Guide to Information on Research in Marine Science and Engineering W irjmMm '■-: : s ^ •«■■' : -«ICI :3M3 Mention of private information service groups in this publication is for pur- poses of identification only. This does not constitute endorsement of these groups by the U.S. Department of Commerce or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and should not be used in advertising in any manner. Guide to Information on Research in Marine Science and Engineering Rockville, Md. October 1978 Prepared by: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean Engineering 8- 5 a. FOREWORD This Guide to Information on Research in Ma- rine Science and Engineering is a revision and expansion of the 1977 Guide. It should improve user ability to obtain access to ongoing research information as well as a much greater range of federal and non-federal data and information bases. This brochure also has descriptions of the ocean research and development responsibilities of several federal agencies, including source con- tacts for further assistance. User comments on this brochure are welcome and should be addressed to: Director Office of Ocean Engineering National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 CONTENTS Page AGENCY PROGRAMS IN MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1 Department of Commerce 1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 1 Maritime Administration 3 Department of Defense 5 Department of the Navy 5 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 6 Defense Documentation Center 7 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 10 Public Health Service 10 National Institutes of Health 10 Food and Drug Administration 11 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 11 Department of the Interior 12 Bureau of Land Management 12 U.S. Geological Survey 12 Bureau of Mines 12 Ocean Mining Administration 13 Bureau of Reclamation 13 Office of Water Research and Technology 13 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 14 National Park Service 14 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 14 Bureau of Indian Affairs 14 Department of State 15 Department of Transportation 15 U.S. Coast Guard 15 Department of Energy 16 Environmental Protection Agency 18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 20 National Science Foundation 21 Oceanography Project Support 21 International Decade of Ocean Exploration 21 Oceanographic Facilities and Support ... 21 Smithsonian Institution 22 Investigations of Marine Shallow Water Ecosystems 22 Page Scientific Event Alert Network 22 Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center 22 Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies 22 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute . . 22 Fort Pierce Bureau 23 ACCESS TO MARINE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION 23 Current Research Information 23 Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc 23 Custom Searches 24 Selective Dissemination of Information . . 24 Investigator or Accession Number Search . 24 SDC/SSIE On-Line Search Service 24 Research Information Packages 25 Environmental Data and Information 32 National Technical Information Service . . 32 Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System 33 Environmental Data Index 34 Regional Coastal Information Centers ... 34 EDIS Data Centers 35 National Oceanographic Center 35 National Climatic Center 36 National Geophysical and Solar- Terrestrial Data Center ' 36 Non-Government Sources of Information . . 37 Information Industry Association 37 Lockheed Information Services 37 Raytheon Service Company 37 Marine Information and Advisory Service 38 SUBJECT TERMS IN MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPILED BY THE SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE 39 IV AGENCY PROGRAMS IN MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine research and development within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) covers a wide spectrum of activities in biology, ecology, physical oceanography, and systems development that contribute to NOAA's goal of ensuring wise develop- ment and rational conservation of ocean resources for the economic and social good of the nation. Studies of marine life distribution and the effect of pollutants and other environmental stresses upon their habitat are given special emphasis. These studies, con- ducted by NOAA laboratories, contractors, and universi- ties, deal with commercial and sports fishing areas, con- servation of endangered species, microconstituent re- search, environmental impact assessment, and overall management of living marine resources. Included are programs designed to assure that only safe and whole- some fishery products reach the consumer. Important research is being carried out by a network of national Sea Grant institutions and state agencies, which receive matching federal grants to seek solutions to problems relating to the management and use of marine resources, and marine technology transfer. Considerable emphasis is also being placed on de- tailed physical and biological analyses of large marine ecosystems, such as the New York Bight and Puget Sound, to provide ecological data needed for balanced use of the marine environment and its resources. Assess- ing the impact of ocean dumping and waste disposal on marine ecosystems is a vital part of research conducted by several laboratories, which includes related studies of ocean circulation, coastal upwelling, and tides. The impact of the development of nonliving resources, such as gas, oil, and minerals on coastal and deep ocean areas is being studied in an attempt to establish base- lines from which environmental changes can be meas- ured and to predict future environmental impact in order to avoid irreversible damage to marine life. Also, through investigation of the air-sea interface vital knowl- edge is being obtained for weather forecasting and for warning announcements of floods, waves, tides, and hur- ricanes to all segments of the population. These activities are supported by an oceanographic research and survey fleet that also participates in exten- sive mapping and charting; aircraft; ocean engineering instrumentation systems, buoys, and manned under- water submersibles; and satellite and remote sensing de- vices, including visible, infrared, and microwave radio- meters, as well as conventional instrumentation. Major components of NOAA carrying out this re- search are the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Environmental Research Laboratories, the Office of Sea Grant, the National Environmental Satellite Service, the National Weather Service, the National Ocean Survey, and the Environmental Data and Information Service (formerly the Environmental Data Service). The National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) manages and operates the environmental satellite sys- tems. High resolution data are used to map ocean and lake thermal gradients and lake and sea ice concentra- tions. NESS also uses data from Landsat and Nimbus satellites to study the color, biology, pollution, and sea state of marine areas. The National Weather Service (NWS), through in- vestigation of the ocean's temperature and current sys- tems, is obtaining vital knowledge for improving weather prediction. New measurement and ocean pre- diction techniques are under development which will improve forecasts and warnings of coastal storm flood- ing, hurricanes, and ocean waves for many segments of the population. The National Ocean Survey (NOS) conducts pro- grams in marine science, engineering, and development to support NOAA programs in mapping, charting, oceanographic surveying and monitoring, geodesy, and vessel operation. Most of this marine research is centered in the Office of Marine Technology (OMT) which is responsible for the design, development, test, and evaluation of marine sensing instruments, their supporting hardware, software, and associated data processing systems. In addition, OMT maintains a federal facility for oceanographic in- strumentation testing and evaluation, and the develop- ment of calibration methods and test standards on a national basis. The Office of Marine Technology also assesses requirements and formulates the design of systems for collection and processing of oceanographic, marine meteorological and related marine environmen- tal data. For further information write to : Director, Environmental Science Information Center (D8) Environmental Data and Information Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Maritime Administration The Maritime Administration (MarAd) promotes the development, operation, and maintenance of an efficient American-flag merchant marine capable of meeting the commercial and military shipping requirements of the United States. It assists the maritime industry by pro- moting shipper patronage of U.S. -flag vessels, develop- ing advanced transportation systems and shipboard equipment, evaluating ship design, training merchant marine officers, and providing financial support to American shipbuilders and operators to narrow the cost advantages enjoyed by their foreign competitors. MarAd carries out a broad research and development program to improve the productivity and competitive posture of the U.S. merchant marine through techno- logical innovations. The program follows two parallel paths that correspond to the structure of the maritime industry itself. Advanced Ship Development studies deal with the technologies of ship building, ship machinery, and nuclear merchant ships. Advanced Ship Operations projects deal with ship and cargo operations generally, ship control technology, and navigation and communica- tion. Basic research is done on the classical naval archi- tecture technologies of propulsors, structures, and hy- drodynamics. Emphasis is on advanced propellor de- signs and materials to achieve improved efficiency. For example, a highly skewed propellor has been developed which allows the application of higher horsepower with little or no vibration and thus greater efficiency and reduced maintenance. Investigations are conducted, in cooperation with other agencies and the National Acad- emy of Sciences, to determine the effects of sea loads and vibrations on ship structures. Hydrodynamics proj- ects are aimed at improving the efficiency of moving vehicles through the sea with emphasis on powering technology, speed, and maneuvering characteristics and limitations. Further exploratory research involves hu- man factors, ship automation and communications, and energy and environmental research. An important tool developed for the in-house work on maritime research is the Computer Aided Operations Research Facility (CAORF). At this unique simulator, built around a typical ship wheelhouse and control cen- ter and with computer-generated images of the changing scene projected on a wide, cylindrical screen, simulated ships of all types can be maneuvered through any harbor configuration or environmental and traffic situation in real time. Many of the tests at CAORF enable study of human reactions to complex problems, new equipment, passage through dangerous channels, and any number of other conditions to improve the safety and produc- tivity of ship operations. For further information write to: Assistant for Program Development Office of Commercial Development Maritime Administration 14th and E Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20230 The Maritime Administration's Maritime Research Information Service (MRIS), operated for the U.S. maritime industry, is designed to provide comprehensive information on proposed, ongoing, and completed re- search and development projects and to technical reports and journal articles. In addition to U.S. research infor- mation, the data files as of 1977 also contain abstract information from the British Ship Research Association and the Ship Research Institute of Norway ("Ship Ab- stracts"). "MRIS Abstracts" is published and distributed every six months and contains all the information collected during that period, as well as a key word and authors index, and a publisher/ performing/ funding agency list. The "Current Awareness Service" is published monthly, and, in addition to the information collected during the period, contains a list of meetings and conferences, cita- tions of transportation articles, and reports prepared in cooperation with the Transportation Center, Northwest- ern University. MRIS also offers computerized literature searches of the data files to compile selected bibliographies with abstract, author, source of the document, and any of the other information in the system. For further information write to: Maritime Research Information Service Transportation Research Board National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Department of the Navy Marine research and development designed to meet Navy requirements include a variety of projects, among them the following: improvement in tidal predictions and better understanding of energy transfer in coastal processes; sea-state observations through correlation of electromagnetic backscatter with wave spectra; environ- mental support for deep ocean operations through en- hanced capabilities for remote data gathering; increased understanding of the dynamics of deep ocean mooring systems for buoyed oceanographic sampling packages; use of SEASAT in the study of surface oceanographic conditions; marine biological research dealing with bor- ing and fouling organisms and animals that affect acous- tic transmission in the ocean; identification of commu- nities in the deep scattering layer and correlation of the location of the layer with physical parameters; and determination of the contribution of marine mammals to oceanic ambient noise. In ocean engineering, projects are underway to ex- pand work in the deep ocean by manned and