 46.7 47.3 45.5 45.5 44.2 47.6 47.7 46.5 48.3 47.5 47.2 47.7 48.7 46.6 47.8 48.4 50.1 49.4 49.5 49.3 50.0 23,046 22,273 19,758 22,567 23,904 22,861 21,953 21,246 22,090 22,297 21,649 22,902 21,501 20,452 18,872 18,759 17,559 17,671 18,657 17,213 17,369 18,424 18,126 16,668 17,511 16,975 16,857 17,125 14,526 16,129 14,897 14,781 13,993 14,757 14,859 15,657 15,845 12,539 11,317 9,547 11,958 10,789 9,199 7,722 7,665 6,645 8,861 10,438 12,762 11,845 11,885 12,197 12,067 11,286 11,590 10,064 8,082 11,296 10,928 11,744 11,654 11,807 10,490 11,313 11,113 10,760 10,917 10,934 10,861 10,056 10,618 10,742 9,903 9,404 8,955 8,953 8,422 8,236 23.4 22.9 21.8 24.0 25.1 24.2 23.9 23.8 24.8 25.4 25.6 27.2 26.5 25.7 24.7 25.1 24.3 24.8 26.0 25.1 25.2 26.2 26.5 25.9 26.9 26.7 26.8 27.5 25.1 26.8 24.9 25.1 23.8 24.6 25.9 27.9 28.9 25.2 24.0 22.0 25.7 23.7 22.0 18.7 19.1 17.4 21.3 23.9 27.2 26.3 26.5 26.7 27.0 25.7 26.0 24.7 22.2 26.9 26.9 28.3 28.2 29.8 27.4 28.7 28.6 27.7 28.8 29.3 29.5 28.6 29.9 30.4 29.3 28.5 28.3 29.4 29.0 29.0 4,230 4,322 4,112 4,024 4,472 4,430 4,607 4,596 4,911 5,309 5,177 5,419 5,217 5,185 4,879 5,157 4,915 5,148 5,396 5,109 4,970 5,380 5,433 5,106 5,490 5,441 5,474 5,744 5,108 5,971 5,396 5,850 5,423 5,732 5,445 5,673 5,984 5,050 4,674 4,199 5,129 4,460 4,349 3,676 3,794 3,492 4,060 4,001 4,478 4,156 4,189 4,149 4,073 3,720 3,611 3,263 2,691 4,236 4,180 4,877 4,462 4,059 3,623 4,566 3,742 3,328 3,838 3,521 3,524 3,466 3,344 3,574 3,283 3,219 2,787 2,842 2,719 2.786 18.4 19.4 20.8 17.8 18.7 19.4 21.0 21.6 22.2 23.8 23.9 23.7 24.3 25.4 25.9 27.5 28.0 29.1 28.9 29.7 28.6 29.2 30.0 30.6 31.4 32.1 32.5 33.5 35.2 37.0 36.2 39.6 38.8 38.8 36.6 36.2 37.8 40.3 41.3 44.0 42.9 41.3 47.3 47.6 49.5 52.6 45.8 38.3 35.1 35.1 35.2 34.0 33.8 33.0 31.2 32.4 33.3 37.5 38.3 41.5 38.3 34.4 34.5 40.4 33.7 30.9 35.2 32.2 32.4 34.5 31.5 33.3 33.2 34.2 31.1 31.7 32.3 33.8 6,179 5,787 5,085 5,643 6,234 6,191 5,988 5,652 5,819 5,845 5,626 5,826 5,810 5,668 5,404 5,181 4,958 4,994 5,377 4,855 4,804 5,430 5,268 4,999 5,019 5,016 5,017 5,090 4,315 4,908 4,627 4,445 3,816 4,245 4,339 4,715 4,656 3,991 3,713 3,312 3,760 3,537 2,985 2,556 2,394 2,036 2,705 3,726 4,658 4,427 4,563 4,791 4,875 4,773 5,013 4,475 3,860 4,557 4,457 4,275 4,642 4,991 4,665 4,913 5,163 5,286 5,085 5,285 5,288 5,005 5,404 5,210 4,886 4,761 4,611 4,477 4,277 4,127 26.8 26.0 25.7 25.0 26.1 27.1 27.3 26.6 26.3 26.2 26.0 25.4 27.0 27.7 28.6 27.6 28.2 28.3 28.8 28.2 27.7 29.5 29.1 30.0 28.7 29.5 29.8 29.7 29.7 30.4 31.1 30.1 27.3 28.8 29.2 30.1 29.4 31.8 32.8 34.7 31.4 32.8 32.4 33.1 31.2 30.6 30.5 35.7 36.5 37.4 38.4 39.3 40.4 42.3 43.3 44.5 47.8 40.3 40.8 36.4 39.8 42.3 44.5 43.4 46.5 49.1 46.6 48.3 48.7 49.8 50.9 48.5 49.3 50.6 51.5 50.0 50.8 50.1 12,637 12,164 10,561 12,900 13,198 12,240 11,358 10,998 11,360 11,143 10,846 11,657 10,474 9,599 8,589 8,421 7,686 7,529 7,884 7,249 7,595 7,614 7,425 6,563 7,002 6,518 6,366 6,291 5,103 5,250 4,874 4,486 4,754 4,780 5,075 5,269 5,205 3,498 2,930 2,036 3,069 2,792 1,865 1,490 1,477 1,117 2,096 2,711 3,626 3,262 3,133 3,257 3,119 2,793 2,966 2,326 1,531 2,503 2,291 2,59 2 2,550 2,757 2,202 1,834 2,208 2,146 1,994 2,130 2,049 1,585 1,870 1,958 1,7 34 1,424 1,557 1,634 1,426 1,323 54.8 1976 54.6 1975 53.5 1974 57.2 1973 55.2 1972 53.5 1971 51.7 1970 51.8 1969 51.4 1968 50.0 1967 50.1 1966 50.9 1965 48.7 1964 46.9 1963 45.5 1962 44.9 1961 43.8 1960 42.6 1959 42.3 1958 42.1 1957 43.7 1956 1955 41.3 41.0 1954 39.4 1953 40.0 1952 38.4 1951 37.8 1950 36.7 1949 1948 35.1 32.6 1947 1946 32.7 30.3 1945 34.0 1944 32.4 1943 1942 34.2 33.7 1941 32.8 1940 27.9 19 39 25.9 1938 21.3 1937 25.7 1936 1935 25.9 20.3 1934 19.3 1933 19.3 1932 16.8 1931 23.7 1930 26.0 19 29 28.4 1928 27.5 1927 26.4 1926 26.7 1925 25.8 1924 24.7 1923 25.6 1922 23.1 1921 18.9 1920 22.2 1919 21.0 1918 22.1 1917 21.9 1916 23.4 1915 21.0 1914 16.2 1913 19.9 1912 19.9 1911 18.3 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 19.5 18.9 15.8 17.6 18.2 17.5 1904 15.1 1903 1902 17.4 18.3 1900 16.8 16.1 63 TABLE A5. Consumption of Raw Materials in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Broad Use Classes: 1900 to 1977— Continued 3f dollars) Energy materials Percent of all Direct energy Percent of all enei i; v materials Percent of all energy materials Oil and gas Percent of all energy naterials Percent of all energy materials Percent of all energy naterials Feed for horses naterials 1977. 1976. 1975. 1974 1973 1972, 1971 1970, 1969, 1968, 1967. 1966. 1965. 1964. 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960. 1959. 1958. 1957. 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953. 1952. 1951. 1950. 1949. 1948. 1947. 1946. 1945. 1944. 1943. 1942. 1941. 1940. 1939. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 1925. 1924. 1923. 1922. 1921. 1920. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. 1911. 1910. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 29.489 28,750 815 610 357 188 761 049 556 372 096 306 394 586 081 486 737 642 359 833 842 839 319 187 419 157 334 551 638 485 227 245 807 924 357 581 303 553 819 221 152 956 122 768 372 065 794 423 J 60 964 895 264 855 926 318 u II 919 066 451 888 881 314 545 320 709 30i ) 956 804 375 963 353 700 537 06 8 064 410 285 967 30.0 29.6 29.6 29.3 29.8 28.8 28.1 28.1 27.5 26.6 26.1 25.3 25.1 24.6 25.0 24.7 24.6 24.7 24.2 24.6 24.4 24.0 23.9 23.6 23.6 23.9 24.4 23.4 23.5 24.1 23.8 22.5 23.4 23.2 23.3 22.4 22.5 23.2 23.0 23.5 23.9 24.1 24.2 23.7 23.4 23.8 23.6 23.9 24.0 24.3 24.3 24.7 24.3 24.9 25.4 24.6 27.3 26.4 25.7 26.2 26.3 26.0 25.0 23.6 25.0 24.0 23.6 23.6 22.8 22.7 23.5 21.8 22.3 21.4 22.3 21.1 21.7 21.0 828 1,072 1,132 1,133 1,025 1,025 998 928 938 836 833 733 730 667 626 638 577 553 524 532 494 464 430 413 406 406 387 374 351 322 308 308 314 293 294 257 206 193 178 181 180 160 159 136 139 136 123 133 141 142 126 116 100 94 92 84 74 2.8 3.7 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.8 3. 3. 3, 3 3 3 3, 3.0 3.2 2 9 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0,2 0.2 0.2 5,093 4,912 4,401 4,455 4,442 4,127 4,023 4,183 4,149 4,085 3,932 3,979 3,779 3,607 3,428 3,221 3,114 3,217 3,178 3,101 3,492 3,602 3,548 3,249 3,630 3,720 4,163 4,113 3,900 4,813 4,968 4,509 5,052 5,383 5,382 4,924 4,428 4.051 3,597 3,256 3,977 3,979 3,469 3,395 3,143 3,033 3,624 4.389 4,947 4,819 4,836 5,148 4.712 4,784 5,142 4,058 4,075 5,054 4,751 5,312 5,294 4,929 4,255 4,236 4,658 4,402 4,128 4,186 3,853 3,518 4,030 3,476 3,340 3,006 3,077 2,522 2,532 2,303 17.3 17.1 16.4 16.1 15.7 15.2 15.6 16.7 18.3 18.4 20.7 21.4 21.7 21.4 23.5 24.5 27.1 28.3 28.6 33.2 34.9 34.0 36.6 38.7 40.3 39.1 36.0 35.1 33.2 31.9 35.7 36.3 34.3 34.8 33.5 33.5 37.0 42.1 43.9 44.0 44.4 45.7 43.4 43.8 45.4 40.5 41.1 45.7 45.5 48.8 48.7 47.8 44.6 45.5 48.0 47.3 46.1 47.5 46.0 44.2 48 45 44 42 43 39 40 38 972 255 817 ..7 ) 450 606 306 492 992 971 839 084 348 752 448 023 404 155 864 341 936 796 311 420 L69 712 315 558 660 578 101 491 371 018 469 116 210 735 385 008 169 SSr. 514 265 07 5 927 184 106 303 987 769 699 570 378 308 891 666 665 328 140 189 990 875 769 766 726 636 588 463 447 416 184 408 326 303 258 177 142 77.9 77.4 77.6 78.1 79.2 79.5 78.8 77.8 77.3 76.9 76.2 75.5 75.3 75.3 75.7 75.9 75.6 74.6 74.1 73.3 70.9 70.1 69.3 68.6 66.0 64.1 60.7 58.8 56.2 52.3 49.9 49.0 46.1 43.2 40.9 40.7 42.3 41.0 40.5 39.2 37.4 35.5 34.7 33.4 32.8 32.3 32.5 29.8 29.3 27.2 25.4 24.0 23.7 21.8 20.4 18.9 16.8 15.0 12.7 10.5 10.9 9.6 9.2 8.3 7.9 7.8 1 7 5 6 4 6 3 206 135 102 101 103 95 73 59 51 30 15 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 249 235 22 i 207 196 186 196 213 •239 263 284 304 322 139 356 372 404 433 465 495 526 557 589 620 652 683 722 734 833 817 81 ". ,Ml)H 852 860 836 867 1,040 1,086 956 4 37 9 j 4 934 977 1,008 1,015 1,077 1,169 1,153 1,156 1,194 1,159 1,162 1,154 1,172 1,145 1,148 1,205 1.187 1,168 1,188 1,175 1.187 1.215 1,244 1,270 1,295 1,321 1,345 . 8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 .2 6.3 6.9 8.5 9.4 10.5 11 3 10.0 10.5 11.7 12.8 13.7 13.9 11.7 10.1 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.3 9.0 9.2 9.0 10.8 11.8 10.4 11.1 11.0 13.9 14.9 14.1 15.4 16.1 17.6 18.0 20.2 21.0 22.5 141 1 ,1 141 141 141 149 165 174 187 187 193 199 208 214 220 227 235 281 327 363 394 420 441 485 562 636 747 772 894 955 1,035 1,129 1,218 1,370 1,376 1,417 1,419 1.488 1.518 1.619 1,709 1,775 1.792 1,726 1,735 1,713 1,716 1,743 1,913 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3,149 3,180 3,182 3,183 3,218 3,106 3,104 2,991 2,958 2,816 2,866 2,788 2,711 2,633 2,556 2,477 2,400 2,322 2,243 2,166 Represents zero. 64 TABLE A6. Consumption of Agricultural and Fishery Products in the United States in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Food and Nonfood Use: 1924 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) Year All agrl cultural and products fishery Crops Livestock Fishery products Total Foods Nonfoods Total Foods Nonfoods Total Foods Nonfoods Total Foods Nonfoods 1977 50,144 50,555 48,078 48,115 45,856 46 , 148 43,899 44,008 4,288 4,407 4,179 4,107 15,506 15,899 15,500 15,052 12,024 12,316 12,182 11,699 3,482 3,583 3,318 3,353 32,834 32,813 31,021 31,453 32,115 32,109 30,268 30,784 719 704 753 669 1,804 1,843 1,557 1,610 1,717 1,72 3 1,449 1,525 87 1976 120 1975 108 1974 85 47,389 42,836 4,553 15,669 11,886 3,783 30,075 29,396 679 1,645 1,554 91 1972 49,012 44,503 4,509 15,292 11,813 3,479 31,797 31,007 790 1,923 1,683 240 1971 48,642 47,626 47,476 43,968 42,984 42,507 4,674 4,642 4,969 15,080 14,720 15,143 11,407 11,208 11,377 3,673 3,512 3,766 31,878 31,165 30,657 31,060 30,286 29,674 818 879 983 1,684 1,741 1,676 1,501 1,490 1,456 183 1970 251 220 1968 47,512 46,156 42,155 40,946 5,357 5,210 14,790 14,444 10,965 10,575 3,825 3,869 30,795 30,027 29,720 29,029 1,075 998 1,927 1,685 1,470 1,342 457 343 1966 45,362 39,915 5,447 14,322 10,268 4,054 29,249 28,180 1,069 1,791 1,467 324 44,485 39,223 5,262 14,095 10,194 3,901 28,727 27,648 1,079 1,663 1,381 282 1964 44,701 43,394 42,695 41,826 39,464 38,466 37,478 36,840 5,237 4,928 5,217 4,986 13,857 13,608 13,639 13,474 9,969 10,029 9,779 9,751 3,888 3,579 3,860 3,72 3 29,287 28,317 27,536 27,011 28,225 27,186 26,394 25,926 1,062 1,131 1,142 1,085 1,557 1,469 1,520 1,341 1,270 1,251 1,305 1,163 287 1963 218 1962 215 1961 178 1960 41,237 35,971 5,266 13,475 9,466 4,009 26,488 25,377 1,111 1,274 1,128 146 1959 41,211 39,786 35,654 34,489 5,557 5,297 13,581 13,228 9,335 9,087 4,246 4,141 26,366 25,283 25,216 24,261 1,150 1,022 1,264 1,275 1,103 1,141 161 1958 134 1957 39,888 34,703 5,185 13,036 9,034 4,002 25,654 24,607 1,047 1,198 1,062 136 1956 40,662 39,566 35,032 33,867 5,630 5,699 13,291 13,087 8,970 8,676 4,321 4,411 26,132 25,315 24,969 24,175 1,163 1,140 1,239 1,164 1,09 3 1,016 146 1955 148 1954 38,037 32,612 5,425 12,812 8,519 4,293 24,021 23,029 992 1,204 1,064 140 1953 38,138 32,271 5,867 13,128 8,550 4,578 23,823 22,683 1,140 1,187 1,038 149 1952 37,311 36,774 36,896 35,557 31,418 30,754 30,563 29,761 5,893 6,020 6,333 5,796 13, 148 13,325 13,273 12,730 8,560 8,616 8,471 8,261 4,588 4,709 4,802 4,469 22,977 22,352 22,467 21,677 21,835 21,177 21,062 20,480 1,142 1,175 1,405 1,197 1,186 1,097 1,156 1,150 1,02 3 961 1,030 1,020 163 1951 136 1950 126 130 1948 36,268 29,589 6,679 13,355 8,220 5,135 21,685 20,281 1,404 1,228 1,088 140 1947 36,864 37,536 30,633 30,847 6,231 6,689 13,344 13,709 8,571 8,673 4,773 5,036 22,425 22,367 21,072 20,894 1,353 1,473 1,095 1,460 990 1,280 105 1946 130 37,526 31,101 6,425 13,602 8,709 4,893 22,464 21,064 1,400 1,460 1,328 132 38,124 31,234 6,890 13,800 8,488 5,312 23,116 21,699 1,417 1,208 1,047 161 1943 35,858 29,221 6,637 12,831 7,716 5,115 21,863 20,477 1,386 1,164 1,028 136 1942 34,771 27,845 6,926 13,224 7,836 5,388 20,527 19,077 1,450 1,020 932 88 1941 33,780 26,613 7,167 13,389 7,900 5,489 19,453 17,938 1,515 938 775 163 1940 32,048 25,721 6,327 12,335 7,479 4,856 18,843 17,520 1,323 870 722 148 1939 31,033 24,994 6,039 12,204 7,568 4,636 17,951 16 , 644 1,307 878 782 96 1938 29,368 23,677 5,691 11,472 7,045 4,427 17,085 15,894 1,191 811 738 73 1937 30,151 23,493 6,658 12,291 7,091 5,200 17,047 15,687 1,360 813 715 98 1936 29,745 23,700 6,045 11,684 7,127 4,557 17,284 15,873 1,411 777 700 77 1935 28,435 22,462 5,973 11,745 7,177 4,568 16,029 14,678 1,351 661 607 54 29,096 23,806 5,290 10,737 6,761 3,976 