c / Bibliography on Ignition and Spark-Ignition Systems U.S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 251 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards ; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials ; the develop- ment of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures ; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government ; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications, including assistance to industry, business and consumers in the development and accept- ance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instru- mentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other govern- ment agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on page 26. Publications The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the Gov- ernment Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers ; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Central Radio Propagation Laboratory Ionospheric Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also seven series of nonperiodical publications: Mono- graphs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, Technical Notes, Commercial Standards, and Simplified Practice Recommenda- tions. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25) ; available from the Superintendent of Documents, Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. UNITKD STATKS DKPARTMKNT OF COMMERCE • Lu If. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OP STANDARDS • A. V. A-.- Bibliography on Ignition and Spark-Ignition Systems G. F. Blackburn National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 251 Issued November 22, 1963 (Supersedes NBS Circular 580) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printi . Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 15 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/bibliographyonigOOblac Contents Page 1. [ntroduction ] 2. Bibliography 2.1. Books 2.2. [gnition of combustible mixtures a. Electric ignition I). liMiif ion by hot surfaces 8 2.3. Spark-ignition systems and components 1 1 a. Exclusive of spark plugs 1 1 I). Sparkplugs L6 2.4. Miscellaneous 21 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-62119 in Bibliography on Ignition and Spark-Ignition Systems G. F. Blackburn Approximately 730 references to books, papers, and reports are listed on ignition of combustible gaseous mixtures and ignition apparatus. The ignition of gases includes ignition by electric sparks and arcs and by hot surfaces. The references on ignition apparatus are for the most part on ignition systems and components for internal-combustion engines, with spark plugs listed separately from other components. 1. Introduction This publication supersedes National Bureau of Standards Circular 580. It covers the initiation of combustion in explosive gaseous mix- tures by means other than compression ignition, as well as electric equipment for spark-ignition engines. Part 2.1 lists books in which ignition or ignition equipment is either the main topic or is given fairly extensive treatment. The references to other publications are presented under three main heads. The first concerns ignition of combustible mixtures of gases and vapors, and is subdivided into two parts, according to whether ignition is effected by an electric spark or arc or by a heated surface. Part 2.2. a includes references to work on measuring spark energy. Part 2.2.b covers both fundamental investigations of ignition by heated surfaces and ignition by hot spots in internal-combustion engines. Although ignition is an essential stage in the combustion process, papers dealing primarily with the kinetics of combustion, flame propa- gation, and detonation, or with the flammability limits of composition, temperature, and pressure of gases, have not been included in this bibliography unless they were found to contribute also to an under- standing of ignition phenomena. Part 2.3 lists references on spark-ignition systems for internal- combustion engines, and their components. It includes work on test- ing and test equipment. Because there are so many references to spark plugs, these are listed separately as part 2.3.b. Part 2.4 contains miscellaneous references on ignition that do not fall within the category of part 2.2. Included are a number of papers and reports concerning explosion hazards and ignition of fuels used in rocket propulsion. Within each topical subdivision the references are given in chrono- logical order, and within each chronological subdivision, alphabeti- cally by author, followed by anonymous references. The journal abbreviations used are those employed in Chemical Abstracts, except that the abbreviation NACA is used for the Na- tional Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and SAE J. for the Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers. An unpublished paper presented before a technical or professional society is designated by the abbreviation M. P. for Meeting Paper. Volume numbers are in boldface, and the date of issue is given in cases where page numbers do not run consecutively through a given volume. In general, the reports and papers listed are available only in libraries, and none can be supplied by the Bureau. The Federal Specification for Spark Plugs, W-S-506(2) (listed in part 2.3.b), may be obtained for 10 cents from the Business Service Center, Fed- eral Supply Service, General Services Administration Regional Office, Washington D.C. 20407. The sources of translation of several articles in foreign languages are given. Some of these are available from the Office of Technical Services (OTS), U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C. 20230. That agency can usually furnish informa- tion as to the availability of translations of other foreign-language articles. Information as to the availability of other reports should be obtained from the author or from the sponsoring organization. 2. Bibliography 2.1. Books Consoliver, E. L., and G. S. Mitchell, Automotive ignition systems (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1920) . Consoliver, E. L., Automotive electricity (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1925). Bone, W. A., and D. T. A. Townend, Flame and combustion in gases (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1927) . Kirkby, W. A., Flame (Methuen and Co., Ltd., London, 1936) . Automotive electricity (Technical Manual No. 10-580, War Department, Wash- ington, 1941). Morgan, J. D., The principles of ignition ( Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., Lon- don, 1944). Kuns, R. F., and T. C. Plumridge, Automobile ignition and electrical equipment (American Technical Society, Chicago, 1945). Packer, A. H., Electrical trouble shooting on the motor car, 5th ed. (Battery Man Publishing Co., Terre Haute, Ind., 1945) . Jost, W., Explosion and combustion processes in gases (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1946). Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena (The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1949) . Bowden, F. P., and A. D. Yoffe, Initiation and growth of explosion in liquids and solids (Cambridge University Press, 1952) . Gaydon, A. G., and H. G. Wolfhard, Flames — their structure, radiation and temperature (Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, 1953) . Fourth symposium on combustion (The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953). Spreadbury, F., Electrical ignition equipment (Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1954). Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD), North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Selected combustion problems I. Fundamentals and aeronautical applications (Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1954). Rao, N. N. N., The high-tension spark plug, its evolution, present state of develop- ment and manufacture (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 1955). Fifth symposium on combustion: combustion in engines and combustion kinetics (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1955) . Balkevich, V. L., Insulators for internal combustion engine spark plugs (Gos. izd-vo lit-ry po stroit, Moscow, 1956) . Gatti, M., Ignition of explosive engines : the magneto, the coil, and the flywheel magneto (G. Lavagnolo, Turin, 1956). Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD), North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Selected combustion problems II. Transport phenomena; ignition; altitude behaviour and scaling of aero engines (Butter- worths Scientific Publications, London, 1956). Kolychev, N., Marine internal combustion engines (State Publishing House for the Shipbuilding Industry, Leningrad, 1957). Sixth symposium on combustion (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1957). 2 Klinkenberg, A., and J. L. van der Minne, Electrostatics in the petroleum in- dustry — the prevention of explosion hazards (Elsevier Publishing Co., Amster- dam, 1958). Mullins, B. P., and S. S. Penner, Explosion, detonation, flammability and igni- tion, AGARDograph No. 31 (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1959) . Seventh symposium on combustion (Butterworths Scientific Publications, Lon- don, 1959). Electrical safety abstracts and references (Instrument Society of America, Pitts- burgh, 1960). Lewis, B., and G. von Elbe, Combustion, flames and explosions of gases (Academic Press, New York, 1961) . Tune-up manual (Ignition Manufacturers Institute, Cleveland, 1961) . 