se, '3 : A//y?FS C//?C q /8 418 / \ <** T °^o, ^r E5 o« •" S NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 41 8 Annotated Bibliography of Four Atlantic Scombrids: Scomberomorus brasiliensis, S. cavalla, S. maculatus, and S. regalis Charles S. Manooch ill, Eugene L. Nakarnura, and Ann Bowman Hall December 1978 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulars are technical publications of general interest intended to aid conservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series. Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management in- vestigations appear in the Circular series. NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circulars are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Re- cent Circulars are: 365. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of ver- tical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972, iv + 17 p., 8 figs., 3 app. figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 366. Kev to field identification of anadromous juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. By Robert J. MacConnell and George R. Snyder. January 1972, iv + 6 p., 4 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 377. Fishery publications, calendar year 1970: Lists and indexes. By Marv Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. December 1972. iv + 34 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 378. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora. By Arthur C. Borror. September 1973, iii + 62 p., 5 figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration processes. By K. K. Almenas, L. C. Durilla, R. C. Ernst, J. W. Gentry, M. B. Hale, and J. M. Marchello. October 1972, iii + 175 p.. 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 368. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study, Florida: Phase I, area description. By J. Kneeland McNulty, William N. Lindall, Jr., and James E. Sykes. November 1972, vii + 126 p., 46 figs., 62 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 369. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidae) in the western Atlantic. By Henry A. Feddern. November 1972, iii + 10 p., 17 figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 370. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the California Current region. By David Kramer, Mary J. Kalin, Elizabeth G. Stevens, James R. Thrailkill, and James R. Zweifel. November 1972, iv + 38 p., 38 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 371. Ocean fisherv management: Discussion and research. By Adam A. Sokoloski (editor).' (17 papers, 24 authors.) April 1973, vi + 173 p., 38 figs., 32 tables, 7 app. tables. 379. Fishery publications, calendar year 1969: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. April 1973. iv + 31 p.. 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 380. Fisherv publications, calendar year 1968: Lists and indexes. By Marv Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. May 1973, iv + 24 p.. 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402 381 . Fisherv publications, calendar vear 1967: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. .July 1973. iv + 22 p.. 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 382. Fishery publications, calendar year 1966: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. July 1973, iv + 19 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington. D.C. 20402. 383. Fisherv publications, calendar vear 1965: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 12 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By Thomas A. Manar. October 1972, iv + 24 p., 1 fcg. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.F. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 384. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Higher plants of the marine fringe. By Edwin T. Moul. September 1973, iii + 60 p., 109 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 374. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Annelida: Oligochaeta. By David G. Cook and Ralph O. Brinkhurst. May 1973. iii + 23 p., 82 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 385. Fishery publications, calendar year 1972: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. November 1973. iv + 23 p.. 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 375. New Polvchaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. By John H. Day. July 1973, xiii + 140 p., 18 figs., 1 table. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 386. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Pyc- nogonida. By Lawrence R. McCloskey. September 1973, iii + 12 p.. 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 376. Bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf. Nova Scotia to New Jersey. By John B. Colton. Jr. and Ruth R. Stoddard. June 1973. iii + 55 p., 15 figs.. 12 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 387. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. By Raymond B. Manning. February 1974. iii + 6 p., 10 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of DocumentB, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover .d P ATMOSp^ '"^nToT^ NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 418 Annotated Bibliography of Four Atlantic Scombrids: Scomberomorus brasiliensis, S. cavalla, S. maculatus, and S. regalis Charles S. Manooch III, Eugene L. Nakamura, and Ann Bowman Hall December 1978 ! U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richard A. Frank, Administrator Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Bibliography 2 Subject Index 138 Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis 139 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla 141 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus 149 Cero, Scomberomorus regalis 160 Scomberomorus sp 166 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/annotatedbibliogOOmano Annotated Bibliography of Four Atlantic Scombrids: Scomberomorus hrasiliensis, S. cavalla, S. maculatus, and S. regalis Charles S. Manooch III, 1 Eugene L. Nakamura, 2 and Ann Bowman Hall 1 ABSTRACT Annotated references are presented on 570 papers published from 1793 to 1977 on Scomberomorus brasiliensis, serra Spanish mackerel; 6'. cavalla, king mackerel; S. maculatus, Spanish mackerel; and S. regalis, cero. A subject index is included for each species and covers a variety of topics ranging from taxonomy to commercial and recreational fishing. INTRODUCTION Atlantic mackerels of the genus Scomberomorus are important to commercial fisheries off North America, South America, and Africa. Also, recreational anglers off the Gulf and southeastern coasts of the United States catch large quantities of king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (= S. caballa, Cybium caballa, C. cavalla); Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (= Scomber maculatus, C. maculatum); and to a lesser extent, cero, S. regalis ( = Scomber regalis, C. regalis). Spanish mackerel found off Central and South America previously identified as S. maculatus have been reclassified as S. brasiliensis (Col- lette, Russo, and Zavala-Camin 1978). Considering the importance of this group of pelagic fish, several United States Regional Fishery Management Councils are evaluating the present state of knowledge on mackerels to assist in the development of management plans. This bibliography provides scientific and industrial in- vestigators with an up-to-date and comprehensive list of references to the literature on western Atlantic 'Contribution Number 77-01B. Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516. J Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, FL 32401. mackerels. It is our intent that the bibliography will not only aid others in fulfilling current research objectives, but will initiate studies in areas we deem deficient at this time. Several points are evident to us after compiling this listing. South American scientists, particularly those from Brazil, are far advanced of their North American neighbors in specific areas of research such as anatomy and physiology, life histories, population dynamics, and documentation of annual catch and effort statistics. The relatively large number of papers by U.S. scientists is misleading. Most articles referred to herein merely men- tion mackerels incidental to other species. There are deficiencies or gaps of knowledge in recreational catch and effort, migration patterns, and stock identity, and large scale life history studies all of which are essential in formulating plans for this important fishery resource. We are grateful for the assistance received from many libraries throughout the country in obtaining publica- tions and especially to Bruce B. Collette, National Systematics Laboratory, NMFS, Washington, D.C., for allowing us to review his personal bibliography on Scombridae and for information relative to the tax- onomic status of S. maculatus. Collette believes all references to S. maculatus from the eastern Atlantic should be S. tritor and should be S. brasiliensis from Central and South American waters. The difficult task of typing the manuscript was accomplished by Valerie N. Guida and Jean Willis and is sincerely appreciated. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, A.C., and W.C. Kendall. 1891. Report upon an investi- gation of the fishing grounds off the west coast of Florida Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1889, vol. 9, p. 289-312. S. regal is is listed in the catch. Albuquerque, J.J.L., and R.C.F. Bezerra. 1968. Sampling of king mackerel and Spanish mackerel in Ceara. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 141-145. The minimum monthly sampling of king mackerel, S. cava! la , and Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (= ST brasil iensis, was determined in - the State of Ceara, Brazil Alcantara, P., Filho. 1972a. Auscencia da nadadeira anal em Scomberomorus maculatus [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 157. An Si. maculatus (= IS. brasil iensis ) with no anal fin was caught off Ceara, Brazil, on October 10, 1972. Alcantara, P., Filho. 1972b. Sobre a captura da serra , Scombero - morus maculatus (Mitchill), com redes-de-espera , no Estado do Ceara [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar. vol. 12, no. 1, p. 77-84. Gear and methods of fishing for Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (= S_. brasi 1 iensis ) , are described and a general analysis of 2,428 controlled fisheries from 1968 to 1971 was made. Some aspects on the selective action of the nets and a comparative study of the age distribution of fish caught by gill nets and trolling lines led to a recommendation that the mesh size of gill nets used in the State of Ceara ought to be en- larged. Alcantara, P., Filho. 1972c. Sobre a capture da cavala, Scom - beromorus cavalla (Cuvier), com redes-de-espera, no Estado do Ceara7 [in Portuguese with English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 133-138. Commercial gill net and trolling fishery is described The catch per unit effort, age distribution of the catch, and sexual maturity for king mackerel are in- cluded. Alexander, A.B. 1905a. Statistics of the fisheries of the Gulf States, 1902. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1903, vol. 29, p. 411-418. Commercial data for king mackerel and Spanish mackerel are included. Alexander, A.B. 1905b. Statistics of the fisheries of the New England States, 1902. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1904, p. 245-325. Data on king mackerel and Spanish mackerel are included Alexander, A.B. 1905c. Statistics of the fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1902. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1903, vol. 29, p. 343-410. Commercial catch data for cero, king mackerel, and Spanish mackerel are included. Allyn, R. 1969. Florida fishes. Great Outdoors Publishing Company, St. Petersburg, Fla. 90 p. Brief comments are made on the description and rec- reational fishing for S. maculatus and S. cavalla. Almeida, H.T. 1974. Sobre a producao pesqueira de alguns currais-de-pesca do Ceara - dados de 1971 a 1973 [in Por- tuguese, English summary]. Boletim de Ciencias do Marinha, no. 26, p. 1-9. Wooden fish-weirs are very common along the coast of the State of Ceara (Brazil), being more concentrated at Acarau County beaches. This work specifies the yields of the weirs at Almofala (Acarau - Ceara - Brazil), during 1971 to 1973, with special attention to the indexes of daily capture during the year. Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (= S. brasil i ens is ), was included in the catch. Alves, M.I.M. 1969. Sobre o trato digestivo da serra, Scom- beromorus maculatus (Mitchill) [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 167-171. The anatomy and histology of the digestive tube of $_. maculatus (= $>. brasil i ens is ) were studied. Seven - specimens were used for dissections and anatomical study, and 9 were fixed in Bouin's solution and 10% Formalin for histological study. The esophagus, stomach, intes- tine, pyloric ceca , liver, and gall bladder were described in detail. Comparisons with the digestive tube of S. cava! la were made. Alves, M.I.M., and G.S. Tome. 1966. Anatomia e histologia do tubo digestivo de Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 103-108. A study was made of the anatomy and histology of the digestive tube of 14 specimens of !S. cavalla . Six fishes, both fresh and preserved in" 10% Formal in, were used for histological study. The general histology of the different divisions of the tube, their tunics and tissues together with details of cell structure and arrangement are treated. The esophagus, stomach, intestine, and pyloric ceca are discussed in detail. Alves, M.I.M., and G.S. Tome. 1967a. Alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento maturativo das gonadas da cavala, Scom - beromorus cava! la (Cuvier, 1829) [in Portuguese, Engl ish summary J. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1-9. An observation of the histological characteristics of the gonads of S_. caval la was reported for the first time. According to the histological aspects and average number of germinal cells by microscopical field the ovaries are characterized by 5 stages. The testes do not present structural variation to account for a classification as stages. Alves, M.I.M., and G.S. Tome. 1967b. Notas sobre os anexos digestivos da cavala, Scomberomorus caval la (Cuvier, 1829)^[in Portuguese, English summaryX ATquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 173-175. A study was made on the anatomy and histology of the liver and gall bladder of S_. caval la . the material consisted of 8 specimens captured in the coastal waters of the State of Ceara, Brazil. The general description of the lobes of liver, gall bladder, membranes, and tissues present, the arrangement of the hepatic laminae and the ducts and blood vessels are treated. Particular considera- tion is given to the hepatic cells. Alves, _M. I.M. ,_and G.S. Tome. 1968a. Algumas observacoes sobre o semen da serra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mi tc hi 1 1 ) [in Portuguese, English summary J . ATquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 139-140. A description of spermatozoa and an estimate of the number per mm^ for :S. maculatus (= S_. bra si 1 i ens is ) is presented. Alves, M.I.M., and G.S. Tome. 1968b. Consideracoes sobre o semen da cavala, Scomberomorus cava! la (Cuvier) [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol . 8, no. 1 , p. 31-32. Characteristics of semen are given and the sperm of S. cavalla is described. Alves, M.I.M. , and G.S. Tome. 1968c. Observacoes sobre o desenvolvimento maturativo das gonadas da serra, Scom - beromorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815) [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 25-30. Sexual maturation of the Spanish mackerel, SL maculatus (= :S_. brasil i ens is ), is described. The testes do not present - variation in structures in such a way to account for a classification as stages. The ovaries are characterized by five stages. Alves, M.I.M., and G.S. Tome. 1970. On the pyloric caeca in fishes of the genus Scomberomorus Lacepede. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 181-184. The macro and micro morphologies of the pyloric ceca of S. cavalla and £. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis are descrTbecn Enzyme tests were made and" mal tase, lipase, and trypsin were found in ceca and intestine of both species. Pepsin was found only in the stomach of S. cavalla , but in both stomach and caeca of Spanish mackerel . Anderson, W.W., Jr., J.K. Dias, R.K. Dias, D.M. Cupka, and N.A. Chamberlain. 1977. The macrofauna of the surf zone off Folly Beach, South Carolina. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report-- Fisheries, no. 704, 23 p. One juvenile (106 mm) S. maculatus is included in a list of fishes collected. It was collected in July when the water was 27.4°C and the salinity was 33.4 o/oo. Anderson, W.W. 1968. Fishes taken during shrimp trawling along the south Atlantic coast of the United States, 1931-37. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries , no. 570, 60 p. S. cavalla were caught by trolling and the stomach contents noted. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1957a. Physical oceano- graphic, biological, and chemical data, south Atlantic coast of the United States, M/V Theodore N. Gill cruise 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 210, 208 p. :S. cavalla were caught by trolling and the stomach contents noted. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1957b. Physical oceano- graphic, biological, and chemical data, south Atlantic coast of the United States, M/V Theodore N. Gill cruise 4. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report— Fisheries, no. 234, 192 p. S. cavalla and S. maculatus were caught by trol- Ting and the stomach contents were noted. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1959a. Physical oceano- graphic, biological and chemical data, south Atlantic coast of the United States, M/V Theodore N Gill cruise 7. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 278, 277 p. S. cavalla and S_. maculatus were caught by trol- Ting and the stomach contents were noted. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1959b. Physical oceano- graphic, biological, and chemical data, south Atlantic coast of the United States, M/V Theodore N. Gill cruise 8. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report— Fisheries , no. 303, 227 p. 1- ca v a ^ a and S_- regal is were caught by trolling and the stomach~contents were noted. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1959c. Physical oceano- graphic biological, and chemical data, south Atlantic coast of the United States, M/V Theodore N. Gill cruise 9. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 313, 226 p. S. cavalla was caught by trolling and the stomach was empty. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1965. Biological- statistical census of the species entering fisheries in the Cape Canaveral area. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service : Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 514, 79 p. Si. maculatus and S. cava! la are discussed as commercial fisheries" The recreational catch statistics are presented. Anonymous. 1907. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States for 1904. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1905, 122 p. Commercial fishery data on the kingfish and Spanish mackerel are presented. Anonymous. 1969. Gallery of marine fishes (game species), p. 107-133. In Wondrous world of fishes. New enlarged ed. National - Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. Notes on the distribution and general description of S. maculatus and S. regal is are presented. Anonymous. 1971. Food fish facts: Spanish mackerel. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 33, no. 10, p. 46-47. This brief article on Spanish mackerel, _S. maculatus describes color, habitat, fishing, management and conservation, and the fishery products. Arcisz, W. 1950. Ciguatera: Tropical fish poisoning. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 27, 23 p. Ciguatera was reported for both S^. regal is and cavalla. Arnold, E.L., Jr. 1951. Northward dispersal of warm-water marine fishes in southern New England during the summer of 1949. Copeia, 1951, no. 1, p. 87-88. Record high temperatures prevailed throughout the eastern seaboard states during the summer of 1949 and are considered a major factor in the unusual appearance of fishes whose normal range is farther to the south. The Spanish mackerel is included in the list of fishes. Atwater, W.O. 1885. Contributions to the knowledge of the chemical composition and nutritive values of American foodfishes and invertebrates. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1883, part 11, p. 433- 499, Protein, fats, carbohydrates, ash, water, and salt contents of Spanish mackerel, Cybium maculatum, are given. Atwater, W.O. 1892. The chemical composition and nutritive values of food fishes and aquatic invertebrates. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1888, part 16, p. 679-868. _S. maculatus is included in analyses of nutritive values. lailey, R.M., J.E. Fitch, E.S. Herald, E.A. Lachner, C.C. Lindsey, C.R. Robins, and W.B. Scott. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. 3rd ed. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication, no. 6, 150 p. S_. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and S_. regal is from the Atlantic, and S_. concolor and S_. sierra from the Pacific are listed. >aird, S.F. 1889. The sea fisheries of eastern North America. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1886, part 14, p. 3-244. Distribution, commercial landings and movements are presented for S_. maculatus and .S. regal is . Bane, G.W., Jr. 1965. Exploratory fishing for tuna in the Mona Passage. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 17th Annual Session, 1964, p. 56- 61. Young S_. regal is and S_. cava! la were caught in nets incidental to fishing for bait. Bashirullah, A.K.M. 1973. Arrastres exploratorios en la plataforma continental de la Guayana. II. Especies de peces capturados y su abundancia relativa [in Spanish, English abstract]. Lagena, vol. 32, p. 13-26. One !S. maculatus (= S_. brasil iensis ) was caught in a trawl at 22 fathoms. Bastos, J.R. 1965a. Attraction action of various organic substances to the ant Pheidole radoszkowskii Mayr. Boletim Sociedade Cearense Argononia, no. 6, p. 75-78. The following materials were used: cane sugar, dry milk, cornstarch, crude beef, crude fish, S_. maculatus (Mitchill) (= IS. brasil iensis ), parts of bodies of Periplaneta americana L., and beer ferment, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen. The ant P_. radoszkowskii preferred body parts of P. americana . 10 Bastos, J.R. 1965b. Urn caso anomalo em Scomberomorus maculatus (Mi tchi 11) [in Portuguese, English summary J. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 215. A Spanish mackerel (= S. brasil iensis ) with two anal openings was found. The specimen was caught at Mucuripe Beach (Fortaleza - Ceara - Brazil) by a beach seine, on June 2nd, 1965. Bastos, J.R. 1966a. Sobre a biometria da serra, Scombero - morus maculatus (Mi tchi 1 1 ) , da costa do Estado do Ceara^Lin Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 113-117. Various morphometric ratios, linear regressions, conditions, and meristics are presented for Spanish mackerel (= S. brasil iensis ) collected off Brazil . Bastos, J.R. 1966b. Sobre a serie vermelha do sanque de Scomberomorus maculatus (Mi tchi 11) [in Portuguese, English summary"]^ Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 1 , p. 39-45. Erythrocytes of Spanish mackerel (= S. brasil iensis ) from coastal waters of the State of Ceara , Brazil , were studied. The fork length of the individuals analyzed ranged from 18.6 to 65.0 cm. Hemoglobin concentration varied from 7.0 to 14,0 g/100 ml. Significant variations were found among fork length classes. The number of erythrocytes per mirr of blood varied from 2.90 to 4.41 millions. Significant variations were found among fork length classes. Volume of packed erythrocytes (hematocrit) varied from 32 to 60%. Significant variations were found among fork length classes. Mean corpuscular volume varied from 84.2 to 184.3 cubic microns. Significant variations were not found among fork length classes. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration varied from 15.0 to 27.4%. 1! Sastos, J.R.,_T.T. Alves, C.A.E. Araripe, and F.J.S. Telles. 1973. Sobre a elaboracao de conservas de pescado em leite do coco e em oleos de algodao e de babacu [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 25-29. The bacteriological, organoleptical, and chemical aspects of canned products of S. cavalla , S_. maculatus (= S^. brasiliensis ) and of the tarpon, Tarpon~atlanticus , in coconut mil k and cottonseed and babassu oils were examined monthly during a 6-month period. The bacteriological analyses were made on random samples which had previously been incu- bated at 37°C for 15 days. The finished products were characterized according to odor, flavor, and texture. Humi- dity, protein, fat, ash, acidity, and pH were determined on the meat, acidity and pH on the coconut milk, and acidity on the cotton and babassu oils. Bauchot, M.L., and M. Blanc. 1961. Catalogue des types de Scombroidei |Poissons Teleosteens Perciformes) des collec- tions du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, 2 e serie, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 369-379. Specimen type, number of each species, preservations, total length and standard length, collection number, and synonyms are given for Spanish mackerel, king mackerel , and cero. Bauer, B.A., and R.R. Eitenmiller. 1974. Muscle arylamidase activity of several marine species. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 445-449. Arylamidase activity in muscle extracts of Spanish mackerel, mullet, whiting, blue crab, quahog clam, and shrimp was investigated. The optimum pH for activity was between 7.0 and 7.5 for each species using alanyl-6- naphthylamidae as substrate. Enzymes of the 3 species of fish exhibited maximum activity against alanyl-6- naphthylamide. 12 Baughman, J.L. 1941. Scombri formes, new, rare, or little known in Texas waters with notes on their natural his- tory or distribution. Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, vol. 24, p. 14-26. Three members of the family Cybiidae are discussed. Notes on the distribution, seasonal occurrence, reproduction, habitat, and recreational fishery are given for S. cavalla , distribution and seasonal occurrence for S. "maculatus , and the distribution of S. regalis. Baughman, J.L. 1947. Fishes not previously reported from Texas, with miscellaneous notes on other species. Copeia, 1947, no. 4, p. 280. On September 13, 1946, 10 small Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus, were obtained with a minnow seine off Mustang Island. Total lengths ranged from 32 to 42 mm and provided the first evidence that the species breeds off the Texas coast. Baughman, J.L. 1949. The future of Texas fisheries. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Inaugural Session, p. 15-19. This article discusses S. cavalla and S. maculatus as potential fisheries Tor Gulf of MexTco fishermen. Baughman, J.L. 1950a. Potentials of the Gulf of Mexico fisheries and recommendations for their realization. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Insti- tute, 2nd Annual Session, 1949, p. 118-126. The fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico present many potentialities for development. The Spanish mackerel and king mackerel are among the littoral species holding the most promise. The poundage landed and monetary values are presented for the two species. L3 Baughman, J.L. 1950b. Random notes on Texas fishes. Part II. Texas Journal of Science, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 242-263 Distribution, spawning and size of S_. cavalla , S_. regal is , and S_. maculatus are included. Bean, B.A. 1892. Fishes collected by William P. Seal in Chesapeake Bay, at Cape Charles City, Virginia, Septem- ber 16 to October 3, 1890. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 14, p. 83-94. Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , were harvested by commercial fishermen using pound nets. Retail price of the fish measuring 12 to 24 inches was 30 cents per pound. Bean, T.H. 1880. Check-list of duplications of North American fishes distributed by the Smithsonian Insti- tution in behalf of the United States National Museum, 1877-1880. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 3, p. 75-116. One Spanish mackerel, Cybium macula turn , is included Bean, T.H. 1888. Report on the fishes observed in Great Egg Harbor Bay, New Jersey, during the summer of 1887. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1887, vol. 7, p. 129-154. The list of fishes includes a 11.75 inch S^ maculatus caught by purse seine off Somers Point, N.J. The ar- ticle also refers to specimens collected by Spencer F. Baird in 1854 at Beesley's Point, N.J. Bean, T.H. 1903. Catalogue of the fishes of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 60, Zoology 9. 787 p. The genus Scomberomorus is described on p. 395-401. Color characteristics, meristics, morphometries, geographical ranges, and fisheries are presented for :S_. maculatus , S_. regal is , and S^. cavalla . Reference is made to Spanish mackerel spawning off the Long Island coast in August, and the size of the eggs. 14 Beard, H.R. 1926. Nutritive value of fish and shellfish, U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1925, Appendix 10, p. 501-552. Kingfish and Spanish mackerel are included in nutritive value anlayses. Bearden, CM. 1961a. Common marine fishes of South Carolina Bears Bluff Laboratory, Contribution, no. 34. 47 p. The distribution, size, color, and general notes on S. maculatus and S. cavalla are presented. Bearden, CM. 1961b. List of marine fishes recorded from South Carolina. Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S.C 12 p. The list includes S_. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and S. regal is . Beardsley, G.L., Jr., N.R. Merrett, and W.J. Richards. 1975. Synopsis of the biology of the sail fish, Istio- phorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder, 1791), p. 95-120. Jri_R.S. Shomura and F. Williams (ed.), Proceedings of the International Bill fish Symposium, Kai lua-Kona , Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 3. Species Synopses. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scien- tific Report—Fisheries, no. 675. This work cites Voss (1953), who found S. regalis in the stomach of a sailfish. Beardsley, G.L., Jr., and W.J. Richards. 1970. Size, age, seasonal abundance, and length-weight relation of some scombrid fishes from southeast Florida. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries , no. 595, 6 p. Seven species of scombrid fishes, including S_. