c ,55. HC Fate and Effects Of The Mobiloil Spilt In The Columbia River ^mm/ OCEAN ASSESSMENTS DIVISION OFFICE OF OCEANOGRAPHY & MARINE ASSESSMENT ^* iim A. V^^y NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE V y NATIONAL OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Submitted To: Ocean Assessments Division Office of Oceanography & Marine Services National Ocean Service National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration FATE AND EFFECTS OF THE MOBILOIL SPILL IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER Edited By: David M. Kennedy and Bart J. Baca Contributing Authors: D. Dale J. Gait D. Kennedy D. Kummerlowe J. Murphy R. Pavia D. Payton J. Robinson National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1 Research Planning Institute, Inc., Columbia, South Carolina 2 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, Oregon 3 Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington it Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Mobil Oil Corporation, New York, New York 6 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, Oregon D. Sigri st 1 B. Baca V Getter 2 I. Jones 3 L. Kittle E. Overton 5 w. Park 6 B. Sutherland J.S. Ds TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 I. SPILL RESPONSE 3 A . Event 3 B . Coordination of Effort 7 I. FATE AND EFFECTS PROGRAM. 13 A. Background on NOAA's Scientific Support Team 13 B . Rationale 13 1 . Substantial Threat to Resources of Trusteeship Interest to NOAA 13 2. Need for Additional Data to Meet Response Requirements , 14 3. Existence of Background Information 14 C. General Methods 15 1. Sample Planning and Coordination 15 2. Sampling Execution: NOAA Sampling Efforts 15 3. Sampling Execution: Other Agencies 19 D. Biological Studies 19 1. Resources at Risk 19 2. Methods 21 3. Findings 22 a) Marine Mammals 22 b) Seabirds and Waterfowl 22 c) Fish 25 d) Shellfish 25 e) Wetlands 26 E. Chemical Studies 29 1. Analytical Procedures 29 2 . Results of Analyses 31 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/fateeffectsofmobOOkenn I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The tank ship MOBILOIL grounded on the Columbia River near St. Hel- ens, Oregon, on 19 March 1984. Damage to tanks resulted in a spill of over 3,900 barrels of heavy crude oil. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- ministration (NOAA) was involved in the response, coordinating federal and state agencies in a fate and effects study. The methodology, detailed in this report, involved biological, chemical, and physical studies. Close com- munication between field samplers and planners allowed coordination and doc- umentation of the sampling effort. Due to the weight of the oil, the lack of low molecular weight and wa- ter-soluble components, and the volume and current velocity of the river, most of the oil was swept out to sea, then deposited along outer beaches of Washington. Fringe marsh oiling also occurred in the river. Oil on the out- er beaches and along the river was either removed by cleanup crews or re- deposited farther north. The most noticeable effect of the oil was on seabirds, with dead birds numbering up to two per mile per day on the outer beaches. Of the 698 treated at a rescue center, 475 (68 percent) were released alive. Oiled fish were also commonly collected. Surfperch, petrale sole, and white sturgeon were collected with oiled mouths. Chemical analysis of white sturgeon tis- sues indicated uptake of naphthalenes and other hydrocarbons, probably from digestion of oil or oiled food. The presence of immature and adult salmon in the river at the time of the spill may lead to long-term effects on the fishery. Coho salmon fry were exposed to oil in ponds at the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant, but these ap- peared healthy in preliminary physiological tests. Chinook salmon fingerlings were held in a Washington state hatchery well beyond the release date until bioassays indicated the waters of the Elochoman Slough area were safe. The effects of the oil on salmon life history (chemical imprinting and spawning) are unknown and will be subject to an ongoing investigation. Other ongoing investigations are being performed by federal and state agencies relative to benthic organisms, shellfish, other fisheries, birds, and mammals. Past oil-spill impact studies have traditionally required months of prepa- ration to be implemented. This study, while not a detailed environmental as- sessment, was planned and operational within a few days. The techniques involved have application in future studies, and NOAA is pursuing and in- vestigating this methodology as a standard operating procedure. II. SPILL RESPONSE A. EVENT The tanker ship MOBILOIL grounded near Warrior Rock on the Columbia River (Fig. 1) as the result of a steering failure, after midnight on 19 March 1984. Punctures and gashes up to 100 feet (30 m) and 3 feet (0.9 m) wide were rent in starboard cargo tanks #1 through #5 (Fig. 2). The ship remained stable, but immobile, near Warrior Rock until 26 March. The 25-year-old MOBILOIL is a 31,760-ton oil tanker with 30 cargo tanks, 10 rows of 3 tanks each (port, center, starboard) (Fig. 2). While enroute from Ferndale (Washington) to Portland (Oregon), the ship had car- go in all tanks except #5 center and #7 port and starboard. Tanks damaged in the grounding contained 28,404 barrels of heavy fuel oils (Table 1). Ap- proximately 200,000 barrels of oil were on board the ship. Warrior Rock extends out from the Oregon side of the Columbia River between river miles 87 and 88, 12 miles (7.4 km) downriver from Portland. The exact point of grounding was a shallow ledge 300 yards (272 m) south of Warrior Rock on the Oregon side of the shipping channel (Fig. 1). After grounding, the ship lay perpendicular to the current with the bow pointed west; one-third of the ship was on the rocky ledge. During the days following the grounding, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCC) focused its efforts on monitoring two major areas of activity: vessel salvage and oil cleanup activities. Mobil had accepted responsibility for spill cleanup so a federal spill response was not declared. The USCG maintained the role of reviewing Mobil's proposed response actions and monitoring their activities to insure that an adequate response was taking place. Mobil's efforts to remove the oil remaining in the damaged cargo tanks were initiated late in the evening of 20 March. By 0200 on 21 March, large-capacity pumps had been connected to #1 and #2 starboard tanks. Four thousand barrels were offloaded from tanks #1 and #2 by 0900, By 1000, cargo was also being removed from tanks #3 and #4. Twenty-two thousand barrels of oil were offloaded by 0940 on 22 March. Early in the afternoon of 22 March, tank #5 was completely offloaded. It was reported that 23,542 barrels of liquid had been removed from the five damaged cargo tanks by 1800 on 22 March (Table 2). Water which entered the damaged tanks made it impossible to determine what proportion of the liquid offloaded MILES FIGURE 1. MOBILOIL spill site near Warrior Rock, showing position of ship perpendicular to the current and aground. The current flows northward. ^\ -* •= CO i * - »- ■♦■* \ CO l] *- CO co = > CO > .Q <»- co o c c to 5.2 O CO 1 J= cc 1 1 «.* 1 _J co§E \ T" i~ \ d \ z * \ co V co .22 C k COCO 2» K £ ^2 *u^ L. 12 . Ih- v. ^ r Tanks N 90- •D-D Is K> K ' K O B z * co jf c CO H CD d z co J£ c CO H- in ro o U . (/) • ID 0) o k. 3 o if) T3 a> DD it! £ (D -o >+- o c o +J CO U o 0) ,-C +-■ "O c to a jC Ul 0.) .c -j-J V- , — , o • C c O o CTi .-J CO V. s_ o o Q. N ro "O c '■*- m o ■M c o o a. 4-J ra «, (0 ■a L. 3 3 _ a LU OS D a Li. TABLE 1. Cargo contained in damaged tanks at time of 19 March 1984 grounding of the MOBILOIL. (Source: Information supplied by U.S. Coast Guard and Mobi! Oil Company.) Tank Number Cargo Jr ., Barrels Gallons n . API # y Gravity Point STBD No. 1 Heavy 0.99 5,312 223,104 45°F 11.3 residual STBD No. 2 No. 6 fuel 0.98 6,255 262,710 30°F 12.6 oil L.S. STBD No. 3 No. 6 fuel 0.98 4,163 174,846 30°F 12.6 oil L.S. STBD No. 4 Industrial 1.03 5,148 216,216 30°F 5.5 fuel oil STBD No. 5 Heavy 0.99 7,526 316,092 45°F 11.3 residual Total Product Potentially Involved: 28,404 1,192,968 was oil and what was water. An accounting of liquid transfer provided by Mobil is presented in Table 2. Mobil continued to offload cargo from undamaged tanks in an effort to refloat the ship. At about 0130 on 26 March, the MOBILOIL swung parallel to the river current. Using tugs and the vessel's own power, the ship was backed off the rock ledge at 0430. By 1630, the MOBILOIL had been moved up the Columbia and Willamette Rivers to Swan Island where it was dry- docked for damage inspection (Fig. 3). Cleanup of oiled shoreline areas was accomplished by Mobil through En- vironment Emergency Services (EES). Coordination with EES was accom- plished through two field command posts, one at Kalama, Washington (later moved to Longview) and one at