ICRCICULTURAL ANDMECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS

EXTENSION SERVICE

CHAS. H. ALVORD. Director

COOPERATIVE EXTENSICN WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND
HOME ECONOMICS

(The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and the United States
Department of Agriculture Cooperating)

Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8th and June 30th, 1914
8-68 College Station, Texas 6M—-3-27

A Safer Farming Program

for Texas

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iJNO. P. McCULLOUGsldt f Of Balance“
A Ass’t County Agent,
DALLAS, TEXAS

SAFER FARMING

THE COMMUNITY AND COUNTY PROGRAM

A safer farming program is a long-time program. The develop-
ment of a program on the individual farm, and the development of
a program of better farming and community development involving
larger areas, is best promoted by a well defined plan, a coordination
of all interests involved, and the cooperation of all agencies includ-
ing the churches, schools, chambers of commerce, and public Welfare
associations, as well as farmers’ organizations. The A. and M. College,
through its Extension Service has cooperated with all agencies seek-
ing to promote community Welfare work, and while there has been
no fixed program with reference to plans of operation, at the same
time there has been a general coordination or grouping of the activi-
ties of the various agencies with the result that all became interested
in a common purpose and good has resulted. Community progress and
prosperity depend very largely on the activity of the people, and
when once the people of a community understand that their progress
depends in large measure on their willingness to cooperate in putting
over a constructive program, the problem becomes much simplified.
The many ways in which all classes of people may cooperate in help-
ing put on a safer farming program and build for the common good
of the entire community or county is well illustrated in the chart on
page 23, which represents a constructive effort to develop a county
wide interest in a better farming program. A somewhat similar type
of organization or plan has been adopted in a large number of dif-

. ferent counties over the entire State.

In presenting this brief review of the agricultural situation for
the benefit of Texas farmers the A. and M. College is only seeking to
bring to the attention of Texas people a program of safe farming
that has been consistently advocated by this institution for the last
twenty-five years. While we realize that conditions change and that
some readjustments must occasionally be made, at the same time We
are of the opinion that a long-time, constructive program in agricul-
ture is essential to the utmost success of the industry. Systems of
farming cannot be changed any more readily than systems of bank-
ing, merchandising, or manufacturing. The relative acreage of var-
iouscrops may be changed to some extent, but in general the program
must proceed along the lines ‘of activity to which the property is best
adapted, and any contemplated changes must necessarily consider
the expenses involved, the labor situation, available markets, and
many other factors.

THE FARM INCOME

The main source of income on Texas farms are from cotton,
Wheat, oats, grain sorghum, corn and live stock or live stock products,
and for this reason they must receive primary consideration in the
formation of any farm program of interest to any large percentage
of the farmers of this state. .

Individual farms, no matter how well managed, are subject to
the economic conditions resulting from the crop production over the
entire State, and for this reason we must consider the production of
the State as a whole.

-It is a generally conceded fact that Texas farming has become
unbalanced. Cotton production has been expanded at the expense
of cereals and feed crops. Live stock as a farm enterprise has been
neglected. Feed stuff for live stock and dairy cows has been shipped
in from other States in large quantities and vast quantities of food
products that could have been produced on Texas farms have been
purchased on credit and must be paid for from the proceeds of the
cotton crop. This unbalanced condition has been brought about by a
great expansion of cotton acreage and the decrease in production of
corn and other necessities on account of the prevailing high price of
cotton.

Following the slump in 1920 cotton was the only staple agricul-
tural crop of Texas that advanced in price sufficiently to make its
purchasing power equivalent to what it was before 1914. In it
farmers saw the hope of recouping their losses, and consequently
the acreage increased very rapidly. Whenever the price for any
single product becomes abnormally high and is sustained above the
general average for a number of years, it inevitably results in over-
production. This situation occasioned much loss to southern farmers
in the fall of 1926, and was forecast in January of that year, at which
time farmers were warned of disaster impending if an exceedingly
large acreage of cotton was planted in 1926. This warning, however,
was not heeded. The Southern States and Texas planted the largest
acreage ever devoted to cotton and harvested at least five million
bales more than was necessary to keep the supply equivalent to con-
sumption. With this enormous crop coming rapidly on the market,
prices rapidly declined until they were much below the prewar level,
both in purchasing power and in units of value. _

The year 1926 closed with an apparent surplus of seven million
bales of cotton which was carried over into the next crop year.

The purpose of this publication isto point out the unbalanced
condition of agriculture in the Southern States, especially in Texas,
where cotton acreage has increased at the expense of all other crops
and live stock;' and to offer helpful suggestions as to how a part of
this acreage may be safely planted in feed and food crops or put
back into fertile pastures, thus enabling farmers to increase the
amount of live stock kept on their respective farms.

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This graph shows the remarkable increase in cotton acreage and decrease in the
acreage of corn for the year 1900 to 1926 inclusive. Note that the combined acre-
age of grain sorghums and corn in 1926 was only slightly in excess of the acreage
of corn of 1900.

COTTON DISPLACES FEED CROPS

A glance at the chart on this page will show what has happened
in Texas. From 1900 to 1908 corn acreage increased at a slightly
faster rate than cotton acreage. During'this period the ratio be-
tween cotton and corn ran approximately 1.4 acres of cotton to 1 acre
of corn. Cotton increased at a greater rate between 1910-1913, slump-
ed sharply on account of the War, then followed a fluctuating course
until 1921, when the great expansion in acreage began. It is inter-
esting to note that corn began to decline in 1915 and with the excep-
tion of a slight rally in 1920-1921, has continued to diminish in im-
portance. In 1926 Texas had very nearly five acres of cotton to one
acre of corn. In some measure grain sorghums have replaced corn
in West Texas, yet if we add the total acreage of grain sorghums to
that of corn we still would find there was a great discrepancy between
the acreage of cotton and the acreage of grain sorghums and corn
combined.

It is probably true that the tremendous increase in cotton acreage
beginning in 1921 was due in part to the ruinously low prices of
cattle, many landowners subdividing their ranch holdings into farms.
Cotton acreage increased more than three million acres from 1923
to 1924. This increase was possible because of the extensive develop-
ments going on in Western Texas. '

Cotton can be" handled with less investment in farm machinery
and equipment than any other crop. For this reason and also on ac-

4

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count of being a crop easily sold as soon as harvested, it appeals to
the land owner or farmer who makes yearly contracts. The absentee
landlord is a powerful factor in increasing the cotton acreage on ac-
count of the fact that law and custom protect him in collecting the
rent from a cotton crop produced on his land. As a matter of fact,
there are many influences pressing on the landlord, as Well as the
tenant, tending to produce an increased acreage in cotton.
' COTTON AS A BASIS OF CREDIT

The one crop system of farming is usually operated on a credit
basis. A diversified farm with live stock, establishing an income
monthly throughout the year, can operate on practically a cash basis.
Where cotton is the main crop there must be credit and from the lend-
er’s standpoint cotton is looked upon as good security. It can be in-
sured at a comparatively low rate of interest. If properly stored it
will not deteriorate, and there is always a ready market at some

price. Southern bankers know cotton. They are willing to risk

loans to finance cotton production because cotton can quickly be
converted into money. In banking circles cotton has established a
reputation for being a “safe” crop and it naturally follows that
bankers look to the cotton acreage as promising the surest source
of income to repay loans.