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and S_. regal is , were sampled for length and weight at a taxidermy firm for 1 year (Sept. 1967-Sept. 1968). These data yielded information on size and seasonal abundance of the species off Florida. 15 Beaumariage, D.S. 1969. Returns from the 1965 Schlitz tagging program including a cumulative analysis of previous results. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Laboratory, Technical Series, 59, 38 p S^ cavalla , S_. maculatus , and 5L regal is were tagged and released. Only S. cavalla was recovered. Beaumariage, D.S. 1970. Current status of biological investigations of Florida's mackerel fisheries. Pro- ceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 22nd Annual Meeting, 1969, p. 79-86. The commercial and recreational fishery catch statistics are given for Spanish and king mackerel Length frequencies, sex ratios, weights, otoliths, gonads, larvae, and juveniles are discussed. Beaumariage, D.S. 1973. Age, growth and reproduction of king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla , in Florida. Florida Marine Research Publication, no. 1, 45 p. King mackerel were sampled during 1968-69 from commercial and recreational dockside landings. This study includes synonymy, description, dis- tribution, notes on the commercial and recre- ational fisheries, age determination, growth equations, adult survival (mortality) rates, foods, reproduction, and management considerations Beaumariage, D.S., and A.C. Wittich. 1966. Returns from the 1964 Schlitz tagging program. Florida Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, Technical Series, 47, 50 p. S_. cavalla and S^. maculatus were tagged and released, None of the fish were recovered. 16 tecker, CD. 1970. Haematazoa of fishes, with emphasis on North American records, p. 82-100. j[_n Stanislas F. Snieszko (ed.), A symposium on diseases of fishes and shellfishes. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication, no. 5. S. regal is and S. cavalla are hosts for parasites Seeker, E.L., R. Bird, J.W. Kelly, J. Schilling, S. Solomon and N. Young. 1958. Physiology of marine teleosts. II. Hematologic observations. Physiological Zoology, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 228-231. This study is concerned with hematologic observa- tions of marine teleosts, including S_. maculatus , together with histologic observations of blood- forming organs. Data presented on the Spanish mackerel includes: alkali-resistant hemoglobin (A.R.H. as % of original), red blood cell count (x 10^), hematocrit (%), segmented neutrophiles , differential white blood count (%), red cell fragility, and el ectrophoretic patterns of the serum. teebe, W. , and G. Hollister. 1935. The fishes of Union Island, Grenadines, British West Indies, with the description of a new species of star-gazer. Zoologica, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 209-224. A list of 118 species of fish is presented in- cluding the king mackerel and cero. The method of collection, size, and some meristic and morphometric data are given for each species. Beebe, W. , and J. Tee-Van. 1938. The fishes of Port-au- Prince Bay, Haiti, with a summary of the known species of marine fish of the island of Haiti and Santo Domingo. Zoologica, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1-279. This work refers to the Spanish mackerel and "king" or painted mackerel (S_. regal is ). A key, color characteristics, size, general range, local range, and foods are presented for S^. regal is . A taxo- nomic key, color characteristics, size, general and local range, notes on the commercial fishery, foods, and parasites are included under Spanish mackerel , S. maculatus. 17 Beebe, W. , and J. Tee-Van. 1970. Field book of the shore fishes of Bermuda and the West Indies. Dover Publi- cations, New York. 337 p. (Republication of Beebe and Tee-Van, 1933, Field book of the shore fishes of Bermuda, G. P. Putman's Sons.) The description and distribution of S. maculatus is presented. ielloc, M. 1950. The fisheries of the Antilles. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 2nd Annual Session, 1949, p. 110-113. S. cavalla is listed as one of the edible fish of Martinique, Bere, R. 1936. Parasitic copepods from Gulf of Mexico fish, American Midland Naturalist, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 577-675, The parasite, Caligus bonito Wilson, was found in the branchial cavity of the king mackerel. Berrien, P., and D. Finan. 1977. Biological and fisheries data on king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier). U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, N.J., Technical Series Report, no. 8, 42 p. This synopsis includes brief discussions and references to literature on subjects such as identity, life history aspects, and fishing. Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 53, no. 74, p. 1-577. Description, size, range, and occurrence of S^. maculatus , S. regal is , and S_. cavalla in the Gulf of Maine is presented. 18 Bigelow, H.B., and W.W. Welsh. 1925. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, for 1924, vol. 15, part 1, p. 1-567. The description, color, size, geographic range, occurrence in Gulf of Maine, and habits of S_. maculatus and S_. regal is are presented. Bloch, M.E. 1793. Naturgeschicte der Auslandischen Fische, t. 3. Berlin, Germany. This is the original description of Scomber regal is Bloch, M.E., and J.G. Schneider. 1801. Systema ichthyologiae, Sumtieus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum, Berlin. 584 p. A description of Scomber regal is is included in this work. Bohlke, J.E., and C.G. Chaplin. 1968. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. Livingston Publishing Company, Wynnewood, Pa. 771 p. The size, description, color, and distribution of the cero, S. regal is , is presented. Bravo Hoi lis, M. 1953. Monogeneos de las branquias de los peces marinos de las costas de Mexico. Memoria del Congreso Cientifico Mexicano, vol. 7, p. 139-146. The king mackerel is listed as a host for Pseudaxine mexicana and Scomberomorus sp. as host for Thoracocotyle paradoxica . Bravo Hoi 1 is , M. , and J.C. Deloya. 1973. Catalogo de la coleccion helmintologica del Instituto de Biologia. Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Publ icaciones Especiales, no. 2, 138 p. Trematodes are identified from S^. cavalla , S^. sierra, and S. sp. 19 Srawner, J.T., and C.B. Davis. 1974. The impact of export opportunities on southeastern fisheries. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 26th Annual Session, 1973, p. 106-110. A 1972 U.S. -Japan agreement allowed an increase in certain U.S. exports to Japan, including fisheries products. Spanish mackerel (S_. maculatus ) , king mackerel (S. cavalla ) , eel ( Anguilla rostrata ), croaker ( Micropogon undulatus ), and all varieties of shrimp were included^ The potential of this demand on these United States fisheries is described, and marketing information is given. Breder, CM., Jr. 1948. Field book of marine fishes of the Atlantic coast from Labrador to Texas. C.P. Putnam and Sons, New York. 332 p. Keys, occurrence, notes, foods, and spawning are presented for !S. cavalla , S>. maculatus , and S. regal is. ~ Breuer, J. P. 1961-62. Population studies of the sports and commercial fin-fish and forage species of the lower Laguna Madre. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Project Reports, p. 1-33. Juvenile _S. maculatus occurred in four minnow seine drags on Boca Chica Beach and Mansfield jetties (Texas). Breuer, J. P. 1962. An ecological survey of the lower Laguna Madre of Texas, 1953-1959. University of Texas, Insti- tute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 8, p. 153-183 S. maculatus and S_. cavalla are listed among the Tishes observed in the Laguna Madre, Texas. 20 Brice, J.J. 1898a. The fish and fisheries of the coastal waters of Florida. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1896, part 22, p. 263-342. S. cava 11 a and ^S. maculatus are included in the commercial fisheries"! Landings are given for the two species. Brice, J.J. 1898b. A manual of fish-culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1897, part 23, p. 1-340. The description, distribution, size, fishery, spawning, and propagation information for S.. maculatus is given. Mention is made of S^. regal is and S. caValla as other species of Scomberomorus on eastern coast of the United States. Briggs, J.C. 1958. A list of Florida fishes and their distribution. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, vol. 2, no. 8, p. 223-318. S. maculatus , S^. regal is , and S_. cavalla are Tncluded. Bright, T.J., and C.W. Cashman. 1974. Fishes, p. 339-409. In T.J. Bright and L.H. Pequegnat (ed.), Biota of Th"e West Flower Garden Bank. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Tex. The king mackerel is referred to as a pelagic fish rarely seen over reef or hard-bank. A brief description and distribution is provided. Brown, R.J. 1971. Pathology of pompano with whirling disease and Spanish mackerel with enteric cestodiasis, p. 132-136. _I_n J.W. Avault (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Annual Workshop of the World Mariculture Society, 1971. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. A Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus , caught in Pensa- cola Bay was examinee! internally for parasites. At necropsy, the only gross finding noted was intestinal parisitism, closely resembling tapeworms. 21 Bryan, C.E. 1971. An ecological survey of the Arroyo Colorado, Texas, 1966-1969. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Technical Series, no. 10, p. 1-28. A 245-mm S. maculatus was taken by trawl in an ecologicaT survey made in December 1968. iuchanan, C.C. 1973. Effects of an artificial habitat on the marine sport fishery and economy of Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 35, no. 9, p. 15-22. S^. maculatus , SL cavalla , and S^. regal is are mentioned as three of the species caught by recreational anglers. Buchanan, C.C. 1975. Comparative study of the sport fishery over artificial and natural habitats off Murrells Inlet, S.C., p. 34-38. Jji L. Colunga and R. Stone (ed.), Pro- ceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Reefs, 1974, Houston, Tex. TAMU-SG-74-103. _S. maculatus dominated the surface catch from both of the habitats. S. cavalla were attracted to arti- ficial reefs by the - presence of baitfish. Buchanan, C.C, R.B. Stone, and R.O. Parker, Jr. 1974. Effects of artificial reefs on a marine sport fishery off South Carolina. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 11, p. 32-38. S. maculatus , S. cavalla , and other species were caught over an artificial reef off South Carolina. Buen, F. 1972. Los peces teleostomos (Teleostomi ), p. 55-332, In L. Cendrero (ed.), Zoologja Hispanoamericana. Verte- "BFados. Editorial Parrva, Mexico, D.F. Local distributions are given for £. cabal! a, S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis), and S. regal is. 22 Bui 1 is , H.R., Jr., R.B. Roe, and J.C. Gatlin. 1972. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I. Fishes U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 659, 95 p. The codes for S_. cavalla , IS. maculatus , and S_. regal is are presented. Bullis, H.R., Jr., and J.R. Thompson. 1965. Collections by the exploratory fishing vessels Oregon , Silver Bay , Combat , and Pel ican made during 1956 to 1960 in the south- western North Atlantic. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries , no. 510, 130 p. S_. cavalla , S. maculatus , and S_. regal is are in- cluded by capture method and station data . Burns, C. 1970. Fishes rarely caught in shrimp trawl. Gulf Research Reports, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 110-130. Five specimens of S. maculatus were collected in Mississippi waters" The depths, salinity, temperature, and dates are given. Butz, G. , and R.J. Mansueti . 1962. First record of the king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla , in northern Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Science, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 130-135. Three king mackerel were taken in pound nets during October 1961 off Swan Point, Kent County. These were part of a school that apparently invaded the upper Bay during late summer and fall. Meristic and morphometric data from them were compared with specimens from other points along the range of the species; the differences were not great except for tooth counts. Data are given on the king mackerel fishery in southern Chesa- peake Bay, Va., and records of the cero, S^. regalis, are discussed. 23 Cadenat, J. 1937. Recherches systematiques sur les poissons littoraux de la Cote Occidental d'Afrique, recoltes par le navire Pr esident Thedore - Tissier , au cours de sa 5 e croisiere (1936). Revue des Travaux de 1'Office Scien- tifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes, t. 10, fasc. 4, no. 40, p. 423-562. S_. maculatus were collected at station 697 off Dakar, Synonyms are listed for the species. Cadenat, J. 1950. Poissons de Mer du Senegal. Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Initiations et Etudes Africaines, no. 3, 435 p. The Spanish mackerel of the eastern Atlantic is listed as a distinct species under the name Cybium tritor (C. and V.). Cain, R.L., and J.M. Dean. 1976. Annual occurrence, abundance and diversity of fish in a South Carolina intertidal creek Marine Biology, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 369-379. One SL maculatus was caught by seine on September 22, 1972 _ in South Clambank Causeway Creek. The weight of the fish was 2.3 g. Caland, M.C., G.H.F. Viera, and R.P. Monteirq. 1968. Conservacao em salmoura de pescado do genero Scombero- morus Lacepede [in Portuguese, English summary] - ^ Boletim da Estagao de Biologia Marina da Universidade Federal do Ceara, no. 19, 10 p. Experimental preservation of fishes of the genus Scomberomorus with acid and cellaline brines is discussed. 24 Caldwell, D.K. 1966. Marine and freshwater fishes of Jamaica Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series, no. 17, 120 p. S. cavalla and S. macula tus are included in a Tist of fishes. The later is probably misidentified Campillo Sainz, J. 1976. Catalogo de peces marinos Mexicanos. SecretarTa de Industria y Comercio, SubsecretarTa de Pesca Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Mexico. 462 p. A taxonomic key for genera in the family Scombridae and also the common names and distribution for S_. maculatus is included in this work on the marine fishes of Mexico. Carey, F.G., J.M. Teal, J.W. Kanwisher, K.D. Lawson, and J.S. Beckett. 1971. Warm-bodied fish. American Zoologist, vol. 11, p. 135-143. Two groups of fishes, the tunas and the lamnid sharks, have evolved countercurrent heat-exchange mechanisms for conserving metabolic heat and raising their body temperatures. Experimental fishes include the cero, S. regal is. Carlson, C.B. 1952. Exploratory fishing for the little tuna ( Euthynnus alleteratus ) off the Atlantic coast of the United States. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 4th Annual Session, 1951, p. 89-94. A Spanish mackerel, S^. maculatus , was found in the stomach of a little tuna. 25 Carson, R.L. 1944. Fish and shellfish of the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. U.S. Department of the Interior, Con- servation Bulletin no. 37, 45 p. Notes on the description, distribution, seasonal occurrence, foods, and reproduction are given for the Spanish mackerel and the commercial value, seasonal occurrence, and description for king mackerel. The cero is mentioned only to distinguish between the other two species. Causey, D. 1953. Parasitic Copepoda of Texas coastal fishes University of Texas, Institute of Marine Sciences, Publications, vol. 3, p. 7-16. Both S_. maculatus and S^. cavalla are listed as hosts for parasitic copepods, Caligus pelamydis , C^. repax ,and Brachiella thynni on S. cavalla and Z. productus and C. repax on S_. maculatus . Cervigon, F. 1966. Los peces marinos de Venezuela, vol. 2. Estacion de Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita, Fundacion la Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, Monografia no. 12, p. 449-951. The color, distinguishing characters, size, food, method of capture, and distribution of S^. cavalla , S^. regal is , and S_. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) are discussed. Chabanaud, P., and T. Monod.__ 1926. Les poissons de Port- Etienne. Contribution a la faune ichthyologique de la region du Cap Blanc (Mauri tanie Frangaise). Comite d'Etudes Historiques et Scientif iques de 1 'Afrique Occidental Frangaise, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 225-287. The Spanish mackerel of the eastern Atlantic is listed under the name Cybium tritor as a distinct species. 26 Chaine, J. 1957. Recherches sur les otolithes des poissons. Etude descriptive et comparative de la sagitta des teleo- s teens (VII). Bulletin du Centre d 1 Etudes et de Recher- ches Scientifiques, Biarritz, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 463-557. The otoliths of S. tritor (C. and V.) and other fishes are descrTbed. Christmas, J.Y., G. Gunter, and E.C. Whatley. 1960. Fishes taken in the menhaden fishery of Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 339, 10 p. S. maculatus was included in the catches of menhaden Christmas, J.Y., A. Perry, and R.S. Waller. 1974. Investigations of coastal pelagic fishes. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Public Law 88-309, Project 2-128-R. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Miss. 105 p. This work contains notes on the time of spawning, eggs, larvae, and foods of the king mackerel and Spanish mackerel. Length-weight data are plotted for S. maculatus. Clark, J.R. 1962. The 1960 salt-water angling survey. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Circular, no. 153, 36 p. Three species of Scomberomorus , Spanish and king mackerels and cero, are included. Claro, R., D.V. Radakov, Y.S. Reshetnikov, and A. Silva. 1974 Some features of the fish fauna of the Cuban shelf. Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 33-40. S. cavalla is mentioned as a pelagic predator. 27 Coburn, C.B., Jr., and B.A. Fischer. 1973. Red blood cell hematology of fishes: A critique of techniques and a com- pilation of published data. Journal of Marine Science, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 37-58. The compilation includes data (blood cell counts, hema- tocrit, and hemoglobin) for S. maculatus and S. cavalla Cole, J.S. 1976. Commercial fisheries survey and development, Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture, Agricultural and Fisheries Contributions, vol. 8, no. 3, 73 p. Commercially important mackerels are referred to in reports as Scomberomorus sp. These fish are cero or king mackerel , or both. Experimental fisheries with gill nets proved ineffective for catching mackerels. Collette, B.B. 1966. Revue critique des types de Scombridae des collections du Museum National d'Histoire de Paris. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histiore Naturalle de Paris 2 e serie, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 362-375. Types for S^ cavalla and S. regal is are listed with synonymies - and remarks. Collette, B.B., and R.H. Gibbs, Jr. 1963. A preliminary review of the fishes of the family Scombridae, p. 23-32. In H. Rosa, Jr. (ed.), Proceedings of the world scien- TTfic meeting on the biology of tunas and related species. FAO Fisheries Reports, no. 6, vol. 3. This section includes generic synonyms for Scomberomorus Lacepede. Collette, B.B., and R.H. Gibbs, Jr. 1965. Cero, Scomberomorus regal is , p. 174-175. In A.J. McClane (ed.), McClane's standard fishing encycTopedia and international angling guide. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. The cero is distinguished from the king mackerel and Spanish mackerel by color characteristics. Meristics, size, range, and distribution are presented. A color illustration of a 5-pound male cero collected from Deep Water Cay, Bahamas, is included. 28 Collette, B.B., R.H. Gibbs, Jr., and E.C. Buckow. 1965a. King mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla , p. 448-450. J_n A.J. McClane (ed. ), McClane's standard fishing encyclo- pedia and international angling guide. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York. The king mackerel is distinguished from the other two western Atlantic members of the genus by the lack of black pigment in the anterior part of the first dorsal fin and by having fewer (15-16) spines in the first dorsal fin. Meristics, size range, distribution, and an extensive section on fishing techniques are presented. A color illustration of a 34-pound female captured at Palm Beach, Fla. , is included. Collette, B.B., R.H. Gibbs, Jr., and E.C. Buckow. 1965b. Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus , p. 824-825. J_n A.J. McClane (ed. ) , McClane's standard fishing encyclopedia and international angling guide. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. The Spanish mackerel is distinguished from the cero and king mackerel by having spots on the sides and no stripes and lacking scales on the pectoral fins. Meristics, size, distribution, and fishing techniques are presented. A color illus- tration of a 5-pound male captured off Palm Beach, Fl a. , is incl uded. Collette, B.B., J.L. Russo, and L.A. Zavala-Camin. 1978. Scomberomorus brasil i ens is , a new species of Spanish mackerel from the western Atlantic. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 76, no. 1, p. 273-280. The Spanish mackerel of Central America and South American waters is identified as a new species, Scomberomorus brasil i ens is . The species had previously been referred to as S. maculatus . 29 Collins, J.W. 1885. Edible qualities of smoked kingfish ( Scomberomorus cava] la , Cuv.). Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. 5, p. 359. The author notes that king mackerel, S_. cava! la , tastes as good as halibut when it is smoked. Collins, J.W. 1887. Report on the discovery and investi- gations of fishing grounds, made by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross during a cruise along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico with notes on the Gulf fisheries. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries Report for 1885, part 13, p. 217-305. The description of the fisheries includes that for Spanish mackerel. Collins, J.W. 1892. Statistical review of the coast fisheries of the United States. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1888, part 16, p. 271-378. Statistics include landings for the Spanish mackerel. Collins, J.W., and H.M. Smith. 1892. Report on the fisheries of the New England States. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1890, vol. 10, p. 73-176. S. maculatus landings and value by states are given Tor 1889. Collins, J.W., and H.M. Smith. 1893. A statistical report on the fisheries of the Gulf States. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1891, vol. 11, p. 93-184. S. caballa , S. regal is , and S_. maculatus are listed as commerciaT fish. Landings and value are given by states for 1889 and 1890. 30 Collyer, E.C., and D.A. Aguiar. 1972. _Sobre a produgao pesqueira de alguns carrais-de-pesca do Ceara - dados de 1968 a 1970 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim de Ciencias do Mar, no. 24, p. 1-9. Spanish mackerel (= S_. brasiliensis ) and king mackerel are caught in wooden fish weirs off the State of Ceara, Brazil . Comeaux, G.T. 1942. Parasitic isopods of fishes from the Grande Isle, Louisiana, region. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, vol. 6, p. 86. A study of 26 species of fishes in the waters near Grand Isle, La., resulted in the finding of six species of isopods infesting 17 of the species of fishes and parasitising 1.7% of the total number. Five of the species, Aegathoa oculata, Nerocila acuminata , Livoneca oval is , Cymothoa~exigua, and C. excTsa , caused the breaking of gill filaments and the formation of scar tissue at their place of attachment. One of the species, Olencira praegustator , did not show such damage to the host, including S. maculatus. Compton, H. 1964. Survey of the fishes found in the inshore Gulf of Mexico and of the post-larval fishes in Aransas, Port Mansfield, and Port Isabel ship channels. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Project Reports, p. 383-412. In June, a post-larva of one of the mackerels ( Scom - beromorus sp.) was taken. The specimen was 7 mm in length. Conrad, G.M. 1938. The osteology and relationships of the wahoo ( Acanthocybium solandri ), a scombroid fish. American Museum Novitates, no. 1000, 32 p. This study includes a comparison of the osteology of the wahoo with other scombrids including the genus Scomberomorus. 31 Copeland, B.J. 1965. Fauna of the Aransas Pass Inlet, Texas. I. Emigration as shown by tide trap collections. Univer- sity of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 10, p. 9-21. Trap collections made at Aransas Pass Inlet included S. maculatus. Corkum, K.C. 1959. Some trematode parasites of fishes from the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Science, vol. 22, p. 17-29. Four Si. maculatus were examined and no trematodes were found. Corkum, K.C. 1968. Bucephalidae (Trematoda) in fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico Bucephaliodes Hopkins, 1954 and Rhipidocotyle Diesing, 1858. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, vol. 87, no. 3, p. 342-349. New host records for S. maculatus , S^. cavalla , Euthynnus a!letteratus ,and LophTus americanus~ are presented with taxonomic descriptions of the parasites and geographic variations. Costa, R.S., and H.T. Almeida. 1974. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1971 a 1973 [in Portu- guese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 115-122. The study presents data on the age groups, size of the catch, number of hooks in the fishery, types of bait, catch and catch per unit effort for S^. cavalla and S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis). Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1963. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1962 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Univer- sidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 17-26. The fishery biology of S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) and S. cavalla is presented, including the catches , montTTly abundance, and length frequencies. 82 Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1964. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1963 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 71-81. The catch of S_. maculatus (= S>. brasiliensis ) and S. cavalla is presented by area, month, and method. Th~e length frequencies and relation between rainfall and the catches are also discussed. Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1965. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1964 [in Portuguese, with English summary], Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 93-101. The greatest indexes of monthly catches showed the existence of harvest in the periods from January to May and from November to December for the king mackerel, and the harvest for the Spanish mackerel ( = S. brasiliensis ) was restricted to the month of June and - the period from October to December. The relationship between the indexes of monthly catches and the rainfall in the area was studied. Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1966. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1965 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 195-204, The fishery biology of S. cavalla and S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) incTuding the catclTes, length frequencies, age groups, bait used, effort, and catch per unit effort are presented. Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1967. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1966 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 181-190. The fishery biology of S. cavalla and ,S. maculatus (= SL brasiliensis ) off Ceara, Brazil , for 1966 is presented. Length frequencies, age groups, bait used, effort, and catch per unit effort are given. 33 Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1968. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1967 [in Portu- guese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 125-131. The fishery biology of S. cavalla and S. maculatus (= Su brasiliensis ) is presented. Catches, length frequencies, age groups, effort, bait used, and catch per unit effort are included in the study. Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. J969. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1968 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciincias do Mar, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 89-95. The fishery biology of S. cavalla and S^. maculatus (= _S. brasiliensis ) including lengths, age groups, effort (hooks), baits used, numbers caught, and catch per unit effort are presented. Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. \91ti. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1969 [in Portu- guese, English summary], Arquivos de Ciencies do Mar, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 147-152. The fishery biology of SL cavalla and S_. maculatus (= Su brasiliensis ) is presented. Age groups and lengths of fish caught, effort (hooks), baits used, number caught, and catch per unit effort are included, Costa, R.S., and M.P. Paiva. 1971. Notas sobre a pesca da cavala e da serra no Ceara - dados de 1970 [in Portuguese English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 133-137. The fishery biology of S. cavalla and !>. maculatus (= :S. brasiliensis ) is presented. Age and length distribution of the catch, effort (hooks), bait used, and catch per unit effort are included. 34 Cressey, R.F. 1975. A new family of parasitic copepods (Cyclopoida, Shiniodae). Crustaceana, vol. 28, no. 2 p. 211-219. A new species, ( Shinoa inauris ), of copepod was col lee ted from S. regal is and S. maculatus. dimming, K.B. 1967. Natural hemagglutinins in marine fishes. International Commission of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Research Bulletin, no. 4, p. 59-66 S. cavalla is one of the fishes crossmatched for (le terminations of natural hemagglutinins. Cuvier, G. 1829. Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a 1'histoire naturelle des animaux et d 1 introduction a 1'anatomie comparee, edition 2, 2, Poissons, p. 122-406. Paris. This is the original description of S. cavalla after Guarapucu, Marcgrave, Brazil (Trom Rivas 1951). Cuvier, G., and A. Valenciennes. 1831. Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 8. F.G. Levrault, Paris. 375 p. Synonyms and descriptions are given for Cybium cabal la , £. regale , _C. maculatum , £. acervum . The latter is now synonymized with Scomberomorus regal is (Rivas 1951). 35 Dahl, G. 1971. Los peces del norte de Colombia. Instituto de Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (INDERENA), Bogata. 