Long Beach, Washington. Approximately 3,500 man-days of effort were spent on the cleanup. Mobil coordinated the bird-cleanup activities by transporting oiled birds to a cleaning center, temporarily located at the Columbian White-tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge. This center was in operation until 23 April and fa- cilitated the recovery and cleaning of 475 birds. B. COORDINATION OF EFFORT With the number of federal and state agencies having jurisdiction and interest in the Columbia River environment, a coordinated response to this incident was necessary. Therefore, a meeting was called on 23 March in Portland to assure effective use of people and funds. In attendance were representatives from the States of Oregon and Washington, and from the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI), USCG, and NOAA. At this meeting, it was decided that the scope of research needed to assess environmental im- pact went beyond that necessary for cleanup support. As a result, these agencies agreed to share their information and coordinate their research re- garding the fate and effects of the oil. The state agencies and DOI were to continue their biological surveillance and record any incidents of oil impacts on the biota in the river and marine ecosystems affected. NOAA would con- tinue to study the transport and fate of the oil in the environment and would act as the central coordination point for all agencies. NOAA developed an environmental sampling-plan matrix (described lat- er) to facilitate coordination and to assure that any critical research gaps would be filled by one of the cooperating agencies. This approach was TABLE 2. Estimated cargo loss resulting from 19 March 1984 MOBILOIL grounding. (Source: Mobil Oil press release, 30 March 1984.) Barrels Quantity discharged to barges from ruptured tanks (#1, #2, #3, #4, and #5 starboard) Oil remaining on top of water in #1 , #2, #3, #4, #5 starboard tanks after discharge Total oil transferred to #5 center tank from ruptured tanks and #1 and #2 port tanks 23,542 542 2,558 Subtotal 26,642 Oil in #1, #2, #3, #4, and #5 starboard tanks prior to stranding Oil transferred from #1 and #2 port tanks (28,404) (2,163) Estimated Outflow (3,925) No changes, due to stranding, of quantities in other tanks. ■■S':- : i-2£%:i:$: : -r^:?&£&^ FIGURE 3. Movement of the MOBILOIL following refloating on 26 March 10 presented at a meeting of these agencies on 27 March in Battleground, Wash- ington. At this meeting, each agency designated a primary contact point and relayed recently acquired information. Based upon the sensitivity of certain parts of the river and the expected areas of impact, sampling sites were established and agreed upon (Figs. 4 and 5). This meeting also provided a forum for filling in the sampling-plan ma- trix and, where necessary, standardizing sampling procedures. Following this meeting, it was agreed that each evening there would be a meeting at the NOAA command post in Astoria, Oregon, that would be attended by each agency contact, either in person or by teleconference. To track the sampling efforts being conducted by the various agencies, NOAA utilized a computerized sample-tracking system developed for hazard- ous materials responses. This system allowed the NOAA information manage- ment group to immediately begin tracking ongoing fieldwork. Additional per- sonnel worked with the designated agency-contact people to assure that in- formation collected earlier in the event was also included. This retrospective sample tracking was accomplished within a few days of the initial incident to minimize information loss. Coordination of the NOAA sampling teams with other agencies continued throughout the study. Sampling procedures, equipment selection, sample lo- cations, time schedules, results, and observations were coordinated through the NOAA command post in Astoria to assure that adequate effort was being exerted with a minimum of duplication. Daily meetings held each evening in Astoria, along with constant phone communication, allowed for this close co- operation. 11 D U 12 MOCLIPS CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT FIGURE 5. impact area on the Washington and Oregon outer beaches, Primary study sites are indicated by *. 13 III. FATE AND EFFECTS PROGRAM A. BACKGROUND ON NOAA'S SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT TEAM The Hazardous Materials Response Branch of NOAA has been established to provide qualified scientific advice to federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) during oil and chemical spills in the marine environment. A Scientif- ic Support Coordinator (SSC) is one member of a group of special forces available upon request to federal OSCs during actual or potential releases of pollutants and prespill contingency planning. During spills, SSCs serve on the OSCs staff to integrate scientific information pertinent to a particular incident and coordinate scientific activity on-scene. The overall goal of the response program is to provide timely and effec- tive deployment of scientific resources to minimize environmental and socio- economic impact during an emergency oil or hazardous substance release. The major objectives of the program are: 1) To provide the National Response Team, Regional Response Team, and OSCs with assistance in (a) evaluating imminent hazards to human health and the environment and (b) mitigat- ing or preventing the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of oil and hazardous substance releases. 2) To provide scientific assistance in assessing the environmental and socioeconomic damage resulting from such incidents. 3) To maximize the research advantage offered by the spill situa- tion, especially for improving future response capabilities. B. RATIONALE A program of fate and effects investigation was initiated by NOAA on 23 March 1984. Evidence accumulated over the preceding week strongly sug- gested that a number of conditions existed which have been prerequisites in the past for the authorization of such studies. 1 . Substantial Threat to Resources of Trusteeship Interest to NOAA Additional information suggested that the volume of the spill exceeded the initial Mobil/USCG estimate of 42,000 gallons, perhaps by a considerable margin. It was also clear, from preliminary sampling, that some fraction of the oil, perhaps the bulk of the spill, had become incorporated into the 14 water column and river bedload sediments, posing a much greater risk to natural resources than would have been the case if oil impacts had been re- stricted to surface contamination. There are two resources of primary concern to NOAA that were poten- tially at risk from the spill. During the March-April period, hatcheries on the Columbia River release several million juvenile salmon into the river sys- tem upstream of the spill location. Previous studies have indicated that ju- venile salmon are particularly sensitive to oil impact. In addition, there were migrating adult salmon in the river. These facts, coupled with the presence of 600-700 harbor seals protected by NOAA under the Marine Mam- mal Protection Act, provided a major motivation for NOAA to undertake a close examination of the nature and extent of oil impact. 2. Need for Additional Data to Meet Response Requirements It was apparent early in the spill response that several decisions affect- ing river resource management would require detailed information on the quantity and fate of the oil spilled during the incident. The decision to hold salmon in upstream hatcheries would depend on information with which to forecast risks to survival at various release intervals. The possibility of relocating marine mammals, an unpleasant prospect at any time and especially so during the pupping season, might depend on the extent of oil reaching haulout areas. The management of river flow itself could affect not only stability of the vessel, but also the dynamics of oil movement, the availabil- ity of water for upriver marshes, and other characteristics of the estuary with resource management implications. These and other management uncer- tainties provided major impetus for the fate and effects investigation. 3. Existence of Background Information Fate and effects studies in the past have been hampered by lack of in- formation on natural environmental conditions against which excursions re- sulting from the spill incident might be compared. The Columbia River, however, is a well-studied system, so considerable data were available to meet study needs. In particular, data were available from the Columbia Riv- er Estuary Data Development Program (CREDDP) which were essential to study design and eventual interpretation on analytical measurements (Pacific NW River Basins Commission, 1979-1983). 