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 NSSL Special Report 
 
 National Severe Storms Laborator 
 PROGRAM AND HISTORY 
 
 Edwin Kessler 
 June 1977 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 Environmental Research Laboratories 
 
 I 
 
NSSL Special Report 
 
 .dPtfMQS* 
 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory 
 PROGRAM AND HISTORY 
 
 Edwin Kessler 
 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory 
 Norman, Oklahoma 
 
 June 1977 
 
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 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary 
 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 Richard A. Frank, Administrator 
 
 Environmental Research Laboratories 
 Wilmot Hess, Director 
 
 Boulder, Colorado 
 

 
 

FOREWORD 
 
 The author of this Special Report has directed the National Severe Storms Labora- 
 tory (NSSL) since its formal inception at Norman, Oklahoma, in 1964. He has presented 
 here details about the workings of a government laboratory that are often accessible to 
 the public only with great difficulty. This report discusses what a typical government 
 laboratory is involved with, where its funds come from, and where they go. Meant for 
 both scientists and laymen, the report summarizes the history and the programs of the 
 laboratory through September 1976. Objectives, organization, biographical sketches of 
 staff, facilities, resources, key successes, current research, and outlook for the future 
 are all included. 
 
 The current program exploits the pioneering work done at NSSL in multiple- 
 Doppler radar observation of wind fields in severe thunderstorms. The program uses 
 innovations in Doppler radar engineering to fill meteorological observing requirements 
 and synthesizes Doppler wind field measurements with measurements from special 
 aircraft, satellites, and conventional in-situ networks to obtain a coherent model of the 
 severe thunderstorm. The Laboratory's work has led to significant improvement in 
 techniques for forecast and warning of severe storms by operational weather services. 
 
 NSSL has enlisted and received participative support from many federal and state 
 agencies, the military, and universities in carrying out its research and technology 
 development programs. We expect that the Laboratory will continue to nurture and 
 expand its multidisciplinary, multi-agency approach to severe storm research that has 
 proved so successful. 
 
 W. N. Hess 
 Director, ERL 
 
 IV 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 1. Introduction 1 
 
 2. Objectives of the NSSL 5 
 
 3. Organization, Staff, Funding 6 
 
 4. Housing, Facilities 9 
 
 5. Contracts, Grants 14 
 
 6. Principal Accomplishments 16 
 
 7. Current Program 20 
 
 7.1 Multiple Doppler Observations of Wind Fields 20 
 
 7.2 Pre-Cloud and Cloud Research at NSSL 20 
 
 7.3 Studies of the Moist Boundary Layer with a Turbulence 
 
 Closure Model 22 
 
 7.4 Precursor Conditions for Storm Development 22 
 
 7.5 Thunderstorm Structure, Evolution, and Environment Interaction. 24 
 
 7.6 Investigation of Tornadic Storms with Doppler Radar 24 
 
 7.7 Tornado Dynamics Research at NSSL 25 
 
 7.8 Storm Hazards to Aviation 25 
 
 7.9 Display of Radar Data at Sites Remote from the Console 2 7 
 
 7.10 Severe Storm and Tornado Identification with Doppler Radar 2 7 
 
 8. The Future 29 
 
 9. Acknowledgments 30 
 
 Appendix A. Biographies of NSSL Professional Staff— 1976 30 
 
 Appendix B. History of Engineering Development of NSSL 59 
 
 Appendix C. Publications and Reports by NSSL Staff FY-76 64 
 
 Frontispiece. This building has housed the National Severe Storms Laboratory since it was completed 
 in 1972. It is located in University of Oklahoma's Swearingen Research Park, and the terminal 
 building of Norman's Municipal Airport is only half a mile away. The NSSL building is leased to 
 NOAA by the University. 
 
 
National Severe Storms Laboratory 
 PROGRAM AND HISTORY* 
 
 Edwin Kessler 
 
 1. Introduction 
 
 Man's interest in weather dates from prehistory 
 and extends around the world, because weather 
 influences are important almost everywhere. Even in 
 technologically advanced societies, somewhat 
 shielded from direct and immediate exposure to the 
 elements, food supply and patterns of culture relate 
 closely to local seasonal characteristics and progres- 
 sion. Today's global reach of commerce and indus- 
 try has established need for complex facilities and 
 equipment to examine our atmosphere from pole to 
 pole. 
 
 In the scientific revolution, first a European 
 phenomenon primarily, early attention was directed 
 to weather systems of one to several days duration 
 and involving distances of a thousand kilometers 
 or so, that dominate temperate latitude weather. 
 Coincidentally, observation and prediction of these 
 systems on the scale of a day or so have carried more 
 utility for man's activity than do our efforts to utilize 
 information from larger and smaller weather sys- 
 tems. Even in 1976, we have only scant capability for 
 skillful foreshadowing of the very large scale systems 
 associated with season-long anomalies, and we have 
 been defied in many observational and predictive 
 aspects of small scale but physically extreme thun- 
 derstorms which produce great property damage 
 and casualties (see Table 1.1). A purpose of the 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory is to improve ob- 
 servation and prediction of thunderstorms, particu- 
 larly those which damage persons and property. 
 
 During World War II, considerable meteorologi- 
 cal capability was developed in the U. S. Armed 
 Services. Shortly after that war ended, some of this 
 capability was engaged to study thunderstorms, very 
 important, but only poorly observed and understood. 
 
 The Thunderstorm Project utilized closely spaced 
 stations for measurements at the Earth's surface; 
 stations with balloon-borne equipment measured 
 conditions in the free atmosphere; radars observed 
 precipitation distribution and development; and in- 
 strumented aircraft probed thunderstorms directly. 
 The Thunderstorm Project utilized closely spaced 
 stations for measurements at the Earth's surface; 
 stations with balloon-borne equipment measured 
 conditions in the free atmosphere; radars observed 
 precipitation distribution and development; and in- 
 storm drafts up to 25,000 ft. The 1949 report of the 
 Thunderstorm Project, with the many questions it 
 ponders, constitutes a prescription to which recent 
 work can be traced. 
 
 Table 1.1 Storm Deaths and Damage in 
 the United States 
 
 Approximate 
 
 Average 
 Annual Deaths 
 Type of Storm (1970-76) 
 
 Tornado 
 
 Lightning 
 
 Hail 
 
 Storm Floods 
 
 125 
 110 
 <5 
 100 
 
 Approximate 
 
 Average 
 
 Annual Property 
 
 Damage 
 
 (1970-76) 
 
 $300 million 
 200 million* 
 750 million** 
 100 million 
 
 Includes livestock 
 
 'Includes damage to crops, about $680 million at 1973 price levels or about 1.6% ol 
 farmers' cash receipts received that year tor all crops. (See the U. S. Census, and Borland, 
 writing in the Preprints of the 1975 Symposium on Hail held at the National Center for 
 Atmospheric Research). 
 
 *This report documents work of the Laboratory through Sep- 
 tember 30, 1976. 
 
As aviation was the primary aegis for weather 
 service developments during World War II, that in- 
 dustry was again a center of meteorological con- 
 cerns in the late 1950's. It was thought that the 
 higher operating altitudes of modern aircraft, espe- 
 cially jet powered aircraft, would carry them com- 
 fortably over the tops of severe thunderstorms, but 
 many incidents and some tragic accidents de- 
 monstrated differently. In fact, the phenomenal in- 
 crease of air traffic, and aerodynamic properties of 
 swept wing jet aircraft, became associated with in- 
 creased sensitivity of commercial aviation to severe 
 weather. In addition, severe weather has had pro- 
 gressively increased impacts on agriculture, con- 
 struction, and recreation industries, and public at- 
 tention was drawn in the fifties to tragic tornadoes at 
 Flint, Michigan; Worcester, Massachusetts; and 
 Waco and San Angelo, Texas. The U. S. Weather 
 Bureau, responding to these concerns, established 
 a Severe Local Storms Forecasting Unit, first at 
 Washington, D. C, and thereafter at Kansas City, 
 Missouri, to upgrade the quality of forecasts of ex- 
 treme conditions including tornadoes. Concurrently 
 the Weather Bureau inaugurated a national network 
 of 10-cm radars (WSR-57's) for storm warning. 
 
 The National Severe Storms Project (NSSP) 
 subsequently was established at Kansas City. 
 Through use of instrumented aircraft and other ob- 
 servational facilities, and through fundamental in- 
 vestigations of processes associated with severe 
 storms, the NSSP sought to identify criteria for safe 
 and economical flight near thunderstorms, and 
 sought to improve procedures for storm detection, 
 identification, prediction, and warning. 
 
 The NSSP did benefit from proximity to opera- 
 tional forecasters, but large densities of both people 
 and aircraft in the Kansas City area inhibit use of that 
 place as headquarters for field investigations involv- 
 ing flight into severe storm centers by instrumented 
 aircraft and a farflung network of well-exposed sta- 
 tions for surface weather observations. Such obser- 
 vations were not being well enough orchestrated 
 anywhere in the United States and theoretical de- 
 velopments are increasingly irrelevant when the data 
 base is weak. Therefore the NSSP established a field 
 site, headquarters for an important observational 
 program similarto the 1940's Thunderstorm Project, 
 at the former North Base, U.S. Naval Air Station, 
 Norman, Oklahoma. In 1964, the NSSP Headquar- 
 ters was moved to Norman, and staff previously 
 assigned at the field station were augmented by 
 transfers from Kansas City. Also the newly appointed 
 Director, Edwin Kessler, succeeded Director Clayton 
 F. Van Thullenar, who retired, and Chief Scientist 
 
 Chester W. Newton, who left NSSP for a post as 
 senior scientist, National Center for Atmospheric 
 Research, Boulder, Colorado. At that time the 
 Weather Bureau's National Severe Storms Labora- 
 tory, National Hurricane Research Laboratory, and 
 Research Flight Facility all reported to Robert H. 
 Simpson in the Office of Meteorological Research. 
 
 While Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri all pro- 
 vide many severe local storms, the Norman geog- 
 raphy better suits field investigations of storms. A 
 special positive element at Norman is the University 
 of Oklahoma where departments of Meteorology and 
 Electrical Engineering provide important sup- 
 plementary attraction to academically inclined 
 staff demanded by a research facility. While physi- 
 cally separating research (Norman) and operations 
 (Kansas City) has some troublesome aspects, these 
 fade in light of the long time frame indicated for 
 meaningful address to fundamental problems within 
 severe storm mechanics. Recent experiences under- 
 score lessons previously taught — continuous growth 
 of knowledge and understanding is needed to meet 
 ever-emerging new requirements of technologically 
 oriented society. 
 
 A stable research program should pursue un- 
 derstanding to promote constructive new technology 
 with beneficial applications. It was well recognized 
 when NSSL was established in Norman, that obser- 
 vations must be tied to high quality research at the 
 Laboratory. NSSL's location in central U. S., with its 
 many storms of interest, fosters a relevance in re- 
 search that would be difficult to assure elsewhere. 
 And observations tied to high quality science inspire 
 confidence in other users of the data. Administrative 
 arrangements should promote interaction, between 
 the many operating components whose work could 
 touch severe storm problems and the many ele- 
 ments of the research community whose goals, 
 methods, or results would relate to those of severe 
 storm investigators. 
 
 With establishment of the Environmental Sci- 
 ence Services Administration (ESSA) in 1965, NSSL 
 was grouped with other units oriented toward fun- 
 damental research, in a new office, the ESSA Re- 
 search Laboratories, directed consecutively by 
 Jerome Spar and George Benton. In 1970, NSSL 
 became a component of NOAA's Environmental Re- 
 search Laboratories, headquartered now in Boulder, 
 Colorado, and directed by Wilmot N. Hess (Fig. 1.1). 
 NSSL maintains close relationships today with its 
 counterpart in NOAA's National Weather Service, 
 the National Severe Storms Forecast Center in Kan- 
 sas City, Missouri, directed by Allen D. Pearson. 
 
The mission of the Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL) is to conduct an integrated program ot fundamental 
 research, related technology development, and services to improve understanding and prediction of the geophysical 
 environment comprising the oceans and inland waters, the lower and upper atmosphere, the space environment, and the 
 Earth. The following participate in the ERL missions: 
 
 MESA 
 
 Marine EcoSystems Analysis Program. Plans, 
 directs, and coordinates the regional proiects 
 of NOAA and other federal agencies to 
 assess the effect of ocean dumping, municipal 
 and industrial waste discharge, deep ocean 
 mining and similar activities on marine 
 ecosystems 
 
 OCSEA 
 
 Outer Continental Shell Environmental 
 Assessment Program Ollice Plans and directs 
 research studies supporting the assessment 
 ot the primary environmental impact of energy 
 development along the outer continental shelf 
 ot Alaska: coordinates related research activities 
 of federal, state, and private institutions 
 
 WM 
 
 Weather Modification Program Ollice Plans, 
 directs, and coordinates research within ERL 
 relating to precipitation enhancement and 
 mitigation of severe storms Its National 
 Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology 
 Laboratory (NHEMLI studies hurricane and 
 tropical cumulus systems to experiment with 
 methods for their beneficial modification and 
 to develop techniques for better forecasting 
 of tropical weather The Research Facilities 
 Center (RFC) maintains and operates 
 aircraft and aircraft instrumentation for 
 research programs of ERL and other govern- 
 ment agencies 
 
 AOML 
 
 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological 
 Laboratories. Studies the physical, chemical, 
 and geological characteristics and processes 
 of the ocean waters, the sea floor, and the 
 atmosphere above the ocean 
 
 RFC 
 
 C.B Emmanuel 
 
 NHEML 
 
 N E Laseut 
 
 AOML 
 
 H B Stewart 
 
 Director 
 
 PMEL 
 
 J Apel 
 Director 
 
 PMEL 
 
 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 
 Monitors and predicts the physical and 
 biological effects of man s activities on 
 Pacific Coast estuanne. coastal, deep-ocean, 
 and near-shore marine environments 
 
 GLERL 
 
 Great Lakes Environmental Research Labora- 
 tory. Studies hydrology, waves, currents, lake 
 levels, biological and chemical processes, 
 and lake-air interaction in the Great Lakes and 
 their watersheds, forecasts lake ice conditions 
 
 GFDL 
 
 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory 
 Studies the dynamics of geophysical fluid 
 systems (the atmosphere the hydrosphere 
 and the cryosphere) through theoretical 
 analysis and numerical simulation using power- 
 ful, high-speed digital computers 
 
 APCL 
 
 Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Labora- 
 tory Studies cloud and precipitation physics 
 chemical and particulate composition of the 
 atmosphere atmospheric electricity and 
 atmospheric heat transfer, with focus on 
 developing methods of beneficial weather 
 modification 
 
 MESA 
 
 J F Hehard 
 Director 
 
 W/M 
 
 IC Williams 
 Director 
 
 NSSL 
 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory Studies 
 severe-storm circulation and dynamics, and 
 develops techniques to detect and predict 
 tornadoes, thunderstorms and squall lines 
 
 WPL 
 
 Wave Propagation Laboratory Studies the 
 propagation of sound waves and electro- 
 magnetic waves at millimeter, infrared and 
 optical frequencies to develop new methods 
 for remote measuring of the geophysical 
 environment 
 
 ARL 
 
 Air Resources Laboratories Studies the 
 diffusion, transport, and dissipation of atmos- 
 pheric pollutants, develops methods of 
 predicting and controlling atmospheric pollu- 
 tion, monitors the global physical environment 
 to detect climatic change 
 
 AL 
 
 Aeronomy Laboratory Studies the physical 
 and chemical processes of the stratosphere 
 ionosphere, and exosphere of the Earth and 
 other planets, and their effect on high-altitude 
 meteorological phenomena 
 
 SEL 
 
 Space Environment Laboratory Studies 
 solar-terrestrial physics (interplanetary, mag- 
 netosphenc. and ionospheric), develops tech- 
 niques for forecasting solar disturbances 
 provides real-time monitoring and forecasting 
 of the space environment 
 
 OCSEA 
 
 R J Engelmann 
 Diiector 
 
 TSG (CIRES) 
 
 War 
 
 Director 
 
 SEL 
 
 D.J Williams 
 Director 
 
 AL 
 
 E E Ferguson 
 
 Director 
 
 ARL 
 
 L. Machta 
 Director 
 
 WPL 
 
 CG Little 
 Director 
 
 GLERL 
 
 E.J Aubert 
 Director 
 
 GFDL 
 
 J Smagormsky 
 Director 
 
 APCL 
 
 H Weickmann 
 Director 
 
 NSSL 
 
 E Kessler 
 Director 
 
 
 Figure 1.1 Mission and organization of the Environmental Research Laboratories. 
 
Figure 2. 1 Some of nature's most awesome phenomena are studied at the 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 
2. Objectives of the NSSL 
 
 The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) 
 seeks to understand processes that create and sus- 
 tain thunderstorms and their manifestations — hail, 
 heavy rain, lightning, and tornadoes (Fig. 2. 1) — and 
 to develop improved techniques for storm observa- 
 tion and prediction. What conditions are necessary 
 or sufficient to initiate storms and why do storms 
 decay? What forces determine storm motion, and 
 what conditions promote tornadoes, excessive light- 
 ning, and hail in some storms and not nearby in 
 others? How can we apply modern technology effec- 
 tively to determination of thunderstorm processes, 
 even in their highly variable and violent hearts 7 How 
 shall we array our knowledge to illuminate processes 
 consistent with those same physical laws that under- 
 lie late 20th century technology? 
 
 How shall NSSL meteorologists apply new- 
 found knowledge to produce improved forecasts of 
 storm formation? How shall potentially damaging 
 storm features be observed more accurately, earlier 
 in their development, and information about them 
 communicated to persons who need it, in time to be 
 of help to them? 
 
 What shall we do to apply newly developed 
 knowledge in agriculture, construction, and land 
 use, to promote practices which benefit society and 
 contribute to a healthy and sustainable social or- 
 ganism? 
 
 Such broad questions are easy to ask, but they 
 have little practical value for program guidance until 
 
 questions are recast in light of particular hypotheses. 
 Indeed, growth of knowledge is nowhere more 
 clearly indicated than by increasing specificity in our 
 questions: a) What makes a tornado? b) How does 
 background rotation relate to tornado formation 7 c) 
 How does thunderstorm outflow interact with the low 
 level southerly jet on a storm's leading edge to en- 
 hance local convergence and spin-up 7 The NSSL 
 technical program of 1976 is examined in detail in 
 Section 7. 
 
 Beyond functions of data acquisition and re- 
 search analysis, NSSL assists research on severe 
 storms conducted throughout our country and 
 abroad. Part of this assistance is provided through 
 sharing NSSL data and through joint use of NSSL 
 facilities. For example, instrumented aircraft fre- 
 quently are brought to the NSSL area by other 
 government agencies and by universities to cooper- 
 ate in NSSL-coordmated programs involving both 
 direct and remote probing. Another important 
 aspect of NSSL's interactions with the meteorolog- 
 ical community is its funding of grants to university 
 investigators. NSSL maintains a modest grant 
 program to support worthy storm investigations and 
 to promote continuing and healthy liaison with 
 university meteorology departments. Senior staff at 
 NSSL are also encouraged to have some direct 
 involvement in academic activities. 
 
 
g Full time permanent 
 
 3. Organization, Staff, 
 Funding 
 
 NSSL's staffing and funding history is indicated 
 in Figs. 3.1 and 3.2. For our internal organization 
 when we moved to Norman, see NSSL Report No. 
 23. For our present organizational structure and 
 staff, see Fig. 3.3 and Table 3.1. On July 1, 1975, at 
 the start of the 1976 fiscal year, NSSL had 42 full 
 time permanent (FTP) employees* and 23 in 
 categories other than FTP. On June 30, 1976, NSSL 
 had 43 and 23, respectively, in these categories. On 
 September 30, 1976, the end of the FY-76 "transi- 
 tion quarter",** the numbers were 44 and 22. 
 
 The Administrative group under Jack Andrews 
 handles most of the administrative laboratory work 
 that is outside the area of technical exchange among 
 scientists. The Computing and Data Processing 
 Unit, led by Kathryn Gray, also NSSL's Assistant 
 Director, manages NSSL's major computing 
 facilities, provides computer programming assis- 
 tance to users elsewhere in the Laboratory, under- 
 takes computer program development for major sys- 
 tems, and oversees dissemination of data to user 
 groups throughout the country. 
 
 The Operations group directed by Kenneth Wilk 
 installs and manages all of NSSL's facilities for storm 
 observation which do not involve a substantial de- 
 velopment effort at the edge of the art. Also the 
 Operations group is NSSL's main point of contact 
 with other operating agencies, such as the Federal 
 Aviation Administration (FAA), and the National 
 Weather Service (NWS), for which both the Opera- 
 tions Group and NSSL as a whole undertake consid- 
 erable applied research. 
 
 Advanced Techniques, under Richard Doviak, 
 develops atmospheric sensors at the edge of the art, 
 operates equipment with techniques that are now 
 nonstandard or changing rapidly, and investigates 
 measurement of hydrometeors and atmospheric 
 
 *This includes several employed full time for a defined term-. 
 Term employees in Table 3. 1 are marked with an asterisk along 
 with those employed part time, temporarily, or on an intermit- 
 tent work schedule. 
 
 **Rscal Year 1976 was extended by a 3-month "transition quar- 
 ter". Hereafter, fiscal years of 12-month duration start Oct. 1. 
 
 65 66 
 
 70 71 72 73 
 
 75 76 
 
 Year 
 
 Figure 3.1 NSSL Staffing History. Prior to 1969, a small 
 number of student assistants in NSSL were employed 
 under terms of a contract with the Oklahoma University 
 Research Institute. Present cooperation with the 0U 
 Meteorology Department includes a grant for support of 
 students working on programs of mutual interest to the 
 Department and to NSSL. 
 
 Cost of Living 
 
 Reimbursable 
 
 Figure 3.2 NSSL Funding History. "Base" comes to NSSL 
 from Congress via Headquarters of NOAA and the En- 
 vironmental Research Laboratories. "Reimbursable" 
 funds are provided by other agencies for projects of 
 special interest to them. "One Time" represents a spe- 
 cial allocation from the ERL Director's Reserve for proj- 
 ects deemed worthy and for which other adequate fund- 
 ing is unavailable. 
 
Table3.1 NSSLStaff Assignments: July 1, 1975-September 30, 1976 
 
 DIRECTOR 
 
 Dr. Kessler 
 
 Ms. Cunningham- 
 
 -Secretary 
 
 ADVISORY COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS: 
 
 Archive — Mrs. Gray 
 
 Conservation — Mr. Shinn 
 
 Data Acquisition — Mr. Bumgarner 
 
 Data Utilization — Dr. Ray 
 
 Doppler Development — Mr. Sirmans 
 
 Equal Employment Opportunity — Mr. Andrews 
 
 Goals — Dr. Davies-Jones 
 
 Library — Mr. Brown 
 
 Manpower Utilization — Mrs.. Gray 
 
 Observing Program — Mr. Brown 
 
 Space Utilization — Mr. Dooley 
 
 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES: Dr. Doviak 
 +_ Ms. Gadberry — Secretary 
 Mr. Anderson 
 Mr. Carter 
 *Mr. Heck 
 *Mr. Hennington 
 *Mr. J. Moore (COOP student) 
 + Dr. Pierce 
 +_ *Mr. Reutlinger 
 Mr. Schmidt 
 Mr. Shinn 
 Mr. Sirmans 
 + ~*Dr. Zrnic 
 + *Mr. Zahrai 
 
 OPERATIONS: Mr. Wilk 
 Ms. Horwitz— Secretary 
 *Mr. Carpenter 
 Mr. Dooley 
 + ~*Mr. Erickson 
 *Mr. Fredrickson 
 Mr. Jennings 
 Mr. Johnson 
 Mr. Lappie 
 *Mr. Loggains 
 *Mr. McLaughlin 
 4 *Mr. Reece 
 
 Mr. Showell 
 + *Mr. Tonemah 
 Mr. Wardius 
 Mr. Zittel 
 
 Other than full time permanent 
 Entered on duty during year 
 Departed during year 
 
 ADMINISTRATION: Mr Andrews 
 
 Ms. Graves — Admin. Asst. 
 *Ms. Ardrey— Editor 
 
 Mr. Clark— Photo 
 
 Ms. Farris — Photo 
 ' *Ms. Hartley — Library 
 *Ms. Killian 
 
 Mr. Sparger 
 *Mr. Sykes 
 *Ms. Turner 
 
 COMPUTING & DATA PROCESSING: Mrs Gray 
 *Ms. Walton — Secretary 
 
 Mr. Bumgarner 
 
 Mr. Fortner 
 *Ms. May 
 
 Mr. Helm 
 *Mr. R. Moore (COOP student) 
 
 Mr. Weible 
 
 METEOROLOGY RESEARCH: Dr. Alberty 
 Ms. Hall — Secretary 
 *Mr. Berger 
 ' *Mr. Bothwell 
 Mr. Brandes 
 Mr. Brown 
 Mr. Burgess 
 *Dr. Burk (NRC Fellow) 
 Dr. Davies-Jones 
 *Mr. Doswell 
 Dr. Golden 
 Mr. Goff 
 "*Dr. Hane 
 *Mr. Jobson 
 Mr. Lee 
 Mr. Lemon 
 Mr. Nelson 
 *Mr. Purcell 
 Dr. Ray 
 *Mr. Safford 
 "Dr. Schaefer 
 Ms. Stokes 
 + ~Dr. Wagner 
 *Mr. Watts 
 **Mr. Weaver 
 ' *Ms. Young 
 Mr. Zeigler 
 ' *Mr. Zipser 
 
 CONSULTANTS 
 
 Dr. Walker, University of Oklahoma 
 Dr. Stephens, Florida State University 
 
state parameters. Doppler radar has had recent em- 
 phasis. But NSSL's Storm Electricity project under 
 Senior Scientist Edward T. Pierce, newly arrived at 
 NSSL, is now resuming an effort that has been dor- 
 mant since Gilbert D. Kinzer retired in 1972. The 
 storm electricity project will measure electrical 
 parameters in Oklahoma storms and will coordinate 
 field programs involving lightning investigators 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 The Meteorolgical Research group, managed 
 by Ronnie Alberty, merges observational, experi- 
 mental, and theoretical data in search for knowl- 
 edge of fundamental processes that create and 
 sustain storms, and for improved forecasts and 
 warnings. 
 
 It should be noted that individuals on NSSL staff 
 customarily carry several assignments, some across 
 the boundaries of the group to which they are nomi- 
 nally assigned. This facilitates communication 
 
 within the Laboratory and maximizes use of talents 
 that might otherwise tend to be neglected. 
 
 The funds necessary to carry out NSSL's proj- 
 ects, and their distribution, are indicated in Fig. 3.4 
 and Table 3.2. It should be noted that while most 
 NSSL funding is provided directly through NOAA, 
 there are important sources in other agencies, 
 including the Federal Aviation Administration, 
 Energy Research and Development Administration, 
 National Aeronauticsand Space Administration, and 
 Nuclear Regulartory Commission. These funds 
 support activities at NSSL of immediate importance 
 to the agency concerned. 
 
 Biographies of NSSL professional staff are given 
 in Appendix A. 
 
 
 
 
 
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Administration 
 
 Computing and 
 Data Processing 
 
 Advisory 
 Committees 
 
 Meteorology 
 Research 
 
 Advanced 
 Techniques 
 
 Figure 3.3 Administrative structure in the National Severe 
 Storms Laboratory. 
 
 PRINTING .5% TRANSPORTATION 5% 
 TRAVEL 1%^ 
 
 4. Housing, Facilities 
 
 NSSL was housed originally in a two-story 
 wooden structure with an H-shaped floor plan, for- 
 merly a barracks. Working spaces were ample then 
 and easily modified, but the building could not sup- 
 port a modern digital computer needed for data 
 processing, analysis, and theoretical studies. Also 
 the building represented a serious, pervasive fire 
 hazard, and anxieties were only partially relieved 
 with installation of heat and smoke sensors, and an 
 alarm system that automatically alerted the fire de- 
 partment.* 
 
 In August 1972, NSSL occupied a new two- 
 story building of reinforced concrete and glass, 
 leased from the University of Oklahoma; the struc- 
 ture contains about 20,000 ft 2 on approximately one 
 and one-half acres of land (see frontispiece). 
 
 Other space rented from the University of Ok- 
 lahoma includes 
 
 a) A warehouse with 3,840ft 2 of usable space; 
 
 b) Ground space of 718 ft 2 about 500 ft NE of 
 NSSL headquarters for a rawinsonde (up- 
 per air sounding) facility; 
 
 c) Ground space of 17,820 ft 2 adjacent to the 
 new quarters, with the Doppler radar 
 laboratory building owned by NSSL and a 
 tower containing a rangefinder; 
 
 d) Ground space of 17,820 ft 2 north and 
 across the street from the NSSL with 
 
 1) a small modulator building, 
 
 2) A WSR-57 radar atop a 65 ft tower, 
 
 3) a second tower with UHFand VHF radio 
 antennas, and 
 
 4) a third tower with IFF equipment 
 (MPX-7 radar) to interrogate transpon- 
 ders aboard aircraft to determine aircraft 
 position; 
 
 e) Ground space of one-half acre, south and 
 adjacent to the Laboratory which contains a 
 "benchmark" weather station. (This facility 
 represents cooperation among NSSL, the 
 University of Oklahoma, and the City of 
 Norman, Oklahoma.) 
 
 Figure 3.4 Distribution of FY-76 Base Funding by object 
 class. 
 
 *On April 3, 1967, fire near NSSL completely destroyed a similar 
 barracks housing Oklahoma University's Meteorology Depart^ 
 ment, and on October 24, 1976, a former mess hall used for 
 office space by various agencies was similarly destroyed. 
 
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 Figure 4. 1 Surface facilities for weather observations operated by NSSL and other agencies. 
 
 10 
 
 f) One acre of land, leased from Will Rogers 
 Airport Trust at Cimarron, Oklahoma, about 
 45 km NW of NSSL Headquarters, with 
 NSSL's second Doppler radar and labora- 
 tory space for radar operators and elec- 
 tronic technicians. 
 NSSL's facilities for meteorology observations 
 are specialized for acquisition of detailed information 
 on thunderstorms. 
 
 Approximately 20 stations for surface observa- 
 tions (Fig. 4.1), distributed evenly across the state 
 and in NW Texas, supplement data provided by 
 observing stations of the National Weather Service 
 and Department of Defense. These NSSL stations are 
 installed, maintained, and calibrated by NSSL Oper- 
 ations staff, but are overseen daily by cooperators at 
 airports and universities. All stations provide data 
 
 records on strip charts, and a few can be interro- 
 gated by dataphone. 
 
 A second set of 25 stations is established for 
 surface observations at spacings as close as 8 km in 
 order to show details for synthesis with Doppler radar 
 data. The station configuration may be varied from 
 year to year in response to research requirements. A 
 typical NSSL station for surface observations is 
 shown in Fig. 4.2. 
 
 In addition to rawinsonde stations at NSSL, Ft. 
 Sill, and Will Rogers International Airport, up to ten 
 more radiosonde stations (Fig. 4.3) have been oper- 
 ated during special observational periods by per- 
 sonnel of the 6th Weather Squadron (Mobile), head- 
 quartered at Tinker Air Force Base. Accurate, de- 
 tailed data in storms and storm environment are 
 
Figure 4.2 Station operated by NSSL for continuous record- 
 ing of wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, and rain- 
 fall. 
 
 Figure 4.3 Rawinsonde facility operated in cooperation with 
 NSSL by the 6th Weather Squadron, Mobile, Tinker AFB, 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 obtained at these stations with schedules and pro- 
 cedures designed at NSSL. 
 
 During January 1965, WKY-TV completed a 
 1500 tt (458 m) tall transmitter tower and sub- 
 sequently agreed to allow NSSL its use for 
 meteorological sensing. Today, the newly named 
 KTVY tower is instrumented at six levels from 26 to 
 444 m to measure temperature and three- 
 dimensional wind; pressure is measured at the first 
 and sixth levels and the wet-bulb temperature at 
 three levels (Fig. 4.4). All data from the tower and 
 two nearby surface sites are recorded on both strip 
 charts and magnetic tape, and can be displayed and 
 recorded at NSSL Headquarters via telephone line. 
 
 NSSL operates three major radar systems. The 
 WSR-57, similarto those in network operation by the 
 National Weather Service, is equipped for precision 
 calibration and digital tape recordings of reflectivity. 
 A variety of automatic scanning sequences can be 
 programmed. 
 
 NSSL's twin 10-cm Doppler radars (Fig. 4.5) 
 focus NSSL's major effort in storm observing today. 
 Separated by a 42 km NW-SE baseline, the Doppler 
 observations can be combined to portray three- 
 dimensional wind throughout the precipitation- 
 containing volume of a suitably located storm. Each 
 radar utilizes a high power (1-MW) coherent trans- 
 mitter, with a 9.2-m (30-ft) diameter antenna, and 
 much edge-of-the-art processing and recording 
 
 Figure 4.4 KTVY Television tower, fitted by NSSL with 
 meteorological instruments to a height of 444 meters, 
 and used in studies of thunderstorm gust fronts and 
 structure of wind and temperature in the air layer next to 
 the ground. 
 

