\C.$t*>. 240.' A UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PUBLICATION V .«.* TOr Cq. SPECIAL ECONOMIC REPORTS SERIES ES20(72)-1 EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION CHANGES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Social and Economic Statistics Administration BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Changes in Employment for Manufacturing, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, and Selected Services i v i between 1958 and 1967 Changes in Population between 1960 and 1970 o*,^ *^» ;\tfE. UAVjvV Va U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Peter G. Peterson, Secretary James T. Lynn, Under Secretary Harold C. Passer, Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs and Administrator, Social and Economic Statistics Administration BUREAU OF THE CENSUS George Hay Brown, Director Robert L. Hagan, Acting Deputy Director Walter F. Ryan, Associate Director James W. Turbitt, Acting Deputy Associate Director ECONOMIC STATISTICS AND SURVEYS DIVISION Shirley Kallek, Chief ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS-This report was prepared under the direction of Edward Robinson, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Research, by Mannie Kupinsky. Warren Freas assisted with the computer work. The manufacturing production worker series for metropolitan areas was worked up by James Huyghebaert. Mildred Smith assisted in the various aspects of data gathering and table compilation. Preparation of the manuscript and tables for typing and editorial assistance was provided by Frances W. Bresnahan of the Publications Services Division. Issued July 1972 SUGGESTED CITATION U.S. Bureau of the Census, Special Economic Reports, EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION CHANGES-STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND CENTRAL CITIES, SERIES ES20(72)-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or any Department of Commerce field office. Price 65 cents. CONTENTS page Introduction 1 Statistical Tables in This Report 2 Summary of Findings: National 3 Geographic Divisions 4 New England 4 Middle Atlantic 5 East North Central 6 West North Central 7 South Atlantic 7 East South Central 8 West South Central 9 Mountain 9 Pacific 10 Size of Metropolitan Areas 11 1 ,000,000 and Over Population 11 500,000 to 999,999 12 250,000 to 499,999 12 100,000 to 249,999 12 Under 1 00,000 13 Production Workers in Manufacturing, 1939-1967 13 Technical Notes 14 STATISTICAL TABLES Tables present 1960 and 1970 population and 1958 and 1967 employment by industry division for standard metropolitan statistical areas and their central cities. They include percent changes between the beginning and end of the period and the central cities as a percent of their SMSA in each year. Data are presented by geographic divisions and by size of metropolitan area for SMSA's grouped as follows: Summary Tables 1 and 2 18 Section I, All Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas Tables 1 through 8 18 Section II, Selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas Tables 1 through 8 26 Section III, Large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas Tables 1 through 4 33 Section IV, Trend of Manufacturing Workers Table 1 and 2 36 Section V, Individual Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 42 o a. of change ) Population 1960-19 70 Employment 1958-1967 Area Manufac- turing Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services 1.3 1.4 0.6 2. 2 0.9 2.1 1.8 0.7 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.5 0.8 5.3 2.1 2.8 2.8 1.1 7.4 3.1 3.3 Standard metropolitan statistical 3.5 2.6 6.1 2.2 there is considerable seasonality in trade, especially retail trade, the trade employment figures have been seasonally adjusted using factors developed from the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly employment series. In comparing relative growth for SMSA's between 1958 and 1967 by region and size, it should also be noted that 1958 included months of declining activity which reached a trough in April whereas 1967 was a year of relatively high economic activity. This difference in the phase of the business cycle more likely affects the comparative rate of growth by region in manufacturing since manufacturing tends to be geographically specialized and the business cycle has a different impact by industry. STATISTICAL TABLES IN THIS REPORT There are five sets of tables in this report and each set is preceded by a brief introduction describing the method of compilation and some limitations of the data. The statistical part of the report is broken into five sections. Sections I to III are similar in that they provide data for SMSA's and central cities grouped by divisions and by size of SMSA. The same type of data are presented in each section: employment and population data; percent change between the beginning and end of the decade for these series; and central city as percent of the SMSA in each census year. Section I to III tables differ in the number of SMSA's included: Section I, tables 1 through 8, include 230 SMSA's and their central cities Section II, tables 1 through 8, are restricted to 184 SMSA's in which the central cities did not change their boundaries significantly between census years Section III, tables 1 through 4, are restricted to 51 large SMSA's with 500,000 or more population in 1970. Section IV provides a tabulation of production workers in manufacturing in 35 large industrial SMSA's and their central cities for each of the complete manufacturing census years from 1939 to 1967. This tabulation includes a few SMSA's in which central cities experienced significant changes in boundaries. Section V provides an alphabetical listing of the 230 SMSA's for which data has been worked up. For each SMSA, its central city and the metropolitan area outside the central city, population and em- ployment data are presented. Percent changes over the decade and the central city as a percent of the SMSA are also presented. Three codes are included in the table: one indicating the geographic division of the SMSA; the second indicating size; and the third whether the central city has annexed signifi- cant numbers of population. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS National At the beginning of the 1960's the Nation's population and manufacturing and trade employ- ment were heavily concentrated in the standard metropolitan statistical areas and this concen- tration was still maintained at the end of the decade. In 1960, 66.0 percent of the population was in the SMSA's; by 1970 this had risen to 67.9 percent. In 1958, the SMSA's accounted for 7 5. 9 percent of total employment in manufacturing and trade and in 1967 for 75.3 percent. (See summary table 1.) The population in the SMSA's registered a growth rate of 16.4 percent between 1960 and 1970 compared with 13.3 percent in the U.S. Between 1958 and 1967, employment in trade and manufacturing rose 22.3 percent in the SMSA's 1 and by 23.4 percent in the nation as a whole. The growth in employment was not uniform by economic sector. As a source of manufacturing employment, the SMSA's declined in importance between 1958 and 1967 as their growth rate of 17.0 percent was less than the 20.6 percent growth rate for the Nation as a whole. In 1967, the SMSA's had 73.6 percent of manufacturing employ- ment compared with 76 percent in 1958. In whole- sale trade, a similar pattern appeared; the SMSA lost ground slightly because its share of wholesale employment dropped from 83.4 percent in 1958 to 83.1 percent by 1967, as a result of a slightly slower growth rate (28.1 percent) than the national growth rate of 28.6 percent. In retail trade and selective services, however, the growth in employ- ment was slightly higher in the SMSA's than in the U.S. as a whole and offset the slower rates of growth in manufacturing and wholesale trade. Retail em- ployment in the SMSA's, which recorded a growth rate of 24.7 percent compared with the 23. 5 percent for the Nation as a whole, rose from 72.6 percent of total retail employment in 1958 to 73.3 percent in 1967. Hmployment in selective services grew 37.2 percent in the SMSA's compared with 33.6 percent in the U.S., so that the SMSA share of total selective service employment rose from 80.6 per- cent in 1958 to 82.8 percent in 1967. While the SMSA's were generally strengthening their positions, the central cities were falling behind both the growth rate of their metropolitan areas and that of the Nation. The areas outside the SMSA's also grew less rapidly than the metro- politan areas (with noteable exceptions in manu- lr This probably underestimates the rate of growth of SMSA employment because the fastest growing sec- tors, government and medical, legal, financial and nonprofit services (which tend to be concentrated in the SMSA), are not covered in this report. facturing and wholesale trade employment), but these nonmetropolitan counties grew more rapidly than the central cities of the SMSA's. The most rapidly growing areas were the parts of the SMSA's which lay outside the central cities, although manu- facturing employment in these suburban areas grew at a slightly lower rate than the employment in the nonmetropolitan counties. (See summary table 1.) The central cities as a group also declined as the dominant parts of their SMSA's, yielding to the "suburban areas" outside the central cities but within the metropolitan boundaries. Precise com- parisons of the central cities with the SMSA's and the "suburban areas" are difficult because bound- aries of central cities often expanded as a result of annexations during the period. However, even when the data for the cities are compiled, ignoring the fact that their boundaries frequently expanded during the decade, the cities fell behind the growth in their suburban fringe. The cities, however, continued to provide the majority of jobs in manufacturing and trade, although they have fallen to less than half of the SMSA in population. Between 1960 and 1970 population in the central cities increased by 5.2 percent, but in the closein suburbs by 27.9 percent (when the central cities with significant annexations are eliminated from the tabulations, the city percentage increase drops to 2.5 percent, whereas, the suburban increase rises to 29.3 percent). The pattern is similar in employ- ment. In manufacturing, central cities recorded a 6.8 percent rate of growth in employment over the 1958-67 period while the suburbs had a 32.0 rate. In retail trade, employment grew 7.7 percent in central cities and 60.6 in the suburbs; in wholesale trade 10.5 and 90. 2, in the central cities and suburbs respectively; and in selective services, city em- ployment rose 25.3 percent, but suburban employ- ment rose 75.3 percent. Performance of the nonmetropolitan counties was mixed. In population they grew 10.7 percent between 1960 and 1970, a growth rate lower than that of the United States and the SMSA's, but larger than the 5.2 percent of the central cities. The com- parative growth in employment in the nonmetro- politan counties in selective services and retail trade are similar to that in population. However, in manufacturing, the nonmetropolitan county growth exceeded that of the Nation, the SMSA's and central cities but was virtually the same as that of the suburban part of the metropolitan areas. Thus, the nonmetropolitan counties grew from 24 percent of all manufacturing employment in 1958 to 26.3 percent in 1967, whereas the metropolitan areas dropped from 76.0 to 73.6 percent. The metro- politan counties grew more rapidly in wholesale employment than the U.S. and the SMSA's, but less rapidly than the suburban parts of those metropolitan areas. With a 31.1 percent growth rate, the nonmetropolitan counties increased their share of total wholesale employment only fraction- ally from 16.6 percent in 1958 to 16.9 percent in 1967. It is important to note that the above figures, which are based on the tabulation of all metropolitan areas ignoring the fact that the boundaries of some central cities have expanded, tend to over- state the growth of the central city (or understate its decline) in relation to the growth rates of the suburban part of the metropolitan areas. In the tables of section II, cities with significant annexations during the decade of the 1960's have been excluded. However, the patterns do not change significantly. In population the growth rate in central cities drops to 2.5 percent compared to 5.2 per- cent for all cities including those with annexations, but the growth outside the central city rises to 29.3 percent compared to 27.9 in the all central cities series. Excluding cities with large annexations, central city growth in manufacturers employment becomes 3.3 percent compared with approximately 16.0 percent in their SMSA's; outside the central city, the growth rate is approximately 34.1 per- cent (see section II, table 3). In retail trade, the growth rate of the central city was 5.7 but 23.8 percent in the SMSA's; and in the suburban areas the rate was 60.1 percent. In selective services, central city employment dropped to 23.3 percent and to 36.3 percent in the SMSA's, but was 78.0 percent in the suburban areas. It is also important to note that the national (and division) figures relating to the metropolitan areas, central cities, and the suburban parts of metro- politan areas as well as the nonmetropolitan counties are summaries of considerably diverse trends. Within the category of nonmetropolitan counties, there are many portions which are suburban in nature, since they are neighboring to metropolitan centers. Part of their growth probably reflects the further expansion of the suburban fringe of the metropolitan area, and these areas may become parts of their adjacent metropolitan area in the future. However, there are also in the nonmetropolitan areas vast stretches of rural and small urban areas that are declining. The largest stretch of declining areas in terms of population at least ranges from Montana and North Dakota south through the States of the Middle West down to the central part of Texas. Geographic Divisions Population and employment are not uniformly distributed across the Nation. The old industrial belt of the Northeast region and the East North Central division accounted for about 44 percent of the population and the South Atlantic and Pacific divisions another 28 percent in 1970. Similar high geographic concentrations of employment in manu- facturing and trade exist. The older areas of the Northeast region and East North Central division also contain the largest concentrations of metro- politan population and employment and the cities in these areas are typically larger and older than those in other areas. On the other hand, the SMSA's in the South Atlantic and Pacific divisions showed higher growth rates than in the older industrial areas. Growth rates of SMSA's and their central cities also differ by area. The SMSA's in New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central divisions tended to lag behind the overall growth rate of the U.S. and of SMSA's as a group in both population and employment. SMSA's in the other divisions, South Atlantic, East South Central, Mountain, and Pacific, tended to record higher growth rates. Similar, though not uniform, patterns appear in the growth rates of individual employment sectors. Typically, the central cities in the older and more intensively populated divisions lagged further behind their SMSA's and the Nation than have the cities in other divisions. In fact, in New England and the Middle Atlantic States, the central cities showed declines in population between 1960 and 1970 and declines in manufacturing and retail employment between 1958 and 1967. Central cities of the West North Central division also exhibited a decline in population, but gains in em- ployment, although the gains were significantly less than the gains in their metropolitan areas and in the metropolitan areas of the Nation. The data in table 1-3 comparing the growth rates of the central cities by division are affected to an unknown extent by the fact that the data apply to the city boundaries as they are constituted in each census year. Fewer of the older cities of the north and central United States experienced significant annexations during the decade of the 1960's. The tendencies for cities to absorb surrounding suburban areas appears greater with the new and more rapidly growing metropolitan areas. Table II- 3 has eliminated the 46 SMSA's in which the central cities were known to have had significant changes in area and popu- lation due to annexation. The comparative growth rates for the central cities of all SMSA's are reduced by this elimination particularly in the areas of the South Atlantic, Mountain, and Pacific divisions. However, the overall pattern seems to be the same: In the older and larger metropolitan areas of the north and the central United States, central cities are growing more slowly and in many instances actually declining in comparison to cities in other divisions. New Engl and- -The New England geographic division is one of the oldest in the country. It is heavily industrialized and densely populated (188 persons per square mile). The largest share of the division's SMSA population and industry employ- ment are located in the three States of Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The largest metropolitan areas in New England are also located in these three States: Boston, Mass., Springfield- Chicopee-Holyoke, Mass. -Conn., Providence- Pawtucket- Warwick, R.I. -Mass., Hartford, Conn., and Bridgeport, Conn. New England's SMSA population totaled 8.3 million in 1970 compared to 7.5 million in 1960. However, over the decade, New England's share of total U.S. SMSA population declined slightly from 6.4 percent to 6.0 (see table 1-3) since the 10.6 percent increase in population of New England SMSA's was the lowest increase for any geographic division except the Middle Atlantic (see table 1-4). It's rate of growth was only two-thirds of the 16.4 percent increase for all SMSA's in the U.S. The actual population increase in New England occurred chiefly in the following SMSA's (see table in section V): Lawrence-Haverhill-Mass.