2.2. Ignition of Combustible Mixtures a. Electric Ignition Kirkby, P. J., The effect of the passage of electricity through a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen at low pressures, Phil. Mag. (6)7, 223 (1904) . Kirkby, P. J., The union of hydrogen and oxygen at low pressures through the passage of electricity, Phil. Mag. (6) 9, 171 (1905). Kirkby, P. J., Chemical effects of the electric discharge in rarefied hydrogen and oxygen, Phil. Mag. (6) 13, 289 (1909). Kirkby, P. J. A theory of the chemical action of the electric discharge in electro- lytic gas, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 85,151 (1911). Coward, H. F., C. Cooper, and C. H. Warburton, The ignition of electrolytic gas by the electric discharge, J. Chem. Soc. 101, 2278 (1912) . Thornton, W. M., Ignition of coal gas and methane by momentary electric arcs, Trans. Inst. Mining Engr. (London) 44-1, 145 (1912). Thornton, W. M., The ignition of gaseous mixtures by momentary electric arcs, Brit. Assoc. Advan. Sci. Rept. 82d Meeting, 564 (1912) . Coward, H. F., C. Cooper, and J. Jacobs, The ignition of some gaseous mixtures by the electric discharge, J. Chem. Soc. 105, 1069 (1914) . Thornton, W. M., Electric ignition of gaseous mixtures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lon- don) [A] 90,272 (1914). Thornton, W. M., Ignition of gases by condenser discharge sparks, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 91,17 (1914). Thornton, W. M., Least energy required to start a gaseous explosion, Phil. Mag. 28,734 (1914). Morgan, J. D., The ignition of explosive gases by electric sparks, J. Inst. Elec. Engr. (London) 54, 196 (1916) ; J. Am. Soc. Mech. Engr. 39, 86 (1917) ; J. Chem. Soc. 115, 94 (1919). Sastry, S. G., The ignition of mixtures of methane and air and hydrogen and air by means of impulsive electric discharge, J. Chem. Soc. 109, 523 (1916). Thornton, W. M., Ignition of gases by impulsive electrical discharge, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 92,381 (1916). Thornton, W. M., Reaction between gas and pole in electrical ignition of gaseous mixtures, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 92, 9 (1916). Wheeler, R. V., "Stepped" ignition, J. Chem. Soc. Ill, 130 (1917) . Wheeler, R. V., Influence of pressure on the ignition of a mixture of methane and air by the impulsive electric discharge, J. Chem. Soc. Ill, 411 (1917) . Wright, R., Spark length in various gases and vapors, J. Chem. Soc. Ill, 643 (1917). Campbell, N. R., The influence of the electrode on the ignition of explosive mix- tures by sparks, Gt. Brit. Advisory Comm. Aeron., Internal Combustion Engine Sub-Comm. Rept. 27 (1918) . Paterson, C. C, and N. R. Campbell, Experiments on the ignition of explosive mixtures by sparks, Gt. Brit. Advisory Comm. Aeron., Internal Combustion Engine Sub-Comm. Rept. 43 (1918). Paterson, C. C, and N. R. Campbell, The characteristics of the spark discharge and its effect in igniting explosive mixtures, Gt. Brit. Advisory Comm. Aeron., Internal Combustion Engine Sub-Comm. Rept. 23 (1918). Paterson, C. C, and N. R. Campbell, The expenditure of current and energy re- quired for ignition in an explosion engine, Gt. Brit. Advisory Comm. Aeron., Internal Combustion Engine Sub-Comm. Rept. 25 (1918). Bairsto, G. E., and J. A. Hughes, On the spark energy of electrical ignition sys- tems, Gt. Brit. Advisory Comm. Aeron., Internal Combustion Engine Sub- Comm. Rept. 51 (1919). Paterson, C. C, and N. R. Campbell, Some characteristics of the spark discharge and its effect in igniting explosive mixtures, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 31, 168 (1919). Silsbee, F. B., L. B. Loeb, and E. L. Fonseca, Heat energy of various ignition sparks, NACA Rept. 56 (1919). Thornton, W. M., Ignition of gases at reduced pressures by impulsive elec- tric sparks, Phil. Mag. (6) 40, 345 (1920). Thornton, W. M., Ignition of gases at reduced pressures by transient arcs, Phil. Mag. (6) 40,450 (1920). Wheeler, R. V., The ignition of gases : Part I. Ignition by the impulsive electric discharge — mixtures of methane and air, J. Chem. Soc. 117, 903 (1920). Young, A. P., and H. Warren, The process of ignition, Automobile Engr. 10, 115 (1920). Bailey, B. F., Underlying principles of electrical ignition, SAE J. 8, 570 (1921). Morgan, J. D., and R. V. Wheeler, Phenomena of the ignition of gaseous mix- tures by induction coil sparks, J. Chem. Soc. 119, 239 (1921). Thornburgh, H. A., and E. B. Weaver, A calorimeter for determining the heat of ignition sparks, Automotive Ind. 45, 523 (1921). Kratz, A. P., and C. Z. Rosecrans, Study of explosions of gaseous mixtures, Univ. Illinois Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 133 (1922). Taylor-Jones, E., J. D. Morgan, and R. V. Wheeler, On the form of temperature wave spreading from point and spherical sources, with a suggested applica- tion to the problem of spark ignition, Phil. Mag. (6) 43, 359 (1922). Morgan, J. D., Some observations