NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OF-5 .V* «•*? 0F /°* i X % J ^r ES o* * f MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OFF THE COASTS OF THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1978 - MARCH 1979 Washington, D.C May 1980 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / National Marine Fisheries Service Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/marineenvironmenOOhayn 6 a £ a t tr NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OF-5 MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OFF THE COASTS OF THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1978 - MARCH 1979 Elizabeth D. Haynes , Editor Washington, D.C. May 1980 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Phlp M. Kkitznick, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Richard A. Frank, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Terry L Leitzel, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2 Merton C. Ingham and Douglas R. McLain During the winters of 1976-77 and 1977-78 a strong and persistent ridge of upper air circulation occurred over the west coast of North America from California to Alaska. This ridge brought southerly winds and mild tem- peratures to much of the coast. In Alaska the mild temperatures broke the period of abnormal cold of the early 1970 's and allowed a remarkable recov- ery of salmon stocks. During the 15-month period January 1978-March 1979, the upper air circu- lation over the northeastern Pacific Ocean shifted from the west coast ridge pattern of the previous two years and appeared to be returning to a more normal pattern. The west coast ridge reoccurred during the early part of the winter of 1978-79, but by the end of the winter it had shifted westward and weakened . The pattern of anomaly of sea- surface temperature (SST) over the northeastern North Pacific shifted in association with the shifting pattern of atmospheric circulation. Whereas anomalies of SST had been generally negative in the central North Pacific and zero or positive near the west coast in 1977 and early 1978, in late 1978 and early 1979 the pattern shifted to one of positive anomalies in a large region between Hawaii and Alaska with negative anomalies all along the west coast. whether this shift is truly indicative of a change from the pattern of the previous two years or not remains to be seen, because in summer 1979, after the end of the 15-month analysis period, the pattern of SST anomalies had reverted to the prevail- ing pattern of cold in the central North Pacific and warm along the eastern shore of the ocean. The wind-driven surface ocean transport during January 1978-March 1979 was abnormal in several biolog- ically important ways. During late 1977 and early 1978 strong northeast- ward transport occurred in the Gulf of Alaska and along the British Columbia coast. The resulting onshore transport resulted in an intrusion of southern, pelagic fauna into the area, and caused a large percentage of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon to return to the river through Queen Charlotte Sound rather than via the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Off California, winter onshore transport was much stronger than normal during January-March 1978 and, to a lesser extent, again in December 1978- January 1979 and in March 1979. These strong onshore transports resulted in downwelling and thus extremely low com- puted indices of upwelling. The on- shore transport held larvae of pelagic spawners such as anchovy and Pacific mackerel near shore and apparently resulted in better than normal recruitment. Associated with the onshore transports were stronger than normal northward flows of the Cali- fornia Counter Current or Davidson Current. Southern fauna such as trig- ger fish and billfish were caught in Atlantic Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Narragansett, RI 02882. Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Monterey, CA 93940. in late summer 1978 off California; pos- sibly their presence there was in response to increased northward cur- rents. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific, "anti-El Nifto" conditions persisted throughout 1978 and early 1979, with strong upwelling and below normal sea- surface temperatures along the Equator. An index of the Southern Oscillation remained below normal , indicating gen- erally weak trade winds and a low prob- ability of El Nifto conditions occurring in the near future. in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal areas, 1978-79 was the third consec- utive severely cold winter. These were the result of a deep and persistent atmospheric trough downstream from the west coast ridge. Three such cold winters in succession had never occurred before in the period of in- strumental record in the United States. February air temperatures were lowest in 1978 south of Cape Hatteras on the Atlantic coast and in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In 1979 the greatest anomalies were found north of Norfolk, VA, on the Atlantic coast and in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. River runoff into Chesapeake Bay reached near or record high values in January and March in both 1978 and 1979, and also in May 1978. Flow into Long Island Sound reached record highs in January of both years, but remained near the long-term average values in other months. The Mississippi River flow reached relatively high, but not record, levels in March-May 1979, in contrast with the previous spring, when they were only about half as large. Unusually large wind-driven trans- ports occurred toward the south-south- west in December 1978 and toward the southwest in February 1979 in the southern New England area. These transports, the consequence of persis- tent west-northwest and northwest winds, occurred during the spawning periods of cod and haddock on Georges Bank. The drift of eggs and larvae in the plankton community in those months should have been strongly influenced by the anomalous transports. Off North Carolina there was a pronounced west- ward component in the wind-driven transport only in one month (February) of the 1979 winter spawning period of Atlantic menhaden. The component was less than half as large as that recorded in February 1978. Sea- surface temperatures in the first three months of 1979 in the northwestern North Atlantic were up to 0.8°c (February) colder than the 1948- 67 means for the area. The pattern was neither as intensive nor as extensive as that of January-March 1978. The pattern was similar in the Boothbay Harbor sea surface temperature data: anomalously cold in January-April 1979, but not as much as the comparable period in 1978. In the South Atlantic Bight, the anomaly pattern in the January-March periods of 1978 and 1979 were very similar, with February showing the largest negative anomalies, -1.24°C in 1978 and -1.36°C in 1979. Similar patterns were found in the Gulf of Mexico, once again showing the early months of 1978 to be colder than in 1979. Apparently related to the varia- tions in circulation and water masses was an absence of Gulf Stream warm core eddies near the continental shelf edge in the Georges Bank area during January-March 1978 and 1979. During these periods the Shelf Water/Slope Water front moved far seaward (up to 150 km) of its usual position near the edge of the Continental Shelf. The hiatus in eddy activity in 1978 was followed by an 8-month period (April- November) during which there was always an eddy or two adjacent to the bank, involving a total of six eddies. This period of eddy activity included the peak spawning months for several commercial species on the bank, but the amounts of eggs and larvae lost from the bank are unknown. IV Bottom water on the shelf off southern New England (71°w) reached about the same minimum temperatures (<2°C) in February-March of both years, 1978 and 1979. In 1978 the unusually cold temperatures persisted in the mid- shelf cold cell into the summer period, remaining 1°-2°C lower than those measured during the previous four years. The offshore extension of the Shelf Water/Slope Water front was mani- fested in the bottom water also, reach- ing bottom depths of about 150 m in 1978 and 1979. Off New Jersey the minimum bottom water temperatures in early 1978 were about 2°C warmer than 1977, but still were about 3°C colder than normal. By June, however, the cold cell bottom temperatures had warmed to about 4°C, about the same as in June 1977. In February 1979 bottom water temperatures were much like the minimum values of 1978, about 2°C in shallower water, but warmed 2 -4 C during the unusually mild March weather in the area. Seaward excursions of the Shelf Water/Slope Water front occurred in February-July and December 1978 and in March 1979. There was an absence of Gulf Stream warm core eddies off the middle Atlantic shelf during March-June 1978 and January-March 1979. The Eastern Gulf Loop Current underwent a major northward extension (to about 30°N) into the Gulf of Mexico in spring and early summer of 1978. The timing of the extension fit the average pattern of variation, but the magnitude exceeded the average by about 3° latitude. The extension of Loop Current water onto the shelf is believed to have impacted on fisheries, yielding poorer harvests of brown shrimp, better catches of menhaden, and a red-tide bloom off the west Florida coast. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by Merton C. Ingham and Douglas R. McLain .... i INTRODUCTION by Elizabeth D. Haynes and Douglas R. McLain 1 U.S. PACIFIC COAST by Douglas R. McLain and W. James Ingraham, Jr. . 5 Large-Scale Marine Climatic Conditions 5 Atmospheric Circulation 5 Surface Pressure 5 Wind-Driven Transport 8 Upwelling 8 Sea Level 12 Sea-Surface Temperature 14 Spatial Variations 14 Temporal Variations 14 Regional Conditions 19 Eastern Bering Sea 19 Surface Pressure 19 Ice 19 Temperature 19 Runoff 22 Aleutian Islands to Icy Bay 22 Ice 22 Temperature 22 Runoff 22 Salinity 22 Icy Bay to Strait of Juan de Fuca 25 Temperature 25 Salinity 25 Coastal Circulation 29 Strait of Juan de Fuca to Gulf of California 30 Temperature 30 Runoff 30 Coastal Circulation 30 Salinity 33 Eastern Tropical Pacific 34 Southern Oscillation 34 Temperature 34 Acknowledgments 37 Literature Cited 38 vn U.S. ATLANTIC COAST by Merton C. Ingham and Elizabeth D. Haynes . . 41 Large-Scale Marine Climatic Conditions 41 Atmospheric Circulation 41 Wind-Driven Transport 41 Air Temperature 44 Sea Surface Temperature 44 Regional Conditions 47 Gulf of Maine 47 Sea-Surface Temperature 47 Water Column Thermal Structure 48 Georges Bank 50 Sea-Surface Temperature 50 Eddies 50 Shelf Water/Slope Water Front 51 Middle Atlantic Bight 52 Sea-Surface Temperature 52 Bottom Temperatures 55 Water Column Thermal Structure 58 Shelf Water/Slope Water Front 58 Eddies 59 Wind-Driven Transport 59 River Runoff 61 South Atlantic Bight 61 Sea-Surface Temperature 63 Wind-Driven Transport 63 Gulf of Mexico 63 Sea-Surface Temperature 63 Circulation 65 Wind-Driven Transport 65 River Runoff 67 Effects on Fisheries ..... 67 Literature Cited 68 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND ITS EFFECT ON SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE by R. R. Dickson and Jerome Namias 69 Winter 69 Spring 73 Summer 76 Fall 78 Winter 80 Acknowledgments 83 Literature Cited 84 APPENDIX 85 Vlll INTRODUCTION 1 2 Elizabeth D. Haynes and Douglas R. McLain This report is the fifth in an evolving annual series intended to provide fishermen and resource managers with a convenient synopsis of the marine environment. The objective of the reports in this series is to describe in a timely manner the gross features of the marine environmental fluctuations in areas of interest to American fishermen, fishery biologists, and managers. The fact that variations in the environment affect the distribution, abundance, and availability of fish has been recognized and studied for at least eighty years by the Council for the Exploration of the Sea and suc- cessor organizations. Such studies are a continuing effort of the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARMAP) program of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). MARMAP is a major source of biological and other scientific infor- mation needed for management of the nation's fishery resources under P.L. 94-265, the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) of 1976. Duties and activities of MARMAP include the collection and analysis of the biological, chemical, and physical oceanographic data needed to provide basic information on the abundance, location, and condition of the com- mercial and recreational fishery stocks within the U.S. fishery conservation zone. A major emphasis of MARMAP in recent years has been to develop mathe- matical models of marine populations, leading to improved methods for pre- dicting fishery yields. Knowledge of environmental factors, particularly during critical phases of the develop- ment of a year class, and of the effects of variations of these factors, has proved to be of great importance in 1 Resource Assessment Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Washington, DC 20235. Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Monterey, CA 93940. Previous volumes in this series are: Goulet, J. R. , Jr. (compiler). 1976. The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., MARMAP Contrib. 104, 375 p. Goulet, J. R. , Jr. } and E. D. Haynes (editors). 1978. Ocean vari- ability: Effects on marine fishery resources - 1975. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416, 350 p. Goulet, J. R. , Jr. , and E. D. Haynes (editors). 1979. Ocean vari- ability in the U.S. fishery conservation zone, 1976. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 427, 362 p. Pedrick, R. A., M. C. Ingham, D. R. McLain, J. Namias, and others. 1979. Marine environmental conditions off the coasts of the United States, January 1977-March 1978. Mar. Fish. Rev. 41(5-6): 20-69. All are available on request from NOAA, NMFS, F/SR2, 3300 Whitehaven Street, N.W. , Washington, DC 20235. 