unmanned submersibles and by divers. The Large Object Salvage System, begun in 1965 and nearing completion, makes it possible to salvage objects weighing up to 1,000 tons from depths down to 850 feet. Another project designed to extend this capability to 20,000 feet has begun. In biomedicine, deep nitrogen-oxygen saturation chamber exposure tests are being made to define limits of human performance under nitrogen narcosis. Decompression principles are being studied for both shallow dives from nitrogen-oxygen exposures to 100 feet and shallow and intermediate depth excursions while breathing helium- nitrogen-oxygen tertiary mixtures. An Environmental Health Effects Laboratory for investigating diver physi- ology to simulated depths of 3,400 feet is scheduled for completion in 1977. For further information write to: Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy Code N45 Hoffman Building II 200 Stovall Street Alexandria, Virginia 22322 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The marine research and development programs of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pertain to the Corps' civil works responsibility in the coastal zone and the nearshore ocean areas, with results primarily applicable to shore protection and navigation studies, as well as to the understanding and dissemination of knowledge con- cerning coastal processes and nearshore oceanography. Specific programs include coastal hydraulics, sedi- ments, and structures; structure-sediment-hydraulics in- teractions; coastal ecology, beach nourishment tech- niques; systems for sand-bypassing; and navigation channel dimensions and alinements. Results of these programs, and of the many subtasks within them, are disseminated in the form of research reports, papers, technical memoranda, and regulations. A number of congressionally directed studies are also being carried out. The dredged material research pro- gram, for example, provides definitive information on the environmental impact of dredging and dredged ma- terial disposal operations. Another objective is to develop technically satisfactory, environmentally com- patible, and economically feasible dredging and disposal alternatives, with consideration given to dredged mate- rial as a manageable resource. Additional areas of re- search include island and marsh habitat construction, mariculture involving dredged materials, and tractabil- ity of consolidated fine materials. In the Chesapeake Bay Study, a comprehensive study of the Bay waters and associated land resources, a physi- cal model, 14 acres in area, is being used to aid in the investigation of management alternatives for the use of the Bay's resources. Two laboratories are responsible for most of the Corps' research development activities: The Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia; and the Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. The former is in charge of conceiving, plan- ning, conducting, and publishing the results of research and data collection in coastal engineering and nearshore oceanography, including shore and beach erosion con- trol; flood and storm protection; the location, layout, design construction, operation, and maintenance of har- bor, coastal, and offshore structures; navigation improve- ment; and recreation. The Center is equipped with wave tanks and coastal processes basins, and has full-scale field facilities on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Waterways Experiment Station, the Corps' main research, testing, and development facility, supports the civil and military missions of the Chief of Engineers and other federal agencies through the operation of a com- plex of laboratories in the fields of hydraulics, soil mechanics, concrete, engineering geology, rock mechan- ics, pavements, vehicle mobility, environmental relation- ships, aquatic weeds, water quality, dredge materials, and excavation. Marine research is conducted mainly in hydraulics, soil mechanics, and environmental research laboratories. In particular, the Hydraulics Laboratory deals with river, tidal, waterwave, and structural hy- draulics problems, and carries out basic and applied research, as well as supporting engineering design, through theoretical and mathematical analysis, labora- tory and field experimentation, and field measurements. For further information write to : Chief of Engineers (DAEN-RDC) Department of the Army Washington, D.C. 20314 Defense Documentation Center The Defense Documentation Center (DDC), a field activity of the Defense Logistics Agency of the Depart- ment of Defense, makes available from one central depository thousands of research and development re- ports produced each year by U.S. military organizations and their contractors. The Center also operates com- puter-based data banks of management and technical information. Technical Report Program. DDC collects, processes, announces, retrieves, and supplies reports of formally recorded technical information in virtually all areas of science and technology. The Center's technical report collection totals more than 1,200,000 titles. About 900,000 of these are under computer control for quick retrieval. More than 2,400 documents which deal with ocean currents are in the report collection; more than 1,500 reports pertain to ocean bottom topography. Every other aspect of oceanography is covered within the collection. DDC announces the availability of documents it ac- cessions through its own announcement publications and through announcement media of the Department ot Commerce. Newly accessioned classified or limited- distribution documents are announced every other week in the DDC Technical Abstract Bulletin and its Indexes. Unclassified documents available to the public are processed by the National Technical Information Service and listed in the Government Reports Announcements and Indexes. Organizations registered for DDC services may re- quest copies of the technical reports in either full-size or microfiche. The Center assesses a $4 service charge for paper copies of technical reports. A charge of 95 cents is made per title for microfiche copies. Reports provided under the Center's Automatic Document Dis- tribution program are supplied at 35 cents each. Authority to provide a document is determined by the security classification of the report and by any release limitations imposed by the source of the report. Al- though only registered organizations can obtain docu- ments from DDC, unclassified reports without distribu- tion limitations are available at a fee to anyone through the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. DDC report bibliographies provide selected refer- ences in response to specific requests for information relating to actual work problems. A request can be expressed in various ways such as subject matter, or- ganizational sources, contract numbers, personal authors, and any other logical frame of references. Each page of the bibliography contains the descriptive and analytic information on a single page. No charges are assessed for bibliographies, and users are encouraged to use this service. If a user should re- ceive a bibliography that is not satisfactory, the request should be rephrased and resubmitted. The Research and Technology Work Unit Informa- tion System is designed to provide scientists, engineers, and managers in the federal R&D community with an automated rapid retrieval capability for documents of completed research and development; it is also a central source of management and status information on De- fense-sponsored R&D in progress. Essentially, the purpose of the R&T work Unit In- formation System is to provide the means to determine quickly who is doing what research, when, where, and how. About 25 data fields are used to describe each work unit, the logical segment of an R&D effort chosen by local management for the purposes of technical con- trol. In addition, the summary provides for descriptions of the technical objectives, approaches to be taken, and 8 the progress made on the various efforts. This informa- tion is computer-stored to permit retrieval in a wide variety of logical combinations of the data elements. The system helps R&D managers identify on-going efforts in any scientific discipline, area, or technology; coordinate current efforts; and determine whether spe- cific areas of endeavor adequately reflect R&D policy guidance. Scientists and engineers may use the system to determine the approach and current status of tech- nical efforts related to their own tasks, to identify sci- entists and engineers working in areas of similar tech- nical interests, and to periodically review progress statements in pertinent work units. Data are available to Defense components and other federal agencies, in a variety of formats, such as statisti- cal summaries, tabulations, and complete or partial printouts of selected resumes. Limited access to the data bank is available to contractors and grantees of federal agencies through the use of a single, fixed-format report. Searches of the data bank are free. The R&D Program Planning Data Bank, also oper- ated by DDC, contains descriptions of R&D projects planned by DoD organizations. This information is avail- able only to the Director of Defense Research and En- gineering and to other DoD managers for use in review- ing the proposed R&D efforts of Defense organizations. Searches of this data bank are also free. The Independent Research and Development (IR&D) Data Bank contains descriptions of R&D efforts being performed by contractors who are not fully funded by the Department of Defense. The purpose of this col- lection is to improve communications between Depart- ment of Defense scientists and engineers and their counterparts in industrial organizations. Searches of the IR&D data bank are available to the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, to reg- istered DoD activities, and to certain offices within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Searches of this data bank also are free. DDC operates the Defense RDT&E On-Line System, which extends to certain major user organizations the capability of individually querying the four major data banks operated by the Center. These users have direct access to the DDC computers through remote terminals established at their facilities. About 90 remote terminals were operating at the end of 1977. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service The Public Health Service participates in the federal marine science and engineering effort by ( 1 ) conduct- ing research aimed at an understanding of factors in the marine environment that have an adverse effect on human health, and investigating the mechanisms through which that toxicity is expressed; (2) using marine organisms as study objects in research to broaden the knowledge base of science underlying medi- cal technology and practice; and (3) making its re- search findings available and providing technical as- sistance, training, and consultation to regulatory agencies, industry, and the general public. At the National Institutes of Health, toxic factors in the marine environment are the particular concern of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, with principal laboratories in Research Triangle, North Carolina, and satellite laboratories on Mount Desert Island, Maine, and at Marineland, Florida. Scientists of this Institute, and Institute grantees, are concerned with the effects of pollutants and toxic chemicals on the ecology of rivers, estuaries, and the sea, with particular reference to their potential for causing human disease when affected marine organisms are used as food. Other research fostered by the National Institute of Environ- mental Health Sciences deals with the health effects of toxins of marine origin, such as those of dinoflagellates and jellyfish. The use of marine organisms as models for the study of biologic phenomena of general scientific interest per- vades the basic science programs of the National Insti- tutes of Health. At least 11 of its 15 research institutes or divisions conduct or support scientific activity in this area. Familiar examples are the use of squid axons in research on the biophysics of transmission of nerve impulses, and of fertilized sea urchin eggs in the study of embryonic differentiation. Less well-known examples are the study of the adhesive properties of barnacles, supported by the National Institute of Dental Research because such research might lead to the development of better dental restorative materials, and the mainte- nance by the National Cancer Institute of a registry of spontaneously occurring tumors among marine animals. The National Institute of Neurological and Commu- nicative Disorders and Stroke maintains a year-round laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, for the study of neurophysiological phenomena in marine organisms. 10 Although terrestrial plants and animals have yielded many valuable medicinal chemicals, among them peni- cillin, morphine, digitoxin, quinine, insulin, and heparin, the presumed potential of marine organisms as sources of therapeutically useful drugs has not been realized. The National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, in particular, sponsor programs of pharmacologic research in which marine species are screened for natural compounds potentially useful in the treatment of disease. Marine organisms may also yield materials which are of practical use as reagents in laboratory science. Examples are keyhole limpet hemocyanin and a lysate prepared from the amoebocytes of the horseshoe crab, both commonly used in the study of infections and immunologic phe- nomena in higher animals, including humans. The National Institutes of Health sponsor research in environmental medicine, including projects of partic- ular interest to marine scientists. