IBS PBNNSY1 TATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^ecUnlcuL vtote f70 PHOTOTYPESETTING OF COMPUTER OUTPUT AN EXAMPLE USING TABULAR DATA WILLIAM R. BOZMAN U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the develop- ment and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supple- ments the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Tech- nical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory Ionospheric Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Stand- ards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS *€ecUnical ^ote 170 ISSUED JUNE 25, 1963 PHOTOTYPESETTING OF COMPUTER OUTPUT AN EXAMPLE USING TABULAR DATA William R. Bozman NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bu- reau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be listed or referred to in the open literature. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 10 cents Contents Page 1 . Photocomposition of computer output 1 2. Description of character codes 1 3. Conclusion 4 ii Phototypesetting of Computer Output William R. Bozman A photocomposition machine controlled by the magnetic tape output from a computer was used to prepare a 559-page table of atomic transition probabilities at the National Bureau of Standards. This method makes possible the publication of computed data in high quality typography in a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Many styles of type are readily available to the programmer including Greek, italic, mathematical symbols, upper and lower case alphabets, etc. 1. Photocomposition of Computer Output Modern electronic computers are used to calcu- late and process large quantities of basic mathe- matical and physical data. Hundreds of pages of numerical or tabular information can be obtained in a few hours, or even a few minutes. When the final calculations are completed, the problem of publica- tion of the data then arises. This problem can be handled in two ways. Tra- ditionally the information is set in metal type. This method produces high quality typography of graphic art quality, and is the preferred style. However, in order to minimize the time needed between the com- puter calculations and the final printed page, and also to reduce printing costs, it is frequently de- cided to forgo traditional typographic quality. In these instances the printing plates may be made from photographs of pages prepared on a high-speed computer printer. Unfortunately these printed pages are usually much less clear than those that have been typeset, page formats may be wasteful of space, and the limi- tations on the styles of type and special characters available may be a severe handicap, leading to the use of nonstandard or even misleading notations. A solution to this dilemma is now possible by using an automated photocomposition machine which can produce first class typography in a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. A recent publication of the National Bureau of Standards produced by this method is NBS Mono- graph 53, Experimental Transition Probabilities for Spectral Lines of Seventy Elements by C. H. Corliss and W. R. Bozman. The transition probabilities were computed by an IBM 7090 electronic computer and written onto a magnetic tape in a Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) form. This BCD tape was printed on the IBM 1403 printer for reference purposes. A FORTRAN com- puter code was then written to convert this BCD tape into a binary tape which contained the proper bit-patterns to operate a magnetic-tape-controlled Linofilm photocomposition machine. This machine was located at the IBM Watson Research Center where it was being used in a language translation project. The table of transition probabilities consists of 559 pages of data. Preparation of the film from the magnetic tape