A SUPPLEMENT TO International Commerce UNIVERSE* ^k«v.« < THE ! ' MARKET FO U.S. PRODUCT THE PI TV UNIVERSITY PA ^YLVANIA MOROCCO Em am Hi U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ Bureau of International Commerce International Commerce ... the weekly news magazine for world traders published by the Bureau of International Commerce and sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C. 20402, and by Department of Commerce Field Offices for $16 a year. a market for U.S. products MORO CCO DEPARTMENT OF COMM PUBLIC AT I O N U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. Under Secretary Thomas G. Wyman Acting Assistant Secretary for Domestic and International Business BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE Eugene M. Braderman Director For sale by the Superintendenf of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 40 cents By Robert L. Dowell COMMERCIAL OFFICER AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL CASABLANCA, MOROCCO IVIinot B. Nettleton, Economic Officer, American Embassy, Rabat, prepared chap- ters I, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, and the Notes to the Business Traveler in the appendix. James F. Green, American Consul General, Casablanca, and Francis C. Prescott, Chief of the Economic Section, American Embassy, Rabat, gave encouragement, ad- vice, and final review. Local staff members at Casablanca and Rabat cooperated wholeheartedly. Moroccan Government agencies and private businessmen furnished information on official Moroccan publications and unpublished material. Among them, the Central Statistical Service, Rabat, was especially helpful. The Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C, completed the work necessary for publication. n Foreword IVloROCCO today offers a market of modest but growing proportions for United States exports. While Morocco purchases a diversified list of goods from abroad, this report empha- sizes those commodities which specifically appear to offer the most promising sales opportunities for U.S. business in relation to current government import licensing policies and local market requirements. A substantial U.S. aid program of loans and Public Law 480 Food for Peace shipments have stimulated American exports to Morocco. In fact, by 1963, the United States ranked second only to France as a supplier of Morocco's imports. Morocco was one of the first of the new African states to be formed in the post-war period. Formal separation from France was achieved in 1956 with the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Morocco. Since then, the young country has focused its energies increasingly in- the direction of economic development in an effort to expand employment and income. Government planning is emphasizing the modernization of Morocco's traditional agrarian economy as well as introduction of new industries. These programs create an opportunity for participation by foreign private capital and also create expanded markets for foreign goods and services in which American business can and should share. Eugene M. Braderman Director, Bureau of International Commerce September 1964 in Contents Page Acknowledgment ii Foreword iii Market Indicators — Morocco vi CHAPTERS I. Character of the Moroccan Market viii Importance of Market 1 Composition of Market 1 Trends of Foreign Trade 3 U. S. Share of Market 3 II. Market for Selected Commodities 6 Agricultural Products 7 Chemicals and Drugs 9 Equipment and Machinery 10 Miscellaneous Products 16 III. Economic Development Programs 21 Development Planning 21 Development Agencies 22 French Aid 23 American Aid 24 U.N. and Other Aid 25 IV. Basic Data On Morocco 26 Geography 27 Climate 29 People 29 Population 29 V. Channels of Distribution 30 Principal Centers 30 Railways 31 Roads 32 Air Transport 32 Ports 32 VI. Trade Practices 34 Importing Methods 34 Quotations and Terms 35 Credit Facilities 37 Trade Customs 37 Government Procurement 39 VII. Import Regulations 40 Import Licensing 40 Exchange Controls 41 Import Tariffs 42 VIII. Marketing Aids 44 U. S. Publications and Services 44 Trade Associations 46 Fairs 46 Official Representation 47 Advertising 47 iv TABLES 1. National Income, 1952, 1956, 1960, and 1963 50 2. Moroccan Foreign Trade, First 15 Countries, 1956, 1960, and 1963 50 3. Moroccan Foreign Trade by Major Trading Areas, 1956, 1960-63 51 4. Trade Balance by Major Trading Area, 1956, 1960-63 51 5. Balance of Payments, 1956, 1960-62, and Estimated 1963 51 6. Imports and Exports by Commodity Croup, by Percent Cbange Between 1956 and 1963 51 7. Moroccan Imports and Imports from the United States of Agricultural and Nonagrirultural Products, 1956, 1960-63 52 8. Moroccan Imports of Selected Commodities, 1956 and 1960-63 52 9. Value of Selected Agricultural Product Imports, 1956, 1960-63 54 10. Value of Chemical and Fertilizer Imports, 1956, 1960-63 54 11. Value of Imports of Packaging, Handling, and Conveying Equipment, 1956, 1960-63 54 12. Value of Imports of Diesel and Gasoline Engines, 1956, 1960-63 54 13. Value of Selected Electrical Equipment Imports, 1956, 1960-63 55 14. Value of Imports of Communications and Related Equipment, 1956, 1960-63 55 15. Value of Copper and Aluminum Imports, 1956, 1960-63 55 16. Value of Textile Imports, 1956, 1960-63 55 17. Value of Primary Paper Imports, 1956, 1960-63 55 18. Value of Rubber and Rubber Products Imports, 1956, 1960-63 55 19. Average Temperatures and Annual Rainfall in Selected Cities 55 20. Population Growth, 1936, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1970 56 21. Urban and Rural Population, 1960, 1964 56 22. Population by Age Groups, 1960, 1964, 1970 56 23. Estimate of Active Population by Industry Group, 1964 56 24. Selected Moroccan Ports, Quantity of Exports and Imports, 1963 56 25. Cargo Movement, Port of Casablanca, by Selected Categories, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1963 56 26. Number of Ships Entering Casablanca and Their Tonnage, 1939, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1963 56 APPENDIXES A. Notes to The Business Traveler 48 Hotel Accommodations 48 Food and Clothing 48 Local Transportation 48 Passports and Visas 48 B. Bibliography 49 CHARTS Morocco Buys From Abroad 2 Morocco Sells Abroad 4 MAPS Location vi Political vii Population 28 Mineral 36 Market Indicators — Morocco FOREIGN TRADE Value, in millions of dollars 1961 1962 1963 430 449 353 389 58 45 10 6 Imports, total, c.i.f 452 Exports, total, f.o.b 346 Imports from United States, c.i.f. 47 Exports to United States, f.o.b. 10 PRINCIPAL IMPORTS: Sugar (primarily unrefined), textiles, ferrous metal products, edible oils, automo- biles, chemicals and fertilizers, wood, tea, wheat, and pharmaceuticals. PRINCIPAL EXPORTS: Iron and phosphate ores, fresh citrus, fresh vegetables, canned fish, wine, and dried vegetables. PRINCIPAL TRADING PARTNERS: Imports, 1963, in percent: Common Market, 57.9; Sino-Soviet bloc, 13.4; United States, 10; United Kingdom, 3.2; Spain, 1.5; and all others, 14. Exports, 1963, in percent: Common Market, 60.6; Sino-Soviet bloc, 10.6; United States, 1.5; United Kingdom, 5.1; Spain, 5.8; and all others, 16.4. AREA: 172,000 square miles, or slightly larger than California. POPULATION: 13,103,000 of which 12,800,000 are Moroccans and 303,000 foreigners. 76 persons per square mile. POPULATION GROWTH: 3 percent per year. PRINCIPAL CITIES: Casablanca, economic capital and principal port, 1,148,000; Marrakech, 258,000; Rabat, political capital and seat of government, 274,300; and Fes, 237,600. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: estimated. .1 billion in 1963, ECONOMY: In gross national product — GNP, agricul- ture accounts for 30%. Seventeen percent of agri- cultural output produced by 0.7% of the farmers. Main crops: cereals, citrus, grapes, fresh vegetables. Minerals extractions represent 7 % of GNP. Sixty- four percent of value of minerals produced by the state phosphate monopoly. Industry accounts for 14% of GNP. PER CAPITA INCOME: $162. CURRENCY: Dirham equivalent to $0.1976 at official exchange rate. MOTOR VEHICLES: 221,692 of which 150,452 pas- senger cars and 56,998 trucks and buses. RADIOS AND TVs: 900,000 radios and 14,000 tele- vision sets. Broadcasting is a Government monopoly. TELEPHONES: 119,620, or 0.9 per hundred popula- tion. Nine cities linked to Casablanca by subscriber direct distant dialing. ELECTRICITY: 83 kilowatt-hours consumed per cap- ita. With a few minor exceptions, characteristics are: 110/220 volts, 220/380 volts, 50 cycles. COMMUNICATIONS: 7,145 miles of paved primary and secondary roads; 1,192 miles of railways; 429 miles of electrified railways. Primary international airports at Casablanca and Rabat. vi /)**& >• > 41 o o a o o o X O «n O fl iA r- © c He - c h- 8 . v -a • a ; « a s in « S Vll CHAPTER I Character of the Moroccan Market _Lhe Moroccan gross national product in 1963 was $2,125 million, an increase of $444 million since 1952. The most important single sector of the economy — agriculture — accounts for 30% of national income. Industry accounts for 14% and mining, 7%. The remaining 49% is generated by public services, com- merce, construction, and public works. The per capita income is $162 per year. However, this figure does not present a clear picture of existing purchasing power because urban workers receive about $600 whereas rural laborers get some $180. In addi- tion, farm workers are regularly paid in kind. Only urban wage earners are fully in the money economy. In rural areas, 38% are estimated to be underem- ployed and 15% to be unemployed. In the urban areas, however, only 15% are estimated to be under- employed but 20% unemployed. Table 1 shows the GNP, GDP, and per capita income for selected years. The data in table 1 and all the other tables with 1956 figures deal only with the former Southern Zone. The former Southern Zone consisted of the French protectorate known as French Morocco. < KOUTUBIA MINARET, MARRAKECH: Minaret and tree* are out- lined again*! mow in winter on the dittant mountains. J The data in table 1 and all the other tables with dollar figures for 1956 and for 1960-63 are based on the following conversion: 1956, $1 equals 350 Moroc- can francs; 1960-63, $1 equals 5.01 dirhams. IMPORTANCE OF MARKET Morocco's $389 million in exports in 1963 were composed chiefly of mineral and agricultural products. Lacking a significant industrial complex, Morocco im- ports most of its finished and semifinished goods. In 1963, more than half of Morocco's $448.7 million of imports consisted of manufactured goods. Prior to independence in 1956, more than half of Morocco's trade was done with France and the French Community. As internal demand increased in the post- independence period, the Government redoubled its efforts to expand exports and in doing so, has exerted considerable effort to diversify both sources of supply and sale of Moroccan goods. Significant changes have occurred in Morocco's for- eign trade between 1956 and 1960-63. See table 2. Although France and the other members of the European Economic Community— EEC 1 dominate Moroccan trade, their position, especially as a market for Morocco's exports, was not so strong in 1963 as in 1956. From the statistics shown in table 2, it would appear that exports previously going to Europe are being diverted to the Sino-Soviet bloc. 2 As a result of the significant increases in trading activity since 1956, the bloc countries have become Morocco'* second most important trading partner. These changes are perhaps even more significant in relation to future trends when considered by marketing areas. See table 3. During the first quarter of 1964, Morocco's trade balance swung from a deficit of $9.3 million daring the first quarter of 1963 to a trade surplus of SI. 2 million. The most notable shift in trade balance oc- curred with the Common Market countries, with which Morocco had a $9.8 million trade deficit during the first quarter of 1963 and a trade surplus of $9.3 mil- lion in 1964. The trade balance for 1956 and for 1960-63 is re- ported in table 4. Morocco's balance-of-payments position continues to show a deficit as indicated in table 5. On the strength of gains realized through Govern- ment operations, the Moroccan balance of payments showed a notable improvement in 1962. However, the unofficial figures for 1963 reveal a deterioration of Morocco's payments situation, and the deficit ap- proaches that for 1961. The negative movement oc- curred in spite of a noticeable improvement in the goods and services account and is at least partially attributable to a net outflow of private capital. COMPOSITION OF MARKET The product composition of Moroccan imports in 1963 is noted in chart 1. The percentage change that has occurred in each of the major commodity groups between 1956 and 1963 is given in table 6. A marked change has taken place. Imports of foodstuffs vary considerably from year to year and are dependent upon the domestic harvest, particularly that of cereals. Food exports, however, fluctuate with world demand, which in recent years has led to increased sales of citrus fruit, fresh vege- tables, and fish. The development of Morocco's refining plants has alleviated the need for importation of energy and petroleum products. Consumption of petroleum fuels. 1 The Y.V.C consists of Fr and Luxembourg. f, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands. Belgium, - The SilftO-Sovtal bloc consists of the U.S.S.R.. Communist China. Soviet Zone of Ccrni.in\. Ciochoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungarv. Kununii, Bulgaria, ami Cuba. MOROCCO BUYS FROM ABROAD Value in Millions of Dollars CONSUMER GOODS $119.6 FOOD $93.0 SEMIFINISHED PRODUCTS $91.3 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT $68.6 ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE ENERGY $16.1 FARM EQUIPMENT $5.5 MINERALS $4.8 Source: Central Statistical Service, Rabat, Morocco Data are for 1963 other than aviation fuels, totaled $6.4 million in L963. All of the $6.4 million worth was domestically refined, largely from imported crudes. The growth of the phosphate trade has more than compensated for the decline of sales in other mineral products. Increased imports of semifinished products indicate the country's development in chemicals, fertilizers, tex- tile yarns, and semifinished metal products. Progress toward industrialization is aptly reflected hy higher purchases of industrial and agricultural machinery, which were $9.8 million higher in 1963 than in 19S6. Domestic industry is supplying an increasing share of Morocco's consumer goods requirement. This fact combined with high import duties have caused a steady decline in imports of these products. TRENDS IN FOREIGN TRADE Since the end of the Protectorate in 1956, the Mo- roccan Government has made strenuous efforts to di- versify its trade. Although these efforts have met with some success, they have been unable to effect a signif- icant change in trading partners who continue to re- main in Western Europe. At the same time, the devel- opment of the Common Market has begun to have a growing effect on Moroccan exports, which is demon- strated by the manner in which special trade prefer- ences granted by France to Moroccan products are being phased out. As a result, Morocco is facing grow- ing difficulties in selling its traditional exports. Late in 1963, Morocco announced its intention of seeking from the Common Market an arrangement that would protect its traditional markets in the member countries and even permit their expansion. At the opening of exploratory talks in Brussels, Belgium, in January 1964, the Moroccan Foreign Minister ex- pressed hope for an agreement that might eventually develop into a free trade area covering the Common Market and Morocco. No agreement has yet been announced. In its effort to expand trade, Morocco has con- cluded bilateral trading agreements with a number of countries. Most of these agreements are made with African, Asian, and Communist countries. They usu- ally provide quotas for a certain level of trade in each direction for various products. While these quotas in many cases are little more than pious hopes. Morocco's trade with non-European countries has increased sub- stantially. It seems certain that Morocco will continue to attach considerable importance to the conclusion of trade agreements with as many countries as possible. While this program may not have a radical effect on trading patterns in general, it may shut out some American products. For example, items that can be procured through trade agreement quotas are not in- cluded in the general import program. Many imports from the United States enter under that program. In addition, Morocco has also concluded a number of payments agreements, notably with Soviet bloc countries and Spain as well as with several African nations. Moroccan experience with these agreement-, also designed to break the existing patterns of trade, has been far from happy. In theory, these agreements provide for the settlement of accounts between coun- tries without the use of convertible foreign exchange. In practice, trade is rarely in balance, and one country, in effect, extends credit to another. Morocco has often found itself extending credit. As a result, the use of payments agreements is expected to decline. U. S. SHARE OF MARKET The United States share of the Moroccan market increased from 8.8^ in 1956 to 13.5',; in 1962 and then declined to 10/V in 1963. See table 7. This 1956-63 expansion represents a 14.3-percent increase in American products sold in Morocco, amounting to $5.6 million. These sales increases centered in agri- cultural products, which increased by $16.9 million and now comprise more than 50 percent of the U. S. products sold to Morocco. Farm product demand in 1963 was attributable in a large measure to the 1962 drought, which necessitated large imports of grain, and was met primarily by U. S. Government shipments of surplus commodities under Public Law 480 and U. S. Aid Supporting Assistance. Moroccan demand for nonagricultural products from the United States declined 33' ; from that in 1956, or $11.3 million. Morocco's imports from the United States in 1956 and 1960-63 are given in table 8. That table also shows U. S. share, in percent, of total sales to Morocco of each of the items. Most notable variations in imports of agricultural products from the United States have occurred in hard wheat (plus $2.9 million), wheat flour I plus $3.8 mil- lion), tobacco I plus $.6 million), miscellaneous food- stuffs ( — $3.5 million), which include processed foods of various kinds as well as cereals other than wheat, and in addition miscellaneous animal and vegetable origin products, which include unrefined edible oils MOROCCO SELLS ABROAD Value in Millions of Dollars \>4 FOOD MINERALS ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE $35.9 SEMIFINISHED GOODS $15.4 $188.7 $133.5 CONSUMER GOODS $10.3 Sgggji fc-JP£>> ENERGY $3 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT $1.8 Source: Central Statistical Service, Rabat, Morocco Data are for 1963 and raw cotton (plus $10.6 million). The particularly high imports of cereals in 1961 and 1962 were due to severe drought and the inception of the National Pro- motion scheme. That scheme is one by which many of Morocco's unemployed are put to work on projects in the national interest. They are paid with food allot- ments. All told, imports of wheat from the United States may level off to 125,000 to 150,000 tons per year. Major increases in imports of nonagricultural prod- ucts were achieved in paraffine, miscellaneous miner- als, chemicals, raw paper products, ferrous tubes, pipes, castings and accessories, nonhousehold hardware, mis- cellaneous semifinished products (plus $1.9 million), machine tools, food-processing machinery, nonagricul- tural tractors (plus $0.7 million), miscellaneous indus- trial equipment, and cotton fabrics (plus $1.6 million). Decreases in imports of nonagricultural products have occurred principally in coal, gasoline, lubricants, natural sulfur, raw copper, agricultural machinery (minus $1.0 million), solid and pneumatic industrial tires, machinery spare parts ( — $0.5 million i. piston engines I — $0.9 million I, crushing machinery, textile machinery, and industrial vehicles ( S'i.2 million i spare parts for these vehicles ( — $0.9 million i. medi- cines and drugs, synthetic and artificial fiber fabrics ( — $1.