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grantees are active in research on the physiology of the "diving reflex," and in studies of mammalian pulmonary physiology and gas metabolism under conditions of high pressure. The Institute also sponsors studies of the use of liquids to substitute for gases in breathing, research that raises possibilities of permitting dives to great depths, and investigations of the effects of hydrostatic pressure variations on the functioning of mammalian cells. Both the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of General Medical Sciences support research on tem- perature regulation and thermal adaptation of diving mammals, with potential applications to diving. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is respon- sible for assuring that marine food products shipped in interstate commerce are safe and wholesome and are properly labeled. FDA promulgates appropriate regulations, conducts inspections of marine food proces- sors, examines seafood for contaminants, and supports projects for improving scientific enforcement methods. FDA also develops special seafood control programs with cooperating state control agencies. These activities are based upon the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, Public Health Service Act, and Fair Packaging and Labeling Act. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the Center for Disease Control ( 1 ) is still active on a consulting basis with the Occupa- tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) con- cerning recent promulgated diving regulations, and (2) 11 is currently preparing a RFP for a contract to study the epidemiology of divers. For further information write to: Office of the Chief Engineer, PHS Parklawn Building, Room 18-42 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR The Bureau of Land Management has responsibility for administering all surface and subsurface uses, in- cluding mineral development, of federal lands not dedicated to specific purposes. As part of that responsi- bility, the Bureau supports a broad range of marine- related environmental, social, and resource research, mostly through contract, to ensure proper and safe management of the Outer Continental Shelf and the coastal zone. It also maintains data banks for the prepa- ration of environmental impact statements concerning these land areas, as well as in support of other activities related to federal land management. As part of its mission to examine the geologic struc- ture and the mineral and water resources of the nation, the U.S. Geological Survey conducts and supports pro- grams devoted to topographic mapping of coastal lands, to geological and geophysical investigations of the U.S. Continental Margins, and to collecting and interpreting data on the relationships between surface and subsur- face waters of the lands and oceans. Information services particularly pertinent to marine science and engineering are provided by the agency's National Cartographic Information Center and Office of Water Data Coordi- nation. The Bureau of Mines conducts supply/ demand anal- ysis and mining/ metallurgical research on the non- energy metals, minerals, and materials in support of national mineral and mining policy. These functions include mineral resources and their development in the marine environments. Collection and analysis of tech- nical-economic information on ocean mineral resource distribution, quantity, and mineral content, are spon- sored by grants and contracts. These data provide input into the Minerals Availability System, a computerized data retrieval system. Oceanographic maps showing sea- bed mineral resource data are also prepared. The supply/ demand studies, other economic analyses, and technology assessment relating to ocean mineral resource 12 development are conducted by in-house and contract work. Research on the processing of ocean minerals, particularly the seabed metal-bearing nodules, is con- ducted in Bureau laboratories. The Ocean Mining Administration, established by Departmental Order in 1971, has responsibility for coor- dination of activities in the Department of the Interior related to mining of the deep seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, and acts as the principal focus of coordination on such matters with other Agencies and Departments; in addition, it serves as a focal point within the Department on matters related to the re- sources of the Antarctic and the surrounding ocean areas. The Bureau of Reclamation has responsibility for the conservation, development, and use of water and related land resources in the 17 western states, and is involved, in some cases, with marine-related activities of coastal areas in the West. A more direct role is played by the Department's Office of Water Research and Technology, which pro- vides grants through institutes in each state for research on water-related problems, including those in coastal areas. Topics addressed include water supply, augmenta- tion, water-quality maintenance, protection of environ- ment, and integration of land use and water planning. The office operates the Water Resources Science Infor- mation Center, a computerized bibliographic informa- tion retrieval facility covering the literature in 10 fields of water resources: water properties; water cycle com- prising precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, surface water, soil and groundwater, plant-water proc- esses, erosion, water chemistry, and estuaries; water supply augmentation and conservation; water quantity management and control; water quality management and protection; water resources planning; resources data; engineering works; manpower and grants; and scientific and technical information. Abstracts of the published literature and derived, reformatted products, and summaries of ongoing water resources research are machine searchable. The abstracts are published twice monthly as Selected Water Re- sources Abstracts (SWRA). The public can purchase publications from NTIS and has access to computer searches of the abstracts base through five network sites. Requestors may subscribe to the abstract journal, request a computer search of the bibliographic file, and purchase publications (bibliographies and reviews) from NTIS. These services are available free to investigators 13 on grant or contract to OWRT, State Water Resources Research Institutes, and to federal agencies with water responsibilities and their contractors and grantees. For further information write to: Manager Water Resources Scientific Information Center U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has lead responsi- bility within the Department for the conservation and enhancement of wildlife and "non-marine" gamefish, including all fisheries of the Great Lakes and many species of fish also found in the oceans. It manages the National Wildlife Refuge System, operates fish hatch- eries, and conducts research on coastal habitats and ecosystems and on the environmental impact of natural and man-induced phenomena on shoreline and marine birds and mammals, with emphasis on endangered spe- cies. The Department's National Park Service conducts and supports marine-related research in both the social and natural sciences to aid in management of coastal areas within the National Park System. These coastal areas offer a range of natural environments for marine investi- gations supported by others. As the federal focal point for coordination of outdoor recreation programs, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation supports research to improve these programs. It adminis- ters the Land and Water Conservation Fund, which constitutes a source of matching grants to state and local jurisdictions for research in planning and develop- ing marine-related recreational programs and facilities. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, through grants to tribal councils and others, supports marine-related research advantageous to Indian interests. For further information concerning research activities in marine science and engineering within the Depart- ment of the Interior write to: Office of Marine Geology U.S. Geological Survey National Center 915 Reston, Virginia 22092 14 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Marine-related research conducted by, or under con- tract to, the Department of State is mainly concerned with economic, legal, political, and social aspects, and consists chiefly of ad hoc projects of short duration dealing with timely issues. The Department also maintains an inventory of gov- ernment-supported research related to foreign affairs, to which all federal agencies are invited to contribute and which includes marine research as it pertains to foreign affairs. For further information write to: Office of External Research Bureau of Intelligence and Research U.S. Department of State Washington, D.C. 20520 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION U.S. Coast Guard The U.S. Coast Guard's research and development effort is directed to provide research, development, test- ing and evaluation of equipment, techniques, systems, and materials in support of the myriad operations and regulatory programs of the service. Missions include search and rescue, icebreaking, enforcement of laws and treaties, aids to navigation, commercial vessel safety, marine environmental protection, and recreational boat- ing safety. The productivity and performance for these mission areas includes such activities as the development of pollution spill detection, identification, and quanti- fication methods; new procedures for the control and cleaning of oil and other hazardous substances in the coastal and Arctic regions; testing and evaluation of new marine sanitation devices; advancement of wide- area surveillance systems; and new impact assessment techniques and information systems. To meet the challenges posed by increased congestion of U.S. ports and waterways, research is being done on systematic identification and analysis of cargo, ter- minal facility, inspection procedures, and vessel struc- tural and design problem areas; development of a marine safety information system; recreational boating safety education; improvement of port fire fighting equipment and techniques; and technology to minimize the environmental impact of deepwater ports. Continued expansion of marine activity in the coastal zone and 15 polar regions has led to increased efforts to develop sophisticated surveillance methods and equipment to protect offshore resources, to enforce pollution and fisheries laws, to provide more effective search and rescue assistance, to facilitate waterborne transportation, and to support the regional national security needs. In the area of aids to navigation and ocean operations, research is directed toward improved methods for posi- tioning aids, a precision all-weather Loran-C navigation capability, system standards for audio-visual aids, devel- opment of solar energy for aids to navigation, and con- tinued refinement of icebreaking techniques and facili- ties. In addition to these direct operating program support activities, long-range projects include technology fore- casting for underwater activity, feasibility studies of unmanned vehicles and underwater sensing, and devel- opment of vehicles and marine transportation requiring low energy use. For further information write to: Chief, Planning and Evaluation Staff Office of Research and Development U.S. Coast Guard Washington, D.C. 20590 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY In order to gain an understanding of the coastal zone environment as a complete system, the Department of Energy in 1975 (as the Energy Research and Develop- ment Administration) began supporting long-term re- search programs covering six geographic areas: the Southeast, the Northeast (Mid- Atlantic Bight), Pacific Northwest, Gulf of Mexico, the California Coast, and the Great Lakes. All of these programs with the excep- tion of the Gulf Coast are underway. In addition operational programs in support of the recolonization of the Marshall Islands are carried out in the Pacific. Re- search activities include the following: Distribution and dispersion of trace metals from rivers through estuaries and onto the continental shelf and effects of air pollutants on coastal ecosystems. Processes that trigger the production of microscopic plant life, which is the first step in the food chain, in order to assess potential effects of energy developments. 16 Influence of the Gulf Stream and winds on current patterns to determine the transfer of pollutants and nutrients along the continental shelf. Movement of plutonium and tritium in coastal waters and resulting concentrations in marine life, and develop- ments of a computer model to help predict future effects of energy development. Microbial, invertebrate, and fish populations, and the movement of trace elements and radionuclides in the estuaries and coastal waters near Beaufort, North Caro- lina. Basic biological processes that affect the survival of plant and animal communities on the continental shelf to assess effects of oil spills and releases from power plants on these processes. In addition the Department's Division of Solar Energy is working on marine-related energy conversion tech- nology, particularly ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) to harness thermal gradients between surface and deep ocean water. As part of the OTEC program, heat exchangers are being developed at laboratory and bench scales preliminary to ocean testing. For biocon- version, experiments in kelp mariculture are underway; in wind energy conversion, studies of offshore windmills are beginning; and technological assessment of other ocean energy options is in process, especially as related to waves, tides, and salinity gradients. For further information write to: Marine Science Program Environmental Programs Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20545 The Department of Energy/ Fossil Energy programs relative to Marine Research are or have been: The Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS) will be used to reliably and cost-effectively gather earthquake information in the seismically active areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). Improve- ments on the state-of-the-art will include ease of in- stallation and data retrieval, remote operations and long life (Sandia Labs). 