427 / \ S ?ATES 0< " S NOAA Technical Report NMFS. Ocean Variability in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976 Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes, Editors July 1979 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulars are technical publications of general interest intended to aid conservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series. Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management in- vestigations appear in the Circular series. NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circulars are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D822, User Services Branch, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852. Recent Cir- culars are: 365. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of ver- tical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972, iv + 17 p., 8 figs., 3 app. figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 366. Key to field identification of anadromous juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. By Robert J. MacConnell and George R. Snyder. January 1972, iv + 6 p., 4 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 377. Fishery publications, calendar year 1970: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. December 1972, iv + 34 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 378. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora. By Arthur C. Borror. September 1973, iii + 62 p., 5 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration processes. By K. K. Almenas, L. C. Durilla, R. C. Ernst, J. W. Gentry, M. B. Hale, and J. M. Marchello. October 1972, iii + 175 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 368. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study, Florida: Phase I, area description. By J. Kneeland McNulty, William N. Lindall, Jr., and James E. Sykes. November 1972, vii + 126 p., 46 figs., 62 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 369. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidae) in the western Atlantic. By Henry A. Feddern. November 1972, iii + 10 p., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington, D.C. 20402. 370. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the California Current region. By David Kramer, Mary J. Kalin, Elizabeth G. Stevens, James R. Thrailkill, and James R. Zweifel. November 1972, iv + 38 p., 38 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 371. Ocean fishery management: Discussion and research. By Adam A. Sokoloski (editor). (17 papers, 24 authors.) April 1973, vi + 173 p., 38 figs., 32 tables, 7 app. tables. 379. Fishery publications, calendar year 1969: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. April 1973. iv + 31 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 380. Fishery publications, calendar year 1968: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. May 1973, iv + 24 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington, D.C. 20402. 381 . Fisherv publications, calendar year 1967: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 22 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 382. Fisherv publications, calendar year 1966: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. July 1973, iv + 19 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 383. Fishery publications, calendar year 1965: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 12 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By Thomas A. Manar. October 1972, iv + 24 p., 1 fcg. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.F. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 384. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Higher plants of the marine fringe. By Edwin T. Moul. September 1973, iii + 60 p.. 109 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 374. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Annelida: Oligochaeta. By David G. Cook and Ralph O. Brinkhurst. May 1973, iii + 23 p., 82 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 385. Fisherv publications, calendar year 1972: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. November 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 375. New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. By John H. Day. July 1973, xiii + 140 p., 18 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 386. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Pyc- nogonida. By Lawrence R. McCloskey. September 1973, iii + 12 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 376. Bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf. Nova Scotia to New Jersey. By John B. Colton. Jr. and Ruth R. Stoddard. June 1973, iii + 55 p., 15 figs., 12 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 387. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. By Raymond B. Manning. February 1974, iii + 6 p.. 10 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover ^Q MMQs^ 'Wf NT Of NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 427 Ocean Variability in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976 Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes, Editors July 1979 MARMAP Contribution No. 146 (Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction Program) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richard A. Frank, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries en o The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which "has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction, by Julien R. Goulet, Jr 1 Summary, by Julien R. Goulet, Jr 3 Papers 1 Atmospheric circulation in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 11 2 Atmospheric climatology and its effect on sea surface temperature - 1976. by Robert R. Dickson and Jerome Namias 19 3 Eastern Pacific sea surface conditions in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 35 4 Sea surface conditions in the western North Atlantic in 1976. by Julien R. Goulet and Elizabeth D. Haynes 43 5 Anomalies of monthly mean sea level along the west coasts of North and South America, by Dale E. Bretschneider and Douglas R. McLain 51 6 Coastal upwelling off western North America, 1976. by Craig S. Nelson 65 7 Oceanic conditions during 1976 between San Francisco and Honolulu as observed from ships of opportunity, by J. F. T. Saur and Douglas R. McLain 77 8 The 1976 El Nino and recent progress in monitoring and prediction, by William H. Quinn 93 9 Sea surface temperature anomalies, by Douglas R. McLain Ill 10 Fluctuations of sea surface temperature and density at coastal stations during 1976. by Douglas R. McLain 151 11 Data on cold weather conditions along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts during the fall and winter of 1976-77. by J. Lockwood Chamberlin and Reed S. Armstrong 167 12 Wind driven transport Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico, by Merton C. Ingham 175 13 Sea surface temperature distribution from Cape Cod, MA, to Miami, FL, 1976. by Joseph W. Deaver III 209 14 Water column thermal structure across the shelf and slope southeast of Sandy Hook, NJ, in 1976. by Steven K. Cook 231 15 Anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies off the northeastern United States during 1976. by David Mizenko and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 259 16 River runoff along the middle Atlantic coast in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 281 17 Climatic conditions related to the fish kill and anoxia off New Jersey during the summer of 1976 by Reed S. Armstrong 289 18 Variations in the position of the Shelf Water front off the Atlantic coast between Georges Bank and Cape Romain in 1976. by John T. Gunn 301 19 Temperature structure on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1976. by R. Wylie Crist and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 315 20 Continuous plankton records: zooplankton and net phytoplankton in the Mid- Atlantic Bight, 1976. by Daniel E. Smith and Jack W. Jossi 337 21 Siphonophore ("Lipo") swarming in New England coastal waters — update, 1976. by Carolyn A. Rogers 349 22 Bottom water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during spring and autumn, 1976. by Clarence W. Davis 353 in ABSTRACT Some responses of fisheries resources to natural climate-ocean variability in 1976 are summarized. Emphasis is on the U.S. Fisheries conservation Zone. Areas in which the United States has an established fishery or commercial interest in a local fishery are also considered. Contributed papers present various aspects of the marine climate in 1976. IV Ocean Variability in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976 INTRODUCTION Julien R. Goulet/ Jr.' Ocean varia.biJLi.ty in the U.Si fishery Conservation Zone/ 1976 is the third volume 2 focusing on the effects of natural ocean variability (including climate scale events) on distribution and abundance of fishery resources. The objectives of this series a re : 1. to provide resource managers with an overview and assessment of the status of the environment in terms of large area and long time scale natural processes and their possible effects on marine fishery resources/ and 2. to provide researchers with an information source on the ocean properties and processes influencing fishery resources . These three volumes have been prepared by the program management office of the Marine Resources Monitoring* Assessment* and Prediction (MARMAP) 3 program of the National Marine Fisheries Servi ce (NMFS) . The MARMAP program is a national program of NMFS providing information needed for management and allocation of the nation's marine fishery resources. The program encompasses the collection and analysis of data to provide information on the abundance* composition* location* and condition of the commercial and recreational marine fishery resources of the United States. MARMAP also considers the physical and chemical processes influencing fishery resources. 'Resource Assessment Division* National Marine Fisheries Service* NOAA* Washington* DC 20235. 2 J. R. Goulet* Jr. (compiler)* The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974. U.S. Dep. Commer.* NOAA* NMFS* MARMAP Contrib. 104; J. R. Goulet* Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)* Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975* U.S. Dep. Commer.* NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. 3 For information* contact Chief* Resource Assessment Division* NMFS* NOAA* Washington* DC 20235. 1 INTRODUCTION C h ange ( cur re modu La not o but a L g raphy physic during meteor ag enc i i n corp v at i on s in physi nts/ temper tion of bioL nly Long-te so their d i s / as a su a I / chemical PAR MAP an olcgicaL od es . Fishery orated into Zone/ 12Z6- cal and chemical properties of the ocean ature/ nutrients/ etc.) and the associated ogical processes directly or indirectly affect rm yields and annual abundances of fish stocks* tribution and availability. Fishery Oceano- bprogram of I V 1ARMAP/ includes the analysis of / and biological oceanographic data collected d other NMFS surveys and from oceanographic and erational and research activities of other Oceanography provided much of the information Qcean Variability in the LKS . Fishery Conser- Elitorial Cutl_ook The areas of interest for Ocean Variability in the U^S. Fishery Conservation Zone/ 12.16 are the United States' Fishery Conser- vation Zone* established by P.L. 94-265 (Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976)/ and the areas of fishery resources outside our Zone in which we have an established fishery or a market inter est. The papers in this document can be categorized as data products/ event notices/ or topical summaries. Analytic papers/ while important for understanding the processes controlling ocean variability and conseouent effects on fishery resources/ should be submitted to journals with a broader perspective. Preliminary or summarized research results/ where appropriate/ may be included in the papers contributed to this series. The d focus s e lee c I i rr a s e I e c resou p r ope resou i nc re i nf lu resou small d i s t r of th a ta pro on a I ted mer t e-ocea t ed/ or r ce s . r ti es r ce s . a sed to ence s . r ce man works i but i on e full du c t i no i t el y n p d ev Topi and The pre l n ager ho p of do cu S/ eve ed t i m on ava ropert e loped cal s asses numbe sent m f utu r s i n a to d the su ment a nt not e i nte ilabi I i es o / for u m m a r i sment r of ore in e yea more eve lop mmary s a PA ices rva I ity. r i thei es p of the form rs time th in d RMAP / an . Th Rat ndi c r si rov i pot se at i o we h ly m e n raft con d to e dat her/ es o gni f i de ov ent i a topi c n on ope t ann er ecess form t r ibu pi cal a produ product f proc cance t erv iews I effe al sum possi b o provi This ary i n prior tion. summ ct s s w esse o ma of ct s mar i le de t ma form to an es s hou I hich s sh r ine c lima on es s env i r he su y in at i on dist should d not be port ray ould be f i shery te-ocean fishery hould be onment a I mmary to volve a / and a r i but i on We thank our many contributors/ who made this volume possible. We welcome criticism/ comments/ and suggestions for improvement of future volumes in this series. SUMMAR Y Julien R. Goulet/ Jr The effects of ocean variability on U.S. marine fishery resources can best be summarized within the context of the broad-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions surrounding our area of interest / the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone. The variability of the environment within the Zone is controlled by conditions and processes in the overlying atmosphere/ at the coast/ in the open ocean beyond our Zone/ and along the bottom within our Zone. The capers contributed to this document present a synthesis/ not necessarily analytic/ of the conditions and processes affecting the U.S. marine fishery resources during 1976. This summary first, focuses on the overlying atmosphere/ which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the North American continent. The conditions at the U.S. coast/ in the open ocean beyond our Zone/ and along the bottom are summarized in turn. Following this/ the responses of marine fishery resources to the variability of their environment are estimated. A t mosp her e Conditions are considered at the 700 mb level/ the height of approximately the lower third of the atmosphere. This is high enough (about 3/000 m above sea level) to be free of surface friction/ ana thus reflects the Large-scale conditions and events taking place in the atmosphere. It is also low enough to be completely within the troposphere/ that part of the atmosphere which interacts with the ocean. Two salient features of the atmosphere in 1976 were the continuation of stronger than average westerly winds over the Morthern Hemisphere oceans and a return to lower latitudes of the subpolar low pressure anomaly cells. The variations in westerly wind strength and position influence patterns of upwelling and offshore wind driven transport as well as sea surface temperature distributions. These in turn influence several resource species Resource Assessment Division/ National Service/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 23235. Marine Fisheries SUMMARY such a h e r ri n Howeve ch anqe 1976 p more differ much more i cont i n over t in 19 subt ro P a c i f i coast conseq condi t that a s At La 9- T r/ the s in ressur close L ences . weaker nt ens e en ta L he Roc 76. pi cat c. T penet r uen t ions o re a . nt i c he h i g thei e an y t Th th and tro ky M The hi gh hat at i o Ca Li ve r menha st rong h L e v e r annu oma Ly han t e S i b e an in cove ugh/ ount a i t roug press it was n of P f o r n i a the ea den/ we L pr a L a patt hose rian 1974 red loce ns i h i ure ove ac i f dr st er Paci s ter L essur ve r ag e rns of high . Th broa ted n 197 ndi c? belt r the i c st ought n sea fie i es e pa es o at 7 197 Lat e su de r over 5 / w ted ex te eas ab Le I boar mack have tt e rn ver t 00 mb 5/ b i t u d e bpo L a area the as ov a con ndi n g tern high t a Ls d and ere L / pers s have he Las re sem u t wi high r Low s . T Great e r the t inent acros s eaboa press o i ndi great and i sted under t thre ble th th a pre ssu pres su he N o Plain east a L wea s the r d i n d ure co cated e r pre Atla sin gone e ye ose few re re c rth s in e rn keni Atla i cat ndit more c ipi nt i c ce dr ars . of impo cell ells Ame 197 sea ng o ntic ed a ions uns tati sea 1971 . as t i c The 1974 rt ant was were ri can 4 and board f the and west / and table on in The pattern of seasonal pressure anomalies (differences from 30-yr seasonal averages) showed a striking change from summer to fall in 1976. In 1974 and 1975/ the annuel average anomalies were dominated by the winter anomalies. In 1976/ the fall anomalies were so intense that they dominated the annual average. Winter 1975-76/ with extremely Tiild east coast conditions/ had a zonal distribution of pressure anomalies (the anomalies tended to line up zonally/ or along latitude lines). There was essentially no continental trough/ whereas 1974 had a trough over the Great Plains and 197 5 had a deep trough over the Rockies. By fall 1976/ the pressure anomalies had become meridional (the anomalies tended to line up along meridians)/ indicating extreme wave (north -south ) conditions in the actual pressure distributions. Extreme wave conditions preceded both the winter of 1917-18 and that of 1976-77/ the two coldest winters of record in the eastern Un i t ed States. Hayne s during action atmosp At lant ocean pr esen coast i ndex in th This c the co and tu (Pape 1976 s bet w her i c ic (Go su rf a ted st in f a I of the e Sou an be as t s o na in r 1) een cond ulet ce at i s I 19 Sou th P co r r f Ch thos pres Dicks the a i t ion and cond i tics 78 an t hern ac i f i el at e i le a e are ent ed on an t m o s p s ove Hayne t ions on th d win Osc i c ass d wit nd Pe as . a su d Nam here r the s/ Pa C e ext ter 1 llati oc i at h upw ru / a mmar y o i as (Pa and the Paci f i per 4) h amber I r e m e c 977. Q on/ a p ed with e I li ng nd with f at m per 2 ) sea s c (Hay also in and o n d i t i u inn ( h enome the s along the a osph di s urf a nes / pre Arm ons Pape non out h the buna en c c cussed ce . Su Paper sent ed strong a long r 8) di of t he east t r equator ance of i r cu I the i mmar i 3) an the (Pape the s cuss at mos ade w and anc h at i on nt e r- es of d the open r 11) east ed an pher e inos . off ove t a SUfiMAR Y Coast Very I Ocean Haynes At Lant peak i n ex trem Chesap ex ceed Octobe cont i n The co surviv ittle information on coastal conditions was compiled for Variability in the U.S. fishery Conservation Zone/ 19 76 . (Paper 16) summarized river runoff into the Middle ic Bights where the volume flow showed an early spring/ g in February instead of March or April. There also was ely high flow in October when precipitation in the eake drainage basin exceeded 300% of normal. Precipitation ed 15 0% of normal over the entire Appalachian Range in r. This extreme precipitation was associated with the ental trough and extreme wave conditions in the atmosphere, nsequent runoff into the Chesapeake Bay influenced the al of oyster spat. McLain (Paper 10) summarized fluctuations in temperature and density at coastal stations from Maine to Florida/ Florida to Texas/ and Alaska to California. The densities at a tide station at Kiptopeke Beach/ VA/ at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay/ had a large negative anomaly in November/ one month later than the extreme flow in the Chesapeake. The early onset of the cold 1976-77 winter was shown by positive density anomalies in New England/ a consequence of early freezing and decreased runoff. Negative temperature anomalies in fall 1976 extended along the entire east coast. They began in midsummer south of New Jersey. Bretschneider and McLain (Paper 5) summarized historical data (1931-75/ with some gaps in coverage) showing variations in sea level along the Pacific coast. Unfortunately/ the 1976 data were not available to them. Changes in sea level over broad ocean areas can be related to shifts in wind patterns/ upwelling regimes/ etc./ and may be indicative of conditions affecting certain resource species such as Pacific mackerel. OpeQ Ocean The conditions in and beyond the Fishery Conservation Zone were summarized by Haynes (Paper 3) and Goulet and Haynes (Paper 4). Dickson and Namias (Paper 2) presented a summary and analysis of the 19 76 conditions. The eastern North Pacific/ which began 1976 with a smaller reservoir of warm surface water than in previous years/ continued to cool. By the end of the year the sea surface temperatures were anomalously cold. Heat storage (average tem- perature/ 0-100 mb) in the Pacific/ discussed by Saur (Paper 7) also was lower in 1976 than in 1975. The central North Atlantic does not have as strong an influence on conditions in the Fishery Conservation Zone as does the eastern North Pacific. It is downwind of the Zone and is isolated from it by a strong frontal system/ the Gulf Stream. SUMMARY The charts of temperature anomaly (McLain/ Paper 9) do not show any significant patterns/ either positive or negative/ in the open ocean waters. Ingham (Paper 12) presented maps of Ekman transport off the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1976/ the meridional (north-south) component was generally more negative (more to the south) than the average in the open Atlantic. This indicates a stronger westerly wind component (stronger zonality) than average/ which will adversely influence survival of certain species such as menhaden. Bottom The time s h a I affe bott has r eve of M Sank wate may recr deme her r bott af lowe ct in om w bee rs ed a i ne / re rs be ui tm rs al i na . om d feet r wa g th ate r n a i n and sume t ook exp ent spa oes ing ters e ma s in wa 1975 the d th Pi ec t e of wn in not p U.S. at I r i ne the rmi ng . In autu ei r w ace d d th bott g spe rov i ma r east env i Gulf t r 197 mn t a rmi espi at om c ies de a s i ne f i /the ronmen of Ma end s 6/ the emper a ng t re te the bottom dwe 1 1 i such ourc sher bott t . i ne i nee spr ture nd. col wa ng s as w e of y r e om d Dav i and 196 ing S/ b Thi d au ter pec i int e ener sour c oes m s (Pa over 8/ th tempe oth t s war tumn t emp es su r f I gy o es . odif per Geor ough ratu here ming air erat ch a ound r var Neve y th 22) d ges B it w res i and in tempe ures s sea er a iab i I rthel e or is cus ank . as pa n th over the rat ur affe seal nd A i ty in es S/ in ocesses sed the The re rt ia I ly e Gulf Georges bottom es . It ct the lops or 1 1 ant i c Armstrong (Paper 17) discussed the anomalous bottom anoxic conditions leading to a massive fish kill off New Jersey. Crist and Chamberlin (Paper 19) provided a summary of the bottom temperatures south of New England. No information was available on the broad Bering Sea shelf. System R espong.es How did respond charts o i n f o rmat N a m i a s ( and 50 negative not i ce ab of f s ho re condi t io South At are a Is Gou let a At I ant i c remai nde congrega the to t f s i on Rape km . at le. wa t ns lant o ch nd H co r o te en v i he s ea on r 2) Ihe th e Th er s in ic 6 arte ay ne as t f t in ronm ur ro su rf seal pre cha beg i ese of t the ight d by s (P we r he area ent undi ace es o sent nge nnin cha he e B er / Mi McL aper e p year s a of ng v t em f on ed a of a c of nges as te ing ddle a i n 4) . osi t nd the aria pe ra e mo n an noma the par rn N Sea Atl and Th i ve Fast dept U .S ble ture nth a ly s lies yea alle ort h / Gu ant i disc e t e thro -sw i hs . F i she cond i t i anoma and 100 is on s along r t o po I the o P a c i f i If of A c Bight us s ed b mreratu ugh Jul m m i n g where t ry ons ly km/ ca le the s i t i ppos c . I ask / an y Ha re a y an fish empe Conse in 19 (Rape w h i I s of Pacif ve at i te c The a/ Gu d Gu ynes noma I d neg sue ratur rvat 76? r 9) e Di thr ice the hang sea If o If (Pap i es ati v h es s ion McL pr ckso ee m oast en es i su f Me of er 3 a Ion e f o as uit Zone a i n * s ovi de n and ont hs f rom d is n the rf ace xi co/ Mai ne ) and g the r the tuna their SUMMAR Y prefer ences species. Temperatures effect the growth rates of many He L s o n coast area h Sept em e x t rem in No i ndi ce These brouqh i ndi ce t r acke t rop i c the gr (Pa fro ad e be r e ly vemb s th i nd t u s of a th al P owt h per m t xt re th Low er . roug i ces p w the e de a c if and 6) pre he GuL me Ly rough i n d i c e The hout t prov ith u S out h ve Lopm ic . S abund sent f of Low Dec s in CaL he y ide pwe L ern ent tron ance ed th A Las i ndi ember Apr i if orn ea r info Led Osci L of EL c EL of P e upwe ka to ces i Th l-May* i a Cur except r mat io water. L at i on Ni no- Nino- 1 e ruv i a LLi ng Baj a C n Jan e GuL July rent r i n n on a Gui (trad type a ype ac n anch i ndex ali f orn ua r y-Fe f of through egion h Apr i L va i Labi nn (Pa e wind c t i v i t y t i v ity oveta . a Lo ia. brua A Las Se ad e and Lity per rela i n is d ng The ry ka ptem xtre Jul of 8) xat i the etr i the sou and also ber, me Ly y-Au nut r pres on) ea ment west t hern from had and high gust. i ent s ented wh i ch stern al to The wind driven transports along the east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico were discussed by Ingharn (Paper 12). In February-March the transports were anomalously strong to the southeast along the U.S. east coast. During Novembe r-De cembe r/ anomalously strong southwest transports persisted. In the Gulf of Mexico* anomalously strong northwest transports persisted from October through December. Onshore wind -driven transport is extremely important to survival of Atlantic menhaden larvae. Gunn (Paper 18) mapped the Water front along several front in 1976 was signific 1975. The energetic st state (extreme wave patter cold winter- Deaver ( temperature along the east data set/ obtained from a the early spring and col presented the changes in Jersey. The early spring set. The nearshore surf spring* and a relatively f beyond the Shelf Water/ early spring runoff shown distributions of Shelf Wa overwinter survival of salinities due to high unfavorable to shellfish. a nnua I marc t ransects of ant Ly more v ate of the f ns) of the a Paper 13) p coast from irborne radi d autumn o water colum of 1976 was ace saliniti resh su rf ace Slope Water by Haynes in te r and S lop At lanti c h r unof f * wit h of the Shelf Water/Slope f the U.S. east coast. The ariable than in 1974 or ront mirrored the energetic tmosphere and preceeded the resented the sea surface Florida to Maine. This ation thermometry* reflects f 1976. Cook (Paper 14) n thermal structure off New also evident in this data es were much reduced during Layer sometimes extended front. (Note the extremely Paper 16.) The relative e Water may be important to erring larvae. Lowered h associated turbidity* are Smith and Jossi (Paper 20) discussed variations in plankton populations in the Middle Atlantic Bight by season and water mass* and also in a warm core Gulf Stream eddy. Named species may be considered as water mass indicators. Armstrong (Paper 17) discussed the anoxic bottom conditions off New Jersey. This was SUMMARY a response to the early spring warming/ with runoff of fresher/ Lower density water overlying ocean waters and suppressing mixing throughout the water column/ and the consequent oxygen depletion by biological activity. Mizenko and Chamberlin (Paper 15) presented data on the formation of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eadies and their migration through the Slope Water south of Mew England. Eadies create fast/ localized currents which can submerge marker buoys and move lobster and crab traps when the eddies impinge upon the upper continental slope. The total number of eddy days was reduced in 1976 compared with 1975/ with the summer quarter showing the greatest reduction. Why the Gulf Stream had a lower energy state/ as shown by the number of eddies cast off/ compared with the Shelf Water/Slope Water front/ is a puzzle. Rogers (Paper 21) provided an update on the swarming of siphono- phores in New England coastal waters. The "lipo/" or slime/ which fouls fishing nets/ was mild in 1976 compared with 1975. Re.sp.gnse of Fj_sher^ Resources What can be said about the response of marine fishery resources to the 1976 status of the env i ronment ? We can comment on only a few fishery resources. These comments must be considered only as best estimates rather than as definitive statements. The 1976 year class of Pacific above-normal upwelling. This has h arvest . mackerel was favored by been reflected in the 1977 Larval menhaden were not favored by the wind-ariven transport conditions in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Recovery of the Peruvian anchoveta fishery may be delayed by tne mild 1976 El Nino conditions. - Anoxia in bottom water off New Jersey haa little effect on finfish recruitment/ although many adults died. All age groups of shellfish suffered high mortalities. Decreased Slope Water on Georges Bank favored herring larvae survival in the fall. Later survival was adversely influ- enced by the severe winter that followed. Extreme runoff in October affected crab recruitment in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The following cold winter also was adve rse. The October runoff was detrimental to survival of the oyster spat in Chesapeake Bay. SUMMARY E£.sp.qnse to P£.ior lears Because marine fishery resources integrate the effects of their environment through their lifetimes* and because the Lifetimes of many species are Longer than a few years^ it is appropriate to comment on 1976 responses to prior years* conditions. The continued warming of bottom waters in the G u ^f of may adversely affect the recruitment of Lobster. Mai ne The catch of Atlantic menhaden was up about 30% in 1976 compared with 1975. The increased catch was not a response to increased fishing effort. This fishery was primarily on the 1974 and 1975 year classes. These year classes were stronger than could have been expected from the wind-driven transport in those years. Was the increased catch a response to increased abundance caused by some as yet unidentified environmental or biological factor? Or was it due merely to the increased availability of fish that were swimming in denser or shallower schools because of some eaually unknown influence on their behavior? What is the relation between the abundance of summer bottom-spawning/' short-finned squid and bottom temperatures on the outer continental shelf and upper slope south of Mew England? The 1975 year class/ fished in the fall of 1976* was 10 times more abundant than normal. The bottom temper- atures were about 1C warmer than normal in late spring ana early summer. The spawning area of the short-finned squid has not been identified* and so the environmental influences cannot be studied. What i bottom of se p re cip 1974 t emper s ix t ie B ecaus years* I and in t emper over al ( about s the wat a sc i tous and atu re s and e sea a co gs atu re I wa 1.5C conne ers an a I lops ly in reache s in have sea 1 1 rrel at wi t hou and o rmi ng ) is n ct io d th th the d t the gone ops ion t btai of ow h n be e re ere? late heir autu thr are cann obt a ni ng Geo e Ipi tween appea Se s i xt 196 mn on ough ha rve ot be i ni ng laQg rges ng re the w ran ce a sea ies . 5 lev Georg an une sted a run b a ed cor Bank cru i tm arming in comrn Hop I They be el in es Bank ven inc t ages et ween longer re I at io bottom ent of of er ci andi gan 19 fel reas grea temp t i m ns . wat e sea Geor a I q ngs i nc r 76. I in e s i t er erat e s Per rs s sea I ges uant dec easi B the nee than ures eri e haps ince lops Bank i t i es li ned ng in ot torn late then. four and s of the 1963 SUMMARY LITERATURE CITED BARKLEY* R. A. 1976. Temperature and dissolved oxygen define skipjack tuna habitat. In J. R. Goulet* Jr. (compiler)* The environment of the United States Living Marine Resources - 1974* p. 10-1 — 10-2. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin.* Natl. Mar. Fish. Ser./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Prooram) Contrib. 1C4. GOULET* J. R .* Jr.* and E. D 197 8. Ocean variability: resources - 1975. U.S. C ire . 416* 350 p. RAYNES (editors). Effects on U.S. Dep. Commer.* NOAA marine fishery Tech. Rep. NMFS 10 Paper 1 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN 1976 Elizabeth D. Haynes In the North Atlantic/ 1976 was characterized by pressure patterns near normal in position but more intense than usual. The winter storms were severe/ but tracked farther north than normal allowing mild conditions to penetrate northward. In June an anomalous and persistent high pressure center settled over western Europe/ creating a severe drought for nearly four months. 3y October/ the ridge progressed to the east and the weather returned essentially to normal. At the year's end/ winter North Atlantic storms harrassed the shipping lanes. Surface pressure patterns in the North Pacific also were near normal in position/ on the whole/ but more intense than usual. Air flow over the area south of the Gulf of Alaska was more zonal than usual until the last quarter/ when a persistent ridge along the U.S. west coast forced surface winas to back (rotate counter- clockwise) and become southwesterly. Farther south/ north of 2 ON/ surface conditions approximated the long-term (1948-70) mean. In the equatorial Pacific/ wind and pressure patterns resembled those of 197 2/ witn a weakened southeastern Pacific suDtropical high/ and Southern Hemisphere storms passing to the north of their usual tracks. At the 7CG mb level/ winds were much stronger than average all year. Northern Hemisphere flow was primarily zonal the first quarter/ with troughs and ridges beginning to develop in April. Deepening continued through the summer/ though zonal flow persisted over the North D acific. A strong blocking ridge became 'This paper is summarized from the Atlantic and Pacific logs in ^aLiQ§.LS Weather Log/ Vols. 20 and 21# the weather and circulation articles in Monthly Weather Review/ Vols. 10*4 and 135/ and contributions in the Proceedings of the NOAA Climate Diagnostic Workshop/ NOAA/ November 4-5/ 1976/ Washington/ DC. Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235. 11 Paper 1 established over Europe throughout the summer. The pattern retrograded in October* with well-developed meridional flow continuing through November. The pattern reverted to more zonal flow conditions by the end of the year. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 show anomalies/ or departures* of the 700 mb surface from a 30-yr (1941-70) mean height. The annual and quarterly anomalies can be compared to those for 1974 and 1975 (Goulet and Maynes 1978). In general* sea surface temperatures tend to be warmer than normal* ana seas calmer* under areas of positive height anomaly* whereas cooler and stormier conditions prevail under areas of negative height anomaly. These interactions in 1976 are more fully discussed by Dickson and Namias in Paper 2 . January - The high and low pressure centers over the North Atlantic were slightly closer together and more intense than average* bringing record high winds and severe storms to western Europe. Positive pressure anomalies extended over the ocean from 2 3N to 6 ON. In the North Pacific the pressure distributions were near normal in position but more intense than usual* and storm tracks tended to be about 5 degrees north of their average locations. Fast mid-latitude westerlies and a three-lobed wave pattern with broad troughs characterized the 700 mb circulation* with a strong ridge along the U.S. west coast which deflected storms northward to Canada and Alaska. .February - There were more storms than usual in the North Atlantic* and their tracks were far north of normal (the majority of the storms crossed the coast north of Nova Scotia). Surface pressure was normal in outline* but more intense. There was a +14 mb closed high anomaly over western Russia* and a -17 mb anomaly trough paralleling the west coast of Greenland. Pressure was above normal over all of the Pacific north of 25N* with a +75 m height anomaly at the 700 mb level (+9 mb at the surface) in the center of this area. The 700 mb wave pattern smoothed this month* with very strong westerly winds a few degrees north of normal. These brought near record high temperatures over all of the United States except the northwest corner. March - The overall pressure pattern on the North Atlantic was near normal but more intense than usual with a -18 mb anomaly near Iceland and a +11 mb anomaly from 15N to 5CN on the central ocean . 12 Paper 1 The number of storm centers traversing the North Pacific was far above normal . They moved eastward/ tracking progressively farther north to the latitude of Seattle/ and east of 1oGto recurved cy cloni cal ly / with the majority moving toward and over the Bering Strait. The Aleutian low was far to the east of its usual position. A high pressure cell covered most of the eastern Pacific south of 45N- The 700 mb pattern of fast zonal flow produced the highest March wind speeds since records began. Record breaking warmth persisted into March over most of the United States. £p.£ii " I n the North Atlantic/ the month was relatively storm free^ with storm centers concentrated northwest of a line from Newfoundland to Iceland. A ridge stretched northeastward from the Azores high to 50N/ 15W/ where pressure was nearly 10 mb higher than normal. In the North Pacific there were more/ but smaller and less intense^ low pressure storm centers than normal/ and they tracked more nearly east than the normal northeasterly direction. The anomaly pattern was weak/ with a negative anomaly trough over the Aleutian Islands associated with the primary concentration of storm tracks. Fast/ zonal 73 mb flow persisted across the Pacific/ but a trough developed off the U.S. west coast/ a ridge over the Great Plains/ a trough off the U.S. east coast/ and a pronounced ridge west of Europe. Ma^ - Low pressure storm centers formed farther off the U.S. east coast and were fewer in number than normal/ but followed the usual storm tracks across the North Atlantic. There was a -12 mb anomaly centered in the Icelandic low/ with a large area of mildly positive anomaly south of 45N. The number of storms in the North Pacific was near normal/ but they were more widely dispersed than usual. The Pacific high and Aleutian low remained stronger than normal. Mean 700 mb flow across the North Pacific was flat and stronger than normal/ while waves developed over the continent with a trough over the U.S. west coast/ a ridge in the western United States/ and an eastern trough west of the Appalachians. Mean flow over the western North Atlantic flattened and strengthened considerably/ while an anomalous low developed above the surface low/ and the ridge intensified over Scandinavia. June - North Atlantic storm paths originated in Ungava Bay/ moved southeastward to 50N/ 35W/ then recurved toward Iceland. None crossed the British Isles or the European continent. A strong 13 Paper 1 ridge nort h-nort heastwa rd from the Azores high brought high temperatures and drought conditions to northwestern Europe. The western North Pacific was dominated by a strong surface high pressure cell. The pressure gradient was very weak/ and the paths of the storm centers were diffuse. At 700 mb/ there was a trough at 175W/ and a subtropical ridge over the eastern Pacific/ which progressed eastward to bring the west coast trough over the western States. There was an anomalous strengthening of the subtropical jet stream approaching the southwestern United States/ while pressures rose to the east. The trough south of Greenland deepened/ and the ridge over western Europe strengthened. Jul.y_ - The North Atlantic was relatively quiets with diffuse cyclone centers. The sea level pressure pattern was near normal for the month. The few storms that reached Europe did not alleviate the drought or ease the record-breaking heat. The North Pacific storm tracks were about 5 degrees farther south 3nd more easterly than normal into the Gulf of Alaska. There was an anomalous surface low at 55M/ 180W/ with lower than normal pressures over the entire eastern North Pacific. The 700 mb flow over the Pacific was fast and zonal between the Gulf cf Alaska low and a strong subtropical high northwest of Hawaii. The western U.S. trough retroaraded into the eastern Pacific. Ridging over the Great Plains induced a strong trough over eastern North America. The strong blocking ridge over Europe continued/ extending southward from a +55 m 700 mb height anomaly over the North Sea. August - The major North Atlantic storm centers traveled eastward from the Gulf of St. Lawrence^ then curved northeasterly and passed into the Denmark Strait. The usual storm paths south of Iceland and across the British Isles were not followed this month. Hurricane Belle brought heavy rainfall tc Long Island and southern New England. The principal North Pacific storm track was from Japan northeast- ward into the Bering Sea. The sea level pressure pattern closely matched the cl imat o log i ca I mean for the month/ although pressures were slightly lower (-5 mb ) than normal over the Aleutian chain. The 700 mb wind flow was zonal between 40N and 5CN across the entire Pacific Ocean. Troughs lay over both coasts of the United States/ with a ridge over the central States. A deep low over the Davis Strait intensified the d rought -produci ng ridge over western Europe. 14 Paper 1 September - Ext rat ropi ca L storm activity in the North Atlantic was Less frequent than usual this month because of a strong (+13 mb anomaly) surface high in this area. One storm/ bred in the Denmark Strait* brought England 4 inches of rain in 24 hours/ with winds to 78 knots; it was the worst in 2 5 years but did not break the dr ought as the water ran off the dry soil. In the Pacific, the surface pressure ,jas lower than usual/ and the high was displaced westward. The Aleutian low was 7 mb deeper than normal/ sustaining strong westerly winds. Hurricane Kathleen/ the first tropical cyclone to hit California in 37 years/ brought heavy rain to eight western States. Over 2 inches of rain fell in Death Valley/ and in the San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys crop losses were severe. The mean 7C0 nab circulation showed a three-lobed pattern/ with closed lows over the Alaska Peninsula/ Baffin Island/ and Franz Josef Land. Strong zonal westerlies persisted over the Pacific north of 4 CM . The trough deepened off California and the downstream ridge lay over the Rockies. The trough over eastern North America deepened. The persistent ridge over Europe retrograded and a trough became established over Scandinavia and the British Isles/ extending toward the Azores. October - host of the North Atlantic storms occurred in the second half of the month/ following the historical tracks from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to south of Iceland or from the U.S. east coast to northern Europe. The pressure centers were near their long-term mean locations/ but were more intense than normal. A trough extended from a -12 mb anomaly center over Land's End southeastward across France. A high north of the dlack Sea ridged to a +14 mb anomaly over northern Norway. Surface pressure on the North Atlantic west of 5GW was within 1 mb of the cl i mat oloo i ca I mean. There were fewer storms than normal in the Gulf of Alaska. They originated farther east and south than usual and tracked toward British Columbia. The pressure pattern resembled the long-term mean/ but with a counterclockwise shifting of centers. There was a -6 mb anomaly center near 5QN/ 175W/ and a +7 mb anomaly center sout h of Si t ka . At 700 mb the Aleutian low persisted over Bristol Pacific subtropical high/ and Bay/ but the consequently the area of strong zonal westerlies/ retrograded 30 deg of longitude position of iJie previous month/ and 15 Paper 1 center south of Ireland* extended from Italy to the Great Lakes. No.y_embe.r_ - The western North Atlantic was rough sailing this month. The major storm tracks ran from near Cape Hatteras to east of Cape Race and toward Iceland* or else recurved into the Labrador Sea. Surface pressure patterns were more intense than normal. The two centers of the Icelandic low were displaced southwestward/ while the Azores high was shifted northeastward. There were fewer* but larger than normal* Pacific storms* originating in the Sea of Japan and tracking northeast into the western Bering Sea* or east to the date line then northeast and north into the Gulf of Alaska. The pressure pattern was much deeper than normal with a significant surface trough extending south between 160W and 155W from a -10 mb anomaly over Bristol Bay. The Pacific high was split into two* with a +8 mb anomaly over western Montana diminishing to the south-southwest towards 30N* 135W* ana a + 4 mb anomaly center near 30N* 170E. The 700 mb I ev e I showed one major trough paralleling the Asian coast and another extending from Dutch Harbor south-southeast toward 3CN* 150W. The normal ridge over the Rockies was higher and sharper than usual* and a trough sloped southwestward from Labrador across the central United States. Flow was west -sout hwester ly and more intense than normal over the North Atlantic shipping lanes. December - Normal cyclonic activity occurred from Nova Scotia to the Davis Strait and from Newfoundland through the Denmark Strait* as well as up the U.S. east coast. Four successive storms on this last track battered the grounded oil tanker Arco Merchant* and the fourth one took the Grand Zenith as well. In the Pacific* storms tracked along the Aleutian chain into the Gulf of Alaska. The low was near its usual position* but was 13 mb deeper than normal. High surface pressure dominated the coast south of British Columbia. At the 700 mb level* flow was more nearly zonal than in recent months* but with a ridge over the U.S. west coast* a broad trough over the east coast* a high over Iceland with an associated flat ridge* and a low over Scandinavia. LITERATURE CITED G0ULET* J. R.* Jr. and E. D 1978. Ocean variability: resources - 1975. U.S Circ. 416* 350 p. HAYNES (editors). Effects on U.S. Dep. Commer.* N0AA ma r ine f i shery Tech. Rep. NPFS 16 igure 1.1. — Annual mean height anomalies of the 700 mb pressure surface for 1976. Contour interval is 15 m. Hatched shading is < — 15 m; stippled shading is > + 15 m. 17 Figure 1.2 — Quarterly mean height anomalies of the 700 mb pressure surface for 1976. Contour interval is 15 m. Hatched shading is <-15 m; stippled shading is >15 m. 18 Paper 2 ATMOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE - 1976 Robert R. Dickson 1 and Jerome Namias The year 1976 saw the continuation of t westerly flow which has tended to charac over much of the Northern Hemisphere for (Namias and Dickson 1976; Dickson and Nami is important to note that 1976 also saw the and reversal of this tendency with a progre the circulation as the year progressed. We these changes as follows. A winter o relatively high latitudes over the Atlantic was followed by continued westerly vigor in a return of winds and pressure belts to mo Thereafter/ amplification of the flow pro summer as a dominant blocking ridge bui Europe with shortening of wavelengths ups amplification of the circulation was establishment/ on average/ of a full lat the upper westerlies. To some extent/ each features of the circulation was reflec distribution of 700 mb height anomaly for this figure/ for example/ the well-bevel North Atlantic oscillations are clearly dominant ridges over the western seaboard northwest Europe. However/ in a year when was change itself/ a single "mean annual this provides a less meaningful illustratio the individual maps of circulation ano These are described in detail below. he te ri the as 1 app ssi v may f re and spr re gres It t rea comp i tud of ted 1976 oped sh s of the " di n of maly abno ze t pas 978) a ren e am cru cord Pa ing norm sed over m/ a lete e 5- th i n t (F Nor own/ Nor ke st r i ev fo rmal he c t f H t C plif de ly wes ci f i acco al t h ro no nd i d wave ese hem "»g. th P as th A y d buti ents r ea ly i rcu i ve owev u Imi i cat sum ter I c s mpan lat i ugho rt hw n fa with sy s com ean 2.1) aci f ar mer i eve I on s th ch s strong lat i on years er/ it nat i on i on of mar i ze i es at ect ors i ed by tudes . ut the estern 11 the the tern in ponent annua I ; in i c and e the c a and opment uch as an do eason . Winter 1975-76 displayed many of the circulation characteristics of the preceding season and indeed of the preceding year. As shown in Figure 2.2/ intense subtropical ridges dominated both M.A.F.F. Fisheries Laboratory/ Lowestoft/ Suffolk/ England Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ La Jolla/ CA 92C37. 19 P aper 2 the easte of their western N Coup Led eastern G record i maritime confining noted t ha ana 75 N o value sin than no r zonal win S c andi nav the nort h upper we in Decemb ci rculati periodica continued the st ron ana/ wit cont i nent without extensive across t c y c log ene the eas J anua ry/ A t I ant ic maximum suttropi c (south of to we ake Western H t endenci e temperate averag ing intensiti situation of t roug h a whole with r idg f r eque nt with mild country. rn Pa c i nor ma ort h A with i reenlan nt ens i t air i a re t i t , in D ver the ce re co ma I be a no ma i a In h e of nor ste rl y e r (Tau on ove 1 ly ex t hrou g w e s t e haw s , th e am pi i t As ian he w es sis the tern P "Wind s av er ag ax is." al rid 3 5 NO r n f rorti em i sph e s cant wes te t he i r es of r was so i ng at was c ha ing in c h inoo ma ri t i fie and I pos it merica ntense s d/ these y ove r nto nor c air pi ecember/ Western rds bega tween 6 ly was d re the mal arou wind spe bensee 1 r both pandi ng qhout t r I i es we eaker/ hemi sphe ude . ridge w a tern an re ana r aci f i c peeds ac ed o t (Wagner gi ng ove ever sed De cember re in Ja inued f r I ies ( se cond ecord in mewhat a the west racteriz the we st k winds me air a no rt ions and ubpo ce t he ther asse "Th Hem n in ON eve I main nd t eds 976a oce s ou he re I more r i c Peri s ab d c ei nv (Tau ross o 9 1 r bo thei to nua r or 35N- hi Feb Iter ern ed b b ri at cros h At an the lar Us We n N s to e 70 i sph 194 and oped jet he A aver ) . ans/ t hwa wi nt arge mer wave odi c le t ent r igor bens the m/s 976a th o r no more y ( the 55N) ghes ruar ed i Amer y in ngin the s niu lant i c d t ren f ri n low s , deve I stern orth hi ghe mb p ere av 8, and 65N." betwe st rea t lanti aged 1 This p gener rd to er . A ly a f id i ona patt ally o i n j a I Pa at i ng ee 19 easte st ro ) . ceans/ rma I s than Wagner remai and t and y (Die n Febr i can s tense g drou eas ter eh of , lyin ding n ges o on ave oped Hemi s Ame r i c r lati lar w e raged as mu 1 n abs en sou m axis c rid 0-15 m att ern ally p more gain^ eature I flow ern a t h roug e ct a c i f i c , sout hw 76a; rn Pac nge r Meanwh the s easona 3 m/s 1976 nde r sub their kson 3 ua ry w eaboar high I ght to n s lop t he no g we orth f n rage po la phe r a a tude este 7.8 ch a olut ther was ge. /s f of olew u as i of ove s a hout ret i st este Wag i f i c than i le , ubt r I st be lo a), of t rop Lowe 1976 ith d, t atit the e of rthe 11 t east orth , ov r w e r nd s . r lie m/s s 5 e t e n G def In aste vigo ard sua I n pr the r th wh th c a imu I r ly ner and no w opi c reng w no Bo the i ca I st, a) . the he U ude sou the rn o the ward to west Eu er Alask este r I ie driving Europe , Wagner ( s betwee , the hi m/s st r rms/ the reen land lected f this r t han n rous wes of norma I a t i t evious y ocean e i n t e r v ole was e wint e ir sout at i ng in flow a 1976a). the e rmal nea ith in al weste t hening rmal ove th of winter, weste respect i Though establis -S. wi nt westerly t hwest , Rockies part of nort h cover rope . a and s of mild and 1977) n 55N ghest onger pe ak and ar to zone, orma I ter ly I but udes, ears , areas eni ng not r an hward tense cross In nt i re rthe tense rli es trend rthe these with r lies ve ly, the hment er as f low with , and the No relation to present author 20 P aper 2 With seaso antec and the w the w c Loud combi preex of t thee south ridge to m water ( . 