17,714 16,454 1,260 645 591 54 1933 28,406 27,491 28,468 23,004 22,423 22,854 5,402 5,068 5,614 10,536 10,147 10,881 6,512 6,335 6,654 4,024 3,812 4,227 17,247 16,760 16,877 15,928 15,561 15,567 1,319 1,199 1,310 623 584 710 564 527 633 59 1932 57 1931 77 28,353 22,769 5,584 10,937 6,705 4,232 16,601 15,333 1,268 815 731 84 1929 29,060 22,842 6,218 11,385 6,733 4,652 16,819 15,381 1,438 856 728 128 1928 28,367 28,421 22,306 22,143 6,061 6,278 11,083 11,071 6,445 6,264 4,638 4,807 16,502 16,579 15,175 15,202 1,327 1,377 782 771 686 677 96 1927 94 1926 28,611 28,152 22,208 21,691 6,403 6,461 11,363 11,171 6,452 6,220 4,911 4,951 16,551 16,353 15,138 14,927 1,413 1,426 697 628 618 544 79 1925 84 1924 27,968 21,703 6,265 10,828 5,992 4,836 16,474 15,124 1,350 666 587 79 65 TABLE A7. Gross and Net Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Agricultural Materials in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Groups: 1961 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) Production Imports Exports Net consump- tion Production Imports Exports Net consump- tion Production Imports Exports Net consump- tion Year Gross Net' Gross Net 1 Gross Net 1 All agricultural materials AT] crops Food grains 1977 67,431 65,234 63,602 60,821 61,764 61,451 61,464 57,827 58,251 57,828 56,932 54,784 54,909 54,064 53,517 51,814 51,384 55,434 53,608 52,697 48,596 49,007 48,235 49,053 45,593 46,382 46,434 45,942 43,404 44,726 43,644 43,109 41,416 40,852 5,996 6,303 5,782 5,620 6,171 6,263 5,685 5,552 5,413 5,833 5,233 5,265 4,792 4,816 5,324 5,285 4,895 10,299 10,173 9,285 9,247 10,008 7,811 6,797 6,654 5,653 6,102 6,023 6,420 6,075 6,658 5,758 5,128 5, 135 48,340 48,712 46,521 46,505 45,744 47,089 46,958 45,885 45,800 45,585 44,471 43,571 42,822 43,144 41,925 41,175 40,485 34,407 32,249 32,619 29,242 31,913 29,983 29,637 26,910 27,945 27,402 26,765 25,569 26,069 24,301 25,238 24,363 23,966 23,118 21,307 22,325 17,645 19,774 17,421 17,852 15,298 16,727 16,641 16,247 14,869 16,539 14,500 15,428 14,575 14,088 4,249 4,507 4,329 4,076 4,280 4,387 4,017 3,733 3,697 4,089 3, 700 3,648 3,427 3,540 3,665 3,698 3,601 9,135 9,025 8,306 8,277 9,027 6,822 5,767 5,766 4,817 5,244 5,221 5,624 5,112 5,300 4,650 4,335 4,375 15,506 15,899 15,500 15,052 15,669 15,292 15,080 14,720 15,143 14,790 14,444 14,322 14,095 13,857 13,608 13,639 13,474 3,937 4,187 4,107 3,452 3,271 3,008 3,140 -2,745 2,947 3,070 2,961 2,572 2,569 2,502 2,251 2,116 2,342 3,233 3,782 3,736 3,096 2,765 2,417 2,542 2,186 2,425 2,519 2,601 2,139 2,137 2,237 1,955 1,764 2,057 9 9 9 12 9 11 14 11 7 5 7 11 10 11 13 13 15 1,889 1,991 2,351 1,884 2,678 1,681 1,314 1,449 1,122 1,384 1,425 1,749 1,425 1,634 1,431 1,204 1,373 986 1976 1,001 1975 934 1974 916 1973 951 1972 1,029 1971 946 1970 995 1969 962 1968 939 1967 929 1966 917 1965 925 1964 899 1963 886 1962 880 1961 870 Feed grains, hay, silage, and forage Vegetables, including potatoes Fruits and tree nuts 1977 13,241 12,597 12,337 10,552 12,521 12,190 12,546 10,214 10,966 10,659 11,007 10,045 10,152 8,942 9,817 9,356 9,156 4,421 3,845 4,123 991 2,494 2,035 3,069 891 1,856 1,954 2,498 1,195 2,380 766 1,646 1,296 902 18 17 24 18 13 23 15 17 14 11 13 10 11 18 15 11 22 2,444 2,607 2,034 1,887 2,101 1,411 862 994 869 976 991 1,214 1,080 844 792 828 554 970 938 831 748 876 730 830 834 776 877 704 762 788 785 765 753 750 4,103 4,089 4,201 4,152 3,927 3,818 3,854 3,820 3,796 4,002 3,766 3,693 3,603 3,387 3,506 3,575 3,563 3,943 3,939 4,050 3,999 3,800 3,679 3,697 3,659 3,637 3,840 3,600 3,516 3,472 3,264 3,366 3,419 3,404 113 111 100 115 129 117 107 109 89 89 85 68 64 58 54 58 54 210 231 172 159 174 143 133 137 131 128 127 131 119 124 148 113 105 3,900 3,857 3,866 3,802 3,818 3,703 3,691 3,643 3,655 3,640 3,443 3,428 3,369 3,287 3,292 3,288 3,221 2,362 2,448 2,531 2,380 2,416 1,994 2,225 2,028 2,216 1,771 1,918 1,848 1,893 1,755 1,767 1,806 1,792 2,362 2,448 2,531 2,380 2,416 1,994 2,225 2,028 2,216 1,771 1,918 1,848 1,893 1,755 1,767 1,806 1,792 424 399 412 376 378 404 386 339 351 358 310 308 295 295 277 256 293 327 351 343 294 274 236 244 230 202 163 189 195 184 164 161 186 158 2,455 1976 2,579 1975 1974 2,559 2,383 1973 1972 1971 2,385 2,219 2,379 1970 2,153 1969 1968 1967 2,277 1,997 2,020 1966 1,95 7 1965 1963 1962 1961 2,003 1,851 1,962 1,818 1,902 Oil crops Sugar and other sweets Coffee, cocoa, and tea 1977 6,254 4,732 5,374 4,521 5,448 4,671 4,254 4,134 4,101 4,032 3,529 3,446 3,377 2,880 2,874 2,746 2,719 4,872 3,335 4,091 3,217 4,247 3,290 3,010 2,867 2,922 2,953 2,448 2,415 2,399 1,896 1,914 1,763 1,781 824 825 799 452 464 488 347 305 304 282 275 272 183 284 255 291 279 2,706 2,500 1,997 2,350 2,123 2,061 1,956 1,842 1,405 1,293 1,213 1,119 1,146 1,103 837 825 622 2,239 2,176 2,089 1,764 1,809 1,829 1,568 1,480 1,587 1,431 1,421 1,360 1,256 1,251 1,126 1,167 1,153 685 756 766 609 678 745 678 669 676 663 584 584 589 645 631 514 502 580 637 653 517 577 624 567 566 570 563 493 496 512 559 541 439 430 664 512 452 589 575 659 621 602 603 617 570 537 492 471 642 587 573 3 8 21 8 4 6 8 7 8 8 7 7 8 1 3 7 6 1,106 1,002 1,084 1,083 1,165 1,283 1,180 1,153 1,203 1,136 1,050 1,025 995 1,026 1,126 1,004 1,005 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 i, 4 6 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 6 4 6 1,314 1,728 1,687 1,647 1,854 1,825 1,875 1,693 1,661 2,027 1,777 1,813 1,768 1,813 1,893 1,930 1,831 47 31 40 34 40 34 24 27 24 29 25 26 28 i 5 J.' 31 27 1,360 1976 1,732 1975 1,605 1974 1,727 1973 1,804 1972 1971 1,821 1,720 1970 1,750 1969 1,767 1968 1,851 1967 1,821 1,778 1964 1,793 1,799 1963 1,803 1,803 1,775 Cotton Tobacco Other crops 1977 2,072 1,527 1,218 1,694 1,960 1,902 1,309 1,490 1,422 1,542 1,043 1,531 2,069 2,122 2,225 2,099 1,972 2,072 1,527 1,218 1,694 1,960 1,902 1,309 1,490 1,422 1,542 1,043 1,531 2,069 2,122 2,225 2,099 1,972 201 225 156 156 172 193 153 146 153 152 155 164 122 105 109 112 777 634 680 904 933 551 658 486 412 609 624 571 594 806 680 611 977 948 1,018 901 986 1,090 1,146 1,220 1,211 1,259 1,368 1,376 1,477 1,404 1,300 1,077 1,341 1,184 1,582 1,733 1,786 1,629 1,424 1,430 1,397 1,561 1,475 1,399 1,609 1,543 1,517 1,822 1,918 1,894 1,685 1,582 1,733 1,786 1,629 1,424 1,430 1,397 1,561 1,475 1,399 1,609 1,543 1,517 1,822 1,918 1,894 1,685 329 348 381 369 355 344 199 231 241 272 265 228 230 238 185 213 243 705 647 632 718 661 661 532 561 618 633 599 587 505 558 536 503 527 1,163 1,231 1,226 1,222 1,383 1,193 1,208 1,211 1,288 1,279 1,282 1,321 1,298 1,347 1,308 1,309 1,363 170 179 298 246 266 223 232 246 343 261 345 304 296 243 243 253 229 52 60 136 121 89 48 74 47 201 97 209 183 156 76 •Hi 91 59 353 333 309 342 331 323 300 280 274 276 243 237 252 247 222 227 215 27 25 i6 19 39 18 36 33 !6 21 .1 25 23 il JO 2 7 378 366 406 421 386 340 337 291 437 357 439 393 383 301 272 284 1976 1974 1972 1969 1968 1966 1965 1964 1962 1961 66 TABLE A7. Gross and Net Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Agricultural Materials in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Groups: 1961 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollars) Production Imports Exports Net consump- tion Production Imports Exports Net consump- tion Production Imports Exports Net consump- tion Year Gross Net 1 Gross Net 1 Gross Net 1 All livestock Meat animals Poultry and eggs 1977 33,024 32,985 30,983 31,579 29,851 31,468 31,827 30,917 30,306 30,426 30,167 29,215 28,840 29,763 28,279 27,451 27,418 32,316 32,301 30,372 30,951 29,233 30,814 31,201 30,295 29,655 29,793 29,515 28,535 28,187 29,144 27,681 26,841 26,764 1,747 1,796 1,453 1,544 1,891 1,876 1,668 1,819 1,716 1,744 1,533 1,617 1,365 1,276 1,659 1,587 1,294 1,164 1,148 979 970 981 989 1,030 888 836 858 802 796 963 1,358 1,108 793 760 32,834 32,813 31,021 31,453 30,075 31,797 31,878 31,165 30,657 30,795 30,027 29,249 28,727 29,287 28,317 27,536 27,011 21,458 21,614 20,146 20,647 18,934 20,156 20,668 19,847 19,468 19,622 19,144 18,303 17,852 18,719 17,399 16,513 16,450 21,333 21,489 20,047 20,549 18,838 20,061 20,570 19,752 19,375 19,535 19,060 18,228 17,791 18,647 17,362 16,472 16,411 1,425 1,495 1,236 1,229 1,471 1,560 1,372 1,434 1,313 1,275 1,091 1,091 924 898 1,241 1,172 913 860 868 740 740 733 665 692 627 595 584 556 534 555 651 518 416 443 21,987 22,066 20,614 21,046 19,513 21,027 21,250 20,516 20,098 20,245 19,584 18,719 18,257 18,873 18,021 17,222 16,846 4,211 4,181 3,906 4,003 3,993 4,091 4,034 4,005 3,816 3,718 3,810 3,618 3,425 3,311 3,221 3,180 3,211 4,076 4,056 3,792 3,891 3,871 3,970 3,913 3,882 3,695 3,606 3,699 3,506 3,323 3,215 3,128 3,087 3,119 6 3 4 5 6 3 5 11 5 3 5 1 2 1 2 2 153 147 104 92 88 90 ■ 81 80 76 75 80 78 85 92 85 90 89 3,940 3,903 3,729 3,797 3,768 3,897 3,834 3,792 3,661 3,568 3,581 3,408 3,249 3,126 3,040 3,022 2,999 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 Dairy products and honey Wool and mohair Horses and other livestock products 1977 7,270 7,103 6,840 6,833 6,823 7,114 7,008 6,942 6,892 6,947 7,069 7,142 7,405 7,571 7,487 7,581 7,573 6,822 6,669 6,442 6,415 6,423 6,676 6,601 6,538 6,455 6,513 6,612 6,649 6,915 7,120 7,019 7,105 7,050 115 112 98 170 242 97 73 101 86 90 134 123 45 42 41 39 39 94 90 86 71 84 173 221 140 143 169 139 155 299 605 487 273 214 6,678 6,608 6,507 6,441 6,586 6,591 6,498 6,493 6,467 6,501 6,436 6,604 6,703 6,799 6,720 6,747 6,656 46 48 52 57 62 65 71 73 77 86 89 95 99 101 109 113 117 46 48 52 57 62 65 71 73 77 86 89 95 99 101 109 113 117 116 107 68 68 98 145 157 205 240 298 2 34 317 324 258 308 302 265 14 16 24 24 30 46 24 15 14 20 17 20 20 7 15 12 12 148 145 110 101 141 184 201 272 314 361 310 389 392 355 408 411 370 39 39 39 39 39 42 46 50 53 53 55 57 59 61 63 64 67 39 39 39 39 39 42 46 50 53 53 55 57 59 61 63 64 67 85 79 47 72 74 71 61 75 72 77 71 81 71 76 68 72 75 43 27 25 43 46 15 12 26 8 10 10 9 4 3 3 2 2 1976 1975 61 68 1974 1973 67 1972 98 1971 95 99 1970 1969 1968 120 1966 116 1965 1964 1962 1961 128 134 'Excludes seed and feed, except feed for horses and mules. TABLE A8. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Fishery Products in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Groups: 1967 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) Fishery products, total Finfish Shellfish Year Produc- tion Imports Exports Consumption Produc- tion Imports Exports Consumption Produc- tion Imports Exports Consumption Total Foods only Total Foods only Total Foods only 1977 838 811 697 719 700 746 762 795 719 735 749 1,083 1,124 954 968 1,056 1,271 1,006 1,020 1,027 1,231 986 117 92 94 76 111 94 84 74 70 39 50 1,804 1,843 1,557 1,610 1,645 1,923 1,684 1,741 1,676 1,927 1,685 1,717 1,723 1,449 1,525 1,554 1,683 1,501 1,490 1,456 1,470 1,342 372 397 341 339 338 340 361 400 347 363 365 623 679 564 557 672 802 624 623 632 835 645 65 48 49 31 50 38 37 30 31 15 26 931 1,028 856 864 960 1,104 948 993 948 1,183 984 844 909 749 782 871 865 768 744 731 728 642 466 414 356 380 362 406 401 395 372 372 384 460 445 390 411 384 469 382 397 395 396 341 52 44 45 45 61 56 47 44 39 24 24 873 815 701 746 685 819 736 748 728 744 701 873 814 700 744 683 817 733 746 726 742 700 1976 1975 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 67 TABLE A9. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977 (Millions of dollars) Minerals, total Produc- tion Imports Export s Consump- tion and ferroalloy metals Produc- tion Import s Consump- Produc- tion Consump- tion All ferroalloy metals Produc- tion Import ; Exports Consump- tion 28,398 28,387 28,074 29,355 30,268 30.0L8 29,407 30,250 28,977 27.888 26.864 26,204 24,961 24,078 23,062 22,115 21.431 21.294 20,460 19,695 21,436 21,282 20,056 18.065 18,914 18,496 18,839 17,048 15,212 17,490 16,858 14,932 15,243 15,839 15,325 14,934 14,041 12. 791 11,436 10,200 12,087 10.839 9, 154 8.502 7,900 7,269 8,959 10,765 12,287 11,303 11.386 11,454 10,590 10,172 11,009 8,061 7,535 9,565 8,306 9.705 9,684 9,148 8,059 7.562 8.236 7,725 7.286 7,369 6. 