17 The "OCS Analytical Model" represents the processes involved in developing the oil and gas reserves of the Outer Continental Shelf (SDC/MRI) . The three volume "Offshore Data Sources and Con- tents" identifies data sources and data base contents relevant to offshore oil and gas development (explora- tion, development, production, transportation and on- shore impact) (SDC/MRI). The "Users and Users' Information" identifies the user and users' need for information relevant to frontier offshore oil and gas resource development (SDC/MRI). The "Acceleration of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Oil and Gas Development" tested a data base system for the scientific analysis and display of environmental data (GURC). ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY The marine research program of the Environmental Protection Agency provides the data base essential to developing guidelines, water quality standards, pesticide registration, ocean discharge criteria, and effluent stand- ards for toxic and hazardous materials. The scientific validity of the Agency's criteria and standards is essen- tial. Unreasonably stringent environmental quality stand- ards would place an intolerable economic burden upon municipalities and industries but inadequately protective standards would permit environmental degradation. Marine research activities are conducted at three laboratories located in Corvallis, Oregon; Narragansett, Rhode Island; and Gulf Breeze, Florida. Emphasis is given to research on ocean disposal (dumping and out- falls), petroleum and petroleum products, pesticides, carcinogens, thermal pollution, anti-fouling agents and disinfection, complex wastes, and ecosystems dynamics. Research at the Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory is directed toward ocean outfall discharges and non-point source pollutants. The objectives of this research include the development of assessment tech- niques and methods, the determination of ecosystem effects, and the development of the scientific base neces- sary to regulate ocean outfall and non-point discharges for optimal ecosystem protection. Mathematical and simulation modeling for predicting pollutant dynamics and the potential for ecosystem alterations is an integral part of this research effort. Other research involves wet- lands and determination of the relative "health" of marine ecosystems. 18 Research at the Narragansett Environmental Research Laboratory responds directly to a legislative mandate to develop marine water quality criteria as a defensible decision base for setting and enforcing marine water quality standards. Additional research seeks to assess the environmental impact of ocean dumping of mate- rials such as dredge spoils, sewage sludge, and industrial wastes. Other programs examine the effects of petroleum and petroleum products discharged into the marine en- vironment, and the risks associated with exposure to pollutants. At the Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Labora- tory research is conducted on the ecological effects of pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds on marine and estuarine organisms and ecosystems. Studies are also conducted to determine the pathways, biologi- cal effects, and fate of hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants in estuarine ecosystems, simulated as well as in natura. Research concerned with the effects of toxi- cants on marine and estuarine species at the cellular, tissue, organism, and ecosystem level is ongoing and integrated into the overall research effort. Research is also conducted on dredge materials and disinfection. The recently established Evironmental Research In- formation Center, Cincinnati, is the central contact point for obtaining research information including Technology Transfer publications. ERIC's active information trans- fer program interprets the specific needs of the different user groups and develops separate information products tailored for particular target audiences. Transference occurs through the media of seminars, conferences, symposia, newsletters, and executive briefings. All publi- cations are listed in the EPA ORD Publication Sum- mary, EPA 600/2/76/013d, December 1976 and in the EPA Publications Bibliography Quarterly Abstract Bulletin, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia. For further information concerning ongoing research write to: Office of Research and Development, RD-683 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 To obtain technical information publications, write to: Environmental Research Information Center U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 19 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION NASA, through its Office of Applications, supports oceanography related research efforts leading to the demonstration of applying aerospace technology and visible, infrared, and microwave remote sensing tech- niques to repetitive synoptic observations and measure- ments of ocean conditions and the quality of the marine environment on a global basis. To ensure that these activities are responsive to the needs or desires of other federal agencies for new or improved ocean data and information acquisition systems, the Office of Applica- tions maintains a close cooperative working arrangement with those agencies during research planning, implemen- tation, and assessment of accomplishments. To date, efforts have culminated in successful oceanography re- mote sensing experiments of NASA's series of Nimbus, Landsats-1, GEOS-3, Apollo, and Skylab orbital space flight missions. These experiments have demonstrated the utility of visible and infrared remote sensing tech- niques in providing information on circulation patterns, currents, sediment transport, pollutants, bioproductivity, sea ice conditions, and sea surface topography associated with sea mounts or deep ocean trenches. Emphasis is now being placed on the development and field testing of passive and active microwave remote sensors and a multispectral visible and near-infrared scanner to be used on Seasat-A and Nimbus-G respectively, which are to be launched during 1978. Seasat-T, the first in a series of Ocean Dynamics Satellites, will be placed in a nearly polar orbit to permit the acquisition of data relative to sea state, sea surface topography, wave direc- tional spectra, sea surface wind speed and direction, ocean currents, ice cover, and geoidal variations every 36 hours. Investigations will be conducted to assess the utility of the Nimbus-G ocean color scanner for detect- ing, identifying, mapping, and quantifying ocean pollu- tion, nutrient rich areas related to fisheries, coastal zone circulation patterns, and shoreline alterations. For further information write to: Deputy Associate Administrator for Applications National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 20 NASA's Scientific and Technical Information Facility. which is located adjacent to the Baltimore-Washington International Airport, collects the results of worldwide aerospace research and development. Major services in- clude literature searches, bibliographies, distribution of documents, access to Department of Defense and De- partment of Energy data bases and to many additional scientific and technical data bases, and selective notifica- tion of new information and ongoing research. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION The Division of Ocean Sciences of the National Science Foundation supports two research programs and a third program for acquisition and operation of research facilities. Oceanography Project Support provides grants for developing fundamental knowledge about the oceans, primarily for studies in physical and biological oceanography, submarine geology and geophysics, and marine chemistry. The International Decade of Ocean Exploration sup- ports large-scale international investigations of the role of the ocean as related to climate, food production, pollution, energy, and natural resources. Four proj- ects are incorporated in this program: (1) Environ- mental Forecasting, which is aimed at improved en- vironmental prediction through better understanding of climate changes, the influence of the oceans on the atmosphere, and the part played by ocean circulation in shaping weather and climate; (2) Environmental Quality, which deals with the impact of man-made chemicals on the marine environment through study of the effects of pollutants on marine organisms, trans- fer of pollutants to the marine environment, and the worldwide distribution of geochemical features of ocean waters; (3) Seabed Assessment, which supports studies of the natural processes that result in formation and distribution of metal-rich manganese nodules, petroleum, and gas; and (4) Living Resources, which sponsors basic research in ocean processes that affect the development of living marine resources. The Oceanographic Facilities and Support program provides major support for 30 research ships and several facilities operated by 15 academic oceano- graphic laboratories. The continuing objectives of this program are to maintain, improve, and effectively 21 manage a cooperative system of oceanographic facilities at key locations in the academic community, and promote their shared use through the University Na- tional Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), an organization within that community. Other divisions within the Foundation also sponsor projects relating to the marine environment, including research in ocean engineering, marine resource man- agement, and the influence of the oceans on weather and climate. For further information write to: Office of the Assistant Director for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences National Science Foundation Washington, D.C. 20550 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Natural History maintains the largest collection of biological specimens and geological samples in the world, an important resource for research on current and his- torical environmental conditions. An example of re- search projects carried out under the auspices of the Museum is Investigations of Marine Shallow Water Ecosystems, a study of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of an undisturbed reef adjacent to Belize, British Honduras, which can be used as a base- line for comparison with polluted or otherwise dis- turbed reef systems. Other activities in marine science include the fol- lowing: Scientific Event Alert Network, established in 1975 to serve as a clearinghouse for information on transient, biological, astronomical, and geological events. Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, which receives, sorts, records, and curates aquatic collections, makes specimens available to specialists, and maintains a data bank on the collections. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, a long-term ecosystem study of the Rhode River estu- ary and watershed located on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, located in Panama, which is concerned with basic scientific questions of the evolutionary and ecological adapta- tions of tropical organisms. 22 Fort Pierce Bureau, located at Link Port on the Indian River between Fort Pierce and Vero Beach, Florida, where studies include a baseline survey of the Indian River, life history investigations of marine ani- mals, and development of rescue systems for small research submarines. For further information write to: Assistant to the Director National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 ACCESS TO MARINE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION CURRENT RESEARCH INFORMATION Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. (SSIE), a nonprofit corporation of the Smithsonian Institution located in Washington, D.C, was estab- lished in 1949 by six federal agencies engaged in the sponsorship and performance of research in the medi- cal sciences. Over the years SSIE has expanded both the scope of its coverage and the extent of its services. Today the Exchange receives project information from over 1,300 organizations that sponsor research, includ- ing federal, state, and local government agencies; non- profit associations and foundations; colleges and uni- versities; and, to a limited extent, foreign research organizations and private industry. The active search file, which covers the two most recent fiscal years, now contains more than 200,000 descriptions of ongoing or recently terminated projects in all fields of science; nearly 6,000 of these are in marine science and engi- neering and closely related fields. The basic record in the SSIE system is the single- page Notice of Research Project (NRP), which con- tains the data elements essential to most users of the file: supporting organization name and control, grant, or contract number; performing organization name and address; investigator name(s); project title; period for the description; and a 200-word technical summary of the work to be performed. In some cases, funding information is also included. 23 To meet a variety of user needs, the Exchange has developed a wide range of information products and services. Custom Searches. In response to individual requests, staff scientists search the active file for NRP's on spe- cific subjects. Searches for NRP's from particular performing organizations or departments, for geo- graphic areas, or for any combination of similar re- quirements can also be made. The fee for this service is $60.00 for the search and the first 50 NRP's sent, plus $0.25 for each additional NRP. Estimates of cov- erage and costs for specific custom searches are avail- able without charge. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) . The Exchange offers two types of SDI service for users who wish to receive regular updates of custom searches or research information packages (see below). SSIE scien- tists establish a user interest profile for each SDI sub- scriber; then periodic searches of the active file are con- ducted against this search profile to identify all new or newly updated project notices added to the data base since a previous search was made. Subscribers to Standard SDI Service receive 12 monthly search updates, compiled automatically by computer, for a single fee of $180.00. Custom SDI Service provides subscribers with quarterly updates, each of which is carefully reviewed by a staff scientist to assure maximum relevance of update contents to search profile requirements. The quarterly cost of Custom SDI Service is $50.00 for the search service and the first 1 to 50 NRP's, plus $0.25 for each additional NRP. Investigator or Accession Number Searches. Searches of the active file can be performed by principal or co- investigator name ($2.00 per name), or by SSIE accession or agency control number ($1.00 per num- ber). Minimum order: $10.00. SDC/SSIE On-Line Search Service. The SSIE data base is available on-line for users with access to a com- puter terminal who wish to search the file directly. Further information about this service can be obtained from System Development Corporation (SDC) at 2500 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, California 90406, or 7929 Westpark Drive, McLean, Virginia 22101. Aids developed by SDC and SSIE to assist on-line users in conducting searches through the SDC system include manuals describing SDC's retrieval program ap- plications, a guide to the SSIE subject indexing system, and a three-volume computer printout of over 90,000 24 SSIE Subject Terms and Synonyms. This printout has proven useful not only in querying the SSIE file, but also in designing subject search strategies for other data bases. Research Information Packages. SSIE scientists regu- larly conduct and review searches of the active file for NRP's on topics of high current interest. The results of these searches are compiled into research information packages which, once established, are available at costs that represent significant savings over those for custom searches. Package contents are updated every 90 days. Prices vary according to the average annual number of NRP's expected to be included. Because the contents of the data base fluctuate, packages compiled at different times during the year may contain NRP counts outside the range indicated by their published price. Packages priced at $35 contain up to 25 NRP's; those at $45, 26-100 NRP's; at $55, 101-200 NRP's; and so on. Research information packages now available in marine science and engineering include the following: Oceanography LO01L Oceanographic acoustics and applications: Acoustical characteristics of seawater and marine sediments, sonar and sofar, bioacous- tics $65 LO02L Use of buoys for oceanographic data collec- tion $55 LO03L Bathymetric mapping $45 LO04L Igneous and metamorphic rocks on the sea- floor $45 LO05L Coastal zone management $55 LO06L Seismic profile systems in oceanography $45 LO08L Ocean drilling and core analysis $55 LO10L Metals and trace elements in seawater and marine sediments $45 L012L Sea ice $45 L015L Ocean sediment types $45 L016L Ocean sediment properties $55 L017L Ocean topography $55 L018L Ocean turbidity and turbidity currents $45 L019L Ocean thermal properties $55 LO20L Use of bathythermographs $35 L021L Continental shelves and slopes, continental margins $55 L022L Oceanographic magnetics $45 L023L Remote sensing of the ocean surface: Detec- tion and identification of water pollutants, 25 water temperature, heat flow, sea-air inter- action, ocean current dynamics $55 L024L Oceanographic gravity $45 LB13L Energy derivation from the ocean's thermal structure $45 LM09L Ocean mining $55 (NOTE: Contains material in LM25L.) LM25L Offshore oil and gas $45 LT09L Sand dunes $35 LT16L Coastal erosion $45 AW17L Drugs from the sea $45 CA05L Social impacts and public involvement in marine environment development $45 FQ02L Underwater photography $35 GT11L Use of submersibles for underwater research $35 IB32L Wind power, tidal and sea wave power, power from ocean currents and gradients $55 (NOTE: Contains material in LB 13L.) IQ02L Underwater acoustics: Transmission and at- tenuation characteristics of fresh- and sea- water, underwater imaging and detection $35 IZ03L Underwater optics: Transmission, scattering, and optical properties of fresh- and sea-water; underwater surveillance; optical source de- velopment $45 JJ05L Marine and underwater communication sys- tems (excludes sonar) $45 KC53L Computer usage in oceanography $45 Marine and Naval Engineering and Operations GA94L Ship and marine noise and vibrations $45 GJ01L Coastal engineering: Breakwaters, ports, har- bors, piles, and other coastal structures $55 GJ05L Dikes and levees $45 GJ06L Offshore structures: Bottom-supported and floating platforms $45 GK05L Submarine soil mechanics $45 GK14L Deep foundations: Caissons, piers, and pile foundations $45 GT02L Ship hulls, submarine hulls, hull foams, and hull-like structures $45 GT03L Marine anchors and mooring systems $45 GT06L Marine and ship propellers $45 GT07L Ship models and simulators $45 GT08L Submarines: Design, construction, hydro- dynamics, structural components, dynamic responses, stability and control $55 (NOTE: Contains material in GT11L.) 26 GT09L GT11L GU01L GU11L GU12L GV05L HM03L HT11L JJ05L JQ02L JQ05L JQ07L JQ08L JQ09L JQIOL LT11L LT16L Ship motion and stabilities: Gyration, roll, dynamic responses, performance, maneuver- ability $55 Use of submersibles for underwater research $35 Antisubmarine warfare $55 Torpedoes $45 Naval logistics $45 Underwater construction $35 Marine corrosion and fouling $45 Wood preservation $45 Marine and underwater communication sys- tems (excludes sonar) $45 Navigational and landing aids: Autopilots, beacons, direction finders, compasses $45 Sonar and echo sounding systems $55 Satellite and space navigation systems $35 Radio navigation systems $35 Marine, ship, and underwater navigation sys- tems $35 Position location systems $45 Scouring in streams, estuaries, and coastal zones $45 Coastal erosion $45 Meteorology LR03L Tropical cyclones: Hurricanes and typhoons $45 LR14L Atmospheric radiation balance and heat ex- change $55 LR18L Weather sensing by rockets and satellites $55 LR19L Wind velocity $45 Environmental Quality BA29L Bioenvironmental effects of electric power plants $75 (NOTE: Contains material in BA52L.) BA42L Microbial degradation of petroleum and other hydrocarbons $45 BA51L Pollution of coral reefs $35 CA05L Social impacts and public involvement in marine environment development $45 FA05L Oil pollution cleanup: Analysis, separation, and removal of oil from sources such as oil spills and industrial wastes $45 (NOTE: Contains material in BA42L.) FA14L Lead as a pollutant: Analysis and removal of lead from air, water, or wastes; sources of the pollutant $55 27 Sewage sludge disposal methods: Burial, in cineration, landfills, ocean dumping $55 Dredging and dredged materials $45 Nuclear waste management $55 Marine disposal and dumping of sewage wastes, industrial and other solid wastes Natural disasters: Floods, earthquakes, lanches, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic tions $85 Environmental baseline power plant siting $55 Environmental standards ments for power plants Impact of electric power vironment $75 (NOTE: Contains material in BA29L, BA33L, BA52L, LA16L, LA76L.) , ship $45 ava- erup- measurements for impact state- and $45 plants on the en- Water Quality Eutrophication of lakes, streams, reservoirs, and coastal waters; eutrophication control $65 Turbidity in oceans, bays, streams, and lakes $55 Effects of dredging on freshwater and marine environments $45 Thermal water pollution: Heated water dis- charges from power plants into natural waters $65 (NOTE: Contains material in BA33L.) Marine disposal and dumping of sewage, ship wastes, industrial and other solid wastes $45 Water pollution in estuarine and coastal zones: Identification, effects, and control of pollutants $95 Oil pollution in the marine environment: De- tection, effects, treatment $65 Oil spill monitoring $35 Monitoring and analysis. of marine pollution $45 Carriage and transport of pollutants by ele- ments of the hydrologic cycle $95 Water quality in harbors and ports $45 Shellfish as bioindicators of pollution $35 Toxic and ecologic effects of petroleum and crude oil on animals, plants, and humans; biodegradation of petroleum pollutants and toxicity of petroleum $55 (NOTE: Contains material in BA42L, LA32L.) 28 BA19L Algal population growth and eutrophication of marine and freshwater systems $55 (NOTE: Contains material in BA40L.) BA21L Diatoms and other algae as indicators of water quality $45 BA33L Ecological effects of thermal pollution: Mix- ing and dispersion of thermally enriched waters, waste heat utilization $55 BA35L Tidal marshes: Ecological surveys, manage- ment, and pollution effects for marine, es- tuarine, and salt marshes $45 BA37L Bacterial pollution of water $55 BA39L Management of coastal and estuarine develop- ment with respect to water quality $45 BA42L Microbial degradation of petroleum and other hydrocarbons $45 BQ11L Effects of fisheries and seafood processing on water quality $45 FA07L Wastes from food processing: Treatment, disposal, and reclamation of food processing wastes by chemical, physical, and biological methods $55 FA12L Determination of organic substances in na- tural water: Detection and analysis of pesti- cides, oil, hydrocarbons $55 FA13L Mercury as a water pollutant: Analytical techniques for the detection of mercury levels in fish and water, physiological effects on fish, potential as a human health hazard $55 FA16L Petroleum refinery and petrochemical indus- trial wastewater treatment and disposal $45 FA28L Viruses in water: Detection, monitoring, and removal $45 Environment and Ecology BA01L Chlorophyceae and Charophyceae (green al- gae) $55 BA02L Diatoms $45 BA04L Marine fouling organisms $45 BA05L Shellfish as bioindicators of pollution $35 BA06L Toxic and ecologic effects of petroleum and crude oil on animals, plants, and humans; biodegradation of petroleum pollutants and toxicity of petroleum dispersant chemicals $55 (NOTE: Contains material in BA42L, LA32L.) BA07L Aquatic species diversity measurements $45 BA08L Starfish $35 BA10L Cetacea $45 29 Computer modeling of marine biological populations $45 Bacterial slime $45 Biological effects of zinc or boron pollution $45 Algal population growth and eutrophication of marine and freshwater systems $55 (NOTE: Contains material in BA40L.) Effects of light quantity and quality on aqua- tic algae $45 Diatoms and other algae as indicators of water quality $45 Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) $55 Euglenophyta $45 Kelps $35 Dinoflagellates $45 Red Tides $35 Bioenvironmental effects of electric power plants $75 (NOTE: Contains material in BA52L.) Ecological effects of thermal pollution: Mix- ing and dispersion of thermally enriched waters, waste heat utilization $55 Tidal marshes: Ecological surveys, manage- ment, and pollution effects for marine, es- tuarine, and salt marshes $45 Bacterial pollution of water $55 Management of coastal and estuarine devel- opment with respect to water quality $45 Primary productivity of phytoplankton $45 Microbial degradation of petroleum and other hydrocarbons $45 Marine food chains and environmental rela- tionships $45 Vertical distribution of marine plankton in relationship to acoustic properties of water $35 Detection of enteric viruses in the environ- ment $35 Pollution of coral reefs $35 Impingement, entrainment, or entrapment of aquatic organisms by water intake structures of power plants $35 Sea urchins $45 Biotransformation of mercury by micro- organisms in aquatic sediments: Methylation, effects, mercury cycling in aquatic environ- ments $45 30 Fish and Wildlife BA05L Shellfish as bioindications of pollution $35 BA06L Toxic and ecologic effects of petroleum and crude oil on animals, plants, and humans; biodegradation of petroleum pollutants and toxicity of petroleum dispersant chemicals $55 (NOTE: Contains material in BA42L, LA32L.) BA08L Starfish $35 BA10L Cetacea $45 BA11L Computer modeling of marine biological populations $45 BA35L Tidal marshes: Ecological surveys, manage- ment, and pollution effects for marine, estuarine, and salt marshes $45 BA37L Bacterial pollution of water $55 BA45L Marine food chains and environmental re- lationships $45 BP20L Thermal tolerance and acclimatization in fish $35 BP21L Osmoregulation in aquatic vertebrates $45 BQ03L Coho salmon $45 BQ06L Economics of aquaculture $45 BQ07L Shellfish pathology $45 BQ08L Fish spawning sites: Nursery areas, arti- ficial beds, rehabilitation of suitable natural areas, physical properties of sites $55 BQ11L Effects of fisheries and seafood processing on water quality $45 BQ15L Legislative, administrative, and sociocultural influences on the management of marine com- mercial fisheries $45 BQ17L Marine and estuarine aquaculture $45 (NOTE: Contains material in BQ26L.) BQ1 8L Sonic tagging of fish $35 BQ26L Role of algae in aquaculture $35 BQ27L Marine mammals $55 (NOTE: Contains material in BA10L.) EQ05L Control of undesired fish by chemical, bio- logical, cultural, or physical means $45 EQ12L Waterfowl censusing $35 EQ1 5L Creel censusing