6 C cell cont i ridge ear Li remov strip the p the the c e as te i c a L the t the ns eden Nam i i nt e e st cov ned i st i he ast an ext a int cen ) f to t nued a Lo er ed. w a r ev i Nor t oast rn m idt r ade conti nu ove r b t d is t r as 197 r of 19 and cen er f ao L w ith ng be L t nor tJne r of Japa d east ending ai n an t e r ed o rom t he he east to p r ft exte coo Li ng As a r rmed c ou s f a L h Pac if once m Pac if i c ropos ph w i nd s a t i o n of oth oce i but ion 8) was 76. The traL Nor d front high of anom n North n this c of this between d inten n 30N/ 1 previou ward/ th e v a i L a L nding we (north esu Lt / w onsi de m L (Dicks i c c o Ld ore/- ref ridge a ere west at surfa the ans/ of s cons f re th P act i west a Lou Pac oLd co Ld Ha wa si f y 5 W . s se e co ong LL i er Ly hi Le bLy on a su rf Lee t nd t er Li ce L vi go it urf ac oL i da quent a c i f i vi t y / er Ly s Ly c i f i c anoma zone i i an an Cor ason oL co the A n Land win sti L from nd Na ace c i ng t he re es/ w eve L . rous i s p e tern ted r i n j e c (wi and wind old w (Fig. Ly ex the d wes a rea e ano to + 2 nditi meri c / the ds a L be the mi as ondit he no su Lt i ith a wes te e rhap pe rat ather ct i on t h as surfa spe ate r 2.2) ceede easte tern of a maL i e .1F ( ons o an se pri nd c L ow co Ld 19^8) i ons rthwa ng we ttend r Ly s no u re tha s of soci ce eds aero I d 2F rn P Nort bnor s he + 1.2 f a aboa me oast norm cond A e xte rd d a kne ant regim su rp anom n des arct ated water to ss t h n its (1 .1 ac if i h Ame ma L Ly re ro C). ntece rd. st imu a L u al/ i t i on t Low nded i sp La ss of st re e of rise a Ly t roy i c eye L di main e f u cor C). c at r ica war se b FLan dent But/ Lus pwe L thi s s ob er L west ceme the ngth previous that the (Di ckson ed during ai r over ogenes i s/ vergence) tain the LL width e area to To the mospher i c was ab Le m surface y over 1 F king this seasons with the for the Ling ) was coast a L served in at i tudes/ ward from nt of the subt rop- ening of As with At Lant ic to that w e L L be Newfound r e f Lee te record L oca L i ze appear s no rt hw es air and the ear coo Li ng^ the e as at mosphe south) howeve r/ were nee the we r of t Low Land d t i nte d co to b terL occa Ly p a L tern r i c a i rf mea e ssa Pac i e ge he p no r a r he nsi t oL in e at y f si on art imi t se ri dg low . nt t ri Ly fie ner a rece maL/ ea arct y o g in Lea Low al r of t ed a abca e su T hat of sector L Ly co di ng f cent and i i c ai f win the G st par f rom ecor d he win rea of rd wh ppor te he na this s L i mi te / w i nt oL wit all. ers of n the r f low d spe ulf of t Ly th the w Low te ter . warm ere t d an r row / out her d lati er t h an Bui I int Gu off eds Mex e re est e mpe r Bet w surf he ano zon Ly f tudi emper a nom di ng ense If o the offs ico L~ su Lt rn ri at u re ee n t ace w wes t e ma Lou a I a Low a na L e atu re al y d on te coo I i f Me wi nte hore; -4F ( of pe dge w s to hese at e r rn L s so I i gnm nd th xtent s in i st r ib mperat ng dev x i co . r cont the -2.2C) r iodi c hi eh b the Gu two ma was ma imb of ut her L ent o e i nd the ut io ures e Lop Th i nen se at but roug Lf in c i nt a the y ( f th uced we nsi al ed i e f t an vere the in ht a coas ente ined Atl from is r wa stern mi Lar ready n the orme r d the but core] tense ret i c t in rs of off ant i c the idge/ rmi ng Many elements of the winter circulation were maintained into §QliQ9- As shown in Figure 2.3/ faster than normal mid-latitude westerlies continued to prevail in both the Pacific and Atlantic 21 Paper 2 sector and st the I over A moved return with the 70 with weaken more s Lack o arctic Little S/ t rong ow he Laska west ed to a we mb pa rt i ing o out he f amp air sout he p subt r i ght and w ar d mo re akeni L eve I al f f pol r n pa L itud was L h wa rd rodu opi c anom sout to sou rig i n i Hi ar w th. e in arge pen ct of a L hig a Ly ce hern G m id-o t her n of the winter nq of este r L Once t he t Ly con et rat i coup L hs ove nters reen L a cean Lat itu A t L an to +1 the i es an a g a i n / roughs ta i ned on ove i ng be r each mai nta nd/ t f rom des . tic r i 50 ft Greenl dash as Wa at at hi r N o r t t ween ocean i ned t heir the co These dge f r ( + 46 m and Lo ift of gner ( m i d - L gh Lat h A me r int en . Wh heir corr e nt i ne mov om +3 ) in w/ ef thei 1977) at i tu itude i ca . se subpo i le/ on winter p spondi ng nt a L mar ements / 10 ft (+ spring f e ct ed a r main a po i nt s des mea s in sp r Lar Lows ave rage/ osi ti ons ridges gins and coup Led 95 m) at / along gene r a I x i s to a out/ the nt that ing with It should be implied in flow within March when attained the on av er age ; observed at Lakes to I Howeve r / alt cont i nued t injections o centers of 700 mb c i rcu At I ant i c / a averaged for 1977). Fla characterize In the Pac subtropical easterly f I s t rong t ypho noted/ howeve Figure 2-3 con the season. T the temperate ir highest War T aubensee 70 mb along t ce land/ with hough vigorou o be generat f arctic and s act ion were ge Lat i on amp Li f i nd upper wind the Western H t/ faster t h both ocean er if i c sector rjdge at h ig he ow to its s on activity ov r/ that the general we ceals certain periods of m he flow was certainly fast westerlies over the Weste ch value since records beg 1976b). Mean anomalies o he principal wind axis fro a +12 m/s anomaly south s upper westerlies (+9 ed over the Pacific in ubtropical air around t nerating a strong baroclin ed greatly over North A m e r speeds were slightly belo emisphere as a whole (to an normal flow returned eas for the remainder of the continued presence r Latitudes than normal/ a outh/ gave the stimulus er the southwest Pacific. ster ore and rn H an f +5 m t of G m/s Apr he i c z i ca w no agne / ho the of a nd t for ly amp I zon em i s (12. m/s he reen ano il ( pr in one) and rmal r 1 weve sp n in he s unus These but ion P aci f i the te t o sea mainly p redom cooli n c lose expand sett Li subtro easter A mer i c de ve s of c an nden son th in an g c- to t ing ng a pica n f an lopm sur d we cy o chan os e tly 2.2F he A bel i r/ I r lank west ents face ster f th ges of cold (-1 leut t of and i dge / s e rn once a t empera n At Lant e ci rcu I in sea s det ai L . under i .2C) ano i ans . T warm su oceani c in it urf ace seaboar gain tu re i c (F at i on u rf ac Th ts me ma ly o t h rf ace conve s ne warmi d/ c were anoma ly ig. 2.3 from w e tempe e north an t rou in the e sout water rgen ce w m id- nc spr ont i nui r ef Le in s ) . W i nt er ratur e rn P gh/ a se aso h of ma r ke a ss oc ocean ead ng t cted p ri n ith to e ( ac if Ltho na I th d th i ate lo east he e i n g ove much spr in SST) i c co ugh t mean] is c e c le d wit c a t i o wa ro ros io the r th cont 9' t ano nti n he c was old a r s h th n . tow n of di e ea i nui he s ma ly ued ente sit zon ki es e in Unde ard the vigor i f i ea a I in phe re 3 m/s were Great Land . ma Ly ) whe re ci pa L / the the when 976b/ r/ to ring . tense t rong ua I ly st r i - ste rn ty in ea son are to be r of uat ed e an / dry tense r its the cold 22 Paper 2 water fringing the coast. At lower Latitudes the strong easterly flow around the ridge maintained intense cooling CSST anomaly >-2F (>-1.1C)l westward towards Hawaii. Ch an s i mi subt Paci the ture (1 .1 of i nte anom area west main i n a ges larl ropi fie sour s th C) f the nsif a I ie . T er ly ta in con i n A y cal ri d ce o ere rom A i cat s e o th f I int t inu tianti expli c ri dges ge re f i n te cant in the pr tlanti ion o xceedi e nort ow as ense c ation c surf able The moved nse co ued be ev ious c at f war ng + 1 F hwest soci at ool i ng of the ace i n wes the ol i n low sea mosp mi ng (+0 of t ed off win temp te twar nort g in norm son. heri of .6C) his wi th the te r eratur rms o d move her ly the G a I / bu The c ri f the over ridge / the u Canad sit uat e f rom f the ment/ out bre u If o t they s imi la dge b Atla a fair howev pst rea i an Ma i on . wi nt mov on a aks t f Me inc r r wes rough nti c ly ex er/ v m t ro r i t i m er t emen vera hat x i co ease twa r t t st tens igor ugh es a o spr in ts of ge / of ear li er Tern d by ov d expa he exp at es/ i v e off ous off conti nu nd Labr g are both the were pe ra- er 2F ns i on ected with shore shore ed to ador/ While into for su with small As sh still amp lit westwa cell wester Wagner split S i beri certai summer mmer ( zonal ce I Is/ ow n in ex tend ude w rd/ aw trough li es r 1976 into t a and n el / t Fig- pre con Fig ed as h ay f ing emai c), wo w the ement he me 2.4) ssure t r i bu ure 2 zona I a I v e d rom t cont ned a but eaker Ameri s of an di was ali ting .4/ a I y i As he Am i nued noma I the isol can N the s st rib ve ry gnmen to a st ro n mi a re erica oce ously sing ated orth pring c ut i on o much m ts bre well -am nger th d-Pacif suit/ i n coast an-wide st rong I e h i g cells c Pacific i r cul f the ore a k i ng p li f i an no i C/ t s ea To so ( + 5 h lat lose coas ation 700 mb c haot i c down i ed mea rmal su t hough stern m the that to +8 itude t to the ts . we re heig tha nto p n ci bt rop its argin north the i m /s rough Ar ct i cons ht an n be att er rcu la i ca I anom ret r of nterv in of s c coa erved oma ly fore/ ns of t i o n . ridge alous acted this en i ng July; pr i ng st of This weste f urth surf a norma deve I t he w (-1.9 negat C olum took subt r upwe I su rf a co I la f rom from cont r ly e r d ce I in opme este C) i ve bi a . pi a opi c I ing ce c pse thei co I inuatio f low at ramati c wat er s . t h is z nt of rn and and -3 hei ght In t ce . T al rid off th ona it i o of thei r previ d to n of a h ighe inten Wit one/ t a vas nort he .1 F ( anoma I he sou he ge e ns r ous st we rm we me Ame to pare noma lo r lat i si f i ca h sur he re t area rn Pac -1 .7C> y to t thea st aken i n ant w ri can extend nt eel rengt h condi t us tuoe tion face newe of i f i c un he n ern 9 a eake sea eas 1/ t far ions t rough s of t of c t emp d coo subnor with der lyi ort hea Pac i f i nd we r nor board/ tward he wea ther s i n ing a he Nor oo I ing e ratu r ling m a I t e co re ng the st of c / equ s tward therly f ina to the kening out h b the s ct i v th P i n es a rapi mper ano pri Japa ally re win uy coa of roug out h ity/ ac i f th Irea dly at ur ma I i ncip n an d ra trac ds a per st . the ht a east an i C/ e u dy w led es t es ale d of mat i tion nd s mitt And tra rap ern d s brou nder ell to hrou of ente f Br c ch of uppr ing wit de id c Pac t rong ght a lyi ng be low the ghout -3.5F rs of it i sh anges the essed warm h the winds ha nge if i C/ 23 Paper 2 contributing to the development of summer EL Nino conditions in the eastern equatorial zone. Over the was the in summe wester li powerful over Br c i rcu I at t i on of At I ant i c North A western Greenlan westward centered this eel its so nor t hw es vi gorous Greenlan while t to ea r li the s t r for exam both mo 7 m b I Iceland i\orth wes tw a r / with es and preex i it ai n ion (F i t rougli i M age me r i ca/ At I ant i d also while /• on I and t ut hwest ter I y w /• a nam d t o Ic he c i r c e r s ea s ong bar pier w h re tha eve I w i (. D i c kso Amen rd re a ge amp sting a nd g. 2. ng ac was e lea c . I part i ret a vera h e se an i nds a lous e land u lat i ons^ o c I in en t h n t hr nd sp n# 19 can trog ne ra lifi bio as su 4) . ti vi ncou vi ng n th ci pa ai ni ge y para d f rom so an on i the i c z e su ee s eeds 76b) and Atl ress i on I short cation ck move me a With t ty off raged on ly e north ted in ng its ove r t ted cen sout hea arctic ut hwest d the n this po la r w one a lo bpo lar ta nda rd were 1 anti c s of the eni ng o of th d w e s t w domi nat his eve the pac t o mov a wea the pe this ge sp ri n he Davi ters of st in Canada er ly f Nor weg sector este r li ng the t rough dev iat 4 m/ s s e ctors domi n f wave e mean ard to i ng r nt an i f i c N e in I k sub r s i ste ner al g int s S t ra posit duced to th low at i an-Gr w as mu es ret Arctic and t h ions f t ronge the key ant cent lengths flow, settle o le in d with orthwest and to sidi ary nt mean ret rogre e n s i t y / it. C o u i ve heig st rong e Labora 700 mb een land ch amp I i ained gr f r i nges e B r i t i s rom norm r than development ers of act i on in the upper From Europe a tenaci ous ly the At I ant i c intensi f i ca- / the western east-cent ra I cell over t he trough over ssion/ moving to become pling between ht anomaly to / anomalous dor Sea and from southern Sea. Thus/ fied compared eat vigor in In Augusts h ridge were a I intensi ty/ normal over with the withdrawal of the preexisting western Atlantic ridge to Morth America/ the causes of ocean warming off the middle Atlantic states and cooling south of Newfoundland were both simultaneously removed so that surface temperatures there became more nearly normal than in former seasons. The strong northwesterly component of airflow from the Canadian arctic was/ however/ responsible for maintaining the intense cooling off the Labrador coast, [anomaly of -3.5F (-1.9C) in the seasonal mean]. The ev si g n i f e stab I under I 1970's t emper pr ogre the e r i dges deep / centra its w en t s o i c ance is h ed yi ng s had ate w ss i ve st abl i at rni full- l Nort es t e rn / b regi ur f a been este amp I shme d-la lati h Pa f I ring me s ce t ch r I ie if i c nt titu tude ci f i ank Fig. 2 ing a in the empera ar acte s ove at ion of a des of t rou c / the brouoh .5) we n end atmos ture f r i zed r bot of the full the gh de north t a fu re app (at phe r ic ield. by t h oce ci r cu train North ve lope er ly a rther arent least c ir Hith he e a ns . I at io of e rn d in noma I i ncre ly of temp cu lat erto/ xt rem In f n was m e r i d Hemi s int ous c ment gr orar ion for e v all/ CO iona pher ensi i rcu of c eat c I ily) to and i exampl i gor o howeve mpleted I troug e . Wh t y ove lat ion ooling i mat i c long- n the e/ the f the r / the with hs and i le a r the a long to the 24 Paper 2 aire core Kamc to f but char Inst the resp enco t emp summ i nte ai rf of w sens upwe typi cent Amer P aci t he came of t aoy se hatk low th ac te ead/ e as onse urag erat er nse Low a rmi ib Le L L in fied rat i can fie SST inor he 1 chi L Le d asonal a . To v igorou e br o r i s t i c the an tern P rid ge ed pe r ure ano had fea anomaly was r ng a Ion and g (Nets by a Paci fi c seabo becomi n an ok a e c Los e 970's j su rf anom the s s ly o ad of oma Lo ac i f i downs haps ma Ly tu red gra espon g the Laten on/ bnorm su rr ard . q enc Ly di Ly to ust d ace a Ly out h ve r coas rece us t c b t rea by in t a s di en sibl Ame t h Pape ally ound no i rcl st ri res escr wate of of a re t-to nt ende et we m ov the he e t ron t o e f o ri ca eat r 6) wa ed b W/ ed t but i emb I ibed rs o -5. this st ri -coa year ncy en er t pr aste g no ff sh r a n se f rom rm y co with o th on f e co f th 3F ce L cted st s--w was t he he A eex i rnmo rth w ore furt aboa the The surf o I c th e ea or t ndi t e no (-2. Is W sec s we as for mid men" st i n st ard (Fi he r rd * oce 197 ace ondi e co st b he e ions rthe 9C) este tor ep no stro -Pac can g di Paci twi s g. 2 rap i with an a O's tern t ion Ld w y wa aste of rn dev r lie of t of Long ng n i f i c west st ri f i C/ t of .4), d no red nd s thu pera s ea ater rmi n rn P the Paci e Lop s st he N w er ort h tr coa buti wh i so th rt hw uced uppr s f ture stwa s of g at aci f 1960 f ic/ ing ill ort h este in o ward ough st. on o i ch t her i s ard tra esse ar s in rd a the th i c a »s t wi sou cont Pac r Li e pera f lo an Al f su by ms a sout exte nsf e d co had the roun nor e c s a han th a th of inued if i c / s— so t i on . w in d its ready rf ace late nd an her ly ns ion r of ast a I been east d the the rn oast/ who le those i n cold Amer the Nort the coas four ri dg over Gulf (Wag zone i nte 1976 once Gulf keep -sea i c a con h Am c en ts , th e/ a nor of ne r at nse ) . mor of ing son and d i t i eric tral bri n of t vi g t he r Mexi 197 the sto As t e de Mex i wit reg co Ld ORS a w a an ging he c orou n Me CO s 7) , At I a rias he r ve lo co a h the i me of in t h of the s able ri ea s ext re ount ry s low xi co a torus t while nti c s and esu 1 1 ped an nd wes se war e we 196 to te rn me L D Lati nd t rack th eabo st ro of t d ex tern dev m ai st a O's. di re st a ow t epre t ude he s ear e e ard ng hese tend Atl e lopm r tern Iso s The ct a t es a empe r ssed bran out he lier st ab L cont r winds chan ed ec antic ent s pera howe pe r chi I s f a atu r sout ch o rn U i n t i shm i but of ges f ros s (Fi ture d si s i st L no r as es t h of f th ni te he s ent ed t f s ho col the q. 2 the I s in t h gns of ent rid rt her ly the Gu o a 1 1 b normal e jet s d State eason of a st o the re (Die d surf sur f ac .5). ong-e s e east reve ge ove a i rf If and ut the by th t ream s a c t i than rong b deve Lo kson a ace c e w ate tabl of rt i n r we low Atl we e we at 2 vate i s aroc pmen nd N ondi rs o i shed North g to st e rn over ant i c st ern stern DC mb d the usua L Li ni c t of ami as t i ons f the Finally/- Figure 2.6 presents the mean annual distribution of SST 4 anomaly (degrees F) over both the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans in 1976 and provides a good general summary of 4 SST anomalies for the Atlantic sector were provided by D. R. rtcLain/' Pacific Environmental Group* NMFS/ NCAA* Monterey/ CA 93940. 25 P aper 2 the dominant events of that year so far as the oceans were concerned. Over both oceans our attention is immediately drawn to the record extent of colder than normal surface water; in the annual mean/ exactly 90% of the 5 degree squares (20N-6GN) were below normal temperature in either ocean. In each sector the main zone of intense cooling extended across the northern ocean areas with the center of cooling displaced to the west/ reflecting both the antecedent conditions at the close of 1975 and the continuation of the tendency for vigorous westerly flow at high latitudes throughout much of 1976. Farther south/ the domains of the strengthened subtropical ridges are marked by zones of minimum cooling or by actual warming in each ocean/ while at still lower latitudes/ the general strength of the trade winds flowing around these nor t hward-di sp lacea ridges is apparent in the zonal band of cooling at about 2CN-25N. These mean annual distributions are thus dominated by the zonal circulation tendencies which characterized the winter and spring (and antecedent) seasons/ rather than by the more amplified flow which prevailed at the close of the year. however/ these latter "atypical" conditions were to be of more than passing signifi- cance. With surface temperature gradients over the eastern Pacific in fall favoring continjed ridging over the Rockies/ and with the chilled east favoring maintenance of the east coast trough/ the stage was set for the intensification of the fall temperature regime into the record breaking winter conditions of 1977. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Part of this research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation/ Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration/ under NSF Contract No. 0CE74-24592/ and the University of California/ San Diego/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ through NORPAX. LITERATURE CITED DICKSON/ R. R. 1976a. Weather and circulation of warmth over the eastern two-thirds Weather Rev. 104:660-665. 1976b. Weather and circulation of August 1976. wetness in the West and dryness in the Midwest Rev. 104:1455-1460. February 1976. Extreme of the United States. Mo. Extremes of Mo. Weather 26 Paper 2 DICKSON/ R. R./ and J. NAMIAS. 1976. North American influences on the circulation and climate of the North Atlantic sector. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:1255-1265. 1978. Atmospheric climatology and its effect on sea surface temperature - 1975. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)^ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/- p. 89-101. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. NAMIAS/ J./ and R. R. DICKSON. 1976. At mo spheric climatology and its effect on sea surface temperature - 1974. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resourcea - 1974/ p. 3-1 — 3- 17. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. TAUBENSEE/ R. E. 1976a. Weather month across 325-330. 1976b. Weather precipitation 104:809-814. and circulation of December 1975. A warm much of the country. Mo. Weather Rev. 104: and circulation of March 1976 around the Great Lakes. Mo Record heavy Weather Rev. WAGNER/ A. J. 1976a. Weather and circulation of January 1976. Increasing drought in California and the southern Great Plains. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:491-498. 1976b. Weather and circulation of April 1976. Unprece- dented spring heat wave in the northeast and record drought in the southeast. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:975-982. 1976c. Weather and circulation of July 19 76. Wet in the southwest but continued drought in the northern plains. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:1333-1340. 1977. The circulation and weather of 1976. Weatherwise 30: 23-47. 27 1976 MEAN ANNUAL 700 mb HEIGHT a ITS ANOMALY (feet-HO) Figure 2.1. — Mean annual height of 700 mb pressure surface and its anomaly (departure from the long-term, 1948-72, mean) in ft/10. 28 WINTER 1976 700 mb HT DM SST DM Figure 2.2.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean; base 1947-66) of 700 mb height for winter (December 1975-February 1976) in ft/10 (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for winter in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >-lF are hatched. 29 SPRING 1976 700 mb HT DM SST DM Figure 2.3.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for spring (March-May 1976) in ft/10 (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for spring in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >-lF are hatched. 30 SUMMER 1976 700 mb HT DM SST DM Figure 2.4. — Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for summer (June-August 1976) in ft/10 (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for summer in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >-lF are hatched. 31 FALL 1976 700 mb HT DM SST DM Figure 2.5.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for fall (September-November 1976) in ft/10 (upper), and anomally of sea surface temperature for fall in degrees F ( lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >-lF are hatched. 32 SST DM 1976 Figure 2.6 — Mean annual anomaly from the long-term, 1948-67, mean of sea surface temperature in degrees F for the North Pacific Ocean (upper) and the North Atlantic Ocean (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >- IF are hatched. 33 Paper 3 EASTERN PACIFIC SEA SURFACE CONDITIONS IN 1976' Elizabeth D. Haynes The an easter by abo 1948-6 1 50W p with Co Ld a S ept em This o high Low c e the y surfac wester sout he b r i n g i the we nua I a n Nor ut 1C 7. ) A e r s i s t the c noma ly be r t ccurre center nter f ear t e wind ly th r ly as ng un st of vera th P in 1 n a ed u ir cu wat he d as bee ar t he s no ao t.he usua 14 5 W ge se ac i f i 976. noma I nti I lat i o er la anoma the omi ng t he winds r t h o norma Aleu 1 wa and a surf C (ENP (All ous w ear ly n arou y t o t ly pat surfac di sp I west were f 4GN I tint t ian I rmt h t across ace t e ) 3 nor compar arm p fall. nd the he sou te rn b e pres a ced t of the st ro and so i I Se ow ret o t he to As mpera th of i sons at ch This Nort th of egan su re o the i r no nger ut h o pt emb reate North ia . t ure ( 30N w are a long warm h Paci 20N d t o rot patter nort h rma I p than f Alas err t d wes Ameri SST) as c IO 30N pat c fie uri n ate n a I east osi t ave r ka t hen t wa r can ove olde the cent h wa subt g th coun so and ions age. ende the d a coas r th r th 20- ered s a ropi is t t er c rot a the . T I n d t o y be nd t an e e an n yr at ssoc ca I ime . lock ted/ Ale hrou gen be came deep d co nt i re ormal mean/ about ia t ed high. In wise. the ut i an ghout era 1/ more more ened/ Id to Off southern California a warm patch developed in early summer (both warmer than the 20-yr mean and warmer than in 1975) and grew for the remainder of the year. The sea surface was much warmer than usual along the entire coast during the last quarter. The eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) 4 was much colder than normal at the beginning of the year. Small patches of warm SST anomaly appeared near South America and became larger as the year advanced. By June the anomalously warm waters dominated the 'This paper is summarized from Fishing Information/' 1976/ Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ N0AA7 La Jo 1 1 a7~C A ~92038; the weather and circulation articles in Monthly Weather Review/ Vols. 104 and 105/ and the Pacific logs in Mariners Weather Lqcj/ Vols. 20 and 21 . 2 Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235. 3 ENP = 2CN to the Aleutians/ North American coast to 180W. 4 ETP = 2GS to 30N/ American coast to 18uW. 35 Paper 3 equatorial areas east of 120w/ and continued to remainder of the year. spread for the The oc during EL Nin first C a L Lao poor n South to t c i rcuL weaken aurinq pressu this t D e cemb Nino y i n d i c a Januar season was si ( + 1C and co Ante ri c St rong and a to sou t r a c k i usual/ the ne ean-a the o yea half ; th ear E of 15 he at i on ed b the re g ime o er ov ea r . t i ons t mo. s p sec r . T / bu e anc cuado S / th north w it y f r S ou t h radi e f yea e r mo Howe that here c ond ha he anc t Lat hoveta r from ough/ Th h its equent ern He nt so r. Be st of ve r/ b the E i r cu Lf o hove er w er May fish e n as st mi sp ut hw caus the y th I Ni Lat io f 197 ta f i on t e too to N i ng w ormal soci a orm here est e SST ETP/ e las no co n p 6 re sher he sma ovem as n co ted pass wi nt of P »s r 1976 t we ndit atte semb y w a cat c U. ber / ot a unt e sou ages er . eru em a i sho ek i ons rns led t s not hes w Tun but f f ect r c loc theas far In q was ned uld of were and t hose o af f ec ere no a f is improv eo by kwi se t tra t her n ene ra I latter bove e c las he ye di ssi he wa f 1972 ted du t good hing ed in t he wa high de w i orth t / the t han norma I si f ied ar th pat ing rm / a ring nor also Dece rm w pre nds han su usua th as ere SST »s ma j or the th of was mbe r . aters ssure was usua I rf ace I for rough an El were 1 - al Ly mi la anom ol ( an su r st th we ng and gat i East .6 r to aly) -1C shoe f a ce rong s t w sout. by ve S ern C-2. tha po anorn e t pre rid i nds h o i nc r ST a North 2C fro t whic o I cen aly) w o 3CN ssu re ge off north f the eased n o rn a L y Paci m De h pe tere at er / a gr ad the of Al mi xi in fie cemb rs i s d ab 10 nd i e nt U.S 30N euti ng m this sea su er 197 ted th out 30 km westwa s bet ft wes ?nd ea an Is I ay be area . r f ace 5. Th rougho N, 15 out a rd so een t h t c oas st of a nds w r espon tempe r e SST ut 197 W in t 11 al uth of e deep t caus 165W t ere mo s ib le ature anoma 5/ wi he ce ong that Ale ed st o 135 re in for s dr ly pa th a nt ra I the lati ut i an rong W. S tense i ncre opped tte rn warm ENP/ North tude . low sout h torms than as ing Except for small isolated patches/ the ETP was significantly cooler than normal/ reaching -3.3C anomaly at 15N/ 95W off Guatemala and at 7N/ 93W . Temperatures over the tuna fishing grounds south of 20N and east of 110W were mostly below normal/ and the fishing fleet was widely scattered. The extensive areas of negative SST anomalies were associated with strong and persistent northerly winds. Off southern 3a j a California temperatures were slightly above normal and fishermen made good catches in this area. Off Ecuador the equatorial ocean front began to weaken toward the end of the month. Slightly positive SST anomalies occurred off the Gulf of Guayaquil. Tuna fishing was exceptionally good in this a re a . February - Seasonal cooling of the ENP occurred at a near normal rate/ with temperatures dropping up to 1C from January values/ except off California and Baja California where SST's rose 36 paper 3 slightly. The anomaly Dattern closely resembled that of January/ although the area of positive anomaly contracted and moved northward slightly and the area of anomaly greater than -1C also decreased. Below normal temperatures continued off the North American west coast. Along the western boundary of the Perj Current/ SST's increased 1C to 2C since last month from 5N to 20S between 85W and 115W. Warm anomalies of up to +3C occurred inshore of this area. This above normal warming was associated with a Southern Hemisphere high pressure system which was weaker than usual. The equatorial front between 65W and 95W was very weak. SST's in this area exceeded 2cC and the fleet made exceptionally good catches of yellowfin tuna. During this month northerly winds from the Gulf of Mexico frequently penetrated the Gulf of Tehuantepec and the Costa Rican fishing grounds. Strong winds and rough seas caused very bad fishing weather up to 5 CO miles south and west of these areas. SST's were lowered as much as 3C by wind mixing. The Gulf of Panama also experienced extensive wind mixing of surface layers and below normal surface temperatures. A severe earthquake occurred in Guatemala on 4 February. At 093C GMT that day/ at 14N24'/ 94W25'/ the ship Unique Fortune reported/ "Vessel suddenly jumped twice/ shuddered violently in calm sea." ^§Cch - Seasonal cooling continued over the ENP/ SST's dropped up to 1C since last month and approached the annual minimum. The anomaly pattern continued similar to last month's except that the -1C anomaly pool centered at 2 5 N/ 135 W in February disappeared. Winds associated with low pressures in the Gulf of Alaska were stronger than normal. In the ETP sea surface warming is expected in March. However/ the fishing grounds southwest of baja California experienced cooling greater than 1 C/ and fishing decreased due to rough weather. Most of the fleet shifted to south of 20N where the SST's were up to 1C above normal. Tuna fishing was very good south of the Galapagos Islands where SST anomalies were positive. Above normal warming occurred off Ecuador and offshore of Peru/ the +1C anomaly areas showino up clearly in NESS satellite charts from infrared data and from ship reports. South of 10S and east of 78W/ SST's have been up to 1C below normal along the coast of Chile for many months. Afilli ~ Sea surface temperatures over most of the ENP increased only slightly from the March minimum values/ and dropped up to 0.6C between aaja California and Hawaii/ creating a large area of 37 Paper 3 -1C anomaly water. Anomalies of -1 C showed also south of the Aleutians and off the coast of Oregon. A strong surface pressure gradient north of 40N caused stronger than normal westerly winds which contributed to the below normal heating in this area. There were large areas of up to -2C anomaly water centered at 10N/ 100W and at 1 ON , 140W. In both areas/ above normal northeast trade winds and cloud cover persisted most of the month/ leading to more vertical mixing and less heating than usual for April. There were much smaller areas of up to + 3C anomaly water west of Guayaquil to 90kJ. Along the equator east of 120W/ upwelling was diminished and the surface was warmed by solar heating in very light wind conditions. South of 10S along the coast of Peru/ upwelling in the Peru Current maintained below normal SST*s during the month. May. - Sea surface temperatures increased at a below normal rate over the entire ENP this month. Greatest warming/ up to 1.7C/ occurred off the coasts of Washington and Oregon out to 400 miles offshore. The SST anomaly pattern was similar to that of the previous month/ but the area of warm anomaly decreased somewhat and the area of >-2C cold anomaly increased significantly. There was a strong surface high pressure cell centered near 35N/ 145W and a deeper than normal Aleutian loi*/ causing strong winds/ the northwesterly winds west of the low contributed to lowering the SST's southeast of the Alaskan Peninsula, while southerly winds east of the low warmed the surface off the Pacific Nort hwest . Extensive warming occurred along the equator east of 115W. Positive SST anomalies were >+2C in four areas where upwelling was weaker than normal. The warm offshore water moved closer to the coast of Peru from the equator to 10S than in any month since December 1972 when El Nino reached its maximum intensity. The normal surface high pressure center off the coast of Chile and Peru was weakened this month by the passage of frequent storms. In the fishing grounds north of the equator/ SST's increased faster than normal. In the area east of 110W/ the large negative anomalies of March decreased to near normal this month. June - Sea surface temperatures increased by up to 4.4C over the entire ENP due to seasonal warming. The areas of >-1 C anomaly decreased greatly/ and a small patch of >+1 C anomaly appeared off southern California. Between 3QN to 45N and 140W to 170W/ temperatures that were up to 1.7C below normal last month increased to above normal values due to decreased cloud cover (increased solar radiation) and lighter winds (decreased latent and sensible heat flow from ocean to atmosphere). Cold anomalies 38 Paper 3 decreased also in the Gulf of Alaska. A strong surface high pressure area occupied the entire ENP/ bringing strong northwesterly winds from Vancouver Island to central California. In the ETP/ east of 120W/ SST's increased at a north of the equator and increased marke Hemisphere. The SST's were higher here than i 1*72/ a major El Nino year. The positive SST to 10S/ east of 120W to the coast and south to were larger than those of June 1965/ an El Ni a marked reduction of low stratus/ because air-sea temperature contrast/ and an increase clusters/ with low barometric pressures/ passages/ and disruption in the southeast area usually dominated by the southeastern Pac bove normal dly in the S n any June anoma lies f be low Pi s co no year. Th of the de i n cumu li f or frequent t rade w inds i f i c high. rat es ou thern since rom 10N / Peru/ ere was creased m cloud front al in this Tuna fishing off Ecuador decreased sharply as the water temperature rose. In the Northern Hemisphere tuna fishing was very good/ especially on the Albatross Plateau and northwestward after Hurricane Annette moved through early in the month. West of 1 2 W tuna fishing was better than usual in water slightly warmer than normal with light winds and seas. JuJLx - Seasonal warming caused SST's to increase over the entire ENP. The warm anomaly pool in the central ENP moved 20 deg southward/ and a small warm patch appeared off Oregon due to decreased northerly winds and less intense upwelling. Sea level pressures were up to 7 mb lower than normal over the entire ENP. Strong surface pressure gradients caused above normal westerly winds/ resulting in increased evaporative and conductive cooling and vertical mixing. A large area of anomaly >-2C appeared along the 45th parallel and into the Gulf of Alaska. Along the equator the SST's showed a tremendous area of anomalous warming/ especially east of 120W. Normally the temperatures in July decrease 1C or more in this area. Warming appeared in the Peru Current/ typifying an El Nino year. Below normal surface pressures and surface winds south of the equator to 20S and east of 11 0W were associated with an unusually weak subtropical high pressure center off South America. Low pressure centers and fronts frequently passed eastward through this area which normally is dominated by high pressure/ weakening the southeast trade winds he r e . Southwest of Baja California the tuna catch was good warmer than normal. in waters 39 P aper 3 Auoust - Except for a small patch off northern California* the entire ENP north of 35N was anomalously cold/' up to -3.5C in spots near 4 5NI * 175W. SST's increased during the month* but at below normal rates. A band of slightly (0C-1C) warmer than normal water persisted across the ETP from 25N to 35N except near Baja California where upwelling increased due to northwesterly winds. Sea level pressures were near normal in pattern but with a slightly stronger gradient* resulting in above normal westerly winds north of 40N. The equatorial band of warm SST anomalies reached +4.5C and extended south along the coast to below Pisco* Peru. The subtropical high pressure center was displaced* and the southeast trades were interrupted by passing storms. Toward the end of the month the normal high pressure pattern became reestablished. Six tropical depressions formed in the area from 10N to 15N and 100W to 120W where SST's were above 29C. Two of these developed into hurricanes which moved through the fishing grounds south of the R ev i 1 1 agi gedo Islands. Southwest of the storms* paths winds and seas were unusually light where the southeast trade winds were interrupted* and tuna fishing was exceptionally good. The heavy cloud cover associated with the storms created small areas of negative SST anomaly. September - Sea surface temperatures in the ENP decreased seasonally by 0.5C to 1 .7C over most of the Gulf of Alaska and down the west coast to southern California. Small increases occurred over a large area between Baja California and Hawaii. The anomalously cold area spread southward to 33N* but a patch of +1C anomaly appeared at 23N* 125W. Sea level pressures were up to 8 mb below normal with a stronc Aleutian low pressure system and strong westerly winds. In the ETP the area of warm anomaly increased greatly* centered on about b S and extending from offshore of Ecuador and Peru to 150W. Although the low level atmospheric circulation returned to normal early in the month and the southeast trade winds became reestablished* a succession of low pressure centers moved across the southeast Pacific at lower latitudes than usual later in the month and again disrupted the normal wind flow along the coast from the equator to 15S. There was only a very small area of upwelling immediately offshore of Guayaquil and some south of P i s co . Four tropical storms formed over the waters warmer than 29C south of Mexico ana moved northwestward* one doing considerable damage in southern California. 40 Paper 3 Qctgbgr - A large end intense Low pressure system settled over Bristol Bay this month* bringing storms with unusually high winds and severe weather. Wind mixing of the ocean surface layer caused SST's. to drop at twice the normal seasonal rates throughout the ENP west of 133W and north of 30N. South of a line sout hwest ward from Sen Francisco and east to the coast/ above normal SST's were associated with persistent surface high pressure* light cloud cover* and low winds. Positive SST anomalies covered almost the entire ETP. North of 10S and east of 135W SST's were significantly above normal. Light winds and warm seas aided fishermen in this area. The area of above normal temperatures in the ETP was greater than in any month since January 1973* which marked the end of the 1972 El Nino condit i on . Three small areas of negative anomaly occurred off Chala and Lobitos* Peru* and at 8N* 97W. Above normal winds and extensive cloud cover associated with weather fronts moving through this area kept the surface layers well mixed* ana upwelling was active south of 15S along the coast. November - Seasonal cooling was weaker than normal over most of the ENP. Cold anomalies receded slightly along the U.S. and Canadian coasts under the influence of an anomalous high over the Northwestern States and its associated light southerly winds and clear skies. A deep and persistent low over the Aleutian chain at 165W caused strong winds and rough seas. It dominated weather conditions across the entire western Pacific north of 35N and brought anomalous cooling to the Hawaiian Islands. Seasonal warming progressed along the coast of South America under less than normal cloud cover. Anomalously warm seas prevailed offshore 10 deg north and south of the equator to 180W and beyond. In the Gulf of Tehauntepec SST's were 1C to 2C below normal as the result of strong northerly winds and cold outbreaks which carriea across from the Gulf of Mexico. £ec.e_Q!b_er - $ea surface cooling of the ENP proceeded at less than the normal rate* thus diminishing the area of negative SST anomaly. North of 30N* surface winds were more southerly than normal* blocked to the east by a high pressure ridge off the northwestern U.S. coast. The Aleutian low was much deeper (-13 mb anomaly) than normal* and slightly southeast of its usual position. Storminess associated with this low caused considerable ocean mixing* and below normal SST's prevailed west of 15CW. 41 Paper 3 The ETP continued anomalously warm/ with a very small area of upwelling alongside the coast of Peru. This pattern resembled that of the two recent El Nino years; the warm areas were slightly more extensive than in December 1965 and not so large as in December 1972. The subtropical high pressure system was frequently weakened by passing weather fronts. Also/ cloud cover and surface winds over the ETP were much below normal. 42 Paper 4 SEA SURFACE CONDITIONS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC IN 1976' Julien R. Goulet/ Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes This summary essentially is limited to the area off the U.S. east coast from Florida to Nova Scotia and about 1/000 km offshore. The Gulf of Mexico is mentioned briefly also. In gen than averag i m m e d i d i spel centu r summer rate i n Aug At lent Nova S weathe nort h Newf ou t he U . er a I usua e . atel led y. adv than ust ic cot i r w of nd I a S. e , th I t In y by w Thi ance usu the Bigh a wh a s nor nd as t e sea h r o u g h J anua su r rou arm ai s war d the al/ so sea su t and ere wa mild ma I . unt i I coast surf Jul ry/ ndi n r an mth sea tha rf ac esse rm a unti Ver Octo duri ace y, t the g d mi con su rf t th e wa nt ia noma I la y f ber . ng t off t hen t re w Cape xing tinue ace w e war s CDO lly a lies te in e w c The he la he ea ended as c Hatt du rin d th armed m ano ler t ve rag persi the rosse re we st qu stern to be oo ler eras/ g t he rough seaso ma I ies h an no e else sted t year^ d the re sev a rt er . seab sli tha but warm the nail bee rma I wher hrou as s c era I oard ghtl n n th est sp y/ b ame in e ex gh t torm oast sev wa s y cool orma I is wa Februa ring, ut at sma I le the cept s he yea s t rac sou ere st warmer er than water s soon ry in a As the a lower r unt i I Middle outh of r . The ked far th of orms up Except for Maine and Florida/ the entire country was warmer than normal during the winter of 1975-76 (December-February). Warm conditions continued through spring/ although not quite so markedly. Summer was cool almost everywhere except Maine/ which remained warmer than usual. Autumn (September-November) was 'This paper is summarized from aylfstream/ Vol. II# the Atlantic logs in Mariners Weather Log/ Vols. 20 and 21/ the weather and circulation articles in Monthly W§3£her. Rfivie.w/ Vols. 104 and 105/ Gulf Stream analysis charts/ Environmental Products Group/ NESS/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20033; temperature anomaly charts/ Pacific Environmental Group/ NMFS/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA 93940 (see McLain/ Paper 9); airborne radiation thermometer charts/ Coast Guard Ocea nog rap hi c Unit/ Washington/ DC 20590 (see Deaver/ Paper 13). ^Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235. 43 Pape r 4 cooler than normal east of the Continental Divide. Cooling was rapid in December east of the Mississippi. There was a complete absence of tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea due to the unseasonable intrusion of cold air aloft and the stronger than normal high-altitude westerlies. Ja.QU.a_EY - The entire Gulf of Mexico and the western North Atlantic (WNA) were seasonally colder than last month. The Middle Atlantic Bight and the Gulf of Mexico were also significantly colder than average. Warmer than average temperatures were found offshore of the continental shelf from 30N to the offing of the Gulf of Maine. There was also a large patch of colder than average temperatures southeast of Nova Scotia. The central Atlantic area was not significantly above or be low average. The G c onvol act i vi the S not pr 73 W w be en e 39N30' moved sout hw edge o 4 ON* 6 p r even anoma I the rno last h ulf Str uted th ty also outh At esent oo as the xt ens i ve / 64W2C west war es twa rd f the sh 6w was f ted its i es in nth. A alf of t earn an t h was m I anti e wee rema i ly st • in d un unt i elf o i r st ea r I i that co Id he mo and s I ey had uc h red c Bight k ear li ns of a udied ( July til De I it f ff the observe er disc area eddy at nth . ope been uced at er . war bi sa 197 cemb ina I De Im d ne over i ndi 33N f ron for . A the e A fa m cor gni 1 5 and err ly di a rva ar th y/ bu cated , 74W t P the larg nd o int e/ a 976) fol and sapp Peni e en t st tha was os it past e me f th eddy nt ic I lowe the eare nsul d of rong t it obs ions sev ande e mo like y c lo t w d fo n m d in a . Jan pos had e rve were f eral mont r was pr nth/ thou feature ni c eddy as pi eke r nine mo oved er March 19 A wa rm uary . CI i t i ve te formed e d forming ar hs. esen gh i at whi c d u nt hs rat i 76 a edd oud mper ar I i i n less Eddy t in t was 37N/ h had p at It ca I ly t the y at cover ature er in the Storm centers crossed the U.S. east coast farther north than usual/ only one passing south of Cape Hatteras (near Charleston* SC). Another crossed the lower Chesapeake Bay/ and the rest passed farther north. The Grand Banks received a full measure of severe storms this month. February - The Gulf Stream was slightly offshore of its historical mean position for the month. Most of the western North Atlantic was warmer than normal/ but with a -5C anomaly cold patch at about 41N/ 60W/ and a cold remnant south of Cape Hatteras. The Gulf of Mexico was up to 2C below normal. The sea surface temperature (SST) was seasonally colder/ in the WNA/ than "last month by C.5C to as much as 6.7C/ while the Gulf was slightly warmer than last month. Eddy activity more than doubled this month from last month/ from one anticyclonic and one cyclonic eddy at the end of January to two anticyclonic and four cyclonic eddies in late February (west 44 Pape r 4 of 55W). The Shelf Water/Slope Water front also appeared more convoluted/' aLthough data were limited. A Shelf Water excursion pushed southeast off the shelf abreast of Savannah/ displacing the Gulf Stream. This excursion may have lasted up to two weeks/ but cloud cover and differing interpretations do not allow complete definition. The SST anomaly off savannah was strongly negative/ indicating that the feature was persistent. More storms than usual this month passed far north of normal and battered the i\lorth Atlantic shipping lanes. The U.S. coast south of Cape Cod was nearly storm free. One strong e xt r at ropi ca I cyclone moved rapidly up the Piedmont early in the month/ grounding an oil barge in Chesapeake Bay on the 1st and a ship in Searsport/ ME/ on the 2nd. This storm raced northward and reached Davis Strait on the 4th. MaE£h ~ The western North Atlantic in general was warmer than normal/ with a small cold anomaly patch remaining southeast cf Nova Scotia. A tongue of cold water also wandered off the shelf east of Cape Charles/ an expansion of the Savannah negative anomaly of February. Seasonal warming was general throughout the Gulf of Mexico/ though the anomalies remained negative except for small areas along the northern coast. Warming and cooling was uneven and indefinite in the idNA. Eddy activity continued to increase/ showing one anticyclonic and five cyclonic eddies at the end of the month/ plus the remains of the anticyclonic eddy (ACE 5) studied by Bisagni (1976). The Gulf Stream moved slightly north during the month and became much more convoluted. Storms off the U.S. east coast formed farther east than normal/ and only one actually crossed the coast south of Long Island. This was a minor storm over Cape Hatteras. The major fishing grounds were nearly storm free. AQril - The Middle Atlantic Bight area and eastward was up to 3C warmer than usual/ with near normal temperatures to the south/ and significant positive anomalies north of 35N. A loop of warm Slope Water abutted the Gulf Stream at 37N/ 72W/ perhaps a consequence of reabsorption of an anticyclonic eddy. The pool of anomalously cold water southeast of Nova Scotia moved slightly eastward and deepened to greater than -4C anomaly. The sea sur- face in general was seasonally warmer than last month by 0.5C to about 2C/ though there was slight cooling in the area southwest of Bermuda. The coastal positive anomalies in the Gulf of Mexico spread/ while the central Gulf remained colder than normal. Although the number of Gulf Stream eddies decreased to only one small cyclonic one at 34N30'/ 68W20' by the end of the month/ the Shelf Water/Slope Water front was extremely convoluted and 45 P aper 4 confused/' as was the Gulf Stream front. Towards the end of the month warm tongues extended east of the Gulf Stream at 3 ON and 33N/ perhaps precursors to cyclonic eddy activity. The number of storms was far below normal/ resembling a summer month in the WNA. The storm tracks were concentrated north of Nova Scotia with only one crossing the coast to the south. A briefs severe extrat rori ca I storm caused the loss of the drilling r i 9 Qcean Exp_r_es.s while under tow in the Gulf of Mexico. May - Although almost the entire WNA area under consideration was warmer this month/ the change was seasonal/ and the warm SST anomalies decreased in extent and intensity. An area of negative anomalies east of the Gulf Stream from 3CN to 35N is a possible consequence of increased cyclonic eddy activity. The Gulf of Mexico was almost entirely colder than normal with positive anomalies only off Florida and in the loop current area. There were three small cyclonic eddies and one larger ant i cyclonic eddy/ broken from a large Gulf Stream meander on 10 May/ present at the end of the month. The Gulf Stream f loweo smoothly to off Cape Charles/ then began to meander downstream. However/ the meanders diminished in size as the month advanced. The Slope Water/Shelf Water front was tortuous with incursions and excursions north cf 37N. Again this month there were fewer storms/ and these farther off the coast and farther north/ than usual. One ext r at rop i ca I storm developed in the central Gulf/ crossed northern Florida/ and then followed the Gulf Stream across the Atlantic. June - The entire Atlantic area was 1 or 2 deg warmer than last month/ as expected for the season. Positive SST anomalies diminished slightly/ and -3.3C anomalies appeared off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Negative anomalies were found southeast of the Bay to east of the Gulf Stream and southeast of Nova Scotia. The Gulf of Mexico was colder than normal over its entire area. Eddy a excess Gulf S (ART) west w i sobat and t obse rv off Ch S t ream satell found in gu.1 c t i v i t ive c t r earn f ligh all of h to he re at i ons esapea / Slo i t e la betwe f st rea y wa loud area tS/ th Cap tu rn ke B pe te i en mat s ap i nes . T a Is e G e Ha i ng Ther ay w Wate n th 70W 36N pa rent s pre he Coa o i nt ulf S t teras tow ar e wer est of r/ an e mon and 60 / 70 W/ ly vent st G er ru t rea / th d t e a the d S th. W. its much re ed c lea uard ai r pted by m gener en bear i he east I so conv Gulf St helf Wat Strong One smal 29 May duced r sat borne bad ally ng of to olute ream. e r re mea I eye posi thi ellit radi weat h foil f nor 71N/ d tern Por g ions nder i loni c t i on/ s m e pi at io er / owi n t hea th pera t i on wer ng edd un ont h ctur n th port 9 t stwa e I t ure s of e pi act i y wa supp / t es o ermo raye he rd t imi t pat the ctur vi ty s p I orte hough f the meter d the 180 m o 37N of terns Gulf ed by was otted d by 46 Paper 4 SST anomaly or other evidence. Storm tracks were almost entirely north of 4 ON/ with only one storm crossing the coast of Maine. The tracks curved northward between Greenland and the Faroes/- and none crossed the British Isles or western Europe. Jujly_ - The Gulf Stream this month closely followed the 180-m depth contour to Cape Hatteras/ slightly inshore of its climato- loqical mean position. Northeast of the Cape it followed the mean track to 70W / then meandered slightly downstream. The cyclonic eddy at 35N/ 73W moved 2 deg westward during the month. There was much mixing of Slope and Shelf Waters during the month. Early in the month tremendous meanders and eddies developed/ but all were apparently resorbed by the Gulf Stream. All SST's increased seasonally during the month/ but the warm anomalies diminished. A strong warm spot reached a +5C anomaly at 41N30'/ 64^30'/ with smaller positive anomaly values north of 3 9N from 5 5 W to the American coastline. The rest of the Atlantic area was near normal for the month. The Gulf of Mexico remained anomalously cold. Storm activity was below normal this tracked west of the British Isles. month/ and most storms Over the Fourth of July weekend/ masses of dead fish were reported off Sandy Hook/ NJ . Fisheries investigations (Armstrong/ Paper 17) determined the cause to be an anoxic water mass/ brought about by natural weather conditions/ which expanded southward to Atlantic City/ NJ / by mid-August/ and by mid- September covered half of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Estimates were that up to 50% of the commercial fish stocks might be lost this year due to this phenomenon. August - The Gulf Stream this month was fully seen by satellite imagery west of 60W. It flowed very smoothly along its historical mean track for the month to 67 W/ then made a dip to the south followed downstream by a larger one to the north. Two small cyclonic eddies persisted through the month/ both moving about 150 km sout hwe stward . A large (250 km diameter) anticyclonic eddy at 39N33'/ 67W originated on 25 August as a pinched off meander. A minor warm core eddy at about 38N30*/ 72W30' shows on the ART isotherms as well as in the satellite analysis. The central ocean waters continued to warm at the surface this month/ but SST's over the continental shelf dropped due to tropical storm activity. In 1975/ by contrast/ seasonal warming persisted through August. Significant cold anomalies/ on the order' of -1.5C/ appeared in the Middle Atlantic Bight. 