129 6, 776 6,082 5,830 5,136 5, 135 4,554 4,329 4,062 15,381 13,474 11,158 12,147 11,952 9,856 8,609 7,938 643 075 825 290 196 034 1,993 2,284 3.677 7,766 6.305 3,899 3,591 2,853 3,249 2,561 1,271 1.242 1,481 1,246 1,840 1,565 1,383 1,457 1,404 1,701 1,705 1,707 2,216 1,969 1,014 1,008 2,913 1,131 672 619 770 704 704 655 598 625 562 585 454 458 482 483 549 396 546 649 610 .';5b 144 108 628 2,336 3,405 3,468 2,540 3,678 2,707 2,104 2,047 2.968 1,875 1,295 1,644 2,725 2,143 1,755 1,518 1,387 1,592 2,476 1,870 1,326 1.733 2,218 1,719 1,800 3,343 1,685 1.313 1,106 1,446 1,438 1,369 1,412 1,004 993 1,012 1,592 2,437 1,908 1,488 1,792 2,558 1,576 1,531 1,577 1.417 1,204 897 901 1,269 1,366 1,313 1,721 1,234 1,017 1,060 1,148 992 909 835 794 796 659 840 651 728 505 540 547 488 926 1,199 1,203 1,279 1,331 1,174 1,230 1,336 1,286 1,245 1,202 1.254 1,195 1. 145 995 937 953 1, 142 791 858 1,272 1, 196 1,252 966 1,354 1.114 1,304 1,064 926 1,092 1,026 790 1,020 1,095 1,230 1,257 1,069 851 605 1 ••■> 819 553 347 276 193 109 331 616 770 660 656 717 660 567 732 493 710 634 760 806 793 578 427 644 574 460 601 545 382 554 511 457 295 376 384 313 299 1,586 1,520 1,385 1,666 1,519 1,410 1,346 1,332 1,240 1,372 1,242 1,326 977 747 1,006 974 886 768 7.. 1 615 573 537 447 484 389 351 373 417 448 424 432 336 219 141 24: 212 143 101 90 46 91 153 207 154 130 141 126 99 110 71 35 117 L03 147 140 136 100 84 118 101 78 94 45 62 78 51 38 88 89 163 94 525 637 t,|M 676 626 448 458 716 637 442 440 413 406 560 484 349 535 492 284 263 460 459 365 248 211 223 188 160 210 363 194 196 2 48 274 271 241 317 204 178 252 123 140 95 44 24 42 75 114 104 77 68 54 54 59 58 57 121 110 144 170 171 109 64 98 97 76 54 42 34 39 4D 34 34 li) 11 23 33 250 052 892 409 453 297 072 1,934 ,101 ,190 ,061 ,405 ,210 2 2 2 2 2 1,808 1,541 1,518 1,329 1,387 1,429 1,292 1,601 1,653 1,804 1,498 1,782 1,394 1,632 1,531 1,182 1,253 1,042 925 1, 184 1,381 1,396 1,344 1,293 880 589 294 792 667 377 285 245 83 353 662 883 719 710 790 746 590 787 538 256 ''24 581 787 775 785 571 437 643 595 434 608 567 363 578 554 483 316 430 467 448 361 673 957 971 1,032 1,078 921 981 1,077 1,052 1,022 986 1,039 1,007 976 sl'i /..,., 786 966 652 730 1,106 1,021 1,071 808 1,210 1,002 1,204 986 866 1,015 954 730 927 975 1,056 1,100 962 763 531 287 746 507 315 232 179 100 318 600 750 639 635 .,48 640 554 718 482 301 696 624 71 , 770 764 ,i,o 421 638 568 455 594 538 377 547 507 453 292 374 382 310 297 863 825 786 8 8 - 815 774 817 763 734 833 706 724 685 579 462 -. 1 I 342 435 477 333 378 354 269 188 L60 133 175 134 103 76 53 30 17 9 8 10 26 27 30 26 35 36 24 21 17 13 24 39 45 40 40 48 40 31 41 22 6 21 10 10 17 18 18 19 31 26 22 36 24 12 24 22 17 10 32 37 15 13 309 375 403 433 .2 1. 302 292 469 396 292 292 2 79 291 345 288 249 329 (00 211 204 370 327 282 183 160 191 169 136 188 194 334 176 178 216 229 226 213 278 162 139 194 89 84 76 36 18 36 71 108 100 73 67 50 50 58 50 57 120 106 127 148 L42 84 40 71 76 55 41 32 26 32 32 26 28 9 10 17 2 7 1,425 1,305 1,193 1,496 1,586 1,536 1,396 1,296 1,480 1,543 1,377 1,456 1,391 1,253 1,078 962 862 957 909 9 79 ,002 ,094 828 ,152 877 ,139 ,035 814 804 697 552 787 867 839 806 845 34 2 373 134 585 477 280 19 / 160 49 279 536 707 588 603 679 644 513 705 486 225 615 482 622 638 667 502 390 577 535 394 556 526 333 540 502 453 291 373 414 303 2 84 23 J 242 '12 247 253 253 249 259 234 223 216 215 188 169 156 138 167 176 139 128 166 175 181 L58 144 112 100 78 60 77 72 60 93 120 174 157 107 723 i, 'i i 599 781 704 636 4 24 3.,'i 506 l'i 536 602 672 546 494 490 495 432 500 414 628 620 617 580 591 482 398 403 344 408 336 321 356 408 440 414 406 309 I 8'l 115 207 176 119 80 73 33 67 114 162 114 90 93 86 68 69 49 29 96 93 137 123 118 82 65 87 75 56 ,H 44 33 38 56 34 28 56 52 148 81 216 262 216 243 205 146 166 247 241 150 i 48 134 L15 215 196 100 206 192 73 34 90 132 83 65 51 32 19 24 29 18 IS 32 45 45 28 39 42 39 58 34 56 19 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 1 4 4 1 8 (Z) 1 4 17 22 29 25 24 27 21 21 13 10 8 7 (Z) Less than 0.5 million dollars. 68 TABLE A9. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollars) Iron anc ferroalloy metals- -Continue d Other netals Ferroalloy me tals--Con tinued Total Gold Year Mang anese Tungsten Produc- t ion Imports Exports Consump- tion Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion Produc- t ion Imports Exports Consump- tion Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion 1 1977 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 9 11 14 13 14 9 12 9 9 10 9 12 11 11 15 18 18 18 13 11 9 3 10 8 5 3 2 1 4 8 9 9 11 13 14 10 13 9 2 13 8 26 17 11 5 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 52 63 62 54 59 61 64 60 69 59 65 83 114 89 69 59 68 66 54 50 80 67 63 61 86 61 56 56 40 43 39 43 37 35 40 43 46 39 22 16 29 27 14 12 11 4 10 16 24 20 21 21 21 18 11 16 13 21 20 18 23 19 9 14 18 9 12 11 9 9 12 11 9 5 9 9 4 11 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CZ) 1 (Z) CZ) (Z) 39 37 27 52 55 36 36 40 43 46 39 51 34 41 31 33 27 24 29 26 39 89 95 99 93 67 38 56 24 22 26 35 19 69 76 59 46 24 14 10 24 17 9 7 2 1 2 13 19 10 9 12 7 2 1 6 5 11 27 40 23 23 10 4 7 6 3 9 9 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1,831 1,854 1,680 1,866 1,958 1,934 1,830 2,004 1,829 1,517 1,295 1,679 1,612 1,576 1,516 1,555 1,503 1,435 1,203 1,283 1,410 1,355 1,194 1,050 1,147 1,179 1,136 1,118 948 1,021 1,034 782 923 1,213 1,407 1,384 1,317 1,234 1,070 896 1 ,151 923 677 506 414 440 705 922 1,196 1,118 1,063 1,114 1,092 1,037 991 738 483 868 854 1,207 1,269 1,334 1,113 926 947 940 880 852 872 760 7 20 7 80 741 687 614 617 585 587 2,085 2,090 1,588 2,031 1,891 1,792 1,699 1,685 1,626 1,963 1,913 1,364 1,159 1,066 1,048 1,233 1,021 1,527 1,652 1,794 1,975 1,616 1,428 1,332 1,432 2,402 1,047 1,490 2,213 3,748 3,722 1,306 1,229 1,125 1,139 1,568 2,766 7,036 5,776 3,490 3,021 2,340 2,838 2,225 969 899 1,027 630 1,143 1,002 908 920 912 1,188 1,153 1,068 1,701 1,405 664 677 2,601 856 447 411 526 501 543 476 460 525 423 433 339 361 311 320 323 243 936 727 821 719 712 604 588 679 610 1,935 1,953 1,206 2,388 1,252 751 986 1,746 646 286 476 759 407 368 438 286 312 1,131 983 377 553 596 544 670 2,101 612 376 257 490 423 389 401 287 281 389 1,066 1 ,954 1,299 699 906 1,731 818 671 939 766 549 440 354 486 808 681 1 ,046 602 502 612 626 533 488 499 477 497 363 331 405 505 313 365 336 275 3,203 3,384 2,382 3,297 3,400 3,202 2,922 2,703 2,903 2,860 2,925 3,259 2,583 2,458 2,173 2,264 2,015 1,883 2,256 2,147 2,190 2,174 2,053 1,860 2,208 2,213 1,87 3 2,168 1,692 1,648 1,666 1,612 1,882 1,748 1,914 2,029 2,077 1,119 924 569 942 885 571 336 457 266 684 661 1,180 1,083 989 1,087 1,044 985 989 859 557 908 952 1,104 927 1,043 813 543 659 677 661 629 611 47 8 496 605 502 436 452 470 376 367 56 53 53 57 60 73 76 88 87 76 80 91 86 74 74 78 78 84 81 89 90 91 94 93 99 96 100 121 100 102 106 80 48 51 68 174 240 245 237 215 208 192 164 141 116 118 112 107 105 109 106 113 116 123 122 116 119 121 139 163 197 224 240 224 218 225 237 231 242 224 213 238 215 197 180 196 192 193 225 135 135 134 195 310 365 337 296 301 470 61 147 60 65 218 81 47 2 430 411 391 189 148 55 68 1,069 118 235 1,117 2,797 2,804 553 135 145 147 456 1,420 6,116 5,165 2,842 2,358 1,651 2,387 1,709 468 672 505 196 447 292 261 228 296 549 520 505 1,317 861 122 136 2,078 383 119 90 129 93 142 93 90 225 131 136 80 119 74 89 94 33 355 146 136 29 30 39 65 ' 54 17 1,212 1,454 661 1,859 611 293 552 1,121 3 3 45 242 38 9 25 44 39 887 741 110 264 266 318 286 1,387 35 (Z) (Z) 1 1 9 67 39 3 80 847 1,748 947 184 267 1,021 135 23 260 67 49 15 9 96 298 20 256 39 46 107 105 68 3 70 57 103 61 17 78 157 65 94 109 (Z) 187 1976 185 1975 145 1974. . . 195 1973. . 305 1972 323 1971 305 1970 259 1969 329 1968 305 1967 330 1966 333 1965 274 1964 223 1963 148 1962. . . . 180 1961 141 1960 151 1959 128 1958 93 1957 73 1956 71 1955 65 1954 64 1953 109 1952 139 1951 100 1950 141 1949 157 1948. . . 65 1947. . 71 1946. . . 222 1 945 157 1944 141 1943 125 1942 68 1941 54 1940 19 1939 10 1938. . . . 1937 . . 4 1936. . . -4 1935. . . -46 1934 -89 1933 -15 1932 1931 -1 15 1930 36 1929 61 1928 64 1927 64 1926 64 1925. . . 89 1924 93 1923 97 1922. . . 89 1921 57 1920 132 1919 136 1918. . . . 80 1917. . 86 1916. . . 102 1915 57 1914 38 1913 44 1912 45 1911 68 1910 46 1909. . . 49 1908. . . 62 1907 51 1906 64 1905. . . 39 1904. . . 29 1903. . . 33 1902 35 1901 32 1900 41 (Z) Less than 0,5 million dollars. 'Represents net consumption In industry and the arts (quantity issued for industrial use less returns from industrial use). 69 TABLE A9. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollars) Other metals--Continued Produc t ion Imports Exports Consump- tion 1 Produc tion Consump- tion Produc- tion Exports Produc- I J i . 1 1 Expc Consump- tion 92 102 95 90 92 85 123 114 117 173 169 85 75 M 93 92 63 81 71 67 77 99 66 79 78 215 267 211 109 117 105 97 105 140 124 109 109 80 66 67 82 140 174 J 15 i ■)•; 318 204 308 68 227 211 76 105 129 141 150 125 140 119 140 143 131 113 99 95 72 68 64 82 96 104 102 L04 96 72 63 53 53 51 58 66 64 29 19 42 24 15 38 16 36 115 163 92 110 51 141 41 17 51 35 12 3 14 7 7 2 2 3 7 7 5 2 36 51 128 : '" 46 2 10 12 29 . 5 5 7 29 56 55 107 17'.: 186 \f< 168 182 179 204 139 109 90 111 257 118 197 129 124 117 148 146 154 136 136 119 90 116 99 105 102 105 122 113 137 158 I-.; 210 159 131 ''7. 105 53 221 238 177 159 142 143 138 133 131 111 124 129 131 i 11 138 125 136 141 114 136 128 113 163 155 153 I .1 95 58 58 26 36 24 7 15 14 19 32 35 39 32 36 38 38 32 36 41 38 24 34 35 22 44 39 36 26 35 29 41 43 43 51 22 27 22 19 24 15 26 1,131 1,208 1,063 1,201 1,292 1,252 1,145 1,293 1,160 905 717 1,074 1,016 938 913 924 875 811 620 736 816 830 752 628 - •'■ 695 697 684 628 63 7 4 5 7 581 731 821 811 720 661 548 420 634 462 285 179 143 180 398 529 750 681 620 648 630 603 556 363 1 7 5 .•>' 456 717 713 755 559 432 464 468 418 409 423 I6( 319 w, 335 305 262 249 227 229 ...1 3,8 328 627 445 422 380 430 393 703 .8., 453 226 269 L6£ 147 132 213 271 335 .'., 467 479 476 526 507 377 43 7 368 341 268 >76 554 589 542 274 174 155 174 138 182 152 96 41 221 1 53 271 296 271 293 246 290 252 202 132 182 161 216 208 174 119 116 153 L55 125 1 3 ' I 121 83 96 86 78 69 64 53 52 39 .. 7 > 407 392 416 320 120 379 299 J 98 291 323 385 I 324 341 476 503 :o;> 38 5 431 .373 285 348 200 218 183 197 227 249 247 147 233 481 459 319 210 434 359 355 307 224 263 269 175 144 236 323 421 482 462 415 443 456 JSl 294 246 249 208 299 126 371 282 354 355 298 301 271 2,60 252 194 175 205 210 117 135 74 130 1,280 1,459 872 1,448 1,386 1,405 1,299 1,224 1,248 1,154 1,174 1,480 948 863 766 708 ,8' 457 711 744 33; 916 929 800 990 922 1,005 722 764 788 661 971 764 922 1,079 1,065 515 407 2 04 434 456 254 152 152 )6 304 262 7 73 507 438 462 459 431 332 204 312 348 553 406 482 406 179 276 299 266 282 263 1 69 175 2 72 216 L86 202 215 157 136 1UK 112 114 122 II I 114 107 105 93 66 58 61 55 52 46 43 48 46 47 48 62 65 62 61 63 72 72 80 76 11 71 62 72 77 :s. ( 92 S4 84 70 61 53 1" 55 75 103 119 116 123 125 125 109 101 88 76 92 80 104 116 111 99 93 89 81 78 71 71 61 67 66 61 58 55 52 51 7 1 87 101 71 70 70 76 78 77 70 81 114 108 93 84 89 84 i 1 ' 42 104 77 61 42 25 61 62 62 97 81 25 17 7 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Z) 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 . 10 5 5 1 1 5 5 7. 10 15 22 25 14 20 16 10 7 ! >9 150 128 164 183 171 175 144 162 163 157 137 133 132 129 134 119 104 138 145 159 152 155 150 1 8 1 123 L86 147 124 111 93 122 140 135 184 154 104 91 66 92 81 63 52 45 .1 66 123 124 128 134 128 116 103 98 81 96 104 92 84 83 91 81 87 70 75 57 70 72 M 62 62 61 50 51 S! 85 cl 87 84 83 88 93 97 92 96 99 107 I 03 92 38 81 76 75 71 93 94 'II! 82 96 116 119 108 104 110 111 101 107 1 2 5 130 134 1 1 1 116 102 90 110 101 90 76 67 51 71 104 126 122 125 136 124 111 10; 82 45 1' 3 96 111 125 124 102 73 71 58 57 53 41 45 45 46 41 35 3 5 31 29 127 1 16 150 129 139 126 1 . 1 8 132 163 145 121 126 104 85 92 93 105 128 I.,. 124 102 113 119 114 52 70 51 48 61 53 78 84 107 73 -1 3. 22 i "• 4 7 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 4 4 (z) 1 4 5 1 6 18 22 1] 4 • 5 5 7 i.i 6 1 4 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) <■/,) 5 6 7 10 5 13 11 5 13 L6 24 12 5 6 19 25 18 17 4 1 I I 4 ] 1 ] 5 7 10 14 29 in I 7 1 3 10 1 11 28 11 \2 18 24 17 7 7 10 7 Z Less than 0.5 million dollars. Net consumption in industry and the arts (quantity issued for industrial use less returns from industrial use). 70 TABLE A9. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollars) Other metals--Continued tion Imports Exports 26 320 61 25 303 69 23 276 63 25 329 66 24 302 65 23 284 55 25 269 52 27 265 66 24 197 63 21 192 49 21 187 41 23 193 33 21 184 33 20 167 35 19 151 30 19 161 25 14 137 20 21 127 24 21 124 12 18 118 8 23 105 9 21 88 6 23 76 4 23 77 4 23 73 3 25 53 2 20 44 3 17 44 3 16 41 3 17 40 4 14 26 4 14 14 3 14 26 3 35 12 12 7 7 25 13 31 17 5 12 16 3 5 9 3 4 8 3 4 5 1 5 8 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 (Z) 1 3 338 283 208 182 196 194 185 171 152 250 290 356 365 297 242 274 264 318 336 458 433 366 182 131 107 70 63 53 40 19 6 1 1 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 333 301 270 286 298 272 276 329 299 292 378 247 232 261 261 214 222 2 Sb 263 338 689 520 443 428 483 520 509 368 339 396 490 468 588 669 483 369 332 402 603 612 551 418 412 365 340 333 403 504 530 505 457 425 366 i SO 324 239 227 :-•: 202 221 216 214 192 182 173 1 5 5 144 122 128 1 .'.' 106 103 100 85 78 87 19,606 18,521 17,023 17,579 18,290 17,245 16,038 15,341 14,977 14,281 13,389 12,922 12,362 11,870 11,626 11,279 10,828 10,722 10.519 10,160 9,838 9,845 9,439 8,689 8,541 8,178 7,936 7.383 6,674 6,686 6,323 5,705 5,666 5,335 4.851 4.610 4.753 4.307 997 643 795 549 195 988 HI , 665 898 786 .994 ,744 .557 .523 ,425 ,253 2,198 1.816 1,584 1,571 1,236 1,040 1.076 889 800 702 701 661 582 534 410 407 371 339 367 290 268 2 25 148 117 2.359 2,161 2,091 1.975 1.843 1,711 1,646 1.570 1,461 1.230 ,067 ,013 902 818 797 752 692 619 569 539 500 464 487 438 388 358 315 314 338 191 385 310 284 258 234 226 198 150 131 157 147 141 156 148 124 117 114 111 100 100 94 79 B0 77 70 61 59 56 52 47 197 190 188 189 204 201 184 162 143 129 111 94 4,1 87 79 79 43 30 27 7 2 2 2 I 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 13 14 15 16 16 16 17 16 13 21 20 9 9 9 9 9 10 13 14 20 20 17 17 20 20 17 27 29 29 30 29 26 17 17 1 1 14 20 23 27 23 26 23 20 17 21 14 13 13 13 10 9 6 7 6 6 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) O00 138 049 416 574 624 536 4.395 4,193 3,891 3,649 3,448 3.216 3,100 2,933 2.772 2,599 2.495 2,349 2,152 2,041 1,932 1,814 1.674 1,597 1.520 1.407 1,190 1,016 969 872 791 775 747 684 591 ,v, 511 478 431 458 422 374 338 308 303 322 360 361 304 280 251 227 211 188 148 129 156 145 141 156 148 124 117 113 110 1.305 1,302 1,321 1,379 1,437 1.452 1,421 1,406 1,349 1,287 1,205 1,105 1,047 1,002 949 885 861 Hi ! '16 7 20 717 695 6 2 7 598 563 523 469 409 382 14 10 4 4, 165 235 225 218 185 166 1 63 154 134 121 112 102 109 132 157 158 129 117 97 80 66 57 36 32 27 2 5 2 15 8 5 3 2 1 1 159 166 162 187 215 1 60 91 43 24 23 19 17 11 9 5 4 3 3 17 15 19 12 4 3 2 4 4 6 12 18 11 6 5 5 5 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) Z Less than 0,5 million dollars. 72 TABLE A9. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977— Continued a illions o f dollars) Construct ion materials Year To tal Dimension stone Crushed and broken s tone Sand and gravel Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion 1977 3,117 2,950 2,816 3,271 3,405 3,075 2,970 3,019 3,041 2,946 2,855 2,838 2,891 2,735 2,582 2,495 2,363 2,315 2,291 2,142 2,083 2,043 1,915 1,719 1,521 1,495 1,435 1,302 1,147 1,179 1,069 941 737 720 833 1,023 1,012 351 831 680 741 712 489 485 427 473 656 888 1,025 963 962 911 893 812 781 599 497 546 477 426 574 681 610 656 692 667 707 695 690 596 621 629 605 549 555 575 491 490 152 134 126 173 172 159 139 136 139 141 119 134 141 145 131 130 113 117 122 105 111 110 108 98 100 99 106 99 70 86 79 57 43 43 50 48 52 35 35 26 40 32 20 14 14 10 20 37 43 40 40 41 37 32 33 23 12 23 19 17 18 15 11 14 18 16 15 15 13 11 16 11 10 9 9 8 8 7 37 38 37 33 28 25 24 22 23 20 25 19 17 15 11 7 10 12 6 5 7 7 8 5 6 7 6 5 5 6 7 6 5 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 1 1 1 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) CZ) (Z) CZ) (Z) (Z) CZ) (Z) CZ) CZ) CZ) (Z) CZ) (Z) CZ) 1,209 1976 1,152 1975 1,026 1974 1,180 1973 1,283 1972 1,197 1971 1,193 1970 1,230 1969 1,218 1968 1,187 1967 1,170 1966 1,203 1965 1,174 1964 1,118 1963 1962 1,033 1,004 1961 967 1960 914 1959 939 1958 1957 878 816 1956 824 1955 767 1954 718 1953 569 1952 561 1951 519 1950 479 422 1948 423 1947 1946 382 338 1945 1944 260 260 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 310 403 380 314 297 240 250 236 165 155 143 157 202 261 296 274 1927 260 1926 243 1925 228 1924 1923 1922 208 184 124 1921 106 1920 1919 110 94 1918 80 1917 106 1916 117 1915 100 1914 105 1913 106 1912 91 1911 88 1910 92 1909 80 1908 49 1907 55 1906 1905 43 30 1904 1903 38 35 1902 1901 29 24 1900 21 (Z) Less than 0.5 million dollars. 73 TABLE A9. Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption of Minerals in Constant 1972 Dollars, by Major Mineral Products: 1900 to 1977— Continued (Millions of dollars) Construction materials — Continued Fire clay Produc tion Imports Exports Consump- tion Common clay and shale Produc- tion Imports Exports Consump- tion Gypsum Produc- tion Consump- Other construction Produc- tion 1 Imports Consump- tion l (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 24 4 95 125 1,241 477 64 40 75 25 26 237 4,862 15 823 3,124 715 185 209 14 54 70 21 35 4 2 1 3 3 2 5,916 1,194 823 (NA) 193 229 47 33 49 4 9 12 4 59 9 127 26 6 3,901 23 221 192 179 20 40 66 7 31 5 2 (NA) 4,837 901 584 (NA) 180 204 48 34 39 4 14 31 5 31 4 110 17 1 3,267 72 LOO 40 (NA) 6 (NA) (NA) 1J1 11 17 64 (NA) 25 (NA) (NA) (NA) 4 (NA) (NA) (NA) 3,615 i,,; 417 (NA) 131 10 9 (NA) 251 42 31 16 4 6 (NA) 9 23 (NA) 112 8 (NA) (NA) 2,365 42 1,749 (NA) 5 (NA) (NA) 96 1 8 70 (NA) 14 (NA) (NA) (NA) 3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 3,293 (NA) (NA) 188 16 1 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 363 43 5 19 (NA) 6 1 (NA) (NA) 1 8 (NA) 58 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2,415 50 402 1,925 '23 15 (NA) 6 (NA) (NA) 81 1 6 61 (NA) 11 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2 (NA) (NA) (NA) 2,563 (NA) 3 106 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 257 20 5 7 (NA) s l (NA) (NA) 1 7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 2,139 32 7 402 1,693 '10 2 (NA) 4 (NA) (NA) (NA) 4 (NA) (NA) 9 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) H17 (NA) (NA) i :. 1 ) (NA) ( NA I (NA) (NA) (NA) 182 (NA) 5 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 4 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 37 7 285 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 1 5 (NA) (NA) 2 (NA) (NA) (NA) ( K I , (NA) (NA) (NA) - Represents zero. (NA) Not available. 1 Excludes gold and silver. For those commodities, U.S. Bureau of the Mint figures for net consumption in industry and the arts were used for "consumption" rather than making a direct stock adjustment to "apparent consumption" figures. See also footnote 2 . 2 Represents only commodities for which detail is shown. Hence, totals are not always comparable from period to period. Represents stocks at mines only. Represents refined lead only. 5 For 1930-1939, represents zinc-reduction plants only. For 1920-1929, represents smelters and bonded warehouses. Represents bonded warehouses. 7 Prior to 1929, excludes stocks at upper lake docks; in 1929 the value of such stocks (in 1972 dollars) was $71 million. For 1910-1919, also excludes coke stocks; the average value of such stocks for 1920-1929 was 412 million (in 1972 dollars). 8 Excludes stocks of refined products. The average 1924-1929 value of such products (in 1972 dollars) was $419 million. Represents carbon black only. 78 TABLE A12. Consumption of Energy Materials in the United States in British Thermal Units, by Source Classes: 1900 to 1977 Energy materia! s Direct energy Coal Oil a nd gas Urar ium Fuel vood Feed for horse9 Year Total ( trillion Trillion Percent Trillion Percent Trillion Percent Trillion Percent Trillion Percent Trillion Percent B tu ) Btu of total Btu of total Btu of total Btu of total Btu of total Btu of total 1977 72,288 765 1.1 16,620 23.0 53,629 74.2 855 1.2 385 0.5 34 0.0 1976 70,943 990 1.4 16,029 22.6 52,875 74.5 652 0.9 363 0.5 34 0.0 1975 66,455 1,046 1.6 14,362 21.6 50,083 75.4 589 0.9 341 0.5 34 0.1 1974 68,982 1,047 1.5 14,538 21.1 52,657 76.3 389 0.6 317 0.5 34 0.0 1973 70,782 947 1.3 14,495 20.5 54,720 77.3 284 0.4 302 0.4 34 0.0 1972 68,342 947 1.4 13,467 19.7 53,435 78.2 171 0.3 286 0.4 36 0.1 1971 65,396 922 1.4 13,128 20.1 50,874 77.8 130 0.2 303 0.5 39 0.1 1970 63,912 857 1.3 13,650 21.4 48,960 76.6 74 0.1 329 0.5 42 0,1 1969 62,251 866 1.4 13,539 21.7 47,389 76.1 48 0.1 364 0.6 45 0.1 1968 59,159 772 1.3 13,330 22.5 44,573 75.3 43 0.1 396 0.7 45 0.1 1967 55,865 769 1.4 12,831 23.0 41,769 74.8 26 0.0 424 0.8 46 0.1 1966 53,937 677 1.3 12,984 24.1 39,762 73.7 19 0.0 447 0.8 48 0.1 1965 51,212 674 1.3 12,332 24.1 37,676 73.6 12 0.0 468 0.9 50 0.1 1964 49 , 183 616 1.3 11,770 23.9 36,246 73.7 11 0.0 489 1 51 0.1 1963 47,472 578 1.2 11,186 23.6 35,137 74.0 11 0.0 507 1.1 53 0,1 1962 45,522 589 1.3 10,511 23.1 33,836 74.3 8 0.0 524 1.2 54 0.1 1961 43,479 533 1.2 10,162 23.4 32,153 74.0 6 0.0 569 1.3 56 0.1 1960 43,025 511 1.2 10,498 24.4 31,335 72.8 2 0.0 612 1.4 67 2 1959 41,911 484 1.2 10,371 24.7 30,321 72.3 1 0.0 656 1.6 78 0,2 1958 40,136 491 1.2 10,119 25.2 28,736 71.6 1 0.0 702 1.7 87 0,2 1957 40,329 456 1.1 11,395 28.3 27,638 68.5 (Z) 0.0 746 1.8 94 0.2 1956 40,080 429 1.1 11,754 29.3 27,005 67.4 - - 792 2.0 100 0,2 1955 38,680 397 1.0 11,578 29.9 25,761 66.6 - - 838 2.2 106 3 1954 35,712 381 1.1 10,602 29.7 23,728 66.4 - - 885 2.5 116 0.3 1953 36,278 375 1.0 11,846 32.7 22,992 63.4 - - 931 2.6 134 0.4 1952 35,534 375 1.1 12,139 34.2 21,890 61.6 - - 978 2.8 152 0.4 1951 35,924 357 1.0 13,585 37.8 20,801 57.9 - - 1,002 2.8 179 0.5 1950 33,710 345 1.0 13,422 39.8 18,741 55.6 - - 1,017 3.0 185 0.5 1949 30,931 324 1.0 12,727 41.1 16,571 53.6 - - 1,095 3.5 214 0.7 1948 33,566 297 0.9 15,706 46.8 16,235 48.4 - - 1,100 3.3 228 0.7 1947 32,903 284 0.9 16,212 49.3 15,068 45.8 - - 1,091 3.3 248 0.8 1946 30,078 284 0.9 14,714 48.9 13,735 45.7 - - 1,075 3.6 270 0.9 1945 31,631 290 0.9 16,486 52.1 13,468 42.6 - - 1,096 3.5 291 0.9 1944 32,101 271 0.8 17,566 54.7 12,806 39.9 - - 1,130 3.5 328 1.0 1943 30,930 272 0.9 17,563 56.8 11,656 37.7 - - 1,110 3.6 329 1.1 1942 28,539 237 0.8 16,068 56.3 10,736 37.6 - - 1,159 4.1 339 1.2 1941 27,079 190 0.7 14,450 53.4 10,752 39.7 - - 1,348 5.0 339 1.3 1940 24,918 178 0.7 13,219 53.1 9,797 39.3 - - 1,368 5.5 356 1.4 1939 22,772 164 0.7 11,738 51.5 9,090 39.9 - - 1,417 6.2 363 1.6 1938 20,887 167 0.8 10,625 50.9 8,296 39.7 - - 1,412 6,8 387 1,9 1937 23,599 166 0.7 12,978 55.0 8,654 36.7 - - 1,392 5.9 409 1.7 1936 23,039 148 0.6 12,984 56.4 8,060 35.0 - - 1,422 6.2 425 1.8 1935 20,605 147 0.7 ' 11,320 54.9 7,272 35.3 - - 1,437 7.0 429 2.1 1934 19,818 126 0.6 11,079 55.9 6,724 33.9 - - 1,476 7.4 413 2.1 1933 18,615 128 0.7 10,256 55.1 6,310 33.9 - - 1,506 8. 1 415 2,2 1932 17,941 126 0.7 9,897 55.2 6,047 33.7 - - 1,461 8.1 410 2.3 1931 20,272 114 0.6 11,826 58.3 6,543 32.3 - - 1,378 6.8 411 2.0 1930 22,691 123 0.5 14,322 63.1 6,504 28,7 - - 1,325 5,8 417 1.8 1929 24,849 130 0.5 16,143 65.0 6,848 27.6 - - 1,270 5.1 458 1 8 19 28 23,748 131 0.6 15,726 66.2 6,137 25.8 - - 1,261 5,3 493 2 1 1927 23,376 116 0.5 15,781 67.5 5,689 24.3 - - 1,261 5.4 529 2,3 1926 24,193 107 0.4 16,799 69.4 5,470 22.6 - - 1,251 5.2 566 2.3 1925 22,530 92 0.4 15,376 68.2 5,161 22.9 - - 1,304 5.8 597 2.6 1924 22,434 87 0.4 15,611 69.6 4,765 21.2 - - 1,334 5.9 637 2.8 1923 23,458 85 0.4 16,780 71.5 4,584 19.5 - - 1,348 5.7 661 2.8 1922 19,152 78 0.4 13,242 69.1 3,751 19.6 - - 1,387 7.2 694 3.6 1921 18,823 68 0.4 13,298 70.6 3,299 17.5 - - 1,456 7.7 702 3.7 1920 22,177 74 0.3 16,492 74.4 3,395 15.3 - - 1,471 6.6 745 3.4 1919 20,566 62 0.3 15,504 75.4 2,771 13.5 - - 1,476 7.2 753 3.7 1918 22,119 57 0.3 17,334 78.4 2,461 11.1 - - 1,506 6.8 761 3.4 1917 22,177 53 0.2 17,276 77.9 2,597 11.7 - - 1,490 6.7 761 3.4 1916 20,633 46 0.2 16,084 78.0 2,222 10.8 - - 1,520 7.4 761 3.7 1915 18 , 134 40 0.2 13,885 76.6 1,941 10.7 - - 1,498 8.3 770 4.2 1914 17,872 34 0.2 13,823 77.3 1,733 9.7 - - 1,539 8.6 743 4.2 1913 19,220 33 0.2 15,200 79.1 1,715 8.9 - - 1,529 8.0 743 3.9 1912 18,290 30 0.2 14,365 78.5 1,636 8.9 - - 1,543 8.4 716 3.9 1911 17,237 27 0.2 13,471 78.2 1,438 8.3 - '- 1,593 9.2 708 4.1 1910 17,301 25 0.1 13,660 79.0 1,355 7.8 - - 1,587 9.2 674 3,9 1909 15,971 23 0.1 12,573 78.7 1,122 7.0 - - 1,567 9.8 686 4.3 1908 14,779 20 0.1 11,480 77.7 1,039 7.0 - - 1,573 10.6 667 4.5 1907 16,391 19 0.1 13,151 80.2 992 6.1 - - 1,580 9.6 649 4 1906 14,508 18 0.1 11,343 78.2 926 6.4 - - 1,591 11.0 630 4.3 1905 14,078 17 0.1 10,899 77.4 940 6.7 - - 1,611 11.4 611 4.3 1904 12,828 14 0.1 9,809 76.5 775 6.0 - - 1,637 12.8 593 4.6 1903 13,011 13 0.1 10,041 77.2 729 5.6 - - 1,654 12,7 574 4.4 1902 11,106 12 0.1 8,230 74.1 639 5.8 - - 1,669 15,0 556 5.0 1901 10,982 11 0.1 8,263 75.2 485 4.4 - - 1,686 15.4 537 4 9 1900 10,154 10 0.1 7,515 74.0 408 4.0 - - 1,703 16.8 518 5.1 Represents zero. (Z) Less than 0.5. Source: Based primarily on data included in table A5. Conversion factors used are: For direct energy and uranium, 1 kwh=3,412 Btu; for coal, 1 ton=26,194 M Btu; for crude petroleum, 1 barrel=5,800 M Btu; for natural gas, 1 MCF=1,024 M Btu; for natural gas liquids, 1 barrel=4,200 M Btu; for fuelwood, 1 cu ft. =260 M Btu; for feed for horses and mules, based on the approximate energy equivalent of the grain and hay consumed by such farm and nonfarm animals, averaging 676.4 xlO l2 Btu per animal for Census years 1900-1940. APPENDIX B.