of fish $45 EQ16L Nesting sites of waterfowl including use of artificial nests $35 Recreation AA06L Effects of water pollution on utilization of outdoor recreation sites by the public $45 31 A018L Diving physiology and pathology $55 (NOTE: Contains material in A023L.) A023L Physiological and pathological aspects of hy- perbaric oxygen $45 ER03L Commercial sport fishing or hunting of game birds or large game animals $45 ER04L Relationship between water quality and recrea- tional use $55 ER10L Water-based recreation, including fishing $55 (NOTE: Contains material in ER18L.) ER18L Water sports: Swimming, boating, water ski- ing, and scuba diving $45 For further information write to : Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. Room 300, 1730 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION National Technical Information Service (NTIS) The National Technical Information Service is the central source for the public sale of government-spon- sored research, development, and engineering reports and other analyses prepared by federal agencies, their con- tractors or grantees, or by special technology groups. It is also a central source for federally generated machine- processable data files. The information collection ex- ceeds 1 million titles and all are available for sale. About 105,000 titles are stocked in multiple copies. Current lists of best selling reports describe those most in demand. NTIS announces some 1,500 new reports each year on marine engineering, including harbors, port facilities and marine navigation; dynamic oceanography; physical and chemical oceanography; biological oceanography; marine geophysics and geology; oceanographic vessels, instruments; platforms and underwater research vehi- cles; hydrography; and underwater construction and habitats. Customers can quickly locate summaries of interests from among 480,000 federally sponsored research re- ports completed and published from 1964 to date by using the agency's on-line computer search service, NTI Search, or by referring to more than 1,000 Published Searches. About 60,000 new summaries and reports are 32 added annually. Copies of the whole research reports on which the summaries are based are sold by NTIS in paper or microform. The NTIS Bibliographic Data File, on magnetic tape, includes unpublished research summaries and is avail- able for lease. The computer products of other federal agencies are sold or leased by NTIS. Current summaries of new research reports and other specialized information in various categories of interest are published in some 26 weekly, indexed newsletters, including one entitled Ocean Technology. An all-inclu- sive biweekly journal, Government Reports Announce- ments & Index, is published for librarians, technical information specialists, and those requiring all the sum- maries in a single volume. A standing order microfiche service (SRIM) auto- matically provides subscribers with the full texts of research reports especially selected to satisfy individual requirements. Automatic distribution of paperbound re- ports is also available. The above and additional information products and services are described in the free NTIS general catalog (PR-154). For further information write to: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce Information Center & Bookstore 425- 13th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System (OASIS) The Environmental Science Information Center of NOAA's Environmental Data and Information Ser- vice offers automated literature searches through the Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System (OASIS) to both NO A A and non-NOAA users. OASIS allows computerized access to some 1 1 million refer- ences to published scientific and technicial information'. The more than 40 data bases that make up OASIS can be searched for any subject in the atmospheric, marine, and earth sciences. Among data bases pertinent to marine science and technology are Aquaculture, Bib- liography and Index of Geology, Engineering Index Compendex, The Fish and Wildlife Reference Service, Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts, Oceanic Abstracts, Petroleum Abstracts, Pollution, Selected Water Resources Abstracts, Enviroline, Aquatic Sci- 33 ences and Fisheries Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, and Petroleum Abstracts. For further information write to: Users Services Branch Library and Information Services Division Environmental Science Information Center Environmental Data and Information Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Environmental Data Index (ENDEX) Developed by NOAA's Environmental Data and In- formation Service, the Environmental Data Index (ENDEX) contains computer-searchable descriptions of interdisciplinary files of environmental data on many levels. ENDEX has three major components: (1) de- scriptions of data collection efforts, (2) descriptions of data files, and (3) detailed inventories of large, com- monly used files. The data file description lists the types of parameters and volumes of data available; methods of measurements; when and where the data were col- lected; sensors and platforms used; data formats; restric- tions on data availability; publications in which the data can be found; whom to contact for further information; and estimated cost of obtaining the data. ENDEX services and products include the following: ( 1 ) access to specialized indexes of environmental data, grouped by geographic areas, institutions, or disciplines; (2) on-line, interactive searches of indexes to answer specific questions concerning the availability and where- abouts of data files; (3) quick-response determination of the costs of retrieval from large data files; and (4) data catalogs from large NOAA environmental data collec- tion projects. Individual ENDEX data files descriptions are updated every 2 years. For further information write to: Data Index Branch National Oceanographic Data Center Environmental Data and Information Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20235 Regional Coastal Information Centers (RCIC) The Regional Coastal Information Center (RCIC) concept is a new approach to making coastal and marine 34 information and data locally available to those who need it. There is a growing constituency for such serv- ices, particularly as more and more of the management of coastal resources is being undertaken by state and local governments. The RCIC program is sponsored jointly by three NOAA components: the Marine Advisory Service, En- vironmental Data and Information Service, and Office of Coastal Zone Management. Working on a regional basis, the RCIC can identify resources that relate to the coastal and marine environ- ment of the region, whether resources are academic, private, industrial, or governmental, and whether held locally, regionally, or nationally. Users are able to re- quest materials or referral to resources within the region and throughout the country. At present, three RCICs are operational: the North- east RCIC located at the University of Rhode Island in Narragansett; the Northwest RCIC located jointly at the University of Washington in Seattle and Oregon State University in Corvallis; and the Great Lakes RCIC lo- cated jointly at the University of Michigan and Great Lakes Basin Commission in Ann Arbor. Eventually there will be nine RCICs, covering all U.S. coastal zone regions, including Alaska and Hawaii. For further information write to: Mr. Robert Shephard Office of Sea Grant National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20235 EDIS Data Centers The Environmental Data and Information Service (EDIS), NOAA, was specifically created to manage environmental data. Of the six EDIS centers, three main- tain collections and provide services related to marine science and technology. The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) disseminates oceanographic data, develops analytical and descriptive products to meet user requirements, and provides facilities for the World Data Center-A (Ocean- ography). Oceanographic data available from NODC include: mechanical and expendable bathythermograph data in analog and digital form; oceanographic station data for surface and serial depths, giving values of temperature, salinity, oxygen, inorganic phosphate, total phosphorus, nitrite-nitrogen, silicate-silicon, and pH; 35 continuously recorded salinity-temperature-depth data in digital form; surface current information obtained with drift bottles or calculated from ship set or drift; and biological data, giving values of plankton standing crop, chlorophyll concentrations, and rates of primary productivity. For further information write to: National Oceanographic Data Center Environmental Data and Information Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20235 The National Climatic Center (NCC) in addition to being the custodian of all United States weather records, is also the repository for data collected during large- scale investigations of the air-sea interface. Such special collections include data from the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL), a 1972-73 field study of the physical, chemical, and biological processes of Lake Ontario; from the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX), conducted in 1969; and from the GARP (Global Atmospheric Re- search Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), a multinational experiment conducted in the eastern Atlantic in the summer of 1974. For further information write to: National Climatic Center Environmental Data and Information Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Building Asheville, North Carolina 28801 Environmental and earth resources satellite data, in- cluding both visible light imagery and infrared data are available from NCC's Satellite Data Services Branch. For further information write to: Satellite Data Services Branch World Weather Building, Room 606 Washington, D.C. 20233 The National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center (NGSDC) disseminates solid earth and marine geophysical data, including bathymetric measurements; seismic profiles; gravimetric measurements; geomag- netic total field measurements, and geological data on heat flows, cores, samples, and sediments. 36 For further information write to: National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, Colorado 80302 NON-GOVERNMENT SOURCES OF INFORMATION The Information Industry Association (IIA) is made up of over 100 companies offering information products, services, and systems in specific subjects. More than 150 data bases are available. Information companies serve a particular market function or subject area, such as manufacturing data bases, distributing information, per- forming specialized searches, and providing information for problem-solving. For a description on subject spe- cialties in the membership directory, Information Sources, write to: Information Industry Association 4720 Montgomery Lane Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Lockheed Information Services operates DIALOG, an online information system. Over 70 data bases include bibliographies, conference proceedings, descriptions of current research, directories, periodicals, and reports in all major disciplines. Among the data bases listed are Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Oceanic Ab- stracts, and Pollution Abstracts. The Selective Dissemi- nation of Information (SDI) searches are being ex- panded. For information write to: Lockheed Information Systems DIALOG Marketing, Dept. 50-20/201 3251 Hanover Street Palo Alto, California 94304 The Raytheon Service Company (RSC), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Raytheon Company, operates clearing houses, information retrieval systems, and re- lated information-management services on engineering and technical services worldwide. It provides printing services, audio-visual materials, and technical studies. Technical Information Services handle complete library 37 services, including translations and abstracts in 13 lan- guages. For information write to: Raytheon Service Company Spencer Laboratory 2 Wayside Road P.O. Box 503 Burlington, Massachusetts 01803 The Departments of Energy and Industry of the United Kingdom are supporting the Marine Information and Advisory Service (MI AS), which incorporates the former British Oceanographic Data Service, at the Insti- tute of Oceanographic Science (IOS). MIAS is to assist government and industry with requests for oceano- graphic data. The "Marine Information and Advisory Service Leaflet" and the "MIAS Introductory User Guide," both produced by the IOS, describe the variety of products to be available from the computerized data bank. For more information write to: MIAS Enquiry Desk Institute of Oceanographic Services Brook Road Wormley, Godalming, Surrey HU8 5UB ENGLAND 38 SUBJECT TERMS FOR ACCESS TO FEDERAL MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROJECT INFORMATION Compiled by SSIE Abyssal Environment Acoustical Properties Activated Carbon Adaptive Radiation Adriatic Sea Adsorption Capacity Advection Aeration Aerobic Bacteria Aeromagnetics Aerosols Aftershocks Agricultural Wastes Agulhas Current Air - Sea Boundary Studies Heat and Radiation Transfer Particle - Gas Transfer Wind - Water Interaction Air Census Air Motion Advection Air Patterns and Circulation Air Turbulence Convection Gravity Waves Wind Ocean - Lake Winds Orographic Effects Wind Direction Wind Profiles Wind Shear Wind Velocity Air Pollution Monitoring Air Pollution Sources Air Pollution Types Air Pressure - Density Air Temperature Airboats Aircraft Alaska Albemarle Sound Aleutian Islands Algae Algae - Chlorophyta Algae - Chrysophyta Diatoms - general Algae - Cyanophyta Algae - Euglenophyta Algae - Phaeophyta Algae - Pyrrophyta Algal Toxins Aluminum American Samoa Amino Acids Ammonia Ammonium Amoeba Amphibians