1 these models. Historically, each species has been managed as if it existed alone in a stable or "average" environment. Modern computers have made it possible to express interrelationships among species mathematically and thus to develop "ecosystem" models. The var- ious effects of the environment and its variations in time and space on the different species of the ecosystem can also be included in the model. The changing of controllable factors, such as harvest rates and total annual catches, can be tested before the fishing season by "running" the model on the computer under various assump- tions to determine which fishing strat- egies appear to be most productive and least damaging to the stocks. Scientists within NMFS have considerable expertise in fisheries analysis and population dynamics. The Atlantic and Pacific Environmental Groups within NMFS were created under the MAKMAP program to apply environ- mental data to the solution of fish- eries problems. Notable progress has been made in many cases, with consider- able success in several instances, by using the modeling approach and including environmental parameters. Annual environmental reports are issued by the Environmental Groups in cooperation with the Fishery Research Centers and others. This volume presents an overview of the climatological variations of the year 1978 and first quarter of 1979, and mentions possible environmental effects on species of interest to commercial fisheries. It reflects the availability of recent oceanographic information as well as the authors' judgement regarding those parameters which affect marine populations. Information on fluctuations of ocean circulation would be particularly desirable in these reports, but routine measurements of ocean currents are sparse and not directly intercompar- able. It is necessary to use indirect measures of ocean circulation such as calculations of Ekman transport and upwelling indices, and measurements of sea level and sea- surface temperatures (SST) to infer circulation changes. Also, it is desirable to look first at the atmospheric large-scale driving forces of the ocean as an aid in under- standing the smaller-scale regional oceanographic and biological effects. Therefore the report first presents descriptions of the large scale fluctu- ations in atmospheric circulation, surface (Ekman) transport, upwelling, sea level, and SST to define the major changes in oceanic conditions during the period and relative to prior years. Discussions of regional fluctuations of SST, salinity, river discharge, and biological factors are then presented for areas along the Pacific coast of North America from the eastern Bering Sea to the eastern tropical Pacific and along the Atlantic Coast from the Gulf of Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. The data presented in this report are primarily physical, since such data are available more widely and more rapidly than biological observations. It is hoped that these descriptions will be of use to biologists in identifying unusual observations of marine organisms and relating them to environmental events. The authors en- courage readers to note and report unusual biological occurrences. Such reports are published in periodicals such as the University of Rhode Island's quarterly newsletter, Coastal Oceanography and Climatology News , which includes unusual observations from both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. A form for reporting unusual biological observations in Alaska has been developed by Dr. R. R. Straty of the NMFS laboratory at Auke Bay, AK 99821, and Alaskan readers are encour- aged to submit reports to him. Many other sources of data on oceanographic fluctuations are available. Fishing Information is published monthly by the Southwest Fisheries Center, NMFS, La Jolla, CA 92038. It contains maps of monthly mean surface pressure, winds, and SST, and a vertical section of subsurface temperature In the Pacific. The gulf stream , published monthly by the Oceanographic Services Branch, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD 20910, focuses on Gulf Stream eddy activity and SST's and their anomalies off the U.S. east coast. The Monthly Weather Review and Weatherwise are published under the sponsorship of the American Meteoro- logical Society, Boston, MA 02108, and provide monthly descriptions of weather conditions. National Fisherman , Camden, ME 04843, is a monthly newspaper with many articles of interest to the ocean- ographic community as well as to the commercial fisherman, including effects of weather. The reader is referred to these sources for additional details on environmental fluctuations and for timely updates of changing conditions. In view of the availability of information from the other established sources listed above, this series will be discontinued with this volume. The Atlantic and Pacific Environmental Groups will continue to issue their annual reports and will respond directly to specific requests from NMFS users for oceanographic data and other information. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN January 1978 - March 1979 1 2 Douglas R. McLain and W. James Ingraham, Jr. LARGE-SCALE MARINE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Atmospheric Circulation Wagner (1979) described the atmos- pheric circulation and weather over North America during 1978. The winter 1977-78 and the first part of the winter 1978-79 continued a pattern of atmospheric circulation begun in 1976- 77 in which a strong ridge of atmos- pheric pressure formed along the west coast with a trough downstream over the central or eastern United States (Fig. 1). This circulation continued the pattern of winter 1976-77, with mild temperatures and abundant precip- itation in Alaska areas with cold, snowy weather to the east. During winter 1977-78 temperatures along the California coast were near or above normal and precipitation was abundant as the ridge allowed storms to move in from the southwest. During December 1978 and January 1979 the ridge formed again but was shifted to the west several hundred kilometers off the coast and extended northwards over Alaska. This allowed some northerly flow over the west coast, bringing below normal temperatures, especially over the southern part of California. By February 1979 the ridge shifted farther west and became an "omega type" blocking ridge over the Bering Strait (Dickson 1979). This led to the forma- tion of a trough near the west coast which brought above normal precipi- tation to much of the coast. Surface Pressure Maps of the distribution of sur- face barometric pressure are available routinely from many agencies (see, for example, those published in Fishing Information) ; for brevity they are not reproduced here. These maps show the Aleutian low pressure system centered near the Aleutian Islands in winter with resultant westerly winds over much of the North Pacific. In spring and summer the low fills and weakens and the North Pacific high-pressure system expands from off California so that by August the high dominates the circula- tion of the northeastern Pacific. In fall the high- pressure cell contracts and the Aleutian low deepens and resumes its normal winter position over the Aleutians. This annual pattern of pressure distribution occurred in 1978 and early 1979 with several variations. In early 1978 strong westerly winds occurred over much of the northeastern Pacific and apparently caused strengthened flow of the California Current. 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For the sixth year in a row, upwelling at 39°N, 125°W was generally above normal during 1978. In early 1979 upwelling indices at 39°N, 125°W were near normal. Farther south at 33°N, 119°W, up- welling indices have been near normal in recent years, whereas at 27°N, 116°W, values have been generally below normal. North of 39°N upwelling is less important and downwelling in winter becomes dominant. At 45°N, 125°W and 57°N, 137°W upwelling indices in recent years have been variable, but near normal values. Details of the variations of upwelling indices in 1978 and early 1979 at all 15 locations along the coast are presented in Figure 5. The data are presented as percentiles of occurrence of values of upwelling index at that location over the period of record (1946 to date). By taking per- centiles of the values, the data are normalized and can be intercompared. Low percentiles indicate increased downwelling or decreased upwelling while high percentiles indicate increased upwelling or decreased down- welling. Although upwelling indices were generally high during 1978, at 39°N, 125 W during January-March they were below normal and were unusually low from 30° to 36°N. Extreme low index values occurred at 36°N, 122°W in January and from 30°N to 36°N in March. This was a case of predominant onshore transport and downwelling during a period of light or southerly winds associated with a persistent high- pressure system and drought conditions then occurring over California. The onshore transport apparently concen- trated fish larvae near shore, as will be mentioned later. During May- July upwelling condi- tions returned to more normal ranges. Upwelling was stronger than normal north of 51°N in June and north of 39°N in July. Weak upwelling occurred from 42 -54 N in August and September. Up- welling indices then returned to ab- normally high values in October- December north of 36°N. Intense upwelling conditions in Gulf of Alaska waters may have resulted in anomalous offshore transports of fish larvae. During December 1978 and early 1979 onshore transport again occurred off central and southern California. This was a similar occurrence to that in early 1978, but was much less extreme. Extremely high upwelling indices were calculated at 21°N, 107°W through- out the period. Similar high values occurred during 1977. Because the high values occurred only at the one loca- tion, 21°N, 107°W, and not to the north, the data appear questionable; the cause is not known, but it may be due to a change in analysis procedures of the surface pressure observations. Sea Level Long historical records of tide height are available for many tide gage stations along the coast. Tide height is primarily affected by astronomical factors, but also by oceanographic and meteorological factors including varia- tions in speed of alongshore currents (Reid and Mantyla 1976). Most of the tidal effects are relatively short-term and can be averaged out by making monthly means of the hourly tide height observations. Meteorological and long- term (nodal) tide effects can be com- pensated for, and thus tide height or sea -level data can be used to infer changes in ocean circulation. Bretschneider and McLain (1979) presented monthly mean sea— level data for a series of stations along the west coast of North and South America from the Aleutian Islands to Chile. They showed that anomalies of monthly mean PERCENTILIZED MONTHLY UPWELLING INDICES 13 J F M fl M 60N.149M 5J ri# Z7 ,-5& d 1978 1979 JJRSONDJFM m 37, 77 95 8iB 7Z-, r4 — t42 21N.107W 95 92 92 98 98 9& 98 08 98 95 98 98 98 98 9& Figure 5. — Monthly upwelling index values for January 1978-March 1979, in percentiles of the frequency distributions made up of the 34 values for each month and location in the 34-year (1946-79) time series. Locations in the Gulf of Alaska are toward the top of the figure; those off Baja California are toward the bottom. The contour interval is 25 percentiles. Values above the 50th percen- tile indicate stronger than normal upwelling, while those below the 50th percentile indicate weaker than normal upwelling. 14 sea level from a long-terra mean are remarkedly coherent in time and space. In particular, they showed that periods of high sea level can be traced south- ward along the coast from Alaska to Chile and are associated with above normal sea -surface temperatures along the coast and with El Niflo occurrences in the Eastern tropical Pacific. Some sea -level data are available for west coast tide stations during 1978. Anomalies of monthly means from the long-term mean are presented in Figure 6 for five stations with the most complete data records. Above normal sea levels occurred along the California coast in 1940-41, 1957-59, and 1972-73, as discussed by Bret- schneider and McLain, and were associ- ated with major El Niflo occurrences. The periods of above normal sea level can be traced northwards to Alaska but are obscured there by effects of storms. In 1976 there was a minor El Niflo and high sea levels were observed at California stations in late 1976. High sea levels also occurred in the winters of 1977-78 and 1978-79, probably as a result of onshore wind-driven trans- port. Data from the northern stations, particularly Yakutat, AK, are incom- plete, but show low sea levels in late 1978. Possibly higher than normal levels existed in early 1978 in re- sponse to onshore transport. Sea-Surface Temperature Spatial Variations - Analyzed maps of sea -surface temperatures (SST) and their anomalies from a long-term monthly mean are published monthly in Fishing Information and are not reproduced here, (also see Appendix.) These maps showed that a large pool of cooler than normal water formed in the northeastern Pacific during late 1977 and persisted into 1978. In early 1978 the pool was located at 35°-40°N, 140°W to 180°, and was bordered on the east and north by a coastal strip of warmer than normal water. By May the pool had expanded northward to the Alaska coast and by August it reached eastward to the California coast. Breakup of the anomaly pattern then began, and by December a warmer than normal pool occupied the central portion of the northeastern Pacific surrounded by cooler than normal water. This general pattern persisted through March 1979. Temporal Variations - Johnson et al . (1976, 1978) presented time series plots of SST for selected 5-degree squares of latitude and longitude in the North Pacific. These squares, called Index Stations, were chosen because of a relatively large number of available ship weather observations. Johnson et al. chose 10 such areas along the coast of the northeast Pacific from the central Aleutian Islands to Equador (Table 1). Time series of SST for these areas for 1931— 79 are shown in Figures 7 and 8 as anomalies from a long-term mean (1948-67). Because of the scarcity of SST data from the Bering Sea, air tem- perature data from St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, are also also included in Figure 7. Details of fluctuations of SST along the coast are discussed later. SST's along the coast of North and ^Provided by J. R. Hubbard, Tides and Water Levels Division, National Ocean Survey, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852. Recent data are provisional and are based on preliminary datums. The time series of monthly mean sea levels have been detrended to eliminate long-term trends, and corrected for the inverse barometer effect of atmospheric pressure. The 19-year period 1949-67 was used as a long-term mean for sea level to correct for nodal tide effects (Bretschneider and McLain 1979). 15 *3 in l m U) LT) m (\i U) T 7 in CO in C) m 1 -» en en in -* cr ^ co en " ca I CO Ll) i/i > «" CO F CM LU co CO CO ^4^ SLOS U-)*-"-'C\) cn— ■— -ins i i i i ^ : a § QJ J-i 4-> M-i oO crj 2 4J O cO H Q CU 43 . W 03 •H C o }* M o IW (+_, •H CO tH U crj (N OJ C_> m 4-1 00 CU o n S JJ CN ■H rH <— i o s> 0) u M > U-l O CO O •"« 03 * cu . 4J > U => CO CO 4J I CO 4-1 CT\ CU o CO w u C CO 0) cu u h cu P 14-1 0) cu CO J-i co G Prf CO •H H I 0) . cu 00 •H SU313UI1N33 SU313UI1N33 SU313WI1N33 SU313UUN33 SU313UI1N33 16 B5" CO <" s» C*> in ^B Z pg CD H in S 3 * p-* CD •& s 2 : - CO = CO CE <° ~1 *: s en «> a: S — == CD CE in -*^ U_ in ^ O CD li m x> 3 =r <= °!n ' , kl z <* or "> fe t£ I - 1 — m S3 SL <£, ^ 7 3 ■— LO « CO -5 £- •— 1 m •«* O 2 sr 5 - o_3 LU m »-s LU iS <-> S cn cx in en a> — CO 4_» CO § 0) ^ % cu co e B cu O 4J c cO cu o «4H CO O iw cu £ M 60 CU CO -, X) T3 6 I C . o O ai 00 00 <; CM O ON r>. I 1— 1 cn o\ S-i o CO CU •H M CU CO CU B cu » cu H > " U •H cO CO M 4J «H 3 (0 *J CO 3 I r- QJ cd vo rj cu I < CO 00 u CO XI •H O 3 M M cO CU "W iH a » cu !-i cu cu r-t rH •H 3 O > cu u cu % Q J3 W a. cO u •» 60 (-1 O cu 3 4-t cO 3 CU cu U CJ o cu co O cO 3 3 CU u cu uh ai CU J3 *J iH 3 >-i U W U 25 O CO •H O +J tH CO M 6 cu rsjsi 1 aj id -o rj cfj ' 1 i 3 S33M33Q 3 S33M03a — si 1 3 S33M33Q CU 3 60 •H PP 17 LL-ol L_ ■« O oo CO o 3 en _ a: u_ cc co a: LU to S fs. CO f» _ CM 3 r-* r*. ^~ C9 t~ = O) CO CO CO "^ f» CO — . CO CO " ffi ^ CD en — ^= CO ~z CM -_- CO t CL. *« ^ en •* or CO 01 CM UJ co to rt CO Oi - CO r-<. CO LO t-. -. CO — CM cs " en CO oo CO : CO CO CO ~ LO CO CO CO CO ;= CM CO ^ *-* CO CS CO -m CD LO O LO (-> C- 1— 1 LO x £ UJ L" S CO OC LO '4 ^r 1— CM - 5* cs Ll_ o, =" O CD CO cmSJT — 1 ■< CO "» OO co C3 ~ ii — Q_ -t 21 s UJ m 1 — OD ll 1 & 0) r» -m CO — t~ -: t~ — c-. CO = CN. =^~ LO ==- t-. - ■>* ^ r~ gs- CO =— C^ -^ CM r-» —■ r-» es t~ ' - OI CO — oo CO [■» — H- CO — CO = CO LO CO ■* CO .... ~ CO CO ■*■ CM — : CO — vH ■ co. .