() million), wearing apparel, shoes, household refrigerators ( — $0.9 million), automobiles and spare parts ( — $1.5 million) and miscellaneous consumer products ( — $1.5 million). Individual product decreases as well as the overall decrease of $11.3 million in imports from the United States of nonagricultural products do not necessarily imply that American brand items in this market have declined to this extent. This is so because many American firms have, since 1956, established manu- facturing facilities in Europe and the United Kingdom and are supplying this market from those plants with goods essentially identical to U. S. manufactures and in certain instances better adapted to this market's requirements. INSIDE CASABLANCA HARBOR: View north-northwest across western part of the port with a storage area at center. 5 CHAPTER II Market for Selected Commodities iOpecific products or groups of products that appear to possess a potential for the American exporter have been selected for analysis. This selection does not form a complete list of all American products that may be sold in this market. The selection is based on (1) the suitability of the American product to the market's requirements and (2) on the current and foreseeable future policy of the Moroccan Government on the granting of import licenses to an American product. There is little doubt that many American brands manufactured in Europe more clearly respond, in cer- tain cases, to the market's requirements than do those manufactured in the United States. The European products can, in general, be imported with greater ease than the American owing to Morocco's trade and pay- ments agreements with European countries. This sur- vey is concerned, however, only with the market poten- tial for goods of U. S. origin. Few consumer items will be discussed because the Moroccan Government usually will not make dollar foreign exchange available for their importation from the United States. On the other hand, dollar foreign exchange for industrial and capital goods, industrial supplies and materials is, generally, readily avail- able. The most notable exception are those goods, regardless of source, whose importation is either for- bidden or limited in order to protect local industry. For a thorough explanation of Moroccan trade restric- tions, see Chapter VII, Import Regulations. In the tabulations that appear in the sections on individual commodities, imports from the United States during 1963 are shown together with the three (where there are that many) leading foreign suppliers. When the United States ranks among the first three suppliers, it is so shown. However, when the United States is shown last, it is not necessarily the fourth most important supplier. The tables also show value of imports by product by country by year. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Agricultural importi include hard wheat, soybean! and soybean oil. edible inedible tallow, leaf tobaCCO, and raw cotton. See table 9. The value of these import- in I ')(>'■' \>\ originating country was. in millions of dollars: Hard wheat, total 7.3 United States 3.7 France 3.6 Soybeans, total .3 United States .3 Soybean oil, unrefined . 7.7 United States .7.7 Tallow, edible and inedi- ble 1.7 United States 1.3 France 3 Finland 0) Yugoslavia (*) Leaf tobaCCO, total Brazil Dominican Republic I nited States Cuba Haw cotton, total United Stales Chad Mexico Guatemala 2.6 .9 .4 2 .3 2.3 1.2 .5 .3 .1 1 Li-88 than 850,001). Wheat is presently imported under Titles I and II of Public Law 480. It is estimated that there will be a continuing market for 125,000 to 150.000 tons per year. This market could possibly increase by 1970 if the population continues to grow at its present rate and if demand rises faster than Morocco's own pro- duction. The market for soybeans will probably continue in spite of Morocco's increased production of both cotton- seeds and sunflower seeds. The prime market, how- ever, will be for unrefined, degummed soybean oil. In any event, total consumption of refined edible oils is growing and will continue to grow as the population expands and purchasing power increases. The market for inedible tallow bears a direct rela- tion to the market for soap, which surprisingly enough has been able to hold its own in recent years. Consumption of washing products has risen since 1956; almost all that increase has come in the con- sumption of detergents. While the market for laundry washing products will increase in the future, laundry soap sales may decrease. Because sales of toilet soap will probably increase as purchasing power goes up. requirements for tallow will probably maintain their current levels. Tobacco product manufacture and sale in Morocco are a monopoly of the Regie Autonome des Tabacs. a private firm under the control of the state. The Regie des Tabac charter expires in 1967. and the firm will probably be nationalized at that time. POWER FARM EQUIPMENT Men harvest mature grain in a wide, bountiful Moroccan prairie under a fair sky. L%* .. * Although American blends are gaining in popular- ity, the majority of cigarette production is of French- type and intended for the low-priced market. In 1956, 3.2 billion cigarettes were made and in 1963, 4 billion. Cigarette sales, including production, increased by 3.7 billion from 1956 to 1963. Consumption has increased faster than production, a trend that is expected to continue. In order to supply more of its needs from domestic sources, Morocco is trying to grow more leaf tobacco but may fail in that effort unless blue mold, a disease of tobacco, is controlled. In 1963, for example, blue mold was primarily responsible for the loss of all but 500 metric tons x out of an expected crop of 2,000 metric tons. Tobacco imports will probably remain at today's level although they could rise noticeably with crop failure. Practically all leaf tobacco, both imported and domestic, is ued for cigarette manufacture. The Regie is, however, increasing its emphasis on the manufacture of American-type blends, which may stimulate sales of American leaf tobacco to the detriment of sales of American-made cigarettes. Cigarette imports were worth, in millions of dollars: 1.6, 1.5, 1.2, 0.9, and 1.2, respectively, for the years 1956, 1960-63. In 1963, sales of American-made cigarettes amounted to $1 million and of English and French cigarettes, $0.1 million each. Morocco produces cotton, mostly of the long staple Egyptian type. It also produces textiles from that cotton. Textile production increased 24.5 percent in 1963 over 1962. The spinning industry expanded 22.5 percent in 1963 while the weaving industry increased 61.4 percent. Moroccan textiles are made primarily for the mass market; thus it is more economical for the country to export its surplus of quality long-staple fiber and import, primarily from the United States, its re- quirements of less expensive short-staple fiber. Not- 1 Unless stated otherwise, all tons are assumed to be 2,000 pound standard. BIG ROCK PHOSPHATE MOUNTAINS: Continuous shipments of Moroccan phosphate move mechanically to world markets. ^Vl * 4.C {•• • *V « .• "** '■-,- , - -"!JJ£^i?t#«»r withstanding Morocco's cotton production increase from an estimated 41,700 bales of 500 pounds each in 1962 to an estimated 71,900 bales in 1963, imports of raw cotton should continue at present or higher levels. CHEMICALS AND DRUGS Imports of inorganic chemicals, made up notably of sulfur and sodium compounds, have remained prac- tically constant since 1956 while imports of organic chemicals, primarily composed of acyclic polyamines and nitrogenous urea, have increased from just over $16,000 to over $800,000. See table 10. Imports of insecticides, fungicides, disinfectants, and the like have increased significantly. There is little question but that this market will continue to expand. The Moroccan Government, through the Office Na- tional des Irrigations in particular, is making an effort to convince the Moroccan farmer of the advantage to him in the use of these chemicals. Although some of the Moroccan farmers know that these chemicals can improve crops, the traditional farmers among them have yet to learn. Education of the farmer in the use of chemicals will broaden the market. American manu- facturers will do well to seek aggressive, local repre- sentation for their chemical products. The value of these imports in 1963 by country of origin was, in millions of dollars: Principal organic chem- icals France West Germany Netherlands United States Principal inorganic chem- icals France West Germany Yugoslavia United States Bulk disinfectants, insect- icides, fungicides France West Germany Netherlands United States .7 .1 C 1 ) ( x ) 3.1 1.8 .4 .2 ( x ) 2.7 1.3 .5 .4 .2 Principal fertilizers ... 4.6 France 2.5 West Germany 1.1 Italy 6 United States (*) Dyes 1.3 West Germany .4 France 3 United Kingdom 2 United States ( l ) Miscellaneous chemicals .6 France 3 West Germany 2 United States .1 United Kingdom (M 1 Less than SSO.000. As in the case of insecticides, imports of fertilizers — nitrogenous, potassic, and phosphatic — have increased almost 175% since 1956. The problem of education in their use is similar to that for insecticides. The CANNED FOOD: For canning fruits and vegetables, Morocco needs machines, equipment, cans, and can lids. market aspect is. however, less favorable. The position of U.S. manufacturers is weak in relation to those in the Common Market. With Morocco's vast reserves of phosphates, current local fertilizer production, and the planned chemical complex at Safi, domestic production should increase to satisfy Morocco's needs. Neverthe- less, there should undoubtedly be room for certain specialized formulations, particularly, nonphosphatic varieties. At present, Morocco's international sales of phosphatic fertilizers are decreasing while sales of nitrogenous fertilizers are increasing. The dye market, too, has increased notably since 1956. Most of these imports consist of organic dyes, though imports of synthetic and inorganic dyes for the tanning industry are also of importance. Morocco's expanding textile industry, which has received a §29 million investment since 1959 and has increased pro- duction by 83%, will remain an important consumer of such dyes. In 1963, U.S. suppliers sold only SI. 000 worth of dyes to Morocco. Though production of drugs in Morocco has in- creased, imports have also risen. The total value of selected packaged patent and prescription drugs im- ported was, in millions of dollars: 1956 1960 1961 1962 7.0 1963 11.2 8.6 France 9.7 10.1 West Germany 4 11.2 Spain 2 United States C 1 ) 1 Less than $50,000. Drug and pharmaceutical consumption will reach an estimated value of $18 million in 1964. Through edu- cation, increased purchasing power, and improved public health services, health conditions in Morocco are steadily improving and will undoubtedly continue to improve. Along with that improvement, the con- sumption of pharmaceuticals and drugs, both private and Government, may increase. Though imports from the United States amounted to only $21,000 in 1963, sales of American brands, notably from European subsidiaries, were unquestionably higher. For those products destined for the retail consumer, the American supplier faces certain obstacles. Exte- rior and interior instructions on packages must be written in French and Arabic. Doctors, generally French trained, are more familiar with French prod- ucts than with those of other countries. Drugs must generally meet French pharmacopoeia criteria. For those products purchased by the Government, only the requirement on the French pharmacopoeia must be met. The Government buys in bulk. Its pur- chases will increase over the years as public health facilities expand. Its requirements are met through public tenders, and local representation is a necessity. U.S. manufacturers can materially increase their sales of drug products to Morocco. EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY Industries using packaging, filling, cleaning, mate- rials handling, and conveying equipment have in many instances increased production. Indicative of current requirement for packaging, handling, and conveying equipment is the production of phosphate fertilizer. Production was 9.4 million tons in 1963, an increase of 426,000 tons over that in 1962. Production is expected to reach an annual rate of ap- proximately 13.2 million tons during the early part of 1966. The increase in production in 1963 over 1962 of anthracite amounted to 37,700 tons. Cement production increased 67,990 tons. The food processing industry as a whole increased its output by an esti- mated 7.1 percent in 1963. Citrus exports in the 1963-64 season are estimated at 535,000 tons as com- pared to only 193,000 tons in the 1955-56 season. During the same period — 1955-56 to 1963-64 — the canned fish industry increased its output by over 1 million cases. The 1962-63 production amounted to 2.5 million cases. While this industry is presently over equipped, competition from other producing countries might well force modernization of its plant facilities. Canned vegetable production has almost tripled since 1956, canned fruit production is up over 50%, and the citrus juice industry's production has jumped from 1,800 tons in 1956 to 8,300 tons in 1963. Planned projects include a new 22,000 ton citrus juice factory, a tomato paste plant of 13,000 tons capacity, and up to 7 sugar beet refineries to be built over the next 10 years. Each of the refineries is to have a capacity of over 30,000 tons of refined sugar per year. Fresh citrus and vegetable production will most probably increase in the future. Total imports in the handling and packaging line amounted to $1.7 million in 1963; the United States supplied only $91,600, or just over 5%, of that amount. Imports by years are reported in table 11. Value of these imports, in 1963 by country of origin, in mil- lions of dollars: Packaging, filling, and Materials handling equip- cleaning equipment 0.7 ment 5 France 4 France 2 West Germany 1 United Kingdom 1 Switzerland ( 1 ) United States 1 United States H Netherlands C) Conveying equipment ... .5 France 3 United - Kingdom 1 Switzerland (*) United States ( a ) 1 Less than $50,000. Owing to depressed world prices for many ores, much of Morocco's mining activity has declined. The most notable exceptions are phosphate mining and petroleum exploration, both of which have expanded. Five companies are prospecting for petroleum, one has been producing on a limited basis for some years. Its 1963 production was 165,000 tons. Imports of mining and drilling equipment, by years, were, in millions of dollars: 1956 1960 1961 1962 1.3 1963 6 2.0 United States 3 1.1 France 2 .4 West Germany ( 1 ) Italy 0) 1 Less than $50,000. 