Amphibious Operations Amphipods Anaerobic Bacteria Analysis of Variance Anchoring and Mooring Systems Anchovies Andesite Animal Migration Animal Toxins Annelida Oligochaeta Polychaeta Anorthosite Antarctic Ocean Ross Sea Scotia Sea Weddell Sea Antarctica Anthozoa Antilles Antimony Antisubmarine Warfare Aquaculture Fish Farming Plant Aquaculture Shellfish Farming Aquaria Arachnida Arctic Arctic Ocean Baffin Bay Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Hudson Bay Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Argon - Potassium Dating Arsenic Arthropods Artificial Islands 39 Aschelminthes Nematoda Asteroids Atlantic Coastal Plain Atlantic Ocean -general Atlantic Ocean -north Atlantic Ocean -south Atmosphere Disturbance Cyclones - Anticyclones Fronts Monsoons Severe Storms - Squalls Thunderstorms Tornadoes - Waterspouts Tropical Cyclones - Hurricanes Atmosphere Electricity Atmosphere Energy - Radiation Air Temperature Heat Balance - Budget Heat Exchange Atmosphere History Atmospheric Pollution Air Pollution Monitoring Air Pollution Sources Air Pollution Types Aerosols Gases Particulates Radioactivity Dispersion - Transportation Atolls Atomic Plants Australia Azores and Madeira Islands BOMEX Bacteria Aerobic Bacteria Anaerobic Bacteria Coliforms -nonspecific Escherichia Coli Heterotrophic Bacteria Marine Bacteria Pseudomonas - nonspecific Bacterial Endotoxins Bacterial Exotoxins Bacteriophage Baffin Bay Bait Fish Rearing Balloons Baltic Sea Barents Sea Barges Barium Barnacles Bars Basalt Basic - Mafic Rocks Basins -sedimentary- structural Bathyal Environment Bathymetry Bathythermographs Bauxite Bay of Biscay Bayous Bay - Bights Beaches Beaufort Sea Bed Load Bedding Planes Beds Under Water Behavior - invertebrate Benefit-cost Analysis Benthic Fauna Benthic Flora Benthonic Environment Bering Sea Bermuda Beryllium Billfishes Bioassays Biochemical Evolution Biogenous Sediments Bioindicators Biological Oxygen Demand Biological Rhythms Spawning Bioluminescence invertebrate Biostratigraphy - Biofacies Biotelemetry Birds Ducks, Geese, and Swans Gulls, Plovers, Etc. Pelicans, Cormorants, Etc. Bituminous Shale Black Sea Bluefishes Boat Discharges Boating Boats and Hydrofoil Crafts Bonin Islands Borehole Geophysics Brachiopods Breakwaters Breccia -general British West Indies Bryozoans Buoys Cadmium Calcification Calcium 40 California California Current Canals Canary Islands Cancer Cancer Chemotherapy Cape Verde Islands Capes - Peninsulas Carbon Carbon Dioxide Carbon Isotopes Carbonates Carbon 14 Dating Carbonates Cargo and Passenger Ships Caribbean Sea Carnivors Caroline Islands Cartilaginous Fishes Catalogs, Tables, Compilations Cephalopods Cesium Cetacea Channels Charts Chemical Analysis Chemical Oxidation Chemical Reactions Chemical Sediments Chert Chesapeake Bay Chlorination Chlorine Chlorophyll Chromium Chukchi Sea Ciliata Cinder Cones Cirrus Clouds Clams Clay Minerals Clay Soils Claystone Clouds Cirrus Clouds Cloud Cover Cloud Formation and Evolution Cloud Motions - Movement Cloud Patterns Cloud Physics Cloud Structure Cumulus Clouds Clouds - Precipitation Cnidosporidia Coal Coastal Engineering Coastal Plain Atlantic Coastal Plain Gulf Coastal Plain Coastlines - Shorelines Cobalt Coccoliths Codfishes and Hakes Coelenterata Anthozoa Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Coliforms -nonspecific Columbia River Comb Jellies Combined Sewers Commodities Comparative Anatomy- Evolution Comparative Physiology Compressional Waves Computer Models Condensation Physics Conglomerates Connecticut River Conodonts Continent History Continental Drift Continental Shelf Continental Slope Continents Convection Convection Currents Copepods Copper Coral Sea Corals Core Core Analysis Correlation Corrosion, Deterioration Corrosion Agents Corrosion Effects Fouling Stress Corrosion Thermal Degradation Corrosion Prevention Corrosion Rates Cosmogenous Sediments Costs Crabs Cratons - Platforms Crayfish Creel Census Creosote Crinoids Cruises Crust Crustacea Barnacles Copepods 41 Eucarids Crabs Crayfish Lobsters Prawns Shrimps Ostracods Peracarids Amphipods Isopods Crustal Movement Detectors Crystal Chemistry Crystallization Cuba Cumulus Clouds Currents -bottom Currents -longshore littoral Cyclones - Anticyclones Cyprus Cytotoxic Agents DDE DDT Decompression Sickness Deep Sea Drilling J O I DES Deep Submersibles Deformation Degradation Delaware Bay Delaware River Deltas Demand for Recreation Denitrification Density, Sea Water Depth -water Depth, Sea Water Desoxyribonucleic Acid Developmental Physiology Dew Dewatering Diabase Diatoms -general Dicotyledons Dieldrin Digestion Dikes Dinoflagellates Discharge Discontinuities Disinfection Dispersion - Transportation Dissolved Load Divers Diving and Scuba Gear Dolomite Domestic Wastes Sanitary Landfills Sewage Dredging Drift Stations Drilling and Coring Drugs Drums Ducks, Geese, and Swans Dyes Earth Electrical Properties Earth Telluric Current Exploration Methods Electric Logging Electromagnetic Probing Earth Interior Earth Magnetism Exploration Methods Aeromagnetics Magnetic Surveys Magnetic Anomalies Magnetic Field Character Field Reversals Magnetic Intensity Paleomagnetism Polar Wandering Rock and Mineral Magnetics Secular Magnetic Variation Earth Thermal Properties Convection Currents Geothermal Gradient Heat Flows Earth Tides Earthquake Location Earthquakes East China Sea East Siberian Sea Easter Island Echinoderms Asteroids Crinoids Echinoids Holothuroids Ecological Effects Ecological Evolution Economic Mineral Appraisals Dimensions - Distribution Potential of Deposit Resource Inventories Economics Benefit-cost Analysis Commodities Fish and Shellfish Economic Impact Income Analysis International Economics International Trade Microeconomics Costs Market Structure Marketing Production and Processing 42 Natural Resources Economics Land Economics Optimization Regional Economics Regional Base Studies Regional Impact Economics -recreation Effluent Standards Effluents - Waste Water Elastic Waves Electric Logging Electric Power Plants Electrical Properties Electro-fishing Electromagnetic Properties Electronics Image Sensing Systems Night Vision Detection Systems Remote Sensing Systems Element Ratios EM Radiation Emergent Shorelines Energy - Environmental Aspects English Channel Entomology Environmental Effects Environmental Hazards Environments, Human Pressure Decompression Sickness Nitrogen and Inert Gas Narcosis Temperature and Humidity Cold Enzyme Studies Eocene Epoch Epeirogenic Movement - isostasy Equatorial Currents Erosion Escherichia Coli Estuaries Ethological Evolution Eucarids Eutrophication Evaporation Evaporites Evolution, Organic Biochemical Evolution Comparative Anatomy- Evolution Comparative Physiology Ecological Evolution Ethological Evolution Genetic Evolution Geologic Evolution Speciation Evolutionary Studies Exchange Capacity Experimental Geochemistry Exploration Methods Explosives Extinction Extrusive Igneous Rocks Fats - Lipids and Oils Ferry Boats Field Reversals Fiji Islands Filtration Fine-grained Clastics Fish Anchovies Billfishes Bluefishes Cartilaginous Fishes Ratfishes Sawfishes Sharks Codfishes, Hakes Drums Freshwater Catfishes Herring, Shad, Menhaden lacks, Scads, Pompanos Killifishes Lampreys, Hagfishes Lefteye Flounders Mackerels, Tunas Minnows, Carps Mullets Perches Porgies Righteye Flounders Scorpionfishes, Rockfishes Sea Basses Smelts Surf perches Trout, Whitefish, Graylings Salmon Trout Whitefish, Cisco Fish and Shellfish Fish Capture Drugs Electro-fishing Nets Tags Telemetry Fish Censusing Air Census Creel Census Questionnaires Fish Farming Fish Protein Concentrate Fish Spawning and Nesting 43 Fishing Fishing Gear Fission Reactors Fission Track Dating Fissure Eruptions Fjords Flagellata Floods Florida Florida Current Flysch Deposits Fog - Haze - Mist Fog - Mist Dissipation Food Chains Food Fish and Shellfish Clams Crabs Fish -nonspecific Fish Protein Concentrate Hake Lobster Oysters Salmon Scallops Shrimp Trout Tuna Food Processing Food Webs Foraminifera Formosa - Taiwan Fossil Age Studies Fossil Dating Fossil Invertebrates Arthropods Ostracods Brachiopods Bryozoans Coelenterates Corals Conodonts Echinoderms Mollusks Protozoans Coccoliths Dinoflagellates Foraminifera Radiolaria Silicoflagellates Fossil Plants Algae Fossil Pollen Fossil Preservation Fossil Spores Fossil Structure Fossil Vertebrates Fish Fossil Zones - Index Fossils Fouling Freshwater Circulation Freshwater Currents Freshwater Catfishes Freshwater Ecology Fronts Fungi Marine Fungi - nonspecific Yeasts -nonspecific Fungicides Gabbro Galapagos Islands Gamma Radiation Gases Gastropods Gates Genetic Evolution Geochemistry Crystal Chemistry Experimental Geochemistry High Pressure Research High Temperature Research Mineral Equilibria Mineral Synthesis Phase Relationships Solution Chemistry Geochemical Investigations Element Ratios Isotopic Abundance Studies Mineral - Rock Alterations Mineral Associations Mineral Genesis Trace Element Analysis Transfer Processes Organic Geochemistry Geochronology Fossil Dating Radioactivity Methods Argon - Potassium Dating Carbon 14 Dating Fission Track Dating Rubidium - Strontium Dating Thorium Dating Uranium Dating Geodesy Geodetic Mapping Geodetic Surveys Standard Geoid Geologic Evolution Geologic Faults Rifts Thrust Faults Transform Faults 44 Geologic Folds Geologic History Atmosphere History Continent History Glacial History Igneous - Metamorphic History Island Arc History Ocean Basin History Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleosalinity Paleotemperature Sea Level Changes Sedimentary History Tectonic History Geologic Maps Geologic Time Mesozoic Era Paleozoic Era Precambrian Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch Recent Epoch Tertiary Period Eocene Epoch Miocene Epoch Oligocene Epoch Paleocene Epoch Pliocene Epoch Geological Exploration Geophones Geosynclines Geothermal Gradient Glacial History Glaciers Gold Government Intergovernmental Relations Policy Making Granite Gravity Studies Crustal Movement Detectors Exploration Methods Gravity Surveys Gravimeters -general Gravity Anomalies Gravity Applications Isostacy Structural Analysis Gravity Tectonics Gravity Waves Graywacke Sandstone Great Lakes Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Superior Greenland Greenland Sea Groins Gulf Coastal Plain Gulf of Aden Gulf of Alaska Gulf of California Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Mexico Gulf Stream Gulls, Plovers, Etc. Hake Handbooks Harbors Hawaii Heat and Radiation Transfer Heat Balance - Budget Heat Exchange Heat Flows Heavy Metals Herbicides Herring, Shad, and Menhaden Heterotrophic Bacteria High Pressure Research High Temperature Research Holothuroids Hudson Bay Hudson River Humboldt or Peru Current Humidity - Water Vapor Hydrofoil Craft Hydrographic Surveys Hydrozoa Hyperbaric Chamber Ice Studies Ice Alteration Ice Composition Ice Jams Ice Petrofabrics Ice Properties Ice Acoustics Ice Electrical Properties Ice Mechanical Properties Ice Thermal Properties Ice Thickness - Area Icebergs Icebreakers Iceland Igneous - Metamorphic History Igneous Activity - Volcanism Igneous Petrogenesis Igneous Rocks Basic - Mafic Rocks Extrusive Igneous Rocks 45 Andesite Japan Basalt Java Sea Rhyolite Jetties Tuff Intrusive Igneous Killifishes Rocks Kuroshio Current Anorthosite Diabase Gabbro L - Waves Granite Labrador Current Peridotite Labrador Sea Lava Lagoons Magma Lake Erie Image Sensing Systems Lake Huron Incineration Lake Michigan Income Analysis Lake Ontario Indian Ocean Lake Superior Indonesia Lampreys and Hagfishes Industrial Wastes Land Bridges Industries Land Economics Atomic Plants Land Subsidence Electric Power Plants Landfill Inflow Landing Crafts Information Systems Laptev Sea Infrared Radiation Larvicides Inlet - Intake Lasers - Masers Structures Lava Insecticides Lead DDE Lefteye Flounders DDT Legal Studies Dieldrin Law Enforcement Malathion Legal Review Insects Legislation - Zoning Int. Decade Ocean Legislative Levels Exploration Federal Government Intelligence Local Government Interceptor Stations State Government Intergovernmental Relations Pollution Taxes International Economics Limestone - general International Trade Lincoln Sea Interstitial - Connate Line Islands Water Lithostratigraphic Unit Intertidal - Littoral Areas Lobsters Intrusive Igneous Rocks Local Government Invertebrate Pathology Locks Iodine Logistics Iron Long Island Sound Island Arc History Island Arcs Islands Mackerels and Tunas Isopods Magma Isostacy Magmatic Differentiation Isotopic Abundance Magnesium Studies Magnetic Anomalies Isotropy - Anisotropy Magnetic Intensity Magnetic Surveys Magnetometers Jacks, Scads, and Malagasy Republic - Pompanos Madagascar Jamaica Malathion James River Malaysia - Malaya 46 Malta Mammals Carnivors Cetacea Pinnipeds Rodents Man in the Sea Programs Manganese Mantle Mariana Islands Marinas Marine Bacteria Marine Cables Marine Fouling Marine Fungi - nonspecific Marine Materials Undersea Materials Marine Photography- Television Marine Pollution Agricultural Wastes Industrial Wastes Ocean Dumping Petroleum Wastes - Spillage Radioactivity Sewage Ship Wastes Marine Productivity Marine Propellers Marine Safety Marine Salvage Marine Soils Market Structure Marketing Marl Marshall Islands Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Melanesia Melange Mercury Mesometeorology Metabolism -invertebrate Metals -general Heavy Metals Trace Metals Metamorphic Petrogenesis Metamorphic Rocks Metasomatism Meteorological Condensation Condensation Physics Dew Fog, Haze, Mist Microeconomics Microfossils Micrometeorology Micronesia Microseisms - Background Noise Microwave Radiation Military Personnel Military Sciences Intelligence Logistics Military Operations Amphibious Operations Antisubmarine Warfare Naval Operations Mineral - Rock Alterations Mineral Associations Mineral Content -water Mineral Equilibria Mineral Genesis Mineral