— Th w Materials Price Indexes Raw materials price indexes, closely comparable to the measures of raw materials consumption, have been constructed to permit a better measure of the relation between price movements and consumption of the various groups of com- modities (see table Bl ). The consumption weights used in these series have the advantage over production weights, not only of being repre- sentative of commodities in the relative magnitudes in which they have been consumed in the United States, but also of including representation of raw materials not produced in this country or produced domestically in negligible amounts. A few such price figures were shown in the President's Materials Policy Commission report. But the first complete price series of this type were those shown in Bureau of the Census Working Paper Number 1. For Census Working Paper Number 6 the price indexes were completely revised, both to represent somewhat better balanced and more complete coverage and to introduce weight bases representative of the consumption patterns of four different major periods since 1900, rather than of the single period 1935-1939 as in the earlier report. For Working Papers Numbers 30 and 35, the same techniques and commodity coverage as in Census Working Paper Number 6 were used. For Working Paper Number 35 and the present report, however, consumption patterns for five rather than four major periods since 1900 are used and the consumption patterns are determined in 1967 rather than 1954 dollars. In the present report, coverage has been increased to include fishery products for 1939-1977, wildlife products for 1967-1977, and uranium and vanadium for 1965-1977. The index base used in this report is 1972. GENERAL METHODS EMPLOYED Aggregative price indexes are used. These represent prices of individual materials (or groups of materials) weighted by quantities consumed in the base period. The basic formula used to combine the prices of the various materials is as follows. p q oo p q no n = . 100 = 2 p q r o n o 2 p q oo . 100 p _ average unit pnce of an individual material in a n - . .- „ given year n, p _ average unit price of an individual material in the base period, q _ quantity of an individual material consumed in the base period, P n = price index of an individual material with period .100 "o" as a base, P q o n o value of an individual material consumed in the base period. where P _ index number for raw materials prices for a given year "n," The index is constructed with 1972 as an index base, but with weight bases representative of five periods of approximately 15 years. The weight base periods used are 1905-1909, 1920-1924, 1935-1939, 1950-1954, and 1965-1969. The indexes are spliced in the years 1914, 1929, 1944, and 1959. In actual use, two adaptations were made of the above formula: (1) For certain commodity areas, primarily agricultural products, suitable consumption series were not available for each individual commodity. For these areas, group price indexes were used at the levels for which suitable consumption measures were available. (2) The actual consumption aggregates used represented averages of consumption aggregates in 1967 dollars of the type shown in tables A4 and A5. Using the consumption aggregates in terms of 1967 dollars introduces a slight bias into the weights, but this bias is probably negligible in all areas. TYPES AND SOURCES OF DATA USED Wherever they were available, the prices used were those representing the primary market for each raw material. Where these were not obtainable, available prices for the market closest to the primary market were used. For example, lumber price relatives were used to represent sawlog price movements; woodpulp prices were used to represent pulpwood; and for some metal ores, prices were represented by the prices of metals in major markets— as electrolytic copper f.o.b. refinery as priced in New York markets, instead of the mine value of copper ore. The weights applied to such price relatives, however, were always at the raw materials level. For the earlier years, especially those prior to 1916, lack of comparable prices made it necessary to extrapolate the price data for some raw materials back to 1900 by various ex- pendients. Some price series were extrapolated backward by 79 80 prices of a different grade or kind of the same material. Thus prices of plantation rubber ribbed smoked sheets were extra- polated from 1912 to 1900 by prices of Para Island rubber. Woodpulp prices were carried from 1912 back to 1900 by means of average unit prices of imported woodpulp. Other series were extrapolated by prices of related materials; for example, the price of dimension limestone for 1906 through 1908 was estimated to move in accordance with the price of dimension granite. In the case of three groups of commodities—domesic agricultural mateials, fishery products and forest products— price indexes developed by other agencies were used to represent certain groups of raw materials, even though the weighting systems were somewhat different from those described above. In each case, however, segments of these groups were re- combined, using the consumption aggregates of this report as weights. The more specific sources and qualifications of data used are included in the following paragraphs. Agricultural Materials Price indexes for nine groups of food crops, six groups of nonfood crops, three groups of livestock products for food, and three groups of livestock products for nonfood use were combined with consumption weights to yield the agricultural materials price indexes. Agricultural Materials Produced Domestically For the years 1910-1977, the group price indexes used are those for prices received by farmers computed by the Eco- nomics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service, Crop Reporting Branch, U.S. Department of Agriculture. (See Major Statistical Series of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Vol I, Agricultural Prices and Parity, Agriculture Handbook No. 365, October 1970 and the U.S. Department of Agriculture annual publications, Agricultural Statistics.) These indexes measure the change in average prices for important agricultural commodities at the point of first sale out of farmers' hands, which is generally the local market. In general, the prices used represent the average price for all grades or qualities of each product sold in the specified period. The annual series represent a weighted average of figures obtained for the marketing year. Most of the data were obtained from voluntary price reporters scattered throughout all areas of the United States. For the latter part of the period, the series are based on prices of 45 important commodities that account for over 91 percent of the total cash receipts from the sale of farm products. Somewhat fewer commodities are included for the early years. (See table B2 and its footnote 3.) Four weight bases were used for the series: 1924-1929 for 1910 through 1934, 1937-1941 for 1935 through September 1952, 1953-1957 for October 1952 through 1964 and 1971-1973 for 1965 through 1977. The weights were adjusted to reflect weights for commodities not included in the index. The commodity or commodity group indexes used from this source are: Food grains; feed grains; fruits; potatoes, sweet potatoes, and dry edible beans; commercial vegetables for fresh market; oil bearing crops; cotton; tobacco; dairy products; meat animals; poultry and eggs; and wool (prior to 1977). For the years 1900-1909, the individual group indexes of prices received by farmers were extrapolated backward by means of indexes of farm product prices shown by Louis H. Bean, Technical Bulletin 703, page 140, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The extrapolation was based on the year 1910, for which both indexes were available. Foreign Agricultural Materials The prices of imported agricultural materials used in con- structing the census indexes were those quoted on organized exchanges or markets and collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. They represent the first important commercial transaction in the commodity after arrival in this country. Price indexes of individual commodities are in some cases (for example, rubber) based on weighted average quotations of two or more kinds or grades. Such series were used for bananas; certain oil crops; coffee, tea, and cocoa; pepper, representing spices; rubber; hard fibers; and silk. Fishery Products Indexes of exvessel prices of 30 species of edible finfish, edible shellfish, and industrial fish compiled by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce were used to construct the fishery products price indexes. These NMSF indexes begin in 1939 and are available monthly. For later years they cover about 70 percent of the landed value received by fishermen for all finfish and shellfish caught. The annual figures represent simple averages of the 12 monthly figures. For each month, the indexes for each species are combined to group totals with weights representing the total value of the species landed in the given month. The three NMFS indexes were combined using consumption weights, for the 2 weight base periods covered, representing finfish for food, shellfish for food, and nonfood fishery products. The broad raw materials group indexes were spliced in 1939 to include fishery products indexes for 1939-1977. Wildlife Products Unit value series for 13 classes of furs, weighted by approximate 1967 consumption, were used in constructing the wildlife products price index. For 6 classes, the average pelt price as reported by the Fur Resources Committee was used. For 6 classes, which were primarily imported products, the average unit value of imports was used. For mink, the average unit value of exports was used, since a major part of this item, both consumed domestically and exported, comes from fur farms for which unit values at point of production are not available. The broad raw materials group indexes were spliced in 1967 to include the wildlife products index for 1967-1977. Forest Products Forest product prices are represented by the lumber, woodpulp, and plywood price indexes computed by the Bureau 81 of Labor Statistics. These are based on prices quoted in primary markets for these commodities. The lumber index for recent years is composed of quotations for 49 kinds or grades of hardwoods and softwoods. The woodpulp index currently comprises prices for five different types of pulp. The plywood index is based on three grades of softwood and two grades of hardwood plywood. These indexes were each constructed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) with quantity weights representing averages for the years 1929 and 1931 for years prior to 1947, averages for the year 1947 for 1947-1954, and subsequently the weights were revised at approximately 5-year intervals on the basis of Census of Manufactures figures. The BLS indexes were combined, using consumption weights repre- senting sawlogs, pulpwold, and veneer logs, respectively, for the five base periods. Minerals Price indexes for five major groups of commodities were constructed for minerals, based on price series for 58 individual commodities. The minerals price indexes are based primarily on unit value at point of production