-N.H. (16.7 percent increase), Lowell, Mass. (29.7) and Hartford, Conn. (20.9). Central cities accounted for 39.0 percent of the New England SMSA population in 1970, sharply down from the 44.0 percent in 1960 (see table 1-4). In 1970, central cities in New England had a smaller proportion of the metropolitan population than any other division and are well below the average 45.7 percent for all U.S. SMSA's. This change in share for the central city reflects a decline of 2.1 percent in the central city population over the 1960-70 period; there was an increase of 20.5 percent for the suburbs (see table 1-3). All other geographic divisions except for the Middle Atlantic and West North Central registered some relative increase in their central city populations. As with New England, sharper increases were registered by the areas outside the central city. Manufacturing employment in New England SMSA's increased by 9.5 percent over the 1958-67 period, the lowest for any region except the Middle Atlantic (see cable 1-3). This increase occurred largely in the suburban area which rose 26.6 per- cent whereas central city manufacturing employ- ment declined 4.5 percent. Despite the small increase in the New England SMSA's, manufacturing employment in New England accounted for 8.3 percent (see table 1-2) of all U.S. SMSA manu- facturing employment compared with only 6.0 per- cent of all SMSA population. Within New England, the SMSA's largely responsible for manufacturing growth over the 1958-67 period were Hartford, Conn., with a 25.0 percent increase and Bridgeport, Conn., with 22.9. Retail trade employment in New England SMSA's increased by 18.5 percent, once again the lowest for any division except the Middle Atlantic. The New England suburban areas registered a large increase of 44.8 percent while the central city declined by .8 percent (see table 1-3). New England SMSA's accounted for a slightly higher percentage of U.S. retail employment than of U.S. population in all SMSA's (see table 1-3). The largest percent increases in retail employment occurred in the SMSA's of Brockton, Mass. (42.4 percent); Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke, Mass.- Conn. (31.7); Providence-Pawtucket- Warwick, R.I.- Mass. (22.7); Bridgeport, Conn. (36.3); and Hartford, Conn. (26.8). The 38.6 percent growth in selected services employment in the New England SMSA's exceeded that in all divisions except the South Atlantic. The gain was particularly high (70.9 percent) in the suburban areas. Despite this sharp gain, New England's share of selected service employment in all SMSA's remained slightly below its share of population (see table 1-2). The SMSA with the largest percent increase in selected services employment were: Boston, Mass. (42.4 percent); Lowell, Mass. (66.7); Bridgeport, Conn. (51.1); New Haven, Conn. (57.4) and Stamford, Conn. (7L9). Middle Atlantic--The Middle Atlantic division along with the East North Central dominate the Nation's population and industrial employment. The population density is higher than any other division reaching 371 persons per square mile in the Middle Atlantic division. The highest by far for any division. The SMSA's population in the Middle Atlantic division in 1970 totaled 30.5 million, or 22.1 percent of the SMSA population in the U.S. However, in 1960 these SMSA's accounted for 23.9 percent. The relative decline reflected a slow population growth rate of 7.9 percent for the division over the 1960-70 decade (see table 1-3). This was the lowest rate of increase for any division and substantially below the rate of 16.4 percent for all SMSA's. Moreover, the increase in the Middle Atlantic occurred only in the suburban areas (18.2 percent), central cities declined (-2. 3). In individual SMSA's, rates varied. Among those with relatively high percent increases were (see table in section V): Rochester, N.Y. (20. 5 percent); Syracuse, N.Y. (12.9); Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N.J. (14.5); Trenton, N.J. (14.1); and Lancaster, Pa. (14.8). But some SMSA's with moderate increases were: Philadelphia, PA. -N.J. (+10.9 percent); Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa. -N.J. (+10.4); and Binghamton-N.Y.-Pa. (+6.7). Manufacturing employment in the Middle Atlantic SMSA's increased by only 3.7 percent over the 1958-67 period, the lowest increase of any geo- graphic division. An increase was registered in the suburban areas, but the central cities registered a decline (see table 1-3). Despite the small increase for the Middle Atlantic SMSA's, they accounted for 25.8 percent of manufacturing employment in all SMSA's in 1967 (see table 1-2), higher than their share of SMS A population. Among individual SMSA's, rates varied significantly, some had high rates of increase: Rochester, N.Y. (24.9 percent); Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N.J. (19.9), and there were increases in several of the smaller Pennsylvania SMSA's. Philadelphia, Pa. -N.J. had a 7 percent increase and New York, N.Y., a 3 per- cent decline. In retail trade employment, the Middle Atlantic SMSA's had the lowest increase of any division(13.9 percent) between 1958 and 1967. Suburban areas had a 43.9 percent increase and central cities a 4.4 percent decline. The Middle Atlantic SMSA's maintained just about the same share of retail trade employment over the 1958-67 period. They in- cluded Lancaster, Pa. (31.4 percent); Paterson- Clifton-Passaic, N.J. (35.0); and Utica-Rome, N.Y. (29.1). Philadelphia had a substantial 21.1 percent increase; New York, N.Y., a moderate 10.6percent. In selected services employment, the Middle Atlantic SMSA's had the lowest increase (25.9 percent) of any division except for the East North Central SMSA's. The Middle Atlantic increase was broken down into a 15.3 percent gain for the central cities and a 61.8 percent gain for suburban areas. Despite the relatively low overall increase, the Middle Atlantic SMSA's maintained a somewhat higher share of SMSA selected service employ- ment (24.4 percent in 1967) than of population (22.2 percent) (see table 1-2). Among individual SMSA's only a few had relatively higher rates of selected service em- ployment increase than for all SMSA's (33.6 per- cent). These SMSA's were: Albany-Schenectady- Troy, N.Y. (42.9 percent); Paterson-Clifton- Passaic, N.J. (58.3); Trenton, N.J. (75.9); Harris- burg, Pa. (45.6); Lancaster, Pa. (66.7). Philadelphia, Pa. -N.J. had a 31.8 percent rate; New York, N.Y., 24.0. East North Central- -The East North Central geo- graphic division encompasses the second most highly industrialized area in the United States (Middle Atlantic is first). It is a longtime indus- trialized area which includes the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. Popu- lation in East North Central SMSA's increased from 26.2 million in 1960 to 29.0 million in 1970 (see table 1-1) a 10.7 percent gain- -compared to an average of 16.4 for all SMSA's. The relatively small gain for the division was broken into 24.6 percent for suburban areas and .7 percent for central cities (see table 1-3). However, if Toledo and other Ohio SMSA's are removed from the tabulation because their central cities had large annexations the rate of growth for SMSA's was 12.1 percent, but central city growth became a 3.6 decline and the suburban growth became 28.5. Among individual SMSA's, population increases were substantially above the national SMSA average in only a few cases such as, Ann Arbor, Mich. (35.8 percent); Madison, Wis. (30.7); Lansing, Mich. (26.6); Green Bay, Wis. (26.5); and Columbus, Ohio (21.4). The increase in manufacturing employment in the SMSA's of the East North Central division closely paralleled that of the all SMSA average (between 17 and 20 percent) over the 1958-67 period. The suburban areas, however, registered a high 30.6 percent increase, whereas the central cities increased between 9 and 14 percent. If cities with large annexations are removed, the SMSA's grew 15 to 19 percent, central cities-- 1 to 6 per- cent and suburban areas 40.2 percent. The high East North Central share of all SMSA manufacturing employment increased slightly to 28.1 percent (see table 1-2). This compares with the geographic division's 21.1 percent share of SMSA population. Among individual SMSA's, there was the usual mixture of high and low growth rates. Those with particularly high rates included: Ann Arbor, Mich. (86.2 percent); Springfield, Ohio (48.1); Lansing, Mich. (41.1); Lorain-Elyria, Ohio (36.8); Lafayette- West Lafayette, Ind. (36.2); Green Bay, Wis. (32.8); Madison, Wis. (31.5); and Decatur, 111. (31.2). Retail trade employment in the East North Central SMSA's increased over the 1958-67 period by 23.9 percent, close to the average (24.7) for all SMSA's. By far the largest gain was in the East North Central suburban areas which increased by 68.7 percent (see table 1-3). Central cities had only a 3.2 percent increase. If SMSA's with central cities having large annexations are excluded, the SMSA growth rate is 22.9, the rate for central cities declines to .5 and the suburban rate increases to 70.1. The East North Central SMSA's accounted for 21.6 percent of retail trade employment in all SMSA's, close to their 21.1 percent share of popu- lation (see table 1-2). Individual SMSA's had sharply varying rates of change in retail employment. The leading SMSA's included: Ann Arbor, Mich. (67.6 percent); Madison, Wis. (57.3); Rockford, 111. (49.5); Lorain-Elyria, Ohio (42.5); Lansing, Mich. (40.9); Louisville, Ky.-Ind. (38.8); Champaign- Urbana, 111. (38.7); Grand Rapids, Mich. (38.6); and Saginaw, Mich. (38.2). Employment in selected services in East North Central SMSA's increased by 25.8 percent over the 1958-67 period, the lowest increase for any geo- graphic division. As between the central cities and suburban areas, the respective increases were 12.7 percent and 75.3 percent (see table 1-3). If the SMSA's with central cities that have made large annexations over the 1960-70 period are dropped from the East North Central group then SMSA growth in selected services employment is 25.6 percent, central cities is 11.8, and suburban 76.1. As a result of the low overall increase, East North Central SMSA's lost relatively in their share of all SMSA employment in selected service. The share dropped from 19.8 percent in 1958 to 18.1 percent in 1967. This compares with a population share of 21.1 percent in 1970. Individual SMSA's with substantial growth in selected services em- ployment included: Ann Arbor, Mich. (73.7 per- cent); Lorain-Elyria, Ohio (66.7); Rockford, 111. (63.3); Peoria, 111. (48.8); Lansing, Mich. (48.6); Saginaw, Mich. (47.4), and Flint, Mich. (46.2). West North Central--The West North Central SMSA's comprised the third smallest geographic division in population in 1970. Only the East South Central and the Mountain divisions were smaller. The West North Central division includes the major farm States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa, plus Minnesota, and Missouri. SMSA's in the West North Central had 8.2 million population in 1970 up from the 7.2 million in 1960 (see table 1-2). The divisions share of all SMSA population in 1970 remained at about 5.9 percent (see table 1-2). The SMSA percent change was 13.4 percent, the central city .4, and the suburban 28.5. When central cities with an- nexations are dropped, the rates of change are: SMSA's at 13.7 percent, central cities at 4.2, and the suburban at 31.2. Among individual SMSA's, especially those in the primarily agricultural States, population growth was moderate. The fastest growing SMSA's were Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. (22.4 percent) and Springfield, Mo. (21.1). Manufacturing employment in the West North Central SMSA increased 20.4 percent over the 1958-67 period. This increase enabled the division to more than maintain its share (6.2 percent) of all SMSA manufacturing employment in 1970 (see table 1-2). Only a few individual SMSA's registered sharp increases in manufacturing employment over the 1958-67 period. These included: Springfield, Mo. (57.0 percent); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (48.9), Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. (39.5); and Topeka, Kans. (33.9). A number of the central cities in this division made substantial annexations of em- ployment over the 1960-70 period. Excluding the SMSA's containing these cities, the central city manufacturing growth rate was 3.9 percent (com- pared with 5.1 for all SMSA's) and the suburban rate was 48.4. The division also maintained its share of retail trade employment in 1967 at 6.5 percent of total SMSA employment (see table 1-2). This was a somewhat higher share than that (5.9) for popu- lation in 1970. The divisions share was maintained as the result of a 21.4 percent gain in retail trade employment. This, however, was the third lowest increase among divisions, only the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions were lower. Among individual SMSA's, the several with high rates in the West North Central division were: Minneapolis- St. Paul, Minn. (33.6 percent); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (37.7); and Springfield, Mo. (34.3). The central cities in West North Central trailed the SMSA in growth of retail trade employment with a 3.4 percent gain compared with 21.4 percent for whole SMSA's and 69.3 for the suburban area. If SMSA's with central cities which have made sub- stantial population annexations are excluded from the division, the SMSA has a slightly lower rate of 20.8 percent, central cities have a decline of .6 and the suburban area a growth of 70.8 (see table II-3). In respect to selected service employment, the West North Central division was also third lowest with its 30.5 percent increase- -only the Middle Atlantic and the East North Central divisions had lower rates of increase. The 30.5 percent in- crease was the average of a 19.7 percent gain in the central cities and a 78.9 percent gain in the suburban areas (see table 1-3). The overall in- crease was too low to raise the divisions share of selected services employment which was at 5.5 percent in 1967 (see table 1-2). This compares to the 5.9 percent share of population the divisions had in 1970. Among individual SMSA's, those with substantial relative increases in selected services employment were: Sioux Falls, S. Dak. (41.7 percent); Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. (41.2); Des Moines, Iowa (37.7); Topeka, Kans. (37.5); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (36.4); Springfield, Mo. (36.4); and St. Louis, Mo. -111. (33.2). South Atlantic-- The States of the South Atlantic division have been a less well industrialized section of the Nation for a long period. This refers to the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida which have made sharp gains in the past decade. Florida's particularly rapid growth affects the division's average. The other States in the division have a somewhat different background. Maryland and Delaware are now a part of the highly industrialized eastern corridor. The District of Columbia is of course the seat of the Federal government; lastly, West Virginia has been heavily a mining area. The population of the South Atlantic SMSA's increased from 14.0 million in 1960 to 17.6 million in 1970 or a substantial gain of 25.9 per- cent, exceeded by only the Mountain and Pacific divisions. There was a growth of 8.1 percent in 8 the central cities and a 41.8 percent gain in suburban areas. This division also includes SMSA's with significant annexations by central cities. In SMSA's which appear to have had no significant annexations, the growth is 26.9 percent in the SMSA, 6.0 percent in central cities and 44.2 percent in suburban areas (see table II-3). As a result of the overall increase South Atlantic SMSA's increased their share of SMSA population from 11.8 percent in 1960 to 12.8 percent in 1970. The growth of the division and Florida partic- ularly is reflected in the list of SMSA's which registered substantial population growth over the past decade. These SMSA's are: FortLauderdale- Hollywood, Fla. (85.7 percent); West Palm Beach, Fla. (52.9); Fayetteville, N.C. (42.9); Tallahassee, Fla. (38.8); Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. (38.6); Atlanta, Ga. (36.7); Miami, Fla. (35.6); Raleigh, N.C. (35.1); Orlando, Fla. (34.4); Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla. (31.1); and Newport News-Hampton, Va. (30.2). Manufacturing employment in the South Atlantic division SMSA's increased by 27.9 percent the highest rate except for the West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions. Despite this substantial increase the division had a relatively low share (8.6 percent) of SMSA manufacturing employment in 1967. This compares to a South Atlantic population share of 12.8 percent in 1970. Rates of growth in manufacturing for some individual SMSA's were extremely high. This reflected the low industrialization levels that had prevailed in this section of the country for so long. It also reflected the tremendous impact of the space program in Florida. Among the high growth rates for SMSA's over the 1958-67 period were: West Palm Beach, Fla. (352.9 percent); Fort Lauderdale, Fla. (146.9); Raleigh, N.C. (108.2); Orlando, Fla. (100.9); Fayete- ville, N.C. (71.1) Columbia, S.C. (61.6); Asheville, N.C. (61.5); Miami, Fla. (58.0); Washington, D.C.- Md.-Va. (57.7); Newport News-Hampton, Va. (57.0). Manufacturing employment in central cities in- creased by 14.0 percent and suburban areas by a very significant 47.8. The South Atlantic SMSA's retail trade em- ployment increased by 31.2 percent between 1958 and 1967, a rate of increase exceeded by only the Mountain and Pacific divisions. Within South Atlantic SMSA's, central cities registered a 10.9 percent increase while the suburban areas reg- istered a very high 83.9 percent (see table 1-3). The division increased its share of all SMSA trade employment from 12.2 percent to 12.8 percent (see table 1-2). Among individual SMSA's some very high rates of retail trade employment growth were achieved by: Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood, Fla. (101.2 percent); West Palm Beach, Fla. (60.2); Orlando, Fla. (54.1); Durham, N.C. (47.6); Raleigh, N.C. (46.2); Fayetteville, N.C. (44.2); and Greenville, S.C. (43.2). In respect to selected services employment, the divisions SMSA's had an increase of 51.3 percent, the highest for any division except the Mountain division. Within central cities the rate of increase was 29.4 percent; and within the suburbs a very substantial 111.7 percent, the highest in any division (from 75.3 thousand to 159.6 thousand). Gains in selected service employment among individual SMSA's with high rates included: Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood, Fla. (140.7 percent); Orlando, Fla. (92.0); West Palm Beach, Fla. (83.3); Atlanta, Ga. (74.5); Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. (74.2); Augusta, GA.