15 C. GENERAL METHODS 1 . Sample Planning and Coordination To obtain an overview of the responsibilities and the purposes of sampling at the proposed sites, a chart was produced (Table 3) to allow agencies to see the effort taking place and to determine their roles in the effort based on their resources and interests. A sampling program was then generated which showed the overall effort at each sampling site (Appendix C). This program described the location, sampler, and what was sampled. 2. Sampling Execution: NOAA Sampling Efforts [A chronology of NOAA sampling efforts is given in Appendix A.] One day after the MOBILOIL went aground, the NOAA sampling effort began, spanning the period from 21 March to 9 May 1984. Initially, the pro- gram consisted of overflights and ground-truthing along upriver shore ar- eas. This effort was expanded to include water and sediment sampling, ad- ditional staff, and use of a NOAA boat and other vehicles beginning on 21 March. Appropriate sampling equipment, administrative supplies, and com- munications gear, which had been prepackaged and staged for immediate use in a 24-hour accessible area, were transported from Seattle. On Sunday, 25 March, a command post was established at the U.S. Ar- my Corps of Engineers Field Station in Astoria, Oregon. Field personnel met there that evening, and these evening meetings were continued through- out the sampling period. The most intensive period of sampling took place between 26 March and 31 March. During this time, 2 charter fishing boats, a NOAA boat, 3 vans, a charter aircraft, and 6 or more NOAA staff sampled the river from St. Helens to the Pacific Ocean, and the ocean beaches from Seaside (Oregon) to Grays Harbor (Washington). Sampling efforts focused on the water column (water, plankton tow), surface water (sheens, tarballs), river bottom (trawl, sediment grab, sorb- ent ball), beaches (overflights, ground-truthing), and observation by the local residents and fishermen. Sampling by 5 m otter trawl was the most effective way of covering large areas of the bottom and deeper areas of the river (Fig. 6.). The cod end of the trawl was fitted with a sorbent pad which gathered oil or oiled debris (Fig. 7). The entire pad or a portion of (0 -C +-< c o c o -C tfl 4-" o c a> ro w 0) ♦J 'o» a> £ o to QJ 4-1 C ro +-> CD £ ro ro a in i' u c x o TO ID CO C to "p 4> x to X 0) o c -o •I- <_ I- •!- (O CO _1 c < o o s: 2: , — LU «J X O u •r* £ ID £ O ■p _l 4) < O) o T3 ^ 3 to CO >• X *— a. •r- < LO s < Q- O < z < -^ o < < a. a. IxJ UJ < ~^ ^ o. < < ui < < ^. o o u. Z Z a a o Q Cj 3 O O Li. -^ -^ Q o o o UJ UJ N Q Q O o o uj ^ -v. Q — — O O O --. a a % ■^^ "N. '-^. a. O a. Q a. 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O & j: a; uo ro ro l_ p p p p u _l o 3 O U- o a < 1— X O QC s: ~) U~l I-O UJ UJ UJ (/J 2. 10 -o ^ . — C 1- u ro TO E Q. Q. p 4) 4J l_ Q Q TO CL c C (0 o O Cj p P cr. CT. C c r_- o «<~ 'i— enjz x . C O CD c E CD c Ol O < (-. c > o c 1_ «p- UJ pi -.- o <*- u <0 o 0.1 4-> P o p c 1_ c — 0. 4i E M- 1 — P o TO L. p TO p C CL c 0) ID CD E Q E c 4-> o C (_ t- o TO • i— Ol O. > Hi 0) c t_ Q LU O — < LU O 0. Q DUO 17 FIGURE 6. Otter trawl for sampling fish and large areas of bottom for oil 18 FIGURE 7. Otter trawl collection, including fish, oiled debris, and oiled sorbent pad. 19 oil was then kept as a sample. The net was washed by dragging it behind the boat, and a new sorbent pad was fitted for the next trawl. Samples taken followed strict chain-of-custody sample storage and sam- ple collection procedures. Documentation consisted of notes taken in bound fieldbooks by field parties. These notes were supplemented by sample tags and sample-tracking forms. Sample jars and collection devices were initially washed with soap and water, rinsed with water, rinsed with hexane, and sealed with aluminum foil. Samples were then stored in a locked refrigerator with controlled access. 3. Sampling Execution: Other Agencies Details of other agency response are described in Appendix B and by sampling-tracking sheets in Appendix C. As described previously, agencies of the States of Oregon and Washington, as well as federal agencies, partici- pated in this study effort. In general, each agency used its own field pro- cedures and field tagging methods. However, there were specific sampling devices or techniques developed for this particular spill situation, for which the agencies shared expertise and resources to assure compatibility of results. Chain-of-custody sample treatment and tracking techniques established by NOAA were used by all agencies. Field study plans were coordinated between agencies each evening, and any new methods or results discussed. D. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES 1 . Resources at Risk Information on the natural resources of the Columbia River and outer beaches was obtained from various sources (Beak Consultants, Inc., 1978; Pacific NW River Basins Commission, 1979-1983; Seaman, 1978; Sutherland, 1979; and USFWS, 1981). The primary concerns relative to resources were based on the habitats, seasons of activity, likelihood of impact, and the organisms themselves. Fol- lowing is a list of the areas which were determined to be most sensitive dur- ing the period of the spill and their criteria for sensitivity (return to Figs. 4 and 5 for Areas #1-#7 and Fig. 5 for Area #8): 20 1) Baker Bay - Chinook, chum, and coho salmon nursery; feeding and nursery area for dungeness crab and various fishes; waterfowl concentrations; high primary productivity. 2) Desdemona Sands - Harbor seal habitat area; concentrations of juvenile and adult starry flounder and other fishes; benthic organism concentrations. 3) Youngs Bay - Chinook, chum and coho salmon nursery area; feeding area and nursery for dungeness crab and various fish- es; benthic organism concentrations. 4) Taylor Sands - Bald eagle feeding area; harbor seal habitat area; benthic organism concentrations. 5) Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge. a) Rice Island - Harbor seal habitat area. b) Russian and neighboring islands - Bald eagle feeding area; chinook salmon and starry flounder nursery area; harbor seal habitat area; waterfowl feeding; benthic organism con- centrations. c) Miller and Jim Crow Sands - Harbor seal habitat area; chi- nook salmon and starry flounder nursery area; waterfowl feeding; benthic organism concentrations. 6) Columbian White-Tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge. a) Steamboat Slough - Waterfowl feeding area. b) Elochoman Slough - State fish hatchery; salmon spawning and fingerling habitat. 7) Upriver sites - These included islands and shoreline up to the Warrior Rock spill site near St. Helens. These are areas of waterfowl and fish habitat. 8) Outer beach sites - These included the outer beaches of Ore- gon and Washington to Grays Harbor. Included in this area were the habitats for marine birds, migrating waterfowl, anadromous fish, shellfish beds (oyster and razor clam), and recreational beaches. Seasonal aspects, such as bird nesting and fish migration, were taken into account in determining sensitive areas. Certain other areas which con- tained sensitive habitats were not studied in this detail either because they were not impacted by oil or because they were determined not to be sensitive to oil impacts at the time of the spill. 21 A list of species present in the area and vulnerable to oiling is pre- sented in Appendix D. Of primary concern were the following: 1) Several hundred harbor seals (mostly pregnant females) along the lower river, with pupping to begin soon. 2) Threatened or endangered species which use the area, includ- ing bald eagle, snowy plover, peregrine falcon, and Columbian white-tailed deer. 3) Large number of seabirds and migratory waterfowl in the im- pact area of the river mouth and outer beaches. 4) Chinook salmon fingerlings scheduled for immediate release from the Washington State Hatchery on Abernathy Creek. 5) Coho salmon fry being cultured by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) at the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant in ponds which received noticeable oil from the river. 6) Adult spring chinook salmon runs which were in progress, along with the downstream migration of juveniles. 7) Sportfishery based on large catches of flounder, sturgeon, steelhead, and spring chinook. 8) Commercial longline fishery for sturgeon. 9) Clam and oyster populations on the outer beaches and in Willapa Bay. 2. Methods The data for fate and effects of resources were gathered by the follow- ing methods: 1) Field sampling, as described previously. 2) Aerial overflights and ground observations, to locate affected resources. 3) Interviews with fishermen, cannery operators, and agency per- sonnel. 4) Investigation of reports from the public and state agency per- sonnel. 5) Live box studies in Elochoman Slough [96-hr bioassays] of chinook salmon fingerlings followed by a saltwater challenge test [performed by Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE)]. 