on the ignition of combustible gases by elec- tric sparks, Phil. Mag. ( 6 ) 45, 968 ( 1923 ) . Thornton, W. M., The mechanism of gas ignition, Brit. Assoc. Advan. Sci. Rept., 91st Meeting, 469 (1923). Randolph, D. W., and F. B. Silsbee, Flame speed and spark intensity, NACA Rept. 187 (1924). Wheeler, R. V., The ignition of gases, III. Ignition by the impulsive electric discharge, Mixtures of the paraffins and air, J. Chem. Soc. 125, 1858 (1924). Morgan, J. D., The thermal theory of gas ignition by electric sparks, Phil. Mag. 49,323 (1925). Wheeler, R. V., The ignition of gases, V. Ignition by inductance sparks, Mix- tures of the paraffins with air, J. Chem. Soc. 127, 14 (1925). Finch, G. I., L. G. Cowen, D. L. Hodge, H. H. Thompson, and W. T. Patrick, Gaseous combustion in electric discharges, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 111,257 (1926) ; [A] 116, 529 (1927) ; [A] 124,303 (1929) ; [A] 129, 314, 656, and 672 (1930). Wheeler, R. V., The electric ignition of firedamp: alternating and continuous current compared, Gt. Brit. Safety in Mines Res. Board, Paper 20 (1926). Bone, W. A., The initial stages of gaseous explosions, III. The behavior of an equi-molecular methane-oxygen mixture when fired with sparks of vary- ing intensities, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 114, 442 (1927). Coward, H. F., and E. G. Meiter, Chemical action in the electric spark discharge, The ignition of methane, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 49, 396 (1927). Taylor- Jones, E., Spark ignition, Phil. Mag. (7) 6, 1090 (1928). Peters, M. F., W. Summerville, and M. Davis, An investigation of the effective- ness of ignition sparks, NACA Rept. 359 (1930) . Finch, G. I., and H. H. Thompson, The effect of frequency on the condensed discharge ignition of carbonic oxide-air detonating gas, Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lon- don) [A] 134,343 (1931). Morgan, J. D., Some further experiments on the combustion of inflammable gases by electric sparks, Phil. Mag. (7) 11, 158 (1931). Bradford, B. W., G. I. Finch, and A. M. Prior, The coil ignition of some ex- plosive gaseous mixtures, J. Chem. Soc. 1933, 227. Kontorova, T. A., Ignition of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen by electric sparks, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 4, 64 (1933). Lewis, B., and C. D. Kreutz, Influence of ionization on the ignition tempera- ture of combustible gases, J. Chem. Phys. 1, 89 (1933). Bradford, B. W., G. I. Finch, and A. M. Prior, The ignition of some explosive mixtures by modified coil discharges, J. Chem. Soc. 1934, 75. Finch, G. I., and G. Mole, The mechanism of electrical ignition, Proc. Inst. Automobile Engr. (London) 29, 71 (1934). Morgan, J. D., Experiment relating to the thermal and electrical theories of spark ignition, Phil. Mag. (7) 18. 827 (1934). Tchang, Te-Lou, A new method of ignition in internal combustion engines, Compt. Rend. 198, 542 (1934), Browne, K. A., Aircraft spark-ignition versus compression-ignition engines, SAE J. 37, 342 (1935). Wheeler, R. V., Ignition of turbulent explosive mixtures by electric sparks, Fuel 14, 147 (1935). Mole, G., The ignition of explosive gases, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 48, 857 (1936). Bradford, B. W., and G. I. Finch, The mechanism of ignition by electric dis- charges, Chem. Rev. 21, 221 (1937). Landau, H. G., The ignition of gases by local sources, Chem. Rev. 21, 245 (1937). Viallard, R., Ignition of explosive mixtures by electric sparks, Compt. Rend. 207, 1045 (1938) ; J. Chem. Phys. 40, 54 and 101 (1943) ; J. Chem. Phys. 16, 555 (1948). Zeise, H., The physical-chemical problem of the ignition of gas mixtures in engines, Z. Elektrochem. 47, 238 (1941). Goto, R., and K. Urakubo, The explosive reactions of gases : the pressure effect of spark ignition of oxy-hydrogen gas, Rev. Phys. Chem. (Japan) 16, 28 (1942). Toriyama, V., and S. Saito, Ignition of flammable gases, Inst. Elec. Engr. (Japan) 62,427 (1942). Guest, P. G., Apparatus for determining minimum energies for electric-spark ignition of flammable gases and vapors, U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 3753 (1944). Linnett, J. W., E. J. Raynor, and W. E. Frost, The mechanism of spark ignition, Trans. Faraday Soc. 41, 487 (1945) ; 44, 416 and 421 (1948). Blanc, M. V., P. G. Guest, G. von Elbe, and B. Lewis, Ignition of explosive gas mixtures by electric sparks, I. Minimum ignition energies and quenching distances of mixtures of methane, oxygen and inert gases, J. Chem. Phys. 15, 798 (1947). Boyle, A. R., and F. J. Llewellyn, The electrostatic ignitability of various solvent vapor-air mixtures, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London) 66, 99 (1947). Hoerl, Jr., A. E., Ignition of gases and vapors by sparks, Gas 23, 60 (1947). Lewis, B., and G. von Elbe, Ignition of explosive gas mixtures by electric sparks, II. Theory of the propagation of flame from an instantaneous point source of ignition, J. Chem. Phys. 15, 803 (1947). Lewis, B., and G. von Elbe, Minimum spark energy for ignition of explosive gases and its significance in flame propagation, Proc. Eleventh Intern. Congr. Pure and Appl. Chem. (London) 4, 523 (1947). Mache, H., Increasing ignition power of electric sparks by locally changing the gas mixture, Oesterr. Ingr.