391 p. Taxonomic key, local common names, and size de- scriptions are given for cero, king and Spanish (= S. brasiliensis) mackerel. Dahlberg, M.D. 1972. An ecological study of Georgia coastal fishes. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 70, no. 2, p. 323-353. S*. maculatus is included in the study and the occurrence and distribution for the species in the marsh areas is presented. A king mackerel was col- lected along the beach during an earlier study. Dalrymple, B. 1968. Sportman's guide to game fish. World Publishing Co., New York. 480 p. Color descriptions, seasonal occurrences, and schooling behavior are given, with emphasis on methods of recreational fishing for the king mackerel, Spanish mackerel, and cero. Dawson, C.E. 1971. A bibliography of anomalies of fishes, supplement 2. Gulf Research Reports, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 215-239. Reference is made to one instance (Bastos, 1965) of a body anomaly for S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis) 36 Deng, J., R.T. Toledo, and D.A. Lillard. 1974. Effect of smoking temperature on acceptability and storage stability of smoked Spanish mackerel. Journal of Food Science, vol. 39, no. 3, p. 596-601. The effect of temperature and smoking schedules on the quality of Spanish mackerel was evaluated using a pilot plant model of a commercial smokehouse system. Although the final moisture contents of the products are the same, the product smoked only at high temperature (160°F) had the softest texture. de Sylva, D.P. 1954. Occurrence of an apparent hybrid mackerel ( Scomberomorus ) off Miami, Florida. Copeia, 1954, no. 3, p. 231-232. An unusually marked 621 -mm mackerel ( Scomberomorus ) was collected off Miami, Florida, on March 17, 1953. The gill raker count, the curvature of the lateral line, and the coloration of the first dorsal fin and the sides of the body appeared to be intermediate in character between the king mackerel, S. cavalla , and the Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus. de Sylva D.P., and W.F. Rathjen. 1961. Life history notes on the little tuna, Euthynnus alletteratus , from the southeastern United States. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 161-190. S^. cavalla is one of several species in anglers' catches. Deuel, D.G. 1973. 1970 salt-water angling survey. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Current Fishery Statistics, no. 6200, 54 p. The survey includes S^. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and Su regal is . Numbers of anglers, numbers of fish caught, and weight are presented by geographical area. 37 Deuel, D.G., and J.R. Clark. 1968. The 1965 salt-water angling survey. U.S. Bureau of Sport fisheries and Wildlife, Resource Publication, no. 76, 51 p. The survey includes !S. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and SL regal is . Numbers of anglers, number of fish, anH weights are presented by geographic area. DeVane, J.C., Jr. Food of king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla , in Onslow Bay, North Carolina^ (In press) Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. The stomach contents of 205 king mackerel., S. cavalla collected in Onslow Bay, N.C., were mainly fish. In the 113 stomachs containing food, the dominant fishes were Atlantic menhaden and Atlantic thread herring. Spring and summer diets were clupeid specific; fall diets were more varied. Dragovich, A. 1969. Review of studies of tuna food in the Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 593, 21 p. S^ maculatus was found in the stomach of Euthynnus alletteratus. Drennan, K.L., and H.R. Bullis, Jr. 1971. Aerial remote sensing reconnaissance of surface schooling fish, p. 41-42 In Proceedings of the symposium on investigations and resources of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent regions. FAO Fisheries Reports, no. 71.2. Spectral reflectance measurements of S_. maculatus were obtained. Dresslar, F.B., and B. Fesler. 1889. A review of the mackerels (Scombridae) of America and Europe. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1887, vol 7, p. 429-446. Keys, synonymies, common names, habitats, etymology, and size are discussed for S_. maculatus , S^. regal is , and S. cavalla. 38 Duarte-Bello, P., and R.J. Buesa. 1973. Catalogo de peces Cubanos (primera revision), I. Indice Taxonomico. Ciencias, Serie 8, Investigaciones Marinas, no. 3, 255 p. Common names, synonyms, and distribution of S^. cavalla S_. maculatus , and S_. regal is are given. Dunham, F. 1972. A study of commercially important estuarine- dependent industrial fishes. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Technical Bulletin, no. 4, 63 p. S. maculatus is included in the fish samples. Dwinell, S.E., and C.R. Futch. 1973. Spanish mackerel and king mackerel larvae and juveniles in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, June through October, 1969. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, Leaflet Series, vol. 4, pt. 1, no. 24, 14 p. Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , and king mackerel, S_. cavalla larvae and juveniles were captured in surface or mid-depth/oblique plankton tows and at one nightlight station. A total of 188 _S_. maculatus larvae and juveniles (2.8-42.2 mm SL) were captured in June, August, and September, with smallest larvae (< 3.6 mm SL) occurring in those months, largest juveniles (ca 30 mm SL) in August. A total of 139 S_. cavalla larvae and juveniles (2.8 and 13.5 mm SL) were captured in all months of sampling, with smallest larvae (ca 3.0 mm SL) occurring in June, August, and September. 39 Earl 1 , R.E. 1883. The Spanish mackerel, Cybium macula turn (Mitch.); its natural history and artificial propogation, with an account of the origin and development of the fishery. U.S. Com- missioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1880, p. 395-426. The Spanish mackerel spawned in the Carol inas in April, in Chesapeake Bay in June, and in the vicinity of Long Island during late August to the middle of September. This work also includes the following discussions: natural history, common name, description, distribution, movements, abundance, food, reproduction, origin and development of the fishery, fishing grounds, gear and methods, season by area, description of catch fishery statistics, artificial propogation, reasons for experi- ment and objectives, preparation for work, hatching operations, confirmation of experiments, practical results, and requirements for locating hatcheries. Earl 1 , R.E. 1884. Hatching blackfish and Spanish mackerel. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. 4, p. 415-416, Eggs of the Spanish mackerel, Cybium macula turn , are fertilized and hatched. Earll, R.E. 1887. The Spanish mackerel fishery, p. 543-552. In G.B. Goode (ed.), The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States, section 5, vol. 1. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C. This article describes fishing grounds, methods of capture, seasons by localities, disposition of catch, and fishery statistics by states for the year 1880 for Spanish mackerel. Eckles, H.H. 1949. Observations on juvenile oceanic skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) from Hawaiian waters and sierra mackerel ( Scomberomorus sierra ) from the eastern Pacific. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 48, no. 51, p. 245-250. Comparisons are made of juvenile IS. sierra and S. maculatus referring to other works. One .S. maculatus (= IT. brasiliensis ) specimen (167 mm) from Brazil was X-rayed by the author and the vertebral count was 19 + 20 = 39. 40 Edmunds, W.J., and R.R. Eitenmiller. 1975. Effect of storage time and temperature on histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity of aquatic species. Journal of Food Science, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 516-519. An investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of storage time and temperature on histamine content and histidine decarboxylase activity in Spanish mackerel (S_. maculatus ), and other species of fishes. Ehrenbaum, E. 1924. Scombri formes. Report of the Danish Ocean- ographic Expedition, 1908-1910, to the Mediterranean and Adja- cent Seas, vol. 2, Biology, no. 8(A-11), p. 1-42. An undetermined species of Scomberomorus from Togo Coast, West Africa is figured and discussed. Eisler, R. 1965. Erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin content in nine species of marine teleosts. Chesapeake Science, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 119-120. S. cayalla and S_. maculatus data from Engel and Davis T1964) are cited. Eldridge, P.J., F.H. Berry, and M.C. Miller, III. 1977. Test results of the Boothbay neuston net related to net length, diurnal period, and other variables. South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report no. 18, 21 p. Forty-one larval (5-10 mm) S. cavalla were caught. Thirty-nine were captured at night. Ellis, R.W. 1957. Catches of fish by charter boats on Florida's east coast. University of Miami, Marine Laboratory, Special Service Bulletin, no. 14, 6 p. Catch records were obtained by interviews and from log book entries of Florida's east coast charter boat cap- tains and anglers. Records of 443 trips were documented between February 1, 1956 and January 31, 1957. King mack- erel and Spanish mackerel accounted for 18.2% and 9.3%, respectively, of the total number of fish caught. 41 Engel , D.W., and E.M. Davis. 1964. Relationships between activity and blood composition in certain marine teleosts. Copeia, 1964, no. 3, p. 586-587. Blood characteristics (red blood cell and white blood counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and thrombocytes) are given for S. cavalla and S. maculatus. Erdman, D.S. 1949. Does the Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill), occur throughout the West Indies? Copeia, 1949, no. 4, p. 301. Comments on the distributions and keys for S^ cavalla , S^. regal is , and S_. maculatus are included. Erdman, D.S. 1956. Recent fish records from Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 315-340. A discussion of the distribution of S. maculatus , S_. regal is , and S^. cavalla and spawning periods of S_. regal is and S^. cavalla are included. Erdman, D.S. 1971. Notes on fishes from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, vol. 19, no. 1-2, p. 59-71. The "sierra," S_. sierra , is compared to the Spanish mackerel, SL maculatus , by vertebral count and size, and to the cero, S^ regal is , by vertebral count and total gill raker count. Erdman, D.S. 1976. Spawning patterns of fishes from the northeastern Caribbean. Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture, Agricultural and Fisheries Contributions, vol . 8, no. 2, 36 p. S^. cavalla were in spawning condition mainly in July and August, but one female with translucent ova was found as early as April 10 and a ripe male as late as November 12. S^. regal is showed less peaked and more extensive spawning, virtually all year. 42 Escurdero Gonzalez, F.A. 1976. Artes y metodos de pesca em- pi eados en la captura de sierra en la jurisciccion pes- quera del puerto^de Veracruz (1974-1975), p. 255-269. In Memorias. Reunion sobre los Recursos de Pesca Costera cfe Mexico, Veracruz, Ver. Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Mexico. This paper describes the fishing gear and methods used by the fishermen in the S. maculatus fishery of the coast of Veracruz, MexTco" The different fishing gear are also figured. Evermann, B.W. 1904. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1902, part 27, p. 433-540. Commercial data for kingfish and Spanish mackerel for 1901 are given. Evermann, B.W., and B.A. Bean. 1898. Indian River and its fishes U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1896, part 22, p. 227-248. S. maculatus is taken occasionally in the commercial Tandings. Evermann, B.W., and W.C. Kendall. 1900. Check-list of the fishes of Florida. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1889, part 25, p. 35-103. S. maculatus , S^. regal is , and S. cava! la are Tisted, with synonymies for each species. Evermann, B.W., and M.C. Marsh. 1902. The fishes of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1900, vol. 20, part 1, p. 49-350. Taxonomic keys and general descriptions are pro- vided for S^. maculatus , S. cavalla , and !S. regal is Seasonal occurrence and notes on the spawning and recreational fishing for S. cavalla are also given 43 Ewald, J.J., W. Brandhorst, F.H. Durant, V. Espinosa, and W. Diaz. 1971. Cruceros de pesca exploratoria del arrastrero "Carmelina" en la zona occidential de Venezuela [in Spanish, English summary]. Proyecto de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pesquero, MAC-PNUD-FAO, Caracas, Informe Technico no. 24. 58 p. The article includes catches and relative abundance of SL maculatus (= S. brasil iensis ) caught in trawl. 44 Fable, W.A. , Jr., and C.H. Saloman. 1974. The recreational fishery on three piers near St. Petersburg, Florida during 1971. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 10, p. 14-18. Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , was the second most abundant species caught. A few _S_. cavalla were also landed by recreational fishermen. Fadul , A.C. 1968. The marine fisheries of Colombia and their statistics. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 20th Annual Session, 1967, p. 133-144. SL maculatus (= S_. brasiliensis ) and S^. cavalla are listed among the fishes eaten in Columbia. Fagade, S.O., and C.I.O. Olaniyan. 1973. The food and feeding interrelationship of the fishes in the Lagos Lagoon. Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 205-225. The food of S. maculatus was mainly Ethmalosa fimbriata Fahay, M.P. 1975. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with surface- towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report-- Fisheries, no. 685, 39 p. Four S^. maculatus were caught in May-August with FL range of 20.8 to 27.1 mm. Farragut, R.N. 1972. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel (Scombero- morus maculatus ) during frozen storage. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report-- Fisheries, no. 650, 12 p. Spanish mackerel (S_. maculatus ) fillets were treated with various antioxidant solutions. Samples analyzed at 3-month intervals showed fillets packed in vacuum and treated with EDTA remained in good condition over the 12-month storage period. However, samples treated with (Nah EDTA remained superior to other samples throughout the storage period. 45 Fiedler, R.H. 1929a. Trade in fresh and frozen fishery pro- ducts and related marketing considerations in Atlanta, Georgia U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1928, part 1, p. 43-60. S. regal is , S^. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are included in market fishes. Fielder, R.H. 1929b. Trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related marketing considerations in Jacksonville, Florida. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1928, part 1, p. 1-26. S_. regal is , S_. cavalla , and S. maculatus are included among the fishes handled by wholesale and retail fish dealers. Fiedler, R.H. 1930. Fishery industries of the United States, 1928. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1929, p. 401-625, S_. regal is , S_. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are listed in the catches of South Atlantic and Gulf states. Fiedler, R.H. 1931. Fishery industries of the United States, 1929. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1930, p. 705-1068. S. regal is , :S_. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are included in the landing statistics. Fiedler, R.H. 1932. Fishery industries of the United States, 1930. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1931, p. 109-552. S_. regal is , S_. cavalla , and S. maculatus are included in the landing statistics. Fielder, R.H. 1933. Fishery industries of the United States, 1931. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1932, p. 97-440, S_. regal is , S_. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are included in the landings statistics. 46 Fiedler, R.H. 1934. Fishery industries of the United States, 1933. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1933, p. 149-449 Cero, king mackerel, and Spanish mackerel are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H. 1936. Fishery industries of the United States, 1934. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1935, p. 75-330 S_. regal is , S^. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H. 1938. Fishery industries of the United States, 1935. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1936, p. 73-348. S.- regal is , S^. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H. 1939. Fishery industries of the United States, 1936. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1937, p. 1-276. S_. regal is , S_. cavalla , and S^. maculatus are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H. 1940. Fishery industries of the United States, 1937. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1938, p. 151-460, S_. regalis , S^. cavalla and S^. maculatus are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H. 1941. Fishery industries of the United States, 1938. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1939, p. 169-554 S_. regal is , S_. cavalla , and S_. maculatus are included in the listings. 47 Fiedler, R.H. 1950. Fishery industries of the United States, 1939. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1940, p. 185-554, S_. regal is , S^. cavalla , and S. maculatus are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H., and N.D. Jarvis. 1932. Fisheries of the Virgin Islands of the United States. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Investigational Report, vol. 1, no. 14. 32 p. Spanish and king mackerel were caught by trolling off the Virgin Islands. Fiedler, R.H., J.R. Manning, and F.F. Johnson. 1936. Fishery industries of the United States, 1933. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1934, p. 237. SL regal is , S^. cavalla , and S. maculatus are included in the listings. Fiedler, R.H., and J.H. Matthews. 1926. Wholesale trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related marketing considerations in New York City. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1925, p. 183-217. Kingfish, also known as king mackerel or cero, S^. regal is , and Spanish mackerel , S^. maculatus , were obtainable in season in the wholesale fish markets of New York City from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Fish, M.P., and W.H. Mowbry. 1970. Sounds of western North Atlantic fishes. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. 207 p. Mechanical noise of S_. maculatus and S_. regal is was monitored. 48 Florida Department of Natural Resources. 1959 - . Summary of Florida commercial marine landings. Florida Depart- ment of Natural Resources, Division of Marine Resources, Tallahassee. Catch and effort statistics are tabulated and illus- trated graphically for shrimp, mullet, Spanish mack- erel, red snapper, menhaden, and other spp., and analyzed by county. Quantities and values are given for a period of several years, by years and months. Appendices describe the mechanics of the fish ticket program, list common and scientific names of spp., and provide a bibliography. Fonteles, A. A., Filho. 1968. Sobre a captura e abundancia da cavala e da serra vos pesqueiros do Estado do Ceara [in Por- tuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao Biologia de Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 133-137. The main fishing grounds for the king mackerel, S>. cavalla (Cuvier), and Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) (Mitchill), off the State of Ceara, Brazil , are located between 6 and 16 nautical miles from the coast line. The fishery is from rafts with trawling hook lines baited chiefly with Atlantic thread herring. In general, the highest indexes of abundance were in the first and fourth quarters of the years. Fontenot, B.J., Jr., and H.E. Rogillio. 1970. A study of estuarine sportfishes in the Biloxi marsh complex, Louisiana. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Dingell-Johnson Project Completion Report, F8. 172 p. The Spanish mackerel is listed in a table of fishes collected during the survey. Chemical and physical conditions at the time of sampling are provided. 49 Fowler, H.W. 1905. New, rare or little known scombroids, no. 1. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 56, p. 757-771. Synonyms, meristics, and morphometries are given for S^. regal is and :S. caval la . In a discussion of S. argyreus , the author remarks this fish differs Trom S. tri tor in the fin radii, and cannot be identical to "S~. cavalla as suggested earlier by Dresslar and Fesler T18S97: Fowler, H.W. 1915. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 67, p. 520-546, S^. regal is is not uncommon in the fish markets in Trinidad. Fowler, H.W. 1927. Notes on fishes at Chincoteague, Virginia, 1926. Copeia, no. 165, p. 89-90. Collections made by Mr. J.W. Fox in May, and October, include one S. maculatus in the spring. Fowler, H.W. 1936. Marine fishes of West Africa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 70, no. 2, p. 607-1493. Description and synonymy of genus Scomberomorus and of S. maculatus are presented. Fowler, H.W. 1944. Results of the Fifth George Vanderbilt^ Expedition (1941) (Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Panama, Galapagos Archipelago and Mexican Pacific Islands). The fishes. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Monograph no. 6, p. 57-529. Synonymies, descriptions, and localities of S^. cavalla , S. maculatus, and S. regalis are presented. 50 Fowler, H.W. 1945. A study of the fishes of the southern piedmont and coastal plain. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Monograph no. 7, 408 p. Synonymies and descriptions of S^ maculatus and S^. regal is are discussed. Fowler, H.W. 1953. The shore fishes of the Colombian Caribbean Caldasia, vol. 6, no. 27, p. 43-73. Fishes identified at the fish market at Cartagena are listed. Included are 60 S_. maculatus (= S^. brasi - 1 iensis ) , locally referred to as "carite," approxi- mately 32 S^. regal is , locally called "sierra" or "sierra pintada," and many S. cavalla , called "carite" or "peto." The dates observed and lengths of the fish are given. Franks, J.S., J.Y. Christmas, W.L. Siler, R. Combs, R. Waller, and C. Burns. 1972. A study of nektonic and benthic faunas of the shallow Gulf of Mexico off the State of Mississippi as related to some physical, chemical, and geological factors. Gulf Research Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 1-148. S_. maculatus were caught by trawl. Fish weights, temperature and salinity at capture sites, discussion of seasonal occurrence, and the fishery are included. Fraser-Brunner, A. 1950. The fishes of the family Scombridae, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, vol. 3 no. 26, p. 131-163. Phylogenetic order, taxonomic key, and synonyms are provided for members of the genus Scomberomorus . S^. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and !S. regal is are included. si Freeman, B.L., and L.A. Walford. 1974. Anglers' guide to the United States Atlantic coast fish, fishing grounds and fishing facilities. Section IV. Delaware Bay to False Cape, Virginia. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C., 17 p. Physical descriptions, habits, temperature range, and recreational fishing areas, seasons, and methods are presented for the king mackerel and Spanish mackerel . Freeman, B.L., and L.A. Walford. 1976a. Anglers' guide to the United States Atlantic coast fish, fishing grounds, and fishing facilities. Section VI. False Cape, Virginia to Altamaha Sound, Georgia. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C., 21 p. Physical descriptions, habits, temperature range, and recreational fishing areas, seasons, and methods are presented for the king mackerel and Spanish mackerel . Freeman, B.L., and L.A. Walford. 1976b. Anglers' guide to the United States Atlantic Coast fish, fishing grounds and fishing facilities. Section VII. Altamaha Sound, Georgia to Fort Pierce Inlet, Florida. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C., 21 p. Physical descriptions, habits, temperature range, and recreational fishing areas, seasons, and methods are presented for the king mackerel and Spanish mackerel. Freeman, B.L., and L.A. Walford. 1976c. Anglers' guide to the United States Atlantic Coast fish, fishing grounds and fishing facilities. Section VIII. St. Lucie Inlet, Florida to the Dry Tortugas. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C., 25 p. Physical descriptions, habits, temperature range, and recreational fishing areas, seasons, and methods are presented for the king mackerel, Spanish mackerel, and cero. 52 Frost, G.A. 1938. A comparative study of the otoliths of the neopterygian fishes. Suborder Scombroidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 10, vol. 2, p. 328-331. The sagittae of S. regal is are described. Otoliths of SL maculatus are mentioned as resembling S^ regal is 53 Gesteira, T.C.V. 1972. Sobre a reprodugao e fecundidade da serra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mi tchi 11), no Estado do Ceara Lin Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 117-122. Data on 2,094 females caught by trolling lines were analyzed in this study on the reproduction and fecun- dity of the Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (Mi tchi 1 1 ) (= S. brasil iensis ) , from Ceara, Brazil . Formulas for fecundi ty wi th age, fork length, and weight are pre- sented. Females mature at 46.0 cm FL , between 3 and 4 years. old. Gesteira, T.C.V. , and A.L.L. Mesquita. 1973. Curvas de rendimento da cavala, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier), e da serra, Scomberomorus macula tus ~(Mi tchi 1 1 ) , no Estado do Ceara (Brasil) [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 13-15. The relationship between total annual catch (C) and fishing effort (E) for S. caval la and S>. maculatus (= S. brasil iensis ) , caught along the coast of Ceara State (Brazil ) were studied. The results were: 1) for king mackerel -C = (1 .201-0.107 E) , maximum catch = 3.4 x 10^ kg for effort = 5.6 x 10° hooks/day; 2) for Spanish mackerel -C = (1.009-0.062 E} E, maximum catch = 4.1 x 10 6 kg for effort = 8.1 x 10 5 hooks/day; 3) for king and Spanish mackerel -C = (2.210-0.169 E) E, maxi- mum catch = 7.2 x 10 6 kg for effort - 6.5 x 10 6 hooks/day, Gilbert, C.R., and D.P. Kelso. 1971. Fishes of the Tortuguero area, Caribbean Costa Rica. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, vol. 16, no. 1. 54 p. Si. maculatus (= S. brasil iensis ) is included in the list of fishes collected. Gill, T. 1873. Catalogue of the fishes of the east coast of North America. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1871-72, part 19, p. 779-822; also, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 14, art. 2, 25 p. Cybium maculatus and C. regale are included in a list of fishes with their Fespective east coast distributions 54 Gines, H., and F. Cervigon. 1968a. Exploracion pesquera en las costas de Guayana y Surinam ano 1967. EstacTon de Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita, Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela, Contribucion, no. 29, 69 p. S. maculatus (= S_. brasiliensis ) and S_. cavalla are Tisted in the caliches by trawl sampling stations. Gines, H., and F. Cervigon. 1968b. Exploratory fishing in the southern Caribbean and northern Atlantic coasts of South America. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 20th Annual Session, 1967, p. 145- 158. S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) and S. cavalla are mentioned as market fish. Gines, H., F. Cervigon, and R. Gomez. 1971. Pesca exploratoria en la costa N y NE de Sur-America, p. 57-93. In Proceedings of the symposium on the investigations and resources of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent regions. FAO Fisheries Report, no. 71.2. The time, date, and location of catches are given for S. cavalla and S. maculatus (= Jk brasil i ens is ) caugTvt off the north~and northernmosT coast of South America. Goode, G.B. 1884. The Spanish mackerel and its allies, p. 307-316. Jji G.B. Goode (ed.), The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States, section 1, part 3, no. 98. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C. Description, distribution, seasonal occurrence, commercial and recreational fishing, migrations, and notes on the reproduction (citing earlier works) are provided for the Spanish mackerel. Reference is made to the distribution of the king mackerel and cero. Figures of the three species are found in Section I, Plates, by the author, 1884, plates 93-94. 5f, Goode, G.B. 1887. The fisheries and fishery industries of of the United States. Section II. A geographical review of the fisheries industries and fishing communities for the year 1880. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C., 787 p. The fisheries for S>. maculatus are described for states on the Atlantic coast. Goode, G.B. 1903. American fishes, a popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North America, with a special reference to habits and methods of capture. New ed., completely revised and largely extended by Theodore Gill. L.C. Page and Co., Boston. 562 p. The author cites earlier works in a discussion of the Spanish mackerel which includes synonyms, description, distribution, seasonal occurrence, reproduction, be- havior, foods, and commercial and recreational fishing The description and distribution is also provided for the cero and an illustration labeled "silver cero" is probably S. cavalla. Goode, G.B., and T.H. Bean. 1882. A list of the species of fishes recorded as occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. Pro- ceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 5, p. 234-240. Nearly 300 species are enumerated in this list prepared in 1881. Included under Scombridae are S^. regal is and S. caballa. Goode, G.B., and T.H. Bean. 1895. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake , Albatross , and Fish Hawk in the north- western Atlantic. Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum, Special Bulletin, no. 2, 553 p. A key to genera of scombrids is presented including Scomberomorus (no mention is made of species of Scomberomorus) . 56 Gorbunova, N.N., and D. Salabarria. 1968. Reproduction of scombroid fishes (Pisces, Scombroidei) in western regions of the Atlantic Ocean. (Trans! . from Russian and Spanish). Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif. 23 p. The spawning of all scombroid fishes (including the Spanish mackerel, cero, and king mackerel) inhabiting the Caribbean-Mexican basin occurs in the spring-summer season. Spawning of the temperate water species, including the three above, starts at water temperature below 25°C. Larvae of the scombroid fishes were caught outside of the zones of the continental shelf and were not encountered in the coastal regions. Mackerel larvae were predominant near the edge of the continental shelf with greatest frequency of occurrences in the 0-50 m layer and most common from a depth of 25 m. Gordon, B.L. 1960. The marine fishes of Rhode Island. The Book and Tackle Shop, Watch Hill, R.I. 136 p. The Spanish mackerel is mentioned as a southern species of no economic importance in Rhode Island waters. One fish, 29- inches, was caught by trolling. The cero is also mentioned as rare and usually taken in autumn in Narragansett Bay. Gowanloch, J.N., and J.B. Davenhauer, Jr. 1932. Sea fishes and sea fishing in Louisiana. Louisiana Department of Conser- vation, Bulletin, 21 . 187 p. Methods of fishing, description, and biology of S_. maculatus are presented. Gray, I.E. 1954. Comparative study of the gill area of marine fishes. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), vol. 107, no. 2, p. 219-225. Two S_. maculatus were included in this study. Data on the gill area (mnr) per g of body weight and per mm2 of body surface are presented. 57 Gregory, W.K. 1933. Fish skulls: A study of the evolution of natural mechanisms. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 23, art. 2, 481 p. The dorsal view of a Scomberomorus skull is illustrated. Griffiths, R.C. 1971. The tuna fishery of Venezuela with notes on other scombroids of potential commercial value, p. 95- 109. _I_n Proceedings of the Symposium on the Investigations and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent region. FAO Fisheries Report, no. 71.2. The potential of Su maculatus (= S.. brasiliensis ) and S_. cavalla as commercially valuable species is discussed. Griffiths, R.C, and M. Martinez. 1972. Desarrolo de un sistema de processamiento automatico de datos biologicos pesqueros [in Spanish, English summary]. Proyecto de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pesquero, MAC-PNUD-FAO, Caracas, Informe Tecnico no. 54, 38 p. An automatic data processing system was developed for analyzing biometrics, age and growth, and catch and effort for S_. maculatus (= S^. brasiliensis ) and S_. cavalla and other important species. Griffiths, R.C, and J.G. Simpson. 1972. An evaluation of the present levels of exploitation of the fishery resources of Venezuela [in Spanish and English]. Venezuela Ministerio de Agricultura y CrTa, Officina Nacional de Pesca, SerTe Recursos y Explotacion Pesqueros, vol. 2, no. 5, 52 p. Presently underutilized fisheries for S,. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis) and S. cavalla are discussed. Griffiths, R.C, and J.G. Simpson. 1973. The present status of the exploitation and evaluation of the fishery resources of Venezuela. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 25th Annual Session, 1972, p. 129-155. This article mentions the fisheries for S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis) and S. cavalla off Venezuela. 58 Grimes, C.B. 1971. Thermal addition studies of the Crystal River steam electric station. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, Professional Paper Series, no. 11 , 53 p. One S_. maculatus was caught in the screen wash of the steam electric station. Gunter, G. 1945. Studies on marine fishes of Texas. Univer- sity of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 1, p. 9-190. In summer the Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , and other large scombrids and game fishes approach the Gulf shore of Texas and some of the mackerel actually enter the bays. As the temperature drops in the fall, the exodus of the shrimp and many fishes starts and the cycle is completed. Spanish mackerel were collected where the salinity was 30 o/oo or greater. Gunter, G. 1967a. Some relationships of estuaries to the fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico, p. 621-638. ln_ George H. Lauff (ed.), Estuaries. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication no. 83. Includes 1961 commercial catches of :S. cavalla , S. regal is, and S. maculatus. Gunter, G. 1967b. Vertebrates in hypersaline waters. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Contributions in Marine Science, vol. 12, p. 230-241. Occassionally Spanish mackerel enter lower salinity areas of the Laguna Madre. They are absent from the high salinity Laguna. 59 Hammond, D.L., D.O. Myatt, and D.M. Cupka. 1977. Evaluation of midwater structures as a potential tool in the management of the fisheries resources on South Carolina's artificial fishing reefs. South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report Series, no. 15, 19 p. Midwater artificial reef structures are described. Spanish mackerel and king mackerel were caught more frequently around these structures than any other species. Hargis, W.J., Jr. 1956. Monogenetic trematodes of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Part XII. The Family Gastrocotyl idae Price, 1943. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 28-43. S. maculatus and S, cavalla are both listed as hosts. Hastings, R.W. , L.H. Ogren, and M.T. Mabry. 1976. Observa- tions on the fish fauna associated with offshore plat- forms in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 74, no. 2, p. 387-402. Several king mackerel, SL cavalla , were observed around the platforms in summer and fall. Heald, E.J. 1970. Fishery resources atlas. I. New York to Florida. University of Miami, Sea Grant Technical Bulletin, no. 3, 225 p. The general range of .S. cavalla is from Chesapeake Bay to Brazil. The commercial fishery (1965) of North Carolina caught 139,000 pounds and Florida landed 2,549,000 pounds. Sport fishing is impor- tant in North Carolina and Florida and the species is occasionally caught in pound nets in the lower Chesapeake Bay, although rarely recorded from the upper Chesapeake Bay above the Potomac. S. maculatus ranges from Maine to Brazil. The commercial fishery (1965) of North Carolina landed 117,000 pounds. The sport fishery is important from Cape Hatteras, N.C. , southward. 60 Helm, T. 1976. Dangerous sea creatures - a complete guide to hazardous marine life. Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 278 p. A fisherman was bitten by S^ maculatus while mackerel were surrounded in a net, and the fisher- men were going into water to free the snagged net, Henshall , J. A. 1891. Report upon a collection of fishes made in southern Florida during 1889. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1889, vol. 9, p. 371-389. SL maculatus is listed with other species collected off southern Florida. Henshall, J. A. 1895. Notes on fishes collected in Florida in 1892. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1894, vol. 14, p. 209-221. S_. maculatus , S_. cavalla , and S^. regal is are listed The size, range, and fishery are described for each species in the Tampa area and Key West. Herald, E.S. 1972. Fishes of North America. Doubleday and Co. , New York. 254 p. Comments are made on distribution and maximum size of S_. regal is , S^. cavalla , and S_. maculatus . Hickey, C.R., Jr., A.D. Sosnow, and J.W. Lester. 1975. Pound net catches of warm-water fishes at Montauk, New York. New York Fish and Game Journal, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 38-50. A total of 620 warm-water fishes representing seven families and 14 species was captured in two commercial pound nets, Fort Pond Bay at Montauk, N.Y., July 9 to August 30, and from October 3 to 30 in 1973. Two Spanish mackerel were among those caught. Both were over 250 mm TL and were captured on August 29 when the water temperature was 22.6°C. 61 Higgins, E. , and R. Lord. 1927. Preliminary report on the marine fisheries of Texas. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1926, p. 167-199. S_. maculatus is included as one of the marine com- mercial species. Landings are given and the fishery is described. Higgins, E. , and J.C. Pearson. 1928. Examination of the summer fisheries of Pamlico and Core Sounds, N.C., with special reference to the destruction of undersized fish and the protection of the gray trout, Cynoscion regal is (Bloch and Schneider). U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Report for 1927, p. 29-65. S_. maculatus is listed in catches by long-haul seines and in pound nets in North Carolina estuarine areas in 1925. Hildebrand, H.H. 1954. A study of the fauna of the brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus Ives) grounds in the western Gulf of Mexico. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 233-366. Spanish mackerel, S^. maculatus , were collected by trawl during a survey of the shrimping grounds. The species was recorded from the following dates and locations: October, between Pass Cavallo and Colorado River, 3-8 fathoms; December, off Pass Cavallo, 10-11 fathoms; October, northern half of the Texas grounds, 12-18 fathoms; and January, off Corpus Chris ti Pass, 18-24 fathoms. Hildebrand, H.H. 1955. A study of the fauna of the pink shrimp ( Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad) grounds in the Gulf of Cam- peche. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 169-232. Depths, locations, and dates are given for four :S_. maculatus caught in a shrimp trawl. 62 Hildebrand, S.F., and L.E. Cable. 1938. Further notes on the development and life history of some teleosts at Beaufort, N.C. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 48, no. 24, p. 505-642. The development of the larvae and postlarvae of S^. maculatus is shown by descriptions and figures. Dis- tinguishing characters of the adults and young, the place and season of spawning, the relative abundance of adults and young, as well as the habitat of adults and young are discussed. Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. 1927. Fishes of Chesa- peake Bay. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 43, part 1 , 366 p. Synonymies and descriptions are given for S^. maculatus and $_. regal is . Notes on the commercial fishery, time of spawning, migration, and seasonal occurrence are provided for Spanish mackerel and the distribution is given for the cero. Hinegardner, R. , and D.E. Rosen. 1972. Cellular DNA content and the evolution of teleostean fishes. American Naturalist, vol. 106, no. 951, p. 621-644. Haploid DNA content (pg) is given for S_. macu- latus and S. cavalla. Hoese, H.D. 1958. A partially annotated checklist of the marine fishes of Texas. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 5, p. 312-352. The list includes S^. cavalla , S. maculatus , and S^. regal is from Texas. Hoese, H.D. 1973. A trawl study of nearshore fishes and inverte- brates of the Georgia coast. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Contributions in Marine Science, vol. 17, p. 63-98. One S. maculatus was caught in October 1965. >x\ Hoese, H.D. , and R.H. Moore. 1977. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and adjacent waters. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Tex., 327 p. Identification key, morphological description, and range of S. cavalla, S. regal is , and S. maculatus. Holder, C.F. 1913. The game fishes of the world. Hodder and Stoughton, London. 411 p. This book includes a general account of recreational fishing for Spanish mackerel and king mackerel in the Gulf of Mexico. Hubbs, C.L. 1936. Fishes of the Yucatan Peninsula, p. 157-287. In A.S. Pearse, E.P. Creaser, and F.G. Hall, The centoes of Yucatan. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication no. 457. A description of two juvenile S. regal is is presented. Hughes, G.M. 1966. The dimensions of fish gills in relation to their function. Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 45, p. 177-195. Data on Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus, are included. 64 Ingle, R.M. 1967. Purse net studies in Florida. Florida Board of Conservation, Special Scientific Report, no. 19, 15 p. Studies conducted on the Gulf coast of Florida indicate that purse seines could be used effectively for a num- ber of species, including king mackerel. Irby, E.W., Jr. 1974. A fishing survey of Choctawhatchee Bay and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters. Florida Marine Research Publication, no. 2, 26 p. The catches included S. maculatus and S. cavalla. Iversen, E.S., and N.N. Van Meter. 1967. A new myxosporidian (Sporozoa) infecting the Spanish mackerel. Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 17, p. 268-273. Kudoa crumena is reported for the musculature of !S. maculatus. Ivo, C.T.C. 1972. Epoca de desova e idade na primeira maturacao sexual da cavala, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier), no Estado do_Ceara [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciincias do Mar, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 27-29. Information was based on 4,346 females collected from 1969 to 1971. Fork length and stage of sexual maturity were determined for each individual. The shortest mature female was III years in age, the longest VIII years. Ivo, C.T.C. 1974. Sobre a fecundidade da cavala, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier), em aguas costeiras do Estado do Ceara (Brasi 1 ) [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciincias do Mar, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 87-89. Absolute fecundity by total length, by age, and by total weight is calculated for S. cavalla. 65 Jarvis, N.D. 1932. The fisheries of Puerto Rico. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Investigational Report, vol. 1, no. 13, 41 p. S_. cavalla and S. maculatus were caught by trolling. Jenkins, O.P. 1887. A list of the fishes of Beaufort Harbor, N.C. Studies of the Biological Laboratory, John Hopkins University, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 83-94. The list is composed of 57 families and 134 species of fishes. Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus , and cero, S_. regal is , are included. Jordan, D.S. 1884. List of fishes collected at Key West, Florida, with notes and descriptions. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 7, p. 103-150. One hundred and seventy-one species were collected by the author with the aid of local fishermen. Color de- scription, meristics, seasonal occurrence, and edibility of S^. cavalla are included. S_. maculatus is uncommon, and not highly esteemed by local fishermen. S_. regal is is common and is described by color and several morpho- metries. Jordan, D.S. 1886a. List of fishes collected at Havana, Cuba, in December, 1883, with notes and descriptions. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 9, p. 31-55. Fifty-four families with representative species are given. Included in the Family Scombridae are Spanish mackerel, S^. maculatus , cero or "pintada," S_. regal is , and king or "sierra serrucho," S. cavalla . Jordan, D.S. 1886b. Notes on fishes collected at Beaufort, North Carolina, with a revised list of the species known from that locality. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 9, p. 25-30. One hundred and fourteen species were collected by Oliver P. Jenkins, Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute. Thirty-eight Spanish mackerel, S^. maculatus Mitchill, were included. 66 Jordan, D.S. 1886c. A preliminary list of the fishes of the West Indies. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 9, p. 554-608. S. regal is and S. cavalla are included in a list of T12 families arid" 875 species. Jordan, D.S. 1887. A catalogue of the fishes known to inhabit the waters of North America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, with notes on the species discovered in 1883 and 1884. U.S Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1885, part 13, p. 789-973. The cero, :S. regal is , king, S>. cavalla , and Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , are included in a list of 157 families and 1,683 species. Jordan, D.S. 1905. A guide to the study of fishes. Henry Holt and Co., New York. 2 vols. The schooling behavior and color description are given for the Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus . A color de- scription is provided for S. regal is , and size and color for the king mackerel, S. cavalla. Jordan, D.S. 1923. A classification of fishes including families and genera as far as known. Stanford University Publications, University Series, Biological Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 79-342 Scomberomorus and Cybium are included in a list of families and genera . Jordon, D.S. 1963. The genera of fishes; and, A classification of fishes. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. 800 p, A reprint of Jordon' s Genera of Fishes (four parts, 1917-1920), together with its taxonomic index, A Classification of Fishes (1923). In the Genera of Fishes, reference is made to type Scomberomorus Plumiexi "(Scomber regalis Bloch)". In a Classifi- cation of Fishes, the genus Scomberomorus is included under family Scombridae. 67 Jordan, D.S., and B.W. Evermann. 1896a. A check-list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of North and Middle America U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1895, part 21, p. 209-584. The ranges of S_. maculatus , S^. regal is , and SL cavalla are included, plus a brief synonymy listing. Jordan, D.S., and B.W. Evermann. 1896b. The fishes of North and Middle America. U.S. National Museum, Bulletin no. 47, part 1, 1240 p. Descriptions, distributions, and size are discussed for S. maculatus , S. regal is , and S. cavalla . Jordan, D.S., and B.W. Evermann. 1903. American food and game fishes. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York. 572 p. Keys and distributions are given for S_. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and SL regal is . Notes on the foods, repro- duction, and commercial fishery are provided for the Spanish mackerel, and notes on the habitats and com- mercial fishery are included for the king mackerel. Jordan, D.S., B.W. Evermann, and H.W. Clark. 1930. Check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of North and Middle America north of the northern boundary of Venezuela and Columbia, with appendixes. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1928, part 2, 670 p. S_. maculatus and SL regal is are listed with ranges and synonymies. Sierra cavalla is also listed. The common names of sierra, kingfish, and cavalla are given to Sierra cavalla . Jordan, D.S., and C.H. Gilbert. 1878. Notes on the fishes of Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 1, p. 365-388. Cybium macula turn and C. regale are both listed as found at Beaufort Harbor, N.C. 68 Jordan, D.S., and C.H. Gilbert. 1882a. Notes on a collection of fishes from Charleston, South Carolina, with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 5, p. 58-620. Fish were collected in July and August, 1882. One hundred and twenty- three species of marine fish were observed including S. maculatus and S. caballa. Jordan, D.S., and C.H. Gilbert. 1882b. Notes on fishes observed about Pensacola, Florida, and Galveston, Texas, with descrip- tion of new species. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 5, p. 241-307. The list includes Spanish mackerel and king mackerel with morphometries, meristics, and color description of the latter. Jordan, D.S., and C.H. Gilbert. 1882c. On certain neglected generic names of La Cepede. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 5, p. 570-576. In the Historie naturelle des poisson (1799-1803) of Lacepede a considerable number of generic names are proposed, some of them founded on errors of various sorts, others properly defined. This paper contains a discussion of some of these names, the adoption of which would effect the nomenclature of American fishes. The name Scomberomorus , if accepted, must supercede Cybium Cuv. and Val . Jordan, D.S., and C.H. Gilbert. 1882d. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 16, p. 425-427. Fishes of North America are listed in phylogenetic order with meristic and color descriptions, and geo- graphic distribution. Members of the genus Scombero- morus are included. 69 Jordan, D.S., and C.H. Gilbert. 1883. List of fishes collected at Panama by Charles H. Gilbert. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. 2, p. 109-111. S. maculatus is included in the list of fishes. Jordan, D.S., and J.C. Thompson. 1905. The fish fauna of the Tortugas Archipelago. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 24, p. 229-256. S^. maculatus and S^ cavalla are listed as occurring in the Tortugas Archipelago. Jorgenson, S.C., and G.L. Miller. 1968. Length relations of some marine fishes from coastal Georgia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 575, 16 p. Length-weight relationship data are presented for S_, maculatus. Joseph, E.B., and R.W. Yerger. 1956. The fishes of Alligator Harbor, Florida, with notes on their natural history. Florida State University Studies, no. 22; and, Papers from the Oceanographic Institute, Florida State University, vol. 2, p. 111-156. Six specimens of S^. maculatus (69-230 mm) were collected between May 1950 and November 1954, in Alligator Harbor. Juhl, R. 1974. Fishery resources—commercial , p. 211-225. I_n R.E. Smith (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in Eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1974, St. Petersburg, Fla. Conference/ Workshops. S_. cavalla and S^. maculatus are listed as "underused, and latent resources." 70 Juhl , R. 1976. Notes on the underutilized fishery resources of the Gulf of Mexico, p. 538-555. _In_B.F. Cobb III and Alexandra B. Stockton (comp. ), Proceedings of the First Annual Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technological Conference, vol. 2. Texas A&M University, College Station. (TAMU-SG-77-105.) Both king and Spanish mackerels are important to commer- cial and recreational fisheries in the Gulf. Estimates of the mackerel population in the Gulf are from 100 to 140 million pounds. Juneau, C.L., Jr. 1975. An inventory and study of the Vermilion Bay-Atchafalaya Bay complex. Phase II. Biology. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Oysters, Water Bottoms and Seafoods Division, Technical Bulletin, no. 13, p. 19-74. S_. cavalla and S^. maculatus were caught in trawl and seine. 71 Kawaguchi , K. 1974. Handline and longline fishing explorations for snapper and related species in the Caribbean and adja- cent waters. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 9, p. 8- 31. S^. maculatus is used as bait for longlines to catch other species. Keiser, R.K. , Jr. 1976. Species composition, magnitude and utilization of the incidental catch of the South Carolina shrimp fishery. South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report no. 16, 55 p. King mackerel and Spanish mackerel were both sampled from shrimp trawl catches. S. maculatus was the more common species. Kelley, J.R. 1965. A taxonomic survey of the fishes of Delta National Wildlife Refuge with emphasis upon distribution and abundance. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 126 p. One juvenile Spanish mackerel (2.3 inches) was taken in a rotenone sample from Sabot Pond, August 5, 1964. The salinity was 0.21 o/oo. Kensley, B. , and J. R. Grindley. 1973. South African parasitic Copepoda. Annuals of the South African Museum, vol. 62, no, 3, p. 69-130. S^. maculatus is included in a list of hosts for para- sitic copepods. Pseudocycnoides rugosa n. sp. were identified on fish collected at Durban. Kite, J. A. 1885. Report upon apparatus and facilities needed for hatching Spanish mackerel. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1883, part 11, p. 1095-1100. Apparatus is described for hatching eggs of the Spanish mackerel . 72 Klawe, W.L. 1961. Young scombroids from the waters between Cape Hatteras and Bahama Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 150-157. Four specimens (20-30 mm TL) were found in the stomachs of Euthynnus and were identified to the genus Scomberomorus Klein, V.L.M. 1973. Parasite helminths of the species Scom- beromorus cavalla and Scomberomorus maculatus of the Ceara littoral. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 70, no. 1-2, p. 199-202. Parasitic worms were identified in king mackerel and Spanish mackerel off the State of Ceara, Brazil. Klima, E.F. 1959. Aspects of the biology and the fishery for Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill), of southern Florida. Florida Board" of Conservation, Technical Series, no. 27, 39 p. This paper includes taxonomic status, distribution, commercial and recreational fishery information, and results of life history aspects (foods, reproduction, age and growth, length-weight). Klima, E.F. 1976. An assessment of the fish stocks and fisheries of the Campeche Bank. FA0, Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission, WECAF Studies, no. 5, 24 p. The author briefly mentions the commercial fishing gear, and then calculates yield/recruit models using other researchers 1 age and growth data. Knapp, F.T. 1949. Menhaden utilization in relation to the con- servation of food and game fishes of the Texas Gulf coast. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 79, p 137-144. Menhaden as food for S_. cavalla and S. maculatus is discussed. i:\ Kner, R. 1865. Fische, p. 110-275. In B. von Wullerstorf- Urbair, Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara urn die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil, vol . 1 , no. 5, pt. 2. Color description, morphometries, and meristics are given for Cybium regale . Kohn, A. 1961. A new Rhipidocotyl e parasite of Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill). Atas da Sociedade Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 41-44. Rhipidocotyl e quadiriculatum is described from the small intestine of S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) , in the vicinity of Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Koratha, K.J. 1955a. Studies on the monogenetic trematodes of the Texas coast. I. Results of a survey of marine fishes at Port Aransas, with a review of Monogenea reported from the Gulf of Mexico and notes on euryhal ini ty, host-specificity, and relation- ship of the remora and the cobia. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 233-249. Trematodes were identified in S^. maculatus during the survey, Koratha, K.J. 1955b. Studies on the monogenetic trematodes of the Texas coast. II. Descriptions of species from marine fishes of Port Aransas. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol.4, no. 1, p. 251-278. The following Monogenea were found in S. maculatus : Microcotyle scomberomori , Pseudaxine texana , and Heteraxine scomberomori. Kruczynski , W.L. 1974. A review of the oceanography and fishery of Onslow Bay, North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources, Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries, Information Series, no. 6, 47 p. Bluefish, Spanish mackerel, and king mackerel are men- tioned as three of the most commonly caught species by recreational fishermen. The mackerels are caught mainly in spring and fall by trolling close to the shore, especially off Cape Lookout and Cape Fear. 74 Lacepede, C. 1802. Historie naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, Chez Plassan, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris. 728 p. The author describes S. plumieri (synonymized with S. regal is in Rivas, T95T] - ! LaMonte, F. 1951. A preliminary survey of marine angling in North Carolina, p. 251-286. In H.F. Taylor (ed.), Survey of marine fisheries of North Uarolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. The fishing methods, size, and distribution are provided for SL cavalla . Associations with schools of S_. regal is and S^. maculatus are discussed. LaMonte, F. 1952a. Marine game fishes of the world. Doubleday and Co., New York. 190 p. Color descriptions, distinguishing characteristics, range, size, foods, schooling behavior, and commercial and recreational fisheries notes are provided for the king, Spanish, and cero mackerels. A Spanish mackerel is illustrated in color. LaMonte, F. 1952b. North American game fishes. Doubleday and Co., New York. 202 p. S^. maculatus , SL cavalla , and S^. regal is are all mentioned in this anglers' guide. The common names, meristics, color, and distribution are provided for S_. regal is , and distribution, color, size, foods, schooling, and behavior are mentioned for both the Spanish and king mackerel . Latham, R. 1918. Notes on fishes at Orient, Long Island, in 1917. Copeia, no. 57, p. 53-56. One S. regal is was taken on October 2, 26 inches in total length, and another September 23, 26 inches in length, both from the Sound. 75 Latham, R. 1919. Record of fishes at Orient, Long Island, in 1918. Copeia, no. 71, p. 53-60. On September 21 , two specimens of S. cavalla were caught, one 32 inches in length and 6 1/2 pounds and the other 30 inches. Another fish was taken on Septem- ber 23, and was 30 inches in length. This is the first record of its occurrence in twelve years. It rarely lives longer than 10 hours confined in a trap. Lee, P.C., J.R. Fisher, and P.F. Mar. 1973. Immunochemical studies of adenosine deaminases from several vertebrates and a mollusc. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 46B, no. 3, p. 483-486. Cross-reactivities of adenosine deaminases from nine mammals and one marsupial, bird, amphibian, fish (king mackerel), and mollusc were measured. Antisera were prepared against the purified enzyme from bovine intestine and scallop digestive diverticula. Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin, no. 155. 485 p. The authors compare the space between the dorsal fins of Auxis thazard with other scombri ds, including S_. maculatus. Leon, P.E. 1973. Ecologea de la ictiofauna del Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, un estuario tropical. Revista de Biologia Tropical, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 5-30. The Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus , is included in a list of 145 species of fish collected from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, Jan. 1968 to Mar. 1969. 76 Lima, H.H., and M.P. Paiva. 1966. Alguns dados ecologicos sobre os peixes marinhos de Aracati . Boletim da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, no. 11, 10 p. The collection of fishes in terms of distance from land is discussed. King mackerel were abundant 6-15 miles offshore, depths 16-36 meters; Spanish mackerel (= S. brasiliensis ) were abundant 3-15 miles from land, depths of 10-36 meters. Lindall, W.H., Jr. 1973. Alterations of estuaries of South Florida: A threat to its fish resources. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 35, no. 10, p. 26-33. S. maculatus is listed as a major estuarine-dependent TisW. Landings and values are given for 1966-70. Linton, E. 1897. Notes on larval cestode parasites of fishes. Proceeding of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 19, no. 1123, p. 787-824. The parasites identified include Rhynochobothrium , sp., Tetrarhynchus , sp., and T. bicolor on S. regal is and Synbothrium filicolle on S. cavalTa, and S. maculatus. Linton, E. 1901a. Fish parasites collected at Woods Hole in 1898. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1899, vol. 19, p. 267-304. S_. regal is is referred to as Spanish mackerel. One specimen was examined and a cestode ( Synbothrium ) was found. Linton, E. 1901b. Parasites of fishes of the Woods Hole Region, Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1899, vol. 19, p. 405-492. Nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes were found in .S. maculatus ; cestodes were found in _S. cavalla and ST regal i s. Notes on food found in stomachs of king mackerel and cero are included. 77 Linton, E. 1905. Parasites of fishes of Beaufort, North Carolina Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries for 1904, vol. 24, p. 321-428. Cestodes and trematodes were found in S_. maculatus , and nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes in 5L regal is . Linton, E. 1907. A cestode parasite in the flesh of the butter- fish. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries for 1906, vol. 26, p. 111-132. S_. regal is is listed as a host for cestodes. Linton, E. 1940. Trematodes from fishes mainly from the Woods Hole region, Massachusetts. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 88, no. 3078, 172 p. Nannoenterum baculum (Linton) is identified on S_. maculatus. Lorn, J. 1970. Protozoa causing diseases in marine fishes, p. 101-123. J_n S.F. Snieszko (ed.), A symposium on diseases of fishes and shellfishes. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication, no. 5. A protozoan cyst was found in the musculature of S^. maculatus. Longley, W.H., and S.F. Hildebrand. 1941. Systematic catalogue of the fishes of Tortugas, Florida, with observations on color, habits, and local distribution. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 535. 331 p. Comments are presented on the color, distribution and habits of S^. cavalla , S^. regal is , and S_. maculatus in Tortugas. 78 Lopez, M.L., and T. Okuda. 1965. Notas sobre el estado de frescura de algunos pescados [in Spanish, English summary]. Boletin del Institute Oceanografico de la Universidad de Oriente, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 312-337. Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , was one of the species of fish used to test various storage temperatures and effects on fish flesh. Lopez, O.H. 1972. Algunos aspectos de las pesquerias maritimas en la zona central de Venezuela [in Spanish, English summary], Proyecto de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pes- quero, MAC-PNUD-FAO, Caracas, Informe Tecnico, no. 48, 38 p. The author describes the fishing fleet, gear, number of people involved, and production. Species caught include S_. cavalla and S. maculatus (= S. brasili lensis ) . Lowe, R.H. 1963. The fishes of the British Guiana continen- tal shelf, Atlantic coast of South America, with notes on their natural history. Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, vol. 44, no. 301, p. 669- 700. This article describes the habitat of S. maculatus (= _S. brasiliensis ) and S. cavalla by cTepth, distance from shore, and bottom type"] The gonad condition of _S. maculatus by month, and general comments on the foods of both S. maculatus and S. cavalla are presented. Lozano Cabo, F. 1950. Estudio de la fauna ictiologica de los bancos de cabo Blanco y de ArguTn, como transitoria entre la paleartica y la tropical. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Seccion Biologica, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 137-150. S. maculatus is included in a list of fishes. 79 Lozano Cabo, F. 1970. Characteristiques zoogeographiques de la faune ichthyologique des cotes des lies Canaries, du Maroc, du Sahara Espagnol et de la Mauritanie avec une etude special e des poissons cotiers. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, Conseil Permanent Inter- national pour 1 'Exploration de la Mer, no. 159, p. 152- 164. A table includes S. maculatus as occurring off the West Coast of AfrTca. Lunz, G.R., and F.J. Schwartz. 1970. Analysis of eighteen year trawl captures of seatrout ( Cynoscion sp. :Sciaenidae) from South Carolina. Bears Bluff Laboratories, Contri- bution, no. 53, p. 3-29. S. maculatus collected by subarea is included. Lyles, C.H. 1969. The Spanish mackerel and king mackerel fisheries. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, C.F.S., no. 4936, 21 p. Distribution, color, school size, size, commercial landings, and history of the fishery are given for S. maculatus . The fishery and range for S. regal is, and recipes for both species are included. 80 McFarland, W.N. 1963. Seasonal change in the number and the biomass of fishes from the surf at Mustang Island, Texas. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 9, p. 91-105. Dates of capture and weight (pounds per acre) for S. maculatus are given. jS. maculatus is regarded as a summer resident. McHugh, J.L. 1967. Estuarine nekton, p. 581-620. In G.H. Lauff (ed.), Estuaries. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication, no. 83. SL maculatus were caught by trawling in Chesapeake Bay. S. cavalla were mentioned as occasional nektonic visitors in the Bay. McHugh, J.L. 1975. Limiting factors affecting commercial fisheries in the middle Atlantic estuarine area, p. 149-169. Jj2 Estuarine pollution control and assessment, vol. 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards, Washington, D.C. The Spanish mackerel is listed as an "oceanic migratory" species and one of the important fishes landed by the domestic commercial fishery in the Middle Atlantic estuarine area (Chesapeake Bay), 1969-1973. McHugh, J.L. 1977. Fisheries and fishery resources of the New York Bight. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Cir- cular 401 , 50 p. Maximum historic commercial landings are given for various species of fish and shellfish for New Jersey and New York. Both Spanish mackerel and king mackerel are included. McHugh, J.L., and A.D. Williams. 1976. Historical statistics of the fisheries of the New York Bight area. New York Sea Grant Institute, State University of New York, NYSSGP-RS-76- 013; also, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Marine Sciences Research Center, Contribution 164, 75 p. Commercial landings (metric tons) of cero, Spanish mackerel, and king mackerel are included in the data for 1880 to 1975. 81 Magnuson, J.J. 1973. Comparative study of adaptations for con- tinuous swimming and hydrostatic equilibrium of scombroid and xiphoid fishes. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 71, no. 2, p. 337-356. S_. maculatus , S_. regal is , and S_. cavalla are listed in a table. Data on mass, FL, presence or absence of gas bladder, long or short pectoral fins, and references are given. Mago Leccia, F. 1958. The comparative osteology of the scom- broid fishes of the genus Scomberomorus from Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 8, p. 299-341. Three species are compared: S_. maculatus , S_. regal is , and S_. caval la . Relationships are discussed within the genus and with other scombrid genera. Mago Leccia, F. 1970. Lista de los peces de Venezuela, incluyendo un estudio preliminar sobre la ictiogeografia del pais. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Oficina Nacional de Pesca, Caracas. 283 p. The king mackerel, Spanish mackerel (= S_. brasi liens is ) , and cero are included in the list of fishes with the local common names of each species. Mahood, R.K. , CD. Harris, J.L. Music, Jr., and B.A. Palmer. 1974a. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part I. Southern section, St. Andrews Sound and St. Simons Sound Estuaries. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division, Contribution Series, no. 22, 104 p. S^. cavalla and S. maculatus were recorded in the trawl catches. 82 Mahood, R.K., CD. Harris, J.L. Music, Jr., and B.A. Palmer. 1974b. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part II. Central section, Doboy Sound and Sapelo Sound Estuaries. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division, Contribution series, no. 23, 99 p. S_. cavalla and S_. maculatus were included in trawl catches. Mahood, R.K., CD. Harris, J.L. Music, Jr., and B.A. Palmer. 1974c. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part III. Northern section, Ossabow Sound and Wassaw Sound Estuaries. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division, Contribution Series, no. 24, 100 p. SL cavalla and S_. maculatus were included in trawl catches. Mahood, R.K., CD. Harris, J.L. Music, Jr., and B.A. Palmer. 1974d. Survey of the fisheries resources in Georgia's estuarine and inshore ocean waters. Part IV. Coastal Georgia, southern, central, and northern sections. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Game and Fish Division, Contribution Series, no. 25, 201 p. S_. cavalla and S_. maculatus were included in compari- sons by area of trawl catches and of distribution and abundance by area and season. Manter, H.W. 1940. Gasterostomes (Trematoda) of Tortugas , Florida. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory, vol. 33, d. 1-19. S_. regal is was found to be a host of Rhipidocotyle adbaculum . The parasite was found in the intestine of one of the three fish examined. Rhipidocotyle baculum was also found in S_. regal is . There was some question of the identity of the host and it is probably S. maculatus. KA Manter, H.W. 1947. The di genetic trematodes of marine fishes of Tortugas, Florida. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 257-416. S_. regal is is the host for Rhipidocotyle adbaculum and R. baculum. Manter, H.W. 1954. Trematoda of the Gulf of Mexico, p. 335-350. In Paul S. Galtsoff (Coordinator), Gulf of Mexico, its origin, waters, and marine life. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 55, no. 89. S. regal is is listed as a host. Marquez, M.R. 1973. Informe sinoptico de la sierra, Scombero - morus maculatus (Mitchill), de Golfo de Mexico [in Spanish, English summary]. Instituto Nacional de Pesca (Mexico), Serie Informativa, no. 14, 19 p. Synoptic information is provided on the taxonomy, nomenclature, geographical distribution, bionomics, life cycle, spawning, nutrition, growth, age and age determination by reading otolith, and population structure of the Spanish mackerel, S^ maculatus , in the Gulf of Mexico. Information is also provided on the fishing methods, fishery areas and seasons, and annual yields from 1965 to 1972. Martin, F.D., and J.W. Patus. 1974. A comparison of fish faunas in a highly stressed and a less stressed tropical bay, Guayanilla and Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 27th Annual Conference, 1973, p. 675-688. The king mackerel, Spanish mackerel, and cero were all collected from Jobos Bay, and the cero was taken from Guayanilla Bay, Puerto Rico. 84 Martins, J.M., and M.S. Pitombeira. 1968. High leukocyte count in fishes. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 89-92. An abnormal leukocyte count is recorded for S^. maculatus (= S. brasi 1 iensis ) . Massmann, W.H. 1960. Additional records for new fishes in Chesapeake Bay. Copeia, 1960, no. 1, p. 70. The occurrence of S_. cavalla is confirmed for the Chesapeake Bay. Massmann, W.H. 1962. Water temperatures, salinities, and fishes collected during trawl surveys of Chesapeake Bay and York and Pamunkey Rivers, 1956-1959. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Scientific Report, no. 27, 27 p. S. maculatus was caught in the Bay in fall. Mather, F.J., III. 1952. Sport fishes of the vicinity of the Gulf of Honduras, certain Caribbean islands, and Carmen, Mexico. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 4th Annual Session, 1951, p. 118-129. S. regal is, S. caval la, and S. maculatus are included. Mather, F.J., III. 1954. Northerly occurrences of warmwater fishes in the western Atlantic. Copeia, 1954, no. 4, p. 292-293. S. caval la is reported from Massachusetts. Mather, F.J., III, and C.G. Day. 1954. Observations of pelagic fishes of the tropical Atlantic. Copeia, 1954, no. 3, p. 178-188. Catches of single specimens of S^. maculatus and S_. cavalla are mentioned. The morphometry of S^. maculatus from the eastern Atlantic and western Atlantic is compared. 85 Mather, F.J., III, and R.H. Gibbs, Jr. 1957. Distributional records of fishes from waters off New England and the middle Atlantic states. Copeia, 1957, no. 3, p. 242-244. S. cavalla is reported from Buzzards Bay, Mass. Matsumura, F. , Y.G. Doherty, K, Furukawa, and G.M. Boush. 1975. Incorporation of ™^Hg j nto methyl mercury in fish liver: Studies on biochemical mechanisms in vitro. Environ- mental Research, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 224-235. Livers of all fish species studied, particularly pelagic species (including S^. maculatus and S_. cavalla ) , were capable of transforming mercuric ion into methyl - mercury in vitro. The factors involved in the process of methylmercury formation from Hg^ + ion in the fish 1 iver were studied. May, N., L. Trent, and P.J. Pristas. 1976. Relation of fish catches in gill nets to frontal periods. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 74, no. 2, p. 449-453. S_. maculatus is among the 10 most caught fishes. High catches of S_. maculatus were not correlated with occurrences of atmospheric fronts. Mayo, C.A. 1973. Rearing, growth, and development of the eggs and larvae of seven scombrid fishes from the Straits of Florida. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Miami, 138 p. Dis- sertation Abstracts International, B: Sciences and Engineering, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 2145. Methods used in rearing seven species of mackerels and tunas (family Scombridae) are presented. The growth, behavior, ecology, and development of the eggs and larvae of S. cavalla and S. maculatus are included. 86 Meek, 5.E., and S.F. Hildebrand. 1923. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, no. 15, Publication, no. 215, 330 p. The writer made collections at several points along both coasts of Panama during two seasons, from January to May 1911 and from January and March 1912. S_. cavalla was included in the list although it has not been reported from Panama and was not collected by the authors. Meris- tics, morphometries, color description, and geographical range are discussed. S_. regal is was not recorded from Panama although meristics, morphometries, color, and geographical distribution are presented. Su maculatus (= _S_. brasiliensis ) was collected from Panama and from both coasts according to the authors. The same type of data is provided as for the above species. Meek, S.E., and R.G. Newland. 1885. A review of the American species of Scomberomorus . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1884 (1885), p. 232-235. Taxonomic key and synonyms are given for :S. maculatus , S_. regal is , and Su cavalla . Mendoza, N.A. 1968. Consideraciones sobre la biologTa pesquera de la sierra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill), en el Estado de Veracruz. Bios , vol . 1 , no. 2, p. 11-22. Seasonal occurrence, migratory habits, and notes on the general biology of Spanish mackerel off the Mexican east coast. Menezes, M.F. 1968. Aspectos da pesca artesanal de algumas especies marinhas no Estado do Ceara [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Univeridade Federal do Ceara, no. 17, 11 p. Fisheries in the state of Ceara, Brazil, including S_. cavalla and _S. maculatus (= S^. brasil iensis ) , are described . 87 Menezes, M.F. 1969a. Algumas observagoes osteologicas e merTsticas sobre a cavala, Scomberomorus cava! la (Cuvier), do noroeste Brasileiro [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 175-178. Osteological and meristic differences of S. cavalla from the northeast Brazil and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. , including the Caribbean Sea, are described. Cranial bones from Brazil are more elongate. Parasphenoid and hypobranchial present differences. "The parasphenoid bone permits clear vision, on a second plane, of the brain chamber opening and the hypobranchial presents a single gill raker, or none at all. These characteris- tics are not found in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea." Menezes, M.F. 1969b. Alimentagao da cavala, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier), em aguas costeiras do Estado do Ceara Lin Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 15-20. Feeding behavior of 798 S_. caval la was examined from 1965 to 1968. Fishes are - the most important food item; crustaceans and mollusks are second. Opisthonema oglinum is the most important food. Appetite declined in the 4th quarter at the time of the beginning of the reproductive cycle. Females were more voracious than males, and thus show greater intensity in growth and in longevity. Menezes, M.F. 1970. Alimentagao da serra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mi tchi 11), em aguas costeiras do Estado^do Ceara Lin Portu- guese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 171-176. One thousand and twenty S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ), were sampled, 117 young and 903 adults. "Fishes were most important in their diet, decapod crustaceans and cephalo- pods second. Opisthonema oglinum was most abundant with engraulids next. Menezes, M.F. 1972. Numero de rastros da serra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mi tchi 11), das aguas costeiras do Estado do Ceara Lin Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 86-88. Gill rakers of the Spanish mackerel (= S^. brasiliensis ) were counted and some comparisons were made with data from other regions of its geographic distribution. Menzel , R.W. 1956. Annotated check-list of the marine fauna and flora of the St. George's Sound-Apalachee Bay region, Florida gulf coast. Florida State University, Oceanographic Institute, Contribution, no. 61. S^. cavalla and S. maculatus were identified by Edwin B. Joseph in the St. George's Sound and Apalachee Bay Region. Migdalski, E.C. 1958. Anglers' guide to the salt water game fishes. Ronald Press Company, New York. 506 p. King, Spanish, and cero mackerels are discussed, with emphasis on recreational angling. Some information is provided on meristics, color characteristics, schooling behavior, and migration patterns. Mihara, T. , A. Brito, J. Ramirez, and J.V. Salazar. 1971. Construccion de una red de barrera para Uquire [in Spanish, English summary]. Proyecto de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pesquero, MAC-PUND-FAO, Caracas, Informe Technico, no. 22, 15 p. Uquire is a small village on the north coast of Paria Peninsula near Trinidad. Seines are used to catch sardines as bait for S. cavalla. 89 Miller, G.L., and S.C. Jorgenson. 1969. Seasonal abundance and length frequency distribution of some marine fishes in coastal Georgia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Data Report, no. 35, 102 p. Data are presented for 101 species of fish collected from March 1953 to May 1961, on the ocean beach and in salt marshes in coastal Georgia. Sixty-nine juvenile S_. maculatus (most 16-25 mm) were collected from the beach, May-September. One S. cavalla was also collected. Mitchill, S.L. 1815. The fishes of New York, described and arranged. Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New- York, vol. 1, p. 355-492. The original description of the Spanish mackerel, Scomber maculatus . Color decriptions and meristics are given and the occurrence of the species in July is noted. Miyake, M. , and S. Hayasi. 1972. Field manual for statistics and sampling of Atlantic tunas and tuna-like fishes. Inter- national Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Madrid, Spain. A taxonomic key is provided for S_. cavalla , S_. maculatus , S_. regal is , and S. tritor . S_. tritor (eastern Atlantic) is separated from S_. maculatus (western Atlantic) by the number of vertebrae. Standard and common names are also included for each species. Moe, M.A., Jr. 1963. A survey of offshore fishing in Florida Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, Professional Paper Series, no. 4, 115 p. The importance of !S. cavalla , S_. maculatus , and S. regal is in fisheries, and their biology is discussed Moe, M.A. , Jr. 1966. Tagging fishes in Florida offshore waters. Florida Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory: Technical Series, no. 49, 40 p. Tagging gear, methods and techniques, and recoveries are discussed for S. cavalla. 90 Moe, M.A., Jr. 1970. Florida's fishing grounds. Great Out- doors Publishing Co., St. Petersburg, Fla. 80 p. Common names, distribution, description, fishing methods, and notes on S_. cavalla , S. maculatus , and S^ regal is are given. Moe, M.A., Jr. 1972. Movement and migration of south Florida fishes. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Laboratory, Technical Series, no. 69, 25 p. Comments are made on movements and spawning of S_. cavalla and S. maculatus. Moe, M.A., Jr., P.C. Heemstra, J.E. Tyler, and H. Wahlquist. 1966. An annotated listing of the fish reference collection of the Florida Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory. Florida Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, Special Scientific Report, no. 10, 121 p. Catalog number, locality and dates are given for S_. cavalla , ,S. maculatus , and S_. regalis . Mountain, J. A. 1972. Further thermal addition studies at Crystal River, Florida with an annotated checklist of marine fishes collected, 1969-1971. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Professional Papers Series, no. 20, 103 p. Mydrographic and biological data collected during the first six months of 1971 are presented. These, plus 1969 and 1970 data, complete an ecological survey of estuarine and coastal areas near Florida Power Cor- poration's Crystal River steam electric generating station. _S. maculatus is referred to. Two were col- lected in May 1969, one in April 1970, and two in January 1971. These fish ranged in size from 240 to 470 mm. 91 Muir, B.S. 1969. Gill dimensions as a function of fish size. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 165-170. The author refers to data provided by Gray (1954) and Hughes (1966) on the gill dimensions of S. maculatus . 92 Nahhas, F.M., and R.M. Cable. 1964. Digenetic and aspidogastrid trematodes from marine fishes of Curacao and Jamaica. Tulane Studies in Zoology, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 169-228. SL cavalla from Curacao and Jamaica is listed as a host. Nahhas, F.M., and R.B. Short. 1965. Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Apalachee Bay, Gulf of Mexico. Tulane Studies in Zoology, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 39-50. S_. maculatus is listed as a host for digenetic tre- matodes. Nakamura, E.L. 1976. Scombrid fishes in St. Andrew Bay, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 619-621 Juveniles of six species of scombri ds are reported, including two king mackerel, S_. cavalla , and three Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus. Nakamura, E.L., and L.R. Rivas. 1974. An analysis of the sportfishery for bi 1 1 fishes in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico during 1971. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries , no. 675, part 2, p. 269-289. Sail fish often are caught while trolling for SL cavalla and S. maculatus. Nakamura, E.L., and H.S.H. Yuen. 1961. Incidence of the giant trematode, Hirudinella marina Garcin, in skipjack tuna, Euthynnus pel amis (Linnaeus), from Marquesan and Hawaiian waters. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 90, no. 4, p. 419-423. SL maculatus is one of the hosts of the giant trematode. according to Nigrelli and Stunkard (1947). 93 Navarro, F.P. 1943. La pesca de arrastre en los dondos del Cabo Blanco y del Banco Arquin (Africa Sahariana). Trabajos del Instituto Espanol de Oceanograf ia , no. 18, 225 p. The "carita" (S. maculatus ) is one of the species caught off the - west coast of Africa. Relative abun- dance, gear, depth, bottom type, temperature, sex, gonad maturity stage, and synonyms are provided. Nelson, J.S. 1976. Fishes of the world. John Wiley and Son, New York. 416 p. Five genera, Scomber , Rastrel 1 iger , Scomberomorus , Gramma torcynus , and Acanthocybium , with up to 24 species, are included under the tribe Scombri ni . lichols, J.T. 1912. Notes on Cuban fishes. II. Market and other fishes, including two new species, observed in 1912. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 31 , no. 18, p. 180-194. One hundred and eleven species are listed including S^ regal is and S_. caval la . _S. caval la was held in high esteem by fishermen, while" S. regal is was not. lichols, J.T. 1929. The fishes of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Branchiostomidae to Sciaenidae. New York Academy of Sciences, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 161-295. Synonymies, distributions, diagnoses, and remarks on S maculatus, S. regalis, and S. cavalla are given. lichols, J.T., and CM. Breder, Jr. 1927. The marine fishes of New York and southern New England. Zoologica (New York), vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1-192. A taxonomic key, distributions, and life history aspects for Spanish mackerel, king mackerel, and cero are pro- vided. 94 Nigrelli, R.R., and H. Stunkard. 1947. Studies on the genus Hirudinella , giant trematodes of scombriform fishes. Zoologica vol. 31, no. 4, p. 185-196. A table is presented identifying j>. maculatus collected off Port au Prince Bay, Haiti, as a host for Hirudinella This fish is probably S. regalis. Nomura, H. 1967. Dados biologicos sobre a serra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill), das aguas Cearenses [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 29-39. Condition factor by size, growth rings in otoliths, age groups, length-weight relations, and growth curves are given for S. maculatus (= S. brasi liens is ) . Nomura, H., and R.S. Costa. 1966. Sobre o comprimento e o pesco da cavala e da serra das aquas Cearenses [in Por- tuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 11-13. The length-weight relationship of 666 king mackerel, S_. caval la , and 381 Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (= S. brasil iensis ), two important species from the coast of "Ceara (Brazi I ) are discussed. Nomura, H., and R.S. Costa. 1968. Length-weight relationship of two species of Scombridae fishes from northeastern Brazil Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 95-99. Length-weight regressions by sexes for ^. cavalla and S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) are given. The range Tn length is 42.~5"-123.5 cm FL for S. cavalla and 36.5-75.5 cm FL for S. maculatus. 95 Nomura, H., and M.S.S. Rodrigues. 1967. Biological notes on king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier), from north- eastern Brazil. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 79-85. Condition factor, age and growth, and growth curves by sex are presented for S. cavalla. 96 Oliveira, A.M.E. 1974. Ictiofauna das aquas estuarinas do Rio ParnaTba (Brasil) [in Portuguese, English summary] Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 41-45. Ichthyofauna of estuarine waters of the ParnaTba River includes S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) . Osorio, B. 1898. Da distribuicao geographica dos peixes e crustaceos colhidos nas possessoes Portuguezas d'Africa Occidental e existentes no Museu Nacional de Lisboa. Journal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes, Lisboa, sequndo serie, vol. 5, no. 19, p. 185-202. Cybium macula turn is included in a list of fishes collected from the west coast of Africa. Overstreet, R.M. 1969. Digenetic trematodes of marine teleost fishes from Biscayne Bay, Florida. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 119-176. S. maculatus and S. regal is are listed as hosts for "d"i genetic trematocfes. 97 Page, W.F. 1890. The most recent methods of hatching fish eggs. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for ll vol. 8, p. 207-218. According to Earll (1883) there are 1,267,728 S. maculatus eggs to a standard quart, 57.75 cu. in. , determined from egg diameter. Paiva, M.P. 1966. Dados sobre a pesca artesanal no Ceara em 1965 [in Portuguese, English summery], Boletim da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Uni versidade. Federal do Ceara, no, 12. 46 p. Fishery data are given for several species, of which !S. cavalla was the most important. Annual landing's by gear, species, and locality are included Paiva, M.P. 1968. Sobre os recursos pesqueiros do Estado do Ceara. Comision Asesora Regional de Pesca para el Atlantico Sudoccidental , Rio de Janeiro, Documentos Tecnicos, no. 27, 9 p. Production and fishing methods employed off the coast of Ceara, Brazil are discussed. Annual tonnage and monetary values are compared with other Brazilian states. Spanish mackerel (= S. brasiliensis) and king mackerel are included Paiva, M.P., R.C.F. Bezerra, and A. A. Fonteles, Filho. 1971. Tentativa de avaliagao dos recursos pesqueiros do nordeste BrasiHeiro [in Portuguese, English summary], Arquivos de Ciincias do Mar, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 1-43. The fishery resource potential of northeast Brazil, including S. cavalla and S. maculatus (= S. brasi liensis ) is assessed". 98 Paiva, M.P., and F. Cervigon. 1971. Los recursos pesqueros del nordeste de Sudamerica, p. 229-235. jjn Symposium on the investigations and resources of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent region. FAO Fisheries Report, no. 71.2. S_. cavalla and S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) in northeast BraziT and in the Guianas are mentioned. Paiva, M.P., and R.S. Costa. 1966. Consideracoes sobre a producao de pescado marinho salgado no Estado do Ceara [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim da Estagao de Biologia flarinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, no. 15, 11 p. Production of salted marine fish in Ceara, Brazil, 1961-1965, is reported. S. cavalla , S^ regal is , and £. maculatus (= S^. brasiliensis ) were salted for market. Paiva, M.P., and A. A. Fonteles, Filho. 1968. Sobre a producao pesqueira de alguns currais-de-pesca do Ceara - dados de 1965 a 1967 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, no. 16, 8 p. Yield of wooden fish weirs in Ceara, Brazil, in 1965 to 1967, is given. S. maculatus (= S_. brasi liensis ) is included in the catches. Paiva, M.P., and H.H. Lima. 1963. Segunda contribuicao ao inventario dos peixes marinhos do nordeste Brasileiro [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 1-16. S. maculatus (= S^. brasiliensis ) is included in an Tnventory of sea - fishes of northeastern Brazil. 99 Paiva, M.P., and H.H. Lima. 1966. Terceira contribuigao ao inventario dos peixes marinhos do nordeste Brasileiro [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Uni versidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 71-87. Sea fishes of northeastern Brazil, including S. cavalla, are inventoried. Paiva, M.P., and M.F. Menezes. 