22 6) Physiological examinations of gills, guts, and other organs of coho salmon fingerlings [performed by Oregon Department of Environment Quality (ODEQ)] at the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant. 7) Chemical analysis of tissues of white sturgeons collected in the river (performed by WDOE). Detailed information on the methods used by WDOE and ODEQ is not included in this report, but can be obtained by contacting these agencies. Other ob- servations and data in this report are either from NOAA personnel or were verified by NOAA personnel and are included in the sample-tracking sheets (Appendix C) . 3. Findings a) Marine Mammals A concern during the spill was the effect on health and movement of harbor seals, especially since pupping usually begins in the first week of April. Observations made of seals on Desdemona Sands and upstream, with dead seals being investigated when reported, revealed that the seals were in typical numbers at the Desdemona Sands area, while only two were seen up- stream. Observations of two dead seals indicated mortality had occurred prior to the spill, and that injuries from nets or boats were responsible. A dead whale was also reported which was investigated on 27 March. The dead whale was identified as one disposed of prior to the spill and was inadver- tently towed to shore. The cleanup of the shoreline and the short retention of oil in the vicin- ity of the Columbian White-Tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge indicated that effects on the deer and furbearing animals would be minimal. b) Seabirds and Waterfowl The most conspicuous effect of the spill was on the coastal birds. As mentioned previously, a process of collection, transport, and treatment was initiated by Mobil Oil utilizing the services of the International Bird Rescue Research Center (Berkeley, California). Birds were captured on outer beaches, on roads, and along the river. Dead or severely weakened birds numbered up to two per mile per day on the outer beaches where they were often mixed in a swash of the marine invertebrate velella (Fig. 8). Dead 23 FIGURE 8. Oiled, dead bird (western grebe) found on outer beaches and mixed in with velella. 24 FIGURE 9. Oiled, dead bird (common murre) picked up by outer beach cleanup crews. 25 birds were picked up and disposed of by beach cleanup crews (Fig. 9). A total of 698 birds were transferred to the rescue center at the Columbian White-Tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuge where they were tagged, fed, and cleaned. Of these, 475 birds were treated and released. The species in de- creasing order of abundance were western grebes, surf scoters, common murres, white-winged scoters, and black scoters. No effects were noted on bald eagles feeding in the area. The snowy plovers nested without any observable effects and with little or no oil pre- sent at the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge. c) Fish Short-term, live box tests (96-hour in-situ bioassays) showed no lethal effects, and the saltwater challenge test was also negative. These tests, coupled with chemical analysis of river water from the vicinity, indicated to the Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF) that the chinook fingerlings could be released from the Washington hatchery. Coho salmon fry stocked in river-fed holding ponds at the Trojan Nu- clear Power Plant on the day of the spill were examined nine days later and were found to be within normal limits for physiological tests. A total of 55 white sturgeon captured in a gsl! net were examined for oil, and 13 had oil in their mouths. A small portion of a commercial petrale sole catch was found to be oiled and was discarded by a Chinook, Washing- ton, cannery. Various catches of oiled fish were turned in to state agencies by anglers, including a catch of surfperch with oil in the mouths. Chemical sampling of sturgeons showed a high content of heavy naphthalenes, and the fish showed physical signs of stress (e.g., excess slime secretion). Heavy napthalenes are not particularly water soluble and presumably came from digestion of oil or oiled food by the fish. d) Shellfish Razor clam beds along the outer beaches were initially threatened by oil moving northward along the beach. Low population density, caused by dis- ease and combined with negligible oiling, resulted in a minimal oil impact, in attempts to monitor the beds, collectors were required to spend up to four hours to find one specimen, making in-situ study unlikely. 26 Oyster beds were lightly oiled in southeastern Willapa Bay, and it is not known whether this oiling will affect their productivity. In Grays Harbor, oyster cultch (used for setting larvae) was lightly oiled at Johns River. The effect of lost substrate for new oysters was mini- mal because of low coverage of the oil and the amount of cultch material available. e) Wetlands Aerial and ground surveys indicated that certain areas of shoreline marsh grasses in the river were lightly to moderately oiled. These and all oiled shoreline areas along the river were sites for a major cleaning effort (Fig. 10). Inspection of debris collected in some of these oiled areas in- dicated a low ratio of oil to debris, whereas oiled debris from outer beaches contained up to 60 percent oil (Fig. 11). Major concerns regarding oiled marsh vegetation were: 1) Oiled blades of most species will die, fall out, and be a source of chronic low-level oil export from the river. 2) Birds and other animals are easily oiled by moving through the oiled vegetation. 3) The grasses and rushes are generally the most oleophilic substrates in the river and bays. These concerns were minimized, however, by the overall low amount of oiling caused by rapid flushing of the river. In addition, the marshes are being monitored by Washington state agencies to determine the long-term effects of the oiling. 27 ;; li ; "«fiil FIGURE 10. White bags of oily debris from shoreline cleanup. HH mSSBmK^m mmm ■ 1 1; -1 1 SI FIGURE 11. Contents of bags of oil and debris from outer beach cleanup 29 E. CHEMICAL STUDIES 1 . Analytical Procedures A variety of chemical analyses were performed. These analyses had three purposes: 1) To characterize or "fingerprint" the oil from the ship. 2) To identify the source of the oil collected on the shore and on the river bottom. 3) To identify the source of the oil collected from dead birds, fish, and other organisms. Characterization of the oil was necessary to determine whether toxic, water-soluble fractions might be present and to allow identification of oil samples collected downstream. It was necessary to positively identify oil found on shorelines, in bottom sediments, and in organisms to determine its impact, movement, and weathering. In addition, reports of other spills in the area necessitated positive identification of the oil samples to be certain impacts were not being attributed to these "spiils of opportunity." Oil samples were prepared for analysis as follows. Twelve to 43 mg of the oily material were dissolved in 4 ml of n-hexane. The dissolved components were separated from the asphaltenes by centrifugation at 2,000 rpm for 5 minutes. One to three ml (ul) aliquots were injected in the splitless mode into a Hewlett-Packard 5711 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (injection port and temperatures were 250°C). The components were separated on a 30-m by 0.32-mm fused silica column coated with SE-52 cross-linked liquid phase (SPB-5 Supelco) . The column was temperature-programmed from 70°C to 270°C at 8°C per minute. The helium carrier gas had a linear velocity at 70°C of 66 cm per second. Analog data were compiled by an IBM-9000 data system with an acquisition rate of 30 points per second. Water samples were extracted 3 times with 60 ml of n-hexane. The ex- tracts were instrumentally analyzed as described above. An oil/water equilibration experiment was carried out by mixing oil at 1,000 ppm distilled water and stirring the mixture. The water phase was separated from the oily residue and analyzed in the same manner as the water samples collected from the environment. Table 4 identifies those samples from the oil spill which were analyzed. 30 TABLE 4. Samples analyzed by gas chromatography. Sample Number Description 1 MOBILOIL tank #4 2 MOBILOIL tank #3 3 MOBILOIL tank #1 4 Seaside Beach tarball (Oregon coast) 5 Midship downriver from site 6 Oil below ship 7 Oil from Jim Crow Sands (near Hammond) 8 Tarball from Ocean City (near Ocean Park) 9 Water solubles 10 Water sample from Elochoman Slough (near Columbian White-Tailed Deer National Wild- life Refuge) 11 Water near Elochoman Slough 31 2. Chemical Analyses Sample chromatograms are presented in Appendix E. Samples 1, 2, and 3 show a 20-minute portion of the high-resolution gas chromatograms from analyses of the three cargo samples. Chromatographic data from Samples 4 to 8 show similarities to analyses of samples collected from the environment. Examination of these data suggests to the following conclusions: 1 ) Chromatographic profiles from the three cargo samples were essentially identical, indicating very similar source crudes for these refined products. 