-Arch. 1, 273 (1947). Rehfisch, T. J., and W. Nethercot, Determination of energy dissipated in ca- pacitive discharges across small gaps by means of the high-speed oscillograph, Brit. Elec. Allied Ind. Res. Assoc. Rept. G/T197 (1947). Cipriani, C, and L. PI. Middleton, A modern approach to ignition, SAE J. 56, 47 (Oct. 1948). Lewis, B., and G. von Elbe, Ignition and flame stabilization in gases, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engr. 70, 307 (1948) . Nethercot, W., and T. J. Rehfisch, The oscillographic study of the spark arising from the interruption of a current in an inductive circuit with particular reference to intrinsic safety, Brit. Elec. Allied Ind. Res. Assoc. Rept. G/T217 (1948). Swett, Jr., C. C, Investigation of spark gaps subjected to altitude and air- velocity conditions, NACA Res. Mem. E8I17 (Nov. 1948). Allsop, G., and E. M. Guenault, The incendivity of electric sparks in relation to the characteristics of the circuit, Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena, 341, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1949). Blanc, M. V., P. G. Guest, G. von Elbe, and B. Lewis, Ignition of explosive gas mixtures by electric sparks, III. Minimum ignition energies and quenching distances of mixtures of hydrocarbons and ether with oxygen and inert gases, Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena, 363, Wil- liams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1949). Friedman, R., and E. Burke, Spark ignition of gas mixtures, J. Chem. Phys. 17, 667 (1949). Linnett, J. W., and D. M. Nutbourne, The spark ignition of nitrous-oxide hy- drogen mixtures, Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena, 336, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1949). Morris, H., Ignition of gas mixtures by electric sparks, Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena, 361, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1949). Swett, Jr., C. C, Effect of gas stream parameters on the energy and power dis- sipated in a spark and on ignition, Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena, 353, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1949). Swett, Jr., C.C., and R. H. Donlon, Spark ignition in flowing gases, NACA Res. Mem. E9E17 (Aug. 1949) ; E51J12 (Dec. 1951) ; E52J28 (Jan. 1953) ; E54F29a (June 1954) ; E55I16 (Nov. 1955). von Elbe, G., and B. Lewis, Theory of ignition, quenching and stabilization of flames of non-turbulent gas mixtures, Third symposium on combustion, flame and explosion phenomena, 68, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1949). von Elbe, G., and B. Lewis, Theory of inflammation, extinction and stabiliza- tion of flames, Rev. Inst. Franc. Petrole 4, 374 (1949). Zel'dovich, Y. B., and N. N. Simonov, Theory of the spark ignition of explosive gas mixtures, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 23, 1361 (1949). Bechert, K., The theory of ignition limits and the ignition of combustible gas mixtures, Ann. Phys. 7, 113 (1950) ; Chem. Zentr. 1950, II, 1669. Jost, W., Theory of flame velocity, III. Elementary considerations on spark ignition, Z. Phys. Chem. 196, 298 (1950). Fenn, J. G. Lean flammability limit and minimum spark ignition energy, Ind. Eng. Chem. 43, 2865 (1951). Jost, W., and L. Sieg, Investigations of flames, IV. Investigation of ignition of explosive gas mixtures by sparks, Z. Elektrochem. 55, 13 (1951). Jost, W., Investigations of flame velocity, V. Broader discussion of spark ignition. Z. Elektrochem. 55, 17 (1951). Lotsch, H., Ignition of flowing propane-air mixture by an electric spark, Monatsh. Chem. 82,714 (1951). Roth, W., P. G. Guest, G. von Elbe, and B. Lewis, Heat generation by electric sparks, and rate of heat loss to the spark electrodes, J. Chem. Phys. 19, 1530 (1951). Calcote, H. F., C. A. Gregory, C. M. Barnett, and R. B. Gilmer, Spark ignition : effect of molecular structure, Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 2656 (1952). Metzler, A. J., Minimum ignition energies of six pure hydrocarbon fuels of the C 2 and C 8 series, NACA Res. Mem. E52F27 (Aug. 1952). Olsen, H. L., R. H. Edmonson, and E. L. Gayhart, Microchronometric schlieren study of gaseous expansion from an electric spark, J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1157 (1952). Sims, M. W., and A .M. Krakower, Simple calorimeter for measurement of spark energy. Automotive Ind. 107, 65 (Oct. 1, 1952). Arnold, J. S., and R. K. Sherburne, Observations of the ignition and incipient flame growth in hydrocarbon-air mixtures, Fourth symposium on combustion, 139, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1953) . Krawtschenko, W. S., The igniting ability of electric sparks, Deut. Elektrotech. 