COTTON WITHOUT FEED CROPS INSECURE

In times like this we are brought to a realization of how insecure
farm loans can be when based on a commodity that fluctuates as
wildly as cotton has during the last six months. Unpaid debts and
the loss of purchasing power of cotton has affected adversely the
entire business structure wherever cotton is the chief source of
income and the only basis of credit. Bankers are beginning to realize
that loans for purchasing pigs, calves, and cows that will help
farmers make part of their living on the farm should add an element
of safety to loans made for buying teams and supplies used in
the production of cotton. The ~idea gaining ground that the first
aim of real farming is to produce the feed and family living, then
strive to have a surplus which will pay debts and taxes and add to
savings. Self-supporting farmers contribute tremendously to both the
financial stability and the economic security of their home communi-
ties. A bank that aids its farmer customers in becoming self-sup-
porting is rendering good service to the community as well as build-
ing toward its own security.

WHAT‘ IS SAFER FARMING ,

The Safer Farming program advocated by the A. and M. College
is based on four fundamental principles:

1. The production of food for the family and feed supplies for

the live stock.

2. Providing a cash income from two or more sources.

3. Producing live stock or live stock products as well as crops
so as to secure better distribution of labor throughout the
entire year and to lessen drain on soil fertility.

4. Increasing‘ the efficiency of the farm.

5

A LIVE-AT-HOME PROGRAM

To remedy the distressing situation brought about by the loss of
buying value. in cotton it seems desirable to make changes that will
place our agriculture 0n a sounder and more profitable basis. The
logical starting point for such a program is to provide for the needs
of every farm family on every farm. The minimum requirements
in Providing a live-at-home program for each family of five would be:

(a) 1 milk cow (b) 1 brood sow (c) 25 laying hens

(d) An all-the-year-round garden of at least one-half acre.

If these are provided and the surplus production of meat and
vegetables conserved for future canning, the amount of food pur-
chased from the stores will be reduced to a minimum. It would be
advisable if possible to keep more than one cow, to increase the
flock of chickens, and also to increase the number of hogs, for the
reason that these will produce food products that can be sold to
an advantage or exchanged for food products that cannot be produced
on the farm. Farmers should realize the importance of not neglect-
ing the smaller items of revenue, which in the course of a twelve
months period will amount to a considerable sum. Food for the
family and feed for the live stock when purchased at the store are
high in price. When they are produced on the farm they cost noth-
ing but seed and labor. When purchased at the store, the price
must include freight, insurance, commissions, and profits to the men
who handle them. The labor necessary to produce food and feed is on
the farm, and the growing of home-supplies will not interfere with
the care of the cotton crop.

HEALTH OF THE FARM FAMILY

It is more important that the farm family be well fed and well
nourished, strong and healthy than it is that the work stock or animals
on the farm should be well taken care of. Yet, unfortunately, in
many instances more attention is given to the feeding of the animals
than is given to the proper nourishment of the growing children.
Experiments conducted by the U. S. Department of Health in coop-
eration with the U. S. Department of Agriculture on plantations in
the Mississippi delta have shown conclusively that screening of houses
to keep out mosquitoes reduced the amount of sickness caused by
malaria and greatly increased the general prosperity of the communi-
ty as a whole. Numerous instances could be cited of improvement
in the health of the family due to a change of diet and providing an
abundance of proper kind of food as a result of the work of home
demonstration agents of the Extension Service. A farm table should
be provided with an abundance of the right kind of food, a large
part of which can be produced on the farm much more cheaply and
of more satisfactory quality than can be secured from a store. The
health of the family and the growth of the children depend in large
measure upon the diet which builds and repairs the body tissues, reg-
ulates the body processes, furnishes energy, and promotes growth
and positive good health.

FOOD—HOW MUCH AND WHY

1. Milk, fruit and vegetables are recommended for keeping the body
healthy and preventing disease. Each person should have every
day:

(a) Three glasses whole milk or its equivalent in buttermilk,

butter, cottage cheese, custards, creamed vegetables, soups
or ice cream. i

(b) Two raw fruits or raw vegetables, such as apples, oranges,
watermelons, cantaloupe, tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage or on-
ions.

(c) A generous serving of one leafy vegetable, cooked or raw,
such as greens from turnips, mustard, beets, Brussels
sprouts, cabbage, green string beans, asparagus.

(d) A generous serving o.f tomatoes, cooked or raw, at least
three times a week.

2. .In addition to milk, fruits and vegetables the family table should
be provided with an abundance of meat, eggs, bread, potatoes,
and other foods that can, in large measure, be produced on the
farm.

In order‘ to assist the housewife in providing a supply of canned
fruit and vegetables sufficient to meet the needs of the family at all
times when they cannot be secured fresh from the garden or orchard
the following list is recommended as the minimum requirements for
a family of five:

Modern methods of canning enable farm women to save annually hundreds of
thousands of dollars in canned products including meat, vegetables, and fruit.

Peafy Vegetables-GS’ cans.—This will be sufficient for nine weeks
serving seven times each week. The remainder of the year fresh veg-
etables should be secured from the garden. These would include cab-
bage greens, lettuce, asparagus, onions, spinach, etc.

. Other vegetables—147 cans.—This will be sufficient to serve seven
times a week for twenty-one weeks. During the remainder of the
year vegetables should be secured fresh from the garden or from
stored or dried products. This list should include turnips, carrots,
okra, peas, corn, beets, beans, cauliflower, etc.

‘Fruit-—176 cans.—This will be sufficient to serve eleven times a
week for sixteen weeks. In addition to canned fruit, a fresh supply
should be obtained from the orchard or garden and may include ber-
ries, grapes, peaches, pears, cantaloupes, watermelons, plums, and
figs. When a supply from the orchard is not available, fruit should
be purchased in season and canned or the supply‘ of tomatoes should
be increased to make up the deficiency in fruits.