series for minerals developed from quantity and value of products figures contained in the Minerals Yearbook of the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior. Therefore, as for agriculture, the series used represent averages for all grades of products shipped from the mineral industries or used in making manufactured products at associated establishments. Most of the figures used are based on data collected in the monthly or annual surveys of the Bureau of Mines. These represent essentially complete coverage of domestic production of the specified commodities. For the major nonferrous-metal ores, however, the Bureau of Mines collects no value-of-products data. These commodities were represented by the prices of the corresponding metals as quoted at St. Louis or New York. Since the prices paid for ores usually reflect closely these quoted prices for the metals con- tained, it is believed that no significant bias is introduced by the use of this device. Similarly, in a few other cases price relatives for the principal products made from the mineral raw materials were used to represent the price trend for the raw mineral; examples are brick to represent common clay, and cement and lime, respectively, to represent the stone used in their production. For several series, comparable data were not available for portions of the early period. In some cases, this was because there was negligible domestic production of the mineral in early years. Thus, Figures for magnesium prices prior to 1914 were extrapolated on the basis of the import price of German magnesium. For uranium and vanadium suitable price series were not available prior to 1965. The "other metals except gold" price index was spliced in 1965 to include these items for 1965-1977. SCOPE OF THE SERIES The price index covers commodities representing about 94 percent of the value of all raw materials included in the consumption measures in the periods 1950-1954 and 1965- 1969, and this coverage was nearly as high for earlier weight base periods. The exclusion of fishery products prior to 1939 and wildlife products prior to 1967 reduces the coverage for the earlier periods. Fuelwood is one of the most important invidivual commodities not represented. The table on page 83 indicates the approximate coverage for various segments of the price index in the base periods. Table B2 shows the raw materials groups or individual raw materials actually represented in the price indexes, together with their relative importance in each weight base period in terms of 1967 dollars. This table includes the complete list of mineral products, but only product groups for certain other areas. Table B3 presents the detailed list of domestic agri- cultural, fishery, and wildlife commodities included for the later years, with their approximate weight as a component of the all raw materials index for 1967 and for agricultural commodities only for the period 1935-1939. EFFECT OF CHANGING WEIGHT BASE The use of changing weight bases in constructing the price indexes, in general, has little effect at the splicing points. This is indicated in table B4 which shows indexes for adjacent years to each splicing point computed on the basis of weights used for both the preceding and succeeding periods. In almost all cases, the two indexes differ by two points or less. However, the much larger possible divergence is indicated by the difference of 18 points for the two different weight bases when applied to the 1945 figures for "Abrasives and miscellaneous minerals." If constant weights had been used throughout the entire period, the fluctuations in the series would have been much greater. To illustrate the influence of constant weights on these indexes, table B5 presents the price indexes as developed for table Bl for the years 1950, 1940, 1930, 1920, 1910, and 1900 in comparison with similar indexes constructed with constant 1965-1969 weights. The fixed weight base series are subject to much wider fluctuations due to the greater influence of the more erratic behavior of price series for commodities in periods when the total value of such commodities was relatively small. This is particularly notable in the 1900 and 1920 figures for mineral fuels, showing the influence of pertoleum price changes in periods when oil was much less important in mineral fuel consumption than in later years. COMPARATIVE PRICE INDEXES FOR ALL WHOLESALE COMMODITIES AND FINISHED COMMODITIES The price indexes described in the preceding paragraphs represent prices in current dollars for each period. In order to judge the full significance of the trends indicated, it is necessary to compare these indexes with measures of price trends for other segments of the U.S. economy. 82 Two such measures are presented in table Bl . The Bureau of Labor Statistics index of all wholeslae commodity prices is shown on a 1972 base. Raw materials price indexes are sometimes presented as percentages of this "all wholesale commodities" price index. Such series are frequently described as "real" prices, because they approximately eliminate the effect of changes in the value of the dollar. The other comparison index shown in table Bl is an index of prices of finished commodities. For the period 1929-1977 this index was computed by developing an average of the Office of Business Economics' implicit price deflators for consumer durable and nondurable goods, prodicers' durable equipment, and private new construction. These price deflators were weighted by 1965-1969 average expenditures for the period 1959-1977, by 1950-1954 average expenditures for the period 1944-1958, and by 1935-1939 average expenditures for the period 1929-1943. For the period 1900-1928, an index con- structed by William H. Shaw for the National Bureau of Economic Research was used. This index represents all finished commodities, including construction materials. Overlapping years were available for the two series, which permitted splicing of the series in 1929. 83 Materials group Average annual value of consumption (millions of 1967 dollars) 1965- 1969 1950- 1954 1935- 1939 1920- 19 24 1905- 1909 Value of consumption of commodities included in price index as percent of group total value of consumption 1965- 1969 1950- 1954 1935- 1939 1920- 19 24 1905- 1909 All raw mate- rials, except gold , Agricultural materials . . , Crops Livestock, Fishery products... Wildlife products.. Forest products Minerals, except gold. Iron and ferro- alloy ores , Other metal ores, Mineral fuels Construction materials , Chemical and fertilizer minerals Abrasives and miscellaneous materials 64,803 33,758 12,140 21,618 1,116 127 3,549 26,253 1,739 1,982 18,401 2,587 1,222 322 46,780 26,637 10,231 16,406 642 145 3,275 16,081 1,305 1,554 11,096 1,340 572 214 31,168 20,308 8,301 12,007 292 126 2,619 7,823 464 618 5,858 609 205 69 26,711 16,876 6,422 10,454 242 75 3,011 6,508 510 602 4,627 570 141 21,585 13,861 5,478 8,383 222 73 3,343 4,087 449 385 2,592 546 7b 39 94.3 93.0 2 84.2 x 98.1 79.1 2 90.0 87.3 97.6 100.0 85.0 100.0 99.8 77.7 11.1 93.9 94.0 86.3 98.8 2 70.0 0.0 81.0 98.2 100.0 90.5 100.0 99.9 83.2 52.2 91.7 93.6 86.1 98.8 2 70.0 0.0 61.3 99.2 100.0 96.8 100.0 100.0 53.4 85.5 91.1 94.7 88.8 98.4 0.0 0.0 62.4 99.5 100.0 97.7 100.0 100.0 92.9 87.9 89.7 94.7 88.9 98.5 0.0 0.0 65.3 99.4 100.0 98.2 100.0 100.0 84.2 82.1 Represents 1967. Approximate coverage. 84 TABLE Bl. Indexes of Raw Materials Prices: 1900 to 1977 (1972 = 100) Compariso ~t indexes All raw Raw m aterials, by broad use classes Ran materials , by broad p roduct gro ups Ag r i i ultural materials Year All wholesale corn- modi ties Finished com- modi ties materials except gold Is Energy materials Physical- structure materials All agri- cultural materials Crops Livestock Fishery produc ts Wildlife products All crops Foods Non foods All livestock Foods Non foods 1977 163 142 197 153 284 188 154 203 209 183 130 127 141 208 214 1976 154 135 181 142 254 177 144 171 167 180 130 130 134 181 183 1975 147 129 168 137 231 162 138 159 161 156 128 127 138 149 134 1974 134 118 155 134 195 152 137 167 165 172 123 122 145 151 149 1973 113 106 126 136 115 120 135 136 139 126 135 135 149 147 139 1972 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1971 96 97 93 89 98 94 89 95 96 92 86 87 81 88 78 1970 93 94 89 88 91 90 88 91 92 87 87 87 81 82 76 1969 89 91 87 87 86 88 87 88 89 84 86 86 87 78 123 1968 86 87 82 81 83 86 81 90 92 83 77 77 80 70 127 1967 84 84 80 77 82 82 78 87 87 84 74 74 80 63 127 1966 84 82 81 81 81 82 82 91 91 89 78 78 84 67 (NA) 81 80 78 75 80 82 77 89 89 90 70 70 77 63 (NA) 1964 80 79 75 69 80 80 72 88 88 90 64 63 81 58 (NA) 1963 79 78 73 69 80 79 72 84 81 91 67 66 82 56 (NA) 1962 80 7 8 75 70 81 79 73 81 78 92 69 69 82 56 (NA) 1961 79 77 75 69 80 79 72 80 77 91 68 68 78 51 (NA) 1960 80 77 .75 70 80 79 72 80 77 88 69 68 77 49 (NA) 1959 80 76 75 70 80 80 73 80 76 91 69 69 76 55 (NA) 1958 79 76 77 75 81 77 77 83 83 87 73 73 78 58 (NA) 1957 78 75 75 69 82 78 71 82 80 88 66 66 80 55 (NA) 1956 76 72 73 67 76 80 70 86 84 90 61 61 68 57 (NA) 1955 74 71 72 67 74 78 70 83 81 90 63 63 71 56 (NA) 1954 74 71 73 72 74 76 74 88 88 91 67 66 82 55 (NA) 1953 73 70 74 74 73 75 76 84 83 88 72 71 84 51 (NA) 1952 74 70 77 83 69 75 85 92 90 97 82 82 95 54 (NA) 1951 76 69 80 87 69 79 90 91 87 104 90 89 125 50 (NA) 1950, , 69 64 71 75 67 70 78 82 80 92 75 74 96 48 (NA) 1949 66 63 69 72 67 64 74 76 75 81 73 73 84 44 (NA) 1948 70 64 75 82 70 67 84 84 81 91 85 85 90 49 (NA) 1947 64 60 68 78 54 62 80 85 84 90 77 77 83 46 (NA) 1946 52 53 56 66 42 51 68 74 73 80 65 65 70 44 (NA) 1945 46 50 50 60 37 46 61 70 71 69 57 57 62 38 (NA) 1944 45 48 48 57 37 45 58 69 70 68 53 53 59 33 (NA) 1943 45 45 47 57 35 44 58 68 70 63 53 53 60 37 (NA) 1942 43 41 41 47 33 40 48 52 51 55 47 46 56 30 (NA) 38 36 33 36 31 34 38 39 39 40 38 37 47 21 (NA) 34 33 28 29 27 29 30 32 32 32 30 29 39 17 (NA) 1939 33 32 27 28 27 27 29 29 29 30 29 29 37 16 (NA) 1938 34 33 27 28 29 26 29 29 28 30 30 30 31 (NA) (NA) 1937 37 34 32 35 30 31 36 41 41 40 34 34 38 (NA) (NA) 1936 35 32 29 33 ."- 28 33 37 37 37 32 32 35 (NA) (NA) 1935 35 32 28 31 26 27 32 35 35 37 30 30 31 (NA) (NA) 1934 32 32 25 25 27 26 26 34 34 36 22 22 24 (NA) (NA) 1933 29 29 20 21 20 21 21 26 28 23 19 19 23 (NA) (NA) 28 29 20 21 22 19 21 24 27 17 19 19 20 (NA) (NA) 1931 32 33 24 27 22 23 27 28 30 24 26 26 30 (NA) (NA) 1930 37 38 32 35 30 30 36 41 43 36 34 33 44 (NA) (NA) 19 29 41 39 38 43 32 37 45 49 49 48 43 42 58 (NA) (NA) 1928 42 40 38 43 32 37 45 52 52 50 42 41 59 (NA) (NA) 1927 41 40 37 41 34 37 43 50 51 48 40 38 55 (NA) (NA) 1926 43 41 40 43 40 39 45 53 55 48 41 40 59 (NA) (NA) 1925 45 42 40 43 38 41 46 59 59 60 40 39 61 (NA) (NA) 1924 42 41 36 37 37 39 39 52 51 58 34 33 53 (NA) (NA) 1923 44 43 36 36 40 42 39 50 48 61 34 33 57 (NA) (NA) 1922 42 41 36 36 43 38 39 50 50 51 34 33 52 (NA) (NA) 1921 42 45 35 36 43 35 37 47 49 40 33 33 43 (NA) (NA) 1920 67 62 53 54 62 54 57 74 74 76 50 49 71 (NA) (NA) 1919 60 55 52 59 43 51 62 76 74 87 57 55 86 (NA) (NA) 1918 57 52 48 54 41 48 58 69 66 81 54 52 83 (NA) (NA) 1917 51 44 42 47 35 43 50 59 58 67 46 44 71 (NA) (NA) 1916 37 34 30 33 23 32 35 42 42 46 33 31 49 (NA) (NA) 1915 30 29 25 29 18 26 30 35 35 35 28 27 39 (NA) (NA) 1914 30 29 26 30 19 25 31 36 36 38 30 29 40 (NA) (NA) 1913 30 29 26 30 20 27 32 38 38 42 29 28 39 (NA) (NA) 1912 30 29 25 29 19 25 30 39 40 38 27 26 36 (NA) (NA) 1911 28 28 24 27 18 24 28 39 39 37 24 23 32 (NA) (NA) 1910 31 29 25 29 18 25 31 37 37 39 28 27 39 (NA) (,NA) 1909 29 28 23 26 18 24 27 35 34 37 24 23 35 (NA) (NA) 1908 27 28 21 23 18 23 24 31 31 33 21 20 29 (NA) (NA) 1907 28 28 24 26 20 24 27 41 43 35 22 21 33 (NA) (NA) 27 26 21 21 18 25 23 28 27 34 21 20 33 (NA) (NA) 26 25 19 20 17 22 22 27 27 29 19 19 31 (NA) (NA) 1904 26 24 19 20 18 20 21 26 26 29 18 18 27 (NA) (NA) 1903 26 24 19 20 20 22 21 24 23 28 20 19 29 (NA) (NA) 1902 26 24 20 22 18 20 23 26 26 27 22 21 30 (NA) (NA) 1901 24 24 19 20 17 20 21 26 27 25 19 18 28 (NA) (NA) 1900 24 24 18 18 18 21 19 22 22 26 18 18 27 (NA) (NA) H c -. TABLE Bl. Indexes of Raw Materials Prices: 1900 to 1977— Continued (1972 = 100) Ra v materials , by broad product groups — Continued Fo rest products Minerals, except gold Year All forest products Sawlogs Pulp- wood All minerals , except gold Metals, except gold Mineral fuel s Construc- tion minerals Other nt mmetallic i linerals All metals , except gold Iron and ferro- alloy ores Other metal ores, ex- cept gold All mineral fuels Coal Oil and gas All other non- metallic minerals Chemical and fer- tilizer minerals Abrasives and mis- cellaneous minerals 1977 191 173 25 3 255 193 209 178 285 275 288 151 195 20 3 171 1976 172 146 257 231 181 193 170 255 255 256 144 199 212 158 1975 152 121 254 211 167 172 163 232 252 227 133 200 221 135 1974 145 130 195 179 154 134 173 195 205 193 117 141 146 124 1973 125 129 115 113 113 106 120 115 111 116 104 107 105 111 1972 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1971 89 85 100 98 98 96 99 98 93 99 96 100 101 97 1970 78 71 98 93 100 91 108 91 82 93 90 101 103 94 1969 85 83 90 87 91 85 96 86 66 90 87 100 103 91 1968 78 74 90 85 88 84 '1 83 61 87 84 115 123 91 1967 70 63 90 s., 83 81 84 82 60 87 83 108 115 86 1966 n 63 90 82 79 78 8 1 81 59 85 81 102 109 83 1965 6 8 59 90 81 82 77 87 80 58 84 SO 100 106 84 1964 67 58 88 80 76 76 75 80 59 84 80 97 102 84 1963 65 57 34 80 72 75 69 80 58 85 79 94 99 80 1962 56 85 80 70 74 66 81 59 85 79 108 102 128 1961 .