took about 80 hours. About twelve 50-foot rolls of 8-inch wide positive film were used. The plates for offset printing were made photo- graphically, directly from the films. The computa- tion of the data and preparation of the BCD tape took twenty minutes on a 7090 computer; the conversion from the BCD tape to the binary tape in Linofilm format took thirteen minutes. It would have taken about 300 hours to set the table by conventional methods. The proofreading and correcting of typo- graphical errors would also have taken considerably more time, especially since the table produced was not completely proofread. (After proofreading the first few pages without finding an error, a decision was made to check only the first and last line of each page.) Data for a second publication, Spectral-Line In- tensities and gf -Values in the First Spectrum of Copper by Charles H. Corliss, National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research 66A (Physics and Chemistry), No. 6, 497 (Nov.-Dec. 1962), was pre- pared by using a magnetic-tape-to-paper-tape con- verter. The paper tape was then fed into a standard (paper-tape-controlled) photocomposition machine. 2. Description of Character Codes The binary magnetic tape for input to the paper tape converter was recorded in "records" of 250 computer "words" of 36 bits each at high density (556 bits per inch). Each computer word contained two characters to be typeset, corresponding to two rows of holes on the l5-channel paper tape. The binary information on the magnetic tape must correspond exactly to the binary holes to be punched on the paper tape, except for three bits per character which are not read from the magnetic tape. These extraneous bits are taken care of automatically by the proper choice of octal numbers which represent each character. For example, if the upper case letter, capital "A" is designated by the octal num- bers 0504 8 followed by the proper width information for the font to be used, e.g., a width of thirteen units=15g units, then the octal number 0504158 will write the proper bit pattern on the magnetic tape (eighteen bits) so that the correct fifteen-bit pattern will be punched on the paper tape. AD letters, numbers and printed symbols start their code num- ber with a zero. Instructions to the photocomposi- tion machine such as "change grids," "change point size," "justify," or "quad left," etc., start with a 1, 2, or 3 as the first digit. As each computer word (IBM7090) consists of 36 bits, it is possible to place two characters in each word. For example, the chemical symbol for so- dium, Na, would be written on the magnetic tape as 040416022311, the 0404 representing the upper case "N" having a width of 16 8 units and the 0223 the lower case "a" having a width of 11 8 units. These computer words are prepared by a com- puter code. Our data were converted from a BCD magnetic tape, in standard IBM format, to the binary magnetic tape, in Linofilm format, by a FORTRAN code containing a SUBROUTINE (FORTRAN sub- routine) of the following type: ENTRY LINOB LINOB SXA XR1.1 SXA XR2,2 AXT 1,1 INPUT AXT 1,2 OUTPUT LOOP LDQ DATA+1,1 ZAC CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FIRST CHARACTER ALS 18 CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 SECOND CHARACTER SLW OUTPUT+1,2 TXI *+l,2,l ZAC CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 THIRD CHARACTER ALS 18 CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FOURTH CHARACTER SLW OUTPUT+1,2 TXI *+l,2,l ZAC CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FIFTH CHARACTER ALS18 ALS 18 CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 SIXTH CHARACTER SLW OUTPUT+1,2 TXI *+l,2,l TXI *+l,l,l TXL LOOP,l,12 XR1 AXT *,1 XR2 AXT *,2 TRA 1,4 DATA COMMON 12 OUTPUT COMMON 36 TABLE COMMON 2584 PAGENO COMMON 1 PRNTNO COMMON 3 END This subroutine