1967. Fish listed at the Dragao do Mar refrigerator warehouse during 1966. Boletim da Sociedade Cearense de Agronomia, no. 8, p. 67-73. The fish catch during the year 1966 by the Brazilian Federal Government Fish Market, located at Mucuripe Beach (Fortaleza - Ceara - Brazil), is analysed. The main fish categories of economic importance, excluding miscellaneous, are red snapper, king mackerel, grouper and shark. Paiva, M.P., and M.I. Mota. 1961. Actividades do "Albacora" em 1960 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, no. 4. 18 p. The fishery for tunas and tuna-like fishes is from small wooden tuna boats. The fish are eviscerated before landing. Species caught include genus Scom - beromorus. Paiva, M.P., and E.J. Muniz. 1964. Pescarias de pequeno atun- eiro, ao largo do nordeste Brasileiro [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Univer- sidade do Ceara, no. 6, 11 p. Longline catches include S. cavalla. 100 Paiva, M.P., and H. Nomura. 1965. Sobrc a producao pesqueira de alguns currais-de-pesca do Ceara dados de 1962 a 1964 [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 175-214. Wooden fish weirs in Ceara, Brazil, caught Spanish mackerel (= _S. brasil i ens is ) , king mackerel, and cero. Parker, J.C. 1965. An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Galveston Bay system, Texas. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publication, no. 10, p. 201-220. The list includes S. maculatus as uncommon. Parker, R.R. 1969. Validity of the binomen Caligus elongatus for a common parasitic copepod formerly misidentif ied with Caligus rapax . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol . 26, no. 4, p. 1013-1035. S. maculatus and S. cavalla are included in a host and locality list for Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832. Pearse, A.S. 1949. Observations on flatworms and nemerteans collected at Beaufort, N.C. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 100, no. 3255, p. 25-38. Thoracocotyle paradoxica (family Gastrocotyl idae) on king mackerel, S. cavalla, is included. Pearse, A.S. 1951. Parasitic Crustacea from Bimini, Bahamas. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 101, no 3280, p. 341-372. From 368 fishes (73 spp.) and 504 crustaceans (10 spp.), 34 parasitic crustaceans were taken, including Cybicola elongata on S. maculatus, (probably S. regalis)7~ 101 Pearse, A.S. 1952. Parasitic Crustacea from Texas Coast. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publica- tions, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 5-42. The following copepods were identified on Spanish and king mackerel : Caligus productus and Cybicola elongata on S_. cavalla , Eigros anurus and Cybicola elongata on S. maculatus. Perret, W.S., and C.W. Caillouet, Jr. 1974. Abundance and size of fishes taken by trawling in Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 52-75. S. maculatus is included in the trawl catches. Perret, W.S., W.R. Latapie, J.F. Pollard, W.R. Mock, G.B. Adkins, W.J. Gaidry, and C.J. White. 1971. Fishes and invertebrates collected in trawl and seine samples in Louisiana estuaries. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estuarine Inventory and Study, Phase IV, Biology, Section I, p. 39-105. Size, location, and environmental factors are given for catches of S. cavalla and S. maculatus. Pew, P. 1954. Food and game fishes of the Texas coast. Texas Game and Fish Commission, Series 4, Bulletin, no. 33, 68 p. The common names, distributions, habits, foods, and color descriptions are provided for king, Spanish, and cero mackerels. Pillay, T.V.R. 1967. Estuarine fisheries of West Africa, p. 639-646. In G.H. Lauff (ed.), Estuaries. American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, Publication, no. 83. S_. maculatus and Cybium tritor are listed as fishes commonly caught in West African estuaries. 102 Pitombeira, M.S., F.V.B. Gomes, and J.M. Martins. 1971. Red blood cell osmotic fragility in the Spanish mackerel Scom- beromorus maculatus . Marine Biology, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 250-252. Blood from 50 S. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) was analyzed. Corpuscular fragility was very high. Hypotheses were presented to explain results. Pitombeira, M.S., F.V.B. Gomes, and J.M. Martins. 1973. Hema- tological data on the king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier), from coastal northeast Brazilian waters. Boletim de Zoologia e Biologia Marinha, nova serie, no. 30, p. 843- 852. The results of various hematological measurements are compared with those recorded for the same species from the Atlantic coast of the United States. They were also compared with hematological data on the Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus (Mitchill) (= S^. brasiliensis ), from NE Brazil as well as from the United States. Pitombeira, M.S., and J.M. Martins. 1966. A direct method for white blood cell count in fishes. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 205. Blood from 90 S^. maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) was used to test direct - and indirect methods for white blood cell counts. No difference was found between the two methods. Pitombeira, M.S., and J.M. Martins. 1970. Hematology of the Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus . Copeia, 1970, no. 1, p. 182-186. Results from the examination of 100 specimens (= S^. brasiliensis ) are presented. Red blood cell counts range from 1,500,000 to 5,430,000/cc (x = 3,480,000/cc) 103 Poey, F. 1868. Synopsis piscium Cubensium. Catologo razonado de los peces de la isla de Cuba, extractado del repertorio fisico-natural de la isla de Cuba, tomo 2.° pagina 279 y siguientes. Imprenta de la Viuda de Barcina y Comp., Habana. 484 p. Descriptions and local common names are provided for king mackerel and cero as well as for other members of the family Scombri dae. Poey, F. 1875. Enumeratio piscium Cubensium, part I. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, vol. 4, p. 113- 161 Common names, synonyms, descriptions, and local distri butions are presented for Cybium cabal la , C_. regale , and C. acervum (now synonymized with S. regal is). Poey, F. 1878. Notes on the American species of the genus Cybium. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. 1, [ 3-5. Meristics and color characteristics are given for the genus Cybium , as well as average and maximum sizes appearing in the catches. Data are presented for C. cabal la, C. regale, and C. maculatum. Poey, F. 1883. List of food fishes brought from Key West, Florida, into the markets of Havana. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1882, vol. 2, p. 118. Cybium caballa (common name:sierra) is listed. Postel, E. 1950. Poissons de surface. Peche sur les cotes d'Afrique Occidentale (Dakar), vol. 2, p. 1-77. The Spanish mackerel of the eastern Atlantic is listed as a distinct species under the name Cybium tritor Cuvier. 104 Postel ,_E. 1955. Contribution a 1 'etude de la quelques Scom- bridae de 1'Atlantique tropico-oriental . Station Oceano- graphique de Salammbo, Annales, no. 10, p. 3-167. The systematics of the genera Cybium and Scomberomorus are discussed. The distributions of Cybium regal is , TJ maculatus , and C. cavalla are given. Morphometries, reproductive cycle, and sex ratio data are presented for C^. tri tor and other species of scombrids found in the eastern Atlantic. Postel, E. 1966. Les noms des Scombrides. La Peche Maritime, vol. 45, no. 1061, p. 577-581. The genus Scomberomorus is considered cosmopolitan in warm oceans and constitutes an important element of the surface fishes in all the intertropical belt islands. The name Scomberomorus is often placed among the Cybium in scientific literature, although they are equivalent. Postel, E. 1973. Scomberomoridae, p. 473-474. Jjn J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (ed.), CLOFNAM, checklist of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean, vol. 1. UNESCO, Paris. S_. maculatus is included in the list. Synonyms and the local distribution are provided. Powell, D. 1975. Age, growth, and reproduction in Florida stocks of Spanish mackerel , S comberomorus maculatus . Florida Marine Research Publications, no. 5, 21 p. Age and growth of J5. maculatus were determined by examination and mathematical analysis of otoliths. Reproduction was evaluated on the basis of microscopic examination of ovarian sections. Von Bertalanffy growth equations were determined. Mature Spanish mackerel spawn repeatedly during a prolonged, spring- summer spawning season. Although some evidence indi- cates that full maturity is probably not attained until age III, other evidence shows that some younger females contain fully developed eggs, suggesting that they may be capable of spawning. 105 Powell, D., L. M. Dwinell, and S.E. Dwinell. 1972. An annotated listing of the fish reference collection at the Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, Special Scientific Report, no. 36, 179 p. The catalog number, number of specimens, length, collection location, and collection date are given for S. cavalla, S. maculatus, and S. regalis. Powles, H., and B.W. Stender. 1976. Observations on composition, seasonality and distribution of ichthyoplankton from MARMAP cruises in the South Atlantic Bight in 1973. South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report Series, no. 6, p. 11-45. .§.• cava l ]a » S.- maculatus , and S. regal is young were collected with bongo and neuston nets. These larvae were caught almost exclusively over the outer shelf and slope waters (< 100 m). 106 Radcliffe, L. 1920. Fishery industries of the United States, report of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries for 1918. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1918, Appendix 10, 167 p. Kingfish are listed in landings for Washington, D.C. Radcliffe, L. 1921. Fishery industries of the United States, report of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries for 1919. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1919, Appendix 10, 191 p. jS* cava! la , S>. regal is , and S^. maculatus are listed in catches in Gulf states. Radcliffe, L. 1922. Fishery industries of the United States, report of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries for 1920. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1921, Appendix 5, 187 p. S. cavalla , S. regal is , and SL maculatus are listed for South Atlantic states. Radcliffe, L. 1923a. Fisheries and market for fishery prod- ucts in Mexico, Central America, South America, West Indies, and Bermuda. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1922, Appendix 8, 105 p. Spanish mackerel and kingfish are included in the list of fishes for Yucatan. Radcliffe, L. 1923b. Fishery industries of the United States, report of the Division of Fishery Industries for 1921. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1922, Appendix 9, 136 p. _S. maculatus is listed among fishes caught in Maryland and Virginia. 107 Randall, J.E. 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. University of Miami, Institute of Marine Sciences, Studies in Tropical Oceanography, vol. 5, p. 665-846. IS. cavalla and SL regalis are included. Randall, J.E. 1968. Caribbean reef fishes. T.F.H. Publi- cations, Inc., Jersey City, N.J. 318 p. Description, size, range, and habits of S. regalis , S_. maculatus, and S. cavalla are included. Raney, E.C. 1954a. Cero mackerel , p. 239-240. J_n A.J. McClane (ed.), The Wise fishermen's encyclopedia. William H. Wise and Co., Inc. New York. The size, distribution and habitat, habits (schooling and seasonality), foods, and fishing techniques are presented for the cero. Raney, E.C. 1954b. King mackerel , p. 627-628. Jji A.J. McClane (ed.), The Wise fishermen's encyclopedia. William H. Wise and Co., Inc. New York. The size, distribution and habitat, schooling habits, and fishing techniques are discussed for the king mackerel . Raney, E.C. 1954c. Spanish mackerel, p. 1091. In A.J. McClane (ed.), The wise fishermen's encyclopedia. William H. Wise and Co., Inc., New York. The size, distribution and habitat, and fishing tech- niques are presented for the Spanish mackerel. 108 Reid, G.K., Jr. 1954. An ecological study of the Gulf of Mexico fishes, in the vicinity of Cedar Key, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 4, no. 1 , p. 1-94. S_. maculatus , Spanish mackerel, were caught during the survey. Reid, G.K., Jr. 1956. Ecological investigations in a dis- turbed Texas coastal estuary. Texas Journal of Science, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 296-327. Thirteen young S. maculatus were caught (range in size from 17 to 89 mm) in seine and trawl. Reid, G.K., Jr. 1957. Biologic and hydrographic adjustment in a disturbed Gulf coast estuary. Limnology and Oceano- graphy, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 198-212. In Galveston Bay, young S^ maculatus were captured by trawl and seine in 1955 and by seine in 1956. Richards, W.J., and W.L. Klawe. 1972. Indexed bibliography of the eggs and young of tunas and other scombrids (Pisces, Scombridae), 1880-1970. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report -- Fisheries , no. 652, 107 p. References on Scomberomorus sp., SL cava! la , S_. maculatus , and S. regal is are given. Richmond, E.A. 1968. A supplement to the fauna and flora of Horn Island, Mississippi. Gulf Research Reports, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 213-254. S. maculatus is included in the faunal list. 109 Rivas, L.R. 1949. Check list of the Florida game and com- mercial marine fishes including those of the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies, with approved common names. Florida Board of Conservation, Educational Series, no. 4, 39 p. S_. cava! la , S. regal is , and S_. maculatus are listed and common names are given. Rivas, L.R. 1951. A preliminary review of the Western North Atlantic fishes of the family Scombridae. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 1, no. 3, p 209-230. Taxonomic characters, synonymies, and key for _S. cavalla , S. regal is , and S^. maculatus are given. Rivas, L.R. 1953. The pineal apparatus of tunas and related scombrid fishes as a possible light receptor controlling photolatic movements. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 168-180. The pineal window is present in the genus Scomberomorus Robins, C.R. 1958. Check list of the Florida game and com- mercial marine fishes. Florida Board of Conservation, Educational Series, No. 12, 44 p. Common names and range of S^. cavalla , S_. regal is , and S. maculatus are given. Robins, C.R. 1971. Distributional patterns of fishes from coastal and shelf waters of the tropical western Atlantic, p. 249-255. J_n Symposium on investigations and resources of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent regions. FAO Fisheries Report No. 71.2. S^. maculatus is mentioned as unlikely to become estab- lished in the insular provinces. no Rodrigues, M.S.S., and R.C.F. Bezerra. 1968. Nota sobre^ a mortal idade da cavala e da serra no Estado do Ceara [in Portuguese, English summary]. Arquivos da Estagao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 157-161. Instantaneous rates of total mortality for S. cavalla and S. maculatus (= 5L brasiliensis ) off Ceara. BrazTl , 1963-76, are _ given. Roesslar, M.A. 1970. Checklist of fishes in Buttonwood Canal, Everglades National Park, Florida, and observations on the seasonal occurrence and life histories of selected species. Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 860-893. A single specimen of S. cavalla was taken in spring. Roithmayr, CM. 1965. Industrial bottomfish fishery of the northern Gulf of Mexico, 1959-63. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 518, 23 p. S. cavalla and !>. maculatus are listed among fishes in industrial bottomfish catches. Roithmayr, CM. 1970. Airborne low-light sensor detects luminescing fish schools at night. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 32, no. 12, p. 42-51. Night fishing in Florida for S. maculatus is described Schools of S. maculatus were detected by luminescence in West AfrTca and in the Gulf of Mexico. Rose, CD., and W.W. Hassler. 1974. Food habits and sex ratios of dolphin Coryphaena hippurus captured in the western Atlantic Ocean off Hatteras, "North Carolina. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 103, no. 1, p. 94-100. S. maculatus and S. cavalla are identified as food of cTolphin. in Rose, M.M. 1968. Illustrated list of common and scientific names of fishes from the Gulf of Mexico in Latin, Spanish, Russian, and English. U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Branch of Foreign Fisheries (Translations), no. A-18, 46 p The king mackerel, S. cavalla (sierra or kavalla, mackerel kavalla); "Spanish mackerel , !S. maculatus (serrucho or piatnistaia mackerel); and cero, S_. regalis (pintada or korolevskaia mackerel) are - il- lustrated. Rounsefell, G.A. 1954. Biology of the commercial fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, p. 507-512. In P.S. Galtsoff (ed.), Gulf of Mexico, its origin, waters, and marine life. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 55, no. 89. The Spanish mackerel is included in a group of fish existing on the perimeter of the Gulf whose life histories, so far as is known, renders them more or less independent of conditions in the inner bays. Commercial landings by the Gulf States are presented for both king and Spanish mackerels. Roux, C. 1963. Les cotes du Bresil et l'histoire naturelle des poissons du Cuvier et Valenciennes. Memoires de l 1 Institut Frangais d'Afrique Moire, no. 68, p. 385-435. Sixty-four families of fishes are listed. Cybium cavalla {S. cavalla ), Scomber regalis (S. regalis ), and Scomber maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) are included under family Thunnidae. Ryder, J. A. 1881. Development of the Spanish mackerel (Cybium maculatum). Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, vol. 1, p. 135-173. Development of ovaries, eggs, and larvae are described 112 Ryder, J. A. 1887. On the development of osseus fishes, including marine and freshwater forms. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1885, part 13, p. 489-604, Cross sections and longitudinal sections of the embryo of S. maculatus are presented. 113 Sabins, D.S., and F.M. Truesdale. 1974. Die! and seasonal occurrence of immature fishes in a Louisiana tidal pass. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, White Sulphur Springs, W. V., 1974., p. 161-171 . Fifteen juvenile Spanish mackerel were caught by trawl in Caminada Pass, June 1971-August 1972. Sal'nikov, N.E. 1969. Fishery research in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, p. 78-171. _[n A.S. Bogdanov (ed.), Soviet-Cuban fishery research. [Translated from Russian.] NTIS TT 69-59016. 350 p. Three species of Scomberomorus : S^. cavalla , j>. regalis and Si. maculatus are discussed as being commercially important ichthyofauna found in the Gulf of Mexico. Sanz Echeverrea, J. 1950. Notas sobre otolitos de peces procedentes de las costas del Sahara, segunda parte. Boletin del Instituto Espanol de OceanografTa, no. 27, p. 1-19. A description of the sagittae of :S. maculatus is presented. The fish length and sex is provided for the specimen. Saunders, D.C. 1966. Differential blood cell counts of 121 species of marine fishes of Puerto Rico. American Microscopical Society, Transactions, vol. 85, no. 3, p, 427-449. The list of fishes studied includes the cero, S_. regalis. 114 Scaccini, A. 1941. Primo elenco di pesci raccolti in Atlantico nelle acque della Mauritania del Sahara spagnolo e delle Canarie. Thalassia, vol. 4, no. 10, p. 1-49. The author placed Cybium tritor Cuvier 1831, £. altipinnis Dumeril 1858, C. maculatus Vinciquerra 1890, Scomberomorus argyreus Fowler 1905, S^ maculatus Fowler 1936 in synonymy with Scomber maculatus Mitchill . Schroeder, W.C. 1924. Fisheries of Key West and the clam industry of southern Florida. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1923, Appendix 12, 74 p. Commercial food fishes in Key West include £. maculatus , S. cava! la , and S_. regal is . Geographic range and size Ts provided for each species. Schwartz, F.J., and J. Tyler. 1970. Marine fishes common to North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries, Morehead City, N.C. 32 p. Spanish mackerel and king mackerel are described and illustrated. Sette, O.E. 1926. Fishery industries of the United States, 1924. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1925, Appendix 7, p. 219-408. £. regal is , S^. cava 11 a , and £. maculatus are listed among fishes landed in South Atlantic states. Sette, O.E. 1927. Fishery industries of the United States, 1925. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1926, Appendix 5, p. 201-322. £. maculatus , £. regal is , and £. cavalla are listed among fishes landed in Gulf states in 1923. 115 Sette, O.E. 1928. Fishery industries of the United States, 1926. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1927, Appendix 5, p. 337-483. S. maculatus is listed among fishes of Maryland and Virginia. Sette, O.E., and R.H. Fiedler. 1929. Fishery industries of the United States, 1927. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1928, Appendix 9, p. 401-547. Spanish mackerel and cero, or kingfish, are listed for Atlantic States. Shubnikov, D.A. 1974. Ecological groups in the Scombridae and their origin. Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 633-648. Characteristics of the present distribution and schooling behavior of mackerels were examined. Trophic factors govern the existing distribution of species in the family and the origin of intraspecific ecological groups. A phylogenetic outline is given of the distri- bution of the family in the main biotopes of the pelagic zone. Spanish, king, and cero mackerels are included. Siddiqi, A.H., and R.M. Cable. 1960. Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of Puerto Rico. New York Academy of Sciences vol. 17, no. 3, p. 257-369. A new trematode from an unidentified species of Scom- beromorus is described. Siebenaler, J.B. 1952. Studies of "trash" caught by shrimp trawlers in Florida. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fish Institute, 4th Annual Session, 1951, p. 94-99. S. maculatus and S_. cavalla were caught in shrimp trawls. 116 Silas, E.G. 1967. Parasites of scombroid fishes. Part I. Monogenetic trematodes, di genetic trematodes, and cestodes, p. 799-875. Jji Proceedings of the symposium on scombroid fishes, Mandapam Camp, 1962, part 3. Marine Biological Association of India, Symposium Series, 1. Monogenetic trematodes found in S. cavalla and S_. maculatus ; di genetic trematodes found in S_. maculatus and :S_. regal is ; cestodes in all three species are listed Silas, E.G., and A.N. P. Ummerkutty. 1967. Parasites of scombroid fishes. Part II. Parasitic Copepoda, p. 876-993, In Proceedings of the symposium on scombroid fishes, Manda- pam Camp, 1962, Part 3. Marine Biological Association of India, Symposium Series, 1. Parasitic copepods found on S. cavalla , S_. maculatus and .S. regal is are listed. Simmons, E.G. 1957. An ecological survey of the upper Laguna Madre of Texas. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 156-200. The list of species surveyed includes S_. maculatus , Spanish mackerel . Simpson, J.G., and Px.C. Griffiths. 1967. The fishery resources of Venezuela and their exploitation [in Spanish and English] Venezuela Ministerio de Agricultura y CrTa, Investigaciones Pesqueras, Serie Recursos y Explotacion Pesqueros, vol. 1 no. 5, p. 172-206. s Small boat fisheries for S. regal is , S. cava! la , and S^ maculatus (= S. brasiliensis ) exist in Venezuela. Their catch is sold fresh in the market, or is used for subsistence. 117 Simpson, J.G., R.C. Griffiths, and C.E. Atiland. 1965. A review of the investigation and increasing exploitation of the fishery resources of Venezuela. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 17th Annual Session, 1964, p. 66-82. S^ regal is , S. maculatus (= £. brasiliensis ), and £. cavalla are Tisted among the scombroid fisheries harvested. Sindermann, C.J. 1970. Principal diseases of marine fish and shellfish. Academic Press, New York. 369 p. Reference is made to myxosporidean in S. maculatus and an unsuccessful attempt to infect mammals with pleuro- cercoid larvae from S. maculatus. Smiley, C.W. 1881. The Spanish mackerel ( Cybium maculatum ) and its artificial propagation. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 29th meeting, 1880, p. 575-583. The general biology of eggs and larvae of S^. maculatus (from Richards and Klawe, 1972) is discussed. Smiley, C.W. 1885. Notes upon fish and the fisheries. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission vol. 5, p. 65-112. A Spanish mackerel, Cybium maculatum , jumped into a boat at night. Smiley, C.W. 1887. Notes upon fish and the fisheries. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1886, vol. 6, p. 401-416. According to Earll (1884) eggs of S_. maculatus average 0.04 inches in diameter. Smith, G.B., H.M. Austin, S.A. Bortone, R.W. Hastings, and L.H. Ogren. 1975. Fishes of the Florida Middle Ground with comments on ecology and zoogeography. Florida Marine Research Publication, no. 9, 14 p. 5_. cavalla is included in a checklist of fishes for this reef area in the Gulf of Mexico. 118 Smith, H.M. 1892. Notes on a collection of fishes from the lower Potomac River, Maryland. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commis- sion for 1890, vol. 10, p. 63-72. S. maculatus is listed. A 7.5-pound specimen was taken in a pound net in August 1888. Smith, H.M. 1893. Report on the fisheries of the South Atlantic States. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1891, vol. 11, p. 271-356. S. maculatus landings and values by states for 1889 and 1890 are included. Smith, H.M. 1894a. Economic and natural -history notes on fishes of the northern coast of New Jersey. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1892, vol. 12, p. 365-380. S^. regal is is listed as uncommon. S_. maculatus is listed as the second most important fish taken in pound nets. Smith, H.M. 1894b. Statistics of the fisheries of the United States. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1893, vol. 13, p. 389-417. Landings and values of Spanish mackerel by states are included. Smith, H.M. 1895. A statistical report on the fisheries of the middle Atlantic States. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1894, vol. 14, p. 341-467. Landings and values of SL regal is and S^. maculatus by states are given for 1889-1891. 119 Smith, H.M. 1896. Notes on an investigation of the menhaden fishery in 1894, with special reference to the food-fishes taken. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1895, vol 15, p. 285-302. Fishes taken with menhaden include S^. regal is and SL maculatus. Smith, H.M. 1898. Fishes found in the vicinity of Woods Hole. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1897, vol 17, p. 85-111. :S. maculatus , S_. cavalla , and S^. regal is are listed. Smith, H.M. 1907. The fishes of North Carolina. N.C. Geological and Economic Survey, vol. 2, 453 p. This classical work provides meristics, morphometries color descriptions, seasonal occurrence, and fisheries for Spanish, king, and cero mackerels on pages 190-194 Smith, J.L.B. 1953. The sea fishes of southern Africa. General News Agency, Ltd., South Africa. 564 p. The Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , of the region is described. Meristics, color, size, local distribution, and angling quality are all mentioned. Sparks, A.K. 1958. Some digenetic trematodes of fishes of Grand Isle, Louisiana. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, vol. 20, p. 71-82. Unidentified hermiurid and unidentified gasterostome trematodes were found in both ,S. maculatus and SL cavalla. 120 Springer, S., and H.R. Bullis, Jr. 1956. Collections by the Oregon in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report— Fisheries, no. 196, 134 p. The localities and station numbers for catches of S^ maculatus , S^. cavalla , and S^. regal is are given. Springer, V.G., and J. Pirson. 1958. Fluctuations in the relative abundance of sport fishes as indicated by the catch at Port Aransas, Texas, 1952-1965. University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Publications, vol. 5, p. 169- 185. Spanish mackerel, S^. maculatus , are most frequently caught from March through October. The times of peak months vary, but the greatest catches occur in March and April and again in July, August, and September. Kingfish, S_. cavalla , is taken primarily in the summer- time. Springer, V.G., and K.D. Woodburn. 1960. An ecological study of the fishes of the Tampa Bay area. Florida State Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory, Professional Papers Series, no. 1 , 104 p. Seven juvenile Spanish mackerel were collected. Information on size, salinity, and temperature is presented. Seasonal occurrence and movements are discussed for king mackerel. Sproston, N.G. 1946. A synopsis of the monogenetic trema- todes. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 185-600. S_. maculatus is listed as a host. Pseudaxine mexicana was present on the gills of a fish from Mexico, Thoracocotyle crocea was present on the gills of a specimen from the New York Aquarium and T. paradoxica on the gills of a Spanish mackerel from Mexico. 121 Starck, W.A., II, and W.P. Davis. 1966. Night habits of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida. Ichthyologica, the Aquarium Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 313-356. S_. regal is was seen at night swimming in midwater, behaving much as in the day. Starks, E.C. 1910. The osteology and mutual relationships of the fishes belonging to the family Scombridae. The Journal of Morphology, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 77-99. A comparative study of the osteology of Scomberomorus , with other genera of the family included. Stevenson, C.H. 1893. Report on the coast fisheries of Texas. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1889 to 1891, part 17, p. 373-420. Landings include those for Spanish mackerel. Storer, D.H. 1853. A history of the fishes of Massachusetts. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, new series, vol. 5, p. 122-168. Synonymies, description, and distribution are given for Cybium maculatum . Struhsaker, P. 1969. Demersal fish resources: Composition, distribution, and commercial potential of the Continental Shelf stocks off southeastern United States. Fishery Industrial Research, vol. 4, no. 7, p. 261-300. S^ cavalla and S_. maculatus are listed as being taken occasionally and yery commonly in bottom trawls. 122 Suarez-Cabro, J. A., and M.A. Rolon. 1974. La pesca en Puerto Rico, 1973 [in Spanish and English]. Puerto Rico Depart- ment of Agriculture, Agriculture and Fisheries Contri- butions, vol. 6, no. 1, 48 p. S. cavalla and S. regal is are included. This paper covers statistical areas, landings, production, operating units, gear, and craft. Sumner, F.B., R.C. Osburn, and L.J. Cole. 1913a. A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Part I. Section I. - Physical and zoological. Bulletin of the U.S, Bureau of Fisheries for 1911, vol. 31, p. 11-442. S_. maculatus , S^. regal is , S_. cavalla are listed among the fishes. Ranges are given for each species. Sumner, F.B., R.C. Osburn, and L.J. Cole. 1913b. A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Part II. Section III. - A catalogue of the marine fauna. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries for 1911, vol. 31, p. 549-794. S_. maculatus , S_. regal is , S_. cavalla are listed. The synonymies, foods, parasites, and occurrence are included Sutherland, D.F. 1977. Catch and catch rates of fishes caught by anglers in the St. Andrew Bay system, Florida, and adjacent coastal waters, 1973. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries , no. 708, 9 p. A sport creel survey of anglers fishing from charter boats and fixed platforms is discussed. King mackerel constituted 73.5% of the total charter boat catch and Spanish mackerel 5%. Spanish mackerel were also caught by anglers fishing from fixed platforms. 123 Swarts, W. 1969. Blood studies of some marine teleosts. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 98, no. 2, p. 328-331. Hematocrit, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin values are given for S^. regal is . Swingle, H.A. 1971. Biology of Alabama estuarine areas - Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory. Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin, no. 5, 123 p. Occurrence, commercial landings, and spawning of _S_. cavalla and S. maculatus are discussed. Sykes, J.E. 1964. Requirements of Gulf and South Atlantic estuarine research. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 16th Annual Session, 1963, p. 113-120, S_. maculatus occurs as juveniles in the Tampa Bay estuary. Sykes, J.E., and J.H. Finucane. 1966. Occurrence in Tampa Bay, Florida, of immature species dominant in Gulf of Mexico commercial fisheries. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 65, no. 2, p. 369-379. Juvenile :S. maculatus were collected in Tampa Bay. Sizes, season, and area of collection are presented. 124 Tabb, D.C., and R.B. Manning. 1961. A checklist of the flora and fauna of northern Florida Bay and adjacent brackish waters of the Florida mainland collected during the period July, 1957 through September, 1960. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 552- 649. S_. cavalla and :S_. maculatus were collected from Florida brackish waters. Tagatz, M.E. 1967. Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 25-50. S^. maculatus were caught in June and September. The salinity was 15.8-22.5 o/oo, the temperature was 28.7- 30.0°C. Tagatz, M.E., and D.L. Dudley. 1961. Seasonal occurrence of marine fishes in four shore habitats near Beaufort, N.C., 1957-60. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 390, 19 p. S^. maculatus was included in the catches. Catch data, temperature, and salinity are presented. Tagatz, M.E., and E.P.H. Wilkens. 1973. Seasonal occurrence of young Gulf menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 672, 14 p. S_. maculatus is included among the catches. The size range is given along with salinity and temperature. Tamura, T. , and W.J. Wisby. 1963. The visual sense of pelagic fishes, especially the visual axis and accomodation. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 433-448. S^. cavalla was included among 10 species studied for accommodation, cone density, and visual axis. 125 Taylor, C.C., H.B. Bigelow, and H.W. Graham. 1957. Climatic trends and the distribution of marine animals in New England. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 57, no. 115, p. 293-345. $_. regal is is listed as an example of a southern species in New England waters. Taylor, H.F. 1919. Mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1917, Appendix 3, 24 p. S^ regal is was listed among fishes killed. Possible causes include: 1) water from the Everglades charged with tannin and products of decomposition of palmettoes and mangroves; 2) extraordinary abundance of Peridinium ; 3) a disease, fungoid, parasitic, or bacterial ; 4) dilution of the water by unusually heavy rain; 5) an issue of gas, volcanic, or natural; and 6) earthquake or seaquake. Taylor, H.F. 1924. Fishery industries of the United States. Report of the Division of Fishery Industries for 1922. U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Report for 1923, Appendix 5, 111 p. S^ maculatus and SL regal is are listed among fishes caught in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Taylor, H.F. 1951. Survey of marine fisheries of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 555 p. Spanish mackerel, IS. maculatus , is the most important member of the mackerel family in the commercial fisheries of North Carolina. Their migrations, temperature, range, and reproduction are discussed. S^ cava! la is a popular anglers' fish and is often present among schools of .S. maculatus and !S_. regal is . 126 Taylor, J.L., D.L. Feigenbaum, and M.L. Sturza. 1973. Utilization of marine and coastal resources. In_ A summary of knowledge of the eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1973. Coordinated by the State Uni- versity System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, St. Peters- burg. Fisheries for S. maculatus and S. cavalla are reviewed. Tinsley, J. 1964. The sail fish, swashbuckler of the open sea. Uni- versity of Florida Press, Gainesville. 216 p. The genus Scomberomorus (including king mackerel, cero mack- erel, and Spanish mackerel) are used as bait to catch sail- fish. Thomas, J., P. Wagner, and H. Loesch. 1971. Studies on the fishes of Barataria Bay, Louisiana, an estuarine community. Louisiana State University, Coastal Studies Bulletin, no. 6, p. 56-66. Spanish mackerel are referred to as "adventitious marine visitors" which have no apparent estuarine requirements. King mackerel are referred to in a list of the fishes collected. Townsend, C.H. 1900a. Statistics of the fisheries of the Gulf States. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1899, part 15, p. 105-169. Landings of kingfish and Spanish mackerel for 1897 are included. Townsend, C.H. 1900b. Statistics of the fisheries of the South Atlantic States. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1889, part 15, p. 171-227. Landings of kingfish and Spanish mackerel for 1897 are included. Townsend, C.H. 1901a. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1900, part 16, p. 195-310. Data for kingfish and Spanish mackerel for 1897 are included. 127 Townsend, C.H. 1901b. Statistics of the fisheries of the New England States. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1900, part 16, p. 311-386. Data for kingfish and Spanish mackerel for 1897 are included. Tracy, H.C. 1907. The fisheries of Rhode Island. III. The fishes of the mackerel family. Rhode Island Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, 37th Annual Report, p. 33-64. Spanish mackerel, S^. maculatus , is not very common in Rhode Island waters, with only a few dozen specimens taken each year between the middle of August and October in Narragansett Bay. Cereen, or kingfish, S,. regal is , is rare in Narragansett Bay, taken usually in autumn. Tracy, H.C. 1910. Annotated list of fishes known to inhabit the waters of Rhode Island. Rhode Island Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, 40th Annual Report, p. 35-169. The Spanish mackerel, S_. maculatus , and the kingfish, S_. regal is , are described and illustrated, with distinguishing characters listed. Spanish mackerel arrive in Narragansett Bay late in July and disappear from the area by early October. The kingfish, or cereen, is not uncommon at Woods Hole, Mass., but is rare in Narragansett Bay. Truit, R.V., B.A. Bean, and H.W. Fowler. 1929. The fishes of Mary- land. Maryland Conservation Department, Bulletin, no. 3, p. 1- 120. S. regal is is listed from the seaside of Worcester County ^Maryland). Turner, W.R., and G.N. Johnson. 1973. Distribution and relative abun^ dance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries, no. 666, 23 p. $. maculatus is included in the catches and the salinity is gfiven. 128 Tybring, 0. 1887. Poisonous fish. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commis- sion for 1886, vol. 6, p. 148-151. Cybium cavalla sometimes causes indigestion when consumed by humans. 129 Uhler, P.R., and 0. Lugger. 1876. List of the fishes of Maryland. Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Maryland, 1876, p. 69-176. Fishes of 71 families including Scombri dae are listed. A general description (size, color, and meristics), synonymies, and notes on occurrence and fishing are provided for Cybium maculatum , and synonymies and notes on occurrence of C^. regale . 130 Vasil'ev, G.D. and Yu. A. Torin. 1969. Oceanographic and fishing- biological characteristics of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, p. 225-250. In A.S. Bogdanov (ed.), Soviet- Cuban fishery research. [Translated from Russian.] NTIS TT-69-59016. Catches of fishermen from Panama, Honduras, Venezuela, Haiti, and Cuba consist of Spanish mackerel (= S. brasiliensis ), skipjack tuna, and other tunas inhabiting shelf waters. Fishing is done with manually operated long lines and angling rods. Vasconelos Perez, M.J. 1976. Observaciones sobre reproduction, fecundidad y factor de condicion de la sierra, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchell), en las costas del Estado de Veracruz, p. 239-252. In Memorias. Reunion sobre los Recursos de Pesca Costera de Mexico, Veracruz, Ver. Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Mexico. This paper presents results on fecundity, reproduction, and condition factor for S. maculatus , one of the most important fish of the Veracruz coast, representing 80% of the total fish production of the region. Reproduction occurs during June, July, and August. Mean fecundity was estimated at 150,000 ova. Verril, A.E. 1880. Artificial propagation of the Spanish mackerel ( Cybium maculatum ). American Journal of Science, vol. 3, no. 20, p. 2TT The general biology of eggs and larvae of IS. maculatus is given. Viera, G.H.F., and M.C. Caland. 1968. Aspectos santiarios do pes- cado marinho do genero Scomberomorus Lacepede; Salgado no Estado do Ceara [in Portuguese, English summary]. Boletim da Estacao de Biolgoia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, no. 18, p. 1-7. Sanitary conditions of salted fishes of genus Scombero- morus in Ceara, Brazil, are discussed. 131 Voss, G.L. 1953. A contribution to the life history and biology of the sail fish, Istiophorus americanus Cuv. and Val . , in Florida waters. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 206-240. Food items in sail fish stomachs are listed. One entry is " Scomberomorus regal us , painted mackerel." 132 Wagner, D.P., and R.S. Wolf. 1974. Results of troll fishing explorations in the Caribbean. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 9, p. 35-43. S^. cavalla and S^. regal is were caught during explora- tory trolling in the Caribbean. Wagner, P.R. 1973. Seasonal biomass, abundance, and distribution of estuarine dependent fishes in the Caminada Bay system of Louisiana. Ph.D. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 193 p. Dissertation Abstracts, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 2568B-2569B. S_. cavalla and S^. maculatus are included in a list of fishes and both are classified as "top carnivores" and "primarily marine. " Walls, J.G. 1975. Fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. T. F.H, Publications, Neptune City, N.J. 432 p. S_. cavalla , S^. maculatus , and S_. regal is are described. Ward, H.L. 1954. Parasites of marine fishes of the Miami region. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 244-261. Trematodes ( Bucephalopsis arcuatus ) and cestodes ( Tentacularia coryphaenae ) are listed from S^. cavalla . Linton (1905) referred to the trematode as Gastero- stomum arcatum and listed the host as the kingfish, S_, regalis (Bloch). Whiteleather, R.T., and H.H. Brown. 1945. An experimental fishery survey in Trinidad, Tobago and British Guiana with recommended improvements in methods and gear. Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, Washington, D.C. 130 p. Oceanic and continental pelagic species are discussed. Notes on the habitats, commercial and recreational fish- eries, and schooling behavior of the king mackerel and Spanish mackerel are included. 133 Wickham, D.A., J.W. Watson, Jr., and L.H. Orgren. 1973. The efficacy of midwater artificial structures for attracting pelagic sportfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 102, no. 3, p. 563-572. _S. cavalla were caught in greater numbers around structures than in the control area. Wicklund, R. 1969. Commensal ism between sharks and pelagic fishes. Underwater Naturalist, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 35-36. S_. cavalla , Caranx ruber , and Elagatis bipinnulata were observed associating with Carcharhinus falciformis In each case, the fish closely followed the shark, occasionally moving in and brushing the shark's side. Wilcox, W.A. 1898. Commercial fisheries of Indian River, Florida. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1896, part 12, p. 249-262. Landings and value of Spanish mackerel are given. Wilcox, W.A. 1902. The fisheries and fish trade of Porto Rico Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1900, vol. 20, part 1, p. 27-48. S^. maculatus , or sierra, is seen in the market at San Juan where it sells at a price of 7 cents per pound. The "silgo" or trolling line is used to catch Spanish mackerel . Wilcox, W.A. 1904. The fisheries and fish trade of Porto Rico in 1902. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1902, part 28, p. 367-395. Locality, method of capture, fishery, and landings for king mackerel and Spanish mackerel are included. 134 Windom, H., R. Stickney, R. Smith, D. White, and F. Taylor. 1973. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury and zinc in some species of North Atlantic finfish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 275-279. As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn were found in muscles of six specimens of S. maculatus . Wittenberg, J.B., and R.L. Haedrich. 1974. The choroid rete mirabile of the fish eye. II. Distribution and relation to the pseudobranch and to the swimbladder rete mirabile. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), vol. 146, no. 1, p. 137- 156. S. cavalla was found to have choroid rete. Wolf, R.S. 1974. Minor miscellaneous exploratory/experimental fishing activities in the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 9, p. 78-87. Drift gill nets were set at night and during the day to test the relative effectiveness of monofilament and multifilament nylon gill nets. Four day drift sets, averaging two-hour soak, produced one S^. maculatus . Eight drift net sets at night produced 96 Spanish mackerel. Wolf, R.S., and G.R. Chislett. 1974. Trap fishing exploration for snapper and related species in the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 9, p. 49-61. Frozen Spanish mackerel was used as bait in pot or trap fishing for snapper and other demersal species in the inshore waters of the Caribbean. Atlantic herring, Spanish mackerel, and West Indian "robin" (scad) baits all produced the same catch rate which exceeded that of flying fish and spats. 135 Wolf, R.S., and W.F. Rathjen. 1974. Exploratory fishing activities of the UNDP/FAO Caribbean fishery development project, 1965-1971: A summary. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 36, no. 9, p. 1-8. Over 2,000 pounds (900 kg) of Spanish mackerel were caught with experimental drift gill nets. Bottom gill net sets were generally nonproductive, although 417 pounds of Scomberomorus spp. were caught in Kingston Harbor, Jamaica. Woolam, M.B. 1970. Description and distribution of larvae and early juveniles of king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla Cuvier, and Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill); (Pisces :Scombridae) ; in the western North Atlantic Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, Technical Series, no. 61 > 35 p. Larval and juvenile stages of king mackerel are de- scribed, and some of the larval stages of the Spanish mackerel are redescribed. Identification, pigmentation, meri sties, seasonality, and distribution are presented and representative specimens of each species are figured. Wood, W.M. 1885. Report of operations in hatching eggs of Spanish mackerel in Chesapeake Bay by steamer Fish Hawk during the summer of 1883. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Report for 1883, part 11, p. 1089-1094. An apparatus for hatching Spanish mackerel is described. Eggs were obtained in June and July. 136 Zaneveld, J.S. 1962. The fishery resources and the fishery industries of the Netherland Antilles. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 4th Annual Session, 1961 , p. 137-171. SL maculatus , S_. cavalla , and S^. regal is are listed in the tables. Zharov, V.L. 1967. The systematics of scombroid fish. (suborder Scombroidei , order Perciformes) [in Russian]. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 209-224. The classification and phylogenetic scheme of Scom- broidae is discussed. A table comparing the diagnostic characters and geographical ranges of Scombridae, Sardidae, Thunnidae, and Scomberomoridae ( Scomberomorus included) are presented. 137 SUBJECT INDEX 1. Taxonomy (includes keys, synonomies , and comparisons of fish from different geographical locations) 2. Physical description (includes meristics, morphometries, size, and color) 3. Distribution (includes range extensions as well as overall geographical distribution) 3a. Seasonal occurrence 3b. Migrations and tagging 4. Anatomy and physiology 5. Parasites, diseases, and anomalies 6. Predators 7. Habitat (includes depth, distance from land, temperature, and salinity) 8. List of fishes (includes biological and ecological surveys and museum collections (M)) 8a. North America (general) 1 . New England 2. Mid-Atlantic (New York, New Jersey and Delaware) 3. Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland) 4. South Atlantic 5. Gulf 8b. Central America and Caribbean 8c. South America 8d. Africa 9. Behavior (Schooling and commensal ism) 10. Reproduction (reproductive cycle, fecundity, spawning ecology, and sex ratios) 11. Artificial propagation 12. Eggs and larvae (descriptions and distributions) 13. Juveniles (descriptions and distribution) 14. Foods and feeding 15. Age, growth, and mortality (includes age composition of landings (catch)) 16. Length-weight relationships 17. Commercial fishing (areas, gear, landings, effort, catch per unit effort, and resource potential -- includes exploratory fishing (Explor)) 17a. Products (includes specially treated mackerel products). 18. Recreational fishing (areas, gear, landings, effort, and catch per unit effort) 19. Man made habitats 20. Miscellaneous 138 Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis 1 . Taxonomic identity Collette, Russo, and Zavala-Camin, 1978 Dahl, 1971 Menezes, 1972 Pitombeira, Gomes, and Martins, 1973 2. Physical description Bastos, 1966a Cervigon, 1966 Collette, Russo, and Zavala-Camin, 1978 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Menezes, 1972 3. Distribution Cervigon, 1966 Collette, Russo, and Zavala-Camin, 1978 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 3a. Seasonal occurrence Costa and Paiva, 1965 Fontales, A. A. , Filho, 1968 Gines, Cervigon, and Gomez, 1971 4. Anatomy and physiology Alves, 1969 Alves and Tome, 1968a Alves and Tome, 1968c Alves and Tome, 1970 Bastos, 1966b Martins and Pitombeira, 1968 Pitombeira, Gomes, and Martins, 1971 Pitombeira, Gomes, and Martins, 1973 Pitombeira and Martins, 1966 Pitombeira and Martins, 1970 5. Parasites, diseases, and Filho, 1972a anomal ies Alcantara, P. , Bastos, 1965b Dawson, 1971 Kohn, 1961 Habi tat Bashirullah, 1973 Lima and Paiva, 1966 Lowe, 1963 8. List of fishes 8b. Central America and Caribbean Gilbert and Kelso, 1971 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 8c. South America Bashirullah, 1973 Buen, 1972 Ewald, Brandhorst, Durant, Espinosa, and Diaz, 1971 Gines and Cervigon, 1968b Fowler, 1953 Mago Leccia, 1970 Oliveira, 1974 Roux, 1963 (M) 10. Reproduction Alves and Tome, 1968b Alves and Tome, 1968c Gesteira, 1972 Lowe, 1963 13. Juveni les Eckles, 1949 14. Foods Cervigon, 1966 Lowe, 1963 Menezes, 1970 139 Serra Spainsh mackerel, Scomberomorus bras il i ens is 1 5. Age, growth, and mortality Costa and Almeida, 1974 Costa and Paiva, 1966 (catch) Costa and Paiva, 1967 (catch) Costa and Paiva, 1968 (catch) Costa and Paiva, 1969 (catch) Costa and Paiva, 1970 (catch) Costa and Paiva, 1971 (catch) Gesteira, 1972 Nomura, 1967 1 6. Length-weight relationship Nomura, 1967 Nomura and Costa, 1966 Nomura and Costa, 1968 17. Commercial fishing Alcantara, P., Filho, 1972b Almeida, 1974 Cervigon, 1966 Collyer and Aguiar, 1972 Costa and Almeida, 1974 Paiva, 1963 Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, and and and and and and and and and 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Costa Costa Costa Costa Costa Costa Costa Costa Costa Ewald, Brandharst, Durant, Espinosa, and Diaz, 1971 Fadul, 1968 Fonteles, A. A., Filho, 1968 Gesteira and Mesquita, 1973 Gines and Cervigon, 1968a Gines, Cervigon, and Gomez, 1971 Griffiths, 1971 Griffiths and Simpson, 1972 Griffiths and Simpson, 1973 Lopez, 1972 Menezes, 1968 Paiva, 1968 Paiva, Bezerra, and Fonteles, Filho 1971 Paiva and Cervigon, 1971 Paiva and Fonteles, Filho 1968 Paiva and Lima, 1963 Paiva and Nomura, 1965 Simpson and Griffiths, 1967 Simpson, Griffiths, and Atiland, 1965 Vasil'ev and Torin, 1969 17a. Products Bastos, Alves, Argripe, and Telles, 1973 Fadul, 1968 Paiva and Costa, 1966 20. Miscellaneous 20a. Sample size required for biological data acquisition Albuquerque and Bezerra, 1968 20b. Flesh used to attract ants Bastos, 1965a 20c. Data programming Griffiths and Martinez, 1972 20d. Effects of rainfall, atmospheric fronts, etc. on catch Costa and Paiva, 1964 Costa and Paiva, 1965 140 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cava! la Taxonomic identity Bailey, Fitch, Herald, Lachner, Lindsey, Robins, and Scott, 1970 Bauchot and Blanc, 1961 Beaumariage, 1973 Berrien and Finan, 1977 Breder, 1948 Collette, 1966 Cuvier, 1829 Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 Dahl, 1971 Fesler, 1889 and Buesa, 1973 Kendall, 1900 1902 Dresslar and Duarte-Bello Erdman, 1949 Evermann and Evermann and Marsh, Fowler, 1905 Fowler, 1944 Fraser-Brunner, 1950 Hoese and Moore, 1972 Jordan and Evermann, 1896a Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, 1930 Mago Leccia, 1958 Meek and Newland, 1885 Menezes, 1969a Miyake and Hayasi , 1972 Nichols, 1929 Potombeira, Gomes, and Martins, 1973 Poey, 1875 Poey, 1878 Rivas, 1951 Shubnikov, 1974 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Physical description Allyn, 1969 Bean, 1903 Bearden, 1961a Beardsley and Richards, 1970 Beaumariage, 1973 Beebe and Hollister, 1935 Bigelow and Shroeder, 1953 Breder, 1948 Bright and Cashman, 1974 Butz and Mansueti , 1962 Carson, 1944 Cervigon, 1966 Collette, Gibbs, and Buckow, 1965a Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 Dalrymple, 1968 Dresslar Evermann and Fesler, 1889 and Marsh, 1902 Fowl er , Fowler, Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Goode, 1905 1944 and and and and 1903 Walford, Walford, Walford, Walford, 1974 1976a 1976b 1976c 1972 Herald, 1972 Hoese and Moore Jordan, 1884 Jordan, 1905 Jordan and Evermann, Jordan and Jordan and Jordan and La Monte, 1896b Evermann, 1903 Gilbert, 1882b Gilbert, 1882c! 1951 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Magnuson, 1973 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Menezes, 1969a Migdalski, 1958 Moe, 1970 Nichols, 1929 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Poey, 1868 Poey, 1875 Poey, 1878 Randall , 1968 Raney, 1954b Rivas, 1951 Rose, 1968 Schroeder, 1924 Schwartz and Tyler, 1970 Smith, 1907 Walls, 1975 141 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla Distribution 3a. Seasonal occurrence Baughman, 1941 Baughman, 1950b Bean, 1903 Bearden, 1961a Beaumariage, 1970 Beaumariage, 1973 Berrien and Finan, 1977 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Brice, 1898 b Bright and Cashman, 1974 Butz and Mansueti, 1962 Cervigon, 1966 Collette, Gibbs, and Buckow, 1965a Erdman, 1949 Erdman, 1956 Fowler, 1944 Goode, 1884 Heald, 1970 Henshall, 1895 Herald, 1972 Jordan and Evermann, 1896a Jordan and Evermann, 1896b Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Jordan, Evermann and Clark, 1930 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882d La Monte, 1951 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Longely and Hildebrand, 1941 Massmann, 1960 Mather, 1954 Mather and Day, 1954 Mather and Gibbs, 1957 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Moe, 1970 Moe, Heemstra, Tyler and Wahlquist, 1966 Nichols, 1929 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Postel, 1955 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954b Robins, 1958 Schroeder, 1924 Shubnikov, 1974 Smith, 1907 Taylor, 1951 Baughman, 1941 Beardsley and Richards, 1970 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Breder, 1948 Carson, 1944 Costa and Paiva, 1965 Dalrymple, 1968 Evermann and Marsh, 1902 Filho, 1968 Gines, Cervigon, and Gomez, 1971 Jordan, 1884 La Monte, 1951 Moe, 1963 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Smith, 1907 Springer and Pirson, 1958 Springer and Woodburn, 1960 Swingle, 1971 Taylor, 1951 3b. Migration and tagging Beaumariage, 1969 Beaumariage and Wittich, 1966 Migdalski, 1958 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1966 Moe, 1972 Springer and Woodburn, 1960 4. Anatomy and physiology Alves, 1969 Alves and Tome, Alves and Tome, Alves and Tome, Alves and Tome, 1966 1967a 1967b 1968b 1970 Alves and Tome Beard, 1926 Coburn and Fischer, Cumming, 1967 Eisler, 1965 1973 142 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla Anatomy and physiology 7 Habitat (Cont.) Baughman, 1941 Engle and Davis, 1964 Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Hinegardner and Rosen, Freeman and Walford, 1974 1972 Freeman and Walford, 1976a Lee, Fisher, and Mar, 1973 Freeman and Walford, 1976b Magnuson, 1973 Freeman and Walford, 1976c Mago Leccia, 1958 Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Matsumura, Doherty, Furukawa, Lima and Paiva, 1966 and Boush, 1975 Lowe, 1963 Menezes, 1969a Moe, 1963 Pitombeira, Gomes, and Martins, Randall, 1968 1973 Raney, 1954b Tamura and Wisby, 1963 Shubnikov, 1974 Wittenberg and Haedrich, Wagner, 1973 1974 White! eather and Brown, 1945 Parasites, diseases, and anomalies o Rorl^pr 1Q7D List of fishes Bere, 1936 Berrien and Finan, 1977 Bravo Hoi lis, 1953 Bravo Hoi lis and Deloya, 1973 Causey, 1953 Corkum, 1968 Hargis, 1956 Klein, 1973 Linton, 1897 Linton, 1901b Nahhas and Cable, 1964 Parker, 1969 Pearse, 1949 Pearse, 1952 Silas, 1967 Silas and Ummerkutty, 1967 Sparks, 1958 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Ward, 1954 Predators Rose and Hassler, 1974 Tinsley, 1964 Bauchot and Blanc, 1961 (M) 8a. North America (general) Briggs, 1958 (M) Bui lis and Thompson, 1965 Jordan, 1887 Moe, Heemstra, Tyler, and Wahlquist, 1966 (M) Powell, Dwinell, and Dwinell, 1972 (M) New England Mather, 1954 Mather and Gibbs, 1957 Smith, 1898 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913a Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Mid-Atlantic (New York, New Jersey, Delaware) Latham, 1919 143 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cava! la Chesapeake (Virginia, Maryland) McHugh, 1967 Massmann, 1960 South Atlantic Bearden, 1961b Dahlberg, 1972 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882a Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974a Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974b Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974c Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974d Miller and Jorgenson, 1969 Struhsaker, 1969 Gulf Breuer, 1962 Goode and Bean, 1882 Henshall, 1895 Hoese, 1958 Irby, 1974 Jordan, 1884 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882b Juneau, 1975 Menzel, 1956 Perret, Latapie, Pollard, Mock, Adkins, Gaidry, and White, 1971 Roesslar, 1970 Smith, Austin, Bortone, Hastings, and Ogren, 1975 Springer and Bui lis, 1956 Springer and Woodburn, 1960 Tabb and Manning, 1961 Thomas, Wagner, and Loesch, 1971 Wagner, 1973 8b. Central America and Caribbean Beebe and Hoi lister, 1935 Caldwell, 1966 Jordan, 1886a Jordan, 1886c Jordan and Thompson, 1905 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Nichols, 1912 Poey, 1868 Poey, 1875 Poey, 1883 Wagner and Wolf, 1974 Zaneveld, 1962 8c. South America Buen, 1972 Fowler, 1953 Gines and Cervigon, 1968b Mago Leccia, 1970 Roux, 1963 (M) 9. Behavior Dalrymple, 1968 La Monte, 1951 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Migdalski, 1958 Pew, 1954 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954b Shubnikov, 1974 Taylor, 1951 Whiteleather and Brown, 1945 Wicklund, 1969 144 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla 10. Reproduction Alcantara Alves and Alves and Baughman, Baughman, Beaumaria Beaumaria Berrien a Breder, 1 Christmas Waller, Erdman, 1 Erdman, 1 Evermann Gorbunova 1968 Ivo, 1972 Ivo, 1974 Moe, 1972 Swingle, P., Filho, 1972c Tome, 1967b Tome, 1968a 1941 1950b ge, 1970 ge, 1973 nd Finan, 1977 948 , Perry, and 1974 956 976 and Marsh, 1902 and Salabarria, 1971 12. Eggs and larvae Beaumariage, 1970 Berrien and Finan, 1977 Christmas, Perry, and Waller, 1974 Dwinell and Futch, 1973 Eldridge, Berry and Miller, 1977 Gorbunova and Salabarria, 1968 Mayo, 1973 Powles and Stender, 1976 Richards and Klawe, 1972 Wollam, 1970 13. Juveniles Bane, 1965 Beaumariage, 1970 Dwinell and Futch, 1973 Miller and Jorgenson, 1969 Nakamura, 1976 Wollam, 1970 14. Foods Anderson and Gehringer, 1957a Anderson and Gehringer, 1957b Anderson and Gehringer, 1959a Anderson and Gehringer, 1959b Beaumariage, 1973 Berrien and Finan, 1977 Breder, 1948 Cervigon, 1966 Christmas, Perry, and Waller, 1974 Claro, Radakov, Reshetnikov and Silva, 1974 DeVane, 1978 (In press) Knapp, 1949 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Linton, 1901b Lowe, 1963 Menezes, 1969b Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Randall, 1967 Summer, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b 15. Age, growth, and mortality Alcantara, P., Filho, 1972c Beaumariage, 1970 Beaumariage, 1973 Costa and Almeida, 1974 (catch) Paiva, 1966 Costa and (catch) Costa and (catch) Costa and (catch) Costa and (catch) Costa and (catch) Costa and Paiva, 1971 (catch) Ivo, 1974 Nomura and Rodriques, 1967 Rodriques and Bezerra, 1968 Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, Paiva, 1967 1968 1969 1970 145 King mackerel , Scomberomorus cavalla 16. Length-weight relationships Beardsley and Richards, 1970 Beaumariage, 1973 Nomura and Costa, 1966 Nomura and Costa, 1968 17. Commercial fishing Alcantara, P., Filho, 1972c Alexander, 1905a Alexander, 1905b Alexander, 1905c Anderson and Gehringer, 1965 Anonymous, 1907 Baughman, 1949 Baughman, 1950a Bean, 1903 Beaumariage, 1970 Beaumariage, 1973 Berrien