47 Paper 4 E xtr at ro pi ca I storms were concentrated from the Canadian Maritimes to the Denmark Strait/ with a few storms crossing from Alaska to Greenland. There were no ART flights east of Savannah/ GA/ due to tropical storms. The U.S. east coast had no e xt rat rop i ca I storms this month/ but Hurricane Belle passed from Cape Hatteras to Long Island on the 9th and 10th. The Gulf of Mexico continued slightly colder than normal. It spawned the weak tropical storm Dottie/ which crossed the southern tip of Florida and turned up the 80th meridian to Charleston. September - Almost the entire North Atlantic surface area over the shelf cooled 1C to 2C this month. The warm anomaly area south of Nova Scotia expanded/ but south of 40N/ and in the Gulf of Mexico/ the SST's were average or slightly cooler than normal. The gu month/ Satell meande but th the qu the mo and o ent rai later eye Ion still Water/ ifit w i ite ring e pa iete nth ne ned on I i c e larg S Lop re am th t i m ag e act ttern r con t here cy clo Shelf y on ddies e pat e Wat pi ctu hree ry in i v i t y s cha d i t io were n i c Wate e an and c hes er f r res a eye lo te rm i t CI nged r ns por four loop . r and t i cy c I the on of mix ont wa mi Id ni c tent oud apid tray anti Th of m oni c e I ed S s ex ly me eddie ly pi cove ly th ed in cy c lo ere i xed edd arge helf/ t reme ande s a n ctu r r pr roiig ay! ni c also She I y w eye S lop ly c ring d tw ed v even h th f str eddi we f /SI as loni e Wa onvo Gul o an ery ted e mo earn, es/ re ope f oun c I t er/ lute f Str t i cy c comp I prope nth/ In one c la rge Water d/ a oop . and d. earn loni ex r de end the yclo pa long Th the for c ed eddy f ini ing midd nic tche One wi t ere the this dies . and tion/ with le of eddy/ s of week h two were Shelf The only tropical storm in September remained completely east of 61w. Only one storm was found relatively near the U.S. coast/ and that one was still offshore of the Gulf Stream. None crossed the coast south of Newfoundland/ and most storms tracked north between Iceland and the Davis Strait. In 1975/ by contrast/ there were three major hurricanes/ the ext r at ropi ca I storms tracked farther south and then between England and Iceland. There were no storms in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1976. October - The warm anomaly area south of Nova Scotia persisted/ but the remainder of the Atlantic coastal area was not significantly warmer or colder than normal. The guJLfstream shows large areas of positive anomaly/ while the temperature anomaly charts show large areas of negative anomaly. In the Gulf of Mexico/ SST's were significantly cooler than normal. The Gulf Stream is pictured in guifstream flowing smoothly/ with two major anticyclonic eddies. A cold core edOy at 32N/ 74 W was entirely surrounded by warm Sargasso Sea Water which reached to 100 km from Cape Hatteras. The large warm eddy at 39N/ 69W 48 P aper 4 persisted/ entraining Shelf Water on its eastern edge. The smoothness of the Gulf Stream front is partly due to poor definition caused by cloud cover. Storm tracks moved farther south this month/ and several storms passed up the U.S. east coast bringing winds above 70 kn (36 m/s)/ tornadoes^ heavy rains/ and flooding from South Carolina northward. The trawler Lana CaroJL sank with a full load of scallops off Barnegat Light on the 31st. Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew. The laden dragger Patrjcja Marie/ homeward bound to Provincetown within sight of other vessels/ was lost with all hands (Schwadron 1977). A storm aevelaped on a cold front on the 16th/ 350 km southwest of New Orleans/ moved eas t -no rt heast* a rd across northern Florida the next day/ and raced along the classical storm track offshore to Nova Scotia and beyond on the 1bth. There was a second/ milder storm in the western Gulf at the end of the month. The majority of the storms tracked significantly more easterly than in September/ reaching the area between Greenland and Spain. No.y.£iDJ2£r. - Due to surface mixing from intense cyclonic activity/ the warm anomalies disappeared this month/ and the sea surface was colder than normal nearly everywhere. Anomalies of about -3.5C occurred in the middle Atlantic Bight. The Gulf of Mexico continued about 1.5C colder than usual for the month. Between 50 and 60 km southeast of Cape Hatteras/ SST's rose SC from west to east across the west wall of the Gulf Stream. Both the ART and the guifstream pictured an anticyclonic Gulf Stream loop in the South Atlantic Bight. Due to cloud cover/ eddy and meander observations were not clear. There was at least one anticyclonic eddy at 39N/ 7 W 3 ' / and there may have been two more farther east. Last month's cyclonic eddy/ with a noticeable warm ring/ persisted at 35N/ 7 1 d . Ther mont w as 8th/ Newf At west f ron seas crew s tor inf I days e wa h. ov er pa ound the ern tal a nd fr m wh uenc s a su The fi Nova rallel land t end Gulf o waves swe 11 om a i ch f o e of ccess rst f Scot i ed t he ne of th f Mex and s all si nk i rmed this i on o ormed a. T he f xt da e mon icon the a Ion ng sh in th storm f st nea he s i r st y. th a orth long g th ri mp e Gu sys or ms r No e con si Two bro east fet e f r boa If o tern off rfolk d form i ght ly more s ad fro to No ch of ont . t 450 f Mexi reache the on th ed of to t o r m s ntal va Sc weste The U km no co on d nor U.S. e 5th f Cap the cros a rea ot ia . r ly w SCGC rthea the t hern east / an e Ha east sed exte A i nds Ia.D§ st o 13t r; ire co d in tter / an New nded succ ere y re f No h u enla ast 24 as o d re Eng f ro essi ated scue rfol nder nd i this hou rs n the ached land . m the on of high d the k. A the n six 49 Paper 4 Decembejr - The SST's were not strikingly unusual this month. They tended to be slightly cooler than average north of Cape Hatteras/ with some warm anomaly water associated with the warm-core eddies. The Gulf of Mexico continued cool. The Gulf Stream showed a meander east of Charleston associated with the persistent cold eddy surrounded by a ring of warm water at 3 3 N / 7 5 W . A warm eddy also persisted at 39 N / 7 2 W . No others could be seen because of clouds. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front in the Middle Atlantic Bight was ragged with incursions and ex curs ions . A storm formed in South Carolina on the 7th/ but was of little consequence in the western North Atlantic. Another formed off Georgia on the 15th/ the day the Argo Merchant 3 ran aground. It tracked rapidly northeastwards bringing high winds and rough seas to the Nantucket Shoals area and preventing the Coast Guard from sa Ivag ing the oil. Another storm/ from the midwest/ crossed the Maine coast on the 21st/ affecting the same area with air temperatures in the teens (<-7C) and below/ and causing gales from Maine to Virginia. Another midwestern storm crossed New Jersey on the 28th and turned northeastward/ adding its fury to the shipping lanes. The Panamanian tanker Grand Zenith was last heard from 55 km from Cape Sable. No trace of the ship has been found. LITERATURE CITED BISAGNI, J. J, 1976. Passage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream deepwater dumpsite 106 during 1974 and 1975 Evaluation Rep. 76-1. eddies NOAA th rough Dumps i t e SCHWADRON/ S. 1977. Loss of dragger and her P rov incet own . Natl. Fisherman crew is 57(9) :25A/ stunn i ng 31 A. blow to Purveys in the area of the Argo Merchant spill have shown mortalities and deformities among developing cod and pollock embryos/ noticeable decreases in the abundance of sand lance larvae/ and oil contamination of zooplankton. Studies are continuing; preliminary findings have been released in: The ARGO MERCHANT Oil Spill/ NOAA Special Report/ U.S. Dep. Commer./ March 1977. 50 P aper 5 ANOMALIES OF MONTHLY MEAN SEA LEVEL ALONG THE WEST COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA Dale E. Bretschneider and Douglas R. McLain 1 INTRODUCTION Measurements of mean sea level provide a source of long-term information concerning ocean processes. The data series of hourly tidal height measurements are unique among marine data series/ in that they have been obtained i nexpensi ve ly / over relatively long periods/ at many fixed locations worldwide. Many s i ngl Roden e x ami at mos North betwe of b Cu r re m o n i t I arge the Attu/ invest e stat (196C ne th phe r i c Amer en t he road-s nt sys o ri ng r area west in th igat i ons , 19 e i n pr e i ca - Haw cal e t em . of s . c oa s e Al ors / or 63/ ter r ssu r S ai ia ch F ocea The ts eut i have ex re lat i 1966) u e lati on e at se aur (1 n Islan anges or f i s n chang station of Nor an Is la amine onshi sed s ships lect e 972) ds an in g he rie es re s exa th an nds/ d fl ps a pect aino d st exa d th eost s a qui r mine d So to C uct u mong ral ng s at i o mine e Ca roph sses es g din uth aide at ion smal and s ea le ns a I d se I i f or ic f sment roups this Ameri ra, C s o I gr tati vel/ ong a I nia low pu of rep ca f hi le f s oups stic t em the eve I coas in t rpos stat ort rom ea of aim pera west di t as he C es/ ions exte Mass leve stat etho ture coa ffer an alif how cov nd acre I at ions . ds to / and st of ences index orni a ever/ er ing along Bay/ DATA Most of the monthly mean sea level data in our data base were obtained from the University of Hawaii. 2 These data were updated L Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA 93940. 2 We thank K. Wyrtki and B. Kilonsky/ Department of Oceanography/ University of Hawaii/ who assembled these data and provided us with a tape copy . 51 Pape r 5 and expanded with data from other sources. All data were con- verted to centimeters. For this report/ tide stations most representative of open ocean conditions were selected. Although rriany tide gage stations examined in this report are located on piers in sheltered coastal harbors, stations subject to highly variable local tidal conditions common to large river mouths (such as Astoria/ OR)/ large shallow bays (such as Alameda, CA), and straits or sounds (such as Ketchikan/ AK)/ were generally net included. Additional criteria for station selection were a long, continuous data record, a constant tidal reference datum, and an even distribution of stations with distance along the coast. The stations selected and their locations are shown in Figure 5.1. The processes affecting sea level are complex; In addition to t he well-under stood tidal or astronomic forces, sea level is a f f ect ed by : ■ i if* 1- Changes in the average density of the water column. 2. Changes in distribution of atmospheric pressure over the ocean surface (resulting, in part, in variations in large scale wind patterns). '■■■''■.■•■ ■"' ■ ■ 3. Variations in speed of alongshore components of ocean currents. (16 Sff!" 4. Changes in total mass of ocean water resulting from accretion Or melting of glaciers. 5. Subsidence or emergence of the land upon which the gage i s located . sir -,-•■•'.• The relative importance of these processes varies from station to station. For ocean monitoring in support of fisheries assessment, we are interested in fluctuations with periods of months to years. For this reason the data are presented in terms of monthly means which remove the principal diurnal and semidiurnal periodicities from the data. Fluctuations with periods longer than months or years can be reduced by comparing the data with a 19-yr mean. This compensates for the nodal tide, which results from the changing declination of the moon over a period of 18.61 years. The nodal tide has a much greater "potential," or effect, than do - . ■ ^Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Berkenhead, U.K., and National Ocean Survey, NOAA, Washington, DC 20852. 52 Paper 5 other long-period* ast ronomi cat Ly induced/- harmonics observed in tidal data (Lisitzin 1974). W e did not* however* remove very long-period fluctuations such as those caused by isostatic glacial responses (as at Yakutat* AK) or fluctuations related to land subsidence or uplift (such as at Balboa* CZ). Our objective is to compare temporal fluctuations of sea level along much of the eastern Pacific coast for eventual comparison with fishery fluctuations. In order to allow comparison between stations and to flag unusual events* the data are presented as monthly mean anomalies or departures of a given month from its long-term mean. The long-term means used in this report were for the 19-yr period* 1949-67. The tidal reference datum differs from station to station. Computation of anomalies at each station allows comparison in time between stations having different aatum levels. Pattul latitu vo lume nont i d effect record howeve that n ch ange This high atmosp lo et des ( of th al va s were ed ch r* in ort h o s i n a "i nver latitu her i c al. bet w e wa riat f ou ange high f 40 ist r ted de s pr es (19 een ter ion nd t s i er I N mu ibut ba ro by su re 55) f about co lumn i n re o ac co n sea at itud c h of i on of meter" ad j us from ound 40N wer corde unt lev es . t he v atmo effe ting a Ion tha an e r d se for el. Li si aria sphe ct c sea g-te t in d 40S) espons a leve on ly This tzi n a t i o n i r ic pr an be leve rm mea t emper change ible f I. Atm a sma s i tua nd Patt n sea I essure removed Is for n. ate s in or osph 11 t ion ullo eve I over f ro de and the most eric part is t spe of pre of not (1961) results the o m the da par t ures ropi c ci f i c t he ssu r e the true * found f rom cean . ta in of There qu i ck I total This severa T hus* equi I i more . consta ch ange di f f er di st ri Saur 1 is evi y foil pressu isost a I thou t he bri urn Assu nt * i s* the en ce but ion 972). dene ow ed re o ti c sand o c with mi ng f t sea so of e th by n th ad j mil ean atm th he sur that pre at f comp e se ustm es a can osph e a pres face th ssur lu ctuat ensatin a f loor ent i s nd with be c eric pr ve rage su re d s lope ere w i e on th ions 3 ch re th i n a onsi essu pre iffe will 11 e se in atmo anges in mains v ought to time sp dered t re for p ssu re o rence b change be no a f loor sphe sea e ry occ an o a e r i o ver etwe toe net (Fat nc lev nea ur o of ppro ds o the en ompe ch a tull pres el so r ly ver a s ever a c h f a ocean two nsate nge o et sure tha cons ran al isos mont s re st a for in al . are i the tant . ge of day s . tat i c h or mains t i ons this the 19 5 5* Pressure effests were removed from the data by correcting sea levels to a long-term mean atmospheric pressure in the vicinity of the tide gage. This compensates for both the normal seasonal cycle and the monthly pressure anomaly. Monthly mean sea level pressure data were obtained from the World Weather Record series* 53 Paper 5 Monthly Climatic Data for the Worlds from CCEA/ 4 or computed from monthly mean pressure fields obtained from F N w 1 C . 5 Normal atmospheric pressures at each station were obtained by averaging monthly pressures for the entire period of record. The effects of monthly variations from this long-term pressure mean were removed from sea level measurements by applying a correction of 1 cm in sea level for each millibar deviation in atmospheric pressure. Sea level data for all stations north of Mazatlan were corrected in this manner/ with resultant small decreases in the range of sea level anomalies. Pressure deviations south of Mazatlan were on the order of one millibar or less* not large enough to warrant correction because sea level measurements have a typical error of about 1 cm. DISCUSSION The anomalies of corrected monthly mean sea level (Figs. 5.2-5.6) exhibit remarkably coherent patterns in time and space. Perhaps the most striking feature of the time series is the long-term persistence and wide distribution of high sea level during the period 1957-59. Evidence of anomalously high sea level extends from Caldera/ Chile/' to Adak/ AK. Similar periods of anomalously high sea level can be seen in 1940-41 and 1971-73/ and to a lesser extent in 1951-52 and 1965-66. The simultaneous occurrence of these changes over such vast distances suggests a relation to large-scale oceanic or atmos- pheric disturbances. The periods of anomalously high sea levels were also periods of anomalously warm sea surface temperatures and are associated with El Nino occurrences in the eastern tropical Pacific (Quinn 1976/ 1978). Such environmental changes can have dramatic effects on marine fisheries. Along the coast of Peru/ for example/ large changes in the distribution and abundance of anchoveta result from adverse oceanographi c conditions associated with El Nino periods. These conditions/ combined with heavy exploitation/ have resulted in a decline of the fishery and have had major economic impact. Radpvich (1961) documented many changes in the distribution of marine populations along the coast of California during the warm water periods 1940-41 and 1957-59 which were associated with high sea levels. He found a general northerly shift of southern "Center for Climatic and Environmental Assessment/ Environmental Data Service/ NOAA/ Columbia/ MO 65201. 5 Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ U.S. Navy/ Monterey/ CA 93940. 54 Paper 5 species and an increase in yellowtail and bonito populations off California. Changes of sea level related to fluctuating coastal circulation may be associated with variations in year class strengths of marine populations due to changes in larval t r ansport . In his investigation of low frequency sea level oscillations/ Roden (1966) found a high coherence in sea level fluctuations measured by tide gages located within similar mac roenv i ronment s/ such as those located within the Gulf of Alaska or within the California Current area. Even stations with dissimilar exposure/ such as thos_e with gages located on the open coast compared to those with gages located in enclosed bays/ yielded similar results if the stations were within the same mac roenvi ronment . We now examine fluctuations of sea level in groups of stations having similar oceanog raph i c environments. A I eut i an Is I ands Sea le term (1952- and anoma I to be This s of re Sea/ m p r oces i ntere examin 1957-5 pos i t i 1964-6 sugges U na las ve I s lower 53) . Attu ous ly lit ugges lat i v ay re ses st i ng ed t 9. U ve a 7 and ts I ka . i n th sea In c in hi gh t le c ts th ely f s po nd t ha n to n hat nalas noma I 1971 ong -t is ar lev ont ra 1952 va lu or re I at se ree e to sea cte t did ka ha i es -74 e rm ea ar e Is st to -53/ es/ w at ion a lev x ch an a di le ve hat A not d s ma dur in exh ib f luct e qu can the Una ith bet el a ge b ffer I a ttu show II a g 1 it uat i i t e var be seen low sea laska/ a peak i ween Att t Attu/ etween t ent com t Adak/ is t he anomal noma lies 957-59. st rong ons in i able at A leve Kodi a n ear u and which he Pa b i n a t Una la on ly ous ly th ro In negat the dak Is k/ ly 1 nei i s c if i ion ska/ st hi ugh con i ve ocea Sign (194 obse and 953. ghbo loca c Oc of or at io gfc 195 t ras ano n en i f i c 3-51 rved Yak Th ring ted ean env Kodi n o sea 6 a t/ t ma li v i ro ant ) and at utat ere stat i n an and B i ronm ak. f th leve nd s he pe es . nment long- Attu Adak show seems ions . area er ing ent a I It is e 25 Is in t rong riods This near §u.lf of Alaska. - Pacific Northygst Kodiak has the shortest record of observations in the series. It was included to fill a gap between widespread stations. It shows surprisingly small variations in sea level with extremes in 1957-5& and 1961-62. A weak positive anomaly with a peak in early 1958 is evident. The Yakutat gage/- located in a harbor/ is subject to salinity changes due to increased river runoff during summer months (Favorite 1974). The trend of decreasing sea level seen in the series for this station results from land uplift due to isostatic glacial rebound. Strong negative anomalies are evident during 1955-56/ 1961-62/ and 1971-72. Surprising small positive 55 Paper 5 anomalies are seen during 1956. Favorite (1974) has shown that annual mean sea level anomalies at Yakutat were well correlated with mean annual wind stress transport anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska during the period 1950-59. Fairly persistent long-term sea level anomalies with short-term fluctuations can be seen at Sitka, Prince Ruperts Tofino, Neah Bay, and Crescent City. Sea level fluctuations are remarkably coherent among these stations, considering the 1800 km along the coast between Sitka and Crescent City. Major periods of high sea level are seen during 1940-41 and 1957-59. Low sea level periods include 1955-56, late 1961-early 1962, and 1964. A significant period of anomalously low sea level is evident at Prince Rupert between the years 1947 and 1951. California Current Sea level data from San Francisco, Avila Beach, Los Angeles, ant La Jolla also exhibit similar fluctuations. Periods of high se; level are noticeable during 1941, 1951-52, 1957-59, and 1972-7: at all obse rv ed o c cur red 1964. A oc cur red and ;a '3 stations. Periods of high sea level during 1969 were at San Francisco and Avila. Periods of low sea level at all stations during 1955 and early 1956 and during strong trend of rising sea level in relation to land at all stations in this group. Mexico ~ Cf-QtCai America Mazatalan, ttanzanillo, Acapulco, Ealboa, La Union, and Buenaventura show similar patterns of sea level fluctuations. Periods of high sea level correspond very well with El Nino conditions (duinn 1976, 1978). All stations exhibit very high sea levels during 1941-42, 1957-59, and, to a lesser extent, 1965-66. Extremely high levels «iere noted during 1972-73. The anomaly at Manzanillo for December 1972 measured 28.8 cm, one of the largest in the entire series. Anomalously low sea levels were seen in 1949-5C, 1955, and 1967. The station at Balboa shows a trend of rising sea level which Roden (1963) attributed to land subsidence. P^fiy. Current Region Talara, C a 1 1 ao , Matarani, Antofagasta, and Caldera also show remarkably coherent fluctuations in sea level. Like the group of stations to the north, periods of high sea level correspond well with El Nino conditions. The 1941-42 period of high sea levels is evident at Matarani. The 1957-59 and 1965 periods of high sea levels are seen at all stations in this region. During 19 72, a period of extremely high sea levels occurred at Talara peaking at 36.5 cm in December 1972. A maximum anomaly of 34.4 cm was measured at Talara during November 1974. It is interesting to 56 Paper 5 note the sharp spike of extremely Low sea Level that occurred just before the 1974 period of high sea Level at Talara. Anomalously high sea levels are also evident at Callao during 1972. Periods of Low sea level occurred at all stations in this group during 1949-5C, 1954-56/- and 1966-67. CONCLUSION Anoma I coast s evera for h a long coasta drift the m 1957-5 abunda that f lead t t hei r i es of of Nor I mont undred the co I ci r and re aj or 9, and nee o urthe r o s be effect mon tta a hs t s o ast cu La prod pe r i 1.97 r d res tter s on th ly mea nd South o two ye f ki lorn f rom Chi ti on pr uct i ve s ods of a 2 were a i st ri but ear ch on under st popu L at n se Ame ars ete r le oc es uc ce noma ssoc ion the andi ions a leve I r i ca pe or Long s . An to Ala ses wh ss of I ous L y i a t e d w of man factor ng of o of mar obs rsi s er a oma I ska ich mar i hi gh ith y ma s a cean ine e rva t fo nd a ous and may ne sea unu r i ne ffec c i r orga t ions r per re co "even may in t o rgan leve sua I spec ting cu Lat n isms along i o d s ran he rent ts" can be re urn af f e isms. I during changes i es . It sea le ion proc the ging in be t late ct I Cert 194 i n is ve I esse west from space ra ced a to arva I ai n Ly 1-42, the hoped wi LI s and LITERATURE CITED FAVORITE, F. 1974. On flow into the Bering Sea through Aleutian Island passes. In D. W . Hood and E. J. Kelly (editors). Ocean- ography of the Bering Sea. Occas. Publ. No. 2, Inst. Mar. S ci . , U. Alaska, Fairbanks. LISITZIN, E. 1974. SeaLevel changes. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., N.Y., 286 d. LISITZIN, E., and J. G. PATTULLO. 1961. The principal factors influencing the seasonal oscillation of sea level. J. Geophys. Res. 66:345-852. PATTULLO, J., W. MUNK, R. REVELLE, and E. STRONG. 1955. The seasonal oscillation in sea level. J. Mar. Res. 14:88-155. 57 Paper 5 QUINN/ W. H. 1976. EL Nino/ anomalous Equatorial Pacific conditions and their prediction. Iq J. R. Go u let/ Jr. (compiler)* The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974. , p. 11-1 — 11-18. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish/ Serv./ M A R M A P (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. 1978. Equatorial Pacific anomalies and El Nino. iq J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 179- 190. U.S. Dep. Commer/ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. RADOVICH, J. 1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the northeast Pacific to water temperatures/ particularly during 1957 through 1959. Calif. Dep. Fish Game/ Calif. Fish Bull. 1 12/ 62 p. RODEN/ G. I. 1960. On the nonseasonal variations in sea level along the west coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res. 65:2809-2826. 1963. Sea level variations at Panama. J. Geophys. Res. 68: 5701-5710. 1966. Low-frequency sea level oscillations along the Pacific coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res. 71:4755-4776. SAUR/ J. F. T. 1972. Monthly sea level differences between the Hawaiian Islands and the California coast. Fish. Bull. U.S. 70: 619-036. 58 ^F At t u , AK O o ... -'-' u Adak, AK Figure 5.1.— Selected tide stations along the west coast of North and South America. 59 I si in i in CE x: in cr 1/) CO LO LO Lfl in CD m = , in ~ CD -a CD t-~ _ co U1 CO CM ■< cs cd co CD CO en CO CO IX) en CO CO co C\l CO V — i 1 1 en m I CO lo i CD CO 1- CO CO ' CO -. z CO CO -^ LO CD ~~ ->* — CD CO CO -^s CM CD ~ CO •=== CS CO S CD in CD LO ~^s t^ . = L/) CD in e LD ID r^ to ._ ^ CO LO £= CM in =- ^-i =- m £ "3 CM ■>* cs CD CO CO CO co CD CO in CO 00 CO CO CM CO V — i 1 1 — 1 C\J i CO CD m ld i CO IT) in l^p^- CO 1 CM P~ cs t-- _ cd CD CO CO CD CO CO in CD ->* CO ro CD ~ CM CO CO cs CO 3 CD m ~ CD m -3s in -= CD in _J in m - -■a m ~2 CO in — : CM in ~ ~ Ln 3 IS in _= en -a 4BS CO £g CD CO -<* CM ■>* CS CD CO GO CO CO - CO CO in CO — CO m CO CO CM CO V — i 1 — i CO t-» in t-- CO CM r-* cs CD CO CO CO CO CO CO in CO CO CO S CD = CM ~ CO 5=- CO CM 3s^ P». 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Reduced levels of coastal convergence may be associated with less intense than normal surface divergence offshore. A decrease in the strength of the coupled "punping" between the central Gulf of Alaska and the coast would tend to reduce the baroc I in i c i t y established during the previous three months. More intense than normal coastal convergence was evident during the remaining months of 1976. A general pattern of upwelling indices below the median (Fig. 6.2) was interrupted in June, when small positive, values occurred, and in October, when an irregular transition to vigorous winter downwelling was apparent. Anomalies from the long-term monthly means (Table 6.2) were negative from April through September, except during June, at 3 Ingraham, W. J., Jr., A. Bakun, and F. Favorite. 1976. Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, NMFS, Northwest Fish. Cen., Processed Rep., 132 p. 66 Paper 6 these five Locations. Upwelling indices at 54N* 134W and 51 N* 131W for May and July were the lowest (largest negative values) calculated in the 31-yr time series. Coastal convergence continued through the summer at approximately one-half the intensity of the preceding winter's downwelling. Under these conditions* the existing baroclinic structure would tend to be maintained. Ihis situation contrasts with more typical relaxed summer conditions/' in which the baroclinicity established during a previous winter is dissipated. A smooth transition to vigorous winter downwelling was replaced by less intense than normal downwelling in October. This period of positive anomalies immediately followed and preceded several months of large negative anomalies. An examination of the monthly mean surface atmospheric pressure field for October (not shown) indicated a westward shift* relative to the long-term mean position* of the center of the low pressure system and a much reduced pressure gradient near the coast. A return to near normal (50th percentile) winter downwelling occurred in December. VANCOUVER ISLAND TO POINT CONCEPTION Neah B posi t i coasta This i n d i c a W ashin coasta by a appear the m Alaska than t and ea va lues indi ca 2Z to ve an I conv trend ted f gton I upwe retur ed as ed ian* to Or he Ion rl y wi (co ted le Cent oma I erge did ram and Uin n to an a in eg on g-te nter as ta ss i ral i es nee no Feb nor g f r nea noma a . U rm m wer I nten Oreg, in f i rs t c ruar ther om M r no ly i reg pwel ean e ch conv se t on £4 Janua t note ont inu y thr n Ore ay to rmal i n a pa ion s ling p va lues aracte ergenc han no £N* ry e d in e; ough gon. Septe ndex ttern t retc eaked woul ri zed e)* rmal 125W xten Dece near Apr A P mber va lu of hing i n din by alt down to deo mber no i I ro lo was es . upw f ro Ju di ca a re houg well 45 a 197 rmal a Ion nged int How elli m th ne* te ( turn h P ing . \Ll 1 per io 5 (B dow g th peri errup ever* ng i e nor some Bakun to n os i t i 25w) . d of akun nwe 1 1 i e coa od of ted i this ndi ce s t hern what 1973) egat i v ve an Large re laxed 1978). ng was st s of re laxed n June feature be low Gulf of earlier . Fall e mean omal i es 67 Paper 6 Cage B patter anoma L a Long This s Cur ren a maxi during i ntens M e n d o c were condi t la.Q£o tfi ns of ies duri the co tretch q t upwe IL mum in t July (N ity of t i n o (39 ma r ked ly ions. P°i pos ng s asts f co ing he a e Iso he i N) / di nt Con i t i v e ummer of ast en region longsh n i n p ndicat and t f f eren cep_t ano note sout comp / wh ore ress ed u o a t t ion ma Li d ab hern asse i ch com ) . p*e L Less han I4.2N/ es du ove w Oreg s the is cha ponent In 197 L ing a e r ext the 12.5W to 3 r i ng wint ere not on and nor core of racter ized of surf 6 the timi t Cape BLa ent Point 1946-67 6N/ 12 er and repeate thern C the / in th ace wi ng/- dur nco (4 Concept Long-t 2W). neg d ex a Li f o CaLif e inea nd s at ion 2N)/ i on ( e rm The at i ve act Ly rni a . orni a n, by tress / and Cape 36N)/ mean Positive anomaLies occurred in January and February/ during a part of the year ordinariLy characterized by coastaL convergence. ALthough onshore transport was indicated at 42N/ upweLLing indices for 39N were positive and were cLearLy above the 50th percentiLe. This feature continued a Long trend of positive anomaLies which began in ApriL 1975 (Bakun 1978). The onset of anomalous upweLLing appeared to occur rather abruptly in March. The timing of this event was coherent at three Locations along the coast (Fig. 6.2). Near Cape Mendocino (39N)/ the March index was nearly a factor of three greater than the Long-term mean value for this month and location. < to near normal conditions occurred in April. return Conditions favorable to strong coastal upweLLing reappeared in May/ June/ and July. Monthly mean indices exceeded the SCth percentile at both 42N and 39N. The values computed for Cape Mendocino (39N) were the second highest in May/ and the third largest in June within the 31-yr series. This recurrence of unusually large positive anomalies markea the fourth consecutive year in which stronger than normal coastal divergence has been indicated. Such long-term persistence possibly suggests either a shift in/ or intensification of/ the Large-scale atmospheric circulation influencing the west coast of North America. The timing of the summer upweLLing season was also somewhat unusual. Index values peaked in May/ two months earlier than the peaks in the Long-term mean cycles for these locations. A rapid transition to below normal upweLLing (i.e./ negative anomalies) during August was immediately followed by a return to large positive anomaLies in September. The period of relaxed upweLLing in August was notable/ since negative anomalies during this month were evident along the entire stretch of coast from the northern Gulf of Alaska to the Southern California Bight. The pattern of positive anomalies persisted through the last quarter of 1976. While the upweLLing indices at 42N approached the 20-yr mean values (i.e./ downwe I Li ng ) / inoices exceeding the 68 Paper 6 80th percentile occurred in September and October at Cape Mendocino. The indices for November and December showed a gradual return to median values; however/ upwelling was still indicated for 39N. As Bakun (1978) has already noted/ such a prolonged period of upwelling would appear to be favorable for those fish stocks dependent upon upwelling based primary producti on « POINT CONCEPTION TO BAJA CALIFORNIA A secondary California Current upwelling regime along this coast (33N/ 119W to 21N/ 107W> is characterized by positive values of offshore transport throughout the year (Bakun and Nelson in press). Maximum upwelling index values occur from March to May and coincide^ in time/ with major peaks in spawning. Positive monthly mean anomalies were evident from March to August (Table 6.2). Much more intense than normal upwelling at locations from Punta Eugenia (27N) to Cabo San Lucas (21N) extended the upwelling season to late summer. This period was immediately followed by a decline to large negative anomalies. This pattern of negative anomalies during fall and early winter encompassed the entire region from Point Conception (36N) to Cabo San Lazaro (24N). Upwelling indices were consistently below the 30th percentile/ which suggested extremely relaxed upwelling for this time of year. The pattern of negative anomalies corresponded in time and in location with a rapid warming of surface water during fall and winter. The intensity of warming was indicated by December sea surface temperature anomalies 2C warmer than the 1946-67 mean/ and more than 3C warmer than the temperatures during the 1975 winter season. 4 Relaxed upwelling (i.e./ small values of offshore transport) is correlated with northward surface flow Fisheries iDigrfflgtipQ'' Center7~NMFS/ No. 12/ December 1976. NOAA/ La Jolla/ CA 92038. Sout heast 69 Paper 6 near the coast- 5 The upwelling conditions during fall and winter 1976 indicated the possibility of a major intrusion of warm southern water which could have extended beyond Point Conception. RELATION TO FISHERIES Within Lucas i mport area. 6 f o I low basis spawni r eprod upwe 1 1 coast stock i nc rea pr edi c e vi den s t rono the (21N ant t Th ed a of ng / u c t i v ing d wou I of se t ted o ce i er th coa s ) / rans e f per i abo.v r ecr e s urin d t Paci he n th ndi c an h tal r upwe I port i ve od of e no u i t m e u cces g the end fie e s t i in e bas ates ad be egi on li ng mecha mont h mode rmal nt m s f o fall to f macke ates i s of that en an f ro and ni sm s of rate upw ode I r P and avor re I ^ of sp r / i t i c i m Poi n upwe s for be low upwel e 1 1 ing s pre aci f i c i nc re nort h Scorn the ing up ndeed/ pat ed. t Co llin fish no r ling at diet ma ased ward ber T976 well th ncept g re I stoc ma I i at this ed b ckere nort t ran yea ing a e 19 ion ated ks w ndi c 30N/ loc ette I i hwar spor nicy r c lone 76 y (33N pro hi eh es i 11 at io r t n 19 d fl t of lass . C ear ) to cess spa n th 9W. n du han 76. 7 ow the whi c ab urre c las Cabo San es may be wn in the is region On the ring peak average Relaxed near the sou thern h would ove those nt market s is much 'Nelson to the Pacific 6 Parris C a I i f o rn Fish. In U npub I . 7 R . H . Monterey 8 R. A. 90802. / C. 5. 1976. Seasonal variations in processes related California Current. Paper presented at the 23rd Eastern Oce ano-g r ap hi c Conference/ September 29-0ctober 1/ 1976. h /■ R. H . / and C. S. Nelson. Fish stocks and the ia Current. Paper presented at the Calif. Coop. Oceanic vest. Conference/ November 16-18/ 1976/ Palm Springs/ CA. manuscn Parrish/ Pacific Environmental Group/ NMFS/ NOAA/ / CA 93940. Pers. com-nun. Klingbeil/ California Fish and Game Comm./ Long Beach/ CA Pers . commun . 70 Paper 6 LITERATURE CITED BAKUN/ A. 1973. Coas.tal upwelling indices/ west coast of North America/ 1946-71. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-671/ 103 p. 1976. Coastal upwelling off western North America/ 1974. In j. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler). The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974' p. 12-1 — 12-16. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour- Monit. Asses. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. 1978. Coas.tal upwelling off western North America/ 1975. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 141-149. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. BAKUN/ A./ and C. S. NELSON. In press. Climatology of upwelling related processes off Baja California. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. (CalCOFI) Rep. NELSON/ C. S. In press. Wind stress and wind stress curl over the California Current. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF. PARRISH/ R. H. 1976. An assessment of environmentally related variation in the recruitment of the California Stock of Pacific mackerel (Scfimbe.£ iaeonicus) and its implications for management. Ph.D. Thesis/ Oregon State University/ Corvallis/ 111 p. 71 o ^f CO CM co 00 oo r^ r-- LU C30 ^t- oo 00 ^t- LO ■=3- CM Q 1 i — 1 — 1 1 1 i i oo CO I oo CM OO LO OO +-> oo %- S_ o 00 a> C i= TO u 4-J ■i — JO. CD =3 ■>- C_> O cd 00 %- c as o 00 CD 4-> +J • i — TO c: o ~i cc I-* 00 00 ai ■" rs s^ TO o > <+- CU oo > cd •i — ■ u 4-J DO •i — fO C ■a cn •i — c CD i — ■ r_ *-- CD en 5 c: c ■i— +-> 2 i — oo o i — TO T3 cd O 2i u 4-> ex C 3 <+- TO o -M i — r— TO jr. rs 4-J 4-> 00 00 CD CD TO c J- O cu cj 1 "O >> E TO 1 — o r- o 00 +-> 1 — ^ C cd a k- 4-> "^~ O) TO a. i. 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OO r-- , — CM O LO to r ~ to 1 i CM LO LO CM 1 CM 1 CM LO to I CM 1 cn to oo oo 0O LO CM LO CM LO CM LO CM CM CM CT> en to 00 o to o to LO 2: LO LO CO ■3- LO ^1 CM =3" 2T cn 00 2 to 0O 2: OO OO 00 2: CM <* CM 2: CM 73 Figure 6.1. — Computation grid. Intersections at which upwelling indices are computed are marked with large dots. 74 PERCENTILIZED MONTHLY MEAN UPWELLING INDICES 60N.149W 60N. !46« 57N.137W 54N.134W 51N.131W 48N, 125W 45N.125W 42Np125U 39N.125W 36N.122W 33N.H9W 30N,119W 27N,H6H 24N.113U 21N.107W J F M R 1976 M J J R S N D 4& ■ f S5> & ^mhmmM I && i I „ l jf7/g)/// A, * t7 y ***- ....A. .^.1 fill i V /7&— >7$r=70 3&£* / 7 ^ 7 ^ ^v^^^iill^Vs-, eb m 53 75 iv i M\ I' ]±\ \ v_-- m\\ fail) 1J| l,.l v [^$..... ■M^Wf^^ms'M. 9$ 'Vte 68 ^ 53 x \; : %/ dH^ ^* \ '--.j } mm : / m$ . 75^ A : A /' l\ <& (:■:■: /iix* J* (, 66) i^l. \ ^^ ^ • ; ' l \ Y & %§!3 ^.^4^ ;66;,>^^7^-^6S 56 ^||i%^:li :^'. ^4ii^— ""'1-^ «)* fir'— 4: :■>{■:•■:•■••:•■:•# 2ip^§V / 7& 7B- r -6J2- 3 J5 #' ^....^...^^!!^S^^^^^ ^ te 68 -A 8^ i^m^'41 /'m^vzi- ,^\lm^% Figure 6.2.— Percentalized upwelling index values for 1976. Percentiles indicate relative ranking within the 31-yr data set for each month and location. The contour interval is 10 percentile unit s. Values below the median (50th percentile) are shaded. 75 Paper 7 OCEANIC CONDITIONS DURING 1976 BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO AND HONOLULU AS OBSERVED FROM SHIPS OF OPPORTUNITY J. F. T. Saur 1 and D. R. McLain INTRODUCTION Durino 1976 cooperating merchant ships continued to make sections of surface salinity samples and of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) observations on the San Francisco-Honolulu ship route (Fig. 7.1). Similar sections of observations were obtained most of the year/ but less frequently/ on the Seattle and Los Angeles to Hawaii routes. These/ however/ were discontinued at the end of October for lack of funds/ and these two routes are not considered in this paper. The sampling was done for the National Marine Fisheries Service using funds provided by the National Science Foundation under the NORPAX program. Selected vertical sections of the data have been published monthly in HshiQS Inf g rmaMon 3 since March 1972. Interpreta- tions of features in the sections were included through March 1975 (Saur 1972-75). Saur et al. (1979) discussed the char- acteristics of long-term mean vertical sections of subsurface temperatures from the XBT data on the San Francisco route. Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ La Jolla/ CA 92037. 2 Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ c/o Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ Monterey/ CA 93940. 3 Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ La Jolla/ CA 92037. 77 paper In this report we present distributions of surface salinity* sea surface temperature (SSI)* and heat storage (surface to 100-m Layer) during 1976* and have extended the previously published 1972-75 time series of their anomalies through 1976. We discuss the 1976 distributions and differences in anomalies from the preceding years. An apparently atypical relation of positive temperature anomalies occurring with negative salinity anomalies off the Pacific coast during October-December 1976 is attributed* at least partially* to a decrease in evaporation and weak vertical mixing by winds. OBSERVATIONS Observational programs and procedures for making XBT observations aboard cooperating merchant ships have been described by Saur and Stevens (1972). The "surface" salinities are determined from water samples drawn at around 7 m below the surface. "Surface" temperatures from the XBT observations are representative of temperatures at about 5 m. Heat storage is presented as average temperature from the surface to 1C0 m as determined from the XBT observations. These observations were normally scheduled at 4-h i ntervals . For 19 76 the number of ship of opportunity transits* number of observations* and range of observed values are shown in Table 7.1 . Table 7.1 Surface salinity (o/oo) Surface temp . (C ) Heat storage (C* 0-100 m) Number of Transits 27 31 Obs. M i nimum Maximum Range 814 32.37 35.59 3.22 926 10.0 25.9 15.9 30 868 10.0 25.2 15.2 The locations of the observations are shown in Figures 7.2-7.4. In these* and other figures* the location of an observation is given by its great circle distance from a reference point* 21N12'* 157W<*2** which is in the ocean channel near Honolulu* south of Makepuu Point* Oahu. 78 P aper 7 DISTRIBUTION OF VARIABLES DURING 1976 The time-space distributions of salinity/ temperature/ and heat storage (0-100 m) are shown in Figures 7.2/ 7.3/ and 7.4/ respec- tively. The irregularly located observations were first analyzed by the NORPAX/ SURFACE II computer program to a time-space grid of 24 intervals per year by 92.6 km (50 n mi). The distributions were then camputer contoured from the UDSmQQthed grid fields using double Linear interpolation with five subintervals within each standard grid interval. The surface salinities (Fig. 7.2) showed the underlying mean pattern (Saur 1978) of a low salinity minimum (below 33.0 o/oo) a short distance offshore in the California Current; a region where salinity increased toward Hawaii and had maximum gradients located between 2/000 km and 3/000 km along the route from Hawaii; a region of maximum salinites (above 35.0 o/oo) located between 500 km and 1/750 km from Hawaii; and somewhat lower salinities (below 35.0 o/oo) most of the year near Hawaii. The high salinities occurred where the vessel track crossed the eastern end of the high salinity Eastern North Pacific Central Waters/ located between 25N and 30N (Sverdrup et al. 1942). The surface, temperatures (Fig. 7.3) showed the typical annual cooling and warming cycle with minimum temperatures in late March or early April and maximum temperatures in September superimposed on the latitudinal decrease in temperature along the route from Hawaii to San Francisco. The most rapid warming normally occurs from mid-May to mid-July/ but in 1976 the warming was delayed until mid-June and was greatest in July. This was followed by a broad maximum through October and slowly decreasing temperatures in November-December. The annual cycle of temperature is much more prominent than the annual cycle of salinity. Minimum and maximum values and total range for each gridded field are shown in Table 7.1. The greatest range of salinty at a given position was about 0.5 o/oo or only 15% of the total observed range. On the other hand/ near the California coast the temperature range was 6.0C/ and near 3/000 km along the route (in the Transition Zone) the annual range was 5.1C/ which were 39% and 32%/ respectively/ of the total observed range. The heat storage (expressed by the average temperature in the upper 100 m of water/ Fig. 7.4) had a pattern similar to that of surface temperature. However/ at a fixed location it did not have as large an annual range; this was only about 2C over most of the route but reached about 4C near the California coast. The smaller annual range of heat storage occurred because the effects of the seasonal warming and cooling cycle decrease with depth. 