-,-. 55 87 81 69 74 65 81 60 85 79 120 104 168 1960 •:.8 58 92 80 70 72 67 80 61 84 79 114 102 151 1959 71 60 92 79 69 73 65 80 63 83 79 111 100 144 1958 67 56 92 79 65 73 59 81 64 84 77 110 103 132 1957 67 57 90 81 69 74 64 82 67 85 77 110 103 130 1956 70 61 90 '* 75 72 77 76 63 78 76 108 102 127 1955 r,9 59 86 ■ 70 68 71 74 59 77 73 112 103 140 1954 65 56 83 74 64 67 62 74 60 77 72 105 99 120 1953 66 57 83 63 66 61 73 65 74 70 98 92 114 1952 67 57 85 68 61 60 61 69 65 69 68 88 83 103 1951 59 87 ,.X 60 56 63 68 65 68 68 84 81 93 1950 54 73 64 51 49 53 66 64 66 66 79 76 85 1949 56 47 74 64 49 46 51 67 64 67 64 75 72 81 1948 61 51 82 65 48 40 55 70 65 70 62 74 72 81 1947 54 45 73 54 43 36 49 54 54 53 59 7 3 69 82 1946 35 28 53 43 35 33 36 42 46 40 53 68 65 78 1945 31 24 48 39 32 32 33 37 41 35 50 64 64 63 1944 30 24 48 38 32 31 32 37 39 36 49 66 6 2 78 1943 28 22 44 37 33 34 33 35 36 35 48 57 62 54 194? 27 21 44 35 32 31 33 33 32 35 44 49 60 37 1941 25 19 43 33 31 30 32 31 29 33 40 46 58 32 1940 21 16 39 30 30 30 29 28 26 30 37 45 57 31 1939 18 15 25 29 29 31 27 28 24 30 38 45 58 29 1938 18 14 29 31 27 31 25 30 26 33 38 47 61 29 1937 21 16 40 32 32 31 32 31 26 35 40 47 61 30 1936 17 14 26 30 27 29 25 29 24 33 39 46 60 29 1935 16 13 25 29 26 28 24 27 24 30 38 45 59 29 1934 17 13 27 29 26 29 24 28 24 30 39 46 61 29 1933 14 11 22 23 23 29 19 21 20 22 38 46 61 27 1932 12 9 22 25 20 28 14 24 20 27 39 47 63 29 1931 14 11 27 25 22 28 19 22 23 22 42 51 64 35 1930 17 13 30 33 27 28 26 31 25 37 45 57 67 46 19 29 19 15 30 36 33 29 36 33 26 40 48 75 68 91 1928 18 14 31 35 31 27 33 33 26 37 49 75 68 92 1927 19 15 32 37 32 27 35 35 28 41 49 75 68 90 1926 20 16 34 42 34 27 38 42 29 57 49 75 68 91 1925 21 16 32 40 J3 26 37 39 28 52 48 70 64 85 20 16 32 39 32 29 33 38 30 45 49 73 68 87 1923 23 18 38 42 34 34 33 41 35 43 50 74 68 87 1922 20 16 32 44 30 32 28 46 37 51 49 76 70 88 1921 19 15 42 45 30 35 26 46 36 54 53 88 84 94 19 20 35 27 85 61 40 40 39 65 44 92 59 96 87 116 1919 24 18 41 45 39 36 41 45 31 61 48 83 76 100 1918 18 14 44 46 46 36 52 44 31 60 42 90 88 92 1917 16 12 56 40 44 33 52 37 27 48 35 84 79 92 1916 12 9 43 29 39 24 49 25 17 35 26 70 64 84 1915 10 8 24 23 30 20 37 18 14 21 25 69 61 88 1914 11 8 25 22 23 19 26 20 15 26 25 62 56 73 1913 12 9 27 24 27 22 30 21 15 29 25 59 57 66 1912 11 8 25 22 26 19 32 20 15 24 25 60 56 68 1911 10 8 23 21 26 23 28 18 14 20 23 57 55 59 1910 10 8 24 21 28 26 26 18 14 20 22 54 55 53 1909 10 8 25 21 25 23 25 18 13 22 21 56 58 50 1908 10 8 25 21 25 23 25 19 14 23 22 55 56 52 1907 11 9 24 23 31 26 34 19 14 23 24 60 56 67 1906 11 9 23 22 29 23 34 19 14 23 24 57 52 67 1905 9 7 24 21 25 20 28 18 13 20 25 57 55 62 1904 9 7 21 21 21 16 25 19 14 27 25 58 58 59 1903 9 7 21 24 24 21 25 21 15 29 27 59 58 61 1902 8 7 24 21 21 17 23 19 14 25 24 57 56 58 1901 8 6 26 21 21 16 27 18 13 30 23 62 63 61 1900 8 6 26 22 28 26 28 19 12 37 23 66 71 53 86 TABLE B2. Raw Materials Represented in the Price Indexes Materials group or material 1 Average annual value of consumption Millions of 1967 dollars 2 1965- 1969 1950- 1954 1935- 1939 1920- 1924 1905- 1909 Percent of all raw materials represented 1965- 1969 1950- 1954 1935- 1939 1920- 1924 1905- 1909 ALL RAW MATERIALS, EXCEPT COLD BROAD MATERIALS GROUPS Agricultural materials Fishery and wildlife products Forest products Minerals , except gold MATERIALS AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS 3 Crops 3 Foods 3 Foods grains 3 Feed grains and sugar crops 3 Fruits and tree nuts : Domestic fruits 3 Bananas Potatoes, sweet potatoes, and dry beans and peas Fresh vegetables 3 01 1 crops 3 Coffee, tea, and cocoa Spices Nonf oods 3 Cotton 3 . Nonfood oil crops 3 Tobacco 3 Feed grains and other nonfood domestic crops.... Rubber Other imported nonfood crops Livestock 3 Foods 3 Dairy products and honey 3 Meat animals 3 Poultry and eggs 3 Non foods 3 Mohair and shorn wool 3 Silk Other livestock products for nonfood use 3 FISHERY AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS 3 Fishery products 3 Foods 3 Nonf oods 3 Wildlife products 3 FOREST PRODUCTS 3 Sawlogs , Pulpwood Veneer logs MINERALS, EXCEPT GOLD 3 All metals , except gold 3 Iron and ferroalloy ores , Iron Mangenese Tungsten , Chromium , Cobalt , Molybdenum Nickel , Other metal ores 3 , Silver , Copper , Lead Zinc , Bauxite , Mercury Ant lmony Cadmium Magnes 1 urn Tin Uranium and vanadium See footnotes at end of table. 65,011 33,986 1,243 3,549 26,233 33,986 12,327 9,202 758 1,084 1,459 523 493 2,514 821 1,481 69 3,125 1,027 219 899 769 L82 29 21,659 20,672 4,435 12,815 3,422 987 370 23 594 1,243 1,116 949 168 3,549 1,972 883 243 26,233 3,721 47 ,482 27,339 787 3,275 16,081 27,339 10,846 7,407 709 695 1,434 274 503 1,944 474 1,364 10 3,439 921 262 995 961 215 85 16,493 15,425 4,414 8,588 2,423 1,068 384 32 652 567 7 5 3,275 1,924 574 155 16,081 2,859 1,739 1,305 1,293 898 94 82 21 66 25 22 25 26 83 64 198 147 1,982 1,554 215 139 703 599 111 123 185 155 156 67 22 37 8 7 30 24 55 46 113 210 102 (') 33,017 22,157 418 2,619 7,823 22,157 9,918 6,243 665 1.08 1,121 273 462 1,722 383 997 12 3,675 707 261 627 1,840 158 82 12,239 11,066 3,536 6,129 1,401 240 260 673 251 41 126 2,619 1,275 268 63 7,823 1,082 464 334 31 14 5 2 18 60 618 32 224 63 86 7 14 5 12 1 154 (») 29,948 20,113 316 3,011 6,508 20,113 9,184 5,213 609 634 874 189 423 1,47 6 296 705 3,971 396 208 518 2,691 88 70 9,585 2,739 5,672 1,174 1,344 217 231 896 203 39 3,011 1,732 146 ( 4 ) 6,508 1,112 510 454 29 5 2 (Z) (Z) 20 602 37 222 82 66 6 12 6 1 1 156 (*) 17,321 294 3,343 4,087 17,321 8,083 4,462 685 623 536 215 383 1,304 218 496 2 3,621 274 204 469 2,592 15 67 9,238 7,732 2,173 4,695 864 1,506 189 92 1,225 294 3,343 2,119 66 ( 4 ) 4,087 834 449 420 16 4 (Z) (Z) (Z) 9 385 40 140 55 36 1 9 3 (Z) 67.1 1.3 7.9 23.7 67.1 30.0 18.9 2.0 1.8 3.4 0.8 1.4 5.2 1.2 3.0 0.0 2.1 0.8 1.9 5.6 0.5 0.2 10.7 18.6 4.2 0.7 0.8 2.0 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.1 3.9 0.8 0.2 1.4 1.0 0.1 (Z) (Z) (z) 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 0.5 (') 67.2 1.1 10.1 21.7 67.2 30.7 17.4 2.0 2.1 2.9 0.6 1.4 4.9 1.0 2.4 0.0 1.3 0.7 1.7 9.0 0.3 0.2 9.1 18.9 3.9 0.7 0.8 3.0 0.8 0.1 0.3 10.1 5.8 0.5 ( 4 ) 1.7 1.5 0.1 0.5 (') 69.2 1.2 13.3 16.3 69.2 32.3 17.8 2.7 2.5 2.1 0.9 1.5 5.2 0.9 2.0 0.0 14.5 1.1 0.8 1.9 10.3 0.1 0.3 36.9 18.7 3.4 0.8 0.4 4.9 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.1 8.5 0.3 (*) 1.8 1.7 0.1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 1.5 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 (Z) (Z) (Z) (z) (z) 0.4 (*) 87 TABLE B2. Raw Materials Represented in the Price Indexes— Continued Materials group Average annual valu Millions of 1967 dollars 2 1965- 1969 1950- 1954 1935- 1939 1920- 1924 1905- 1909 Percent of all raw materials represented 1965- 1969 1950- 1954 1935- 1939 1920 1924 1905- 1909 Mineral fuels. Coal Authracite Bituminous coal and lignite. Oil and gas Crude petroleum Natural gas Natural gas liquids: Natural gasoline Liquified petroleum gases. Construction materials 3 . Dimension stone: Limestone Granite . Slate Marble Trap rock Sandstone Miscellaneous stone. Crushed and broken stone: For cement manufacture. For lime manufacture... Slate All other stone Sand and gravel Fire clay Magnesite Common clay and shale Gypsum Native asphalt and bitumens Asbestos Other nonmetallic minerals Chemical and fertilizer Barite Fluorspar Potash Phosphate rock Salt Sulfur and pyrites.... Abrasives and miscellaneous minerals Fuller's earth High grade clay Feldspar Mica sheet Mica scrap Talc and soapstone Diamonds : Cut, not set... Rough or uncut. Industrial 2,387 94 2,293 16,014 11,694 3,156 548 616 18 44 12 34 (Z) 11 5 113 47 5 1,042 998 42 2 53 56 1,544 1,222 33 55 131 155 262 314 322 20 11 i 10 10 2 22 21 27 35 2,285 268 2,017 8,811 7,009 1,268 346 188 28 38 lo 20 1 10 1 72 22 3 441 477 55 2 36 43 7 69 572 22 25 55 74 124 176 214 11 62 2,222 402 1,820 3,636 3,128 371 126 11 199 22 1 15 13 2 22 21)'. 7 7 14 18 54 71 69 5 '1 2,820 630 2,190 1,807 1,621 143 43 (.'.I 34 78 13 ','• 1 19 1 34 9 2 126 L2 I 11 1 31 15 2 14 20 3 5 (Z) 5 11 2 1 2,592 2,199 618 1,581 393 326 67 (Z) (Z) (z) (z) 0.2 (Z) (z) 0.9 1.0 0.1 (Z) 0.1 0.1 (z) o.l 1.2 (Z) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 (Z) 0.1 (Z) (Z) 0.01 6.2 2.4 2.8 9.4 1.3 7.6 0.2 1.3 2.7 1.3 0.4 (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (Z) Less than 0.05 percent for agricultural materials; less than 0.005 for fishery and wildlife products. 'An individually associated price index was not available for fishery products prior to 1939 and for wildlife products prior to 1967. 89 TABLE B4. Comparison of Segment Price Indexes at the Splicing Points Indexes on 1950-54 and 1965-69 weight bases (1950 = 100.0) 1960 1958 Indexes on 1935-39 and 1950-54 weight bases (1944 = 100.0) 1945 1943 Indexes on 1920-24 and 1935-39 weight bases (1929 = 100.0) 1928 Indexes on 1905-09 and 1920-24 weight bases (1914 = 100.0) ALL RAW MATERIALS, EXCEPT GOLD: Early weight base 1 Later weight base 2 Agricultural materials: Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Crops : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Foods : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Nonfoods : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Livestock : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Foods : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Nonfoods : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Fishery products : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Wildlife products: Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Forest products: Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Minerals, except gold: Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . All metals, except gold: Early weight base 1 . . Later weight base 2 . . Iron and ferroalloy ores : Early weight base 1 Later weight base 2 Other metal ores: Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Mineral fuels : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Coal : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Oil and gas : Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Construction materials: Early weight base 1 . Later weight base 2 . Other nonmetallic minerals: Early weight base 1 Later weight base 2 Chemical and fertilizer minerals: Early weight base 1 Later weight base 2 Abrasives and miscellaneous minerals: Early weight base 1 Later weight base 2 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.3 100.8 99.8 102.1 100.8 97.9 97.2 98.7 99.0 101.8 101.6 90.3 89.7 (NA) (NA) 96.3 95.9 100.7 100.8 100.9 101.0 102.9 103.5 100.7 100.7 97.8 98.2 101.3 101.1 100.6 100.3 100.4 102.6 100.7 101.6 99.7 104.6 102.3 102.7 105.2 105.4 104.2 104.0 108.1 107.3 95.5 95.6 105.8 106.2 106.0 106.4 102.0 101.1 105.6 105.6 (NA) (NA) 94.0 95.2 99.9 100.2 94.9 94.8 99.4 98.5 90.7 90.9 101.5 101.6 102.4 102.1 101 101 97.7 97.9 99.4 99.5 102.8 102.6 92.0 92.8 103.9 103.5 104.4 104.7 101.1 101.0 100.7 100.6 102.3 102.3 107.1 107.4 107.3 107.5 105.9 104.9 (NA) 115.3 (NA) (NA) 101.1 101.1 101.2 100.7 101.2 101.8 101. 101. 