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 Figure 4.5 The Doppler antenna at Norman. The 9.2-m 
 antennas of NSSL's Doppler radars radiate a beam only 
 0.8° wide at 10-cm wavelength. 
 
 Figure 4.6 Multi moment Doppler radar data display for 
 storm at Stillwater, Oklahoma, during intense tornado 
 (white dot at 021° azimuth and 104 km range). Rotation 
 of arrow from eastward pointing direction represents 
 radial velocity (clockwise, toward; counterclockwise, 
 away). Length of arrow shaft represents reflectivity; 
 width of arrow head represents speed variability. 
 
 12 
 
 Figure 4. 7 Specially instrumented F-4 aircraft used for measuring conditions inside thunderstorms. 
 
Figure 4.8 LuCreta Butcher operates NSSL's Systems Engineering Laboratories 8600 computer. 
 Eguipment in the background includes an IBM 1401 for processing magnetic tapes, and a 
 Calmagraphic X-Y reader /plotter system. 
 
 equipment to display Doppler spectrum moments 
 (e.g., mean velocity) in real time (Fig. 4.6). NSSL 
 radars are among the few with characteristics to 
 facilitate Doppler observations of severe storms. And 
 they have the sensitivity for measurement of Doppler 
 spectra of echoes from clear air on warm days. 
 
 Other agencies and facilities in this area give 
 important aids to the NSSL observational program. 
 For example, more than 200 recording raingages are 
 located in a section of the Washita River drainage 
 area, 35 to 90 km west of Norman. These gages, 
 operated by the Agricultural Research Services, 
 USDA, Chickasha, Oklahoma, provide records valu- 
 able for studies of relationships between radar echo 
 reflectivity and surface rainfall. 
 
 Max Westheimer Field, where NSSL Headquar- 
 ters is located, provides a convenient base for small 
 aircraft. Tinker Air Force Base, 15 miles NNE of 
 NSSL Headquarters, is base for most larger aircraft 
 deployed by NOAA and USAF for use in the observa- 
 tion program. For example, aircraft of NOAA's Re- 
 search Flight Facility and USAF F-100 and F4C 
 
 storm-penetrating aircraft are based customarily at 
 Tinker AFB for Oklahoma operations (Fig. 4.7). 
 
 NSSL operates a substantial computing center to 
 support basic research, data acquisition, and data 
 quality control. The principal computer was ac- 
 quired October 1972; this is an SEL 8600 (Fig. 4.8) 
 with a random access core containing 128,000 
 32-bit words, two 24-megabyte discs, four 7-track 
 tape drives, a teletype console, a 1000 card/min 
 reader, and a 600 line/min printer. Contents of the 
 magnetic tapes on which practically all radar and 
 tower data is archived, can be listed, combined, or 
 rearranged with NSSL's IBM 1401 tape handling 
 system. NSSL's Calmagraphic II X-Y reader and 
 plotter facilitate graphic portrayal of data fields. Dur- 
 ing summer 1976, we completed a remote terminal 
 to link NSSL to fifth-generation computers for studies 
 that require a larger random access core than the 
 SEL 8600 provides. 
 
 13 
 
5. Contracts, Grants 
 
 Some funds administered at NSSL support in- 
 vestigations at other institutions, closely related to 
 NSSL objectives. Funds are made available to an 
 investigator as a grant to the institution, usually a 
 
 university, which employs him. Grants are in two 
 categories (both NSSL categories are denoted Type 
 II in the Environmental Research Laboratories). In 
 one case, there is a definite tie-in or logical extension 
 
 Table 5. 1 NSSL Grants FY-76 
 
 14 
 
 TITLE/GRANT NUMBER 
 
 Severe Storms Research 
 04-6-022-44011 
 
 Investigations of the 
 Relations of Air Motion 
 and Microphysical Process 
 to the Distribution of 
 Precipitation Associated 
 with Cumulus Updrafts 
 04-5-022-1 
 
 Tropicai Cloud Bands and 
 Large-Scale Deformation 
 Fields— 04-5-022-9 
 
 Stability of Tornado-like 
 Vortices— 04-6-022-44004 
 
 A Study of the Diurnal 
 Variation of the Low-Level 
 Jet as a Geostrophic 
 Adjustment Process 
 04-6-022-44002 
 
 STARTING & 
 
 TERMINATING 
 
 DATES 
 
 INSTITUTION 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 PRINCIPAL 
 INVESTIGATOR 
 
 NSSL COGNIZANT 
 SCIENTIST 
 
 9/1/76 to 
 8/31/76 
 
 Florida State 
 University 
 
 $6,000 
 (8C370401) 
 
 J. J. Stephens 
 
 Peter S. Ray 
 
 7/1/75 to 
 6/30/76 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Institute of 
 Technology 
 
 $18,100 
 (8C370401) 
 
 Pauline Austin 
 
 Edwin Kessler 
 
 10/8/74 to 
 5/31/77 
 
 9/1/76 to 
 8/31/76 
 
 7/1/75 to 
 6/30/76 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Institute of 
 Technology 
 
 Ohio State 
 University 
 
 University of 
 Oklahoma 
 
 $4,000 
 (8C370410) 
 
 $20,000 
 (8C370401) 
 
 $6,000 
 (8C370401) 
 
 Fred Sanders 
 
 0. R. Burggraf 
 and M. R. Foster 
 
 R. L. Inman 
 
 Edwin Kessler 
 
 R. P. Davies-Jones 
 Ronnie Alberty 
 
 An Investigation of the 
 Boundary Layer of an 
 Atmospheric Mesoscale 
 Vortex— 04-6-022-44003 
 
 7/1/75 to 
 6/30/76 
 
 Saint Louis 
 University 
 
 $7,500 
 (8C370401) 
 
 G. V. Rao Ronnie Alberty 
 
 Severe Storms Research 
 04-6-022-44001 
 
 7/1/75 to 
 6/30/76 
 
 University of 
 Toronto 
 
 $5,200 
 (8C370401) 
 
 Roland List Joe Schaefer 
 
 Analysis of Three- 
 Doppler Radar Data 
 04-6-022-44023 
 
 3/1/76 through 
 2/28/77 
 
 University of 
 California at 
 Davis 
 
 $5,540 
 (RC370503- 
 NRC) 
 
 Kit Wagner Peter Ray 
 
 A Severe Storm Forecast 
 and Intercept Project 
 04-6-022-44024 
 
 4/15/76 to 
 6/15/76 
 
 University of 
 Oklahoma 
 
 $4,614 
 (RC370503- 
 NRC) 
 
 J. F. Kimpel Ronnie Alberty 
 
 Severe Local Storms 
 04-5-022-15 
 
 7/1/75 to 
 8/31/76 
 
 Purdue Researc 
 Foundation 
 
 i $6,000 
 (RD840520- 
 ERDA) 
 
 E. Agee Ronnie Alberty 
 
 Engineering 
 Evaluations of 
 Tornado Events 
 04-4-022-38 
 
 7/1/75 to 
 8/31/76 
 
 Texas Tech 
 University 
 
 $20,000 
 (RC370503- 
 NRC) 
 
 J. E. Minor R. P. Davies-Jones 
 
 TYPE I GRANTS OF INTEREST TO NSSL 
 
 Multiple Doppler Radar 3/1/76 to 
 
 Study of Severe Storms 2/28/77 
 
 Oklahoma Radar Operations 7/1/75 to 
 and Related Research 6/30/77 
 
 03-6-022-35148 
 
 University of 
 Chicago 
 
 $16,000 
 (RA0000) 
 
 R. C. Srivastava 
 
 TYPE I CONTRACTS OF INTEREST TO NSSL 
 
 University of 
 Illinois at 
 Champaign- 
 Urbana 
 
 $33,000 
 (RA0000) 
 
 E. A. Mueller 
 
 Peter Ray 
 
 Peter Ray 
 
of work being done in-house. Contracts and grants 
 in this category are used because the work is thought 
 likely to provide definite, immediate steps forward 
 in an important area. These contracts and grants 
 provide funds for both direct and indirect costs. 
 
 A second type of grant within NSSL intends 
 direct assistance to graduate students guided by a 
 professor in the area enclosed by our general man- 
 date. We venture to provide the basis for a stipend 
 with a minimum of technical evaluation or adminis- 
 trative fuss. Grants are awarded on a basis of one to 
 each applying institution with a strong meteorology 
 department, subject to availability of funds. In addi- 
 tion to aiding storm-oriented interest in universities, 
 our grants help maintain constructive exchanges of 
 many kinds between the academic community and 
 NSSL scientists. 
 
 Beyond grants provided by NSSL-administered 
 funds, NSSL staff participate in evaluating proposals 
 competing for funds administered from ERL Head- 
 quarters in Boulder, the National Science Founda- 
 tion, and elsewhere. A small number of (Type I) 
 proposals funded by the ERL path relate im- 
 mediately to NSSL. 
 
 For the 1976 fiscal year ended July 1, 1976, 
 grants in force funded by NSSL are listed in Table 
 5.1. Also given are one contract and one grant for 
 NSSL's three-Doppler radar program, funded from 
 ERL Headquarters in Boulder. Grants funded during 
 the FY— 76 transitional quarterare listed in Table 5.2. 
 
 Contracts are arranged with various organiza- 
 tions to purchase or lease specific items or services. 
 For example, locations on the KTVY tower are leased 
 at an average cost of about $150 per month (200 per 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 5.2 
 
 
 
 HBB^^^BBM^^^^^jpl^^^^M^^^^^^I^WiCTfmipl^W 
 
 TITLE / GRANT NUMBER 
 
 STARTING & 
 
 TERMINATING 
 
 DATES 
 
 INSTITUTION 
 
 AMOUNT 
 
 PRINCIPAL 
 INVESTIGATOR 
 
 NSSL COGZIZANT 
 SCIENTIST 
 
 Storm Modeling and Use 
 of Observational Data 
 04-6-022-44034 
 
 8/1/76 to 
 7/31/77 
 
 University of 
 Illinois at 
 Urbana 
 
 $6,000 
 (8C370408) 
 
 Robert B. 
 Wilhelmson 
 
 Peter S. Ray 
 
 Investigations of the 
 
 Relations of Air Motion 
 
 and Microphysical Processes 
 
 to the Distribution 
 
 of Precipitation Associated 
 
 with Cumulus Updrafts 
 
 04-5-022-1 
 
 Continuation 
 
 through 
 
 12/31/76 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Institute of 
 Technology 
 
 $10,850 
 (8C370410) 
 
 Pauline Austin 
 
 Edwin Kessler 
 
 Severe Local Storms 
 04-6-022-44035 
 
 9/1/76 to 
 9/30/77 
 
 University of 
 Oklahoma 
 
 $40,623 
 (8C370410) 
 
 Rex L. Inman 
 
 Ronnie Alberty 
 
 Research and Development 
 of a Weather 
 Radio Echo Signal 
 Simulator 
 04-6-022-44033 
 
 7/1/76 to 
 8/31/77 
 
 University of 
 Oklahoma 
 
 $16,893 
 (8C370403) 
 
 Gene B. Walker 
 
 Richard Doviak 
 
 Severe Local Storms 
 04-5-022-15 
 
 Continuation 
 to 8/31/77 
 
 Purdue Universit 
 
 y $6,000 
 (8C370408) 
 
 Ernest M. Agee 
 
 Ronnie Alberty 
 
 An Investigation of the 
 Boundary Layer of an 
 Atmospheric Mesoscale 
 Vortex 
 04-6-022-44003 
 
 7/1/76 to 
 5/31/77 
 
 St. Louis 
 University 
 
 $7,500 
 (8C370408) 
 
 G. V. Rao 
 
 R. P. Davies-Jones 
 
 Mobile Homes in Wind- 
 storms: Engineering 
 Assessment and 
 Preparedness Concepts 
 04-4-022-38 
 
 Continuation 
 to 11/30/76 
 
 Texas Tech 
 University 
 
 $6,620 
 
 (8C370410) 
 
 Joseph Minor 
 
 R. P. Davies-Jones 
 
 Hail and Severe Storm 
 
 Modeling 
 
 04-6-022-44001 
 
 7/1/76 to 
 6/30/77 
 
 University of 
 Toronto 
 
 $6,500 
 
 (8C370408) 
 
 Roland List 
 
 Stephan Nelson 
 
 Dynamical Model of 
 
 Gust-Fronts 
 
 04-6-022-44031 
 
 7/1/76 to 
 6/30/77 
 
 University of 
 Oklahoma 
 
 $11,905 
 (RC360205) 
 
 Yoshi K. Sasaki 
 
 Ronnie Alberty 
 
 15 
 
month per foot above the ground). The U. S. Army 
 and U. S. Air Force are reimbursed for expendable 
 supplies and per diem costs incurred in connection 
 with special rawinsonde observations (approxi- 
 mately $85,000 for about 1000 ascents distributed 
 over eight locations and 33 days during spring 
 1976 — this cost includes some data processing). 
 ACTS, Inc. receives approximately $35,000/year to 
 pay for NSSL's computer operations to the extent of 
 about 100 person-hours/week throughout the year. 
 
 6. Principal Accomplishments 
 
 16 
 
 In twelve years since its establishment in Nor- 
 man, Oklahoma, NSSL has developed broadened 
 understanding of severe storms and provided much 
 valuable methodology to both the scientific com- 
 munity and public users of meteorological informa- 
 tion. We cite the following activities in applications: 
 
 (A) NSSL has been in the forefront in develop- 
 ment of new techniques for acquisition, processing, 
 display, and analysis of weather radar data. Radar 
 contour mapping equipment developed in Ok- 
 lahoma by Roger Lhermitte and Dale Sirmans, start- 
 ing in 1965, was an important stimulus for procure- 
 ment of video-integrating processors now installed 
 widely with radars of the National Weather Service 
 (Fig. 6.1). In 1973, NSSL was first with real time 
 displays of velocity contours derived from Doppler 
 radar data. Numerous papers on digital processing 
 of radar echo data to correlate radar intensity with 
 rainfall, and systematic extrapolation of storm posi- 
 tions for flash flood forecasting and storm warning 
 help energize NWS programs D/RADEX and RADIT, 
 which develop operational applications of digital 
 radar data. (Some historical details have been pro- 
 vided by Mr. Sirmans, NSSL's Chief Engineer; see 
 Appendix B.) 
 
 References 
 
 Brandes, E., 1975: Optimizing rainfall estimates with the aid of radar. 
 J. Appl. Meteor., 14(7), 1330-1345. 
 
 Kessler, E and K E. Wilk, 1968 Radar measurement of precipitation 
 for hydrological purposes World Meteorological Society, Interna- 
 tional Hydrological Decade, Report No. 5. 46 pp. 
 
 Lhermitte, R M and E Kessler, 1965: A weather radar signal integ- 
 rator. Proceedings. International Conf on Cloud Physics. Tokyo 
 and Sapporo, Japan. 302-308. 
 
 Sirmans, D, W L Watts, and J. H. Horwedel, 1970: Weather radar 
 signal processing and recording at the National Severe Storms 
 Laboratory IEEE Trans, on Geoscience Electronics, GE-8(2), 
 88-94. 
 
 Sirmans, D. and R. J. Doviak, 1973 Pulsed Doppler velocity isotach 
 displays of storm winds in real time. J. Appl. Meteor. 12(4) 
 694-697. 
 
 Sirmans, D and R J. Doviak, 1973 Meteorological Radar Signal 
 Intensity Estimation. NOAA Tech Memo. ERL NSSL-64, 80 pp 
 
 Wilson, J. W., 1970 Integration of radar and ramgage data for 
 improved rainfall measurement J Appl. Meteor., 9(3), 489-497, 
 
 (B) Turbulence in severe thunderstorms and 
 performance of both airborne and ground based 
 radars have been explored systematically at altitudes 
 from 5,000 to 40,000 ft and statistical relationships 
 discovered that connect turbulence experienced by 
 an aircraft with the maximum reflectivity in storms 
 and distance of storm cores from the aircraft. 
 Turbulence relationships identified at NSSL from a 
 program managed by Mr. Jean Lee form the basis for 
 FAA Advisory Circular 00-24, a counsel to the avia- 
 tion industry on flight safety near severe convective 
 storms. A continuing program with support from the 
 Federal Aviation Administration focuses on thun- 
 derstorm gust fronts and on use of Doppler radar to 
 depict turbulent areas more definitively. 
 
 References 
 
 Barclay, P. A. andK. E. Wilk. 1970 Severe Thunderstorm Radar Echo 
 Motion and Related Weather Events Hazardous to Aviation Opera- 
 tions, ESSA Tech. Memo ERL NSSL-46, 63 pp. 
 
 Burnham, J. and J. T Lee, 1969 Thunderstorm turbulence and its 
 relationship to weather radar echoes. AIAA J. Aircraft, 6(5), 
 438-445. 
 
 FAA Advisory Circular 00-24, 1968 Thunderstorms, June, 6 pp. 
 
 Goff, R. C, 1976 Vertical structure of thunderstorm outflows. Mon. 
 Weather Rev., 104(11), 1429-1440. 
 
 Kessler, E., J. T. Lee. and K. E. Wilk, 1965 Associations between 
 aircraft measurements of turbulence and weather radar measure- 
 ments. Bull. Amer. Meteor Soc. 46(8). 443-447 
 
 Merritt, L. P., 1969 Comparison of airborne and ground based 
 weather radars. J. Appl. Meteor . 8(6), 963-974. 
 
 Wilk. K. E., J. K. Carter, and J. T. Dooley. 1969: Detection and 
 Presentation of Severe Thunderstorms by Airborne and Ground 
 Based Radars, ESSA Tech Memo. ERL NSSL-43, 56 pp 
 
4 
 
 
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 23 
 
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 V ;«T . / 
 
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 f\o — — — — 
 
 F/gtre 6. 1 Radar echo contour presentation of an east-west oriented squall line. Range marks are at 
 intervals of 40 km. The "hook echo" north of the radar comes from a tornadic storm. The 
 scattered short arcs indicate the locations of aircraft equipped with beacons for easy detection by 
 radar. 
 
 (C) With support from the Energy Research 
 and Development Administration and the Nuclear 
 Regulatory Commission, intensive investigations of 
 tornado wind speeds have been undertaken. Esti- 
 mation of wind speed involves tornado damage sur- 
 veys by well qualified engineers supported by con- 
 tracts and grants, photogrammetric reduction of tor- 
 nado motion picture films collected by NSSL Storm 
 Chase teams and the public, and analyses grounded 
 in meteorology theory. There has been a remarkable 
 convergence of well-based theory with observations, 
 most estimates of maximum tornado winds now 
 being in the neighborhood of 250-300 mph, rather 
 than up to 500 mph earlier proposed. In this there 
 are vast implications for industries, such as the nu- 
 clear industry, involved with structures whose 
 dangerous contents would spread havoc if dis- 
 persed. A complementary public information pro- 
 gram, largely through the American Meteorological 
 Society and the National Weather Service, promotes 
 adoption of rational building codes and zoning ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 References 
 
 Golden, J H and D Purcell. 1976 Photogrammetric Velocities for 
 the Great Bend, Kansas Tornado Accelerations and asymmetries. 
 Preprints. Ninth Conf on Severe Local Storms. Norman, Oklaho- 
 ma, Oct. 21-23. 1975. Am. Meteorol. Soc . Boston, Mas- 
 sachusetts, 336-343. 
 
 Mehta. K. C , J E. Minor, J R McDonald, B R Manning, J. J 
 Abernethy, and U. F Koehler. 1975 Engineering aspects of the 
 tornadoes of April 3-4, 1974 Final Report National Academy of 
 Sciences. 110 pp 
 
 Policy Statement of the American Meteorological Society on Tornado 
 Detection, Tracking, and Warning; Policy Statement of the Ameri- 
 can Meteorological Society on Mobile Homes and Severe 
 Windstorms, 1975 Bull. Am. Meteorol Soc , 56(4), 464-467 
 
 (D) NSSL's Doppler radars have shown that 
 tornado indicators may appear without the hook 
 echo so often associated with tornadoes. The 
 mesocyclone velocity signature, 5 to 10 km in diame- 
 ter, not only persists during storm evolution, but also 
 holds promise as a tornado warning tool. Five years 
 of NSSL data reveals 40 mesocyclone signatures 
 within 1 15 km of NSSL — at least 24 associated with 
 tornadoes. At no time has the data shown a tornado 
 not preceded by a mesocyclone signature. The av- 
 erage lead time of 36 min in the NSSL data has 
 important implication for more timely tornado 
 warnings. 
 
 References 
 
 Brown, R. A. and L. R. Lemon, 1976 Single Doppler radar vortex 
 recognition Part II — Tornadic vortex signatures Preprint, Pro- 
 ceedings of the 17th Radar Meteorol. Conf.. Seattle, Washington. 
 Oct. 26-29, 1976 Am Meteorol Soc , Boston, Massachusetts, 
 104-109. 
 
 Burgess, D W . L R Lemon, and R. A. Brown, 1975: Tornado 
 characteristics revealed by Doppler radar Geophys Res. Letters, 
 2(5). 183-184. 
 
 17 
 
Burgess, D. W., 1976: Single Doppler radar vortex recognition: Part 
 I— Mesocyclone signatures. Proceedings of the 17th Radar 
 Meteorol. Conf., Seattle, Washington, Oct. 26-29, 1976 Am. 
 Meteorol. Soc, Boston, Massachusetts, 97-103. 
 
 Sirmans, D., R. J. Doviak. D. W. Burgess, and L. R. Lemon, 1974: 
 Real time Doppler isotach and reflectivity signatures of a tornadic 
 cyclone. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 55(9), 1126-1127. 
 
 columns. Methods used in this work for simple rep- 
 resentation of microphysical processes associated 
 with precipitation formation, have been adapted 
 widely for use in numerical simulations of convec- 
 tion. 
 
 18 
 
 Among NSSL's contributions toward better un- 
 derstanding of weather phenomena, we cite the fol- 
 lowing areas: 
 
 (A) Tornado vortices: Laboratory experiments 
 at NSSL have illuminated contrasting conditions 
 favoring formation of single and multiple vortices 
 within a single main updraft (Fig. 6.2). Other fea- 
 tures of tornadoes reproduced are a bulging defor- 
 mation on the vortex core and a characteristic sur- 
 face pressure profile. The radius of the turbulent 
 vortex core is shown to be a function primarily of swirl 
 ratio (ratio of tangential to vertical air velocities). 
 
 References 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., 1973: Dependence of core radius on swirl ratio 
 in a tornado simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1427-1430. 
 
 Ward, N. B., 1972: The exploration of certain features of tornado 
 dynamics using a laboratory model. J. Atmos. Sci., 29(6). 1194- 
 1204. 
 
 (B) Dryline mechanics: The dryline of the U. S. 
 West Central Plains has long been known as a favor- 
 able place for severe convective development. A 
 descriptive model of dryline formation and move- 
 ment postulates that dryline motion represents 
 eastward propagation of the mixing zone between 
 moist and dry air. The postulate is supported by a 
 numerical model whose behavior closely fits obser- 
 vations. Other dryline manifestations indicate a 
 storm trigger mechanism explained by mutual diffu- 
 sion of heat and moisture across the dryline. This 
 storm triggering effect compares with vertical cur- 
 rents that arise in the ocean where relatively cold 
 fresh water lies next to warm saline water. 
 
 References 
 
 Schaefer, J, T.. 1974: A simulative model of dryline motion. J. 
 Atmos. Sci.. 31(4), 956-964. 
 
 Schaefer, J T., 1974 The life-cycle of the dryline. J Appl Meteorol.. 
 13(4), 444-449. 
 
 (C) Evolution of atmospheric water distribu- 
 tions: A comprehensive theory treats connections 
 between distributions of atmospheric wind and wa- 
 ter, interprets many observations on precipitation, 
 and provides inderstanding of interactive functions 
 of thermal buoyancy and condensate loading of air 
 
 References 
 
 Kessler, E., 1969: on the continuity of water substance in atmospheric 
 circulations. Meteorological Monographs. 10(32), 84 pp. 
 
 Kessler, E , 1975: Model of precipitation and vertical air currents. 
 Tellus. 26(5), 519-542. 
 
 (D) Thunderstorm morphology: Extensive an- 
 alysis of thunderstorm data define storm airflows, 
 thermal structure, and precipitation distribution of 
 large storms typically 20^0 km across. Doppler 
 radar is now revealing details of air flow and as- 
 sociated precipitation in storm interiors, and includ- 
 ing the three-dimensional configuration and evolu- 
 tion of the tornado vortex itself (Fig. 6.3). 
 
 References 
 
 Brandes, E. A., 1975: Severe thunderstorm flow characteristics re- 
 vealed by dual-Doppler observations: 6 June 1 974 , Preprints, Ninth 
 Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, American Meteorological 
 Society, 85-90. 
 
 Barnes, S. L., Editor, 1974: Papers on Oklahoma thunderstorms, 
 April 29-30, 1970. N0AA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-69, 233 pp. 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., D. W. Burgess, and L. R. Lemon, 1975: 
 Analysis of the 4 June 1973 Norman tornadic storm. Preprints. 
 Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, American 
 Meteorological Society, 384-388. 
 
 Fankhauser. J. C, 1971: Thunderstorm-environment interactions 
 determined from aircraft and radar observations. Mon. Weather 
 Rev., 99(3), 171-192. 
 
 Hammond, G. R., 1967: Study of a left moving thunderstorm of 23 
 April 1964, Institutes for Environmental Research Tech. Memo. 
 NSSL-31, 75 pp. 
 
 Ray. P. S . , 1 976: Vorticity and divergence field within tornadic storms 
 from dual-Doppler observations. J. Appl. Meteor.. 15(8), 879- 
 890. 
 
 Ray, P. S.. R. J. Doviak, G. B. Walker. D. Sirmans, J. Carter, and W. 
 Bumgarner, 1975: Dual-Doppler observations of a tornadic storm. 
 J. Appl. Meteorol.. 14(8), 1521-1530. 
 
 Another kind of contribution of no less impor- 
 tance is NSSL's provision to the meteorological 
 community of a versatile facility for comprehensive 
 observations on severe storms. The NSSL facility has 
 been used on a cooperative basis by scientists and 
 students from all over our nation and from several 
 other countries who would otherwise have poor 
 prospects for nourishing their germinal ideas on se- 
 vere storms with relevant data. During the 15 
 months of FY-76 and the transition quarter, NSSL 
 staff responded to 64 requests for data or systems 
 support software from investigators outside the 
 Laboratory, and was host to 35 scholars who visited 
 NSSL from one to several days or months. The Ninth 
 
Figure 6.2 Single and double vortices and other vortex combinations can be produced under 
 controlled laboratory conditions in an apparatus developed by the late Neil Ward. 
 
 19 
 
 AMS Conference on Severe Local Storms, with 
 nearly 200 participants, was held in Norman during 
 October 1975. During the approximately 60-day 
 spring period traditionally set aside for intensive ob- 
 servations on storms, participation by many federal 
 
 agencies and university groups is represented by 
 staff of those organizations and by special equip- 
 ment. 
 
 All the contributions to the literature during 
 FY-76 by NSSL staff are listed in Appendix C. 
 
20 
 
 7. Current Program 
 
 There have always been two very closely related 
 foci of emphasis at NSSL basic research, a search 
 for better understanding of fundamentals; and ap- 
 plications, the use of what we know to improve storm 
 forecasting and warning operations in the National 
 Weather Service. Both share a common wellspring 
 in recent electronic technology which carries vast 
 capabilities in rates of data acquisition, processing, 
 analysis, and communication. Both share today a 
 strong involvement with Doppler radar. The distinc- 
 tion between the two is often quite properly blurred. 
 The pages immediately following describe some of 
 the important problems that have recently engaged 
 us. 
 
 7.1 Multiple Doppler Observations 
 of Wind Fields 
 
 NSSL's own Doppler radar systems are 
 positioned on a 42 km NW-SE baseline, to allow 
 construction of a three-dimensional field of wind. 
 The NSSL Doppler radars measure velocity alongthe 
 line of sight at 762 locations in range, and (typically) 
 one degree intervals of azimuth. In approximately 1 
 minute, target velocities at nearly 300,000 loca- 
 tions within 115 km of the radar, can be recorded 
 on magnetic tape at each radar. During the spring 
 season 1976, a contract provided for a third Doppler 
 radar to be brought to Anadarko, Oklahoma, from 
 the Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Illinois. 
 Since each radar measures the target velocity along 
 the line of sight only, rather complex mathematical 
 analysis is necessary to combine the data and pro- 
 vide estimates of eastward, northward, and upward 
 air currents everywhere in a large space. And, of 
 course, it is of great importance to know the accu- 
 racy of the wind data so derived. Peter Ray of NSSL 
 treated cases of both two and three radars, each 
 providing estimates of the wind component along 
 radials from the radar sites. The estimated fall speed 
 of precipitation, which when present contributes 
 with the wind itself to the perceived radial winds, also 
 enters the analysis. 
 
 Distribution of estimated errors in the wind field 
 near the Earth's surface are illustrated in Fig. 7.1. 
 Note that the errors over most of the area associated 
 with three Doppler radars are less than half the errors 
 associated with two Doppler radars. In addition, use 
 of three Doppler radars provides a much larger area 
 of coverage in which the errors are small and more 
 assurance that usable data will be collected even in 
 case one radar malfunctions. 
 
 Height = 10 km 
 
 au 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 \ \ 3 
 
 60 
 
 
 2 / 
 ' 1 
 
 
 \ 2 \" 
 
 1 \ 
 
 40 
 
 -/ 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 20 
 
 - / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 © 
 
 
 ® 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 — — 
 
 -40 
 
 -20 
 
 
 Kilometers 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 Figure 7.1 Comparison of two- and three-Doppler error 
 analysis. The standard deviation in meters /second of 
 windspeed estimates is shown at 10-km height for radar 
 locations indicated by a circled "X". Interpolated radial 
 velocity and terminal velocity error variance were as- 
 sumed to be 0.1 and 1.0 (mis) 2 , respectively. 
 
 7.2 Pre-Cloud and Cloud Research 
 at NSSL 
 
 Systematic measurement with NSSL's Doppler 
 radars shows that accurate (1-2 m s _1 rms error) 
 velocities within the lowest kilometer in clear air can 
 be obtained typically to ranges of 60 km. It seems 
 that densely spaced two-Doppler data can provide 
 horizontal wind over large areas prior to precipitation 
 
HEIGHT 1.1 KM 
 
 lorrs 
 
 OUflL DOPPLER WINDS 12S500- 125300 CST 
 
 .» M \ 1 t H f ( • » 
 
 \\\ \ f t M » 
 
 X-OISTANCE 
 
 Figure 7.2 Airflow on a clear day relative to the area average flow. This is based on synthesis of radial 
 velocity data from Doppler radars at Norman and Cimarron Field, Oklahoma. Half the average flow 
 is indicated by the vector in the upper right hand corner. 
 
 development (Fig. 7.2). Specifically, it should be 
 possible to analyze gust fronts and turbulent regions, 
 but the most important application of clear-air mea- 
 surements will probably be to the initial stage of 
 cumulus development in severe local storms. 
 
 Experiments conducted during 1976 by R. J. 
 Doviak and Dusan Zrnic indicate that NSSL's Dop- 
 pler radars have capability to map, without chaff*, 
 the development of severe storms prior to and during 
 the small cumulus stage. Because reflective chaff is 
 not required, we can track the growth of natural 
 reflectivity and relate the reflectivity distribution to 
 updrafts. A feature that distinguishes a monster 
 storm from an ordinary thunderstorm is that updraft 
 becomes persistent and jet-like instead of posses- 
 sing several seemingly unorganized thermals. 
 
 Some outstanding questions are the following: 
 When are updrafts invigorated, and what relation- 
 ships exist among updrafts, precipitation, and 
 
 *Also called window, chaff is a vast number of fine metallized 
 needles, which by diffusion fill a substantial airspace and provide 
 a continuous radar target. 
 
 downdrafts in the various stages of a thun- 
 derstorm? 
 Can we identify a transition from turbulent thermals 
 
 to the organized plume of an incipient storm? 
 Will Doppler data (spectrum width) define a sheath 
 of mixed upper level air that bounds the updraft 
 column and inhibits its growth? Can we charac- 
 terize this sheath (i.e., diffusion length, thickness, 
 etc,)? 
 Are persistent plume-like updrafts associated with 
 the arrival of precipitation at the ground? 
 There should be two stages of measurement: 
 clear air and weak echoes, and strong echoes. 
 
 Returns from the clear and cloudy (but possibly 
 nonprecipitating) environment produce signals that 
 are near and below receiver noise level. Strong 
 echoes produce signals that may be a hundred or 
 more times stronger than receiver noise. Thus, we 
 require two modes of data collection and special 
 precaution to avoid contamination of data by spuri- 
 ous signals. High resolution photographs from satel- 
 lites should provide a major contribution to analysis. 
 
 21 
 
22 
 
 7.3 Studies of the Moist Boundary 
 Layer With a Turbulence 
 Closure Model 
 
 The structure and development of the layer 
 near the Earth's surface (planetary boundary layer, 
 PBL) has been the subject of extensive analytical 
 and numerical study because this is where we live, 
 and it is the place where the atmosphere's principal 
 energy is first received as heat and then distributed. 
 