Those desiring further information as to the budget or how to
can fruits and vegetables should send to the Extension Service for
bulletins C-55, “Home Canning of Meat”; Farmer’s Bulletin 1471,
“Canning Fruits and Vegetables.” '

THE FAMILY GARDEN

This bulletin is designed to meet all conditions in Texas. Un-
fortunately on many rented farms there is no place for a garden
except  the field. This is better than no garden at all, but when-
ever possible the garden should be on a permanent plot of about

one-half acre well fenced to keep out chickens, rabbits, and the '

soil should be made very fertile. Rows should be spaced so as to
allow for cultivation of at least the coarser crops with a horse-drawn
implement. Eliminate hand work as far as possible from the garden.
Plan the garden as a year around proposition. This will enable one
to plant the correct vegetables at the right time in proportion to
family needs. Do not plant all beans or all beats, but plant a few
of each and in addition grow as many other vegetables as possible.
Asparagus needs to be planted once in ten or fifteen years. It re-
quires very little attention but will produce a great abundance of
early cuttings. Strawberries should, also, have a place. Any per-
manent crop such as the ones mentioned should be planted so as not
to interfere with the cultivation of the rest of the garden. If a sur-
plus over the present family needs is produced it should be canned
in tin cans, using a pressure steam canner. A considerable amount
of surplus vegetables from the garden that is unfit for table use can
profitably be fed to the family cow or the brood sow and pigs.

Under climatic conditions prevailing in nearly all parts of Texas,
the proper selection of seed for planting should enable a family to
produce a continuous supply of green vegetables. Fall gardens are
equally as successful as spring gardens, and‘ there are many vegetables
that will thrive in the heat of midsummer. A brief out line of plant-
ings would include the following;

8

Early Spring Planting

Irish potatoes Turnips and Mustard Beans

English peas for greens Onions

Radish ‘

Lettuce Beets Tomatoes

Cabbage Swiss chard Watermelon

Late Spring and Summer Planting

Swiss chard Okra Cushaw

Cucumbers Tomatoes New Zealand Spinach
Summer squash Pepper Sweet potato
Cantaloupe Egg plant Black-eye peas

Fall Planting

Beets Onions Irish potatoes (in the
Turnip greens Lettuce south)

Mustard greens Radishes . Spinach

Cabbage Cauliflower Swiss Chard

THE FAMILY cow

A good milk cow will produce more valuable food for the farm
family every day in the year than can be obtained from any other
source with equal cost in cash outlay or labor. Any farm family
that does not have a good cow is not well organized, and every
sacrifice should be made to secure and keep at least one good cow for
every farm family. Milk is an essential food. There is nothing
that can be satisfactorily substituted for it in the diet of a growing
child. Its food elements are equally valuable for adults, and every
member of the family should consume a certain amount of milk
products every day, not only for producing growth but also for pro-
tecting the health. -The best results will always be secured by stir-
ring the cream in the milk before serving it on the table. Not a
drop of milk that could be used for food should be wasted. Tlhe
surplus skim milk should be made into cottage cheese, which can be
used in large measure as a substitute for meat.

‘FEED FOR THE FAMILY COW

The cow is essentially a grass eating animal,‘ and her main supply
of food should be from green forage. If this is supplied in abun-
dance, very little grain will be required. Sudan grass or~sorghum in
summer, green oats or barley in winter will furnish anabundance
of satisfactory food for a cow, and should be provided in event pasture
such as Johnson grass or Bermuda grass is not available. Do not
expect good results from a cow kept in a dry lot unless a green feed
is cut and fed to her daily. If fences are not provided a cow can
be staked out where she can secure an abundance of green forage

Provide the cow with shade, good water, plenty of green feed, and a l

reasonable grain ration, and she will do her part if you give her
care and attention.

It was stated above, that good pasture would furnish most of
the feed requirements for the dairy cow. But if she is to be kept up
with a good flow of production for a long lactation period, she should

9

receive a light grain ration in addition to pasture grass. A good
mixture of grain is as follows: By Weight
1 part cottonseed meal
1 part wheat bran
2 parts ground corn or grain sorghums
Feed at the rate o.f 2 to 21/2 pounds of the mixture for each
gallon of milk production. If the cow receives only dry hay and
fodder for roughage, feed 3 pounds of the mixture for each gallon of
milk. It is a good practice to feed two or three pounds of hulls per
day with the grain mixture, to give it bulk, which will aid in digestion.
Note: Those interested in further information concerning the
feed and care of dairy cows should send to the Extension Service
for bulletins.

THE FAMILY SUPPLY OF MEAT

One brood sow properly taken care of should produce two litters
0f pigs a year. The average number of pigs raised on Texas
farms per brood sow is five. Where only one sow is kept this average
would probably be increased. Hogs cannot be profitably kept on
any farm unless they are properly fed. It is a common custom to
feed the hogs all the garbage on the farm, but this is not a sufficient
supply of food to produce the best results. Under normal conditions
where only meat for the family is desired, it would probably be ad-
visable to sell all the fall litter as soon as they are old enough to
Ywean, and from the spring litter select four of the best pigs to feed
through until the following winter for a supply of meat. A half fed
pig will never make a good hog and the expense of producing gain
is considerably increased where the ration is limited. If possible
provide a small grazing patch for the brood sow and her pigs, for
which there is nothing better than Sudan grass in summer and barley
or oats with rape for winter grazing.

Curing pork is not only a matter of making it keep. It must
be put up in such a manner that it will make a desirable food. Not
only must it be tasty when first cured, but it should stay that way
for twelve months. Brine curing is recommended in preference to the
dry salt method.

There are several formulas for making this brine, the following
being a good one and will cure 100 pounds of pork:

10 gallons water 5 lbs. brown sugar
20f lbs salt 5 ounces salt peter

Bring the water to a boil, then add the salt. Stir this about a
minute, then‘ add the sugar and salt peter. Continue to stir until
all is dissolved. Allow this to cool and the brine is ready.

It is preferable to kill the hog in the afternoon. Cut up the
meat and rub salt on it, spread it out and allow to stand over night.
In the meantime, make the brine as directed and allow to stand
over night.

The next morning, pack the meat in a barrel. Pack the hams and
shoulders first, with the skin side up, then pack the side meat with
skin side up. Put a weight on the meat and then pour the brine over

10

it. Let it stand in this manner for three weeks. At this time, take
out the side meat and hang up to drip. Weight the hams and
shoulders down in brine again and leave them there another ten days.
After this time, take these out and hang up to drip. When all the
meat has dripped dry, smoke it and then wrap it. This is usually

' done by wrapping first with newspapers and then with cotton sack-

ing. Be sure to sew the cloth on tight so that no bugs or flies can
get to the meat. Sew on a strap to hang the package with. Hang in
cool place and you will have as good meat as you can buy during the
entire year.

THE FARM FLOCK

Next in importance to the milk cow, a flock of twenty-five hens
will furnish a valuable addition to the daily food supply. From this
numbe-r sufficient eggs can be secured to provide for each member
of the family every day and enough eggs can be set to increase the
flock in sufficient numbers to replace those that are removed dur-
ing the season. It is better to use standard breeding fowls, if possi-
ble, and it is of importance that they be kept in a healthy, vigorous
condition. If the flock can be increased to 100 hens comfortably
housed and properly fed, they will not only furnish the necessary
amount of eggs and a considerable supply of meat for family use,
but will also produce surplus eggs for market. The profit from

these eggs will, in large measure, pay the necessary grocery bills for‘

the products that cannot be raised on the farm.