selects the proper Linofilm codes from a table in the following way: A word (36 bits in BCD) of DATA is loaded by the LDQ instruction into the Multiplier Quotient Register (MQ). (For ex- ample, "HG 198" would be loaded as 30276001- 1110s.) The Accumulator Register (AC) is cleared by the ZAC; then the CAQ instruction reads the first six bits of the DATA word in the MQ (the 30 8 rep- resenting the "H" in the example) and adds this number to TABLE-127 to form a new address, TABLE-127+30. This location contains the Lino- film bit pattern for the letter "h." In the actual SUBROUTINE used for Mono- graph 53, the first letter of each chemical symbol was capitalized. This was done by having two tables, TABLE-127 containing the lower case or un- shifted characters and TABLE-63 containing the upper case or shift position characters. The proper table was selected by the code; in the above example the address actually chosen would have been TABLE-63+30, containing the Linofilm bit pat- tern for the upper case "H" (033313, the 333 repre- senting the letter "H", the 13 giving the width of the letter, and the left-most digit being zero since this is a character to be printed). This number is added into the AC which then contains 000000033313. The CAQ instruction rotates the DATA in the MQ six bits to the left so that the next character, repre- sented by 27, is in the left six bits of the MQ. The contents of the AC are then shifted left 18 binary places by the ALS 18 instruction, in order to make room for the second character. The AC now con- tains 033313000000. The next computer instruction, which is another CAQ, looks up the 27th (octal) entry in TABLE-127, which would be the Linofilm bit-pattern for lower case "g", and adds it to the contents of the AC: 033313000000s=H 0000000123108= 2 033313012310s=Hg. This value is stored in the OUTPUT. The code then continues with the "space" and the numeral 1 which would be stored in the OUTPUT as 0000060- 2051 lg. In this case the "space" is given a value of 6 units, but it could be any value desired from 04g to 37g units. The last two digits, 98, would be stored as 021211022511 8 . Note that all the numerals have a constant width, in this instance lis. The width to be used is of course determined by the choice of type style. This SUBROUTINE will convert all BCD data into the proper bit patterns for the photocomposition machine. However, additional instructions are needed for the operation of the photocomposition machine. The first computer word on the output tape must contain the point size and film advance information as shown in the octal printout of figure 1. For example, if a 10 point type size with a 10 point film advance is specified, then the first word would be 240500221200 8 in which 2405 designates "change point size" to the fifth size listed.. The next two zeros are ignored. The 2212 specifies the film ad- vance to be 12s units, which equals 10 points. The next instruction is the grid selection; in order to simplify the coding problem this instruction was re- peated, so that the second word on the magnetic tape was 260400260400 to instruct the machine to choose grid number 04. The right-hand half of this word could, of course, be the first character of the output information. An "end-of-line" code must be given at the end of each line. This work, being tabular, was given a "Quad left" instruction. In order to simulate this instruction as punched on the standard paper tape, the following is written on the magnetic tape: 311400100000s followed by six words of zeros, i.e.: 000000000000 written six times. Ten quad-lefts were written on the tape at the end of each page in order to give 10 blank lines between the pages for cutting them apart. The output tape must be written in the binary mode and must not contain any extraneous words such as