7,153 (1953). Kumagai, S., T. Sakai, and I. Kimura, Effect of ultrasonic waves on flame propa- gation and spark ignition, Fourth symposium on combustion, 148, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1953). Laflitte, P., and R. Delbourgo, Ignition by condenser sparks : regions of flam- mability of ethane, propane, n-butane and n-pentane, Fourth symposium on combustion, 114, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1953). Metzler, A. J., Minimum spark-ignition energies of 12 pure fuels at atmospheric and reduced pressure, NACA Res. Mem. E53H31 (Oct. 1953). Olsen, H. L., E. L. Gayhart, and R. B. Edmonson, Propagation of incipient spark-ignited flames in hydrogen-air and propane-air mixtures, Fourth sym- posium on combustion, 144, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1953). Richmond, J. K., and A. L. Furno, Production and measurement of surge igni- tion sparks, Rev. Sci. Inst. 24, 1107 (1953) . von Elbe, G., The problem of ignition, Fourth symposium on combustion, 13, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1953) . Relative burning velocities, ignition energies and quenching distances for 12 fuels, SAE and Am. Petrol. Inst., Coordinating Research Council Rept. (1953). Edmonson, R. B., II. L. Olsen, and E. L. Gayhart, Application of ideal gas theory to the gaseous expansion from an electric spark, J. Appl. Phys. 25, 1008 (1954). Fushimi, K., and T. Kutsuwada, Ignition of methane-air mixtures of sparks of contact opening, Bull. Electrotech. Lab. Japan 18, 43 (1954). Gibbons, L. C, H. C. Barnett, and M. Gerstein, Effect of molecular structure on combustion behavior, Ind. Eng. Chem. 46, 2150 (1954). Lloyd, P., and B. P. Mullins, The problem of combustion at high altitude, AGARD Selected combustion problems I, 405, Butterworths, London (1954). Marble, F. B., and T. C. Adamson, Jr., Ignition and combustion in a laminar mixing zone, AGARD Selected combustion problems I, 111, Butterworths, London (1954). Mullins, B. P., Combustion in vitiated air, AGARD Selected combustion prob- lems I, 447, Butterworths, London (1954). Flame and ignition phenomena: minimum spark energy, Semiannual progress report on Project Squid, Princeton Univ. (Oct. 1954). Itin, A. V., Experimental investigation of the ignition of mine gas by sparks which arise in electrical circuits at various frequencies, Izv. Dnepropetr. Gorn. Inst. 23, 191 (1955) ; Referat. Zh. Elektrotekh. No. 34 (1950). Krug, I. R., and H. F. Oalcote, Effect of initial temperature on minimum spark- ignition energy, J. Chem. Phys. 23, 2444 (1955). Cristea, P., Preignition, autoignition and post ignition, Rev. Transport. 3, 170 (1956). Gershman, I. I., and M. N. Kukharev, Investigation of ignition and fuel combus- tion in a motorless laboratory device, Avtomob. i Trakt. Prom., 9 (April 1956). Hughes, E. C., P. S. Fay, L. S. Szabo, and R. C. Tupa, Effect of boron com- pounds on combustion processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. 48, 1858 (1956). Kimura, I., and S. Kumagai, Spark igntion of flowing gases, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 11, 599 (1956). Moser, C. F., and R. K. Sherburne, Studies of the ignition of gaseous hydro- carbons, Proc. Gas Dyn. Symp. Aerothermochem., 159, Northwestern Univ., Evanston (1956). Parlin, R. B., and J. C. Giddings, Explosive-ignition phenomena, J. Chem. Phys. 25,1161 (1956). Vasilescu, A., and V. Pimsner, The influence of poor dosages on the charac- teristics of power of motors with liquid fuel and spark ignition, transformed to operate with natural gas, Studii Cercetari Energetica 6, 243 (1956). Wigg, L. D., The ignition of flowing gases, AGARD Selected combustion prob- lems II, 73, Butterworths, London (1956). Brokaw, R. S., and M. Gerstein, Correlation of burning velocity, quenching distances and minimum ignition energies for hydrocarbon-oxygen-nitrogen systems, Sixth symposium on combustion, 66, Reinhold, New York (1957). Kubin, P., The ignition spark and engine performance, Avtomobil (Czecho- slovakia) 1,342 (1957). Swett, Jr., C. C, Spark ignition of flowing gases using long-duration discharges, Sixth symposium on combustion, 523, Reinhold, New York (1957). Viculin, J., The electric spark and explosive mixture in the ignition system, Vojno Tehnicki Glasnik 5, 500 (1957). Wolf, I. W., and V. T. Burkett, A method for determining minimum ignition energies: results for a neopentane-air mixture, Combust. Flame 1, 330 (1957). Bowden, F. P., and R. D. Lewis, Ignition of firedamp by stationary metal par- ticles and frictional sparks, Engineering 186, 241 (1958) . Khitrin, L. 