Synthesis Mineralogy Carbonates Silicates Clay Minerals Minnows and Carps Miocene Epoch Mississippi River Mobile Bay Mollusks Cephalopods Clams Gastropods Oysters Pelecypods -other Molybdenum Monitoring and Baselines Monocotyledons Monsoons Mountain Building - Orogeny Mountains - Massifs Mudstone Mullets Narragansett Bay Natural Gas Natural Resources Economics Naval Operations Naval Personnel Naval Ships - Warships Navigation Nematoda Neritic Sublittoral Areas Nets New Guinea New Hebrides Islands New York New Zealand Nickel Night Vision Detection Systems 47 Nitrogen Ammonia Ammonium Nitrates Nitrites Nitrogen and Inert Gas Narcosis Noncombatant Ships North Pacific Current North Sea Norwegian Sea Nuclear Devices Nuclear Energy Conversion Fission Reactors Nuclear Explosion Nuclear Power Systems Nuclear Electric Power Nuclear Propulsion Nucleic Acids and Precursors Desoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Nutrient Pollutants Occupations Divers Military Personnel Naval Personnel Scientists Ocean - Lake Winds Ocean Banks Ocean Basin History Ocean Basins Ocean Bottom Sampling Devices Ocean Circulation - general Ocean Convection - Advection Ocean Coring and Dredging Ocean Currents Currents -bottom Currents -longshore -littoral Currents -ocean Agulhas Current California Current Equatorial Currents Florida Current Gulf Stream Humboldt or Peru Current Kuroshio Current Labrador Current North Pacific Current Yucatan - Gulf Loop Current Ocean Dumping Ocean Energy Ocean Engineering - general Ocean Fans Ocean Fracture Zones Ocean Hydrodynamics Ocean Level Recorders Ocean Meterological Studies Ocean Mining Ocean Mixing Ocean Motion Recorders Ocean Optical Devices Ocean Plains - Plateaus Ocean Platforms Ocean Profiles Ocean Ridges - Hills - Rises Ocean Sediments Mineralogy Ocean Sediment Types Biogenous Sediments Cosmogenous Sediments Marine Soils Precipitates Terrigenous Sediments Turbidites Sediment Acoustic Properties Sediment Biology Sediment Chemistry Sediment Mechanical Properties Sediment Origin Sediment Physical Properties Sediment Textures - Structures Sediment Thickness - Area Sedimentation Ocean Surface Environment Ocean Trenches Ocean Waves - Currents Oceanic - Pelagic Environment Oceanographic Ships Offshore Power Plants Oil Removal Oligocene Epoch Oligochaeta Oolitic Limestone Optical Properties, Sea Water Optimization Ordnance Underwater Ordnance Warships Ore Deposits Beryllium Chromium Copper Gold 48 Iron Manganese Platinum Thorium Tin Uranium Organic Deposits Organic Geochemistry Organics Organism Sampling Devices Orogenic Belts Orographic Effects Ostracods Outfall Sewers Oxygen Oysters P - Waves Pacific Ocean -east Pacific Ocean -general Pacific Ocean -north Pacific Ocean -south Pacific Ocean -west Paleo-oceanography Paleocene Epoch Paleoclimatology Paleoecology Paleogeography Paleomagnetism Paleontology Classification- taxonomy Evolutionary Studies Adaptive Radiation Extinction Speciation Fossil Age Studies Fossil Pollen Fossil Preservation Fossil Spores Fossil Structure Fossil Internal Structure Shells Microfossils Paleoecology Biostratigraphy - Biofacies Fossil Zones - Index Fossils Population - Distribution Paleosalinity Paleotemperature Paleozoic Era Pamlico Sound Panama Particle - Gas Transfer Particulates Pearl River Peat Pelicans, Cormorants, Etc. Peracarids Perches Peridotite Periphyton Permafrost - Frozen Soils Permeability Persian Gulf Pesticide Accumulation Rates Environment Accumulation Rates Tissue Accumulation Rates Pesticide Analysis Bioassay Chemical Analysis Metabolites from Pesticides Monitoring Systems Pesticide Persistence Pesticide Toxicity Residues in Food Petrogenesis Igneous Petrogenesis Crystallization Magmatic Differentiation Metamorphic Petrogenesis Petrography Petroleum Petroleum Wastes - Spillage Phase Relationships Philippine Sea Philippines Phosphorus Phosphates Phosphorus Isotopes Physical Models Physiological Effects Phytoplankton Piers Pillow Lava Pilot Plants Pinnipeds Pipelines Piscicides Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Plant Aquaculture Plant Morphology Plate or Block Tectonics 49 Platinum Platyhelminthes Trematoda Turbellaria Pleistocene Epoch Pliocene Epoch Plumes Plutonium Polar Wandering Policy Making Pollutant Identification Bioindicators Chemical Identification Pollutants, Path of Pollution Effects Ecological Effects Environmental Effects Physiological Effects Pollution Taxes Polychaeta Polynesia Porgies Porifera Porosity Ports Potassium Potential of Deposit Potomac River Prawns Precambrian Precipitates Pressure Pressure, Sea Water Primary Productivity Probability and Statistics Probability Stochastic Processes Statistics Analysis of Variance Correlation Regression Analysis Sampling Time Series Analysis Production and Processing Productivity Primary Productivity Secondary Productivity Propulsion Electrical Marine Nuclear Protozoa Ciliata Cnidosporidia Flagellata Sarcodina Amoeba Foraminifera Protozoans Pseudomonas -nonspecific Public Health Puerto Rico Puget Sound Pumps Quaternary Period Questionnaires Radar Radio Telemetry Radioactive Isotopes Radioactivity Radioactivity Methods Radioisotopes Radiolaria Radiosondes - Rawinsondes Radium Radon Rain Rappahannock River Rate of Deposition Ratfishes Recent Epoch Recreation Boating Demand for Recreation Economics -recreation Fishing Recreation Law Safety -recreation Seasonal Homes Swimming Touring User Patterns Red Sea Reefs Regional Economics Regional Impact Regression Analysis Remote Sensing Aircraft EM Radiation Gamma Radiation Infrared Radiation Microwave Radiation Radar Visible Light Lasers - Masers Satellites Remote Sensing Systems Reproduction Reptiles Rescue Boats Residues in Foods Resource Inventories Rhodophyta Rhyolite Ribonucleic Acid 50 Rifts Righteye Flounders Ripple Marks River Deltas Rock and Mineral Magnetics Rodents Ross Sea Rubidium - Strontium Dating Ruthenium S - Waves Safety -recreation Saline Water Intrusion Salinity Salmon Salt Salt Domes Salt Marches San Andreas Rift San Francisco Bay Sand Dunes Sands and Gravels Sandstones Sanitary Landfills Sarcodina Sargasso Sea Satellites Savannah River Sawfishes Scallops Scandium Scientists Scorpionfishes and Rockfishes Scotia Sea Scouring Scuba Scyphozoa Sea Basses Sea Cliffs Sea Floor Spreading Sea Floor Topography Sea Ice Sea Level Changes Sea Level Variations Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Sea Walls Sea Water Chemistry Chemical Reactions Oil Removal Radioactivity Salinity Sea Water Analysis Gases Heavy Metals Organics Particulates Trace Elements Sea Water Mass and Ocean Fronts Sea Water Properties Acoustical Properties Density, Sea Water Depth, Sea Water Electrical Properties Electromagnetic Properties Optical Properties, Sea Water Pressure, Sea Water Shock Propagation Temperature, Sea Water Thermal Properties, Sea Water Thermocline Thermodynamics Turbidity, Sea Water Sea Water Sampling Seamounts - Guyots Seasonal Homes Secondary Productivity Secular Magnetic Variation Sediment Acoustic Properties Sediment Biology Sediment Deposition Rate of Deposition Sediment Thickness Sediment Diagenesis Sediment Lithification Metasomatism Calcification Sediment Cementation Sediment Origin Sediment Properties Adsorption Capacity Exchange Capacity Permeability Porosity Sediment Composition Chemical Composition Interstitial - Connate Water Organic Composition Sediment Texture Sediment Provenance Studies Sediment Thickness - Area Sediment Transport Transport Agents Glaciers Icebergs Ocean Waves - Currents Turbidity Currents Transport Direction Transport Distance 51 Transport Methods Bed Load Dissolved Load Suspension Sedimentary History Sedimentary Rocks Carbonates Dolomite Limestone -general Oolitic Limestone Chemical Sediments Bauxite Conglomerates Evaporites Salt Fine-grained Clastics Claystone Marl Mudstone Shale Siltstone Organic Deposits Bituminous Shale Peat Sandstones Graywacke Sandstone Siliceous Sediments Chert Tectogenic Clastics Breccia -general Flysch Deposits Melange Tuffaceous Sediments Sedimentary Structures Bedding Planes Ripple Marks Sedimentation Seiches Seismic Instruments Geophones Seismographs Strain Gauges Tiltmeters Seismology Exploration Methods Seismic Mapping Seismic Reflection Seismic Refraction Seismic Surveys Generation Mechanisms Aftershocks Earthquakes Explosives Nuclear Devices Seismic Applications Earthquake Location Nuclear Explosion Structural Studies Seismic Stations and Networks Seismic Wave Characteristics Wave Attenuation Wave Dispersion Wave Propagation Wave Reflection Wave Refraction Wave Shape - Amplitude Wave Velocity Stress-strain Relations Earth Tides Microseisms - Background Noise Wave Propagation Media Isotropy - Anisotropy Plastic, Elastic, Semi-solid Wave Types Compressional Waves Elastic Waves L - Waves P - Waves S - Waves Shear Waves Surface Waves Selenium Severe Storms - Squalls Sewage Sewage System- Treatment Plant Combined Sewers Effluent Standards Flushing Devices Interceptor Stations Sewage System Design Sewage Treatment Plants Small Sanitation Units Transportation of Sewage Shale Shark Repellents Sharks Shear Waves Shellfish Farming Shells Shields Ship Assemblages & Components Marine Propellers Ship Hulls Submarine Hulls Ship Design -general Ship Instruments Ship Motion Ship Stability Ship Wastes Shipboard Computers Ships and Boats Anchoring and Mooring Systems Boats and Hydrofoil 52 Crafts Airboats Ferry Boats Hydrofoil Craft Rescue Boats Tug Boats Naval Ships - Warships Landing Crafts Submarines Noncombatant Ships Barges Cargo and Passenger Ships Icebreakers Oceanographic Ships Tankers Shoals Shock Propagation Shoreline Development Shoreline Structures Shrimps Silicates Siliceous Sediments Silicoflagellates Siltstone Silver Sludge Treatment and Disposal Sludge Disposal Incineration Landfill Ocean Dumping Sludge Treatment Dewatering Digestion Small Sanitation Units Smelts Snake River Snow Sodium Soils Geology Soil Pollution Soil Properties Soil Chemical Properties Soil Moisture Soil Salinity Soil Types Clay Soils Permafrost - Frozen Soils Submerged Soils Solid Waste Management Solomon Islands Solution Chemistry Sonar Sounds South China Sea Spawning Speciation Spits St. Lawrence River Standard Geoid State Government Statistics Steam Stochastic Processes Stocking of Fish and Shellfish Storm Modification Storm Surge Strain Gauges Strait of Gibraltar Straits - Channels Stratigraphy Specific Rock Units Lithostratigraphic Unit Stratigraphic Section Stratigraphic Sequence Time - Stratigraphic Unit Stratigraphic Correlation Stratigraphic Facies Subsurface Stratigraphy Streams Deposition Features River Deltas Stream Morphology Stress Corrosion Stress-strain Relations Strontium Strontium Istotopes Structural Analysis Structural Studies Sub-bottom Structure Submarine and Diving Medicine Submarine Canyons Submarine Hulls Submarines Submerged Soils Submergent Shorelines Subsurface Stratigraphy Sulfur Sulfates Sulfides Surface Waves Surf perches Suspension Susquehanna River Swamps - Marshes Swimming Synoptic Weather Observations Tags Taiwan Strait Tankers Tectogenic Clastics Tectonic Features 53 Basins -sedimentary- structural Continents Cratons - Platforms Crust Earth Interior Core Discontinuities Mantle Geosynclines Island Arcs Land Bridges Mountains - Massifs Ocean Basins Orogenic Belts Salt Domes Shields Volcanoes Tectonic History Tectonics Continental Drift Deformation Epeirogenic Movement - isotasy Gravity Tectonics Igneous Activity - Volcanism Land Subsidence Mountain Building - Orogeny Plate or Block Tectonics Sea Floor Spreading Tectogenesis Telemetry Biotelemetry Radio Telemetry Temperature, Sea Water Terrigenous Sediments Tertiary Period Tetrodotoxin Thermal Degradation Thermal Pollution Thermal Properties, Sea Water Thermocline Thermodynamics Thorium Thorium Dating Thrust Faults Thunderstorms Tidal Power Sources Tidal Streams Tides Tidewater Areas Tiltmeters Time - Stratigraphic Unit Time Series Analysis Tin Titanium Tornadoes - Waterspouts Touring Toxic Substances Algal Toxins Animal Toxins Bacterial Endotoxins Bacterial Exotoxins Cytotoxic Agents Tetrodotoxin Trace Element Analysis Trace Elements Trace Metals Tracers Dyes Radioisotopes Tracheophyta Transducers Transform Faults Transport Direction Transport Distance Transport Methods Transportation Transportation of Sewage Trematoda Trinidad Tropical Cyclones - Hurricanes Trout Tsunami Tuff Tuffaceous Sediments Tug Boats Tuna Turbellaria Turbidites Turbidity - water Turbidity Currents Turbines Gas Hydraulic Steam Turbulence - ocean Tyrrhenian Sea Under-water Construction Undersea Materials Undersea Power Plants Underwater Communication Underwater Ordnance Upper Atmosphere Physics Uranium Uranium Dating Urochordata Vaccines Vanadium Venezuela Venoms - invertebrate Venoms - vertebrate Vertebrate Pathology Vertebrate Sound Production 54 Virgin Islands Viruses, Animal Viruses, Plant Visible Light Volcanics Fissure Eruptions Pillow Lava Volcanoes Cinder Cones Volcanic Vents Volcanoes Wake Island Wakes Warships Waste Water Treatment Activated Carbon Aeration Chemical Oxidation Chlorination Degradation Denitrification Disinfection Filtration Water Balance - Budget Wave Action Wave Attenuation Wave Dispersion Wave Propagation Wave Propagation Media Wave Reflection Wave Refraction Wave Shape - Amplitude Wave Types Wave Velocity Wave-built Terraces Wave-cut Terraces Waves - internal Waves - ocean Weather Forecasting Weather Modification Clouds - Precipitation Fog - Mist Dissipation Storm Modification Weather Sensing Aircraft Automatic Stations - Networks Balloons Radar Radiosondes - Rawinsondes Satellites Towers Weathering - geologic Weddell Sea Weirs Welding Wetlands Whitefish and Cisco Willamette River Winches Wind Wind - Water Interaction Wind Direction Wind Profiles Wind Shear Wind Velocity Wisconsin Wocd Preservatives Creosote Yeasts - nonspecific York River Yucatan - Gulf Loop Current Zinc Zirconium Zoogeography Zooplankton 55 "piiir