79 Paper 7 ANOMALIES DURING 1976 The time series since 1972 of anomalies of salinity* temperature* and heat storage given by Saur (1978) are extended to include 1976 anomalies (Fig. 7.5). The mean data from which the anomalies were computed did not include the 1976 data* but were for the same 8-yr period (June 1 966-December 1970* January 1972-June 1975) used previously. The grid fields for the anomalies were numerically smoothed by a 5 x 3 point (60 days by 100 n mi) before being contoured. The an domi na Two ex was a and an (-0.2 migrat w inter 2*000 route 2.5 cm anoma I and Sa oma I nt ly cept pu ot he o/oo ed w * b km i was /s i ies ur ( ies of posi t ions ar Ise of r in Ma ) w hi c est*ia rd ut the n May a about n 1972 at 170 1978) . surf ac i ve* t e no t ic be low y-J u ly . h had a a long n incr nd June 3.3 c -75 an m (gene e s hrou eabl no rm Ne ppea the ease 197 m/s d s rail al in ghou e. al s arer red trac d i 6. as peed y i n ity « t the Along a I i n i t mi dse nea r 2 k* dec n int This p compa s of the t ere g f i rst the Ca y wate ct ion *700 k reased ens ity ropaga red w i 2.9 c hermoc enera I ni ne li f orn r in J the ne mini to n to - t ion s tin obs m/s f line) ly s month i a co anuar gat iv at e s ear 0.2 o peed erved or t found mall* s of ast y-Feb e an ummer no rma /oo a a long va lu emper by D but 1976. there ruary oma ly 1975 I in round the es of ature orman The outstanding feature of surface salinity anomalies in 1976 was the appearance of significant negative anomalies (below -0.2 o/oo) at the California coast and also near the outer edge of the California Current (near 2*800 km) in October. In mid- November there was a band of negative anomalies (below -0.3 o/oo) from near the California coast to midsection. Further* anomalies below -0.4 o/oo occurred in the Transition Zone and extended toward Hawaii somewhat into the ENP region. These strong negative anomalies appeared to be returning to near normal at the end of the year. The SST ence wi F rom J an over mo about th to si gn entire r seasonal to nea r anomalie anoma lie s i gnif ic anom th uary st e la i f i c oute wa r zero s a s ov ant I al ie dist thr of st 6 ant I bee mi ng ove ppea er t y ne s in ance ough the 00 k y n ause w r mo red he gati 197 a lo Apr rou m ap egat of armi st o nea rest ve v 6 ex ng t il t te proa i ve the ng i f th r th of a lue hi bi ted he trac emperet except ching t anoma I prev iou n July e route e Calif the s duri n the k an ure that he C ies s ly bri e . A orni rout 9 Au ear I d low anom they a I if o occu ment i fly r nar r a coa e re gust i er ob pers i s ali es were n rni a co rred i oned de eturned ow band st at t turned* through serv t enc were egat ast . n Ma I aye the of hat ho Oct ed c e in pos i ve w A c y ove d ons anom pos time, wever ober . oher- t ime . i t i ve it h i n hange r t he et of al i es i t i v e The * to 80 Paper 7 During the Last quarter^ positive temperature anomalies appeared progressively farther westward along the route towards Hawaii at a very rapid rate. Significant positive anomalies (above 0.5C) appeared during November over the entire eastern half of the section and persisted through the remainder of the year. The pattern of these positive anomalies was quite similar to that of the negative salinity anomalies that were previously noted. The pattern of anomalies of heat storage in the upper 100 m differed considerably from that of surface temperature anomalies. Only during the first quarter of the year was there some correspondence of positive anomalies of heat storage and surface temperature over most of the route along with negative anomalies near the California coast. During May-July over the central portion of the routes the positive anomalies of heat storage persisted while the anomalies of SST changed to negative* indi- cating that the warm waters remained at depth but were covered with anomalously cool waters at the surface. Toward the last half of the year negative heat storage anomalies progressively appeared over a larger portion of the route at the Hawaiian end of the section. Otherwise* the patterns of signi- ficant heat storage anomalies were very spotty. DISCUSSION The oceanic conditions in 1976 on the San Francisco-Honolulu route began with the relation between surface salinity and surface temperature anomalies which has been typical for at least the period 1972-75. This historical relation had banded and westward-migrating positive (or negative) salinity anomalies over the eastern half of the route accompanied by positive (or negative) surface temperature anomalies over most of the route. This relation continued in the first quarter of 1976 when positive salinity anomalies were associated with positive temperature anomalies. For the years 1972-75 an heuristic model with anomalies dominated by advective processes could explain the association of positive salinity anomalies in the outer California Current region with wider spread positive temperature anomalies. The California Current is the fastest portion of the eastern limb of the major (clockwise) gyre of the central North Pacific. Along the 81 Paper 7 San nort i ncr coo I woul the and of i n i gr ad nega are (or fore from F ran hwes ease / Lo d ap Tr an temp the nc re l e nt t i ve w ea deer ing h ea CISC t t i n w s a pea r s i t i erat rout asi n s o sa I k o ease by w t ex o-Ho o s spee Li ni fir on Z ur e e/ a gly f t ini t r no ) in inds chan no lu I out he d of ty / m st in one. anoma n i n c negat empe r y ano nexi s spee . Th ge an u ro ast / the N odi f i the This Lies rease i ve t atu re ma L ie tent d of is si d ver ut e esse ort h ed Su CaLif wou L in th in s emper ) bu s bee in th the g mp Le t i ca L the nt i a Paci bare orni d re ese peed atur t w ause at a yre node mix av/e LLy fie tic a Cu suLt area of e an ouLd mer rea COD L Las inq rage cu normal Gyre wou Water wh rrent re in more s . Over the gyre omaLi es not res id iona L (Reid 19 d resuL sumes th i s neg L i rren to Ld b i ch/ gion neg the wou (due ult sa L i 69). t f at t gibl t f L the r ring on t and at ive west Ld aL to m i n si ni ty The rom he va e . ows out e in he r Late sa L ern so r er id gnif grad inc Long riab f rom An more outer r in ini ty half esult iona L i cant ient s rease -term ility The breakdown in October through December 1976 of the earlier relation between salinity and temperature anomalies indicated a change in balance of oceanic processes. If we consider that surface salinity is a quasi -conserv at ive property and the low anomalies were due to increased advection to the south/ we must look for processes that would change a negative temperature anomaly to positive. The possibility that increased anomalous heat exchange and less vertical mixing by weaker winds contri- buted to positive anomalies was explored using monthly mean data compiled by 5-deg quadrangles at the Southwest Fisheries Center. Anomalies wera computed for two quadrangles for the last three months of 1974, 1975, and 1976 (Table 7.2). One of the quadrangles (35N-40N/ 125W-130W) lies over the California Current west of San Francisco and is crossed by the ship route. The other (4CN-45N/ 125N-130W) is the adjacent quadrangle to the north/ through which waters normally flow before crossing the route. Heat exchange anomalies were computed from the 1961-71 means given by Clark et al. (1974). Wind speed anomalies were computed from the 1961-76 monthly means published in 1976 issues Professional journal of the American Vol. 105/ Nos. 2-5/ February-viay 1977. Meteorological Society/ 82 Paper 7 of £.ishing Information. The anomalies showed that wind speeds were Lower and heat gained by the ocean was much higher in 1976 than in the previous two years. The decreased wind speeds along with occurrence of warm/ moist air resulted in less evaporation and sensible heat loss and, consequently/- more heat retention by the ocean (Table 7.2). Decreased wind speeds also permitted more stratification in the ocean and thus a greater positive surface temperature anomaly from the excess heat aain. The major characteristics Table 7.2 are: of anomalies which stand out in 1) In both quadrangles there was a month to month consistency of heat exchange anomalies in 1976* particularly as compared with 19 74. The same consistency occurred in the anomalies of wind speed . 2) Above normal retention of heat by the ocean because of reduced evaporation was the major component in 1976. Above normal incoming radiation and lower flux of sensible heat were secondary terms. Year to year changes of effective back radiation were relatively small. 3) The totaL heat flux anomaly in 1976/ the anomaly from decreased evaporation/ and the wind speed anomaly were larger in magnitude in the area to the north of the route (upcurrent) than in the immediate area of the XBT observa- t ions . The data presented in Table 7.2 indicated that processes (heat exchange and vertical mixing) previously considered small as compared with advective processes */ere/ at least partially/ responsible for the late 1976 reversal of the relation of salinity anomalies to temperature anomalies observed in 1972-75. We are mindful that this argument is based on the assumption that the salinity anomalies resulted from advection and that the temperature anomalies were atypical. It is not immediately apparent how one could interpret the data if the temperature anomalies were assumed to be advective and it were necesssary to explain the salinity anomalies as atypical. 83 Paper 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Chevron Shipping Co. and Matson Navigation Co. for their cooperation and that of their ships' personnel in making the observations used herein. The Fleet Numerical Weather Central supplied the XBT probes and the use of computer facilities at Monterey. This project was a part of the NORPAX program and was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation/- Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration. LITERATURE CITED CLARK/ N. E./ L. E. EBER/ R. M. LAURS/ J. A. RENNER* and J. F. T. SAUR. 1974. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-632/ 108 p. DORMAN/ C. E ./ and J. F. T. SAUR. 1973. Temperature anomalies between San Francisco and Hono- lulu/ 19o6-1974* gridded by an objective analysis. J. Phys. Oceanog. 8:247-257. LAURS/ R. M./ and R. J. LYNN. 1975. The association of ocean boundary features and albacore tuna in the Northeast Pacific. In Proceedings: Third S/T/D Conference and Workshop/ San Diego* CA* p. 23-30. 1977. Seasonal migration of North Pacific albacore/ IhuQQUS §I.§l!=LQ2a-' into North American coastal waters: Distribution* relative abundance/ and association with Transition Zone waters. Fish. Bull. U.S. 75:795-822. REID/ J . L. 1969. Sea-surface temperature/ salinity* and density of the Pacific Ocean in summer and in winter. Deep-Sea Res. 16(Suppl.) :215-224. 84 Paper 7 SAUR* J. F. T. 1972-1975. Subsurface temperature structure in the northeast Pacific Ocean. fishing Information (monthly)* NOAA* NMFS* Southwest Fisheries Center/- La~JolTa* CA 92037* 1972(11-12)* 1973(1-12)* 1974(1-12)* 1975(1-3). 1978. Oceanic conditions between the Hawaiian Islands and the U.S. West Coast as monitored by ships of opportunity - 1975. Iq J. Ft. Goulet* Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)* Ocean vapiabity: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975* p. 151-168. U.S. Dep. Commer.* NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. SAUR* J. F. T.* L. E. EBER* D. R. McLAIN* and C. E. DORMAN. 1979. Vertical sections of semimonthly temperature on the San Francisco-Honolulu route: From expendable bathythermo- graph observations* June 1966-De cember 1974. U.S. Dep. Commer.* NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-728, 35 p. SAUR* J. F. T.* and P. D. STEVENS. 1972. Expendable bathythermograph observations from ships opportunity. Mar. Weather Log 16(1)1-8. of SVERDRUP* H. UL.* M. W. JOHNSON* and R. H. Fleming. 1942. The oceans: Their physics* chemistry* biology. Prentice-Hall* Inc.* N.Y.* 1087 p. and gene r a I 85 50' 160° 150" 40° 30° 20° ■ ■■■■■■■ 140* Strait it of Juan de Fuca^o \ ' '*&* ^/ tf A •> <* 0» Howaiian Islands ■ ■''''''»' ■ i i i ■ I ■ I i I i i I I r I i I I I I Figure 7.1. — Three oceanic domains (schematic) in the eastern North Pacific Ocean crossed by cooperating merchant ships taking surface salinity and expendable bathythermograph observations during 1976. Observations reported herein were taken on the San Francisco to Honolulu route (solid line). 86 o o c o o CO o Surface Salinity (7oo) a> o c a "5 Q a> o O o O O o Figure 7.2. — Surface salinity in parts per thousand (%„) between San Francisco and Honolulu during 1976. Symbols ( + ) indicate the locations of observations in time and distance. Contour interval is 0.257... 87 o o CO rO Surface Temperature (°C) Figure 7.3. — Sea surface temperature in degrees Celsius (C) between San Francisco and Honolulu during 1976. Symbols ( + ) indicate the locations of observations in time and distance. Contour interval is 1.0C. 88 Heat Storage, T 0/I00m (°C) 1976 Figure 7.4. — Heat storage for the surface to 100-m layer, expressed as average temperature (T) 0-100 m in degrees Celsius (C), between San Francisco and Hono- lulu during 1976. Symbols (+) indicate the locations of the expendable bathy- thermograph observations. Contour interval is 1.0C. 008C OOOC 0002 0001 (w>o aouojsiQ 9pJ!0 t DSJ 9 oosouoj-j uds ninpuOH 008C OOOC 0002 0001 (W>0 3DUDJSI0 8|3J|3 t09J9 ODSpuDJ-j uds n|n|0U0H 90 V o o m O' □ v o h o I V O o te < IE O < LU < R (/) < UJ X rap/ XT (0" o °Q te fo 1 * I Ol Q> ¥ I© -®j \o -3/ a N . c en c a ■a a • o.u .2 e £ J£ o S u o o o jS -: be a» -- j= — c O t, g — £ a — ■ 008C 000C 0002 0001 (UU>() 30UDJSIQ 3|DJ!3 JD9J9 ODSI0UDJ-) UDS n|n|0U0H * c o 0) ■■" "7 » 3 " 1 § s °- 01 CO B Q) Q 5 S U E u w — w* c £ — u .c s a 0) a o (\J fc. OS •- .a r- e - 3 en cc o en w 0* — A a a < - 91 I en u CU 3 H O Cn ft £ 3 cO P ^ 13 XI m 3 13 tj 1 a cO a) 3 cO 3 C O •HUH O CO IT) 13 c IT) --s (TJ CU H -P I CO 13 CD CO tn 3 '- COO) > CO X u x 0) C CO o o ■H CU -P Oi c (fl J) - cu cc X -p m c o cu P CO p CU 3 ■H U CU rO CO B -H O G C P < O ip o ■H P • rH cm CO £ U O P CU 4-1 W ^ PI -P -P G c cu p p r- CQ Eh c 6 rfl l 0) ro E O a; Q vD r> > 01 o rH S p CJ o g E cO 1 cu n g C e co 1 cu o oo H H I cO rH 00 00 CN r> CM 1 oo cn o H 1 H rH H 00 CN 1 00 CD 1 00 1 00 H 00 1 r- 00 1 00 H H CO H 00 1 oi I CXi rH I CN rH I I H CN 1 it 01 rH O CO 00 00 1 rH ID 1 rH CN en in I IT) rH CN 1 LT) 00 LT) rH 00 CD 00 1 O CN rH CO rH CO CN 1 CO 01 00 rH LD o I CO rH I I 01 ID 00 •sP I 00 rH I o rH 1 CD rH o CD rH rH CO rH rH 00 1 CM CN 0\) rH 00 O ON 1 CO rH CO rH CN CD CN 00 ID 1 CN rH 1 CN 1 rH rH 1 rH 1 00 1 00 00 <* 00 rH o en rH U3 00 01 O r^ ■nT rH rH rH 1 I i 1 H 0i G rH 1 rH LD rH CO 1 CN in rH i 01 >i o >i c rH ^r rH g CO c CO rH •H B o -p O •H B «. •p X fl co P X G 5 •H 3 rH CO rH cO ■H rH cO O c 13 X 4-1 ^-, C 13 X 4h ^-^ ^r cO 3 CO cu ai 3 U) i ■H P rH -P -p p ■H P rH 4-> 4-1 ) -p 4-1 IT) 3 4-) 4-1 CO in cO ^ C cO r* CU G oo -H U -P ,C rV p ■H U 4-) A X 13 CO rO 13 tO CO — • CO X! c CU ^— x B cO £1 c CU ^-n -p P o rCl -P 13 P £ 4-1 13 cO CU ■H CU CU p CU ■H 0) 0) rH 0i > -p cu c CU 4-1 Oi > P CU c CU c ■H cO rH •~-^ ft G ■H CO rH — ft -H ■P P Xt w p ■H P P x> Cfl CU B U •H rH G B O ■H rH -p CU ft CQ ft) 13 cu CU ft W rO 13 3 u 4-1 cO c -P C p u 4-1 cO c 4-> G o G 4-1 > cu ■H p G 4-1 > 0) -H p H w w 00 H S 3 H W w CO Eh £ G ft O D 92 Paoer 8 THE 1976 EL NINO AND RECENT PROGRESS IN MONITORING AND PREDICTION Wi L Li am H . Qui nn ' INTRODUCTION In earlier papers* the author CQuinn 1974* 1976) presented definitions and concepts regarding the EL Nino phenomenon and a method of predicting its occurrence utilizing Southern Oscillation (S.O.) indices (pressure differences between sites representing the Indonesian equatorial low and South Pacific subtropical high) and other variables. In 1975* Quinn (1978) predicted the 1976 El Nino type event. The prediction was verified by an event of moderate intensity* and indications from data are discussed here. New methods of handling pressure indices and other variables for monitoring ana predicting El Nino are presented in this paper. CHANGES IN FILTER AND DATA APPLICATIONS In ear S.O. i How eve mean runni n anoma I subt ra from ch ange lost we a Is anoma I t echni Figure (SST)* Li er p ndi ces r* in fi Iter g mean i es o ct i ng the i s (Fig with o use ies t ques 8.2 s sea I aper i n 19 76 (i ove f P Long ndi v s. 8 each the o g are how s eve I s t he ord a sin nvol v r the ressu -term idua L .1 a a succ less- ui de appl plot * and 1 2-mo er to itch wa i ng t h in vol v re di f mont hi month nd 8.1b ess i ve smoot h our a i cabl e s of pr ra i nf runn bri s ma ree ed d f e re y me ly ). appl 3-m sses to essu all i ng me a ng out de to succes ata )* nee ( w an va Lu va lues ) Since t i cat i on o runn sment s data re inde anoma I n f i I i nt e the si ve and t ith es of to h ree of t ing and for x* se ies ter rann trip pas his anom pre sho mont he 6 mean out o a su for was ua L le ses was a lie ssur w t h hs -mo Pi look the r rf ac nea ap flue 6-mo of ap s ob e d e in of runn ot s . v e te r e plie tuat ru t he plie tain iffe tera time ing of The aria mper quat d to ions . nni ng 6-mo d to ed by rence nnua I are mean/ index same bles . ature or i a I 'School of Oceanography* Oregon State University* Corvallis* OR 97331 . 93 Paper 8 sites that reflect the interannual changes discussed in this paper. Due to the large month to month variations in pressure and rain-fall/' a higher degree of smoothing was applied to their anomalies in this illustration. The con j peak only t hat i n El N i ndi year sout Case oc cu re I a E I N un ct s in on i t Fi gs i nos ce s s o he as s wh r red x a t i i no (t ion w the a the occurs . 8.1a 1 oc cu cont in e s to t t ra ere th t oo on per N) ith noma deg T an r red ued rein de e in ear i ori* type the lies, ree o he st r d 8.1 when to fal force system te rann ly or resul act i vi t re laxat The in f relax onger c b for the i nt I rapi d the reg (Sout ua I re too I ted in y s i on tens at io a ses st ro e ran Ly t u lar hern laxa ate weak ets trou ity n bu Cde no a nua I hrou sea He t i on to f er F i n ghs f of su t als noted nd mo rela gh th sona I mi sph was ol low I Nin prior t ol lowi ng ch event o on the by EN(S derate * xat ion w e early re laxa ere sum too s through o events o a ant s de ti m ) a resp as I mont t ion mer mall the nd/o i-El pend e of nd ect i arge hs o of sea * O sea r in N ino s not year ENCM) ve ly* and f the the son ) . r it sona I The st ud that th high but re I at i on howeve r* the form f i Iter . the o Id I ongi t ud on the was obt conf i d en the Ship From vi I e ad- I ag the cha in anot neverthe being si from the out looks i e s of e S.Q also ship w in th er Shi Here Ship e * ana ind ex ai ned ce le N-Dar sua I re I at nge i her i less* mi la rl Ship on El Be r . af the as e at c p N we c N u se anom i n ve I . win i nsp ions n t r t w i t y af N-Da Nin lage ( f ect ed North xp lo re ase th locat i onsi de posi ti t he s a I ies. this ) Fig i nde x . ection hip be end wi ill s is evi f ected rw i n i o and 1957 no Pa ci d su e Ea on c r Ra on * moot A cas ur e (T on twee 11 s how dent by ndex eoua * 1966) t only fie sub perf i ci st er Is omponen pa* Aus bee aus her t r i maximum e. (T 8.3 com he p lot e can n t he t how up up f i that t the S.O will a tori a I and the t rop ally land t us t ra I e i pie co r his pare s a see wo i firs rst he t I Iso Pac i Tro Sout i cal i n Q comp ing t Isla t is 6-mo re lat i s s the re c the ndex t sou nort wo hi n the be ac fie a up h Pa hig uinn onen he 1 nds * mu c runn ion well Rap or re re t ren th o h o gh p fut t i ve ct i v (196 ci f i h r and t wa 2-mo in h ne ing of wi a-Da late i s ds; f th f t ress urs/ ly c ity. 5) c su egio Zop s co run re I arer mea .59 thin rwin d a no c in e eq he u re i n ons i indicated bt ropi cal n . This f (1975); mpared to ning mean a t i o n to the same n filter at no lag the 1 % index to t 0.80.) ons i stent one case uator and equator; areas are di cat i ons dered for USE OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE TRENDS A close relationship of fluctuations in north equatorial count ercu r rent transport and resulting sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies off the coast of Central America (illustrated in fig. 2 of Wyrtki 1973) to the interannual variations in southeast trade strength (as reflected in the 12-mo running mean trend of the S.O. index)* was noted in Quinn (1974). In a recent climato- 94 logi ca t ime (MS) q d i agno F igure ref lee ref lee counte anoma I MS 10( mean f c i rcul lower into is wea eh ange discus coef f i about and a Events and S eviden E aster t rend, ot he r input s i deli for an s i gnif Easter and th I investig series plo uadrants i sing chang 8.4 show ts change ts changes rcurrent. y trend re 3) when ilter. MS at ion is SST's due the area a k (index i s in t sed earLy cients be a month ea bout thre of si gnif ST trends ce is show -Darwin i Since t h index tren was the mi ght* Berl El N i no i icant El -Darwi n i n e MS 10(1) ation of t ts of SST n order to es assoc i a s two of s taking in an are Figure 8 lates to S the data a 10(1) is re lat ive I to the adv nd/or equa s low)* he north in the sec tween ind r lier in t e months icant magn of Fig. 8 n in 1961* ndex trou is trough ds of Fig. sleading f age in 19 n 1961 (Sc Nino deve dex anomal SST anoma he southeast pa were studied fo find particula ted with the El the quadrant place along t a affected by .5 shows how ST anomaly tr re subjected to next to the y strong (S.O. ect ion of coo I torial upwellin SST 's rise. equator ia I c t i on . Table 8 . ex and SST ano he index than i earlier than in itude are refle . 5 . The value when the indie gh was not s was of much les 8.1a* an unrep actor in this c 60 put out a wi hweigger 1 961 ) . lopment in 19 ie s with anoma I lies would have Paper 8 rt of the North Pacific* r several Marsden Square rly suitable areas for Nino type developments. s selected; MS 10(1) he equator* and MS 10(3) the north equatorial the Easter-Darwin index ends for MS 10(1) and the triple 6-mo running equator* and when the index is high) it shows er Peru current water g; when the circulation MS 10(3) SST's reflect ounter cur rent transport 1 shows lag correlation malies. Changes show up n the MS 10(1) SST trend the MS 10(3) SST trend, cted in both the index of the corroborative SST ation of a fairly deep ubstantiated in the SST s significance in the resentat i ve ly low Easter ase. As an interesting dely publicized forecast However* there was no 61. A comparison of the ies of the other indices precluded the forecast. Three-month running mean plots of the index anomalies and the SST anomalies for MS 10(1) (Fig. 8.6) become particularly useful to the forecast process between 18 and 3 months prior to the onset of El Nino. However* they should also be followed closely during the course of an event to determine whether a subsequent secondary trough in the index is likely or a persistent recovery from the initial event is probable. THE 1976 EL NINO EVENT In summer 1975 an outlook for El Nino type activity in 1976 was prepared. The outlook was given at the October 1975 Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference and at several subsequent meetings* workshops* and seminars. The 12-mo running mean of the Easter- Darwin index was predicted to rise from the shallow early 1975 trough to a small peak by the middle to latter part of 1975 and 95 Paper 8 then to fall off to a deeper trough in 1976. The analog selected for this development was the 1964-65 situation. (There was a rise from a shallow index trough in late 1963 to a small peak in mid-1964/' then a fall to a deep trough in 1965 when an El Nino occurred.) Heavy western equatorial Pacific precipitation was called for in the latter half of 1976-early 1977. The ex i n la 8.1b). as th trough anoma I anoma I westwa and SS 1975-7 duri ng consi d i n t ens resent 6-mo r t he ra the ra few m El Nin was a the se ab les pected te 197 Figu e i nd in in y f o ies of rd ov T anom 6, and the I ered ity.) the unn i ng infall infall ore mo o evi d ecu rat le cted at var sma 5 an re. 8 ex f dex r f th er ali e Tab ast to Tar a wes raea pea was nths en ce e a 196 ious 11 pea d ther .5 sho ell. anoma I MS 10( e coas the e s for le 8.3 three be st wa/ Gi te rn e n t ren k (Fig 1,130 of th i nd i c s to t 5 anal locat k in e ha ws t Figu y an 1) . t of quat two sho El rong Iber quat d of . 8. mm is h at ed ime og ) . ions the s bee he co re 8. d the Fig Peru or ia I stat i ws pr N i no , 19 t Isl o r i a I the 2) . above eavy that of oc Fig were i nte ran n a f al r robora 6 shows assoc ure 8.7 and s Pac i f i ons alo ecipi ta events 75 very ands/ d Pac if i rainf al For the normal r ainf al the fo cu rrenc ure 8.2 affect nua I i ling t t ive r the d i ated show out her c . Ta ng the t ion a (T weak , ata ha c rain I anom perio and i I will recast e and shows ed by ndex rend i se eep la r s t n E ble coa t Gu he and ve b fall a lie d Ap t is occ for int e how this t re sin in S 3-mo ge he cuad 8.2 st o ayaq 1972 197 een ; a s c ril- exp ur i the nsi t t re rec nds occ ce then ST anom runni ng peak in posit ive or exte shows th f Peru d ui 1 , Ecu -73 cas 6 modera used to nd the t lear ly December ected th n early 1976 y (s imi I nds of ent El N ur red (Fig. ali es mean SST SST ndi ng e SST ur i ng ador, e is te in rep- ri p le shows 1976 at a 1977. event ar to va ri- ino . FURTHER OUTLOOK In the summer of 1976, the further outlook to the Coastal Upwell- ing Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) Peru project called for a hold-over of the 1976 positive SST anomalies through February 1977 along the Peruvian coast, with a return to near normal coastal SST's by March or April 1977. The analog given for the 1976-77 holdover effect was the 1905-66 situation; however, the 1976 onset was a month or two later (than in 1965) and the lag effect in 1977 was also expected to be a month or two later (than in 1966). In retrospect, Wyrtki et al. (1976) reported that a patch of the warm water that crossed the equator in the southward transgression of early 1975 had been cut off and remained south of the equator. Monthly SST analyses 2 showed this warm body of fishing Information, 1975 and 1976, Southwest Fisheries Center, NMFS, NQAA, La JollaJ CA 92038. 96 Paper 8 water to remain west of Peru through the rest of 1975 and on into 1976. This residual effect along with the event triggered by large-scale relaxation in the southeast trade system between late 1975 and mid-1976 fas characterized by the falling indices following the late 1975 peaks (Fig. 8.1b)D most likely caused the 1976 El Nino to appear as it did. CONCLUDING REMARKS L a rge- o ceano part i c a s soci can us f luctu hope i p redi c enviro minimi must b es t ab I the ca (March a I read r eprod the re scale graph i ul ar ly at ed w e tren at i ons n the t cli nmenta ze ef e capa ish s se . -May) y unde uct ive crui tm c I i m a t c cond in the ith the ds i n S and future ma t i c I i mpac feet s ble of ui t able In bot procee rway ; stock en t f a i i c pat i t i ons Pe ru f s.o. .0. ind provi de to s changes t so th on the using f ishi h 1972 ded wi and i n shou I lures i te rns / in th i shery We have i ces t out loo ubst ant and to at p la f i she mon i t ng prac and t hout both ca d have n 1973 as w e eas region found o ant ks for i a I ly be ab ns c a ry . H or ing t i ces . 1976 consi d ses it been c and 19 ell tern > ap that i c ipa envi i mpr le to n be oweve and So the er ing cou I onser 77. as t ro pear to te ronm ove rou se r, f pre far mai n an d be ved flue pi ca to a la ext r enta our ghly t i ishe diet this f i El arg so a tuat I Pa be rge ernes I eh ab ass n m ry m ion has shin Nino ued s to ions in ci f i c and c lose ly extent we in the ange. We i lity to ess their otion to anagement data to not been g season that was that the minimize ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I th of P res Aust qrap Arma Data Ma r i Fish stud Inte Sout a t u r and Quep West Clay reg ank the i den ra li hie da Ser ne er ie y. r-Am hw es es a to os s ern ton on the Met t of an Inst de vice Fis s Ce I eric t F nd w Jos ea I Reg C ree Stat Di r e eoro the Bur e itut Chi I / NO he r i nt er am an T ishe eath e M eve I ion eh a e U ctor of logi ca I Inst i tu au of e and Ch e; the A A; the es Serv , NMFS/ great ly ropi ca I ri es Cen er condi . Di az-A data . (Seattl nd David ni vers it the Ser to d Mete ief Na Pac ice NOAA i nd Tuna ter t i on nd ra I al e) / Zop y, f Ci vi vi ce el M orol of t tion i f ic (NM for ebte Com for s ov de / so t Nat f a or t I Avia of ar del ogy; he Nav a I Cli Envi FS) / their d to mis s io timely er the Uni ve hank K ional f the heir a tion Polyn Peru the a I We mat i c ronme noaa; i nva For r n and info east r s ida ent Weat Sch c t i v e Serv esi e t Dire at he Cen ntal a luab est Ric rmat e rn d, S hor her oo I par i ce a , Fr he Di ctor r Ser ter/ Gro nd t le su R. M hard ion o t rop Costa t/ n Servi of t i c ip nd t he ancai se; rector o of the H vice of Envi ronm up/ Nat he Sout pport to i I ler o Evans n sea i ca I Rica ow with ce/ NOAA Oceanogr ation in of te Pa f o Chief the f the ydro- t he enta I iona I hwest this f the the mper- ci f i c r t he the / and aphy/ this 97 Paper 8 project. Support by the National Science Foundation under the North Pacific Experiment of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration through NSF Grant No. OCE 75-21907 A01 and under the Climate Dynamics Program of the Division of Atmospheric Sciences through NSF Grant No. ATM 77-00870 is gratefully acknowledged. LITERATJRE CITED BERLAGE/ H. P. 1957. Fluctuations of the general atmospheric circulation of more than one year/ their nature and prognostic value. Mede- del en. Verhandel./ No. 69/ Kon. Ned. Meteor. Inst./ 152 p. 1966. The Southern Oscillation and world weather. Mededel. en Verhandel./ No- 88/ Kon. Ned. Meteor. Inst./ 152 p. QUINN/ W. H. 1974. Monitoring and predicting El Nino invasions. J. Appl. Meteor. 13:825-830. 1976. El Nino anomalous equatorial Pacific conditions and their prediction. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 11-1 — 11-18. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin-/ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. 1978. Equatorial Pacific anomalies and El Nino. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 179-190. U.S. Dep. Commer./ N0AA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. QUINN/ W. H./ and D. 0. Z0PF. 1975. The Southern Oscillation/ equatorial Pacific and El Nino. Geofis. Int. 15:327-354. anomal i es SCHWEIGGER/ E. H. 1961. Temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific and their forecasting. Soc- Geogr. Lima/ Boletin 78:3-50. TROUP/ A. J. 1965. The 'Southern Oscillation.' Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 91:490-506. WYRTKI/ K. 1973. Tel econnect ions in the Science (Wash./ D . C. )1 80 :66-68 . equatorial Pacific Ocean WYRTKI/ J./ E. STR0UP/ W. PATZERT/ R. 1976. Predicting and observing El 191 :343-346. WILLIAMS/ and W. QUINN. Nino. Science(Wash./ D.C.) Table 8.1. — Lag correlation coefficients between Easter-Darwin (E-D) index anomalies and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for Marsden Square (MS) 10(l) and Marsden Square 10(3). See Table 8.1+. Lag in E-D index and E-D index and Months . SST for MS 10(1) SST for MS 10(3) -2 -0.693 -1 (index lags SST) -0.732 -0.588 (no lag) -0.755 -0.636 1 (index leads SST) -0. 761 -0.672 2 -0.748 -0.694 3 -0.717 -0.702 4 -0.668 -0.693 5 -0.668 Period of record 1948-76 1949-76 99 u o O ra © © -P ctf H • © -d - ft • a co © P © «H -Q o crj EH m CD © •rH H CQ crj a o • g VO o\ -d rH c— ra on © rH 9 .- -p cr3 © Ph ft a © -p © o «5 cm ra -tz) © m crj & © cti a eh >> rH 43 P i i • CM GO © rH XI Ct3 EH r~> i£> ro o o • • • • CD r> o O CM Q rH 1 CM + Oh © CO 3 rd g S © CM CD X) H H I rH "sf H r- CO o rH + O CM CO O H + co m r- o H I CO >x> "^ o CM rH CM + ID CM co m H I O CM CM + LD CO +J ■ . . o CO o CTl H o rH + rH + cn m CO rH rH + o ^r Cn • t . ^ r-> o CT> H < rH + rH + CN ■!* CN CN + LO O G iX) ^ o o hi rH 1 CN + © -p m LD ID o IT) X> H r> r> rQ r^ r> m cn CTl CTi CTi H ■H rH ■H rH ■H rci rC H U O X> CO rH rH I CO rH H I o o [-- rH rH I X) X) X) o rH I O X) r- rH rH O CN + CN O «sT cn CN + O CO rH O CN | m cn o o CN I vO O rH CN CM + O rH CM + <7l rH rH + CN O CTl r~~ o ^r I CM + + CO I cm r- n I l rH r- r- CM CM CO o o CM "^ *£> CM ■^ CM CO CM CO I I + 3 o p (13 4-1 ■H ft; i i CM cn rH o CM rH **D O rH CTi CO CO r^ CM ^ rH rH <3\ ID + ■nT + CM UO I a> rH o O t> CO n CM CM ro o ^r 00 ID CM CO ■^ rH rH CO rH 1 w >1 !H ,G H rrJ p «5 3 x; rH G 3 H u •H (1) O c £1 u !H >i C s rr! in CM 5 I J I L._ V 1*1 CM — O II I T <0 O) H « V en C) « (0 fa o> N V ■o e « en S IT) m q> fa c a 3 m ►■s If) JD X a Cfi o a rO m rt 0> -r * z 2 fa (T> B o c a >. ^ en Cm c O £ c a i] CO V * F en 1 ISI — . ui in Q ^ 4S_ < o < UI u. 2 Z $ < rr =3 < —i Q z a: *-; < hi 2 O UJ o o z < yj <*-" rr in ^2 i z << Q. — < rr Si I 2 I fa 103 to (\J — O I I I Mil - N lO I I II - o I I I I - o _ I : UJ t. 1 CO z UJ UJ g (I Ul IO N - I isi T Ul CO Ul u. z < tr =>< -> o 5 (E — < CO ? 2 I O 8 Cy 0) CD fi E H be *-i .5 S 9 E o a s * !E "2 ■ ■a* °° » 2 be rt qj I .£ 105 _ (M (O O I | | • '. I I I _L_L 10 i\j - O cr o en A8 i i i ~r~r ro I I I I I I I 9:5 I CO OJ — O T N f 1 I I or— : < CO Q5 I o 2< < ?" CO CD O i? CC 00 t/1 CU en [V] CD c SJ © s - © 3 r/» a cd 3 cV rn Ih c 3 5 > ^ .2 °? I— 0J g 4) C T3 3 C 3 a h o « bo E 108 1 -Q tr Ld "> Li_ ro O • o > < o < — i- Q £co Lu o a: ^ o O - iM lO i > _l X) < E > o ?■ X - _J < O _ z — °° CO CO ig u. O Lt O 2 Li. LT S G rO 1, H m B X D a Oj H S 0^ A QD X! ^_" c » o a 5 & 2 109 110 Paper 9 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES Douglas R . McLai n ' Monthly mean sea surface temperatures departures from a 20-yr (1948-67) mean for the Gulf of Alaska-Bering Sea/ the the western North Atlantic (Append Atlantic was mapped for 1974 (McLain 1 were mapped for 1975 (McLain 1978) surface marine weather observations ma many nations. 2 The observations are and at low cost/ and are used to produ including these monthly mean maps. surface temperature available* in p fishing lDiQ£IQ§£.i°Q' 4 The areas cov are a few important processing differe uses the same 20-yr base period temperatures and anomalies are con analysis; the data are not presente the data and uses a full data set hist period includes years of sparse data War 11/ and clusters of data from clas and their anomalies/ or / for 1976 have been mapped eastern North Pacific/ and ix 9.1). The western North 976) and all three areas The maps are based on de routinely by ships of available in near real-time ce several data products There are other maps of sea articular guJLfstream 3 and ered are distinct and there nces. Fishing Information as the present maps. The toured and thus reflect d. The gul.fstream presents orical mean. The reference / particularly before World sical research cruises. T echnigue The observations of sea surface temperature were edited through a tw-c-stage filter. In the first stage/ all observations <-2.0C or >40C were rejected. In the second stage/ observations >8.0C from a reference value were rejected. The reference value was the base period mean for the particular month and the particular 'Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA 93940. 2 The marine weather observations are transmitted worldwide over the GTS network. They are received at the Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ U.S. Navy/ Monterey/ CA 93940. 3 The guifstream/ Oceanographi c Services Branch/ National Weather Service/ NOAA/ Silver Spring/ MD 2091D. ^ishjng Information/ Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ La Jolla/ CA 92038." ill Paper 9 1-deg square for the first two observations of that month; for Later observations the reference value was the current mean for the particular month and 1-deg square. Saur (1963) and McLain (1976* 1978) discussed sources of error in the observations and in the maps. LITERATURE CITED MCLAIN, D. R. 1976. Monthly maps of sea surface temperature anomaly in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico 1974. In J. R. Goulet/- Jr. (campiler)/- The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974* p- 20-1--20.17. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin. * Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. 1978. Anomalies of coastal sea surface temperatures along the west coast of North America. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)^ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975* p. 127-140. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. SAUR/- J. F. T. 1963. A study of the quality of sea water temperatures reported in logs of ships' weather observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2:417-425. 112 Paper 9 APPENDIX 9.1 The maps present by month and by 1-deg square the mean monthly sea surface temperature/ the departure from a 20-yr (1948-67) mean/ and the number of accepted observations. The temperatures were not plotted if there were two or fewer observations in that particular 1-deg square. Also/ anomalies were not plotted if there were fewer than five years represented in the 20-yr mean. Anomalies of magnitude greater than 1.0C are shaded. The maps cover the following regions Gulf of Alaska and Be r i ng Sea Eastern North Pacific Western North Atlantic 45N-63N 25N-50N 20N-46N 122W-1S0W 110W-1 50W 60W- 99W 113 _^^4^ xw ^J-^ <— . ; / ^ ,rrr ->in ^ "°*o, - NCflfl - NATIONAL MRRINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA TEMPERRTURE ANOMALY AT THE SEfi SURFRCE (OEGREES CELSIUS) JflNURRY 1976 NUM OBS 33 14 M ■ r •bS »CSI oCO "l" 1 " v 1 ^ rco i n ^JU 'U r CO -U) «^*. ;. 2 . f (<=> ^c*. r-CO -s s + * '- ^ mg} " l'~ --in r r ■ :OJ ^ -M «;CD / ^ ?^ ■» + 'o. ^ ; Z;« "CD 2^^ inOJ Ja, T "^— f ^ » + - a. oJtD (PC*. " l" m 3 1 ?- _^-~ t&n. >fr ^ N < -^r> ** 3 . '.CD -to "^ '^CD ^^^^ Jzf'ZA. 3 „ r "+" 1 " ": Q „ ■^.t^ l' " -CN "^^ nS L0to V -M f5>£> ,^53 3 . 3 . -•* ^2- 'CO _ r.G) «CD ;CJ) <- 55 ^ jj"' coin "en - 3 „ 3 . N 0) 2"1«, ^!^- '^CD -.CD s rf ^ ™ 3 . *m icf- 2" m •^O) St,. ";CM ,Y ^ * 2"^«, 3 . 3 . »m ^(M t| 0) »rl" ;;- 1 s" ;CD Sr ~i „ " ^ N Q 3 „ 7?B ". 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" 3 „ " " 2 ■ ' * .. aJ ~in r " -B nzzi MEZI nvz\ MSZI M92I MZ.21 M8ZI MBZI M0EI MIEI MZEI MEEI M?EI MSEI M9EI MZEI " M9EI M6EI nan M 171 MZ7I MfVI H871 M67I M0S1 MIST MZSI MVSI MSSI M9SI MZSI M8SI M6SI M09T MI9I MZ9I ME9I M79I MS9I M99I MZ9I M89I M69I M0ZI MUI MZZI MEZI M7ZI MSZI M9ZI MZZI M8ZI M6ZI 114 115 116 H6L\ 03 1 117 081 118 MSil 9il M8£I M6£I 081 ■«» ■«» 119 120 121 M2ZI p: a u~ nezi 5 « * ^J ^ 3 l" " A co. . M VZT 11 CO S — i E °~ — Li — CD <£ i— i Ss o !^ i— ) IX .— ■ z u_ MONTEREY. CflLIFORNIfi TEMPERRTURE RNOMRLY AT THE SER SURFACE (DEGREES CELSIUS) ^li^ ^f >7J "cn * "CD ■ntD MSZI t-L M. "? 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ID«» _ 1 -O) a |" ~ c-.tS S „ -CM to + . , •nin cmI\] 1 -to I '■■(TJ " + " o, ■ -S i C-lN 1 coin i c^ro = i" ,s ' - 1 ' " enjs. 21 |' co com - r ™ -m a ,■ " ":cu - +' ™ ,;0> ■ ta i c-;lT> a |" - 2 |" •> ■oCO 2 |" <" i intS ( " co " B CM l" " ( " CO en "J 1 in 5 V ccotS - 1 c-ro s(J) IB a + " m a ,■ ■- 3 + " m otlt). , -00 ,.-, -s a |" ~ ~ 1 l CO a . CO tO _ 1 + 1 c-iN 1 coTO l« m 1 -ca c=CM CO + . ,^ -to - +" " = c>J - 1 3 |" !•• copij 3 + " m in + . ,o a j" n cop. a +■ « rco - +' " "7" '• 1 i" " r- + " in » CD l" " c-.CO 1 1 1,00 "• ( - m int _ 1 --CD - l'" a |" m ic : 0D a i" » mC\J a + " i- -tM ~ 1 2 + " » ooCM 2cJ " 1 C~S *> ( " ~ coC3 2rJ-' J i - CM 2 + " '■-■ -to 2 + " m = IN " 1 C0|0 a |" ~ rco s - +' " -in a |' co LCI/) CO + . ,o =,1M ~ 1 -CO -co - l" " a + * » £CM 2 + " - CO _! « 1 c-,10 CO£J) l« in l -1/) 1 1 5 i' N -- O.CT) a |" - S + " CO coO) 3cJ " 1 -;in - l" " co + . ,„ i V r " colD l" " " l" " x, IM l cotD 1 S + " '■■■ o;m —in . co(Si co CD *~ t c.,f* - l" " c-.CxL - com ■ CD 4. 10 ~7 .tO " 1 -CM 2 |" m - : CD 2 + " n coOl 2 t " 'J 2L0 m com i> + . ,,. 2 „ coOi 1 ":C0 ritM ~ 1 cof-. - r ■* "■CO = +" °° r;CM " 1 -i'° 5 i'' -m -;IM a + - 1 in IN _ 1 2 + " - 1 - -S -CO i" '' J r-.lO ■ coin i col*- 1 "+' + ,itS - cof* - +" '" coOO 2«'-' oCO a + * »> £ ' co a |" ■> c-CO 2 i" " -01 - l" '" c-m a |' m •CO 2 + -- o; - : co o-CS 2 |" i" oco 2 +' * 2 ,' -' i ,., dOI 2 „ 1 coOl 1 ^rJ -i i in Q3 - +" p ~ ■olS 3 |" m ■ S apJ" i co en. o-CO co + . u, oCO - +' " "IM n a + " - -01 - +" *° -in 2 + " '' :Oi 2 |" '■ -5 |" " !» CO -ID •in * r - co-*» 1 com i 1 r m COfV 2 + " "•' ^ co ■-.to a |" n coca 3 + " m io ,(T) a + " "■ • CO 2 |'« ■ ;0) 2 |" '" -03 .. 1 __ CO tO ~ 1 2CO 2 „ cOpJ o , . CD. "V' ■ toO fa.. + ... oCM 2 + " !■- o-O) 8 l" - -co m + - re cofO " i" ' r-OO c-.Ln l " " ™ +" ™ ,0(0 ri CO S „ 2 + " " co a + " •> COISJ- :srjj;-! + a |" - 8 +' * 2"* -00 8 l" " co CM _ ° l" - cop, :•■' + ■* en m "cm " -co l" '" '" l" ~ ™ +" m = m ri „ o;f» 3 +" ~ cor* a ,• •> -CO. . " 4- it* CO + . ri -m . Shi* + fCO a + ' " + ■ *r* -m .nCD r " -in co + " in i" "" C.W 2 + " co = - 2 CO 3 - cc : od a + ' - a + * «> a + * i" -p». . r-C\J a + " •> -IS + !• iTSST "CM "" + -co N S + - -co S |" " COCO _ 8 l" - rnf» " l" " _j >N 8 -co xlM •■■;S co ( - to ci.CQ 1 coin i CO + « C~J _ i com = ,■- ^ 1 „ ins - +' "" -jIM - + .oi 1 *. . a:cii ^ r + c-.m ~ + r siCsi" + " V* in + » m in CM rin i" ~ coO) 2+ . N in«D in ID 1 i « *® ™ 'CO 3 + ' '■' CT.JX) a + " « -in. UJflj c is - o, -m "tst™ + ":oi 8 + " ™ ,~ +■ "> ^ +' * -■* V ^CO. * -m 1 coin r " mm 1 colM 1 -;(M s -. s , s - li;M * co« - cool 2 + ' - .cn«f<, - r- + i - -o> 2 +" " '■' t \ o-o> m CO !>■ to LO ■^ CO CM v-i ca en CO t>. CO in CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CM CM CM CM 128 r^i / ! 1 ^/' - SO- en £ o j ^ u 01 — 1 _i " G f~ "' CD 21 " ~ iM^ O f> CD S zg CEg 0)2 5 O ° =^ LU , m cr ,_i >- I - P- •" ' = >£ cr fe £E5 § ^g uj^ cr £ ~ ^ <" z Ll_ UJ LU ' It- h- E S cr r- g Q_ a: ^ > 1 --- J /^. / J i ^ ,s~-- cS°l to * r " - +" " / / > / ^eo tin - +' \ ??. 2,-S = CM s,-a ^co 2^ - r '" lo- 210XT "": ■"m ^- 7^ - l" " CO | . cj 2 |" oi ".CO cO + . n u>.C0. . 2 - - ; sfe SC0 r-CM -r^— ( 2 0>„, l" " ■.in 2 + " '"" co[^ 2+ . „ 2 + " "> 1 l . I 2cJ^ 1 -co -LO - l" '" co CD- . - ^ T &-CS- - t:cv^: + ■ I .-. I CO »cn CO ( . co • CO 2 | ' '■-' 2 + " - 0» -ID mm °° i" "" l 2 + " " °^ ■oCSl 1 -IN CO CO "(J CO 1 -ID _ l C-.LO - r '" " 1 C=OI ~ 1 r.CO = co "• 1 OLD 2 |' co co CD S co 2" 2 |" ' _co l c-CO • CO 1 •c;rr) - +" ""' _cn . "c\i? + " I c.cd •oprj ce, CM cc.CD ocm co + . co 'oLO 2 |" ■« oOl 2 |" " eJCD 2 |" co £ |" co coto _ mLO _ r - ml*- -in i 2 + ' co -CD l" w o>t^ cotSl oj + 'rv - 1° " ~ l - +' " eta c-C-. 2 + " ^ to 2 |" co " i oB " 1 CO CO ~ 1 c-CD CO** l" "" ( . p. -co l" " ■or-- = +" "" co CD co + i CO co CD 2 |" co "" 1 -to Co^. co cnf> - l" " ~ 1 COCO - +' " •of- CO CO 1 ■ota "CM " -*.** -CO c-;C0 o> + . ^ i - ( « n ojCM - 1 -CD co ( . u, co CM 2 |" co - l" ~ 2CM - l" " u,nD _ - +■" " 2 |" - o-.LO 2 |" ~ -co - l" " toca ~ i 1 I co c~t^ -CM ," m -co l" ~ "-;CSJ 2 l" - 1 ■ml 1 C,B _ 1 u : CD 0,03 . 2 + " - co ID •oo) - +" ™ 2 |" " cofVl - +' '" -OI -CM 2 CM " 1 ttwCO. . coCM •oCD l" "" -cm ( " uj ( ■ ,M 2 |" co -+* "* -m - +" ™ ^ |" " co CD - + -,co 2 l" co 2 CM co + . , - 1 " o. + . CO cc.ia 2cm * 1 •-•LP a | ■ <■■• om CO + . ce, tin 2m 2 |" °> •J^ - l" ™ ^;L0. - " +• - + _ c-CM 2 |" --J "V 1 * o.LD l" " -03 " r- ct. CD l *0) iot 1 -ca CO [/J 2 + " -> " 1 3 l" " - [V1 ca - l" " -« c^m £ |" co -cs o-ca 2 |" >- -•< 2 |" - - l" '" co ID atCO "cm ■" u>t>- i r-tD 1 c»(0 1 com u;CD Oj ( . o, cofvj co + - o, c-CM 2 + " " 2-* to fM •c. CD 2+ . , :Co^. -4 t oco 2 |" co eoCM ~ 1 u> ( . ,, i" " •olo i 1 - 1" ™ 2 „, ^ ,-4 - l" " o.m _ -+" "" "CM co + . , s+ . , 2 |" ^ 2 |" <~ cor> fo. CM 2 + " » s +' '" i - ( « in coin 2 „ 2 CM l" " cofO 1 C--0J 1 o-OD "in " i -] - 2 - r " o-cn to + . to • ,m co ( . CO •o.LO 2 + " «o 2CO 2"* 2 + ' ~ 2 t " - o-ca 2 + " m coco 2 ,' - " t 2 ,' » -,N fc-l^. l" "" -IS -■"J "CM " i" ,VJ cot< 1 core ™ l" ™ o-od - +" '" co^f .^ i - 2 OLD -co - l" ™ ••■Q 2 ," n 2CO m - +' " colo c.CO 2 |" 'o ';C0 1 + ' o> 2 + . m '«m 2 |" co -CM l °! r;IM m - .B •SCO l" ~ '"+■""" " 1 a - 'co ,, -en - - - + - '.r» '- +" " col/1 CO + . c ,-fM. . eCO CO + . to cof- 2CM - 1 o-m 2 + " co coca c, | - ' CO) -CM - |" "' ""cm" o-.cd l" '" col^ -co l" " -co ';CM l" ~ i rf CO : r* co(0 CO + . to com *; + . co toLO 2 + " '- .-«r>.. - '^ 4- T eolO 2 + " '■ •CD 2 |" oj 2 l' - -co com 2 + " co to-" ^ 2 2 i co co CD 3 ( " m c-.IM s co + . - - |" ™ .oitc. ; i=h(,-i - ce, co CO + . CO ^LD- t v L0 . co. CM 05 ^J is, CO a LD Si + " - 2 0) o,co " l" " -CN 1 "CO'" 1 T CO «* 1 coru 2 ( " "> -] „ 2 i - cc;CO - +' "" os« . •x ■ ■ 2 ~ +• " cc ;f > e- + . tr ojO) "* ■oCB 2 |" - U -.C0. . Ficsi" 2 CO ~ l" "* 1/5 CO OO CM ~-< CO CO CS CO CM CO CM CM CM M0IT Mill 1MZTT MEII M7TI MSIT M9TI Mill M8II MBIT M0ZI MIZI MZZI MEZT MVZI MSZI M9ZI MZZI M8ZI M6ZI M0EI miei Mzei MEET M7EI MSEI M9EI MZ.EI M8EI M6EI M07I Mlfl MZ7I ME7I nm MS7I M97I MZVI M97I M67I _ M0SI LT) CM 129 1 r' mO) 13 CO"'-' nCV / / Bo- £ si Si co £ D a =Jcc O n -. UJ u. B OJ "* "■ 53 L-lS — ?£>: ?£ 5^° c >£ cEo: cE5 — ! z P rr" 3 y z z U_ UJ UJ :g -^ tx CX I— O Q_ CE ^ > / "CM £ ,* » ^ •J r +' " 53 m -+ I ~ ,-J / *(bJ. - +' ~ cof- 2 ," "> 5 « ■&i4 ^ ^CM^ 2 |" - ~co B 2 |" - c&oo -UJ - l" " i\ « 200^ •*l " -oTco 2 ," - COS 2 jf » com £ ,• m 2 -03/ - +' " 2 + * - 2 + ' - -CM 2 |« n COCO - +' " OlO) - l" " 2 , 2 + "« ^"J 2 - 1 ^•N co 2 ,' - "CO S , 5 -b/ 2 '/ ' > csjb 2 + ' » ""*♦ ^ «>CO » + "m - +' ~ T 3 «--*"> - - + • • mCD -cJ" in^ -|'° »m 2 |" N i in "CM 2 + " "> COCO ~" 1 - r* -oW- - CD CO 2 ," - s . - l" *~ d - > w ^s 2 „ d ~ 5 - L LOIM + 2^ - l" " in CD ~ 1 -CO ~ 1 O.S o>U7 2c<;-' y, ~+r ; «rsaJl- m . - 1" ™ o>in i r-CO - l" "* ebCO = cJ~ 1 "* 1 oCO 1 coB "" 1 07 B " ■nO) 3(M* ~co 2 + ' f \J. - ( . aj - l" " »>C\|_ - l" "" s i" - - 1 2 l" "■ - +" " 2 |" N LOIM m CO - 1 • i nl/) ~ 1 M ■ 2 ~ 1 o;CO - 1 cof» 2 |" » 2 ," " * -in 2cm * l co 2 i" ~ -00 2 |" *- -CO ™ I : , -CM " l coB ~ 1 ■ I - 2 |" ~ ™b _ 1 cotV 1 coB " 1 d - o;^ CO IP - l" " cos 2 |" ■> SIB -■ i B (9 = l" ■" 2 ," ~ mOD CO ID " 1 £ + " « 3 1" £ |" " csCO 1 2 | - - i 0>^ cn.JJ co 1 cofo 2 |" - coOl 1 -0) 1 - r ■* - +" ■* ~ 1 2 + " - coin -in 2 + " - - v co flO 2 ,' - COCO »CM co eg - +" "" L0t> 1 2fJ'» l c^f- r B 1 «;co CO"* i ^:in 5 i'" a + * »• coS " 1 "° > ft nin - i 3 + i > u co 1/5 2 l" » co CD - 1 mm B ■if. - l' " -ID 2 ,"- - l" ■" - i ~ 1 i - .-.pi : . i r+ i 2 + " " C7.CD 1 "co - i -UJ S + " ~ n in i "CO - !» <-J ■oOD o;C0 - r ™ coB ~ 1 r-lO - l" " "if cof ~ 1 »»„ com 2 + " - in CM ~ 1 -CD !« eo inl"* -ID 2 + " - to.— H . . Kti r. + til) ";0> - l'" 'J |" " LP ID ~ 1 = +" ■" co CD - l'" c : CD 2 + " «> 2 + " - 2 ,' r- r . i*> - r ■ ci>B 2cJ " l £ |" f _ 1 -coGat | - T 4.- - cof. 2 l" ~ cm 2 |" - 2 + " - «« , m|\J 2 ," f- m co - ; m o,JS ; o-.CO 2 T i-! " ■ +" +■ -CD _ l" ~ i m in 1 2CM 2 + " r " c.CM a |" •> - 1* "" -to •J + ' " 2 + " - m cm 2 ,'- colv - +" ~ 2 l" - '-;c\i 2 ,' ■« ":ro £ ,' » 2 + '- co<0 ■.•.!> «co 5 i' N -b i l o>m i inCD 1 + -|'° ■of* 2 |" "■ 2 + * »> ■■■cs St- - I ™ ~* i »i/> _ cr.tv eg p. ">.tr> ^ - l" " 2 |* ■ coin £ |" '- co CD ~ 1 cn"" ~ 1 mco i i «1< °>cm " 2 - enpo = ,' ~ °>r9 - i" "' 3 + '» -CM 3 +' " - i" '" to"» ~ 1 "•CO o; B ^ "CO 1 + ' » c~m ~ i 2 |* » ;CD 2 |' ■ -co 1 com i coINJ i *i'" 'ID 2 ," <•> "+•""' - r ■* t-.B ~ 1 =;CO 3 |'" -.(0 2 + " '- c : C0 2 + " - 2 + " "i o-m CO(\J -ID £ ," '- 2 l" - -co - |" " -03 _ K r " c-.CM 1 -in i -or\j 2 +' " -ro 1 • en 2 ,' i "'cj'- 1 -•* - l" " -CO - 1 . . + , . ':"« - 1 " ■iin in a co ( . , CO(\J 2 + " i - l" - inf 2 + " i c.m 2 + ' - ~ 1 . + - . »—- TIM oS "cm w 1 -CO 2 + " ~ 01 l" m 2 |" m oN ';(M _S1 . ":od " i" " '^in a - + ~ - +" " 2 |" "> com i+ . co - j" " com 2 + " =i -CD 2 i 1 « f-.CM 2 + ' - 1 i i 1 i - -l'" oiCO - 1 COCO -tn 2 |" f- ~ea 2 |" - 2c>i " : '1 2 + " - -CM m 2 + " - o ( > in "!CO 2 p " » „CD 1 cnf* "cm " 1 -"* 1 -GO 1 1 mm ^io 5 - = l" _ g + "cv 2 ,' - o;m ~ l coco 2 + ' - _ 1 I* 2 |" » -co co CO 2c»i- • IS o>r* " i" "■ 1 1 yj;<» ^ 3 - 3 |" «> -oCfl c»|D 2 + " » ■uB - 1 ' * '1 ~CO ra 1 2CM ^03 "" 1 ^-Co!^ ■ + d - £ „ CO<\J 2 ," •" 2 + " " + in -4 1 + " o LOfJ -00 o-CM - "I - "* 2 |" f- COOJ 2 ," - coco + " it. in £ + ' m co 03 2 + '- o- : m 2+ . m f-.CM 2 |"~ -co N +' « -CO -o» . . 2 + " m 1 f\n •~ 1 "J ~CM - l" " 2 )" "> m m oico. ;. 1 v • ■"00 m 2 +" _ o-XD . + S |" - m CM S |" » co CM = c>J- , - . + . r "+'* ".ft cooo l" " co(M ™ l" " «C;C^ 5 l'™ o;CO 1 ":CO 2 + " - * "1 CC.CM 2 |" '- u.B . 5 t-tT + -i'* inB ~ 1 , ; in. . co(3) 2 ,' n o- : m -CO " l" " '" l" " 1 »f» aCO «ia. . -CM 1 ■CO N r ™ 1 ^ — « 1 = J« S M 3 - - s "•* 9 ~ l" " O'CD ~;B 2cxi ie 1 CO<\J 2 + " •> com •x. CD 2 l" '' J S j" - rCM co«» i + ■ ■ cof» l" * -co t » c- -co *" i" " 1 1 n|s. i»B 20J 1 - - .| 1 " ^ "if + in CO co ( " N co CD- - 51 cot> i -in b:^^ •^ i - + . , "'V : ''"+ T ».s nB "cm •* cot^ -ota -0J "cJ ■* 1 r.0» 1 -ta 1 « id - ^ -B -cn : com £ ," "■ ~CM 2 + * ~ ;m !?+ ~ »-fv S |" '" mlS 1 -in mB 1 -CD ™ l" " "cm* 1 1 ™ °J i - o>B ~ 1 - ~C\1 ".CM - +" * i - co 03 ~ j" " ■-JGD CO C7) CO IS (£> LO f CO CM «-i C9 CD CD t>» to m CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CSJ CM CM CM 130 z z z z z z z z z en CD CO CO CO CO in CO CO CO CO CM CO CO CO CM CO CM CM CO CM in CM 131 r' -rs »V_3 / / IS to (j (0 y — 1 i™ *g w z S CD ■1 " (-1 S[Z 1 I— en <- 2 CC 2 °- CO >- 2 _] <" 1=1 S3 2 UJ 5 UJ u l-E 1- CE r^ > / ^^ / S?» f y * V" / ^2 200 m 2 |" - 0D 2 |" « mB 2,j3 - co(D 2 V m 2 IN 2 2 CO i - mflO tW ■ 5°!-- - + en-H. . .-00 2 ," m 2in - V ' 2 M col/) av- -*-$' 1/^ ^_ £ ^r = ~ i co(D 8 + * ■•> io siv~ 2CO S , 2 „ p^- ^s 2 ," - 2"* r-(0 - V "" o;a) 8 V "" 2 9>B -^ " E^*Q- = V " "IN - -in m e V "* .->U>v i^tfN--w t^i^ ■- ^Ctfe/". - + «>OJ 2CO 3 l" « ^IT) co(S ;-i.rtj; , m S5 ,' ~ i » co + . „ 2 raB- S^ai a 1 IB 2 |' •> '" *" " :2d* ' 4- ?$*: Hyi • -in 2 + " » i/>(m 2 V a . alO . . 2 + '« - +" " mOJ " 1 - 1* " coo - +" m - l" " - +' ~ If? 2 „ CO ( . , meg 2 V "" :ss-» f. V i • t 1 ~ EV" -a) mo 2 ," "> in a* 2 |* i- ^ 3 « -i'™ ~0) • rsi 5 T" i co (V| S l'" co r-aj -10 -in _ i a? CD -PO 2 |**) -+" m 2 + ' ■*■ 2 t ' N 2 CM ~ l - 1* "* LT.CD ~ 1 cnB ~ 1 3^R 1 ~ 1 «0O S l''~ ~ i ■£ + ' LO »b : ■*l> 5 t'° o;0O 2 + " ~ OS £ + . co no. ma) 2 V °° «« 2 |" ■" ^y* • d) m|\j - l" " ^ ID 1 _ i *rO) *" 1 ^(D 2 ,■ w ":fo 2 + ' « «;cn CT.(V1 ";ro 2 + " « m(0: ';CM 2 .,.■ i- ""•a 2 V - 4*4 . ass k5. -al RV a'v- -0) 2a!t '- V »r- n — ■ •10 " 1 a CM SCfj" s"j:» ~ i si CD 8 |* » 2 + " i> o;CO 3 V - *.W. -;(0 R + - S m(s a n ^p" ITllN ~" 1 «,o "co ■* i • in oota i 5 - " l 2 |'o> -+" ™ -+"° «>cn b i" » «>(j) - l'" MN co + . „ 2 + ' - - • ft. 5 |'" a>03 ~ 1 ,oo "- 1 rJl/) "CM ~CO 8 j* ■» •"CM 2 + " » i-.IN S j' » J + "«" a R + - 2 c-ilN 2 a m colD 0>»» • CO 2 j" - ® t-CD - 1 mm S + ' ~ -./* ■» CO 2 + " « -o(0 2 |" ~ "IS 2 ( . m 2CO m 2 +" " co U) 8V~ -aj R , - - a"v» CO (JO B V" a'7" 2 • a» — ■ S£ r-lO Sou - 1 1 -l"" «>IS - +" " mill ~ 1 2 + " ~ = IO 2 m *° 1 cB " 1 »(M 2 |" o> «cn : 2CO 2 + - - o>(0 mo »+' = -•* av- -IN m 2 in 2 + " «> BV- BV- 2B », B V " a(0 ~ V " B V " coal B V "" a R ~ ~V™ -af C-B „03 — l nB "" 1 -CD 1 2 |" i» i-CD 2 +" " cnCB _ 1 -in 8V 2CO s«.-» ;a(Vl. . ^v- -CM B V ™ s v ■* a(0 S |" " 2in B |* ~ »U) • b ~al -IM 2^5- »in _ i co (S| 5 |'" co(0 S |* ■ r7" »l" B + "" R#3 2CM B V "■ •CD • CD colO mS ^cn _»'«• "f -rOJ 2cJ™ l rvin A - i . -IN • N BV- "i\j R + "° "IN ~ +" ™ in CO ~ V m in (M B V " r-U) St" 4W ; mO) s v ■* mO a v ■* CM -cm " . vM . . o>CD ~ 1 «=CO i -~ 1 2- „ 3 n -B ' ~ 1 -00 B +" - B V m *j B ■ a(M av- *«-! ^T •a) nv- a(0 BV 2 ^ S bID = mm ~+''"' 2in B |" ~ ~co «v m -00 CO|S. ¥|fT co(M St" I 5 ( . „, o>B 2(0- i 2 + " ~ 2 ,' N 2rJ» i - °! en CM ■~ 1 ■- cr.(S| a;(D "CO a +" - o;(0 B |" N »c) m(D -co RV 3 "in »i'- c-O) BV- rial- -CM «s nU7 ecm" = e«3 " 1 ml/1 2«i« l -N - l" " 2 |" » ^7" S + " " »j4s_! inf» av- e~|s av- n CJ) 1 - BV H n0> 2CM BV- aCD 1 i^T R#? »;0 ints in ID cnS " 1 o>CM 5f- Erg" 1 5 « R = o.to; 1 -s -,*;, ^P a CD: , •O) a,'- c~in SV- «.a),. -B 8,"» • co - l" ~ -CB ~ 1 •IJI 2PJ" l 2«>J- • ^ E^J ^ " 1 * 2 co S « -M m + -- :: 1 a i" - -A- • in a,- = -a) s r - --IO mis ~ -2-J- 1 = IM E(jj« 2 „ 2 . R "> cCO iO|> rf7 ,m ~CM 8+"" ,ri«[ CO.B. . 2^» -co a,-- 1 ■ ?| .« «7" ~a) n. $ cr i- ^ > /, y'c D ";lD / J> w^ S7» / / 6§ ID CO au In -B^ a |"- u3>u S7= «u ^b: ! 1ft n + - -co 8,-- in.Cn. , ■n S a » / si K+- *v~ ■nCD ^r oaB a - C. ^ £ • CM B + "~ • CO a' + -- 2 +) ""- in s 2 + ' ~ ~co 3 +' " a m a ~ - +" " -■"■ r nCO 2"t>i~ l "J RJ n a - ;s . ~tpT -co -+" " -co. : 4. ' -CO - 1* " £ ?" a - 210 S + "~ ft l*S ^ 2 U, ^ 2P> „ - +' " 2 |" - 2cn - r™ 2CM v>XM- , 2'*- *"" • <7~ ■ a « • CO a +' N • CM a ,■ - a - f « ,LA S « - +" - - +" ~ -.68 - |" ™ inlO - 1* " «0D - l" "* -00 2 + " " a'7- -co 2 |"- 2 •-.CO BcjJ^ )j -= ,■« 3^8 . *-. ro . . - i" " a^v 2 ,' ~ 2 ,* - sV ' C0 g, -V " ~ i" - ngo ^ 2 |" - - +" ™ -+"■" ^co - r " -CO 2 + > n 2 ," 3- JX>lt. . "CM - +" " -ID 2 t ' - iin 2 + » m "7 -co 2 |" - -CM a + -" a » 3 i" ■* Sjij-,. 1 " 1 -01" i t- t>- ooo d - a>ro 2 ,' ~ -CM ngg 1 " ~CM 5 |'" o;[v 2 ," m -■■* nB a (■ - IS « a |" - 3 |" " ™ -03 - l" " toUJ 2cm~ .CD ^co 1 S „, s » «;eo » CO "l"" 2 |" io 2 c,m - i a +• ~ 2 |" N • CO a (■ ~ ^in a,-" a—' - i Ri N • Iff 1 2 + ' •» ooflO 2 ," ■« P.C*. "7 1 nCD 1 -CO 2 + . m 2 ," ~ 1 ,.o> a(M 2oJo> 1 in CO ~ 1 e>B _ 1 toCD ~ 1 i^ro a |" ■« in CO a |" « • m 3 |" "• a'-J~ 2t» - i - "CD 2 + " "i «>co ";(M 2 + " « oIO. . fjjr5:r j : -ID 2 |' - 1 nCO 1 -CM »aro 2 |"» ^CM a,-- R|'- ~CM ~ +" " a i" » 2 cm ■" i inlO "" 1 ■»s en ID 2 CM "• l -in 2 + ' ~ r;t^ — 1 = «?" mCO i -co _ 1 £ ," •* -CO 5 l'" " l -CM 2 CB ~ mOD = 10 " 1 uiCM «U'- -B -in B,"» "CO B,"2 o>-4 a,-- • OD _ -;CM • W = cm "> i in-» 2 • a 2 cm <° i int" "" 1 colD -cm ~ I of- "* 1 -in 2^ Spg" -cj3 ,VJ ~C~ coin - i ~ CM a t ' ~ -CM o;iO -~^ • CO " 1* '" <«Ln a |" " mCO _ .- i" " • to -in • CD oa(D " 1 5 l" "* rfM B «• l" - ^co -CM t-CB 2CM a |" ~ : co — l" °" -ro " i 2 ( « ~ - 1 -ID o>in mlD _ 1 ojm 2 ," - ^>L0 r>- i ^CO 2 ,'m l m^ 1 icM~ i " l 1 -ID " "3 r- CM fV~ o>m i -10 -»-• . -in RJ |" <° ";CM 8|'- rut*- 1 + in CD 2 ," " co — » " 1 ~ i inp- 2 cm ~ i mCD 2 + »u> B » ™co i in CD 2CM ~ 1 -ID ~ l" " in CM RJ |" ~ a; CO 2"« ~ l" " ^co. ; IN »CM • CD ~ 1 -cm ~ 2CM ^ 1 • Ol 2CM~ l ~ l -t» " i S » a " (XT 0) " 1 2in slO -•< " "^ 2CM _ a-i- V-- • 11) 2o3 » »co m 03 ~ 1 r^CO -?" -ea S " a - o>od a,-» •nCO a+-" -.CM ~ |" ■ -to 1 2d) 3 +' ■* CO-) a i'- tnB i -p. ■>|C0 - r ** -B in ID £ l" - ™co *" 1 o.(T) -|' N -CM 2CM» 1 S „ c-(0 ujco ~ +' _ ™r™ .OCO RJ |" "> -o> ^ „E9 ~ i -,D) ~ 1 2 |* ~ O.IS S „ "j is 2 -B S + " ~ •CD a—" r - : • O) 3 | ,f - rcM 3 |" " •n a*aa M 1 ~ + . • CM -to mto ™ 1 •^t^ : i'" o.B 2pg~ s ~ a - 2 "CM_ 2CO -ca -i(0 a |" m -ro 20> - f « a rjfM Sro m p. to =cm ™ = 7~ »CM eta 2Cj3~ " - 1 ™B £ - a •» ~ i" " SI l" - CM CM r.B l » a ■> a " a ■ 1 ^ in€ SEfl SURFACE (DEGREES CELSIUS) OCTOBER 1976 NUM OBS 4401 ^ > / ^vo t ;: / / J « + * « -B a 1 II /- ' — ■ ' ^* or-4 . sjji.S ^U3 q + -- 1 II r-CO a + ' rj -,,CV : 1 ;: s+- to.CS. . 5 T" inf^ a +■ " 5 - 1 ;i to 03.^ ¥ «cv . ^7" ^00 ~-, s a + * «■ 2* s l" - 1 ii w* -03 s "» * -.03 ^7- a - d - 2* a |" ■» i »■«»-/ -cb. . 2 +' ~ OlS- ";cn 2 ," i B ~ t»pg -co 1 :, ?H»-F?*ri i\ - °! 5w^ .0(0 2 |' - •j •> B 21 U3 i: ^s t ,■ " n.tn . ca S3 - +' " ,CD. .. r 1 * 2 ," - i M loaa ? - S|"' t»^ S|" zi '"/ 1 >~^ - +". " - r ~ -*4 - 2^ a |" "i ; r* t~03 2 + * - m co B ,■- B+-" 2in a + " m z: |yl *§y + ■ 2 ,-a i 3^sT 2 +" N ' ■+' ' 2 + "- 3J" -in " i - 1" " • in 2 ,' n toN ; * i»CO SJ- -^-9 - + . . »U3 r-OO - +" " 2pT = l"" = + . u, " i - ♦ ™ 2 + " m m03 2 + ' - ^>to 2 + ' "> i ""* in - +' ~ 2 CM 2 + ! - "" i 2 + f " 2 03 2 |' ■" ••.