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Anderson, J., Preignition in aircraft reciprocating engines, SAE Trans. 65, 19 (1957). Kumagai, S., and I. Kimura, Ignition of flowing gases by heated wires, Sixth symposium on combustion, 554, Reinhold, New York (1957). Palmer, K. N., and P. S. Tonkin, The ignition of dust layers on a hot surface, Combust. Flame 1, 14 (1957) . Rozlovskii, A. I., Critical conditions for the ignition of combustible gas mixtures by heated solid bodies, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 117, 651 (1957). Toong, Tau-Yi, Ignition and combustion in a laminar boundary layer over a hot surface, Sixth symposium on combustion, 532, Reinhold, New York (1957). Voinov, A. N., A study of ignition by hot surfaces in an engine, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 113, 1259 (1957). Voinov, A. N., Kinetic relations in the case of hot-surface ignition within an engine, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 114, 135 (1957). Bowditch, F. W., and R. F. Steber, Autoignition associated with hot starting, SAE Trans. 66, 179 (1958). Courtney, W. G., Ignition by flow over hot surfaces, Jet Propulsion 28, 836 (1958). Hincamp, J. B., and J. A. Warren, Surface ignition control by phosphorus fuel additives, Ind. Eng. Chem. 50, 251 (1958) . Kaesche-Krischer, B., and H. G. Wagner, Ignition of fuel-air mixtures on hot surfaces, Brennstoff-Chem. 39, 33 (1958). Sale, B., and R. Vichnievsky, Study of combustion in a single-cylinder IFP Renault CNRS, J. Soc. Ingr. Automobile 31, 53 (Oct. 1958). High compression ratios bring a new problem — rumble, SAE J. 66, 72 (Sept. 1958). Bame, J. L., and R. G. Tuell, Engine pounding — its causes and control, SAE Trans. 67, 158 (1959). Felt, A. E., J. A. Warren, and C. A. Hall, Rumble — a deposit effect at high compression ratios, SAE Trans. 67, 138 (1959). Hopkins, S., R. J. Pecora, and N. Alpert, Surface ignition as influenced by engine configuration and fuels — consumer type study in vehicles, SAE M.P. 78V (June 1959) ; Abstract: SAE J. 67, 58 (Oct, 1959). Hostetler, H. F. ,and W. R. 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Lauer, J. L., P. J. Friel, and R. D. Miller, Fundamental studies related to spark plug deposits, SAE M.P., 106B (Nov. 1958) . Orlov, V., Instrument for cleaning and pressure testing of spark plugs, Avtomob. Transp. 36, 24 (Nov. 1958) . Shakhovtsev, V. L, Improving spark plugs, Avtomob. Prom., 10 (Sept. 1958). Usanov, A. D., A. A. Chapchaev, Effect of operating conditions of engines on spark plug performance, Avtomob. Prom., 22 (July 1958) . Can beta rays make better spark plugs? Nucleonics 16, 82 (1958) . Dokkolsen, O. W., Plastic moulding of sparking plug insulators, J. Inst. Pro- duction Engr. 38, 614 (1959) . Gumbleton, J. J., Engine voltage requirements using spark plugs preionized with radioactive gold, SAE MP. 8T (Jan. 1959) ; Abstract: SAE J. 67, 125 (Feb. 1959). Haas, L. E., Wanted — better spark plugs for portable two-stroke engines, SAE M.P. 123U (1959) ; Abstract: SAE J. 68, 52 (Mar. 1960). Leutz, L. R., R. F. Nostrant, and R. J. Graver, Some problems of spark plug operation in two-cycle engines, SAE M.P. 123V (Oct. 1959) ; Abstract: SAE J. 67,41 (Dec. 1959). Nagy, G., and S. Matiscsak, Influence of correct working of spark plugs on the reduction of gasoline consumption, Rev. Transport. 6, 235 (1959). Popa, B., and L. Sandor, Stresses and testing of spark plugs, Rev. Transport. 6, 522 (1959). AC's hot tip for spark plugs, Motor Ind. 78, 96 (May 1959) . Improved K. L. G. glow plugs, Automobile Engr. 49, 339 (1959). New AC sparking plugs, Automobile Engr. 49. 246 (1959). Sheathed element glow plugs, Engineer 207, 588 (1959). Sparking plug development (K.L.G. engine testing), Automobile Engr. 49, 103 (1959). Counts, W. E., and W. E. Hauth, Jr., Radioisotope techniques applied to funda- mental corrosion studies of spark plug ceramics, General Motors Eng. J. 7, 31 (July-Sept. 1960). Julien, H. P., and R. F. Neblett, Spark plug misfiring — mechanism studies, SAE Trans. 68, 328 (1960). 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The Lodge "Golden" controlled voltage high-frequency plug, Motor Ind. 81, 36 (Oct. 17, 1962). 20 2.4. Miscellaneous Bairstow, L., E. F. Relf, and E. A. Griffiths, Tests on magnetos Immersed in an explosive mixture of petrol and air, Gt. Brit. Advisory Coram, for Aeron. Rept. and Mem. 186 (1914). The prevention of fire in single-engined aeroplanes, Rept. of the Fire Prevention Sub-Committee, Gt. Brit. Aeron. Res. Comm., Rept. and Mem. 705 M!j22j. The possible causes of fire in an aeroplane crash and the means that can be taken to lessen the fire risk, Rept. of the Fire Prevention Sub-Committee, Gt. Brit. Aeron. Res. Comm., Rept. and Mem. 796 (1922). Walls, N. S., R. V. Wheeler, W. Rintoul, and A. G. White, The ignition of fire- damp by momentary flames, Gt. Brit. Safety in Mines Res. Board, Paper 24 (1926). Walls, N. S., and R. V. Wheeler, The ignition of gases, VI. Ignition by flames, Mixtures of the paraffins with air, J. Chem. Soc. 1927, 291. Blacktin, S. 