-S.C. (69.2); Tampa-St. Peters- burg, Fla. (66.0); Raleigh, N.C. (64.3); Charleston, S.C. (58.6); and Fayetteville, N.C. (57.9). East South Central—The East South Central geo- graphic division is the second smallest in population, only the Mountain division is smaller. East South Central includes the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. Population in this division's SMSA's increased from 4.6 million in 1960 to 5.2 million in 1970, an increase of 11.4 percent which was somewhat below the all SMSA average. Nonetheless, the division just about maintained its share (3.7 percent) of total SMSA population (see table 1-2). Individual SMSA growth was generally moderate. Two SMSA's with more substantial growth were Lexington, Ky. (32.1 per- cent) and Huntsville, Ala. (48.3). The latter re- flects the impact of the space program. Unlike any other division, growth in the central city (10.3 percent) was relatively close to that in the suburbs (12.8). Manufacturing employment for the East South Central SMSA's increased by 26.1 percent over the 1958-67 period. The increases for the central cities (21.7 percent) and for suburban areas (37.1) were significant. This division more than maintained its share of SMSA manufacturing employment, but has a relatively small share (3.4 percent) of the SMSA total. Individual SMSA's with high growth rates in manufacturing employment were: Huntsville, Ala. (160.3 percent); Lexington, Ky. (107.8); Memphis, Tenn.-Ark. (37.0); and Nashville, Tenn. (35.2). The division's retail trade employment in SMSA's gained slightly more than the average all SMSA percentage of 24.7. Central cities gained 16.8 percent and suburban areas 62.6 (see table 1-4). The division maintained its share of 3.6 percent of all SMSA trade employment. Individual SMSA's with high retail trade employment growth rates over the 1958-67 period were: Huntsville, Ala. (95.9 per- cent); Biloxi-Gulfport, Miss. (55.0); and Lexington, Ky. (52.0). In respect to selected service employment the division registered an increase of 38.2 percent just above the average for all SMSA's. The increases for central cities and suburban areas were, respectively, 39.2 percent and 32.2. Except for the Mountain division, it was the only division where the central city growth rate exceeded that for the suburban area. The division maintained its share of SMSA selected service employment at 3.4 percent (see table 1-2). Individual SMSA's with particularly good rates of selected services employment growth were: Huntsville, Ala. (400.0 percent); Biloxi-Gulfport, Miss. (56.5); Jackson, Miss. (47.7); and Chattanooga-Tenn.-Ga. (40.4). West South Central—The West South Central geographic division consists of the four States of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Population in the SMSA's in the division increased from 9.9 million to 12.0 million between 1960 and 1970. The percent increase was 21.2 percent (see table 1-3), moderately above the all SMSA average of 16.4. It was strongly influenced by rapid growth in Texas SMSA. Over the period, the division increased its share of total U.S. SMSA population from 8.4 percent to 8.7 percent. For most individual SMSA's population gains were moderate. For a few, increases were substantial. The latter included: Houston, Tex. (40.0 percent); Austin, Tex. (39.3); Dallas, Tex. (39.0); Fort Worth, Tex. (33.0); Lafayette, La. (29.5); Oklahoma City, Okla. (25.2); and Baton Rouge, La. (23.9). Manufacturing employment in the West South Central SMSA's increased by 33.3 percent over the 1958-67 period, double the all SMSA rate and a higher increase than for any other geographic division SMSA group except for the Mountain. As a result, it increased its share of all SMSA manufacturing employment from 4.7 percent in 1958 to 5.3 in 1967. Its share remained though will below its 8.7 share of the all SMSA population. In central cities the rate of growth (36.1 percent) exceeded that (26.9) for the suburban area, unlike all divisions except for the Mountain (table 1-3). Among individual SMSA's, those with high rates of increase in manufacturing employment included: Dallas, Tex. (54.9 percent); Oklahoma City, Okla. (53.4); Little Rock- North Little Rock, Ark. (47.6); Pine Bluff, Ark. (46.2); and Fort Worth, Tex. (40.3). Retail employment in the West South Central geographic division increased from 469. 1 thousand in 1958 to 593.9 thousand in 1967. This was an increase of 26.6 percent, just above the 24.7 per- cent for all SMSA's. The division increased slightly its share of all SMSA retail employment from 8.3 percent to 8.5. Among individual SMSA's with high gains in retail employment between 1958 and 1967 are: Houston, Tex. (39.9); Dallas, Tex. (39.3); and Austin, Tex. (38.5). Selected services employment increased from 186.5 thousand in 1958 to 261.1 thousand in 1967. This was a 40.0 percent increase over the period for the division compared to 37.3 for all SMSA's. As a result there was a slight increase in the divisions share of all SMSA selected services employment from 7.9 percent to 8.1. Both central cities and suburban areas had significant gains (see table 1-3). Individual SMSA's with high rates of increase in selected services over the 1958-67 period included: Austin, Tex. (82.2 percent); Houston, Tex. (72.3); Baton Rouge, La. (66.7); Dallas, Tex. (60.8). Mountain—The Mountain geographic division is the smallest division in respect to size of population. However, it covers a wide geographic area and contains eight States that are relatively scarcely populated. The population in the Mountain division increased from 3.5 million to 4.7 million between 1960 and 1970, a relative change of 34.4 percent. This rate of change is more than double the rate for all SMSA's and is the highest for any geographic division. Though its share of total SMSA population remains small, the sharp increase over the 1960-70 period raised its share from 3.0 to 3.4 percent. Central cities grew by 22.8 percent; suburban areas by 51.5 percent. More than 50 percent of the divisions population resided in its central cities. Only the East South Central and West South Central divisions had a higher rate (see table 1-4). Many of the SMSA's in the Mountain division registered high increases in population, for example: Las Vegas, Nev. (115.2 percent); Colo- rado Springs, Colo. (64.2); Phoenix, Ariz. (45.8); Reno, Nev. (43.0); Tucson, Ariz. (32.4); and Denver, Colo. (32.1). These substantial gains reflected to a large extent the rapid pace of industrialization in the division. Undoubtedly other factors also contributed such as the stimulus of the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, and the areas vacation popularity. Manufacturing employment in SMSA's of the division increased by 44.1 percent between 1958 and 1967. This was more than double the rate for all SMSA's and the highest for any division. On the other hand, the division's contribution to total manufacturing employment is the smallest for any division. Manufacturing employment in this divisions SMSA's totaled only 220.2 thousand in 1967 and accounted for only 1.5 percent of total SMSA manufacturing employment. The division's manufacturing employment is concentrated in several SMSA's. The highest rates of growth between 1958 and 1967 were registered by Phoenix, Ariz. (129.8 percent) and Denver, Colo. (38.0). 10 Manufacturing employment increased by 49.7 percent in the central cities, the highest of any division. It was also higher than in the division's suburban areas. (65.8); Santa Barbara, Calif. (56.4); San Bernardino- Riverside-Ontario, Calif. (41.2); Portland, Oreg.- Wash. (22.8); San Diego, Calif. (31.5); Eugene, Oreg. (31.0). Retail employment in the Mountain division increased from 165.9 thousand in 1958 to 233.3 thousand in 1967. This was a percentage rise of 40.6 percent, a higher rate than for any other division. Major centers of population recorded high rates of increase in retail employment. These were: Phoenix, Ariz. (55.6 percent); Denver, Colo. (37.0); and Salt Lake City, Utah (35.3). Central city retail trade employment increased by 26.0 percent; suburban areas by 95.7, the highest for any division. The selected services employment increase for the Mountain division was relatively by far the highest increase for any division. The figure was 74.9 percent - just about double the rate for total SMSA employment (see table 1-3). A few SMSA's had very high increases. The highest was registered in Albuquerque, N. Mex. (220.0 percent). Other centers with rapid growth were Las Vegas, Nev. (118.3); Phoenix, Ariz. (91.9); and Denver, Colo. (51.6). The highest increases for any division were also registered in the central cities and suburban areas of the Mountain division. Pacific — The Pacific geographic division, one of the fastest growing divisions in the Nation, includes the States of Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and Hawaii. At present, Alaska has no SMSA's; Hawaii has only Honolulu. California, which dominates the region, has 16 of the 23 metro- politan areas in the division. Over the 1960-70 period, population in the Pacific divisions SMSA's increased from 17.5 million to 22.3 million. This increase made the Pacific division the third largest, behind the Middle Atlantic and East North Central divisions. The Pacific division increase amounted to 27.1 percent over the 1960-70 period, second only to the rate of the Mountain division. As a result, the Pacific divisions share of total SMSA population increased significantly from 14.8 percent to 16.1 percent. Central city population increased by 16.3 percent; suburban areas by 35.5. Only 39.9 per- cent of the SMSA population was in central cities in the Pacific division, the lowest for any division except New England. Among some individual SMSA's, largely in California, very high increases in population were registered over the 1960-70 period: Anaheim- Santa Ana-Garden Grove, Calif. (101.8 percent); Oxnard- Ventura, Calif. (89.1); San Jose, Calif. Manufacturing employment in the Pacific division increased by 31.6 percent between 1958 and 1967, exceeded only by the West South Central and Mountain divisions. As a result, the Pacific division raised its share of total SMSA manu- facturing employment from 11.4 to 12.8 percent. In terms of absolute increase, the division's increase from 1.4 million to 1.8 million manu- facturing employees accounted for about 20 per- cent of the manufacturing increase for all SMSA's. There was only a small (7.2 percent) increase in central cities, but a very substantial increase (58.2) in suburban areas. Some individual SMSA's in the Pacific division had very substantial increases in manufacturing employment, particularly those in California. They reflected the rapid pace of industrialization in the division's area. The exception is the State of Alaska. The selected individual SMSA's and their increases were: Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, Calif. (295.6 percent); San Jose, Calif. (123.2); Salinas-Monterey, Calif. (66.7); San Ber- nardino-Riverside-Ontario, Calif. (58.9); Seattle- Everett, Wash. (41.2); and Portland, Oreg.-Wash. (36.9). Retail trade employment in the Pacific division increased from .8 million to 1.1 million between 1958 and 1967. This was a 38.3 percent rise which was exceeded by only the Mountain division. Individual SMSA's with marked relative increases were: Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, Calif. (149.0 percent); San Jose, Calif. (85.3); Honolulu, Hawaii (71.8); San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario, Calif. (55.4); and Sacramento, Calif. (47.2). Signi- ficant increases in retail trade employment regis- tered in the central cities (20.9) and particularly in the suburban areas (65.2). Selected services employment in the Pacific division increased by 51.7 percent between 1958 and 1967, a figure exceeded only by the Mountain division (see table 1-3). The absolute increase was from 366.7 thousand to 556.2 thousand. In- dividual SMSA's with very substantial increases were: Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, Calif. (180.9 percent); San Jose, Calif. (130.0); San Diego, Calif. (64.1); Sacramento, Calif. (54.9); Portland, Oreg.-Wash. (50.7); and San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. (50.1). The central city increase in selected services employment was 40.2 percent exceeded only by the Mountain division; the suburban area has a substantial 75.9 percent increase. 11 Size of Metropolitan Areas The comparative growth rates of the standard metropolitan statistical areas and their central cities vary by population size of metropolitan area as well as by division. Generally, the larger the SMSA the smaller the rate of growth in its central cities and the higher the rate of growth in the suburban areas. The exception is the under 100,000 population group which has the lowest rate of growth for any size-class group and includes many different types of SMSA's (some only peripherally metropolitan). The data relating to size class of SMSA is greatly influenced by the fact that relatively few central cities in the large and older SMSA's experienced significant annexations. The cities most active in annexing suburban areas are to be found in the middle size class and among the newer and smaller SMSA's. In tables 1-5 to 1-8., the data are tabulated for all SMSA's, ignoring the existence of significant annexations by some central cities. The largest SMSA's, those with population of a million or more in 1970, accounted for 58.5 percent of the population in all metropolitan areas or about 80.6 million people. They also accounted for 60.0 percent of manufacturing employment in 1967 and 59.5 percent of the retail employment in metropolitan areas. Between 1960 and 1970 these large SMSA's increased their population by 16.7 percent, slightly more than the overall rate of growth of all SMSA's (see table 1-7). This rate of population growth exceeded the 6.9 of the smallest SMSA's, (those with 100,000 or less population), the 13.8 of the 100,000 to 249,999 group and the 15.6 of the 250,000 to 499,000 group, but lagged behind the 18.6 percent growth in the second largest SMSA's (500,000 to 999,999 population). The 15.3 percent rate of growth of manufacturing employment in these large SMSA's lagged behind all other size groups except the SMSA's with less than 100,000 population. The employment in retail trade and services at 23.3 percent and 36.5 percent, re- spectively, lagged behind the growth rates of the 500,000 to 999,999 and 250,000 to 499,999 size classes, but exceeded those in the smallest size class. The central cities of the largest SMSA's lagged significantly behind their metropolitan areas in all measures during the 1960's. Although clouded by annexations, particularly in the 500,000 to 999,999 population size class, it appears that the larger the SMSA the greater the tendency for the central city growth to be slower than that of its metro- politan area. When SMSA's with large annexations are removed from the tabulations, the lag of the central cities growth behind that of the metropolitan area is larger. The central city population in the largest SMSA's grew only 1.5 percent compared with 16.5 percent for the SMSA's, and 31.0 percent for the suburban areas within those metropolitan areas. The manufacturing employment in central cities of these largest SMSA's actually declined 2.5 percent between 1958 and 1967, while the metropolitan area employment rose 15.0 percent, and that of the suburban fringe by 38.9 percent. As a result of these slower growth rates in the central city, the central city share of metropolitan manufacturing employment declined from 57.9 percent in 1958 to 49.1 percent in 1967. In all size groups, the central cities share of overall metropolitan area population and employment in manufacturing, retail, and services declined over the decade with the largest drops occuring in the large size classes. Only in the small size class did the central city hold its share of metropolitan employment and population. However, these SMSA's tend to be the newer SMSA's, are small and are less densely populated. 1,000,000 and over Population—The largest SMSA's, those with a population of 1,000,000 and over, accounted for 58.5 percent of all SMSA population in 1970, 80.6 million. Between 1960 and 1970, the population in this group of SMSA's grew by 16.7 percent, about the average for all SMSA's (see table 1-7). This rate was exceeded only by the 500,000 to 999,999 group. On the other hand, central city population in the 1,000,000 and over group grew by only 2.3 percent between 1960 and 1970, significantly lower than for any other group. If we exclude those central cities that had substantial annexations of population during the decade, the rate of increase for the group is only 1.5 percent (see table II-7). Central cities accounted for 43.2 percent of SMSA population in 1970, the lowest for any size class (see table 1-8). The 1,000,000 and over size class accounted for 60.0 percent of manufacturing employment in 1967, slightly more than its population share. Between 1958 and 1967, manufacturing employment in this size class increased by 15.3 percent, lower than for any class except the under 100,000. In the central cities of the million and over SMSA's, manufacturing employment remained just about unchanged (see table 1-7). If cities with substantial annexation are excluded, there is a decline of -2.5 percent (see table II-7). Half of the manufacturing employment was in the central city (see table 1-8). Retail trade employment increased from 3.4 million to 4.2 million in the 1,000,000 and over group between 1958 and 1967. It was a 23.3 percent increase, just slightly below the average of all SMSA's. The group accounted for 59.5 12 percent of all SMSA retail trade employment in 1967. Just as with population and manufacturing, retail trade employment in central cities increased insignificantly by 1.1 percent with practically all the increase in the areas outside the central city (see table 1-7). Just a bit more than half the retail employment was in central cities. The pattern in selected services employment was somewhat different. The percentage increase for the 1,000,000 and over group was 36.5 percent, close to the 37.2 for all SMSA employment (see table 1-7). However, unlike the other sectors described above, there was a significant (22.6 percent) increase in selected services employment in central cities. Nonetheless, the increase out- side the central cities area is more than triple that for the central city. A very significant figure was the share (66.3 percent) the 1,000,000 and over class had of selected services employment. This compares with its 58.5 percent share of popu- lation and reflects the larger service opportunities in this size class area. Central cities accounted for 67.5 percent of all the selected service employ- ment in the SMSA. 500,000 to 999,999 SMSA's— The SMSA's with a 1970 population of 500,000 to 999,999 accounted for 15.6 percent of total SMSA population. In 1970, their population totaled 21.5 million compared to 18.1 million in 1960. This represented a percent change of 18.6, the highest for any size class (see table 1-7). Central city change was at 7.7 percent, but this largely represented annexations. The rate was 2.1 percent if cities with substantial annexa- tions were excluded (see table II-7). About a half of its population in this size class was in the central city (see table 1-8). Manufacturing employment in the 500,000 to 999,999 size class increased by 17.1 percent between 1958 and 1967. This was about the average for all SMSA's. Unlike other size classes where growth outside of the central city registered the larger percent increase, in the 500,000 to 999,999 class, rates of change were just about the same in the city and in the suburbs. More than 60 percent of manufacturing employment was in the central city. Retail trade employment in the 500,000 to 999,999 class increased by 27.3 percent, somewhat above the all SMSA average and higher than every size class except for the 250,000 to 499,999 class. The very largest part of the increase occurred in areas outside the central city (see table 1-7). About 65 percent of retail trade employment was in the central city. The rate of increase for selected services employment was 39.6 percent for the 500,000 to 999,999 class, the highest for any group except for the 250,000 to 499,999 class (see table 1-7). A significant increase occurred in the central city, though a much larger rise was registered in the area outside the central city. Central cities ac- counted for 74.3 percent of all selected service employment in the SMSA. 250,000 to 499,999 SMSA's— Population in the 250,000 to 499,999 class increased from 17. 