This number of hens does not require a large expensive house,
but it is important that the house be comfortable, well ventilated and
dry. A. patch of winter oats close to the barn will furnish an abun-
dance of green food for the flock during the winter time.

Poultry produces a greater profit for the amount of expenditure
than any other kind of live stock on the farm as a large part of their
food supply is secured from what would otherwise be wasted.

Turkeys may profitably be added to the poultry flock as they
can be raised for very little expense for feed, and on account of the
fact that they forage for insects almost constantly during their grow-
ing period.

A flockof 25 hens will nearly pick up their living foraging about
the barns and corrals and will require only a limited supply of grain
feed, but if the flock is increased to 100 hens then provisions should
be made for a regular ration suitable for egg production. If this is
not done, a flock of 100 hens may not be so profitable as a flock of
twenty-five.

Those interested in poultry and turkey raising should consult
the County or Home Demonstration Agent or write to the Extension
Service for bulletins L-1, C-51, and C-52.

FEED FOR THE WORK STOCK

It is just as essential in a safer farming program that the feed
for the live stock be produced on the farm as it is that the food for
the farm people should be produced on the farm. Unfortunately
many black land and bottom land farms are not organized on this

11

plan. 1t is not uncommon for these farmers to purchase all their
feed supplies, and when low price cotton overtakes them as in the
present year it takes more than the value of their cotton crop t0
purchase the necessary feed, and they are unable to meet their cur-
rent obligations. The production of feed crops on the farm is an
insurance against such a calamity, and the farmer who has an abun-
dant supply of feed and forage should be accounted a much safer
risk for a loan than one who necessarily has to borrow money for
the purchase of feed supplies.

In the production of cotton the teams are in the field practically
only one-half of the time, or approximately 150 days. During the
time they are out of work they are usually turned in the pasture.
The amount of food that can be secured from pasture is, however,
subject to wide variation, and if the teams are to be kept in good
condition, a supply of grain and roughness must always be kept on
hand to be utilized as necessary. Under normal condition there should
be approximately two acres of pasture for each work animal on the
place. In addition to this pasture each work animal will require
approximately 3,000 pounds of grain, either corn, oats, or grain
sorghums, and 4,000 pounds of hay. The amount of land required
to produce this grain and hay would vary in the different parts of
the State, but a sufficient acreage should be planted each year to
insure an adequate supply sufficient to meet the maximum demands.
Based on the average production in the State a farm having four
work animals, one cow, one brood sow and four pigs, and a flock
of 100 hens should grow for feeding this live stock: twelve acres
of corn, oats or grain sorghum: for grain; three acres of sorghum
for hay; two acres of Sudan grass for summer pasture.

Feeding practices for the work stock will depend very much on
how hard the animals are Worked and on the quality of pasture
available. If the fields are fenced there is always a considerable
amount of forage left after the crops have been gathered which can
profitably be used for the live stock.

SAFER FARMING MUST PRODUCE A CASH INCOME FROM
TWO OR MORE MAJOR PRODUCTS

When farming depends on only one source of income the risk
element is much greater-than when the income is derived from two
or more sources. The farmer who produces but one product for
sale is at the mercy of fluctuating‘ prices. Over production and re-
sulting low price always threaten. Farming is risky enough at best,
and drought, or flood, pests and disease, may alway be reckoned
with. Diversified farming offers the safest way of meeting risks
both of low prices and low yields.

Cotton is logically the major product for most Texas farms.
Whatever else is add-ed ought to fit in with the scheme of things
without too much conflict in labor. As a general principle of farm
management it is considered very risky to suddenly replace a well
established major crop by what has hitherto been a minor crop.
Experienced farmers are always cautious about making radical de-

12

partures from the established farm practice of their communities.
There are, however, several important crops that can be used to sup-
plement cotton. Corn offers possibilities over a wide area, and grain
sorghums may take the place of corn where dry, hot weather cuts
corn yields below profitable prodution. The acreage of wheat, oats
and barley should be increased, especially in the Central Texas black
land belt where root rot is prevalent. On sandy soils peanuts and
sweet potatoes offer opportunities as minor cash crops and where
markets are available farmers may plant a few acres of truck as a
profitable sideline. ~

The question of markets is equally important as soil adapta-
tion in working out a farming program contemplating the reduction
of the cotton acreage and the growing of some other cash crop on
the acreage released. This is especially true where perishable truck

or fruit crops are produced. The success of tomato growing in East '

Texas and of spinach and onion production in southwest Texas has
been brought about in large measure by the work of efficient market-
ing organizations and the growing of the product in sufficient quan-
tities to attract car lot buyers and shippers. Where a sufficient and
reliable supply of fruit and vegetables suitable for canning can be
guaranteed, enough interest may be aroused to establish canning
and preserving plants. Some of these have been operated on a co-
operative basis, but those that have been most successful have been
privately owned and operated. The success of the fig industry in
South Texas is due in large measure to the market for the fruit estab-
lished through the preserving plants.

OPPORTUNITIES IN LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION

Live stock production should always be a complement to the
production of feed crops on a well organized farm. In some instances
live stock farming is the major enterprise and the amount of live
stock kept on the farm is greater than the farm in itself can support.
This condition prevails, on some dairies located near large cities
where the land holdings are relatively small. This intensive kind
of live stock farming presents a problem foreign to the general con-
sideration of a live stock program as a part of a safer farming pro-
gram. The general advantages of live stock on the farm may be
summed up as follows:

1. They provide a means of utilizing pasture land, and convert-
ing bulky forage crops, and some unsalable products, into
meat or meat products that can be sold for cash.

2. Live stock utilizes labor throughout the entire year.

3. Live stock distributes the income in different periods of the
year, and certain types of live stock farming provide a month-
1y income.

4. Manure from live stock properly applied to the soil will
increase its productivity.

The kind of live stock to be kept on a farm will depend upon
the inclination of the farmer and market facilties. Some men will
succeed best with dairy cows, some have a preference for beef cattle,
and others would prefer to have sheep or hogs. As a rule, sheep fit

13

in better with beef cattle, and hogs are more likely to be found on
dairy farms, although there is no reason why other combinations
might not be successful.

BEEF CATTLE

Cattle should have a place where pasture is available.or cheap
forage is abundant. Many farmers may keep cows for milk produc-
tion, in which event the raising of calves for beef purposes becomes

’ only an incident to the main object in farming. Growing cattle may

be regarded as being nearly always profitable, even though a big cattle
business might not be possible. Good young beef is always in
demand and many farms of from 100 to 120 acres are annually wast-
ing enough feed and forage to fatten from six to eight head of young
cattle.