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Rept. G/T278 (1953). Roston, B., Theoretical approach to the problem of determining the relationship between the constants of circuits and their intrinsic safety, Nature 171, 397 (1953). Holm, R., On the calculation of burning duration of switching arcs and the effect of capacitive quenching circuits, Siemens Z. 24, 1 (1954). King, R. O., and A. B. Allan, The characteristics of the ignition and combustion of benzene in a carburetor engine as affected by heat load, Can. J. Technol. 32, 22 (1954). Riddlestone, H. G., The effect of series resistance on the characteristics of capaci- tive spark discharges, Brit. Elec. Allied Ind. Res. Assoc. Rept. G/T293 (1954). Titman, H., Ignition hazard from sparks from cast aluminum alloys, Gt. Brit. Safety in Mines Res. Estab. Res. Rept. 90 (1954) . Wilke, R., Intrinsic safety, Elektrotech. Z. 75, 128 (1954). Wood, H. L., and D. A. Charvonia, The ignition of fuel droplets descending through an oxidizing atmosphere, Jet Propulsion 24, 162 (1954) . Barrere, M., and A. Moutet, Study of ignition lag of liquid propellants, Fifth symposium on combustion, 170, Reinhold, New York (1955). Bernard, M. L. J., Surface properties of liquid bipropellants and their effects on the kinetics of ignition, Fifth symposium on combustion, 217, Reinhold, New York (1955). Grabowski, G., Developments in explosion- and fire-suppression techniques, SAE Trans. 63, 803 (1955) . Hartman, I., Frictional ignition of gas by mining machines, U.S. Bur. Mines, Inform. Circ. 7727 (1955). King, R. 0„ and A. B. Allan, The transition from spark to nuclear ignition as compression ratio is raised, Can. J. Technol. 33, 335 (1955) . King, R. O. and M. Rand, The hydrogen engine, Can. J. Technol. 33, 445 (1955). Mullins, B. P., Spontaneous ignition of liquid fuels, AGARDograph 4, Butter- worths, London (1955). Pino, M. A., A versatile ignition delay tester for self igniting rocket propellants, ARS J. 25, 463 (1955). Barrere, M., and A. 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Note D-1533 (1903). 25 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major labora- tories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C. Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Elec- trical Measurements. Metrology, Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Re- search. Length. Engineering Metrology. Mass and Volume. Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equa- tion of State. Statistical Physics. Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics. Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Reference Materials. Applied Analytical Re- search. Crystal Chemistry. Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules : Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Elec- trolysis and Metal Deposition. Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties. Crystallography. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Sys- tems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Trans- fer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engi- neering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation. Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis. Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy. Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic In- strumentation. Mechanical Instruments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chem- istry, Molecular Spectroscopy. Elementary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry. Office of Weights and Measures. (Continued on page 3 of cover) 26 BOULDER, COLO. CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Services. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids. Cryogenic Technical CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Fre- quency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction. Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Sound- ings Research. Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics. Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Frequency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination. Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Air- glow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy. RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics. Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Fre- quency Calibration Services. Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics-NBS Group (Univ. of Colo.).