(0 S| ,N -CD «,C0. . ''■ ^" ""*' ' ' 121 >»B 2 ,• ~ tcm 2 + - - ^00 _ 1 2 M -+" ~ 2 ," "> 2 + ' «> £ |* » 2^ - l" " 2 |" » .to. + 2 CO a" " -co ~ +" "" <«(fl ~ l" " 2 121 -.03 -;C\I m 2CO -co 2 +"" 2 |' ~ 2 + " ■» _ 1 <^o> £ l" " 0>t^ "* l -CM _ a + * - 2 + " «> ~CM 2 + " ■» MO 2 l" o> 2^ - l" " ^« -0) " o-B _ ~ 1 o;CD 2 1 * 2 ," » 5 i'* 2 ," «> -00 2 ,* m 2 in 2 ,' m U3 ■~ i ojod 2 + ' ~ 210 n«M »(D 2 |" *> "CM 2 + ' » ~cn 2 |" o>t» 2 ,• •> totri . 2-* ^03 ^7- .t-iB a— - i "in <*cd . 2 -;i ,4^r "'+■''' [PI 17= 2 + " » -cm n i 2-* 5 | 1 '" 2 ,■ " ~3" "■l : TIN 2 |" •> in^ 2 ," •" 2 1" ™ - 1 201 - r ™ -in a (■ ■ ~ i " ■o.CO a i' m a ~ trjOD 2 |" ■> 2U3 N 2 ," - ™ 1 2^ 2 l" " «=(M 2in Si- 2C3 5 +" " ■nflO a |* •- "1 •=»03 21/3 - +" "* 2 ," ~ -fjy-,., »0> 2 + - u> « to 2 p '~ 2 + * - 2 + " n 2 + * ~ 2 l' m u>S : i'" „B 2in B |" « t»B a'-» i in* a-*- a |* - 2in a i" " /;,i • -J: - -U3 - +' "" -IM ■".IM 2 + " <" in 03 1 2 ," " nin 2(M- 1 TCO 2 l" - s;« -.03 ~ 1 -co oB a'-*« i a i"" s l" " to CD a-l- 5 ~ DPI -+" " 20) - r " -CD ~ l " i r-(0 2 |" "> ~~ i "CM 2 + " >« ~ 1 o.cn ~ i co CO to to 2cJ~ 1 "IB ~ r " S |" - ~ i " 20 _ 2 ," ~ - i - Si"- cr>S 8,-» Si + " » 2* -.in a + " » a + " - 2CO a |* ~ en fv «l'" m -•»•„ toO) ~ 1 2(M'" l " 1 s i"~ -l'* 20) 2 + " - -O) 2 |" m « in " 1 5 +' " t-CM i ^.IM f r-CO a + " ■ in(M a |" m «;csi a ,'f S3 ~ in 2CM _ - r ~ -IM 2 ,' « -l'™ 2 + ' "" ":(M - r ■* ■^to ™ 2 ,' " "*.0I 2 |" » " 1 " l" " Si*" i- OD ~ l" " «0) a |" •« rCM ~ +" "" »co a— - i zri = + "« 2** ~ 1 ~.y. . - +" ™ — F : infAl ~ 1 2 |" " o;(o 2 s - in1D ™ 1 aiCH "i"" ^CD ~l'° -;(D a |" » "Ol a ,■- " +' "■ s(D " I* - -co Ffl 9 "2 2"* - r " -O) ";■* 2 + " » 2 |" - ^ „ °J r- (D csCD »in 1 "(D Si"" enIM into ~l'" ^cn a— - o:r» - + " ~ ffl 2,^ — 1 ^03 ~7~ ■ LnCO ~ 1 2 ,• -< " i -(O ~ 1 S - i - _ i 1 N | ■o^ ~ 1*" Sv° <0(D ~ l" ™ ^.cb. j in«il: B |* "> ■nCO S3,"- 2CO 8 l""> T i.: : ' * ' in "03 = I - - mJO 5^r 2 + "^ 2lO 5 r^ o> O.Q3 tnl> ~ 1 - i" m :?im>: + ■ fft? 2 «rf» - l"" 2' - 4 - >o(M -At. : <»cn Uih. tr,a> 8|" ">ro 3 ,'« »U5 - r~ vin 1 ;;|ri» ri , Olffi -cJ» tfii** a'-" »>s 0> ^^ n in a-- 0.P-: cr>CD_ in(0 2B _ - ,' - 49 N 48 N 47 N 46 N 45 N 44 N 43 N 42 N 41 N 40 N 39 N | 38 N 37 N 36 N 35 N 34 N 33 N 32 N 31 N 30 N 29 N 28 N 27 N 26 N 25 N M01I MITT MZTT MET! MHI MSTT M9TT MZTT M8TT M6TT M0ZT MTZT M2ZT MEZT M7ZT MSZT M9ZI MZ.ZT M8ZI M6ZT M0EI MIEI MZEI MEET MfET MSET M9ET MZEI M8ET M6ET M0fT MTfT MZfl MEFT MVVT MSfT M9FT nin M8fT M6FT M0ST ^ , — 1 •> / / »"Jy £° £« co 5£E2 zH 22 -• LU u- UJ W s tr . J u CDS >ir Q. £ Ills Sid few z _u •"" $ . 200 .^sJ^ "$•; 5lJ r at*.'* rajjlr' p B8 ^c>tT a + -~ "TM ay- ■*.'*/ ,^rs. . U.XU. . KJ ~ rto ay' Rd:™ • nri ■ V T#^ 14.*! : 2 +<-. a •> 2 ^00. , 1 V ... . 2^ = # .•CD. . • + . , 2* 2 + " m 2 S3 ~ 2(M ~ r ™ > I wT~ -CO 2 + " • oB. . nti- . 200 ^ a ~ 2 4,B| ] + - A t" & i/J • -. r^J ►N - 1" - »;CD B - +" ~ ,-ib: . 2 + "~ a ~ .-". . )J §£&- ""* jji4-Bi ,-ca . . : ■ 4.- - flrn 2N^ - +' _ - + + ■ 2 + ' ~ • CD 2* • = yS UJUJ -V ™ _,B. . »J», . - +" "* - l" " • t^ • CM _ ™ t " • ea . • ■ * m + t + " 2y <» -lO. . pU"'$! -■CD 2 +' * • s 2 r " ^7 r-: : • m R + '- ,w.cu. , • en Si" a ~ m . ^v.^ ■ •+ • ' ■* + • . , + . . • 10 = ♦-■ 2+ . ^ - r ™ 2 0> 2 + " •» ~ ( " m -in 2 + ' » 2in 2 + " " 2^- .•IV . • 00 2 ," ~ • «r - +" ■* • + . • ".B 2 + * » • o> 2^." - 2 + " m ^in • cm : 2(M~ l m . '»4: r ? — ■ •■ t\r V f. 4 . . 2PM -+" ™ -+ - +' ' "ID a l'" - +' ™ 2 + " n -to ~ 1 M 1 ?! ■ ^co - +" ™ »;cn 2 |" - T.flD 2 + '- 2 |" - • ^ 2 + " i 2 1 * 2 |' ~ 57 '■ -CM S|- 2 a « 2 • m S |* ■ • CO 2 l" o> ~b. . r.<0 = |" "" t-CD 2 + " " = l'" u-CO • in 2 + ' " 2-* ~CD 5 |" "" • ^ • CO 5 +." - mPJ " 1 C-S 2 »"2 5 - + 2 ," « ™i-* w "" l ~ ," «> ~o> ^4 . 2 + - im 2 |» "i ^03 - 1* "" 210 2 |" ~ ^co " r* • CO '-.CM a +' "~ ^00 ~ +" ™ 2 i • in -Ol 2 + " m 2 + " « ~in 2 ,' ~ r 1 * 2 + " •" 2 ," m 2 ," •> 2 ,• - • OD * +' '" • CO '.CD a i" °° ~ +' " 5 ~ srJV + 2 +" " -co • ■ • ~ 1 -IM - r n 2 ,' ~ ":0> 2 + " ~ 2 + "m • ^ 2 + " ~ 2 |" ~ • CD -.(»} *$" "•.in 2 + " k> .«B. . • in • in ~ +' ~ • en t; +• " SJ + '~ 2 2"» - * r " • CO -+" *" - 1" ■* • s 2 ," •> 2^~ 1 mto = "* • CO 2 + " n • -^ 2 + " - • in 2 + " « • CM •1 • » • • 00 R + '» ":in ~ +" "* E!|» 2* ~ r • ~ +' m - i" " • 10 1 " l • in - i" ~ -ro • ^ • CD - l" ™ 2 + " n 2 + " *> 4*! ! -f : -in ~ i -l'" -CD 2 + ' -• t-(M • B • + . • • ro - i "CM 8|"" 2B ~+" "* • ^ 2* 5 l'" -co a i" »> l" "" i lop* • ( " • - l" " • to : r* 2 ,' ~ 2 + - m d - 6 - • CM -in 2 ,' • "CM 2 |' •> 2 + ' » .oOO. . 2 -10 2 + 'i" 3 „ m . • CD 2 |" " " 1 O.PJ 2 + " « zi?. m . -;CM 2* • CM S3,-- + ■ .^■- . 2in a in t»" ■ 2 2* " l" " ^ CO m «m ^co "J 2 + " « "!* uioi: : .«J«H. . -B -;CM • s S3 + " » f-CM 57- ''?•"■ N-"! i -!*■ O.B ""CM "* "oi™ ^ m . - r " 2 + " ■• • 05 2 |" - 2 m * l 5"Ja • OD u>* • in _ a |" - •CO fj,-- nlQ " l" " • + - ^ -•* ■ i'* • CD -n ^io 21*- s „ m . i<\i - r° - l" ' 2 ■• ^ • CO o;in • in a— - i Hi'™ " l" ■* S3 + -» 2t» - -4 • ■ ( . , -.0) 1 ■- 1 2 + '<» m«D. — (j3 ^ ™ 6 - «;CD 2 ," "i -in 2 + ' " -itO 5°! - i " .-;tO "CD • IT) a— " i '" l' * •.eu, i 2* ''CM S3," K|- r.U) " r " ./•CD .-co a>(M 1 • CM 2— - • CM ~ 1 2 - 2 ~ ^ 2m in 1 £^" a ,■- S-v- t-rM 2oi™ i -.03 ^ ™ - 2 CO a |" •- 2in 20) £3 ,•"> • in "cm"- i 1 »cs 2^ " ~ 1 2 • CM -in Si CM" -.cn i 9 CO i •* «+■- aoi'" • a a— » S3—" 1 ->co "CO -(M 201 l" ™ m|v • 0) • —* 2o3~ I - ^ • "^2 ~ 1 -CD 2„J m SV~ -co «7- M(<. Bl- ~CM ^CD a,-- "IS ™ r ■* ~0> ™ l" " • CO " l" ~ -.B • ■ 09 • s IB S |* • £ m tncD "I 1 " ro CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O) CM CD CM CM CO CM LO CM 136 ^ If" -s 1 i.0) ^ S3S ^£0^, 1 i i 2 ,•- 2 |" ~ cr.OD M^ ^ 1 "!(M 1 «Q0 •CO Ri j" « -o(0 .1 l" =" co 03 I - 1 4- ■ + A o.ro c«C> 1 CJ.P- • £ ,■ - Sts! E '-CO 7. «•..-. 2 ,' o> 1 fcM-t- Str)!" ■ + 1 * - co(3) 2 ," n Si"" i - S3 j" "> a; U5 R) |" » I»P1 • 1 •iOO •»p- '.ID S |" " .0 00 " |" "> cilO + ) \ i" 1 " "V *»ir>, , 3c\i ?: + ~ 1 '.LO 5 l'" -.00 _ 1 2 |* "- ";(\l -^o> a + -r ~ S3— » ":co Si"" S + " f- bt>S B-! - 1 -co a i" "> C-P? R3ry ™ ^ l" ~ -.ID :463:t + : 'h 'it 2 |" "■• 2 ,"•> ™ l'* -.05 S |" N ~ i -\n " 1 Ri |" "> r.CO " 1 RJCNJ" "•■* -El •o|D ft j" = + + 4<. ° > "\ l" " c- 0T :: ■ 1 Op. 1 -„ : 0> + - l'" 1 -.(VI »<9. . •^03 5 l'" - l" " B + Vr ~>s '".•< £ CO : ~ r " 1 c.|o a |* ™ =110 _ R |" - \ V ri + cofyj *" +" " o>N «P5 *r° 2 ,• ' ^0) a +" "* 2IM s r "* p-O) S i" " coco RI |" "» ~IM *l'" coUT coP- i ^.io ~ i" " ~p. "r* »(»)_ .-in"' ?CM "3 + + ) " +" - • - s r *■ cnp. 5 l'* _|s. + N|\| -O) 2 |* - -,.;:: 5 r™ alt)- - s + " m + S |" " -CM S 1 r *■ f-;CO ™ l" 1 " ~ +' ~ cj + ' «° cb(M c'r4 ^ 1 ' U, cg B l" - rco m ft i" - r* V ";CM 01 +" ' ' *>C\I - ?c\! 53 *c ~CM ■oO) _ 2 ,' - (olrt sirJ s : + -tn m totn ^LO a +" " " - ^ a) CO S l" " "+" " ';lO N 8 ,' - o,N 1 ";co B a |" - * 1 KJ« a ~\ 1L co^ffi 1 -;«„ " l" "* a + " » IDS a + -p - + ' ' ~(M N s l" " "•*■ eg S |" - "+" " -ID S i" *■ .. v . + r a i" ■» uiCD a |' " enfv S i" " coP- coP- Riru" gj fj§i *8 ' i 5 V. A. *■ r " "5" s - I* ™ 2 |" - - i =;m "+ ~p. S (" ■ c-o) ".•* " |" - ",\n 3 + " » '; co(M CCjS a ,"«j \ Wi -CO 1 1 l ":0> B - l" ~ ~ l" " 53 +" ~ -•CM ~ +" ™ «.m a*- . 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"CO" 1 i5 . = -*' <9«0 -is ■ + 5 |'" »tvi -t\| ^ 2 l" - "in CO ^ "S " O |" CO 0,1a cof» S |" <° c-CD !3 j" " IstS f-.io 8 |" ' -co 3 ," «> co"* * ?a ■■+■■- coB '-co " 1 3 l'" i i °>IS ";t^ 2 l" ™ a +■ rn a 1" » coQ) 8 |* ™ ~ 1" m " 1 1 -CM 3 + " " 1-00 ~ 1" " -c» h =?- ™+" " 2 0> "r- "co " 1 coOS - 2 CO'? + f-.OO m com 2 ," ^ pes r: + ■ -ta 2+ ., -CO " 1 2+ "i ■nCD 1 8 l" * cr.CD 8 |" "> 1 cr : ts. Si 1* m -co a (4^ S3«-» ' 1 '!C0 3 ," « " 1 4< " >. 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"l N 1 ~ 1 " -IP i R (• ■" si - CO - * /CI 31- IM | - cof. ^ toI\l- 1 \ *v — ^s<~s\ ? 3 ^ S |" - =;CO , " |" - coCO oi i'" cr;l^ R i* "" • CM . + to (SI - \r s L 3+"-" co CD " N CM CO ^^ si- 2 COfs. ■*.TO 3 i""* «> a+-J o* ~? CO M | C\ 5" 5 H*-C m *■/ T"+' w; 1 *ri T Riry 2 ^ ™* — + ojto _ 8+- S |" - CM + " » 5 c ^/ flff « ~ 1 ^n) \ cotn _ 19 l" " a 2 ~(D _ R + "- a |' - - co[v «l'" i / J v \ coS " 1 CO ID 1 a>ea a'ry"- i rin i ^r co(M a + -- a +■ - ( 8 CO,tU. . . i h* V \ ^ col*> - com co m I B if J 1 V V ' coo) R,' = ^l r r^\ C0.0O- . «J -»-a «7- • 6 \r 1 \J a |" ~ \\ ■1 8 1" "* 6 V" S \ < 1 -io R l" •" o.AI„ ^^(T, i>8 ,gn3«4 t NORA - NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CRLIFORNIfl TEMPERRTURE RNOMRLY AT THE SEfl SURFACE (DEGREES CELSIUS) DECEMBER 1976 NUM OBS 5305 S V i cm in a'cJ^ o; (V| ~co m 2r" aV- CM« a«<» i -CB. _. t 1 r U i -to " 1 CM |" - a'« 2 B-J- ■ CO,J B + "" CM.BO R— « \ a \ "f O.W 2(t?~ 1 CO U> 1 coS i - en 3 |" m -to. 6 ] § f" " S to R |* - c»m 3 |' ■" V 6 / a,|v 2p3« 1 c~m Rl |" - C7>(M Ri-: 2 o.v< . 5 L colM t crlO 1 Ri.J »• 1 a |" » 6 3 N t-.oo 2 i" "> iqCO 05 CD co 6 CP^ 5|ii» l cotD -io R ,■» S V* '-0D »1- spj ■* 8 1^ cm in a-:» atyj" t / fi co -> fe 33N 32 N 31 N 30 N 29 N 28 N 27 N 26 N 25 N 24 N 23 N 22 N 21 N 20 N M 09 N 19 M Z9 M 69 M V*9 M 99 M 99 M 19 M 89 M 69 M 0L M Ti M Z/l M 6£ M FZ, M SL M 9Z H ZZ M 8Z M 6Z M 08 M 18 H Z8 n £8 M V8 M 98 M 98 M Z8 M 88 M 68 M 06 M 16 H Z6 M e6 M V6 M S6 M 96 M Z6 M 86 M 66 Paper 10 FLUCTUATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND D.ENSITY AT COASTAL STATIONS DURING 1976 Doug Las R . McLa i n ' Sea su made gages data inadeq of st of cl summar long-t contou c I imat coasts rface temp rout inely and other suffer f r uate expos at i ons a L L imati c f L izes month erm means red in a ic events eratur at m coasta om va ure to ows t h uctuat ly mea for th comm and to e (S any I st ri ou ope e da ions n SS ree on all ST) a U.S. at ion s pr n oce ta to i n T and coast manne ow CO nd de Nat i s for oblem an co be u near dens s of r f o mpari ns i ty ona I many s sue ndi t i sed a sho re ity f North r ea son o measur Ocean years h as ga ons * c s an in water luctuat Amer i c ch coas f flue ement s Survey Alt p s in c aref u I e xpensi s. Th ions f o a. The t to fl tuat i on have w t rong er atu a I ies eratu anoma 76/ obs omp Let e f SST a f ram Ly caLd uary 1 wa rm in n Marc over mo in the . The onLy as at (Pap res du at G re were Lies we erva an noma New at 976 g be h a st o Larg neg at GaL er 1 ring alve cau re c t i on d sh Lies Jer aLL wit gan t C f th e ne at iv Key vest 1) La ston sed ause s of owed s im sey GuLf h t in F edar e ar gati e a Wes on/ i n te du by s d by SST's good c i Lar to to FL coast he gre ebruary Key/ ea for ve anom noma Lie t/ FL. TX/ i their 1976 a ring N t rong n heat L at GuL ohe r en that ori da stat i o atest in Te FL. the r aLi es s in The g n Nov summa Lso f ovembe ort her oss e s f coa ce in obse rv occur ns dur anoma xas / a Anoma L ema ind of Nov Novem reates ember. ry of ound r. Th Ly wi to the st st at space an ed at e red. S ing De ce Lies in nd SST ous coo er of ember ov ber wer t negati Ch amb GuLf greatest e anomaL nds/ wh coLd / d l ons d ti ast ST*s mber FL ano Ling the er m e < ve a e r L i coas ne ies erea ry a were me . A coast were 1975 o ri da . maL i es then year/ ost of 1C in noma ly n and t air gat i ve of air s the i r . GULF OF MEXICO COAST DENSITIES Long-term mean water density (Fig. 10.7) ranged from almost fresh in January at Dauphin Island/ AL (in Mobile Bay)/ to open ocean conditions at Key West/ FL. The months of minimum and maximum densities varied and reflected variations in timing of Local river discharge. Minimum densities occurred January-June and maximum densities occurred June-November. Anomalies of density in 1976 ./ere variable/ and apparently were related to Local fluctuations of precipitation and runoff. Negative anomalies of density were observed almost all year at south Texas stations. Positive anomalies occurred during August -October from Dauphin Island to Key West/ and into December at stations in southern Florida. SUMMARY Although coastal station data are noisy and have frequent gaps in coverage/ they do show Large-scale coherences among stations. These coherences are in general caused by climatic fluctuations that affect long stretches of coastline. An extreme example of such a climatic change is the strong northerly winds over much of the eastern United States during November 1976. These winds created negative anomalies of SST at coastal stations of at least 156 Paper 10 -1C in magnitude from Portland ME* to Mayport* FL* and from St. Petersburg* FL* to Padre Island/- TX. Extreme anomalies of -5.5C were observed at Sandy Hook* NJ/ and -5.1C at Galveston* TX* in November. LITERATURE CITED BAKUN/A./ D. R. McLAIN* and F. V. MAYO. 1974. The mean annual cycle of coastal upwelling off western North America as observed from surface measurements. Fish Bull.* U.S. 72:843-844. DICKSON* R. R. 1976a. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:660-665. 1976b. Weather and circulation of May 1976. Temperature reversal over the United States. Mo. Weather Rev. 104: 1084-1089. 1977. Weather and circulation of November 1976. Record cold over south and midwest for the second consecutive month. Mo. Weather Rev. 105:239-244. 60ULET* J. R.* Jr. 1976. Tidal station temperatures* U.S. east coast and Long Island Sound. In The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974* p. 19-1 — 19-9. U.S. Dep. Commer.* Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin.* Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv.* MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. G0ULET* J. R.* Jr. and E. D. HAYNES. 1978. Coastal temperatures. In J. R. Goulet* Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)* Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975* p. 21-23* 34-39. U.S. Dep. Commer.* N0AA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. McLAIN* D . R . 1978. Anomalies of coastal sea surface temperatures along the west coast of North America. In J. R. Goulet* Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)* Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975* p. 127-140. U.S. Dep. Commer.* NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. 157 Paper 10 TAUBENSEE, R - E . 197oa. Weather and circulation of inarch 1976. Record heavy precipitation around the Great Lakes. Wo. Weather Rev. 104:809-&14. 1976b. Weather and circulation of June 1976. Increased drought in California. Po. Weather Rev. 104:1200-1205. WAGNER/- A. J. 1976. Weather and circulation of January 1976. Increasing drouyht in California and the southern Great Plains. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:491-496. 158 o, < S 159 CD CD m m 160 CO CD >- LU CO a CO 0) J3 LU i — i SB _l s cr 2T oj O ^ z < ex E >- 5b _J 3Z >, M ** K3 A op i >* iS 4 a in y S3 $ y 4 CD CO LU a a V £ E hi 01 be c o J LO 1 r^ M en o * — i i V CO N -^t be CD E "- 1 z CE LU 161 CD en zr LU I— CE LU CO ce z: o ex >- 0, .i 0/ s E o c eg Q_ 51 LU I— CE LU en in CI t^ c en eg i CO F -<* h en e ^ — i sc B z e CE J LU 1 2= ■■* o 2= ~* cc « S LU 1— be fa 162 m en (si CD >- i— i— i CO z UJ Q DO & CO 01 LU i — i SB _l CT B o 2= cd O ^ z i ex e >- o J, ts ■« f? R? R, Sr 00 S3 sir ? ni> m d if en Si * J. . If si R 4 ID II CO LU LO en « — i i CD CO cr a B o c 03 1 a 163 UD cn 2= LU (X LU cn 23 s O 00 & CO 9) LU i — i be _l cn c o z: 3 o o -z. cn X S >- & a 3 S « 2 £ ■ § 8 § ro — — (\i. ■ — CO CD - I— CO -z. LU o en LU d 2Z o z CL >- >- 00 1— OS CO h -z. a LU a a a £ E u O *-) be c o hJ Ln 1 r^ t~ en o rH >■* I 0) CO 9 ■^t be CD £ 165 APPENDIX 10.1 Locations of stations shown in Figure 1C.1 West coast Adak, AK Unalaska , AK Kodiak, AK Yakut at, AK Sitka, AK Langara Island, Cape St . J antes , Ka ins Is Land, B Amph i t r i te Poi nt , Neab Bay, WA Crescent City, CA San Franc isco/ C A Port San Luis, CA Los Angeles/ C A Imperial Beach, CA B.C B.C C. B.C 51N52' 53N53' 57N45* 59N33 1 57N03* 54N15* 5 1 N 5 6 ■ 50N27' 4SN55 ■ 48N22' 41N45' 37N48' 35N10* 33N43* 32N35 f 176W39* 16 6W33 ' 152W29* 139W44' 135W21 ' 133W04 ■ 131W01 ■ 128W02 ' 125W32 9 124W37* 12 4W12 1 122W28 ■ 120W45 ■ 1 1 8W1 6 ■ 117W08 1 East Cgas.t Eastport, ME Port land, ME Boston, MA Woods Hole, MA Newport/ RI Montauk, NY Sandy Hook, NJ Atlantic City, NJ Cape May, NJ Kiptopeke Beach, VA Myrtle Beach, SC Ch ar lest on, SC Mayport /• FL Mi am i Beach , FL Key West, FL 44N54* 43N40* 42N21 ' 41N32' 41N3C* 41N03 1 40N28" 39N21 ■ 38N58' 37N1C 3 3N41 ' 32N47 § 30N24" 25N46' 34N33' 66W59* 7CW15' 71W03* 70N40 ' 71W20* 71W58' 74W01 • 74W2 5 • 74W58 1 75W59» 78W5 3 ■ 79W56* 81w26 f 80W08 ' 81W49* Gyif of Mexico Coast Padre Island, TX Port Mansfield, TX Po rt Aransas , TX F r ee port , TX Galveston, TX Dauphin Island • AL Pensaco la, FL Cedar Key, FL St . Petersburg, FL Key West, FL 26N04* 26N33* 27N49" 28N57' 29N18* 30N15' 30N24' 29N08' 27N46* 24N33* 97W09' 9 7W26 ' 97W04 ■ 95W19* 94W47* 88W05 ■ 87W13* 83W02 ' 82W37 ' 81W49* 166 Paper 11 DATA ON COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS ALONG THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS DURING THE FALL AND WINTER OF 1976-77' J. Lockwood Chamberlin and Reed S. Armstrong INTRODUCTION The cold weather conditions that prevai Gulf Coast during the winter of 1976 will undoubtedly have significant effec resources and environment. Favorabl effects on resource species are/ of cou regarding their distribution/ migrat and survival. For example/ the fall-wi survival of some northern species may b parts of their ranges. Conversely/ the young of such species as menhaden a overwinter in estuaries. Considerat should be on a species-by-species and r can best be given by the individual sci knowledge of the life histories and phy the various species/ and familiarity conditions in the regions where they wo led along the Atlantic and -77 and the preceding fall ts on the marine fishery e as well as unfavorable rse/ readily conceivable ion/ reproduction/ growth/ nter spawning and larval e enhanced in the southern re may be damage to the nd white shrimp where they ion of possible effects eg ion-by-reg ion basis/ and entists who have special siological requirements of with the environmental rk . This report presents air temperature anomaly data for selected weather stations/ in order to describe the severity/ duration/ and distribution of the cold conditions along the entire coast. Some discussion of possible effects on estuarine and coastal waters is incLuded. 'This paper was released in manuscript form as a NMFS Marine Environmental Notice/ 22 Febrjary 1977. Data were derived from Weekly. Wea.the£ and Crog Bulletin/ Vol. 63 (for 1976) and Vol. 64 (for 1977)/ prepared jointly by U.S. Department of Commerce/ NWS/ NOAA/ and U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Statistical Reporting Service; and Loca.1. C li.matol.ogic al Data/ Annual Summaries for 1975/ Parts I and 11/ U.S. Department of Commerce/ National Climatic Center of Environmental Data Service/ NOAA. 2 Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA* N ar raganset t / RI 02882. 167 Paoer 11 ENTIRE COAST COLDER THAN IN PREVIOUS 40 YEARS Anomalies of monthly mean air temperatures for July 1976 to January 1977 appear in Figure 11.1 for 12 coastal stations. The anomalies are based on long-term monthly means for the 40-yr period/ 1936-75. For comoarison with these anomalies* Figure 11.1 also includes the extremes and standard deviations of the monthly means for the 40-yr period. The anomaly data in Figure 11.1 show colder than average temperatures every month from October to January along the entire coast except in southern Florida. Furthermore/ the record cold anomalies of the past 40 years are equalled or exceeded in one or more months at every station except Key West. At both Savannah and Jacksonville the negative anomalies equalled or exceeded the 40-yr record in three of the four months--all but December. Record breaking anomalies are notable at Atlantic City in January/ Jacksonville in November/ and Galveston in October. In December/ the- negative anomalies were relatively moderate along the entire coast. Some apparent regional patterns are: -- North of Cape Hatteras/ negative anomalies in all months from J-uly to January. -- Hatteras to Jack sonvi I le/ negative months from August to January. -- Gulf of Mexico/ negative anomalies October to January. anoma lies in all in all months f rom To permit interyear comparisons of entire cold seasons/ averages of the monthly mean air temperature anomalies have been calculated for. the five months/ September-January/ at six of the stations: Portland/ Atlantic City/ Savannah/ Key West/ Tallahassee/ and Galveston. These averages appear in Table 11.1 for the 197&-77 fall-winter period. Also listed in Table 11.1 are comparable values for each station for the four coldest S ept embe r-J anj ary periods of the previous 40 years. The data in Table 11.1 clearly show: 1) that record cold weather conditions prevailed in the fall and winter of 1976-77 alona the entire coast/ with the exception of southern Florida/ and 2) that unusually cold conditions in earlier years here more loc a li zed--not extending along the entire coast. Longer records from a few stations (Providence/ 1905-1977; Hatteras/ 1875-1977; Jacksonville/ 1871-1977; and Galveston/ 1905-1977) indicate that the 1976-77 cold season was unrivaled during the years of record/ except at Providence in 1917-18. 168 Paper 11 NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL STATIONS Portland, ME 1) AIL 5 months below normal (2nd time in last 41 years; also in 1964-65). 2) All 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 2 months). 3) Record low of 41 years in October. 4) Average anomalies for 5-mo period, -4.6F (-2.6C), which is 1.9 times the previous coldest (1958-59). 5) December monthly mean colder than normal January value. Atlantic City, NJ 1) All 5 months below narmal (5th time in last 41 years; also in 1969-70, 1968-69, 1967-68, 1962-63). 2) All 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years «iith monthly means that low for more than 4 months; 4 months in 1967-68). 3) Record lows of 41 years in October, November, and J anuary . 4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period, -7.6F (-4.2C), which is 1.3 times the previous coldest (1967-68). 5) December monthly mean colder than normal January value. S avannah, 6A 1) All 5 months below normal (4th time in last 41 years; also in 1965-66, 1963-64, 1955-56). 2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 3 months; 3 in 1967-6 8). 3) Record lows of 41 years in October, November, and J anuary . 4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period, -5.3F (-2.3C), which is 1.6 times the previous coldest (1969-70). 5) November monthly mean equivalent to normal December value, and December mean below narmal January value. 169 Paper 11 Key West/ FL 1) Three months below normal/ September above normal/ and D ecembe r norma I . 2) Only 1 month 1 standard deviation below normal (January) . 3) No record lows established in 1976-77. 4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period/ -1.2F (-0.70/ which is 3.6 times the coldest of the 41-yr record (1939-40) . Tallahassee/ FL 1) All 5 months below normal (only time in last 41 years). 2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 3 months; 3 in 1969-73). 3) Record low of 41 years in October. 4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period/ -5.2F (-2.9C)/ which is 1.6 times the previous coldest (1963-64). 5) November monthly mean equivalent to normal January value/ and December mean below normal January value/ January was second coldest of 41-yr record. Galveston/ TX 1) Four months below normal (Oc t ober- January ) occurred 7 times in previous 40 years; only in 1943-44 were temperatures below normal for all 5 months. 2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 3 months; 3 in 1943-44). 3) Record lows of 41 years in October and November. 4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period/ -5.4F (-3.00/ which is 2.3 times the previous coldest (1943-4 4). 5) October monthly mean about equivalent to normal November value/ November mean below normal December value/ and December mean below normal January; January mean was second coldest in 41-yr record. 170 Paper 11 EFFECTS ON ESTUARINE AND COASTAL WATERS Increased vertical mixing: The increased density of chilled water will accelerate vertical mixing and alter normal circulation patterns in inshore waters. Ice cover: cessat ion estuar ies ma y the surface. because the onset of ice cover causes abrupt of wind driven vertical mixing* the salinity in some be above normal near bottom and below normal near Increased ru.na.ff: Decreased coastal runoff resulting from frozen streams and snowfall* instead of rain* results in general elevation of estuarine salinities* although the opposite effect can be looked for in the upper parts of mixed estuaries where the penetration of saline water along the bottom is driven by surface flow toward the ocean. Ice cover effects in coastal zgne: Ice cover and near freezing temperatures in estuaries and lagoons along the southeast Atlantic coast* where such conditions are a rarity* may severely affect some resident marine species. Along the northeast coast su-ch conditions* although normal in the winter* may be having marked effects on the marine life because of their unusual duration* offshore extension* and depth penetration. Strong sp.riQs. runoff: Wherever there are above normal accumulations of snow and ice in the drainage basins* the possibility exists of strong spring runoff. In the estuaries* this would result in an abrupt reversal of the salinity and circulation conditions that now prevail. On the inner continental shelf* strong runoff could lead to early stratification of the water column with the possibility of anoxia developing next summer* as occurred last summer off New Jersey. Despite the accumulation of snow and ice in the drainage: basins* however* strong runoff will st i tLj^depend on the volume of precipitation during the spring and ^timing of the thaw. She.lf Wale£ temperatures : Not only should water temperatures be expected to equal or go below record low values* but the normal spring and summer warming cycle may be delayed. Persistence of the cold water can be expected* particularly in bottom waters over the outer continental shelf* where the cold water becomes insulated from seasonal warming by formation of a warm surface layer. The vertical stratification may also be stronger than usual because of cold dense water persisting at the bottom. The Atlantic Environmental Group* NMFS* is attempting to determine whether the warm Slope Water that contacts bottom on the outer continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight could be displaced in 1977 by abnormally chilled Shelf Water. Such 171 Paper 11 displacement might increase mortality of tile fish and other bottom dwelling animals whose distribution is apparently limited to the Slope Water zone/ where the temperature regime is normally quite stable throughout the year. (The well-known mass mortality of tilefish off the Middle Atlantic in March-May 1882 was not preceded by a cold winter.) RECENT REPQRTS OF COLD WEATHER EFFECTS ON FISHERY RESOURCES The following information has come to our attention on the apparent influence of the cold weather on the fishery resources: Wtlit§ StlEiQlB id South Carolina: A newspaper article from the United Press International dated February 19* 1977 reports that "Charles H. Farmer/ head of the CSouth Carolina] Department of Wildlife and Marine Resources* crustacean management program/ said a week-long survey showed the cold weather has virtually wiped out the white shrimp that spend the winter along the South Carolina coast." Snook and other tr&Qical fish. in Florida: Thomas H. Fraser/ Environmental Quality Laoratory/ Inc./ Port Charlotte/ FL/ has informed us by telephone that unusually widespread kills of snook were reported in Florida during and following the extremely cold weather in the third week of January. Other species for which kills were reported or observed by Fraser during the same period of January include mojarra/ ladyfish/ crevalle/ and tarpon. Fraser advised that cold weather kills have been reported in Florida for each of these tropical species in earlier years. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We app re Weather us with 1977/ a As hevi 11 Donald Washi ngt Sandy H of the s Labor ato sources Envi ronm W . Chr is the f i gu c iat Sup the nd R e, N L. G on/ ook nook ry/ of i ent a t ma res . e t port Wee k Oder C/ w ilma DC/ Labo kil Sout nf or I de t he co Servi ly Wea t G. Q ho sup n/ Na gave a ratory I in heast mat ion Group he st a operat ce/ NW ther a uay I e/ pi ied t i ona I dvice / Nort Florid Fisher on Fl of ti st i c ion S/ N nd C Nat the Me on s heas 3/ i es ori d NMFS ale of L OAA/ W rop Bu iona I histor t eorol our ces t Fish and A Center a fish / Dav a leu la y le a s h i n I leti C I i ma i ca I og i ca of d e r i es I exan / ref ki 11 id A t i ons M. D gton n f o t ic air I C a ta . Cen der erre s . . Mi an enny/ / DC/ r 197 Cente tempe enter Joh t er / Drag d us In zenko d he Ag who 6 a r/ E rat u / N n A. firs ovi c to a the an Iped n cu sup nd DS/ re WS* Hoi t to h/ ddit Atl d R pr Iture plied early NOAA/ data . NOAA/ st on/ Id us Miami i o n a I ant i c obert epare 172 Table 11.1. — Averages of monthly mean air temperature anomalies (de- grees F) for September-January at selected Atlantic and Gulf coast weather stations. The averages for 1976-77 are listed for each sta- tion. Only the four coldest averages from the previous I4O years are listed. Portland Atlantic City Savannah Key West Talla- hassee Galveston 1976-77 -4.6 -7.6 -5.3 -1.2 -5.2 -5.4 1970-71 -2.2 1969-70 -3.8 -3.3 -2.5 1968-69 -3.3 -1.9 1967-68 -5.9 -2.9 1963-64 -3.1 -1.6 -3.3 1961-62 -1.4 1960-61 -2.2 1958-59 -2.4 -2.9 -1.5 1956-57 -2.4 1955-56 -2.4 1954-55 -1.7 1943-44 -2.7 -2.3 1939-40 -1.9 -1.8 1937-38 -1.6 173 JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN < 3 +10 + 5 - 5 -10 J + 5 - -10 + 5J - 5 ■10- •15- _ - 5 u- -10 J O — + 5 >- -. - 5 - ^ -10- ° + 5i - 5 -101 + 5 - 5 -| -10 + 5-1 +10 + 5 - 5 -10 + 5-1 - 5 -10 + 5 - 5 -10 + 5 - 5 -10 ' :.-.:--. - ■ I > H I l^F^ 1:11 T ft^t ^T T^-f ^T . • • • ■ -1 -4-- ■ :| I -ri :-L .-J ANOMALY FOR 1976/77 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES FOR 1936-1975 - 1 STANDARD DEVIATION FOR 1936-1975 r^\ I 1:1 Figure 11.1. — Anomalies of monthly mean air temperatures at selected Atlantic and Gulf coast weather stations, July 1976-January 1977, based on long-term monthly means for the 40 years, 1936-75. Shown for comparison are the maxima and minima and standard devi- ations of the anomalies for the same period. 174 Paper 1 2 WIND DRIVEN TRANSPORT ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF MEXICO Merton C . Ingh am ' INTRODUCTION Variations in surface currents and transports resulting from changes in the overlying wind field are significant factors in the survival and development of the early stages of several resource species and the strength of year classes of their oopulations. This is especially true for species whose larvae spend a relatively long period of time as plankton in the surface I ayer . An exa su rvi v the At p lace edge o a ct i vi favora I ay er . recrui bet wee weak w re lati zona I for a (densi mp le o al / r lant i c s out h f the ty ar bl e co Stu tment n yea es twa r ng th Ekman bout ty-dep f the ecru i t menha of Ca Gulf S e t r an nai t i o di es far th rs of d E kma ese f transp 6 0% endent inf I ment den . pe H trea spor ns / of e ye hig n t acto or t of ) re uenc / a Wi atte m. ted by w mont ar s h or rans rs at a the crui e of nd y nter ra s a Eggs towar i nd hly 1955- low port shows poin va r tment wind dr ear c la s paw nin t some and I d estua driven E kman 70 have recruit dur i ng that t south i at ion CNe Iso l ven s s st g of d i sta a rvae r i ne cu r r ( wi nd rev ment Jan varia of C bet we n et tra reng th nee fr nurs ents -dri ea le and uary t ion ape en a al. nspo the is offs om er y in ven) d a yea r -Mar s in Hatt ctua 1977 rt an b spec hore this grou th tra st s of c h . J an eras I an ) . on e f o i es / ne sp nds/ e s nspo rong str A uary ac d ex I arva I und in takes a r the awni ng under u rf ace rt and link ong or mode I -March counts pected In addition to the effect of »/ind driven transports on larval drift/ there are other reasons for scientific interest in the variations of Ekrnan transport: 'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Service/ NOAA/ N ar raqnaset t / RI QZ&b'd. Marine Fisheries 175 Paper 12 1. Coastal upwelling/ which is quite pronounced along the Pacific coast/ is a consequence of offshore transports of this type and can occur along any coastline* given the appropriate wind stress. 2. Coastal circulation patterns/ such as those described by Armstrong 2 for the western Gulf of Mexico/ are strongly influenced by variations in Ekman transport. 3. The position of water masses and their boundaries/ such as the Shelf Water/Slope Water front along the Atlantic coast/ are influenced by wind driven transports. As a consequence/ the distribution of pelagic fishes also may be influenced because many of them tend to associate with particular water masses/ especially in frontal areas. 4 . The efficiency of productivity cycles and their timing in a particular location may depend a great deal on the presence or absence of specific water messes/ whose movement may depend largely on wind driven transport. The data portrayals presented here are drawn from among the suite of parameters computed from monthly average pressure distribu- tions. 3 Figures 12.1-12.4 graphically display mean monthly Ekman transport values for 1976 and for a 10-yr base period/ taken from an alternate 5-deg grid for the Atlantic and a 3-dea grid for the Gulf of Mexico. Table 12.1 contains the corresponding zonal and meridional transport values. In order to provide a more complete set of data for studies in areas not well represented by the locations selected for Figures 12.1-12.4/ the 1976 mean monthly and 10-yr monthly mean zonal and meridional transport values for all points on the 3-deg grid in the mapped areas are portrayed in Appendix 12.1. 2 Armst rong/ salinity and Texas Oute r Oceanography/ Ga Ives ton / T X R. S. 1976 circulation. Cont inent al p. 43-51. 77550. Seasonal cycle of temperature/ In Environmental Studies of the South Shelf/ 1975/ Vol. 11/ Physical Gulf Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ 3 Data provided by Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA 93940. 176 DISCUSSION OF 1976 CONDITIONS P aper 12 Atlantis (Figs. 12.1 and 12.2) S i gnif ic of mean during t (No vembe were to winds f componen Februa ry that per one-ha If from the much wa offshore high r iv early st ant mo he e r-De the rom t of in i od th sou rmer . T er r rati anom nth I ar ly ce m b sout the Ekm th (197 at s th we an his unof fi ca a lou y E mon e r ) • heas sout an e 31 1) s hown St/ d m cond f al tion s cond kman t ths ( Dur t inst hwest t ransp years howed in 19 especi ore h i t ion ong th over ing ead i t i ons ranspo Februa F of i nstea ort w of re eastwa 76. T ally i u m i d a yie Ide e coas the sh are r rt for ry-Mar ebruar to th d of t as la cord, rd t ra hes e a n Feb i r t ha d unse t and elf (A eveal both ch) y an e so he no r ger Only nspor noma I rua ry n usu a sona appar rmst r ed i n 35N/ and d Mar ut hwe rt hwe than one t s / a ous ly , br a I an b ly m ent ly ong/ the 75W the ch t St/ st. fo ot he nd i per ough d ve i Id led Fape 197 and lat he t pro The r a r Fe t w s ist t w ry f wea to r 17 6 r 40N e m rans duce eas ny brua as ent ith ew s t her unus ). ecord / 70W ont hs ports d by twa rd other ry in about wi nds them torms and ua I ly Another possible impact of the unusual southeastward transports in February and March is the loss of larvae of several commercial species from Georges Bank/ located immediately northeast of 40N/ 70w. Once transported off the Bank to the southeast the larvae would be in a more hostile/ deep-water/ pelagic environment and probably would be permanently lost from the year class. Durin were condi pers i usua I of t wi nte Paper t he u could away deve I st age g Novem toward t ions/ stent/ ly larg he cont r exper 11). nusua I have from opi ng s would be r th but s t r e t r inen ienc Her tr an cau Geor on suf and e s the ong ansp tal ed b e a spor sed ges the f er De ce outh i r nor orts air y th gain ts s sign Ban Bank loss mber west magn t h we bro mass e ea / a hown if i c k. at es . at the / i n ag i tudes st er ly ug ht w i / yield st coas s wa s t at 40M ant tra Fish that ti se t w reeme were winds th t h ing t t (Ch he ca / 70W nspo r larv a me an o po nt w un wh i em t he r ambe se i ref t of e f d st int s ith usua ch p he c ecor r li n n Fe lect pi a rom ill th the Uy rodu old d br an brua con nkto the in t e t 10-y lar ced tern eak i d A r y a dit i ni c ye hep rans r av ge. thes pera ng s rmst nd M ons orga ar lank ports erage The e un- tu re s eve re rong/ arch/ which ni sms class tonic The anomalous transports which occurred in the vicinity of 35N/ 75W in February and March should have had an impact on the transport of menhaden larvae spawned offshore south of Cape Hatteras in the January-March period. The eastward components of the transports would tend to transport the larvae offshore/ away from the estuarine nursery areas they require for development- That portion of the spawning and larval transport which occurred in January/ when there was a westward component in the Ekman transport/ should have been more successful. 177 Paper 12 In the vicinity of 30N* SOW* an area of considerably smaller Ekman transports/' the most unusual condition in 1976 was the relatively strong northeastward transport in June. Such trans- port should have resulted in some upwelling along the Florida shelf. During July the transport shifted to southeastward and was stronger farther north/ at 35N* 75W* which could have produced upwelling on the shelf off Georgia and the Carolinas. Gulf of Mexico (Figs. 12.3 and 12.4) The most apparent departure in 1976 from the 10-yr mean condi- tions in the Gulf of Mexico was the strong northwestward transports during the October-December period. These transports* which were roore westward than normal at all three of the positions portrayed/ are the consequence of unusually strong or persistent northeasterly winds during the early part of the severe winter of 1976-77. These conditions should have produced unusually strong onshore and counterclockwise alongshore flow. During January the difference between the transport vectors at 27N/ 96w and 27N, 90W* which usually produces counterclockwise nearshore circulation in the western Gulf (see footnote 2)* was greater than normal. This condition should have led to more intense nearshore flow to the w?st and south (counterclockwise). In February and March the difference in transport values between the two positions reversed/ with the stronger value at 27N/ 96W* including a strong eastward component. This may have caused a reversal in nearshore circulation* to clockwise* during February* a month earlier than normal. LITERATJRE CITED NELSON/ W . R.* M. C. INGHAM* and W. E. SCHAAF. 1977. Larval transport and year class strength of Atlantic menhaden* Brevogrtia tyrannis. Fish. Bull. U.S. 75:23-41. 178 Table 12.1. — Monthly average Ekman transports for selected points off the U.S. east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico for 1976. Units are t/s-km. Positive is eastward or northward. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1+0 °N, 70°W Zonal Meridional 35°n, 75°w Zonal Meridional 30°N, 80°¥ Zonal Meridional 27°N, 81+°W Zonal Meridional 27°N, 90°W Zonal Meridional 27°N, 69°¥ Zonal Meridional -70 170 30 -90 21+0 180 110 20 20 -20 -200 -130 -220 -700 -190 -270 -290 -260 -250 -70 -90 -1+0 -760 -1+70 -60 130 80 -50 180 170 100 10 -50 -190 -100 -170 -1+1+0 -11+0 -80 -90 -30 -290 30 30 -310 -180 -60 10 100 -10 190 180 80 1+0 10 -150 -180 -120 20 -20 30 20 20 11+0 -110 160 80 210 60 60 -270 -30 220 -30 220 100 20 -10 10 -38O -1+80 -260 500 170 1+30 190 70 260 10 160 110 650 720 570 -3I+0 -10 520 80 30 100 10 -130 -60 -520 -71+0 -U5o 780 260 960 63O 230 550 160 210 230 770 1020 720 20 1+10 530 1000 210 500 790 190 120 -21+0 -680 -1+80 1+50 330 1110 111+0 510 790 890 320 1+70 620 880 520 179 80 i i i i i i i i_i IOOO METRIC TOMS/SEC/ KM MONTHLY EKMAN TRANSPORT 1976 1 45' 40' 35* 30" 25< 80 c 75" 70' 65' Figure 12.1.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points off the U.S. Atlantic coast for 1976. 180 80< 75 e 45 c 40* 35 e 30* 25° - 70* 40°N,70°W JAN DEC © 35°N,75°W (_! I I l_l_l I I, l_l IOOOMETRIC TONS /SEC VKH JAN MONTHLY EKMAN TRANSPORT 10 YEAR MEAN 1964-1973 45 c 40* 35* 30< - 25* Figure 12.2.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points off the U.S. Atlantic coast for the 10-yr period 1964-73. 181 30' 25" 20« 95° 90° 85° Figure 12.3. — Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points in the Gulf of Mexico for 1976. 182 30° - 25« 20 c Figure 12.4.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points in the Gulf of Mexico for the 10-yr period 1964-73. 183 APPENDIX 12.1 Mean monthly Ekman transports (t x 10/km-s) in the western North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico for 1976 (upper numbers) and for 196^-73 (lower numbers). Left numbers are zonal (positive eastward) and right numbers are meridional (positive northward). 184 80 75 70 45° — 40 35° — 30° — 25° — JANUARY -22_r24 -11^19 -2,-21 31' r 5G -33TI37 -3g"-28 19_r22 -2L -30 -7_r32 lL-'U IV-Sl -3?~-43 -'42-25 -5F-I/4 -Hj-18 -7 r29 lli--'47 39i-57 £|C - 45 40° 25-41 -39-17 -61-3 -8?" 7 -3,-12 7 .-24 2'4r^0 39_i_-'i7 ?/r r -3 -^46 T 6 -63^13 -73' 18 •ffl, -11,-1 -V2 li-3 5r6 13,-8 15_r7 if -15 2~ 1=: 16 -5 _t: 3 -if 6 -l^TS -27" t 9 -Wll -18,24 -6. 10 -I16 3 1 10 5_d'4 7 1 17 16-6 1CT-3 12-0 1-2 1 ! 9 3 7 2 -51,132 -37,132 -17 ,103 -13,66 -8 .62 1 _l78 2j_ 87 H?tlq q7^-1? «q' -Ifi 7(^-10 fi-M-fr ^7^-9 ^4 — 35 30 — 25 80' 75 f 70 65 185 80 75 45' 40 35 30° — 25° — FEBRUARY 65 — 45 * -8^20 16 i-70 17r67 22 .-67 ^LQ~ 1 ~-36 -14-24 -16^-12 20r75 19 .-84 20_r38 25 .-90 1'4-/|7 -15-34 -23-15 -32-6 9, -61 19r60 21 ,-64 23_r73 33 ,-86 2" t "-36 -2'4 ^2 -32 " t '-25 -^S -50^16 10.-31 10r32 12 .-30 17_r33 25 .-40 -14^-23 -34 42 -54" 1 "" 9 -67~ h 23 -74 '27 — 40 35 -5 li -2 L-2 1 1 -2 Ii^2 4 i-2 1Ll:3 -3i' -15 -10-15 -16-5 -12 ' 6 -40 T ].3 -44 ' 17 -4717 -4, 17 -3,11 -2,10 0jl2 5,15 llil9 -25,102-14,116 -7,98 -13.64 -9 59 2.54 9,80 74*" 3 63~T) 54 "^6 43"r-3 4TO 37~h 3H1 — 30 25 80« 75 70 65 186 80 45° — 40 35 30° — 25° — 75° I 70 MARCH — 45 -5,-21 -3r21 -3,-21 W~-20 -16~ t 20 -29^-11 40 -lrl2 -17~ lr 20 -8,-17 -5_rl6 -1,-19 2F-20 -2V-YL -35^-5 12 -8 10 . -11 5,-12 -L-16 -5_r26 -lr28 19_r31 laLe -2F-13 -5V-1 -51~ r ^4 -57~ r 13 — 35 .2 -o l ui- l?~-2 -15-1 -28 '2 5_|_-17 -1-27 2_p35 19|_-38 10 -63' 17 -71' 18 13, 1 7.0 lrrl r3 0.-12 16 rl9 -lCTl -13~ r 5 -l^ll -23"l2 -28 r g -3l" r > 16 ,38 121 2,19 3 jll 4,5 5. 3 i^> 11 ^ P! VI F-l 20.110 23,156 17,202 0,106 5,81 5,86 76 77*1? ltf~R fifra 0^-6 /4l~T"-5 3^-3 30^2 — 30 25 80' 75 70 65 187 80 75 70 45° — 40° — APRIL - 45 -8,-29 r2'4 lj-V> -8M0 -8-10 -9-9 — 40 •10,-49 -6,-47 1 x 42 9_r37 15^"-9 -W-15 -W"tl3 -18"^7 ,-2^19 -Hr27 -5,-31 -1,-29 8 X 27 CJ9 1 "-! -18KL1 -25 "^W -31"+"-5 -'42+5 35° — 35 'U^9 Ir2 -li_->4 -5h6 -6ir7 -2_t9 1±=< .g~£| -1^3 -22 T 2 -36^2 -45^5 -5ri3 30 3_i-2 J QJl -IlL -7-LL -3i0 00 ^ 7 -f^ -7^ -11 "3 -19 7 ! -23 3 -23 T 5 — 30 -3.22 -8,10 -9,5 -2i3 1,2 3i2 20~ 1 8 15*3 15^-0 lf^2 11-3 10^1 25° - — 25 -8|_60 Q 76 -8_^_53 -14j_24 -4jll 2_^_13 ^ 5^15 aaz q ^ aaa a-ia a^u ^- q aia 80' 75 70 65 188 45' 40° - 35° — 30° — 25° — 80 75 70 MAY 65° I .45^2 39_rf*3 t\5_rW 10,-41 lAl" 1 ! -VP'S -15 1 " 8 - 45 — 40 24 ^28 37,-36 40 ^35 35,-35 -7"T3 -f6 -13 1 "10 -2ri7 '117,-11 32r21 42,-29 42_r31 40,-31 -T 5 -10^9 -if 17 -26^27 -36 r 35 — 35 19-3 36_r? 50_rl7 4Zl_-20 4Llz22 35L-19 -38 -7 16 -12^4 -17 30-21 33 -22 32 |izl 38_lt4 51l_-4 5(L|=3 43j_-1 324=2 19f-l f y 4 14 3 21 4 22 5 22 8 21 10 16 — 30 29_J4 36,14 4122 40,28 30,27 15^21 28~ t 13 28*13 30 13 3344 3815 3844 27,37 56i75 79M 58jZ9 7011? 38_l77 4Li88 qo '-17 70*1 5 — 25 36JLD1 1EJ93 77T3 7fT 1 ?n 80' 75 70 65 189 80 75 70 45' 40 35° — 30° — 6 5° I 1 3 20 20,334 22 r48 22_r65 22 + ~16 -27~ r ~18 -32 i ~23 19,-14 2V27 32_r39 27_r54 IF 10 -IV 26 -17^21 -22~ 1 ~25 3L-11 46.-21 37,-24 31_r33 -9 1 " 15 -12~ t ~21 -16 r 26-21 t ~33 - 45 — 40 — 35 29_i3 -114 48 r2 -420 -575 34_r6 -9 30 25 _iz7 -ir35 2113 39,13 54,25 45i23 30i 16 19jl5 9 4T5 3 1 1 3 4i £ j 4 3 i I d yj \ i d 1 3 i i : V22 4 r 23 3 "26 4*29 5 "29 — 30 33, 46 43,47 58,66 56,78 3567 20,65 19 21 19+23 23 1 " 25 23 1 27 24 26 29~ 1 23 25° — m 63 48,104 61.123 n " oo trcTr ' 55,129 59 146 or ?n 7riT- 17 W ?8 58' 7R R8 1 ^0 70' V> I I I 43,258 24153 R^~ ?R IT 91 — 25 80' 75 70 65 190 80 75 70 65 45° — JULY 31 1V17 23_r2'4 39_r39 21 t ~15 -27 22 -3V"31 40° — 35° — 30 SpZ'J 23_r35 40,-41 45_r'43 ■lVll -ir~19 -25 r 29 -35'W 2ir45 48_r61 52,-81 51 r53 ■2r~ 29 -30" l ~38 -SS 1 "^ -^42~ r 61 57.-71 57_r70 '48r59 '44 r48 -25 1 " 15 -27~ l ~^7 -26"^46 -19~ f ~'l0 26 31_t43 44_lz53 4£i-51 35_iz49 26_r31 23 r23 16 -7" l ~22 -7^39 -4> 31 9^26 3^2.1 547 15 i 3 18. 3 14,-1 8_rl 5,9 5,1 2918 24 1 21 27 t 21 30~ t 18 37T6 4PI2 8_r29 1043 lA-3/4 37_r56 lF 17 -it in 25° — 7,53 27,190 36,93 19,67 13,49 6 J59 '4/40 1 — 45 — 40 — 35 — 30 7Shn 91^?1 197^ HZF!>/4 1Q7TL9 108JT2 113^"9 I 25 80' 75 70 65 191 80 45' 40° — 35° — 30 25° — AUGUST 7 ,-13 Kh-17 18^9 -24+12 7,-9 llrll _^"o -15T15 11 5 9-3 ■3*4 -7TL2 -14^29 *?9 19 19,-19 -30 1 " 17 15,-17 -23' 21 11 , -5 - 45 — 40 -2229 -28*34 35 Qi_19 14 4_8 19.4 9_i4 M ■y~15 -10 27 1/Tr '° 1ir ^° 1/TT ^ 9 i4 3jI4 -14 '32 -15~52 -1476 IL14 4±10 13.13 20_i_18 15il6 1114 9ilS 9 Pl2 0^2 2'25 F20 215 IGTll — 30 11,27 15,22 2L31 15_i37 7,35 2 ,44 2117 2218 29 r 18 3214 35 r 10 42 S 3,27 17,60 26J3 15,62 11,54 4 ,68 373 5(^9 7fTlR 87^17 lOTHR 99 H 4 91 "r R 94^ — 25 o 80' 75 70 65 192 45° — 40° — 35° — 30° — 25° - 80° 1 75 70 65 - 45 — 40 — 35 — 30 20' 8 22 '10 25 11 27 '13 2,25 V\&\ 17,55 5 36 432 335 134 61" 1 " 4 55TL3 '47TL2 />6"n5 4Q 47^9 5F14 — 25 80' 75 70 65 193 80 45° — 40° — 35° — 30° — 25° — OCTOBER 65° I -V9 -l + 7 -T-3 -10-3 5,-2 -4,-3 0_r2 S"^-!? 5 " t "-7 2^3 2ari--.*-« r 1 2 + -0 -12-2 V" -2' — 45 — 40 12,3 -5.3 0,0 liO 2_r:l 24 t ~-25 1SKL5 IV -5 8+1 5' 1 •17 13 -15,11 -3,6 0,3 2J 4J 42-33 32 t "-21 20+6 15^2 16+1 13 "0 -£129 -25,23 -13,14 -2 ,11 5H3 9J/) 6_i9 ! ^-29 38+24 26^9 2V1 23" 22~ r l 21 "3 — 35 — 30 -23 49 -12,21 -3,15 5 ,24 10,33 5,3 50-14 33 t ~-6 31 +-1 32"+2 30+3 28 + 5 39 5 ■35,80 -22102 -4,67 -6,39 -2,44 -068 -5,89 86*"-21 6T-1 5^" 2 5F 4fT" 4 42+7 4HL9 — 25 ¥■ 80' 75 70 T 65 194 45° — 40° — 35° -h 30 25° — 80° I 75 70 NOVEMBER -33,-86 -17_r 8'4 2,-92 -9+~-10 -8"tll -8+9 41-69 -34,-77 -9_r78 14,-86 lT-16 -19+14 -19+11 -12^7 - 45 — 40 a -29^30 -28_q^0 -13,-57 6-73 26-84 C-gh.19 -22+19 -2ZT-11 -19+5 -23' 1 -12 -1&-15 -8-24 2-38 11-50 24-58 5^19 -CT-13 -6+8 -11+4 -16+) -19+2 7 "22,2 -7,-2 -1 r3 L-5 3+7 11,-12 g -21 6^20 3+9 3+6 2+4 +3 -1+4 — 35 — 30 •30,43 -12,19 -611 -3,11 210 8,10 33+21 20+18 17+L3 19+10 21+9 17+12 -71 121 -51 ,139 -19, 99 -16 59 -10,48 349 13.55 133~-47 116+33 95+30 75+32 69+31 63+19 5+4 — 25 80« 75 70 65 195 80 75 45° — 40° — 35° — 30° — 25° — DECEMBER 65 -40j_60 -18r56 -12+26 -24+25 35-40 -34,-52 -7_r57 19-29 -2F-21 -25+10 -20 4-54 7T~ - 45 -\V-1 20,-71 -27^-2 •22,-15 -24r22 -9,-38 1^57 44,-76 lF-21 -26+21 -3F-8 -44+1 -50+6 — 40 — 35 L9-6 -13,-5 -T-12 -T-l -2^1 -6rl 10 -3+1 -IrlO 5_r23 20_r37 35 t_43 -21+2 -33^3 -38 t "5 -43 "^ Orl 5_r4 12 ,-8 15,-9 -6+2 -10+ -10+1 -1+5 8,7 9 ,8 — 30 -25,43 -8 29 Oil 5,6 8 7 r 25+10 19+8 20+6 19+7 18+11 18+15 -601223-43,113 -12,74 -1.48 10,41 13.46 10.50 14+-18 13+22 11+-27 91+24 7+-24 72+28 6F"-27 — 25 80< 75 70 65 196 o 00 o O CD o m CD o O CVJ k> cn 3i LO I CV CNJ cn I I— I cn i— i 3-' CO CO I i-H CD CNl Cvl c vij i ltJoo CO CO I ro cn cn ho co CD LO tr\ « — i ro o lO CO O CM o O CD o m CD 197 o O CVJ cv cr ^ Cv? 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Deaver III 1 Since July 19t>9 the U.S. Coast Guard Oceanograph i c Unit has been condu-cting monthly airborne radiation thermometer (ART) surveys of the U.S. Atlantic coastal waters (Deaver 1975). These surveys locate oceanog raphi c features such as the surface Siome (conver- gence streak lines) associated with the Gulf Stream* define the sea surface temperature (SST)* and report marine animal and pollution sightings from Cape Cod* MA* to Miami* FL. Data collected in 1976 were obtained over 6*800 km of transects covering approximately 130*000 sq km of Atlantic Shelf and Slope Waters. The results of the monthly surveys from January through December were distributed within several weeks after each survey ( Appendi x 13.1). In 1 Hatt 1974 of Marc 1975 Sept stab cool Octo of 5 d i mi Nove unt i more un t i 976* eras ( no Cape h an • embe i liz i ng be r C in ni sh ruber I I q ra I la the du dat Ha d Ap The r 19 ed t ren 1976 les be but ate dua I te D s.pr ri ng a we tter ri I SST 76. f o r d ex . T s t h twee the Nov * be ec em l ng war Februa re avail as * to 1976* ab patterns In 197 on ly t tended f his st ro an 30 n Mi ami trend c ember, ginning be r . mi ng ry able Cape out st a 4 a wo m rom ng c days an ont i In 1 in A t rend and Ma for th Cod* t one rnon b i I i z e d nd 197 ont hs* Cape Co oo li ng The d Cape nued f r 974 and ugust a bega rch * o is are he spr th ear in a I 5 the July a d to M trend rate Hatt om Cap 1975* nd Se n fro ne mon a i n e ing wa I i e r t I area summ nd Aug i am i lowe re of eras e Hatt the c ptembe m M th e ar ly rmi n han s be er ust . in d SS cool dur i eras ool i r a i ami a r li e 1975 g beg in tween patte A r Septe T § s a i ng ng 0c to ng t r nd c to r th ). an d 1974 Jul rns ap id mbe r n av bega tobe Cape ends ont i Cape an in North ur ing and y and we re fall and erage n to r and Cod we re nuing Analysis of the 1976 ART data was made by comparing them to a 50-yr (1914-64) historical average (Walford and Wicklund 1968). Although the comparability between remotely sensed and bucket 'U.S. Coast Guard ce anoa r aph i c Unit* Navy Yard* Washington* DC 2059C. 209 Paper 13 gathered temperatures might be questioned/ it is still of interest to make such a comparison. The difference between low altitude ART and bucket temperatures is small; ART temperatures averaged 1 . CC lower than bucket values/ and 95% of ART values were 0.3C to 1.8C lower than bucket values. Comparisons between ART observations on Coast Guard aircraft and surface truth measurements have shown differences of less than 1C. 2 For both the 1976 ART data and walford and Wicklund's (1968) data/ a monthly/ distance weighted/ mean transect SST was calculated for each of 20 equally spaced sampling transects from Care Cod to Miami (Fig. 13.1). The sampling transects were aligned normal to the 180-m isobath and the shoreline (Fig. 13.2). The weighted means are given in Tables 13.1 and 13.2. The means from the 20 transects were averaged to give the mean east coast SST for each month (Fig. 13.3). The monthly means were than averaged to give an annual mean east coast SST. The 1976 annual mean east coast SST averaged just 0.6C below the historical annual mean SST of 19. 0C (Fig. 13.3). In 1976/ January^ February/ and September-December SST's were below historical averages. Conversely/ the remaining spring and summer months were slightly warmer than the historical average. I n add Middle compa r weight obtain a nd J a v e r a g 1976 1976 S h i stor east c as w er i t i o n Atl ed. T ed me mont h uly-S e ed to data ST in i ca I a oast S e t he to t ant i hi s an ly M ptem gi ve and the ve ra ST ' s 1976 he c c B was t ran iddl ber sea Wa I Big ges. w er mea ompa r i ight done sect S e At la mont hi sona I ford ht wa Inte e 0.1C n Midd sons w i nt by ST's nt i c y Mi wi nt and s 5 rest war le A for er a ave for 3igh ddle er an W i c k I .6C/ ingly (tier t t lant the nd ragi t ran t S Atla d su und' wh i / th han ic B ent i re summer ng t he sects 14 ST 's. n t i c Big mmer mea s C196fa) ch is e vluly-S the his ight va I east c tempe rat monthly -19 (Fig The J an ht SST § s ns for data . 0.3C co eptember tor i ca I ues . oast / ures di s . 