Texas produces more feeder cattle than any other State in the
Union, and unfortunately the most of these feeder cattle are sold
to northern farmers and finished for market on feed crops and corn
produced in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. Demonstrators in the pro-
duction of baby beef on the farms have been shown that with proper

care and the right kind of feed a very satisfactory finish can be put '

on these steers and calves on Texas farms. There is a market demand
for well finished young animals of the right kind of type. While it
might be impossible in some instances’, for one farm to feed a car load
of this class of cattle, cooperative efforts might be made in securing a
car load to be distributed to different farmers in a community to be
fed so as to be ready for shipment to market at about the same time.
Cooperation of this kind in buying, feeding and selling would enable
the farmers who operate on a small scale to engage in an enterprise
that should prove profitable.

SHEEP

Texas farmers have taken less advantage of the opportunity
of making money from sheep than any other class of live stock. Sheep
raising, for the most part, has been delegated to the ranchmen who
count their flocks by the thousand head. There is no economic reason
why sheep raising could not be made a part of the live stock pro-
gram on thousands of small farms. Sheep require little attention,
and if kept free from diseases and protected from wolves and prowl-
ing dogs, they will produce a good return in wool and meat. A small
flock on the farm will obtain their living largely from products that
otherwise would go to waste.

The feeding of sheep and lambs for market purpose is an in-
dustry that should receive careful consideration from those farmers
who produce a surplus of corn or grain sorghums. The best results
are secured when these grains are mixed in proper proportion with
cottonseed meal, or when they are fed in combination with alfalfa
hay. Green pasture of winter grain will also help greatly.

DAIRY FARMING

Dairy farming or the keeping of dairy cows on the farm is
receiving a great deal of publicity at the present time, and this branch
14

of live stock farming should prove profitable in every part of Texas
if the cows used in the dairy are adapted for that purpose and if
they are properly housed and fed.

The average farm in Texas can add from one to five good dairy
cows to its farm live stock operations and if properly handled they
should prove to be a continuous source of income. January 1, 1926,
Texas had 936,000 cows and heifers two years old and over kept for
milk. pAt the same time the population of Texas was reported to be
5,000,000 people. According to these figures, this would give a ratio
of over five people to one cow in Texas. Statistics further emphasize
the fact that since 1870 the number of people has greatly increased
while the number of dairy cows in Texas has only slightly increased.

The average Texas dairy cow produces about 215 gallons of milk
each year. This will furnish less than.one pint of milk each day
per person, which is about one-half the milk each person should con-
sume. It will require at least a million cows with the production
of the present Texas dairy cow to supply enough dairy products
for the Texas people if each person consumes a quart of milk a day.

_ The equivalent of a quart of milk can be consumed in many forms
of dairy products of which butter is one of the chief. Between ten
and eleven million dollars worth of butter is shipped to Texas
each year. Practically all farms in Texas are so located that butter
fat can be delivered to a cream station or direct to a creamery.
Sometimes butter fat can be delivered daily to a sweet cream cream-
ery which usually pays for butter fat from ten to fifteen cents a pound
above the sour cream price. Furthermore, the skim milk offers
another source of profit when fed to pigs and poultry on each farm.

It is plain that farmers living within the State of Texas are
nearer to this demand for dairy products and can supply the products
with less transportation charges than farmers from other states.

INEREASE m
POPULATKJN

sun%

500%

+00 %

300%

     
 

200% $._ ____ __

Qn-

___-.0Aisr-cni¢5_,\“5
00% --------- ---

I870 1880 I830 I500 I310 ' I920

Population in Texas has increased 500 per cent. in the last fifty years. During
the same period of time dairy cows have increased in number less than 50 per cent.

It can be clearly.seen that it Will be a number of years yet before
Texas will be able to produce the dairy products that she consumes.
This should be proof enough that dairying should receive careful
consideration from the farmer in planning his year’s activities since
it has possibilities for furnishing a steady source of income over a
reasonably long period of time.

HOGS ON THE FARM

There is a great opportunity for the farmers of Texas to sup-
plement their farm income by producing hogs for the market, in
addition to the number of hogs required for meat purposes. This has
been conclusively demonstrated and proven by the Ton Litter Con-
tests that have been conducted the last four years. Some cotton
farmers in Central Texas produced their hogs in the Ton Litter Con-
test in 1923-1924 at a cost of six cents per pound after they had paid
$1.20 per bushel for the corn. They sold these hogs for eight cents
per pound. This, we think, is about as adverse a condition for mak-
ing money on hogs as will ever be experienced in Texas. Hence, if
the farmers of Texas will follow the methods used by these Ton
Litter Contestants, they should make some money on hogs every
year in Texas. If the farmers of Texas will feed their hogs the Way
the ton litters are fed, twelve bushels of corn will produce a two-
hundred pound hog, including the corn fed the sow. On this basis,
one acre of corn will produce two hogs. The profit per hog in the
Ton Litter Contest in 1923-1924 was $12.00. This would give a per
acre profit of $24.00. This is above the average acre profit on
cotton. _

There are several things in regard to swine management and
feeding that farmers should know and keep in mind if they produce
hogs as cheaply as indicated above. The first thing is to provide a
pasture, if possible, using oats, barley, alfalfa, or burr clover for
winter, and sudan grass, alfalfa or clover for summer. If it is not
possible to have a pasture, be sure to make the pen large enough to
allow the hogs plenty of exercise.

HOW TO FEED FOR PROFIT

Always keep a mineral mixture before the hogs. If it is the
right kind of mineral mixture, it will aid the appetite and digestion,
supply bone material for their bodies, and keep down worms.

It is very important that the pigs be weaned in the proper man-
ner to prevent stunning at weaning time. They should not be weaned
before they are eight weeks old. The sow and pigs should be run
together in the pen, or pasture, where the pigs are to be kept after
weaning. Then take the sow away from the pigs, leaving the pigs
in the place that they are accustomed to being. The majority of
people reverse this operation.