3 million in 1960 to 20.0 million in 1970, this was a 15.6 percent increase. The class remained third in population share with 14.5 percent (table 1-6). The largest share of the growth in this class occurred in the area outside the central city. A relatively low percentage (44.3) of the SMSA population resided in the central cities of this size class (see table 1-8). Manufacturing increased at a bit more than the average for all SMSA's. The increase was about 21 percent, with the area outside the central city registering about double the rate of increase of the central city. Just more than one half the SMSA manufacturing employment was located in the central city. The 250,000 to 499,999 population size class had the highest increase in retail trade employment (28.7 percent) of any class. As with the other classes, by far the largest share of the increase occurred in the area outside the central city (see table 1-7). About 65 percent of retail trade employment was in the central city. In the case of selected services employment, the 250,000 to 499,999 class also recorded the highest gain of 47.4 percent. In respect to rate of increase in the area outside the central city and the central city, the former had a larger increase, but the difference was not as large as in the other size classes discussed above. This class had a 12.3 percent share in 1967 of all SMSA selected services employment compared to its 14.5 percent share of population. This, of course, reflects the high share in the 1,000,000 and over class. About the same percentage of selected service employ- ment was in the central city as was the case in retail trade. 100,000 to 249,999 SMSA's— SMSA's in the 100,000 to 249,999 class accounted for 10.4 percent of all SMSA population in 1970. There were 14.3 million in the class in 1970 and 12.6 million in 1960. This was a 13.8 percent increase, somewhat below the average for all SMSA's. Like the other classes, if cities with large annexations are omitted, the suburbs are growing very much faster than the central city. More than 50 percent of this size class population resided in the central city (see table 1-8). 13 Manufacturing employment in this class in- creased by 22. 1 percent, the highest rate of increase for any class. The 100,000 to 249,999 class ac- counted for 9.7 percent of all SMSA manufacturing employment, close to its 10.4 percent share of population. The suburban area of the SMSA in- creased its manufacturing employment much faster than the central city if annexations are excluded (see table II- 7). About 65 percent of this group's SMSA manufacturing employment was in the central city. Retail trade employment in the class increased by 24.6 percent which was just about the average for all SMSA's. The class maintained a 10.1 percent share of all SMSA trade employment (see table 1-6). A high 75 percent of SMSA retail trade employment was in central cities in this size class group. In respect to selected services employment, the 100,000 to 249,999 class had one of the lowest in- creases, 26.5 percent over the 1958-67 period. As a result, its share of total SMSA selected services employment declined to 7.4 percent in 1967. This compares to the 10.4 share of population for the class. The suburban area increase was much higher than that for the central city. However, the increase for the latter was a significant one (23.4). A very high percentage (80) of this group's SMSA selected service employment was in central cities. Under 100,000--The last class, the under 100,000 SMSA's, accounted for only 1.5 million population in 1970. Its rate of growth (6.9 percent) was the lowest for any class and the class accounted for, but 1.1 percent of all SMSA population. The under 100,000 class registered a 15.1 percent increase in manufacturing employment over the 1958-67 period, just below the all SMSA average. In respect to retail trade employment and selected services employment, it registered lower gains (19. 9 percent and 14.7, respectively) than all other classes. In this size class the shares of SMSA population and employment in central cities was very high. The shares were: population 76.7 percent; manu- facturing employment 83. 3; retail trade employment 91.9 and selected services employment about 96 percent. These figures reflect the relatively unde- veloped character of this size metropolitan area. PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING 1939-1967 The manufacturing sector accounts for about 30 percent of the national income and has long played a crucial role in the Nation's economic growth and in the growth of cities. What is happening to manu- facturing in the cities isof particular importance to the status of the cities as centers of employment and population. Although the census of manufactures has been conducted since the beginning of the 19th century, comparable data on cities and metropolitan areas becomes increasingly difficult to develop the longer the time span. The industry composition of the sector has been redefined and the effects of pro- gressive changes in city boundaries become more difficult to ignore. Metropolitan area data become more difficult to assemble on the basis of the current definition of the SMSA's, because in the early years many outlying counties of the SMSA's were so lightly developed that data could not be published without disclosing operations of individual companies. In this report, data on production workers in manufacturing have been assembled for 35 large industrial metropolitan areas for each census study year since 1939 (see table IV). An SMSA was selected if city and SMSA data were available for all censuses, and it was one of the largest 50 in either 1939 or 1967 based on manufacturing employment. (Data for the Albany- Schenectady-Troy, N.Y., SMSA were assembled, but not used in the tabulation because 1967 data were suppressed to avoid disclosing figures for individual companies.) The central cities of these large industrial SMSA's as a group have accounted for a progres- sively smaller percentage of the overall manu- facturing employment in the SMSA's. This decline was registered despite the fact that some of the cities (Toledo, Ohio, for example) a re known to have had large annexations during the period. In 1939 the central cities held 65 percent of U.S. manufacturing employment in their SMSA's, but this shrank to 50 percent by 1967. The 35 SMSA's themselves which accounted for about 44 percent of all manufacturing employment in 1967, have grown less rapidly than the Nation as a whole. Between 1939 and 1967 production worker em- ployment in the U.S. increased 79 percent, whereas in the 35 SMSA's it increased only 57 percent. If the comparison is limited to the postwar period, the number of production workers in the U.S. rose 17 percent, but by only 2 percent in these older and larger industrial SMSA's, and in the central cities dropped 20 percent. Most of the central cities registered significant declines; 20 registered declines of 15 percent or more, 4 declines of between 15 and 5 percent; 2 registered relatively no change; 3 increased less than 15 percent and only 5 increased 15 percent or more (see table B). All 5 of the central cities with large increases in production workers between 1947 and 1967 were in the South and West: Dallas and Houston, Tex., Los Angeles, Calif., Memphis, Tenn. (this city made significant annexation in the 1960's)andSan Diego, Calif. 14 Table B. Production Worker Change Over the 1947-67 Period in 35 Selected Central Cities (Index: 1947 = 100) Cities array by city index City SMSA Cities array by city index City SMSA Dallas, Tex Houston, Tex San Diego, Calif. . Los Angeles, Calif, Memph i s , Tenn Kansas City, Kans . , Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. Dayton, Ohio Seattle, Wash Youngs town, Ohio. . Paterson, N.J Indianapolis, Ind., Minneapolis, Minn., Allentown, Pa , Reading, Pa Bridgeport, Conn.., Toledo, Ohio , New York, N.Y , 277 292 .2 202 .2 169 .3 188 2 27 ,4 159 8 209 137 1 143 6 114 7 145 3 109 1 131 1 108 3 109 8 100 4 170 7 97 2 86 .3 96 2 119 4 93 8 118 5 90 9 127 3 89 4 98 8 89 1 96 1 82 2 94 1 81 4 79 3 80 6 92 9 Mi lwaukee , Wi s Chicago, 111 Baltimore, Md Philadelphia, Pa Buffalo, N.Y Boston, Mass San Francisco, Calif. Providence, R.I Cincinnati, Ohio St. Louis, Mo Worcester, Mass Newark, N.J Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburgh, Pa Hartford, Conn Detroit, Mich Akron, Ohio 76, 71, 71, 68, 68, 67, 67.4 66.4 65.7 65.7 65.6 64.5 63.2 61.7 59.9 52.2 37.8 97.4 100.2 102.2 90.9 86.1 90.2 99.1 72.8 92.2 97.7 65.6 95.2 93.9 69.4 106.6 84.2 75.9 A full analysis of comparative change among individual cities would have to consider the industry specialization of each city since each would be uniquely affected by long-term decline or growth of individual industries, different rates of growth in productivity, as well as the transfer of large scale operations to other geographic areas by individual companies. traditional wholesaling acitivities of merchant wholesalers, agents, and brokers, but the whole- sale sales branches of manufacturing companies and petroleum bulk stations. Excluded from this report are major types of service activities pro- vided by government and finance, insurance and real estate, and transportation and public utilities industries as well as the activities in mining and construction. TECHNICAL NOTES The employment data in this report are taken from the 1958 and 1967 censuses of business, manufactures, and mineral industries, which are conducted approximately every 5 years. The in- dustry activities included in manufacturing, retail trade, wholesale trade, and selected services cover those in the Standard Industrial Classification System under SIC codes 19-39 (manufacturing), 50-59 (retail trade and wholesale trade) and SIC code 701-703 (hotels, motels, camps, and trailer parks services) and SIC codes 72 through 78 and 79 (personal and miscellaneous business services). Significant types of services are excluded from the selected services group used in this report, chiefly medical, legal, educational, nonprofit and miscel- laneous engineering and architectural services as well as rooming houses and organizational hotels. Thus, the scope of the censuses covered in this report is complete in manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail trade, but limited in selected services. Wholesale trade includes not only the The economic censuses are generally limited to those firms with paid employees. However, in retail and selected services where significant amounts of economic activity are carried out in businesses without paid employees, these estab- lishments are included in the censuses. The em- ployment and payroll figures, however, are limited only to those establishments that have paid employment. The data in the economic censuses are based on reports filed for individual establishment locations, rather than for entire business firms. Thus, a multiestablishment company files separate reports for each of its separate locations and if it were engaged in both manufacturing and retail activity, it would be represented in both of those censuses. There have been changes in the industry scope of each of the economic censuses over time. Between 1958 and 1967, however, there have been no significant additions to or removal from the activities in each of the areas included in this report: retail trade, wholesale trade, selected 15 services, and manufacturing. During the longer period included in table IV-1, production workers in manufacturing, 1939 to 1967, there have been significant transferrals into and out of manu- facturing. The effect on the comparability of these redefinitions of manufacturing is not too large relatively at the United States level. Their impact may be somewhat greater at the smaller geographic areas because of the geographic specialization of some industries; however, it is not possible to measure or approximate the impact of these changes at the small geographic levels. The census of manufactures for 1958 and sub- sequent years includes establishments classified in industry 3273, Ready- Mixed Concrete, and establishments classified in industry 3599, Mis- cellaneous Machinery (establishments engaged al- most or exclusively in machine shop work). The data for such establishments are excluded from the figures for the period 1939 to 1947. The 1954 to 1967 figures include data for establishments engaged in the processing, and distribution of fluid milk, industry group 202 (Dairies). These establish- ments were not included in the figures for earlier census years. In addition, beginning with 1954, the figures include data for industry 2411, Logging Camps and Contractors, which were not included within the scope of the 1947 census. The figures for 1939 have been revised on the basis of a re- tabulation of the returns to exclude data for establishments classified as manufacturing in 1939 and prior years, but classified as nonmanufacturing beginning with 1947. The number of employees is developed slightly differently in each of the economic censuses. In manufacturing, the employment figures are the average of the number of production workers on the payroll in March, May, August, and November, and the nonproduction workers as of mid- March. In 1958 the employees included were those on the payroll period ending nearest March 15; whereas in 1967 they were those on the payroll period in- cluding March 12. In retail trade, wholesale trade, and selected services, the 1958 employment included those employees on the payroll during the week of November 15; whereas in 1967, it included those on the payroll in the week including March 12. In order to minimize the distortion in comparing the employment figures between 1958 and 1967, for two different months, in industries which show significant seasonal variation, therefore, the November 1967 and March 1958 figures were ad- justed using seasonal indexes based on employment figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The number of employees in the economic censuses includes all paid employees during the payroll periods including those on paid leave and holidays. Salaried executives of corporations are included; however, proprietors and partners of nonincor- porated businesses are excluded. The count of the employees is at the place of work- -at the establishment. Trends in manufacturing production workers by SMSA and central city are presented in table IV-1. Production workers in that table are defined to include all workers directly engaged in production (including the working foreman level). Also included are those engaged in maintenance and repair and in recordkeeping and other services closely related to production. In 1939, production workers were called wage earners and, unlike following censuses, probably included force account construction and distribution workers. The economic census classifies each individual establishment, both by kind of business and geo- graphic location. Data are published for States, standard metropolitan statistical areas, counties, and cities. However, the completeness of the geographic detail published varies from census to census because of the size of the universe of establishments. The Census Bureau is under an obligation by law not to publish any data which would in any way reveal the operations of individual companies. In manufacturing and wholesale trade, the relatively small size of the universe of estab- lishments limits significantly the amounts of geo- graphic detail that can be provided for small cities and small counties. In retail trade and selected services, however, the larger universes permit much greater geographic detail. Therefore, manufacturing data are usually published only for the larger cities; that is those with 10,000 or more population and at least 450 manufacturing em- ployees. In wholesale trade, the city size cutoff is limited to those with 5,000 or more population; whereas retail trade and selected services infor- mation is available for most cities as small as 2,500 people. The limitations of the available geographic detail for small areas and small counties becomes important when an attempt is made to develop historically comparable statistics for a standard metropolitan statistical area. In the present tabulation, the 1967 definitions of the standard metropolitan statistical areas were used. New Iingland was a particular problem because the standard metropolitan statistical areas are made up of assemblages of towns or townships in that area rather than whole counties as occurs in the rest of the United States. It was not possible to use constant boundaries for central cities, which may have annexed signifi- cant territory since 1958. In the economic censuses, the city is identified and the establishment coded to the city as it exists politically and geographically 16 at the time of the census. The coding structure is not refined enough to permit coding of individual establishments to small areas such as tracts that would make it possible to reconstruct historically a city that annexed significant amounts of territory. Therefore, the 1960-1970 Census of Population in- formation was reviewed and if there appeared to be significant proportions of population which had