and Finan, 1977 Brawner and Davis, 1974 Brice, 1898a Carson, 1944 Cervigon, 1966 Cole, 1976 Collins and Smith, 1893 Collyer and Aguiar, 1972 Costa and Almeida, 1974 Costa and Paiva, 1963 Costa and Paiva, 1964 Costa and Paiva, 1965 Costa and Paiva, 1966 Costa and Paiva, 1967 Costa and Paiva, 1968 Costa and Paiva, 1969 Costa and Paiva, 1970 Costa and Paiva, 1971 Deuel, 1973 Deuel and Clark, 1968 Evermann, 1904 Fadul, 1968 Fielder, 1930 Fielder, 1931 Fielder, 1932 Fielder, 1933 Fielder, 1934 Fielder, 1936 Fielder, 1938 Fielder, 1939 Fielder, 1940 Fielder, 1941 Fielder, 1950 Fielder, Manning and Thompson, 1936 Fonteles, A. A. , Filho, 1968 Gesteira and Mesquita, 1973 Gines and Cervigon, 1968a Gines, Cervigon and Gomez, 1971 Goode, 1884 Griffiths, 1971 Griffiths and Simpson, 1972 Griffiths and Simpson, 1973 Gunter, 1967a Heald, 1970 Henshall, 1895 Ingle, 1967 (Explor) Juhl, 1974 La Monte, 1951 La Monte, 1952a Lopez, 1972 McHugh, 1977 McHugh and Williams, 1976 Menezes, 1968 Mihara, Brito, Ramirez and Salazar, 1971 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1970 Paiva, 1966 Paiva, 1968 Paiva, Bezerra and Fonteles, Filho, 1971 Paiva and Cervigon, 1971 Paiva and Lima, 1966 Paiva and Menezes, 1967 Paiva and Muniz, 1964 Paiva and Nomura, 1965 Radcliffe, 1920 Radcliffe, 1921 146 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cava! la Commercial fishing (Cont.) Radcliffe, 1922 Radcliffe, 1923a Rivas, 1949 Robins, 1958 Roithmayr, 1965 Rounsefell, 1954 Sal'nikov, 1969 Schroeder, 1924 Sette, 1926 Sette, 1927 Sette and Fielder, 1929 Simpson and Griffiths, 1967 Simpson, Griffiths and Atiland, 1965 Smith, 1907 Suarez-Cabro and Rolon, 1974 Swingle, 1971 Taylor, Feigenbaum and Sturza, 1973 Townsend, 1900a Townsend, 1900b Townsend, 1901a Townsend, 1901b Whiteleather and Brown, 1945 Wilcox, 1904 17a. Products Bastos, Alves, Araripe and Telles, 1973 Beard, 1926 Belloc, 1950 Collins, 1885 Fadul, 1968 Fielder, 1929a Fielder, 1929b Paiva and Costa, 1966 18. Recreational fishing Allyn, 1969 Anderson and Gehringer, 1957a (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1957b (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1959a (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1959b (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1959c (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1965 Baughman, 1941 Beaumariage, 1970 Beaumariage, 1973 Berrian and Finan, 1977 Buchanan, 1973 Buchanan, 1975 Buchanan, Stone and Parker, 1974 Clark, 1962 Collette, Gibbs and Buckow, 1965a Dalrymple, 1968 De Sylva and Rathjen, 1961 Deuel, 1973 Deuel and Clark, 1968 Ellis, 1957 Evermann and Marsh, 1902 Fable and Soloman, 1974 Fielder and Jarvis, 1932 Freeman and Walford, 1974 Freeman and Walford, 1976a Freeman and Walford, 1976b Freeman and Walford, 1976c Hammond, Myatt, and Cupka, 1977 Heald, 1970 Holder, 1913 Jarvis, 1932 Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Juhl, 1976 Kruczynski , 1974 La Monte, 1951 La Monte, 1952a Mather, 1952 Migdalski, 1958 147 King mackerel, Scomberomorus cava! la Recreational fishing (Cont.) Moe, 1963 Moe, 1970 Nakamura and Rivas, 1974 Raney, 1954b Rivas, 1949 Robins, 1958 Smith, 1907 Springer and Pirson, 1958 Sutherland, 1977 Taylor, 1951 Taylor, Feigenbaum, and Sturza, 1973 Wagner and Wolf, 1974 (Explor) Whiteleather and Brown, 1945 19. Manmade attractants or habitats Buchanan, 1973 Buchanan, 1975 Buchanan, Stone, and Parker, 1974 Hammond, Myatt, and Cupka, 1977 Hastings, Ogren, and Mabry, 1976 Wickham, Watson, and Ogren, 1973 20. Miscellaneous 20d. Fish poisoning (in humans) Arcisz, 1950 Tybring, 1887 20e. Incidental to bait Bane, 1965 Mihara, Brito, Ramirez, and Salazar, 1971 20f. Incidental to other commercial species Keiser, 1976 Roithmayr, 1965 Siebenaler, 1952 20g. Sample size required for biological data aquisition Albuquerque and Bezerra, 1968 20h. Data programming Bui lis, Roe, and Gat! in, 1972 Griffiths and Martinez, 1972 20i . Population Juhl, 1976 20a. Stressed environment Breuer, 1962 Martin and Patus, 1974 20b. Hybrid De Sylva, 1954 20c. Effects of rainfall on catch rates Costa and Paiva, 1964 Costa and Paiva, 1965 148 Spanish mackerel , Scomberomorus maculatus Taxonomic idenity 2 Physical description Bailey, Fitch, Herald, Allyn, 1969 Lachner, Lindsey, Robins, Anonymous, 1969 and Scott, 1970 Anonymous, 1971 Bauchot and Blanc, 1961 Bean, 1903 Breder, 1948 Bearden, 1961a Cadenat, 1937 Beardsley and Richards, Cadenat, 1950 1970 Chabanaud and Monod, 1926 Beebe and Tee-Van, 1938 Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 Beebe and Tee- Van, 1970 Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Bigelow and Schroeder, Duarte-Bello and Buesa, 1973 1953 Erdman, 1949 Bigelow and Welsh, 1925 Evermann and Kendall, 1900 Breder, 1948 Evermann and Marsh, 1902 Brice, 1898b Fowler, 1936 Carson, 1944 Fowler, 1944 Collette, Gibbs, and Fowler, 1945 Buckow, 1965b Fraser-Brunner, 1950 Cuvier and Valenciennes, Goode, 1903 1831 Hildebrand and Schroeder, Dalrymple, 1968 1927 Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Hoese and Moore, 1977 Earll, 1883 Jordan and Evermann, 1896a Erdman, 1971 Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Evermann and Marsh, 1902 Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, Fowler, 1944 1930 Fowler, 1945 Klima, 1959 Freeman and Walford, 1974 Ma go Leccia, 1958 Freeman and Walford, 1976a Marquez, 1973 Freeman and Walford, 1976b Mather and Day, 1954 Freeman and Walford, 1976c Meek and Newland, 1885 Goode, 1884 Mitchill, 1815 Goode, 1903 Miyake and Hayasi , 1972 Herald, 1972 Navarro, 1943 Hildebrand and Cable, 1938 Nichols, 1929 Hildebrand and Schroeder, Poey, 1878 1927 Postel, 1950 Hoese and Moore, 1977 Rivas, 1951 Jordan, 1905 Scaccini, 1941 Shubnikov, 1974 Storer, 1853 Sumner, Osburn and Cole, 1913b Uhler and Lugger, 1876 149 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Physical description (Cont.) Jordan and Evermann, 1896b Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882d La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Leim and Scott, 1966 Longely and Hildebrand, 1941 Lyles, 1969 Magnuson, 1973 Marquez, 1973 Mather and Day, 1954 Migdalski, 1958 Mitchell, 1815 Moe, 1970 Nichols, 1929 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Poey, 1878 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954c Rivas, 1951 Rose, 1968 Schroeder, 1924 Schwartz and Tyler, 1970 Smith, H.M., 1907 Smith, J.L.B., 1953 Storer, 1853 Taylor, 1951 Uhler and Lugger, 1876 Walls, 1975 Distribution Anonymous, 1969 Baird, 1889 Baughman, 1941 Baughman, 1947 Baughman, 1950b Bean, 1903 Bearden, 1961a Beaumariage, 1970 Beebe and Tee- Van, 1938 Beebe and Tee-Van, 1970 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Bigelow and Welsh, 1925 Brice, 1898b Campillo Sainz, 1976 Carson, 1944 Collette, Gibbs, and Buckow, 1965b Duarte-Bello and Buesa, 1973 Earll, 1883 Erdman, 1949 Erdman, 1956 Fowler, 1944 Goode, 1884 Goode, 1903 Heald, 1970 Henshall, 1895 Herald, 1972 Jordan and Evermann, 1896a Jordan and Evermann, 1896b Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, 1930 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882d Klima, 1959 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Lozano Cabo, 1970 Lyles, 1969 Marquez, 1973 Mather and Day, 1954 Moe, 1970 Moe, Heemstra, Tyler, and Wahlquist, 1966 Nichols, 1929 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Pillay, 1967 Postel, 1955 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954c Robins, 1958 150 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Distribution (Cont. ) 3b. Migrations and tagging Rochebrune, 1883 Schroeder, 1924 Shubnikov, 1974 Smith, H.M., 1907 Smith, J.L.B., 1953 Storer, 1853 Taylor, 1951 Tracy, 1909 3a. Seasonal occurrence Baughman, 1941 Beardsley and Richards, 1970 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Bigelow and Welsh, 1925 Breder, 1948 Cain and Dean, 1976 Carson, 1944 Dalrymple, 1968 Earll, 1883 Franks, Christmas, Silver, Combs, Waller, and Burns, 1972 Goode, 1884 Goode, 1903 Gunter, 1945 Hickey, Sosnow, and Lester, 1975 Hildebrand and Hildebrand and Jordan and Evermann, Mendoza, 1968 Mitchell, 1815 Moe, 1963 Nichols and Breder, Smith, 1907 Springer and Pirson, 1958 Springer and Woodburn, 1960 Swingle, 1971 Tracy, 1909 and Lester, Cable, 1938 Schroeder, 1927 1903 1927 Baird, 1889 Beaumariage, 1969 Beaumariage and Wittich, 1966 Earll, 1883 Goode, 1884 Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1927 Klima, 1959 Mendoza, 1968 Migdalski, 1958 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1972 Randall , 1968 Taylor, 1951 Tracy, 1909 Anatomy and physiology Atwater, 1885 Atwater, 1892 Bauer and Eitenmiller, 1974 Beard, 1926 Becker, Bird, Kelly, Schilling, Solomon and Young, 1958 Chaine, 1957 Coburn and Fischer, 1973 Edmunds and Eitenmiller, 1975 Eisler, 1965 Engel and Davis, 1964 Fish and Mowbry, 1970 151 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Anatomy and physiology (Cont.) Frost, 1938 Gray, 1954 Hinegardner and Rosen, 1972 Hughes, 1966 Magnuson, 1973 Matsumura, Doherty, Fur- ukawa and Boush, 1975 Mago Leccia, 1958 Muir, 1969 Sanz Echeverria, 1950 Windom, Stickney, Smith, White and Taylor, 1973 5. Parasites, diseases, and anomalies Brown, 1971 Causey, 1953 Comeaux, 1942 Corkum, 1959 Corkum, 1968 Cressey, 1975 Hargis, 1956 Iversen and Van Meter, 1967 Kens ley and Grind ley, 1973 Klein, 1973 Koratha, 1955a Koratha, 1955b Linton, 1897 Linton, 1901b Linton, 1905 Linton, 1940 Lorn, 1970 Nahhas and Short, 1965 Nakamura and Yuen, 1961 Nigrelli and Stunkard, 1947 Overstreet, 1969 Parker, 1969 Pearse, 1951 Pearse, 1952 Silas, 1967 Silas and Ummerkutty, 1967 Sindermann, 1970 Sparks, 1958 Sproston, 1946 Summer, Osburn and Cole, 1913b Predators Carlson, 1952 Dragovich, 1969 Rose and Hassler, 1974 Tins ley, 1964 Habitat Anonymous, 1971 Burns, 1970 Dahlberg, 1972 Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Dunham, 1972 Fontenot and Rogillio, 1970 Christmas, Siler, Waller and Burns, Franks , Combs 1972 Freeman 1974 and Walford, 152 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Habitat (Cont. ) 8a 1976a 1976b 1976c 1938 Freeman and Walford, Freeman and Walford, Freeman and Walford, Goode, 1884 Gunter, 1945 Gunter, 1967a Hildebrand, 1954 Hildebrand, 1955 Hildebrand and Cable, Lindall, 1973 Massmann, 1962 Navarro, 1943 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954c Robins, 1971 Rounsenfell, 1954 Shubnikov, 1974 Tagatz, 1967 Tagatz and Dudley, 1961 Tagatz and Wilkens, 1973 Thomas, Wagner, and Loesch, 1971 Tracy, 1909 Turner and Johnson, 1973 Wagner, 1973 Whiteleather and Brown, 1945 8. List of fishes Bauchot and Blanc, 1961 (M) North America (general ) Bean, 1880 (M) Briggs, 1958 (M) Bui lis and Thompson, 1965 Gill, 1878 Jordan, 1887 Moe, Heemstra, Tyler, and Wahlquist, 1966 (M) Powell, Dwinell, and Dwinell, 1972 (M) New England Arnold, 1951 Smith, 1898 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913a Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Mid- Atlantic Bean, 1888 Chesapeake Fowler, 1927 McHugh, 1967 Massmann, 1962 Smith, 1892 South Atlantic Anderson, 1968 Anderson, Dias, Dias, Cupka, and Chamberlain, Bearden, 1961b Cain and Dean, 1976 Dahlberg, 1972 Evermann and Bean, 1898 Hoese, 1973 Jenkins, 1887 Jordan, 1886b Jordan and Gilbert, 1878 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882a Lunz and Schwartz, 1970 Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974a Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974b Mahood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974c M a hood, Harris, Music, and Palmer, 1974d 1977 153 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus South Atlantic (Cont.) Miller and Jorgenson, 1969 Struhsaker, 1969 Tagatz, 1967 Tagatz and Dudley, 1961 Turner and Johnson, 1973 Gulf of Mexico Breuer, 1961-1962 Breuer, 1962 Bryan, 1971 Burns, 1970 Copeland, 1965 Fontenot and Rogillio, 1970 Franks, Christmas, Siler, Combs, Waller, and Burns, 1972 Gunter, 1945 Henshall, 1891 Henshall, 1895 Hildebrand, 1954 Hildebrand, 1955 Hoese, 1958 Irby, 1974 Jordan, 1884 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882b Joseph and Yerger, 1956 Juneau, 1975 Kelly, 1965 McFarland, 1963 May, Trent, and Pristas, 1976 Menzel , 1956 Mountain, 1972 Parker, 1965 Perret and Caillouet, 1974 Perret, Latapie, Pollard, Mock, Adkins, Gaidry, and White, 1971 Reid, 1954 Reid, 1956 Reid, 1957 Richmond, 1968 Simmons, 1957 Springer and Bui lis, 1956 Springer and Woodburn, 1960 Sykes and Finucane, 1966 Tabb and Manning, 1961 Tagatz and Wilkens, 1973 Thomas, Wagner, and Loesch, 1971 Wagner, 1973 8b. Central America and Caribbean Caldwell, 1966 Jordan, 1886a Jordan and Gilbert, 1883 Jordan and Thompson, 1905 Leon, 1973 Wagoner and Wolf, 1974 Zaneveld, 1962 8d. Africa Cadenat, 1937 Lozano Cabo, 1950 Lozano Cabo, 1970 Navarro, 1943 Osorio, 1898 (M) Pi 11 ay, 1967 9. Behavior Dalrymple, 1968 Drennan and Bui lis, 1971 154 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Behavior (Cont. ) Goode, 1884 Goode, 1903 Jordan, 1905 La Monte, 1951 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Lyles, 1969 Migdalski, 1958 Pew, 1954 Randall, 1968 Roithmayr, 1970 Shubnikov, 1974 Smiley, 1885 Taylor, 1951 Whiteleather and Brown, 1945 Powell, 1975 Ryder, 1881 Smiley, 1881 Swingle, 1971 Taylor, 1951 Tracy, 1909 Vasconcelos Perez. Verrill, 1880 1976 11 . Artificial propagation Brice, 1898b Earll, 1883 Earll, 1884 Kite, 1885 Smiley, 1881 Verrill, 1880 Wood, 1885 10. Reproduction Baughman, 1950b Bean, 1903 Beaumariage, 1970 Breder, 1948 Brice, 1898b Carson, 1944 Christmas, Perry, and Waller, 1974 Earll, 1883 Earll, 1884 Goode, 1884 Goode, 1903 Gorbunova and Salabarria, 1968 Hildebrand and Cable, 1938 Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1927 Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Klima, 1959 Marquez, 1973 Moe, 1972 Navarro, 1943 Nichols and Breder, 1927 12. Eggs and larvae Beaumariage, 1970 Christmas, Perry, and Waller, 1974 Dwinell and Futch, 1973 Earll, 1883 Gorbunova and Salabarria, 1968 Hildebrand and Cable, 1938 Mayo, 1973 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Page, 1890 Powles and Stender, 1976 Richards and Klawe, 1972 Ryder, 1881 Ryder, 1887 Smiley, 1881 Smiley, 1887 Tracy, 1907 Verrill, 1880 Woll am, 1970 155 Spanish mackerel , Scomberomorus maculatus 13. Juveniles Anderson, Dias, Dias, Cupka and Chamberlain, 1977 Baughman, 1947 Beaumariage, 1970 Breuer, 1961-1962 Cain and Dean, 1976 Dwinell and Futch, 1973 Fagade and Olaniyan, 1973 Fahy, 1975 Grimes, 1971 Joseph and Yerger, 1956 Kelly, 1965 Miller and Jorgenson, 1969 Nakamura, 1976 Reid, 1956 Reid, 1957 Sabins and Truesdale, 1974 Springer and Woodburn, 1960 Sykes, 1964 Sykes and Finucane, 1966 Wollam, 1970 14. Foods Anderson and Gehringer, 1957b Anderson and Gehringer, 1959a Beebe and Tee-Van, 1938 Breder, 1948 Carson, 1944 Christmas, Perry, and Waller, 1974 Earll, 1883 Fagade and Olaniyan, 1973 1884 1903 and Evermann, Knapp, 1949 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Pew, 1954 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b 15. Age, growth, and mortality Beaumariage, 1970 Klima, 1959 Klima, 1976 Marquez, 1973 Powell, 1975 Rodriques and Bezerra, 1968 16. Length-weight relationships Beards! ey and Richards, 1970 Christmas, Perry, and Waller, 1974 Jorgenson and Miller, 1968 Klima, 1959 Goode, Goode, Jordan 1903 Kl ima, 1959 156 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus 17. Commercial fishing Alexander, 1905a Alexander, 1905b Alexander, 1905c Anderson and Gehringer, 1965 Anonymous, 1907 Anonymous, 1971 Baird, 1889 Baughman, 1949 Baughman, 1950a Bean, B.A., 1892 Bean, 1903 Beaumariage, 1970 Beebe and Tee-Van, 1938 Brawner and Davis, 1974 Brice, 1898a Brice, 1898b Carson, 1944 Collins, 1887 Collins, 1892 Collins and Smith, 1892 Collins and Smith, 1893 Dunham, 1972 Earll, 1883 Earll, 1887 Escudero Gonzalez, 1976 Evermann, 1904 Evermann and Bean, 1898 Fiedler, 1930 Fiedler, 1931 Fiedler, 1932 Fiedler, 1933 Fiedler, 1934 Fiedler, 1936 Fiedler, 1938 Fiedler, 1939 Fiedler, 1940 Fiedler, 1941 Fiedler, 1950 Fiedler, Manning and Johnson, 1936 Florida Department of Natural Resources, 1959 Franks, Christmas, Siler, Combs, Waller, and Burns, 1972 Goode, 1884 Goode, 1887 Goode, 1903 Gunter, 1967a Heald, 1970 Henshall, 1895 Higgins and Lord, 1927 Higgins and Pearson, 1928 Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1927 Juhl, 1974 Juhl, 1976 Klima, 1959 Klima, 1976 La Monte, 1952a Lindall, 1973 Lyles, 1969 McHugh, 1975 McHugh, 1977 McHugh and Williams, 1976 Marquez, 1973 May, Trent, and Pristas, 1976 Mihara, Brito, Ramirez, and Salazar, 1971 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1970 Navarro, 1943 Radcliffe, 1921 Radcliffe, 1922 Radcliffe, 1923a Radcliffe, 1923b Rivas, 1949 Robins, 1958 Roithmayr, 1965 Rousenfell , 1954 Sal 'nikov, 1969 Schroeder, 1924 Sette, 1926 Sette, 1927 Sette, 1928 Sette and Fiedler, 1929 Smith, 1892 Smith, 1893 Smith, 1894a Smith, 1895 Smith, 1896 Smith, 1907 157 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Commercial fishing (Cont. ) Stevenson, 1893 Swingle, 1971 Taylor, 1924 Taylor, Feigenbaum, and Sturza, 1973 Townsend, 1900a Townsend, 1900b Townsend, 1901a Townsend, 1901b Whiteleather, and Brown, 1945 Wilcox, 1898 Wilcox, 1904 Wolf, 1974 (Explor) Wolf and Rathjen, 1974 (Explor) 17a. Products Anonymous, 1971 Atwater, 1885 Atwater, 1892 Beard, 1926 Deng, Toledo, and Lillard, 1974 Edmunds and Eitenmiller, 1975 Farragut, 1972 Fiedler, 1929a Fiedler, 1929b Fiedler and Matthews, 1926 Lopez and Okuda, 1965 Lyles, 1969 18. Recreational fishing Allyn, 1969 Anderson and Gehringer, 1957b (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1959a (Explor) Anderson and Gehringer, 1965 Beaumariage, 1970 Buchanan, 1973 Buchanan, 1975 Buchanan, Stone, and Parker, 1974 Clark, 1962 Collette, Gibbs, and Buckow, 1965b Dalrymple, 1968 Deuel, 1973 Deuel and Clark, 1968 Ellis, 1957 Fable and Saloman, 1974 Fiedler and Jarvis, 1932 Freeman and Walford, 1974 Freeman and Walford, 1976a Freeman and Walford, 1976b Freeman and Walford, 1976c Goode, 1884 Goode, 1903 Gordon, 1960 Hammond, Myatt, and Cupka, 1977 Heald, 1970 Holder, 1913 Jarvis, 1932 Juhl, 1976 Klima, 1959 Kruczynski , 1974 La Monte, 1952a Mather, 1952 Migdalski, 1958 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1970 Nakamura and Rivas, 1974 Raney, 1954c Robins, 1958 Smith, H.M., 1907 Smith, J.L.B., 1953 Springer and Pirson, 1958 Sutherland, 1977 Taylor, Feigenbaum, and Sturza, 1973 Wagner and Wolf, 1974 (Explor) Whiteleather and Brown, 1945 Wilcox, 1902 19. Man made attractants or habitats Buchanan, 1973 Buchanan, 1975 Buchanan, Stone, and Parker, 1974 Hammond, Myatt, and Cupka, 1977 158 Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus 20. Miscellaneous 20g. Population 20a. Hybrid Juhl , 1976 McFarland, 1963 De Sylva, 1954 Marquez, 1973 20b. School detection 20h. Bait to catch other species Drennan and Bullis, 1971 Kawaguchi , 1974 Roithmayr, 1970 Wolf and Chislett, 1974 20c. Stressed or altered environment 20i . Attacking humans Breuer, 1961-1962 Helm, 1976 Breuer, 1962 Grimes, 1971 Gunter, 1967b Lindall, 1973 Martin and Patus, 1974 McHugh, 1975 Mountain, 1972 Simmons, 1957 20d. Data programming Bullis, Roe, and Gatlin, 1972 20e. Incidental to other commercial species Anderson, 1968 Burns, 1970 Christmas, Gunter, and Whatley, 1960 Hickey, Sosnow, and Lester, 1975 Keiser, 1976 Roithmayr, 1965 Siebenaler, 1952 20f. E ffects of rainfall, atmospheric fronts, etc. on catch May, Trent, and Pristas, 1976 159 Cero, Scomberomorus regal is 1 . Taxonomic identity Bailey, Fitch, Herald, Lachner, Lindsey, Robins, and Scott, 1970 Bauchot and Blanc, 1961 Bloch, 1793 Breder, 1948 Collette, 1966 Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 Dahl, 1971 Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Duarte - Bello and Buesa, 1973 Erdman, 1949 Evermann and Kendall, 1900 Evermann and Marsh, 1902 Fowler, 1905 Fowler, 1944 Fowler, 1945 Fraser - Brunner, 1950 Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1927 Hoese and Moore, 1977 Jordan, 1963 Jordan and Evermann, 1896a Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, 1930 Kner,J865 Lacepede, 1802 Mago, Leccia, 1958 Meek and Newland, 1885 Miyake and Hayasi, 1972 Nichols, 1929 Poey, 1875 Poey, 1878 Rivas, 1951 Shubnikov, 1974 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Uhler and Lugger, 1876 2. Physical description Anonymous, 1969 Bean, 1903 Beardsley and Richards, 1970 Beebe and Hollister, 1935 Beebe and Tee- Van, 1928 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Bigelow and Welsh, 1925 Bloch, 1793 Bloch and Schneider, 1801 Bohlke and Chaplin, 1968 Breder, 1948 Carson, 1944 Cervigon, 1966 Collette and Gibbs, 1965 Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 Dalrymple, 1968 Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Erdman, 1971 Evermann and Marsh, 1902 Fowler, 1905 Fowler, 1944 Fowler, 1945 Freeman and Walford, 1976c Goode, 1903 Herald, 1972 Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1927 Hoese and Moore, 1977 Jordan, 1884 Jordan, 1905 Jordan and Evermann, 1896b Jordan and Evermann, 1903 160 Cero, Scomber omorus regal is Physical description (Cont.) Jordan and Gilbert, 1882d Kner, 1865 La Monte, 1952a La Monte, 1952b Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Magnuson, 1973 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Migdalski, 1958 Moe, 1970 Nichols, 1929 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Poey, 1868 Poey, 1875 Poey, 1878 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954a Rivas, 1951 Rose, 1968 Schroeder, 1924 Smith, 1907 Walls, 1975 3. Distribution Anonymous, 1969 Baird, 1889 Baughman, 1941 Baughman, 1950b Bean, 1903 Beebe and Tee- Van, 1938 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Bigelow and Welsh, 1925 Bohlke and Chaplin, 1968 Brice, 1898b Butz and Mansueti, 1962 Cervigon, 1966 Collette and Gibbs, 1965 Duarte-Bello and Buesa, 1973 Erdman, 1949 Erdman, 1956 Fowler, 1944 Goode, 1884 Goode, 1903 Henshall, 1895 Herald, 1972 Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1927 Jordan and Evermann, 1896a Jordan and Evermann, 1896b Jordan and Evermann, 1903 Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, 1930 Jordan and Gilbert, 1882d LaMonte, 1952a LaMonte, 1952b Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Lyles, 1969 Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Moe, 1970 Moe, Heemstra, Tyler, and Wahlquist, 1966 Nichols, 1929 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Postel, 1955 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954a Robins, 1958 Schroeder, 1924 Shubnikov, 1974 Smith, 1907 Tracy, 1909 Wollam, 1970 161 Cero, Scomberomorus regal is 3a. Seasonal occurrence Beardsley and Richards, 1970 Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953 Bigelow and Welsh, 1925 Breder, 1948 Dalrymple, 1968 Gordon, 1960 Nichols and Breder, 1927 Raney, 1954a Smith, 1907 Tracy, 1909 3b. Migrations and tagging Baird, 1889 Beaumariage, 1969 Migdalski, 1958 4. Anatomy and physiology Carey, Teal, Kanwisher, Lawson, and Beckett, 1971 Fish and Mowbry, 1970 Frost, 1928 Magnuson, 1973 Mago Leccia, 1958 Saunders, 1966 Swarts, 1969 5. Parasites, diseases and anomalies 6. Predators Beardsley, Merrett, and Richards, 1975 Tins ley, 1964 Voss, 1953 7. Habitat Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Freeman and Walford, 1976c Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954a Shubnikov, 1974 Taylor : Bigelow, and Graham, 1957 8. Lists of fishes Bauchot and Blanc, 1961 (M) 8a. North America (general) Briggs, 1958 (M) Bui lis and Thompson, Gill, 1878 Jordan, 1887 Moe, Heemstra, Tyler, Wahlquist, 1966 (M) Powell , Dwinell , and Dwinell, 1972 (M) 1965 and Becker, 1970 Cressey , 1975 Linton, 1897 Linton, 1901a Linton, 1901b Linton, 1905 Linton, 1907 Manther , 1940 Manther , 1947 Manther , 1954 Overstreet, 1969 Silas, 1967 Silas ai nd Ummerkutty, Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, I9l3b Ward, 1954 1 967 162 New England Smith, 1898 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913a Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Mid-Atlantic (New York, New Jersey, and Delaware) Latham, 1918 Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland) Truitt, Bean, and Fowler, 1929 Uhler and Lugger, 1876 South Atlantic Bearden, 1961b Jenkins, 1887 Jordan and Gilbert, 1878 Gulf of Mexico Goode and Bean, 1882 Henshall, 1895 Hoese, 1958 Jordan, 1884 Springer and Bui lis, 1956 8b. Central America and Caribbean Beebe and Hollister, 1935 Fowler, 1915 Jordan, 1886a Jordan, 1886c Meek and Hildebrand, 1923 Nichols, 1912 Poey, 1868 Poey, 1875 Zaneveld, 1962 Cero, Scomberomorus regalis South America 8c. Buen, 1972 Fowler, 1953 Mago Leccia, 1970 Roux, 1963 (M) 9. Behavior Dalrymple, 1968 LaMonte, 1951 LaMonte, 1952a Longley and Hildebrand, 1941 Migdalski, 1958 Pew, 1954 Randall, 1968 Raney, 1954a Shubnikov, 1974 Starck and Davis Taylor, 1951 1 . Reproduction Baughman, 1950b Breder, 1948 Erdman, 1956 Erdman, 1976 Gorbunova and Salabarria, 1966 1968 12. Eggs and larvae Gorbunova and Salabarria, 1968 Powles and Stender, 1976 Richards and Klawe, 1972 13. Juveniles Bane, 1965 Hubbs, 1936 163 Cero, Scomberomorus regal is 14. Foods and feeding Anderson and Gehringer, 1959b Beebe and Tee- Van, 1938 Breder, 1948 Cervigon, 1966 LaMonte, 1952a Linton, 1901b Nichols and Breder, 1927 Pew, 1954 Randall, 1967 Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, 1913b Tracy, 1909 16. Length-weight relationships Beardsley and Richards, 1970 17. Commercial fishing Adams and Kendall, 1891 Alexander , 1905c Baird, 1889 Bean, 1903 Cervigon, 1966 Cole, 1976 Collins ar id Smith, 1893 Fiedler, 930 Fiedler, 1931 Fiedler, 1932 Fiedler, 1933 Fiedler, 1934 Fiedler, 1936 Fiedler, 1938 Fiedler, 1939 Fiedler, 1940 Fiedler, 1941 Fiedler, 1950 Fiedler, 1 banning, and Johnson , 1936 Gunter, 1 967a Henshall , 1895 LaMonte, 1952a Lyles, 1969 McHugh and Williams, 1976 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1970 Paiva and Nomura, 1965 Radcliffe, 1921 Radcliffe, 1922 Rivas, 1949 Robins, 1958 Sal 'nikov, 1969 Schroeder, 1924 Sette, 1926 Sette, 1927 Simpson and Griffiths, 1967 Simpson, Griffiths, and Atiland, 1965 Smith, 1894a Smith, 1895 Smith, 1896 Smith, 1907 Suarez-Cabro Taylor, 1924 and Rolon, 1974 17a. Products Fiedler, 1929a Fiedler, 1929b Fiedler, and Matthews, 1926 Lyles, 1969 Paiva and Costa, 1966 18. Recreational fishing Anderson and Gehringer, 1959b (Explor) Buchanan, 1973 Clark, 1962 164 Cero, Scomberomorus regal is Recreational fishing (Cont.) Dalrymple, 1968 Deuel, 1973 Deuel and Clark, 1968 Freeman and Walford, 1976c LaMonte, 1952a Mather, 1952 Migdalski, 1958 Moe, 1963 Moe, 1970 Raney, 1954a Rivas, 1949 Robins, 1958 Smith, 1907 Wagner and Wolf, 1974 (Explor) 19. Manmade attractants or habitats Buchanan, 1973 20. Miscellaneous 20a. Fish kills Taylor, 1919 20b. Stressed environment (includes alterations, hypersal i ni ty , heated effluent) Martin and Patus, 1974 20c Fish poisoning in humans Arcisz, 1950 20d. Caught incidental to bait Bane, 1965 20e. Computer programming Bullis, Roe, and Gatlin, 1972 165 Scomberomorus sp. 1. Taxonomic identity 17. Commercial fishing Collette and Gibbs, 1963 Paiva and Mota, 1961 Conrad, 1938 Wolf and Rathjen, Fowler, 1936 1974 (Explor) Goode and Bean, 1895 Jordan, 1923 17a. Products Jordan, 1963 Jordan and Gilbert, Caland, Viera, and Monteiro, 1882c 1968 Mago Leccia, 1958 Viera and Caland, 1968 Nelson, 1976 Postel, 1955 Postel, 1966 Starks, 1910 Zharov, 1967 2. Physical description Goode and Bean, 1895 4. Anatomy and physiology Conrad, 1938 Gregory, 1933 Mago Leccia, 1958 Rivas, 1953 Starks, 1910 5. Parasites , diseases, and anomalies Bravo Mollis, 1953 Bravo Hoi lis, and Deloya, 1973 Siddiqi and Cable, 1960 6. Predators Klawe, 1961 12. Eggs and larvae Compton, 1964 13. Juveniles Klawe, 1961 166 ^ U.S. GPO: 1978—697/040-51 388. Proceedings of the first U.S. -Japan meeting on aquaculture at Tokyo, Japan, October 18-19, 1971. William N. Shaw (editor). (18 papers, 14 authors.) February 1974, iii + 133 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 389. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Crustacea: Decapoda. By Austin B. Williams. April 1974, iii + 50 p., Ill figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 390. Fishery publications, calendar year 1973: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. September 1974, iv + 14 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 391. Calanoid copepods of the genera Spinocalanus and Mimncalanus from the central Arctic Ocean, with a review of the Spinocalamdae. Bv David M. Damkaer. June 1975, x + 88 p., 225 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 392. Fishery publications, calendar year 1974: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. June 1975, iv + 27 p., 1 fig. 393. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study — Texas: Area description. By Richard A. Diener. September 1975, vi + 129 p., 55 figs., 28 tables. 394. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Tar- digrade. By Leland W. Pollock. May 1976, iii + 25 p., figs For sale bv l he Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 395. Report of a colloquium on larval fish mortality studies and their relation to fishery research, January 1975. By John R. Hunter. May 197f>. iii + 5 p. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. PE ri| S | 1 i A |!l l », ,VERS,TYLIB RARIES UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N E 45TH ST SEATTLE WA 98105 A0000720ia c ibS OFFICIAL BUSINESS NOAA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was established as part of the Department of Commerce on October 3, 1970. The mission responsibilities of NOAA are to monitor and predict the state of the solid Earth, the oceans and their living resources, the atmosphere, and the space environment of the Earth, and to assess the socioeconomic impact of natural and technological changes in the environment. The six Major Line Components of NOAA regularly produce various types of scientific and technical infor- mation in the following kinds of publications: PROFESSIONAL PAPERS— Important definitive research results, major techniques, and special in- vestigations. TECHNICAL REPORTS— Journal quality with extensive details, mathematical developments, or data listings. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS— Reports of preliminary, partial, or negative research or tech- nology results, interim instructions, and the like. CONTRACT AND GRANT REPORTS— Reports prepared by contractors or grantees under NOAA sponsorship. TECHNICAL SERVICE PUBLICATIONS— These are publications containing data, observations, instructions, etc. A partial listing: Data serials; Pre- diction and outlook periodicals; Technical manuals, training papers, planning reports, and information serials; and Miscellaneous technical publications. ATLAS — Analysed data generally presented in the form of maps showing distribution of rainfall, chemical and physical conditions of oceans and at- mosphere, distribution of fishes and marine mam- mals, ionospheric conditions, etc. Information on availability or NOAA publications can be obtained from: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 6009 Executive Boulevard Rockville, MD 20852