= cs * CO en LO CO LO f~ LO — CC CD o m ~" . I— I LO ° *■■■■ i ==- > a L_ ^ «•»" "■"iff tT lo =_ <" f* =_ co en c- co r*. '- t«. ^ PN. CO — =3 • p» ■^ LO "™ r c* — •* r*. ■ CO p» t " CM t«. r* es p» = en — = CO -e= __ oo -_ CO =- f» CO CO — CO 00 C C CO o 0) .c 4-* J-l LM CO 3 4-1 4-) 0) i u w u 00 a) CO I n_i cy> M -• to o 2 CO iw M jj 0) M r- M C cu •H 73 oj in 3 CO > . I i— i CO -^ (O CM — • S — CsJ CO ■<* (D -^ CM ca u o IW CO 0) •H OJ CO OJ B •H H I I • 00 CD M 3 60 •H O •H M OJ a o oo N d O ON !25 CO CO OJ J-l OJ 4J C o a j-i jQ OJ 4-i . c JJ OJ OJ c_> 60 4-t C CO o B u 3 CO 4J C •H O 60 -H 3 4J O CO H Z a co j-i oo o 3 CO OJ u o CO U •H J-i I 3 S33y030 3 S33y03Q 3 S33U03Q 3 S33d030 3 S33y03Q 18 Central America have shown similar variations with time along extensive stretches of coast. Temperatures in the early 1940's and during 1958-59 were above normal over most of the coast, while temperatures in the early 1930's, late 1940's, 1955-56, 1970-71, and 1974-75 were below normal in most areas. The years 1972-73 and 1976 had above normal temperatures along the Central American coast in association with recent El Nifio occurrences, but had near or below normal temperatures in the northern areas. A prolonged period of below normal SST in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska during 1971-76 was broken in 1977, and temperatures along the coast have been near or above normal since then. In early 1977 air temperature at St. Paul Island and SST from the Aleutians (square 198-1) to Washington (square 157-4) became near or warmer than normal. Off California, SST's remained generally below normal except for near normal temperatures off central California (121-3) and above normal off southern California (120-3) in the winter of 1976-77 and in early 1978. This pattern continued to the south off Central America with above normal temperatures in winter 1976-77 and early 1978. Off Ecuador (square 308-1), SST's have been near normal since 1977. Table 1. — Locations of Index Stations for time series of sea-surface temperature data along the coast of the northeast Pacific Ocean. Location Latitude Longitude Marsden cO 5 square Central Aleutians Unimak Pass Gulf of Alaska Off Washington Off Central California Off Southern California Off Central Mexico Off El Salvador Off Colombia Off Ecuador 50°-55°N 50°-55°N 55°-60°N 45°-50°N 35°-40°N 30°-35°N 20°-25°N 10°-15°N 0°- 5°N 0°- 5°S 170 u - 160°- 140°- 125°- 120°- 115°- 105°- 90°- 80°- 80°- 175°W 198-1 165°W 197-1 145°W 195-3 130°W 157-4 125°W 121-3 120°W 120-2 110°W 83-2 95°W 46-1 85°W 9-1 85°W 308-1 Monthly means of merchant ship injection surface temperatures made by the Pacific Environmental Group, NMFS, Monterey, CA 93940. Means by 5-degree squares are means of four submeans by 1-degree squares to reduce spatial bias effects. Data of 1931-71 are from Marine Deck (TDF-11), National Climatic Center, EDIS, Asheville, NC 28801, and data 1972-79 are from weather reports received by Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center, Monterey, CA 93940. 'Local climatological data. National Climatic Center, EDIS, Asheville, NC 28801. 19 REGIONAL CONDITIONS Eastern Bering Sea Surface Pressure - Persistence of a deep Aleutian low surface atmospheric pressure system south of the Alaska Peninsula during winter 1977-78 resulted in strong easterly winds over the eastern Bering Sea during January, February, and even March 1978. Winds weakened in the spring transition period, becoming southeasterly during April and northeasterly during May. A major shift to westerly wind velocity components occurred in June with generally southwesterly summer winds shifting to weak westerly winds by September. The Aleutian low reformed at the normal time, in October, over the Gulf of Alaska, but its center was shifted slightly westward towards the Bristol Bay area, bringing strong easterly to northeasterly winds over much of the Bering Sea coast. The low shifted far into the western Bering Sea in November, and remained there through January 1979, bringing anomalous warm- ing with the associated strong, persistent, moist southwesterly winds contrasting markedly with the cool, dry continental easterlies of the previous year. In February 1979 the low divided into a split system which brought a return of easterly winds reminiscent of conditions in early 1978. Ice - The extent of ice cover in winter and the timing of the ice breakup in spring can be determined from infrared images from orbiting satellites. Weekly charts of ice distribution issued by the U.S. Navy and the National Environmental Satel- lite Service, NOAA, provide information on ice conditions in the eastern Bering Sea. A graphical representation of the mid-month positions of the ice edge for the ice seasons of 1977-78 and 1978-79 is shown in Figure 9. For comparison, the position of maximum ice extent during the previous season (April 1977) is also shown. Overall, the trend of decreasing ice cover observed in recent years con- tinued, progressing from above normal ice cover in 1976 to below normal coverage in 1979. Some differences in ice development were evident compared to last year. The very rapid northward retreat of the ice edge in late spring (May-June) 1978 was followed by a very slow ice advance in autumn 1978. This was apparent in the one-month delay, November vs. December, in the southward advance of ice through Bering Strait to St. Lawrence Island. In addition to the delay, the December 1978 ice extent was much less than in 1977, and similar conditions persisted through January 1979. An abrupt advance of the ice edge occurred in February 1979 when it attained the same position as in February 1978. However, in Bristol Bay the seaward extent of ice exceeded that of the entire previous year even though it was apparently short-lived. Temperature - Air temperatures over the eastern Bering Sea reflected the warming trend observed since 1977. Whereas unusually cold conditions had occurred during the period 1971-76, with two pairs of adjacent severe winters (1970-71, 1971-72 and 1974-75, 1975-76), recent conditions have been unusually warm. The warm conditions resulted from the predominantly south- erly geostrophic winds observed over the area during much of the year. Large positive anomalies occurred in late 1978 and particularly in early 1979 due to the early shift of the center of the Aleutian low to the west and its persistence there for several months. At St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, air temperatures (Fig. 7) were above normal in all but four months during January 1977-May 1979 and 2.0°C or more above normal in 15 out of the 29 months of the period. The year 1979 will apparently be very warm on the average as air temperatures during January-May at St. Paul were 3.4 -4.7°c 20 c Si •H 4J J-l X) O co co co -u 0) CO C/3 T3 •H X O O M ^ M-i -£ t3 O o o (II o •H . on S- ON O OO >-i o M-i eg TJ 9 C is cO cu o •H a) •u IW ON o r^ ON CO ■-■ C o ^C •H O 4-> »-l cfl co o s O I iH r^ on a 4-> O CO 3 T3 (30 •jd 3 S <1 l I ON cu u 00 •H o •H a CO I CU rn rH •H 3 W ai 4J u •H <1> i-H 4-1 H cu 0) CO o C/N >N JC H a CO m 4-) u ti 60 CU O fc! c c CO o 0) u O •H o W c0 i-H r-t O CO Pm d O rH •H CO 4J > cO c0 S3 !Z 21 above normal. Sea surface temperature data from the area show trends similar to the air temperatures. At square 197-1 (Fig. 7) SST's were above normal during most months of the period June 1977-March 1979, although in contrast to the St. Paul air temperatures, SST's were warmest in 1977 and more moderate, but still above normal during 1978 and early 1979. Bottom temperatures from the area did not show as clear a trend. Bottom temperatures in 1978 indicated the outer shelf area near the Pribilof Islands to be about 1°C warmer than in 1977 and the inner shelf area (near 57°30'N, 163°W) to be about 1°-2C° colder than in 1977. Although data for 1979 are not yet available, the extent and general wind conditions indicated that the bottom temperatures in 1979 will be anomalously warm and similar to 1978. The timing and location of herring spawning in Bristol Bay may be related to water temperatures and ice condi- tions. Cold conditions that existed in spring 1976 were associated with a shift of some herring spawning from the north shore to the south shore of Bristol Bay. Warm conditions in early 1979 caused herring spawning to be up to two weeks early, commencing in mid- April along the north shore of the bay. Northward shifts in the distribu- tion of herring and shrimp may also occur over the shelf near the Pribilof Islands in response to mild temperature conditions. In an area near the Pribilofs normally fished by foreign trawlers in winter, a survey by the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center in March 1978 found only trace quanti- ties of herring. The absence of herring was explained by a northward shift in the distribution of stocks associated with warm water tempera- tures. A similar survey for shrimp in June and early July 1978 in the same region found only low shrimp concentra- tions in regions of normally signifi- cant abundance. Relatively high catches were made only along Q the north- west edge of the survey area. Other species were probably affected by the recent mild conditions as well. Straty and Jaenicke found faster growth rates of juvenile Bristol Bay sockeye salmon in a warm year, 1967, than a cold year, 1971. Possibly mortality of sockeye due to predation was higher in 1971 than 1967 due to the slower growth rates. Also cold condi- tions in 1971 and 1972 may have caused the 1971 seaward migrants to remain an extra year at sea. Warm conditions in recent years thus may result in rapid growth and low mortality of sockeye. The recent mild conditions may also result in stronger year classes of various flounders (such as yellowfin sole, rock sole, flathead sole, and Alaska plaice). 11 8 10 11 Reported on page 25 of the Monthly Report for April 1979, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112. Reported on page 27 of the Monthly Report for March 1978, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112. Reported on page 25 of the Monthly Report for July 1978, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112. Straty, R. R. , and H. W. Jaenicke. Estuarine influence of salinity, temperature, and food on the behavior, growth, and dynamics of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon. Unpublished manuscript. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112. Reported on pages 25-27 of the Monthly Report for March, 1978, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112. 22 Pacific cod and Alaska pollock move onto the inner continental shelf in the eastern Bering Sea in summer months. During cold years, however, this movement is normally much less than during years with warmer temper- atures (see footnote 11). Recent mild conditions would probably increase this inshore migration. Runoff - The discharge of both the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers (Fig. 10) has a strong seasonal cycle with maximum discharge in summer (peaking in June) due to snow and ice melt, and minimum discharge in winter due to freezeup of the watersheds. The pulse of summer discharge has been below normal in recent years, particularly during 1974, 1976, and 1978. Although numerical data are not yet available for winter 1978-79, discharge during this period is reportedly about 10 % greater than the previous year. Discharge of the Kvichak River, which is much more persistent in time than that of the Yukon or Kuskokwim Rivers due to the stabilizing effects of lakes in the watershed, was also below normal in 1974, 1976, and 1978. Aleutian Islands to Icy Bay Ice - Ice conditions in Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet were mild in both winters 1977-78 and 1978-79, and most bays were ice free by March of each year. Temperature - Anomalies of sea surface temperatures along the south- west coast of Alaska are presented as time-distance matrices in Figure 11. In Marsden 5° square 197-1 (Fig. 7) south of the Peninsula, SST's had been below normal during 1971 to 1976 with the exception of fall 1974. Tempera- tures became anomalously warm in summer and fall 1977 and have been more nearly normal since then. Farther east at the head of the Gulf of Alaska (square 195-3, Fig. 7) SST's were generally similar, but were slightly below normal in 1978 and 1979. During January-May 1978 SST's from Unimak Pass to Kodiak Island (Fig. 11) were above normal, became below normal during summer and early fall 1978, and were mixed the remainder of the period. SST's off Prince William Sound were colder than normal throughout 1978 and early 1979 as indicated at square 195-3. Although historical bottom temper- ature data are sparse for this area, it is possible to compare bottom tempera- ture regimes for the mid-shelf (about 50-150 m depth) near Kodiak Island for the period late winter-early spring for three consecutive years: 1976, 1977, and 1978 (using data collected on OSCEAP cruises) and also during the cold year 1972 (from a NWAFC cruise). Bottom temperatures of about 2°C occurred off Kodiak Island in May 1972, whereas mid-shelf temperatures in 1976, 1977, and 1978 were 2°-3°C warmer (3.7°C, 5.7°C, and 4.5°C, respec- tively). It is interesting to note that during the warm year, 1977, the permanent subsurface 5°C temperature maximum at about 250 m, associated with warm westward advection in the Alaskan Stream just seaward of the shelf break, was not clearly discernible for the first time. Runoff - Several rivers flow into Cook Inlet, and the resulting dilute surface water flows southwestward through Shelikof Strait, north of Afognak and Kodiak Islands. However, the major river discharge at the head of the Gulf of Alaska is from the Copper River. Like the Yukon and Kuskokwim, the Copper River has a strong seasonal cycle with minimum discharge in winter and maximum discharge in summer, peaking in July (Fig. 10). At the time of this writing, data were available only through September 1978 and indicated above normal discharge in 1978. Salinity - Further information on the surface salinity minima area reported last year for 1977 (McLain et al. 1979) is now available for late 23 p* CD p» p» p» = CO p» in p» CO p» — CM p» — *-* p» — ■ S OJ CO CD CO s^ p» — - co — CO CO lO 2 CO ■* — - CO CO - CO (M = co ■ CO eg CO ^~ 0) If) "~ r CO in p» in --* CO in in m in CO in CM in in B m en ss p» 58 in (X en . CM •>! ■<• GO ■« ID (9 cc •« 0) h- « o:S £ & ^S •— • in CC en z " °s ^a >- ^ CO O) pv oo p- Ps. P* ^ CO ss^ m p^ =- 00 p» t CM P» - P- — - !r~ B p~ 5- CO CD CO P- — = co -== CO CO z in -= CO - -5 ^= co (O CM — = co — ' - CO — cs co — O) in ~^- oo in p» '*— CO in - — ■ - m -5 in — ■>» — m =— CO — = in s- >r: cm J CE " f— in rfn ». UJ ■* CC oo CJ -» p» Q "* uj <§ ^ m o ^ cc * CJ co cc $ n~ uj 3 Z s LU rt ■> CO 2 » cc £ x: oo •— i in IS «? o " ^ co en ^ ID CO ^ ^.. ... CO ........ ........ en p«. 00 P» — - P-- -== CO p». in ' p- p» CO p» CM s P* P>. B P* i O) CO oo CO CO CO in CO CO 00 CO CM CO CO B CO en m oo in m CO in in in in CO m CM in in 3 OO p* >*; "• cx<5 m CD •* i— i •« CD co z~> •* I-H ™ frj "* ~3 h-5 cc en CO cc £ UJ «•> *■». p* ->• CO ji co DC co in \f CO en s x m <-> So t~* CM > CO sc: — CO 1 £ a V P; (T ■^ 58 CE in i — i 5 1— CO i— < •>• "C CM CJ x« cc ro CE •«t III O) z CO R rr UJ rn > 8 cc in CO cc ll 1 a Q_ CO CO Q_ O a CJ ,- ^1 ■fc ,= * ""^ 3 * _; . J ', s ' L ....... i O) oo p». 