10 Sir*- JU**Y*2&*&Q MACHINE-MADE MOUNDS: Moroccan farmers use machines to till the earth, plant seeds, and harvest the crops. To increase cereal production and educate the Mo- roccan farmer in modern techniques, governmental agencies, such as Office National des Irrigations as well as the Office National de la Modernisation Rurale, purchase modern farming machinery and equipment that is then made available to the farmers on a co- operative basis. These agencies have thus become pri- mary purchasers of farm machinery. Non-Moroccan farmers, on the other hand, hesitate to renew and expand present equipment on account of the repossession by the Moroccan Government of co- lonial lands. Imports of grain combine-harvesters, by years, were, in millions of dollars: 1956 1960 1961 1962 1.1 1963 1.0 (M West Germany 0.4 .1 France .3 .5 United States .2 I oiled Kingdom ... .1 1 Loss than 350.000. Automotive gasoline engine imports in 1963 included not only replacement engines but also those required for the assembly of Willys Jeeps. Landrovers. and Simca and Fiat automobiles. See table 12. Automotive diesel engine imports include replacement engines, con- version engines, and those for mounting in locally as- sembled Volvo. Thames Trader, and Berliet trucks. The automotive diesel market, by and large, attaches more importance to initial purchase price than to long- term costs. Many Moroccan businessmen do not make a cost per mile comparison of purchase cost plus maintenance and repair over a long period. Many of 11 them assume, therefore, that a motor of lower initial price is still the least expensive in the long run. Many non-Moroccans, hesitant to make long-term invest- ments, prefer lower initial price engines which, though perhaps more costly in the long run, can be amortized over a shorter period. Stationary and marine gasoline engine imports in- clude, among others, the small one-cylinder engine used in the United States in garden tractors and power lawnmowers. They are used in Morocco, however, with small electrical generating sets and small water pumps. Since diesel fuel presently costs 40% less than gasoline, purchasers will continue to prefer diesel to gasoline engines. The value of engine imports by country of origin in 1963, was, in millions of dollars: Automotive gasoline en- gines 1.0 France 5 West Germany 2 United States 1 United Kingdom 1 Automotive diesel engines 3.4 Sweden 1.2 United Kingdom 1.1 France 1.0 United States 0) Stationary and marine gasoline engines 1 France ( J ) United States ( x ) West Germany ( a ) Sweden (*) Stationary and marine diesel engines 1.0 United Kingdom 3 West Germany 3 United States 2 Czechoslovakia 1 1 Less than $50,000. Stationary and marine diesel engine imports have more or less held their own during 1960-63. In Mo- rocco, the British suppliers lead, especially in the sale of stationary diesels whereas American suppliers lead in the sale of marine diesels. In the field of electrical power generation, facilities will be largely hydraulic and thermal. Several sup- pliers are attempting to introduce into the market jet- powered standby and peak power generating sets. Diesel power for irrigation is encountering, in certain areas, serious competition from electric power. In the Sous Valley, new private pumping facilities for irriga- tion will most probably be electrified. However, many irrigation projects undertaken by Office National des Irrigations may well require considerable diesel power. Morocco's fishing fleet could expand if the domestic tuna industry proves to be economic. The Moroccan Government's emphasis on agricul- ture in its development planning will increase the need for pumps of all types for irrigation. One of the larg- est purchasers will be the Office National des Irriga- tions, which will control, either directly or indirectly, the land irrigation projects. Price is of major importance. Even though long run costs may be higher with less expensive pumps, the governing factor will be the initial purchase price. Purchasers of specialized pumps for use in handling petroleum products and chemicals are generally less concerned with purchase price than with long range costs. The Safi chemical complex should offer a market for American suppliers of pumps. The value of pump imports by country of origin was, in 1963, in millions of dollars: Pumps, liquid 6 including air compressors .5 France 4 West Germany 1 United States 1 Italy H Pumps (gas, air, vacuum) France 2 United Kingdom 1 Italy C 1 ) United States (*) 1 Less than $50,000. Imports of pumps, by years, were, in millions of dollars : 1956 1960 1961 1962 1963 Pumps, liquid 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6 Pumps, gas, air, vacuum, including air compressors .... 14 .6 .5 .5 .5 Imports of air conditioning equipment, both window type and central units, were worth $100,000 in 1960 but increased to $400,000 in 1963. Imports of air-conditioning equipment, by years, were worth, in millions of dollars: 1956 0.1 1963 4 1960 1 United States 2 1961 2 France 1 1962 2 United Kingdom ... H 1 Less than $50,000. There has been a very definite increase in the use of central systems, especially in public buildings and major new luxury-type hotels. Perhaps the most spec- tacular increases have occurred in the last year or so in the sale of window-type units. Many hotels, a few offices, and a few private residences have installed or are installing individual units. In addition, the esti- mated 10,000 rooms to be built within the next four or five years as tourist accommodations should stimu- late sales. The consumer market is presently giving preference to reverse-cycle heat pump units, which provide not only summer cooling but relatively economic winter heating. Compressor-type units with heating elements are far more costly to operate in winter in a country where electricity, though plentiful, is not cheap. Units of 1 horsepower or more should be built to operate on 220-volt, 50-cycle, single-phase current. 12 In addition, demand for both humidifiers and de- humidifiers has increased. Morocco's coastal areas are rather warm and quite humid in summer, whereas the interior is very hot and very dry. These units are used in private homes and also in stores, certain plant areas, and storage areas. The annual imports of textile machinery and acces- sories increased by $3.6 million from 1956 to 1963. Textile industry investments approved by the Mo- roccan Government amounted in 1963 alone to $8 million for plant and equipment. Textile production increased by 83% from 1958 to 1963. Cotton weaving mills increased their actual production in L963 bjf an estimated 61.4'/', woolen weaving mills by 35.6'.. rayon mills by 61.1 '/< . cotton spinning mills b) 22.5' . . and woolen spinning mills by 14.6' < . The market for textile machinery has by no means reached saturation; in fact it will continue to expand as Morocco develops. As utilization of locally pro- duced textiles increases, demand for textile machinery will become stronger. Machines from the Soviet bloc has been used but results have been disappointing. Mill owners are beginning to realize that economies effected at the time of purchase can be rapidly wasted by downtime and higher maintenance and repair costs. American manufactures will encounter stern com- petition from modern equipment from Europe, and the supplier who has a spare parts depot close at hand will have a considerable edge over one who lacks a depot. American companies should attempt to offer a complete line of equipment. Then, the local mill owner need have but one major machinery supplier, though the supplier may in effect only manufacture a portion of the equipment. The Moroccan Government thus far MINING AND HAULING: An American-made dragline loads a dump truck at a Moroccan open-pit phosphate rock mine. 13 has opposed granting imports licenses for other than new equipment. In the garment industry, industrial sewing machine imports increased by $189,000 from 1956 to 1963. The value of selected imports of textile machinery and ac- cessories and of industrial sewing machines, by year, was, in millions of dollars: Textile machinery and accessories, total Industrial sewing machines, total 1956 1960 1961 1962 1963 0.6 1.1 2.6 3.0 4.3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 The principal suppliers in 1963 of textile machinery and accessories were, in millions of dollars: France, 1.6; West Germany, 0.9; and Italy, 0.8. The United States then supplied less than $50,000 worth. The principal suppliers in 1963 of industrial sewing ma- chines were, in millions of dollars: West Germany, 0.2; United States, 0.1; and Italy, 0.1. The United King- dom supplied less than $50,000 worth. The industry, as a whole, should expand signif- icantly. For example, in 1963, uniforms needed by the Moroccan Government had a landed value of $4 million and were made outside of Morocco owing to the local garment industry's insufficiency. Needless to say, situations of this nature will be corrected and for this purpose additional facilities, including indus- trial sewing machines, will be required. Imports of metalworking machine tools, which have increased by $1.0 million between 1956 and 1963, will continue at a relatively high level while Morocco pushes ahead with industrialization. Big machine shopowners appreciate high quality tools, but many small shopowners are not easily convinced of the justi- fication for a proportionately higher priced tool. The market has a definite need for moderately priced, eas- ily operated, relatively simple machine tools. Even when high quality is fully appreciated, certain potential buyers cannot afford the better quality, higher priced tool. The steadily increasing industrial bearing, gear, and power transmission market is one in which the United States is an important supplier. A certain portion of these imports from the United States replace parts of existing machines. The continued sale of these sup- plies is influenced by Moroccanization which has led to a widening of the basic structure of user industries and a loosening of ties with traditional brands and suppliers. Therefore. U.S. manufacturers need to be- come more aggressive marketers in this market for these supplies. The imports of metalworking machine tools, indus- trial bearings, gears, and power transmission trains have been increasing steadily since 1956. The value of these imports has been, in millions of dollars: Industrial bearings, gears, power transmission trains, etc. 1956 7 1960 1.5 1961 1.8 1962 1.9 1963 2.4 France 1.0 United States 4 West Germany 3 United Kingdom ... .3 Metalworking machine tools 1956 .. .3 1960 .. .6 1961 . . .9 1962 .. 1.0 1963 .. 1.3 France Czechoslovakia Italy United States .7 .2 .1 ( x ) 1 Less than S50.000. Both the production and consumption of electricity have increased in Morocco, but the increase in con- sumption has not equaled that in production. Produc- tion and consumption of electricity were: 1952 1955 887 1958 948 1963 1,087 Net production — millions of kilowatt-hours 686 Consumption per capital — kilowatts 74 87 89 * 83 Source: Central Statistical Service, Tableaux Economiques da Maroc, 1915-1959, Rabat. 1 Based on estimated population. Selected electrical equipment worth over $5 mil- lion was imported in 1963. The United States supplied less than $100,000 of that amount. The value of some of these imports is reported in table 13. American manufacturers interested in penetrating this market must be prepared to supply equipment meeting domestic electrical characteristics. For exam- ple, the equipment must be wired for 50-cycle current. In addition, the equipment must be robust, uncompli- cated, and simple to operate. It must certainly be built thus — for use by the National Electric Company — the Moroccan state owned utilities company, which, while having excellent engineers, does not always possess enough qualified operators and maintenance personnel to meet requirements throughout the entire country. In many instances the company prefers equipment with low efficiency but upon which simple, even though more frequent, maintenance is possible. Highly complex mechanisms, though highly productive for less money, are in many instances rejected because of difficulties of repair. Electrical equipment imports include rotary gener- ators and convertors, industrial transformers, and elec- trical supplies for home and industrial use. The value 14 of these imports in 1963 by originating country was, in millions of dollars: Rotary generators and con- venors, total 0.9 France 5 United Kingdom 1 Italy 1 United States 0) Industrial transformers, total 0.5 France 5 Hong Kong C) Netherlands (*) United States D Electrical supplies for home and industrial use, i.e., switches, relays, circuit break- ers, voltage regulators, outlets, and control panels, total 2.2 France 1.6 Italy 2 West Germany 2 United States 1 1 Less than $50,000. The number of telephones, radios, and television re- ceivers per capita is quite small, as in other developing nations. Data on imports of selected professional equipment are shown in table 14. The value of these imports by country of origin was, in 1963, in millions of dollars: %'M MECHANIZATION: The level Atlantic coast Moroccan fields are made to order for farming with the aid of machinery. Radar and similar equip- ment 0.1 West Germany 1 France ( l ) Netherlands ( l ) United States Receivers and transmitters (not for home entertainment) for radio and television .5 France 3 United States 3 Netherlands 1 Belgium-Luxemburg (M Radio tubes, receiving and transmitting 4 France 2 Netherlands (M United States (M United Kingdom . . f 1 ) 1 Less than $50,000. The market for radar and similar equipment is small indeed. In fact, the United States did not share that market in 1963. But. American equipment has been and can be sold in Morocco. For example, at the American Pavilion of the 1964 Casablanca Interna- tional Trade Fair, an American exhibitor, through ag- gressive merchandising, was able to sell his firm's products and to stimulate a future market for those products. The Government is currentlv using coaxial cable 15 rather than microwave or other type equipment for new telephone installations. As to television transmission, the French have pre- empted this field through Government-to-Government agreements favorable to Morocco. In general, telecommunications equipment for the Armed Forces, National Security Forces, and police provides a limited, though highly receptive market for American suppliers of quality equipment. Local repre- sentation is deemed essential, as post-sales parts and service are prime factors in supplier selection. Ameri- can suppliers having parts depots and French-speaking technical personnel based in Europe would have a real advantage over those who do not. The tracklaying diesel tractor market increased from practically zero in 1956 to over $1.5 million in 1963. While this field is still dominated by American brands, French makes are appearing. Thus, in 1963, a French firm arranged for some of its tractors to be assembled locally. While the benefits to the Moroccan economy from the local assembly of the tracklaying tractors may be less beneficial than that from purchase abroad of wheeled tractors, preferential treatment may still be given on Government tenders to the locally assembled tracklaying tractors. There is no doubt but that the Government will become, more and more, the prime purchaser of these tractors. The value of imports of tracklaying tractors in 1956 and 1960-63, was: 1956, less than $50,000; 1960, less than $50,000; 1961, $400,000; 1962, $1.1 million; and 1963, $1.5 million. Imports in 1963 by country were, in millions of dollars: France, $0.6; United States, $0.5; United Kingdom, $0.3; and Canada, $0.1. While imports of automobiles of under 183 cubic inches motor capacity are restricted, imports of cars above that capacity increase, particularly of American brands. European automobiles of the larger capacity, such as the Mercedes, were excluded by the quota and have been replaced largely, in what is a luxury cate- gory in Morocco, by American automobiles. American manufacturers should dominate the luxury market for some years to come. The United States currently dominates the aircraft spare parts market in Morocco. Imports from the United States in 1963 amounted to $400,000; those from France, $300,000. The total amount of imports was $800,000. Other importers were the United King- dom and Belgium-Luxembourg. Imports, by years, were, in millions of dollars: 1956, $0.4; 1960, $0.7; 1961, $0.8; 1962, $0.9; and 1963, $0.8. The present equipment of Royal Air Maroc — Mo- rocco's national airline — is composed largely of Lock- heed 1049 Constellations, Douglas DC-3s, and Cara- velle jet aircraft. The Caravelles are equipped exclu- sively with Rolls-Royce engines. The share of Ameri- can aircraft in the fleet will probably decrease. Among nonscheduled users, both Government and private, American-made aircraft have a favorable posi- tion. The demand for spares for these planes will probably increase as the sales of new aircraft increase. In addition, the Moroccan Armed Forces have pur- chased aircraft from the U.S. Government. This pur- chase provides another source of future spare parts sales. Automobiles whose motor cylinder volume is less than 3,000 cubic centimeters (183 cubic inches) are subject to very stringent import quotas. These quotas are imposed by the Moroccan Government in order to protect domestic sale of locally assembled Simca and Fiat cars. American cars of less than 183 cubic inches cylinder volume do not sell in Morocco but those of 183 cubic inches and above do have market potential. Imports of automobiles of 183 cubic inches capacity and over in 1956 and 1960-63 were, in millions of dollars: 1956, $4.0; 1960, $0.9; 1961, $0.6; 1962, $1.1; and 1963, $2.5. Imports in 1963 by country were, in millions of dollars: United States, $2.2; United Kingdom, $0.1; Belgium-Luxembourg, $0.1; and the Netherlands, $0.1. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS Imports of steel wire cable, which have approx- imated $500,000 per year, increased more than three- fold in 1963, as follows, in millions of dollars: 1956 0.3 1963 1.7 1960 5 France 0.8 1961 5 Belgium-Luxembourg .5 1962 5 United Kingdom ... .3 United States (*) 1 Less than $50,000. These imports consisted primarily of braided steel wire cable. Construction projects, such as the chemical complex at Safi, the sugar beet refinery at Sidi Slimane, and the phosphate production expansion, contributed to the large increase in use in 1963. 