2) The three cargo samples contained relatively greater quantities of insoluble components than normally encountered in unrefined crude oils. However, of the three samples, the No. 6 fuel oil contained relatively fewer insolubles than the industrial fuel oil or the heavy residual fuel. 3) It was determined, by comparison with the elution pattern of aromatic components in a reference crude oil (South Louisiana crude) , that the major single class of compounds in these sam- ples was the C1 and C2 alkyl naphthalenes. 4) The water equilibration experiment determined that these alkyl naphthalenes could be leached into the water column surround- ing the spilled oil. Sample 9 shows the chromatographic data from the this experiment. 5) The chromatographic profiles from all environmental samples were essentially identical, indicating these samples had a com- mon source. 6) These chromatographic profiles of the environmental samples were also identical to those from the cargo samples, indicating beyond a reasonable doubt that the oily residues found in the environment originated at the same source as the cargo samples (i.e., the MOBILOIL). 7) As seen in samples 10 and 11 (high-resolution gas chromato- graphic data from analyses of the two water samples), data from analyses of the water-column samples did not contain evi- dence to indicate that components from the MOBILOIL cargo were found, above detectable levels, in the water. 32 F. PHYSICAL STUDIES 1. Extent of Oiling (Physical Processes) a) River Flow . The major transport mechanism for oil spilled during the MOBILOIL event was associated with the river flow in the Columbia. The currents within the river are primarily controlled by the volume flow which is directly related to the input through the Bonneville Dam and the flow from the Willamette River. During the first week of the spill, estimated volumes of total flow at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers were ap- proximately 320,000 cubic ft per second (cfs) with day-to-day variations on the order of 20,000 cfs (Personal Communication, Corps of Engineers Reser- voir Control Center, Portland). These river-flow volumes resulted in an av- erage current at St. Helens of just under two knots. The fluctuations in the currents caused by variations in the Bonneville outflow made approxi- mately a 5 percent change in the mean flow of the river and correspond to changes in river height of about one foot. At the spill site, the dominant advective and transport processes were clearly associated with this strong river flow. b) Tides . Ocean tides propagate up the Columbia River, and the range of tidal height in the vicinity of St. Helens is approximately one ft. As the pro- gressive wave moves up the river, it causes an oscillatory tidal current of approximately 0.5 knots. This tidal current is in addition to the major river flow. During low water when the tidal currents and river flow are added together, expected currents would be approximately 2.5 knots downstream. During the high-water period when the tidal wave is progressing up the riv- er, it is subtracted from the expected river flow, resulting in downstream currents of 1.5 knots or slightly less. On 19 March, the tidal range at Tongue Point was 0.4-10.0 ft. c) Downriver Convergent Zones . Consideration of the tides and river flow at St. Helens clearly points out the dominant downstream flow associated with the river currents. As 33 one progresses seaward down the Columbia, the effect of the river currents is diminished because the channel widens and the cross-sectional area in- creases. In addition, the effects of the tidal currents increase because of the stronger tidal signal. The net result of these two processes is that around the vicinity of Puget Island (river mile 42), the tidal currents be- come strong enough to temporarily overcome the river flow. The result is a change in the flow direction or a reversal in the currents, so that for a short period during the tidal flow, the river comes to a halt and actually shows some upstream motion. This reversal has the effect of causing a strong surface convergence, and in the region of Puget Island and slightly downriver around river mile 35, one might expect some convergence of the floating surface oil. The strength and duration of the current reversal con- tinues to increase from this location down to the river mouth. Intrusion of salt water from the ocean can be recognized in the Columbia River near mile 20 [A. T. Pruter and D. L. Alverson (Eds.), 1972]. This intrusion leads to a classical, two-layer circulation system. The tendency in a salinity-stratified regime is for the water to flow in at the bottom and out at the top. Two-layer circulation is superimposed on the net outflow associated with the river, and not until river mile 5 or 10 is the net inflow in the bottom layer enough to overcome the mean river flow seaward. When averaged over a number of tidal cycles, there is a net upsteam current at the bottom in this area, which corresponds to a strong convergence zone in the lower layer of the river and is associated with the turbidity maximum observed in the suspended sediment distribution (Gelfenbaum, 1983). Once again, the convergent zone area has the potential to lead to higher concen- trations of oil moving along the bottom of the river, either as bed load or as suspended pollutant within the deeper section of the water column. This type of convergence zone is typically associated with increased biological activity. d) Wind Drift . Floating oil concentrations are affected by wind drift. During most spill incidents, the effects of wind are comparable to advection because of ocean currents, but for the Columbia River spill, the river flow dominated the factors controlling movement of the oil. The winds' effects were only secondary as long as the oil remained within the river. These secondary 3a effects were sufficient to influence which bank of the river received the most oil. During most of the first week following the spill, the winds had a pre- dominantly southerly component which forced surface oil onto the northern bank, or Washington coast, and led to higher concentrations of oil along that shoreline. e) Secondary River Flow at Bends in the Channel . Classical channel-flow models predicts uniform currents across a river as long as the channel is straight. When bends occur, cross-channel variations in the flow occur and lead to a slight tendency for surface water to move to the outside of the curve and bottom water to move to the inside. Therefore, floating pollutants would tend to accumulate on the outside of curves in the river channel. This would suggest, for example, that surface oiling might be expected along such areas as Cottonwood Island at river mile 70, or the Steamboat Slough region at river mile 34. 2. Oil Transport a) Surface . During the MOBILOIL oil spill, a significant amount of cargo floated on the surface of the river. The oil moved rapidly downstream and, early on the morning of 19 March, was reported in the Longview area near river mile 65. Throughout the first day, it continued to move downstream and, by evening, was in the vicinity of Wallace Island. On the morning of 20 March, it had progressed as far as Welch Island and river mile 35. This pattern continued throughout the remainder of the spill for any oil introduced at the spill site. The oil moved rapidly downstream within a two- or three-day period and exited the river or was trapped along the shoreline in the beach- face debris and sediments. b) Subsurface . Some of the oil spilled from the MOBILOIL was of sufficiently high den- sity that it was distributed throughout the water column and moved down- stream as a subsurface pollutant. For the most part, the transport of this oil was dominated by the effects of river currents. Since the river flow is nearly vertically homogeneous in the upper part of the river, this 35 subsurface oil initially moved similarly to the floating oil. Significant reductions in flow occurred only in a relatively narrow boundary layer which is confined to within a meter of the river bottom. Such uniformity of flow is characteristic in the entire upper region of the river. This is not the case, however, for the lower part of the Columbia estuary where the intrusion of salt water leads to a two-layer system. It is expected, therefore, that oil in the lower part of the water column would be slowed in the last 20 miles of the river and would not exit the river system as quickly as oil floating on the surface. c) River Bottom Concentrations . During the initial release from the MOBILOIL, some cargo was dense enough to sink to the river bottom. In the lee of the ship, a large eddy system formed, allowing this dense oil to settle in a pool on the river bot- tom. Outside of the eddy, sinking oil was quickly washed away and pro- gressed downstream either as droplets within the water column or as a slow- er flow along the river bottom. The bottom boundary layer moves down- stream at a reduced speed