7*— r» ^ — CO J — in p>. ^ -^§ 00 : CM -= P» in £ «2 O m CM . in cc g CO co ce "*.; p* oc "*.. crig y m 5 9, o 5j O) q^ oo UJ SR > ^ . . p^ ~ en CC „, CO CE in t— i en CO Zt 3 m oS co «■■' CO 4-( CO 4J • CU O X "«« Xi CO cu ^O 4-1 CO •H 4J C^ 13 1— 1 o c CO CU 4-1 03 •H JC c CO 43 4J >H T3 3 H CU o M-4 4J 4J X O S-l CO 4-1 • CO iH 00 >-( 4J O c r^ cu CO cx •H 1 "0 CO 00 (3 CO 5-i c -i 43 J3 4-1 CU 4-» 3 5-i CU o (3 M > 4-) CU -H O •H c CJ 4-1 Pi •H C3 T3 CU CU (-1 CO CU S-J CO It •H oO cu s > 43 M <4-l •H fed CC CU T3 |Yl 3 43 Vj O iH O •rH CO J3 CJ .,-1 O CO c u O •H CO CU • -d cu ex >-i E O CO u r^ ^ 4-1 0) cu > gT CO 5-i 4J •rH CU 00 4-> CO M 4J - 4-1 a J3 C C3 J-l CO o 4J CO CO 3 > c 43 0) in 5-i CO B 4J S 0) o H co M-l J-l T) en CO 4^ O M-l O CJ O cyi •H 14-1 o 60 e r^ (3 CU O o 1 O CX C3 iH 5-i i—l CJ O <4-l en cu cu o •H 4J CO 60 CTi CO CJ O 5-i i—i C3 CU (1) u cu C5 > M CU V-i 4-1 3 •H O (X cu • 5-1 <4-4 14-1 S C/) CO cu • 0) CO u u o E3 X cu cu o 4-J •H 4-1 4-1 Fl M CU C3 3 O 4-1 cu a cu u O CO u rH 4-1 o cu rH 43 CU •H M-l tO CO 4-1 & J3 >4-4 4-) 3 •H 3 -H O CO O H 1 1 CJ T3 4J Q 6 cu u 3 60 •H ff) fj - B I 32.6°/oo) water was discovered. The seaward terminus of the plume reflected an anomalous eastward movement near the origin of the westward flowing boundary current, the Alaskan Stream. It is now evident that two sources of dilution, the Copper River in the northern Gulf and a tongue of low-salinity water from in the eastern Gulf, can contribute on a year-round basis to an anomalous off- shore salinity minima area east of Kodiak Island (Ingraham 1979). Thus considerable complexity in surface flow is implied by the surface salinity distributions of 1977 and 1978. This may have considerable influence on the variability of the transport of ichthyoplankton, particularly halibut larvae, as well as on the seaward migration path of salmon smolts from southeast Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Icy Bay to Strait of Juan de Fuca Temperature - Sea- surface tempera- tures along the coast of southeast Alaska and British Columbia (square 157-4; Fig. 7) were below normal from mid-1970 until mid-1976 (except for fall 1974), warmer than normal during early 1977 and early 1978, and colder than normal in early 1979. SST's plotted as time-distance matrices (Fig. 13) reflected the same pattern in 1978 but in greater detail: warmer than normal in early 1978, mixed until October, and colder than normal during November 1978-March 1979 (particularly at the southern end of the area off Vancouver Island). Related bottom temperature data are sparse, but Douglas and Wickett (1978) found bottom temperatures up to about 2 c above normal off Vancouver Island during a groundfish survey in early March 1978. SST's at that time and location were about 0.8 C above normal (Fig. 13). Surface and subsurface temperature data in the inside passages of south- eastern Alaska during winter are avail- able for the last three years from ex- pendable bathythermograph (XBT) obser- vations at 13 stations from Dixon Entrance northwards to Juneau. Tem- peratures at the southern stations of the series are normally higher both at the surface (Fig. 14a) and at 90 m depth (Fig. 14b) than those at the northern stations. This is consistent with past SST's taken at Coast Guard lighthouses during the period 1959-74. Monthly mean SST data are not available from the lighthouses for the 1977-79 period; however, the 1979 XBT surface temperature observations are in the lowest 20 of observations from other available SST data sources for late January-early February. The cooling trend of the past two years is reflected in the late winter tempera- tures taken at 90 m at the 13 stations where the 1977 temperatures averaged 0.7°C higher than those in 1978 and the 1979 temperatures averaged 1.5°C lower. Salinity - Measurements of surface salinity were made off the coast from Icy Bay to southeastern Alaska during summer 1977 by the Polish research vessel, Professor Siedlecki , and during summer 1978 by the NOAA research vessels, Miller Freeman and Oceanog- rapher . The distributions of surface 12 13 Cruise No. 78-03, RV Miller Freeman , Northwest and Alaska Fish- eries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 981.12. XBT observations made from RV John N. Cobb and provided by R. R. Straty, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Auke Bay, AK 99821. 26 01 0) 4-1 4-1 O CO M-l O o "2 <3 cO CO a •H CO 4-1 o u 0) 3 CO O 4J «5 >» O 4-» •H 00 ^ r*» cu CT\ ►> o c <4-l CO 13 c CO 03 Pu 3 O 4-) n a) a co u 00 o c CO a; o o 5 1 OJ 4-) LP! C CO w « H 03 CO 0) S*. > a) ±J * a x cO <« 03 03 £5 < 3 co :s W CN 0) 3 oO •H 27 V ^ X M: nam - nrmonpl hwune fisheries service PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP HOWTEREY. CflLIFOHNIA ICY BRY - ST FUCfl 57 N 13SU 4 57 N 137U SEfl SURFACE TEMPERRTURE LONG TERH MERN 1371-1978 59 N U0U 2 58 N 139 U ' .3 57 N 138 W ' 4 57 N 137 W 5 56 N 136 M 6 55 N 135 W 7 54 N 134 W e 53 N 133 U 9 52 N 132 W 10 SIN 131 U 11 51 N 130W 12 50 N 128 W 13 49 N 127 U 14 48 N 126 U 15 47 N 125 W -2.5 , -1,1 -1.4 -1.9 0.5 Figure 13. — Time-space matrix for January 1978-March 1979 of anomaly of sea- surface temperature (lower) in degrees Celsius from the long-term mean reference period 1948-67 for a line of 1-degree squares along the coast from Icy Bay to the Strait of Juan de Fuca (locations shown in upper left). The long-term mean temperature values are shown in upper right and are based on data from the National Climatic Center, EDIS, Asheville, NC 28801. 7.00 r- S.E. Alaska Sea Temperature Late Winter 1977,78, 79 Tree Point to Taku Inlet — Surface 12 r- 10 I 6 S.E. Alaska Sea Temperature Late Winter 1977, 78 Tree Point to Taku Inlet — 90 meters. 1 . 65 m temperature, 1978 2. Suspected errors. 1977 3. Suspected errors, 1978 10 12 Stations Figure 14. — a. Sea-surface temperature in degrees Celsius for late winter 1977, 1978, and 1979 from Tree Point to Taku Inlet, Alaska (upper). b. Temperature at 90 m in degrees Celsius for late winter 1977 and 1978, and at 65 m depth in 1978 from Tree Point to Taku Inlet (lower). Figures supplied by J. Ingraham, Northwest Fisheries Center, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112. 29 salinity indicated that, north of 58 N, the trend of the isohalines was north- westerly and parallel to the shoreline, apparently reflecting longshore proc- esses in the absence of major fresh- water sources. South of 58 N tongues of dilute water (<32.0°/oo) extended about 100 km seaward near local sources of runoff. The major feature, reported for the first time in 1977 and again evident in 1978, was the bifurcation in coastal flow near 58°N. This bifurca- tion was evident as a tongue of low- salinity (<32.0°/oo) water pointing toward the northwest in 1977, but in 1978 the major tongue had a salinity of about 0.2°/oo higher and the axis of the tongue trended more perpendicular to shore in a westward to southwestward direction (Fig. 12). Near 55°N a wide band of water with a salinity less than 32.4 /oo suggested that the extent of the major effects of coastal dilution was about 100 km farther seaward in 1978 (142°w). True oceanic salinities of 32.6 /oo were not encountered until nearly mid-Gulf (about 144°w) during both years . Coastal Circulation - As has been mentioned, in late 1977 and early 1978 onshore Ekman transport was stronger and more toward the northeast than normal along the coast of southeastern Alaska and British Columbia. As a result, the northward flow of the Gulf of Alaska Gyre was intensified and SST's were above normal. Douglas and Wickett (1978) attributed the above normal bottom temperatures off Vancou- ver Island in early 1978 to stronger than normal onshore Ekman transport of warm surface waters from the southwest with convergence and sinking of surface water at the coast. Numerous unusual biological events were observed in the area, although their relation to the onshore transport is as yet poorly understood. These included failure of the acorn barnacle, Balanus cariosus , to settle during its normal winter settling season; accen- tuated settlement and growth of two other barnacle species during the winter months (both of these species usually are most vigorous during a July-October interval); accentuated algal growth on the shore (diatoms especially, but also Ulva and Nereo- cystis) ; a massive incursion, on shore, of salps in unheard of quantity; numerous comments by fishermen of blue sharks in very close to shore and in unusual abundance; and finally, un- usually few Japanese glass floats coming ashore. Reports from salmon trollers confirm the massive intrusion of salps off southeastern Alaska in summer 1978 and also the occurrence then of saury and sea turtles (leatherbacks) . Both of the latter species normally occur in offshore waters to the south and thus may have been transported to coastal waters of southwestern Alaska by anomalous northward, onshore transport. Wickett suggested that "the early strong Ekman transport to the northeast is associated with the unprecedented large percentage (70 ) of adult Fraser River sockeye that returned to the river through Queen Charlotte Strait instead of using the Straits of Juan de Fuca." Part of the mechanism is believed to be a northern displacement of a plume of low-salinity water from 14 15 16 These observations were made by Dr. R. T. Paine and his graduate students of the Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, at a site near the tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington and at Glacier Bay, Alaska (Lasker 1978). B. L. Wing, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, Auke Bay, AK 99821. Personal communication. P. Wickett. Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo , BC V9R 5K6, Canada. Personal communication. 30 Queen Charlotte Sound (cf. Fig. 12). The herring roe fishery in Barkley Sound just inshore of the survey area reported on by Douglas and Wickett (1978) was disrupted by the unusual behaviour of the fish which spawned at greater than normal depths." Adult pink salmon returns to Little Port Walter Bay, Baranof Island, in southeastern Alaska in 1978 had an unusually high ocean survival (Herd 1979). However, this was probably more related to conditions in 1977 when salmon fry entered the ocean than in 1978 when the adults returned. Strait of Juan de Fuca to Gulf of California Temperature - Anomalies of sea- surface temperature along the west coast of the United States had somewhat similar trends as in areas to the north. At square 121-3 (Fig. 7) off central California, SST's have been below normal almost continuously since mid-1970 with short above normal periods in mid-1977 and early 1978. At squares 120-2 off southern California and 83-2 off the Gulf of California, the basic pattern of variation was similar to that at square 121-3 except that it was shifted to slightly more positive anomalies. Thus at squares 120-2 and 83-2, SST's were below normal in early 1971 and 1972 and again in 1973 and 1975, above normal in late 1976 and early 1978, and near normal values in late 1979. Figures 15 and 16 give more details on SST variations along the coast during 1978 and early 1979. Along the California coast, north of Point Conception (34°-40°N; Fig. 15) SST's were anomalously warm during early 1978 during the period of extreme low upwelling 3 but fell to below normal levels in June. Farther north (41°- 48°N) the above normal SST's persisted until November when anomalous cooling became evident. SST's were uniformly below normal during winter 1978-79 and the anomalies were generally negative by 1°-2°C. By March 1979 SST's returned to normal values. Along the coast of southern Cali- fornia and Baja California (Fig. 16), the fluctuations of SST were similar to those observed to the north. Above normal SST's occurred in early 1978 and persisted until summer and early fall when anomalous cooling occurred. SST's were below normal off Baja California in fall and into winter 1978-79., but were again near normal in March 1979. Runoff - Maximum mean monthly run- off of the Columbia River into the ocean normally occurs in June and minimum discharge normally occurs in September. However, the seasonal var- iation of runoff can vary markedly from year to year. For example, in 1977 minimum monthly mean discharge occurred in July (McLain et al. 1979) and the maximum (roughly four times the minimum) occurred in December. These variations were caused by drought during most of 1977 and heavy precipitation in winter 1977-78. Conditions in 1978 indicated a return to more normal trends with some exceptions. Above normal runoff con- tinued through March 1978 (Fig. 10). The maximum discharge occurred in May 1978, rather than June, and the June discharge was nearly 50 less than normal . Coastal Circulation - During Jan- uary-March 1978 southerly winds occur- red over California during anomalous high pressure and drought conditions. As has been mentioned, upwelling during this period was extremely low (Fig. 5) 17 S. F. Kapustka, U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, OR 92708. Personal communication. 31 51 N 5BN 49 N 46 N in N 46 N 45 N 44 N 43 N 42 N 41 N 40 N 39 N 36 N 37 N 36 N 35 N 34 N 33 N ^ A NCflfl - HfiTIOHAL MPfllNE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP HMTERET. CRUFOflNlfl ST FUCfl - P CONCEP ^5 ^ 45N 124U 5 44 N 124U .2 13.4 14.8 14.3, 13.2 9.3/ 11. j 14TB 14.7 15.6 15.2 (3.6 .3 , 9.7 9.2 9.B lfl.B 1U9 13.',8 15.6 15.7 15.4 13.5 9.5 (8.2 11\6 13(9 U.6 15.6 15.3 1?.9 11.1 1B.2\9.9 9.7 4fl.2 11. i 13.6 "T4.8 14.5 14.6 if.l 11.1 IB. 6 lfl.K-JJf' IB. 5 11. i 13.B 13.1 !3.8~~-«^ 13.3 11.7 IB. 5 1B.5 IB. 5 IB. 4 11.4 11.9 11.8 12.6 13.3 13.1 11.9 11. B IB. 7 1B.6 IB. 6 11.3 l£> 11.9/12.3 13. B 12.6 13.7 12.8 12.4 12.3 12.4 12.7 13.5 \ 14.3 14.6 15.6 15.1 14.3.13.7 13.9 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.5 12.5 13.5/14.3 14.9 15.6 15.5 14.4M3.6 13.4 12.9 12.9 13.2 14 H4 \ L s - h H Lifh ; I "X " 1 34 N 126U 2 33N U9U 3 32N 117H 4 31 N 117U 5 32 N 116U B 15.S — 16.1 16.6 16.1 15.1 11.1 24N 112U 12 23 N 11 1 U 22.8 28. 5 19.3 18.2^17, 2e yo ^0 za 23^ 2,1.6 2»X 19-3 24.^ 22. S 21.4 2B.8 2B.6 25. A \23.1 22.5 22.6 22. S 26.1 2/.-1- 2A.0 22.9 241" SEfl SURFACE TEMPERATURE CONCEP - GULF CflL LONG TERM MEAN 1976-197C 34 N 1201.1 2 33N 119U 3 32N 117U 4 31 N 117U 5 30 N 1 16 W 6 29N neu 7 28N 115W 8 27N 115W 9 26 N 1MU 10 25N 113 W 11 24N 112U 12 23 N 1 1 1 U 13 22N ueu 14 22 N 108 U 15 22 N 106W Figure 16. — Time-space matrix for January 1978-March 1979 of anomaly of sea- surface temperature (lower) in degrees Celsius from the long-term mean reference period 1948-67 for a line of 1-degree squares along the coast from Point Conception to the Gulf of California (locations shown in upper left). The long-term mean temperature values are shown in upper right and are based on data from the National Climatic Center, EDIS, Asheville, NC 28801. 33 and the opposite circulation, down- welling, occurred. Ekman transports at points off California (Fig. 2) were also weaker than long-term mean conditions during this period. Sea- surface temperatures were up to 2°C above normal during December-April. These conditions were associated with apparently stronger than normal transports by the northward flowing, near shore California Counter Current (Davidson Current). The effects of increased northward transport by the California Counter Current on marine populations remain unclear. Parrish and Bakun (1979) suggested that the extremely low up- welling indices during early 1978, together with associated warmer than normal SST's, could have allowed anom- alous northward migration of southern species along the coast. Commercial swordfish landings in 1978 in southern California were nearly double the previous record (set in 1978) and may have resulted from increased northward advection. Anomalously strong northward ad- vection along the coast, combined with above normal SST's, may also explain unusual recoveries of tagged billfish off southern California in October 1978. Of the several thousand marlin tagged by the Southwest Fisheries Center, all those previously recovered had been taken to the south and south- west of San Diego, off Baja California and central Mexico, around the Hawaiian Islands, and near the Marquesas Islands in the southeast Pacific. None before had ever been recovered off southern California. Other unusual occurrences of tropical species were reported in summer 1978. A triggerfish (a trop- ical reef fish) was caught ne f r Monterey, CA, on September 20, 1978. Radovich (1960) discussed anomalous catches of various species, including triggerfish, along the California coast during the unusual warm period in 1957 and 1958. The onshore Ekman transport in early 1978 appeared to concentrate anchovy larvae near shore and allow improved reproductive success. Seckel et al. (1978) described the large-scale atmospheric circulation over the west coast during the period 1976-78 and the upwelling conditions that resulted from that circulation. They suggested that onshore Ekman transport during early 1978 (and the resulting weak upwelling indices) apparently concentrated ancho- vy larvae and their forage organisms near the California coast and resulted in good spawning success relative to the spawning stock size. In other years when onshore transport is less apparent, spawning success may be reduced by loss of larvae to offshore areas. Seckel et al. further suggested that the large numbers of young-of-the- year anchovy observed in southern Cali- fornia waters during spring and summer 1978 and unusually large concentrations of young fish as far north as Monterey Bay appear to support their hypothesis. Salinity - Salinities along the California coast were below normal during 1978 and early 1979, partic- ularly in the first quarter of each year. Data on temperature and salinity at the surface and bottom (about 5 m) at Scripps Pier in La Jolla, CA, are shown in Figure 16. The origin of the low- salinity water is unclear; it may be due to such processes as increased advection of low -salinity water from northern areas, above normal precip- itation, or decreased upwelling of high- 18 News release, October 17, 1978, Southwest Fisheries Center, NMFS, La Jolla, CA 92038. Two record recoveries made of tagged billfish off southern California. 