16 Though the United States is an exporter to Europe of aluminum and copper, it does not share in this $5 million market in Morocco. See table 15. This is par- tially attributable to the fact that many American producers ship to Morocco through their European subsidiaries. The value of these imports by country of origin in 1963 was, in millions of dollars: Aluminum bars 0.2 France .2 Italy (') West Germany (*) United States (*) Aluminum sheets 2.1 France 2.1 Italy (») Algeria U) United States C) Laminated copper bars 2.5 France 2.5 United States ( x ) Copper sheets .6 United Kingdom .2 Italy 1 Yugoslavia 1 United States 1 Less thnn $50,000. Expansion of the facilities of the Office Cherifien Des Phosphates, construction of the chemical plant at Safi, and initiation of several irrigation projects will create an active demand for welded and seamless pipe. Purchases are made for large projects and price com- petition is intense; consequently, suppliers must offer attractive f.o.b. and c.i.f. bids. As yet, the U.S. share of equipment in this market is negligible. The textile and garment industries are among the fastest growing in Morocco today. Though production in the textile industry has increased by 83 '/< since 1958, fabric imports have remained more or less static, indicating a net rise in consumption. Imports of textiles in 1956 and 1960-63 are noted in table 16. The value of fabric and \,nn import- by country of origin was, in L963, in millions of dollars: FABRICS Coaled impregnated 1.2 France .6 United States .3 ('./<■< lio-lovakia .1 West Germany . . (*) Synthetic knitted piece goods .7 United States .3 France .3 Italy (») West Germany (') Mechanical embroidery piece goods France 8 Switzerland 3 Italy (') Synthetic fabrics 2.8 France .4 United States 3 Portugal 3 Yugoslavia (*) 1.1 Artificial Poland Italy France United Artificial fiber States textile fiber West Germany . . France 1.5 Sweden 1 United States 1 Less than $50,000. Woolen France Italy United Kingdom I nited State* . . Cotton France I nited States Spain Fgypt YARNS Synthetic fiber France Italy Switzerland United States Cellulose fiber France Italy Netherlands . United States 12.0 Cotton 2.1 France 1.9 Egypt 1.5 Italy .1 United States 3.3 Artificial fiber 1.6 France W est Germany Italy United States 2.5 us .6 .2 O 11.9 2/» 2.3 1.8 .9 1.4 .6 .3 .2 (') 3.3 2.8 .2 .1 2.0 .9 .5 .3 I 1 ) 1.5 1.0 .3 .1 There will probably be a market for U.S. fabrics for some years to come, thought it may well taper off as local production increases faster than consumption. This market is almost exclusively one that requires the most inexpensive of fabrics. Quality fabrics will prob- ably continue to be supplied from European sources. Fabric imports are subject to import quotas that are established by the Moroccan Government, and al- locations are made not only to large importers but SHOEMAKERS: Students in a training school at Marrakech learn here an improved technique from a leather expert. also to numerous small importers. In many cases, the amounts allocated to small importers are too small to be of interest to many American suppliers. The Ameri- can supplier may, therefore, wish to be represented locally so that small allocations may be grouped into more reasonable quantities. Of the over $8 million worth of yarns imported into Morocco in 1963, the United States supplied only $1,600. As in the case of fabrics, this market requires the most inexpensive of yarns for its weaving industry. As spinning capacity increases, yarn imports may taper off if the current trend in the gap between weaving and spinning mill capacity is reversed. As spinning capac- ity increases, so will imports of synthetic and artificial fibers as well as those of raw cotton and combed wool. While yarns, too, are subject to Government import quotas, weaving and knitting mills are generally of sufficient size to place adequately large orders with American suppliers. Fibers Synthetic and artificial. 2.0 Yarns Synthetic fiber 1.3 Artificial fiber 1.2 Cotton 6 The Moroccan Government anticipates making the following foreign exchange allocations during 1964 for fabrics, fibers, and yarns in millions of dollars: Fabrics Coated and impregnated 0.3 Synthetic knitted piece goods 1.1 Artificial fiber 2 Woolen 9 Cotton 8.0 Synthetic fiber 2 These allocations fall under the general import pro- gram. Under that program, the Moroccan Government directs the distribution of available foreign exchange reserves among approved imports. These allocations do not include imports that may be effected under bilateral trade or payments agreements. The United States does not have such agreements with Morocco. Imports of primary paper and paper pulp in 1963 reached a value of almost $8 million. Of this total, the United States supplied only $116,000 worth, practically TRUCK TIRE: The growth of Moroccan industries increases income spendable for goods and services. 18 all of which was kraft paper. Data on current imports of primary paper products are given in table 17. The primary end user and direct importer of paper pulp is the Compagnie Marocaine des Cartons et Pa- piers, located at Kenitra, Morocco. The paper-manu- facturing industry in Morocco has increased produc- tion an estimated 34% since 1958. Most notable has been the increase in requirements for kraft paper. Imports of kraft were $650,000 higher in 1963 than in 1956. The value of these imports by country of origin was in 1963, in millions of dollars: Paper pulp, coniferous, dry (not more than 40% water) 1.3 Sweden 1.0 Finland 2 U.S.S.R 1 United States Waste paper, newspaper, car- tons, other paper for manufac- turing paper 7 Belgium-Luxemburg .2 France 1 United Kingdom 1 United States ( a ) Newsprint 6 France 3 Sweden 2 Austria 1 United States Kraft paper 2.0 Sweden .7 France .7 United States .1 Finland 1 Miscellaneous paper 3.2 France 2.0 United Kingdom .1 Finland 1 United States ... C) Cardboard for offices, stores .3 France 3 West Germany ( l ) United States 1 Less than $50,000. The citrus industry is currently studying the use of cardboard cartons in lieu of wooden crates for export packing of oranges. One firm has recently established a completely equipped, ultramodern packing station that uses cardboard cartons exclusively. Should this experiment prove satisfactory, many other packers may shift to cardboard cartons. Even with citrus exports estimated for the 1963-64 season at 535,000 tons, the market for kraftliner sales would be worthwhile. In addition, there is reason to believe that, barring un- foreseen developments, citrus exports will increase sig- nificantly by 1970. Miscellaneous paper imports include primarily paper boxes and cartons. As marketing and merchandising techniques and methods improve in Morocco, paper consumption will increase markedly. Morocco's industrialization will help push paper consumption to new heights. The major end users of synthetic and natural rubber are General Tire and Rubber Co.. which locally manu- factures tires and tubes, and Societe Marocaine Jac- queau Berjonneau et Cie. which is a compounder and manufacturer of a wide variety of home and industrial rubber products. The combined rate of production of these companies is increasing more rapidly than the rate of consumption in Morocco. Imports of finished rubber products are, therefore, decreasing whereas imports of raw materials an; increasing. The net re- sult is augmented raw material imports to meet the increases in local production and consumption. Crude rubber is imported from the United States, at present, under the U.S. Agency for International Development concept known as the Supporting Assistance Program. Imports of rubber and rubber products are reported in table 18. The Office Cherifien des Phosphates — OCP uses most of the imported conveyor belt. The estimated 40'' increase in phosphate production by 1966 will most probably require more conveyor belt. The OCP's pur- chases are usually made annually after receipt of bids from interested parties. American firms desiring to compete for this business should communicate with the OCP at Rabat, Morocco. Local representation of the American supplier helps make a sale. The value of rubber and rubber product imports by- country of origin was in 1963, in millions of dollars: Synthetic and natural nonvul- canized rubber 1.5 United States 6 France 5 West Germany 1 Canada .1 Nonhardened vulcanized rub- ber in sheets and rolls .4 France .4 Italy ( l ) Czechoslovakia ( l ) United States (*) Rubber conveyor belt 1.1 France .7 Norway .1 East Germany .1 United States ... 1 I.rs« than 550.000. The OCP buys most of the mine timbers even as it does the conveyor belting. Its current annual require- ment is estimated at 17.7 million running feet. Since Morocco's forests are extremely limited, large imports of timber will continue to be necessary. The value of selected imports of wood products by year was. in millions of dollars: 1956 I960 1061 1062 1063 Coniferous mine timbers, total 0.1 0.2 2.2 2.8 2.0 Pine lumber, sawed, roush. total .2 .2 4.7 3.7 5.0 The principal suppliers in 1963 of coniferous mine timbers were, in millions of dollars: France. 1.5: Portugal. 0.5: and the U.S.S.R.. 0.1. The principal suppliers in 1963 of rough, sawed pine lumber were, in millions of dollars: France. 3.5: Portugal. 1.0: and Spain. 0.4. The United States supplied onlv $2,000 worth. 19 OLD CRAFT IN NEW TIME: This skilled metalworker at his bench wears traditional fez and present-day wristwatch. Imports of plastics in sheets and granules for use in the local manufacture of plastic products has increased by over $3 million from 1956 to 1963, as follows, in millions of dollars: 1956 0.5 1963 3.8 1960 2.0 France 1.8 1961 2.4 Italy 4 1962 2.7 United Kingdom ... .4 United States 2 The imports are composed mostly of polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride — PVC granules in addition to PVC sheets. The sheets are presently man- ufactured in Morocco and their importation is limited by quotas. Governmental protection of the domestic industry severely limits imports of manufactured plas- tics, but the use of plastics in Morocco is in its infancy and the market for plastic raw materials will certainly continue to develop. 20 CHAPTER III conomic Development Programs iVloROCCo's development plans affect U.S. trade in the immediate need for capital equipment and material as well as in the long run expansion of consumer pur- chasing power. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Since independence, Morocco has gone through sev- eral stages in its formal planning for economic devel- opment. The first step was the Two-Year Plan in 1958 and 1959. It emphasized education and social invest- ment. This plan was designed to bridge the gap between the Protectorate and the Five-Year Plan that went into effect in 1960. The Five-Year Plan, which started in 1960 and was to run through 1964, was expected to provide a growth rate of 7' » . Almost half the required investment was to have come from private sources. Industry and agriculture were each to receive one-third of the total; other sectors, such as educa- tion and public works, the remainder. Soon, the objectives of the Five-Year Plan were proved unrealistic. Private investment failed to reach the levels predicted. In addition, the already lagging growth rate was further slowed bv a drought in 1961. which reduced agricultural production. Then, during the summer of 1963. the Government decided to aban- don the plan. LIGHT AND POWER: Electricity for the fertile plain of Tadla to draw water, light (amps, and turn mill wheels. To replace the Five- Year Plan, a Three-Year Plan, covering 1965-67, is being drawn up, which is expected to set much less ambitious goals than the preceding plan. Government investment will probably be con- centrated on agriculture and education while industry, except for major projects, i.e., the chemical complex at Safi, will be left to private capital. At the same time, the Government promises to make private invest- ment more attractive. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES The Moroccan Government plays an active role in economic development. The Government is, however, interested in having private enterprise play as large a role as feasible. It has provided in both mining and industry for partnership with private capital. The agency dealing with mining is the Bureau de Recherches et de Participations Minieres — BRPM. This agency covers all mining activities except phosphates which are exploited by another Government agency, the Office Cherifien des Phosphates. One of the funda- mental purposes of BRPM is to assist in exploration for minerals. In some cases, it handles exploration on a contract basis for the owner of the mining permit. For big projects, it normally forms a joint enterprise with private capital. The joint enterprise is used for petroleum exploration. BRPM owns a portion of the shares of the major mining companies in Morocco. In the industrial sector, the Bureau d'Etudes et de Participations Industrielles — BEPI undertakes feasibil- ity studies and participates in industrial projects. The extent of its participation varies from case to case. Among its major projects are a tire factory in conjunc- tion with General Tire; an automobile assembly plant in conjunction with Simca Motor Corporation and Fiat Motor Corporation; a truck assembly plant in con- junction with Automobiles M. Berliet; a textile plant in Fes in conjunction with local capital; and an oil re- finery in conjunction with the Italian state petroleum corporation, ENI. While not all of its projects have been successful, e.g., a tractor assembly plant and a cork factory have failed, BEPI has played an important role in Moroccan industrialization. The Government has also played a major role in providing facilities for tourists, again in cooperation with private capital. For example, a hotel is under construction in Rabat and is financed by Government and local private capital. Spanish capital in partner- ship with the Government is playing a major role in developing beach resorts along the Mediterranean coast. French capital also in cooperation with the Gov- ernment is helping develop the Atlantic coast as well as the North. The chemical complex at Safi, which will process a portion of the country's phosphates, is being built almost entirely by the Government. However, a fer- tilizer plant at Safi may be operated by a corporation that is owned jointly by the Government and foreign private capital. There is also expected to be a place for private capital in future additions to the complex. The Banque Nationale pour le Developpement Eco- nomique — BNDE is a quasi- governmental corporation which is designed to promote economic development. Less than 50% of its stock is held by the Government. The remainder of the stock is held by several inter- national banks, including an American bank and the International Finance Corporation. It makes loans on favorable terms to private entrepreneurs wishing to establish new plants or to expand existing ones. It can participate as a shareholder in industrial firms. It takes the initiative in developing new industries. For example, the bank may undertake the establishment of a company to exploit the off-shore tuna through use of fishing boats larger than those presently in operation. Once the operation is successful, BNDE would sell its participation to private interests. In agriculture, two Government agencies, the Office National des Irrigations — ONI and the Office National de la Modernisation Rurale — ONMR deal with irri- gated and dry land farming, respectively. Three agen- cies assist Moroccan farmers in improving their farm- ing methods, thus increasing agricultural production and raising the standard of living. To assist farmers, each agency has a series of centres de travail through- out the country and maintains pools of equipment. The equipment can be used by individual farmers under certain conditions. ONI is also involved in the con- struction and maintenance of irrigation works. These works range from digging small ditches to the construc- tion of the Mechra Klila dam on the Moulouya River in eastern Morocco. This project will eventually irri- gate 1,500,000 acres of land. In addition, ONI is developing the cultivation of sugar beets in Morocco. It has already constructed one sugar beet refinery and plans to construct several more. In addition to the centres de travail, which do a good amount of farming on their own account, the ONI and the ONMR cultivate land taken over from French colons under the Government's land reform program. The final disposition of these lands has not been set- tled, but it seems clear that ONI and ONMR will be 22 responsible for farming large areas of land for the next several years. As a result, ONI and ONMR purchase all sorts of supplies for farm operation. Among these purchases are seed, fertilizer, and insecticides as well as all sorts of tools and agricultural machinery and equipment. Further details of Government procurement in gen- eral may be found in chapter VI under the section, Government Procurement. FRENCH AID France continues to play an important part in Morocco's economic development since independence. Under the terms of a technical and cultural coopera- tion agreement with France, Morocco receives the serv- ices of some 9,000 Frenchmen, two-thirds of whom are teachers and the remainder technicians of various types. The French Government pays a portion of the salaries of these persons. In addition, the French Gov- ernment operates at its own expense an