 There has already been extensive study of dry 
 boundary-layer processes such as mixing through 
 the stable layer that ordinarily caps the first kilome- 
 ter. However, Steve Burk, National Research Coun- 
 cil Postdoctoral Associate at NSSL, has included 
 moisture in his study of boundary-layer structure 
 and development. An appropriate model including 
 both temperature and moisture would provide accu- 
 rate predictions of the radar reflectivity of clear air, 
 and hence of our ability to examine wind distribu- 
 tions in clear air with Doppler radar, as shown in Fig. 
 7.2. 
 
 Dr. Burk's work employs an advanced 
 technique known as second order turbulence clo- 
 sure to provide a more accurate description of the 
 turbulent processes which produce transport and 
 mixing of heat and moisture in the PBL. He first 
 examined a case in which the lower boundary condi- 
 tion requires surface moisture to vary with surface 
 temperature. Evolution of the moisture distribution 
 during calculations representing the first 24 h of 
 model time is displayed in Fig. 7.3. The initial mois- 
 ture distribution is shown in detail by the curve at the 
 right in the figure. A considerable initial moisture 
 lapse above 0.5 km is assumed, consistent with early 
 morning observations. Above the surface boundary 
 layer, the model describes convective development 
 of a well mixed moist layer which reaches a height of 
 approximately 1500 m by late afternoon. Thus, 
 moisture is well mixed and almost evenly distributed 
 during the afternoon despite dry air entrainment at 
 the top and surface moisture influx from below. 
 
 Figure 7.3 also contains other significant infor- 
 mation. For example, the daily variation in humidity 
 at low levels shows a double wave structure (having 
 minima in the early morningand midafternoon). The 
 early morning minimum is associated with the sur- 
 face temperature minimum, whereas the midafter- 
 noon minimum results from mixing of the moist 
 lower layer with the dry layer above. This vertical 
 redistribution of the water vapor content can in- 
 crease the atmosphere's stability (resistance to over- 
 turning) and thereby reduce the likelihood of midaf- 
 ternoon showers. 
 
 6 12 
 
 Time (h) 
 
 2 4 6 
 
 R(gm kg" 
 
 Figure 7.3 Evolution of the specific humidity field (gram /kg) 
 during the first 24hrofa numerical experiment designed 
 by Stephen Burk. The initial specific humidity distribu- 
 tion is shown at the right. 
 
 In other experiments, realistic development of a 
 single midafternoon minimum in low Iture content is 
 found for a dry, desert-like climate; while an increase 
 of moisture with height associates with dew forma- 
 tion. Thus, it appears that this turbulence closure 
 model is capable of providing considerable insight 
 into processes that determine distributions of mois- 
 ture and temperature in the planetary boundary 
 layer, as well as providing a support to use of Doppler 
 radar for acquiring direct observations of wind dis- 
 tribution in that layer. 
 
 7.4 Precursor Conditions for Storm 
 Development 
 
 Textbooks commonly relate severe thun- 
 derstorms to large-scale upward vertical air motion 
 imposed over a region of strong temperature con- 
 trast. We know now that this description is in- 
 adequate, for statistical analysis work of the 
 Techniques Development Unit, National Weather 
 Service has shown almost no correlation between 
 large-scale positive vorticity advection (PVA, as- 
 sociated with vertical air motion) at 500 mbar and 
 severe thunderstorm occurrences. We now believe 
 that thunderstorm forcing responds to smaller scale 
 flows which are difficult to detect with the present 
 observation system. 
 
 Clues to the structu re of the vertical velocity field 
 preceding tornadic development have been found. 
 One ongoing project at NSSL by Dr. Davies-Jones 
 and Dr. Schaefer continues studies of atmospheric 
 soundings taken within about 60 nmi and 90 min of 
 
M 211- 
 ^-'[119 
 
 7 I 206 
 
 •mi 
 
 67 I 206 
 
 so •ms 
 
 65 215^^5 
 
 Surface Map Time: 1200 CST Date: 05 26 75 
 
 1QC6 — 
 
 «[ 
 
 5 °OIS 1S0B 
 
 ut r 
 
 p- E1SB 
 
 ?fc? — / — i — n^f 1 ^ 
 
 35 ^022 
 
 f/'gwe 7.4 Weather map for area centered on Oklahoma, plotted and analyzed by computer, three 
 hours before severe thunderstorm development. The line of convergence extending northeast 
 marks a southward moving cold front. Additional computer analysis reveals a center of moisture 
 convergence nearly coincident with the center of rotation and the locus of storm formation. 
 
 tornadoes. First indications confirm a previous find- 
 ing that the low-level inversion lifts only in a very 
 localized region near the storm. A further and 
 somewhat surprising result is the consistent pre- 
 sence of mid- and upper-tropospheric warming sev- 
 eral hours before radar echoes appear. While these 
 findings are tentative, we have quite a lot of confi- 
 dence in them. 
 
 The above facts are consistent only if larger 
 scale vertical motion is downward before severe 
 storm development. To verify this theory, a 
 technique to compute the vertical velocity on scales 
 compatible with the Weather Service rawinsonde 
 
 network is being developed. Observations are con- 
 sistent with small perturbations with accompanying 
 localized regions of positive vertical velocity in a gen- 
 erally sinking upper-level flow. Localized regions of 
 surface moisture convergence (Fig. 7.4) that slowly 
 progress eastward (less than 30 km/h) and finally 
 produce severe weather are consistent surface re- 
 flections of a wave in mid-troposphere with a 500-km 
 wavelength. Such features obviously cannot be de- 
 tected with the 400-km grid spacing now used in the 
 upper air sounding network, but inferences towards 
 the necessary conditions for severe storm develop- 
 ment can be drawn from this research. 
 
 23 
 
1421 CST 8 JUNE 1974 
 
 NERN FLDW 
 
 HEIGHT .3 KM 
 20MPS 
 
 24 
 
 7.5 Thunderstorm Structure, 
 Evolution, and Environment 
 Interaction 
 
 The air in strong thunderstorm updrafts tends to 
 maintain the small horizontal speed of low altitudes, 
 and hence acts as an obstacle to the fast environ- 
 ment flow in mid levels (4-8 km). The more intense 
 the updraft, the stronger its function as a block on 
 the environmental flow. When mid-level winds are as 
 strong as 65 kn, anticyclonic (clockwise) vortices 
 have been observed to form within storm radar 
 echoes and move downstream from the storm. What 
 is the significance of these anticyclonic wake vor- 
 tices? The anticyclonic vortex seems to form when a 
 thunderstorm updraft begins to rotate cyclonically 
 and severe weather starts. Leslie Lemon found such 
 an association in six severe storms and noted an 
 analogy to the "starting vortex" investigated in the 
 theory of airfoils. 
 
 In a study completed by Rodger Brown, Don 
 Burgess, and Leslie Lemon, Doppler radar data have 
 indicated an unanticipated result. As rotation in the 
 mesocyclone, parent to the tornado, increases 
 beyond a certain point and tornado production is 
 favored or occurs, the updraft is disrupted. We 
 speculate that the increased energy required to drive 
 the spinning flow, leaves less energy available to 
 drive the vertical updraft flow, and the storm top 
 therefore begins to collapse.* This can ultimately 
 lead to cessation of the updraft and of the tornado 
 itself. This hypothesis requires formulation as a 
 mathematical model which may help us discover 
 different conditions that tend to favor transient and 
 enduring classes of tornadoes. 
 
 7.6 Investigation of Tornadic 
 Storms With Doppler Radar 
 
 The continuum of observations provided by 
 Doppler radar yields information on temporal and 
 spatial scales previously unavailable. Studies on tor- 
 nadic storms show that rotation in the main intense 
 updraft, the updraft mesocyclone, is characteristic 
 of their early development. Damaging surface winds 
 and tornadoes are closely related to th existence of 
 these circulations at ground levels. 
 
 *Such a theory has found a highly practical application in fire- 
 hoses which use a spin-creating nozzle as a valve. 
 
 14 16 18 20 
 
 X-DISTHNCE (KM) 
 
 22 24 26 28 
 
 Figure 7. 5 Horizontal airflow relative to the area average flow 
 in a tornadic thunderstorm. Labeled contours represent 
 the radar reflectivity, the shaded swath represents tor- 
 nado damage, and the heavy solid and dotted lines repre- 
 sent gust fronts. Centers of vorticity and convergence 
 are represented by V and C's. A few dashed lines show 
 vertical air velocities in meters /sec. 
 
 Rotation first appears aloft (2- to 5-km eleva- 
 tion) along a strongly sheared and convergent zone 
 between air entering both forward and rear storm 
 sectors. Such shear zones have been observed to 
 extend lengthwise along squall lines and to exhibit 
 mesocyclones at intervals. It is believed that convec- 
 tive processes (e.g., updraft-downdraft interaction, 
 angular momentum transport, and vertical stretch- 
 ing) dominate both mesocyclone and tornado de- 
 velopment but that shearing instability may be im- 
 portant in the formative stage. 
 
 With time the mesocyclone lowers and a pro- 
 nounced gust front, reminiscent of synoptic-scale 
 wave cyclone development, evolves at the surface. 
 Note the psuedo cold front extending southward and 
 diffuse warm front extending northward in Fig. 7.5, 
 prepared by Edward Brandes in connection with his 
 study of the storm of June8, 1974, in Oklahoma City. 
 Tornado genesis (location indicated with ®) is along 
 the major horizontal axis of the mesocyclone. Dis- 
 solution occurs when the tornado becomes de- 
 tached from the principal updraft. 
 
 Although the Doppler radar data provide a de- 
 scription of tornado evolution, actual physical bases 
 for tornado development are still rather mysterious 
 today. Effective analysis of the forces involved will 
 include consideration of thermodynamic data, i.e., 
 
temperature, pressure, and moisture content at 
 closely spaced intervals. Another approach will in- 
 volve simultaneous consideration of winds and 
 target radar echo intensity — the latter indicates the 
 density of precipitation and hence estimates a com- 
 ponent of the buoyancy force which influences air 
 motion. 
 
 7.7 Tornado Dynamics Research at 
 NSSL 
 
 Field observations, photogrammetric analyses, 
 and models (both theoretical and experimental) are 
 being used by Robert Davies-Jones to elucidate the 
 dynamics of tornadoes and their parent thun- 
 derstorms (Fig. 7.5). 
 
 Results to date indicate that intense tornadoes 
 have maximum velocities in the neighborhood of 
 100 m s _1 . Extreme vertical velocities of 60 m s _1 
 have been observed in the lowest 100 m above the 
 ground. Anti-cyclonic tornadoes do occur. Tor- 
 nadoes generally form in precipitation-free, 
 lightning-free regions of the storm. Strong tornadoes 
 form beneath wall clouds (i.e., discrete lowerings of 
 cloud base) and undergo morphological changes in 
 accordance with a well-defined life cycle. Coinciden- 
 tal with the morphological changes are correspond- 
 ing changes in surface debris configurations, path 
 width, and damage severity. Circulation isnotalways 
 evident in surface debris and damage during the 
 shrinking and decay stages of the tornadoes' life (in 
 some cases during the entire lifetime). Strong radial 
 inflow next to the ground during the shrinking and 
 decay stages have also been inferred from damage 
 surveys (Fig. 7.6). The significance of Doppler radar 
 mesocyclone and tornado signatures have been ver- 
 ified by visual field observations. Tornadoes often 
 form in favored local regions which can be identified 
 
 Figure 7.6 Analysis of the pattern of damage produced by 
 tornadoes in grass, trees, and structures enables impor- 
 tant conclusions to be derived about the wind that pro- 
 duced the damage and about construction practices. 
 
 a few hours in advance. The tornado is usually lo- 
 cated on the right rear flank of the storm close to the 
 location where actively growing storm towers merge 
 with the parent cumulonimbus cloud. Large hail 
 often falls a few kilometers ahead of and to the left of 
 the tornado and a thin curtain of precipation often 
 wraps cyclonically around the tornado, probably 
 accounting for hook echo radar signatures (Fig. 6. 1). 
 This phenomenological distribution helps guide us 
 toward improved description and understanding of 
 the air flow and associated processes in tornadic 
 storms. 
 
 7.8 Storm Hazards to Aviation 
 
 Thunderstorms are the principal meteorological 
 hazard to aviation today, and NSSL continues to 
 develop improved descriptions of the thunderstorm 
 aviation hazard and improved techniques for 
 forecasting and depicting storms. This project has 
 been managed by J. T. Lee since its inception. 
 
 During the mid-1960's, nearly 1000 controlled 
 instrumented flights into thunderstorms, mostly in 
 the 20,000^0,000 ft altitude range, were made by 
 U. S. Air Force, U. S. Navy, and British Royal Aircraft 
 Established aircraft (Fig. 4.7). The cooperative prog- 
 ram, substantially supported by NASA and FAA, 
 determined the probabilities of turbulence encoun- 
 ters in relation to the characteristics of thunderstorm 
 radar echoes. These data are a basis for FAA 
 Advisory Circular 00-24, "Thunderstorms." 
 
 In 1973, Doppler radar offered a serious pros- 
 pect for improved turbulence detection, and a sec- 
 ond series of thunderstorm investigations was begun 
 with concentration at lower altitudes. With support of 
 the Federal Aviation Administration and Department 
 of Defense participation, synchronous observations 
 were obtained by aircraft, standard weather radar 
 and Doppler radar, and real-time displays, such as 
 the Plan Shear Indicator, were utilized. A graphic 
 display programmed by NSSL to display fields of 
 radial velocity variability and radar reflectivities 
 simultaneously in real time indicates that turbulence 
 will be better indicated by the combination of reflec- 
 tivity with velocity. 
 
 In 1976 we began an investigation of tur- 
 bulence and wind shear associated with thunder- 
 storm gust fronts, the cold-air outflow from 
 convective storms (Fig. 7.7). This project with 
 substantial FAA support uses an instrumented F4C 
 aircraft and the tall tower of KTVY, instrumented at 
 six levels for measurements of wind, temperature, 
 and relative humidity. Storm gust fronts have been 
 implicated in several recent tragic crashes of 
 
 25 
 
31 May, 1971 
 
 1924 CDT 
 
 Streamline Analysis 
 
 Vertical Velocity 
 
 Potential Temperature 
 
 Wind Speed Parallel to Front 
 
 Relative Wind Speed, Component Normal to Front 
 
 Figure 7. 7 Streamline analysis and time-height sections of vertical velocity (m /s) ; potential tempera- 
 C ture (°K); and wind speed components parallel and perpendicular to a gust front recorded by radar 
 
 u and by instruments on the tower of KTVY Television, Oklahoma City. 
 
 commerical aircraft. Aims of this project, managed 
 
 during 1976 by R. Craig Goff, are to help optimize 
 
 flight near aircraft terminals during gust-front 
 
 conditions, and to determine how instruments 
 
 should be deployed to provide cost effective criteria 
 
 for runway selection, airport closing, and guidance to 
 
 pilots by flight service station personnel and aircraft 
 
 controllers. 
 
 In a related study of aviation hazards an 
 
 RB-57F reconnaissance aircraft has overflown 29 
 
 tornadoes or tornado-producing thunderstorms. But 
 comparison of photographs thus obtained with 
 photographs of nonsevere thunderstorms has 
 yielded no visual clue to differentiate severe and 
 nonsevere storms. Radar is still the most valuable 
 tool for determining thunderstorm characteristics. 
 
Figure 7.8 a) Echo contours derived from NSSL 's WSR-57 
 radar and shown on a remote display, 2045 CST, 6 June 
 1975. Maximum range is 200 km. 
 
 7.9 Display of Radar Data at Sites 
 Remote from the Console 
 
 Effective, inexpensive display of weather radar 
 data at all the sites where the data is required has 
 been an elusive goal of meteorologists and radar 
 engineers. The alternative to remote display is more 
 radars, an expensive and thoroughly impractical 
 solution because of mutual radio interference. But 
 NSSL chief engineer Dale Sirmans has mated a 
 graphic display terminal to the NWS WSR-57 radar 
 and to other radars, and David Zittel has prepared 
 computer programs to display calculated properties 
 of the radar data, such as echo positions extrapo- 
 lated 30 minutes hence, and to display the zones 
 where there is a near-term danger to aircraft. The 
 graphics terminal is a continuously refreshed remote 
 display of radar echo intensity contours. 
 
 Storm motion is determined mathematically 
 from the position of echo centers at different times. 
 New positions are predicted along with prediction 
 error estimates based on analysis of recent echo 
 behavior. Storm area and shape characteristics are 
 derived by outlining predetermined intensity 
 thresholds and matching the contours with a Fourier 
 analysis. It has been shown that the first nine har- 
 monics represent storm shapes with sufficient accu- 
 racy. 
 
 Mr. Zittel has determined that storms of moder- 
 ate or greater intensity over areas of 100 to 1000 km 2 
 are well treated with this system. Figure 7.8 shows 
 photographs of the remote display with (a) storm 
 echo contours, and (b) contours of the intense cen- 
 ters with expected storm movement for a 1 h period 
 starting 15 min later than (a). FAA is considering the 
 results of tests conducted at several Flight Service 
 Stations with a view toward procuring several dozen 
 of these programmable bright displays for use 
 throughout the country. 
 
 b) Contours of the intense echoing centers and extrapo- 
 lated storm motion for one hour beginning at 2100 CST. 
 6 June 1975. 
 
 Figure 7.9 Single-Doppler radar signature of a horizontal 
 stationary idealized vortex (upper) and velocity profile 
 along the axis XY (lower). 
 
 7.10 Severe Storm and Tornado 
 Identification with 
 Doppler Radar 
 
 Medium-scale rotating wind systems (mesocy- 
 clones) associated with severe thunderstorms and 
 tornadoes can be identified from single Doppler 
 radar data by applying objective criteria to cyclonic 
 vortex signatures (Fig. 7.9). The signatures are eas- 
 ily recognized from quasi-horizontal velocity fields 
 (Fig. 4.6) and maintain good time and height con- 
 tinuity. Furthermore, Doppler radar measurements 
 
 27 
 
290° 
 
 295° 
 
 54 - 
 
 51 — 
 
 48km — 
 
 1545 CST 
 
 0.0° ELEVATION 
 
 0.2km HEIGHT 
 
 Figure 7. 10 Union City tornado vortex signature near ground 
 within a field of radar mean velocities (mis) detected with 
 NSSL's Doppler radar at Norman. Velocities away from 
 radar are positive, toward radar are negative. The dark 
 dot indicates the tornado position at the ground. Dark 
 rectangles indicate the relative size of the sampled vol- 
 ume. 
 
 related to damaging wind or hail. At no time during 
 data collection has a verified tornado occurred un- 
 less preceded by a mesocyclone signature. The 
 NSSL data show an average lead time of 36 min 
 before tornado occurrence. 
 
 Doppler data has provided much new informa- 
 tion about mesocyclone and tornado evolution. Both 
 mesocyclones and tornadoes form at storm mid- 
 levels and develop upward and downward with time 
 until they extend through the storm's lower 10 km. 
 The tornado signature appears to dissipate from 
 storm top downward, so that by the time the tornado 
 decays the signature has disappeared. Then the 
 dying mesocyclone is also noted as a large-diameter, 
 weak, low-level circulation embedded in the storm's 
 precipitation core. 
 
 The findings summarized above provide essen- 
 tial background to a project begun in 1976 and 
 jointly staffed from NSSL and the NWS. This aims to 
 develop specifications for a Doppler radar system 
 that will bring to the NWS a marked improvement in 
 the precision and timeliness of their forecasts and 
 warnings. In this project, during first seasonal tests, 
 the Doppler radar at NSSL Headquarters will be 
 jointly staffed by NSSL and NWS forecasters and its 
 indications evaluated for use in actual forecast 
 operations in the Oklahoma City area. Kenneth Wilk 
 is Manager of this project for NSSL. 
 
 28 
 
 in the Union City, Oklahoma, tornadic storm of May 
 24, 1973, led to the discovery of a unique tornado 
 signature. The tornado signature appears in the 
 mean Doppler velocity field as a pair of anomalously 
 high velocity values of opposite sign just one beam- 
 width apart (Fig. 7. 10). Observations of the tornado 
 signature by Rodger Brown, Don Burgess, and Leslie 
 Lemon are supported by a theoretical model formu- 
 lated by Dusan Zrnic. As the tornado becomes small 
 relative to the beamwidth (e.g., with increasing 
 range), the signature's amplitude decreases until it is 
 no longer distinguishable from wind variations in the 
 parent wind system. 
 
 Single-Doppler data collected at NSSL since 
 1971 reveal 37 mesocyclone signatures within 160 
 km of NSSL for which sizes and relationships to 
 severe weather have been tabulated. The average 
 mesocyclone has a peak rotational velocity of 22 
 ms H ,a horizontal diameter of 5.7 km, and a vertical 
 extent greater for those mesocyclones which pro- 
 duce severe or "maxi" tornadoes. 
 
 At least 23 of the 37 single-Doppler mesocyc- 
 lone signatures are associated with reported tor- 
 nadoes. Of the remaining 14 signatures, 12 are 
 
8. The Future 
 
 The view we have of ongoing work in NSSL 
 provides a basis for projection of an appropriate 
 future program. Needs press now in three areas of 
 study and observation: (1) research including storm 
 modeling into the dynamical processes of storms; 
 (2) observation of relationships among the fields of 
 wind, precipation, and electricity; and (3) a sus- 
 tained commitment of resources for operational 
 support of research with three Doppler radars. 
 
 Regarding meteorology research, our full time 
 staff in this area number only 11 at the end of the 
 
 1976 transition quarter. It should be recognized that 
 the unique facilities which underlie many of NSSL's 
 discoveries require a disproportionate share of pres- 
 ent staff for their support. NSSL should be au- 
 thorized to engage additional meteorologists, includ- 
 ing several at the Ph.D. level, and be provided funds 
 to pay their salaries and supporting staffs. 
 
 The technology now available provides unpre- 
 cedented capability for precision and detail in obser- 
 vations of wind and water distributions and electric 
 charge centers, as they develop together. Such ob- 
 servations are crucial to knowledge of the associated 
 interacting processes. Many important basic and 
 applied problems, including questions critical to res- 
 olution of precipitation modification controversies, 
 await solution with the aid of such observations. 
 Indeed, we now stand at the very portal of the thun- 
 derstorm's main machinery room, so to speak. 
 
 In Edward T. Pierce, a 1976 arrival at NSSL, we 
 have the expertise required todirectdeploymentand 
 use of electrical sensor. William Taylor, expert at 
 use of directional sensors for locating centers of 
 electrical activity, will be participating in NSSL's 
 
 1977 spring program, and is expected to join the 
 staff permanently early in 1978. David Rust, expert 
 at field investigation of electrical discharge charac- 
 teristics, is expected to join the staff permanently in 
 mid-1977. The Laboratory requires funds and per- 
 sonnel to support observations on storm electricity 
 complementary to other observations, while main- 
 taining other priority work and developing meteorol- 
 ogy research staff. 
 
 Use of the Doppler radar of the Illinois State 
 Water Survey at NSSL implies a substantial and well 
 justified burden for support. We provide for transpor- 
 tation and operation of their 10-cm Doppler radar 
 and we should support ISWS participation with the 
 
 Atmospheric Dynamics groups at the University of 
 Illinois and University of Chicago in analysis and 
 interpretation of the data. Furthermore, there must 
 be additional strength in NSSL's computing facility 
 for the great scope and complexity of 3-Doppler data 
 analysis. 
 
 In order to accommodate this expansion of the 
 program and to provide space not available even 
 now for guest workers, it is proposed that 300 square 
 meters of office space be constructed as a perma- 
 nentaddition to our building, with amortization costs 
 incorporated into our present lease with the Univer- 
 sity of Oklahoma. 
 
 The increased staff and funds contemplated 
 above amount to approximately one-third of the 
 present program and should bring us to a size near 
 the optimum, given the present organization and 
 administrative arrangements in the meteorological 
 community. 
 
 Since search for new resources entails consid- 
 erable unproductive administrative effort, we em- 
 phasize wise use of the existing recurrent funding 
 base and maintenance and development of quality, 
 rather than quantity. Research progress seems 
 realizable also by more effective coordination of 
 talents in the meteorology community which are al- 
 ready supported within the federal budget. 
 
 29 
 
9. Acknowledgments 
 
 Most of NSSL staff listed in Table 3.1 were 
 active participants in preparation of this report. The 
 NSSL has been fortunate in having persons so com- 
 petent and dedicated on its staff since its founding, 
 and the author is fortunate to have been their com- 
 panion in zealous search. 
 
 Appendix A 
 
 30 
 
 Biographies of NSSL Professional Staff — 1976 
 
 As in other organizations of its size, there is a 
 large variety of tasks in the national Severe Storms 
 Laboratory. This variety extends among the profes- 
 sional staff whose relevant experience is presented 
 as a documentary example of the special kinds of 
 expertise required in research activities. 
 
 In an organization devoted primarily to re- 
 search, achievement tends often to be measured by 
 quantity of publications. The reader is cautioned 
 that often this is an incomplete and sometimes inac- 
 curate measure. Indeed, those at NSSL whose work 
 finds most expression through publications are 
 
 necessarily most supported by many others — 
 computer specialists, engineers, and managers, 
 whose competence is equally essential to effective- 
 ness of the organization, and to the printed materials 
 which communicate our findings. 
 
 In addition to those with professional 
 backgrounds, NSSL's productivity rests essentially 
 on the enthusiastic good work of technicians, ad- 
 ministrators, and clerical personnel. And without 
 NSSL's several well-qualified secretaries, devoted as 
 they are to good work in the public interest, our whole 
 organization would tumble down. 
 
Ronnie L. Alberty 
 
 Head of Meteorology Research 
 Group 
 
 Dr. Alberty joined the National Severe Storms 
 Laboratory as leader of its Modeling Project in 1972. 
 In 1974, he was selected to head the Meteorological 
 Research Group, which includes more than one 
 third of NSSL's scientists. 
 
 From 1967 through 1972, Dr. Alberty was a 
 professor in the Department of Meteorology, U. S. 
 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. 
 There he taught graduate courses in meteorological 
 thermodynamics, dynamics, upper atmospheric 
 physics, and heat-transfer processes, and super- 
 vised thesis projects involving mesoscale analysis, 
 severe storm morphology, and numerical modeling. 
 
 His teaching effectiveness was recognized by the 
 Excellence in Teaching Award for 1972, awarded for 
 high esteem of both colleagues and students. 
 
 Dr. Alberty attended Sarcoxie Public Schools, 
 Sarcoxie, Missouri, where he received the Mathema- 
 tics Award, American Legion Award, various athletic 
 awards, and a University of Missouri Curator's 
 Award. He was a radar technician during four years 
 active duty in the U. S. Air Force, before entering 
 college and graduate level education. At the Univer- 
 sity of Missouri he worked in such varied areas as 
 solar radiometry and severe storm dynamics. 
 
 31 
 
32 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Graduated, Joplin Junior College, Joplin, Missouri, 
 
 1961 
 Physics, B.S. (1963): Meteorology, M.S. (1965); 
 
 Ph.D. (1967): University of Missouri 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 Phi Theta Kappa 
 Sigma Xi 
 
 Adjunct Associate Prof., Meteorology Dept., Univer- 
 sity of Oklahoma 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 An economical solar radiometer. Master's Thesis, University of Mis- 
 souri, Columbia, 50 pp., 1965. 
 
 Dynamic pressure effects in organized convection. Ph.D. Disserta- 
 tion, University of Missouri, Columbia, 76 pp., 1967. 
 
 An analysis of a severe local storm using isentropic trajectories. Naval 
 Postgraduate School, Tech. Report NPS-51 A19081A, 135 pp., 1969 
 (with K. L. Van Sickle). 
 
 A proposed mechanism for cumulonimbus persistence in the pres- 
 ence of strong vertical shear. Monthly Weather Review, 97(8), 
 590-596, 1969. 
 
 An economical net solar flux radiometer. Conf. on Atmospheric 
 Radiation of the Amer. Meteor. Soc, Ft. Collins, Colo., August, 1972 
 (with G. L. Darkow). 
 
 Tornado-parent storm relationship deduced from a dual-Doppler 
 radar analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 3, 721-723, 1976 
 (with P. S. Ray, C. E. Hane, R. P. Davies-Jones). 
 
 Jack T. Andrews 
 
 Administrative Officer 
 
 Mr. Andrews joined the NSSL staff in January 
 1973. His major responsibilities are for administra- 
 tion of budget and personnel, and he also oversees 
 important aspects of contracts, grants, and pro- 
 curement of equipment, supplies and services. 
 
 Though born and raised around Washington, 
 D.C., Mr. Andrews first entered civilian government 
 service in 1943 at McClellan Army Depot (now 
 McClellan Air Force Base), Sacramento, California. 
 In September 1944 he joined the Navy and spent his 
 military career as a ground school flight instructor. 
 After his discharge at Corpus Christi, Texas, he re- 
 mained awhile in similar Navy employment as a 
 civilian. He later held increasingly responsible jobs 
 in both Federal and private sectors, working in 
 Washington, D. C, New York City, Florida, and 
 California. In Santa Barbara, California, he and his 
 
 wife established and managed a retail business (cof- 
 fee, teas, spices, and gourmet cook items). When 
 business success was established, he returned to 
 Federal Service at Port Hueneme, California. He 
 transferred to the Personnel Office of Department of 
 Commerce, ESSA (now NOAA, ERL) at Boulder, Col- 
 orado in 1968, and remained there until reassign- 
 ment to NSSL. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mr. Andrews's primary education was com- 
 pleted in the Washington, D. C, school system 
 through the GED examination with scores compara- 
 ble to university sophomore level. He completed 
 requirements for Commercial Pilot License in 1950 
 at Pensacola, Florida. He has also completed a host 
 of technical and business courses and is currently 
 enrolled in night classes on business management 
 at a local college. 
 
 Edward A. Brandes 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Mr. Brandes has been employed atthe National 
 Severe Storms Laboratory since August 1971. His 
 efforts have been primarily directed towards estima- 
 tion of precipitation by radar and investigation of 
 severe storm kinematic properties with Doppler 
 radar. Rainfall studies have led to development of 
 techniques to optimize radar estimates by incor- 
 porating rain gage observations. The technique is 
 currently being tested by the Tulsa River Forecast 
 Center and the Office of Hydrology, National 
 Weather Service. 
 
 Prior to joining NOAA, Mr. Brandes attended 
 New York University and worked as a research assis- 
 tant on the "East Coast Snow Prediction Project." 
 Accomplishments included the development of re- 
 gression equations utilizing both observed and fore- 
 cast meteorological variables to predict precipitation 
 depth. Other studies determined the climatology of 
 east coast heavy snows and a search was conducted 
 for necessary synoptic conditions. 
 
 From 1964 to 1968 Mr. Brandes served as 
 weather forecaster and chief weather forecaster in 
 the U.S. Air Force. Duty stations included Shaw 
 AFB, South Carolina; Thule AB, Greenland; and Eng- 
 land AFB, Louisiana. 
 
 While at NSSL, Mr. Brandes has (a) developed 
 techniques for improving processing of weather 
 
radar data; (b) developed techniques to optimize 
 radar rainfall estimates; and (c) conducted studies 
 utilizing dual-Doppler radar measurements to de- 
 scribe severe thunderstorm life cycle and severe 
 weather production. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mechanical Engineering, B.S. (1964), Newark Col- 
 lege of Engineering 
 Meteorology, M.S. (1970), New York University. 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 A search for necessary conditions tor heavy snow on the east coast. J. 
 Appl. Meteor., 10, 397-409, 1971 (with J. Spar). 
 
 The use ot digital radar data in severe storm detection and prediction. 
 Preprints, 15th Radar Conf., Champaign-Urbana, III., Amer. Meteor. 
 Soc, October 11-12, 45-48, 1972. 
 
 The variation of Oklahoma spring rains as revealed by radar. Pre- 
 prints, Eighth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, Colo., Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, October 15-17, 146-148, 1973. 
 
 Radar rainfall pattern optimizing technique. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-67, Norman, Okla., 16 pp., 1974. 
 
 Severe thunderstorm flow characteristics revealed by dual-Doppler 
 observations: 6 June 1974. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local 
 Storms, Norman, Okla., Amer. Meteor. Soc, October 21-23, 85-90, 
 1975. 
 
 Optimizing rainfall estimates with the aid of radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 
 14(7), 1339-1345, 1975. 
 
 Convective rainfall estimation by radar: experimental results and 
 proposed operational analysis technique. Preprints, Conf. on 
 Hydro-Meteorology, Ft. Worth, Tex., Amer. Meteor. Soc, April 
 20-22, 54-59, 1976 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Rodger A. Brown 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 In 1970, after having worked briefly at NOAA's 
 Wave Propagation Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, 
 Mr. Brown joined NSSL. He has been using the 
 NSSL Doppler radars with other meteorological sen- 
 sors to explore the structure and evolution of 
 tornado-producing thunderstorms. 
 