19 Monterey Peninsula Herald , September 20, 1978. 34 salinity water from depth. Low- salinity water was also observed off southern California in 1978 during CalCOFI cruises, and was noted up to 1,500 km offshore of central California in surface salinity observations made by merchant ships. H The time series of salinity at Scripps Pier in 1978-79 looks remark- ably similar to that observed during the period 1941-42 (Fig. 17). Note also the occurrence of above normal temperatures at Scripps Pier in the winters of 1976-77 and 1977-78, and the similar above normal temperatures in the winters of 1939-40 and 1940-41. Eastern Tropical Pacific An important process causing var- iations of oceanographic conditions in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) from one year to the next is the so-called El Nifio. When this event occurs, sea levels and sea-surface temperatures are above normal in the waters off Ecuador and Peru, the normal upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters into the surface waters is disturbed and biolog- ical productivity of the area is reduced. Wyrtki (1978) suggested that the El Nifio conditions normally follow periods of strong trade winds which pile water up in the western tropical Pacific. As the trade winds relax, eastward flow increases in the Equa- torial Counter Current towards South America, raising SST's and sea levels along the coast, depressing the thermo- cline, and reducing the normal up- welling of nutrient-rich water from depth. Southern Oscillation - The varia- tion of atmospheric pressure across the tropical Pacific, called the Southern Oscillation, has been correlated with recruitment of skipjack tunas (IATTC 1978, 1979). Quinn (1978, 1979) devel- oped an index of the Southern Oscilla- tion as the difference in surface atmospheric pressure between Easter Island in the eastern Pacific and Darwin, Australia, in the western Pacific: S.O. Index = ?~ aet . alf . - P nn ,.„ . Easter Darwin A time series of this index is shown in Figure 18 for the period January 1948-June 1979. During 1970-71 the index was positive for many months, indicating a strong pressure difference across the Pacific and strong trade winds. In 1972 the difference fell rapidly, the trade winds relaxed, and SST's (squares 308-1, 9-1, and 46-1 in Fig. 8) and sea levels (data for California stations shown in Fig. 6) increased as a major El Nifio developed (Miller and Laurs 1975). In 1973 the pressure difference increased, sea levels and SST's returned to more normal values, and the El Nifio condi- tion disappeared. In 1975-76 a weaker cycle occurred with a positive pressure difference in 1975, a falling dif- ference in 1976, and a weak El Nifio response. The pressure difference has remained negative (near zero in mid- 1978) since 1976 for an unusually long period of time. Thus the trade winds have been weak for the last three years and the probability of a major El Nifio in 1979 and early 1980 is very low. Temperature - Oceanographic condi- tions in the ETP are commonly monitored from patterns of SST and its anomaly from a long-term mean. Maps of anomaly of SST in the ETP are published monthly in Fishing Information . The following discussion is based on those maps, and the reader is referred to them and the accompanying descriptions for details 20 21 R. Lynn, Southwest Fisheries Center, NMFS, La Jolla, CA 92037. Personal communication. J. F. T. Saur , Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92038. Personal communication. 35 o: Ln c-> ui a: u > ::! « a Li a: S3 r--l ^J D.. ^ CO co a. ** a. 3 en 3 CO "* CT) . Cfl co y= CO LU co I" CD co U_ lo cr m ~~ ** CO CO Pi ~ CO « CO J 3 CX LP CJ CM CX "? -J tn -I en ~3 co tX -si LU vt i— ( ■<* Q_ co CO ~ 0- ^ o_ W 1 — ' CS3 re ** CJ u> CO m *- CD LU co I— LO CO O CO O co DO ^ i J m if t^ f- J CD LO CO t-- CM [-- 'O, CO CO CD r-. CD ■- Cjj CO LP CD : a.. CX" rr *sj- i' i r- %y a_ CO co LO o_ ■V a_ "V i — i CO a:. ■si C.) CO CM >- -« CT co CO co LP LU m LJ ""* CX m ii ss DC m ttr CM 13 co CO _, CO gg o: co _ ! ..M . 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X 4-> CO 00 T> 3 rH O CU rH -H Cd «4-l 4J 30* 25°- 30° — 25°- Figure 2. — Vectors of monthly mean Ekman transport for 15 months during January 1978-March 1979 (upper) and the 10-year (1964-73) mean monthly values (lower) for selected points in the Gulf of Mexico. Data were computed from mean monthly atmospheric pressure fields by the Pacific Environmental Group, NMFS, Monterey, CA 93940. 44 east coast (Fig. 2), and apparently large variations from the 10-year mean may be insignificant. Transport in October 1978 in the eastern and central Gulf approached twice average strength. In the western Gulf, transport was slightly stronger than average. Air Temperature Air temperature anomalies for coastal weather stations (Table 1) were rather patchy during the spring and summer of 1978, in striking contrast with the widespread pattern of colder than normal temperatures which occurred during January-March. By August most of the reporting stations, except in New England, were showing higher than normal temperatures due to the presence of a strong high pressure system over the southeastern States that tran- sported warmer southern air northward. This temperature pattern became more intensive and extensive in the fall, with the strongest anomalies developing in the southeastern Atlantic States in November. By December the higher temperatures in the Gulf States began to return to normal , but the New England States began to show positive anomalies in December and were warmer than usual in January. Areas south of Cape Hatteras were much colder than normal in January due to the devel- opment of a pronounced 700 mb trough over the U.S. east coast which again advected very cold air on strong westerly winds. In February all stations were reporting unusually cold temperatures with the strongest anom- alies in the middle Atlantic and southern New England States as the trough intensified and edged eastward over New England from the bitterly cold midwestern States, drawing the cold Canadian air to the coast. Norfolk, VA, showed an anomaly of -8.1 F in February, and all points to the north were more than 7.0°F colder than the long-term mean. The air temperature at Block Island, 26 km off the Rhode Island coast, was 9.2°F colder than normal. The situation changed rapidly in March, and the area coldest in February (Block Island) now showed the strongest positive anomaly instead. Although the winter of 1978-79 was not as severe nor as long-lived in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal States as the preceding two winters, it was the third consecutive unusually cold one. This is the first time that three winters of such severity have occurred consecu- tively in the meteorological records of the United States. The impact of cold weather would be particularly strong on marine organisms whose immature stages overwinter in estuarine or shallow water areas. For example, the high mortality of juvenile croaker in Chesa- peake Bay which occurred in February 1979 was a result of the record cold period. However, survival may have been better than in the previous two winters (Wojcik 1978), because these unusually cold conditions were of shorter duration, not occurring in 1979 until February. Sea Surface Temperature Water temperature data, principal- ly collected from cooling water intakes of merchant ships, are reported in radio weather messages and log books transmitted to the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) and the National Climatic Center for processing and archiving. The "real- time" reports of the data base provided by the radio messages are analyzed by FNOC and the Pacific Environmental Diaz, H. F. , and R. G. Quayle, 1979. An analysis of the recent extremes of winter temperature and precipitation in the con- tiguous United States. Unpublished report. National Climatic Center, NOAA, Asheville, NC 28801. 45

X -H P P (0 rd o> in * 8 rH P Q) . W P fa S rd o O -H A T3 c in c U tQ o in fa n (fl ~ a co p CO t d) en -h r- 2 u 8 * -s £ O B * u - « s {° en «* CO a p. ■H C rd P rd en •n (0 * r2 fa "> ,° A 0) M-i A e co CO 0) >i C -H r-j O rH * -H IB p p g C (tf O O P C S CO fd I I ■a E-i CD fa C rd U 0) Q > O 53 P U O ft CO en 3 5 c (0 s u < u rd s fa c rd 00 ro ro i o "3* ro I ro ro l o l tn CO en o CO <3< r- C0 H o i CM 1 O I CM I o o CM I o «- I I en "$ CM I CO o I I I CO to CM I CM I CO \o I 10 I en cm i CM I en m cm i CM CM I m i i CM C£> CM I ro l co i ro I l oo I CO I I 00 I CO I CO I I ro ro i 1 r o I rr in i co i I co I in l CO Q CTn I T- | ro fO ro CM CM p» r~- CO r* i- ro en m r - ro CO ro >x> en t> 1 i en I 1 i 00 1 I ro 1 CM ro l m 1 CM I CM CM l m I CO ro I i en 1 en CM 1 o ro 1 o CM ro r^ 00 r- - - CM ro ro «- T — i co 1 o ro I i 1 CM 1 CM 1 in i 1 I i in i T <* 00 ^ o m ■ST o ro r-- v£) o ■^ CM en ro ro r^ CM o i CM i 1 m O ro I CM o ^ — i o I o 1 CM 1 ro o ID CM 1 m o x — 1 o o o i en o en VD CM o CM O ^r o t — I 1 o I ro 1 CM 1 o o r " o O T— O 1 * — o o o CM CM ro r~ CM CM •^ in r-» en ro en •^ r» en T— ro «- CM 1 o o <- ro 1 o 1 o o o o o T— o i o o r- •- CM o r~ in ro ro r- en i- ■<* in CM m o »T) VD 00 t- O o o o l o I mm 1 i o 1 o o <- ^~ 1 O «~ O ro -^ *— CM •* r- en (£1 ro en en CM o ro eri v£> r- 00 in »- CM 1 o en I o CO o i o 1 o m ro r^ o 1 o 00 i O o i o 1 o I o O 1 c0 in i CO CO ^ * V X P fa T3 >* +J 0) c l-l 9 iH » )H iH *• sj ■H *. p «* •H .-1 h-l O ^ t^ JC rH T3 CO M o *• -p p X ^ fa fa ■H fd n CJ ■H a ^ H U ■H X (d CO rd ,C *. X3 p > (C c -P r-\ X d) c o «. •■ o (1) u CO CO CO rH X >H c iH c CO ■H I (fl cH fl) 3 c p p u fd 4-1 V u ft & u CO & iH u ft (d > o (d fd XJ Jbd r-i U rH 0) P (d si (« rd •H fO ft n m m u eu m m !z < 52 u u CO in S H rt! 2 J O u m 46 Group of the National Marine Fisheries Service, which is colocated with FNOC. These data are plotted by 1° x 1° squares (where sufficient data are available) as the anomaly from the computed mean monthly temperatures from the 1948-67 means. (See Appendix.) Within each square the average tempera- ture for the month appears at the top, the anomaly in bold type in the middle, and the number of observations at the bottom. To facilitate interpretation of the data, anomalies greater than +1 C or 1 C are shaded. The anomaly maps revealed that in the northwestern Atlantic (35°-46°N, west of 60°w) in 1978 sea- surface temperatures (SST) generally were cooler than the long-term mean in the first half of the year. Extensive areas of negative anomalies as great as -7.7°C (off Cape Hatteras) developed, with the most extensive and intensive occurring in February. The anomalies generally were stronger in the south- west corner of the area, but the cold water extended farthest eastward off the Middle Atlantic Bight and southern New England (38°-41°N). Warm anomaly areas appeared in August, November, and December. In January-March 1979 a very similar pattern of negative anomalies developed, as extensive in area, but not quite as strong in magnitude. In an effort to characterize the monthly sea -surface temperature condi- tions for the entire northwestern Atlantic area with a single number, the mean of all the mapped anomalies was computed for each month. The resulting monthly area means (Table 2) showed negative values for all months except August, November, and December. However, the magnitudes of the anom- alies were significantly less than the standard deviations for the reference period (1948-67). Apparently the nega- tive anomalies in 1978 and early 1979 were not unusually intense, even though they were widespread and persistent. It is interesting to note that the strongest negative anomalies occurred in February in both years , but the March values were considerably differ- ent, with March 1979 being warmer. The same pattern was seen in the air tem- perature records from the coastal weather stations discussed earlier. Table 2. — Monthly mean sea-surface temperature anomalies (°C) from the 1948-67 monthly means for 1978 in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean (35°-46°N, 60°-76°W). Standard deviation Number of Area mean of area mean anomaly Mont h 1 squares Jan 1978 101 Feb 120 Mar 115 Apr 125 May 126 Jun 129 Jul 119 Aug 117 Sep 109 Oct 117 Nov 112 Dec 112 Jan 1979 117 Feb 109 Mar 121 anomaly -0. 29 -0. ,80 -0. 75 -0. 47 -0. .45 -0. 03 -0. 38 +0. 36 -0. 03 -0, 44 +0. 07 +0. 29 -0. 18 -0. 80 -0. 35 during 1948-67 1.26 1.23 1.49 1.51 1.22 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.89 0.95 0.90 0.91 1.26 1.23 1.49 47 REGIONAL CONDITIONS Gulf of Maine Sea - Surface Temperature - In the Gulf of Maine, systematic records of SST's are available from daily observa- tions at Boothbay Harbor, ME, and monthly expendable bathythermograph (XBT) transects by ships of opportunity operating between Portland, ME, and Yarmouth, NS, and between Gloucester, MA, and Cape Sable, N.S. (Fig. 3). Monthly average SST's from the Boothbay Harbor records (Table 3) clearly showed the influence of two unusually cold winters and the warm, high-pressure weather system in August. Comparison of the departures from the 20-year means with the standard devia- tions for the data record means reveals that they exceeded the standard deviations in only three months : February, April, and December 1978. ^200 M — ,2,000 M I Figure 3. — Ship-of-opportunity transect locations in the Gulf of Maine. 48 Table 3. — Boothbay Harbor, ME: (A) Monthly average sea surface temperature (°C), (B) differences from the 20-year (1948-67) mean, and (C) standard deviations of observations about the mean. 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (A) 2.6 0.8 2.0 4.0 8.0 11.0 14.8 16.1 10.8 7.9 4.0 3.1 (B) -1.0 -1.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.1 -1.0 -0.6 -fO.3 -1.0 -0.5 -0.9 +2.0 (C) 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1979 Jan Feb Mar Apr (A) 3.1 1.0 2.2 4.7 (B) -0.5 -1.5 -0.9 -0.7 (C) 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 Source: Maine Department of Marine Resources Division of Marine Research West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 The SST's observed on the Port- land, ME, to Yarmouth, N.S. , transects in 1978 and early 1979 (Table 4) reflected the same patterns shown by the Boothbay Harbor data: an unusually warm August occurring between two un- usually cold winters. During February-March 1979 the surface temperatures fell to their annual minimum, with values quite similar to those of 1978. However, February 1979 was a bit warmer (about half a degree) and March was a bit cooler (also about half a degree). Contrary to conditions farther south in the Middle Atlantic Bight, spring temperatures in the western Gulf of Maine were warmer in 1978 than in 1976 and 1977. This probably was the result of heavier rainfall and river discharge in March and April of 1978. Water Column Thermal Structure - Vertical profiles of temperature are routinely plotted from XBT data taken by the two ships of opportunity men- tioned above (Fig. 3). These observa- tions are made at hourly intervals during the monthly passages. A des- cription of water column temperature structure in 1978 was prepared by Kirschner based on these transects. Seasonal warming began in surface waters in April 1978 from the year's observed minima of 0.6°c along the eastern shore and <3°c in the central Gulf. The minimum bottom temperature at this time was located near the deep- est basin. Bottom temperatures cooled slowly as spring advanced, but remained >7°C for two months while the surface waters warmed to nearly 10°C off Portland in May. An intermediate layer of water <5°C remained at 50-100 m Kirschner, R. Temperature structure and surface salinity in the Gulf of Maine during 1978. Unpublished report. Northeast Fisheries Center, NMFS, Woods Hole, MA 02543. 