extensive school system which, while intended primarily for French children, serves as an important supplement to the Moroccan educational effort. As more trained Moroc- cans become available, French teachers and technicians will no longer be needed. American businessmen should not underestimate the substantial amount of indirect assistance these tech- nicians give to a continued high level of French exports of both goods and services to Morocco, parti- iil.nK where Government purchases are concerned. Morocco receives important benefits from the cus- toms-free quotas which France grants to certain Moroc- can products. These* quotas date from the da\s of the Protectorate and provide extremely remunerative mar- kets for Morocco. They are particularly important for the wine, citrus, and canned fish industries. They have been so remunerative and protective that local industry has tended to be less competitive than similar industries in other producing countries. With the growth of the Common Market, these quotas, although accepted as transitional measures, are bound to disappear. Morocco hopes to replace them with an agreement with the Com- mon Market itself. France has provided for several years economic as- sistance in the form of Government-to-Government loans and grants. Direct French-financed aid in 1962 equaled $20 million and in 1963, $42 million. In addi- tion, special credit facilities to finance French exports to Morocco were made available, but have not been widely used because of their rather strict terms. Fur- thermore, the Bank of Morocco also benefits from an overdraft facility with the Bank of France. A substantial portion of French aid has been given in support of Morocco's development budget and has not been tied to purchases of French goods. Another portion has been provided for specific projects; some of this, particularly the development of the Moroccan television network, has been tied to French procure- INDUSTRIAL STUDY: Model of a chemical complex, Safi. 23 ment. The French appear to place greater emphasis now than in the past on loans for specific projects and on procurement in France. AMERICAN AID In the years since independence, the United States has provided Morocco with economic assistance worth a little more than $400 million. Of this sum, almost $149 million was provided under Titles I, II, and III of Public Law 480 in the form of surplus agricultural commodities. Particularly in the years following independence, the major portion of U.S. aid was in the form of Support- ing Assistance, which until the conclusion of a series of Public Law 480 agreements, was made up princi- pally of agricultural products, i.e., tobacco, wheat, soy- bean oil, edible and inedible tallow, and cotton. Sup- porting Assistance also permitted imports of materials for Morocco's industrial development, e.g., industrial machinery, motor vehicles and spare parts, construc- tion and mining equipment, and farm implements and machinery. Until 1962, procurement from any free world source was authorized. Since that time, pur- chases made with these funds have been limited to products manufactured in the United States. To date, Morocco has received only one Develop- ment Loan under the U.S. aid program. This loan was made for $23 million and is intended to finance construction of the Nechra Klila dam, its irrigation structures and related land development. In the future, more emphasis will be placed on project loans than on Supporting Assistance, which is a form of aid de- WATER CONTROL: The Moroccan plain, even as the American West, benefits from water stored in a lake behind a dam. 24 signed to help satisfy the Government's general finan- cial needs. The United States has indicated its willing- ness to provide a loan to finance the conversion of the former U.S. Air Force Base at Nouasseur, outside of Casablanca, into a civil, intercontinental, jet airport. The United States will also consider other loan appli- cations and is prepared to authorize loans where the projects will make a positive contribution to economic development. Five million dollars of American aid has been used for technical assistance. This money has financed spe- cial training programs for almost 300 Moroccan ad- ministrators, educators, professional persons, indus- trialists, farmers, and students. In addition, a number of American technicians have come to Morocco to im- part their technical knowledge. This program has cov- ered a number of fields, including livestock care and modern poultry raising. Other programs have dealt with industrial feasibility studies and the training of rural teachers. Two agreements under Public Law 480 Title I pro- vide for sales of U.S. surplus agricultural commodities for local currency. They have provided for the sale of wheat, vegetable oils, cotton, and tobacco worth just over $19.7 million at world market prices. Early in 1964, the Moroccan Government requested a further Title I agreement. Sim e Morocco is a wheat-produc- ing area, it is unlikely that further Title I agreements will include wheat, except in drought years. Information mi a regular basis about products thai ma\ be imported into Morocco under the ' 5. aid program ma\ be obtained from tin- \gencj for Inter- national Development, Office of Small Business, W ash- ington, D.C., 20523. That office has procurement data in the form of Small Business Circulars on specific proposed purchase-. It also has trade and »eneral information in the form of Small Business Memos on All) procurement for countries with which the I nited States has a foreign assistance program. U.N. AND OTHER AID United Nations assistance programs in Morocco be- gan in 1959 and have amounted to almost $12 million. Assistance has been given in health, education, rural development, and worker training. West Germany has committed S20 million to infra- structure projects in connection with the Safi chemical complex. Revisions in the plans for the complex have reduced its estimated cost, mainly the improvement and expansion of harbor facilities. Thus, a part of this credit may be used for other projects. Yugoslavia, Poland. Czechoslovakia, and Spain have also assisted Morocco with loans, credits, and technical service. 25 CHAPTER 'ata on Morocco £3ia& bfF-j.iff*::* M& WUVi t #•* "^"v! J_- T^-'* ,,V/ A mm . ■• * m n>»,.,w. ■, ,j 3 * -/# '^ wv^S^dfctio ^ Mb^Ute i £ / ■ JIB CLIMATE IVloRocco, slightly larger than California, occupies some 172,000 square miles of the northwestern corner of Africa and has nearly 1,700 miles of coastline. It borders on Algeria in the east on the Mediterranean coast to the Spanish Sahara in the southwest on the Atlantic. A large section of the southern portion of the frontier with Algeria has not yet been defined. The Atlantic forms the western boundary, and the Mediterranean, the northern. The Spanish retain the enclave of Ifni south of Agadir, the two presidios of Geuta and Melilla, and three small offshore islands on the Mediterranean coast. GEOGRAPHY A series of mountain ranges divides the country into two sectors: an Atlantic region to the north and west, and a Saharan region to the south and southeast. These ranges are made up of the High Atlas, Middle Atlas, and Anti-Atlas mountains, which begin on Morocco's southern Atlantic coast, run inland and then northeastward towards the Mediterranean. These ranges join the Rif Range, which parallels the sea. Peaks in the Atlas range up to 13.665 feet in eleva- tion. This chain of mountains constitutes Morocco's water reservoirs and forms a climate barrier. The At- lantic region is semitropical and favors forestry and agriculture. Rain falls irregularly and is a limiting factor in land cultivation. The recovery and utiliza- tion of rainfall determine progress in agricultural pro- duction. The pre-Saharan region, arid and sparsely settled, consists of steppes and desert that are inhabited chiefly by shepherds. *— KOUTOUBIA GARDEN, MARRAKBCH: Room above a cultivated plot in the city with a view of the Grand Atlas. Morocco's climate bears some resemblance to that of California. The Atlantic region has winters that are generally cool and rainy while the summers are rather hot and without rain in the coastal areas and very hot and dry in the interior. A picture of the climate is obtained from table 19, which presents the average temperature and annual rainfall in selected cities. The areas to the south and southeast of the Atlas range are desert and semidesert. The High and Middle Atlas are snow covered during the winter months, per- mitting successful operation of tourist winter sports areas. Although average rainfall is adequate for agri- culture, the amount of rain that falls varies substan- tially from year to year. As a result, there are periodic droughts and occasional floods, which cause serious crop failures. PEOPLE As might be expected from its location, the Moroc- can population is made up of a variety of ethnic strains. Of the total population of 13.103,000. Mos- lems number 12.683.000. who are mainly Berber or Arab. The Berbers, who make up the largest single element of the population, were apparently the earliest arrivals. They remain a distinct group in the moun- tains. Following the rise of Islam in the seventh cen- tury, the Arabs arrived in force and extended their influence from Morocco into southern Spain. From the south came Negroes, both as slaves and as settlers. These people have frequently intermarried. Persons of Jewish faith number around 117.000 and constitute an important segment of the population, particularly where they are active in commerce and industry. The European population, which has dropped since 1956, numbered about 303.000 at the end of 1963. Following the expulsion of the Arabs from Spain in the 15th century. Morocco was governed by sultans, who reigned over the various tribes with varying de- grees of effectiveness. In 1912. a protectorate was established. France controlled the larger part of the COUntrj while Spain occupied most of the Mediter- ranean coast. The city of Tangier was given inter- national status. The Protectorate ended in 1956 when the French and then the Spanish gave up their positions as pro- 27 « A>, ,^.> :/s: • yv^ > z o Z> Q- o 3 I— - - S ■- % • : • ■<§ s fs . . $ f. ■ • ' " ■ * • 1 * ■-■-. • " -» < •* • ! ^i 1 I ll 1 L! 28 tecting powers. Tangier was also turned back to the Moroccans and was fully integrated into the economy in 1960. Al the time of its independence, Morocco was in theory an absolute monarchy although in prac- tice it allowed partisan political activity. In December 1962, a constitution, approved by popular referendum, established a parliamentary form of government. The King retains considerable power under the Constitu- tion. The country's first elected parliament began ses- sions in November 1963, and the transition to a constitutional monarchy got underway. POPULATION Table 20 presents a picture of Morocco's population growth since 1936. There have also been notable shifts in the distribu- tion of population between urban and rural places. See table 21. Increases from 1960 to 1964 in Moroccan urban population are greater than those in the rural popula- tion. This is so even though the birth rate is similar. First, the infant mortality rate in the cities is far less than in the country because of better health facilities. Second, Moroccans too migrate from the country to the city. It is currently estimated that 27% of the Moroccan population lives in urban areas, that is, places of more than 5,000 inhabitants. The current average population growth rate is esti- mated at 3 r /< and may increase to 3.2 or 3.3% by 1970. These estimates are made even though the popu- lation grew an average of only 1.5% between 1936 and 1952. Population by age group is reported in table 22. The decrease in the foreign population as well as the shifts in foreign population percentage by age groups from 1960 to 1964 and to 1970 are now and shall continue to be largely the result of Moroccaniza- tion of personnel in both industry and commerce. For- eigners will probably remain in those jobs requir- ing management and industrial skills that have been acquired through training and years of experience. Thus, the total purchasing power of the foreigners should not decrease in direct relation to the anticipated decrease in their numbers shown in table 22. Table 23 shows the estimated distribution of the active population in Morocco in 1964 according to industry group. YOUNGEST HAND: Shepherd with a dear eye and a steady hand watches over his flock by day in a Moroccan field. One half of the Moroccan population of Morocco is 19 years old or younger, that is, in the to 19 year age group. This proportion among the Moroccans is expected to continue in 1970. 29 CHAPTER V Channels of Distribution if RINCIPAL CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION in Morocco consist of the chief populated places, railroads, high- ways, air routes, and seaports. PRINCIPAL CENTERS Casablanca The largest of its cities is a newcomer. Only as recently as the end of World War I was Casablanca's future as a major seaport decided by the French Pro- tectorate. Today, it is not only the principal seaport and airport in the country, but also its economic, com- mercial, financial, industrial, press, and organized labor center. With the exception of crude petroleum, the port of Casablanca receives three-fourths of the country's imports. Casablanca's importers and dis- tributors, in turn, send the merchandise countrywide through their own distribution network or through wholesalers. Marrakech Internationally famous tourist attraction, former capital of the South, Marrakech's 13th century edifices stand today as a reminder of its historical importance. It is still, as in former times, the crossroads of the Berbers from the mountains, the Sleus from the south- ern valleys, the Blue Men from the Sahara, and the Arabs from the North. Third largest city in Morocco, it is a center for the sale of traditional Moroccan wares. While Marrakech has little modern industry, it is a major center for the production of apricots, olives, and handicrafts. Rabat Rabat is the political capital and seat of government where Roman ruins blend with ultramodern western architecture and traditional Moroccan design. Fes Intellectual and religious capital of Morocco, Fes is proud of its Karaouine University, the oldest in the 30 1 entire Arab world. Since the conversion of Jews to Islam in the seventh century, Fes has been the religious capital of Morocco. It is a major center for the spin- ning and weaving of modern textile fabrics. In the traditional sector, its artisans are known throughout the world for their handicraft work. Fes is one of the major tourist attractions. Meknes Though Fes, too, lies in one of the richest agricul- tural regions of Morocco. Meknes, some 35 miles away, is undoubtedly the agricultural capital of the country. Meknes is located almost in the middle of the vast and rich cereal and wine producing areas of the country. 4 — CASABLANCA: Moroccan leoporf on fhe Atlantic Ocean hoi facilititi for carrying on business with fhe wide world. Slightly to the north of Meknes. two-thirds of Mo- rocco's citrus is grown. Except for the processing of agricultural products, Meknes is practically devoid of industry. Tangier Tangier is the center of tourism in Morocco and gateway to Morocco from Europe. Its port is one of the oldest on the Mediterranean and its grotto of Her- cules is a renowned tourist attraction. International city for many years, Tangier is endeavoring to find a new vocation with its complete integration into Mo- rocco in 1960. Safi Owing to its large exports of phosphates, Safi is the second port in Morocco. In addition, it is the center of Morocco's fishing and fish-processing industry. Furthermore, a large chemical complex is currently being built there by the BEPI. Phosphoric acid is to be produced at that plant by the middle of 1965. Eventu- ally, the plant is to produce triplesuperphosphates at an annual rate of 275,000 tons. Production of am- monium phosphate is currently under study. Agadir Second in Morocco to Safi in the fishing and fish- processing in dustry. Agadir is the agricultural center for the Souss River valley. Agadir is successfully re- building after the devastating earthquake of 1960 and. with its mild climate and long beaches, will once again become a haven for tourists. RAILWAYS Morocco's rail network extends from Marrakech in the south to Tangier on the Mediterranean and from Safi on the Atlantic to Oujda at the Algerian border. The network's length is 1.192 miles of which 429 miles are electrified and the remainder, diesel operated. It is built in standard gage. Its traffic in 1963 totaled 309 million passenger miles and 1.259 million revenue ton miles of freight. It is operated by the Office National des Chemins de Fer. an agency of the Govern- ment. 31 APARTMENT IN CASABLANCA: Top-floor windows thai fate west yield a view of the harbor and the Atlantic Ocean. ROADS Morocco's highway system is one of the finest and most complete in the whole of Africa. There are 7,145 miles of paved primary and secondary roads. Tertiary roads extend for over 4,600 miles of which 2,750 miles are surfaced. In addition, an unsurfaced network ex- tends over 23,000 miles. With the railroad system, this highway network en- sures the transportation necessary for internal dis- tribution of goods. Road freight in 1963 amounted to over 241 million revenue ton-miles. Intercity, common carrier, road freight is allocated exclusively by the Office National de Transport, an agency of the Government, among the various privately owned, Government-licensed truckers. Merchandise hauled by private firms for their own account is ex- cluded from this allocation. AIR TRANSPORT Royal Air Maroc, a Government-controlled corpora- tion, has