 Before joining NOAA, Mr. Brown was a Re- 
 search Meteorologist at the Cornell Aeronautical 
 Laboratory, Buffalo, New York. There he studied 
 mesoscale features of lake-effect convective 
 snowstorms and applied Doppler radar to investigate 
 thunderstorm characteristics. 
 
 From 1960 to 1965, Mr. Brown was employed 
 with the Satellite and Mesometeorology Research 
 Project, University of Chicago. There he developed 
 cloud photogrammetric procedures and applied 
 
 them with mesoscale analysis techniques to the 
 study of convective storms. 
 
 From 1955 through 1959, Mr. Brown held sev- 
 eral short term meteorological positions as part of 
 Antioch College's study-plus-work educational pro- 
 gram. He was a weather observer at the Mount 
 Washington Observatory in New Hampshire and a 
 weather observer and Research Assistantatthe Blue 
 Hill Meteorological Observatory, Harvard University, 
 Milton, Massachusetts. Following a tour as Scientific 
 Aide with the Severe Local Storms Research Unit, 
 U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., he spent 
 13 months at Little America V, Antarctica, as a 
 Weather Bureau observer and rawinsonde operator. 
 
 Mr. Brown's primary contribution to the ad- 
 vancement of meteorological knowledge has been 
 an improved understanding of the structure and 
 evolution of tornadic storms. He is co-discoverer of 
 the Doppler radar signature for a tornado. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Earth Science, B.S. (1960), Antioch College, Yellow 
 
 Springs, Ohio 
 Geophysical Sciences (Meteorology), M.S. (1962), 
 
 University of Chicago 
 Graduate studies, University of Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 American Geophysical Union 
 Canadian Meteorological Society 
 Royal Meteorological Society 
 Society of the Sigma Xi 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Nocturnal rainbow. Weather, 14, 36, 1959. 
 
 Report on the Chicago Tornado of March 4, 1961 . Univ. of Chicago, 
 Dept. of Geophys. Sci. , Mesometeor. Project Research Paper No. 1, 
 13 pp., 1961 (with T. Fujita). 
 
 On the mesometeorological field studies near Flagstaff, Arizona. J. 
 Appl. Meteor., 1, 26-42, 1962 (with T. Fujita and K. A. Styber). 
 
 On the determination of the exchange coefficients in convective 
 clouds. Univ. of Chicago, Dept. of Geophys. Sci., SMRP Research 
 Paper No. 41, 7 pp., 1965. 
 
 A study of factors contributing to dissipation of energy in a developing 
 cumulonimbus. Univ. of Chicago, Dept. of Geophys. Sci., SMRP 
 Research Paper No. 42, 65 pp., 1965 (with T. Fujita). 
 
 On the thunderstorm-high controversy.' Univ. of Chicago, Dept. of 
 Geophys. Sci., SMRP Research Paper No. 46, 26 pp., 1965. 
 
 The land and sea breeze: an annotated bibliography. Article F on Final 
 Report Contract No. AF 19(604)-7259. Univ. of Chicago, Dept. of 
 Geophys. Sci., 61 pp., 1965 (with G. L. Baralt). 
 
 Occurrence of supernumerary fogbows at subfreezing temperatures. 
 Mon. Weather Rev., 94, 47-48, 1966. 
 
 33 
 
34 
 
 On the determination of exchange coefficients: Part II. Rotating and 
 non-rotating convective currents. Univ. of Chicago, Dept. of 
 Geophys. Sci., SMRP Research Paper No. 54, 30 pp., 1966. 
 
 Three-dimensional growth characteristics of an orographic thun- 
 derstorm system. Univ. of Chicago, Dept. of Geophys. Sci., SMRP 
 Research Paper No. 61, 45 pp., 1966. 
 
 Comments on A note on the square cloud. 
 305-307, 1967. 
 
 J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 
 
 Mass and available energy in growing convective clouds. J. Atmos. 
 Sci.. 24, 308-311, 1967. 
 
 A study of lake effect snowstorms. CAL Report No. VS-2355-P-1, 
 Buffalo, Cornell Aeronautical Lab., 55 pp., 1967 (with G. E. McVehil, 
 J. E. Juisto and R. L. Peace, Jr.). 
 
 A study of lake effect snowstorms. CAL Report No. VS-2355-P-2, 
 Buffalo, Cornell Aeronautical Lab., 83 pp., 1967 (with G. E. McVehil, 
 J. E. Juisto and R. L. Peace, Jr.). 
 
 A study of hydrologic and energy budgets of Lake Erie with emphasis 
 on evaporation measurement. Buffalo, Cornell Aeronautical Lab., 
 CAL Report No. RM-2432-0-3, 38 pp., 1967 (with R. L. Peace, Jr. 
 and G. E. McVehil). 
 
 Mesoanalysis of convective storms utilizing observations from two 
 Doppler radars. Proceedings, 13th Radar Meteor. Conf., Boston, 
 Amer. Meteor. Soc, 188-191, 1968 (with R. L. Peace, Jr.). 
 
 Comparison of single and double Doppler radar velocity measure- 
 ments in convective storms. Proceedings, 13th Radar Meteor. Conf., 
 Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 464-473, 1968 (with R. L. Peace, Jr.). 
 
 Final report of environmental support panel, U. S. Navy VLF special 
 communications study. Buffalo, Cornell Aeronautical Lab., CAL Re- 
 port No. CM-2520-B-1, 85 pp., 1968 (with W. H. Keith). 
 
 Investigation of severe storms utilizing Doppler radar. Buffalo, Cor- 
 nell Aeronautical Lab., CAL Report No. VS-2428-P-2, 39 pp., 1968 
 (with R. L. Peace, Jr. and C. C. Easterbrook). 
 
 Horizontal motion field observations with a single pulse Doppler 
 radar. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1096-1103, 1969 (with R. L. Peace, Jr. 
 and H. G. Camnitz). 
 
 New England tornadoes: Climatological survey from first settlement 
 through 1968. Proceedings, 6th Severe Local Storms Conf., Boston, 
 Amer. Meteor. Soc, 238-243, 1969. 
 
 Characteristics of forest vegetation analogs. Buffalo, Cornell 
 Aeronautical Lab. , CAL Report No. VT-2408-P-1 , 98 pp. , 1 969 (with 
 G. E. McVehil, R. L. Peace, Jr., and R. W. Coakley). 
 
 Preliminary Doppler velocity measurements in a developing radar 
 hook echo. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 52, 1186-1188, 1971 (withW. 
 C. Bumgarner, K. C. Crawford and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Doppler radar evidence of severe storm high-reflectivity cores acting 
 as obstacles to airflow. Preprints, 15th Radar Meteor. Conf., Boston, 
 Amer. Meteor. Soc, 16-21, 1972 (with K. C. Crawford). 
 
 Doppler velocity measurements in an approaching squall line. Pre- 
 prints, 15th Radar Meteor. Conf., Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 27-34, 1972 (with K. C. Crawford). 
 
 The structure of a severe right-moving thunderstorm: New single 
 Doppler radar evidence. Preprints, 8th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, 
 Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 40-43, 1973 (with D. W. Burgess). 
 
 Twin tornado cyclones within a severe thunderstorm: single Doppler 
 radar observations. Weatherwise, 26, 63-69 and 71, 1973 (with D. 
 W. Burgess and K. C. Crawford). 
 
 Applications of conventional and Doppler radar measurements in 
 severe storm research. Preprints, 3rd Symposium on Meteor. Obser- 
 vations and Instrumentation, Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 165-174, 
 1975 (with K. E. Wilk). 
 
 Tornado characteristics revealed by Doppler radar. Geophys. Res. 
 Lett., 2, 183-184, 1975 (with D. W. Burgess and L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Evolution of a tornado signature and parent circulation as revealed by 
 single Doppler radar. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. Conf., Boston, 
 Amer. Meteor. Soc, 99-106, 1975 (with D. W. Burgess and L. R. 
 Lemon). 
 
 Tornado production and storm sustenance. Preprints, 9th Conf. on 
 Severe Local Storms, Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 100-104, 1975 
 (L. R. Lemon and D. W. Burgess). 
 
 NSSL dual-Doppler radar measurements in tornadic storms: a pre- 
 view. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 56, 524-526, 1975 (D. W. Burgess, 
 J. K. Carter, L. R. Lemon and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Single Doppler radar vortex recognition: Part II. Tornadic vortex 
 signature. Preprints, 17th Conf. on Radar Meteor., Boston, Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 104-109, 1976 (with L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Tornado and mesocyclone detection with single Doppler radar. Pro- 
 ceedings, Symposium on Tornadoes, Texas Tech University, Lub- 
 bock, Tex., 1976 (with D. W. Burgess). 
 
 William C. Bumgarner 
 
 Computer Specialist 
 
 Since 1970 Mr. Bumgarner has been in the 
 Computing and Data Processing Group at the NSSL. 
 His contributions to the NSSL program are funda- 
 mental in the area of Doppler radar processing and 
 systems programming. He designed and im- 
 plemented radar data processing and archival 
 schemes, and has provided systems support for all 
 computer systems used by the Laboratory. 
 
 From 1967 to 1970, Mr. Bumgarner was a sys- 
 tems analyst in the Forecast Techniques section at 
 this Laboratory. From 1965 to 1967, he was 
 employed by the University of Oklahoma as a scien- 
 tific programmer, and wasa graduate teachingassis- 
 tant in the OU Physics Department. While an under- 
 graduate from 1961 to 1964 he worked for the OU 
 Mathematics Department as an instructor in the 
 computer laboratory. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 .S. (1968), 
 
 Mathematics, B.S. (1964), Physics, 
 University of Oklahoma 
 
 Graduate work in meteorology and computer sci- 
 ence (1969 to 1976), University of Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Association of Computing Machinery 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Model of precipitation and vertical air currents. NOAA Tech. Memo. 
 ERL NSSL-54, Norman, Oklahoma, 93 pp., 1971 (with E. Kessler). 
 
 Dual-Doppler observation of a tornadic storm. Preprints, 16th Radar 
 Meteor. Conf., Houston, Texas, April, 115-120, 1976 (with P. S. 
 Ray, R. J. Doviak, G. B. Walker, D. Sirmans, and J. Carter). 
 
 Estimation of spectral density mean and variance by covariance argu- 
 ment techniques. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. Conf., Houston, 
 Texas, April, 6-13, 1976 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Receiver chain and signal processing effects on the Doppler spec- 
 trum. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. Conf., Houston, Texas, April, 
 163-168, 1976 (with D. S. Zrnic). 
 
Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 14(6), 991-1003, 1975 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Dual-Doppler observation of a tornadic storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 
 14(8), 1521-1530, 1975 (with P. S. Ray, R.J. Doviak, G. B. Walker, 
 D. Sirmans, and J. Carter). 
 
 Extension of maximum unambiguous Doppler velocity by use of two 
 sampling rates. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, 
 Washington, October, 23-28, 1976 (with D. Sirmans and D. S. 
 Zrnic). 
 
 Donald W. Burgess 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Since joining NSSL in September 1973, Mr. 
 Burgess has worked with others to synthesize a 
 diagnostic thunderstorm model from observations of 
 external storm processes and Doppler radar indica- 
 tions of internal storm flows. He has also accumu- 
 lated several years Doppler data to reveal statistical 
 relationships between Doppler observed velocity 
 fields and tornadic or other damaging windstorms. 
 
 From 1970 to 1973, Mr. Burgess was a part 
 time research assistant in the Doppler radar project 
 while attending Oklahoma University, and he helped 
 formulate NSSL Doppler data reduction and analysis 
 techniques. 
 
 Mr. Burgess' most important contribution has 
 been toward discovery and documentation of a re- 
 gion of high wind shear within tornadic thun- 
 derstorms: the Tornadic Vortex Signature (TVS). The 
 TVS has, in several cases, preceded tornado forma- 
 tion by tens of minutes. There is the possibility that 
 this discovery will provide the scientific basis for 
 improved tornado warnings. This contribution re- 
 sulted in a NOAA Special Achievement Award (Feb- 
 ruary 1976). 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Meteorology, B.S. (1971), M. A. (1974), University of 
 
 Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 
 Mr. Burgess also attended Central State College, 
 
 Edmond, Oklahoma (1966) 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Sigma Tau (Professional Engineering Fraternity) 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Twin tornado cyclones within a severe thunderstorm: single Doppler 
 radar observations. Weatherwise. 26(2). 63-69 and 71 , 1973 (with 
 R. A. Brown, and K. C. Crawford). 
 
 The structure of a severe right-moving thunderstorm: new single 
 Doppler radar evidence. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Severe Local 
 Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc, Boston, 40-43, 1973 (with R. A. 
 Brown). 
 
 Observations of Doppler isotach and reflectivity structure observed 
 within a tornadic storm. J. Recti. Atmos., VIM, 1-2 and 235-243, 
 1974 (with R. J. Doviak, L. R. Lemon, and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Real-time Doppler isotach and reflectivity signature of a tornado 
 cyclone. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 55(9), 1126-1127, 1974. 
 
 Study of a severe right-moving thunderstorm utilizing new single 
 Doppler evidence. Masters Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 
 Okla., 77 pp., 1974. 
 
 NSSL dual-Doppler radar measurements in tornadic storms: a pre- 
 view. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 56(5), 524-526, 1975 (with R. A 
 Brown, J. Carter, L. R. Lemon, and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Evolution of a tornado signature and parent circulation as revealed by 
 single Doppler radar. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. Conf., Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, Boston, 99-106, 1975 (with L. R. Lemon and R. A. 
 Brown). 
 
 Tornado characteristic revealed by Doppler radar. Geophys. Res. 
 Lett., 2(5), 183-184, 1975 (with L. R. Lemon and R. A. Brown). 
 
 Tornado production and storm sustenance. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on 
 Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc, Boston, 100-104, 1975 
 (with L. R. Lemon and R. A. Brown). 
 
 Analysis of the June4, 1973 Norman tornadic storm. Preprints, Ninth 
 Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc, Boston, 384- 
 388, 1975 (with R. P. Davies-Jones and L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Single Doppler radar vortex recognition: Part I. Mesocyclone signa- 
 ture. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., 97-103, 1976. 
 
 Tornado and mesocyclone detection with single Doppler radar. Pro- 
 ceedings, Symposium on Tornadoes, Texas Tech University, 1976 
 (with R. A. Brown). 
 
 Tornado characteristics revealed by a pulse Doppler radar. Preprints, 
 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., 110-117, 1976 (with D. S. Zrnic, R. J. 
 Doviak and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Stephen D. Burk 
 
 NRC Associate 
 
 Since July 1975, Dr. Burk has been a National 
 Research Council Resident Research Associate at 
 the National Severe Storms Laboratory where he has 
 developed a higher order turbulence closure model 
 for studies of the planetary boundary layer. With this 
 model he has investigated the temporal behavior of 
 moisture stratification within the diurnally varying 
 PBL. 
 
 Dr. Burk has a broad background in physics 
 and the study of planetary atmospheres. In 1967, he 
 received an A.B. in physics from the University of 
 California at Berkeley, with a minor in mathematics. 
 From September 1967 to January 1969 he worked 
 as a teaching assistant in the Dept. of Physics at the 
 University of Arizona. As a research assistant at the 
 Lunar and Planetary Laboratory from July 1968 to 
 June 1970, Dr. Burk worked with the late Dr. Gerard 
 P. Kuiper in spectroscopic investigations of plan- 
 etary atmospheres. 
 
 In January 1970, Dr. Burk received an M.S. 
 degree in physics, and entered the Dept. of 
 Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Arizona. 
 
 35 
 
Upon being awarded a NASA Traineeship, he 
 worked with Dr. Wayne McGovern in study of the 
 upper atmosphere of Jupiter, and investigations of 
 planetary atmospheric evolution. 
 
 Dr. Burk's Ph.D. dissertation dealt with the 
 nature of the winds near the Martian polar caps. A 
 two-dimensional numerical model was developed to 
 study the response of the Martian atmosphere to 
 non-uniform diurnally varying surface heating in the 
 highly baroclinic region nearthe polarcap periphery. 
 Particular attention was paid to the radiative transfer 
 properties of the CO2 dominated atmosphere, and to 
 the dust lifting potential of these polar winds in light 
 of both ground based and Mariner spacecraft 
 evidence of frequent dust storm activity near the 
 caps. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Physics, A.B. (1967), University of California at 
 
 Berkeley 
 Physics, M.S. (1970), Atmospheric Physics, 
 
 Ph.D. (1975), The University of Arizona, Tucson 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Upper atmospheric thermal structure of Jupiter with convective heat 
 transfer. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 179-189, 1972 (with W. McGovern). 
 
 Reflection spectra, 2.5-7 mm, of some solids of planetary interest. 
 Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, No. 185, Ft. 
 1, 8-20, 1973 (with V. Fink). 
 
 Numerical modeling of the diurnal winds near the Martian polar caps. 
 Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 135 pp., 1975. 
 
 Diurnal winds near the Martian polar caps. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 
 923-939, 1976. 
 
 John K. Carter 
 
 35 Electronics Engineer 
 
 Mr. Carter joined the Advanced Techniques 
 Group at NSSL in February 1966. Previously he 
 spent six years with the Federal Aviation Administra- 
 tion (FFA) Aeronautical Center, Will Rogers Field, 
 Oklahoma City, in surveillance radar and display 
 systems. 
 
 Mr. Carter's contributions have been funda- 
 mental with respect to specification, design, and 
 documentation of the meteorologically instrumented 
 KTVY tower data acquisition system, and design, 
 development, and commissioning of NSSL's second 
 
 Doppler radar system at Cimarron Field near 
 Oklahoma City. He was also responsible with Mr. 
 Dale Sirmans for documentation of the NSSL X-Band 
 Doppler radar that figured prominently in our early 
 Doppler research. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics-Physics, B.S. (1966), Central State 
 
 University, Edmond, Oklahoma 
 Electrical Engineering Graduate Studies, University 
 
 of Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Instrument Society of America — senior member 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Engineering report on the pulse Doppler X-Band radar at the National 
 Severe Storms Laboratory. ESSA Tech. Circ. No. 8, National Severe 
 Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma, 26 pp., 1968 (with D. 
 Sirmans). 
 
 Detection and presentation of severe thunderstorms by airborne and 
 ground-based radars: A comparative study. NOAATech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-43, 1969 (with K. E. Wilk and J. T. Dooley). 
 
 The meteorologically instrumented WKY-TV tower facility. NOAA 
 Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-50, 18 pp., 1970. 
 
 Dual-Doppler observation of a tornadic storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 14 
 (8), 1521-1530, 1975 (with P. S. Ray, G. B. Walker, R. J. Doviak, and 
 D. Sirmans). 
 
 Robert P. Davies-Jones 
 
 Geophysicist 
 
 Since September 1970, Dr. Davies-Jones has 
 been a geophysicist with the National Severe Storms 
 Laboratory, NOAA. Currently he is team leader of the 
 Vortex Dynamics Group and of the Tornado Intercept 
 Project. His research topics include theoretical and 
 observational investigations of tornadic flows, rela- 
 tionships of tornadoes to parent thunderstorms, 
 improved short term tornado prediction, accurate 
 estimation of tornado parameters and improved 
 understanding of thunderstorm processes. This 
 research utilizes meteorology, physics, mathema- 
 tics, numerical modeling and computer program- 
 ming. He also acts as a consultant on tornadoes to 
 other government agencies, monitors NOAA grants, 
 reviews proposals for funding agencies, and referees 
 papers for science journals. 
 
 During 1969-1970, Dr. Davies-Jones held a 
 postdoctoral position at the National Center for 
 Atmospheric Research. He was a research assistant 
 atthe High Altitude Observatory and the University of 
 Colorado from 1964 to 1969. 
 
Educational Background 
 
 Physics, B.S. (hons.) (1964), Birmingham Univer- 
 sity, England 
 
 Astrogeophysics, Ph.D. (1969), University of Colo- 
 rado 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Meteorology Depart- 
 ment, University of Oklahoma 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Problem studied during the thermal convection colloquium. NCAR 
 Tech. Note 24, 525-550, 1967. 
 
 The linear theory of thermal convection in horizontal plane couette 
 flow. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, 216 pp. (also AFCRL-69- 
 0382), 1969. 
 
 On large scale solar convection. Sol. Phys., 12, 3-22, (also 
 AFCRL-69-0491, NCAR MS 69-151), 1970 (with P. A. Gilman). 
 
 Thermal convection in an infinite channel with no-slip sidewalls. J. 
 Fluid Mech., 44, 695-704 (also NCAR MS 69-179), 1970. 
 
 Thermal convection in a horizontal plane couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. , 
 49, 193-205, (also NCAR MS 69-144), 1970. 
 
 Convection in a rotating annulus uniformly heated from below. J. 
 Fluid Mech. , 46, 65-81 (also AFCRL-70-0229 and NCAR MS 70-42) , 
 1971 (with P. A. Gilman). 
 
 Comments on "Some aspects of a severe right moving thunderstorm 
 deduced from mesonetwork and rawinsonde observations." J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 28, 652-653, 1971 (with N. B. Ward). 
 
 Numerical simulation of convective vortices. NOAATech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-57, Norman, Okla., 27 pp. (also NCAR MS 71-199). 1971 
 (with G. T. Vickers). 
 
 The dependence of core radius on swirl ratio in a tornado simulator. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 30, 1427-1430, (nominated for ERL Outstanding 
 Scientific Paper Award, 1974), 1973. 
 
 Characteristics of thunderstorm updraft soundings. Proceedings, 
 Eighth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, Colo., October, 1-5, 
 1973 (with J. H. Henderson). 
 
 Correspondence (on psychological response to tornadoes). Science, 
 180 (4086), 545, 1973 (with J. Golden and J. Schaefer). 
 
 Discussion of measurements inside high speed thunderstorm 
 updrafts. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 710-717, 1974. 
 
 Tornadoes. Chapter 16, Weather and Climate Modification, Editor, 
 W. N. Hess, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 842 pp., (nominated for 
 ERL Outstanding Scientific Paper Award, 1975), 1974 (with E. 
 Kessler). 
 
 Updraft properties deduced from rawinsondings. NOAATech. Memo. 
 ERL NSSL-72, Norman, Okla., 117 pp., 1974 (with J. H. 
 Henderson). 
 
 On the relation of electrical activity to tornadoes. J. Geophys. Res., 
 80, 1614-1616, 1975 (with J. H. Golden). 
 
 Photogrammetric wind speed analysis and damage interpretation of 
 the Union City, Oklahoma tornado May 24, 1973. Proceedings, 
 Second U. S. National Conf. on Wind Engineering Research, Ft. 
 Collins, Colo., June 22-25, 1975 (with J. H. Golden). 
 
 Updraft properties deduced statistically from rawinsondings. Pure 
 and Appl. Geophys., 113, 787-801 , (special cloud dynamics issue), 
 1975 (with J. H. Henderson). Also in Contributions to Current 
 Research in Geophysics, Vol. 2, Cloud Dynamics, Editor, H. R. 
 Pruppacher, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1976. 
 
 Analysis of the 4 June 1973 tornadic storm. Proceedings, Ninth Conf. 
 on Severe Local Storms, Norman, Okla., October, 384-388, 1975 
 (with D. W. Burgess and L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Reply to Comments on "On the relation of electrical activity to 
 tornadoes" by S. A. Colgate. J. Geophys. Res. , 80, 4557, 1975 (with 
 J. H. Golden). 
 
 Reply to Comments on "On the relation of electrical activity to 
 tornadoes" by B. Vonnegut. J. Geophys. Res., 80,4561, 1975 (with 
 J. H. Golden). 
 
 Interpretation of surface marks and debris patterns from Union City 
 tornado. Chapter 13, The Union City Tornado of 24 May 1973, Edited 
 by R. A. Brown. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-78, 1976 (with D. 
 Burgess, L. Lemon and D. Pureed). 
 
 Laboratory simulations of tornadoes. Proceedings. "A Symposium 
 on Tornadoes; Assessment of Knowledge and Implications for Man," 
 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, June 22-24, 1976. 
 
 J. T. Dooley 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Since January 1964, J. T. Dooley has been 
 associated w't'i the Severe Thunderstorm Detection 
 and Identification Project at NSSL. The objective of 
 this project is to improve techniques to detect, 
 identify, and track hazardous weather events 
 associated with severe thunderstorms. 
 
 Prior to 1964, Mr. Dooley was associated with 
 the U. S. Weather Bureau's National Severe Storms 
 Project in Kansas City, Missouri. 
 
 From 1957 to 1961, Mr. Dooley worked for the 
 U. S. Weather Bureau in Kansas City, Missouri, both 
 as an observer and research assistant. 
 
 Mr. Dooley's contributions to the Laboratory 
 include 1) establishment of the NSSL subsynoptic 
 scale network; 2) management of NSSL's mesonet- 
 work data acquisition, processing, and archiving 
 program from 1970 through 1974; 3) evaluation of 
 the weather detection capabilities of the ASR^l and 
 ARSR-1D Air Traffic Control radars of the FAA; 4) 
 development of a computer program for the 
 evaluation of the NSSL Doppler's hardwired radial 
 velocity and width estimators, namely, the Pulse Pair 
 Processors; 5) development of certain operational 
 and quality control procedures used in collection of 
 WSR-57 digital and photographic data. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics, (1962), University of Missouri, Kansas 
 
 City 
 Meteorology, (1960), Pennsylvania State University; 
 
 (1962), University of Miami, Florida 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 A study of the comparative frequency of severe weather occurrences 
 within 200 nmi radius of five midwestern cities. 11 pp., 1961. 
 
 37 
 
38 
 
 Radar data acquisition techniques. ESSA Tech. Memo. NSSL-24, 
 122-130, 1965 (with C. Clark). 
 
 Weather detection by ARSR-1D, ASR-4, and WSR-57 radars: A 
 comparative study. Tech. Memo. NSSL-1 , 33 pp. , 1 965 (with K. Wilk 
 and E. Kessler). 
 
 Doppler study of the motion of clear air targets. Proceedings, 12th 
 Weather Radar Conf., October, 293-299, 1966 (with R. Lhermitte). 
 
 Toward a quantitative radar echo climatology. Proceedings, 13th 
 Weather Radar Conf. , August, 280-285, 1 968 (with E. Kessler and K. 
 Gray). 
 
 Detection and presentation of severe thunderstorms by airborne and 
 ground-based radars: A comparative study. Tech. Memo. NSSL-43, 
 56 pp., 1969 (with J. Carter and K. Wilk). 
 
 The NSSL surface network and observations of hazardous wind gusts. 
 ERL Tech. Memo. NSSL-55, 19 pp., 1971 (with NSSL Operations 
 Staff). 
 
 Objectives and accomplishments of the NSSL 1975 spring program, 
 Part II, Radar Quality Control Program. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-78, 47 pp., 1976 (with other NSSL Staff). 
 
 Charles A. Doswell III 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Mr. Doswell spent two summers at the Weather 
 Bureau Airport Station at Madison, Wisconsin as a 
 student trainee, where he trained in meteorologist 
 duties — taking pilot balloon observations, operating 
 the radar, participating in weather analysis and 
 forecasting. 
 
 After graduation from University of Wisconsin, 
 he was appointed Meteorologist with the National 
 Severe Storms Forecast Center in Kansas City, 
 Missouri (and was allowed to return to school each 
 year on leave-without-pay status). Before entering 
 military service, he spent one summer with the 
 Public Service Unit at NSSFC and two summers with 
 the Severe Local Storms Forecast Unit (SELS). 
 
 Toward the end of his service, from 1969 to 
 1972, he was assigned to the Atmospheric Modifica- 
 tion Technical Area of the Atmospheric Sciences 
 Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, New 
 Mexico. There he worked on numerical modeling 
 techniques for fog. He was also a Special Instructor 
 at New Mexico State Univ. and taught a course in 
 Meteorology at White Sands. 
 
 Since leaving the Service he has been Research 
 Assistant at the University of Oklahoma, applying 
 variational analysis techniques to instrumented 
 tower data. 
 
 Mr. Doswell's work at NSSL has been directed 
 toward the analysis of surface data, with emphasis 
 on band-pass filtering. In March 1976 he trans- 
 ferred to the Techniques Development Unit at the 
 National Severe Storms Forecast Center, Kansas 
 City, Missouri, where his work continues in coopera- 
 tion with NSSL. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Meteorology, B.S. (1967), University of Wisconsin, 
 
 Madison, Wisconsin 
 Meteorology, M.S. (1969), Ph.D. (1976), University 
 
 of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Meteorological Society of Japan 
 University of Oklahoma Chapter of Chi Epsilon Pi 
 (Meteorology Honorary Society) 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 On the interaction between the planetary boundary layer and large- 
 scale vertical velocity. M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 
 Okla., 1969. 
 
 A two-dimensional short-range forecast model. Atmos. Sciences 
 Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, ECOM-5443, 1972. 
 
 An iterative method for saturation adjustment. Atmos. Sciences 
 Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, ECOM-5444, 1972. 
 
 Rotating clouds at Norman, Oklahoma. Correspondence printed in 
 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 53, 1180, 1972 (with S. A. Tegtmeier). 
 
 Field observations of the Union City tornado in Oklahoma. 
 Weatherwise, 27, 68-79, 1974 (with A. Moller, J. McGinley, S. 
 Tegtmeier, and R. Zipser). 
 
 On the relationship of cirrus clouds to the jet stream. Mon. Weather 
 Rev., 104, 105-106, 1976 (with J. T. Schaefer). 
 
 The use of filtered surface observations to reveal subsynoptic scale 
 dynamics. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 
 Okla., 1976. 
 
 Richard J. Doviak 
 
 Head of Advanced 
 Techniques Group 
 
 Dr. Doviak joined the National Severe Storms 
 Laboratory in October 1971 to lead the Doppler 
 Radar Project in developing a meteorological 
 Doppler radar system and to perform investigations 
 leading to improved physical and numerical models 
 of air motions within severe storm environments. 
 Currently, as Chief of the Advanced Techniques 
 Project, Dr. Doviak performs and directs studies of 
 the interaction of meteorological targets with elec- 
 tromagnetic waves, and he works with staff of other 
 NOAA elements and organizations to develop 
 remote-sensing atmospheric probes. Dr. Doviak is 
 also an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University 
 of Oklahoma and has given courses and lectures to 
 students. 
 
 Prior to Dr. Doviak's arrival at NSSL, he was 
 Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical 
 Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania where 
 
he performed research and lectured on topics 
 related to electromagnetic theory and practice. 
 From 1967 to 1971 he was Supervisor of the 
 Academic Laboratories, and from 1968 to 1971 he 
 led the development of a research facility for remote 
 sensing at the University's Valley Forge Research 
 Center. There he assembled a high power radar to 
 investigate scattering from clear air. In a cooperative 
 experiment with scientists from the Johns Hopkins 
 Applied Physics Laboratory the existence of diffuse 
 scattering regions within the clear atmosphere was 
 established. Because of the uniqueness of the 
 system they were able to resolve important sidelobe 
 contributions that had hindered previous definition 
 of atmospheric scattering structure. 
 
 From 1965 to 1967 Dr. Doviak was principal 
 investigator to develop and study the first microwave 
 spark chamber for detection of atomic particles. The 
 program led to successful design of a chamber that 
 had the isotropic properties of a bubble chamber but 
 was triggerable so that selected atomic collisional 
 events could be recorded. 
 
 Dr. Doviak has also been active in research 
 related to antennas, propagation, and studies on the 
 electromagnetic properties of materials. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Engineering (1952-1953), Fairleigh Dickinson Col- 
 lege, Rutherford, New Jersey 
 
 Electrical Engineering, B.S. (1956), Rensselaer 
 Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 
 
 Electrical Engineering, M.S. (1959), Ph.D. (1963), 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 American Geophysical Union 
 
 American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science 
 
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
 
 Tau Beta Pi (General engineering honor society) 
 
 Eta Kappa Nu (Electrical engineering society) 
 
 Sigma Xi (Research honor society) 
 
 Commissions C and F of the International Union of 
 Radio Science 
 
 Adjunct Associate Professor (1972-present), Uni- 
 versity of Oklahoma. 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 A tristimulus computer. B.S.E.E. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic 
 Institute, 1956. 
 
 Evaluation of ferrite materials for possible application on the Prince- 
 ton-Pennsylvania 3 BEV proton synchrotron. Moore School of 
 Electrical Engineering, Report No. 58-05, 1957 (with P. P. 
 Lombardini and R. F. Schwartz). 
 
 Measurement of the properties of various ferrites used in magnetically 
 tuned resonant circuits in the 2.5-4.5 mc/s region. J. Appl. Phys., 
 29(3), 395-396, 1958 (with P. P. Lombardini and R. F. Schwartz). 
 
 Crystal deterioration studies. Final Report, The Institute for 
 Cooperative Research, University of Pennsylvania, Report No. 
 ES-28-030-05, 1958. 
 
 Microwave crystal deterioration studies. Final Report, Moore School 
 of Electrical Engineering, Report 60-14, 1960. 
 
 Minimum pulse width obtainable from a magnetron. M.S. Thesis, 
 University of Pennsylvania, 1959. 
 
 Temporary and permanent deterioration of microwave silicon crystal 
 diodes. Proceedings IRE, 48, 119, 1960 (with P. P. Lombardini). 
 
 Microwave crystal deteration studies. Final Report, Moore School of 
 Electrical Engineering, Report No. 60-14, 1960. 
 