13. uary- were both The w o ler 1976 aver the were ta nee 2) to March then the inter t han mean ages / The warmest monthly distance weighted mean transect SST off the east coast in 1976 was transect 1 off Miami/ FL/ in August with a value of 29C; the coolest was transect 2 off Cape Cod/ MA/ in March with a value of 3. PC. 2 Picket/ R. L. 1966. Accuracy of an airborne infrared radiation thermometer. U.S. Naval Oceanographi c Office/ Informal Manuscript Report No. 0-1-66. 210 LITERATURE CITED Paper 13 DEAVER/ J. W. 1975. Aerial oceanog ra phi c observations/ Cape Cod/ setts to Miami/ Florida/ July 1969-June 1970. Guard Oceanogr. Rep. CG 373-68/ 27 p. Massachu- U.S. Coast WALFORD/ L. A./ and R. I. WICKL.UND. 1968. Monthly sea temperature structure from the Florida Keys to Cape Cod. Ser. Atlas Mar. Envir./ Am. Geogr. Soc./ Folio 15/ 16 p lates . 211 CJ> o W CM O CD +J J rd co ^~- - > O CO O KD 53 CO (Ti 0> .H CD — !h &i T3 H CD £ CJ> T3 O s ~' rH M CO u CD -H !h S P-, 3 W ■P t! 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V* 9 /8 / 7 Jacksonville s / " ^\ V '- 5 — - N \— • 4 — . / Cape \ _ /Canaveral l *• _ - <* H 2 ^r\ 180 Meter Isobath ^iMiamiA* • i rt ... >i III! , i , — 40 — 35« 25« 80° 75° 70° Figure 13.2. — Standard airborne radiation thermometer sampling transects from Cape Cod, MA, to Miami, FL. 215 26 24- O o 22- L±J j* 20- < 18- tr Id Q- I 6 H LU 14- I 2- 1976 ANNUAL MEAN EAST COAST SST I8.4°C HISTORICAL ANNUAL MEAN EAST COAST SST I9.0°C ^ ^ ^ • «•«•, . . 1976 MEAN EAST COAST SST (USCG ART FLIGHTS) • ' HISTORICAL EAST COAST SST (WALFORD.WICKLUND) —i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r" JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH Figure 13.3. — East coast average monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) (degrees C) for 1976 and the historical average. 216 APPENDIX 13.1 Sea surface temperatures (degrees C)/ U.S.. east coast/ as observed by airborne radiation thermometer. 1 . January 20-24,1976. 2. February 10-12 and 20-24/ 1976. 3. March 11-12/ 14, and 23-25, 1976. 4. April 20-22, 1976. 5. May 18-21/ 1976. 6. June 8-10/ 1976. 7. July 20-22 and 27-28/ 1976. 8. Aunust 17-19/ 1976. 9. September 14-17/ 1976. 10. October 19/ 21/ 22/ 27, 28/ and 30/ 1976 11. November 16-20/ 1976. 12. December 8-10 and 14-16/ 1976. 217 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION VS. COAST GUARD OCE ANOGRAPHIC UNIT Airtlfll RaJiitioi Tberaeaettr Pujrai SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C JANUARY 20. 21. 23. and 24. 1976 Cape Cod 1 80 meters ( 100 Ims) West Woll Crossing as indicated by visual sighting s" X ' fpp --•-•i "%¥^ L \ ■ H K "^~i^r ^ jgj~J: . . : ...:~sC\y " i k/ \ ] 8 ' / ^ =s "~sT :: iUJ. ^% j k _P^~> ; ; ; ; : ; ; ,1 .:! Illllllllll liiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliTtT 80°W 75° 70°W 218 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION V.S. COAST GUARD OCEANOGRAPHIC UNIT Aifbom Rriiitin Tltfioaetir Prii.ru SURFACE ISOTHERMS ■ °C FEBRUARY 10. 11. 12. 20, 21. 23. and 24. 1976 Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimore 40°N Beaufort \j^>^ Savannah m 1 1 ■ i » ■ i ■ i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ri 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 i7^t?PrTiiTi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t ■ i>i i ri^t ■ iTii i ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <#*i Iiiiiiiiiin iifiiiiitiiiliiiniiil tiliiiiiinin liiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiniiiliiiii iniiitiiliilulnWil nl 80° W 75° 70° W 25°N 219 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IS. CIAST G1ARI ICEJUUfilAHIC KNIT Airkim Radiitin Tbtmiutir Prifni SURFACE ISOTHERMS MARCH 11, 12, 14. 23-25, 1976 Beaufort \£> y Savannah P*tltiM 3BI.I SpanUk C.bo. uu«n Serial •.•pa'rSNp ± -, jt;jg— jtz=j -i — ! MB * I ID UllAl LlLLLlLLImI I„l„l„li,l„l„l„l„l.,l, Uilululnlll 1 1 1 ■■ i ■■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I ■ 1 1 it 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I ■ 1 1 > ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 rnr 70°W 220 pi C«< DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION II CIAST fiUH ICEMIfiMPIIC HIT Airlirn lifiatin Tktriieitir rnjrii SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C APRIL 20-22, 1976 Philadelphia 9- Wilmington Baltimore^ C Roma i n 22 Charleston 22 Beaufort Savannah 40»N 35* 30 # 1 1 il nil 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 iTi il ill 1 1 ^i^irvKiTr 1 li 1 li ■ Pi tl ■ 1 1 nli t^Ti iPKl iiTiTriil ■ 1 1 1 ■! 1 rftfi 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 tl 1 ■ 1 . 1 1 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ t ■ . I . ■ 1 it 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 r ■-< 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 iTTTI 25»N 80°W 75° 70°W 221 Cap* Cod DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION I.J. CMST tIAII ICEMIfiMNIC SHIT ■Irkirn Itiiitiii Tlirmilir Prigrin SURFACE ISOTHERMS MAY 18-21, 1976 Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimore is (100 Ins) ttti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■ r 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ ■ hi r^TntTTTTTri ■ r i ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ i ,K ■ Pk 1 1 1 TtT h i I i ■ i ■ i i i j j i 1 i ■ i ■ i i i ■ i i i I . i i i i i i i i ■■ I i i i i ■ i .. I i i 1 i i i i t i i i i i ■ I i i i ■ i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i I i i I i i I m i i t ) i i I i i 1 1 i I n I i 1 1 1 i 1 rnfi zs *» n 80°W 75° 70°W 222 6(J meters (100 Ins) FLOWN DUE TO RATIONAL DIFFICULTIES - I r.i ■ i^K tPKl iiTiTiiil ■ 1 1 1 d i i™ .; NOT f LOWN DUE TO 28 27 _ .. "* A\AIRSF-ACE WARNING AREA Cape Hatteras J> / Beau for t3J>/* / • • • • • • • * ''GULF STREAM WEST WALL CROSSING AS INDICATED BY INFRARED AND VISUAL SIGHTINGS 25°N 80°W 70°W 224 KMRTIMT If TMKNBUTIII 1.1. CNST HIM KEUIIUPIK NIT IMmm Wilts** TliramtN tnvm S9IFACE ISITIEIMS • °C AUGUST 17 - 19, 1971 Coastline Cape Cod to SN. Transects SN-S* Coast 1 me SN to Sri ( 17 August 1976 ) : Sea. slight. Ito 3 ft.; Swell. Si st I to 2 ft. along IJ. elsewhere none; sky. 3/W to 10/10 Cu, As. Ci; wind. Nl at 5 to IS kts- vis.. 20 to 30 si . : sir leap. . 17.7 to 24. TC. Transects NA-NF ( 18 August 1976 I; Ses. slight. 2 to 4 ft.; Swell, none; sky. 2/ in- to 5/10. Cu. Ci; wind. HE st 5 to 15 kts; vis.. 25 to 30 ai.; air leap.. 22.3 to 22.8 C Transects NC-N* ( 19 August 1976 1; Sea. alight in near shore sress. 2 to 3 ft.. aoderale elsewhere. 3 to 5 ft.; swell ESE at 4 to 6 ft.; aky. 3/10 to 8/10. Cu. Cs. Ci; wind,', to !*T. 5 to 12 kts. nearshore. 15 to 25 elsewhere: vis., 15 to 30 si air leap.. 18.5 to 23.8*C. Coaelline SB to SA. Transects SA-SF Coast- line SF-SB I 17 August 1976 ): Sea. cala with ripples; swell. V. at I to 3 ft. North of S»; sky. 2/10 to 8/?0. Cu. Cb. Ac . Cs. Ci; wind. NK to SF., I to 6 kts.; vis.. 30 ai.; air leap., 27.1 to 29. TC. Coastline SF to SI. Transects SL-SK ( 18 August 1976 ): Ses. slight to aoderate. 2 to 5 ft . ; swel I . NE st 3 to 4 f 1 . ■ sky 1/10 to 9/10. Cu. Cb. Ac; wind. SF 15 to 20 kts. st ST. NE st 10 to 30 kts. else- where; vis. 10 to 30 ai.; air leap 24.7 to 26. »*C. Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimor FrOMnW) - 40** liiptlt Rsw Norfolk Capo Hattorat t J5» 30* 291I Caps Cod 18 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION U- CIUT tltll 6CEAN0GRANIC UNIT Airkiut Riiiiliii Thrmitir Prune SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C SEPTEMBER 14-17, 1976 Philadelphia 2C Wilmington Baltimore Beaufort \c^> Savannah 24 > iiliiiiiiitf/iliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiliiiiiLiiiiiiliiliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiliiliiliiliiliil^ 80°W 70°W 226 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION U.S. COAST GUARD 0CEAN06RAPHIC UNIT Airborie Radiation Thermometer ProjraB SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C OCTOBER 19-30, 1976 Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimore. 40°N Beaufort \£^ Savannah 35* 30* ^TT ' 1 1 ■ 1 1 ' f 1 '' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 11 1 i 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 r I ! 1 1^1 I F Ys . 1 1 JT l 1 1 1 1 I L [ 1 1 1 1 ^ J 1 1 ■ I ! > ! ! ■ [ ! r I , ■ 1 1 ■ f ■ 1 1 ! > 1 i < 1 1 , 1 , , 1 ^ . I , ■ I , ! I ! ■ I ! , 1 , 1 1 1 , 1 I , ! : , 1 , 1 1 1 1 I , , I , , f ! ! I ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 ! f 1 1 1 1 1 1 80°W 75° 70°W 227 lull 23*N DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION U.S. COAST tIAII OCEANOGRAPHIC UNIT Airborae Riiiatiii Tkirioaettr Pri(r» SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C NOVEMBER 16. 17, 19, and 20, 1976 --L Ti V :.i,. l ..i..i„i.. l ..,..i..i.,..f4agg'!.i... jrK,i,a„i J,i i„i„i i„i„u„i i,i,i i i„i„i,j i ,,i„i u 35° 30° 80°W iiliJiiliiluliilnliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliiliilnliilnliilliliiliillllllllllilllTtTl 25°N 70°W 228 Capa Cod DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IS. COAST SVARI OCEAMfiMNIC HIT Airbirn Iitfiitin Tkirmitir Prune SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C DECEMBER 8. 9. 10. 14. 15. and 16. 1976 Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimore, NOT FLOWN DUE TO ,-. 7t 9 ADVERSE l WBtt T EHEW ns) Charlesto Beaufort Savannah 12 1 Cape Hatteras BeauTort?^/* ~'~* 2 2 2^ J NOT FLOWN DUE TO OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES / GULF STREAM WEST WALL CROSSING AS INDICATED BY INFRARED AND VISUAL SIGHTINGS, ^i.u„.J„iMi„i!!ufe ! rfff.i,.i..fl>.i.fi,,i,,i,,ili,,i,,i i„i„ i i„i„l I I i.l itdj^iiiutoi Trnliiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiriiiiiliiii-iiiiinliiiiiiiifiiliiiiii 80°W iiliiliilnliilnliiliiliilii 75° liillllllllllllllllillllllllllllilllliilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllDJ 40°N 35* 30* 25°N 70°W 229 Paper 1 4 WATER COLUMN THERMAL STRUCTURE ACROSS THE SHELF AND SLOPE SOUTHEAST OF SANDY HOOK, NEW JERSEY, IN 1976 Steven K . Cook ' INTRODUCTION in midyear of 1970 a cooperative ship of opportunity (SOOP) program was initiated between the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the Maritime Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The program, conducted in support of the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction Program of NMFS, involved the use of cadets from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, NY, to collect expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data on board merchant ships operating along the east and gulf coasts of the United States. Since 1970 the SOOP program has expanded to include U.S. Coast Guard cutters and university research vessels in addition to merchant ships. The objective of this cooperative program was to identify and describe seasonal and year to year variations of temperature and circulation in the major current regimes of the western tropical Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and western North Atlantic, utilizing the various ships as inexpensive platforms for the collection of data. Ships* routes were selected to obtain regular sampling in the most dynamically active areas of the Gulf of Mexico and the western North Atlantic. The features of principal interest were the Yucatan Current, Loop Current, Florida Current, Gulf Stream, Shelf Water/Slope Water front, and a cold-water cell in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Because 1976 was such an anomalous year both in meteorology and oceanography in the Middle Atlantic Bight, a subset of the 1976 SOOP data, comprising 18 transects and one surface transect, was ana lyzed . 'Atlantic Environmental Group, National Service, NOAA, Nar raganset t , PI 02882. Mar ine Fisheries 231 Paper 14 The last det a cons de c I area spor f inf patt depl cond Bioh anox ed i led i der i ned of t an i s h ems et io i t io t (A i c e ve t hroug anal i ng h Oxy f the d comiu and and n ca ns in rmst ro nt w h t ysi s ow gen CO e r ci shel con n J anu na / hi ch b he sp of it ev dep Let ast du a I fis Lf ish centra be t ary an Paper ega n ea ri ng a the th olved/ ion in ring t h he rie s . mo rt al i ti ons . raced d Febru 17). r Ly nd erma was the e su Th ties Li back ary in the y summer L water ma i nta bot t om mme r had e immed and unu kely ca to an of 1976 e ar o of 19 co i ned/ water seve i ate sual uses omalo in th ff N 76 n lumn an s o re e i mp fish of us e Mi ew J eces s d e ver ffec act di s the envi ddle er se si ta true vent a ts o inc trib o ronm Atl y and ted a ture/ ua L ly large n t he Luded ut i on xygen ent al antic HISTORICAL SUMMARY Water temperatures in the Middle Atlantic Bight range from a minimum of <3C in the New York Bight in February to >27C off Cape Hatteras in August (Bumpus et al. 1975). The annual range of surface temperature may be > 1 5 C in the Slope Water to >20C in the Shelf water. Minimum winter temperatures are reached in late February or early March and may be as low as 1C. During this coldest season the Shelf Water column is we L L mixed (isothermal) from surface to bottom and extends out to the Shelf Water/Slope Water front (at approximately the 100-m isobath) (Giinn/ Paper 18). Irregular warming usuaLly begins in late February or early March/ and a thermocLine develops in Late April or early May. A rather intense thermocLine develops during the summer/ sealing off the bottom waters and isolating a pool or cell of cold winter water that rests on the bottom surrounded shoreward/ seaward/ and above by warmer water. As the summer progresses into early fall/ this cold cell tends to erode in extent and increase in temperature. This erosion is presumably caused by mixing from above with warmer near surface waters and from a "calving" process/ described by WhitcoTib (1970)/ where parcels of this cooler water break off and flow and mix seaward into the Slope water. For this report all figures have been annotated to show: SheLf Water/Slope Water front SheLf Water/Slope Water meander North wall of the Gulf Stream Anticyclonic warm core eddy Gulf Stream meander Flow direction SSF SSFM GS ACE GSM into the page out of the page 232 P aper 14 TRANSECT ANALYSIS Locations of features are given in parentheses in kilometers from the 200-m isobath. positive is seaward. January. Un fo rtunat e ly/ the three January transects occurred in the Latter part of the month/- but still they are relevant in that they show the early beginning of the stratification which usually occurs in late February or early March. The Normac Riiel 76-01 (Fig. 14.1) crossed through the area during 24-25 January. This transect showed the normal isothermal water inshore with slight warming of surface waters offshore. The sea surface temperatures (SST's) ranged from <4C to >21C which were warmer than usual (on the inshore end of the transect) for that time of year. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed at station 3 (-65 km) and the north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between stations 4 and 5 (+160 km). The USCGC Dallas 76-01 (Fig. 14.2) crossed through the area during 26-27 January (just after the Mormac Eigsi) - The Dallas section did not extend as far offshore as did the Ei9§I section/ and therefore the SST's shown range only from <4C to >15C. Again the normal isothermal water structure was evident with a slight warming of the surface waters showing up/ especially between stations 5 and 10 (-53 km to +75 km). The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 6 and 7 (-15 km). The Lash Atlanticg 76-01 (Fig. 14.3) crossed through the area during 31 January-1 February. The SST's ranged from <5C to >14C. The nearshore water column structure was isothermal/ while the offshore waters were beginning to show stratification. The subsurface warming (100 m) was probably due to Slope Water intruding up onto the shelf. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 12 and 13 (+15 km). While it may not have been obvious from these three vertical sections/ comparisons with the past eight years of Gulf Stream SST data 2 indicated that the January surface water temperatures were about 0.5C warmer than normal and that some evidence/ at least in offshore waters/ showed that surface stratification was beginning to develop early. The GuJ.f Stream Monthly Summary/ U.S. Naval Oce anog raphi c Office/ Vols. 4 through 9 U969-1974); gu Ifst r earn/ National Weather Service/ Vols. I and II (1975-1976). 233 Paper 14 February. The USCGC Bibb 76-02 (Fig. 14.4) crossed through the area on 6 February. The SST's had increased/ and ranged from <7C to >14C. Stratification had definitely set in over the shelf/ with vertical temperature gradients as large as 0.4C/m at the thermocline. Patches of isothermal depth were still evident offshore, front was crossed between stations 2 «/ater extending to >100 m The Shelf Water/Slope Water and 3 (+15 km). The Exgort DefeQder 76-02 (Fig. 14.5) crossed through the area during 7-8 February. The SST's ranged from <3C to 16C. This was a rather complex section showing some return of cooling and some stratification. This on again off again cooling and warming is not uncommon for this area at this time of year. These per- turbations in warming and cooling are probably caused by small- scale/ short-lived forcing events/ such as rapid frontal passings and reversals in wind direction that affect shallow coastal waters in a very complex fashion. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 13 and 14 imagery) +45 km), stat ions (+45 km) with in the front The north 15 and 16. a small Tieander (also visible in satellite between stations 9 and 14 (-170 km to wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between The USCGC Gallatin 76-02 (Fig. 14.6) crossed through the area during 27-28 February. Unfortunately only surface values of temperatures and salinity were obtained/ but from these data we could still determine the position of the Shelf Water/Slope Water front (between stations 7 and 8/ -10 km) and an increase in SST*s (<8C to >10C). !^at£tl« T ^ e f iQ£5!ac Rigel 76-03 (Fig. 14.7) crossed through the area on 23 March. The SST's ranged from <7C to >19C. Stratification of the water column was well established/ with surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 4C in <50 m depth. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 5 and 6 (-30 km). Ae£il. T ^ e §XB2Lt Defender 76-04 (Fig. 14.8) crossed through the area during 3-4 April. The SST's offshore had increased to >22C. The nearshore waters had warmed to greater than 7C/ however/ the stratification appeared weak in this transect. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 11 and 12 (+350 km). The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between stations 18 and 19 (+640 km) 4 i t h a Gulf Stream meander occurring between stations 13 and 16 (+420 km to +5CC km). The distances indicated are so great because the ship"s track ran parallel to and just offshore of the 200 m isobath. Subtracting about 330 km would give more reasonable distances. 234 Paper 14 The La during rather over ly origin cell-l the co to the Therma the co by th satell to +16 crossi end of sh At 24- comp ing ) bet i ke s ntour Shel L str Id ce e pr it e km) ng o this iarjt 25 lex a w ween true i ng f Wa ati f LI ( esen i mag and f th tea ico 7 Apri I sect i a rm stat ture in th ter/S i cat i upper ce o ery ) 19 e nor nsect 6-04 on s cell ions of t at t Lope on ( 30 f t occ and th w (Fi The howe of 3 he w he t Wat grad m) . wo urri 21 alL g. 14 SST' d a >10C and arm w rans e er f r i ents This Gulf ng be ( + 19 must .9) s ran La rge wate 12 ( at er ct wa ont r up t sect Stre tween 5 km have c rosse ged f r cold r (obv -350 k was pr s run a the r o 0.1C ion wa am me st at i to + occurr d thro om >11C cell ious ly m to obabl y at an than pe /m ) was s f urt h anders ons 1 6 280 km) ed to t ugh to 1 of of SI -85 k an a r ob li q rpend evi d e r co (ve r and 1 T he ea the 9C. 7C ope m) . tif a ue i cu I ent mp li i f ie 8 ( + he st o a rea This water Water The ct of angle ar ly . above cat ed d by 45 km final f the May. The Mgnnac Rigel 76-05 (Fig. 14.10) crossed through the area during 15-16 May. The SST's ranged from 11C to >19C in the Middle Atlantic Bight and increased to >25C south of Cape Hatteras. The cold cell consisted of multiple bubblelike structures that are probably an artifact of the contouring because of the highly oblique angle at which the cold cell was crossed on this transect. The Shelf Water/ S lope Water front was crossed between stations 12 and 14/ in about 50 m. A sharp thermal front occurred between stations 12 end 13 and a less sharp salinity front occurred between stations 13 and 14. The Delaware II 76-05 (Fig. 14.11) crossed through the area during 17-24 May. The SST's ranged from slightly >12C to a little <14C across the whole section. The cold cell extended out to the shelf break and its stratification was normal for thermocline differences as Shelf Water/Slope Water front stations 5 and 8 (+30 km). minimum temperatures were <8C. The that time of year with surface to Large as 4C in <100 m depth. The was weak but discernible between June. The Delaware II 76-06 crossed through the area during 9-13 June. The SST's ranged from about 16C to 19C. The cold cell had moved shoreward to about the 75-m isobath with minimum temper- atures still <8C. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front showed up between stations 5 and 6 (+20 km) as a weak subsurface thermal front. Stratification was fairly intense with surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 10C in <50 rn depth. July. The Mor_mac R.ige.1 76-05 (Fig. 14.13) crossed through the area during 6-7 July. The SST's had increased/ and ranged from 22C to >27C. The cold cell was generally <8C and extended off the shelf break. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front apparently was crossed near station 41 (-95 km)/ well seaward of the 100-m isobath. Its location was uncertain/ because no thermal structure was present to identify the front and it was 235 Paper 14 arbitrarily Located at the 34.5 o/oo surface isohaline. The stratification was intense/ with surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 14C in <50 m depth and gradients >0.5C/m at the thermocline. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed betweeen stations 36 and 37 (+240 km). August. There was no SOOP transect Middle Atlantic Biqht. during this month in the Sep_t embe r . The Mormac Eiaei 76-09 crossed through the area during 1-2 September. The S S T * s had reached their peak and rangea from 20C to 28C. The cold cell was still well developed but had warmed; the volume of water <8C was much smaller than in July. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was slightly seaward of the 200-m isobath (+5 km) and had a weak surface temperature signal. The 34.5 o/oo surface isohaline was again used to identify the front. The stratification was still strong with surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 10C in <50-m depth. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between stations 12 and 13 (+243 km). October. The Lash Iurkiy_e 76-10 (Fig. 14.15) crossed through the area during 7-8 October. The SST's ranged from <17C to >23C. The cold cell had a double bubble shape with the minimum temperature (<12C) occurring within the shoreward bubble and the warmer temperature ( < 1 3 C ) occurring within the seaward bubble. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed at station 7 (-300 km) and possibly again between stations 10 and 11 (-180 km). A Gulf Stream meander occurred at station 20 (+210 km) with the other half of the meander occurring just to the east of station 22 (+310 km). The USCGC GaU,atin 76-10 (Fig. 14.16) crossed through the area during 23-24 October. The SST^s ranged from 14C to 20C. The cold cell was quite eroded and had a double bubble shape again with the shoreward bubble again having the lower temperatures/ below 11C on one station and generally <12C. The seaward bubble was warmer/ with minimum temperatures at least 1 deg higher than those of the shoreward bubble. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 7 and S (-20 km) and was shoreward of the 100 m isobath. At this time of year the thermal structure of the front was weak/ and it was identified mostly by the 34.5 o/oo isohaline. Stratification had weakened considerably/ and the fall overturn was in progress. November. The Lash Iy_rkiye 76-10 (Fig. 14.17) crossed through the area during 17-18 November. The SST*s ranged from 11C to 20C. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 35 and 34 (-0 km)/ and had a weak thermal signature. An anticyclonic eddy was crossed between stations 26 and 23 (+310 km to +420 km) with the north wall of the Gulf Stream being to the 236 Paper 14 east of the end of the transect. The fall overturn had mixed away all thermal stratification over the shelf. The water column was nearly isothermal/ ranging from 1 1 C on the shelf to 14C just off the shelf. December- The USCGC Bjbb 76-11 (Fig. 14.18) crossed through the area during 4-5 December. The SST's ranged from <9C to >20C. The cold cell had eroded away with the overturn and the Shelf Waters were isothermal/ ranging from 10C on the inner shelf to 12C on the outer shelf. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was evident between stations 2 9 and 28 (+55 km) with a fairly strong thermal front. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed at station 15 (+450 km). This distance is overly large because the transect paralleled the continental shelf. The USCGC Gallatin 76-12 (Fig. 14.19) crossed through the area on 21 December. The SST's ranged from >7C to <16C. The Shelf Waters were isothermal/ ranging from 9C to 11C (onshore to offshore). The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 4 and 5 (-10 km)/ and had a strong thermal signature. SUMMARY Water temperatures in the Miadle Atlantic Bight in 1976 generally followed nomal trends for most of the year. However/ two anomalous conditions arose during late winter and early spring. During late winter the SST's averaged about 0.5C warmer than usual. During spring the nearshore surface salinities were greatly reduced. Sometimes these reduced surface salinities extended beyond the Shelf Water/Slope Water front with values of <28 o/oo. A combination of the high river discharge in spring coupled with slightly increased surface temperatures led to earlier than usual stratification in the nearshore zone. The offshore waters (at the shelf break and beyond) followed the normal trends of warming and cooling in both intensity and duration. Even the passage of hurricane Belle did little to interrupt the normal seasonal warming. 237 Paper 14 LITERATURE CITED BUMPUS, D. F./ R. E. LYNDE, and D. M. SHAW. 1973. Physical oceanography. In S. B. Saila (coordinator)^ CoastaL and offshore environmental inventory/ Cape Hatteras to Nantucket Shoals, p. 1-1 — 1-72. Univ. R.I. Mar. Publ. Ser . 2 . WHITCOMB, V . L. 1970. Oceanography of the mid-Atlantic Bight ICNAFy September-December 1967. U.S. Coast Rep. CG 273-35, 157 p. in support of Guard Oceanogr. 238 DISTRNCE (N. MILES)-* 25 20 _ 15 _ £ 10 _| 5 _ 36. L35. .37. 34. t, _i cr c/-> |-33. © 32. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. 540. PARAMETER AT SURFACE 50 «" 50 100 _ 150 _ 200 _ 250 _ 100 150 _200 250 0. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. 540. MORMAC RIGEL 7601 (500571 STATIONS 1-9 1/24/76 - 1/25/76 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Figure 14.1. — Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and vertical distribu- tion of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 50 and 250 m; Mormac Rigel 76-01, 24- 25 January 1976. 239 HISTRNCE (N. MILES)-* 20. 40. 60. 80. PARAMETER RT SURFACE 100. 120. 140. _35. .36. _34. _ _33. 2 _i -32. m .31 160. in - 50 _ 100 0. _j± ± 20. 40. 60. 100. 120. 140. _50 100 160. SSF CRUISE TRACK PLOT 100 _ 200 300 _ 400 _ S00 _ 600 _ 700 _ 800 .<£-*.£/ 20. 40. 60. i r 80. 100. 120. 140. _ 100 _200 _300 _400 _500 _600 _700 _800 160. DALLAS 7601 (50062) STATIONS 1-11 1/26/76 - 1/27/76 Figure 14.2.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and verti- cal distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 100 and 800 m; USCGC Dallas 76-01, 26-27 January 1976. 240 OJSTflNCE (N. MILES)-* 15 12 _ £ 9 _ w 6 i— * 40. 80. 120. PPRRMETER AT SURFACE 200. 240. 33. 32. _ SO _ 100 _ 150 200 + .„+ f+?"+ ± rm — I -- ■ ■ ■■■,..■■ ■- ■ ■ - ■ ■ , ■ ■■ ■■ ■ , ■. .■ 1 ■■ 1 » ' 3 — 50 _ 100 150 0. 40. t '■■ r: 80. 120. 160. 200. 2u6\ 280. 200 SSF 100 _ 200 300 400 _ 500 _ 600 _ 700 EV-7 100 _200 300 T ~~*T" 8 |_ 400 7 _ 500 _600 _700 "I I 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 800 0. 40. 80. LASH ATLANTICO 7601 (50064) STATIONS 1-13 1/31/76 - 2/1/76 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Figure 14.3.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and vertical distribution of temper- ature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Atlantico 76-01, 31 January-1 February 1976. 241 OISTANCE (N. MILES)-* o o 16 14 _ 12 10 _ 8 _ 30. 60. 90 PARAMETER AT SURFACE „ SO _ = 100 _ 150 _ 200 ;90. _50 _ 100 _ 150 200 210. CRUISE TRACK PLOT SSF 100 _ 200 _ 300 _ 400 _ S00 _ 600 _ 700 _ 800 _ jA "" I 30. 60. 90. 120. 150. 180. BIBB 7602 (50060) STATIONS 1-7 2/6/76 - 2/6/76 _ 100 200 _300 _400 _500 _600 _700 800 210. Figure 14.4 — Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribu- tion of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; USCGC Bibb 76-02, 6 Febru- ary 1976. 242 DISTANCE (N. MILES)-* 37. o _36. o o _35. H 34. 2 cc en 33. q .32. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. PARAMETER AT SURFACE _ 50 _ = 100 _ 150 _ 200 _50 _ 150 200 /^~Y^ / \yl 'c=3 / 7 ( k*» GS SSF OS CRUISE TRACK PLOT 100 _ £ 200 _ 300 _ + 400 _ 500 _ 600 _ f 700 _ 800 0. HO. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. EXPORT 0EFEN0ER 7602(50164) STATIONS 1-16 2/7/76 _ 100 200 _300 _400 500 _600 _700 800 360. - 2/8/76 Figure 14.5. — Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribution of temper- ature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Export Defender 76-02, 7-8 February 1976. 243 STATION NO. 40°00'N - 39°00' - SSF •9 - 36 34 ► (J) > -32 r; H30 5 - 28 - 26 -< 24 4I°00' 40°00'N 39°00' 1^ 74°00'W I 72°00' USCGC GALLATIN 76-02 Figure 14.6.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7..); USCGC Gallatin 76-02, 27-28 February 1976. 244 DISTANCE (N. MILES)* 24 40. 80. 120. PARAMETER AT SURFACE 37. _36. _3S. _34. _33. _32. .31 . 240. 280. _ 50 _ 100 _ 150 _ 200 50 _ 100 _ 150 200 80. • 160. 200. 240. 280. SSF cc 100 _ 200 _ 300 _ * 400 _ 500 _ 600 _ 700 _ 800 80. T T 600 _ 700 800 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. MORMAC RIGEL 7603(50299) STATIONS 1 - 15 3/23/76 - 3/23/76 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Figure 14.7. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7--) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel 76-03, 23 March 1976. 245 DISTANCE (N. MILES)-i> 60. 120. 180. 240. PRRRMETER RT SURFACE 300. 360. 420. 480. _ 50 = 100 _ 150 _ 200 100 150 200 100 _ 200 _ 300 * 400 _ 500 _ 600 _ 700 _ 800 100 200 300 400 500 _600 _700 800 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. EXPORT DEFENDER 7604(507131 STATIONS 1 - 22 4/3/76 - 4/4/76 ^ / 7 I SSF \J/f. GS 4y 6sm CRUISE TRRCK PLOT Figure 14.8. — Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and vertical distri- bution of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Export Defender 76- 04, 3-4 April 1976. 246 DISTANCE (N. MILES)* 60. 120. 180. 240. PARAMETER AT SURFACE 300. 360. 420. 480. 50 _ 100 _ 150 _ 200 100 _ 300 CRUISE TRACK PLOT LASH ATLANTICO 7604(50712) STATIONS 1 - 22 4/24/76 - 4/25/76 Figure 14.9.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (%„) and vertical distribution of tempera- ture (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Atlantico 76-04, 24-25 April 1976. 247 DISTANCE (N. MILES)H> 100 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. a: © 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. 560. PARAMETER AT SURFACE SSF n+ Ljfcnjfcj* + j>A + _50 100 560. CRUISE TRACK PLOT MORMAC RIGEL 7605(50822) STATIONS 001 - 024 05/15/76 - 05/16/76 Figure 14.10.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity ('/«) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 100 m; Mormac Rigel 76-05, 15-16 May 1976. 248 o o LlI o lii < a. UJ a. 2 UJ 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 110. DISTANCE (N. M.) _32. © 31 . 50. 100. ISO. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. 450. PARAMETER AT SURFACE CRUISE TRRCK PLOT 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. 450. MORMAC RIGEL 7605(50822) STATIONS 048 - 025 07/07/76 - 07/06/76 Figure 14.13. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity (*/..) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel 76-05, 6-7 July 1976. 251 DISTANCE (N. MILES)-* 0. SO. 100. 150. 200. PARAMETER AT SURFACE 250. 300. 350. 400. „ 50 - 100 _ 150 _ 200 100 _ 200 300 400 _ 500 _ 600 700 _ 800 0. 100 150 200 50. MORMAC R 100 200 300 400 _500 _ 600 _700 800 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. GEL 7609(50867) STATIONS 001 - 019 09/01/76 - 09/02/76 ^ / P* rGS w 19 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Figure 14.14.— Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel 76-09, 1-2 September 1976. 252 DISTANCE (N. MILES)-* .37. .36. | o .35. - .34. 1Z _33. ^ CO .32. © .31. 60. 120. 180. 240. PARAMETER AT SURFACE 300. 360. 420. 480. _ SO 100 _ 150 _ 200 _S0 _ 100 _ 150 200 100 ^ 200 _ 300 400 _ 500 600 _ 700 800 CRUISE TRACK PLOT _200 300 _ 400 _ 500 _ 700 800 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. LASH TURFITE 7610'50869) STATIONS 001 - 022 10/07/76 - 10/08/76 Figure 14.15. — Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Turkiye 76-10, 7-8 October 1976. 253 OISTANCE (N. MILES)* ?n (_) o 19 tu o in liJ cc =1 17 * * A .it * j t ib 1 — 240. 280. _ 100 _200 _300 _400 _500 _600 _700 800 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. LASH TURKIYE 7610(50869) STATIONS 039 -023 11/17/76 - 11/18/76 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Figure 14.17. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity ("/.,„) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 200 and 800 m; Lash Turkiye 76-10, 17-18 November 1976. 255 DISTANCE (N. MILES)-* 60. 120. 180 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 300. 360. -36. ^ 35. _ 50 - 100 150 _50 100 200 "i 100 200 _ 300 400 _ 500 150 200 100 L200 ,_300 _400 500 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. SB 7611(50892) STATIONS 034 - 012 12/05/76 - 12/04/76 Figure 14.18. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity (%.) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 500 m; USCGC Bibb 76-11, 4-5 December 1976. 256 DISTANCE (N. MILES1-0 • 16 (_> o UJ IU UJ § 12 i— cr oc LU 10 Q_ z: 20. 40. 60. PARAMETER RT SURFRCE 120. - 50 100 SSF <" 100 200 _ 300 _ 400 _ 500 _50 100 120. _ 100 200 300 400 500 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. GALLATIN 7612(50929) STATIONS 013 - 001 12/21/76 - 12/21/76 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Figure 14.19. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 100 and 500 m; USCGC Gallatin 76-12, 21 December 1976. 257 Paper 1 5 ANTICYCLONIC GULF STREAM EDDIES OFF LHE NORTHEASTERN UMITED STATES DURING 1976 David Mizenko and J. Lockwood Chamberlin INTRODUCTION! This report continues for a third year (1976) an analysis of the movements of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies in the Slope Water region off New England and the Middle Atlantic coasts. A report on these eddies during 1974 and 1975 was prepared by Bisagni. A general summary of information on the formation/ structure/ and dynamics of anticyclonic eddies is available in his report/ and is not included here. The information provided here on the eddies is basically the same as that presented by Bisagni. 2 It differs in minor ways/ as described in the following sections/ because of some differences in our methodology and improvements in the primary information available from satellites. Some additional information is also given/ especially on the formation and destruction of the individual eddies/ the surface boundaries of the eddies/ and a zonal analysis which summarizes information on the movements of the eddies relative to one anot her. H4§£!l2d<; of AQa.iy.sis and Sourc.es of Information on Eddy. Surface positions and Boundaries The positions and surface boundaries of the eddies/ during 1976 (Figs. 15.1-13.7)/ were largely taken from Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis charts issued weekly by the U.S. Naval Oceanogr aph i c Office. Additional information was obtained from infrared imagery from the NOAA GOES 1 and 2 satellites/ enhanced Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Nar raganset t / RI 02882. 2 Bisagni/ J. J. 1976. The passage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies through Deepwater Dumpsite 106/ 1974-1975. NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Report 76-1/ 39 p. 259 Paper 1 5 for sea surface temperature (about 6 to 8 images available per day)* and the Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis* issued weekly by the National Environmental Satellite Service. For the special analysis of the February-April period* NOAA-4 satellite imagery was also used. Pos it bound posit dots by ey s hown Both appro t he i Pot oc iJ a t e r indie i s mo ions ar i e ions ( Fin e f r fo the x ima mage s ky may ated st f bas s of from s. 15 om tn r re posit t i ons ry ar (197 appa by reque ed th unc .1-1 e su p res ions * b e of 6) ar t he nt w on e ed Lear 5. 7) rf ac enta and ecau ten has much sub est i mag di es i ma are e bo t i ve bou se t dist poi sm su rf of 7 er y are gery the unda st a ndar he s ort i nt ed alle ace OW . tha d ra a re cen r i e s t es i es urf a ons ou r i st ru t c w n w dra t ers . S in t shou ce e of t t t n s c tur I ear I i th s wn wi of t u rf ac he li Id b xp res he s hat e atell e* an y s olid th d he e e bo f eti e r s ion ubsu ddie ite d th hows li ne ashed ddies undar mes o egard s of r f a ce s ent imag at th the s; un lines as es ies ar f the ed as t he ed st ru rai nin ery t is dis surface certain The t i mated e on ly eddies . rough dies in ctur e. 3 g Shelf han is tort ion Eddies that made surface contact with the Gulf Stream were still regarded as eddies* so long as it appeared from the imagery that their circulation was largely separate from that of the Stream. In the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis* eddies which later made such contact were labeled as meanders. while the metnods used here are basically similar to those of Bisagni (see footnote 2)* there are some important differences in detail. On his "trajectory" naps* Bisagni shows all positions* sure and estimated* from several sources. We have avoided plotting estimated positions except where long time gaps exist between sure positions* and have given only one position for an eddy on any given date. Though similar data sources were used* their quality has improved markedly since the period 1974-7 5 studied by Bisagni. This is especially true of the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis charts* which during 1974 lacked the detail* accuracy* and documentation which has since been incorporated — especially during 1 97o . This improvement has allowed more accurate data to be presented here than was available to Bisagni. The dates of eddy formation and destruction were interpolated when necessary. For example* if a feature was clearly a Gulf Stream meander on 15 October and an eddy on 19 October* it is 'Chamberlin* J. L. 1977. Monitoring effects of Gulf Stream meanders and warm core eddies on the continental shelf and slope. Int. Comm. Northwest Atl. Fish.* Sel. Pap. 2:145-153. 260 Paper 15 assumed to have detached from the Gulf Stream as an eddy on 17 October- These interpolations are accurate to within a week or Less. Bisagni used the dates an eddy was first sighted and Last sighted as his formation and destruction dates* making his estimates of eddy Lifetimes a little shorter (on the order of a week) than would be obtained by our method. Infrared imagery from the Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellites at 3-h intervals^ which Bisagni did not have available* was very useful for establishing such dates. Only eddies that were observed west of 60W are considered in this report. These are Labeled by the year in which they formed plus a sequpntially assigned letter. The dates of their formation and destruction* and the number of days they survived* are summarized in Table 15.1. Table 1 5 .1 . --Summa ry of estimated eddy formation and destruction dates and days of survival. Eddy 75E 751 76A 76B 76C 76D 76E 76 F 76G Dates 7/23/75 11/1/75 2/27/76 4/1/76 4/19/76 5/20/76 5/28/76 10/15/76 1C/27/76 3/27/76 3/17/76 3/30/76 o 10/15/76 2/4/77 7/24/76 2/4/77 5/13/77 Days in §£S 12Z6 248 87 137 8 37 32 >90 >90 179 179 260 225 57 57 112 77 198 65 Total eddy-days in 1976: >892 Date first observed (see text Subject to revision. May have survived into August Tota I s by quarter : Jan-Mar 199 Ap r- J un 236 Ju l-Sep 2 08 Oct-Dec 249 (See also Bi sagni 197b) . foot not e 2 ) 261 Paper 15 EDDY HISTORIES - 1976 Two eddies survived 1975 into 1976 (75E and 751). Eddy 75F (Fig. 15.1), first observed on 23 Juily 1975 (Bisagni's ACE-10), was off southern Delaware with an apparent surface diameter of about 40 nm (70 km) at the start of 1976. An expendable bathythermograph (XBT) survey on 18 February and 19 revealed a maximum Core temperature of 1 3 C extending to nearly 300 m depth (Cook et al. 1976). This eddy coalesced with the Gulf Stream about 27 March . Eddy not month locat (170 v i c i n 17 Ma and 1 detac ex ten (Fig. that and 7 751 appa for ed km) . ity rch/ 5. be hed s i v e 15. edd 51 a (Fig. 1 rent i two mo at o6W After of 68W, by enc ). Abo from th patch 8e) . A y 751 w re tne 5.2) n sa nths w i mov the roac ut 1 e St of not h as n same , wh i c tellit unt i I t h an i ng so eddy hment April ream a Gulf e r pos ot des h for e i ma the app u t h w e appea of a , par s ano Str s i ble t roye med gery end aren st a red Gulf t of t her earn int d du in e aft of J t s bout to b St r thi edd wa t erpr ring ar ly er t anua u rf a 100 e la earn s me y (7 er etat Mar No he I ry 1 ce nm rge I mea ande 66), at i on c h a vemb atte 976, d i am (19 y de nder r ap i nd 67W3 of t nd t e r 1 r par when eter km) st roy (Fi pe are i cate 0" o he im hat e 975, was t of that it was of 90 nm to the ed, about gs . 15.8b d to have d as an n 7 April ager y is d d i e s 7 6 E An XBT Fig. 1 5. ci r cu I at colder, determin st ruct ur Th e ve ry (Fig. 15 near t og I i ne B C report , pos i t i on side of sec 9) ion, bu e th e d ste .9) et he in t but C) . the ti on f r in the espec i a t becau e f eatur oe s sho ep therm is base r in qui he i nset s hows An eas gradient om Al^b area of I ly in se of e as a w a su a I g rad d on t h ck orde map on a si m tward c at ro the the the mean rf ac i ent e t r r . Fig i lar u r re ss IV warm p form of sect i de r or e conne at the aces f r An addi ure 15. st eeo nt can on 2- at ch i the i on's eddy, ct ion i nsho om t h r t iona I 9 is n the be inf 3 Ap ndi c sot h p lac alth with re m ee X XB ot r rma I err e ri I at es erms ement ough the argi n BT pr T se eprod gr d on ( li ne ant icy for 12 , doe the t Gulf S of th obes d ct ion uced i ad i ent the of AB in c Ion i c C and s not herma I treara. e eddy ropped a long n this (at f shore The hi the sa w ater on a ent rai (90 km outer the Ea eddy . west wa imager weeks . sto ry telli pat ch prot nment ). shelf stwar If t rd m y, an Thi of e t e i m of u rus io arou The SQUt don h e de u ch d the s edd ddy ager nc er n o nd a pres h of 11-1 ep 1 mo re n re y ma 763 (F y. Th tain c f She n eddy ence New E 2 May, 3C wat qu i c m a i n e d y have i g • e 24 h a ra If wit of 1 ngla pro er w kly i n bee 15.2) is Apr i I p ct er . T Water t h a surf 3C water nd (71W1 vided ev as from than w the area n the on not o s i t i he 29 hat ace d to a 2 •), i dene this as i of e t ha c lea on i s May has i amet dept i n an e of eddy, ndica 71W t app r ly bas pos i the e r o h >1 XBT the the ted for ea re app ed o t ion appe f ab 55 m sec pass n 7 by abo d in aren n a i s aran out ove ti on age 6B sate ut the t in warm- based ce of 50 nm r the f rom of an moved llite th ree area 262 Paper 15 of Deepwater Dumpsite 106 (38N4D ' -39N00 • * 72W00 W2W30 • ) at the end of June as shown by several XBT sections. 4 After May* however* the history of the eddy was not revealed in satellite imagery. A special set of diagrams (Fig. 15.8) has been prepared to illustrate major interactions between the Gulf Stream and anticyclonic eddies in the area southeast of Georges Bank from mid-February through April. Involved in these interactions were two large changes of course by the Stream and the destruction of eddies 751 and 76A* as well as the formation and destruction of a cyclonic eddy. On 17 February (Fig. 15.8a)* eddy 751 lay south of Georges Bank* and a Gulf Stream meander was separating as eddy 76A. On 28 February (Fig. 15. bb)* eddy 751 was entraining warm Gulf Stream water* and eddy 76A was fully formed and had moved westward. By 24 March (Fig. 15.8c)* a developing Gulf Stream meander had encroached on eddy 751* apparently destroying it. Eddy 76A moved westward and entrained warm Gulf Stream water. By 27 March (Fig. 15. 8d)* 3ulf Stream water was separating from the meanoer south of Georges Bank as eddy 76B. Eddy 76A ceased entraining Gulf Stream water and was apparently losing water to the Gulf Stream. Meandering of the Stream intensified southeast of eddy 76A. By 7 April (Fig. 15. 8e)* eddy 763 had separated from the Stream south of Georges Bank and had moved westwara. The Gulf Stream changed course through the northern portion of eddy 76A* forming a broad meander that incorporated this eddy. Th e former path of the Stream to the south became a cyclonic eddy. A hydrocast transect from the Wieczno made J. J. Bisagni* Atlantic Environmental sett* RI 028 82. Pers. commun. Group* NMFS* Narragan- 263 Paper 15 on 4-7 April (Fig. 15.11; station location plotted on Fig. 15. 8e) showed only one crossing of the Gulf Stream axis/- inJicating that the Gulf Stream had assumed its directly eastward path by the time of the section. The rise in isotherms and isohalines at station 4 was due to the proximity of this station to the Gulf Stream's northern edge . On 14 April (Fig. 15. 8f)/ eddy 766/ south of Georges Sank/ was not visible in satellite imagery. The Gulf Stream had merged with the west margin of the cyclonic eddy. By 18 April (Fig. 15. 8g)/ the cyclonic eddy was incorporated into the Gulf Stream/ but the former path of the Stream was not completely abandoned. Hydrocast stations (Fig. 15.2/ Beloggrsk/ 17-19 April) of leg AB were entirely in Slope Water/ while the middle stations of leg BC were in the Gulf Stream/ providing agreement with the surface pattern shown in Figure 15. 8g. Because of the placement of stations/ the link between the old and the new Gulf Stream paths was not recorded in Figure 15.12. On 24 April (Fig. 15. 8h)/ eddy 76C formed from the of the old Gulf Stream path. remnants The po Apr i 1/ August and f 28 Jul reach h av e h per d 4 nm ( 1 976. was pr cont i n on 12- of th d i amet mar ked coa les si t i o w as . Th or 2 y pos i ts ad to ay . 7 km) Evid ov i de enta I 13 Au is e er wa Ly ced w n of not e pos 8 Jul i tion fair tr av Thi s per ence d py she gust . ddy ' s s 60 dur i n i th t eddy c le i t i o n y/ a was ly c el at speed day t for t 13C w If a The size nm g la he Gu 76C ( a rl y for sug espec ert ai an a is i hat w he pa a te r t 71 N sate unt i (110 te S If St Fig. seen 15 via gest i i a I I y n pos ve rag neons e hav ss age to a 10'/ llite I lat km) . ept em ream 15.3)/ i n y was v/e Sh quest i t ion e rate i stent e ca le of th dept h in an image e Augu The ber a about fol the base elf i ona of 1 of wit u lat i s e of XBT ry p st w sur nd 15 lowing sate I I dona Water bl e / be 3 Augus at lea h ave ra ed for ddy sou >140 m section rov ides hen the face e October ct ober . its f i t e i warm prot cause t/ th st 6 ge ra ot her th of over f rom no c appa xp re s / an ormat mager water rusio in o e edd nm tes o edd New the the lear rent sion d th ion in y unt i I patch/ n . The rder to y wou Id (11 km) f up to i e s in England out er Oceanus picture surface shrank e eddy Eddy 76D (Fig. 15. A) formed about 20 ^lay from a large meander centered at 65W. Its apparent surface diameter i*as about 110 nm (2Q0 km). The eddy appeared to have maintained its circulation he d h d 264 Paper 15 shallow eddy water/ the deeper circulation seemed to be closed. The sharp thermal front on the shoreward side of the eddy (Fig. 15.14) indicated considerable velocity shear. In mid-December/ the eddy was located at 70w30 t and had an apparent surface diameter of 80 nm (150 km). This eddy persisted into 1977 until captured by the Gulf Stream during February. Eddy 76E (Fig. 15.5) formed about 28 May at 62W from an elliptical meander that looped westward from 60W. Its apparent surface diameter at this time was about 80 nm (150 km). This eddy survived at least into late July* when it became masked by a large area of warm surface water. It may have lasted through the better part of August/ but the fate of eddy 76E is obscure. Presumably* it coalesced into either the Gulf Stream or eddy 76D. Eddy 76F (Fig. 15.6) formed from a northward extending meander at 64W on 15 October. Its apparent surface diameter was about 80 nm (150 km). It survived until February 1977. Eddy 76G (Fig. 15.7) formed about 27 October from a meander that had looped westward from 65W with an apparent surface diameter of 90 nm (170 km). After initial westward movement/ the eddy remained fairly stationary during December at 67W30 1 . This eddy persisted until well into 1977. ZONAL ANALYSIS OF EDDY POSITIONS AND MOVEMENTS A zonal analysis of all the eddies in 1976 is summarized in Table 15.2 to reveal their movements relative to one another. The region studied was divided into eight zones of about equal lengths along the axis of eddy movements (Fig. 15.15). The zonal boundaries were drawn approximately normal to both the mean position of the Gulf Stream's north wall and the 100-fm (180-m) isobath. The zone in which each eddy occurred at the middle of each month is shown in Table 15.2. Eddy positions with respect to zone were also determined for 1974 and 1975 from Bisagni (see footnote 2). The last column of Table 15.2 gives the number of occurrences at midmonth for the years 1974-76 in each zone. Thus/ in zone 4/ eddies were present at midmonth 15 times out of a possible 36. Except for zones 1 and 8/ overall eddy activity was fairly uniform with respect to zone for the years considered. There are relatively few occurrences in zone 8 because many eddies never get that far and those that do are soon incorporated into the Gulf Stream. The low level of activity in zone 1 seems to be real/ even though partly a data artifact caused by excessive cloud interference in the satellite coverage. Occasional cloud 265 Paper 15 free imagery indicates that Gulf Stream eddies are common in the Slope Water region east of zone 1. It appears/- therefore* that eddies formed east of zone 1 (off the central Scotian shelf) tend not to move westward very far. No eddies observed during 1976* in the area of our analysis* originated east of zone 2. A westward boundary to the region of eddy formation is apparent in the zonal analysis. During 1974-76* no eddies originated west of zone 5 . ENVELOPES OF EDDY CENTER POSITIONS AND BOUNDARIES Envelopes drawn around all the observed surface center positions and surface boundary positions of eddies during 1976 appear in Figure 15.16. The narrow portion of the envelope of centers between 69W and 72W reflects the fact that few eddy observations were made in this region. DISCUSSION Satellite i ma.ge ry has proved itself an effective means of monitoring anticyclonic eddies but does have inherent I i mi tat i ons : 1. Imagery reveals what is happening at the surface* but the surface is the last place to become disconnected in anticyclonic eddy formation (Gotthardt 1973)/- whereas the area of maximum energy may be over 100 m below the surface (Khedouri and Gemmill 1974). Thus* a feature located near the Gulf Stream may appear as a meander in satellite imagery* while the main body of water beneath the surface circulates as an eddy. 2. During the summer* surface temperatures in the Slope Water may approach that in the eddies* causing the latter to "disappear" in the imagery. This effect probably contrib- uted to eddy ( Fio. 1 5,3) . 