been annexed between that 10-year span, there was a presumption that the economic data was not com- parable. Usually annexations involving 10 to 25 percent or more of the population were considered significant. However, it should be noted that annexations of population or significant land areas do not necessarily mean that a significant number of economic establishments were brought into the definitions of the city at the same time. Conversely, small annexations of land or population could have included a large industrial plant with significant employment. However, there is no way in the eco- nomic data of determining whether a significant shift in population due to an annexation was ac- companied by a significant shift in economic activity. Lastly, there is the question of the effect on population and employment changes in central cities and in suburban areas of the varying procedures used in collecting the data. Employment is counted at the establishment on the site of work; population is counted at the household. This obviously does effect comparisons, but over a decade this same fact exists and therefore the bias is maintained. A review of this problem was not undertaken in this study. Population data is collected decennially. It is a complete count of all persons in the United States. The tally is made by a combination mail-visit contact with people through their residences. Popu- lation data is available at all area levels of State, metropolitan area, county, city, and urban and rural places. Sufficient data is available to retabulate historical figures so that SMSA's are kept at the boundaries as defined in January 1968 by the Office of Management and Budget. The census of popu- lation is compiled from small tracts and enu- meration districts so that it is possible to measure Table C. Population Included in All, Selected, and Large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 1970 All SMSA's 1 Selected SMSA's 2 Large SMSA's 3 Population as per- cent of all SMSA's Area or size class Population (1,000) Number of SMSA ' s Population (1,000) Number of SMSA's Population (1,000) Number of SMSA ' s Selected SMSA's 2 Large SMSA ' s 3 UNITED STATES 137,870.0 8,329.7 30,542.7 29,029.7 8,192.9 17,634.2 5,166.4 12,000.9 4,714.2 22,259.5 80,613.4 21,465.2 19,953.9 14,340.4 1,497.7 230 23 25 48 17 33 14 35 14 21 33 31 60 88 18 122,976.1 8,329.7 30,542.7 24,975.1 6,942.5 16,142.1 3,318.1 10,964.3 1,689.2 20,066.4 28,281.0 15,566.8 16,567.4 11,253.2 1,327.1 184 23 25 37 12 28 9 29 7 14 92,376.3 4,858.3 25,514.1 19,765.2 5,430.5 10,507.0 1,565.9 5,989.8 557.6 18,187.9 77,132.8 14.782.6 51 4 9 10 3 8 2 5 1 9 89.2 100.0 100.0 86.0 84.7 91.5 64.2 91.3 35.8 90.1 97.1 72.5 83.0 78.4 88.6 66.7 58.3 83.1 66.6 66.3 61.1 30.3 49.9 11.8 81.7 95.7 68.9 Geographic division: West North Central East South Central SMSA's with 1970 population of- 1,000,000 and over 500,000 to 999,999 250,000 to 499,999 100,000 to 249,999 Under 100,000 includes all SMSA's except for 33 areas defined since February 1971. 2 Includes all SMSA's except those in which there were significant annexations of population by the central cities between 1960 and 1970. 3 Large SMSA's are those with 500,000 or more population. Excluded are those SMSA's in which there were significant annexations by the cities between 1960 and 1970 or in which it was necessary to suppress one or more figures in the SMSA or city to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. 17 the population that has been annexed by a city since the last census. This information was used to identify the cities in which the employment data may not be comparable because of annexation. However, in the central city totals in this special report, the population data are tabulated for the boundaries as they existed in each census to be consistent with theprocedure used for employment. The all SMS A series used in this report includes 230 SMSA's. These represent the metropolitan areas as of January 1968 that were defined by the Office of Management and Budget. An estimated 137.9 million people (see table C) are included in these 230 SMSA's in 1970. This is 67.9 percent of total U.S. population. The selected SMS A series, excluding SMSA's with central cities that had large annexations, covers 184 metropolitan areas with 121.7 million population. This was 89.2 percent of the population of all SMSA's and 60. 5 percent of the population of the United States. The large SMSA series covered 51 SMSA's and accounted for 66.7 percent of the all SMSA population and 45.5 per- cent of population of the United States. Manufacturing employment coverage for the all SMSA series is 14.2 million employees (see table D) or 73.7 percent of total U.S. manufacturing employment in 1967. The selected SMSA series accounts for 13.1 million manufacturing employees or 91.8 percent of the all SMSA series and 67.6 percent of all manufacturing employment in the U.S. The large SMSA series accounts for 10.0 million manufacturing employees or 69.9 percent of the all SMSA series and 51.5 of all manufacturing employment. Table D. Manufacturing Employment Included in All, Selected, and Large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 1967 Geographic Area Employment (1,000) Employment of all as percent SMSA ' s All SMSA's 1 Selected SMSA's 2 3 Large SMSA's Selected SMSA ' s Large SMSA's Geographic division: 14,242.1 1,181.2 3,671.9 3,992.4 882.5 1,224.4 481.5 760.4 220.2 1,827.6 8,543.2 2,174.2 1,996.8 1,383.4 139.5 13,067.6 1,181.2 3,671.9 3,463.2 765.2 1,117.3 333.1 722.4 68.5 1,744.8 8,334.4 1,712.3 1,732.4 1,153.4 130.1 9,954.0 638.1 2,971.8 2,755.9 628.6 633.4 178.0 450.2 27.5 1,670.8 8,288.0 1,646.0 91.8 100.0 100.0 86.7 86.7 91.3 69.2 95.0 31.1 95.5 97.6 78.8 86.8 83.4 93.3 69.9 54.0 80.9 78.7 82.1 59.0 53.4 62.3 40.1 95.8 97.0 75.7 West South Central SMSA's with 1970 population of — 1,000,000 and over 500,000 to 999,999 250,000 to 499,999 100,000 to 249,999 Under 100,000 'includes all SMSA's except for 33 areas defined since February 1971. 2 Includes all SMSA's except those in which there were significant annexations of population by the central cities between 1960 and 1970. 3 Large SMSA's are those with 500,000 or more population. Excluded are those SMSA's in which there were significant annexations by the cities between 1960 and 1970 or in which it was necessary to suppress one or more figures in the SMSA or city to avoid disclosing- data for individual companies. Summary Tables 1 and 2 and Section I Tables 1 through 8 for All Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas The tables in section I provide employment and population data for all standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA) used in this report. Included in this series of tables are 230 SMSA's as defined in January 1968 by the Office of Management and Budget and used in the 1967 censuses of business, manufactures, and mineral industries. Excluded are 33 SMSA's defined since February 1971. Also excluded are the New Jersey metropolitan counties of Somerset and Middlesex which are not associated with any SMSA but are included in the New York Standard Consolidated Area. The 1960 population data and the 1958 employment data for each SMSA included in this report have been retabulated so that they relate to the geographic boundaries of the SMSA's as defined in January 1968. Therefore, SMSA boundaries for the 1960 and 1970 population and the 1958 and 1967 employment data are constant. On the other hand, the central cities could not be made comparable in boundary over time because separate economic data for annexed areas are not available. Therefore, city data relate to the boundaries as defined in the year of the census specified. If a city experienced significant increases in population or employment because of annexations, then the city's growth will be overstated and the growth of the metropolitan areas outside of the central city will be understated. To provide insight into the effect of annexations on the data, the two series in sections II and III exclude those SMSA's in which central cities were known to have had large annexations between 1960 and 1970. The introduction to section 1 1 lists those SMSA's with central cities which had significant annexations. In the geographic tables in section I, the SMSA's lying in more than one geographic division have been classified into the division which contains the largest share of their population. These SMSA's and the divisions into which they have been classified are as follows: East South Central Chattanooga, Tenn.-Ga. Louisville, Ky.-lnd. Memphis, Tenn.-Ark. East North Central Cincinnati, Ohio-lnd.-Ky. Davenport- Rock Island, III. -Iowa Steubenville-Weirton, Ohio-W.Va. Evansville, Ind.-Ky. South Atlantic Columbus, Ga.-Ala. Huntington-Ashland, Ohio-Ky. Wheeling, W.Va.-Ohio Wilmington, Del.-N.J.-Md. West North Central Duluth Superior, Minn. -Wis. St. Louis, Mo.-lll. Under this procedure the totals for the standard metropolitan statistical areas in a geographic division may include counties lying in another division and exclude some that lie in the division itself. The procedure provides comparable population and employment figures for each division in the manner described. In contrast, summary table 2 presents population and employment figures for geographic divisions based on a breakdown of standard metropolitan statistical areas into counties and the assignment of those counties to the geographic division in which they lie. Thus, in summary table 2, the East South Central division contains only the metropolitan area counties of the Chattanooga metropolitan area that lie in Tennessee. The part of the Chattanooga Standard Metropolitan Area which falls in Georgia is included in the South Atlantic division. This procedure provides information for all counties within the geographic division boundaries. In order to provide figures that are comparable, the employment data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and selected services have been seasonally adjusted using seasonal factors developed from Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly employment data.' Economic activity in these industries, particularly retail, display significant seasonal variation and the census of business counts employment for a single pay period in a single month. In 1958, trade employment was reported for the week including November 15; whereas, in 1967, it was reported for the week including March 12. In manufacturing, this problem of comparability does not arise since a figure on employment for a week in each quarter is collected and the average of these four figures represents employment for the year. (See the technical appendix for further discussion.) 1 The seasonal factors used are: Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services March 1967.... November 1958. 97.89 102.39 98.60 101.18 80 99.79 18 19 SUMMARY TABLE 1. Population and Employment in All SMSA's, Central Cities, and Nonmetropolitan Counties ( In millions) Population Number of employees Area Manuf ac turing Retail trade Wholesa le trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 UNITED STATES , 203.2 137.9 63.0 74.8 65.3 179.3 118.4 59.9 58.5 60.9 19.3 '14.2 7.8 '6.5 5.1 16.0 12.2 7.3 4.9 3.8 9.6 7.0 4.1 2.9 2.6 7.8 5.6 3.8 1.8 2.1 3.6 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.6 2.8 2.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 3.9 3.2 12.2 '1.0 0.7 2 9 Standard metropolitan statistical areas 2.3 1 8 6 6 45.7 50.6 54.5 59.9 58.7 67.9 67.1 77.9 69.7 76.3 PERCENT OF UNITED STATES TOTAL UNITED STATES 100.0 67.9 31.0 36.8 32.1 100.0 66.0 33.4 32.6 33.9 100.0 73.6 40.1 33.5 26.3 100.0 76.0 45.3 30.6 24.0 100.0 73.3 43.0 30.3 26.7 100.0 72.6 49.3 23.3 27.4 100.0 83.1 55.8 27.3 16.9 100.0 83.4 65.0 18.5 16.6 100.0 82.8 57.7 25.0 17.2 Standard metropolitan statistical areas 80.6 PERCENTAGE CHANGE BETWEEN YEARS 1960 -1970 1958 -1967 1958-1967 1958 -1967 1958 -1967 UNITED STATES 13.3 16.4 5.2 27.9 10.7 20.6 17.0 6.8 32.0 32.0 23.5 24.7 7.7 60.6 28.6 28.1 10.5 90.2 31.1 33.6 37.2 25.3 75.3 18.9 Standard metropolitan statistical areas Rounding is based on midpoint of ranges shown in table 1-1 to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies 20 SUMMARY TABLE 2. Population and Employment for Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Sectors of the United States, by Geographic Divisions (SMSA counties in these data have been allocated to the geographic division in which they lie) (In thousands) Geographic divisions Popul ation Manuf ac turing Retail trade Wholesal e trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 203,165.7 137,870.0 65,296.4 11,842.0 8,329.5 3,512.6 37,152.8 30,602.6 6,550.2 40,252.5 29, 381. 10,871.6 16,319.3 7,755.1 8,564.2 30,671.3 17,458.2 13,213.1 12,803.5 5,320.8 7,482.7 19,320.5 12,049.2 7,271.4 8,281.6 4,714.2 3,567.3 26,522.7 22,259.3 4,263.3 179,323.2 118,410.0 60,913.3 10,509.4 7,532.6 2,976.7 34,168.5 28,364.7 5,803.8 36,225.1 26,111.7 10,113.3 15,394.0 6,814.0 8,580.0 25,971.8 13,826.4 12,145.3 12,050.1 4,786.1 7 , 264 . 2 16,951.3 9,951.5 6,999.9 6,855.1 3,506.4 3,348.6 21,198.1 17,516.6 3,681.5 19,322.9 ( 2 )' ( 2 ) 1,561.8 1,181.2 380.6 4,360.0 3,682.6 677.4 5,150.8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,205.9 843.8 362.1 2,501.5 1,220.4 1,281.1 1,091.8 474.4 617.4 1,083.3 761.7 321.6 315.1 220.2 94.9 2,050.3 1,827.6 222.7 16,025.2 12,172.1 3,852.4 1,399.5 1,078.5 321.0 4,112.5 3,550.0 562.5 4,261.4 3,402.1 859.3 964.1 689.4 274.7 1 , 884 . 9 955.5 929.4 783.5 384.4 399.1 794.8 571.0 223.8 228.8 152.8 76.0 1,595.0 1,388.4 206.6 9,582.7 7,026.1 2,556.9 606.6 462.2 144.4 1,776.4 1,513.4 263.0 1,988.4 1,521.6 466.8 823.8 442.5 381.3 1,370.3 892.8 477.5 488.6 263.6 225.0 860.9 595.9 265.0 388.9 233.3 155.6 1,279.1 1,100.8 178.3 7,756.7 5,634.6 2,122.1 500.8 389.9 110.9 1,553.2 1,328.5 224.7 1,625.7 1,231.7 394.0 696.7 364.1 332.6 1,056.5 679.2 377.3 390.8 209.1 181.7 698.9 470.4 228.5 302.0 165.9 136.1 932.1 795.8 136.3 3,568.9 2,977.9 591.1 199.2 170.3 28.9 806.1 744.2 61.9 714.2 609.8 104.4 302.2 206.9 95.3 465.9 344.9 121.0 172.9 117.4 55.5 319.0 261.3 57.7 119.3 85.3 34.0 470.2 437.8 32.4 2,774.9 2,314.9 460.1 157.8 138.9 18.9 656.3 612.7 43.6 553.8 477.9 75.9 249.2 173.7 75.5 333.6 240.1 93.5 130.4 88.7 41.7 242.7 200.1 42.6 91.9 63.1 28.8 359.3 319.7 39.6 3,888.9 3,207.7 680.0 208.9 171.4 37.5 857.7 785.8 71.9 678.5 586.3 92.2 250.6 175.7 74.9 578.0 428.2 149.8 175.9 109.7 66.2 328.2 261.6 66.6 201.0 144.8 56.2 608.9 544.2 64.7 2,910.3 2,347 3 Nonmetropolitan county 1 .. 563.0 160.4 123.7 36.7 689.5 624.1 65.4 550.8 466.5 84.3 204.5 134.2 70.3 397.0 282.3 114.7 80.2 50.3 245.2 186.8 58.4 126.1 82.8 43.3 406.3 366.7 39.6 1 Two counties in New Jersey, Middlesex,, and Somerset, are part of the New York consolidated metropolitan area. However, they are not in- cluded in any New Jersey or New York SMSA. In the tables in this report these two counties are treated as nonmetropolitan counties. 2 To avoid disclosing figures for individual firms, the following ranges have been used for 1967 manufacturing employment: All SMSA's, U.S 14,192.1 - 14,292.1 Nonmetropolitan counties ... 5, 130 . 8 - 5, 030. 8 East North Central SMSA's 3,980.2 - 4,080.2 Nonmetropol itan counties 1, 170 .6 - 1, 070 .6 21 TABLE 1-1. Population and Employment for All SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Geographic Divisions (In thousands) Population Kmp] yment Geographic divisions Manuf acturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 UNITED STATES , TOTAL All SMSA's, total 1 203,165.7 137,870. 63,032.1 74,838. 1 8,329.7 3,245.9 5,083. 7 30,542. 7 13,824.9 16,717. 4 29,029. 7 13,039.2 15,990.6 8,192.9 3,782. 1 4,410. 8 17,634.2 7,153.5 10,480. 8 5,166. 4 2,960. 2 2,206. 5 12,000. 9 7,582.6 4,418. 3 4,714.2 2,555.3 2,158. 9 22,259. 5 8,888.4 13,371. 1 179,323.2 118,410. 59,888.2 58,521. 8 7.534. 3,314.5 4,219. 5 28,297. 5 14,153. 4 14,144. 1 25,776. 4 12,944. 12,832. 7,227. 1 3,795.8 3,431.3 14,008. 9 6,617. 1 7,391.8 4,639.5 2.683. 1 1,956.4 9,904. 6,653.4 3,250. 6 3,506.3 2,081. 2 1,425. 1 17,516. 7 7,645.7 9,871. 19,322.9 ( 2 ) 7,761. 2 ( 2 ) 1,181.2 565. 4 615.8 3,671. 9 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,603.9 882. 5 458. 424.5 1,224.4 641. 1 583.3 481.5 331.4 150. 1 760.4 542.2 218.2 220. 2 130. 7 89. 5 1,827.6 775.9 1,051. 7 16,025.2 12,172. 1 7,267.2 4,904. 9 1,078. 5 592. 1 486. 4 3,539.5 2,052.3 1,487.2 3,370. 8 2,142.8 1,228. 732. 8 435. 7 297. 1 957. 1 562. 5 394.6 381.8 272.3 109. 5 570.4 398.4 172. 152. 8 87. 3 65. 5 1,388.4 723. 8 664.6 9,582.7 7,026.2 4,121.9 2,904.3 462. 2 223.2 239. 1,511.2 786. 6 724. 6 1,514.6 863.3 651.3 456. 7 282. 7 174. 899. 6 548. 6 351. 253. 9 194. 4 59. 5 593. 9 474. 9 119. 233.3 165. 68. 3 1,100.8 583.2 517. 6 7,756. 7 5,634. 9 3,826. 1 1,808. 8 389. 9 224.9 165. 1,326. 6 822.9 503.7 1,222.8 836.8 386. 376. 3 273. 5 102.8 685. 5 494. 6 190. 9 203. 166. 4 36. 6 469. 1 393. 6 75. 5 165. 9 131. 34.9 795. 8 482.4 313.4 3,888. 9 3,219. 7 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 171. 4 103.2 68.2 785. 5 556. 2 229.3 584. 9 414. 7 170. 2 178.2 133.3 44. 9 429. 269. 4 159. 6 108. 6 93.4 15.2 261. 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 144. 8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 556.2 348. 8 207. 4 2,910. 3 2,347. 3 1 ,791. 5 555. 8 123. 7 83. 8 39. 9 Middle Atlantic SMSA's 1 623. 9 482.2 141. 7 East North Central SMSA's; 465. 367. 9 West North Central SMSA's 97. 1 136. 5 111. 4 25. 1 283. 6 208. 2 75. 4 78. 6 West South Central SMSA's 68. 4 10.2 186 5 165.2 21.3 82 8 55. 6 Pac if 1c SMSA ' s 27. 2 366. 7 248. 8 117. 9 1 Excludes the New Jersey metropolitan counties of Middlesex and Somerset which are not associated with any SMSA but are part of the New York, N.Y. -Northeastern New Jersey Standard Consolidated Area. 2 The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: Manufacturing Employment 1967 Selected Services Employment 1967 All SMSA's Outside central city.... 14,192. 1-14,292. 1 6,426. 0-6,526. All SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. . . . 2, 192. 9-2,292. 926. 8-1,026. Middle Atlantic SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. 1,889. 0-1,988. 1,683. 9-1,783. 9 West South Central SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. . . . 226. 7-228. 32. 4-34. East North Central SMSA's. Central city 3,942. 4-4,042. 4 2,328. 5-2,428. 5 Mountain SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. 88. 0-94. 50. 