 Methods of improved measurement for electromagnetic field 
 components. Report No. 2, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 
 Report No. 62-02, 1961. 
 
 TM modes in parallelogramic waveguides. Proceedings IRE, 49(7), 
 1961 (with D. J. Lewis and P. P. Lombardini). 
 
 Study of methods of improved measurement for electromagnetic field 
 components. Final Report, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 
 Report No. 62-19, 1962. 
 
 A sensitive recording system for harmonic pattern measurements at 
 microwave frequencies. Proceedings, 7th Armour Conf. on Radio 
 Interference Reduction and Elec. Compatibility, November, 584, 1961 
 (with D. J. Lewis). 
 
 Wave treatment of ionospheric propagation. Raytheon Company, 
 Report No. BR-2238, 1962. 
 
 The study of the motion of wave packets in an inhomogeneous 
 dissipative medium. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 
 1963. 
 
 Wave treatment of ionospheric propagation. Interim Report, 
 Raytheon Company, Report No. BR-2559, 1963. 
 
 Scattering properties of electron clouds. Interim Report. Raytheon 
 Company, Report No. BR-2948, 1964. 
 
 Electromagnetic forward scattering of artificial electron clouds. 2nd 
 Interim Report, Raytheon Company, Report No. BR— 3051 , 1964. 
 
 Analyses of linear arrays focused in the Fresnelregion. Raytheon 
 Company, Report No. BR-3087, 1964 (with J. Goldhirsh and P. P. 
 Lombardini). 
 
 Wide-band scatterer for point-to-point VHF link. Raytheon Com- 
 pany, Report No. FR-65-17. 1964 (with J. Goldhirsh and P. P. 
 Lombardini). 
 
 Diagnostic measurements of the D-region using focused, ground- 
 based antennas. Raytheon Company, Report No. FR-65-258, 1965 
 (with P. P. Lombardini and J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 Analysis of linear arrays focused in the Fresnel region. Radio Sci., 
 Sec. D., No. 7, 1965 (with P. P. Lombardini and J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 Electromagnetic scattering from electron irregularities embedded in 
 an inhomogeneous electron density distribution. Raytheon Company, 
 Report No. FR-65-275, 1965 (with J. Goldhirsh and P. P. 
 Lombardini). 
 
 Isotropic microwave spark chambers for cosmic ray trace detection. 
 Raytheon Company, Report No. FR-66-146, 1966 (with P. P. 
 Lombardini and J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 Centimetric and millimetric wave spectroscopy of planetary at- 
 mospheres from orbital pairs. Raytheon Company, Report No. 
 FR-66-242, 1966 (with J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 A note on the microwave spark chamber. Nuclear Instruments and 
 Methods, 48, 344, 1967 (with P. P. Lombardini and J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 39 
 
40 
 
 A note on the threshold electric fields for microwave spark chambers. 
 Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 54, 161, 1967 (with P. P. 
 Lombardini and J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 Radiation of short dipoles in the near zone of conduction cylinders. 
 Symposium on Aviation Electronics, March 7, 1968 (with J. 
 Goldhirsh, D. Knepp, and J. T. Lee). 
 
 Early warning of solar flares by observations of the sun disk at 
 millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Raytheon Company, 
 Report No. R68-4165, 1968 (with P. P. Lombardini and J. 
 Goldhirsh). 
 
 Studies on the degradation of the omnidirectivity of antennas mounted 
 near helicopter members. Tech. Symposium on Navigation and Posi- 
 tioning, ECOM, September 25, 1969 (with R. Unks, J. Goldhirsh and 
 J. T. Lee). 
 
 Radiation pattern characteristics of a dipole near a thick conducting 
 cylinder of resonant length. Tech. Symposium on Navigation and 
 Positioning, ECOM, September 25, 1969 (with J. Goldhirsh). 
 
 Radiation from a dipole near a conduction cylinder of finite length. 
 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., EMC-12(3), 96, 1970 (with J. 
 Goldhirsh and D. Knepp). 
 
 Radiation from a short dipole or monopole near a thick conducting 
 cylinder of resonant length. IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., 
 AP-19(2), 279, 1971 (with J. Goldhirsh and D. Knepp). 
 
 Identification of layered and diffuse scattering regions using a bistatic 
 radar probe. 971 USNC/URSI— IEEE Spring Meeting, Washington, 
 D.C., April, 1971 (with J. Goldhirsh and A. R. Miller). 
 
 Time resolution of troposphere layers with the Valley Forge-Wallops 
 Island forward scatter probe. IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., 
 714-716, 1971 (J. Goldhirsh and A. R. Miller). 
 
 Comparison of bistatic and monostatic radar detection of clear air 
 atmospheric targets. AIAA 10th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San 
 Diego, Calif., Paper No. 72-175, January 19, 1972. 
 
 Bistatic radar detection of the melting layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 2(6), 
 1012-1016, 1972 (with C. M. Weil). 
 
 Bistatic radar detection of high altitude clear air atmospheric targets. 
 Radio Sci., 7(11), 993-1003, 1972 (with J. Goldhirsh and A. R. 
 Miller). 
 
 Doppler radar with polarization diversity. J. Atmos. Sci., 30(4), 
 737-738, 1973 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Pulsed-Doppler velocity isotach displays of storm winds in real time. 
 J. Appl. Meteor., 12(4), 694-697, 1973 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Meteorological radar signal intensity estimation. NOAATech. Memo. 
 ERL NSSL-64, Norman, Okla., 1973 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Doppler velocity and reflectivity structure observed within a tornadic 
 storm. J. de Rech. Atmos., 3(1-2), 235-243, 1974 (with D. W. 
 Burgess, L. R. Lemon and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Real time Doppler isotach and reflectivity signature of a tornado 
 cyclone. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 55(9), 1126-1127, 1974 (with D. 
 Sirmans, D. W. Burgess and L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Velocity spectra of vortices scanned with a pulsed Doppler radar. J. 
 Appl. Meteor., 14(8), 1531-1539, 1975 (with D. Zrnic). 
 
 Time, angle, and range sampling with weather radar. Proceedings, 
 16th Weather Radar Conf., Houston, Amer. Meteor. Soc, April, 
 156-162, 1975 (with P. S. Ray, D. Zrnic, and G. B. Walker). 
 
 Dual-Doppler observation of a tornadic storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 
 14(8), 1521-1530, 1975 (with R. S. Ray, G. B. Walker, D. Sirmans, 
 J. Carter and W. C. Bumgarner). 
 
 Satellite borne Doppler radar measurement of atmospheric motion. 
 NASA SP-376 Active Microwave Workshop Report, Lyndon B. 
 Johnson Space Center, Houston, 318-335, 1975 (with R. Lhermitte, 
 H. Groginsky and R. Weiss). 
 
 Tornado probing with a pulse-Doppler radar. Proceedings, Symposi- 
 um on Tornadoes: Assessment of Knowledge and Implications for 
 Man, June 22-24, Lubbock, Texas, 1976 (with D. Zrnic). 
 
 Error estimation in wind fields derived from dual-Doppler radar 
 measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 15(8), 868-878, 1976 (with P. S. 
 Ray, R. Strauch, and J. Miller). 
 
 Effective antenna pattern of scanning radars. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. and 
 Electron. Syst., AES-12 (5), 551-556, 1976 (with D. Zrnic). 
 
 R. Craig Goff 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Mr. Goff joined NSSL in July 1970. He provided 
 technical meteorological supervision of the 461-m 
 KTVY tower north of Oklahoma City, first instrument- 
 ed for meteorological measurements in 1965. 
 Objectives of the tower program center on better 
 understanding of the planetary boundary layer 
 interaction with severe local storms, including the 
 dynamics, thermodynamics, and energetics of the 
 boundary layer and their influence upon convective 
 development. 
 
 Mr. Goff came to NSSL after receiving a 
 Master's Degree in meteorology at Pennsylvania 
 State University. His thesis examined dissipation of 
 turbulent energy in the surface boundary layer using 
 data from the Cape Kennedy, Florida, 150-m 
 meteorological tower. 
 
 In 1972-1973, Mr. Goff took a one-year leave- 
 of-absence from NSSL upon award of a NOAA 
 Fellowship, and he received additional graduate 
 training at the University of Oklahoma. 
 
 Important contributions by Mr. Goff include (a) 
 climatological investigation of the planetary boundary 
 layer, and (b) kinematical and dynamical study of 
 the cold-air outflow from thunderstorms. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Liberal Arts, B.A. (1968), Minot State College, North 
 Dakota 
 
 Meteorology, M.S. (1970), Pennsylvania State Uni- 
 versity 
 
 Additional meteorological graduate work toward 
 Ph.D., University of Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliation 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 The thermal structure of the lowest half kilometer in central Oklahoma: 
 December 9, 1966-May 31, 1967. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-58, Norman, Okla., 53 pp., 1972 (with H. R. Hudson). 
 
 Low-frequency temperature spectra from a 444 meter tower. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 31, 1164-1166, 1974 (with C. E. Duchon). 
 
 The NSSL/WKY-TV tower data collection program: April-July, 
 1972. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-68, Norman, Okla., 45 pp., 
 1974 (with W. D. Zittel). 
 
 Thunderstorm outflow kinematics and dynamics. N00A Tech. 
 Memo. ERL NSSL-75, Norman, Okla., 63 pp., 1975. 
 
Some observations of thunderstorm induced low-level wind varia- 
 tions. Proceedings, Amer. Inst, of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 
 Ninth Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conf., San Diege. Calif., 8 pp., 
 1976. 
 
 Kathryn C. Gray 
 
 Manager, Computer and 
 Data Processing 
 
 Mrs. Gray has managed NSSL's computer and 
 data processing functions since 1964. Her early 
 contributions included programming, data reduc- 
 tion, and arrangements for computer time at 
 government facilities on the east and south U. S. 
 coasts. Excess computers were used to establish 
 "stop-gap" in-house computing facility, while feas- 
 ibility studies provided for acquisiton of the excellent 
 computing systems which presently serve the 
 Laboratory. 
 
 From September 1975 through January 1976, 
 Mrs. Gray was Acting DIRECTOR OF NSSL, 
 managing administrative activities during the Direc- 
 tor's absence. Mrs. Gray continues to serve in a 
 central role at NSSL with respect to implementation 
 and administration of policies; she manages our 
 Computing and Data Processing Group, and she 
 oversees dissemination of NSSL data to those 
 requesting it for research from many places in the 
 United States and overseas. 
 
 Earlier assignments with the U. S. Weather 
 Bureau included pilot briefing, observing, rawin- 
 sonde, communications, and radar operations in 
 Houston, Texas; Denver, Colorado; and Kansas City, 
 Missouri. As archivist for the National Severe Storms 
 Project in Kansas City, Mrs. Gray was responsible for 
 research records and quality control procedures. 
 
 Other government positions involved unit ac- 
 counting programming for Veterans Administration 
 and Department of Defense, and commodity man- 
 agement (grain storage, preparation, and foreign 
 shipments) for Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Education 
 
 Chemistry and Mathematics, B.A. (1947), Ottawa 
 
 University and University of Houston 
 Law, LLB (1961), University of Colorado, Denver 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Member, Executive Board of the Systems 
 Engineering Laboratories Computer User's Group. 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Weather radar data system at the National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 Preprints, 5th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, Missouri, 
 Oct. 19-20, 14-23, 1967 (with K. Wilk, D. Sirmans, W. Watts. R. 
 Lhermitte, and E. Kessler). 
 
 Toward a quantitative radar echo climatology. Proceedings, 13th 
 Radar Meteor. Conf., McGill University, Montreal, August, 280-285, 
 1968 (with E. Kessler, and J. T. Dooley). 
 
 Processing and analysis techniques used with the NSSL weather radar 
 system. Proceedings, 14th Radar Meteor. Conf., Tucson, Arizona, 
 Nov. 17-20, 369-374, 1970 (with K. Wilk). 
 
 Objectives and accomplishments of the NSSL 1975 spring program. 
 Part 1: Observational program. NOAATech. Memo. ERL NSSL-78, 
 60 pp., 1976 (with K. Wilk and C. Clark). 
 
 Carl E. Hane 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Dr. Hane joined NSSL in June 1976. His long 
 range objectives involve combining modeling and 
 observing in studies of deep moist convection 
 systems, including their interaction with their larger 
 scale environments. 
 
 From 1973 to 1976 Dr. Hane was employed in 
 the Atmospheric Sciences Department of Batelle- 
 Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington. At 
 Battelle he applied cloud models to precipitation 
 scavenging problems. He studied redistribution of a 
 pollutant plume by a thunderstorm circulation, to 
 predict pollutant concentrations at various locations 
 on the ground in the thunderstorm rainfall. In 
 addition he was involved in (1) field experiment on 
 precipitation scavenging by thunderstorms, within 
 project METROMEX, (2) precipitation scavenging in 
 frontal storms as a co-leader of field experiments, (3) 
 application of a one-dimensional cloud model to 
 cooling tower plumes, and (4) application of a two- 
 dimensional cloud model to heat release from 
 proposed energy centers (parks). 
 
 Dr. Hane's professional experience began in 
 1963 with appointment as a Weather Bureau 
 Student Trainee. During three-month periods 
 (summer) 1963-64, he worked at the Weather 
 Bureau Office, Topeka, Kansas, and in 1965-66 
 with the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, 
 Kansas City, Missouri. Upon graduation from Florida 
 State University in 1972 he was awarded a 
 postdoctoral appointment for one year at the 
 National Center for Atmospheric Research. There 
 he continued working with a two-dimensional time- 
 dependent convective cloud model formulated at 
 
 41 
 
42 
 
 Florida State during his dissertation research. He 
 applied the model to warm-season convection over 
 the southeastern United States and to the calcula- 
 tion of dropsonde trajectories in connection with the 
 National Hail Research Experiment. 
 
 Dr. Hane attended public schools in Leaven- 
 worth, Kansas, graduating in 1961 when he was 
 valedictorian of his high school class. Award of a 
 NASA traineeship at Florida State University in 1966 
 facilitated his graduate studies in meteorology. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics, B.A. (1966), Meteorology, B.S. 
 
 (1966), University of Kansas, Lawrence 
 Meteorology, M.S. (1968), Ph.D. (1972), Florida 
 
 State University, Tallahassee 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 Phi Kappa Phi 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Squall line maintenance: preliminary numerical investigations. 
 Report No. 70-6, Prepared under Grant E 22-15-70 (G) with ESSA, 
 13 pp., 1970. 
 
 Squall line structure and maintenance: numerical experimentation. 
 Report No. 72-5, Prepared under Grant E 22-19-71 (G) and E 
 22-58-69 (G) with NOAA, 190 pp., 1972. 
 
 A numerical model of the Great Plains squall line thunderstorm. 
 Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, Colo., 
 October 15-17, 257-264, October, 1973. 
 
 The squall line thunderstorm: numerical experimentation. J. Atmos. 
 Sci., 30, 1672-1690, 1973. 
 
 Convective storm modeling and its possible application to precipita- 
 tion scavenging problems. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual 
 Report for 1973 to the USAEC Division of Biomedical and 
 Environmental Research, 143-146, 1974. 
 
 Precipitation scavenging of inorganic pollutants from metropolitan 
 sources. Report to the Office of Research and Development, U. S. 
 Environmental Protection Agency, 136 pp., 1974 (with M.T. Dana, J. 
 M. Hales, and J. M. Thorp). 
 
 Precipitation scavenging in a squall line: numerical experimentation. 
 Precipitation Scavenging — 1974, R. W. Beadle and R. G. Semonin 
 (Coords.), AEC Symposium Series, Champaign, III., 1974. 
 
 Atmospheric effects of circular mechanical draft cooling towers at 
 Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Plant 
 Number Two. Report to Burns and Roe, Inc., 38 pp., 1975 (with 
 J. G. Droppo and R. K. Woodruff). 
 
 The trajectories of dropsondes in simulated thunderstorm circula- 
 tions. Mon. Weather Rev., 103, 709-716, 1975. 
 
 Dropsonde trajectories in simulated thunderstorm circulations. 
 Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, Okla., 
 October, 1975. 
 
 Precipitation scavenging field experiments in March 1975 on the 
 Olympic Peninsula. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 
 1975 to the USERDA-DBER, 147-150, 1976 (with J. A. Young). 
 
 Design for in-cloud scavenging experiments on the Olympic 
 Peninsula. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1975 to 
 the USERDA-DBER, 151-155, 1976 (with J. A. Young). 
 
 A review of moist mesoscale models with possible applicability to 
 precipitation scavenging. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual 
 Report for 1975 to the USERDA-DBER, 156-159, 1976. 
 
 Scavenging of urban pollutants by thunderstorm rainfall: numerical 
 experimentation. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 
 1975 to the USERDA-DBER, 172-178, 1976. 
 
 Preparation of hourly maps of gridded precipitation data for use in 
 precipitation scavenging calculations. Pacific Northwest Laboratory 
 Annual Report for 1975 to the USERDA-DBER, 229-232, 1976 (with 
 L. L. Wendell). 
 
 Larry Hennington 
 
 Electronic Engineer 
 
 From 1971 to the present, Mr. Hennington has 
 been a computer specialist for NSSL. He has 
 developed and maintained hardware and software 
 for a minicomputer real-time data processing and 
 display system interfaced to one of NSSL's Doppler 
 radars. Prior to 1970 he was employed in several 
 technical support positions such as Field Engineer- 
 ing Representative (General Electric/Honeywell) and 
 Electronic Technician (U. S. Navy). 
 
 Mr. Hennington's achievements include design 
 and implementation of the multimoment Doppler 
 display which is used to detect mesocyclones and 
 tornado vortex signatures easily in real time. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Electrical Engineering, B.S. (1975), University of 
 
 Oklahoma, Norman 
 Graduate studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Simulated real time displays of Doppler radar velocity fields. NOAA 
 Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-60, Norman, Okla., 1972 (with G. Walker). 
 
 Multimoment Doppler display for severe storm identification. 
 Accepted by J. Appl. Meteor., 1976 (with D. Burgess, P. S. Ray, and 
 R. J. Doviak). 
 
 Measurements of winds in the optically clear air with microwave 
 pulse-Doppler radar. Preprints, 17th Radar Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 October 26-29, 1976 (with R.J. Doviak, D. Sirmans, D. Zrnic, and R. 
 G. Strauch). 
 
 Estimates of power scattered from distributed targets for a practical 
 logarithmic detector. Preprints, 17th Radar Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 October 26-29, 1976 (with G. B. Walker and D. Sirmans). 
 
Edwin Kessler 
 
 Director 
 
 Dr. Kessler has been Director of NSSL since the 
 Laboratory was organized in 1964. In cooperation 
 with other groups, the Laboratory seeks understand- 
 ing of tornadoes, squall lines, thunderstorms, and 
 related local storms and rain; develops and applies 
 methods for their observation and prediction; and 
 examines possibilities for their beneficial modifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Before joining NSSL, Dr. Kessler was Director of 
 the Atmospheric Physics Division in the Travelers 
 Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut. There he 
 developed a theory of associations among distribu- 
 tions of water vapor, cloud and precipitation, 
 microphysical processes, and the wind field, and 
 authored specifications for computer programs to 
 assemble and analyze patterns of radar-weather 
 data. 
 
 From 1954 to 1961, Dr. Kessler worked at the 
 Weather Radar Branch, Air Force Cambridge 
 Research Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts, 
 where he was Chief of the Synoptic Meteorology 
 Section. In this post, he studied interpretation of 
 weather-radar data in terms of atmospheric fields of 
 motion, water content, and temperature, and the 
 data's application to weather forecasting. He 
 invented an instrument to facilitate accurate meas- 
 urement of radar-reflectivity distributions. Dr. Kess- 
 ler also monitored the GRD contractual program in 
 radar-synoptic meteorology. 
 
 Dr. Kessler's most important contributions 
 include (1) development of a theory for the 
 distribution of water substance in atmospheric 
 circulations; (2) development of improved tech- 
 niques for acquiring, processing, and applying 
 weather radar data; and (3) management of the 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory from 1964 to the 
 present time. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 :1950), 
 
 General Science and Mathematics, A.B. 
 Columbia College, New York City 
 
 Meteorology, S.M. (1952), Sc.D. (1957), Mass- 
 achusetts Institute of Technology 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society: 
 Fellow of the Society; past president, Greater 
 Boston Branch; National Councilor, 1966-1969; 
 Certified Consulting Meteorologist; past Member 
 of Committee on Severe Local Storms; past 
 
 Chairman of Committee on Weather Radar; 
 
 Associate Editor, Journal of Applied Meteorology 
 Royal Meteorological Society 
 Sigma Xi 
 
 American Geophysical Union 
 American Association for the Advancement of 
 
 Science, Fellow 
 Weather Modification Association 
 Executive Committee, Oklahoma University Re- 
 search Institute 
 Commission F of the International Union of Radio 
 
 Science 
 Adjunct Professor, University of Oklahoma, 1964- 
 
 present 
 Visiting Professor, Massachusetts Institute of 
 
 Technology, Sept. 1975-Feb. 1976 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Curvature corrections for radiowind reports. Bull. Amer. Meteor. 
 Soc, 35(7), 328-330, 1954. 
 
 On the relation between the received signal level of the Homdel-Round 
 Hill circuit and certain meteorological parameters. Rept. , Dept. of 
 Meteor., M.I.T., to Lincoln Laboratory, 16 pp., 1954. 
 
 A test of the application of vorticity charts. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 
 36(6), 251-255, 1955 (with F. Sanders). 
 
 Radar synoptic analysis of Hurricane Edna, 1954. Geophys. Res. 
 Paper 50, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, 1956 (with D. Atlas). 
 
 A model atmosphere for widespread precipitation. Aeronaut. Eng. 
 Rev., 16(2), 69-75, 1957 (with D. Atlas). 
 
 Reflectivities from unmodified radar displays. Proceedings, 6th 
 Weather Radar Conf., Cambridge, March 26-28, 1975, Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 315-320. 
 
 Outer precipitation bands of hurricanes Edna and lone. Bull. Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 38(6), 335-346, 1957. 
 
 Radar-synoptic analysis of an intense winter storm. Geophy. Res. 
 Paper 56, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, 1957. 
 
 Eye region of Hurricane Edna, 1954. J. Meteor., 15(3), 264-270, 
 1958. 
 
 Fields of motion and temperature in hurricanes as revealed by radar. 
 Proceedings, Tech. Conf. on Hurricanes, Amer. Meteor. Soc: and 
 Proceedings, 7th Weather Radar Conf., Amer. Meteor. Soc, 1958. 
 
 The PAR-Scope, an oscilloscope display for weather radars. IRE 
 Trans. Aeronaut, and Navigational Electron., ANE-6(1), 31-36, 
 1959. 
 
 Model precipitation distributions. Aero/Space Eng., 18(12), 36-40, 
 1959 (with D. Atlas). 
 
 Kinematical relations between wind and precipitation distributions. J. 
 Meteor., 16(6), 630-637, 1959. 
 
 Observations of a cold front, October 1 , 1958. Bull. Amer. Meteor. 
 Soc, 41(5), 253-257, 1960 (with R. Wexler). 
 
 Application of radar to the study of hurricanes. Proceedings, 2nd 
 Tech. Conf. on Hurricanes, National Hurricane Research Project, 
 Miami, Fla., 1961. 
 
 Kinematical relations between wind and water distributions, II. J. 
 Meteor., 18(4), 510-525, 1961. 
 
 43 
 
44 
 
 Appraisal of the use of radar in observation and forecasting. 
 Proceedings , Ninth Weather Radar Conf . , 1 961 , Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 
 23 pp. 
 
 Report concerning test flight with APS-20E radar and its suggested 
 uses for hurricane and thunderstorm reconnaissance. Report to U. S. 
 Weather Bureau under Contract Cwb-10041, 15 pp., 1962. 
 
 Elementary theory of associations between atmospheric motions and 
 distributions of water content. Mon. Wea. Rev., 91(1), 13-28, 1963. 
 
 Relationships between tropical precipitation and kinematic cloud 
 models. Presented at 43rd Annual Meeting of Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 1963; Reports No. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 on Dept. of the Army Contract 
 DA36-039 SC 89099, 15 pp., 1963 (with P. Feteris and Newbury). 
 
 Use of radar summary maps for weather analysis and forecasting. J. 
 Appl. Meteor., 2(1), 1-11, 1963 (with J. W. Wilson). 
 
 Note on the range normalization of digitized radar data. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 2(1), 178-180, 1963. 
 
 Statistical properties of weather radar echoes. Proceedings, 10th 
 Weather Radar Conf., April, 9 pp., 1963 (with J. A. Russo). 
 
 Program for the assembly and display of radar-echo distributions. J. 
 Appl. Meteor., 2(5), 582-593, 1963 (with J. A. Russo). 
 
 An experimental Doppler radar for severe storm investigations. 
 Proceedings, 1964 World Conf. on Radio Meteor., incorporated with 
 11th Weather Radar Conf., Amer. Meteor. Soc, Boston, 1964, 
 304-309 (with R. M. Lhermitte). 
 
 On membership structure. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 45(5), 279, 
 1964. 
 
 Purposes and programs of the National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 Report No. 23 of the NSSP-NSSL series, 17 pp.; Also Trans. AGU, 
 46(2), 389-397, 1965. 
 
 Weather detection by ARSR-ID, ASR-4, and WSR-57 radars: a 
 comparative study. NSSL Tech. Memo. No. 1, Norman, Oklahoma, 
 33 pp., 1965 (with K. E. Wilk and J. T. Dooley). 
 
 Sferics reception at 500 Kc/sec, radar echoes and severe weather. 
 Final Report to FAA under interagency agreement FA64-WAI76, 43 
 pp.; Also National Severe Storms Laboratory Report No. 24, 39-71 , 
 1965 (with N. B. Ward and C. H. Meeks). 
 
 A weather radar signal integrator. Proceedings, International Conf. on 
 Cloud Physics, Tokyo and Sapporo, 302-308; also NOAA Tech. 
 Memo. ERL NSSL-2, Norman, Oklahoma, 1965 (with R. M. Lhermitte). 
 
 Microphysical parameters in relation to tropical cloud and precipita- 
 tion distributions and their modification. Third Conf. on Tropical 
 Meteorology and Hurricanes, Mexico City, June 6-12, 1963. 
 
 Associations between aircraft measurements of turbulence and 
 weather radar measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 46(8), 
 443-447, 1965; Also 45th Annual AGU Meeting, April 23, 10 pp., 
 1964 (with J. T. Lee and K. Wilk). 
 
 A storm's incalculable energy. Natural History, 75(4), 6 pp., 1966. 
 
 Lightning discharge and precipitation. Q.J.R. Meteor. Soc, 
 921392), 308-310, 1966. 
 
 Measurements by aircraft of condensed water in Great Plains 
 thunderstorms. Report No. 1 9 of the former National Severe Storms 
 Project, 17 pp., 1966 (with G. P. Roys). 
 
 Radar measurements for the assessment of areal rainfall: Review and 
 outlook. Water Resources Res., 2(3), 413-425, 1966; also 
 presented at the 17th Session of the WMO Executive Committee, 
 Geneva, 1965. 
 
 Distribution with height of the radar echo coverage and its 
 meteorological significance. Proceedings, 12th Conf. on Radar 
 Meteorology, 52-56, 1966. 
 
 Community preparedness in a place of high tornado frequency. 
 Proceedings, 12th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, 35-36, 1966. 
 
 Estimation of the average intensity of precipitation targets. 
 Proceedings, 12th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, 5-9, 1966 (with R. 
 M. Lhermitte). 
 
 Computer program for calculating average lengths of weather radar 
 echoes and pattern handedness. J. Atmos. Sci., 23(5), 569-574, 
 1966; also ESSA Tech. Note 3-NSSL-24, 99-110, 1965. 
 
 On the continuity of water substance. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-33, ESSA, Boulder, Colo., 125 pp., 1967. 
 
 Weather radar data system at the National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 Proceedings, Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, October 19, 
 1967; also Tech. Circular No. 4, NSSL, 1967 (with K. Wilk, W. Watts, 
 D. Sirmans, R. Lhermitte and K. Gray). 
 
 Aerial cloud photography as a technique for observing cloud growth 
 and development. Proceedings, 1st National Conf. on Weather 
 Modification, Albany, April, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 343-349, 1968 
 (with J. T. Lee). 
 
 Evaluation of meteorological situation near Dawson, Texas, 3 May 
 1968. 24 pp., 1968 (with Staff of NSSL, ESSA). 
 
 Radar measurement of precipitation for hydrological purposes. 
 Report No. 5, of the WMO series on the International Hydrological 
 Decade, World Meteor. Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1968 
 (with K. E. Wilk). 
 
 Toward a quantitative radar echo climatology. Proceedings, 13th 
 Radar Meteor. Conf., Montreal, August 20-23, 1968, 280-285 (with 
 K. Gray and J. T. Dooley). 
 
 Remarks on the study of precipitation formation. Proceedings, 
 International Conf. on Cloud Physics, Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 336-339, 
 1968. 
 
 Growth by accretion in relation to hydrometeor starting height, cloud 
 density, and vertical air velocity. Proceedings, International Conf. on 
 Cloud Physics, Toronto, August 26-30, 464-471, 1968 (with E. A. 
 Newburg and J. Silver). 
 
 On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric 
 circulations. Meteorological Monographs, 10(32), 84 pp., 1969. 
 
 Thunderstorms over Oklahoma— 22 June 1969. Weatherwise, 23(2), 
 56-69, 1970. 
 
 Tornadoes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 51(10), 926-936, 1970. 
 
 Quantitative radar measurements of precipitation. Meteor. Mono- 
 graphs, 11(33), 315-329, 1970 (with K. E. Wilk). 
 
 Uncertainty of quantized estimates of radar echo intensity. Preprints, 
 14th Radar Meteor. Conf., Tucson, November 14-20, 381-382, 1970 
 (with D. Sirmans). 
 
 Radar in an automated national weather system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. 
 Soc, 52(11), 1062-1069, 1971 (with J. W. Wilson). 
 
 Model of precipitation and vertical air currents. NOAA Tech. Memo. 
 ERLNSSL-54, Norman, Okla.,93pp., 1971 (with W. C. Bumgarner). 
 
 Storm detection. In McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Tech. , 
 13, 180-183, 1971. 
 
 On tornadoes and their modification. Technology Review, 74(6), 11 
 pp., 1972. 
 
 Seedability in relation to environmental parameters and the horizontal 
 dimension of convective events. Preprints, Third Conf. on Weather 
 Modification, Rapid City, June 26-29, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 195-198, 
 1972. 
 
 High level stratocumulus. Weather, 27(10), 433, 1972. 
 
 On interpretation of data from meteorological Doppler radars. 
 Preprints, 15th Radar Meteor. Conf., Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, 
 October 10-12, 231-232, 1972. 
 
 On the artificial increase of precipitation. Weather 28(5), 188-194, 
 1973; also a version presented November 9, 1972, Symposium on 
 Weather Modification, Oklahoma Disaster Preparedness Conf., 
 Oklahoma City. 
 
 Radar for rainfall monitoring. Presented at AAAS National meeting, 
 San Francisco. February 27, 11 pp., 1974 (with K. E. Wilk). 
 
 Survey of boundary layer winds with special reference to extreme 
 values. AIAA Paper No. 74-586, 7th Fluid and Plasma Dynamics 
 Conf., Palo Alto, June 17-19, 19 pp., 1974. 
 
Tornadoes. Weather and Climate Modification , edited by W. N. Hess, 
 John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974, 552-595 (with R. P. Davies- 
 Jones). 
 
 Weather modification and severe local storms. Proceedings, 
 Semicentennial Observance of Texas Tech Univ., October 15, 12 pp. , 
 1974. 
 
 Model of precipitation and vertical air currents. Tellus, 26(5), 
 519-542, 1974. 
 
 Some applications of weather radar to problems of energy production. 
 Remote Sensing, Energy Related Studies, edited by T. Nejat 
 Veziroglu, Halsted Press (John Wiley & Sons), New York, 103-112, 
 1975. 
 
 Condensate content in relation to sloping updraft parameters. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 32(2), 443-444, 1975. 
 
 Soaring vultures use a dust devil to gain altitude. The Wilson Bulletin, 
 87(1), 113-114, 1975. 
 
 Development of Beekeeping Ordinance in Norman, Oklahoma. 
 Gleanings in Bee Culture, 103(8), 268-269, 1975. 
 
 On the condensed water mass in rising air. Pure and Appl. Geophys., 
 Special Issue: Cloud dynamics, Edited by Hans R. Pruppacher, 
 113(5/6), 971-981, 1975. Abbreviated version in Preprints, Ninth 
 Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, October 21-23, 1975, AMS, 
 199-202. 
 
 Tornadoforum. Letter in Nature, 260(5550), 457, 1976. (Response 
 to article by Isaacs et al.) 
 
 Weather modification and severe local storms. Proceedings. Sym- 
 posium on Frontiers of the Semi-Arid World, Lubbock, Texas, Oc- 
 tober 14-18, 1974, Vol. 2 (Weather Modification Research Studies, 
 Texas Tech V.) 65-77. 
 