76C's not being detected until mid-August 3. The region of our analysis is subject to long periods of cloudiness during which eddies may be formed or destroyed. Potocsky (1976)* in an evaluation of imagery over the entire western North Atlantic* found that cloud free coverage was best during April and October and worst during December. 4. Eddy surface expression can be distorted by entrained Shelf Water (Potocsky 1976). Chsmberlin (see footnote 3) 266 p aper 1 5 suggested, that distortion may also occur when wind causes overrunning of an eddy by surrounding water/ or chilling of an eddy at the surface. This report and that of Bisagni (see footnote 2) demonstrate that eddies have a variable* but major/ influence on physical conditions in the Slope Water. During the three years of record/ the number of eddies oresent at any time has ranged from a low of one (November 1974 to mid-January 1975) to as many as six (early November 1975; one of which/ 751/ was not recorded by Bisagni). SUMMARY Tw© well-developed anticyclonic eddies (751 and 76A) occurred south and southeast of Georges Bank in the early months of 1976/ but these were short lived. Only three eddies moved westward beyond Georges Bank during the year (76B/ 76C/ 76D). Although two of these/ 76B and 76C/ were apparently weakly developed/ the former probably moved at least to the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon/ and the latter to the latitude of Virginia. Eddy 76D was strongly formed. It moved to the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon by the end of the year. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the National Environmental Satellite Service/ NOAA/ Franklin E. Kniskern provided several prints of NOAA-4 satellite imagery and Robert L. Mairs provided 3-hourly imagery from the Geosta- tionary Orbiting Environmental Satellite. Rudolf J. Perchal/ U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office/ provided up-to-the-minute satellite information at times when research vessels were making special observations in eddies. Philip L. Richardson/ University of Rhode Island/ provided NOAA-4 satellite pictures for the February -April period. Henry A. Jensen provided special XBT observations south of Georges Bank from RV Albatross. IV on 2-3 April. Special acknowl- edgment is owed for data provided by the crews of cooperating foreign fishery research vessels: the German Democratic Republic's RV Ernst Haeckei for Nansen bottle data on 20 March/ the Polish RV Wj_eczno for XBT data on 4-7 April and for Nansen bottle data on 7-?9 April/ and the U.S.S.R. RV Belogorsk for Hansen bottle data on 17-19 April and for XBT data on 5-6 September. w. Redwood Wright and Patrick J. Twohig/ NMFS/ Woods Hole/ MA/ assisted in obtaining oceanographic data from the foreign vessels. 267 Paper 15 Reed S. Armstrong/ National Marine Fisheries Service/' valuable oce anog raph i c advice. gave LITERATURE CITED blSAGNlr J. J. 1978. Passage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies through deepwater dumpsite 106 during 1974 and 1975. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 293-2 98. U.S. Dep. Commer-/ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. COOK/ S. K./ J. J. BISAGNI/ and K. A. 1976. A survey of an anticyclonic eddy. Gulfstream 2(3):6-7. HAUSKNECHT. (warm core) Gu If Stream GOTTHARDT/ G. A. 1973. Gulf Stream eddies in the western North Atlantic. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 6150-16-73/ 42 p. U.S. KHEDOURI/ E./ and W. GEMMILL. 1974. Physical properties and energy distribution of Gulf Stream eddies. U.S. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 6150- 22-74/ 25 p. P0T0CSKY/ G. 1976. Application of VHRR-IR satellite imagery tatively estimate subsurface thermal structure. Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 3700-48-76/ 18 p. to qua I i - U.S. Naval 268 emu I — 1 cd e (j o 4-1 3cm vO O rH r»- 4-i O N c 1 O 3 o 4-1 • & -, rO rH r^ m vO CN rH CO P-- rH rH rH rH rH rH rH tn vo en rH 4J fd r-~ G o rH 1 CD ■^ u g 0) r- vt ,C & Eh rH - to u • U CD VQ rrj tn O VO P VO P r~~ r-~. r-. [-^ CD fS CT. >i g rH -H CD tn rC Q) C 4-) 4-1 > Fn O P o S5 vO vO VO •H -H !h U rH 2 rH T3 "4h CD Pn P vo vO CD CD ft) O r^ r-. r-^ c c tn o N N C o .c 4-1 o c P4 P U vO vO rrJ <3 vO VO r-> H u PQ g (C g 4-1 vO vO 4-> rcj M (C -h 3 „ g w tn Pi pq C CU vo 4-i in < r^ •H H 4-) •H M LT) pos umbe re 1 p< t C 3 13 tn T3 rH -H • PQ M w W rd h w W LO m 1 4-1 C En r^ r~» 1 C • 4-1 -H -H C\J 4-) • 0) C -H if) jz cu en 5 (H m w in rH 4-> > •-3 r^ r^ ■H ft (D cn tn rH CD CU X! > i g o 'jS o o. o VI ** £ bf . e ■° =3 ■a b c * en a a UJ VI a _g o _i 0) ° 5 en t_^ _J >i < J O S H XI c 3 < Z & a> XI (Sd313W) H±d3< 275 (SU313IN) Hld3Q be 276 C^3 o o to o o CM - o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 00 o C\J TJ k a _l O. bt < < C 0) V o c~ -, 1- a o o >, ex Z> > •5 < o CI 2 £ ^ J= C 3 a o, - 4i o S o « CM fl <2 (SU313IN) Hld3Q be E 277 CO cr LJ H UJ Q_ Ixl 100 — 200 — 300 — 400 — 500 — 600 — 700 — Ld S- o > 36 ■< H u_ — rr 2 34 3 — "i 32 CO NAUTICAL MILES Figure 15.13.— Expendable bathythermograph section (degrees C) and surface salinities (%.) through eddy 76D and the Gulf Stream on 5-6 September 1976 from RV Belogorsk. See Figure 15.14 for detail of upper left corner of section. Location of section is shown on inset map. 278 CO Ld 100 — Q. UJ Q 200 10 20 30 NAUTICAL MILES Figure 15.14. — Detail of upper left corner of Figure 15.13. 40 279 Figure 15.15. — Zones used in Table 15.2. tf ^Z *° • o £F L ^ foo^ / tf ENVELOPE OF EDDY CENTER POSITIONS ENVELOPE OF EDDY SURFACE BOUNDARIES /V° to O to Figure 15. Hi. —Envelopes of surface boundaries and center positions of eddies during 197(>. O / <0« 280 Paper 16 RIVER RUNOFF ALONG THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COAST IN 1976 Elizabeth D. Haynes The river runoff (rate of volume flow) presented here is calculated from the continuously recorded water level at gaging stations located at Trenton/ NJ* on the Delaware River* Poughk eepsi e * NY* on the Hudson River* and along the shores of Chesapeake Bay at the sections shown in Appendix 16.1. Trenton and Poughkeepsie are upstream of any tidal influence* but the tidal flow and consequent mixing need to be accounted for in order to estimate Chesapeake Bay runoff. The unusual warming in January and February caused higher than average runoff in February in all three estuaries. Spring runoff normally peaks at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in March and continues high in April as a result of snow melt in the southerly James and Potomac river basins* in contrast to Delaware Bay* in which the average runoff is greatest in April* with March a close s econd . By March there was no snow nor river ice left in the drainage areas* so runoff was unusually low. April was hot and dry* with less than 50% of normal rainfall and temperatures reaching the mid-90's; runoff was low (Appendix 16.1* Fig. 16.1). Flow continued below average through May* and then was essentially average in magnitude (within 10*000 cu ft/s 3 of the long-term mean at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay) until October. Due to a succession of frontal waves* rainfall in September exceeded 150& of normal. On one day* 5 inches of rain fell in the Chesapeake drainage basin. This weather pattern continued in October and brought three times the rainfall normal for the mnnt h month . x The data used in this report were supplied by the U.S. Geological Survey District Offices in Hudson* NY* Trenton* NJ* and Tows on* MD . Resource Assessment Division* National Marine Fisheries Service* N0AA* Washington* DC 20235. 1*000 cu ft/s = 28.32 /s 281 Paper 16 The hi (350,0 in 195 becaus on rec h i ghes peak, the r Oct obe due e mont hs was t decrea ghest 00 cu occu e of ord (a t ann was in est o r 1976 nt i re L of sp he si sed in runo ft/s rred it t bout ua I 197 f t (17 y to ri ng xth Nov ff ec) i n he a 130 mea 5, a hat 9,90 ext , th hig embe meas for June nnua ,000 n ( ssoc yea cu ratr e an he st r an ured any 197 I me cu 115, i ate r w ft/ op i c nual of d wa at mon 2 as an f ft/s 000 d w i as sec ) al f mea th s av the t h sin a res or tha ec, Ap cu ft/ th Hur essent ex cee ronta I n flow e 25 e rage mout h ce dat u It of t year pendi x sec ) , r i cane ially ded th act i v in 19 ye ar s in De c of C a were Hur r i c also w 16.1). a It hou E Loi se norma L . at of S ity . D 76 (84, of r ember . hesa firs ane as t T gh n in Me epte espi 4 00 e cor peak t re Agne he h he ot m Sept an f mbe r te t cu f d. e Bay corded s , and i ghe st second ont h I y ember; low in 1975 he dry t /sec) Runoff Runoff in the Delaware Bay and Hudson River (Fig. 16.1) paralleled that in the Chesapeake due to the same climatic conditions during the year. The December flow dropped in the Delaware and Hudson Rivers as the onset of the cold winter of 1976-77 locked up precipitation in snow and ice. Long-term mean monthly runoff figures were not obtained for the Hudson River, and the 1976 data are provisional. The annual average of the data set is 20,100 cu ft/sec over the period of record. Runoff affects estuarine and offshore fishes and shellfishes by varying the salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and stratification of their environment. Early warming in the spring of 1976 was associated with high runoff very early in the year. This accentuated the early onset of stratification in the near shore waters and suppressed oxygenation two months earlier than usual. The normal summer biological depletion of dissolved oxygen led to anoxic conditions and the subsequent fish kill in July (Armstrong^ Paper 17). 282 Table 16.1.— Mean monthly runoff in cu ft/s ( 0.02832 cu m/s). A - Hudson River at Poughkeepsie , NY, 1976 (provisional data); B - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, 1976; C - Delaware River at Trenton, IT J, monthly- means for 191+1-70. A B C JAN 29200 19770 11850 FEB 54800 26830 12410 MAR 42300 16450 19780 APR 46300 13420 21500 MAY 41200 12670 14390 JUN 18800 7490 8544 JUL 18200 8610 6440 AUG 20100 8007 6218 SEP 12200 4800 4995 OCT 33900 18020 5637 NOV 23600 10800 9857 DEC 19300 7476 11970 283 60 50 40 6 30H 0) CO \ 20 — o O O O 10 ~~ i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — r~ JFMAMJJAS0ND MONTH Figure 16.1.— Mean monthly runoff into the Middle Atlantic Bight. A - Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, NY, 1976 (provisional data); B - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, 1976; C - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, monthly means for 1941-70. 284 APPENDIX 16.1 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY in Cooperation with STATES OF MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, AND VIRGINIA ESTIMATED STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY a z O UJ at ULI a. t~ UJ LU U_ V co U CO Q Z < to z> O X A monthly summary of cumulative streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay designed to aid those concerned with studying and managing the Bay's resources. For additional information, contact the District Chief, U.S. Geological Survey, 208 Carroll Building 8600 La Salle Road Towson, Maryland 21204 Phone 301-828-1535 January 1, 1977 400 10 5 150 wo JAN !:i!!!l!ij!!!;!!jj EXPLANATION ;;::;;::::;:;;:;: Monthly mean streamflow into Chesapeake Bay (1976) Current year- Average Unshaded area indicates range between highest and lowest values of the 2 5-year record ~7eTT MAR APR " MAY~* isj 1 1 1 1 JL II JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 30 r i- 1 i i i I i i i it i i i i i i r i i ui i i i i i _ Annual mean streamflow into Chesapeake Bay by calendar years I_JL_1_L_L_L_1 1950 55 J I IJLLLJ-J L.L.1 '60 65 70 L.i^..l....l..L-J-L-L-.LJ- 75 980 285 ESTIMATED CUMULATIVE STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY ABOVE INDICATED SECTIONS BY MONTHS, DURING 197* 240 220 — 200 180 I ! ! I I I I ! ! I I o o as to Q wo o I II ll 'rf CAPE CHARLES CAPE HENRY CUMULATIVE INFLOW TO CHESAPEAKE BAY AT INDICATED CROSS SECTIONS A Mouth of Susquehanna R. B Above mouth of Potomac R. C Beiow mouth of Potomac R. D Above mouth of James R. E Mouth of Chesapeake Boy J J A S N D 286 ESTIMATED CUMULATIVE STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY Cubic feet per second at section YEAR MONTH B 1975 January February March April May June July August September October November December 53,000 86,100 83,000 50,700 59,000 42,500 19,500 9,460 86,100 66,700 42,500 38,100 60,600 97,800 94,500 57,800 67,800 48,000 24,000 13,000 97,800 76,800 48,000 43,600 76,400 124,600 132,000 77,000 93,500 62,700 36,000 19,700 128,600 99,600 63,000 54,400 85,000 136,200 151,300 84,500 104,100 68,300 43,600 23,600 138,600 106,000 68,400 58,700 97,600 155,600 185,000 96,700 121,800 77,700 56,100 30,200 155,100 118,000 77,400 66,000 Mean 53,100 60,800 80,600 89,000 103,100 1976 January February March April May June July August September October November December 49,300 102,000 64,600 45,700 34,800 39,200 25,000 20,900 12,500 82,400 38,600 27,200 56,200 114,800 72,200 51,800 40,300 44,700 29,900 25,400 16,400 93,900 44,200 32,300 82,800 134,900 87,100 68,200 47,600 53,800 35,800 30,100 20,200 135,000 58,600 45,900 96,000 142,700 93,700 74,900 52,000 61,600 38,000 31,300 21,100 148,500 64,200 54,400 118,200 155,400 104,400 85,900 59,400 74,400 41,900 34,300 22,900 173,900 73,400 68,300 Mean 45,200 51,800 66,700 73,200 84,400 287 Paper 17 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE FISH KILL AND ANOXIA OFF NEW JERSEY DURING THE SUMMER OF 1976 1 Reed S . A rmst rona 2 INTRODUCTION A massive fish kill in the bottom waters over the middle continental shelf off New Jersey occurred during the summer of 1976. Beginning in late June 1976* dead or dying fish and shellfish were sighted off the northern New Jersey coast and/ through the summer/ the fish kill area expanded continuously southward. Low oxygen or anoxic conditions accompanied the fish kills (Bullocn 1976). By mid-September the region of extensive fish mortalities covered an area of about 2/100 square miles (5/400 km 2 ). 3 Observations in August 1976 indicated that the fish kill was probably related to the presence of exceptionally low oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters on the shelf. 4 By mid-October/ oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters had returned to near normal conditions. Comparison of the August 1976 data with historic August observations from the National Oceanographic Data Center ( !sJ0 D C ) archives indicates the terrperature of the waters below the thermocline and oxygen concentrations in the surface layer were not unusual in 1976 'Tak re lat du ri n Env i r 1976/ N ft F S / 2 Atl e r v i Ste enon In J A 1 1 a n 1976. 4 Dat Hinhl en from: Armstrong/ R. S. 1977. "Climatic conditons ed to the occurrence of anoxia in the waters off New Jersey c the summer of 1976." In Oxygen Depletion and Associated onmental Disturbances in the Middle Atlantic Bight in p. 17-3 5. Tech. Ser. R. No. 3/ Northeast Fisheries Center/ NOAA antic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries ce/ NOAA/ Narragansett/ RI Q28&2. imle/ F. 1976. A summary of the fish kill - anoxia phenom- cff New Jersey and its imoact on resource species/ p. 5-11. . H. Sharp (editor)/ Workshop Report/ Anoxia on the Middle tic Shelf during the Summer of 1976/ Washington/ DC/ October a prov ided by ands/ NJ 07732. Northeast Fisheries Center/ NMFS NOAA 289 Paper 17 (Fig. 17.1). Therefore/ any physical phenomena related to the anoxic condition in the bottom waters must have occurred earlier. To define environmental conditions that might have led to anoxic conditions/ various sets of historical and c I imat o logi ca I data were examined. The data used and their sources were: Monthly mean river discharge for the Delaware River and Hudson Rivera and cumulative discharge into Long Island Sound/ provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. Monthly mean sea surface temperature/ compiled from ship reports and published in gulfstream (National Weather Service^ January 1975-August 1976) and in Jhe Gulf St,£e.am. Monthly Summary (U.S. Naval Ocea nographi c Office/ January 1966-December 1974). Monthly mean shore station temperatures at tide stations (Sandy Hook/ Atlantic City/ and Cape May/ NJ)/ acquired from the National Ocean Survey/ NOAA. Historical oceanog raph i c station data/ including dissolved oxygen oo se rvat i ons / provided by the National Oceanograph i c Data Center/ Environmental Data Service/ NOAA. In addition/ data from oceanographic stations occupied in the area in 19 75 were provided by the Sandy Hook Laboratory of NMFS and by the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories of NOAA'S Environmental Research Laboratories. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS nn e esse be tw the 1976 any The w ate w a t e I arg year At la Febr addi De la earl f r es xami nt ia een s vr the of earl r t r te est s) . nt i c ua ry t i on wa re y heni n at i on a I ly aeg the me a n face wa waters the pr y wa rin i n emperatu mpe ratur wa r mi ng For the City 1976 / t he and Hud in 1*76 ng of su f cl an and te r s bega eced g in re es i fo Ion (191 wa rm usua son / w rf a c imat one 197 off n wa i ng 197 reco n Fe r t qe r 2-19 i ng I s Rive h i ch e wa ologi to t 6 ann New rm i ng 10 y 6 is rds/ br ua r hose re cor 20, was pring rs ( F wou te rs ca I re rtio mon ua I cy Jersey at le ears ( also where y over month d of s 1923-1 excee i ncre ig. 17 Id ca over t cord ths c les (Fi ast Feb r i nd at Jan s f o hor e 969/ ded ase .3) use he s s in early of w g. 17 one m ua ry i c ate Sandy ua ry r the stat 197 only in ri bega an helf . di ca in armi .2) onth vs . d i Hoo 1976 pe r ion 2-19 on ver n a earl Sp tes 1976 ng a indi ear Marc n s k th rep iod t em 76)/ ce disc bout i e r ring tha . C nd c cate I ier h an hore e i n rese of r pera the (19 harg tw tha inc t s ompa oo I i s th tha d Ap st crea nted ecor ture J an 27). e f o o m n n reas pnng r i son ng in at in n in ril). at i on se in the d (32 s at ua ry- In r the ont hs or ma I e in 290 Paper 17 discharge into Long Island Sound was also two months early. These two conditions* early warming and lowering of surface salinities from early occurrence of high discharge* would establish stratification of the water column some one to two mont hs early . During W aters bottom concen i ncrea March s a I i n i es t ab I and it replen shelf* act i vi t hroug the S p r ov i d rep len I imi te spring st agna than decrea until s t rati fall an cause s and rai tr at ions se in bo (Fig. 1 ties de is h i ng s s persis i shment w here d ty. The h spring helf Wa e ev i de is hment d v e r t i c and s nt water rep leni se (Fig. su rf ace f i cat i on d w i nte overtur ses bot Sur ttom ox 7.4)* crease trat if i t ence t of ox i s s o I v e persis and su ter/Slo nee of by ad a I and ummer mass i shment . 17.4) coo I i in Sep r* c ning torn face ygen when as cat i hrou ygen d ox t enc mme r pe I vect hor i the n wh from ng t emb ool i * wh o xyg coo con su spr on. gh s i n ygen e of * an Wate i mi t i on zont bot i ch Subp the and er . ng at i ch mi en con ling* centra rf ace i ng The s pri ng to th is no thee d the r fro ed I f r om a I ex torn wa ut i I i z yenoe I onset overt th xes cent ove r t ion warm ri v e t ren and e s r ma I old st ro nt o ate r off chan t er at i o ine of urn i e surf the wat rations tu rni ng s typ i c ing beg r di s g t h e n i n summe ubpy cno ly dep I core ov ng temp ver the a I mi shore, ge i mp on the n of oxyge strati ng beg ace ers f to * and ally i ns . cha rg g of r li c I ine eted er t h e r at u cont xi ng The lies shelf oxyge n va f i ca t in b of rom equa the cont Us e stra mi ts wat by e mi re g i nen an CO tha i s n i lues ion reak the sur fa I su resu i nue o* su i ncre t i f i c ver e rs o b i o I o ddle radi e tal s d o ndi t i t th a som s gr ste i n i ng u Shelf ce to rf ace 1 1 i n g into rf a ce ases* at i on t i ca I n the ai ca I shelf nt of lope * xygen on of rough ew hat eater ad i ly inarch p the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 1961. Biological* chemical* and radiochemical studies of marine plankton. Reduced data report* Appendix C to Ref.'No. 61-6. 291 Paper 17 APPLICATION OF OXYGEN MODEL FOR 1976 Assuming that the early warming and early spring river discharge in 19 76 established stratification two months earlier than usual (January instead of March)/' and assuming that oxygen depletion progressed at typical rates/ a trend for subpy cnocl i ne oxygen concentrations was formulated (Fig. 17.4). In this formulation the normal trend curve for the months of declining oxygen concentrations of Figure 17.4 was shifted to the left two months* adjusted downward so that the beginning point coincided with the typical January valuer and extrapolated for the additional two months. This shows: 1) maximum oxygen concentration was not only achieved earlier* but also at a lower value (6.5 ml/l in January 1976 vs. 7.1 ml/l in a normal March); 2) dissolved oxygen fell to 3.0 ml/l in June* which is equivalent to the mean annual August minimum; and 3) dissolved oxygen continued to decrease to ml/l in July. Subsequent to developing this oxygen trend for 1976* some actual observations of subpycnoc I i ne oxygen concentrations were received from AOML (Atlantic Oceanogr aph i c and Meteorological Laboratories) surveys as part of the MESA (Marine Ecosystems Analysis) New York Bight Project. The correspondence with the AOML observations (Fig. 17.4) seems to support the contention that anoxic conditions resulted from a lengthened period of near stagnation in the bottom waters which* in turn* was caused by the onset of stratification one to two months earlier than normal. An additional feature during the summer of 1976 was the occurrence of a distinctly larger than normal plankton population throughout the Shelf Waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight during sprinq* principally because of an unusual bloom of Ceratiym phyt op lankton. By summer there was a large mass of dead Ceratium cells on the New Jersey shelf* representing a larger than normal decaying biomass. The continued high rate of oxygen depletion of early summer and the maintenance of anoxic conditions through late summer may be attributed to the large mass of decaying Cgrat i urn.. REGIONAL ASPECTS OF THE 1976 FISH KILL Anoxic conditions and the resulting fish kill were apparently limited to the. Shelf Waters off New Jersey and did not develop in waters of adjacent shelf regions. Historical oxygen observations were examined to explain the limited extent of anoxic conditions. An analysis similar to the one presented in Figure 17.4 determined the annual cycle of near bottom oxygen concentrations for a 1-deg square off Long Island (40N-41N* 72W-73W). Historic observations compiled for this analysis came from 96 stations (32 cruises* 14 years) with observations in all months except April. 292 Paper 17 Off Lo concen summer New J e Long I x ygen more r during d i s c h 3 in 197 one to N mo t Ja off two for f o r a I ong Given spring I s I and ng Is La t r a t i o ns , and be rsey She stand re decrea api d Ly d summe rge rate 6 i ndi ca two m on ew Jerse nt hs e ar he water nuary (6 with t s i m i I a r and c s hou Id nd / no gin If W flee se urin r s in te t t hs y • tier s of .5 m he anom ompa not as o rma I Ly r i s i ng ate rs/ ts the in th g spri (Fig. to Lon hat st ear L ie As sumi than f Long L/L). one f a Lous rab Le have g ff New occur in Sep the an season is 1-d ng than 17- 5a) . g is Lan ra t i f i c r than ng that normal/ I s Land This c or mu L at events C erati one mjc Je in t emb nua L aLit eg s off S d So at io norm st r a t / be urve ed for urn h~be rsey / m March/ er . Sim cy c Le o y o f de quar e of New J er ea surf und and n s hou Ld aL off L atificat rend for ginning is sh for New the two bloom)/ Lorf 2 mL axim deer i Lar f di nsi t f Lo sey/ ace f rom hav ong i on 19 with own Jer a rea bott /L i urn b ease to t sso L v y st ng Is but temp the e bee I s Lan becam 76 w the in sey b s (tw om ox n 197 ottom o in s p r i n he cycl ed oxyge rat i f i ca Land pro Less ra eratures Hudson n estab L d / as it e estab L as deve t yp i ca I Figure 1 ottom wa o-mont h- ygen off 6. xygen g and e in n off t i on . ceeds pid Ly and River ished was ished Loped va Lue 7.5b/ ters . ea r Ly Long The c i be twee condi t A s im s h at Lo bank t ypi ca off N Lesser August of the New J off Ne Long concen t ypi ca New J e f f e ren n the ions . i L a r we r . off Ne L L y oc ew J e vo Lum 1949/ p yeno ersey w J er s Is L and t r a t i o L I y av rsey. ce s tw A b ban k The w Je curs rsey e of a c cLi n and ey w ns / ai La in t o are road i s anox i rsey/ (Fig wou L oxyg rui s e e at Long as on Apply it co ble b he a as mo bank prese c con wh i c . 17. d hav en/ t that a dep I s L an Ly ab i no uld b e Lo w nnua L st Li (40-6 nt of di t i o h is 1) . e a L han t t r an th of d. T out 1 the e arg the p eye Le ke Ly ar 3 m dep f New J n in 19 the reg The thi esse r v he wate s i tt ed about h i cknes 5 ni/ wh ratio ued tha yeno c Li of e t he th) e ersey 76 de ion w nne r o Lume r s o both 25 m s of e re as of t t twi n e of oxy res xi st / bu ve Lo here sub of ff area over the it hese ce a f Lo gen u Lt o s off t it ped o the pyeno water Long s f ou the bot to was a va I s muc ng Is cone f ba Lon i s a n th Low e c Li n / an Isl nd t bank m wa bout ues h o Land entr thym g Is bout e sh st o e w d he and . he b s of ter 30 to o xyge tha at ion et ri c Land. 20 m allow xygen at e rs nee a In ot torn both layer m off xygen n is n off Shelf Waters south of New Jersey (off the Delmarva Peninsula) also experienced early warming in 1976 and would probably be under influence of the early/ high river discharge. The lack of fish kills and anoxic conditions in this area in 1976 also is attributed to bathymetric differences. Off the Delmarva Peninsula the continental shelf is only about half as wide as off New Jersey and Long Island/ which allows for greater cross-shelf exchange and oxygen replenishment. Historic observations in the NODC archives for the waters off the Delmarva Peninsula were too few to develop an annual cycle of bottom oxygen. 293 Paper 17 PREVIOUS FISH KILLS In the same area as the fish kill and anoxia development of 1976* three previous fish kills have been reported: September through early October 1968 (Ogren and Chess 1969)/ October 1971 (Young 1973)/ and August 1974." Apparently none of these earlier fish kills was as extensive or enduring as the 19 76 kill. Low oxygen conditions in the bottom waters accompanied all of the fish kills. C I i mato log i ca I records of sea surface temperature from shore station reports and discharge rates for the Hudson River for the last ^0 years (1947-76) were examined for conditions similar to those of 1976. During this 3 0-yr period/ high discharge (arbitrarily defined as >15Q% of the monthly mean) occurred five times in January (1949/ 1950/ 1952/ 1973/ and 1974)/ and three times in February (1951/ 1954/ and 1976). Shore station temperature records for Sandy Hook and Atlantic City indicated early warming of the water (monthly mean for February warmer than for January) occurring 12 times at Sandy Hook and 9 times at Atlantic City. No observations were made in 1970 and 1971 at Atlantic City/ which were two of the years of early warming at Sandy Hook. Coincidence of early warming and high discharge occurred in 1949/ 1952/ 1954/ 1974/ and 1976. Therefore/ these five years had the potential to develop low oxygen conditions as a result of early stratification. For the 30-yr record/ the highest warming rates and record highest discharge in February all occurred in 1976. Included in the years of potential early stratification is 1974/ one of the times of a reported fish kill/ but not included are the other two instances. A sign c cur r fall. result which temper be caus (the than t the h means temper t ypi ca only Sept em 1 968/ if i can ed du r The i f rom wou Id atu res e rive h i g h e s he mon i g h e s t for atu re lly th seven be r t e and t po ing mp I i ei leng w e r di t d thly di Oe ce r ec e wa t i m mpe r 1971 int summ cat i the r then re e sch a i sch inea scha mbe r ords rmes es atur he re er / on i an the xami rge a rge ns f rge / J fr t mo from es w Of is t but i s t ha ear peri ned t in su of or De for anua r om A nth a 194 ere i these hat n 19 t »/e ly od o o de Timer the cemb Sep Y' t Ian nd S 7 t n 1 ye the f 68 an ry I sp rin f str te rmi and 30-y er / J t embe and ti c eptem o 197 948/ ars i sh k i d 1971 ow ox g or a at i f i c ne the fall r reco anuar y r is F ebrua City ber wa 6. Th 1957/ the hi Us the ygen lat at i o lat i s rd f / an abou ry) . s how s wa e in 19 qhes of 1 y oc co e fa n. e ar typ or A d F t th th rmer stan 59, t ra 974 and cur red d ndi t i ons 11/ eith Only su rival of i c a I I y ugust is ebruar y / e same a S ea su at Augus than A ces of h 1965/ t e of wa 1976 ur i ng may er of rf ace fall small less and s the r f ace t was ugust igher 1966/ rm i no 6 C. J. Sindermann/ Northeast Fisheries Center/ NJ 7732. Pers- commun./ November 1976. NMFS Highlands/ 294 Paper 17 during August and September was in 1968/ with 1971 second/ the years of fall fish kills. None of the cases of early spring and late fall kills occurred in the same year. Included in the data set of bottom water oxygen concentration were some values from February and June of 1968 and from March of 1971. At these times/ the bottom water oxygens were above or equal to the average trend values/ implying that the low oxygen accompanying the fish kills did not result from ea£ly stratifi- cation. Over the past 30 years/ conditions that could have led to lengthening the period of stagnation of bottom waters occurred 12 times/ or 40% of the years. Fish kills have been reported in the four most recent cases. Five of the 12 occurrences resulted from the early arrival of spring/ and seven from the late arrival of fall. CONCLUSIONS Stratification that develops in the Shelf waters off New Jersey in spring and persists through sjmmer/ along with limited exchange with offshore waters/ tends to develop an almost stagnant water layer along the bottom. During this period of near stagnation/ bottom oxygen concentrations typically decline until fall/ when cooling at the surface leads to overturning and replenishment of dissolved oxygen. Conditions that would lengthen the season of stratification/ and thereby stagnation/ are considered to be the principal elements that would set the stage for generation of anoxic conditions. The p e arriva of inc (late by t he kills fall a the t potent o c cur r h i ghes in 19 prolon ri od o I of reased i ni t i se def repo r rr i ved wo mo ia I in ed in t disc 76/ i ged st f st spr spr at io ini t ted lat st st an th ha rg mp ly rat i rat i f i ing (e i ng r i n of c ions / i n th e seve recent ces . e s am e and ing t f i c a t i cat i ar ly ver oo I i sp r i e tw n ti ca Both e y wa rm hat on . on can warmi di sch a ng) . ng beg o most mes ( w ses/ an ea ea r . ing r a that be pr ng com rge) o Ov/er t an ear re cen ith fi 1971 a r ly sp Fo r tes f o yea r w o long b i ned r the he la ly fi t cas s h ki nd 19 ring the 3 r an as th ed by with late st 30 ve t es/ 1 lis a 68)/ and a 0-yr early e mos eit ear a rr yea imes 976 gain for lat peri spr t ex her t h ly o cc i va I o rs (19 (wit and 19 repor a t ota e fall od of ing o t reme e early ur rence f fall 47-76)/ h fish 74) and ted in I of 12 neve r record / ccurred case of Bathymetric differences on the continental shelf seem to cause the effects of stagnation to be more intense off New Jersey than in adjacent Shelf Waters off Long Island and the Delmarva Peninsula. 295 Paper 17 Page 296 The role that plankton blooms play in the generation of anoxic conditions is not clear/ but they may be a necessary ingredient. Alth boun bott t he of f 12 have oc cu agai each rebu I imi were any cons ouqh d t om f rec requ i nst led r red n f r pe ildi ted. no of i der the o h i she rui t ent ance to e v om 1 r iod ng a Du i ndi the ably occ ave s* p ment re cu s i ver ery 96 5 ). bund ri ng cat i ye bet ur renc a ca erhaps of f rrence n t he y low two to 197 Dur in ances the i ons of ars/ ter . e of tast an is h of las ox to 6 (1 g t of b nt er eit ma i n ve roph equa St oc low t 3D ygen th re 2 ye hese otto veni he r tena ry I i c e lly s ks be oxyge ye&r con e yea ars w two m spe ng f i ea r ly nee ow ffec ever caus n co s ^b cent rs f ith 12 cie s ve y spr of oxyge t on e imp e of n d i t i en c I ratio rom 1 six p -yr p migh ears i ng o abund n cone benthi c act ma the cum ons . C i ma t i c ns/ su 948 thr ot ent i a eri ods / t have (1960-6 r late ance m entr org y d u lat onsi cond eh ough I o pro been 4), fall ight at ion ani sm eve lo i ve e der i n i t i on cond i 1959 c cur r spe ct sev when ki 11 have s is s and p in f f ect g the s may t i o n s /• and ences s for er e ly there s in been LITERATURE CITED BULLOCH, D. K. 1976. Ocean kill in the New York B i ght --summer 1976. Under- water Nat. 10(1 ) :4-12. OGREN, L., and J. CHESS. 1969. A marine kill on New Jersey wrecks. Underwater Nat. 6(2) :4-12. YOUNG/- J. S. 1973. A marine kill in New Jersey coastal waters. Mar. Pol lut . Bull. 4:70. 296 AUGUST 1949, ALONG 39°50 N. LAT. TEMR (°C) OXY (ml/L) 100 ISTA N CE ( k m AUGUST 1976, ALONG 39°30'N. LAT TEMR (°C) OXY. (ml/L) i i I . I I x H Q. LJ O 75 100 DISTANCE (km) Figure 17. 1 .—Temperature and dissolved oxygen structure off central New Jersey (August 1949 data from National Oceanographic Data Center archives; August 1976 data from Sandy Hook Laboratory, NMFS)- 297 o + 10 u § +5 < X o < en LlI G_ UJ -5 -10 JASON D J FMAMJJ A RANGE OF EXTREMES 1966-1975 75 -19 76 2 en < z U o o o Figure 17.2.— Monthly sea surface temperature change, July 1975-August 1976, and its historic 1966-75 range at 39N-40N, 73W-74W (values from gulfstream. National Weather Service, ISOAA. January 1975-August 1976, and The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, January 1966-December 1974). 7fl D|J|F|M|A|M|J 70 -. D,J|F,M|A,M|J *-~ f V f V tn u. RECORD FOR » 60- RECORD FOR MONTH 60 - MONTH Vi •■" 1947-1975 ^/ o ^50- 1941-1970 x V, 50 - o '''• i\. < 40 - / 40- /••■' x-^^^v. X / *. o /P75 / / x \ t/> 5 30- •'' / — ^^4^1976 30 - 7 / \\ 0NTHLY — (V o 1 1 / *CT^ " 20 - -/--X ^ / '\— H, 10- / 29 YR MEAN / 1947-1975 5 30 YRMEAN-I94I-I970 -J V DELAWARE RIVER (TRENTON] HUDSON RIVER (P0UGHKE EPSIE ) Figure 17.3.— Monthly river discharge rates for 1976 and long-term means and extremes (from U.S. Geological Survey provisional records). 298 N|D|J I F I M|A|M|J|J|A|S|Q|N ANNUAL TREND Figure 17.4. — Subsurface (>20 m) dissolved oxygen as predicted and observed in 1976 and historical range and mean at 39N-40N, 73W-74W. 299 O / CJ rj z: «< •< / CO O ' / ZZt J / •2Z ZD I 1 Z^ >- // >- j ' / a: >- • / UJ CO >- 1 1 1 oc / rr r- oo a: a. // // UJ o cr> UJ zr » — « « — •~3 3 UJ z: ae UJ _I 1 oo rt u_ C3 o u_ CO o Cfi * O ^» GO *0 ►— « M P. X o> bo <. 1 o s m " h -zz >> a UJ -s a CD c u >- o o X s « *3- O cc ** C UJ ■a oj « £ I— u_ ro > « ;Vlu) 3SV3cJD3a N39AX0 300 Paper 18 VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF THE SHELF WATER FRONT OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN GEORGES BANK AND CAPE ROMAIN IN 1976 John T . Gunn ' INTRODUCTION Due to the tendency of forage organisms^ and thus pelagic fish stocks/ to De associated with the convergence zone of ocean fronts/' knowledge of temporal and spatial variations of the Shelf Water front position can be important to fishery scientists. Because the Shelf Water front may extend to the bottom over the continental shelf/ there is also the possibility of an effect on oenthic and demersal species. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the interaction of different species with ocean fronts also may lead to more efficient fishing efforts. This report is a product of a monitoring effort using infrared satellite imagery which records thermal features of the sea surface. Previous reports (Ingham 1976; Gunn 1978) have dis- cussed front variations from June 1973/ when data first became available/ through 1975. This report will discuss the data for 1976 and its comparisons with previous years. DATA The basis of this study is the Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis Charts 2 (Fig. 18. 1)/ drawn frcn the best infrared NOAA satellite image of the week or/ if large gaps occur on daily charts due to clouds or observational limits/ a composite of several partial images. These charts show the position of the surface thermal boundaries between the following oceanic features: Shelf Water/ Slope Water/ Gulf Stream/ and warm and cold core Gulf Stream eddies . 'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ N ar raganset t / RI 02882. 2 Produced by Environmental Sciences Group/ National Environ- mental Satellite Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20233. 301 Paper 18 DATA ANALYSIS To portray the variation of distances were measured t Lines from selected coastal lines intersect the 2C3-m 150 km) and are approximatel measured from each sateil variation (+ or - 5%) from kilometers. These distanc along each bearing line to values represent the distan the 20G-m isobaths to the fr from this isobath. the Shelf Water frontal position* o the front along 12 standard bearing points (Pig. 18.2). These bearing isobath at regular intervals (about y perpendicular to it. The distances ite chart are corrected for scale chart to chart and converted to es are then reduced by the distance the 200-m isobath. The resulting ce from the shelf edge/ as defined by ont* positive values are seaward Also* a measurement of the intrusion of Slope Water over Georges Bank was produced by measuring the area covered by the Slope Water on an overlay of the 200-m isobath. For this calculation* Georges Bank was defined as the area of the bottom at a depth <2C0 m and east of 69W in the Georges Bank region. The intrusions are expressed as a percentage of the Georges Bank area covered by Slope Water. Chart to chart scale variations are partly compensated for by using various scaled overlays. WEEKLY FRONTAL POSITIONS Inspection of the weekly frontal positions along a bearing line can suggest occurrences of excursions or intrusions and general spatial and temporal trends. Comparison between adjacent bearing lines allows the identification of events which affect more than one bearing line. Inspection of the individual weekly charts suggests possible causes such as Gulf Stream meandering or warm core eddies. The discussion of the different bearing lines is broken up into three regions: New Southern* in order to simplify evidence in the data* however* different groups. England* Middle Atlantic* and discussion. There is some of cohesiveness among the New England - The three northernmost bearing lines (Fig. 18.3)* originating from Casco Bay* ME* extend into the region where large amplitude Gulf Stream meandering and warm and cold core eddy production cause large fluctuations in the Shelf Water front position. Since the length scales of these phenomena are generally equal to or less than twice the separation of the bearing lines* this can lead to a biasing of the data and consequent misinterpretation. Consider* for example* the February-March period on the Casco Bay bearing lines. The graph of Casco Bay 12 indicates an intrusion which peaks at the beginning of March. The graph of Casco Bay 140 indicates an 302 Paper 18 ex curs Bay 16 betwee 150 km Large Bay 12 i ntrus eddy/ eddy* Casco T hus f Luctu m id-Ju beari n Line the Ca caused also a Althou t h i s/ ion th 0/ sho n the Ins warm bea ion o but hi and t h Bay 16 care at ions Ly. g Line to th sco Ba by a ssoci a gh th the ot at p us a pe pect cor ri ng f t t an us s be mu . N Lo-ng S/. a e ne y 12 Lar ted e Ca her eaks gra ak ion e e Li he are howe ar in st ote er nd b xt . be ge m with SCO two at duaL excu of t ddy ne f ron a of d an 9 Li be that peri ette The arin eand a L Bay Line the off rs i o he w at cr os t. She exc ne m us a od r co 2 1 g Li er a arge 140 s sh same shor n a eek L the sed The Lf ursi easu ed s i m t ren r re L /2 !D ne f nd w i nc Line ow d t i ne/ e to o nd in y char beg inn the Casco Water on of red a when i Lar ds ar at i on o n t h i rom J arm co rease does ef i ni t and t nshore trusio t s sho i ng of eddy Bay 1 entra the Sh more r int erp occur r e mo r exist nt r us i uly t re edd in the not sh e shor he thi t rend n was ws the Febru and t 40 bea i ned eLf Wa ea L i st ret ing ence e re L s fro on wh i o mid y form area ow s t r ewa rd rd gr . Th app form ary . hu s ring by a ter f i c me sho took i ab Le m on ch sh -Sept at ion of SL ong e di spL aph/ e d i s r ox im at ion The showe mi sse pre ront . an t rt p pi ac on e be owed ember whi c ope W viden aceme Ca s co tance at e Ly of a Casco d an d the v i ous The rend . er iod e in these ar i no up on was h was ate r . ce of nt s . The Casco Bay 120 bearing Line shows the greatest fluctuation of the threes with the Casco Bay 140 line showing Large fluctuations only in the first three months of the year, and the Casco Bay 160 Line showing only minor fluctuations during the whole year. Middi Nantu first Hook^ f Luct a nu in t sect i m i ddl the f ront Point I aste of t lines close excur some e_ Atjla_n cket I th ree a to u at i ons mber of h e beg on) . T e Atlan more so a I disp / and d until he fro in thi r to s ion i n bear i no. sLan bear ngue dur bea ioni hi s ti c uthe lace San the nt s re thei lat lin - This r d to A i ng I i ne of SI ing Janu ring Lin ng of result ed bearing r n beari ment to dy Hook end of in late gion did r mean e August es . eg ion Lbema S/ Ma ope ary-M es wa July i n a lines ng li ok p Line Octob Augu not posi was con r le ntuc date arch s a (al lar C nes/ lace s, t er/ st. seem t i on sudd si sts Sound ket/ r mo . Th la rge so m ge in loud but C his d inter The to r s af en/ t of (Fi Mont ving e ne are ent i t rus cove it w n t i sp I rupt t hr e e ccv ter akin six b gs. 1 auk off xt ev a of oned ion o r obs as ob he N a c erne ed by e mos er as this g pla ear in 8.3-1 Point s hore ent t S Lope i n bserv cured v ious ant uc nt ap a La t sou well exc ce in 9 M 8.5) / a cau hat Wat the ed o the tha ket / pear rge t he r and ursi a nes nd sed aff er f pre n al eve t a Mo s to ex cu n be rem on . wee f rom n the Sandy la rge ect ed ormed vious L six nt on la rge nt auk have rs ion ar i ng ai ned The k on i n southern bearing lines suffer from large gaps months due to cloud cover (Fig. 18.5). n«r nuiiiucr oiiu ampiiLuuc ui excursions and intrusions in this region were smaller than on the bearing lines farther north. The nn I \/ ucl I .rnrral at orl mr\womor»+- nrruppofl r\ n the Tor>Q Co^»» anrl fa qc Soy£he£Q - The the data during the summer The number and amplitude of excursions ■ s- ^ i w r t ¥•*-**- ^Ul u L t \* l i I I U I I VII bll ^ V C C« I IIIV! I I MCO I Q I I, IIC I HUI Ilia I only well-correlated movement occurred on the Cape Fear and Ca Roma in lines. A seaward excursion in late September and Octob er 303 Paper 18 changed to a significant intrusion in Late November. Inspection of the weekly charts showed that during this period/- the Gulf Stream had meandered offshore and a relatively large area of Slope Water forced the Shelf Water front to impinge on the coast. MONTHLY MEAN FRONTAL POSITIONS The monthly mean frontal positions are shown in Figure the three complete years of data collection. Care exercised in interpretation since the number of weeks varies (due to lack of data because of clouds* occasionally only one weekly value was available for (about 5% of the time) . 18.6 for should be averaged etc.) and t he mont h Definite tendency for seasonality exists for the bearing lines from Casco Bay 120 to Sandy Hook. In all three years* these bearing lines tend to be more offshore from January to May than they are for the June to December period. There are exceptions to this* such as Casco Bay 120 in 1975* also Sandy Hook does not hold to this trend as well as the other bearing lines. However* the overall tendency was strong. The amplitude of this seasonal variation for most of the bearing lines was 30-40 km* although variations of 100-150 km exist. Seasonal variation was not as consistent on the other bearing lines and on some* there was little indication of it. The Cape May and Cape Henry bearing lines show little seasonal variation* but seem to be affected by shorter period fluctuations and aperiodic occurrences. The Albemarle Sound bearing line showed a seasonal cycle in 1974 and 1975* being onshore the first part of the year and offshore the latter* but it did not show this cycle in 1976. The three southern bearing lines suffer from gaps in the data* making it difficult to determine if seasonal variations do indeed exist on these bearing lines. The three bearing lines do correlate well among themselves/ however* suggesting that they are affected b.y similar events. YEARLY MEAN FRONTAL POSITION The yearly mean shelf front position for 1976 agreed well with the position for the previous two years (Table 18.1* Fig 18.7a). Except for Casco Bay 120 and Sandy Hook* the 1976 positions were close to those for 1974 and 1975. The Casco Bay 120 mean position was considerably more seaward (about 40 km) and the position for Sandy Hook was slightly more shoreward (about 304 Paper 18 2 5 km). This was also evident in the monthly mean frontal positions (Fig. 18.6) discussed above. It was also interesting to note that the seaward displacements of the yearly mean frontal position from the general north-south trends at Montauk Point and Cape Henrys ace evident in all three years. The variability of the front' as reflected by the standard devia- tion (Table 18.1; Fig. 18.7b)/ increases in 1976 along the bear- inn lines from Nantucket to Cape Henry. Inspection of the weekly frontal position graphs seems to confirm this* with greater amplitude excursions and intrusions more prevalent in 1976. INTRUSION OF SLOPE WATER OVER GEORGES BANK The measurement of the area of Georges Bank covered by Slope Water confirms the seasonality of the shelf front in this region (Fig. 18.8). There are no intrusions of the Shelf Water front over Georges Bank in 1976 before the end of May and no large intrusions until July. This also agrees with previous years* data. Large intrusions occurred in the latter part of July and early part of August and September/ with maximum coverages of 21%/ 11%/ and 16% respectively. Generally/ Georges Bank was portly covered by Slope Water from July until November. This type of seasonal coverage also occurred in the previous years . two LITERATURE CITED GUNN/ J. T. 1978. Variations in the position of the Shelf Water front off the Atlantic coast between Cape Romain and Georges Bank in 1975. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 213-228. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. INGHAM/ M. C. 1976. Variations in the shelf water front off the Atlantic coast between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 17—1 — 1 7 — 2 1 . U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MAR MAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. 305 Table 18.1. — Sample size, mean separation, and standard deviation of Shelf Water front position along standard bearing lines, 197U-76. Sample size 2 197U 1975 1976 Mean 197U separation 3 1975 1976 Standard deviation Bearing line 1 197U 1975 1976 Gasoo Bay 120° 30 38 30 U5.U 72.2 119.6 70.9 59.0 76.1 Casco Bay 11+0° 31 38 33 35. k o.k 39-7 61+. 22.6 k6.6 Casco Bay l60° 36 kl 37 6.1 -2.9 1.1 39.3 26.1 27.3 Nantucket l80° 37 35 ko 0.6 S^ -1.1 38.5 37.8 $S^ Mont auk Pt 150° 3k 35 kl 19.8 8.8 1U.5 36.7 38.3 6k.Q Sandy Hook I3O 36 35 k3 1.2 -k.k -17.0 U6.8 U5.o 57.8 Cape May 130° 38 3k kh U.i -7.3 -2.5 31.8 3U.8 k6.k Cape Henry 95° U0 32 kl 17. k 7.3 6.6 36.1; 39.5 1+7.1 Albemarle Sd 90° 1+0 31 kl -11.5 -16.7 -17.0 2U.6 32.5 32.2 Cape Lookout 135° 2k 31 37 -18.2 -2k.$ -17.1 20.1 28.9 19.3 Cape Pear 11+0° 19 28 36 -20.2 -35.8 -29.6 U0.5 38. k 29.2 Cape Romain II4.O 21 22 32 -9-9 -U0.2 -17.5 1+3-1+ 33.3 35.7 ^See Figure 18.2. ^ Number of weekly positions of front. Distance (km) of front from 200 m isobath; positive is seaward. 306 EXPERIMENTAL GULF STREAM ANALYSIS NOAA-2 SATELLITE THERMAL INFRARED VHRR Observed: *1' 3o APRIL VV1* PLEASE FORWARD COMMENTS TO: NOAA-NESS Suite 300 3737 Branch Ave., S.E. Washington, D.C. 20031 Attn: Environmental Sciences Group \ G.S. Gulf Stream WE. warm eddy SIW Slope Water ShW Shelf Water - sharp thermal gradient - less distinct thermal front BERMUDA Figure 18.1.— Example of weekly Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis chart produced by Environmental Sciences Group, NESS, NOAA, Washington, DC. 307 45' 40' 35° - 30* 25« 80* 75* 70* 65* Figure 18.2.— Twelve standard bearing lines used in the portrayal of the time variations of the Shelf Waterfront positions relative to the 200-m isobath (dotted line). 308 400 300 200 100 CO * » r < _ ^ 7 ' i r CASCO BAY 160 ^'T > ^/ClS^Ag*«^^ r^y^S M K^MikVC^ i — i — r i — i — r NANTUCKET IS. 180° ^ / *A :.<<> J F M A j M J AS N ' D MONTH Figure 18.3.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing lines for New England and the Middle Atlantic regions. 309 300- 200 - 100 - - -100 - 200 - 100 - - CO cr LU |— -100 - LU O 200 - 100 - — -100 - 200 - 100 - - -100 - MONTAUK PT. 150° 7 ■7^ ^rr y^W^^ \ i i r SANDY HOOK 130° x^r \~ W/V- ,; In \/\ • '• a A t \ f^A^— -^ \ i i i r \ CAPE MAY 130° \ r ^^»5^>4i^-(> ; ""''-"' A h-^ - y.xfo.^^/- "\ / V \ J? 1 1 1 1 1 1 CAPE HENRY 95° i — r \?Z*~^^^ J I F | M | A I M I J | J I A | S | | N | D MONTH Figure 18.4.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing lines off the Middle Atlantic region. 310 300 ■ 200 - 100 - UJ 200 100 UJ o 200 - 100 - ■ -100 H 200 - 100 - ■ -100 - ALBEMARLE SD. 90 /•'^-^.O- ^^^l '''' ' " A u^ \^-\ ^^: CAPE LOOKOUT 135° 1976 -- /S75 1974 ^^^3;^- / CAPE FEAR 140 / / *?*+ ^v^^V = ■ >/ -V-. \-V" v I i CAPE R0MAIN 140° x'\ ^ v. V& fImIaImIjIjIaIsIoInId MONTH Figure 18.5.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing lines off the Middle Atlantic and southern regions. 311 9 74 1975 1976 — /X CB 120 - CB 140- CB 160 - NT 180 MP 150 - SH 130 - CM 130 - CH 95 - AS 90 - CL 135 CF 140- CR 140 y --= / /\ / \/ /"- \/ / / \. ^.. y V I 200 KM I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND MONTH Figure 18.6.— Monthly mean Shelf Water front positions, relative to 200-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing lines. 312 bd 100 - 2^ < UJ 50 - - -50 - i — i — r^l — I — I — I — I — rn — i — T CB CB CB NT MP SH CM CM AS CL CF CR 120 140 160 180 150 130 130 95 90 135 140 140 I I I I I I I I I I I > L±J Q Q tr < o 21 < V) Figure 18.7. — Annual mean Shelf Water front positions relative to 200-m isobath (positive is seaward) and standard deviation of position at each standard bearing line, 1974-76. 100 - 50 - - 313 Q 50 LU 40 - (T > 20 - O 30 - o jo 10 - o - 1976 1975 1974 / A / \ i i / \ M M N MONTH Figure 18.8.— Percent of Georges Bank covered by Slope Water, 1974-76. 