49 0) x: OJ •u 3 •H o CO <4-l UJ O •u r! •H M-t o a. H O o -X3 cu 43 4-> H J-l PQ o X 3 4-1 cO cu 43 u C/D ,3 4-1 O cd 4-1 O 0) 0) h CO 3 3 4-t CO CO U U 4J 0) °- r- ^ 2 o * <4-i 1 A H "3 73 3 c 3 CO CO CO 1 rH iH • 4J 4-* CO >-i u CU O o w ex, 1 PM • «* CU rH XI cO H CM CO m vO oo Cn 3 o •r-t 4-) CO 4-1 C/J 00 — ir>»voeomeoinooinmooeo eooocomr^c3>o~H^aovo ^H ~H ^H 00v40vDO>CNr^.CTiCN^H •— I • •••••••••I • cocMc\icoinoo\eoo^H r^ cNvovo^r^mor^ooocriCN • ••••••••••• •^HCM»>OCMOaOr^ CO •— I ~H i— I .— (OvOOr^.^H^H •d- cm cor^.co>— tcocyicM eocMCMmr^o^i-vOCMOoor^. CMvOvO-tf^HCM^-CM — l ON CO N •^-cNCM-tfvooocom— locor*. oo o vo oo m St PI CM ^t * CI ff* «J CJ* ON ■- 1 CO eo o • • • CM ~H en r*. r-» on • • • (N H CO CN CO m CM r-> o m cm • • m cm on m CM ON ON • • CO CM m CM on CO CO p>» m vO • • • CO CM CO m CO CM CO CO • • • CO CO CM -tf ON CM m 00 CM o oo vO i— i CM U U >N 3 <-t 00 a 4-) > O M JZ U W cO cu £ a cO 3 3 3 cu O o a) cO cu CO a -> fn CM 1— 1 ■—1 50 depth. A strong thermocline developed in the western Gulf at about 50 m by early June, and surface temperatures reached 13.2°C off Portland. This warming extended into the intermediate layer, though not to the bottom water. The thermocline strengthened above 30 m during the summer, and the surface temperature reached a high of 22.2°C over Cashes Ledge on the Gloucester- Cape Sable transect in August. Beneath the thermocline, the intermediate band of cool water disappeared by July and bottom temperatures continued at about 6.5°C. In September the thermocline began to break down, with the surface waters being mixed downward. Surface cooling and mixing continued until a nearly isothermal condition was reached in December. Shore to shore and surface to bottom the temperature varied by only about 1.5°C, between 6.3°C and 7.8°C, with the shallower coastal water being cooler. This development was quite similar to the pattern of 1977, but comparison with vertical sections of temperature for the fall months of 1975, 1976, and 1977 (Kirschner 1979) showed that fall 1978 water column temperatures were significantly cooler. This condition apparently was the consequence of cooler (about 2°c) air temperatures and relatively little advection of warm Slope Water into the Gulf. Cold air temperatures and strong winds caused considerable cooling in the Gulf during early 1979. In late January surface water temperatures ranged from about 5.3°C to 7.4°C. By late February these temperatures had fallen to 0.0°C near Portland, 2.9°C near Yarmouth, and 3.7°C in mid-tran- sect. Bottom temperatures at this same time ranged up to 8.3°c in the deepest portion transited (about 220 m) . As summarized by Kirschner (see footnote 4), the subsurface thermal structure in the Gulf of Maine in 1978 was not highly unusual, except for its being slightly cooler and there being relatively few Slope Water (warm, salty) intrusions at mid-depths. Such intrusions were detected only in March and November on the Portland-Yarmouth line and in July, September, and Octo- ber on the Gloucester-Cape Sable line. Georges Bank Sea - Surface Temperature - Consid- ering just the Georges Bank subarea (40°-42°N, 66°-70°w), the anomaly maps (see Appendix) showed that the surface waters were cooler than the long-term monthly means throughout 1978 and the first three months of 1979. Pooled average monthly anomalies for the area (derived from 4,507 observations, Table 5) ranged from -2.0°C in May to -0.3°C in June 1978. The pattern of SST anomalies on the Bank was somewhat different from the pattern for the entire northwestern Atlantic. The Georges Bank negative anomalies were greatest in March-May, instead of February-March, and least in June instead of August. However, the patterns agreed well in November and December, when both areas showed very weakly negative (or positive) anom- alies. In the first three months of 1979 the SST's were cooler than normal, but not as cool as in 1978. Comparing the anomalies for 1976, 1977, 1978, and early 1979 (Table 5) shows a pro- gression from warmer conditions in 1976 to cooler in 1978 with a slight warming occurring in early 1979. Eddies - One of the principal mechanisms producing anomalous condi- tions in the water mass over Georges Bank is the passage of warm core Gulf Stream eddies along its outer edges. Eddy passages, summarized by Celone and Chamberlin and updated for early 1979 by Celone, showed an absence of eddies during January-March 1978, then an active 8-month period, during which six eddies were adjacent to some portion of the Bank, usually singly or occasion- 51 ally in pairs (Table 6). There were no eddies found adjacent to the Bank in the first three months of 1979. Perhaps as a consequence of this absence of eddies, the Shelf Water/Slope Water front, which normally is found near the edge of the Bank, appeared to move much farther seaward than usual , in places reaching the edge of the Gulf Stream about 150 km from the Bank in the early months of both years. Table 5. — Monthly sea-surface temperature anomalies (°C) for Georges Bank (40°-42°N, 66°-70°W) from ship injection temperatures Month 1976 1977 1978 1979 Jan 0.2 -0.9 -1.0 -0.8 Feb 0.3 -1.0 -1.4 -0.8 Mar 0.9 0.2 -1.6 -0.8 Apr 0.1 0.9 -1.3 May 0.2 -0.2 -2.0 Jun 1.4 -0.8 -0.3 Jul 0.4 -0.7 -0.6 Aug 0.0 -0.7 -0.6 Sep 0.6 -0.2 -1.5 Oct 0.8 -0.4 -1.2 Nov -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 Dec 0.0 -0.9 -0.5 The period during which eddies were found near Georges Bank in 1978 included the peak spawning periods (Colton et al. 1979) for several spe- cies in that area, including Atlantic herring, cusk, fourbeard rockling, haddock, silver hake, red hake, cunner, Atlantic mackerel, butterfish, and several flatfish. The quantities of eggs or larvae lost along with Shelf Waters pulled off the Bank by eddies are unknown, but they could be considerable. Shelf Water /Slope Water Front - Both 1978 and 1979 apparently have shown major seaward excursions of the Shelf Water/Slope Water front during periods of eddy absence. According to a summary of frontal positions in 1978 prepared by Hilland and Armstrong, a major seaward excursion of the front was seen throughout the Georges Bank- Cape Hatteras area during March-May, Celone, P. J., and J. L. Chamberlin. Anticyclonic warm core Gulf Stream eddies off the northeastern United States during 1978. Unpublished report. Atlantic Environmental Group, NMFS, Narra- gansett, RI 02882. 'Celone, P. J. Atlantic Environmental Group, NMFS, Narragangansett , RI 02882. Personal communication. Hilland, J. E. , and R. S. Armstrong. Variation in the Shelf Water front position in 1978 from Georges Bank to Cape Romain. Unpub- lished manuscript. Atlantic Environmental Group, NMFS, Narragan- sett, RI 02882. 52 which lasted until July in portions of the area. This occurrence apparently was accompanied by an invasion of the Slope Water area by cooler Shelf Water from the western Scotian Shelf past Georges Bank into the Middle Atlantic Bight (Chamberlin 1978). Table 6. — Eddy formation and destruction dates and life spans. Dates in parentheses could be off by greater than one week. Dates not in parentheses are accurate to within one week, and generally are accurate to within several days Eddy Dates Life span (Days) 77-D (3/29/77) - 2/17/78 355 77-1 7/16/77 - 2/12/78 211 78-A 4/21/78 - 10/19/78 181 78-B 4/21/78 - 5/17/78 28 78-C 5/20/78 - 5/31/78 11 78-D 6/12/78 - 12/28/78 199 78-E 6/15/78 - 9/6/78 83 78-F 6/17/78 9/6/78 81 78-G 7/11/78 - 8/23/78 41 78-H (10/10/78) - (11/8/78) 29 78-1 10/25/78 - into April 1979 >182 79-A (3/1/79) - into April 1979 >31 Middle Atlantic Bight Sea - Surface Temperature - In order to characterize the spatial and temporal gradients during the course of the year (1978) in Shelf Waters, the monthly anomalies from 15 coastal one- degree squares were plotted on a space- time grid (Fig. 4). The plot clearly shows that the Shelf Water exhibited the greatest negative anomalies in the late winter and spring months (February-May) and in the area off the Delaware Bay-Cape Hatteras (squares 12-15). In the New York Bight, however (squares 9-11), the negative anomalies were smaller and developed later in the year. Off southern New England (squares 6-8) the negative anomalies developed early in the winter, but were smaller in general than those in the southern squares. On Georges Bank (squares 4 and 5), development of nega- tive anomalies was weak and sporadic. The Scotian Shelf (squares 1-3) showed no strong anomaly patterns, neither negative nor positive. In 1977 (Fig. 5, left), by compar- ison, negative anomalies in Shelf Waters appeared earlier, being wide- spread in January (and December 1976). However, they weakened earlier, and by May only two squares showed values stronger than -1 C. By June strong positive anomalies had developed off New Jersey to Virginia (squares 11-13). Geographically, the pattern in 1977 was somewhat similar to that in 1978, with the negative anomalies extending from 53 /-X CU -H u cu rH nrj <4-4 u cd cu CU 00 iH cu C/3 .,_| ^-> T3 1 rH •H 0) •— i • 4-J t-i ^~ s n 3 3 4-1 •u cu .3 en cd cu 00 r! M 4J •H o 0) CM s- •H CL, iH -J a M-l 4J crt 0) cfl > 4-1 J-i u O p cu cu <4-l O CO CO o ^3 M-l O M M-l 3 00 ri o CO -* o u CU S cd cu CO ON T3 •H 4-1 CO u M-l O •H u rH 3 o )-i v-^ o> CU C! >~» a. CO 4 I rH CO cd 6 o s cd cu s •H (0 CU ON i— i o M 4-1 3 o s-i m CO •H 4-J o o CO CO i 00 cu 4-1 1 •H U 4-1 1-^ oo CO > o £2 cd ON 1—1 c o S >> rH m-i o u cd CU 1 u cu 3 O o a cd 4-1 1 M-l 4-1 >-i 10 u M-l CO 4, J o O M-l "4-1 co O CU •H 3 •H CO 1— 1 CU rH u u 4J cu 4-1 (1) s cd r -i 00 o ti 3 o rH ci) CO rH 3 o 0) CO •H cd 0) u co CO CO 00 0) »-l 1 <1> X) S-i cu cu CO XI a 3 a •H s cr 3 H •H CO 3 cu u 3 60 •H fa -3 CNjffi cotS «& inS (OS r-S Z z z Z z z z 3 3 3 51 ^ 3 9 ,f: o.R 2R 3R £S 2S 2P 2|C zzzzzzzz 54 ,-,3 (NjiS mio f~f- OOr- OJK >iN iiS. <-it«. "-"f» "-"S ns zzzzzzzzzz 2?33SJ388fc88 —■2 (M<2 cn!8 ->iS z z z z S3 3 S3 ^ r**c-* oot^ O j2 s c CO >4-l . . d) CU »-i £ J2 to y I 2 1) S § go r^ cu £ -. ^ CO «H o n o «r < 2 CO UJ z < o UJ _ Q CM. — o- O CO' z ~ 00 0> o — o — 10°C by the end of the month. By mid-December it was almost complete, with the water mass nearly isothermal vertically at 10°- 12 C on the central and inner shelf. Transect stations occupied in early 1979 showed that cooling pro- ceeded rapidly in January and February, yielding temperatures in early March ranging from 2°C inshore to 7°C at the shelf break, much the same as in 1978. The weather changed dramatically in March, however, and by the end of the month the water mass had warmed by 2 -4 C and some stratification was appearing. Shelf Water/ Slope Water Front - Chamberlin (1978) reported on the un- usual distribution of cooler Shelf Water in the Slope Water area off the Middle Atlantic Bight, as detected in satellite infrared imagery. He found the offshore excursion, which began in March, most accentuated in April, when the front was 110-180 km farther off shore than at any other time since 1973 when satellite monitoring of this feature began. At times during this period, portions of the front appar- ently were contiguous with the northern Cook, S. K. , and M. M. Hughes. Water column thermal structure across the shelf and slope southeast of Sandy Hook, NJ in 1978. Unpublished report. Atlantic Environmental Group, Narragan- sett, RI 02882. 59 edge of the Gulf Stream. During the rest of the spring and summer of 1978 the front was located closer to the shelf edge than in March and April, but still seaward of its average position. The deepening of the Shelf Water/ Slope Water front (offshore displace- ment) which occurred in July and October apparently was caused by en- trainment of Shelf Water by eddies 78-A and 78-D. An analysis of variation of the location of the Shelf Water/Slope Water front in 1978 by Hilland and Armstrong (see footnote 7) included a discussion of frontal locations off Sandy Hook (frontal crossings of the 130° heading line from Sandy Hook) . They found that significant seaward excursions (up to 150 km) occurred from late February until July and once again in December. Satellite infrared imagery obtained during occasional cloudless periods in the first three months of 1979 showed the front to be a short distance inshore of its average position in early February. In mid-March it was found far offshore (125 km) of its average position, but by the end of the month it had returned to the vicinity of its average position. Eddies - The most apparent differ- ences between 1977 and 1978 seen in the temperature transects, however, were the absence of eddy signatures and the seaward excursion of the Shelf Water/ Slope Water front in March- July 1978. Eddy occupation of Deepwater Dump- site 106, at the seaward end of the transect, dropped from 67% of the time in 1977 to about 34% of the time in 1978. Apparently the two events, absence of eddies and excursion of the front, are related. At least they were coincident in 1978, with the front reaching a point more than three standard deviations seaward of its mean position (Wright 1976) during the period of eddy absence. In their summary of warm core Gulf Stream eddy activity for 1978, Celone and Chamberlin reported that there were two eddies in the Bight in January and February, then none from March until June, when an eddy (78-A) appeared off southern New England (Table 7). From that time on, there were one or more eddies in the bight for the rest of the year. Satellite imagery for the first three months of 1979 showed that there were no eddies in the Bight and that the Shelf Water/Slope Water front moved far seaward and was in contact with the Gulf Stream most of January and February. In early March the front returned to a nearly normal position near the edge of the continental shelf, only to move offshore to about 125 km by mid-March and return to the average position again by the end of the month. The absence of eddies probably does not cause the offshore extension of Shelf Water, although there seems to be a correspondence between the two phenom- ena. The extension of Shelf Water may result from advection of cooler water into the Slope Water from the Scotian Shelf or farther north. Wind-Driven Transport - In the area off southern New England (40°N, 70°w) transport during April through September 1978 was generally southward, conforming approximately to the 10-year mean (Fig. 1). However, it was twice as strong as usual in April and June, weaker in May, July, and August, and normally weak in September. October and November showed neglible transport. In December, transport was in the usual south-southwestward direction, but at 10 Celone, P. J., and J. L. Chamberlin. Anticyclonic warm core Gulf Stream eddies off the northeastern United States during 1978. Unpublished report. Atlantic Environmental Group, NMFS, Narragansett, RI 02882. 60 M M < 1 o~ 1 00 1 ^3 M r-«. .— 1 >* rt M rH CO | U »-> oo cO r^ M m Q PQ i—i O 53 00 i 00 1 00 ^ bO r>. r» r-» T3 )-i a; d C O u •H CO IH cO U 4J W Q < rH 5 3 CJ 1 1 1 00 5 cO T3 O 00 00 00 (3 a> iH r^ r^ r^ w 53 01 -H a 3 1 1 1 1 1 4-1 00 00 0) <: oo oo 00 00 00 3 c 5 u o. r-^ r*. r»* r^ r-» O o Ol >rl CO to hJ 53 > CO u 3 fa 1 W o 1 7 • • • • X •-s oo oo 00 oo m v£> r-. co 4-1 r^ r* h» r^. •H e fa w o > o PQ < T3 ctj I 1 •H S3 oo oo 00 r-^ r»» r-». 4-» CO U Cu PQ 1 < CO * JQ Q 00 00 T3 at 1 cO cO u u -o fa r>- > > o o W 1 ■ r^ o 53 o 53 1 J-i 0> 0) u u 0) QJ 01 r^. 