It is very important that the feeding be done correctly if hogs
are to be produced at a profit under adverse conditions such as we
had in 1923-1924. The average farmer feeds corn and kitchen slop,
and sometimes this is supplemented with shorts. This does not con-
stitute a balanced ration, and a ration that is not balanced Will not

16

prove as profitable as one that is. A ration t0 be perfectly balanced
should contain the proper proportion of protein, carbohydrates, and
fats, the ration must contain both an animal and vegetable protein,
both animal and vegetable carbohydrates, and both animal and vege-
table fats, also the proper amount of mineral and vitamines. Corn
alone, or corn supplement with kitchen slop or shorts, or‘ both does not
contain all of these requirements. There are a great many feeds avail-
able that are rich in protein and contain some mineral and vitamines;
namely, milk in any form, cotton seed meal, peanut meal, tankage,
alfalfa meal, soy beans, cowpeas, etc. However, no one of -these
feeds combined with corn will make a perfectly balanced ration. You
can combine corn and cotton seed meal in the right proportion to
got the proper proportion of protein, carbohydrates, and fat, but
you would not have all of the required minerals and vitamines,
neither would this combination contain both animal and vegetable
proteins, carbohydrates and fat. In order for a pig to make the most
rapid gain, and hence the most economical gain, it must be fed a
ration that contains every element required in the making of its
body, and to be economical a ration should be fed that contains these
elements in the proportion required by the pig’s body, so that there
shall be no waste of any of the elements. Corn and milk in any form
comes the nearest to being a correctly balanced ration of any two
feeds that can be combined. The following is an example of a
balanced ration, that has been used by some of the Ton Litter Con-
testants, and is now being used by several hundred farmers in Texas
in their common every day practice. The ration is: to feed one
pound of what is termed protein supplement, with the kitchen slop,
or slop made of water, and then feed all the corn, or grain sorghum,
that the pigs will clean up. This pound of protein supplement is
made as follows:

1A pound tankage 1/8 pound alfalfa meal
‘A pound wheat shorts 3/16 pound ground oats
1A; pound cotton seed meal 1/16 pound bone meal

If you feed this one pound of protein supplement per day per pig

with all the corn that it will eat, the ration is balanced at all times‘

regardless of age or size of the pign. This simplifies the problem of
feeding a balanced ration for hogs, and makes it as easy to feed a
balanced ration as it is to practice careless feeding,as is ordinarily
done by the average farmer of Texas. You simply mix one pound
of the protein supplement for the pig with slop and then feed the corn
as usual.

HEALTH NECESSARY FOR PROFIT

It is also important that farmers understand and practice swine
sanitation. If swine are kept in sanitary quarters and have an
abundance of good fresh pasture and a balanced feed, many of the
ills that hogs are subject to may be largely prevented. Not only
infection from worms and filth-borne disease will be greatly lessened,
but pigs properly fed and cared for are better able to resist disease
than those low in vitality.‘ Pigs that are infected with worms and

17

lice cannot be expected to make profitable gains. Lice may be read-
ily eradicated by either dipping the hogs in crude oil, or rubbing the
crude oil on them with a mop. In the latter case, be sure to get the
oil all over the hog. In case crude oil is not available, the oil drain-
ed from the crank case of the car or tractor may be used. The hogs
sleeping quarters should also be liberally sprayed with this oil.
Since pigs are most susceptible to infection and suffer most serious-
ly from worms during the first few weeks, it is necessary that
great care be exercised in preventing worms at this time. The
best method of prevention is what is termed the McLean County
System. This system is to thoroughly clean the farrowing pen and
then scrub it out with boiling watenand lye, using one pound of
lye to ten gallons of water. This should be done before the sow is
placed in the pen. Before the sow is placed in the farrowing pen,
she should be cleaned carefully of all mud and dirt and washed off
with a disinfectant so as to destroy any worm eggs that might be
adhered to her body. The sow, or pigs, should .not be allowed to get
out of this pen until they are taken out by Wagon to some clean pen,
or pasture. If _they are driven out, they are ‘liable to pick up worm
eggs on their feet and get them in the feed trough.

If the pigs get infested with worms, a good home remedy is to
dissolve one ounce of copperas in a quart of warm water and add
this to the slop for ten pigs for five successive days, and then repeat
in about three weeks. Or they may be given one-half teaspoonful
of oil of chenapodium mixed with two ounces of castor oil—this dose
is for a fifty-pound pig, double dose for a hundred-pound pig.

The farmers of Texas Who will handle their hogs as outlined
above, will consistently make money on their hogs regardless of the
price of feed, or the price of hogs.

INCREASING FARM EFFICIENCY

There is a Wide variation in the cost of operation of different
farms and there is also a wide variation in the production per acre
and in the returns per unit of labor expended. Modern manufac-
turers have long since learned that profit in the manufacturing
business depends in large measure upon efficiency of the plant, and
the same rule applies to the operation of a farm. Safer farming
means more efficient farming, and more efficient farming demands
that every acre be required to produce its maximum and every an-
imal be required to efficiently use every pound of feed given to it.

Farm values increased very rapidly during the war and during
this same time land assessments and taxes were also increased. This
added burden of expense must be met by increased production per
acre. The majority of Texas farms have been in cultivation many
years, and as a result of the drain on their fertility, production per
acre has on these lands steadily decreased. The time has arrived
when careful consideration should be given to the improvement of
the land. The first thing to look to is its physical condition. Land
in cultivation that is the least bit hilly is inclined to wash, and much
of the best soil is drained off into the valley. This washing should

18

-sary plant food is in the soil in sufficient quantities.

be stopped by terracing these fields with broad terraces that will
check the rapid run off of the surface water and protect the fields
from washing. This work can be done at any time during the
year when there is no crop growing on_the land. It is not neces-
sary to terrace the entire farm at one time, but a complete system
of terracing can be laid out and completed in part as opportunity
comes.

Soil that has been in cultivation many years will probably be
found to be deficient in organic matter. This can be restored by
plowing under the residue of crops, or growing a crop on the land
for the particular purpose of green manure and plowing it under.
There are not sufficient animals kept on Texas farms to provide any
adequate supply of manure, and for this reason especial care should
be taken to plow under all crop residue such as corn stalks, straw,
pea vines and cover grass.

In some localities maximum production is impossible on account
of the lack of drainage. The condition will be found in some bot-
tom lands, and also on some irrigated land. Any excess water in
the field that hinders growth of plants should be drained off, and
in a locality where this condition prevails an adequate drainage
system must be provided if these fields are to be profitably culti-
vated. If drainage cannot be provided, then the land should be
left in pasture for wet land cannot be properly cultivated. If soils
are well drained or terraced to prevent washing and well supplied
with organic matter, they will produce abundant crops if the neces-
If the plant
food has been depleted by constant cropping, the production will in-
variably be increased by the use of commercial fertilizers containing
these elements of plant food in an available form. Just how much
fertilizer to use or what kind to use depends upon the crop and the
soil, and those intending to purchase fertilizers should secure the
advice of their county agent or the college so as to make sure their
investment will be intelligently made. It is important to remember
that there are three essential elements of plant food—nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash—and the commercial value of the fertilizer
depends upon the relative amount of these three ingredients in the
material offered. Soil building or soil improvement is, at the best, a
slow process, and farmers should remember that it is much easier to
exhaust the fertility of the land than it is to restore it.

Efficiency in management of the farm will demand a careful
study of the equipment and labor necessary to operate it. It takes
no more feed to keep a team thanit did in 1914, but the labor cost
o.f driving the team has increased 100 per cent. If through the use
of larger machinery, tools, and implements the number of mules in
charge of one driver can be increased, it will be possible to reduce the
labor cost of operating plows, harrows, and cultivators. Where work
is done with hoe, however, or by hand labor, the amount accomplished
per unit of man hours is no more than it was in 1914, but the cost
of this work has increased 100 per cent. It would seem important,
therefore, to arrange the farming program so as to do as much work

19

as possible with teams with the minimum amount of hazid labor
that must be hired.