 Normalized indices of destruction and deaths by tornadoes. NOAA 
 Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-77, 47 pp., 1976 (with J. T. Lee). 
 
 Jean T. Lee 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Mr. Lee has been with NSSL since it was 
 organized in 1964. His research on storm hazards to 
 aviation has involved participation by NASA, FAA, 
 and USAF, and has provided substantial contribu- 
 tions to the safety and economy of flight. An FAA 
 circular on thunderstorm flying based largely on the 
 NSSL research is a definitive guide to aviation 
 everywhere. During the early years at NSSL, Mr. Lee 
 doubled as Administrative Officer, and by virtue of 
 his substantial experience and good judgment he 
 has always had important responsibilities for coordi- 
 nation of programs with other agencies. 
 
 From 1959 through 1964, Mr. Lee was a 
 research meteorologist with the U.S. Weather 
 Bureau's National Severe Storms Project, the 
 forerunner of NSSL. From 1954 to 1959 Mr, Lee was 
 a severe local storms forecaster responsible for 
 tornado and severe storm forecasts in the continen- 
 tal U.S. Between 1950 and 1954 he was an 
 Educational Specialist in the Weather Bureau central 
 office. During this time he developed a pilot briefer 
 course and revised a book, Meteorology for Pilots. 
 
 Mr. Lee first entered civilian government service 
 in 1947 as an Aviation Forecaster at Jacksonville, 
 
 Florida. Previously he had taught mathematics and 
 physics at the University of Southern Mississippi; his 
 military service was as a station weather officer in the 
 continental United States and in the South Pacific. 
 In 1958, Mr. Lee received a Department of 
 Commerce silver medal group award for contribu- 
 tions to advancement of severe storm prediction. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Physics, Math, and Secondary Education (1940- 
 
 43), University of Wisconsin 
 Meteorology, B.S. (1944), M.S. (1962), University of 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 A short course in meteorology for observer-briefers. U.S.W.B. 
 Training Paper, 1951. 
 
 Training course for piiot briefers. U.S.W.B., 1952 (with T. Tule and 
 C. Reber). 
 
 Pilot's weather handbook. CAA Tech. Manual No. 104, 143 pp., 
 1954, 2nd ed., 1955 (with C. Reber). 
 
 Tornadoes of February 1, 1955. Mon. Weather Rev., 83(2), 45-51, 
 1955. 
 
 Preliminary report on the relationship between the jet at the 200 mb 
 level and tornado occurrence. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 37(7), 
 327-332, 1956 (with J. Galway). 
 
 Forecasting tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. U.S.W.B. Fore- 
 casting guide No. 1, 34 pp., 1965 (with SELS Staff). 
 
 The jet chart. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc , 39(4), 217-223, 1958 (with 
 J. Galway). 
 
 Tornadoes in the United States, 1950-1956. Mon. Wea. Rev., 86, 
 219-228, 1958 
 
 The synoptic situation — the tornadoes at Dallas, Texas, April 2, 1957. 
 U.S.W.B. Research Paper No. 41, 114-143, 1960. 
 
 A case study of extreme turbulence possibilities based on 
 considerations of buoyancy and horizontal divergence. Bull. Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 42(3), 175-185, 1961 (with D. C. House). 
 
 The tornado research airplane project 1958-1959. Bull. Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 42(4), 231-238, 1961 (with C. L. David). 
 
 Squall line structure and development as depicted by horizontal 
 traverses by the tornado research aircraft. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 
 42(9), 595-602, 1961 (with C. L. David). 
 
 A summary of field operations and data collection by the National 
 Severe Storms Project in spring 1961. NSSP Report No. 5, 47 pp., 
 1961. 
 
 A plan for research on mesoscale severe storms. Univ. of Chicago, 
 M.S. Thesis, 47 pp., 1962. 
 
 Thunderstorm turbulence measurements by aircraft and concurrent 
 radar echo evaluations. Unit I of Final Report, Severe Storms 
 Detection and Circumnavigation, FAA Contract ARDS-A-176, 1-56, 
 1963. 
 
 NSSP Final Report on NASA Project No. Ft-55, 65 pp.. 1963. 
 
 45 
 
46 
 
 Environmental and thunderstorm structures as shown by National 
 Severe Storms Project observations in spring 1960 and 1961. Mon. 
 Wea. Rev., 9(6), 271-292, 1963 (with NSSP Staff). 
 
 Field operations of the National Severe Storms Project in spring 1 963 . 
 NSSP Report No. 20, 68 pp., 1964 (with L. D. Sanders). 
 
 Associations between aircraft measurements of turbulence and 
 weather radar measurements. 45th Annual Meeting AGU-AMS, April 
 23, 10 pp., 1964 (with E. Kessler and K. Wilk). 
 
 Thunderstorm turbulence and radar echo relationships; 1964 Data 
 Studies. Proceedings, Fifth Annual National Conf. on Environmental 
 Effects on Aircraft and Propulsion Systems, September 1965. 
 
 F— 100 observations of thunderstorm turbulence between 20,000- 
 40,000 feet. Proceedings, Sixth Annual National Conf. on Environ- 
 mental Effects on Aircraft and Propulsion Systems, September 1966. 
 
 Associations between atmospheric turbulence and radar echoes in 
 Oklahoma. Proceedings, Twelfth Conf. on Radar Meteor., October 
 1966. 
 
 Thunderstorm circulations and turbulences from aircraft and radar 
 data. ESSATech. Memo. IERTM-NSSL-32, 1967. 
 
 Aerial cloud photography as a technique for observing cloud growth 
 and development. Proceedings, First National Conf. on Weather 
 Modification, Albany, New York, April 1968 (with E. Kessler). 
 
 Thunderstorm turbulence and its relationship to weather radar 
 echoes. AIM J. Aircraft, 6(5), 438-445, 1969 (with J. Burnham). 
 
 Thunderstorm turbulence. Proceedings, Symposium on Turbulence, 
 Washington, D.C., March, 10 pp., 1971. 
 
 Comparison of thunderstorms over Oklahoma and Malaysia based on 
 aircraft measurements. Proceedings, International Conf. on At- 
 mospheric Turbulence, London, England, May, 13pp., 1971 (with A. 
 McPherson). 
 
 Aerial survey of tornado producing thunderstorms. Proceedings, 
 Seventh Conf. on Severe Storms, Kansas City, Missouri, October, 
 49-53, 1971. 
 
 Thunderstorm turbulence and drafts. Proceedings, Int. Conf. on 
 Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteor., Amer. Meteor. Soc, AIAA, 
 WMO, and ICAO, Washington, D.C., May, 276-280, 1972. 
 
 Application of Doppler weather radar to turbulence measurements 
 that affect aircraft. FAA Report RD-74-97, 24 pp., 1974. 
 
 Thunderstorm turbulence — concurrent Doppler radar aircraft obser- 
 vations, 1973. Proceedings, Sixth Conf. on Aerospace and 
 Aeronautical Meteor., El Paso, Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 November, 295-298, 1974. 
 
 Plan shear indicator and aircraft measurements of thunderstorm 
 turbulence: experimental results. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. 
 Conf., Houston, Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc, April 22-24, 337-340, 
 1975 (with M. Kraus). 
 
 Mesoscale cloud features observed from skylab. NASA Report TMS 
 58142, Chapter 18, 1975 (with D. Pitts and Y. Sasaki). 
 
 Normalized indices of destruction and death by tornadoes. NOAA 
 Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-77, Norman, Oklahoma, 1976 (with E. 
 Kessler). 
 
 Leslie R. Lemon 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 From February 1973 to March 1976 Mr. Lemon 
 was employed at NSSL; at the beginning he was a 
 Lieutenant in the NOAA Commissioned Corps. Mr. 
 Lemon worked extensively with conventional and 
 Doppler radar data to produce diagnostic models to 
 
 explain severe convective storm structure and 
 processes. 
 
 Before joining NSSL in 1973, Mr. Lemon served 
 in the NOAA Corps aboard the ship Researcher. His 
 primary duties were supervising weather observing 
 and transmission duties, training personnel in 
 weather observing, and providing meteorological 
 forecasts for the ship's working areas. 
 
 From 1968 through March 1970, Mr. Lemon 
 was a physical science aid and meteorological 
 technician at NSSL while a student at the University 
 of Oklahoma. 
 
 Mr. Lemon's most important contributions 
 include (1) discovery of the Doppler radar Tornadic 
 Vortex Signature for which he received a special 
 achievement award; (2) discovery of the anticyclonic 
 wake vortex associated with severe thunderstorms; 
 and (3) contributions to understanding of effects of 
 flanking convection on existing severe thunder- 
 storms, and delineation of severe thunderstorm 
 surface meteorological structure. Currently, Mr. 
 Lemon is continuing his work at the Techniques 
 Development Unit, National Severe Storms Forecast 
 Center, Kansas City, Missouri. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Meteorology, B.S. (1970), University of Oklahoma 
 Kansas City Jr. College, and University of Kansas 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 Sigma Tau (Engineering Fraternity) 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Formation and emergence of an anticyclonic eddy within a severe 
 thunderstorm as revealed by radar and surface data. Preprints, 14th 
 Conf. on Radar Meteor., Tucson, Arizona, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 323-328, 1970. 
 
 Observations of Doppler isotach and reflectivity structure within 
 tornadic storms. Preprints, Inter-union Commission of Radio 
 Meteorology Colloquium, Nice, France, 1973 (R. J. Doviak, D. W. 
 Burgess, and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Doppler velocity and reflectivity structure observed within a tornadic 
 storm. J. Recti. Atmos., 8(1-2), 235-243, 1973 (with R. J. Doviak, 
 D. W. Burgess and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Interaction of two convective scales within a severe thunderstorm: a 
 case study; and Thunderstorm wake vortex structure and 
 aerodynamic origin. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL— 71, Norman, 
 Oklahoma, 43 pp., 1974. 
 
 Real time Doppler isotach and reflectivity signature of a tornado 
 cyclone. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 55, 1126-1127, 1974 (with D. 
 Sirmans, R. J. Doviak and D. W. Burgess). 
 
 Evolution of a tornado signature and parent circulation as revealed by 
 single Doppler radar. Preprints, Radar Meteor. Conf., Houston, 
 Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 99-106, 1975 (with D. W. Burgess and 
 R. A. Brown). 
 
Tornado characteristics revealed by Doppler radar. Geophys. Res. 
 Lett., 2, 183-184, 1975 (with D. W. Burgess and R. A. Brown). 
 
 NSSL dual-Doppler radar measurements in tornadic storms: a 
 preview. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 56, 524-526, 1975 (with R. A. 
 Brown, D. W. Burgess, J. Carter, and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Tornado production and storm sustenance. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on 
 Severe Local Storms, Norman, Oklahoma, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 100-104, 1975 (with D. W. Burgess and R. A. Brown). 
 
 Analysis of the 4 June 1973 Norman tornadic storm. Preprints, Ninth 
 Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, Oklahoma, Amer. Meteor. 
 Soc, 384-388, 1975 (with R. P. Davies-Jonesand D. W. Burgess). 
 
 The flanking line, a severe thunderstorm intensification source. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 33(4), 686-694, 1976. 
 
 Wake vortex structure and aerodynamic origin in severe thunder- 
 storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 33(4), 678-685, 1976. 
 
 Stephan P. Nelson 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Since March 1972, Mr. Nelson has served in 
 NSSL's Meteorology Research Project. Major duties 
 include development of data collection/analysis 
 techniques and interpretation of surface mesonet- 
 work, rawinsonde, and radar data on severe storms. 
 Recent effort has been directed toward investigation 
 of relationships between microphysical and dynam- 
 ical processes in storms. 
 
 From 1969 till 1972, Mr. Nelson was a research 
 assistant at the University of Chicago Cloud Physics 
 Laboratory. There he interpreted radar storm data, 
 collected and analyzed air pollution data (Project 
 METROMEX), helped install and operate the TPS- 
 10 radar, analyzed weather modification data 
 (Project Whitetop), and participated in operational 
 flights and maintained airborne meteorological 
 instrumentation. His work at Chicago and with joint 
 NSSL/University of Oklahoma projects has included 
 over 100 hours of research flight. 
 
 During summer 1969 Mr. Nelson was em- 
 ployed at the Navy Weather Research Facility, 
 Norfolk, Virginia, where he helped develop forecast 
 ing techniques. 
 
 In 1974-1975, Mr. Nelson used a NOAA 
 Fellowship to obtain additional graduate training at 
 the University of Oklahoma. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Meteorology and Oceanography, B.S. (1969), New 
 
 York University 
 Meteorology, S.M. (1971), University of Chicago 
 Additional graduate studies, University of Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 American Geophysical Union 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Detailed observational study of an echo free region. Preprints, 15th 
 Radar Meteor. Conf., Champaign-Urbana, October 10-12, Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 50-57, 1972 (with R. R. Braham). 
 
 Radiosonde altitude measurement using double radiotheodolite 
 techniques. NOAA TEch. Memo. ERL NSSL-65, Norman, Okla., 20 
 pp., 1973. 
 
 Experiments to deduce tornado cyclone inflow characteristics using 
 chaff and NSSL dual-Doppler radars. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 55(9), 1130-1131, 1974 (with J. McCarthy and G. Heymsfield). 
 
 Study of a dissipating severe storm. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-69, Norman, Okla., 89-96, 1974 (with S. L. Barnes). 
 
 Detailed observational study of a weak echo region. Pure and Appl. 
 Geophys., 113(5-6), 735-746, 1975 (with R. R. Braham). 
 
 Evolution of a tornadic cyclone as seen by dual-Doppler, instrumented 
 aircraft and chaff. Preprints, 9th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, 
 Norman, Oklahoma, October 21-23, Amer. Meteor. Soc, Boston 
 389-395, 1975 (with J. McCarthy, G. Heymsfield, and L. Tidwell). 
 
 Characteristics of multicell and supercell hailstorms in Oklahoma. 
 Second WMO Conf. on Wea. Modif. , Boulder, August 2-6, 
 WMO-No. 443, 335-340, 1976. 
 
 Edward T. Pierce 
 
 Physical Scientist 
 
 Dr. Pierce joined NSSL as Senior Scientist in 
 April 1976. He is leading development of a program 
 in storm electricity. 
 
 Before joining NOAA, Dr. Pierce was for many 
 years a Staff Scientist and Scientific Advisor at Stan- 
 ford Research Institute (SRI) California. Here he 
 carried out research in atmospheric electricity, radio 
 physics, gas discharge phenomena and the 
 geophysical effects of nuclear explosions. Highlights 
 of the period at SRI include expert testimony before 
 Congress prior to the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty of 
 1963; establishment of a Scientific Liaison Group for 
 the Office of Naval Research at the Tokyo Embassy; Al 
 and research into the electrostatic hazards causing 
 supertanker explosions and endangering the NASA 
 series of Apollo rocket launches. 
 
 From 1946 to 1957, Dr. Pierce was on the 
 faculty of the University of Cambridge, England. 
 Here he conducted and supervised research in solar 
 and meteorological physics; he also gave courses of 
 postgraduate lectures. Dr. Pierce has also been 
 employed by AVCO Corporation (1959-1960; 
 geophysics research), by Vickers Ltd. (1957-1958; 
 high voltage research) and by the British Govern- 
 ment (1940-1945; weapons research). 
 
48 
 
 Dr. Pierce's most important contributions are 
 based in his (1) scientific publications principally in 
 atmospheric electricity and radio physics; (2) reports 
 colligating and applying basic scientific information; 
 and (3) participation in international science. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics, B.Sc (Summa Cum Laude, 1937), 
 University of Wales 
 
 Physics, B.Sc (Summa Cum Laude, 1938), Univer- 
 sity of Wales 
 
 Atmospheric Physics, Ph.D. (1951), University of 
 Cambridge, England 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Past Chairman, Committee on Atmospheric Elec- 
 tricity 
 American Geophysical Union 
 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 
 
 (UGGI) 
 International Union of Radio Science (URSI) 
 Inter-Union (UGGI-URSI) — Commissions 
 Royal Meteorological Society, Past Councillor 
 Society of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of 
 
 Japan 
 International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity 
 Honorary President 1975 to present 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Solar limb flare. Nature, 160, 59, 1947. 
 
 Atmospherics. J.I. EI. , 95(3), 381, 1948 (with T. W. Wormell). 
 
 The waveforms of atmospherics. Phil. Mag.. 43, 393-409, 1952 
 (with P. G. F. Caton). 
 
 The radiolocation of thunderstorms. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 33, 
 243, 1952 
 
 On atmospherics containing a low-frequency component or an ex- 
 tended series of oscillations. Proc. U.R.S.I., Sydney, Australia, 1952 
 (with F. Hepburn). 
 
 Four working papers on atmospherics for the World Symposium of 
 Sferics, Zurich, Germany, 1953. 
 
 Atmospheric waveforms and the location of thunderstorms. Proceed- 
 ings, Conf. on Radio-Meteorology, University of Texas, 1953 (with T. 
 W. Wormell). 
 
 Field-changes due to lightning discharges. Thunderstorm Electricity, 
 edited by H. R. Byers, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 
 251-266, 1953 (with T. W. Wormell). 
 
 Atmospherics with very low frequency components. Nature, 171, 
 837-838, 1953 (with F. Hepburn). 
 
 Atmospherics with long trains of pulses. Phil. Mag., 45, 917-931, 
 1954 (with F. Hepburn). 
 
 The association between waveform and place of origin for atmos- 
 pherics observed in western Europe. Proc. U.R.S.I., The Hague, 
 1954 (with J. Chapman). 
 
 The frequency spectra of the radiation fields from lightning flashes. 
 Proc, Conf. on Very Long Radio Waves, Munich, Germany, 1955. 
 
 Electrostatic field-changes due to lightning discharges. Quart. J. Roy. 
 Meteor. Soc, 81, 211-228, 1955. 
 
 The fine structure of natural point-discharge currents. Quart. J. Roy. 
 Meteor. Soc, 81, 92-95, 1955 (with M. I. Large). 
 
 The development of lightning discharges. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. 
 Soc, 81, 78-86(1956). 
 
 The influence of individual variations in the field changes due to 
 lightning discharges upon the design and performance of lightning 
 flash counters. Arch. Meteor. Geophy. Bioklimatol., A, 9, 78-86, 
 1956. 
 
 Some techniques for locating thunderstorms from a single observing 
 station. Vistas in Astronomy, Vol. 2, Pergamon Press, New York 
 850-855, 1956. 
 
 A lightning flash counter. Rpt. 1bfT20, Elec Res. Assoc, Leath- 
 erhead, England, 1956. 
 
 Some fundamental considerations in direction finding on radio at- 
 mospherics. Proceedings, Conf. on Meteorology and Radiolocation, 
 Essen, Germany, 1956. 
 
 Atmospherics as indicators of world-wide thunderstorm activity. Pro- 
 ceedings, Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Aachen, Germany, 1956. 
 
 Recent advances in meteorology— lightning. Science Progress, 45, 
 62-75, 1957. 
 
 Relations between the character of atmospherics and their place of 
 origin. Proceedings, Conf. on Very Low Frequencies, Denver, 1957; 
 also published inProc. IRE, 45, 804-806, 1957 (with J. Chapman). 
 
 Les types d'ondes, les spectres de frequence, et la propagation des 
 atmospheriques. Proceedings, Paris Conf., 1956; also published in 
 L'Onde Electrique, 37, 523-525, 1957 (with J. Chapman). 
 
 The dependence of point-discharge current on wind as examined by a 
 new experimental approach. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 10(5/6), 251— 
 257, 1957 (with M. I. Large). 
 
 Nuclear explosions and a possible secular variation of the potential 
 gradient in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 11,71-72, 1957. 
 
 Some calculations on radioactive fallout with especial reference to the 
 secular variations in potential gradient at Eskdalemuir, Scotland. 
 Paper presented at the Third Symposium on Atmospheric Condensa- 
 tion Nuclei Cambridge, England, July 1 958; published in Geofis. Pura 
 Appl., 42, 145-151, 1958. 
 
 Thunder and lightning. Shell Aviation News, No. 246, 9-13, 1958. 
 
 Effects of high electric fields on dielectric liquids. J. Appl. Phys. , 30, 
 445-446, 1959. 
 
 Some topics in atmospheric electricity. Recent Advances in Atmos- 
 pheric Elec, Edited by L. G. Smith, Pergamon Press, New York, 
 5-16, 1959. 
 
 Geophysical effects of high-altitude nuclear explosions. Nature, 183, 
 1476-1478, 1959 (with T. Obayashi and S. C. Coroniti). 
 
 The effects of the natural electricity of the atmosphere upon the diva 
 fusing system. Preliminary report under work No. 305-88D-6262, 
 prepared for U. S. Air Force, 1959. 
 
 The propagation of radio waves of frequency less than 1 kc. Proc. 
 IRE., 48, 329-331, 1960. 
 
 Some extremely low frequency phenomena. J. Res. NBS, 64D, 
 383-386, 1960. 
 
 Study of spontaneous ionospheric disturbances. Final Report, Con- 
 tract No. AF29(601)-1985, prepared for U.S. Air Force under ARPA 
 Order, 1960 (with D. W. Swift). 
 
 An experimental investigation of negative point plane corona and its 
 relation to ball lightning. Final Report, Contract No. AF1 9(604)- 7342, 
 prepared for U. S. Air Force, 1960 (with R. M. Nadile and P J. 
 McKinnon). 
 
 Atmospherics from lightning flashes with multiple strokes. J. 
 Geophys. Res., 65, 1867-1871, 1960. 
 
Ionization below 100 km due to radioactive clouds. Tech. Memo., SRI 
 Proj. 3097, Contract DA-36-039-SC-851 19, 1961. Reprinted in 
 Final Report Task II. 1961. 
 
 Geophysical experiments pertinent to nuclear blackout studies. Final 
 Report SRI Proj. PAU 3709, 1961 (with twelve others). 
 
 Attenuation coefficients for propagation at very low frequencies dur- 
 ing a sudden ionospheric disturbance (S.I.D.). J. Res. NBS.. 65D, 
 543-546, 1961. 
 
 The lightning discharge. Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics, 3, 32, 
 Pergamon, New York, 1962. 
 
 Meteorological aspects of sources of atmospheric noise in lightning. 
 Mono, on Radio Noise of Terrestrial Origin , Xlllth General Assembly of 
 U.R.S.I., London, edited by F. Horner, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New 
 York, 55-71, 1962. 
 
 Very low frequency atmospherics due to lightning flashes. Final Re- 
 port, SRI Proj. 3738, Contract AF33(657)-7009, 1962 (with H. R. 
 Arnold and A. S. Dennis). 
 
 Slow onset ionsophere effects due to nuclear explosions. Tech. 
 Memo. 1, SRI Proj. 3684, Contract AF(638)-1081 . 1962. 
 
 Very low frequency atmospherics. Final Report, Part II, SRI Proj. 
 3738, Contract AF33(657)-7009, 1962 (with A. S. Dennis). 
 
 Sudden ionospheric disturbances and the propagation of very low 
 frequency radio waves. Final Report, Part I, SRI Proj. 3684, Contract 
 AF(638)-1081, 1962 (reissued 1963) (with H. R. Arnold). 
 
 Sudden ionospheric disturbances and the propagation of very low 
 frequency radio waves, Part II , Whistle: tape analysis and instrument 
 development. Final Report, Part II, SRI Proj. 3684, Contract 
 AF(638)-1081, 1963 (with A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Sudden ionospherics disturbances and the propagation of very low 
 frequency radio waves. Final Report, Part III, SRI Proj. 3684, Contract 
 AF(638)-1081, 1963 (with A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Excitation of earth ionosphere cavity resonances by lightning flashes. 
 J. Geophys. Res., 68, 4125-4127, 1963. 
 
 Collisional detachment and the formation of an ionospheric C region. 
 J. Res. NBS, 67D, 525-532, 1963. 
 
 Very low frequency atmospheric (U). Final Report 2, Part II, SRI Proj. 
 3738, Contract AF33(657)-7009, 1963 (with A. S. Dennis and G. H. 
 Price). 
 
 Amplitude phenomena at 1 to 200 kilocycles during sudden ionos- 
 pheric disturbances. Paper presented at classified VELA Meeting, 
 March 1963 (with A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Very low frequency atmospherics due to lightning flashes. Final Re- 
 port 2, SRI Proj. 3738, Contract AF33(657)-7009, 1963 (with A. S. 
 Dennis and G. H. Price). Reprinted April 1964. 
 
 The ionosphere below 100 km (D region): a simple model. Res. Memo 
 11, Contract DA-36-039 SCOS7197, SRI Proj. 3670, 1963 (with H. 
 R. Arnold). 
 
 Perturbations produced by jet aircraft in the earth's electric field. Sci. 
 Note 1 , SRI Pro). 4454, Contract Nonr-4099 (00), prepared for ONR, 
 Dept. Navy, Washington, D.C., 1965. Reprinted from J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 3(6). 805-806, 1964. 
 
 Some effects hitherto unemphasized from nuclear explosions in the 
 ionosphere. Paper presented at classified meeting, October 1964. 
 
 Leader and junction processes in the lightning discharge as a source 
 of VLF atmospherics. Radio Science J. Res. NBSIUSNC-URSI, 68D, 
 771-776, 1964 (with H. R. Arnold). 
 
 The return stroke of the lightning flash to earth as a source of VLF 
 atmospherics. Radio Science J. Res. NBSIUSNC-URSI, 68D, 771- 
 776, 1964 (with A. S. Dennis). 
 
 The variation of potential gradient with altitude above ground of high 
 radioactivity. J. Geophys. Res., 69(14), 2895-2898, 1964. 
 
 The nature of atmospherics (U). Final Report Contract AF33(657)- 
 12719, SRI Proj. 4704, 1965 (with G. H. Price and A. S. Dennis). 
 
 Atmospheric electricity and the waterfalls of Yosemite Valley. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 22, 314-319, 1965. 
 
 Miscellaneous contributions to Problems of Atmospheric and Space 
 Electricity, S. C. Coroniti, Editor; Proceedings, Third Int'l Conf. At- 
 mos. Space Elec, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, 140, 156, 158, 
 159, 174, 175, 319, 587, 590, and 595, 1965. 
 
 The effect of a living tree upon the fair weather potential gradient. J. 
 Atmos. Terr.Phys., 27,429-430, 1965 (with H. R. Arnold and A. L. 
 Whitson). 
 
 The effect of a living tree upon the fair weather potential gradient. Sci. 
 Note 2, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), 1965 (with H. R. 
 Arnold and A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Atmospheric electricity and the waterfalls of Yosemite Valley. Sci. 
 Note 3, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), 1965. Prepared for 
 ONR. Dept. Navy, Washington, D.C. 
 
 Electrification in the Earth's atmosphere for altitudes between and 
 100 km. Sci. Note 4, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), 
 prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, Washington, D.C, 1965 (with R. K. 
 Cole, Jr.). 
 
 The global ionospheric effects of nuclear explosions, Part I: Theoreti- 
 cal background (U). Final Report, Part I, Contract AF33(657)-12514 , 
 SRI Proj. 4627, 1965. 
 
 The global ionospheric effects of nuclear explosions. Part II: observa- 
 tions (U). Final Report, Parti, Contract AF33(657)-12514, SRI Proj. 
 4627, 1965. 
 
 Electrification in the Earth's atmosphere for altitudes between and 
 100 km. J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2735-2749, 1965 (with R. K. Cole, 
 Jr.). 
 
 Nuclear explosion phenomena and their bearing on radio detection of 
 the explosions. Proc. IEEE, 53(12), 1994-2008, 1965. 
 
 Bibliography of unclassified literature relating to the global ionos- 
 pheric effects of nuclear explosions. Report, SRI, Menlo Park, Calif., 
 1965. 
 
 The global ionospheric effects of nuclear explosions, Part III: recon- 
 ciliation of theory and observations (U). Final Report, Part III, Con- 
 tract AF33(657)-12514. SRI Proj. 4627, 1966. 
 
 The global ionospheric effects of nuclear explosions (U). Final Report, 
 Part IV, Contract AF33(657)-12514, SRI Proj. 4627, 1966. 
 
 The determination by radio methods of global thunderstorm statistics. 
 Report to National Academy of Sciences, 1966. 
 
 Ionized columns between thunderstorms and the ionosphere. J. 
 Geophys. Res., 71(3), 959-964, 1966 (with R. K. Cole, Jr. and R. D. 
 Hill). 
 
 Atmospheric electricity in a typical American bathroom. Weather, 21 , 
 449-455, 1966 (with A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Rebuttal to comments on 'Atmospheric electricity and the waterfalls of 
 Yosemite Valley'. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 452-453, 1966 (with A. L. 
 Whitson). 
 
 Lightning, (in part), Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14, 16-20, 1966. 
 
 Ionized columns between thunderstorms and the ionosphere. Sci. 
 Note 6, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), prepared for ONR, 
 Dept. Navy, Washington, D.C, 1966 (with R. K. Cole, Jr. and R. D. 
 
 Hill). 
 
 Reply to comments on 'Atmospheric electricity and the waterfalls of 
 Yosemite Valley.' Sci. Note 7, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr- 
 4099(00), prepared for ONR, Dept. of Navy, Washington, D.C, 1966 
 (with A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Atmospheric electricity in a typical American bathroom. Sci. Note 8, 
 SRI Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), prepared for ONR, Dept. 
 Navy, Washington, D.C, 1966 (with A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Lightning location system. Final Report, SRI Proj. 5829, Contract 
 CWB-11277, prepared for U. S. Weather Bureau, 1966 (with R. T. 
 Collis, A. L. Whitson and R. G. Hatfield). 
 
 The characteristics of atmospherics (U). SRI Proj. 4704, Final Report 
 2, Contract AF33(657)-12719, 1967 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 49 
 
50 
 
 A study of delta gamma data (U). SRI Proj. 5850, Final Report, Vols. I 
 and II, Contract AF33(657)-1 5844, 1967. 
 
 Spherics. Encyclopaedia of Atmospheric Sciences andAstrogeology, 
 Reinhold, New York, Amsterdam, London, 935-939, 1967. 
 
 Atmospherics — their characteristics at the source and propagation. 
 Progr. Radio Science 1963-1966, Proceedings, XVth General As- 
 sembly of URSI, International Science Radio Union, Part 1 , 987-1039, 
 1967. 
 
 The monitoring of global thunderstorm activity. Sci. Note 9, SRI Proj. 
 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Washington, D.C., 1968. 
 
 The radio emissions from close lightning. Sci. Note 10, SRI Proj. 
 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Washington, D.C., 1968 (with G. N. Oetzel). 
 
 The counting of lightning flashes. SRI Proj. 4240, Special Tech. 
 Report 49, Contract DA-36-039-AMC-00040(E), U. S. Army Elec- 
 tronics Command, 1968. 
 
 The charge transferred to Earth by a lightning flash. J. Franklin Inst., 
 286, 353-354, 1968. 
 
 A relationship between thunderstorm days and lightning flash density. 
 Trans. A.G.U., 49, p. 686, 1968. 
 
 An interaction study (U). Final Report, Contract F33657-68-0904, 
 SRI Proj. 7188, September 1968 (with R. A. Nelson and K. G. 
 Dedrick). SECRET. 
 
 The charge transferred to Earth by a lightning flash. Sci. Note 12, SRI 
 Proj. 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Washington, D.C., 1969. 
 
 Sferics. In Atmospheric Exploration by Remote Probes, Vol. 2, Final 
 Report prepared by the Panel on Remote Atmospheric Probing for the 
 National Academy of Sciences, 595-616, 1969. 
 
 The radio emissions from close lightning. A survey paper for the 
 Fourth Int'l. Conf. on Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Electricity, 
 Tokyo, Japan, published in Planetary Electrodynamics, Vol. 1, 543- 
 569, 1969. 
 
 The monitoring of global thunderstorm activity. An introductory paper 
 for the Fourth Int'l. Conf. on Universal Aspects of Atmospheric Elec- 
 tricity, Tokyo, Japan, published in Planetary Electrodynamics, Vol. 2, 
 3-16, 1969. 
 
 The thunderstorm as a source of atmospheric noise at frequencies 
 between 1 and 100 kHz. Special Tech. Report 2, SRI Proj. 7045, 
 Contract DASA01-68-C-0073, prepared for Defense Atomic Support 
 Agency, 1969. 
 
 Beta beta and delta gamma revisited. Final Report, SRI Proj. 7271, 
 Contract F33657-68-C-1082, prepared for U. S. Air Force, 1969 
 (with G. B. Carpenter). 
 
 VHF technique for locating lightning. Radio Science, 4, 199-202, 
 1969 (with G. N. Oetzel). 
 
 Progress in radio noise of terrestrial origin. Radio Science, 4, 661— 
 666, 1969. 
 
 A clarification of K-streamer effects in lightning. EOS, 50, p. 167, 
 1969. 
 
 Latitudinal variation of lightning parameters. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 
 194-195, 1970. 
 
 Lightning discharge to tall structures. EOS, 51, p. 301, 1970. 
 
 VLF radio noise generated during the launch of Apollo 13. EOS, 
 51(11), p. 757, 1970 (with J. E. Nanevicz). 
 