a monopoly in scheduled domestic air trans- port. Twelve foreign airlines presently serve Morocco on regularly scheduled international flights through three airports: Casablanca, Rabat, and Tangier. Air France has by far the most complete schedule. Pan American is the only American airline serving Morocco; it comes through once a week. Trans World Airlines maintains an off-line district sales office in Casablanca. All airlines, including Royal Air Maroc, transported during 1963, 356,000 passengers and over 6,500 tons of freight. The Government has announced plans to convert soon the former U.S. Air Force base at Nouasseur, outside of Casablanca, into an international, civil air- port capable of handling intercontinental jet aircraft. PORTS Morocco is served by six major ports on the Atlantic coast: Casablanca, Safi, Mohammedia, Kenitra, Tan- gier, and Agadir. In addition, on the Atlantic, there are the harbors of El Jadida and Essaouira. These ports are mentioned in table 24. Approximately 6.6 million tons of Casablanca's ex- ports and 2.8 million tons of Safi's were phosphates in 1963. Kenitra and Mohammedia specialize in the importation of crude petroleum; Kenitra and Agadir, in export citrus. Tangier handles more passengers than any other Moroccan port. It possesses Morocco's only free port, which is located in the dock area and is operated by the Societe du Port, a private firm operating under a concession from the Government. The free port occupies 75,300 square feet and is equipped with several warehouses and sheds whose total floor space is 29,100 square feet. Its small size precludes long-term space rental. Goods imported in the free port zone must comply with all regulations governing other imports, must meet sanitary requirements, must not be subversive nor pornographic in nature, must not consist of muni- tions or drugs. Goods may remain in the free port for up to 2 years. Storage charges every 2 weeks are 0.92 cents per square foot in open storage and 2.75 cents per square foot under cover. There is a 44.8 cents per ton charge for moving goods in and out of the free port zone. An ad valorem tax of 1% is paid on all goods entering the free port. The port permits com- mercial operations, such as mixing, screening, divid- ing, and sorting. Retail sales are not authorized. It is estimated that movement of goods into the free port area in 1963 amounted to 4,100 tons of which sugar accounted for 3,300 tons 32 FFS: Highways promote the commerce of Fes, a principal commercial city of Morocco and a sacred city of Islam. Casablanca is a major international seaport. In 1963, it handled 10.2 million tons of all types of cargo. See table 25. This compares favorably with such United States ports as Newport News, Virginia, and Jacksonville, Florida, that handled similar cargo ton- nage in 1963. Ship movement into Casablanca has increased con- siderably over the years as noted in table 26. Protected navigable water area in the port covers more than 270 acres. Total dock length exceeds 17.500 feet. More than 100 cranes and hoists of various types, varying in lifting capacity from 5 to 165 tons, are available for handling of cargo. Grain elevator ca- pacity is 33.000 tons at present and is to be increased to 44.000 tons by 1965 and to 77.000 tons by 1970. Open storage areas amount to 2.2 million square feet: covered storage areas, to 1.6 million square feet. Total storage capacity is estimated at 463.000 tons. Over 1.200 tons of refrigerated storage is also available in addition to 770 tons of 0°F general merchandise stor- age. Any vessel having a draft of not more than 32.5 feet can be accommodated in the port. The total number of foreign vessels calling at Casa- blanca with percentage of U.S. vessels. 1958. 1960. and 1963 were: 1958 \umber ol Foreign Countries 28 Percentage o U.S. vessels 4.2 1960 32 3.9 1963 30 3.9 Casablanca is regularly served by well over 100 for- eign and U.S. maritime companies. Among them, the American lines are: Central Gulf. Steamship Corp.. Levant Line. Stockard Line. Prudential Steamship Corp.. States Marine Lines. Stevenson and Company. Waterman Steamship Corp.. Marine Transport Line. Inc.. Lvkes Bros. Steamship Co.. Inc.. and American Export Isbrandtsen Line. 33 CHAPTER VI Trade Practices WORLD PORT: Casablanca, Morocco, North African harbor, can accommodate many of the big oceangoing freighters. Businessmen in Morocco are experienced foreign traders who are well informed on the courtesies and practices of their business. IMPORTING METHODS All types of foreign trading enterprises are found in Morocco. The multiplicity of importers is striking. Innumerable firms, including over 400 import-export firms in Casablanca alone, import for distribution and resale. Industrial firms, large and small, frequently prefer to import raw materials themselves. They seek to effect economies by eliminating the local agent or distributor. They often feel that the local agent or distributor has not been able to demonstrate his value. On the other hand, agents and distributors attach con- siderable importance to exclusive agreements and are frequently most reluctant to take on new representa- tion, particularly where this involves service and spare parts, unless receiving an exclusive agreement from the outset. Salesmanship is not usually practiced as diligently nor as energetically as in the United States. On that account, American firms that export to Morocco must encourage their local representative to develop this market with vigor. For example, a local represent- ative of an American firm contented itself with stock- ing an inconspicuous main store display of the firm's products and made no other sales effort. Needless to say, results were disappointing. The American firm, without surveying the matter in depth, deduced that sales were negligible owing to market limitations. Sometime later another representative convinced the American firm that it should be given the representa- tion. This local representative was an aggressive, hard hitting, and salesminded. Immediately, sales were sub- stantial. Within a short time, the American firm had a problem not of sales but of supply. The market had not changed, the approach had. The Moroccan market is a highly competitive one, and aggressive selling methods are as indispensable in Morocco as in the most sophisticated markets. 34 QUOTATIONS AND TERMS Sales quotations should be given c.i.f. port of desti- nation with these details: f.o.b. port of shipment, in- cluding any inland freight, and actual charges for ocean freight, insurance, and handling. All of these details are essential to the Moroccan importer who wishes to obtain the necessary import license. Quota- tions f.o.b factory that do not also show inland freight and handling charges are completely without value to the importer in Morocco and will either be disregarded by the importer or will cause him additional corre- spondence with the American supplier in order to ascertain these amounts. Quotations should be made in dollars. Shipments financed under the U.S. Agency for Inter- national Development — AID — must normally be trans- ported in American flag vessels. Other than AID- financed shipments may be made without regard to the flag of the vessel. Consumer, industrial, and capital goods that are available from stock and require no special modifica- tion for the individual customer are most frequently paid for by sight drafts that are due on receipt of documents by the importer at the port of destination. Sixty percent of Morocco's imports are paid for in this manner, regardless of the country of origin, according to Moroccan bankers. In addition, 15 '/f of Morocco's imports are paid for with 30-. 60-, or 90-day notes or on open account. The remaining 25 % are paid for by irrevocable credits opened at the time the order is placed with the foreign supplier. This is generally the case for industrial and capital goods that are not con- sidered stock items. The bill must be paid in full prior to the expiration of the transfer validity date of the import license, which is usually 8 months after issuance. Any sales providing for payment beyond this date must have prior written approval of the Moroccan Foreign Ex- change Office in Rabat. In general, this approval will be granted. Knowledge of the market and of the customer must determine the greater use of sight drafts, time drafts, payment against documents, and open accounts. In view of the substantial competition built up in the Moroccan market, terms may, in many cases, need to be relaxed. Suppliers can adequately protect themselves against political and commercial risks by insuring, in dollars, their export sales through the Foreign Credit Insurance Association — FCIA. whose headquarters are at 110 William Street. New York, N.Y., 10004. MOROCCAN TRAVELER: In carrying on international trade, the businessman may sfop at this hotel in Catablanta. 35 B = a f- 2* cn5 36 CREDIT FACILITIES The Moroccan businessman, perhaps to an even greater extent than the one in the United States, uses credit to finance his business. Much of this credit is in the form of overdrafts and both sight and time drafts. His working capital is generally extremely low and in most cases far below an amount that would be considered a minimum by his American colleagues. Usually, imports are financed through the extensive use of sight drafts and overdrafts. Money from the sale of imports is very frequently reinvested rather than used to reduce overdrafts. The Moroccan businessman can usually derive a greater re- turn on reinvestment than the 6 to 8% interest that he must pay on his overdraft. Reinvestment also provides him with a hedge against devaluation. In some instances, the money from the sale of imports is retained in currency in the businessman's vault. The Bank of Morocco, the nation's central bank, in Rabat, in its desire to reduce the extent of credit re- quires that the commercial banks maintain 45% re- serve liquidity. This requirement has resulted in a general tightening of credit, a reduction in the im- portation of consumer items, and what is considered to be a healthy decrease in stock levels. The commer- cial banks are, as a result, more selective than here- tofore in granting overdrafts and are endeavoring to reduce the higher risk overdraft accounts. Under this requirement, the small Moroccan businessman is most immediately affected. The foreign businessman in Morocco follows, in general, financing practices that are more nearly sim- ilar to those currently in use in Europe. There are 22 commercial banks in Morocco, most of which have an extensive branch system throughout the country. The six largest of those banks account for nearly 70% of the deposit accounts in Morocco. Most of these deposits are held by foreign businessmen and large corporations, not Moroccan businessmen. Customers' notes discounted by the commercial banks are usually rediscounted by the Central Bank, which thus fixes discount and interest rates throughout the country. All commercial banks provide credit and financial information on businessmen and firms in Morocco. This information can usually be obtained by the sup- plier through his own bank in the United States. Additional banks in which the Government partici- pates are the Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exte- rieur, the Banqua Populaires. and the Banque Ratio- nale pour le Developpement Economique. In the Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exterieur the Government owns 5095 of tr "' itodt The balance is held by several international banks, including one American bank, and a few private investors. In addi- tion to normal banking operations, the bank is charged with facilitating both sales opportunities abroad for Moroccan products and the importation of supplies and equipment necessary to the economic growth of the country. The Banques Populaires are controlled by the Gov- ernment and are designed to supply credit to the small Moroccan manufacturer, includings artisans, and busi- nessmen. The Banque Nationale pour le Developpement Eco- nomique is owned 50% by the Moroccan Government and 50?? by private interests that usually are inter- national banks, including an American one. It spe- cializes in the granting of loans for equipment that is destined for use in projects that stimulate investment and accelerate economic progress. Other Government credit institutions operate credit facilities for specialized uses, e.g., La Caisse de Prets Immobiliers du Maroc for financing real estate invest- ment. La Caisse Marocaine de Marches for supplying short-term credit for international business transac- tions. La Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole for pro- viding farm credit. World Trade Directory reports on many Moroccan firms can be made available to American suppliers through U.S. Department of Commerce Field Offices or from the Commercial Intelligence Division of the Department of Commerce. Washington. D. C. TRADE CUSTOMS Although the official language of Morocco is Arabic. Government publications and services are readily avail- able in French. Correspondence and discussions may be conducted in French without the slightest prejudice to the businessman. The most commonl) used language in foreign trade and commerce is French. Spanish, however, is used in the ex-Northern Zone and also iti Tangier. Even in Tangier and the ex-Northern Zone. Government offi- cials tend to have a greater knowledge of French than of Spanish. English, whether written or spoken, is not used in Government or private circles. Knowledge of English in Morocco is far less common than in French-speaking areas of Europe. 37 The businessman who does not possess some knowl- edge of French may find himself seriously handicapped in Morocco. Though interpreters and translators can be found, competent ones are rare indeed. Business correspondence, documentation, and litera- ture, even from non-French speaking countries, are almost always prepared in French. Even in those rare instances when a factory manager has an adequate knowledge of English, correspondence and documenta- tion in English present severe handicaps to a non- English speaking organization. When an American bid in English is not particularly advantageous com- pared to those of other foreign suppliers, the local purchaser may well give preference to the foreign bid written in French. Tender bids in English, whether Government or private, may not receive full consider- ation. First-class surface mail from the U.S. east coast re- quires from 2 to 4 weeks to arrive in Morocco and costs 11 cents per ounce and 7 cents for each additional ounce. Airmail requires only 3 to 4 days and costs 15 cents per half ounce. Offices are generally open from 8 a.m. to noon and from 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m., Monday through Friday. Though Morocco is an Islamic country, both Govern- ment and business are open on Friday. Many business offices are open half day on Saturday. However, all banks are closed on that day. Both Government and private business are closed on Sunday. All offices are completely closed between noon and 2.30 p.m. Among the holidays celebrated in Morocco are those determined by the Moslem calendar. The holidays determined by the Moslem calendar — those marked with an asterisk — are expected to fall on an anticipated date in the Gregorian calendar, as follows: New Years' Day *Aid Seghir, February 2 Feast of the Throne, March 3 Easter Monday "Aid el Kebir, April 12 Labor Day, May 1 *First Moharrem, May 2 Whitmonday *Aid El Mouloud, July 11 Feast of the Assumption, August 15 All Saints' Day, November 1 Independence Day, November 18 Christmas Day POWER: This hydroelectric station on the Oum er Rbio River feeds power to the city of Casablanca. till The metric system of weights and measures is the sole one in use in Morocco. GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT Morocco has no Central Government purchasing office. But Government Bureaus and Ministries publish invitations to bid on goods and services. These invi- tations are usually published in trade journals, news- papers, and the Government's Bulletin Officiel. Ministries cannot engage in foreign commerce and therefore can only purchase within the country and for local currency. Thus, goods supplied a Ministry from foreign sources must be imported by a local entity, which, in turn, sells to the Ministry. Government bureaus are considered by law to be corporate entities; they may enter foreign commerce. Usually these bureaus prefer to purchase locally. From a practical point of view, therefore, local representation of the American supplier is essential. Moroccan firms who are considered by the Govern- ment to be qualified and capable are given preference iti public works. In some instances, local firms obtain the assistance of large foreign firms in order to qualify professionally. As a result of training and experience, the Moroccan Government frequently bases its bid specifications on those in use in France. In drawing up bid specifica- tions and subsequent bid considerations, the Govern- ment relies on French technical advisers and con- sultants. Suppliers are not paid so promptly by the Moroccan Government as by private firms. The local importer of foreign goods may not receive payment for goods until six or more months after their delivery io the Government. Under such conditions, the period and terms of credit offered by the foreign supplier could well be a determining factor to the local importer. The Government's role in the economy as a major purchaser is becoming increasingly important. Its budget has increased from $387 million in 1956 to $600 million in 1964. 