4-1 4-) 4J 4-> rH CO CO CO CO .Q CO ai CO 0) « W D£ W !3 H 01 c • • • • • • • • • • • • o ■— i CM CO - £ zg ^ C UJB. U. J-- S§8 i ?Sfc CO CE DC LU 5LT 1 — 1— cr g Q_ 31 J I I z z z z z z fv (O LO •* (T) CM N (M N N N N CO 0) (-4 CO 3 4-1 cr 0) CO 4-1 0) II M 1-1 00 3 CU 4-) T3 CO I ^ ~H d) a 3 Q cu cu cu 2 T3 s cu C/D N 3 .. O u o 3 m CO I r^ CO v£> 0) I CO 00 M-l u a & 5 co w .. . ■H M a) cu a s 0) cu i— i cu ■H X) 43 CJ 1-4 CO CU f S s e a\ cu H 4J I >> 60 M 3 CO O a^ CO 0> •-3 42 4-1 u ° § m o s-i •H i— I CU ^4= 4-1 CO £i CU U CO o 2? CO CO CO cu * CO * h CO 4-1 3 CO •H CO 4-1 CO B CU 3 60 •H P«4 -R nR (ON -.fc OD CT ' t^S 03 8 o>3 58 38 ~R Z Z Z z z z z z z Z Z Z 8 Kl A R a SI m 8 R s Ri 8 65 Circulation - The principal circu- lation feature in the Gulf of Mexico which can be monitored, albeit sketchily, is the Eastern Gulf Loop Current, which enters through the Yucatan Channel, extends a variable distance northward into the Gulf, and then turns clockwise to the east and south and exits through the Straits of Florida. Based on plots derived from satellite imagery by the National Environmental Satellite Service Field Service Station in Miami, FL, and hydrographic data collected in the northern Gulf, the extension of the Loop Current northward into the Gulf in 1978 and early 1979 been portrayed by Brucks 11 (Fig. 10). He pointed out that the maximum northward extension of the Loop Current occurred in the spring and early summer. Hydrographic data collected just south of the Mississippi Barrier Islands in June and July (about 30°N) showed water properties charac- teristic of the Loop Current, even though satellite imagery revealed nothing, because of strong surface heating. Haddad and Carder (1979) reported a red -tide bloom, apparently associated with an invasion of west Florida Shelf Water by Loop Current Water, from Charlotte Harbor to about 90 km north of Tampa Bay (27°-29°N). In October, when satellite imagery was effective once again, the Loop had withdrawn to about 28°N and eventually reached a minimum of about 25. 5°N in November. Following that, it extended northward again to a maximum of about 28.3°N in early April, then rapidly retreated to a minimum of about 24.3°N late in the month. The active advances and retreats of the Loop in late 1978 and early 1979 spawned many eddies which remained north of the main current and were detected as far north as 29°35'N. Wind -Driven Transport - In the eastern Gulf of Mexico (27°N, 84°W) , April's transport was about half average strength and about 15°-20° to the left, while May's was about two- thirds average and rotated to the right about the same amount. In June, trans- port was slightly stronger and a few degrees left of average. These were all insignificant variations. July showed exactly average direction and two-thirds of the month's very low average strength. Transport picked up in August to twice average strength and about 20° to the left; that variation in direction prevailed to the end of the year. Transport in September was below average strength, but in October was more than three times the average. Transports during the final two months of the year were of normal strength. In January-March 1979 transports were not highly unusual in magnitude or direction, although that of March was rotated left to west of north. In the central Gulf (27°N, 90°w) , transport in April was essentially average, in May, June, and July about 20% stronger than normal and slightly to the right, while August's transport was offset about 20° to the right and was about three times normal strength. The remaining months showed transports about one and one-half times average strength and near normal in direction, except for November when the direction was due north instead of the normal north-northwest by north. This could be due to the expansion northward and westward of the normal Bermuda high atmospheric pressure system. The March 1979 transport was essentially as the long-term average. In the western Gulf (27°N, 96°W) , transport values were near normal during April-December, except for March and June when they were about half the 10-year mean values. The transport directions were nearly normal for the period except for October-December when 11 Brucks, J. T. National Fisheries Engineering Laboratory, NMFS, Bay St. Louis, MS 39529. 66 they were up to 20 left of normal. Transport in January and March 1979 varied considerably in direction from the long-term average, the former about 30° to the westward and the latter about 30° to the eastward; February's transport was normal in direction at half normal strength. In addition, the March magnitude was about 50% larger than the average. The variations from normal transport in April-December 1978 were not large. River Runoff - The record monthly mean flows of the Mississippi River at Tarbert Landing, MS, in 1978 and early 1979 (Table 9) provide a striking con- trast in early spring conditions. Flows in March-May 1978 ranged from 514,000 to 872,000 ft 3 /sec, but in 1979 they ranged from 1,146,000 to 1,299,000 ft /sec. In each case the largest flow was in April; the April 1979 flow was near the median of the 48 years of record. This was about double the flow of April 1978 and would be expected to have affected salinity-sensitive organisms in the Mississippi Delta area. UJ Q I- < (Z o CD UJ Q 30 29 — 28 — 27 — 26 — 25 — 24 — + + + \ + \ + + + J F M ' A M j'j'a's'o'n'd'j'f'm 1978 1979 Figure 10. — Extension of the Eastern Gulf Loop Current into the Gulf of Mexico. Open circles indicate locations determined by satellite infrared imagery, closed circles indicate locations determined by hydrographic surveys. Crosses indicate the northern edge of current fragments or eddies. Plot supplied by John Brucks, National Fishery Engineering Laboratory, NMFS, Bay St. Louis, MS 30530. 67 Table 9. — Monthly average flows (ft /sec) of the Mississippi River measured at Tarbert Landing, MS 1978: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 510,000 526,000 537,000 855,000 768,000 507,000 349,000 297,000 247,000 217,000 216,000 647,000 1979: Jan 702,000 Feb 644,000 Mar 1,043,000 Apr 1,288,000 May 1,234,000 June 801,000 Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 60267 New Orleans, LA 70160 Effects on Fisheries - Brucks (see footnote 11) observed also that vari- ations in the Loop Current's strength and its extension into the Gulf must strongly influence the environment of the biota of the continental shelf, as well as the distribution of pelagic species associated with the current itself. A case in point, brought to our attention by Van Devender, is the fluctuation in brown shrimp abundance. Survey samples included large numbers of shrimp two weeks before the dis- covery of Loop Water off Mississippi. The number of captured shrimp dropped off dramatically concurrent with the arrival of Loop Water, so that the total 1978 catch of Gulf shrimp (248.3 million pounds, heads on) was down 7% from the record year 1977. Landings declined from 1977 in all Gulf States except Louisiana, where the catch was up very slightly to 104.4 million pounds (Commerce 1979). Reasons for the good catch of brown shrimp in 1978 are related to a combination of factors. A large area of nursery grounds was available to the shrimp during the spring, due to rela- tively low spring rainfall and river discharge which resulted in the rela- tively high salinities preferred by the shrimp larvae in their usual nursery areas and in the upper estuaries as well, combined with relatively warm spring water temperatures and very few hours after April when water temper- atures dropped below 20°C, enhancing shrimp growth. An outstanding catch of 819,700 mt of Gulf menhaden was made in 1978, almost double the 1977 catch of 447,100 mt (Commerce 1979). Landings in June 1978 were the largest in the history of the fishery. Reasons for this highly productive year are spec- ulative at best. It is curious to note that the June and July encroachment of Loop Current Water onto the Mississippi shelf may have been detrimental to shrimp distribution and production while providing favorable conditions for the menhaden fishery. The con- sensus among fishermen and fishery scientists is that the high production was a result of good weather conditions for fishing and the apparently very large 1976 and 1977 year classes that produced an abundance of 1- and 2-year- old fish for the 1978 fishery. 12 Van Devender, T. , Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS 39564. Personal communication. 68 LITERATURE CITED Bakun, A. 1973. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. U.S. Dep. Commer. , NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-671, 103 p. Chamberlin, J. L. 1978. Unusual off- shore distribution of cold Atlan- tic shelf water during the spring and summer of 1978. Coastal Oceonogr. Climatol. News 1(1): 1-3. Colton, J. B. , W. G. Smith, A. W. Kendall, Jr., P. L. Berrien, and M. P. Fahay. 1979. Principal spawning areas and times of marine fishes, Cape Sable to Cape Hat- teras. Fish. Bull. U.S. 76(4): 911-915. Cook, S. K. 1978. The effect of anom- alously cold winters of 1976-77 and 1977-78 on spring bottom tem- peratures in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Coastal Oceanogr. Climatol. News 1(1): 3-4 . Haddad, K. , and K. Carder. 1979. The 1978 red tide bloom on the west coast of Florida. Coastal Ocean- ogr. Climatol. News 1(2): 15. Kirschner, R. A. 1979. Fall tempera- ture structure in the northern Gulf of Maine: a four-year com- parison. Coastal Oceanogr. Clima- tol. News 1(2): 16-17. U.S. Dep. Commerce. 1979. Fisheries of the United States, 1978. Cur- rent Fishery Statistics No. 7800, NOAA, NMFS, Washington, DC 20235, 120 p. Wojcik, F. J. 1978. Temperature- induced croaker mortality. Coast- al Oceanogr. Climatol. News 1(1): 15. Wright, W. R. 1976. The limits of shelf water south of Cape Cod, 1941 to 1972. J. Mar. Res. 34(1): 1-14. ATMOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE WINTER 1978 TO WINTER 1979 1 2 Robert R. Dickson and Jerome Namias Previous reports in this series described the progressive north-south amplification of the Northern Hemi- sphere circulation in 1976 and 1977 compared with the abnormally strong westerly flow of the preceding 5 years (Dickson and Namias 1979a, 1979b). In 1978 this amplified circulation type was generally maintained and the over- all pattern of the hemispheric circu- lation itself showed some elements of similarity to that of the previous year. This year-to-year similarity is illustrated in Figure 1, A and B, which compares the mean annual distributions of 700 mb height and height anomaly in 1977 and 1978. In both years, cells of negative height anomaly extended over the northern North Pacific with centers to the south of the Aleutians (-70 ft and -90 ft in the annual mean, respec- tively). In both years, two further mean troughs centered over New England/ Newfoundland and at a variable location between the northwestern European lit- toral and northwestern Russia completed a discontinuous belt of low pressure at midlatitudes which encircled extensive high pressure anomaly cells at higher latitudes (centered over western Canada/Alaska and southern or eastern Greenland). Again in both years inten- sified subtropical highs are evident to the south of the Aleutian trough in mid-Pacific. The corresponding mean annual dis- tributions of sea -surface temperature (SST) anomaly for the two years are compared in Figure 2, A-B and C-D. As might be expected, these reflect the common tendencies of the circulation by showing essentially similar patterns of SST anomaly in 1977 and 1978. Common elements are the vast area of colder than normal surface waters in the northern and western Pacific, mainly the product of extreme storm activity (from 2 to 3 standard deviations in excess of normal) in mid-Pacific during the respective winter seasons, the general but more localized mean warming in the southeastern Pacific off Baja California, and the center of intense warming off the North American Atlantic coast which continued to dominate the field of SST anomaly in the Atlantic sector in the two years under dis- cussion. Differences between the two years are also evident. In 1978, for example, each of the three main centers of SST anomaly is shown to be more extensive in distribution but somewhat weaker in amplitude than in the pre- ceding year. Further important differ- ences will be described below in the season-by-season breakdown of these mean annual patterns. Winter The extreme climatic events of winter 1978 have already been described in detail (Dickson and Namias 1979b) and are resummarized here only insofar as they represent important antecedent conditions for the present report. As with the annual mean, Figure 3A shows that the mean winter distribution of M.A.F.F. Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 OHT, England. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037. 69 70 ■u CO 13 CO 4-J .£ 60 •H C1J xi ■i o o M-l o c . O 00 ^3 •H U /-s 4J pQ CO v_x T3 T3 es t-H CO CO 3 •> C r^ C r^ cO CT\ i— i C cO •■> ?~ I J-l 3 60 •H 71 u o M-l p4 O CO e o CO cu 1-1 4-> cd U CU CU 4J cu o CO IH 03 I CO • 0) 00 en r^ •+-I i-H o o p •H +J •> 3 O •H W 5 co co •H co cr> 3 -H C tO «"-N PQ to * cu ^ Al«SK« .,. tn.i,onm«n'ol Data S.rv.c. 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( \ S3+" N SCM.'^ ™ + +■ in ~ 1 rjCO 8 1" " to"° r V ^ / 3 o.*-. ^co sj 1"" a +" 2 ujCO 8 '"■" N B ^m -v — ^ ( u,B tCM s ID a ,-:cm " 1 01 r* tji'* -CO -CO Rl'" ^CO si+" " " I— _io V S§ ^ "CD CC uj en jr u QO s Sg cng — 3 - UJu. uj to ^ g 8 DC , u >- co 9 i_i >- 1 — £E Cj_ >c CE c — »a d z £ or S Zz i uj| tn 85 cc = Ll_ UJ uj *P ^ ix CC 1— ° 0_ a: V V -A tCM 1 " 1 5l' N „u '"'"■. -CO ~ 1 t~01 ' 1 8 +' " -IM l 2+" "" ~ i ~ 1 -CO '" 1 a i" " at""" \ R if „fo " i 2 f ^10 fs,CO at" ^00 ^ 1 «CM a i""* ^CD jjl'" ^ 1 -I a 1 m si i" " — a 1"™ u,cn si+" in ,"1 a'+""" 1 ^ .oC9 Sl' 2 -CO ^l" s •£,C- m 2 v. ■, -CO > Hs Si' ' cCM 2CM' / M 09 M 19 H 29 M £9 H ?9 M S9 M 99 M LB M 99 M 69 M U H U M ZA M EZ M VZ M SZ H 9Z M LL M U H 6Z M 09 M 18 M 28 M £8 M V8 H S8 M 98 M LQ M 88 H 68 H 06 H 16 M 26 M E6 M 76 M S6 H 96 M L6 M 96 M 66 ca CO z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z Z Z CO CO CO CO CO CO U-J CO CO CO CO CM 00 CO ca CO en CM CO CM CM (O CM XT) CM CM CO CM CM CM CM ca CM 117 |; r~CO ■ l" m <0 5l'" " 1 2+"™ u,CD Si""* 2 l" " s r ■* a +"^ S3+" ™ ^co S+" „N Sl'' a+ " a+ " a+*" S+"" } l"1 s,«M B M : .. ca -CM " 1 1 Si"™ 5l' N 2 + N 2 l'™ -CO a i"° R l" ™ „|V ^B _ i if- m io a+"" 1 a+" p " w Ln a +' " a+' 50 a +' 2 a +■" " m i\i fi'+" 2 Sl' N h. ■Jffij. « 1 <■ . 1 , i a +" n Si"™ cot"- E 1* "* ^< 2 1 m 2 l'™ ,•* _c»j Sl'" si+"^ 53+"^ St" a+" u> a +' ™ a+' 2 a>" = a i -r ~ a i" ■* 4< rl'« » l'™ S 1 m <*o> ™. 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J -.CJ) S+"" 1 ^.co Si'" 2 +" "" o! |'o) 21"" a 1 ~ _ro af 2 u,LO a 1" a a i"- SSl' S -.CO S3 l'™ =,co S3+" N o-,"*< a+' 3 -CM B l" 2 ,^ca KJCS" ss+'~ 1 "'co- i rnCO 1 - rj |"c0 3,0 2l"" „0) Si'" ~ 1 a, to 2 1"- ^IO s+"™ . ■ IS a 1 - «,to a 1" ■ „cn si" 5 a 1" ~ S3 l'~ t~™ a 1 " 01 r~ a 1 ™ ,01 '."_L_ a 1 " ,(*■ a 1 ~ a 1 " f-CO a y°\ V ^« /^%. si' 5 ^l" 3 Si' 1 " >■ s 1 ~ 1 -CO VIM ' 1 «,co >" Sff J S ~\ -^ ^ 3 i 1k g5. 3D= ~ i fil'- fj+" = ji'" „•*_•■ ojrj c- 1 S » 1 03 cn tjl"' 1 - -■Mi a+y- f \ i sicy ~ i ,IS (3 +" ™ '" 1 ^,13 *7" _co S3 1" m a r™ "a .„co t "' 1 ECM"" :r.- r : „B „ca 31 ' a i" ™ 03 CM aV 2 1 / r-IM k e *r ■ N \ -^ .j-— * ■■, " 1 T¥rf j oi is ! [/ P o X ''I r ^ 1 03"^ oiVJ'T .33 cn S5+" ™ / \/ / Jj 5 ~ ,^CM" ^ 1 03 CM S3 1" s a i" '" w SB* -CO a i" 1 * Q co Si™ \L 1 \ \ S ~ 3 » f-IO ?-l_ 03 ,t * '" 1 ca a+ " a 1 ™ ^_ JglN R+" ™ l ^ / > c„CO 2fO^ „1 •-^ a i' - 8 l"" ~ 1 uiCO a 1" 2 -, 13 S3 1" = s +" m V — ^ arO"- 1 oilO^j s+"~ SI'S ^10 S l" ™ si"- g„01 V ^ O Hr CO 8 8 -i3 m ld cr lu co y " « rr <= O f" 00 Szgdg OT$ •— UJ u. uj «— i <*• "" _=^ UJ2 ^SC,,, co E >£ a: te ct:§ -J Z P rr" 3 rrz z Li_ UJ lu ! u •-* £ cr °1 cr \ oifM 2fO ™ rJ tD ar>3 2 11)1"* S3 l" s 2Li 0.10 ?ic S3+" m o-fN 1 '. i" «-"; ^ w 1 / " 1 ■' ' _ 1 u-,ro ■~i 03 CO a 1" "* 01 L0 S3 ~ / M 09 M 19 M 29 £9 M V9 M S9 H 99 M £9 M 89 M 69 M 0Z. II \L M ZL M £i M VZ M SL M 9Z. M ZZ H 8^ M 6Z M 08 M T8 H 28 M E8 H f8 H S8 H 98 M IQ M 88 M 68 M 06 M 16 M Z6 M E6 H 76 H S6 M 96 H LQ H 86 H 66 z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z Z Z "tf ca cm CO CO CO tN CO en CO cn cn CM cn cn ca cn CD CSJ CO CM CN CM CO CM in CM CM cn CM CM CM CM ca CM 119 % J ,*IS 4&W -rSf-n 2 +" is CJ> isf- si' h - a+""* •ol" 2+"-. „M 2+"" in<» Sl"' ^10 si 1 " ^M S3 l""" t»m via; . ■ 5 * sotn y\ „0) -i' 2 i 1 +: ' co"> ■*■ r s m CM Sl'" o5 "! 