 Conjugate techniques (U). Final Report, SRI Proj. 7987, Contract 
 N00014-69-C-0386, prepared for ARPA, Monitored by ONR, 1970 
 (with R. A. Nelson and J. F. Vesecky). 
 
 Latitudinal variation of lightning parameters. Sci. Note (2), SRI Proj. 
 4454, Contract Nonr-4099(00), prepared for ONR, Dept. of Navy, 
 Washington, D.C., 1970. Reprinted from J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 
 194-195, 1970. 
 
 Special analysis service: study of VLF perturbations (U) . Special Tech. 
 Report 2, SRI Proj. 1834, Contract F33657-70-C-0091, prepared for 
 U. S. Air Force, 1970 (with R. A. Nelson, D. P. Kanellakos and J. 
 Owen). 
 
 Waterfalls, bathrooms and — perhaps — supertanker explosions. Sci. 
 Note 14, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0105, prepared for 
 ONR, Dept. Navy, Arlington, Virginia, 1970. 
 
 Waterfalls, bathrooms and — perhaps — supertanker explosions. Pro- 
 ceedings, 1970 Lightning and Static Electricity Conf., Air Force Av- 
 ionics Lab, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 89-96, 1970. 
 
 Ionospheric propagation of short pulses: magnitudes of elec- 
 tromagnetic pulses from underground nuclear explosions (U). Special 
 Tech. Report 4, SRI Proj. 7859, contract N00014-69-C-0359, pre- 
 pared for ONR under ARPA Orders 1971 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 Special analysis services: causes of HF Doppler shifts (U). Special 
 Tech. Letter Report 1 , SRI Proj. 8958, Contract F33657-71-C-0395, 
 prepared for U. S. Air Force, 1971. 
 
 Special analysis service: VLF propagation near a localized ionospheric 
 depression (U). Special Tech. Report 2, SRI Proj. 8958, Contract 
 F33657-71-C-0395, prepared for U. S. Air Force, 1971 (with G. B. 
 Carpenter). 
 
 Comparison of observed and predicted effects of delayed gamma 
 radiation from low altitude nuclear events (U). Special Paper pre- 
 sented at Defense Nuclear Agency HANE Symposium, SRI Proj. 8958, 
 Contract F33657-71-C-0395, prepared for U. S. Air Force, 1971 
 (with G. B. Carpenter, R. A. Nelson and J. Owen). 
 
 Are VHF signals generated by the firing of a gun? Special SRI Report to 
 Defense Special Projects Group, 1971. 
 
 Triggered lightning and some unsuspected lightning hazards. Sci. 
 Note 15, SRI Proj. 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0106, prepared for 
 ONR, Dept. Navy, Arlington, Virginia, 1972. Reprinted from presenta- 
 tion of the 1 38th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, 1971. 
 
 Radioactive fallout and secular effects in atmospheric electricity. EOS, 
 52(11), p. 835, 1971. 
 
 Lightning induced by thermonuclear detonations. EOS, 52(11), p. 
 840, 1971 (with M. A. Uman, D. F. Seacord, G. H. Price and R. E. 
 Holzer). 
 
 A new technique for locating lightning. EOS, 52(11), p. 841, 1971 
 (with N. Cianos and G. N. Oetzel). 
 
 The pressure of thunder. Special Memorandum 1, SRI Proj. 1834, 
 Contract LS-2817-A3, prepared for McDonnell Douglas Astronautics 
 Company, 1972. 
 
 The mechanisms of charge transfer by a flash to Earth. Special 
 Memorandum 2, SRI Proj. 1834, Contract LS-2817-A3, prepared for 
 McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, 1972. 
 
 An extreme lightning model for flashes to Earth. Special Memoran- 
 dum 3, SRI Proj. 1834, Contract LS-2817-A3, prepared for McDon- 
 nell Douglas Astronautics Company, 1972 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 Atmospheric electricity and the Apollo series. Sci. Note 18, SRI Proj. 
 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0106, prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Arlington, Virginia, 1972 (with J. E. Nanevicz and A. L. Whitson). 
 
 Measurements in atmospheric electricity designed to improve launch 
 safety during the Apollo series. Final Report, SRI Proj. 8940, Contract 
 NAS9-1 1 357, prepared for NASA, 1 972 (with J . E. Nanevicz and A. L. 
 Whitson). 
 
 A ground-lightning environment for engineering usage. Tech. Report 
 1, SRI Proj. 1834, Contract LS-2817-A3, prepared for McDonnell 
 Douglas Astronautics Company, 1972 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 The chances of in-flight lightning strikes to spartan missiles. Special 
 Report 1, SRI Proj. 1834, Contract LS-2817-A3, prepared for 
 McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, 1972 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 Models for an intracloud lightning flash. Special Report 2, SRI Proj. 
 1834 Contract LS-2817-A3, prepared for McDonnell Douglas As- 
 tronautics Company, 1972 (with N. Cianos). 
 
Structure of lightning noise — especially above HF. Proceedings, 1 972 
 Lightning and Static Electricity Conf., Air Force Avionics Lab, 
 Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, pp. 50-56, 1972 (with N. CianosandG. 
 N. Oetzel). 
 
 A technique for accurately locating lightning at close ranges. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 11, 1120-1127, 1972 (with N. Cianos and G. N. Oetzel). 
 
 Reply to comments by R. H. Collingbourneon Radioactive fallout and 
 secular effects in atmospheric electricity.' J. Geophys. Res., 77, 
 6637-6638, 1972. 
 
 Stratospheric electricity. EOS, 53(11), p. 1004, 1972 (with R. D. 
 Hake, Jr.). 
 
 Comments on the current risetimes for a lightning flash to ground. 
 EOS. 53(11), p. 1005, 1972 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 Radioactive fallout and secular effects in atmospheric electricity. J. 
 Geophys. Res., 77, 482-487, 1972. 
 
 Lightning induced by thermonuclear detonations. J. Geophys. Res., 
 77, 1591-1596, 1972 (with M. A. Uman, D. F. Seacord, and G. H. 
 Price). 
 
 Radioactive fallout and secular effects in atmospheric electricity. Sci. 
 Note 16, SRI Pro). 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0106. prepared for 
 ONR, Dept. Navy, Arlington, Virginia, 1972. 
 
 Lightning induced by thermonuclear detonations. Sci. Note 17, SRI 
 Proj. 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0106, prepared for ONR, Dept. 
 Navy, Arlington, Virginia, 1972 (with M. A. Uman, D. F. Seacord, and 
 G. H. Price). 
 
 Reply to Comments by R. H. Collingbourneon Radioactive fallout and 
 secular effects in atmospheric electricity.' Sci. Note 19, SRI Proj. 
 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0106, prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Arlington, Virginia, 1973. 
 
 Stratospheric electricity. Final Report, SRI Proj. 1724, Contract 
 N00014-72-C-0259, prepared for ONR as part of the Climatic Impact 
 Assessment Program of the U. S. Dept. of Transportation, 1973 (with 
 R. D. Hake, Jr., and W. Viezee). 
 
 Electric and magnetic fields due to close lightning. Special report 1 , 
 SRI Proj. 2824, Contract 6-73-01 0-H, prepared for McDonnell Doug- 
 las Astronautics Company, 1973. 
 
 Electric and magnetic fields due to close lightning. Supplementary 
 Report, SRI Proj. 2824, Contract 6-73-01 0-H, prepared for McDon- 
 nell Douglas Astronautics Company, 1973 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 Basic electrical parameters of the atmosphere. Final Report, SRI Proj. 
 4454, Contract N00014-71-C-0106, prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Arlington, Virginia, 1974. 
 
 Stratospheric electricity. Preprints. 2nd International Conf. on the 
 Environmental Impact of Aerospace Operations in the High Atmos- 
 phere, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 47-52,1974 (with R. D. Hake, Jr.). 
 
 Stratospheric electricity. Sci. Note B., SRI Proj. 3062, Contract 
 N00014-74-C-0134, prepared on ONR, Dept. Navy, Arlington, Vir- 
 ginia, 1974. 
 
 Lightning incidence to buildings in Dallas, Texas. Special SRI Report 
 for Mobil Oil Corporation, 1974. 
 
 Atmospheric electricity— some themes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 55, 1186-1194, 1974. 
 
 The dependence of lightning fields upon current structure. EOS. 
 55(12), p. 1131, 1974 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 The predominance to tall structures of single-stroke lightning flashes. 
 EOS. 55(12), p. 1131, 1974. 
 
 Comments on the modelling of cloud-to-ground lightning. EOS 
 55(12), p. 1131, 1974 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 Atmospheric electricity— some themes. Sci. Note C, SRI Proj. 3062 
 Contract N00014-74-C-0134, prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, Ar- 
 lington, Virginia, 1974. 
 
 Stratospheric electricity and the global circuit. Sci. Note D, SRI Proj. 
 3062, Contract N00014-74-C-0134, prepared for ONR, Dept. Navy, 
 Arlington, Virginia, December 1974. Reprinted from presentation at 
 the 5th International Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, 1974. 
 
 Natural lightning parameters and their simulation in laboratory tests. 
 Proc. 1975 Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Session I, Paper 
 6, Royal Aeronautical Soc, London, 13 pp., 1975. 
 
 Some examples of unsuspected triggered lightning. Anzenhiko, No. 
 59, 19-28, 1975 (in Japanese). 
 
 Electric fields in and around the anvils of Florida thunderstorms. EOS, 
 56(12), p. 990, 1975 (with R. T. Bly and J. E. Nanevicz). 
 
 Supertanker explosions and waterfall electricity. Funenokagaku, 28 
 (8) 62-66, 1975 (in Japanese). 
 
 Some factors in estimating lightning triggered by rockets. EOS, 
 56(12), p. 991, 1975 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 Stratospheric electricity and the global circuit. Proceedings, 5th In- 
 ternational Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, 1976. 
 
 Atmospheric electricity and earthquake prediction. Geophys. Res. 
 Letters, 3, (3), 185-188, 1976. 
 
 Winter thunderstorms in Japan— a hazard to aviation. Naval Res. 
 Reviews, 29(6), 12-16, 1976. 
 
 Natural electrical effects on the operation of tethered balloon systems. 
 SRI Proj. 3058, Contract F08606-74-G-0034, prepared for Air Force 
 Eastern Test Range under ARPA Order, 1974 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 Fields due to close lightning (10 km range and specific back-off 
 distances). Final Letter Report, SRI Proj. 3271 , Contract 6-74-372H, 
 prepared for McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, 1974 (with 
 G. H. Price). 
 
 Methods for lightning warning and avoidance. Tech. Report 1, SRI 
 Proj. 3057, Contract 6-73-300H, prepared for McDonnell Douglas 
 Astronautics Company, 1974 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 Fields due to close lightning (comparison with exoatmospheric nu- 
 clear EmP) (U). Supplementary Final Letter Report, SRI Proj. 3271, 
 Contract 6-74-372H, prepared for McDonnell Douglas Astronautics 
 Company, 1974 (with G. H. Price). 
 
 Recommendations for lightning-warning techniques at safeguard 
 missile site, North Dakota. Final Report, SRI Proj. 3057, Contract 
 6-73-300H, prepared for McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, 
 1974 (with N. Cianos). 
 
 Source characteristics of atmospherics generated by lightning. Pro- 
 ceedings, Waldord Conf. on Long-Range Geographic Estimation of 
 Lightning Sources, Naval Research Laboratory Report 7763, 64-79, 
 1974. 
 
 Peter S. Ray 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Since March 1974, Dr. Ray has been at NSSL, 
 combining theoretical studies with observations to 
 further our understanding of severe storms. Impor- 
 tant questions he is currently addressing concern 
 mechanisms for concentration of vorticity in the tor- 
 nado and for tornado-triggering. He has other in- 
 terests in optics and electromagnetic propagation, 
 and has accepted assignment as coordinator of 
 NSSL's 1977 spring program of observations. 
 
 Before joining NOAA, Dr. Ray was a National 
 Research Council Fellow. He then examined radar 
 techniques and he analyzed various ways for 
 
 51 
 
measuring distributions of rain drop-sizes aloft. 
 These studies relied heavily on his knowledge of 
 scattering of electromagnetic waves, the subject of 
 his dissertation. 
 
 Dr. Ray's important contributions include (1) 
 development of a refractive index model for water 
 and ice, applicable over a wide range of temperature 
 and frequencies; (2) development of a consistent 
 physical theory of scattering from spheres; and (3) 
 development of methodologies. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Physics and Mathematics, B.S. (1962), Iowa State 
 
 University, Ames 
 Meteorology, M.S. (1969), Ph.D. (1973), Florida 
 
 State University, Tallahassee 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 American Geophysical Union 
 
 Chi Epsilon Pi (Professional Honorary) 
 
 Adjunct Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering 
 and Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Nor- 
 man 
 
 Dual-Doppler observations of a tornadic storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 
 14(8), 1521-1530, 1975 (with R. J. Doviak, G. B. Walker, D. Sir- 
 mans, J. Carter, and B. Bumgarner). 
 
 Dual-Doppler observations of a tornadic storm. Preprints, 16th Radar 
 Meteor. Conf., Houston, Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 115-118, April 
 22-24, 1975, (with R.J. Doviak, G. B. Walker, D. Sirmans, J. Carter, 
 and W. C. Bumgarner). 
 
 Time, angle, and range sampling with weather radar. Preprints, 16th 
 Radar Meteor. Conf., Houston, Texas, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 156- 
 162, April 22-24, 1975 (with G. B. Walker, D. Zrnicand R.J. Doviak). 
 
 Multiple Doppler radar observation of tornadic storms. 10th Interna- 
 tional Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, 
 October 6-10, 1975 (with K. Wagner). 
 
 Multiple Doppler radar observation of storms. Geophys. Res. 
 Lett, 3(3), 189-191, 1976 (with K. Wagner). 
 
 Examination of a dual wavelength Doppler radar technique to measure 
 vertical wind velocity and drop size distributions. Remote Sensing of 
 Environment, 5(1), 35-45, 1976. 
 
 Error estimation in wind fields derived from dual-Doppler radar 
 measurement. J. Appl. Meteor., 15(8), 868-878, 1976 (with R. J. 
 Doviak, R. G. Strauch and L. J. Miller). 
 
 Vorticity and divergence fields within tornadic storms from dual- 
 Doppler observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 15(8), 879-890, 1976. 
 
 52 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Preliminary results of experiments with symmetric baroclinic in- 
 stabilities. J. Atmos. Sci., 26(5), 991-996, 1970 (with P. Stone, S. 
 Hess, and R. Hadlock). 
 
 Far-field transient backscattering by water drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 
 28(5), 785-793, 1971 (with J. J. Stephens and R. Kurzeja). 
 
 Broadband complex refractive indices of ice and water. Appl. Opt. 
 11(8), 1836-1844, 1972. 
 
 Simulation of dual wavelength Doppler radar experiment to measure 
 vertical velocity and drop-size distributions. International Union of 
 Radio Sci., (URSI) Atlanta, Georgia, Institute of Electrical and Elec- 
 tronic Engineers, June 10-13, 1974. 
 
 Far-field transient backscattering by ice spheres. Radio Sci., 9(1), 
 43-55, 1974 (with J.J. Stephens). 
 
 Internal field pulsed fraction by an ice sphere. Radio Sci., 9(4), 
 497-506, 1974 (with J. J. Stephens). 
 
 Precipitation characteristics at vertical incidence from multiple 
 wavelength Doppler radars. J. Atmos. Sci., 31(7), 1943-1974 (with 
 G. B. Walker). 
 
 Precipitation parameters determined by multiple Doppler radars at 
 vertical incidence. International Union of Radio Sci., (URSI), Atlanta, 
 Georgia, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, June 10-13, 
 1974 (with G. B. Walker). 
 
 Backscattered short pulse response of surface waves from dielectric 
 spheres: Comment. Appl. Opt., 14(8), 1765-1767, 1975 (with J. J. 
 Stephens). 
 
 Far-field impulse response verification of selected high frequency 
 optics backscattering analogs. Appl. Opt., 14(9), 2169-2175, 1975 
 (with J. J. Stephens, and T. W. Kitterman). 
 
 Near-field impulse response examination of backscattering from 
 dielectric spheres. Appl. Opt., 14(10), 2492-2498, 1975 (with J. J. 
 Stephens and T. W. Kitterman). 
 
 Charles R. Safford 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Since July 1975, Mr. Safford has been at NSSL 
 developing computer programs to objectively 
 analyze both single and dual-Doppler data and dis- 
 play the results in different useful forms. 
 
 Before joining NOAA, Mr. Safford was station 
 meteorologist for television station KAMU in College 
 Station, Texas. From December 1972 until Sep- 
 tember 1973, he was employed by the Department 
 of Meteorology, Texas A&M University, College Sta- 
 tion, Texas, as manager of the Department's weather 
 station. He prepared teaching aids for the faculty 
 and aided in Civil Defense warning during severe 
 weather situations. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Meteorology, B.S. (1972) Texas A&M University, 
 
 College Station 
 Graduate studies at Texas A&M 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
Joseph T. Schaefer 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 From June 1971 to March 1976, Dr. Schaefer 
 was a Research Meteorologist at NSSL, where he 
 was team leader of the Environmental Interactions 
 Group. His research concerns processes involved in 
 transformation of the near storm environment during 
 storm development. This research requires identifi- 
 cation of significant environmental features, physical 
 reasoning as to the cause of such features, and 
 numerical simulation to verify the conceptual mod- 
 els obtained. 
 
 From 1969 to 1971, Dr. Schaefer was with the 
 Navy Weather Research Facility at Norfolk, Virginia. 
 His mission was to develop techniques for direct 
 application of numerical products to Navy opera- 
 tions. Achievements included development of a 
 trajectory forecast model and significant input into 
 an analogue typhoon model. Dr. Schaefer was also 
 the Navy technical representative to mesoscale 
 numberical modeling efforts at Drexel University. 
 
 Preceding 1969, Dr. Schaefer was a 
 meterologist at various National Weather Service sta- 
 tions, and was a Teaching Fellow in the Mechanical 
 Engineering Department at St. Louis University for 
 one year. 
 
 Dr. Schaefer's most important contribution has 
 been to illuminate the processes attendant to the 
 dryline, a phenomenon of the western plains closely 
 connected to thunderstorm initiation there. On 
 March 28, 1976, Dr. Schaefer became Chief, 
 Techniques Development Unit at the National Se- 
 vere Storms Forecast Center of the NWS. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Meteorology and Mathematics, B.A. (1965), St. 
 
 Louis University 
 Meteorology, Ph.D. (1973), St. Louis University 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 American Geophysical Union 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Numerical products as specific operational forecasting aids. Proceed- 
 ings, 6th AWS Technical Exchange Conf., September 21-24, 1970. 
 Published as Automated Weather Support, Air Weather Service Tech. 
 Report No. 242, 183-201,1971 (with E. C. Kindle and R. L. Crisci). 
 
 On the comparison of the surface divergence field. J. Appl Meteor., 
 12 546-547, 1973. 
 
 On the solution of the generalized Ekman Equation. Won. Wea. Rev., 
 101, 535-537, 1973. 
 
 The motion of the dryline. Preprints, 8th Conf. on Severe Local 
 Storms, Denver, Colo., October 14-17, 104-107, 1973. 
 
 Morphology and motion of the dryline. Ph.D. Dissertation, St. Louis 
 Univ., available from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
 1973. 
 
 Psychological response to tornadoes. Comments on an article by 
 Sims and Baughman, Science, 180, 545, 1973 (with R. P. Davies- 
 Jones and J. H. Golden). 
 
 Motion and morphology of the dryline. N0AA Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-66, Norman, Oklahoma, 80 pp., 1973. 
 
 A simulative model of dryline motion. J. Atmos. Sci. , 31 , 956-964, 
 1974. 
 
 The life cycle of the dryline. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 444-449, 1974. 
 
 The environment near the dryline. Proceedings, SESAME Opening 
 Conf., 206-218, 1974. 
 
 Reply to Comments by Mahrt. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 636, 1975. 
 
 Nonlinear biconstituent diffusion: a possible trigger of convection. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 32, 2278-2284, 1975. 
 
 Moisture stratification in the well-mixed' boundary layer. Preprints, 
 9th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Norman, Okla., October 21-23, 
 45-50, 1975. 
 
 On the relationship of cirrus clouds to the jet stream. Mon. Wea. 
 Rev., 104, 105-106, 1976 (with C. A. Doswell). 
 
 Moisture features of the convective boundary layer in Oklahoma. Q. J. 
 R. Meteor. Soc, 102, 432, 447-451. 1976. 
 
 Dale Sirmans 
 
 Chief Engineer 
 
 Mr. Sirmans, now Chief Engineer at NSSL, 
 joined the NSSP in 1962. Prior to that he was with 
 the U. S. Weather Bureau at Miami, Florida, and still 
 earlier he was in the field of aviation electronics with 
 Eastern Airlines and Lockheed Aircraft. 
 
 Mr. Sirmans' more important contributions in- 
 clude (1) design and development of the digital in- 
 tegrator and associated signal recording and display 
 equipmentfor NSSL's WSR-57 radar; (2) design and 
 development of the first 10-cm meteorological Dop- 
 pler radar and associated signal processing and re- 
 cording equipment; (3) design and development of 
 one of the first real time mean velocity estimation 
 devices and its associated display; and (4) design 
 and development of real time velocity mean and 
 width estimation devices using covanance argument 
 techniques. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Undergraduate (1958-1960), Georgia Institute of 
 Technology 
 
 Electrical Engineering, B.S. (1968), University of Ok- 
 lahoma 
 
 Graduate studies at the University of Oklahoma 
 
 53 
 
54 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Eta Kappa Nu 
 
 American Geophysical Union 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Weather radar data system at the National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 Preprints, Fifth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, Missouri, 
 Amer. Meteor. Soc, 14-23, 1967 (with K. Wilk, W. L. Watts, R. M. 
 Lhermitte, E. Kessler, and K. Gray). 
 
 Engineering report on the pulse Doppler X-band radar at the National 
 Severe Storms Laboratory. ESSA Tech. Circular No. 8, National 
 Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Okla. , 26 pp., 1968. 
 
 Special radar projects at the National Severe Storms Laboratory. The 
 "R" meter. NSSL Final Report to Federal Aviation Administration, 
 FA-68-WAI-148, 26 pp., 1970. 
 
 Weather radar signal processing and recording at the National Severe 
 Storms Laboratory. IEEE Trans. Geosic. Electron., GE-8(2), 88-94, 
 1970. 
 
 Uncertainty of quantized estimates of radar echo intensity. Preprints, 
 14th Radar Meteor. Conf., Tucson, Arizona, Amer. Meteor, Soc, 
 381-382, 1970. 
 
 Preliminary Doppler velocity measurements in a developing radar 
 hook echo. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 52(12), 1186-1188, 1971 
 (with R. A. Brown, W. C. Bumgarner, and K. C. Crawford). 
 
 A display of radar echo maximum intensity in use at the National 
 Severe Storms Laboratory. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100(1), 8-9, 1972 
 (with W. L. Watts). 
 
 Digital processing of meteorological radar signals. Australian Com- 
 monwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Meteor. Study No. 25, 1972. 
 
 Assignment of reflectivity levels to the RC33 radar digital output. 
 Australian Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Working Paper 
 No. 159, 1973. 
 
 Doppler radar measurements and observations of precipitation veloc- 
 ity fields. 1973 SWIEEECO Record of Tech. Reports, 25th Annual 
 Southwestern IEEE Conf. & Exhibition, Houston, Tex., IEEE Catalog 
 No. 73CH0719-5-SWIECO, 69-70, 1973 (with R. J. Doviak). 
 
 Doppler radar with polarization diversity. J. Atmos. Sci., 30(4), 
 737-738, 1973 (with R. J. Doviak). 
 
 Real-time estimates of mean velocity by averaging quantized phase 
 displacements of Doppler radar echoes. 1973 SWIEEECO Record of 
 Tech. Reports, 25th Annual Southwestern IEEE Conf. & Exhibition, 
 Houston, Tex., IEEE Catalog No. 73CH0719-5-SWIECO, 71-72, 
 1973. 
 
 Pulsed-Doppler velocity isotach displays of storm winds in real time. 
 J. Appl. Meteor., 12(4), 694-697, 1973. 
 
 Meteorological radar signal intensity estimation. NOAATech. Memo. 
 ERL NSSL-64, Norman, Okla., 1973. 
 
 Real time Doppler isotach and reflectivity signature of a tornado 
 cyclone. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 55(9), 1126-1127, 1974. 
 
 Doppler velocity and reflectivity structure observed within a tornadic 
 storm. J. Rech. Atmos., 8(1-2), 235-243, 1974 (with R. J. Doviak, 
 D. W. Burgess, and L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Estimation of spectral density mean and variance by covariance argu- 
 ment techniques. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. Conf., April 22-24, 
 1975. 
 
 NSSL dual-Doppler radar measurements in tornadic storms: a pre- 
 view. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 56(5), 524-526, 1975 (with R. A. 
 Brown, D. W. Burgess, J. Carter, and L. R. Lemon). 
 
 Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 14(6), 991-1003, 1075. 
 
 Dual-Doppler observation of a tornadic storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 
 14(8), 1521-1530, 1975 (with P. S. Ray, R. J. Doviak, G. B. Walker, 
 J. Carter, and W. C. Bumgarner). 
 
 Convective rainfall estimation by radar: experimental results and 
 proposed operational analysis technique. Preprints, Conf. on 
 Hydro-Meteorology, Ft. Worth, Texas, April 20-22, 54-59, 1976 
 (with E. Brandes). 
 
 Objectives and accomplishments of the NSSL 1975 spring 
 program. NOAATech. Memo. ERL NSSL-78, 47 pp., 1976, (with K. 
 Wilk, K. Gray, C. Clark, J. Dooley, J. Carter, and W. Bumgarner). 
 
 Estimates of power scattered from distributed targets for a practical 
 logarithmic detector. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, 
 Wash., October, 53-59, 1976 (with G. B. Walker and L. Hennington). 
 
 Extension of maximum unambiguous Doppler velocity by use of two 
 sampling rates. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 October, 23-28, 1976. 
 
 Measurement of winds in the optically clear air with microwave 
 pulse-Doppler radar. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, 
 Wash., October, 342-348, 1976 (with L. Hennington, R. J. Doviak, 
 D. Zrnicand R. G. Strauch). 
 
 Resolution of pulse-Doppler radar range and velocity ambiguities in 
 severe storms. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 October, 15-22, 1976 (with R.J. Doviak, D. Zrnicand G. B. Walker). 
 
 Simulation of attenuation by rainfall at a wavelength of 5 cm. Pre- 
 prints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., October, 75-78, 
 1976 (with M. L. Weible). 
 
 Tornado characteristics revealed by a pulse-Doppler radar. Preprints, 
 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., October, 110-117, 1976 
 (with D. Zrnic, R. J. Doviak, and D. W. Burgess). 
 
 Judith Stokes 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Judith Stokes joined NSSL in July 1976. She 
 was introduced to Atmospheric Sciences through an 
 advanced study program sponsored by the National 
 Center for Atmospheric Research and later received 
 a one-year UCAR Fellowship to attend Mas- 
 sachusetts Institute of Technology. Under the 
 supervision of Professor Frederick Sanders she 
 completed requirements for the degree of Master of 
 Science in May 1976. Her thesis treated processes 
 in an Oklahoma squall line. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics, B.S. (Summa Cum Laude, 1974), 
 Clark College of the Atlanta University Center 
 
 Meteorology, M.S. (1976), Massachusetts Institute 
 of Technology 
 
 Professional Affiliation 
 
 Sigma Xi 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Evidence of global-scale five day wave in a 73 year pressure record. J. 
 Atmos. Sci., 32(4), 831-836, 1975 (with Roland Madden). 
 
 Heat, moisture, and momentum budgets for an Oklahoma squall line. 
 M.S. Thesis, Department of Meteorology, M.I.T., 82 pp., 1976. 
 
John F. Weaver 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 Mr. Weaver joined NSSL during 1976 and is 
 engaged now in development of observing and fore- 
 casting practice to be applied during the 1977 spring 
 observational program. During the first four months 
 of 1976, hedid consultingwork in meteorology for an 
 environmental research group in Wyoming before 
 coming to work at NSSL. 
 
 After attending several night courses at East 
 Carolina College he applied to and was accepted at 
 Colorado State University and received the Bachelor 
 of Science degree in mathematics (physics minor) in 
 June 1968. His earlier experience included work as 
 a cost analyst and accountant in Wyoming, and sev- 
 eral accounting correspondence courses. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics, B.S. ( 1968), Colorado State University 
 Atmospheric Science, M.S. (1975), University of 
 Wyoming 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 A cloud free vault. M.S. Thesis, University of Wyoming, 56 pp., 
 1975. 
 
 A cloud free vault. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, 
 Amer. Meteor. Soc, Norman, October 21-23, 120-123, 1975. 
 
 The potential effects of strip mining on air quality in Wyoming (with a 
 brief discussion of aeolian soil erosion). Unpublished report to the 
 Mine Reclamation Group, Laramie, Wyoming, 42 pp., 1976. 
 
 Michael L. Weible 
 
 Computer Specialist 
 
 Since March 1970, Mr. Weible has been a 
 computer specialist in the Computing and Data Pro- 
 cessing section of the National Severe Storms 
 Laboratory. Assignments as a lead programmer in- 
 clude development of radar quality control computer 
 procedures, programming support for theoretical 
 studies involving radar characteristics, and design 
 and coding of scientific computer programs for re- 
 duction and analysis of basic meteorological data. 
 
 Before joining NSSL, Mr. Weible was employed 
 as a data reduction specialist by the University of 
 Oklahoma Research Institute from December 1966 
 through February 1970. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Electrical Engineering, B.S. (1971), University of Ok- 
 lahoma 
 
 Information and Computer Science, M.S. (1973), 
 University of Oklahoma 
 
 Currently enrolled as a Ph.D. candidate in Informa- 
 tion and Computer Science at the University of 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Sigma Tau (Engineering Fraternity) 
 
 Eta Kappa Nu (Electrical Engineering Fraternity) 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Severe rainstrom at Enid, Oklahoma, October 10, 1973. NOAA Tech. 
 Memo. ERL NSSL-73, Norman, Oklahoma, 50 pp., 1974 (with L. P. 
 Merritt and K.E. Wilk). 
 
 Simulation of attenuation by rainfall at a wavelength of 5 cm. Proceed- 
 ings, 17th Conf. on Radar Meteor., Amer. Meteor. Soc, 1976 (with 
 D. Sirmans). 
 
 Kenneth E. Wilk 
 
 Head of Operations Group 
 
 Ken Wilk joined the National Severe Storms 
 Project (NSSP) in 1962, to establish its Weather 
 Radar Laboratory at Norman. With transfer of other 
 NSSP staff to Norman and creation of NSSL in 1964, 
 he became Chief of the Operations Branch, leading 
 12 meteorologists and technicians in development, 
 deployment, and maintenance of a network of sur- 
 face meteorological stations, meteorological radar 
 and rawinsonde installations, and a tall meteorologi- 
 cal tower. These systems have provided basic data 
 for numerous mesoscale studies conducted at 
 NSSL and elsewhere during the past decade. 
 
 In 1967, he promoted operational tests with the 
 Office of Hydrology at NWS to examine digital radar 
 data for monitoring precipitation and streamflow. 
 This work stimulated discussions with NWS which 
 resulted in the start of project D/RADEX. 
 
 In 1970, similar work with the Systems Re- 
 search and Development Service of the Federal Avia- 
 tion Administration (FAA) led to study of applications 
 of air traffic control radars and airborne radars for 
 severe storm detection and avoidance. Techniques 
 developed during this research are now being tested 
 by NWS and FAA for use in their operations. 
 
 55 
 
Recently, Mr. Wilk has assisted both FAA and 
 NWS in design and testing of a unique remote radar 
 data display to provide general aviation with greatly 
 improved storm information at the Flight Service 
 Stations. FAA and NWS are now planning to procure 
 more than 50 of these units for use at various 
 facilities across the United States. 
 
 At the present time, he is serving as NSSL proj- 
 ect manager for the N WS-NSSL experiment to trans- 
 fer Doppler technology. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Mathematics and Physics, A. B. (1952), University of 
 Illinois 
 
 Meteorology, B.S. (1953), Pennyslvania State Uni- 
 versity 
 
 Severe rainstorm at Enid, Oklahoma — October 10, 1973. Tech Memo 
 ERL NSSL-73, 1974 (with L. Merritt). 
 
 Radar for rainfall monitoring. Proceedings, MAS Meeting, San Fran- 
 cisco, Calif., 1974 (with E. Kessler). 
 
 NSSL programs in meteorological processing and analysis of non- 
 coherent (WSR-57) and coherent (Modified FPS-18) radar mea- 
 surements of severe storms. Subsynoptic Extratropical Weather Sys- 
 tems, Vol. 2, NCAR, 1974 (with R. Brown). 
 
 Applications of conventional and Doppler radar measurements in 
 severe storm research. Preprints, 3rd Symposium of Meteor. Obser- 
 vations and Instrumentation, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 165-174, 1975; 
 also Proceedings, IEEE 1975 Electronics and Aerospace Systems 
 Conference, Washington, D.C., 75 CHO 998-5 EASCON, 1975 (with 
 R. Brown). 
 