4-56. TABLE 1-2. Percent Distribution of Population and Employment for All SMSA's, by Geographic Divisions (Percents ) Population Employment Geographic divisions Manufacturing Retail trac e Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 ALL SMSA ' s , TOTAL 100.0 6.0 22.2 21.1 5.9 12.8 3.7 8.7 3.4 16.1 100.0 6.4 23.9 21.8 6.1 11.8 3.9 8.4 3.0 14.8 100.0 8.3 25.8 (*) 6.2 8.6 3.4 5.3 1.5 12.8 100.0 8.9 29.1 27.7 6.0 7.9 3.1 4.7 1.3 11.4 100.0 6.6 21.5 21.6 6.5 12.8 3.6 8.5 3.3 15.7 100.0 6.9 23.5 21.7 6.7 12.2 3.6 8.3 2.9 14.1 100.0 5.3 24.4 18.1 5.5 13.3 3.4 8.1 4.5 17.3 100.0 5.3 26.6 East North Central SMSA's 19.8 5.8 12.1 3.3 7.9 3.5 Pacific SMSA's 15.6 "The following range has been used to avoid disclosing figures of an individual company: 27.7-28.2. East North Central - Manufacturing 1967 22 TABLE 13. Percent Change in Population and Employment for All SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Geographic Divisions Geographic divisions Population 1960-1970 Employment 195S-1967 Manuf acturing Retail trade S el ec t ed services UNITED STATES, TOTAL. All SMSA's, total Central city Outside central city. New England SMSA's Central city Outside central city. Middle Atlantic SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. East North Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. . . . West North Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. . . . South Atlantic SMSA's Central city Outside central city.... East South Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... West South Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... Mountain SMSA's Central city Outside central city. Pacific SMSA's Central city Outside central city. 16. 4 5.2 27.9 10.6 -2. 1 20. 5 7.9 -2.3 18. 2 12.6 . 7 24.6 13.4 -.4 28. 5 25.9 8. 1 11.4 10. 3 12.8 21.2 14. 35.9 34.4 22.8 51. 5 27. 1 16. 3 35. 5 t 1 ) 6.8 (M -4.5 26.6 3. 7 (') t 1 ) n c 1 ) 30.6 20. 4 5. 1 42.9 14. 47.8 33. 3 36. 1 49. 7 36.6 31.6 7.2 58.2 18. 5 -0. 8 44.8 3.2 68. 7 21.4 3.4 69.3 31.2 10. 9 83.9 40. 6 26. 95.7 38.3 20. 9 65.2 37.3 n 38.6 23.2 25. 9 15. 3 61. 8 25.8 12. 7 75.3 30. 5 19. 7 51. 3 29. 4 111. 7 38.2 39.2 32.2 40. (') C) 74. 9 n 40.2 75. 9 1 The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: Percent Change 1958-1967 Manufacturing Employment All SMSA's Outside central city... 16. 6-17.4 31. 0-33. Middle Atlantic SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. East North Central SMSA's Central city (-3.1)-(-7.9) 13.2-20. 17. 0-19. 9 8. 7-13. 3 Selected Services Employment All SMSA's: Central city Outside central city... West South Central SMSA's: Central city Outside central city 22.4-28. 66. 7-84. 7 37. 2-38.4 52. 1-61. 5 Mountain SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. 58.3-69. 85. 3-107. 4 23 TABLE 1-4. Central Cities as Percent of SMSA's for Population and Employment, for All SMSA's, by Geographic Divisions Geographic divisions All SMSA's, total New England SMSA 's Middle Atlantic SMSA's.... East North Central SMSA's. West North Central SMSA's. South Atlantic SMSA's East South Central SMSA's. West South Central SMSA's. Mountain SMSA 's Pacific SMSA's (Pcrcents) Population 45.7 39.0 45.3 44.9 46.2 40.6 57.3 63.2 54.2 39.9 50.6 44.0 50.0 50.2 52.5 47.2 57.8 67.2 59.4 43.6 Manufacturing (') 47.9 (*) t 1 ) 51.9 52.4 68.8 71.3 59.4 42.0 59.7 54.9 58.0 63.6 59.5 58.8 71.3 69.8 57.1 52.1 Retail trade 58.7 48.3 52.1 57.0 61.9 61.0 76.6 80.0 70.7 53.0 67.9 57.7 62.0 68.4 72.7 72.2 82.0 83.9 79.0 60.6 Selected services 60.2 70.8 70.9 74.8 62.8 86.0 (') (') 66.4 76 3 67 7 77 3 79 1 81 6 73 4 87 88 .6 67 .1 67 .8 'The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: Manufacturing Employment-1967 Selected Services Emp loyment -1967 Middle Atlantic. . . . East North Central. 51.4-54.1 59.1-60.1 West South Central. Mountain 86.8-87.6 60.8-64.9 TABLE 1-5. Population and Employment for All SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Population Size Class { In thousands ) Population size class Employme Manufacturing 1967 Retail trade LMSN Selected services UNlj.nu bTATES, TOTAL. All SMSA's, total Central city Outside central city. SMSA's with 1970 population of- 1,000,000 and over Central city Outside central city 500,000 to 999,999. Central city Outside central city. 250,000 to 499,999 Central city Outside central city. 100,000 to 249,999 Central city Outside central city. Under 100,000 Central city Outside central city. 137, 63' 870.0 027.0 843.0 ,613.4 ,797.3 ,816.1 ,465.2 568.7 896.5 953.9 847.6 106.2 ,340.4 ,664.7 ,675.7 ,497.7 ,149.2 348.5 179,323.2 118,410.5 59,887.2 58,523.3 69,058. 34,010. 35,047. 9,810.7 8,285.4 17,260.1 8,104.2 9,155.9 12,595. 6,886. 5,709. 1,400. 1,075. 325. 19,322.9 7,761.2 (*) 8,543.2 4,317.6 4,225.6 2,174.2 t 1 ) ( l ) (M (') 941.1 1,383.4 897.2 486.2 139.5 116.2 23.3 16,025.2 12,172.1 7 , 267 . 2 4 , 904 . 9 7,411.3 4,302.2 3,109.1 1,857.3 1,178.7 678.6 1,649.2 915.5 733.7 1,133.1 768.7 364.4 121.2 102.1 19.1 7 026 2 4 121 9 2 904 3 4 183 3 2 172 5 2 010 8 1 073 4 699 8 373 6 981 5 642 9 338 6 708 .5 533 .6 174 9 79 .5 73 .1 6 .4 7,756.7 5,634.9 3,826.1 1,808.8 3 393 1 2 ,148 3 1 244. 8 843 4 617 9 225 5 762 9 550 9 212 568 8 448 5 120 3 5.8 3,888.9 3,219.7 t 1 ) 2,134.7 1,441.1 693.6 427.7 317.7 110.0 395.3 (M 1 238.6 190.7 47.9 23.4 (') ( l ) 'The following ranges have been used to Manufacturing avoid disclosing Employment-1967 figures of individual companies: Selected Services Krnpl<..>ynn.-nt-1967 2 910.3 2 347.3 1 791.5 555.8 1 ,563.8 1 175.1 388.7 306.3 247.2 59.1 268.2 196.1 72.1 188.6 154.5 34.1 20.4 18.6 1.8 All SMSA' s Outside central c .... 14,192.1 - .ty. . 6,426.0 - 500,000 - 999,999 SMSA's Central city Outside central city... 250,000 - 499,999 SMSA's... Central city 1,320.5 754.7 1,946.8 1,005.7 14,292.1 6,526.0 1,429.5 844.7 2,046.8 1,105.7 All SMSA ' s: Central city 2,192.9 Outside central city.. 250,000 - 499,999 SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... Under 100,000 SMSA's; Central city Outside central city. 192 9 - 2 292 9 926 8 - 1 026 8 256 9 - 286 9 108 4 - 138 4 18 5 - 28 5 1 .7 - 2 7 24 TABLE 1-6. Percent Distribution of Population and Employment for All SMSA's, by Population Size Class f Percents ) Employment Population size class Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 '100.0 58.5 15. S 14.5 10.4 1.1 100.0 58.3 15.3 14.6 10.6 1.2 100.0 60.0 15.3 (') 9.7 1.0 100.0 60.9 15.3 13.5 9.3 1.0 100.0 59.5 15.3 14.0 10.1 1.1 100.0 60.2 15.0 13.5 10.1 1.2 100.0 66.3 13.3 12.3 7.4 0.7 SMSA's with 1970 population of — 66.6 13.0 11.4 8.0 *The following range has been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: 250 ? 000-499 ? 999 - manufacturing, 1967. 13.7-14.3. TABLE 1-7. Percent Change in Population and Employment for All SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Population Size Class ( Percents ) Population size class Population 1960-1970 Employment 1958-1967 Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services UNITED STATES , TOTAL. All SMSA's, total Central ci ty Outside central city. SMSA's with 1970 population of- 1,000,000 and over... Central city Outside central city 500,000 to 999,999 Central city Outside central city. 250,000 to 499,999 Central city Outside central city. 100,000 to 249,999 Central city Outside central city. Under 100,000 Central city Outside central city. 16.4 5.2 27.9 16.7 2.3 30.7 18.6 7.7 31.5 15.6 9.2 21.3 13.8 11.3 16.9 6.9 6.9 7.2 I, . X 15.3 .4 35.9 17.1 (') (') (') (') 28.3 22.1 16.7 33.4 15.1 13.8 22.0 23.3 1.1 61.5 27.3 13.3 65.7 28.7 16.7 59.7 24.6 19.0 45.4 19.9 20.8 10.3 37.2 36.5 22.6 78.4 39.6 28.5 86.1 47.4 (M 26.5 23.4 40.5 14.7 (M ( l ) 1 The following ranges have been used to avoid Manufacturing Employment - 1967 disclosing figures for individual firms : Selected Services Employment - 1967 All SMSA' s Outside central city. 500,000-999,999 SMSA's: Central city Outside central city . 250,000-499,999 SMSA's. Central city 16.6 - 17.4 31.0 - 33.0 12.8 - 21 3 11.2 - 24 5 18.0 - 24 1 11.0 - 20 8 All SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. . 250,000-499,999 SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. Under 100,000 SMSA's: Central city Outside central city. 22.4 - 28 (l 66.8 - 84 7 31.0 - 46 3 50.3 - 92 (-.5) - 53.2 25 TABLE 1-8. Central Cities as Percent of SMSA's for Population and Employment for All SMSA's, by Population Size Class Employment Population size class Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 45.7 43.2 49.2 44.3 53.4 76.7 50.6 49.2 54.2 47.0 54.7 76.8 50.5 (') (M 64.9 83.3 59.7 58.0 62.7 55.5 67.8 84.2 58.7 51.9 65.2 65.5 75.3 91.9 67.9 63.3 73.3 72.1 78.9 91.3 C 1 ) 67.5 74.3 (') 79.9 76.3 SMSA's with 1970 population of- 75.1 80.7 72.8 81.9 91.2 1 The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures from individual firms: Central City as Percent of SMSA Manufacturing Employment - 1967 Selected Services IJiiployment - 1967 All SMSA's, total 54.3 - 54.7 All SMSA's, total 68.1 - 71.2 500,000-999,999. 250,000-499,999. 61.1 - 65.5 51.7 - 54.0 250,000-499,999. Under 100,000 65.0 - 72.6 79.0 - 121.8 Section II Tables 1 through 8 for Selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas The tables in section 1 1 provide employment and population data for all SMSA's except those SMSA's in which the central city annexed a substantial population between 1960 and 1970. The SMSA's are those defined in January 1968 by the Office of Management and Budget and used in the 1967 censuses of business, manufactures, and mineral industries. Excluded are 33 SMSA's defined since February 1971. Also excluded are the New Jersey metropolitan counties of Somerset and Middlesex which are not associated with any SMSA but are included in the New York Standard Consolidated Area. The 1960 population and the 1958 employment data for each SMSA included in this report have been retabulated so that they relate to the geographic boundaries of the SMSA's as defined in January 1 968. Thus, the SMSA boundaries for the 1960 and 1970 population and the 1958 and 1967 employment data are constant. On the other hand, the central cities could not be made comparable in boundary over time because separate economic data for annexed areas are not available. Therefore, city data relate to the boundaries as defined in the year of the census specified. If a city experienced significant increase of population or employment because of annexation then the city's growth will be overstated and the growth of the metropolitan areas outside of the central city will be understated. SMSA's in which cities are known to have had annexed significant population are excluded from this series. The SMSA's are: Anderson, I nd. Lorain-Elyria, Ohio Austin, Tex. Macon, Ga. Bakersfield, Calif. Madison, Wis. Billings, Mont. Mansfield, Ohio Biloxi-Gulfport, Miss. Memphis, Tenn. -Ark. Boise City, Idaho Nashville, Tenn. Colorado Springs, Colo. Omaha, Nebr. -Iowa Columbus, Ga.-Ala. Peoria, III. Decatur, III. Phoenix, Ariz. Denver, Colo. Reno, Nev. Eugene, Oreg. Richmond, Va. Fresno, Calif. Rockford, III. Grand Rapids, Mich. Sacramento, Calif. Green Bay, Wis. Salem, Oreg. Huntsville, Ala. Salinas-Monterey, Calif. Indianapolis, Ind. San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario, Calif. Jacksonville, Fla. Sherman-Denison, Tex. Lafayette, La. Shreveport. La. Lake Charles, La. Springfield, Mo. Las Vegas, Nev. Tallahassee, Fla. Lawton, Okla. Toledo, Ohio-Mich. Lexington, Ky. Wichita, Kans. Lincoln, Nebr. There are additional SMSA's which contain central cities that experienced lesser annexations and do not appear large enough to significantly obscure the economic effect of changes in the cities. Thus, even after the exclusion of the central cities with large annexations, the figures in tables 11-1 to II-8 will tend to overstate somewhat the growth of central cities relative to the growth of metropolitan areas outside central cities. 26 In the geographic tables in section II, SMSA's lying in more than one geographic division have been classified into the division which contains the largest share of their population. These SMSA's and the divisions into which they have been classified are the following: East South Central: Chattanooga, Tenn.-Ga. Louisville, Ky.-lnd. Memphis, Tenn.-Ark. East North Central: Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-lnd. Davenport-Rock Island-Moline, Iowa-Ill. Steubenville-Weirton, Ohio-W.Va. Evansville, Ind.-Ky. South Atlantic: Columbus, Ga.-Ala. Huntington-Ashland, W.Va.-Ky.-Ohio Wheeling, W.Va.-Ohio Wilmington, Del.-NJ.-Md. West North Central: Duluth-Superior, l\ St. Louis, Mo.-lll. inn. -Wis. Under this procedure the totals for the SMSA's in a geographic division may include counties lying in another division and exclude some that lie in the division itself. The procedure provides comparable population and employment figures for each division in the manner described. In contrast, summary table 2 presents population and employment figures for geographic divisions based on a breakdown of SMSA's into counties and the assignment of those counties to the geographic division in which they lie. Thus, in summary table 2, the East South Central division contains only the metropolitan area counties of the Chattanooga metropolitan area that lie in Tennessee. The part of the Chattanooga SMSA which falls in Georgia is included in the South Atlantic division. The procedure in table 2 provides information for all counties within geographic division boundaries. In order to provide figures that are comparable, the employment data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and selected services have been seasonally adjusted using seasonal factors developed from Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly employment data. 1 Economic activity in these industries, particularly retail, display significant seasonal variation and the census of business counts employment for a single pay period in a single month. In 1958, trade employment was reported for the week including November 15; whereas, in 1967, it was reported for the week including March 12. In manufacturing, this problem of comparability does not arise since a figure on employment for a week in each quarter is collected and the average of these four figures represents employment for the year. (See the technical appendix for further discussion.) 1 The seasonal factors used are: Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services March 1967. .. . November 1958. 97.89 102.39 98.60 101.18 98.80 99.79 27 28 TABLE 111. Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Geographic Divisions (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) (In thousands) Geographic divsions UNITED STATES, TOTAL Selected SMSA's, total. Central city Outside central city. New England SMSA's Central city Outside central city. Middle Atlantic SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. East North Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. . . . West North Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. . . . South Atlantic SMSA's.. Central city Outside central city. East South Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. . . . West South Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. . . . Mountain SMSA's... Central city. . . . Outside central ity. Pacific SMSA's Central city Outside central city. 122,970.1 54,472.9 68,496.6 8,329.7 3,245.9 5,083.7 ,542.7 ,824.9 ,717.4 ,975.1 ,831.3 ,143.7 ,942.5 ,888.6 ,053.9 ,142.1 ,098.4 ,043.7 ,318.1 ,553.2 ,764.9 ,964.3 ,873.3 ,091.0 1,689.2 988.6 700.6 20,066.4 8,168.7 11,897.7 179,323.2 106,148.5 53,154.8 52,993.7 7,534.0 3,314.5 4,219.5 28,297.5 14,153.4 14,144.1 22,269.4 11,265.8 11,003.6 6,106.0 3,015.1 3,090.9 12,719.1 5,754.1 6,965.0 3,096.0 1,576.4 1,519.6 9,016.4 6,089.3 2,927.1 1,385.5 874.6 510.9 15,724.6 7,111.6 8,613.0 Employment Manufacturing 19,322.9 ( l ) 6,883.3 (') 1,181.2 565.4 615.8 3,671.9 t 1 ) t 1 ) (*) ( l ) 1,523.7 765.2 390.0 375.2 1,117.3 554.5 562.8 333.1 207.3 125.8 722.4 517.5 204.9 68.5 36.6 31.9 1,744.8 744.5 1,000.3 Retail trade 16,025.2 11,268.7 6,664.2 4,604.5 1,078.5 592.1 486.4 3,539.5 2,052.3 I 1,487.2 2,951.7 1,864.8 1,086.9 628.1 375.2 252.9 866.9 486.8 380.1 282.8 185.3 97.5 540.8 380.2 160.6 60.3 29.5 30.8 1,320.1 698.0 622.1 6,264.7 3,568.8 2,695.9 462.2 223.2 239.0 1,511.2 786.6 724.6 1,298.2 718.9 579.3 386.1 222.5 163.6 821.5 481.5 340.0 159.9 113.9 46.0 546.5 433.2 113.3 81.9 66.5 15.4 997.2 522.5 474.7 5,059.6 3,375.9 1,683.7 389.9 224.9 165.0 1,326.6 822.9 503.7 1,056.0 715.4 340.6 319.7 223.9 95.8 621.5 436.5 185.0 131.5 102.1 29.4 430.8 360.1 70.7 53.5 9.3 720.8 436.6 284.2 Selected services 2,883.9 1,986.4 897.8 171.4 103.2 68.2 785.5 556.2 229.3 516.8 361.8 155.0 151.9 109.4 42.5 395.3 239.6 155.7 63.1 52.2 10.9 242.0 2 211.0 31.6 38.9 3 28.0 11.8 519.0 326.2 192.8 2,910.3 2,116.0 1,611.6 504.4 123.7 83.8 39.9 623.9 482.2 141.7 411.5 323.5 88.0 115.6 92.7 258.0 184.7 73.3 48.5 40.9 7.6 172.0 152.7 19.3 21.6 18.8 341.2 232.3 108.9 *The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual firms: Manufacturing Employment - 1967 Selected SMSA's Outside central city. Middle Atlantic SMSA's: Central city Outside central city 13,017.6-13,117.6 6,124.3- 6,224.3 1,878.0- 1,978.0 1,693.9- 1,793.9 East North Central SMSA's. Central city 3,413.2- 3,513.2 1,879.5- 1,979.5 2 Rounded figure to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. The actual figure is within + 1 3 Rounded figure to avoid disclosing figures to individual companies. The actual figure is within + 5 000 employees. 000 employees. 29 TABLE 11-2. Percent Distribution of Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's, by Geographic Divisions (Excludes SMSA' s in which central cities had large annexations) (Percents) Employment Geographic divisions Population Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 100.0 6.8 24.8 20.3 5.6 13.1 2.7 8.9 1.4 16.3 100.0 7.1 26.7 21.0 5.8 12.0 2.9 8.5 1.3 14.8 100.0 9.1 28.2 (') 5.9 8.6 2.6 5.6 0.5 13.4 100.0 9.6 31.4 26.2 5.6 7.7 2.5 4.8 0.5 11.7 100.0 7.4 24.1 20.7 6.2 13.1 2.6 8.7 1.3 15.9 100.0 7.7 26.2 20.9 6.3 12.3 2.6 8.5 1.2 14.2 100.0 5.9 27.2 17.9 5.3 13.7 2 .2 8.4 1.3 18.0 100.0 5.8 29.5 19.4 5.5 12.2 2.3 8.1 1.0 16.1 l The following range has been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: East North Central-manufacturing-1967, 26.2-26.7. TABLE 11-3. Percent Change in Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Geographic Divisions (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) (Percents) Geographic divisions Population 1960-1970 Employment 1958-1967 Manufac- turing Retail trade Selected services UNITED STATES. TOTAL. Selected SMSA's, total. Central city Outside central city. New England SMSA's Central city Outside central city. Middle Atlantic SMSA's. Central city Outside central city. East North Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... West North Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... South Atlantic SMSA's.. Central city Outside central city. East South Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... West South Central SMSA's. Central city Outside central city.... Mountain SMSA's Central city Outside central city. Pacific SMSA's Central city Outside central city. 15. 8 2. 5 29. 3 10. 6 -2. 1 20. 5 7. 9 -2. 