100.7 102.2 102.3 100.8 105.0 104.9 100.1 99.5 100.1 101.2 84.0 96.0 101.9 101.9 62.6 80.9 98.7 99.0 99.4 99.5 97.8 97.3 99.2 98.7 93.7 93.4 100.8 101.1 100.8 101.0 100.6 102.8 (NA) 112.0 (NA) (NA) 92.6 92.7 96.4 98.3 104.6 104.1 109.0 107.1 101.8 101.6 95.7 97.2 91.9 92.0 96.5 97.8 85.1 94.8 69.3 86.0 87.1 83.7 85.1 81.0 86.1 84.5 76.2 74.4 84.6 77.9 85.1 78.1 79.1 76.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 91.7 92.3 92.8 91.4 83.2 82.0 73.5 73.4 95.1 94.0 96.3 96.1 93.4 93.0 97.3 93.1 95.0 76.1 99. 11)0. 100, 101. 106.0 106.1 106.8 107.0 102.8 103.5 97.5 97.8 102.1 103.1 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 96.7 97.1 98.3 97.5 93.8 92.2 94.5 95.1 93.3 90.6 99.3 97.9 103.0 103.4 93.8 95.0 100.3 103.2 100.9 96.5 100.9 101.0 100.7 91.5 97.0 97.3 99.1 98.7 94.6 94.5 94.3 94.1 99.0 98.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 100.5 101.5 118.4 128.4 102.3 105.2 135.8 141.3 94.9 90.6 97.6 97.3 82.5 81.9 100.9 100.0 121.1 112.1 120.8 108.5 121.7 120.8 •For the years 1913, 1914, and 1915 represents the base 1905 to 1909; for years 1928, 1929, and 1930 represents 1920 to 1924; for years 1943, 1944, and 1945 represents 1935 to 1939; and for years 1958, 1959, and 1960 represents 1950 to 1954. 2 For the years 1913, 1914, and 1915 represents the base 1920 to 1924; for years 1928, 1929, and 1930 represents 1935 to 1939; for years 1943, 1944, and 1945 represents 1950 to 1954; and for years 1958, 1959, and 1960 represents 1965 to 1969. 90 TABLE B5. Comparison of Changing Weight and Constant Weight Price Indexes for Selected Years (1972 = 100.0) ALL RAW MATERIALS, EXCEPT GOLD: Changing weight base 1 Constant weight base 2 Agricultural materials: Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Crops : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base . Foods : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Nonioods : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base . Livestock : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Foods : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Non foods : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Fishery products: Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Wildlife products: Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Forest products : Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Minerals, except gold: Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . All metals, except gold: Changing weight base 1 . Constant weight base 2 . Iron and ferroalloy ores : Changing weight base 1 .. Constant weight base 2 .. Other metal ores : Changing weight base 1 .. Constant weight base 2 .. Mineral fuels : Changing weight base 1 .. Constant weight base 2 .. Coal: Changing weight base 1 .. Constant weight base 2 .. Oil and gas : Changing weight base 1 .. Constant weight base 2 .. Construction materials: Changing weight base 1 . . Constant weight base 2 .. Other nonmetallic minerals: Changing weight base 1 .. Constant weight base 2 .. Chemical and fertilizer minerals : Changing weight base 1 Constant weight base 2 Abrasives and miscellaneous minerals: Changing weight base 1 Constant weight base 2 74.8 74.8 72.4 72.4 79.8 79.8 77.1 77.1 77.4 77.4 49.4 49.4 (NA) (NA) 67.7 67.7 80.1 80.1 69.6 69.6 72.2 72.2 67.0 67.0 80.2 80.2 61.4 61.4 84.2 84.2 79.4 79.4 114.0 114.0 102.0 102.0 150.6 150.6 72.7 71.2 77.6 80.7 82.5 88.4 79.5 85.9 91.6 95.8 75.4 76.9 74.4 76.0 95.7 98.1 47.5 47.4 (NA) (NA) 64.5 64.5 51.2 51.3 49.4 48.7 52.5 53.6 66.5 66.2 63.8 63.6 66.2 66.8 65.6 66.5 78. 75. 76.4 79.2 85.4 62.8 30.3 27.9 30.4 30.8 32.2 32.3 32.4 31.9 32.0 33.5 29.9 30.1 29.3 29.7 38.7 38.6 16.5 16.4 (NA) (NA) 21.1 22.9 29.7 31.3 29.7 30.5 29.8 29.6 29.5 31.4 27.8 28.5 25.7 25.2 29.7 29.2 37.5 41.3 44.9 55.9 56.8 59.5 31.2 45.0 36.5 65.4 31.8 53.4 36.3 57.3 38.1 60.5 41.2 74.0 40.6 74.4 43.2 73.9 41.5 71.3 36.1 76.1 37.8 83.7 33.7 50.4 36.9 53.6 33.0 49.0 36.9 53.5 43.7 71.4 37.0 57.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 17.4 35.4 18.8 44.3 32.7 60.9 37.4 76.2 27.0 39.6 29.2 46.5 28.1 40.0 28.0 38.8 26.3 38.6 30.4 53.6 31.2 65.2 35.2 81.0 24.6 44.3 22.9 48.7 36.8 91.5 37.8 87.8 45.1 59.4 47.8 71.2 56.8 96.0 75.6 104.9 67.2 87.5 75.2 110.2 46.4 116.0 77.1 88.7 29.3 25.0 30.6 33.6 37.4 44.1 37.1 35.5 39.5 70.0 27.8 28.4 27.0 28.2 38.7 32.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 27.8 30.8 26.0 25.6 26.3 35.7 18.4 21.3 13.9 14.6 20.0 22.7 22.4 46.6 54.3 49.9 54.7 55.8 52.9 32.2 (NA) Not available. •Represents the indexes shown in table Bl. For 1960, the weight base is 1965 to 1969; for 1950, the weight base is 1950 to 1954; for 1940 and 1930, the weight base is 1935 to 1939; for 1920, the weight base is 1920 to 1924; for 1910 and 1900, the weight base is 1905 to 1909. 2 The all years, the weight base is 1965 to 1969. U.S. GOVEFMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1980 -0- 311-046/1202 technical papers The titles listed below are available in printed copies or on microfiche. The date in parentheses following the title indicates year of publication. Copies of recent papers may be reviewed and/or ordered at district offices of the Department of Commerce located in principal cities throughout the United States. Additional infor- mation, including prices, may be obtained by writing to Subscriber Services (ASD), Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. 20233. No. 1. The Sample Survey of Retail Stores: A Report on Methodology (1953) Description of the Sample for the Monthly Retail Trade Report (unnumbered revision) (1955) No. 2. Accuracy of Census Statistics With and Without Sampling (I960) Farm Population, 18801950 (1960) The Post Enumeration Survey: 1950 (1960) Tests and Revisions of Bureau of the Census Methods of Seasonal Adjustments (1961) The Current Population Survey Reinterview Program, Some Notes and Discussion (1963) The Current Population Survey, A Report on Methodology (1963) Trends in the Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1947-1960(1963) Reconciliation of the 1958 Census of Retail Trade with the Monthly Retail Trade Report (1963) Population Trends in the United States: 1900 to 1960 (1964) Response Errors in Collection of Expenditures Data by Household Interviews: An Experimental Study (1965) Estimating Trading-Day Variation in Monthly Economic Time Series (1965) Sampling Application in Censuses of Population and Housing (1965) The International Standard Industrial Classification and the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (1965) No. 15. 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No. 13 No. 14 The Annual Survey of Manufactures: A Report on Methodology (1971) Demographic Computer Library (1971) 1970 Occupation and Industry Classification System Showing Sources (1972) No. 27. Sampling Applications of the 1970 Census Publication, Maps, and Public Use Summary Files (1972) From the Old to the New 1972 SIC for Establish- ments (1972) Scientific and Technological Development Activities of the Census (1973) Census County Division, Past and Future (1973) Consistency of Reporting Ethnic Origin in the Cur- rent Population Survey (1974) Standards for Discussion and Presentation of Errors in Data (1974) Characteristics of Persons in Engineering and Scientific Occupations: 1972 (1974) Indexes to Survey Methodology Literature (1974) Family (Money) Income: 1947 to 1971: Summarizing Twenty-Five Years of a Summary Statistic (1974) Census Bureau Programs to Measure Consumer Pur- chase Expectations: 1959-1973 (1974) The Census Bureau: A Numerator and Denominator for Measuring Change (1975) Comparison of Persons of Spanish Surname and Per- sons of Spanish Origin in the United States (1975) Guide for Local Area Population Projections (1977) The Current Population Survey: Design and Method- ology (1978) An Evaluation of 1970 Census Occupational Classi- fication (1978) 1976 Survey of Institutionalized Persons: Methods and Procedures (1978) Graphic Presentation of Statistical Information (1978) Standard Statistical Establishment Program (1978) The 1972-73 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey: A Preliminary Evaluation (1978) Reevaluation of the 1972-73 U.S. Consumer Expend- iture Survey: A Further Examination Based on Re- vised Estimates of Personal Consumer Expenditures. Raw materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1977 (previous issues published in Working Paper series) Topological Principles in Cartography Proceedings of the First General Conference on Social Graphics No. 23. No. 29. No. 30. No. 3 1 . No. 32 No. 33. No. 34 No. 35. No 36 No. 37 No. 38 No. 39 No 40 No 41 No 42 No 43 No 44 No 45 No. 46. No. 47. No. 48. No. 49 Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, S300 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES — ^ llllllllllllllllli ^ r LS.MAIL COM-202 © Special Fourth-Class Rate -Book working papers * The titles listed below are available in printed copies or on microfiche. The date in parentheses following the title indicates year of publication. Copies of recent papers may be reviewed and/or ordered at district offices of the Department of Commerce located in principal cities throughout the United States. Additional information, including prices, may be obtained by writing to Subscriber Services (ASD) Bureau of the Census Washington, D.C. 20233. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. No. 9. No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-52 (Preliminary) (1954) The Role of the 1954 Census of Manufactures in Overcoming Problems of Industry Data (1956) Tract Data Compared for a 25-Percent Sample and a Complete Census (1956) Sampling in the 1950 Census of Population and Housing (1956) Occupational Trends in the United States: 1900 to 1950(1958) Raw Materials in the United States Economy (1964) Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, December 29, 1958 (1959) Materials on the Preparation and Conduct of the U.S.S.R. All-Union Population Census of 1959 (1959) Historical Comparability of Census Manufactures Industries: 1929-1958 (1959) Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, December 29, 1959 (1960) Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, August 25, 1960(1960) Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, August 28, 1961 (1962) Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, September8, 1962 (1962) The Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series (1963) Methodology and Scores of Socioeconomic Status (1963) Procedural Report on the 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing (1963) Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, September 5, 1963 (1964) The Measurement of Performance Potential in Manu- facturing Establishments (1965) Tests of Use of Post Office Resources to Improve Coverage of Censuses (1965) Industry Classification and Sector Measures of In- dustrial Production (1965) No. 21. A Spectral Study of "Overadjustment" for Sea- sonality (1965) No. 22. Papers Presented at the Census Tract Conference, December 29, 1964 (1965) No. 23. Spectral Analysis and Parametric Methods for Sea- sonal Adjustment of Economic Time Series (1965) No. 24. Self-Enumeration as a Method for the 1970 Census of Housing (1966) No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. No. 28. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. Measuring the Quality of Housing (1967) Changes in the Structure of Manufacturing Employ- ment (1968) Methodology of Consumer Expenditures Survey (1968) Metropolitan Area Definition (1968) Survey Applications of Social Psychological Ques- tions (1969) Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1966(1970) Price Variation in New FHA Houses: 1959-1961 (1971) No. 32. Pretests and Dress Rehearsals of the 1970 Census of Population and Housing: A Procedural History (1972) An Estimate of A Quasi-Stable Age-Sex Distribution for Ghana in 1960(1972) Investigation of Census Bureau Interviewer Char- acteristics, Performance, and Attitudes: A Summary (1972) Raw Materials in the United States Economy: 1900-1960 (1972) Response Variance in the Current Population Survey (1972) Who's Home When (1973) Economic Censuses of the United States: Historical Development (1973) Population and Housing Inquiries in U.S. Decennial Censuses, 1790 -1970 (1973) Studies in Occupational and Industrial Classification (1974) Information Privacy and Statistics: A Topical Bibli- ography (1978) No. 33. No. 34. No. 35. No. 36. No. 37. No. 38. No. 39. No. 40. No. 41.