39 CHAPTER VII Import Regulations Import licenses are required for virtually all goods coming from non-franc area countries. Exceptions to this rule include samples; personal effects of travelers; material admitted temporarily and intended to be re- exported in the same condition, such as material for displays, demonstrations, and the Casablanca Inter- national Fair; spare parts furnished free of charge to replace defective parts; and provisions for U.S. mili- tary bases. IMPORT LICENSING Import licenses are issued by the Ministry of Com- merce, Industry, Mines and Merchant Marine or, in the case of cereal grains, by the Ministry of Agricul- ture. The Exchange Control Office of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, Rabat, approves each license before it is issued, thus assuring the availability of foreign exchange. Import licenses are usually valid for 6 months from the time of issue, nontransferable, and valid only for those specific items that are enumer- ated in the license. Licenses for commodities from countries outside the franc area are issued on the basis of several import programs: — The General Import Program — PGI, for nonfranc zone imports not covered by bilateral agreements. Some items included in this pro- gram may be imported in whatever quantities are desired while others are subject to quota lim- itations. The program is normally limited to capital equipment and does not generally include consumer goods. — The bilateral trade agreements concluded by Morocco with a number of European, Near East- ern, Asian, and African countries. — The United States AID program which per- mits the importation of commodities in cate- gories approved by AID and the Moroccan Gov- ernment. — Compensation exchanges wherein a percent- age of the value of approved exports is allowed for the importation of approved items. — Equipment, goods, or raw materials im- ported without payment from Moroccan foreign exchange holdings as in the case of foreign in- vestment equipment. 40 PORT OF TANGIER, MOROCCO: Thit once Roman city faces the Atlantic at the west end of the Strait of Gibraltar. When applying for an import license, Moroccan importers are required to make a deposit that equals 25% of the f.o.b. value of the goods to be imported. Exceptions to this requirement on the deposit are those imports that are to be financed under the AID program and those that are stipulated under payments agree- ments signed with Spain, the United Arab Republic. Guinea, and most of the Sino-Soviet bloc countries. Still another exception on the deposit requirement is made for imports of certain basic goods, such as cereal grains, dairy products, raw materials, and agricultural equipment. In order to protect domestic industry, the importa- tion of certain items is either prohibited or strictly controlled by quotas. The list of these goods changes from time to time. Among the products included at present are tires and tubes, most European-sized pas- senger cars, and various textile products. EXCHANGE CONTROLS Since the enforcement of Moroccan exchange control is closely linked to the system of import licensing, transfer of funds that are needed to pay for imports is approved by the Exchange Control Office when the import license is issued. The transfer must be made within the period of validity of the import license. When the I .S. supplier extends credit that calls for a final payment date that falls after the expiration date of the import license, the supplier should assure him- self that the importer has obtained prior approval of that extension from the Exchange Control Office. 41 IMPORT TARIFFS Moroccan import duties and taxes presently apply equally on goods from all countries, including those from members of the franc area. In general, they range from 21% on most raw materials, semifinished prod- ucts, and industrial equipment to 97% on luxury goods and goods that would compete with local manu- factures. Information on rates for individual items is available from the Africa Division, Bureau of Inter- national Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C, 20230. Virtually all duties are levied on an ad valorem basis. The dutiable value is determined by customs on the basis of both the importer's declaration, i.e., the c.i.f. value, and the cash wholesale value of similar goods on the local market. Import duties and taxes must be paid in cash and in local currency when the shipment is cleared for entry. PHOSPHATE MINERS: Miners excavate a timbered gallery. 42 In general, samples that are not otherwise inadmis- sible may temporarily he entered free of duty on post- ing a deposit or hond, which is refunded if the sample is re-exported within a year. Advertising material that has no commercial utility is admitted free of duty. But the material that has a value, e.g., ash trays, cigarette lighters, knives, and key rings, or that is customarily trade in commerce, is subject to the usual duties. Shipments by mail are subject to the same import and customs regulations as those by other means. A binding ruling on customs classification cannot be obtained in advance. Upon written request, how- ever, the Director General of Customs, Casablanca, docs give an informal, advisory opinion. The present classification is made according to the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature. More detailed information on Morroccan import licensing, exchange controls, and import tariffs is con- tained in the U.S. Department of Commerce publica- tion, Foreign Trade Regulations of Morocco, Overseas Business Report 63-110, July 1963, which is available for 15 cents from any Field Office or from the Superin- tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 20402. LOADING AND CONVEYING: Man with mechanical loader keeps conveyor full of phosphate rock for the washing plant. 43 CHAPTER VIII Marketing Aids U. S. PUBLICATIONS AND SERVICES The U.S. Department of Commerce, both in Wash- ington and through its 42 field offices in principal U.S. cities, assists businessmen who wish to export to Mo- rocco for the first time or to increase their present exports. Some of the business aids are: —INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE, a U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce weekly, contains in each issue spe- cific trade leads and investment opportunities, gathered through the facilities of the American Foreign Service. Annual subscription, $16. Make remittance payable to the Superintendent of Documents and mail in to the nearest Department Field Office or to the Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 20402. — Trade Lists identify firms which handle specific commodities in foreign countries; they cover a wide range of products, services, and trades. These lists, prepared by Foreign Service Officers at U.S. Embassies and Consulates abroad, contain the basic information needed to locate customers, agents, distributors, li- censees, and sources of supply overseas. In addition to a listing of firms, each trade list includes a summary of basic trade and industry data, a brief analysis of foreign trade in the commodity, Government regula- tions affecting trade, and other useful market data. Lists of importers and dealers indicate the relative size of each firm, method of operation, products handled, territory covered, and sales force. Lists of exporters and manufacturers indicate the relative size or produc- tion capacity of each firm and name the products han- dled. Trade Lists may be obtained for $1 per list from the Commercial Intelligence Division, Bureau of Inter- national Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C, 20230, or from any Field Office. — World Trade Directory Reports — WTD's supple- ment the Trade Lists by furnishing business particulars on individual foreign firms. Prepared by Foreign Service Officers and representing a consensus of reli- able sources of information, WTD's supply the de- tailed information needed to determine the competence and general reliability of specific foreign firms. These RABAT OFFICE BUILDING: Bright sunshine gleams on modern building in Rabat, Morocco, on fhe Atlantic. — > 44 reports, again, are available for $1 each from the Commercial Intelligence Division or from any Field Office. The complete name and address of the foreign firms should be given when ordering WTD's. — Trade Contact Surveys provide a specialized, "on- the-scene" investigation designed to find in a particular country several foreign firms that meet the U.S. busi- nessman's individual requirements and that express an interest in the representation he offers. These surveys, which cost $50 each, are conducted by Foreign Service Officers abroad on behalf of any qualified U.S. firm. Further information and necessary application forms are available from any Field Office or from the Com- mercial Intelligence Division. — Overseas Business Reports, formerly, World Trade Information Service, furnish a wide range of economic, commercial, and financial information about specific foreign countries. Current reports in this series on Morocco, which may be obtained for 15 cents each from the Superintendent of Documents or from Field Offices, are: — Basic Data on the Economy of Morocco. OBR 63-1, 20 pp. February 1963. — Establishing a Business in Morocco. Part 1 No. 62-4, 15 pp. February 1962. — Foreign Trade Regulations of Morocco. OBR 63-110, 7 pp. July 1963. — Investment Law of Morocco. Part 1 No. 61-59, 4 pp. August 1961. Also its supplement, Part 1 No. 61-78, 3 pp. December 1961. — Living Conditions in Morocco. OBR 63-89, 7 pp. April 1963. — Preparing Shipments to Morocco. OBR 63-45, February 1963. A complete checklist of all OBR's and other inter- national business publications of the Department of Commerce is available on request from any Field Office or from the Office of Publications and Informa- tion for Domestic and International Business. Publi- cations Division, Washington, D. C, 20230. Foreign trade specialists are available for consulta- tion in all Commerce Department Field Offices. Busi- nessmen are invited to call, write, or visit a Field Office and there to contact these specialists for expert advice on all phases of international commerce. Trade information may also be obtained directly from the Department of Commerce in Washington, where the Africa Division, Office of International Re- gional Economics, Bureau of International Commerce, will supply available commercial or economic data on request concerning Morocco or any other African country. Many service organizations, such as banks, insurance brokers, transportation agencies, freight forwarders, advertising agencies, and market research organiza- tions, offer specialized services for the exporter. Use of these agencies obviates the necessity for maintaining comparable operations. TRADE ASSOCIATIONS The more than 100 trade associations in Morocco cover most sectors of the economy. Practically all business firms, large and small, belong to an associa- ciation. The name and address of the association are included in the Trade Lists. The Confederation Generale Economique Marocaine — CGEM, whose membership is principally non-Moroc- can, is the largest of the trade associations and acts as a sort of federation of industry in Morocco. The CGEM is located in Casablanca. There is no American Chamber of Commerce in Morocco. However, there are several foreign chambers of commerce, notably: French, Italian, Belgium-Lux- embourg, Spanish, and British. In addition, there are two mixed chambers, i.e., Morocco-Dutch and Mo- rocco-Czech. Moroccan businessmen are represented by 14 cham- bers of commerce and industry in the more important cities throughout the country. The chambers are elec- tive and operate as quasi-governmental organizations. Since foreign commerce is concentrated in the hands of non-Moroccans, although not limited to them, these chambers have affected the operation of foreign trade but very little. However, Moroccans are now playing a larger role in commerce, and the chambers may be- come more effective. FAIRS The largest fair in Morocco — the Casablanca Inter- national Fair — is held every spring in Casablanca and draws 600,000 visitors. In 1964, some 25 nations par- ticipated, including the United States, France, West Germany, Great Britain, Communist China, Italy, Spain, and Belgium. The United States also mounted major exhibits in 1957-1960 and 1962. Foreign ex- change is provided for the importation of goods shown at the fair. It is, therefore, possible for the exhibitor to obtain a foreign exchange allocations which might otherwise be unavailable to him. American firms de- siring to participate in official U.S. exhibits at this fair 46 should contact the Office of International Trade Pro- motion, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, I). C, 20230. A number of other cities have fairs, usually during the spring and summer. The most important of these are held in Marrakech, Fes, Mekncs, and Kenitra. Consulate General full particulars, preferably in French, on the products they wish to market in Mo- rocco as well as their specific requirements for an agent or distributor. If there does not appear to be a potential market, the Consulate General will so inform the firm and give his reasons. OFFICIAL REPRESENTATION Morocco's representation in the United States con- sists of the Embassy at 1601 Twenty-First Street, N.W., Washington, 1). C, 20009, and the Consulate General at 342 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y., 10017. The Moroccan Trade Information Center is located at 10 East Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y., 10016. The American Embassy is located at 6 Avenue de Marrakech in Rabat; a branch office is maintained in Tangier at Chemin des Amoureux. The Consulate General in Casablanca, where the Commercial Officer has his office, is located at 1 Place de la Fraternite. The Consulate General in Casablanca publishes a pe- riodic commercial newsletter in French, which is sent to almost 1,000 leading business firms throughout the country. Announcements of firms seeking sales or representation in Morocco are included in the news- letter when the products or services have, in the opin- ion of the Consulate General, a potential market in Morocco. If given notice of at least 1 month, whenever pos- sible, the Consulate General will try to obtain, through individual personal contact, the names of potentially interested firms for follow-up by representatives of U.S. firms during visits to Casablanca. Firms wishing to avail themselves of this service should give the ADVERTISING Advertising is accepted by both the daily and the weekly press. French-language papers have the largest circulation. The leading daily papers, all published in Casablanca, are Le Petit Marocain, La Vigie, La Nation, and Maroc Informations, an economic news- paper. Espana, published in Spanish in Tangier, cir- culates largely in northern Morocco and southern Spain. Arabic dailies generally have but a small circu- lation. Weekly papers in both French and Arabic also generally have very small circulations. La Vie Econo- mique, a weekly dealing with economic developments, is widely read in commercial circles. Local movie houses show advertising, both slides and short films. The ads are prepared and distributed by Agence Havas Marocaine. 8 Rue Colbert, Casa- blanca, and Universal Publicite. Immeuble des Im- primeries Reunies. Rue Mohamed Smiha. Casablanca. The radio and television network does not accept advertising. Although there are advertising agencies in Morocco, they are small-scale operations. Cherifienne d'Editions et de Publicite, 71 Rue Allal Ben Abdallah. Casablanca is associated with an international group, which in- cludes an American agency. 47 APPENDIX A. Notes to the Business Traveler HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONS There are a number of first-class hotels in the major cities of Morocco. Rooms are generally available in the hotels, but it is advisable to make reservations. In Casablanca, single rooms with bath cost between $10 and $15 per day, including tax and services. Double rooms cost between $12.50 and $17.50. Rates are generally slightly lower in other cities. A hotel is now under construction in Rabat and will probably be com- pleted in 1965. FOOD AND CLOTHING The major cities all have a variety of restaurants, most of which serve French food. Several good Moroccan restaurants can be found as well as some serving Indochinese and other dishes. In Casablanca, a continental breakfast costs $1, includ- ing taxes and service; a dinner, $3 and more. But, in first-class hotels, a dinner costs between $5 and $6. Prices are comparable elsewhere in Morocco. Morocco has a generally temperate climate. Summer clothes that are normal in America can be worn from May through October. For the rest of the year, wool business suits and a light topcoat are recommended. Laundry services provided by hotels are excellent and are performed in less than 24 hours. Costs approximate those of first-class hotels in the United States. Dry cleaning service is also available, but not in 24 hours. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION Morocco's internal transportation system is well developed. Most of the major cities are connected by rail. Buses also run on regular schedules and provide adequate transportation. In- ternal air service is at present available between Casablanca and Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, and Tangier. Taxis are readily available in all the centers. Normally, there are two types, the grand, or the American sedan, and the petit, or small European car. In Casablanca, taxis are metered and cost 9 cents plus 20 cents per mile for the grand taxi, and 8 cents plus 10 cents per mile for the petit taxi. From 8 p.m. in the winter and 9 p.m. in the summer to 6 a.m. these rates are increased by 50 percent. Tips average 15% of the fare. In Rabat, taxis are not metered ; charges are made there on a zone basis and average about the same as in Casablanca. Automobiles may be rented in all the major cities at rates which are comparable to those in the United States. Two American car rental firms have representatives throughout Morocco. The road system in Morocco is generally in good conditions, and driving times are comparable to those over similar distances on two-lane roads in the United States. Premium gasoline costs about 60 cents a gallon. Service sta- tions are located in all the towns, but competent mechanics can be difficult to find outside the major cities. PASSPORTS AND VISAS Citizens of the United States on a visit to Morocco need have only a valid U.S. passport. A visa is not required. No vaccina- tion or inoculation certificates are needed. Immunization against smallpox, typhoid, and typhus is recommended. Cars owned by temporary visitors may be admitted freely on presentation of the registration documents from the country of origin. After 6 months, the car is subject to normal customs formalities. Persons proposing to establish residence in Morocco are sub- ject to more stringent regulations. They must register with the police and must have any work contracts approved by the Government. 48 B. Bibliography Here is a select list of reference on Morocco in French. None of these publications are available in English. GENERAL ECONOMY Annuaire Maritime, Commercial et Industrie! du Maroc. 292 pages. Published annually by Agence Public-Maghreb, 70, Rue Ibn Ratouta, Casablanca, Morocco. Annuaire Marocain. Published annually by Imprimeries Re- unies, Casablanca. Annuaire Statistique de la Zone Francaise de Maroc. Provides information on climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, industry, land tenure, finance, consumption, and labor. Pub- lished annually by former French Protectorate's Statistical Service, Casablanca. Bottin du Maroc. Societe Didot-Rottin, 195, bis Roulevard Saint Germain, Paris 7, France. Bulletin Economique et Social du Maroc. Published by Societe d'Etudes Economiques, Sociales et Statistiques, Recette Pos- tale, Rabat-Chellah, Morocco. Bulletin Mensuel de Statistique. A monthly report printed in Rabat by the Moroccan Government since September 1957. Statistiques de Mouvement Commercial et Maritime du Maroc. Published annually by the Ministry of Commerce and In- dustry. Geographie du Maroc. Obtained at Librairie Delagrave, 15 Rue Soufflot, Paris Vie, France. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT La Situation Economique du Maroc en 1960. Published by the Ministry of the National Economy, Rabat, 1960. Tableaux Economiques du Maroc, 1915-1959. Contains valuable maps as well as statistics. Published by the Ministry of the National Economy, Rabat, 1960. Plan Quinquennal 1960-1964. Published by the Ministry of the National Economy. AGRICULTURE Perspectives de l' Agriculture Marocaine. Published in 1949 by Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines, Rabat. FINANCE Bulletin de Documentation Financiers. Contains information on financial regulations and taxation as well as economic statis- tics. Published by the Moroccan Government's Ministry of Finance, Rabat. Bulletin Officiel. Published weekly by Imprimerie Officille, Avenue Jean-Mermoz, Rabat. Etudes et Statistiques. A monthly publication by the Rank of Morocco, Rabat. Finance Publique du Maroc. Obtained through M. Champion, Ministre de l'Economie Nationale et des Finances, Rabat. FOREIGN TRADE Bulletin Mensuel d'Information. Published monthly by Office Cherifien de Controle et d'Exportation, Casablanca. Note de Documentation. Contains official currency allocations for imports. Published monthly by the Ministry of Com- merce and Industry, Rabat. LAROR AND SOCIAL Le Maroc and Travail. An analysis of Morocco's social struc- ture with emphasis on distribution of labor. Published by the Ministry of Labor and Social Questions, Rabat, 1960. Naissance du Proletariat Marocain. Published by Peyronnot & Co., 33 Rue Vivienne, Paris. Liste des Associations Professionelles. Printed annually by Chamber of Commerce et d'Industrie de Casablanca. Repertoire des Establissements Industriels. Printed by Direc- tion de l'lndustrie, Rureau de la Documentation et du Fichier Industriel. Rabat. Morocco. MINES Mines et Geologie. Published by Direction of Mines and Geol- ogy, Rabat, 1963. Etat des Statistiques de Productions, des Exportations et des Ventes Locales Minieres. Published monthly by the Direction of Mines and Geology. Rabat 49 TABLES Table I. -National Income, and 1963 1952, 1956, 1960, Year Gross national product [millions of dollars] Gross domestic product [millions of dollars] Per capita income [dollars] 1952 1,681 2,072 1,850 2,125 1,546 1,831 1,640 1,893 180 1956' 1960 202 159 1963 162 1 Former Southern Zone only. Southern Zone referes to the section of Morocco that previous to 1956 was a French protectorate and was known as French Morocco. Source: Central Statistical Service, Statistiques du Mouvement Commercial et Maritime du Maroc, Rabat. Note: The data in table 1 and all the other tables with dollar figures for 1956 and for 1960-63 are based on the following conversion: 1956, $1 equals 350 Moroccan francs; 1960-63, $1 equals 5.01 dirhams. Gross national product — GNP represents the total production of goods and services in Morocco plus imports minus exports. Gross domestic product — GDP represents the total production of goods and services in Morocco without regard to foreign trade. HOW THE JETTY DBLURE WAS BUILT: A 100-ton crane on that Casablanca harbor jetty positioned the concrete blocks. Table 2. — Moroccan Foreign Trade, First 15 Countries, 1 1956, 1960, 1963 [Value in millions of dollars] Trading partner France United States .... Cuba West Germany . . . Italy United Kingdom. . Netherlands Belgium- Luxembourgh . . Sweden U.S.S.R Communist China Spain Poland Czechoslovakia. . . Algeria All others Total France West Germany . . . Spain United Kingdom . . Italy Belgium- Luxembourgh. . Netherlands Algeria Cuba U.S.S.R Poland Communist China Czechoslovakia . . . United States .... Sweden All others Total 19562 Valu Percent of total 1960 Value Percent of total 1963 Value 213.1 39.1 14.3 21.1 12.9 13.7 14.3 12.3 6.3 0.1 19.7 1.3 2.6 1.6 9.2 62.8 444.4 178.6 23.1 5.9 18.7 20.6 8.6 9.1 13.7 0.3 0.2 3.5 0.3 8.8 4.3 43.4 339.1 Imports Exports Percent of total 48.0 204.8 49.1 190.4 8.8 37.6 9.0 44.7 3.2 19.8 4.8 27.1 4.8 19.0 4.6 25.8 2.9 14.0 3.4 19.6 3.1 14.0 3.3 14.2 3.2 9.0 2.0 13.8 2.7 7.8 1.9 10.4 1.4 5.6 1.3 8.8 Nil 6.6 1.6 7.2 4.5 7.2 1.7 6.9 0.3 7.7 1.9 6,8 0.6 3.4 0.8 6.5 0.4 2.2 0.6 6.0 2.1 4.8 1.1 4.0 14.0 53.8 12.9 56.5 100 417.3 100 448.7 42.4 10.0 6.0 5.8 4.4 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 0.9 12.6 100 52.7 144.0 40.2 159.5 6.8 32.8 9.1 32.3 1.7 12.4 3.5 22.7 5.5 23.6 6.6 19.7 6.1 17.6 4.9 17.1 2.5 10.8 3.0 13.8 2.7 9.0 2.5 12.7 4.1 27.2 7.6 11.8 0.1 (4) Nil 9.6 Nil 3.6 1.0 8.2 1.0 3.0 0.8 6.5 6.6 1.9 6.3 0.1 1.8 0.5 6.0 2.6 10.1 2.8 5.7 1.3 4.0 1.1 4.5 12.8 52.1 14.5 52.2 100 358.6 100 388.6 41.0 8.3 5.8 5.1 4.4 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 13.4 100 1 Countries are ranked according to their position in 1963. 50 Table 3. — Moroccan Foreign Trade by Major Trading Areas, 1956, 1960-63 I Million- of dollars] 10 m 1960 1981 /»«* 1963 Trailing area Value Percent of total Value Permit of total Value Percent of total Value Percent of Mai Value Percent of total Imports 473.7 38.8 89. 1 13.7 1.3 77.8 61.6 8.7 8.8 3.1 0.8 17.5 254.8 42.8 37.6 14.0 7.7 60.4 61.0 10.3 9.0 3.3 1.9 14.5 282.1 34.2 47.3 13.6 0.2 68.1 62.5 7.6 10.5 3.0 1.4 15.0 241.5 51.5 58.2 12.9 6.1 59.9 56.1 12.0 13.5 3.0 1.4 14.0 260.0 60.2 44.7 14.2 6.8 62.8 57.B 13.4 10.0 3.2 1.5 Others 14.0 444.4 100 417.3 100 451.6 100 430.1 100 448.7 100 Exports 240.0 4.9 8.8 18.7 5.9 00.8* 70.8 1.4 2.6 5.5 1.7 18.0 214.3 16.2 10.1 23.6 12.4 82.0 59.7 4.5 2.8 6.6 3.5 22.9 201.5 20.7 10.1 24.4 16.9 72.8 58.2 6.0 2.9 7.0 4.0 21.0 206.6 29.7 9.7 22.2 13.9 70.4 58.6 8.4 2.7 6.3 4.0 20.0 235.5 41.1 5.7 19.7 22.7 63.9 ■o .. Sino-Sovict bloc 1 10.6 1.5 United Kingdom 5.1 5.8 16.4 Exports, total 339.1 100 358.6 100 346.4 100 352.5 100 388.6 100 1 Cuba, though not in the bloc in 1956, is so included for comparison with the years 1960-63. Table 4. — Trade Balance by Major Trading Area, 1956, 1960-63 fMillions of dollars] Trading area Common Market. Sion-Soviet block 1 United States United Kingdom. Spain Other countries. . , Total 1950 1960 1961 1962 - 33.7 -40.5 -80.6 -34.9 -33.9 -26.6 -13.5 -21.8 -30.3 -27.5 -37.2 -48.5 +5.0 +9.6 + 10.8 + 0.3 +4.6 +4.7 + 10.7 +7.8 -17.0 +21.6 + 4.7 + 10.5 - 105.3 -58.7 -105.1 -77.6 1963 -24.5 -19.1 -39.0 +5.5 + 15.9 + 1.1 -60.1 1 Cuba though not in the Soviet bloc in 1956, is included for comparison with the years 1960-63. Table 5. — Balance of Payments, 1956, 196062, and Estimated 1963 I Millions of dollars] Table 6. — Imports and Exports by Commodity Group, by Percent Chance Between 1956 and 1963 Item Goods and services Exports, f.o.b Imports, f.o.b Services Private capital Government operations Errors and omissions Changes in foreign exchange holdings 1956 1960 1961 1962 -141 - S3 - 61 - 64 + 343 +882 +368 + 353 -414 -386 -420 -405 - 70 - 29 - 4 - 12 + 19 - 30 + 1 - + 295 + 188 - 56 + 65 -316 - 2 - 40 - 21 -14:1 + 73 - 44 - 20 1968' - 45.8 + 387.0 - 435.0 + 2.2 - .39.2 + 55.2 - 13.6 - 43.4 1 Unofficial estimate. Official figures for 1963 arc not available. Commodity group Imports Exports Foodstuffs -17.8 -44.7 +68.8 + 242.9 + 32.5 +25.0 + 14.5 -13.4 + 1.0 + 15 6 -42.3 Raw materials + 22.1 — 24 6 +30 Finished products 0) - 14 3 + 4.0 Total + 14 S ' F.xports were less than *50,000 in 1963. 51 Table 7. — Moroccan Imports from the United States of Agricultural and JSonagricultural Products, 1956,1960-63 Item Imports, total millions of dollars Imports from United States do Imports from United States percent of total Imports from United States of agricultural products millions of dollars'. Imports from United States of agricultural products percent of total imports from United States. Imports from United States of nonagricultural products millions of dollars Imports from United States of nonagricultural products percent of total imports from United States . 19561 1960 1961 1962 444.4 417.3 451.5 430.1 39.1 37.6 47.3 58.2 8.8 9.0 10.5 13.5 6.2 17.1 30.3 38.3 15.9 45.5 64.1 65.8 32.9 20.5 17.0 19.9 84.1 54.5 35.9 34.2 448.7 44.7 10.0 23.1 51.7 21.6 48.3 Table 8. — Moroccan Imports of Selected Commodities, 1956 and 1960-63 [Total imports in millions of dollars] Commodity 1956 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1960 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1961 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1962 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1963 Total imports Imports from US as percent Total Foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco Fresh meat Milk Butter Cheese Seed potatoes Other potatoes Coffee Tea Durum wheat Hard wheat v . . . Corn Rice Wheat flour Tobacco Sugar Cocoa Wine in barrels Wines, liquors, etc Miscellaneous Energy, lubricants Coal Gasoline Kerosene Gas and fuel oils Lubricating oils Paraffin Bituminus products Miscellaneous Animal or vegetable origin products Peanuts Oleaginous seeds and beans Other seeds Peanut oil Sawed raw wood Wool, hair Drill and rags Miscellaneous 444.4 113.1 .8 3.7 3.4 4.2 .3 1.8 5.3 18.1 1.7 (') (') (') 2.2 42.0 .4 .1 1.9 25.1 29.1 1.9 16.3 2.1 7.7 2.5 .9 .1 1.2 29.5 2.3 (<) 1.2 1.7 8.1 .5 .1 19.7 8.8 18.7 .5 1.0 1.5 m 46.9 (') P) (») 33.0 1.0 2.0 15.3 2.7 13.1 3.1 .1 P) 11.1 1.5 84.4 .1 16.9 .2 .3 24.4 417.3 9.0 451.5 10.5 430.1 13.5 89.0 7.9 18.9 105.7 .1 3.3 2.8 2.4 1.1 .8 4.3 10.0 .1 11.3 (') .5 2.2 2.9 35.8 .3 .1 1.0 10.0 30.6 7.1 1.9 99.8 27.5 60.0 37.0 .3 .1 4.8 1.8 .1 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.4 .9 2.9 11.4 .8 22.8 (') 1.0 4.1 36.9 .2 .1 1.3 21.0 31.7 7.3 3.2 100.0 63.4 89.4 24.1 .1 15.8 1.7 (') 3.4 2.7 1.5 2.5 .6 3.6 11.0 1.3 21.0 0) (') 1.5 3.0 39.5 .3 (') .7 13.1 17.2 12.5 4.2 99.8 93.6 ( s ) 100.0 31.6 .1 .3 35.5 3.3 1.2 9.1 1.9 10.2 3.2 .8 .8 3.3 37.1 2.4 1.6 ( 2 ) 7.1 4.4 3.3 1.2 8.7 2.0 10.5 3.4 .9 .9 4.2 41.5 2.5 3.3 (?) 5.2 6.5 (') .4 24.7 1.0 3.7 .8 2.9 3.3 1.2 .9 3.4 44.0 .1 1.8 P) p) 6.9 21.4 .5 24.3 2.0 1.1 .4 1.1 8.0 .8 .1 23.7 100.0 15.5 38.6 46.8 2.5 1.2 1.2 .3 10.7 .7 .1 24.8 98.2 28.1 17.0 .1 29.2 35.1 3.9 1.6 .1 1.1 10.7 1.0 .2 25.3 99.2 42.8 35.5 448.7 93.0 0) 3.9 3.9 2.0 1.9 .5 5.7 10.1 .3 7.3 ( l ) (') 3.8 4.0 38.5 .2 (') 1.1 9.7 16.1 1.3 .5 .5 .4 3.4 .8 1.0 8.3 49.8 1.9 .4 .2 (') 13.2 1.2 .3 32.7 10.0 10.4 2.8 4.0 8.3 5.7 50.6 (') P) 100.0 3.1 .1 .1 4.0 1.8 .4 .5 P) .1 3.4 19.1 .9 .2 31.7 91.5 21.5 47.0 52 Table 8. — Moroccan Imports of Selected Commodities, 1956 and 1960-63- | Total imports in million* of Hollar* | f • ri t ■ ri i j t .1 Commodity ioar, Total import* Import! from US at percent I960 Total importt Importt from US a» percent I MI Total importt Import! from US at percen' I'f,: Total import! Importt /mm fft a! percent 196$ Total import! Import! from IS ■ Mineral origin products Nat ural sulfur Miscellaneous Sc mi I'm i. In-, I products Hinders and hydrous cement Chemicals Fertilizers Raw paper products Industrial lumber Synthetic yarn Cotton yarn Ceramic products Unfinished and unworked glass Raw silver, platinum Ferrous tubes, pipes, castings Metallic frameworks Metallic wire, and cable except electrical Hardware except for home use Plates, sheets Wire, bars, sections Copper Electrical wire and cable Miscellaneous Finished agricultural equipment Agricultural machines Agricultural tractors Miscellaneous Finished industrial products Solid and pneumatic industrial tires. . . . Professional tools Jute sacks Railroad machinery Tanks, metal drums Machine tools Boilers Machinery spare parts Piston engines Extractive equipment Pumps, compressors Food industry machinery Miscellaneous machinery and apparatus Crushing machinery Lifting and handling equipment Textile machinery Electric motors Electrical switches, circuit breakers Railroad rolling stock Tractors other than agricultural Industrial vehicles Industrial vehicle spare parts Boats Miscellaneous Finished consumer products Medicines and drugs Toilet articles and perfumes Tires except for industrial vehicles Finished paper Printed fabrics except cotton 1.5 .3 1.* 08.9 .5 5.8 1.9 5.5 .7 P) .7 .5 1.8 P) 2.6 P) .6 1.0 6.3 7.4 1.6 2.0 24.7 2.1 1.3 1.1 59.9 5.6 .8 2.4 1.1 1.2 .9 .4 1.4 4.9 1.5 1.7 1.1 3.2 .9 1.9 .6 1.7 1.0 1.3 .1 7.1 1.6 2.1 15.5 138.1 7.4 2.1 3.6 1.9 13.2 56.8 3.6 6.1 3.8 .2 (') P) 1.3 (') (') 0) (') .8 1.4 (') 2.5 .6 4.2 7.2 63.0 46.1 10.2 42.6 9.4 1.9 .1 6.7 3.5 35.8 35.7 83.0 19.6 1.6 10.1 21.2 9.6 16.1 5.9 1.9 3.1 32.5 46.5 59.9 16.0 42.0 2.4 2.5 4.9 12.9 .3 2.1 74.9 18.2 6.7 4.7 .1 2.4 78.7 10.2 5.1 .2 2.9 80.1 13.9 4.6 .1 5.9 3.6 6.2 .5 4.3 1.7 .3 .9 (') 2.3 .6 .5 1.2 8.8 7.8 1.9 1.0 27.3 1.9 1.1 .1 .2 1.2 3.8 6.5 7.2 8.1 .3 .1 .6 .9 11.2 22.0 .1 6.1 4.0 6.2 .4 3.9 1.3 .5 .7 o 3.0 .9 .5 1.4 10.1 9.3 1.5 .8 27.9 2.1 3.0 .1 .6 1.8 2.3 1.3 6.6 ( l ) .2 .4 .5 12.7 22.3 .2 6.7 4.8 6.4 .3 5.0 2.1 .7 .8 0) 2.8 .5 .5 1.6 9.1 9.6 1.7 .9 26.4 4.1 2.2 .1 .8 1.4 .7 .3 .9 4.3 5.4 2.5 5.8 P) C) .5 1.3 12.2 18.0 1.3 1.4 .6 39.7 14.1 2.0 11.0 19.7 42.3 2.6 9.8 1.5 2.0 .6 23.9 18.5 1.4 11.6 5.4 .7 1.2 .2 .4 1.8 .1 .3 5.9 2.3 2.0 .8 3.6 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.0 .6 .6 .3 2.2 .7 .1 18.3 113.5 5.2 5.4 2.8 .1 1.3 17.2 2.5 7.3 2.5 22.7 12.8 22.8 12.4 14.7 6.9 5.4 6.4 2.1 .4 14.4 3.8 1.8 19.8 4.7 4.4 .7 1.4 .3 .5 2.4 .4 .4 3.8 1.8 2.4 .7 5.4 1.3 1.7 2.4 1.2 .7 3.0 .2 2.4 .4 1.2 21.0 118.8 4.2 2.8 8.0 1.0 7.9 .7 8.0 19.6 60.2 10.7 3.4 3.0 14.8 2.1 .1 4.7 1.9 .4 50.2 8.0 4.6 11.7 3.9 4.1 .7 1.5 1.3 .2 2.0 .2 .3 6.1 .9 2.3 .6 4.2 1.3 1.2 2.8 1.5 .8 .8 .3 2.2 .2 1.1 18.3 119.5 3.5 3.0 13.7 2.7 8.8 17.9 7.6 17.S 50.1 18.6 1.9 5.6 15.6 5.7 .7 5.4 2.4 .6 72.7 7.3 10.4 15.2 1.3 .5 .1 .7 3.2 9.1 1.3 .7 4.3 2.5 .6 2.0 .2 .7 .3 10.7 1.2 .7 5.3 2.5 .7 .1 .9 .7 1.3 11.8 1.0 .7 6.7 2.9 3.5 .1 3.3 91.3 .2 7.5 4.8 8.0 .3 6.5 2.0 .6 1.0 P) 2.4 .6 .4 1.7 9.9 10.4 2.4 1.0 31.6 2.5 2.0 .9 2.S .9 1.4 1.0 .2 2.3 .2 .5 7.2 1.5 2.2 .9 5.7 1.2 1.7 4.3 2.0 .8 1.9 .9 4.4 .5 .3 24.5 119.6 .9 .6 3.1 12.1 .9 .7 4.9 2.S 6.3 13.1 3.9 2.7 .1 1.9 1.2 C) .1 .1 .8 1.3 7.0 2.8 7.0 C) C) .3 1.4 9.3 16.8 14.7 24.8 5.3 9.5 7.7 3.8 1.2 .5 7.1 10.8 7.9 11.8 49.7 13.0 11.4 7.5 7.7 8.9 C) 39.0 2.0 C) 72.0 1.6 4.0 10.4 .1 .6 6.4 53 Table 8. — Moroccan Imports of Selected Commodities, 1956 and 1960-63- [Total imports in millions of dollars] -Continued Commodity 1956 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1960 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1961 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1962 Total imports Imports from US as percent 1963 Total imports Imports from US as percent Finished consumer products, continued Synthetic and artificial fiber fabrics. . Wool and hair fabrics Cotton fabrics Printed cotton fabrics Knitted articles Wearing apparel Household and furnishing linens Shoes Tableware Glassware and finished glass products Money, silver Household hardware Household refrigerators Radios Passenger automobiles Passenger automobile spare parts . . . , Bicycles and motorcycles Miscellaneous Industrial gold 11.8 1.1 5.5 6.1 1.9 3.9 1.0 1.2 ( 4 ) 2.4 2.0 5.1 19.7 3.7 2.4 34.3 10.6 m 5.8 1.1 .7 5.8 2.1 2.4 ( s ) 2.8 (<) .5 51.9 1.2 16.2 38.2 .7 7.7 14.6 2.9 10.6 3.1 1.1 .8 .9 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.2 18.1 4.6 1.7 24.1 13.5 2.3 (?) 16.4 10.0 1.3 2.0 .4 .9 1.6 8.6 .7 6.5 12.8 .6 14.8 2.2 10.8 2.3 2.3 4.8 1.0 2.4 .8 .8 2.5 2.0 1.1 1.3 18.1 4.1 1.8 25.4 4.0 3.4 .1 15.5 6.3 .1 1.8 .4 .2 .1 1.0 .8 5.3 .1 3.7 12.1 1.1 3.3 13.3 2.3 10.1 1.7 2.0 5.4 1.0 .8 .8 2.1 .8 1.9 14.5 6.4 2.1 25.5 1.4 6.7 .1 22.3 11.9 .6 .4 .2 .1 ( 2 ) 1.6 .6 5.1 .2 12.2 9.9 2.1 3.9 14.5 2.5 10.4 3.4 1.3 3.4 .8 1.1 2.4 1.3 14.8 8.0 26.8 1.4 3.6 .1 19.4 7.7 .1 3.0 (') .6