compared to either the surface currents or the flow observed at mid-depths. Oil movement through this bottom boundary layer would depend to a large extent on the form of the oil droplets, their individual density, and whether they had agglomerated onto sediment or oth- er detritus present in the river. Projections were that the bottom oil would wash from the river but at a significantly slower rate than oil in either sur- face waters or mid-water column. d) Oil Along the River Banks . During the MOBILOIL spill, a significant amount of oil was stranded along the river banks as a result of fluctuations in river height. These fluctuations were associated with the tidal wave progressing up the river or variations in river outflow either at Bonneville Dam or from the Willamette River. As the oil was stranded along the banks, its downriver progression was temporarily stopped. In some cases, these shore concentrations were cleaned up; in others, they were rewashed back into the river because of subsequent inundation from high water. The oil reintroduced to the river created a new, or secondary, source of surface oiling along the channel. The amount of rewashing depended on how firmly the oil was adhered to the 36 banks of the river. Sandy beaches, for example, rewash more quickly than the marshy areas associated with some of the sloughs. Rewashing is also af- fected by the amplitude of the tides. Since the spill occurred during a spring tide cycle, some rewashing may not have occurred until the following spring tide cycle, nearly a month later. e) Potential Trapping of Oil Within the River . For the most part, the oil spilled from the MOBILOIL moved rapidly down the Columbia River. There was, however, some potential for minor ac- cumulations to be trapped along the river and thus remain present in the system for longer than projections based upon simple advective processes would indicate: 1) Potential pockets are associated with the banks of the river, and stranding occurred because of fluctuations in the river height. 2) Reversal of the current system caused by the tidal excursion overcoming net river flow, as happens around river mile 40, may have temporarily slowed down, or pocketed, the oil in this section of the Columbia River. 3) The estuarine flow in the lower ten miles of the river could have caused a net reversal in the bottom flow and bed load. Deep distributions of oil particles could have accumulated in the Tongue Point region or in the area of the turbidity maxi- mum. For any of these mechanisms having the potential to pocket or trap the oil, rewashing and mixing processes tend to reduce the concentrations over time; none of these traps are likely to hold oi! for extended periods. f) Flushing Rates . During the MOBILOIL accident, the spilled products were seen to dis- tribute themselves from the surface to the bottom of the river and to strand along the shorelines. For each of these areas, we can make rough estimates of residence time which indicate how long the oil is likely to remain a prob- lem. Oil floating on the surface of the water transited the river within a few days. Oil within the water column moved somewhat more slowly and was present in the river for up to a week. Bottom concentrations transited the 37 river even more slowly and could have been present for periods of several weeks. To the extent that oil stranded along the shoreline is reintroduced as secondary sources, these estimated flushing times may be extended slight- ly by the rewashing process. 3. Long-Term Trajectory The oil lost from the MOBILOIL transited the Columbia River in three distinct ways: on the surface, in the water column, and along the bottom. In the area of saltwater intrusion, the water density increases because of higher salinity, causing some of the oil in the water column to rise to the surface. Thus, the depth at which the oil traveled was not necessarily con- sistent. Quantities of oil found on outer beaches diminished rapidly. During winter, ocean currents off the Columbia River mouth are predominantly northward. March and April are considered transitional months, after which the flow is predominantly to the south. With this consideration, it is not unreasonable to find some small (but widely scattered) tarballs to the south. The majority of the oil is expected to move northward. Although this north- ward movement could carry oil quite far because of the dilution factor, quantifiable amounts will not be found much north of Ocean Shores. 38 IV. CONCLUSIONS The fate and effects study conducted by NOAA from 21 March to 9 May 1984 produced the following conclusions: 1 . NOAA sampling on the river indicated that the Mobil estimate of 1,000 barrels of oil spilled was low. The estimate of spilled volume was later revised to 3,925 barrels by Mobil. This esti- mate may be further refined or expanded with additional data. 2. As of 2 April the majority of spilled oil had been either re- covered or flushed out of the Columbia River. 3. Analysis of ten samples indicated that all contained oil from the MOBILOIL. The highly toxic, water-soluble fractions were not present in any of the water samples analyzed. However, heavy aromatics were found in the tissues of sturgeon, and data indicated that naphthalenes could be dissolved in the wa- ter. 4. An overall assessment of potential environmental damage will not be complete until the research conducted by DOI, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), ODFW, ODEQ, WDF, and WDOE studies are completed. Following is a summary of these ongoing research efforts: ° NMFS (Hammond Laboratory) is continuing benthic sam- pling, dungeness crab monitoring, and fish surveying by trawl studies. ° ODFW will continue fish monitoring through short-term test fishing and annual monitoring of the spring chinook salmon run. ° ODEQ will update their Columbia River oil spill contin- gency plan. ° USFWS will continue monitoring impacts on birds, although bird cleanup has ceased for now. ° The Washington Department of Game (WDG) is conducting a long-term monitoring program of fur-bearing animals in- habiting the oiled marsh. ° WDOE will continue shoreline surveys and chemical moni- toring of fish. ° All agencies involved with the sampling effort will be con- tacted periodically by NOAA for impact updates. 39 V. REFERENCES CITED Beak Consultants, Inc., 1978, Operational ecological monitoring program for the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant: Annual Report. Corps of Engineers Reservoir Control Center, Portland, Oregon: Personal Communication. Gelfenbaum, C, 1983, Suspended sediment response to semidiurnal and fort- nightly tidal variations in a mesotidal estuary: Columbia River, USA: Marine Geology, Vol. 52, pp. 39-57. Pacific NW River Basins Commission, 1979-1983, Columbia River estuary data development program (CREDDP): Annual Data Reports. Pruter, A. T., and D. L. Alverson (Eds.), 1972, The Columbia River estu- ary and adjacent ocean waters: Univ. Washington Press, 868 pp. Seaman, M.H. (Ed.), 1978, Columbia River estuary inventory (CREST). Sutherland, G. B., 1979, Oil spill protection plan for the natural resources of the lower Columbia and Willamette Rivers: Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, 86 pp. + updates. USFWS, 1981, Pacific coast ecological inventory: U.S. Fish and wildlife Ser- vice. 40 APPENDIX A NOAA Response 41 APPENDIX A NOAA RESPONSE NOAA's involvement at the spill was divided into several phases: sup- port of efforts by the USCG and Mobil to mitigate spill impacts; assessment of oil fate and effects; and coordination of other state and federal impact as- sessments. Following is a chronology of NOAA activities from 19 March through 2 April 1984. 19 March At 0300, the USCG notified the SSC of the spill and requested oil tra- jectory information and an environmental sensitivity analysis. Throughout the day, information relative to these two topics was re- layed to the USCG via telephone from Seattle. ODEQ, DOI, NMFS, and WDOE were contacted to coordinate evaluation of resources at risk and protective strategies. The National Weather Service provided special forecasts for the spill ar- ea. The River Forecast Office provided information on river flows, cross- sectional areas, and velocity to support trajectory modeling efforts. 