tape-checking words. This meant that the FORTRAN "WRITE TAPE" instruction cannot be used. However, a subroutine can be called by a FORTRAN statement such as: CALL WTBA6 (BLOCK(J),K,IOERR) where J, is the index for the end of each record, K, is the record size e.g. 250, and IOERR is the tape error exit. The following SUBROUTINE written in the FAP symbolic coding system was used: WTBA6 ENTRY WTBA6 SXA XRA,1 AXT 10,1 CLA 1,4 STA 10 CLA* 2,4 STD 10 WTBA 6 RCHA 10 TCOA * XEC *-l TRCA *+5 24050 02051 03340 05031 04341 31140 04230 04230 02340 04031 00000 00003 000C0 C0000 00001 00001 00001 05321 03251 C0001 05321 03121 00001 00001 0CCC0 05251 02051 05321 02251 00000 00001 00001 0221200 1023105 7040311 0040311 2260100 01C00O0 6030311 6041413 7C00036 2012310 ooooooo 6000036 C000000 0000000 2CC0012 2042512 2C00012 2023105 2000012 2020512 2000012 2053212 20000L2 2000012 CCCOOOO 2032512 2021212 2023105 2020512 ooooooo 2C00012 20C0012 26040 00003 02031 06031 31140 ccocc 03231 C0003 C0003 00000 00000 C0003 CCCCC coooo C0001 05321 coooi 05321 31140 05121 C0001 05121 C0001 01221 COOOO 05121 C0001 05321 COOOI ccocc 00001 CCC01 0260400 0260500 1022312 2060312 01C0OOO cocoooo 3023407 6000025 6000023 6012310 ocooooo 60C0027 CCCOOOO OCOOOOO 2000012 2021212 2000012 2053212 01C00O0 2020512 2000012 2020512 2000012 2052512 ooooooo 2042512 2012212 2031212 2000012 ooooooo 2CC0012 2042512 00C031 030413 020311 030310 000000 oooccc 051406 042415 012310 052307 000036 020511 000000 000000 052512 042512 053212 042512 oocooc 000012 000012 000012 000012 023105 O0O00C 023105 000012 022512 000012 000000 000012 000031 033407 051406 033407 000000 000000 042306 032313 050415 000005 000036 053211 000000 000000 032512 042512 023105 051212 cooooo 000012 C00012 C00012 000012 020512 CCOOOO 021212 031212 000012 C00012 COOOOO 000012 000036000036 022312032312 021406051406 260600040622 000000000000 000000000000 031511000022 030311033410 000036000036 311400100000 000036000036 260200013307 000000000000 000000000000 052512032512 000012012212 053212042512 000012000012 000000000000 000012000012 000012051212 000012000012 053212023105 042512000012 000012020512 051212000012 032512021212 000012000012 000012000012 000000000000 052512032512 000036 023407 042306 022415 000000 000000 040522 012310 000036 000000 000006 260100 000000 000000 023105 000012 052512 000012 000000 000012 021212 000012 053212 311400 042512 000012 041212 000012 012212 000000 042512 000030 051406 051406 040311 000000 000000 022307 031511 000007 000000 050415 030606 000000 000000 032512 031212 000012 000012 000000 000012 053212 000012 053212 100000 041212 000012 021212 000012 052512 000000 041212 03041 04230 03031 03231 00000 00000 04151 00000 01231 00000 00003 02340 00000 00001 02251 02121 00001 00001 00000 05251 02051 05321 03121 00000 00001 00001 00001 00001 02310 00000 02310 4022312 6051406 0023407 2042306 ooooooo ooooooo 1030311 6053314 0052307 ooooooo 6000036 7030311 ooooooo 2000012 2000012 2053212 2000012 2000012 OOOOOOO 2032512 2021212 2023105 2051212 ooooooo 2000012 2000012 2000012 2000012 5053212 ooooooo 5051212 02031 04031 00000 05140 00000 00000 02140 03031 00003 00000 00003 05031 31140 03121 00001 05321 00001 01221 00000 05121 00001 05321 00001 00000 00001 00001 00001 35321 02121 00001 05321 2021411 1032312 6040311 5032312 ooooooo ooooooo 6030311 1041511 6000036 ooooooo 6000036 1260300 0100000 2022512 2000012 2051212 2000012 2052512 OOOOOOO 2053212 2012212 2031212 2000012 ooooooo 2000012 2051212 2000012 2023105 2000012 2000012 2000012 030312000006 000006060312 052307000006 053412030311 000000000000 023304032313 032313012310 030311021406 000022053314 000000000000 000027013317 311400100000 000000000030 000012000012 000012000012 000012000012 000012000012 023105051212 000000000000 023105053212 000012031212 053212000012 000012000012 000000000000 000012000012 021212053212 