3 18 2 12 1 -3 6 28 5 13 7 -4 2 31 2 26 9 6 44 2 7 2 -1 5 16 1 21 6 12 .9 39 .8 21 .9 13 .0 37 .1 27 .6 14 .9 38 .1 3.3 (M 9.5 -4.5 26.6 3.7 (') (M (') C 1 ) 21.8 3.9 48.4 '28.9 13.9 48.1 17.8 11.9 29.0 33.6 36.1 27.6 13.6 24.1 3.6 32.3 6.7 60.8 23. 8 5. 7 60. 1 18. 5 -. 8 1 1 8 13. 9 -4 4 13 9 22 9 5 70 1 20 8 - 6 70 8 32 2 10 3 83 8 21 6 11 6 56 5 26 .9 20 .3 60 .3 30 .4 24 .3 65 .6 38 .3 19 .7 67 .0 'The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: Manufacturing Employment-Percent Change 1958-1967 Selected SMSA's Outside central city. Middle Atlantic SMSA's: Central city Outside central city.... East North Central SMSA's. Central 15.5-16.4 33.0-35.2 (-8.5)-(-3.6) 13.9-20.6 15.6-19.0 . 8-6 . 2 33.6 36.3 23.3 78.0 38.6 23.2 70.9 25.9 15.3 61.8 25.6 11.8 76. 1 31.4 18.0 85.6 53.2 29.7 112.4 30.1 27.6 43.4 40.7 2 38.2 2 60.6 80.1 2 48.9 2 289.3 52.1 40.4 77.0 2 Rounded figure to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. 30 TABLE 11-4. Central Cities as Percent of SMSA's for Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's, (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) (Percent ) Geographic divisions Popula tion Employment Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 Selected SMSA's, total 44.3 39.0 45.3 43.4 41.6 37.8 46.8 62.7 58.5 40.7 50.1 44.0 50.0 50.6 49.4 45.2 50.9 67.5 63.1 45.2 I 1 ) 47.9 (') t 1 ) 51.0 49.3 62.2 71 .6 53.4 42.7 59.2 54.9 58.0 63.2 59.7 77.8 65.5 70.3 48.9 52.9 57.0 48.3 52.1 55.4 57.6 58.6 71.2 79.3 81.2 52.4 66.7 57.7 62.0 67.7 70.0 70.2 77.6 83.6 85.2 60.6 68.9 60.2 70.8 70.0 72.0 60.6 82.7 2 87.2 2 72.0 62.9 76.2 67.7 77.3 78.6 80.2 71 .6 84.3 88.8 87.0 68.1 lr The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual firms: ManuJ ac t urins^ Employment - 1967 Selected SMSA's 52 Middle Atlantic SMSA's East North Central SMSA's. -53.9 -56.3 'Rounded figure to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. TABLE 11-5. Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Population Size Class (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) ( In thousands ) Population size class Employment Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services UNITED STATES, TOTAL. Selected SMSA's, total. Central city Outside central city. SMSA's with 1970 population of- 1,000,000 and over Central city Outside central city.. 500,000 to 999,999 Central city. Outside central city. 250,000 to 499,999 Central city Outside central city. 100,000 to 249,999 Central city Outside central city. Under 100,000 Central city Outside central citv. 203,165.7 122,970.1 54,472.9 68,496.6 78,281.0 33,544.4 44,736.6 15,566.8 6,954.0 8,612.8 16,547.4 7,111.3 9,436.1 11,253.2 5,830.3 5,422.9 1,327.1 1,033.6 293.5 106,148.5 53,154.8 52,993.7 67,184.1 33,040.2 34,143.9 13,227.1 6,810.3 6,416.8 14,418.5 6,722.6 7,695.9 10,070.4 5,607.0 4,463.4 1,248.4 974.7 27 3.7 19,322.9 6,883.3 8,334.4 4,090.8 4,243.6 1,712.3 (') (') (') 815.6 1,153.4 733.1 4 20.3 130.1 108.7 21.4 11,268.7 6,664.2 4,604.5 7,250.4 4,196.0 3,054.4 1,503.2 917.9 585.3 1,440.9 800.6 640.3 960.8 653.5 307.3 113.4 96.2 17.2 6,264.7 3,568.8 2,695.9 4,055.7 2,094.2 1,961.5 774.1 480.4 293.7 520.5 288.3 555.7 408.4 147.3 70.4 65.3 5.1 5,059.6 3,375.9 1,683.7 3 , 294 . 8 2,073.3 1,221.5 613.8 437.5 176.3 634.7 454.9 179.8 457.4 356.0 101.4 58.9 54.2 4.7 2,883.9 1,986.4 897.8 2,086.5 L, 405.0 681.5 301.4 215.4 86.0 303.5 2 21 2.0 92.0 171.7 135.0 36.7 20.8 3 19.0 1.6 2,116.0 1,611.6 504.4 1,527.3 1,144.2 383.1 216.3 171.1 45.2 211.7 162.8 48.9 142.7 117.0 25.7 18.0 16.5 1.5 1 The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: Manufacturing Employment - 1967 Selected SMSA's 13,017.6 - 13,117.6 Outside central city... 6,124.3 - 6,224.3 500,000 - 999,999 SMSA's: Central city Outside central city.... 250,000 - 499,999 SMSA's. Central city 988.9 - 1,088.9 650.4 - 700.4 1,687.4 - 1,787.4 861.8 - 961.8 Rounded figures to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. The actual figure is within 3 Rounded figures to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. The actual figure is within 5,000 employees. 1,000 employees. 31 TABLE 11-6. Percent Distribution of Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's, by Population Size Class (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) (Percents ) Employment Population size class Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 SMSA's with 1970 population of — 100.0 63.7 12.7 13.5 9.2 1.1 100.0 63.3 12.5 13.6 9.5 1.2 100.0 63.8 13.1 (') 8.8 1.0 100.0 64.3 13.3 12.8 8.5 1.0 100.0 64.7 12.4 12.9 8.9 1.1 100.0 65.1 12.1 12.5 9.0 1.2 100.0 72.3 10.5 10.5 6.0 0.7 100.0 250,000 to 499 999 10.2 100,000 to 249,999 under 100,000 "The following range has been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: 250,000-499,999, manufacturing 1967, 12.9-13.6 TABLE 11-7. Percent Change in Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Population Size Class (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) (Percent ) Population size class UNITED STATES, TOTAL. Selected SMSA's, total. Central city Outside central city. SMSA's with 1970 population ol- 1 , 000 , 000 and over Central city Outside central city 500,000 to 999,999 Central city Outside central city. 250,000 to 499,999 Central city Outside central city. 100,000 to 249,999 Central city Outside central city. Under 100,000 Central city Outside central city. Popul at ion 1960-1970 15.9 2.5 29.3 16 5 1 5 31 17 7 2 1 11.7 4.0 21.5 6.0 7.2 Employment 1958-1967 Manufacturing f 1 ) 3.3 15.0 -2.5 38.. 9 13.9 t 1 ) (') (') (') 27.4 20.0 12.2 36.8 13.0 24.4 Retail trade 23.8 5.7 60.1 27.4 14.4 60.3 19.5 20.5 8.5 Selected Services 36.3 23.3 78.0 36.6 22.8 77.9 39.3 25.9 90.3 43.4 2 30.2 2 87.1 20.3 15.4 42.8 15.6 2 15.2 2 20.0 *The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies: Manufacturing Employment 1958-1967 Selected SMSA ' s Outside central city... 15.5 - 16.4 33.0 - 35.2 500,000 - 999,999 SMSA's: Central city Outside central city... 250,000 - 499.999 SMSA's Central city 7.7 - 18.6 7.4 - 24.4 17.1 - 24.0 7.6 - 20.1 2 Rounded figure to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. 32 TABLE 11-8. Central Cities as Percent of SMSA's for Population and Employment for Selected SMSA's, by Population Size Class (Excludes SMSA's in which central cities had large annexations) (Percents) Employment Population size class Manufacturing Retail trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 SMSA's with 1970 population of— 44.3 42.9 44.7 43.0 51.8 77.9 50.1 49.2 51.5 46.6 55.7 78.1 t 1 ) 49.1 (') C 1 ) 63.6 83.6 59.1 57.9 61.1 55.6 68.0 84.8 57.0 51.6 62.1 64.4 73.5 92.8 66.7 62.9 71.3 71.7 77.8 92.0 68.9 67.3 71.5 2 69.9 78.6 2 91.3 76.2 74.9 500,000 to 999,999 79.1 250 000 to 499 999 76.9 100,000 to 249,999 82.0 91.7 1 The following ranges have been used to avoid disclosing figures for individual companie M a nufaeturing Employment-1967 Selected SMSA 's. 500,000-999,999. 250,000-499,999. 57.7-58.9 51.1-53.8 2 Rounded figure to avoid disclosing figures of individual companies. Section III Tables 1 through 4 Large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas The tables in section III provide employment and population data for large standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA). These are all SMSA's with a population of 500,000 or over in 1970, except for 1 1 SMSA's excluded because their central cities made substantial annexations in the 1960-1970 period and two excluded to avoid disclosing information for individual firms. The SMSA boundaries are those defined by the Office of Management and Budget as of January 1968 and used in the 1967 censuses of business, manufactures, and mineral industries. Excluded from the SMSA universe are 33 SMSA's defined since February 1971. Also excluded are the New Jersey metropolitan counties of Somerset and Middlesex which are not associated with any SMSA but are included in the New York Standard Consolidated Area. The SMSA 1960 population data and the 1958 employment data have been retabulated so that they relate to the geographic boundaries of the SMSA's as defined in January 1968. Therefore, SMSA boundaries for the 1960 and 1 970 population and the 1 958 and 1 967 employment data are constant. On the other hand, central cities could not be made comparable in boundary over time because separate economic data for annexed areas are not available. Therefore, city data relate to the boundaries as defined in the year of the census specified. If a city experienced significant increase in population or employment because of annexations, then the city's growth will be overstated and the growth of the metropolitan area outside of the central city will be understated. To avoid this, 1 1 SMSA's were excluded and two more SMSA's were excluded to prevent disclosure of individual firm data. These 13 SMSA's are: San Antonio, Tex. Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Toledo, Ohio-Mich. Nashville, Tenn. Jacksonville, Fla. Phoenix, Ariz. Denver, Colo. Grand Rapids, Mich. Memphis, Tenn. -Ark. Richmond, Va. San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario, Calif. Omaha, Nebr.-lowa There are additional SMSA's which contain central cities that experienced lesser annexations and do not appear large enough to significantly obscure the economic changes in the cities. Thus, even after the exclusion of central cities with large annexations, the figures in tables 1 1 1-1 to III-4 will tend to overstate somewhat the growth of central cities and understate the growth of metropolitan counties outside central cities. In the geographic tables in section III, SMSA's lying in more than one geographic division have been classified into the division which contains the largest share of their population. SMSA's with 500,000 or more population in 1970 which lie in more than one division and the division into which they have been classified are: East South Central Louisville, Ky.-lnd. Memphis, Tenn. -Ark. West North Central St. Louis, Mo. -III. East North Central Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-lnd. Under this procedure the totals for the SMSA's in a geographic division may include counties lying in another division and exclude some that lie in the division itself. The procedure provides comparable population and employment figures for each division in the manner described. Summary table 2, in contrast, presents population and employment figures for geographic divisions based on a breakdown of SMSA's into counties and the assignment of those counties to the geographic division in which they lie. Thus, in summary table 2, the East South Central division contains only the metropolitan counties of Louisville in Kentucky. The part of the Louisville SMSA which falls in Indiana is included in the East North Central division. The procedure in summary table 2 provides information for all counties within geographic division boundaries. In order to provide figures that are comparable, the employment data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and selected services have been seasonally adjusted using seasonal factors developed from Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly employment data. 1 Economic activity in these industries, particularly retail, display significant seasonal variation and the census of business counts employment for a single pay period in a single month. In 1958, trade employment was reported for the week including November 15; whereas, in 1967, it was reported for the week including March 12. In manufacturing, this problem of comparability does not arise since a figure on employment for a week in each quarter is collected and the average of these four figures represents employment for the year. (See the technical appendix for further discussion.) 'The seasonal factors used are: Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services March 1967. . . . November 1958. 97.89 102.39 98.60 101.18 98.80 99.79 33 34 TABLE III -1. Population and Employment for Large SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Geographic Divisions (In thousands) Employ ment Geographic divisions Manuf ac turing Retail trade Wholesa le trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 UNITED STATES, TOTAL 203,165.7 179,323.2 19,322.9 16,025.2 9,582.7 7,756.7 3,568.9 2,774.9 3,888.9 2,910.3 92,376.3 39,583.1 79,037.5 38,983.9 9,954.0 5,066.3 8,661.2 5,054.0 4,754.1 2,521.5 3,843.6 2,460.6 2,138.2 1,360.6 1,678.9 1,284.9 2,355.2 1,596.2 1,294.9 52,793.3 40,053.6 4,887.7 3,607.2 2,232.6 1,383.0 777.6 39-1.0 759.0 424.7 New England SMSA's 4,858.3 1,419.7 4,459.8 1,505.1 638.1 214.8 588.5 234.1 286.7 109.2 243.2 117.6 114.0 57.5 94.3 62.3 116.0 64.4 82 4 51.9 3,438.6 2,954.7 423.3 354.4 177.5 125.6 56.5 32.0 51.6 30.5 Middle Atlantic SMSA's 25,514.1 12,218.0 23,533.3 12,417.2 2,971.8 1,604.9 2,915.1 1,736.9 1,264.9 667.3 1,114.0 692.9 668.4 378.5 548.1 377.5 700.8 508.3 557 8 436.1 13,296.2 11,116.1 1,366.9 1,178.2 597.6 421.1 289.9 170.6 192.5 121.7 East North Central SMSA's ....... 19,765.2 17,610.1 2,755.9 2,385.1 1,027.1 846.7 443.0 355.6 442.7 354.1 8,391.2 8,938.5 1,478.7 1,479.3 530.1 559.8 294.0 288.8 305.4 277.4 11,374.0 8,671.6 1,277.2 905.8 4 97.0 286.9 149.0 66.8 137.3 76.7 West North Central SMSA's 5,430.5 4,679.2 628.6 511.6 296.2 245.3 141.6 117.7 123.2 91.5 1,868.5 2,021.8 276.6 277.4 146.7 160.1 100.7 96.1 84.9 71.2 3,562.0 2,657.4 352.0 234.2 149.5 85.2 40.9 21.6 38.3 20.3 South Atlantic SMSA's 10,507.0 3,993.8 8,025.1 3,769.8 633.1 334.4 500.6 311.3 556.4 305.2 416.9 284.6 201.4 132.4 136.1 113.8 292.7 166.9 185.1 128.9 Outside central city 6,513.2 4,255.3 298.7 189.3 251.2 132.3 69.0 22.3 125.8 56.2 East South Central SMSA's 1,565.9 1,446.3 178.0 153.8 77.6 64.6 34.7 29.6 30.1 22.6 662.4 731.5 100.5 96.9 50.6 48.2 28.5 26.8 24.0 19.2 903.5 714.8 77.5 56.9 27.0 16.4 6.2 2.8 6.1 3.4 West South Central SMSA's 5,989.8 4,529.8 450.2 322.5 304.0 229.0 153.0 113.7 149.4 96.7 3,417.5 2,926.0 333.4 237.8 224.8 184.3 134.4 106.3 126.3 85.2 2,572.3 1,603.8 116.8 84.7 79.2 44.7 18.6 7.4 23.1 11.5 557.6 175.9 447.8 189.5 27.5 17.5 21.0 15.0 27.6 17.2 20.4 16.0 13.9 10.9 10.9 9.8 11.8 8.6 7.5 6.7 381.7 258.3 10.0 6.0 10.4 4.4 3.0 1.1 3.2 .8 Pacific SMSA's „ 18,187.9 7,436.1 14,306.1 6,484.5 1,670.8 705.5 1,263.0 665.3 913.6 470.4 663.5 397.1 368.2 223.7 272.9 203.5 488.5 307.4 321.9 218.3 10,751.8 7,821.6 965.3 597.7 443.2 266.4 144.5 69.4 181.1 103.6 TABLE 111-2. Percent Distribution of Population and Employment for Large SMSA's, by Geographic Divisions (Percents) Popul ation Employment Geographic areas Manufacturing Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services 1970 1960 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 1967 1958 100.0 5.3 27.6 21.4 5.9 11.4 1.7 6.5 0.6 19.7 100.0 5.6 29.8 22.3 5.9 10.2 1.8 5.7 0.6 18.1 100.0 6.4 29.9 27.7 6.3 6.4 1.8 4.5 0.3 16.8 100.0 6.8 33.7 27.5 5.9 5.8 1.8 3.7 0.2 14.6 100.0 6.0 26.6 21.6 6.2 11.7 1.6 6.4 0.6 19.2 100.0 6.3 29.0 22.0 6.4 10.8 1.7 6.0 0.5 17.3 100.0 5.3 31.3 20.7 6.6 9.4 1.6 7.2 0.7 17.2 100.0 5.6 32.6 21.2 7.0 8.1 1.8 6.8 0.6 16.3 100.0 4.9 29.8 18.8 5.2 12.4 1.3 6.3 0.5 20.7 100.0 4.8 Middle Atlantic SMSA's 32.4 20.6 West North Central SMSA ' s 5.3 South Atlantic SMSA 's. 10.8 1.3 West South Central SMSA's.. 5.6 0.4 Pacific SMSA's 18.7 TABLE 1113. Percent Change in Population and Employment for Large SMSA's and Their Central Cities, by Geographic Divisions 35 ( Percents) Geographic Area Population 1960-1970 Employment 1958-1967 Manu- facturing Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services UNITED STATES, TOTAL. Large SMSA's, total Central city Outside central city... New England SMSA ' s Central city Outside central city Middle Atlantic SMSA's Central city Outside central city East North Central SMSA's Central city Outside central city West North Central SMSA's Central city Outside central city South Atlantic SMSA's Central city Outside central city East South Central SMSA's Central city Outside central city West South Central SMSA's Central city Outside central city Mountain SMSA's Central city Outside central city Pacific SMSA's Central city Outside central city 16.9 1.5 31.8 8.9 -5.7 16.4 8.4 -1.6 19.6 12.2 -6.1 31.2 16.1 -7.6 34.0 30.9 5.9 53.1 8.3 -9.5 26.4 32.2 16.8 60.4 24.5 -7.2 47.8 27. 1 14.7 37.5 14. 9 2 35 5 8 4 -8 3 19 4 1 9 -7 6 16 15 5 - 1 41 22 9 - 3 50 3 26 5 7 4 57 8 15 7 3 7 36 2 39 6 40 2 37 9 31 in 7 66 7 32 3 6 61 5 23.7 2.5 61.4 13.5 -3.7 41.9 21.3 -5.3 73.2 20.8 -8.4 75.5 33.5 7.2 27.4 5.9 97.4 20.9 -7.7 76.6 21.9 0.3 70.0 24.6 1.8 123.1 48.0 16.3 209.4 17.2 6.3 121.4 34.6 26.4 151.4 27.5 11.2 172.7 34.9 9.9 108.2 37.0 23.3 40.8 24.1 69.2 25.6 16.6 58.2 25.0 10.1 79.0 34.6 19.2 58.1 29.5 123.8 33.2 25.0 79.4 54.5 48.2 100.9 57.3 28.4 300.0 51.8 40.8 TABLE 111-4. Central Cities as Percent of SMSA's for Population and Employment for Large SMSA's, by Geographic Divisions (Percents) Geographic division Central city as percent of SMSA Population Employment Manufacturing Retail trade Wholesale trade Selected services Large SMSA's, total... New England SMSA's Middle Atlantic SMSA's.... East North Central SMSA's. West North Central SMSA's. South Atlantic SMSA's East South Central SMSA's. West South Central SMSA's Mount ain SMSA ' s Pacific SMSA's 33.7 52.8 50.8 43.2 47.0 50.6 64.6 42.3 45.3 33.7 54.0 53.7 44.0 52.8 56.5 74.1 63.6 42.2 39.8 38.1 48.4 59.6 52.8 62.2 62.0 51.6 66.1 54.2 49.5 65.3 62.2 54.9 68.3 63.0 65.2 74.6 73.7 73.9 80.5 71.4 62.3 78.4 52.7 51.5 59.8 50.4 56.6 66.4 71. 1 65.7 82.1 87.8 78.4 60.8 66.1 68.9 81.2 81.6 83.6 90.5 93.5 89.9 74.6 55.5 72.5 69.0 68.9 57.0 79.7 84.5 72.9 62.9 63.0 78.2 78.3 77.8 69.6 85.0 88.1 89.3 67.8 Section IV Tables 1 and 2 Trend of Manufacturing Production Workers Tables IV- 1 and -2 provide trends in employment of manufacturing production workers for selected years, from 1939 to 1967, for 35 metropolitan areas. These areas were selected because they were among the largest manufacturing areas as measured by production workers in 1967 or 1939. The areas in the table are primarily standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA) and are based on the geographic boundaries of the SMSA as defined in January 1968 by the Office of Management and Budget. SMSA's typically are composed of groups of counties except in New England where towns are the components of SMSA's. In New England a few State economic areas (SEA) have been used rather than SMSA's since historical data for some SMSA's could not be developed. Historical data are available for most counties but not for small towns. The State economic areas are composed of counties. As a result of the selection process, the sample of areas includes the larger SMSA's as indicated by the following size breakdown: Number of Areas 1970 Population Size Class 23 1,000,000 and over 7 500,000 to 999,999 5 Under 500,000 Production workers were used rather than total employment because the procedure for collecting production worker figures provides more comparable figures over long periods of time than the procedure for collecting nonproduction worker figures. In respect to the comparability of the definitions of manufacturing over the 1939-1967 period, it has changed to a minor extent but this is not believed to significantly vitiate historical comparisons, especially since 1947. Lastly, the boundaries of central cities have changed over time as the result of annexations. The census of manufactures provides data for each city according to its geographic boundaries at the time of the census. It is not possible to isolate manufacturing activity in an annexed territory. Over a long period of time this can seriously affect comparability and comparison of relative change in the city and the suburban areas. Annexations large enough to significantly affect the relative growth of the central city and its metropolitan area do not occur too frequently among the larger and older cities. Despite the inability to hold the central city boundaries constant in these tabulations, which overstates city growth, the figures indicate that central cities have been growing significantly less rapidly than the metropolitan areas of which they are the heart. 