There is much waste of energy and loss of time on many farms
due to inadequate equipment in fences, gates and buildings. Where
live stock is kept and fences are not adequate there is not only
damage to crops from depredation of live stock, but there is a loss
of time necessary to herd them back into the enclosure and repair
the fences or gate. It is economy to spend the time and the money
necessary for repairs to put the fences and gates in good condition,
and, if possible, this should be done before the spring work begins.

Heavy corner posts and heavy gate posts well braced are es-
sential in building a good fence.

The water supply on the farm should be adequate and conven-
iently arranged so that the work stock and other animals will have
fresh drinking water available at all times. It ought not to be
necessary to drive the animals to the pasture or tank to give them
water, and it ought not to be necessary to spend time drawing water
from a well bucket, for either the house supply or the supply for the
live stock.

On many farms a tractor has an important place. On the wheat
farm it may displace all the mules, but on land cultivated in cotton
and corn, there will always be need for teams. The efficiency of the
tractor depends, in large measure, on the mechanical care it receives,

'and where the entire operation of a farm depends upon motive

power of this kind, it should be kept in the highest possible state
of efficiency. A break down at harvest time due to defective ma-
chinery may mean the loss of hundreds of dollars, and time is such
an important factor in work of this kind that no chances of delay
should be taken. The difference between success and failure in
the management of farms can often be found in the care given the
equipment and motive power. This applies to mules and horses as
well as tractors.

HOME GARDENING AND ORCHARDING

Home gardening, bush and vine fruit production, and orcharding,
provide food for the family, assist in labor distribution, and con-
tribute a proportionate return to the farm income each year.

Whether it be in the city or on the farm, the question of garden-
ing and orcharding is, or should be, of vital interest to everyone.
The garden provides a supply of vegetables at home that is entirely
without transportation or handling costs. It is estimated that the
family garden, if properly handled, will produce each year from $150
to $200 worth of vegetables, if valued at market price.

The home production of fruit should have a place in every farm
program. Few localities in Texas have soil and climate conditions
unsuited for the production of some type of fruit. In San Saba
County, located in Central West Texas, a six year old home orchard
of ten acres of peaches and plums produced $1400 worth of fruit in
1926, at a cost of less than $250 for labor, spray material and inter-

20

est on investment. There is usually a strong demand in local town
and city markets for fruit of good grade and quality.

Bush and vine fruits, such as dewberries, blackberries, straw-
berries and grapes, although perishable products, can usually be de-
pended upon to contribute a timely farm commodity for home useage
or for the local market. Excessive acreage planted to most any per-
ishable crop, with no definite knowledge of future market conditions,
have proved itself a hazardous practice.

In those sections of Texas where pecan trees produce regular
crops, it is unexcusable to overlook the possible financial returns
from this source. Along the creek or river fronts, pecans flourish on
land that frequently “lays out” due to overflows or weed infestation.
The low cost of production makes pecan growing attractive both from
a crop return viewpoint, and also through the resulting increase in
land values.

MARKETING FARM PRODUCTS

The question of marketing has an important bearing on a safer
farming program. In many instances production of certain products
are stimulated beyond local market demands, and through lack of
organization, standardization, and concentration of all products, out-
side buyers are not attracted and facilities for reaching outside mar-
kets are not available. Local organizations looking towards the hand-
ling of problems of this kind are of vital importance on account of
the fact that the average farmer is not in position to produce in suf-
ficient quantity to ship in car load lots. This applies to live stock
as well as fruit and perishable truck crops. Cooperation in market-
ing is essential to the success of many of these enterprises, but any
attempt in cooperative marketing should be preceded by cooperative
planting or preparation and uniform grading. In many counties in
Texas cooperative live stock shipping associations have been success-
fully organized, cooperative creameries have established a market
for sweet and sour cream, cooperative egg‘ circles have developed bet-
ter markets for eggs, and cooperative shipments of poultry have been
very successful. Statewide organizations for the cooperative market-
ing of cotton, wheat, hay, and other staple crops also offers oppor-
tunities to the farmer to avail himself of the advantages of better
grading, warehousing, insurance, and other factors that have much to
do with lessening the cost of marketing, as well as an opportunity
of securing an advanced price over the local quotations. Safer farm-
ing means more business in farming and a more extensive utilization
of all agencies that will secure a better market and a better price for
the product offered.

INSECT CONTROL
A farm program can hardly be called a safe one that does not
take into consideration the damage that may be caused by insects
and their control. Infestation by insects is as uncertain as the weather
itself, and while in some seasons crops may be produced with little
damage and without special attention to insects, farmers ought to
21

be prepared to take up measures of control should an infestation
occur. This is just as important in a program that includes a variety
of crops and the planting of gardens essential to a “Live at Home”
program as it is in the production of any one crop. In fact, in the
case of orchard, garden, and truck crops it is more important since
the crop is far more valuable per unit area.

Detailed directions for the control of the numerous insects liable
to damage crops cannot be given in the brief space allowed here.
A few Words, however, regarding the eating habits of insects with
a suggestion as to materials to be applied against the two classes
should enable farmers or truckers to meet the attacks of most spe-
~cies. Insects withbiting mouth parts that chew the leaves, and whose
habits in this respect can be determined by the ragged appearance of
the leaves or the holes eaten in them, can usually be controlled by
sprays or dusts of the three common arsenicals, named in order of
preference and safety as (1) lead arsenate, (2) calcium arsenate, and
(3) Paris Green. The other class of insects are those that have suck-
ing mouth parts; they merely suck the sap from the leaf and cause it
to wither, turn yellow and die. These cannot be controlled by the ar-

senicals, but must be attacked by what are known as contact sprays,

such as oil emulsions or tobacco preparations. The latter, from the
standpoint of safety to the plant, is preferable and in recent years it
has been found that nicotine sulphate, one of the tobacco preparations,
mixed with lime and applied as a dust can be used with greater con-
venience and effect than the liquid sprays.

Cultural measures are of great importance. These will include
clean culture to keep down weeds which are breeding places of in-
sect pests, plowing under of crop residues immediately after harvest,
fall and winter plowing and harrowing, and burning of trash in
waste places during the winter time when insects may be found
sheltered under such material.

Since an insect infestation often occurs suddenly and the damage
is done quickly, farmers are advised to have a small initial supply
of proper insecticides on hand on the farm, or at least to be certain
that a supply is available.