 Evaluation of a remote weather radar display: Vol. I. Final Report, FAA 
 Contract No. DOT-FA74WAI-440, 37 pp., 1976. 
 
 Objectives and accomplishments of the NSSL 1975 spring 
 program — Part I: Observational program. NOAA Tech Memo ERL 
 NSSL-78, 60 pp., 1976 (with K. Gray and C. Clark). 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Member, Committee on Weather Radar 
 
 56 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 WSR-57 reflectivity measurements and hail observations. Tech Note 
 3 NSSL-24, 1965 (with N. Ward and W. Herrmann). 
 
 Circularly polarizable radar and hail detection. Tech Note 3 NSSL-24, 
 1965 (with E. Kessler). 
 
 Wave length dependence of the radar reflectivity of water and ice 
 spheres. Tech Note 3 NSSL-24, 1965 (with S. Kulshrestha). 
 
 Data processing at NSSL in 1964. Tech Note 3 NSSL-24, 1965 (with 
 K. Gray). 
 
 Associations between aircraft measurements of turbulence and 
 weather radar measurements. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc, 46(8), 1965 
 (with E. Kessler and J. Lee). 
 
 Weather detection by ARSR-1D, ASR-4, and WSR-57 radars: A 
 comparative study. Tech Memo NSSL-1, 1965 (with J. DooleyandE. 
 Kessler). 
 
 Motion and intensity characteristics of the severe thunderstorm of 
 April 3, 1964. Tech Memo IERTM NSSL-29, 1966. 
 
 Weather radar data system at the National Severe Storms Laboratory. 
 Proceedings, 5th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 
 1967 (with W. Watts, D. Sirmans, R. Lhermitte, E. Kessler, and K. 
 Gray). 
 
 Radar measurement of precipitation for hydrological purposes. 
 WMO, (IHD), Report No. 5, 1968 (with E. Kessler). 
 
 Detection and presentation of severe thunderstorms by airborne and 
 ground-based radars: A comparative study. Tech Memo ERL NSSL- 
 43, 1969 (with J. Carter and J. Dooley). 
 
 Quantitative radar measurements of precipitation. Meteor. Mono., 
 11, 1970 (with E. Kessler). 
 
 Processing and analysis techniques used with the NSSL weather radar 
 system. Proceedings, 14th Conf. on Weather Radar, Amer. Meteor. 
 Soc, 1970 (with K. Gray). 
 
 Severe thunderstorm radar echo motion and related weather events 
 hazardous to aviation operations. Tech Memo ERL NSSL-46, 1970 
 (with P. Barclay). 
 
 The NSSL surface network and observations of hazardous wind 
 gusts. Tech Memo ERL NSSL-55, 1971 (with Operations Staff). 
 
 Fuad Allen Zahrai 
 
 Electronic Engineer 
 
 Mr. Zahrai has been working as an Electronics 
 Engineer with NSSL's Advanced Techniques Group 
 since September 1975. The Advanced Techniques 
 Group provides the engineering support and sophis- 
 ticated electronic equipment needed for study of 
 severe storms and tornadoes. 
 
 Before joining NSSL, Mr. Zahrai was a graduate 
 research assistant in the College of Engineering at 
 the University of Oklahoma, where he was involved 
 in design and development of acoustic radar and 
 related equipment used to probe the lower atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 Mr. Zahrai's accomplishments at NSSL include 
 (a) design and development of a dual tape recorder 
 system for the Doppler radars; (b) design and de- 
 velopment of a minicomputer interface and pro- 
 grammer for the Doppler radar, and software de- 
 velopment for the minicomputer; and (c) design of a 
 digital communication link between the two Doppler 
 radars. In addition, he provides consultation and 
 assistance to others within the Laboratory on equip- 
 ment maintenance problems. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Electrical Engineering, B.S. (1972), 
 University of Oklahoma 
 
 .S. (1974), 
 
Professional Affiliations 
 
 Eta Kappa Nu (Electrical Engineers' Honor Society) 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Digital data logging and recordnig for the acoustic radar. M.S. 
 Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. , 1974. 
 
 W. David Zittel 
 
 Meteorologist 
 
 In February 1971, Mr. Zittel joined NSSL's Op- 
 erations Group. He has worked primarily with the 
 meteorological instrumented KTVY tall tower in field 
 work, data collection and quality control, and 
 analysis. More recently, using radar data, he has 
 developed software for graphically blocking out air 
 zones near severe storms hazardous to aircraft oper- 
 ation, and has guided tests of a remote radar display 
 for operational use in flight service stations. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Atmospheric Science, B.S. 
 Washington, Seattle 
 
 ;i970), University of 
 
 Professional Affiliation 
 
 American Meteorological Society 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 The NSSL/WKY-TV tower data collection program: April-July 1972. 
 NOAA Tech Memo ERL NSSL-68, 45 pp., 1974. 
 
 Computer applications and techniques for storm tracking and warn- 
 ing. Preprints, 17th Conf. on RadarMeteor., Seattle, October 26-29, 
 Am. Meteor. Soc, 514-521, 1976. 
 
 Evaluation of a remote weather radar display, Vol. II: Computer 
 applications for storm tracking and warning. Final Report, FAA Con- 
 tract No. DOT-FA74WAI-440, 114 pp., 1976. 
 
 Dusan Zrnic 
 
 Electrical Engineer 
 
 Dr. Zrnic was at NSSL during 1973-74 and 
 1975-76, first as a National Research Council Fel- 
 low, and second, on differential sabbatical. He de- 
 veloped an algorithm to simulate weatherlike signals 
 that has become a standard test for comparison 
 between various spectral moment estimators. He 
 studies velocity spectra of vortices obtained with a 
 pulse Doppler radar, magnetic effects in the vicinity 
 of tornadoes, meteorological radar signals, and 
 parameter estimators. Dr. Zrnic coordinated the first 
 dual-Doppler experiment in clear air. 
 
 Dr. Zrnic has been with the school of Engineer- 
 ing, California State University, Northridge (CSUN) 
 since 1969, first as an assistant professor and then 
 as associate professor since 1974. He has taught 
 graduate and undergraduate courses — on radar, 
 stochastic processes, and signal estimation and 
 detection — and has done research in weather signal 
 processing, tornado detection with a pulse Doppler 
 radar, stochastic processes, and control theory. 
 
 While employed at CSUM, Dr. Zrnic concur- 
 rently consulted with various private companies and 
 government agencies on radar systems improve- 
 ment, signal processing, digital filtering, servosimu- 
 lation, and noise analysis. 
 
 Prior to joining CSUN, Dr. Zrnic was a research 
 and teaching assistant at the University of I Hi nois's 
 Charged Particle Research Laboratory. There he in- 
 strumented a mass ion spectrometer for ionospheric 
 research and established both theoretically and ex- 
 perimentally that fluid instabilities can be sup- 
 pressed by distributed feedback. 
 
 Dr. Zrnic's most important contributions in- 
 clude (1) development and verification of a model 
 vortex spectrum; (2) development of a unifying 
 theory for spectral moment estimates from corre- 
 lated pulse pairs, and improvement of techniques for 
 acquiring, processing, and utilizing weather radar 
 data; and (3) a first experimental verification that a 
 Rayleigh-Taylor instability can be suppressed with a 
 distributed feedback system. 
 
 Educational Background 
 
 Electrical Engineering (Telecommunications and 
 Electronics), Diploma in Engineering (1965), Uni- 
 versity of Belgrade, Yugoslavia 
 
 Electrical Engineering (minor in Mathematics) 
 (1966), Ph.D. (1969), University of Illinois 
 
 Professional Affiliations 
 
 Sigma Xi 
 
 National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow, 
 
 1973 
 IEEE 
 
 Publications and Reports 
 
 Errors in regeneration of binary pulses. Dipl. Eng. Thesis, Dept. of 
 Elec. Eng., University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1965. 
 
 Instrumentation of an ion mass spectrometer. M.S. Thesis, Dept. of 
 Elec. Eng., University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1966. 
 
 Stabilization of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability with magnetic feed- 
 back. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Elect. Eng., University of Illinois, Urba- 
 na, lllinios, 1969. 
 
 On the resistivity and surface tension of the eutectic alloy of gallium 
 and indium. J. Less Common Metals, 18, 1969. 
 
 57 
 
Stabilization of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a multi-arm fluid 
 pendulum. J. Appl. Phys., 13(3), 1970. 
 
 Control of an instability on the fluid pendulum with magnetic feed- 
 back. Phys. of Fluids, 13(7), 1970. 
 
 Optimal modal control with physical readability constraint. Conf. 
 Records of the Sixth Asilomar Conf. on Circuits and Systems, Pacific 
 Grove, Calif., November 15-17, 1972. 
 
 Dynamic correction of the A6C effect on radar tracking. Conf. Re- 
 cords of the Sixth Asilomar Conf. on Circuits and Systems, Pacific 
 Grove, Calif., November 15-17, 1972. 
 
 Optimal control of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a multi-arm fluid 
 pendulum. J. Appl. Phys., 42(2), 1973. 
 
 Metric data corruption program. Working note, Pacific Missile 
 Range, Pt. Mugu, Calif., 1973. 
 
 Approximation of the autocorrelation matrix function. Proc. IEEE, 
 61(3), 1973. 
 
 Reverse error coefficients. IEEE Trans. Aerosp and Electron. Syst., 
 AES-9(3), 1973. 
 
 Additional remarks on the equation: x + 2 ax + o> 2 x = 0. Amer. J. 
 Phys., 41(5), 1973. 
 
 Demonstration of course material by students. IEEE Trans. Educ, 
 E-16(3), 1973. 
 
 An approximation to optimal modal control. Automatica, 10(3), 
 1974. 
 
 Moments of estimated input power for finite sample averages of radar 
 receiver outputs. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. and Electron. Syst., AES- 
 11(11), 1975. 
 
 Time, angle and range sampling with weather radar. Preprints, 16th 
 Radar Meteor. Conf., Houston, Texas, April 1975 (with G. B. Walker, 
 P. S. Ray and R. J. Doviak). 
 
 Simulation of weatherlike Doppler spectra and signals. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 14(4), 1975. 
 
 Receiver chain and signal processing effects on the Doppler spec- 
 trum. Preprints, 16th Radar Meteor. Conf., Houston, Texas, April 
 
 1975 (with W. C. Bumgarner). 
 
 Estimated tornado spectra and maximum velocity statistics. NOAA 
 Final Report on Grant No. 04-5-022-17, 1975. 
 
 Signal to noise ratio in the output of nonlinear devices. IEEE Trans. 
 Inform. Theory, IT-21(6), 1975. 
 
 Velocity spectra of vortices scanned with a pulse Doppler radar. J. 
 Appl. Meteor., 14(8) 1975 (with R. J. Doviak). 
 
 Tornado characteristics revealed by a pulse Doppler radar. Preprints, 
 17th Radar Conf., Seattle, Washington, 1976 (with R. J. Doviak, D. 
 W. Burgess and D. Sirmans). 
 
 Tornado probing with a pulse-Doppler radar. Proceedings, Tornado 
 Symposium in Lubbock, Texas, June 1976 (with R. J. Doviak). 
 
 Measurement of winds in the optically clear air with microwave pulse 
 Doppler radar. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 
 1976 (with L. Hennington, R. J. Doviak, D. Sirmans and R. G. 
 Straucn). 
 
 Resolution of pulse Doppler radar range and velocity ambiguities in 
 severe storms. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 1976 (with R. J. Doviak, D. Sirmans and G. B. Walker). 
 
 Extension of maximum unambiguous Doppler velocity by use of two 
 sampling rates. Preprints, 17th Radar Meteor. Conf., Seattle, Wash., 
 1976 (with D. Sirmans and W. C. Bumgarner). 
 
 Magnetometer data acquired during nearby tornado occurrences. 
 Accepted by J. Geophys. Res., 1976. 
 
 Effective antenna pattern of scanning radars. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. and 
 Electron. Syst., ES-12(5), 1976. 
 
 Mean power estimation of Rayleigh distributed signals with a recur- 
 sive digital filter. Accepted by IEEE Trans. Aerosp. and Electron. 
 Syst, 1976. 
 
 58 
 
Appendix B 
 
 History of Engineering 
 Development of NSSL 
 
 Date : August 10, 1976 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES 
 National Severe Storms Laboratory 
 1313 Halley Circle 
 Norman, Oklahoma 73069 
 
 To 
 
 From 
 
 Director 
 Dale Sirmans 
 
 RF37 
 
 Subiect: NSSL Program and History 
 Ref: Memo of June 7, 1976 
 
 Engineering development at NSSL has always been a means toward 
 meteorological results rather than toward hardware development per se . 
 This concept has promoted NSSL's basic functions in research and devel- 
 opment. Technology has been transferred to other parts of the meteoro- 
 logical community as the value of techniques is recognized; we have 
 usually transferred methods rather than hardware itself. 
 
 With the above in mind, I give a brief history of engineering development 
 at NSSL and a description of work in progress. 
 
 Engineering History 
 
 The group from which NSSL evolved, the National Severe Storms Project 
 (NSSP) , established the existing NSSL site in 1962. The original mis- 
 sion of NSSP was conceived primarily for safety of flight, and the 
 probing of severe storms by aircraft and our ground based facilities 
 reflected the needs of this mission. Original radar equipment consisted 
 of a 10-cm WSR-57 weather surveillance radar which still gives satis- 
 factory service, a 5-cm MPS-4 height finder radar (the standard system 
 was modified for weather applications) and an L band aircraft transponder 
 interrogator (IFF) which is also still in service. Radar signal pro- 
 cessing consisted of "step gain" and PPI contour displays of unintegrated 
 video (log-contour). Photography was the primary method of data archival. 
 
 In late 1964 Dr. R. M. Lhermitte joined the Laboratory, and under his 
 direction, NSSL developed a 3-cm pulse Doppler radar system, one of the 
 first. Signal processing in this system, advanced for its time, analyzed 
 one range location in real time (spectrum analysis) and used analog 
 methods to record data at 10 range locations for post analysis. This 
 Doppler system was used in a variety of studies relating to special 
 problems in precipitation physics and clear air radar returns before 
 being de-commissioned in 1969. 
 
 59 
 
Director 
 August 10, 1976 
 Page 2 
 
 60 
 
 Increasing research interest in radar as a quantitative indirect probe 
 prompted the Laboratory to undertake engineering development of signal 
 averaging techniques necessary for accurate meteorological interpretation 
 of radar data. Engineering development under Dr. Lhermitte direction 
 was done in late 1965 and early 1966, and a signal averaging device 
 utilizing analog techniques was placed in service on the WSR-57 radar 
 in 1966. Photography was then still the primary method of data archival. 
 Analog signal averaging was one of the first engineering developments to 
 be transferred outside the Laboratory (to the National Weather Service). 
 This began in 1968; however the technology was advancing so rapidly that 
 before the transfer was complete, NSSL had placed a second generation 
 device using digital processing techniques in service. The National 
 Weather Service (NWS) has many analog devices in use now and is currently 
 procuring a digital version. 
 
 Concurrent with signal processing development, data handling and recording 
 methods were also being developed. One of the first efforts used paper 
 tape (1967-1968) , but did not prove satisfactory. A digital magnetic 
 recording scheme (1968) using a low performance recorder (by today's 
 standards) proved more satisfactory for the radar system parameters but 
 required substantial attention and input by the radar operator. A high 
 speed digital recorder and semi-automation scheme (1969-to present) has 
 been best so far. Most signal processing and recording schemes have 
 been adapted to all of NSSL radars, but quantitative intensity measure- 
 ments are usually restricted to the 10-cm systems. 
 
 NSSL radar systems with wavelength less than 10-cm are sometimes configured 
 and used only for special studies and are commissioned and de-commissioned 
 according to program needs. The MPS-4 C-Band system was de-commissioned 
 in 1972, its performance being compromised by attenuation of radar energy 
 in our severe storms. A TPQ-11 K-Band radar was commissioned in 1969 
 and de-commissioned in 1972 after use in special studies. A modified 
 CPN-18 S-Band radar was commissioned in 1968 and de-commissioned in 1969 
 when program needs no longer warranted its use. 
 
 In 1968 a radar system consisting of a modified CPN-18 interfaced to a 
 30 ft. antenna was commissioned to study problems associated with extrac- 
 tion of Doppler information from the amplitude fluctuation spectra. 
 This system was de-commissioned in 1970. 
 
 A major engineering project for the past six years has been the development 
 of the 10-cm Doppler radars. Preliminary engineering for the first 10-cm 
 Doppler radar at Norman was begun in 1969. Heavy engineering and system 
 installation was completed in 1970 and the basic system was commissioned 
 in 1971. The similar system at Cimarron Field was fully operational 
 starting in 1973. Major improvements in system capability (and complexity) 
 have been made every year; however, our Doppler radar techniques have 
 evolved to the stage where technology transfer to NWS has begun. 
 
Director 
 August 10, 1976 
 Page 3 
 
 Concurrent with deployment of the basic radar, techniques and hardware 
 for signal processing, handling, and archival have been developed. In 
 most cases, as much time and effort has been devoted to signal processing 
 as to the basic radar system. Most effort in this area has been in 
 addressing problems of signal averaging for quantitative intensity 
 estimation and frequency (or velocity) analysis methods for both real 
 time and post analysis. 
 
 An example of how engineering evolves can be found in the development of 
 the hardwired mean velocity and spectrum width processor for the Doppler 
 radars. In late 1972, development of an original scheme of velocity 
 estimation by scalar phase change was begun. The method consisted of 
 measuring the rotation rate of the complex vector representing the 
 Doppler radar signal. This vector was quantized into octants and the 
 method dubbed "octant change counting" (OCC) . A working device was 
 placed on line in 1973 and produced the first real time displays of 
 mesocyclone signatures. However, the techniques contain basic limita- 
 tions compared to the covariance and vector phase change methods of 
 velocity estimation (Fig. 1) and in late 1973, design of a second 
 generation velocity estimator using the covariance method was begun. A 
 working device was placed on line in late 1975 and serves as the primary 
 data acquisition device for the Doppler radars. 
 
 tO INPUT STANOARO DEVIATION 
 
 61 
 
 NORMALIZED INPUT STANOAftO DEVIATION 
 
 Fig. 1. Normalized mean frequency estimate (a) and standard deviation of mean 
 estimate (b) at a signal-to-noise ratio of dB with simulated data. Standard devia- 
 tions are observed values and contain any bias of associated mean estimate. Normal- 
 ized mean frequency estimate (r) and observed standard deviation of mean esti- 
 mate (d) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dli with simulated data. Standard devia- 
 tions are the observed values. 
 
Director 
 August 10, 1976 
 Page 4 
 
 Work in Progress 
 
 As mentioned earlier, our Doppler radars and signal processing have 
 evolved to the point where the technology can be efficiently transferred 
 to the operational environment of NWS. This implies a certain amount of 
 stability in the R&D configuration of the system and except for refinements 
 and expansion of existing capability, the basic systems will probably 
 remain unchanged for sometime. Absence of large scale engineering 
 development will allow the system to be committed to observation pro- 
 grams a larger portion of the time. Presently, we are undertaking 
 preliminary engineering for a cooperative experiment with NWS. Engineering 
 modification and additions which will improve inherent radar system 
 capability by extending the range of quantitative intensity measurements 
 and adding ground clutter suppression circuits to our real time velocity 
 estimation device are also under development. 
 
 62 
 
FFT/NS 
 
 FFT/l5dB 
 
 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 
 TRUE MEAN, f 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 .8 
 
 I 6 
 
 <- ~ 
 
 tt .10 
 p .08 
 
 06 
 
 S/N =0dB 
 
 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14 
 NORMALIZED INPUT STANDARD DEVIATION 
 
 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 
 TRUE MEAN, 7 
 
 02 04 .06 08 .10 12 14 
 NORMALIZED INPUT STANDARD DEVIATION 
 
 PPP - Covariance estimator 
 
 VPC - Vector phase change 
 
 SPC - Scalar phase change 
 
 TDC - Time derivative covariance 
 
 FFT/NS - Fast Fourier Transform with 
 
 noise suppression 
 FFT/15dB - Fast Fourier Transform with 
 
 spectrum coefficient less than 
 
 15dB below spectrum mode set to 
 
 zero 
 FFT - Fast Fourier Transform 
 
 retaining all coefficients 
 
 63 
 
Appendix C 
 
 Publications and Reports by NSSL Staff 
 July 1, 1975 to October 1, 1976 
 
 64 
 
 Copies of any of the listed papers can be had by 
 request to the Laboratory. 
 
 Brandes, E. A., 1975. Optimizing rainfall estimates with the 
 aid of radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 14(7), 1339-1345. 
 
 Brandes, E. A., and D. Sirmans, 1976. Convective rainfall 
 estimation by radar: Experimental results and proposed 
 operational analysis techniques. Preprints, Conf. on 
 Hydro-Meteorology, April 20-22, Ft. Worth, Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 54-59. 
 
 Brown, R. A., and L. Lemon, 1976. Single Doppler radar 
 vortex recognition: Part II — Tornadic vortex signatures. 
 Preprints, 17th Conf. on Radar Meteor., Seattle, October 
 26-29, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 104-109. 
 
 Burgess, D. W., and R. A. Brown, 1976. Tornado warning 
 with single Doppler radar. Proceedings, Symposium on 
 Tornadoes: Assessment of Knowledge and Implications for 
 Man, June 22-24, Lubbock, Texas. 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., and J. A. Henderson, 1975. Updraft 
 properties deduced statistically from rawin soundings. 
 Pure and Appl. Geophys., 113, 787-801. 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., D. Burgess, and L. Lemon, 1975. 
 Analysis of the 4 June 1973 Norman tornadic storm. Pre- 
 prints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, October 
 21-23, Norman, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 384-388. 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., and J. H. Golden, 1975. "Reply" to 
 Vonnegut. J. Geophys. Res., 80(33), 4561-4562. 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., and J. H. Golden, 1975. "Reply" to 
 Colgate. J. Geophys. Res., 80(33), 4557-4558. 
 
 Davies-Jones, R. P., 1976. Laboratory simulations of tor- 
 nadoes. Proceedings, Symposium on Tornadoes: As- 
 sessment of Knowledge and Implications for Man, June 
 22-24, Lubbock, Texas. 
 
 Doswell, C. A. Ill, and J. T. Schaefer, 1976. On the relation- 
 ship of cirrus clouds to the jet stream. Mon. Weather Rev., 
 104(1), 105-106. 
 
 Doswell, C. A. Ill, and J. T. Schaefer, 1976. "Reply" to 
 Picture of the Month. Mon. Weather Rev., 104(9), 1185. 
 
 Doviak, R. J., P. S. Ray, R. G. Strauch, and L. J. Miller, 
 1976. Error estimation in wind fields derived from dual- 
 Doppler radar measurement. J. Appl. Meteor., 15(8), 
 868-878. 
 
 Golden, J. H., and D. Purcell, 1975. Photogrammetric vel- 
 ocities for the Great Bend, Kansas tornado: Accelerations 
 and asymmetries. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local 
 Storms, October 21-23, Norman, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 336-343. 
 
 Goff, R. C, 1975. Thunderstorm outflow kinematics and 
 dynamics. NOAA Tech. Memo ERL NSSL-75, 63 pp. 
 
 Goff, R. C, 1976. Some observations of thunderstorm in- 
 duced low-level wind variations. Preprints, AIAA 9th Fluid 
 and Plasma Dynamics Conf. , July 14-16, San Diego. AIAA 
 Paper No. 76-388. 
 
 Kessler, E., 1975. On the condensed water mass in rising air. 
 Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms, October 
 21-23, Norman, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 199-202. 
 
 Kessler, E. , 1 975. On the condensed water mass in rising air. 
 Pure and Appl. Geophys., 113, 171-181. 
 
 Kessler, E., 1976. Tornado forum. Nature, 260(5550), 457. 
 
 Kessler, E. and J. T. Lee, 1976. Normalized indices of de- 
 struction and death by tornadoes. Tech. Memo. ERL 
 NSSL-77, 47 pp. 
 
 Kessler, E., 1976. Recent development in tornado research. 
 Proceedings, Symposium on Tornadoes: Assessment of 
 Knowledge and Implications for Man, June 22-24, Lub- 
 bock, Texas. 
 
 Lemon, L. R., 1975. Wake vortex and aerodynamic origin in 
 severe thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 33(4), 678-685. 
 
 Lemon, L. R., D. W. Burgess, and R. A. Brown, 1975. 
 Tornado production and storm sustenance. Ninth Conf. on 
 Severe Local Storms, October 21-23, Norman, Amer. 
 Meteor. Soc, 100-104. 
 
 Lemon, L. R., 1976. The flanking line, a severe thunderstorm 
 intensification source. J. Atmos. Sci., 33(4), 686-694. 
 
 Nelson, S. P., and R. R. Braham, 1975. Detailed observa- 
 tional study of a weak echo region. Pure and Appl. 
 Geophys., 113, 735-746. 28) Nelson, S. P., 1976. 
 
Nelson, S. P., 1976. Characteristics of multicell and supercell 
 hailstorms in Oklahoma. Second World Meteorological Or- 
 ganization Scientific Conf. on Weather Modification, Au- 
 gust 2-6, Boulder (WMO-No. 443). 
 
 Ray, P. S., J. J. Stephen, and T. W. Kitterman, 1975. 
 Near-field impulse response examination of backscattering 
 from dielectric spheres. Appl. Opt., 14(10), 2492-2498. 
 
 Ray, P. S., and K. K. Wagner, 1975. Multiple Doppler obser- 
 vations of tornadic storms. Proceedings, Tenth Interna- 
 tional Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 
 October 6-10, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 163-172. 
 
 Ray, P. S., R. J. Doviak, G. B. Walker, D. Sirmans, J. K. 
 Carter, and W. C. Bumgarner, 1975. Dual-Doppler obser- 
 vation of a tornadic storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 14(8), 
 1521-1530. 
 
 Ray, P. S., 1976. Examination of a dual wavelength Doppler 
 radar technique to measure wind velocity and drop-size 
 distributions. Remote Sensing Environ., 5, 35-45. 
 
 Ray, P. S.,andK. K.Wagner, 1976. Multiple Doppler obser- 
 vations of storms. Geophys. Res. Lett., 3(3), 189-191. 
 
 Ray, P. S., R. J. Doviak, R. G. Strauch, and L. J. Miller, 
 1976. Error estimation in wind fields derived from dual- 
 Doppler radar measurement. J. Appl. Meteor., 15(8), 
 868-878. 
 
 Ray, P. S., 1976. Vorticity and divergence fields within tor- 
 nadic storms from dual-Doppler observations. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 15(8), 879-890. 
 
 Schaefer, J. T., 1975. Moisture stratification in the 'well 
 mixed' boundary layer. Ninth Conf. on Severe Local 
 Storms, October 21-23, Norman, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 45-50. 
 
 Schaefer, J. T., 1975. Nonlinear biconstituent diffusion: A 
 possible trigger of convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 32(12), 
 2278-2284. 
 
 Schaefer, J. T., 1976. Moisture features of the convective 
 boundary layer in Oklahoma. O. J. R. Meteor. Soc, 
 10(432), 447. 
 
 Sirmans, D., and W. C. Bumbgarner, 1975. Numerical com- 
 parison of five mean frequency estimators. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 14(6), 991-1003. 
 
 Sirmans, D., D. S. Zrnic, and W. C. Bumgarner, 1976. 
 Extension of maximum unambiguous Doppler velocity by 
 use of two sampling rates. Preprints, 17th Conf. on Radar 
 Meteor., October 26-29, Seattle, Amer. Meteor. Soc, 
 23-28. 
 
 Stephens, J. J., P. S. Ray, and T. W. Kitterman, 1975. 
 Far-field impulse response verification of selected high- 
 frequency optics backscattering analogs. Appl. Opt., 
 14(9), 2169-2176. 
 
 Waldtenfel, P., 1976. An analysis of weather spectra variance 
 inatornadicstorm. Tech. Memo. ERLNSSL-76,80pp. 
 
 Wilk, K. E., and R. A. Brown, 1975. Applications of conven- 
 tional and Doppler radar measurements in severe storm 
 research. EASCON, 145A-145J. 
 
 Wilk, K. E., K. Gray, C. Clark, D. Sirmans, J. T. Dooley, J. 
 Carter, and W. Bumgarner, 1976. Objectives and ac- 
 complishments of the NSSL 1975 Spring Program. Tech. 
 Memo ERL NSSL-78, Part I, 60 pp.; Part II, 47 pp. 
 
 Zrnic, D. S., 1975. Signal-to-noise ratio in the output of 
 nonlinear devices. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, IT— 21 (6), 
 662-663. 
 
 Zrnic, D. S., and R. J. Doviak, 1975. Velocity spectra of 
 vortices scanned with a pulse-Doppler radar. J. Appl. 
 Meteor., 14(8), 1531-1539. 
 
 Zrnic, D. S., and R. J. Doviak, 1976. Tornado probing with a 
 pulse-Doppler radar. Proceedings, Symposium on Tor- 
 nadoes: Assessment of Knowledge and Implications for 
 Man, June 22-24, Lubbock, Texas. 
 
 Zrnic, D. S., and R. J. Doviak, 1976: "Effective antenna 
 pattern of scanning radars. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. and Elec- 
 tron. Syst., 12(5), 551-555. 
 
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 i* U.S. Government Printing Office: 19 7 7-77 7-06 7/1203 Region 8 
 
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 The mission of the Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL) is to conduct an integrated program of fundamental 
 research, related technology development, and services to improve understanding and prediction of the geophysical 
 environment comprising the oceans and inland waters, the lower and upper atmosphere, the space environment, and the 
 Earth. The following participate in the ERL missions: 
 
 MESA Marine EcoSystems Analysis Program. Plans, 
 
 directs, and coordinates the regional projects 
 of NOAA and other federal agencies to 
 assess the effect of ocean dumping, municipal 
 and industrial waste discharge, deep ocean 
 mining, and similar activities on marine 
 ecosystems 
 
 OCSEA Outer Continental Shelf Environmental 
 
 Assessment Program Office. Plans and directs 
 research studies supporting the assessment 
 of the primary environmental impact of energy 
 development along the outer continental shelf 
 of Alaska, coordinates related research activities 
 of federal, state, and private institutions. 
 
 WM Weather Modification Program Office. Plans, 
 
 directs, and coordinates research within ERL 
 relating to precipitation enhancement and 
 mitigation of severe storms Its National 
 Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology 
 Laboratory (NHEML) studies hurricane and 
 tropical cumulus systems to experiment with 
 methods for their beneficial modification and 
 to develop techniques for better forecasting 
 of tropical weather The Research Facilities 
 Center (RFC) maintains and operates 
 aircraft and aircraft instrumentation for 
 research programs of ERL and other govern- 
 ment agencies 
 
 AOML Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological 
 Laboratories Studies the physical, chemical, 
 and geological characteristics and processes 
 of the ocean waters, the sea floor, and the 
 atmosphere above the ocean 
 
 PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. 
 
 Monitors and predicts the physical and 
 biological effects of man's activities on 
 Pacific Coast estuanne. coastal, deep-ocean, 
 and near-shore marine environments. 
 
 GLERL Great Lakes Environmental Research Labora- 
 tory. Studies hydrology, waves, currents, lake 
 levels, biological and chemical processes, 
 and lake-air interaction in the Great Lakes and 
 their watersheds; forecasts lake ice conditions 
 
 GFDL Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. 
 Studies the dynamics of geophysical fluid 
 systems (the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, 
 and the cryosphere) through theoretical 
 analysis and numerical simulation using power- 
 ful, high-speed digital computers 
 
 APCL Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Labora- 
 tory. Studies cloud and precipitation physics, 
 chemical and particulate composition of the 
 atmosphere, atmospheric electricity, and 
 atmospheric heat transfer, with focus on 
 developing methods of beneficial weather 
 modification 
 
 NSSL National Severe Storms Laboratory. Studies 
 severe-storm circulation and dynamics, and 
 develops techniques to detect and predict 
 tornadoes, thunderstorms, and squall lines 
 
 WPL Wave Propagation Laboratory. Studies the 
 propagation of sound waves and electro- 
 magnetic waves at millimeter, infrared, and 
 optical frequencies to develop new methods 
 for remote measuring of the geophysical 
 environment 
 
 ARL Air Resources Laboratories. Studies the 
 
 diffusion, transport, and dissipation of atmos- 
 pheric pollutants; develops methods of 
 predicting and controlling atmospheric pollu- 
 tion, monitors the global physical environment 
 to detect climatic change 
 
 AL Aeronomy Laboratory Studies the physical 
 
 and chemical processes of the stratosphere, 
 ionosphere, and exosphere of the Earth and 
 other planets, and their effect on high-altitude 
 meteorological phenomena 
 
 SEL Space Environment Laboratory. Studies 
 
 solar-terrestrial physics (interplanetary, mag- 
 netosphenc, and ionospheric), develops tech- 
 niques for forecasting solar disturbances; 
 provides real-time monitoring and forecasting 
 of the space environment 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
 
 BOULDER, COLORADO 80302 
 
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 PROGRAM AND HISTORY 
 
 PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
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