20 March As trajectory forecasts by the modeling group continued, field obser- vations of oil location and movement were hindered by poor visibility on the river. A Regional Response Team meeting was held in Seattle, Washington. A major concern expressed at this meeting was the possibility that oil was sinking in the river. The USCG asked NOAA to determine a means of iden- tifying sinking oil. Coordinating efforts with resource agencies continued. Concern was expressed by an Oregon representative that little information was available on oil location and protection measures in place on the river. After concurrence by the USCG OSC, five NOAA personnel were dis- patched from Seattle to the spill scene. The group consisted of the SSC, a two-person bottom sampling crew, and a two-person aerial surveillance crew. 42 21 March NOAA personnel were stationed at Kelso (Washington) for aerial surveil- lance; at St. Helens (Oregon) for sampling of the river bottom from the NOAA boat; and at Portland (Oregon) to coordinate scientific efforts. State and federal agencies recommended to the USCG that side chan- nels, sloughs, and tributary mouths downriver of the spill be protected to prevent potential impacts on waterfowl, marine mammals, fisheries, and shoreline habitats of the Lewis and Clark and Columbian White-Tailed Deer National Wildlife Refuges. Cleanup recommendations were made for shoreline areas under federal/state management. The initial river-bottom samples taken by NOAA revealed oil on the riv- er bottom near the vessel. Other observations indicated oil was suspended in the water column up to 50 miles downriver from the ship. NOAA consulted the Corps of Engineers to determine how flow changes at the Bonneville Dam would affect river height and velocity at the ship. 22 March The imminent release of hatchery salmon fingerlings upstream and down- stream from the ship became a major concern. NOAA requested that the USCG secure cargo samples from each dam- aged tank and that a careful accounting of oil transfers from the vessel be maintained. The volume of spill estimate was questioned. Four NOAA personnel sampled the bottom near the vessel, and 100-ft by 1 ,300-ft oil patch on the bottom was identified. It was estimated that this patch contained 10,000-40,000 gallons of oil. Midwater trawls indicated the presence of in the water column. NMFS conducted trawl surveys and found submerged oil near Astoria, Oregon. NOAA, DOI, and State of Oregon and Washington representatives dis- cussed requirements for an initial assessment of natural resource impacts. NOAA began daily briefings on information collected by resource agencies for the Mobil environmental affairs representative. 23 March The NOAA sampling effort concentrated in the area of the Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge to evaluate downriver migration of subsurface oil. 43 Current-velocity estimates at the vessel and downriver were made for the USCG at the request of Mobil. A NOAA representative was flown to the vessel by Mobil to make additional observations of river velocity. NOAA, DOI, USCG, and State of Washington and Oregon representa- tives met to evaluate the need for an assessment of natural resource impacts as a result of the spill. NOAA agreed to determine transport and fate of oil at the surface, water column, and bottom of the river and to coordinate data management efforts of other agencies. 24 March NOAA, DOI, and State of Oregon and Washington representatives met with Mobil and their insurance representative to discuss resources of concern on the river and plans to assess the impact of oil on those resources. NOAA personnel met with Washington State and DOI representatives to begin specific planning for sampling on the river. Removal of the oil mass on the bottom near the vessel was recommended after consultation with the states and DOI. 25 March After consultation with various groups, specific information on Bonne- ville Dam flows, travel time to vessel, and river height was passed to Mobil through the USCG. NOAA personnel and contractors on-scene increased from 5 to 13 in an- ticipation of an intensive 10-day sampling and data management effort. A NOAA field coordination center was established in Astoria, Oregon, to sup- port field operations. The SSC remained in Portland to support the USCG efforts. The NOAA team consulted with National Wildlife Refuge managers on the most appropriate cleanup methods to be used in oiled wetland areas. This information was passed to the USCG and Mobil. 26 March The vessel floated free. A NOAA crew overflew the area to map oil locations and to look for ad- ditional oil release. 44 The NOAA crew sampled the water column and bottom downriver from the ship and at the location of ship grounding. The mass of oil on the bot- tom at the ship apparently had moved downriver. Coordination of field sampling with Washington, Oregon, and DOI was undertaken by NOAA. An intensive data management effort was initiated to obtain records of all oil observations made to date by each agency involved. NOAA General Counsel was requested to provide guidance on NOAA actions during damage assessment activity. 27 March The overall sampling plan design and coordination were finalized. Two crews sampled Elochoman Slough and the Astoria Bridge area by boat to collect water-column and bottom samples. An observer was sent on an NMFS vessel to record observations during bottom trawls in the lower river and Grays Bay area. The SSC departed Portland for Astoria as requirements by the USCG for consultation on mitigation efforts were reduced. 28 March NOAA sampling crews were deployed to various sites. The area of vessel grounding was sampled by NOAA to determine the status of sunken oil. Taylor Sands, Rice Island, and Miller Sands crews surveyed the bottom for oil contamination. Oil samples from the vessel cargo tanks were obtained from the USCG. An observer accompanied NMFS personnel during trawl sampling. Trajectories for oil movement along the Washington coast were refined by NOAA. 29 March Samples of oil from the vessel and various sites on the river were col- lected by NOAA and State of Washington personnel and taken to a local lab for analysis. 45 Two NOAA boat crews on the river sampled at Harrington Point, Rocky Point, and Grays Point from one platform, and Taylor Sands, Rice Island, Miller Sands, and Jim Crow Sands from a second platform. The NOAA sampling rationale was reviewed with the states and revised to insure compatibility with biological sampling activities. The sampling plan was to use integrated samples (otter trawls with sorbent pads) to check as much of the bottom water in the river as possible (Fig. 6). 30 March Two NOAA boat crews sampled the water column using bottom trawls in the lower river and in the area of the Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Ref- uge. Results of the chemical analyses from cargo, river, and ocean samples showed that oil coming ashore in the river and on the outer coast was from the MOBILOIL. 31 March Ground surveys were made by NOAA on Oregon beaches near Seaside, and north of the river on the Washington coast. Fishing boat operators at llwaco and Chinook were interviewed. The north shore of the river near the mouth was also surveyed. Additional samples were selected for chemical analysis. Coordination with the state sampling effort continued. 1 April An aerial beach survey of the Washington coast was conducted. The boat crew conducted trawl sampling in llwaco Channel. Results of the previous week's sampling effort were reviewed and syn- thesized. Requirements for future sampling efforts were determined. The coordination center in Astoria was closed. Remaining field person- nel were moved to Kelso, Washington. 46 2 April and Ongoing NOAA and State of Oregon and Washington personnel met to review sampling efforts of the previous two weeks and to evaluate future require- ments. The data management group continued to obtain information from other agencies so that a complete history of activities, observations, and sampling would be available for later reference. 47 APPENDIX B RESPONSE BY OTHER AGENCIES 48 APPENDIX B RESPONSE BY OTHER AGENCIES 1. STATE OF WASHINGTON RESPONSE The State of Washington's response to the MOBILOIL spill began on the day of the spill when the WDF surveyed the river from Vancouver to Longview. On 20 March, the Marine Resource Damage Assessment (MRDA) group was activated. MRDA is a group of state agencies whose activities are monitored and coordinated by WDOE in times of actual or potential environ- mental damage. The participants in MRDA are WDOE, WDF, Washington De- partment of Emergency Services (WDES), Washington Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), the Department of Social and Health Services, the Parks and Recreation Commission, and WDG. On 20 March, several field activities were initiated. A WDF crew was on the river between 0800 and 1530. From the ship to 2,600 ft downstream, a heavy slick was noted from bank to bank, and tarballs were found on the beaches and in the water downstream to Kalama. WDF took preoiling beach samples at Long Beach, Ocean Shores, and Grayland beaches, and on 21 March, began ocean beach surveys from the North Jetty (Cape Disappointment) to Ocean Shores, Washington. WDOE and WDF staff also deployed cages containing live fish at Elochoman and Bachelor (control) Sloughs on 27 March. No mortality was noted when the fish cages were removed on 2 April. Water samples were taken and water chemistry parameters were recorded during the period at the fish-cage sites. Throughout the spill, WDF conducted angler surveys and examined com- mercial fish buy-tickets for reports of oiling. The