000012000012 053212053212 311400100000 042512020512 000012000012 05321 00001 05321 31140 03251 00001 04251 C0001 01221 CCOCO CCOCO 02310 00001 02251 00001 00C0O CC001 02121 00001 05321 31140 02251 00001 03121 00001 01221 2020512 20C0012 2053212 oiooooo 2053212 2000012 2020512 2C00012 2052512 COOOOOO C000000 5042512 2031212 2031212 20C0012 ooooooo 2CC0O12 2053212 2C0OO12 2053212 OICOOOO 2041212 2000012 2051212 2000012 2052512 02051 05321 05251 cocoo 00001 COOOI 00001 CCC01 02310 CCCCC COOOI 02251 03251 COOOI 0OCO1 CCCCO 05251 02051 05321 02121 CCCCC CC001 COOOI COOOI 00001 02310 2042512 2023105 2051212 ooooooo 2CC0012 2000012 2000012 2CC0012 5042512 ooooooo 2000012 2000012 2053212 20C0012 2000012 ooooooo 2022512 2021212 2023105 2031212 COOOOOO 2000012 2CC0012 2000012 2000012 5022512 000012012212 053212052512 000012000012 000000000000 000012C00012 000012042512 000012000012 053212023105 031212000012 311400100000 020512041212 000012000012 032512042512 000012000012 012212052512 000000000000 041212022512 000012012212 053212022512 000012C00012 OOCOOOOOOOOO 000012000012 000012020512 OCC012C00012 053212023105 021212000012 000012031212 052512000012 000012000012 000000000000 000012000012 05 3212020512 000012000012 053212053212 311400100000 000000000000 000012000012 000012000012 000012000012 000012000012 023105021212 000000000000 023105052512 000012031212 053212000012 000012000012 000000000000 000012000012 020512052512 000012000012 053212053212 311400100000 0312120 0000120 0000120 ooooooo 0525120 0205120 0532120 0512120 OOOOOOO OOOOOOO 0000120 0000120 0000120 0532120 0225120 0000120 0525120 0512120 0000120 0000120 OOOOOOO 0525120 0532120 0532120 0205120 ooooooo 21212 00012 00012 00000 32512 42512 23105 42512 00000 00000 00012 42512 00012 23105 00012 20512 00012 21212 00012 00012 00000 22512 51212 23105 51212 00000 05321 00001 01221 00000 04251 00001 05321 00001 00000 00000 00001 05321 00001 05321 31140 05121 00001 02121 00001 01221 00000 04121 00001 05321 00001 00000 2041212 2000012 2052512 ooooooo 2021212 2012212 2051212 2000012 OOOOOOO 0000000 2000012 2021212 2000012 2053212 0100000 2021212 2000012 2041212 2000012 2052512 OOOOOOO 2022512 2012212 2020512 2000012 OOOOOOO 00001 00001 02310 00000 02310 00001 05121 00001 00000 00000 05251 04251 05321 02051 00000 00001 00001 00001 00001 02310 00000 02310 00001 35321 00001 00000 2000012 2000012 5032512 ooooooo 5022512 2031212 2000012 2000012 ooooooo OOOOOOO 2022512 2042512 2023105 2020512 OOOOOOO 2000012 2000012 2000012 2000012 5053212 OOOOOOO 5031212 2042512 2000012 2000012 OOOOOOO 000012 053212 051212 000012 042512 031212 000012 000012 000000 000000 042512 000012 053212 000012 000000 000012 000012 000012 053212 020512 000012 051212 032512 000012 000012 000000 000012 023105 000012 000012 000012 022512 000012 000012 000030 000030 032512 012212 053212 000012 000030 000012 051212 000012 023135 000012 020512 000012 020512 000012 000012 000000 FIGURE 1. Octal print-out of data on magnetic tape used to prepare paper tape for the photocomposition machine. XRA AXT M OUT TRA 4,4 ERR STZ 3,4 TRA 4,4 TNX ERR,1,1 BSRA 6 TRA B 10 IOCD END T1 1 An example of the data on the binary tape is given by the octal print-out in figure 1. The data of figure 1 may be interpreted by the use of the octal codes given in figures 2 and 3. The final result, as produced by the photocomposition machine, is shown in figure 4. 3. Conclusion Computed and computer-processed data can now be prepared for publication by an automatic method that retains the high typographic quality of conven- tional typesetting. Better page formats with less waste space result in less cost for paper, with the added benefit of a smaller size which is easier to handle. Probably the most important improvement, however, is in readability. The printing is not only clear and distinct, but the availability of a choice of type styles, mathematical symbols, special symbols, and Greek and italic characters to fit each particular job contributes toward the publication of data which is easier to understand and a pleasure to read and use. Keyboard Chart Shift 502 335 i. r02 202 ■ >35 302 406 316 535 522 215 306 Unshift 435 205 325 512 <. 