For detailed information on the control of particular insects, con-
sult your County Agent or write to Entomologist of Extension Ser-
vice, of the A. and M. College.

w k . . J
 hOmC ‘Of Flnn Product‘ %or' people’  equipped fauna. unc°mf°'t‘b|e 

Same money and highervrate‘of inter”, bad roads, poorly paid teachers and preachers.

v-‘Qfillllilillllilllill|llilllll|llllllllHillHillHllllllililililllllillillllllilliiiililHiliillllHilll|l|llllllI[illilIllllllllllllllillillllllllllllllHillHilllllllillllillllillilillllillllllliill!lllllllllllllllill}lillllilllliillllllllllllliill!illllillllilllllllllill]lllilli]llllllllllllllllllllllllllilillug
 I H l N K I

 ‘WHAT A our. CROP SYSTEM MEANS

 Poor soil _ Small crops

 The Cwd“ Sysiem lnjurious insects and plant disease

AA‘. 4444_ ‘
' " v vowvvwvvvvvvvwvvwvvvvv-o

ilflllllll

BURLESCiN COUNTY FIVE YEAR
FARM PLAN

l. The Building Up of The Soil _ lV. The lmprovement of Farm Poultry

‘HNEIIIIEi‘MIIEHIZIHIIEHIIIillillillillfi!

l. By terracing the farm and pasture lands l- BY “"918 ‘he lam‘ fl°¢k
2 By dikhing ‘he farm 2. By the use of better breeds
' 3. By growing more poultry and feed crops

3' By Bauer rohfion of crops 4. Bv poultry farm demonstration, 100 pure bred hens, Certified

4. By proper use of commercial fertilizer , -
V. The Improvement of Farm Live Stock

ll. lncreased Yields Per Acre i, B, ti... use of pm bred sires

2. By culling out the scrubsw-or boarders
3. By growing more feed and forage crops
Q.

ililiiiliifllllilllliililillilil

iliflill

i l. By-fall and winter plowing

é Z. By better seed selection, for planting By dub organization

g 3. By S acre demonstrations, more cotton on less acres

E 4. By 5 acre demonstrations, more corn on less acres V1. BCtLCY Farm Management

E l. B farm accountin

  MOFG and BCRCY Cash CTOPS 2. B; manufacturingfiarm‘products for the marketf

= i By   i»   .i".:';::.:::'zs:i:!.f';.::."::';:.‘:!::.i"::2?"
2. By cooperative production and marketing poultry _ .
3. By cooperative production and marketing dairy products  A Cgunty Agfi¢ultufal Advisory Bflafd
4. By cooperative production and marketing watermelons L To provwe a érogram of m,“ fife educafion
5. By cooperative production and marketing irish potatoes 2_ T0 promote Boy; and Girl; dub work .
6. By cooperative production and marketing sweet potatoes 3. To create and promote “THE COUNTY PLAN"

Burleson County Our Church

We Believe i ln l‘ Her P¢§>Pl¢ We Live to Build  Our School
,_ Her Soil - I Our Home

But When We Build The Land We Build All

DIRECTORS

H. l-l. WOMBLE, President First State Bank, President E. D. Ahrens, Deanville, Precinct t

G. W. GRANT, County Judge, Vice President Emil HaislenTunis, Precinct 2

C. E. CROMARTIE, Cashier Caldwell Nationll Bank, Secretary Henry Specltman, Chriesman, Precinct a
W. D. PLUENNEKE, County School Superintendent, Treasurer J. T. Sltrabanek, Merle, Precinct 4

ln Cooperation With The United States Department of Agriculture and The A. & M. College of Texas

lillllililflllllllll[IllillfllIIHHHHHHI[IflllllllllilililllIIHIHHIl{HiNil!ilflillflifllililfilllliillllllllllIHHIHHIHHHHIIIIIHHHIHIIHlllllflillllllllllllll1{NHHHHIHHHHIHIRI

REMEMBER! m: A STAR OF LIGHT g

and E

Th‘ 0"“ w” ' 65”" “i “av” "m" Lead the way to better living on the E

lie began knocking on his own Country Farm g
fiillliilllllliHllllllllllllllllllllilllllIllllllNH\HlliHIll1HHlllllHilllllllHIHHIHHHHlllllllllllllilllillllllll!Ill}EHlllilllllllllilllllllHlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIHIlllHlHlIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllIllllIlllIIIIIllIllIIIIIIllllllllllllllllllllis

The above program of‘ developmentjs printed in full for the_ purpose of showing a comprehensive plan
of community building in which all citizens are interested. Similar plans have been adopted by many

Texas counties.
23

IlllllllIHIIllfllllll-IlllllllllllllllllillllllllllllillllllllINIHlllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllillllllllllllllllrllllllllH!IllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllIHHHillHHIIllIHill!HIllIHHlillIHillllllllllllllllllllllIilIilllllNIHIlll1llIIHHIIIIIIHIIIIIIlllllllllHlllllllllllllllllIllIllllllllllllllllllllllllll

The following list of bulletins pertaining to safe farming will he
mailed free to those making application for the same. Address your
inquiries to Extension Division, C. H. Alvord, Director, College Sta-
t"on, Texas, and list bulletins by number.

Fruit and Garden

B-29-A—Peach Culture in Texas

B-55—Pecan Propagation in Texas

FB-157—The Propagation of Plants

FB-1001—Fruit Growing for Home Use

FB-1044—City Home Garden

FB-1242_—Permanent Fruit and Vegetable Garden

FB-1371—Vegetable Diseases and Insects

Poultry Raising

L- 1—Care and Feeding of Young Chicks

C-42—-Poultry Diseases and Insect Pests

C-51—Profitable Egg Production

C-53—Backyard Poultry Equipment

B-65——Poultry Houses in Texas

FB- 287—P0ultry Management

FB-1409—Turkey Raising

Hogs

C-12--Feeding and Care of Brood Sow and Litter

C-20—Hog Marketing Suggestions

C-21—Forage Crops for Hogs in Texas

C-27——Selecting a Gilt

C-28—Starting with the Pig

C-30—Feeding the Market Pig

Circular 309—-Curing Meat

FB-1437—Swine Production

l Dairy Cow

C- 7-—Feeding the Dairy Cow

FB- 743-Feeding of Dairy Cows

FB-1336-—Feeding Young Dairy Stock

Beef Cattle
FB1073—Growing Beef on the Farm

FB-1179—Cottonseed Products for Live Stock

FB-1135—The Beef Calf .

FB-1395——Beef Cattle Production in the Range Arra

Misc. Cir. 12—A Handbook of Better Live Stock

Sheep

FB- 810—Equipment for Sheep Raising

FB- 840——Sheep Raising for Beginners

FB-1155—Diseases of Sheep

'FB-1330—Parasitic Diseases of Sheep

Farm Engineering and Management

B-67—Waterworks for Texas Farm Homes

B-51—Terracing in Texas

FB-1030—-Feeding Horses

Canning

C-55—Home Canning of Meat

FB-1471—Canning Fruits and Vegetables