sample-tracking effort for the state is given in Appendix C. The State of Washington remains con- cerned about long-term effects of the spill and will continue to monitor the situation for some time. 2. STATE OF OREGON RESPONSE The State of Oregon was notified of the accident by the USCG at 0200 on 19 March and had staff on-site at the USCG command post at 0530 that morning. ODFW had crews on the river by 0930 that morning, examining ef- fects and possible mitigation measures that could be taken. ODEQ also had 49 personnel on-scene that morning and, along with ODFW, overflew the spill site and the impacted areas of the river. Both of these agencies continued to work with the USCG on cleanup efforts, while also monitoring oil impacts on the Oregon side of the river. ODFW personnel continued conducting the angler fishing surveys by air and boat, which they had begun prior to the spill. Notes on extent of oiling and oiled fish or gear were taken. The Oregon agencies were also in touch with various industries along the river and were receiving regular reports of any oil-related problems. ODFW had a large number of hatchery-raised coho salmon fingerlings in river-fed ponds at the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant, 10 miles downriver from the spill site. By coincidence, these salmon were put into the ponds the morning of the in- cident and, consequently, were closely monitored for mortality and sublethal impacts. ODEQ and ODFW personnel also conducted a boat survey of the river bottom and shoreline from the spill site to Astoria on the 28-30 March. The sample tracking for various Oregon state personnel is listed in Appendix C of this report. 3. NOAA'S NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE RESPONSE The NMFS Biological Field Station at Hammond, Oregon, provided his- torical prespill field information and specific postspill support during the MOBILOIL response effort. The director of the facility and his staff occu- pied a number of historic trawl sites and bottom sampling stations beginning on the morning of 21 March. Additional sediment samples were taken on the beach, as well as bird and fish specimens. Visual surveys documented with narrative text and photographs were made when sampling was not possible. Subtidal bottom trawls and beach sampling efforts on 22 March documented oiling on both sides of the river, near the Astoria Bridge, off McGregor Is- land, and in other areas. Oil globs on the beach and oiled birds, dead and alive, were documented near the Hammond Station on 27 March. The Hammond Field Station is maintaining on-site custody of the samples, photo- graphs, and supporting documentation. Historic trawl sites and other stations are still being sampled by Hammond, to monitor any reappearance of oil. 50 4. EPA RESPONSE EPA personnel were on-scene at the USCC command post for the first two days of the spill response and returned on 28 March to conduct further examinations of the oil in the river. On 29 March, EPA personnel conducted a river-bottom sampling program to determine the presence or absence of oil in the Columbia River. The sampling method consisted of lowering a 10-pound lead ball wrapped in sorbent material to the bottom and examining the material for oil upon retrieval. The sampling sites were selected from information given by a local commercial sturgeon fisherman. These sturgeon fishery "holes" were sampled between Martin Island, downstream to Stella, Washington. Additional midchannel, backwater, and transect stations were also sampled in this area. Two stations at Cottonwood Island at 40- to 50-ft depths showed even light oiling. 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(- > < i— >-i UJ K Qj CJ CL Ul O Q- U LO UJ - , q; -l- LD < LU < UJ a. > E _J < uJ E " < H ii U L0 Ui CL ' to * UJ i -■ E n u LU Ci -1 N tn Q UJ uJ Z > O UJ N U LL UJ D CC 3 CL LU > CC < UJ < hIOZh cc in LU CO i-i N cc o- LD ^ Z LL UJ c D LD _l Z O LU U _l I I UJ UJ I H E i < i- I Q I- i I E G S CO > E S G t> CJ > i > I < ! < I E S I E S I G I Si i> >N '■I 86 APPENDIX D SELECTED SPECIES 87 Selected species found downstream of the spill site and in the estuary. SHELLFISH BIRDS Dungeness crab Razor clam Sand shrimp Blacktail shrimp Freshwater crayfish Pacific oyster FISH Chinook salmon Coho salmon Chum salmon Sockeye salmon Steelhead trout Cutthroat trout Mountain whitefish Columbia River smelt Whitebait smelt Longfin smelt Surf smelt Green sturgeon White sturgeon Starry flounder English sole Petrale sole Striped bass Pacific sandlance American shad Pacific herring Redtail surfperch Northern anchovy Pacific hake Pacific tomcod Lingcod Black rockfish Common merganser Red-breasted merganser Canada goose Mallard Pintail Greater scaup Barrow's goldeneye Surf scoter White-winged scoter American coot Pigeon guillemot MAMMALS Harbor seal Beaver Muskrat 88 APPENDIX E SAMPLE CHROMATOGRAMS R/84-6 89 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 07 : 43 : 33 Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Time : 12 : 11 : 41 Date:TUE 10 APR 84 Method : COLUMBI A3 FILE- GC1:M0BIL1 SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. )•• 8.00 TO 28.00 7108 h- Z Z> O u 4223 .Ad Iua^U Ufl*/" '^WIaJ Kf 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 26 SAMPLE #1. MOBILOIL Tank #4 90 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 07 : 46 ; 24 Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Time : 1 3 : i 6 : 56 Date:TUE 10 APR 84 Method : COLUMBI A3 FILE: GCi:M0BIL2 SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. ): 8 00 TO 28.00 13363 en h- Z D O 423: .aJLA^/A*A> w urfW w M f k Wh^A%^ jWm^ 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 28 SAMPLE # 2. MOBILOIL Tank #3 91 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 07 : 48 : 44 Date.TUE 24 APR 84 Time : 14 : 20 : 00 Date:TUE 10 APR 84 Method : COLUMBI A2 FILE- GC1-M0BIL3 SCALE: i RANGE (MIN. ): 8.00 TO 28.00 '243^ en h- o u 4220 JA l+Jh^sJuJv i r j lj *jW ' •jWV HWj 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 26 28 SAMPLE # 3. MOBILOIL Tank #1 92 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time:07:51:10 Time : 15 : 22 : 01 Method : HOLD Date:TUE 24 DateTUE 10 APR 84 APR 84 FILE: GC1--M0BIL4 SCALE 1 RfiNGE (MIN. )= 8.90 TO 28.00 4719 CD h- O u 42 1 4 LlJw^Wv'W in I » t! if II I il i ! WN ft mn i I! I m A fil J V mm I « il, ill, Jl jliitfi t uv { II M J' "' I i i i i i r 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 26 28 SAMPLE #4. Outer Beach Oil 93 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 07 : 53 : 43 Time : 16 : 22 : 1 4 Method : HOLD Date :TUE 24 APR 84 Date:TUE 10 APR 84 FILE: GC1:M0BIL5 SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. ): 8.00 TO 28.00 5581 01 h- ^_ D O U 4223 3ulAjJ^ W WW 8 10 12 14 16 18 MINUTES 20 22 IfiW- ■i'v a/W T 24 26 28 SAMPLE #5. Oily Sand Downriver of Spill 9 A RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 07 : 56 : 22 Time : 08 : 49 : 56 Me thod : HOLD Date: TUE 24 AFR 84 Da te : WED 1 1 APR 84 FILE: GC1-M0BIL6 SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. ): P. 00 TO 28.00 9256- - r o 4228 22&.$XJK*A 8 10 12 14 16 18 MINUTES ~T 20 22 Muju^ 24 26 23 SAMPLE #6. Oil Below Ship 95 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 07 : 58 : 3 1 Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Time : 09 : 57 : 44 Date:WED 11 APR 84 Method :HOLD FILE: GC1M0BIL7 SCALE: i RANGE (MIN. ): 8.00 TO 28.00 7230" cn h- "Z. D O U 4208 _aJk^s>m 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 26 -t/^Jv- 28 SAMPLE #7. Oil from Jim Crow Sands. 96 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time:08:00:38 Time : 10 : 59 : 32 Method : HOLD Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Date:WED 11 APR 84 FILE GC1--M0BILB SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. )= 8.00 TO 28.00 5270" h- Z D O u 42$7jl^M^*ksJ V^aJ i^f#Jw>' 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 26 28 SAMPLE #8. Outer Beach Tarball 97 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 08 : 03 : 04 Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Time : 08 : 56 : 55 Date:WED 18 APR 84 Method : COLUMBIA FILE- GC1--M0BIL15 SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. ): 8.00 TO 28.00 4381" CD h- Z D O O 4185.' f&Jjt^ H WW 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 MINUTES 22 24 26 28 SAMPLE #9. Water-solubles 98 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time : 10 : 33 : 49 Time .09:49:34 Method : HOLD Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Date:THU 12 APR 84 FILE: GCMIOBILii SCALE: i RRNGE (MIN. ): 8.00 TO 38.00 4522" 4218.. 8 13 18 23 MINUTES 28 33 38 SAMPLE #10. Water in Elochoman Slough 99 RECONSTRUCT SCREEN DUMP Data Acquisition Time:10:31:32 T i me : 1 . 5 2 : 4 8 Method : HOLD Date:TUE 24 APR 84 Date:THU 12 APR 8 4 FILE- GC1:M0BIL12 SCALE: 1 RANGE (MIN. ): 8.00 TO 38.00 1106? 4220 8 13 18 23 MINUTES 28 33 38 SAMPLE #11. Water near Elochoman Slough a U.S. GPO 593-870 1 PEf || N |flY^ UNIVER SITY LIBRARIES AQnn I-