36 37 TABLE IV 1. Production Workers in Manufacturing Establishments in Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities SMSA's and central cities 1967 1963 1958 1954 1947 1939 I'N I TED STATES , TOTAL . . . Selected SMSA's, total 1 do Central cities, total 1 do Outside central cities, total do Central cities SMSA percent Akron, Ohio, total 1 ,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Albany -Schenectady-Troy , N.Y. .total 1 ,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent A lien town-Be thlehem-Eas ton, Pa. -N.J. , total 1 ,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Baltimore, Md . , total 1,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Boston State Economic Area, total 2 1,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Bridgeport-Stamf ord-Norwalk-Danbury State Economic Area, Total 3 1,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Buffalo, N.Y., total , 1,000 Central city do Outside centra], city do Central city/SMSA percent Chicago, 111., total 1,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky . -Ind . , total 1,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Cleveland, Ohio, total 1 000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Dallas, Tex., total 1,000 Central city do Outside central city do Central city/SMSA percent Dayton, Ohio, total 1 000, Central city do. Outside central city ...do. Central city/SMSA percent Detroit, Mich., total 1 000, Central city do, Outside central city do. Central city/SMSA percent, Hartford-New Britain-Bristol State Economic Area, total 4 1 000. Central city do. Outside central city do. Central city/SMSA percent. Houston, Tex., total 1,000, Central city do. Outside central city do. Central city/SMSA percent , 6,115.0 3,072.6 3,042.4 50.2 62.0 35.5 26.5 57.3 42 5 (D) (D) (D) 75.5 43.2 32.3 57.2 146.6 77.7 68.9 53.0 273.5 53.9 219.6 19.7 84.1 50.4 33.7 59.9 129.0 48.9 80.1 37.9 683.6 382.7 300.9 56.0 107.2 50.9 56.3 47.5 209.9 114.8 95.1 54.7 98.5 74.8 23.7 75.9 27.6 70.9 394.3 146.9 247.4 37.3 100.7 29.6 71.1 29.4 88.4 63.1 25.3 71.4 2,232.0 11,681.1 5,511.7 5,521.3 2,951.7 3,179.8 2,560.0 2,341.5 53.6 57.6 56.4 59.3 34.9 36.8 21.5 22.5 61.9 62.1 41.0 45.3 20.2 23.1 20.8 22 .2 49.3 51.0 69.8 70.3 37.7 40.5 32.1 29.8 54.0 57.6 134.1 141.6 76.1 82.3 58.0 59.3 56.7 58.1 257.5 270.3 57.2 63.8 200.3 206.5 22.2 23.6 74.5 71.4 47.3 47.2 27.2 24.2 63.5 66.1 117.9 122.6 41.1 50.5 76.8 72.1 34.9 41.2 593.5 587.3 350.4 389.6 243.1 197.7 59.0 66.3 100.1 111.5 47.6 55.3 52.5 56.2 47.6 49.6 194.1 185.8 115.4 124.1 73.7 57.2 16.5 77.6 78.2 61.3 16.9 78.4 329.7 141.4 188.3 42.9 86.0 30.0 56.0 34.9 70.3 49.8 20.5 70.8 61.7 66.8 73.0 59.4 13.6 81.4 295.8 145.2 150.6 49.1 87.0 33.7 46. 24. 12,372.0 6,086.8 3,634.1 2,452.7 59.7 67.5 51.2 16.3 75.9 57.0 27.0 30.0 47.4 74.3 43.2 31.1 58.1 147.7 89.6 58.1 60.7 277.3 71.5 205.8 25.8 80.6 56.8 23.8 70.5 152.9 66.2 86.7 43.3 644.1 469.0 175.1 72.8 117.0 67.3 49.7 57.5 227.4 155.3 72.1 68.3 58.0 48.4 9.6 83.4 85.9 71.4 83 434.3 232.3 202.0 53.5 61.5 39.8 65.2 40.8 24.4 62.6 5,971.1 3,840.8 2,130.3 64.3 81.6 61.4 20.2 75.2 61.8 39.1 22.7 63.3 63.2 143.4 97.7 45.7 68.1 303.1 79.4 223.7 26.2 89.3 61.3 28.0 68.6 149.8 71.7 78.1 47.9 682.0 532.1 149.9 78.0 116.3 77.4 38.9 66.6 223.6 181.7 41.9 81.3 33.7 27.0 6.7 80.1 86.5 62.2 24.3 71.9 468.2 281.5 186.7 60.1 45.0 52.3 52.2 31.2 21.0 59.8 3,881.4 2,535.7 1,345.7 65.3 43.4 33.0 10.4 76.0 42.3 24.6 17.7 58.2 59.2 35.1 24.1 59.3 109.4 76.6 32.8 70.0 235.9 57.2 178.7 24.2 59.5 42.7 16.8 71.8 90.2 44.9 45.3 49.8 422.7 347.8 74.9 82.3 76.2 52.6 23.6 69.0 19 8 85 19 6 13 6 6 69 4 13.6 69.8 315.2 182.4 132.8 62 1 34 3 27 8 55 2 24 8 15 6 9 2 62 9 See footnotes at end of table. 38 TABLE IV 1. Production Workers in Manufacturing Establishments in Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities— Continued SMSA's and central cities Indianapolis , Ind., total - .1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central ci ty/SMSA „ percent . . Kansas City, Mo.-Kans., total 1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central ci ty/SMSA percent . . Los Angeles-Long Beach , Calif . , total 1 , 000 . . Central city 5 do.. Outside central city , ■ do.. Central ci ty/SMSA percent . . Memphis, Tenn.-Ark 1,000. . Central city do.. Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent. . Milwaukee, Wis., total 1,000.. Central city do . . Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent. . Minneapolis-St . Paul, Minn., total 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent . . New York, N.Y., total 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . Newark, N.J., total 1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent. . Paterson-Clif ton-Passaic, N.J., total 6 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J., total 1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . Pittsburgh, Pa., total 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . Providence-Paw tucket -Warwick State Economic Area, total 7 1,000. . Central city do. . Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA .percent . Reading, Pa., total 1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . St. Louis, Mo. -111., total 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . San Diego, Calif., total 1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., total 1,000. . Central city do.. Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent . . 96.5 59.2 37.3 61.3 90.4 41.2 49.2 45.6 579.3 211.2 368.1 42. 37. 149.6 82.6 67.0 55.2 124.7 74.8 49.9 60.0 749.6 593.0 156.6 79.1 170.3 47.5 122.8 27.9 130.5 35.9 94.6 27.5 397.3 213.3 184.0 53.7 197.1 40.3 156.8 89.7 46.9 42.8 52.3 44.6 20.5 203.2 92.8 110.4 45.7 41.1 25.6 15.5 62.3 128.9 49.5 79.4 38.4 47.0 34.5 57.7 75.4 38.6 36.8 51.2 494.2 187.1 307.1 37.9 34.0 30.7 3.3 90.3 138.0 84.6 53.4 61.3 102.9 67.9 35.0 66.0 760.8 621.8 139.0 81.7 160.3 50.0 110.3 31.2 122.7 35.0 87.7 28.5 374.8 217.8 157.0 58.1 181.1 39.6 141.5 21.9 86.1 46.0 40.1 53.4 39.9 16.7 23.2 41.9 179.4 50.1 22.8 68.7 69.5 36.5 33.0 52.5 474.7 203.8 270.9 42.9 30.0 28.6 1.4 95.3 45. 66. 91.9 67.4 24.5 73.3 30. 21. 70.5 125.9 56.7 69.2 45.0 793.7 670.3 123.4 84.5 163.6 57.2 106.4 35.0 115.1 36.0 79.1 31.3 380.5 241.3 139.2 63.4 202.7 49. 37. 38.9 17.0 21.9 43.7 184.9 100.4 84.5 54.3 46.5 34.7 11.8 126.2 64.0 62.2 50.7 56 9 26 5 68 2 85 3 37 .6 458.8 198.7 260.1 43.3 31.0 1.7 94.8 143.1 92.6 50.5 64.7 99.2 74.7 24.5 75.3 872.1 743.9 128.2 85.3 181.1 66.7 114.4 36.8 119.0 39.1 79.9 32.9 421.0 272.0 149.0 64.6 239.6 53.8 185.8 22.5 58.1 41.4 58.4 18.3 23.2 198.7 121.6 77.1 61.2 37. 30. 81.4 63.1 18.3 77.5 62.2 35.9 26.3 57.7 277.1 132.2 144 .'9 47.7 29.3 27.5 1.8 93.9 153.6 108.4 45.2 70.6 97.9 82.3 15.6 84.1 806.6 735.6 71.0 91.2 178.9 73.6 105.3 41.1 61.7 43.5 437.0 303.0 134.0 69.3 284.0 65.3 218.7 23.0 123.2 70.6 52.6 57.3 46.4 23.0 23.4 49.6 207.9 141.2 66.7 67.9 15.2 13.6 1.6 89.5 130.1 73.4 56.7 56.4 44.1 35.6 8.5 80.7 38.3 24.7 13.6 64.5 125.3 70.6 54.7 56.3 13.9 4.5 75.5 86.2 61.1 25.1 70.9 50.3 42.0 8.3 83.5 540.9 512.7 28.2 94.8 116.1 48.6 82.5 46.2 36.3 56.0 320.7 225.4 95.3 70.3 191.2 43.6 147.6 22.8 100.3 56.0 44.3 55.8 40.5 16.0 24.5 39.5 132.6 88.1 44.5 66.4 5.9 5.6 .3 94.9 See footnotes at end of table. TABLE IV 1. Production Workers in Manufacturing Establishments in Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities— Continued 39 SMS A" s and central cities Seattle-Everett, Wash., total 1,000.. Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent. . Toledo, Ohio-Mich., total 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent . . Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton, Pa., total 1,000.. Central city do. . Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . Worcester-Fitchburg-Leominster State Economic Area, total 8 1 ,000. . Central city do.. Outside central city do.. Central city/SMSA percent . . Youngs town -Warren, Ohio, total 1 ,000. . Central city do.. Outside central city do. . Central city/SMSA percent. . 90 2 44 1 46 1 IK 9 54 4 39 9 24.0 42.7 78.8 24.8 54.0 31.5 66.5 34.1 32.4 51.3 70.2 49.6 49.5 36.2 13.3 73.1 37.6 16.2 21.4 43.1 75.8 24.9 50.9 32.8 55.6 27.8 27.8 50.0 59.0 20.1 74.6 49.0 32.2 16.8 65.7 33.1 15.8 17.3 26.5 50.6 34.4 60.9 28.2 32.7 46.3 63.0 48.5 14.5 77.0 58.2 38.9 19.3 66.8 32.9 16.4 16.5 49.8 85.6 32.5 53.1 38.0 73.1 33.9 39.2 46.4 52.8 43.9 8.9 83.1 68.6 49.0 19.6 100.1 37.8 62.3 37.8 77,1 35.1 42.0 45.5 29.9 22.7 7.2 75.9 37.7 27.7 10.0 73.5 19.0 10.1 26.5 51.7 33.9 52.2 24.2 28.0 46.4 Note: The 1958 and subsequent years' figures include establishments classified in industry 3273 Ready-Mixed Concrete, and establishments classified in industry 3599, Miscellaneous Machinery, that were engaged exclusively or almost exclusively in machine shop repair work. The data for such establishments are excluded 1939-1954. The 1954-1967 figures include establishments engaged in processing and distributing fluid milk, 202, Dairies. Beginning in 1954, figures include data for logging camps and contractors, SIC 2411. D Withheld to avoid disclosing figures for individual companies. 'Exclude Albany-Schenectady-Troy , N.Y. 2 Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk and Suffolk Counties, Mass. 3 Fairfield County, Conn.; Central City total excludes Danbury, Conn. 4 Hartford County, Conn.; Central city total excludes Bristol, Conn. 5 Excludes Long Beach, Calif. 6 Central city total excludes Clifton, N. J. 'Bristol, Kent and Providence Counties, R.I.; Central city total excludes Warwick, R. 1. 8 Worcester County, Mass.; Central city total limited to Worcester, Mass. 40 TABLE IV 2. Index of the Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Establishments in Selected SMSA's and Their Central Cities (1947=100) SMSA' s and central cities UNITED STATES, TOTAL , Selected standard metropolitan statistical areas, total Central ci ti es ; total * , Akron, Ohio, total Central city Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y. , total , Central city Al lent own, Bethlehem -East on, Pa.-N. J. , total Central city , Baltimore, Md. , total , Central city Boston State Economic Area 2 , Central ci ty Bridgeport -Stamford -Norwa Ik -Danbury State Economic Area, total 3 Central city Buffalo, N.Y-, total , Central city Chicago, 111. , total Central city Cincinnati Ohio-Ky. -Ind. , total .. . Central city Cleveland, Ohio, total Central city Dallas, Tex., total Central city ° Dayton, Ohio, total » Central city, Detroit, Mich . , total Central city ■ Hartford-New Britain-Bristol State Economic Area, total 4 Central ci ty Houston, Tex. , total Central city Indianapolis, Ind. , total = Central city Kansas Ci t y , Mo . -Kans ., total Central city Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif., total Central city 5 Memphis , Tenn. -Ark. , total Central city Milwaukee, Wis . , total Central city Minneapolis -St . Paul, Minn. , total „ Central ci ty „ New York, N.Y., total Central city , Newark, N.J., total Central city Paters on -CI i fton-Passaic, N.J. , total Central city Philadelphia, Pa.-N.. J., total Central city See footnotes at end of table. L02 .4 80 75 9 57 8 68 8 (D) 98 .8 89 4 102 2 79 5 90 2 67 9 94 1 82 2 86 1 68 2 100 2 71 9 92 2 65 7 93 9 63 2 292 2 277 109 8 108 3 84 2 52 2 106 6 59 9 169 3 202 2 118 5 93 8 145 3 1 1 1 7 209 159 8 143 6 137 1 97 4 76 2 127 3 90 9 92 .3 76 8 69 1 56 8 66 3 51 .7 91 4 78 93 5 77 8 84 9 72 83 4 77 1 78 7 57 3 87 65 8 86 1 61 5 86 8 63 5 'J IK 7 211 8 i)ii 4 98 5 70 1 50 2 91 1 60 7 134 6 159 6 100 1 74 4 121 2 107 5 178 3 141 5 116 111 6 95.2 64.5 119.4 75.4 90.9 68.3 105.1 82.5 94.3 84.5 89.6 67.9 112.3 73.5 85.8 69.2 72.6 59.9 73.3 59.1 92.0 83.8 89 2 80 4 79 9 77 95 .9 71 .4 83 .1 68 .3 189 .9 194 .8 84 4 95 .5 63 2 51 6 92 1 68 " 134 8 147 8 89 5 79 1 111 7 101 7 171 3 154 2 102 4 104 87 1 81 6 93 8 81 9 98 3 91 1 91 4 77 7 105 3 75 6 87 1 77 5 101.9 94.6 82.7 83.4 92.2 69.0 97.3 89.4 103.0 91.7 91.5 90.1 90.2 92.6 102.1 92.3 94.4 88.1 100.6 86.9 101.7 85.5 172.1 179.2 99.3 114.7 92.7 82.5 108.2 82.4 124.8 130.8 102.4 90.1 137.1 104.7 165.5 150.3 111.6 112.7 93.2 85.4 101.3 90.8 108.1 101.1 101.2 90.6 108.9 82.1 96.3 87.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41 TABLE IV 2. Index of the Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Establishments in Selected SMSA's and Their Central Citites— Continued [ 1947=100) SMSA's and central cities Pittsburgh, Pa., total Central city Providence-Pawtucket -Warwick State Economic Area , total 7 Central city. Reading, Pa., total Central city St. Louis, Mo. -111., total Central ci ty San Diego, Calif., total Central city San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., total. Central city Seattle-Everett, Wash., total Central city Toledo, Ohio-Mich., total Central city. Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton, Pa., total.... Central city Worcester-Fi tchburg-Leominister State Economic Area, total 8 Central city Youngstown-Warren, Ohio, total Central city 69. 61. 72.8 66.4 97.7 65.7 270.4 188.2 99.1 67.4 170.7 100.4 79.3 81.4 131.3 109.1 78.7 65.6 86.3 97.2 63.8 60.6 69.9 65.1 86.0 72.6 86.3 62.9 198.7 156.6 96.8 77.2 132.9 112.9 72.1 73.8 117.8 98.8 75.7 65.9 79. 71. 69. 70.5 70.5 83.8 73.9 88.9 71.1 305.9 255.1 97.0 87.2 149.7 134.3 71.4 65.7 103.7 96.3 77.0 70.1 79.0 80.3 80.8 82.3 89.4 79.6 245.4 221.3 119.3 110.4 103 1 100 85 5 86 94 8 96 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.3 66.8 81.4 79.3 87.3 69.6 63.8 62.4 38.8 41.2 58.4 64.4 56.6 51.7 54.9 56.5 59.5 61.6 78.1 70.1 67.7 68.9 Note: The 1958 and subsequent years' figures include establishments classified in industry 3599, Ready-Mixed Concrete, and establishments classified in industry 3273 , Miscellaneous Machinery, that were engaged exclusively or almost exclusively in machine shop repair work. The data for such establishments are excluded 1939-1954. The 1954-1967 figures include establishments engaged in processing and distributing fluid milk, 202, Dairies. Beginning in 1954, figures include data for logging camps and contractors, SIC 2411. x Excludes Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y. 2 Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk and Suffolk Counties, Mass. 3 Fairfield County, Conn.; Central City total excludes Danbury, Conn. 4 Hartford County Conn.; Central City total excludes Bristol, Conn. 5 Excludes Long Beach, Calif. s Central City total excludes Clifton. 7 Bristol, Kent, and Providence Counties, R.I.; Central City total excludes Warwick, R.I. Worcester County, Mass.; Central City total limited to Worcester, Mass. Section V Individual Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas The table in section V includes data for all individual SMSA's (230), listed in alphabetical order. The SMSA boundary definitions used are those defined by the Office of Management and Budget as of January 1968 and used in the economic censuses. Excluded are the 33 SMSA's which have been defined since February 1971. The SMSA 1960 population data and the 1958 employment data have been retabulated so that they relate to the geographic boundaries of the SMSA's as defined in January 1968. Therefore, SMSA boundaries for the 1960 and 1970 population and the 1958 and 1967 employment data are constant. On the other hand, central cities could not be made comparable in boundary over time because separate economic data for annexed areas are not available. Therefore, city data relate to the boundaries as defined in the year of the census specified. If a city experienced significant increase in population or employment because of annexations then the city's growth will be overstated and the growth of the metropolitan area outside the central city will be understated. (See table II notes for list of SMSA's with cities having substantial annexations.) In order to provide figures that are comparable, the employment data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and selected services have been seasonally adjusted using seasonal factors developed from Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly employment data. 1 Economic activity in these industries, particularly retail, display significant seasonal variation and the census of business counts employment in a single pay period in a single month. In 1958, trade employment was reported for the week including November 15; whereas, in 1967, it was reported for the week including March 12. In manufacturing, this problem of comparability does not arise since a figure on employment for a week in each quarter is collected and the average of these four figures represents employment for the year. (See the technical appendix for further discussion.) Several codes are included in the first three columns of the following table. The regional code indicates in what geographic division each SMSA is located. SMSA's that lie in more than one division are classified in the division which contains the largest share of their population. The codes are as follows: 1 New England 6 East South Central 2 Middle Atlantic 7 West South Central 3 East North Central 8 Mountain 4 West North Central 9 Pacific 5 South Atlantic The population size class code indicates in what size class each SMSA can be found. These classes based on 1970 population are: 1 Under 100,000 2 100,000 to 249,999 3 250,000 to 499,999 4 500,000 to 999,999 5 1,000,000 and over. The last code in the third column indicates whether the central city of an SMSA had substantial annexation in the 1960 1970 decade. This is indicated by the letter H. In the body of the table, various cells will contain a D, rather than a number. 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