125 412 : 525 312 225 212 532 331 I Q 2 W 3 E 4 R 5 T 6 7 8 Y U 1 9 10 P II 12 Shift 505 405 424 413 304 432 213 >33 324 124 321 Unshift 222 322 303 334 423 315 534 514 403 503 431 13 14 A S 15 D 16 F 17 G 18 H 19 20 J K 21 22 L 23 Shift 504 513 313 204 604 333 613 133 533 615 416 Unshift 223 234 434 523 123 414 134 614 214 132 421 24 25 Z X 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 C V B N M 34 Shift 232 305 224 332 524 404 433 516 506 122 Unshift 515 422 503 415 203 323 314 221 231 605 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 FIGURE 2. Keyboard chart shoiving the octal code for each key position. 43 44 Acknowledgment I wish to thank all those who helped me with this problem, especially Charles DeWitt Coleman for his valuable suggestions and assistance with the computer programming. 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OOOOO CO UO NO P- O PH PH PH O ph pp pp co co co O O CO CO pH CM NO CO CM NO OOOOO UO 'Pj' O NO NO PH pH CM pH PH co co co -pJ" ^ CO CO CO O CM pH LO 't 'Pj' CO OOOOO Pf NO UO CO -PJ 1 pj> UO CO CO -Pi" CM O ph ph O PH UO T* UO CO OOOOO uO lO CM UO LO pH pH CM pH pH CO CM UO UO CM HtoOOO) CM CO p* CO -Pf* OOOOO co ph r^ i— uo _ ph PH PH O CM CM UO CM CM co O co O O CM LO CO pJ 1 CM OOOOO uo co cm r~ no O ph CM ph O UO CM NO NO UO CO O O pH CO cm co pf* co uo OOOOO CM CM NO ph NO PH -H O r-H O CM UO NO ph UO CM H O CM i-H UO CM CO CO NO OOOOO LO LO LO r— I 000-^ O O \D CM r-H i-h O CM T^ LO LO r-H OOOO O c «- ^_ .— CO Oh ^x>* N IcEcE — — !C | oa — <4-jqr, -^c-. .. -* - ■ * 1-5 .S-o CO CM CO CO CM . — 1 pH . — 1 pH 1 — 1 ph co ■* r- co CO CM no -pJ 1 -pJ" CM T* CO ph CM CO CO CO CO CO H On LO LO UO uO ph CO UO no O O NO On NO lO lO lO On "S a ta \3 pi* On r- NO uO CM CO CO CM i-H r- CO On CM CM CM CM CO PH CM PH O PH CO CO ^J 1 ■* CM cm co no uo r^ CM ph rt CM ph On CO Pt NO CO PH CO PH CO PH UO ph CM CO P? CO uo no r^ co On O ph CM CO CO PH pH PH CM CO ^ CM CO ^ CO ^f ^ ^ TABLE 1. Transition probabilities of copper — Continued Intensity Wavelength A Energy K Levels 10 8 /sec gf Log gf 78 2626.68 40944 - 79003 0.042 0.0043 -2.36 131 2630.00 39019 - 77031 0.070 0.0073 -2.14 145 2634.93 39019 - 76959 0.078 0.0081 -2.09 41 2645.30 40114 - 77905 0.022 0.0023 -2.63 60 2649.84 40114 - 77841 0.033 0.0034 -2.47 15 2846.48 40944 - 76064 0.0087 0.0011 -2.98 139 2858.22 39019 - 73995 0.080 0.0097 -2.01 185 2858.73 11203 - 46173 0.010 0.0013 -2.89 65 2890.84 44406 - 78988 0.038 0.0048 -2.32 56 2891.64 44544 - 79116 0.033 0.0042 -2.38 11 2931.70 40944 - 75044 0.0065 0.00084 -3.08 29 2933.06 39019 - 73103 0.017 0.0022 -2.66 119 2978.30 43514 - 77080 0.072 0.0096 -2.02 103 2979.38 43514 - 77068 0.063 0.0083 -2.08 98 2998.38 11203 - 44544 0.0036 0.00048 -3.32 161 3012.00 40114 - 73305 0.096 0.013 -1.88 54 3014.85 41153 - 74313 0.033 0.0045 -2.35 191 3021.54 40909 - 73995 0.12 0.016 -1.80 179 3022.61 39019 - 72093 0.11 0.015 -1.84 90 3024.99 30535 - 63585 0.044 0.0060 -2.22 Figure 4. Portion of page frorr . the machine that was product 'd from the data illustrated in figure 1. US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 OL— 685632 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. As tin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the "following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D. C. Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements Dielectrics. High Voltage. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. 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