1 ■ i_ — 1 23^ 2l"" Sl'* co""* o.tn S l""" '- r* " S l S3+""" S+" 10 S3 l" 1 " io"^ a+" 1 " V.CM s'+' ** ' 7 ' ' 8+"" »"*■ 8+" 2 8+*"' j n •j* »♦' ~ ■« i" m "CM 1 ^J - 1 st&i 2+" "* „0) Sl'™ "" 1 ..ID Sl'" i^ a r ■ V\ H^S « r- "•'cm ■» 1 " 1 - a, 10 Sl'" Sl'" ■«) m EI Sl"" m io » , * , Sl"" S3 l" 1 " «CM S3+" "" = <0 a i" ™ „-vt s" +' " CO ,U"> IV £> 1 i ~ -■+ ■ i St" „,CD S l'" Sl'™ 2 |"~ Sl'™ p. CM S3 l"™ S3+'~ «<0 a+" = S3 +' " m CM 8 l"~ 8+"'" ^CM 8+" " 'A. SWF -mN .; -CM 1 c.Wiv "ClS 3 1 ,.,U1 - 1 5^5 f*T* i _io CO 37- s<0 „ID 2 |'m -0) ~ 1 a i*™ tvCD S3+"" -r * v, a+ " B ■ v> 8+"'° m ro 8+"" "1 + - > ■* i" " ivW * l" - :_"*.0I -tPJ-ri oolD <7><» 8+' m „,io Sl' 1 * iol" jl'" tvi" si'" S3 l" " S3 f " iv in S3 l" ™ a ■"" s r 5 ^7= 8+" S „ro 8+" ™ ""*■ s " l" - rr + " T : s+■ ,,, 2+" " 2+"~ "3 " 1 ^>o 2 1*"* " 3 en" 5 ■ol" S3 1 " »"*■ S3 1 "■ vi - ^0) a i" = Sl'" ^■*i^ _ l ■ Sl'™ 0.**" Rj l"~ S3+" 2 r^lD a+" " " - + - ■■'■ »^J iv ca ™V ^in S3+ 1 \ 1 1 l^t"- ^^4 j + „co 0) •" Sl'™ f3 l"* > Sl'" sj+" ~ i~. S3 1 8 - m <*> ~id S5+"™- si - si+" 3 m co Sl' s Sl'" V n no ™ 1 Sl'" S3 1 " KJ l"- s r = Sl'° S.+ - in U3 S:+" 2 V ►H ID ~ ID sg S3 <" LO CC UJ to j-° SzgCg 0>S -• Ld u. nj «—i m SO ^ lj i m a! z| oc g Q-^ ^ n r Q_ uj cE ~ IE !*> „(M^ „,ro 3 l'" Sl'" Sl'" 8+'~ V x S3+' m SClJ "* s CM v.tM j l'« 15+" " 8 l"~ Ml'" S3 l" " S3~- _CM Sl'* ^W- sin 8 l"~ „s k>LO SS+" 10 SJi" a S3 | , oiCM ui + 'S *. o, CO to<>l Si'" Si" 10 a +" I ■ ' v • ■ Si'" ;l'- u>IO sj+" c ° Si l" 10 ,0) a i"" 1 rJ lO a'i"" ^J a+" " ,co | o ~ 1 1(6J . j Si'" SJ+"™ s co u,lR ai'" —i ,v,ia a i" ■ si -i-"" o=CO ' 3+' •" ,!M -CM S3+' m S3-+' * o^ro ui'^r I 4fn _co - _l S+" 1 " \i+ " si i - , n co a i" n ~ r ^ 1 a i" " ^,0) sj+" v si+' m S3 l' 1 " 4 '■'■ ~t^ S3 +' " o-.f* S3+'- ~iCO S3+-'" 5 Bta S3+" " / a 35 ► bCD rf,'H 03 CO 2+" "> ^ i _0) Si*"" -CO s'T" uTw - a i"" si ■"- ,ro S3+"'° S3 l' m 31'" ~ 1 31'" ^,CM _.«3 ~co A +' m S3+'- 01 to si+"" t.,CM -10 SS+"'- *\>K „r» ->* 3+" m uj |'ui B°> si'" S 1 " o,o~ m co sj l" » S3 l"" r-ca S3 l -< ° S +' ~ o-Ti'' - S3 l'" 01 CI S3 +"" 1 oTco^ S5+" 1 " S3+"°' _. I- — ) o-CM »+ - -CM ■ 1 ■ bM S3+""' s °2- S3 l"" »"2 3 1 " S3+'- -CM Si"" OlOJ "' "1 S3+' = si 1"" oi co 15 V s »^N- - «m „co s+"'° s i , -- + ■ d +" - 2 C5 ** Si +" ■" l | Si'" m M Si'" 8l'» i ,1^ si l" 1 ^ S3 \'~ °* ■ ™ 31'- SJ+-" ' -0) sit'" a CM S3+' 1 " Si'™ ^ 3f feu m CD _ i ^OJ | o -t0--; ri i" = "ui~cpX a« ■"? S3 l" ~ u.t^ ■ !"-i Q ro ^1_1 „co KS+"" " i sj r°° n <" »rsi ojCO SJ l"" oi co - 1 S3 l -<0 ~co S3 + ~ 0.1^ S3+ " -to R+ S / -CO S5+"° > ' -CO "to- SCO •- alii 6 l" ~ S cs!. m SB) si r "° _LD. c,CD S +" ~ o,IS. - rj | :::: si l" ■" ,nj,. ( : ^.00 in" 5 S3 l" " 3+" " 31"*° uW i co I* 5 S3-K- Iro S3+"' si+-'«i \ 1 -' " W : f t. 2 l"~ -0) S3 l'~ S3+" 3 r-in,. si+" " ui°) -S>: j "' + 1 " bCO 8+- ,<■> |„,xf S3 l" " 3+"" S3+' a> ml" S3+" " .-. is sica 55 -CO S3+' 2 S3+" 2 0,1" S3 l"" Si'* to CD sj+" 2 ^ V J^ r3^ ,05 3l'» u.CD 3 l' 5 K! 1 - if* „ro 5l'" "• ~ »co si+ " o-.CO si<^ ^> uif Ri+" < ? X 7\ \s— Cm ^3 i ^ ^'" a i ™ o><0 a'+ "* ^,co ^+ ■" S3 " «"* 01 0) sit" 2 ,00 ^ S+'" R+y" \l d VS3 _P1 i = 8l'" v.l*) ^ iLi tnfO B D) u,m>; 1 + ■ 01 "«^ sg+" w M ^ oof Ri+"^ V \\ = IM y&i. 0. ta sit- ci ^/ r Jo q M \ N «CVI Si"* sj+"- ■S+"" o.CO S3 l" a si+" " !5+' 2 coCn si+'~ 7 / / J v V L _ S3 l" " S3 l'" Si +' s r r£i, S3+" 2 b \/ ^ ~ .ID - 1 _B S8+' ' S3+"" fj l'" \> si+ - k { \ si r~ ,CD si +' ~ ^CM . ■ B S3 1 ~ R+ ■ n 1 * sj+" 2 oi'* si+ -, ° I \ ^> / > S3 l"~ Si* 2 S3 l" 2 a, en S3 l'" S3+" S S3+' £ 00 10 S3 1* ~" V, "> — ^ — r S3 l" "* , V CD S3+" ^ m ro ~ Ri+' a 01 co fit' 2 u> = 2 U_ UJ uj :g •-" a cr i- V S3 1 \" ,i,ro iirJ" _co s a> sit-"" B 1 " S3+' 2 B 05 S3+" " V i u> >*■ "■ uif* si i" s si r- u,P~ S3+ ,<0 S3 l" 10 ( )\ >f uiCD S3+" = S3+-" 2 -CO S3 l' S „co S3 *"*■ 3 l" m si 1 - ^ 1 ■ ■ ml" ^ J l V / S3 l"~ si+"~ _o> si i" 1 " S3 +' = ,ID s S3+"'" i" + : s'i'« S3 ~ Kit"'" 0)0 3 l" ™ S3 1 - tJ H i S3 ci' Si N 8j\ S ota '^ i ■'■- ■01 ta- O co fJ: 1 r-CM u>[*> u>CO S3+" 2 yew.. 0.O) S3+"" K3^ I 1 " S3+' 1 " / ^r si N '^^ S^ M 09 M 19 M 29 M £9 M V9 M S9 M 99 M ^9 M 89 M 69 M 0Z. M \L M ZL M U M U M SZ M 9L M Z£ M QL M 6i M 08 M 18 H Z8 M £8 M VQ M S8 M 98 M Z8 M 88 M 68 M 06 M 16 H 26 H £6 M V6 M S6 M 96 M Z6 M 86 z z z z z z cs "5t en CO en en CD cn in cn z z z z z Z Z Z z cn cn CM cn cn cs cn cn (M CD CM CM CO CM in CM cn CM z z CM CM CM H 66 121 in ^t en CO oo CO CO CO in CO z z z z z z z z z CO CO CM CO CO csa CO O) CM oo CM CM CO CM in CM z CO CM z z z Whs CM CM CM 122 J, 1 " 2+" 2 P.OI 2+"™ 8 " .,05 . o,CO lS ,to ; : ~7 ^ i _>4 8"+"" 8 l"" IP ijl'" Sj "V w S3+"" „(0 S3 T "^ S3 l" N S3+" 8 l""" II) p" S+""* rf "\ ..CO 8+""' Si' 5 8+"" > ,CD B+" r - si i"" 8+'- s'+"~ ST" 8+" 10 >ali3 S3+" 1 " S3 l" " en'* ft l" 1 " ^M _l/5 8+-"~ si" S) l" m ft+"^ } 2+ "" *+"& m 15 l" "" lO ' ' si l" "* Ten" ..to.. *3+" n ,0) HJi"™ R5+"~ .10 Si"' 8l'" 8 l" " S3+" 1 " S3+ - " 8+'" 8+'^ si i' ™ S3 l"" 1 o,5l si i" "* >h si+"'° Si"" ,„ia at" - " 8 l' N 8+" m 8+' 10 Si'" St"" -1" si r- 4«W 8+" ™ 8:y.~ 8+" (v ' «.•*• 8 l' ~ S3+" " p."* S3 l"" S3 l" m + 4< 1 1 8+" " „10 Rl'" i+'» ■^ in'' fj+" m S3+"^ ^l" 1 " Si i"° Si'" 1 loJBJj-! 8 +" N \ V ZC?~ 2 +' ' Si"* S3 l'- S'l"" u,.ia „ii) si i" ™ TO T 8 +" "' ^*i. ^, SJ+" 1 " O.IO 55+"^ o,IM S3+" 1 " 1° 8+" £ l" 2 -P-M-j-r in**- 0,0) si l"™ -,0D „C0 Si"" fi+ m S5+" 1 " 8+"™ SJ+"" 8+""* SB" CO 10 8+"" ,„oo 8+" ,J1 ^<^l 8+"" 8 +" ™ ^ji° 8+"'" 8+"" 8+"™ ^ _OJ „C* u,W Si'" p-*t -- 8+'" ~> r 8'+ ,<0 „,co S3 l" "* 8+" "■ p-i" 8+"""' 1+ ~ ~ 1 ■>-+' I BO+P- 2 0J " l ■„,«a. ■ to CD „ Si' 6 " in SQ+"'" Sl v S+"' 8*+> ■,U) 8 l"" Sit m 8 S 8+" " „,ro 8+"°' *r' Si I* 1 " 8 +"" 8+'- p.1" 8+" 1 " 8'+" " "4 ,0) 2 .olO si i"" u,t>J Si"' Sl'" S+" 1 " 8' l'" R+"° 8+ * S+""> 8+" 2 S+" ™ Q IO 8 1° St" " 8+"" 8+'~ 8+""- !..«*■ w l S l" 5^5.9 _10 rjlO S l"" S l"" <£.W SJoa 2 . ■ s 8 1 " 8" - 55 1 " 8+ ™ id'" 8+ " 8 1 " tr.LO S3 l"" / S3 l" ~ + : E: - i 1 3 1 " l~l" s'+ - SJ 1 ~ Si'" 8 1"™ loo 8+ m 8+ " 8 1 "* 8+ "* 8+ ~ 8+ " ay of 8+ m ^r\i V S39 Ki i'" 8 l"' 55+*'° 8 l'- R+"'° 8"+"" R+" <,> 8+" " Si'" 8>" 2 si'" „CM 8 l""* 8 ^n ? 8 l" n _io SJ"" 1 !— 3l" a si+" 2 S5 l"" 8 l"™ S3 I* 1 " 8 1 _ 8+ " 8 1 " S3 1 * 8+ " 8+ " ,B„ — "1 J^ <3 a>0 Si; ^« S3 l" S 8+"" 8+"' 8 m 8 1 " CM 8+ - 8 + - ^ 8+ 5 f "\ fik 8+'- 4*4 «,<0 8+ ,c " 8+" = 8 " 8+ ,y 8+" N <> \) \ ^ 8 l' a a'"" 2 8 l" 5 8+" = 8+" p i4 ; ! Si""" p-t"" 8+ 2 / 5^ v \ *ji$4 S3 l' fc JJJ^-' Si 1 ~ 8 l" m Y>* y \ \ 8 +' 2 -^ J 8 l f j V ^-> o N ') SS+" " StSi'" + • 8 +" 2 8l"l I V £j 8+" 3 r s> \J ,:, 8 l" L " _co 8 l" "" \\ 8+"" 8 l" " k ( \ 2 " _io S+" < " P.W 8+"" 8 l" "• 8' l" " 5^ ^ i 8 '+" 2 ^^* t 2^ / ) S+"' r Q co Si'" «i<0 Si'" ta'* Si'" a, in 8 1 " 8 I " „IO 8 1 ^ \ r— ^ i tnlM ,B S 8 l" 8 i +' ~ 5l'» 8 +" 3 , s 8 l" 73 8 l" 2 v 1 9=: CO is si w CD d UJ CO E s z 1 cc g S| — LU u. lu Zl * "■ 5 3 iu e ^ LU ^ CC fV* ,_ £ O" ^ LU £ 5 LC . P <=2 >-0 1 W >- F *^ -1 7HJ rr- 3 -J? fe„ :c «•> = u_ UJ uj ' u •"* £ cr o q_ cr V \ S+" 2 8+" 2 8 +' S ^co 8 +' " ,„C4. : Si"" I 8+"" 8+" s 8l'" 8 l" " 8 l'~ - &*r 8+ , s+" N 8+'" oia; si l'" a+" m ■TOm cm CM 8+* m Si'" ^■^ Si'" „(0 R l" "' "P. 8+" m Si'™ colO ft l" n si" 1 " 13+'" s'+' m 0,0 8+" m colM ijl'" CO 1 " s'+" m s + ™ m 8+ " /. Tco^T?M~ ji ~ j ^ :; 01 ** n+"~ »* 8 I ™ »<9 SB™ »,»' ^7." ,ia ft'+ " si l" n Si i' N SB* 0)1" SI-"" co N 8+"" CO 13 c,CB Si 1 N S'l'" sin 8+ ■ CO* a i ■ U>10 Si 1 " 8+ m *M, s7« a, CO 3+"°' S 1 " 8 1 m 8+ m -CO s: iV> S+-" 8 l."> s'.+> ,13 8+' m 8 1 f 8 1 " CN,* S 1 "* -1" 8l"~ s'+' t ~ co CO fii"* \ ^ ■JS3FK ■rirn co«> Si'* R 1 ■ toTO S3+ "* si+ " 8+ m 8+ "* 8 1 " o,in S3 1 ■" 8 ( " 8 1 * 8+ ~ co* 8 1 N 8+ " ' i „,in Si l" = ) i>- J +!rT- T-!ipT-r- -"Jo. 2+ ~ o;,-,.7 fi co ID 8 l"" si i " Si l" = a. "3 Si+ ,a> IS l'"" m<0 Si l"~ 0,0 si i -u> 8 1 o 1 co n s I - iVa E 1 ™ Cg ,*u> 8 l"" ft't"" R+"' Si+ " pji'™ Si l"- Si l" m 8+ ,IM fi'+ ,ln sj+" ,D si r- 6 i'"" Si l"™ 8+"* 8 S -1" 8l' 2 ml" 8 l'~ 8 l'* 8+ ■ o>0> 15 1 " co* S 1 " co* 81 ~ Parr cnlO 7t» 3?? ^5 s K3+"" J3+ - cn'T^C'foT 8+ " in* 8+ " „B 8+ * 8+ a 8 1 - 8+ - 8+ "* c*«> S 1 * coi" S 1 " CM* 8+ " 8 1 " 8 1 * A., co^ l J l+ 1 1 ,0) 53+ " ?3 +" "* PO i Si l> _IM 8 I* 1 " cof 8+"* LO~ - s 8+"'" cof^ S+"" C.N s" I ~ „nr>J 8+ " / jjco-N-i- "•o>tTtth „m s'+" = -. m .S 8+ " '7' 8+*~ 8 l"" coS 8+" 2 s+"~ «^ m S'l'" CM* 8+"" coC" 8+"^ sV» CM I'' 8+ -, \ to0> R+' 5 8+"" 8+' 10 Si+'f 8+"" 8+"™ 8 ■*" 8 l" = s+'-< s 7" CO* fi'l'" 8+ "• t -CO S'l" 2 ^i 8+ - M5t~i Sit" " 8+"™ 8+ ,<0 ,U5 Si l' m fj l"» ftl""" Si'" 8+* 8 l " b'i' 2 Si'" u>* 8 1 - co*^ 8+ * CM CO S'l'" Ay" \ J^ 3 l"p. P SB 6 ■.is ■A i -< ° ";+■!■! D IO 8 l"~ colM Si"" 8 " a'+'~ 8 l " m> is+1 4^ i "' ' i \ r^ \i* sV " off) 8 i' = Kim--" i m«0 8+ - c^ " 8' 1 - S>"' Z* S \'f .^§M 6 JS.fj'- R+"'» 8 i" m b'i"" to"* 8 l"~ o.' T > S'l'" "a'--- 1 - S'l'" 5 M V ir \\ 8 l"" 8 l""* S+' n -is 8+ " 8 i" HV" c >/ 'J c M \ S co 10 i8l' N »oo 8 l" = SI" °>m t W (j tt LlJ g J = g„ op «-> LU u- bJ "* 2 o ° =^ w r-8j E >§ crfe R§ gy few LU *~* % A S+ " co CD c»M 8+ " 8 1 " CM^ 8 + " ccCO 8+ " cof* ^ l CO* s+"° 8+"- "■"co 8+ " CS,* 8'+'"" -.1" Sl' N 8+'* ( )\ ^-/^ -1 S+ B Si'" s ■"- coN «l v cm "> 8+' 1 " co'«»U si'*' ] cot^ SI" 8+" „B co CO 8+'~ / B+"' N Bl"* S'l'" -.1" S l'" 8^ , - s ""- o>B> 8+"^ „in a'+"~ S l" 6 "7" c^cn . ■ CB 8 1 " s I " 8'+"" \ c~CO Si' 2 s'+*~ t^ 1+"" _oo 8 l" 10 / , M 09 M 19 M 29 M £9 H f9 M S9 h 99 M Z.9 M 89 M 63 M 0/1 M U M Z,i M £L M VL M 51 11 U M LL M Cii <-— M 6i M 08 M T8 M Z8 M £8 M 78 M 98 M 98 M LB H 88 M 68 M 06 M 16 M 26 M £6 M 76 H S6 M 96 M Z6 5 z cm z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CO CO CO O) CM CO (M p* CM CO CM lO CM -4 CM CO CM CM CM CM CM H 86 M 66 124 3C «. cn"^ Sl'" K3 l'« B 8+*- !5+ " K3 l"» « l"" -in u'* 8+""' «,IO ft i"" 8+"~ 8+"" o,C0 8+"" 8+"" U.IM 8+" " A si'" „,o> Rl"' Sl'™ u>^ R+ N „ID a+ - a + " ft 1 ■* u>l^ ft l'" „,0D ft l"" ,w 8+'" 8+ ■* a'+'~ 8+"" } TfS n St'* a i"- 8+" ~ R+' m - 1 =- ft+"~ ft l"" o.lM ft+"" 8 l"~ s'+'~ ft l"" 8+ ~ 8+ " 8+" m a'+ -u> 8+'" h iuiVfi it; ^w- S"^«> si l" 1 " icj-cji ? -CO 8+"" „0> Kj l"~ Sl'" 55+"^ ft 1 " ft I - " 8"+""" Sia' 1 ' Sl'" o,C0 8+'" O.I" 8'+"" ii+i I 4\ N |uJJf>| •- Si' 2 , Sl'" u.« S+' m S i " S l"» o. 05 Sl* 10 8+'~ ft l"- -"2 ft i " 8'+"" a i " »IM 8+ " ~IM 8+"- Sp |r. ,j n-r ;i' : » |*0) in**.' Bfr ujO) a+ " ft+ ■ 8 " " u.10 8 1 N ft 1 K 8+' m ml" 8+"'" -I" 8 l"" 8^ 8 •'" 8 l'"> a i " 8+"" 8+"- -^ 2+ * :spi ico 3 " i 1 ■ a' + " coB B + ' Sl'" „0) Sl'" -■■si o)IO Sl"" „|1) ft l"" 8 - ^!? ai'" o,(M 8+'™ B+"" 8+'^ _i" 8+'" 8+ J a'+' < " 12+ " _b a r* .stjf~- a m ai'" R+' ' in o> «7" a+" m R+'" S5+ " ft I* 1 " ^ " m IM 8+'" coH) 8+"- 8 1." „,to 8+ " SI." -ID 8+ m ^1" 8 I " o,CM -_C0~} a+" t - 8+'<» R+' 01 Sl'" Sl'" ftt"" B ft l" 8 S+"'° 8+" S 8+'^ ■nl" 8 l"" 8+ " -.00 8* l"' 8+'" 8+'~ sk4 2+"" - » " jl'" »1M R+ m S5+"" ft ■'" ,c !5+ " ft l"" u,OD 8+"" > S+"<" s'+ ,,0, _io 8+" 1 " 8+'" a i"" / •3r ".S?i i 1 Wl S l"" mP> i ' »?^ ; S 1 - Rl'" R+' m ea. Sl'" U.N ft l'" „IS B.l"" s+"~ 0.^ 8+"" 8+"" 8+'~ r^lM 8"l"" 8+"' iol" 8+"?j 1 1~ +■ ■ i?-—- ^.Jj 2^ ~ + . pjjjiH • \ Sfe 8p3 ^1 a+' = KJ+"™ Si"" a'+'~ s+'~ o>IO R+'"' ft'+'° ft l"" <»IO 8+"~ 8 l"" 8+"" 8+"" »+■" 8+'~ a'+"~ 8 l" S «<; r (17 „,(0 &+■' a " ft'+"' D ft i"" a, in ft i"" f5+'° > 8+ " 8+'- 8+'" 8 l" 3 Sl'* 8 1 ~ 8+" £ \ J^ fey; ^33 S+' s s+*» 8 +" " jjj » 8+" 3 8+'" -5q 8^r" -> 8" l"f •\ A **c fn — fc*0] H risi •-^u, sV" a'*" - * of* 8+'- 8+" 2 B+" N 8 " 8+"-« 8+'- _B ^ 8 l'" 8S/ : V ( 0>0 S+" 1 " B3 Sl' s s+" ,D 8+' 1 " ft l"" m" 5 8+"~ ^s 8+"' o.l'' m 8. f 8+"" ■In 8 ■'- i ^ r • s \ \ u^-- r 3 8+'° 8 l T j o,IVI 8+'' P 7± o X s'+ ,| 8+ ,r - 8+"" 1 o,M~ a i" = 8 l'~ 8 l'~ 3^ r-l" S>""" 8+ " \ a" i"~ &u ^T a"!"" / m m n is M 29 M ££ M »S M SG H 9S H LS M 8S M 63 M 91 M 12 M ZL n u M VZ M SZ M 9Z M LL M 8Z H 6Z M 08 M 18 M 28 M 88 M VQ M S8 M 98 M Z8 M 88 M 68 M 06 M 16 H 26 M £6 M V6 M S6 H 96 M Z6 M 86 M 66 m CO fv ta in m (T) CO m (T1 z z z z z z z z z CO CO CM CO CO ca en CM 00 CM CM CO CM IT) CM 00 CM CM ■* CM CM ca CM 125 >>ltl w CO Si' 8 * -iS-j • .. r .j-j„ r . Si'" Si l'"* „tr> M 1 W S3+"''' „t>- u,IM _,_j ... 8i"" X3+' m : «-< 8+""* ml" si+"" m 01 si+'~ Si+* < ° N (i) &*•" ^,■0, j5|y , m ~~lll *?#> Si"" oi |"o> oof* oi |' oN 1/1 1** S3+"~ S3 •" ~ „,<•> : S3+" rg ,„Q wSPt- S+"' «lrt 8 l"* 1 Si l"" si+' , ~ si+'° 4< Si"" o>C*> Si" 1 " ffltrnl Sf> Ml'" ^1" S3+'~ a, CO 8l"" 3 l" " S3+ 1 " 8I ,<0 8"+ " 8+" m Sit' 1 " 8 l" N Si 1 ~ 8+'~ 8+" 2 \ \ fifPrr d+" 2 5l'" - 1 -:: S3 l"- ^ . T ,E) 3 r ■* _io 8+"'" 8+"" 8 1 N ~5 *■■ U.CM SJ+'" 1^10 8 l"" a, CO Si .""• Si"" ) (^ P4 ^t „«* ] „CM a 1'- ,10 S! l"* Rjl"- S3+' , » a+" 1 " S3+" < ° o,ro S3+" "* 8-r^j T si+"~ 8+"™ \ ,1-4$* > 2 *!-..: 3+"" ~+"- -CD o>® " r - S3'l' m S3+ ,r - si l"" S3+'~ 4g4 Sj«j T 3 +""* 3+" " ml"* 3 l" N 00 K> 8+""* 8+ "* si'™ Si"™ 8+'~ ,1^ 8+' = o>CD 8+" 1 " E B'l"™ ). oi + 'o> 5T|np 2~;3- 3+ N S3+" 2 si 1"" S3+"" S3+'~ r "SI 3+"^ S3+""' jjl'" s+ r - 8+ " 0. « 8+ " 8+ ™ 8+ ■ ^.CM Si 1 r - m IM 8+ " ^„ln '2+ " 2+ ™ 2 1 " „u> 3 2 » S3 *" Si l'" S3 l"" ai' N " a s'+" 2 si+" ,D 0= -«^T - SJ+'" _ID S+" 10 S.B sea" ? i „0) 2 t" " ^ps C.IO S3+'~ S3+'" S3 l"« „ftl S3 l" " 3+" 1 " 3+" " . as s+ - 8 l" N a, CO 83+" _co 8+'" _IM 8+"™ 8+"~ A. oCVI 21"" si' 1 857 r. ml" S3+'" S3+'" S3+ ,u> 0.^ ■ • s S3+ - S3 I* 01 3+" " eiW4 LW- ojCO s'+' c " c-l" 6+"" "■ 7: ■ ^•i "5V"f *-j" •"" 2+ - -s'ijf'ri cj |" = ■~ 1 ■5^8 si l"" S3+'' a'+"<° S3+" "• _io S3+' 10 K3+'"" -.0 8+" t ~ 8+'- ^5 ^ : t"i" Si+'~ ajlD s+'n \ 5?; 2+"- - 1 N<0 Si'" flf^ ^ 3 +" si+ " Si 1" 2 Jft{ 8+ - S"|J| \ .01 <" 211 s+ - Si'" 3+" < " „(0 8+ , ~ si+ ,f * 4« r ,03 8+' 1 ? \ r\ ^ —d r^ 'f s+ - ^,0) S+''" i,M:... (§+"" li " <=ro 8 1 " 8+"° si+"- si " 8 ~ C \ a' i"" Sl' S 'oHM-i 8"+' a Si'*' 8+"'" 8+"" 8+"" 8+' = l~fi 7 s'+"j> \\ ^ 33 b ^ 1 mIO „0) 8+"'" 0,0) 8+"' Sp- Si " Cy M \ S, 8 1- m i" sit' 2 oil" 8 l"" Sl' s si+" s Si+" S uil" Si+' 2 S3+" ™ ay ~ / J y H 3+"" ,,,05 «'+ ,,n 3VA-"* Si+ T ml" S:+ " o x • Si N si+ ,£ o>C | 8 l"l K d 8 1 ~ b V oo"* a" 1"" a,0O 8+' 1 " ?U-3 »t!?n \\ ,1" 8+' 10 / 3 ~ „,co 8+' a fit" 3 8 1 " Si'- si f- r\ ^ oi ro 3 l"" -.I" 8+" " 8 1" 2 8+" 2 8+"° fil"" V U4r a, CO 3I V 8 r- SI™ Si'™ ID - * Si'+" 2 8+ a> "T-- v 8 a- £ So «*" rs 5 k — 1 2 n G a: w _» co 3C B SP 5 zS CCg rt S •-t LlJ "- UJ ^ "■ 53 iue (c gy few z 2 LJ_ UJ yj 1 •— i 1— E ■v m l° 3 l"" 8 1 S ,0° 8 l' S 8+'- Si" 3 ,CM fi+'" si+" m ^ "1 3+ " |d;f:p 3 l"- 8 l" B Kiy 2 8+" n ^03 Si+ ■ V ' 8+"' p. CM 8 l" 2 ,-. 8+"" 0.0 8+'~ 8+' = 8+"" ^1- !d+"~ 8+ - 8 ~ N 0) 83+"'" ,00 8> ■ \ tip - B &u ^ 8+'~ / , z 03 z CO M 09 H 19 M Z9 M E9 M V9 M S9 M 99 M 19 M 89 M 69 M Bl H TZ M ZZ M £L M 7Z M SZ M 9i M Z£ M QL M 6Z M 08 M 18 M 28 M £8 M ^8 M 98 M 98 M Z.8 tl 88 M 68 M 06 M 16 M 26 M £6 M 76 M S6 H 96 M LB n 86 M 66 z z z z z z z z z z z Z z z z z z z Z Z CD CO 00 CO p* CO CO CO in CO -* CO CO CO CM CO CO ca CO en CM CO CM CM CO CM in CM CM CO CM CM CM *— 1 CM IS CM 126 co oo CO CO CO CO z z z z z z z z z CO CO CM CO CO cs CO CM CO CM CM CO CM LT) CM CM ~ CM CM cs CM 127 '"It"'" „,« coCO sa+ ,,n S IM si r™ L^^ Sjl"" si l"" i ! 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CO in ■>* •^t ■^» to CO (O CO to z z z z z z z z z to to t\l CO to ca CO en CM CO CM CM CO CM 1/1 CM CO CM CM —< CM CM ■CtU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE^ 1980-311-046/148 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ADQa07EQn221 NOAA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was established as part of the Department of Commerce on October 3, 1970. The mission responsibilities of NOAA are to assess the socioeconomic impact of natural and technological changes in the environment and to monitor and predict the state of the solid Earth, the oceans and their living resources, the atmosphere, and the space environment of the Earth. The major components of NOAA regularly produce various types of scientific and technical informa- tion in the following kinds of publications: PROFESSIONAL PAPERS — Important definitive research results, major techniques, and special inves- tigations. 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