314 Paper 19 TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF AND SLOPE SOUTH OF NEW ENGLAND DURING 1976 R. Wylie Crist and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 1 INTRODUCTION This report continues for a third year a series of analyses beginning with 1974 (Chamberlin 1976/- 1978) that are intended to reveal the principal temperature variations on the continental shelf and upper continental slope south of New England* with emphasis on bottom temperatures. Includea are the vertical temperature sections on which the analysis is based* as well as a contoured diagram of bottom temperatures derived from the sections. Similar bottom temperature diagrams for 1974 and 1975* and a long-term monthly mean bottom temperature diagram for the years 1940-66* are available for comparison in the report for 1975 (Chamberlin 1978). PREPARATION OF VERTICAL SECTIOMS AND BOTTOM TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM As in previous years* this analysis has depended on the cooperation of scientists who made data available from cruises that traversed the shelf south of New England in a generally north-south direction (Fig. 19.1). Sixteen sections have been used (Appendix 19.1)* obtained from cruises of eight different research vessels. These temperature sections are not from along a single line* but from an area up to 90 nm (170 km) wide at the southern end centering on about 71 WOO ' (Fig. 19.1). Ambiguities introduced to the analyses by the lack of -spatial coincidence amonq the sections have been previously discussed (Chamberlin 1976* 19?8). The vertical temperature sections constructed for each transect have uniform distance and depth scales (Appendix 19.1). All sections were constructed from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) 'Atlantic Environmental Group* National Service* NOAA* Narranansett* RI 28 82. Mar i ne Fisheries 315 Paper 19 data plotted directly from the traces/ except section 7 which based on mechanical bathythermograph data. i s The bottom temperature diagram (Fig. 19.2)/ prepared by the same method as in previous years/ is an interpretation of where isothermal surfaces intersected the bottom throughout the year (Chamberlin 1978). The oc ac cord as dur were (EOFA) satell us ed f of ea bounda eddy c appare (eddy satell durati in F i u ncert su rf ac their occasi Water eddy . currence o ance wi t h ation line determined and f r it es . Th or the 197 c h I i ne i ry of the omp letely nt ly passe 76D) show ite imager on I i nes gure 19.2 a i n . Le s s e temperat passages ons from t in the pa f warm core Gulf Stream eddies/ numbered in Mizenko and Chamberlin (Paper 15)/ are indicated s at the bottom of Figure 19.2. The durations from the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis om infrared imagery from NOAA environmental e duration lines are based on the same criteria 5 analysis (Chamberlin 1978)/ that is/ the start s on the approximate day when the western surface eddy crossed 70Wli> 1 and the line ends the day the passed south of 39N30*. Of the three eddies that d south of New England during 1976/ only the last ed a clear surface temperature contrast in the y/ and thus could be tracked with assurance. The of the first two (eddies 76B and 76C) are dashed because their times of passage are rather strongly developed than eddy 76D/ they showed no ure contrast in the satellite imagery during and were detectable only by inference on a few ongues of Shelf Water projecting into the Slope ttern generally associated with entrainment by an HIGHLIGHTS OF TEMPERATURE SECTIONS The following sections are illustrated in Appendix 19.1. Section 1. NOAA RV Kelez Cruise 76-01/ 4 February. Temperatures in this short section from the inner shelf were 3C colder offshore to 7C colder inshore than in mid-December/ seven weeks earlier (Chamberlin 1978). The water was mixed to a depth of about 20 on. The 1-2C temaerature inversion in the underlying water indicated the presence of warm Slope Water near bottom on the outer shelf . Section 2. NOAA RV KeUz Cruise 76-02/ 9-10 February. Thermal structure in this detailed section was unusually 2 Issued weekly by the U.S. Navy Oceanogr aph i c tions Research Division/ Suitland/ MD 20374. Office/ Applica- 316 Paper 19 comp le about warm cont ac of the 13C w sect io W ater i mager the e deep S be Low F i gure on the w as su Hacker of su r Water . this t Waters f ront . At Lant ( south of Ne the pa 2 Febr t r ansp x . In 50 m/ S lope ted b warm ate r n. Th front y 3 rev ast o Lope W 100-m 19.2. botto bs i di n (197 face w The ype of but Anal i c co ward) w Eng I ssage ua ry ort . the th Wat otto Slop at ere at ea le f th ater de Th m at g at 6) ater i s eve a Is ys i s ast comp and of a may cen e v er m a e Wa incr was th d th e se /• ca pth/ e is dep the sugg s/ a ot he nt/ o i of dur i onen (Ing sev hav t r al p ert i ca cont ai t dept ter we easina a I so a e sur is exc ct ion using wa s olat ed t hs ar time ested c compa rm pa not on n off averag ng 197 t for ham/ P ere st e bee art of I Ly Ti ning hs aro re rev midd mar ke fa ce ursi on line. ma rked evide body ound 1 the se that w ni ed b ttern ly in shore e mont 6 show Februa aper 1 orm t h n a the i xed S an is und 90 ea led ept hs d seaw (10C a to ha In ad reduc nt in of rel 30 m i ct i on i n d s m y a re of se the surf ac h L y w i ed an ry in 2). S at mov factor sec t i on/ helf Wate o Lated 1 m . Addi by two mu in the of a rd ex cur t about 3 v e been m di t ion/ s t ion of b the se ct a t i ve I y c ndi cat ed was mad sy for ce turn f lo c t i on 2 w upwel Lin e disp lac nd -driven anoma lous t he S lope t rong wes e d up the in the at r was 2-13C t iona ch la f shor s ion 9N35* ore p t rong ott om ion/ old that e . offsh w of as co g of ement t ran ly st Wate t erl y At la off aept hs unde r core I d i s r rge r c e part of the ) . Sa ronoun upwe I tempe as wel water t he up Boi cou ore t r deep nsi ste deep of th sport rong o r a rea winds nti c c s hore be low lain by that upt i ons e I Ls of of the Slope tellite ced to I i ng of ratu res I as in (<11C) welling rt and anspo rt S Lope nt with S Lope e slope off the ff shore south dur i ng oast on surface Section 3. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-01/ 23-24 February. The mixed Shelf Water was 0.5-2C colder than in the previous section/ made two weeks earlier/ and was at the minimum observed during the year. The underlying intrusion of warm Slope Water on the outer shelf was of similar dimensions to that in the previous section/ but Lacked an isolated core of water warmer than 12C. Sect Th temp dept Unli 1978 oute <12C cont bott the t emp ion e ve erat h (a ke ) / w r s )/ t ra ry om i S lo erat 4. rti c ure bout the hi ch helf he 1 / 13 n ea pe ures NOAA ally from 60 sec sho to 976 C wa ch o Wate may RV Al mixed a mon m) whe t i ons wed t e be sect io ter oc f the r zon be as batr She th e re t fro mper at ns cu r r Febr e. soci OSS I lf~Wa ar Li e he s m th atur e their i ndi c ed ne uary- This ated V Cruis ter/ al r (sect lope f e L ate s of th annua ated n ar bott *!arch 1 cont i with e 76-0 though ion 3 ) ront w int e e w arm L mini o sue om/ an 976 se nuat io the a 2/ 25 lit / ext was r of Slop mum i h mi d 12C ct i on n of noma L -26 Ma tie c ended more 1975 ( e Wate n Marc n i mum. water s that warm S ous ly r ch . h ange to gr wi t hd C hamb r on h (ma On cont i nc lope wa rm d in eater ra wn. er I in the x i m u m the acted Luded Wat er air EOFA (Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis)/ 4 and 11 February 317 Paper 19 temperatures along the Atlantic coast in February and subsequent moderate air temperatures during the spring (Dickson 1976; T aubensee 1 976 ) . Section 5. Polish RV Wi.eczno Cruise 76-01/- 10-11 April. The first rise in Shelf Water temperatures (<1C) was evidenced in this section shoreward of the 63-m isobath. At the bottom/ the slope front was withdrawn offshore to the greatest depth observed during the year. As a results bottom temperatures were at their observed annual minimum in depths of 80-150 m. Section 6- Duke University RV Eastward Cruise E2B76/ 11-12 May. Development of the seasonal thermocline had defined the underlying cold core which had a temperature minimum of about 5.5C. A "bubble" of water colder than 7C appeared to be separated from the seaward side of the cold core. The slope fronts with the 10C isotherm contacting bottom at a depth of <85 m, was at a more normal shoreward position than in the previous section. Section 7. Sea Education Association RV Westward/ 16-17 May. This section/ constructed from mechanical bathythermograph data/ resembled the previous one made five days earlier/ although on the shelf the minimum temperature in the cold core was about 1C lower (4.2C) and the maximum in the warm Slope Water was 1C higher (14. 6C). Detachment of water from the offshore side of the cold core appeared to be in progress. The elevation in bottom temperature to 13C at depths below about 120 m/ as well as the 14. 5C water/ indicated the presence of Gulf Stream warm core eday 76B beyond the offshore end of the section (Fig. 19.2). Section 8. WHOI RV Knorr Cruise 58/ 1-2 August. Surface temperatures/ as well as the steepness and shallowness of the thermocline/ were at their observed annual maximums. Five separate bodies of minimum temperature water (colder than 9C) appeared in the cold core bottom water on the shelf/ and a "bubble" of 9.5-10C water appeared to have "calved" from the offshore side of the core. The slope front lay shoreward of the 1 00-m isobath/ as in the previous two sections/ but had an unusually vertical configuration at depths below about 25 m. Section 9. WHOI RV Qce.3nus. Cruise 13-111/ 12-13 August. This section apparently showed cooling effects from hurricane Belle/ which crossed the shelf in a northward direction/ with its center between 70 WOO* and 70W30'/ three days before. Surface temperatures were 2-5C below those in the previous section/ made a week before the hurricane/ the thermocline was depressed about 10 m/ and the thickness of the cold core bottom water was reduced c oncommi t ant ly . Temperatures in the cold core were more homogeneous than in the previous section/ and the minimum was a degree warmer/ but there was a similar "calved bubble" colder 318 Paper 19 than 10C near the offshore side of the core. Warm core eddy 76C/ Located beyond the offshore Limit of the section (Fig. 19.2) was presumed to have been the source of the isolated body of 1 3 — 1 4 C water centered at about 9Q-m depth in the S Lope Water zone. infLections of isotherms were beneath this body. Section 10. wHOI RV Knorr Cruise 58-111/ 27-28 August. Surface temperatures were warmer than in the previous section (section 9)/- made two weeks oefore/ but remained about 2C cooler than in section 8/ made prior to hurricane Belle. (In Later sections/ surface temperatures were also cooler than in section 8/ except in section 12 made in early October.) The thermocline was nearer the surface than in section 9/ but remained deeper than in section 8 and less sharply defined. Slow warming was apparent in the cold core water/ which also had a "calving" tendency at its offshore margin. Section 11. WHOI RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 18-19 September. Surface temperatures were about the same as in the previous section^ made a month earlier/ but were 2C warmer in the cold Sect Su 2C 20 d t he t emp i n t he when Octo Stat r err feat eye I r eac feat i ndi to a t emp pr ev ion 1 r f ace co Ide ays e deep er atu se ct i of fsh cool be r w es ( es ent ur e on ic hed ur e. ca ted bove er atu ious 2. WH t empe r t han ar L ier eni ng res/ f on 12 / ore di i ng is ere a b see C s an i in t h s I ope the s Influ be Low 13C at res w sec ti o 01 RV ratu r over / and of rom a wit recti no rm norma h ambe nf lux e up f ront helf / x of the dept ere a n and Qce es a the the the bout h t on . a L a lly r I in of per edd nea warm subs hs a bout uas anus t the same onse surf the he di This nd in low a and wa rm 150 y. i r the Slo ur f a c round 15.5 the Cruise sho re dspth t of v ace I 65- to f f e ren rise a yea long t Arms S Lope ti at f SO/ surfa pe Wa e by t 70-80 C / w h i ma x i mu 15/ ward s of ert i ayer 120 ce i in t r wh he e t ron Wate X3T wa r ce/ ter he r m. ch w mob 8 end wat ca L -m i nc re empe en t nt ir g' r . sta m S by e to i se At as 3 se rv ctob of e r i mi xi In soba asin ratu he a e co Pape The t ion lope nt ra the i n b the .5C ed d er . the n se ng w cont ths/ g to re/ i r t ast r 11 pr s 31 Wa i nme sh otto bott wa rm u r i n sec ct io as a rast we abo i n empe of t )/ om in 7-31 ter nt a elf m te om a ert q th t ion n 11/ ppare / su re w ut 1. a s ratur he U presu ent 8 may may round wa s mpe r a t 50- han i e yea were made nt in rf ace armer 7C in eason es in ni ted mab ly domed be a have this also tu res 60 m/ n the r . Section 13. N0AA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 23-24 October. As a result of continued autumn cooling/ the Shelf Water was 4-5C colder than in section 12/ made two weeks earlier/ and 319 Paper 19 vertically mixed to a depth of 50 m. In the warm Slope Water at the offshore end of the section/ vertical mixing was also evident to a depth of 50 m/ and surface temperatures were colder by 3-5C. The few degrees rise of Slope Water temperatures in the 50- to 100-m depth range off the shelf also may have been the result of the vertical mixing. The zone of minimum temperature bottom water (colder than 13C)/ at depths of 80-100 m/ was a degree colder than in the previous section. This temperature decline, if not a data artifact/' may have resulted from advection of colder water from the east or west/ or from upwelling of Slope Water/ as indicated by the steep slopes of the 9-15C isotherms near bottom at depths below 120 m. Section 14. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 9 November. The vertically mixed Shelf Water/ 2-3C cooler than in the previous section/ had become colder than the underlying Slope Water/ beyond the 60-m isobath. Within this underlying Slope Water/ the minimum temperature i»ater lay on the bottom (<13C at 105 m depth)/ as in the previous section/ but was greatly diminished in cross sectional area. Temperature elevation in the warm Slope Water area beyond the shelf break and the deepening of isotherms at. the bottom in depths below 120 m presumably reflected the presence of warm core eddy 76D/ centered beyond the offshore end af the section (Fig. 19.2). Sect De spac w as bef o cool shel i s ob core pr ev temp 75 m appa I i mi ion 1 tails i ng about re . er by f/ e at h. of i o us e r at u / wer rent I t of 5 . NOAA in this between 3C colde T e mp e r a t about 2C xt end i ng Within t mi ni mum two sect i res in e 2 C cool y ref lect the se c t i RV R sect XBT r th ures / bu som he w tern ons the er t ed t on ( esearch ion wer st at i on an i n t in t t this e unmea arm S lo pe ra tur appar e S lope han in he pres Fig. 19 er C e u s . he he wat e sure pe W e th ntly date the ence .2) . rui s ncer The prev unde r oe d di at er at w no r / w pr of e 11 tain i/ert i ous r I yi net r stan on as s lo a rme e v i o eddy -76/ be ica I se ng S ated ce s the een nge r r t h us 76D 27-2 cause ly mi ct i on lope far horew out at th e xi an 16 sect i beyo 8 Nov of xed S mad Water t he r a rd o er s e bot sted . C to on/ nd th ember the helf e 18 were onto f the helf/ torn i Ma a dep but e off wide Wa te r days also the 50-m the n t he xi mum th of sti 11 shore Section 16. WH0I RV Kngrr Cruise 62/ 21 December. The Shelf Water temperatures were only 1.5 —2 C colder than in the previous section made three weeks before/ presumably because of relatively mild air temperatures along the Atlantic coast during December (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11). Nevertheless/ these water temperatures/ being colder than at the same time in December of the previous two years (Chamberlin 1978)/ did seem to reflect the unusually cold air temperature that prevailed along the coast during fall 1976/ especially in October and November (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11). For example/ bottom temperatures shoreward of the Slope Front in 320 Paper 19 sect 2.5C occu the rema appa bott eddy th is at sect co Lu sate appa the ion 1 co L pi ed prev i ned/ rent I om at ing eddy the ion* mn s 1 1 i t e re nt I of fsh 6 ave der the b ious one y is dept ef f ec to h time the s ugges imagi y onl ore e raged a than i ottom o four of whi c o I ated hs of b ts of w ave mov the se t e e p t h ted th e of on y a tar nd of t bout n 19 n t he sect i h con body 5-135 arm c ed we ct i on erma I e in e day ge pa he se 3.5C 75. out ons/ tact of ni/ ore stwa Mas f ro shor La tch ct io co Lder The i er shelf but is ed botto 13-14C and may eddy 76D rd ent i r Tiade . 4 nt in th e edge o t er di of warm n . than nt rus has o late m at w at have Sa e ly b At t e upp f a w d no S lope in i ve more d re a rou er been tell eyon he o er 1 a rm t s Wat 1974 Slop with mnant nd 65 also form i te i d the f fsho 20 m co re how e r ce / and e Wat e drawn t s of 9C -m dept rested ed by c mage ry se ct i o re end of the eddy/ b an edd nte red about r that han in water h. An on the ount e r s howed n line of the water ut the y but beyond BOTTOM TEMPERATURES IN 1976 Ihe Shelf Wate_r Cyc_le The seasonal bottom temperature cycle in the waters south of New England is most pronounced in the Shelf Water region/ shoreward of the zone where Slope Water contacts bottom (Colton and Stod- ard 1973; Wright 1976). A general chronology and description of the seasonal Shelf Water cycle for this region is given by Bigelow (1933). Duri ng about observ 1974 ( Chamb as in t emper m i d-Ma be low ext rem coast mi nimu v a lue the 5 i sot he t rend 1976)/ m i ni mu 1976 30- at i on and er lin Feb ature rch 3C. e ly in Fe m ob is wi 0-m rms m c onf alth m at / th m d s f r 197 5 19 7 r uar at 197 5 Th w arm brua serv thi n i sob oved orne oug h 75 e obs ept h om as / th 8) in y 19 depth i t e e a air ry (D ed bo the ath/ seaw d cl the -m de e rve i n sha e bo di ca 76. s ar was r ly te i cks t torn rang cool ard osel re co pth/ d mi ear I low ttom ted In ound be war mper on 1 t em e de ing to t y t rded for m mum Ly f as 3 temp that Mar 30 low 3 mi ng ature 976) . perat sc r i b cont i he jp o th mini exam bott ebrua m w er atu the n ch 1 m ro C and i n con In ur e tt ed by nued per s at i mum w pie/ om tern ry. ere I re di a i n i mum 976/ se ab in Ma 1976 d it ion dept as abo Bige at the lope . n 1974 as so was ab pera Alth acki gram s w e howe ove rch was s a hs ut 4 low bot The and mewh out ture ough ng f s for re ab ve r/ 4C/ 1974 cons long of 4 C in (193 torn i t i mi 1975 at w 1 C wa was 2.5 t emper or Feb those out the the b wherea was pro i s t e n t the Atl C-50 m, March . 3). B nto Apr ng of (Chamb armer . rmer th C/ at ature ruary years same ot torn s in bably with ant i c the This eyond i I as this er I i n The an in 4 E0FA (Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis)/ 22 December 321 Paper 19 1974/ and 2C warmer than in 1975. The extent and timing of this cooling may be controlled by movement of the Slope Front. However/' the fact that the deepening of the isotherms on the outer shelf had occurred in April during each of the three years/ suggested the alternative explanation that the minimum Shelf Water temperatures of early spring promoted cross-frontal mixing with the warm Slope Water. Salinity data will be necessary to determine which explanation is correct. Shoreward of the 5G-rr. isobath/ the bottom water began to warm by mid- March/ rising to about 7C (warmer inshore) before thermal stratification set in by early May/ and established this water as an isolated cold core. Although data were were not obtained during June and July/ it appeared that summer temperatures in the cold core were similar to those in 1974, but about 1C warmer than in 1975. The passage of hurricane Belle across the shelf on 9-10 August/ with its center about 100 nm (185 km) west of where data were collected for this analysis/ was apparently quite influential in cooling and deepening the surface layer south of New England (see discussion of section 9)/ but had no obvious effect on bottom temperatures as seen in the sections. Cooling of the surface layer and vertical mixing broke down the cold core near the end of September/ about a month earlier than in the previous two years. As a result/ midshelf bottom temperatures at depths around 75 m reached the observed annual maximum (14-15C) by early October/ which is also a month earlier than in 1974 and 1975. The maximum values were similar/ however/ in all three years. Following en incursion of Slope Water toward the end of October/ which inter rupted the seasonal progression/ Shelf Water cooling at the bottom was rapid to a deoth of 75 m/ and by the end of the year reached values/ at that lower depth/ about 4C lower than in 1974 and 1975. The early breakdown of stratification and strong cooling presumably resulted from unusually cold atmospheric conditions during October and November following below normal air temperatures during the summer (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ P a p e r 11). Sio^e Water Events The Slope Water/ a band lying between the Shelf Water and the Gulf Stream and having intermediate temperature values/ is separated from the Shelf Water by a thermal gradient that Wright (1976)/ in an analysis of historical data from 1941 to 1972/ the found to have an average midpoint temperature ot l U C in region south of New England/ except for a brief period following the fall overturn when the minimum temperature Shelf Water is 322 Paper 19 frequently warmer than 1 0C . bright range warm S oute r Gulf S mask outer of the outer ma x i mu great more, t he ou the g Ch ambe mean v depth i ntrus Water water to 197 also f rom Lope W shelf tream season shelf/ warm c o n t i m bot ma j or i the ter sh reat r I i n 1 a lues zone i ion o from t i s not 6. ca I c 12. ater . A Wate aL i t SLop nent torn ty o ma xi elf ma j o 978) are s th f c he b e vi u lat ed 3C to that It houg r or u events i s app e Wate a I sh tempe f the mum lo for th ri ty Par colder at the old L ot t om dent i a n 14 norm h no pwel in aren r do elf. ratu t i me ng-t e ye of t of tha y we abra sout n an annua .6C f ally nseas ting the t/ ne es no Du res ( see er m m ars 1 the the n the re pa dor h of y of I mean or t he under li onal e\i of deep S lope tf verthet t or din r i ng 1 were b also C onthly 94C-66 time ( reason 1974-7 rtly ba Coastal New Eng the tern of 13 maxim es th ents/ Slo ater ess/ ar i ly 974-7 etwee h ambe me an were Colto that 6 tern sed o Wat land perat .2C urn t e Sh sue pe near that con 6/ n 1 r I in bott betw n a Colt pera n da e r d (Col u re and a emper elf W h as Water the the tact for 2.0C 1978 om t e een 1 nd S on an tu res ta fr i sp la ton sect i mean atures ater n incu rs / may bot torn warmes bottom examp I and 13 ). F mper at 0.0C a toddar d Sto for t om yea ced th 1968). ons f r annua I in the ear the ions of often on the t part on t he e/ t he .OC the urther- ur es on nd 12C d 1973; ddard *s he same rs when e Slope This om 1974 w r i qht that and 12 and F a c coun waves, wind f F ronta as sume d i rect how eve dur at i eddi es v a r i a t derive of Sh flow o (197 the s m o lagg t for 2) ield 1 di d to obs r/ ar on ( / al ion i d wat elf f Slo 6)/ lope ff s (19 f r baro var i stor be f e rva e kn Boi c t hou n th e r/ Wate pe W in hi f ron out he 76) s ont a I c I i ni abi I i t i ons reque t i on . own t ourt gh n e slo S lope r /■ a ater s an t in rn N ugge mo c i ty/ ca nt a T o be and ot pe f Wat ccom (Cha alys te rs ew E st ed veme ns t a and used nd m he si g Ha f r eq ront er d pani mbe r is o ecte ng I a f ou nt s : bili 4) p by i nor effe nif i cker uent pos isp I ed b lin f his d the nd 84% r poss 1) ties assage t he / but cts o cant / 1976 / may i t i on acemen y comp 19 76; t o r i c botto of ible p ropa a c ros of firs are n f wi a Itho ) . P a Is by in t / an ensat No rq al m at the mech gat i s t Gul t t o t e nd ugh assa o c j ect d of o ry ana dat a/ dept h t ime . ani sms on of he fro f Str wo me as i ly stress usua 1 1 ges of ause i on of f shore subsur nd Bis also s bet Be wh i c bar nt/ 3 earn chani asses t ra y of Gulf si gn Gulf ent r face hop 1 found ween 80 a rds ley h might ot rop i c ) local eddi es . sms are sed by nsport / brief Stream i f i cant Stream a i nment inshore 977) . During 1976/ the maximum observed bottom temperatures in the warm Slope Water zone ranged from slightly >1 2 - OC to nearly 15. OC. This range is similar to that observed in 1974/ but cooler than in 19/5/ when unusually warm/ as well as moderately colder/ temperatures occurred. The observed inter- section of the slope front with the bottom was generally at depths shallower than 100 m/ except in April when the depth was nearly the time when the Shelf alater was at its temperature in depths >7C m as described above. 120 m/ annua I during minimum 323 Paper 19 Duri bott as t abse larl stro for such of a mont det e sp ri t emp rema air ng 1 om hey nee y in no ly the a w ar h ( ct ed nq . erat i n ed te mp 976, a temper did on of a terest ev id years m i n i mu m co re Cham be in th It ures a a bow eratur s in atur at mi ing, ent 1940 m in Gul r I in at seem t su e 1 e du 1974 es in Least ni mum beca i n -66 ( Marc f Str 197 reg io s po ch a 2C du ring , no da the wa two o temper use sue Long-te Cha mbe r h 1974 earn edd 6) . I n duri s si bl e, depth ring Ma the pre ta were rm Slope cc asi ons a ture in h an eve r m month Lin 19 73 can be e y south n 1976, ng t he a Ithoug as th rch 1976 ced i na m obt a i Wate i n t e rva nt oc I y me ) . T xp lai of Ne how ent i h que e wa beca ont h ned r zo 197 I in cur r an b he a ned w En ever re st io rm use (Die to i ne f e 5. Marc ed in ottom ppa re by th g Land , no w int e nable Slope of th kson ndi c LI b The his 197 tern nt a e pe du r warm r a , th Wa e re 1976 ate e Low app par 5 an pera bsen rs i s ing edd nd at b ter cord ). that 12C, arent ti cu- d was tures ce of tence that y was early ottom zone warm Two strong incursions of Slope Water onto the upper slope and outer shelf are evident: the first in early February and the other in October; but only the latter appears to have caused shoreward displacement of the slope front (see discussion of sect i ons 2 and 13). Bott t h re Engl c aus in t eddy muc h may in t The sect sect rise the may om t e G and ed t he w 76C a s have hew o cc i ons ions i n war a L so empe ulf duri he o a rm was 80 m bee arm ur re 9 a bott m zo hav ratu Str ng 1 bs e r S Lop p ro ) at n a zone nee nd 1 In om t ne . e be re v earn 976 ved e Wa babl dep t emp , as of s 0, a Nove empe The en c ar i at i warm (Fig. e Levat ter zo y ref I th s be orary sugge uc h a It houg mber , ratu re deepe aused ons ca core 19.2). i on of ne . D ected Low 15 rise i st ed b bottom h not eddy s to a ni ng d by t hi n be a eddie Duri botto uri ng in the m. n bott y dash t empe actual 76D p bove 1 f i sot s eddy s soc s t ng M m t e mid- dee Anot om t ed ratu ly s roba 4C ( herm i ated hat p ay, e mpe ra Augus peni n her e emper I i nes re r i hown b L y c proba s at with as sed ddy 7 tures t, th g of f f ect ature i n se is in ei aused bly a depth eac sou 6B p to e pr i sot of to Fig ind the r the bove s be h of th o resu abov esen herm this abov ure i cat of obs 15C low the f New mab Ly e 13C ce of s (as eddy e 13C 19.2. ed in these erved ) in 160 nn SUMMARY Shelf Water temperatures during the spring, particularly as observed at the bottom, were about 1C warmer than in 1974 and about 2C warmer than in 1975, rrobably as a result of record warm air temperatures in February and moderate air temperatures in the following few months. Marked cooling and deepening of the surface layer was recorded on the shelf following the passage of hurricane Belle in early August . 324 Paper 19 The cold core bottom water warmed to the Level of the adjacent warm Slope Water by the end of September/ about a month earlier than in 1974 and 1975. At the end of the year/ following record cold weather in the fall/ the Shelf Water was 3-4C colder than in the previous two years . Maximum bottom temperatures in the warm Slope Water zone on the outer shelf were not recorded below 12C nor above 14C during the y ear . Three Gulf Stream warm core eddies apparently passed south of New England during 1976 (the same number as in 1974 and in 1975) but the first two/ in late spring and late summer/ were weakly developed and their influence on bottom temperatures moderate. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several scientists kindly supplied the data for the temperature sections: Robert C. Beardsley/ Woods hole Oceanog raphi c Institu- tion (WHOI)/ sections 1/ 2/ and 9; Bradford Butmari/ U.S. Geological Survey/ Woods Hole/ MA/ section 6; Steven K. Cook/ Atlantic Environmental Group (AEG)/ N^FS/ sections 8/ 10/ 11/ and 12/ William G. Metcalf/ WHOI/ section 16; Henry Jensen/ Samuel R. Nickerson/ and W. Redwood wright/ Northeast Fisheries Center/ Woods Hole/ MA/ sections 3/ 4/ 5/ 7/ 13/ 14/ and 15. Reed S. Armstrong/ AEG/ gave his usual valuable advice. LITERATURE CITED BEARDSLEY/ R. C, and C. N. FLAGG. 1976. The water structure/ mean currents/ and shelf-water/ slope-water front on the New England continental shelf. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege (Ser. 6) 10:209-225. BIGELOW/ H. B. 1933. Studies on waters on the continental shelf/ Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. I. The cycle of temperature. Mass. Inst. Technol. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteorol. 2(4)/ 135 p. B0IC0URT/ W. C./ and P. W. HACKER. 1976. Circulation on the Atlantic continental shelf United States/ Cape May to Cape Hatteras. Mem. Soc Liege (Ser. 6) 10:187-200. of R . the Sci. 325 Paper 19 CHAISE RLIN/ J. L. 1976. Bottom temperature conditions on the continental shelf end slope south of New England during 1974. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/' The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 1 8-1 — 1 8 — 7. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ 11 A R M A P (Mar. Resour. M o n i t . Asses. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104. 1V7b. Temperature structure on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1975. In J. R. Goulet* Jr. and E. D. haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 271-292. U.S. Dep. Cower./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416. C0LT0N/ J. 8./ Jr. 196b. Recent trends in subsurface temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and contiguous waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25:2427-2437. C0LT0N/ J. B./ Jr. and R. R. STODDARD. 1973. bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf/ Nova Scotia to New Jersey. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS CIRC-376/ 55 p. DICKSON/ R. R. 1976. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:660-665. MORGAN/ C.W./ and J. M. BISHOP. 1977. An example of Gulf Stream eddy-induced water exchange in the mid-Atlantic Bight. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:472-479. T AUBENSEE/ R . E . 1976. Weather and circulation of March 1976. Record heavy precipitation around the Great Lakes. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:809-814. WRIGHT/ W . R . 1976. The limits of shelf nater SDuth of Cape Cod/ 1941 to 197 2. J. Mar. Res. 34:1-14. 326 7I°30' 7I°00 70°30' 70°00' 4I°30' 4I°00' - 40°30' 40°00' - 4I°30' 4I°00 40°30' 40°00' 7I°30' 7I°00 70°30' 70°00' Figure 19.1. — Locations of vertical temperature sections included in this report. Sections are numbered chronologically. See Appendix 19.1 for identification of sections. 327 MONTH 400 F 12 3 JJ L M M 67 I I A 8 9 10 LJ L S ii 12 13 N 14 15 J L £Vtn 76 B i 1 76C D 16 I 76 D Figure 19.2.— Bottom temperatures on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1976. Temperature sections are numbered along the top margin (see Appendix 19.1). Dots mark the depth limits of the bottom data from each section. Horizontal lines at the bottom of the diagram indicate the times of Gulf Stream anticyclonic eddy passages south of New England. 328 APPENDIX 19.1 Vertical temperature sections of the conti- nental shelf and slope regions south of New England during 1976. Solid line isotherms are at 1C intervals. The dashed line iso- therms/ which appear occasionally/ are at H.5C intervals. Hatched areas represent iso- thermal water. Section 1 .- Sect ion 2 .- Section 3 .■ Sect ion 4 .- Section 5 -■ Section 6 . ■ Section 7 .■ Section 8 . - Section 9 .■ Section 10." Section 11. Sect ion 12.- Section 13. Section 14.' Sect ion 15. Section 16.' ■-N0AA PV Keiez Cruise 76-01* 4 February. -NQAA RV Kelez Cruise 76-02/ 9-10 February. -NOAA PV Albatross. IV Cruise 76-01/ 23-24 February -N0AA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-02/ 25-26 March. -Polish RV Wieczno Cruise 76-01/ 10-11 April. -Duke Univ. RV Eastward Cruise E2B76/ 11-12 May. -Sea Educ. Ass'n. RV Westward Cruise of 16-17 May. •-WH0I RV Knorr Cruise 58/ 1-2 August. •-WH0I RV Oceanus Cruise 13-111/ 12-13 August. ■-WH0I RV Knorr Cruise 58-111/ 27-28 August. •-WH0I RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 18-19 September. ■-WH0I RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 8 October. ■-N0AA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 23-24 October. •-N0AA RV albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 9 November. •-N0AA RV Researcher Cruise 11-76/ 27-28 November. ■-WH0I RV Knorr Cruise 62/ 21 December. 329 SECTION I O 30 NAUTICAL MILES SECTION 2 50 NAUTICAL MILES SECTION 3 50 - 100 - 250 300 150 - 200 - 50 NAUTICAL MILES 330 SECTION 4 x 201 202 208 210 2 'n 2I6 2I7 I II L_l I JU I. LU Q NAUTICAL MILES SECTION 5 4 6 9 10 50 — 100 150 APR 10- II i i i i r 50 NAUTICAL MILES 200 - 250 - 300 350 — 400 SECTION 6 u MAY 11-12 50 NAUTICAL MILES 331 SECTION 7 50- DC UJ (- UJ 150 100 - i — i r 50 NAUTICAL MILES I- m x 0_ UJ Q SECTION 8 5 o M A I.. I 22 +J L_J I L 10 50 - 100 150 - ~! — I — I — I — I I I I 50 NAUTICAL MILES x 2 SECTION 9 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 50 - 100 150 — 200 — 250 — 300- 350 i — i — i r 50 NAUTICAL MILES SECTION 10 50- i — i — i — i — i — r 50 NAUTICAL MILES 332 LU 300 — 350 450 - SEPT 18-19 i — i i — n i — i — i — i — i — i 50 NAUTICAL MILES SECTION 12 316 350- i — i i — r 50 NAUTICAL MILES 333 SECTION 14 en LlI 100- UJ 150- Q_ LU Q 200 250- 300- 350- SECTION 13 208 215 50 NAUTICAL MILES 200- 250- 300- 350- i — i — r 50 NAUTICAL MILES 334 SECTION 16 SECTION 15 ir Ld f- LU 100 — Q_ LU Q 150- 200- 250 300- 50 NAUTICAL MILES 304 301 50- 100 — 150 — 200 — 250 300 - 350 - 400- 450 1 — i — i — r 50 NAUTICAL MILES 335 Paper 20 CONTINUOUS PLANKTON RECORDS: ZOOPLANKTON AND NET PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT, 1976 Daniel E . Smith and Jack W . Jossi' The se phytop the Ne Plankt and re Chesap be twee Dumpsi MARMAP (1) th (2) th United of p la moni to zoopla the su asona I lankt o w York on Re sea rch eake n Amb te 106 P rogr e U.S e Inst King nkton ring nkton rvey a abu n a and cord ve Bay rose , a am o . Co it ut dam dyna seas of a re a ndance t a 1 Chesa ers (C sse Is and Li gh s par f the ast 6 e for for a m i c s i ona I warm are a I an 0-m peak PR) tow Ocea t, t Na uard Mari sou n th and co re so d d va dept h e Big (Hard ed t n We a New f a t i ona for ne En t hern e Nor long Gulf esc ri r i at ion , in th hts, we y 1939) he CPR ther St York H cooper I Mari the at vi ronme ext ens th Atla -term St ream bed . of e She I re ass . U.S ' s be at ion a rbor , at i ve ne F i -sea c ntal R i on of nt i c b change eddy zoop f an esse . Co twee HOTE a agre sher olle esea the y w h s s whi c lank d SI d b ast n t L (3 nd emen ies ctin rch Ion i ch ince h pa ton ope y C Guar he 8N, Dee t be Ser g of (IME g-t e IMER 19 ssed and Wate ont i d cu mout 71W) P twee vice dat R) o rm s has 30. th net rs of nuous 1 1 e r s h of , and Water n t he and a and f the urvey been The rough SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND VARIATIONS OF ZOOPLANKTON AND NET PHYTOPLANKTON The CPR routes are shown in Figure 20.1. Shelf Water plankton data for the New York and Chesapeake Bights are shown in Figures 20.2, 20.4, and 20.6. Slope Water plankton data for these areas are shown in Figures 20.3, 20.5, and 20.7. Because a major objective of these surveys is to describe long-term cyces, means, and trends, it was felt appropriate to present the data on an annual basis rather than wait until detailed analysis is feasible. As a result, the data are 'MARMAP Field Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, N0AA, Narragnasett, RI 028S2. Present address: Atlantic Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, N0AA, Na rragansett , RI 02882. 337 Paper 20 presented with Little comment. However/ some explanation of the units presented and the counting system which produced them is in order. The counting system used was designed to allow for the rapid analysis of large numbers of plankton samples taken monthly from large areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. P hyt op lankt on were recorded as number of occurrences per twenty 0.295- mm diameter microscopic fields taken diagonally across a section of bolting silk which had filtered 3 m 3 of seawater (a 10~n mi sample). The silk aperture size was 225 x 234 mm. Mean occurrences of each taxum per water mass per month are shown in Figures 20.2 and 20.3. Zoop thei of t abun subs mult per s amp t oge Zoop the prec in F met h pres stag lank r s he s danc titu i p li samp le s th er lank numb ludi igur ods ent es ) t on i ze . i Ik e c ted ed le ( pe r to ton er o ng es 2 see in b and were Zo were ateg for by 3 cu wa opt a >2 f a the 0-6 Co oth are cou op la est or i e each an m) . ter in t mm 11 ne ed and lebr size pres nted by nkton t i nt a t e d s . An cat eg o a I iquot F i na mass p he numb were a animals for an 20.7. ook (1 cat ego ented s ei t he a xa <2 to f "ace ry/ an facto lly/ e r mon er s s h na lyze on a I i qu For 96D). r i es ( epe r a t r of mm s all e p t e d d th r to the th (s own i d in a si ot fa mo re Som usual e ly. t wo m een i w i t hi v a lu ese give numbe ee Fi n Fi t he s Ik w ctor . deta e ta ly di etho n a n o e" ( acce t he r s g. 2 gu re ame a s Th i Is x a o tfer ds/ d stagge ne of weight pted numbe r for a 0.1 ) w s 20.4 manne r record ese da conce f zoop ent d epe nd i red t r a s e d m e a va lues of pi 11 an ere av and e xcep ed/ t ta are rn ing lankto eve lop ng on averse et of n ) was were ankt on a ly zea e raged 20.5. t that hereby shown these n we re mental Two features of the plankton dynamics which are not obvious from the figures are mentioned below. Thecosomat e pteropods increased and decreased along with the CeraMum tripos bloom in all instances during the springtime. Compare Figures 20.2 with 20.4/ and 20.3 with 20.5. The cladoceran Penrnlia sp. dominated the plankton in October Chesapeake Bight Shelf Water samples in 1976 but were not abundant in fall samples of 1974 and 1975." Z00PLANKT0N OF A WARV| CORE EDDY A decayed warm core Gulf Stream eddy (called Eddy D by the O.S. Navy ce anog raph i c Office) was traversed by the CPR in February 1976 (Fig. 20.1). 2 Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Service/ N0AA/ Na r raganset t / RI 0PP82. Unpubl Marine data Fisheries 338 Paper 20 inated the zooplankton within the eddy but also were more numerous within the eddy than without. All other taxa of plankton were more numerous in Shelf and Slope Water samples than in the eddy samples. The history of this eddy and the distribution and abundance of these copepod species show some interesting relationships. Gotthardt (1973) showed that warm core Gulf Stream eddies form from Gulf Stream meanders/ which break off into the Slope Water forming a Gulf Stream Water ring surrounding a Sargasso Sea Water core. A Gulf Stream meander was shown southeast of Georges Bank on the 25 June 1975 Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis (EOFA) 3 chart. A week later the 30 June chart indicated a feature which was later shown to be Eddy D. The EOFA charts showed Eddy D moving westward from southeast of of Georges Bank in late June 1975 to the New York Bight area in December 1975. It appeared from the charts to be entraining Slope and Shelf Waters as it went. ^etricha lucens appeared in Chesapeake Bight Shelf Water samples in November and December 1975 and Slope Water samples in December 1975. P leuromamma. arecilis appeared in both Shelf and Slope Waters in November and December. It is likely that these two species also occurred in Slope Water in the vicinity of Fddy D. Edcy D may have been colonized by to. .lucens from the Shelf and Slope Waters which it entrained to the south of New England. During January 1976 every Slope Water sample from the New York Bight contained P. gracilis and M. Lucens./ while Shelf Water samples also contained M. lucens. It can be assumed that Eddy D entrained so-ne of these as it moved through the New York Bight Slope Water. 3 U.S. Navy Oceanogr aphi c Office* Applications Research Division* Suitland* P.D 20374. 339 Paper 20 By January and February 1976/ Eddy D had moved southwest ward from the New York Sight to the positions shown in Figure 20.1. However/ in the Chesapeake Bight Slope Water samples/ outside the eddy^ M. iyceQS and P. gracilis, had become absent by January. In February^ when Eddy D arrived in the Chesapeake Bight/ it contained more jy . iycens and £. gr.a.c_iiis than either the Chesapeake Bight Shelf or Slope Water/ and more than the New York Bight Slope Water through which it had come. However/ at this time the abundance of M. Iycens and P. gracilis was also increasina in Chesapeake Bight Shelf and Slope Waters. SUMMARY It is postulated: that Eddy D broke off from the Gulf Stream in June 1975 containing P. gracilis but no M. Iycens; that Eddy D was populated with M. iycens from entrained Shelf and Slope Waters as it traveled to the west and southwest; that M. lumens and P. gracilis reproduced more and/or survived longer in the eddy than they did in the Slope or Shelf Water; and that it is unlikely that M. Lye ens accumulated in Eddy D by simple addition of recruits from outside the eddy/ because if this were the reason for its abundance/ other Shelf and Slope Water species would be expected to have accumulated in the same manner and this was not the case. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS we thank the staffs of the U.S. Coast Guard/ Atlantic Area/ Marine Services Division; the U.S. Coast Guard Oceanog raph i c Unit; and the officers and crews of the Coast Guard cutters iiert/ 2a.LL O O o 20 — . 18 — 16 — 14 — 12 — 10 — 8 — 6 — 4 — 2 — E2E TTI* J I F * * M I A E3; 17T CHESAPEAKE BIGHT J F * * M I A I M * * * * A I S I I N MONTH Figure 20.2. — Net phytoplankton abundance in Slope Water to the seaward of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation of abundance units. 344 NY BIGHT 4000—1 3600' 2800 — 2 2400 tr. 2000 UJ oo 3 1000 1200 — 800 — 400 — — I ■ — 1 6 T 22 1 18 __ 6 — 22 6 6 •18 11 9 18- 7 1 6 | 18 V 8 ' ■19' 20 21 * •18. 21 18- •19- ■19- 20 20 21'. •19.' •20! J I F Im A M J J A S N # NO SAMPLE HI THECOSOMATE PTEROPODS 2 LARVACEA OTHE R CRUSTACEA t==i 3 EUPHAUSID CALYPTOPIS CLADOCERA 4 PENNILIA SPP 5 PODON SPP EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS 6 PARACALANUS PSEUDOCAL ANU S SPP 7 OITHONA SPP 8 CLAUSOCALANUS SPP 9 HARPACTICOIO COPEPODS 10 COPEPOD NAUPLI I TROPICAL - SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS 11 CORYCAEUS SPP 12 ONCAEA SPP 13 CALANUS MINOR COPEPODITES 1-4 14 EUCALANUS SPP COPEPODITES 1-4 15 ACARTIA DANAE 16 CENTROPAGES VELIFICATUS ^ 17 TEMORA TURBINATA COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS 18 CENTROPAGES TYPICUS 19 TEMORA LONGICORNIS 20 PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS ADULTS 21 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS COPEPODITES OTHE R COPEPODS |! H 22 OTHER COPEPODS CHESAPEAKE BIGHT E4E gg 18. 18 * * M I A :ie: J 22 18 * * Al S . 10. i m MONTH Figure 20.4.- -Zooplankton ( <2 mm) abundance per 3 m 3 in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation of abundance units. 345 # NO SAMPLE HI THECOSOMATE PTEROPODS 2 LARVACEA OTHE R CRUSTACEA t=^ 3 EUPHAUSID CALYPTOPIS CLADOCERA 4 PENNILIA SPP 5 PODON SPP EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS 6 PARACALANUS PSEUDOCAL ANUS SPP 7 OITHONA SPP 8 CLAUSOCALANUS SPP 9 HARPACTICOID COPEPODS 10 COPEPOD NAUPLI I TROPICAL - SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS 11 CORYCAEUS SPP 12 ONCAEA SPP 13 CALANUS MINOR COPEPODITES 1-4 14 EUCALANUS SPP COPEPODITES 1-4 15 ACARTIA DANAE 16 CENTROPAGES VEL1FICATUS 17 TEMORA TURBINATA COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS 777TI 18 CENTROPAGES TYPICU3 •.••■'.'.I 19 TEMORA LONGICORNIS .-.'. 20 PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS ADULTS ■ • I 21 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS COPEPODITES OTHE R COPEPODS "J 22 OTHER COPEPODS 10 CO X. \li CD 3 1200 — NY 1 3IGHT 1000 — 800 — 600 — 22 400 — 6 7 200 — 8 : ie' 22 n | T* *i* •21'- * 7 * * * ^t 6 J 1 F 1 M A M j J 1 A 1 S N — CHESAPEAKE BIGHT 21 22 * * M I A A I S I I N I MONTH Figure 20.5. — Zooplankton ( 2 mm) abundance per 3 m 3 in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation of abundance units. 347 NY BIGHT ro CD 3 45 —i 40 — 35 — 30 — 25 — 20 — 15 — 112 CHESAPEAKE BIGHT io; 10 -H :ll * * F I M 10 J I A I S I I N =10 IS 102 ^ » * M I A \0: 5= 33 ?IOj 15 * M J J % NO SAMPLE Bl FISH LARVAE 2 FISH EGGS 3 CHAETOGNATHS 4 POLYCHAETE WORMS OTHER CRUSTACEA 5 HYPERIID AMPHIPOOS 6 DECAPODS 7 DECAPOD LARVAE 8 LUCIFER SPP. 9 OSTRACODS 10 EUPHAUSID 11 EUPHAUSID JUVENILES 12 EUPHAUSID ADULTS COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS 13 METRIDIA LUCENS 14 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS □ 15 PLEUROMAMMA GRACILIS 16 CANDACIA ARMATA > i.OPICAL -SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS 17 LABIDOCERA AESTIVA 18 EUCALANUS MONACHUS 19 CALANUS MINOR 20 EUCHIRELLA ROSTRATA 21 EUCHAETA MARINA 22 UNDINULA VULGARIS * * * * A I S ITT MONTH Figure 20.7.— Zooplankton (>2 mm) abundance per 3 m 3 in Slope Water to the seaward of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation of abundance units. 348 Paper 21 SIPHONOPHORE ("LIPO") SWARMING IN NEW COASTAL WATERS--UPDATE, 1976 ENGLAND C aro Lyn A . Roge r s The Northeast Fisheries Center has continued to examine the distribution of Nanomia cara. During the winter of 1975-76 there were few reports of net-clogging organisms. In Late March and April reports from Gloucester/ MA/ indicated that fishermen again were encountering " lipo." Port agents as_ked interested fishermen to bring in samples of "lipo" and other net-clogging organisms for examination. Several fishermen from. Gloucester and Portlands ME/ collected samples. Similar organisms were collected from Al_batross IV trawl nets during fishery resource assessment surveys in Ney England coastal waters. In addition/ samples of plankton/ neuston/ and bottom sediments were collected from Cape Ann to the Wilkinson Basin and in the Scantum Basin area from the Albatross IV in April and again in May (Fig. 21.1). Examination of bottom samples which were collected with a variety of gear (naturalists' dredge/ Dietz-Lafond grab/ Ponar grab/ Smith- Mclnty re grab) 2 revealed no lipolike organisms. Plankton and neuston samples collected on the April cruise had s i phonophores at all locations/ but they were not abundant. Concentrations of Phaegcy^siis E>ouchetjH/ a planktonic alga which is enveloped in large gelatinous masses in the spring during its reproductive phase/ were also found in these samples/ with greatest densities in the more coastal (shallow) locations off Cape Ann and Newburyport/ MA. During May/ N- cara was present in the plankton. However/ as in April/ numbers were low along the entire transect. In addition/ the siphonophore colonies were smaller than those collected in autumn 197i>. During our earlier studies (Rogers 1978)/ three Northeast Fisheries Center/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Narragansett/ RI P2682. 2 Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA. 349 P 3per 21 categories of relative abundance were established based on the number of siphonophore remains in the plankton samples: high/ moderate/ ana few. All samples in spring 1976 were categorized as "few" compared to the autumn 1975-winter 1976 estimates which were generally "high." E x ami revea and w large these £ eria 8 Ion cernen and a abund deep w as s i p h o a 11 spec i at th nat i led o rm jel s nthu S ' r ted re b ant w at e ■from no^h t he e s o e lo on of s the u tubes / ly f is h . amp le s x s bo re ough/ t t o g e t h e urieu i speci e r . In an ins ores/ w samp I e f orjan cations a m p I e s su a I bryozo The how a i.j_s i hi ck t r by m n sand s thr a d d i t i ho re I as col s exa isms w samp I obt ai invert ans/ h pr inc i ever/ s an a ube of ucus . y bott oughou on/ t w ccatio lect ed mined hi ch w ed. ned ebr a ydro pa I we nemo mu The oms . t th o s a n an i n con ou Id from tes/ su ids/ s m sou r ces re Ce ne I ike d and tubes Cer i a e Gulf" mp les c d t he o the F i p t a i ned be exp t r aw I ch as all b of g £1501 antho var i are o n t h u s net s britt i va Ive elat i n hus bp_ zoan w ous o ften 2 bor ea of Ma onta i th er / peni e the ec ted i ne an ned Ph which s area typi c at th dur i ng le stars/ S/ urchins ous mater i Efialis t hich const t her mate feet in I lis is a d espe ci al aeocy_sti.s; a I so cont In ge al number is time of Apri I worms / and a I in ubes . ruct s rials ength very ly in one ai ned neral s and year Conver Bedf or been n f i sh i n of Por that was m i p r esen the in and pi P h a e o c sa 1 1 o d/ P o s i g g f r t land loss ni ma I ce of shore an k tc 2Stj_s I ps wi c hy dronr' o c c a s i were u gu ant i m any b four the p o of he live \h in the h Ea edus? ona 1 1 su a 1 1 ties oats or f pu lat avy f ere f t r aw n s w rovi n if i OR! t / rtE of f / JlU a g wa t n s a T V' e i n y S y ab tor w er e i ve i ons i sh i ound I ne ith nee can h es / a i sh ch r ee e rs mp I her th Pi et le edu i n ye of ng mo ts . po r town t pr e po nd V i ng redu n s I F es / e we i s ankt clop to a ce f tis a r s . c. p res re f i a / a ob le rt s ito ti me ceo i rne rom it i re was on a ged void is h i hi ng It bo re su re requ gents n d Bo m wit du r i n 6 i a c a due from high their s con a Isd v eri nd t r with them ng ef area i s p / so ent I y from ston/ NI h net-f g s p r i n lone of to net- autumn, in the des c r i c luded report f ied o awl net these a and t h fort . s which oss i ble had not the tub and i n Pt . J A / i n d ou I ing g. Po G I ou c f ou lin They water pt i on/ that t s of y the samp e I a t i n ey we r ^orri I hao n to CO been e s in o reat udi t i cat org rt a est e g or ea colu and his sma pr les . ous e no I al ot nc lu redu whi c e r n h/ ed t an i s gent r/ M aani ch mn/ f ro slim 11 esen A mass t i so c been de t ced h th umbe RI/ and hat ther ms on ve s Bob Mo A / indi sms in s reported espe ci al m t raw I e is the j el lyf i s ce of It hough es/ fish n suf f i ommented fished h eref ore as in e se or ga rs than New e had sse Is rr i I I cat ed pring the ly i n net alga h in small nets ermen ci ent that for that areas ni sms usua I 350 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Examin Eng tan could 19 76. of one for t t he oc o r g a n i g e I a t i un i ce L w . car C eri an at i on d po cL on In o rga he r c a s i o sms : nous lu L ar a* f o thus ct v rt a f is hi fall n ism/ edu ct nal f the mass exi und i bore an o gent ng n 1975 the ion ou Li at duri sten n sm a I is number I itt Le popu la these be come s ighte they c in Ne that a likely f i shi n remain s in or t i on area en me d. T omp le w En ny of tha g i nd at o t raw I no of C. S CO s hed hese te th g land thes t th u stry bse rv s . fish bor nt in i n are ei r wa e po ere as ed I us s s i et s and s ip of f ng o